Oil-Lamps in the Holy Land: Saucer Lamps: From the beginning to the Hellenistic period. Collections of the Israel Antiquities Authority 9781407300146, 9781407330624

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1–1A CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD (LATE CHALCOLITHIC–EARLY BRONZE)
CHAPTER 2 EARLY BRONZE AGE
CHAPTER 3 MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I (INTERMEDIATE: EARLY BRONZE IV-MIDDLE BRONZE I, EB IV, EB IV/MB I)
CHAPTER 4 MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II
CHAPTER 5 LATE BRONZE AGE
CHAPTER 6 IRON AGE I
CHAPTER 7 IRON AGE IIA AND IIB
CHAPTER 8 IRON AGE IIC (OR III)
CHAPTER 9 SPECIAL OIL LAMPS OF THE IRON AGE
CHAPTER 10 PERSIAN PERIOD
CHAPTER 11 HELLENISTIC PERIOD
ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CONCORDANCE TABLE OF SITES
CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES AND SITES
CATALOGUE
PLATES

Citation preview

Oil-Lamps in the Holy Land: Saucer Lamps From the beginning to the Hellenistic period Collections of the Israel Antiquities Authority

Varda Sussman

BAR International Series 1598 2007

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 1598 Oil-Lamps in the Holy Land: Saucer Lamps © V Sussman and the Publisher 2007 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407300146 paperback ISBN 9781407330624 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407300146 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2007. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

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IN MEMORY OF MY HUSBAND ZVI, MY RIGHT HAND, WHO DID NOT LIVE TO SEE THIS PUBLISHED

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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................1 Guide to the Catalogue ..................................................................................................................................................4 Legend to the Catalogue ..........................................................................................................................................5 Chronology .....................................................................................................................................................5 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................................................6 Nomenclature of oil-lamps.......................................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER 1-1A: CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD (LATE CHALCOLITHIC-EARLY BRONZE) 1.1. 1.2.

Oil-lamps of the Late Chalcolithic period ..........................................................................................................7 1.1.1. V-shaped bowls.......................................................................................................................................8 1.1.2. Rounded bowls........................................................................................................................................8 Summary .....................................................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER 2: EARLY BRONZE AGE 2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.4. 2.5.

Early Bronze I ..................................................................................................................................................10 2.1.1. Rounded and hemispheric bowls ..........................................................................................................10 2.1.2. Diverse, miscellaneous bowls ...............................................................................................................11 2.1.3. Bowls with more than one spot of soot.................................................................................................11 2.1.4. A Four-Spouted Oil Lamp as Part of a High Base/Stand......................................................................11 2.1.5. Pottery fragments used as oil-lamps......................................................................................................11 Early Bronze II .................................................................................................................................................12 2.2.1. Balance-dish bowls ...............................................................................................................................12 2.2.2. Carinated bowls.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2.3. Miscellaneous bowls (EB II and EB III)...............................................................................................13 2.2.4. Chalices used as oil-lamps ....................................................................................................................13 2.2.5. Single-spouted oil-lamps (EB I-II)........................................................................................................13 2.2.6. Four-spouted and multiple-spouted oil-lamps.......................................................................................14 Early Bronze III and IV....................................................................................................................................14 2.3.1. Bowls of Khirbet Kerak Ware (Bet YearΉ) Ware................................................................................14 2.3.2. Single-spouted oil-lamps.......................................................................................................................15 2.3.3. Oil-lamps with two spouted ..................................................................................................................15 2.3.4. Four-spouted oil-lamps .........................................................................................................................16 2.3.5. Other multiple-spouted oil-lamps..........................................................................................................16 2.3.6. A four-spouted oil-lamp as part of a high base/stand............................................................................16 2.3.7. Fragments used as lamps.......................................................................................................................16 Exceptional Early Bronze oil-lamps.................................................................................................................16 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER 3: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I (INTERMEDIATE EARLY BRONZE IV – MIDDLE BRONZE I, EBIV/MBI) 3.1. 3.2. 3.3.

Oil-lamps in stratified excavations...................................................................................................................20 Oil-lamps in funerary contexts .........................................................................................................................20 Typology ...................................................................................................................................................22 3.3.1. Footed oil-lamps ...................................................................................................................................22 3.3.1.1. Description..................................................................................................................................... 3.3.1.2. Dating and comparisons.............................................................................................................24 3.3.2. Four-spouted oil-lamps .........................................................................................................................24 3.3.2.1. Fashioning and typology............................................................................................................25 1) Thumb-indention ..............................................................................................................................25 2) Square lamps.....................................................................................................................................25 3) Envelope-rims, and other folded rims...............................................................................................26 4) Slightly inward-pushed rims.............................................................................................................27 iii

3.3.2.2.Decoration ......................................................................................................................................28 3.3.2.3. Chronology and comparisons ....................................................................................................28 3.3.3. Multiple-spouted saucer oil-lamps .........................................................................................................31 3.3.4. Single-spouted saucer oil-lamps.............................................................................................................31 3.3.4.1. Chronology and comparisons ....................................................................................................32 3.3.5. Composite oil-lamps...............................................................................................................................33 CHAPTER 4: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. 4.9. 4.10. 4.11. 4.12. 4.13.

Oil-lamps from stratified excavations ..............................................................................................................34 Oil-lamps in funerary contexts .........................................................................................................................34 Oil-lamps of the first phase: Middle Bronze IIA..............................................................................................34 4.3.1. Description .............................................................................................................................................36 Oil Lamps of the early Phase of Middle Bronze IIB (A-B) ............................................................................36 Oil-lamps of the second and third phases: Middle Bronze IIB and IIC ...........................................................37 4.5.1. Typology and chronology of MB IIB and IIC oil-lamps .......................................................................38 Handmade oil-lamps.........................................................................................................................................39 Multi-spouted oil-lamps ...................................................................................................................................39 Potter’ marks on oil-lamps ...............................................................................................................................39 Slip-covered oil-lamps .....................................................................................................................................39 Two-spouted oil-lamps.....................................................................................................................................39 Special oil-lamps ..............................................................................................................................................40 A local oil-lamp in the Cretan style? ................................................................................................................40 Pottery fragments used as oil-lamps.................................................................................................................40

CHAPTER 5: LATE BRONZE AGE 5.1.

Oil-lamps from stratigraphic excavations.........................................................................................................42 5.1.1. Cultic uses ..............................................................................................................................................42 5.2. Oil-lamps in foundation offerings ....................................................................................................................43 5.3. Oil-lamps in funerary contexts .........................................................................................................................43 5.4. Manufacturing methods....................................................................................................................................44 5.4.1. Transitional MB II-LB I and LB I oil-lamps..........................................................................................45 5.4.1.1 Dating ............................................................................................................................................45 5.4.2. LB II oil-lamps .......................................................................................................................................46 5.5. Classification of Late Bronze oil-lamps ...........................................................................................................49 5.5.1. Tufnell’s classification at Lachish..........................................................................................................49 Class C (1550-1500 BCE) ..........................................................................................................................49 Class D (1500-1400 BCE) ..........................................................................................................................49 Class E (14th century BCE)........................................................................................................................49 Class F (13th century BCE) ........................................................................................................................49 Class G (to 1200 BCE) ...............................................................................................................................49 5.5.2. Tel ДaΞor................................................................................................................................................49 5.5.3. Bet She’an ..............................................................................................................................................49 5.5.4. Sarepta (Sarafand, Lebanon) ..................................................................................................................50 5.6. Multiple-spouted oil-lamps ..............................................................................................................................50 5.7. “Closed” oil-lamps ...........................................................................................................................................50 5.8. Footed or raised single-spouted oil-lamps........................................................................................................50 5.9. Special oil-lamps ..............................................................................................................................................50 5.10. Metal oil-lamps.................................................................................................................................................50 CHAPTER 6: IRON AGE I 6.1. 6.2. 6.3.

Oil-lamps from stratified contexts....................................................................................................................51 Oil-lamps in cultic contexts: foundation offerings and sanctuaries..................................................................51 Oil-lamps in funerary contexts .........................................................................................................................52 iv

6.4.

6.5.

Typology ...................................................................................................................................................53 6.4.1. Painted and slip -covered oil-lamps .......................................................................................................55 6.4.2. ”Closed” oil-lamps made by pinching....................................................................................................55 6.4.3. Footed oil-lamps.....................................................................................................................................56 6.4.4. Pottery Fragments Used as Oil Lamps ..................................................................................................56 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................56

CHAPTER 7: IRON AGE IIA AND IIB 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4.

Oil-lamps from stratified excavations ..............................................................................................................58 Oil-lamps from cultic contexts .........................................................................................................................59 Oil-lamps in funerary contexts .........................................................................................................................59 Typology ...................................................................................................................................................61 7.4.1. Type A: oil-lamps with rounded-to-flattened bases ...............................................................................61 7.4.2. Cypro-Phoenician oil-lamps of Type B (Iron IIA,B,C) .........................................................................64 7.4.3. Type C: oil-lamps with low disk-bases ..................................................................................................65

CHAPTER 8: IRON AGE IIC (OR III) 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4.

Oil-lamps from stratified assemblages .............................................................................................................67 Oil-lamps in funerary contexts .........................................................................................................................67 Typology ...................................................................................................................................................68 8.3.1. Bases ...................................................................................................................................................68 8.3.2. Upper parts .............................................................................................................................................70 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................70

CHAPTER 9: SPECIAL OIL-LAMPS OF THE IRON AGE 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. 9.4. 9.5. 9.6.

Slipped and/or burnished oil-lamps..................................................................................................................72 Pattern decoration on oil-lamps........................................................................................................................72 Double-bottomed oil-lamps..............................................................................................................................73 Hollow-footed (elevated) single-spouted oil-lamps .........................................................................................75 Oil-lamps on a solid foot ..................................................................................................................................76 Six- and seven-spouted oil-lamps.....................................................................................................................76 9.6.1.Footed oil-lamps .....................................................................................................................................76 9.6.2.With regular bases ..................................................................................................................................77 9.7. Oil-lamps mounted on figurines.......................................................................................................................78 9.8. Two-spouted oil-lamps: Punic lamps ...............................................................................................................80 9.9 Crude hand fashioned oil lamps .......................................................................................................................80 9.10. Oil-lamps made of bronze ................................................................................................................................80 CHAPTER 10: PERSIAN PERIOD 10.1. Oil-lamps from stratified excavations ..............................................................................................................82 10.2. Oil-lamps in funerary contexts .........................................................................................................................84 10.3. Typology of the saucer oil-lamps .....................................................................................................................84 10.3.1. Babylonian-phase oil-lamps (Types 1 and 2).......................................................................................84 10.3.2. Persian-type oil-lamps (Type 3) ...........................................................................................................85 10.3.3. ”Proto-Hellenistic” oil-lamps (Type 4) ................................................................................................86 10.4. Special oil-lamps ..............................................................................................................................................86 10.4.1. Inscribed oil-lamps ...............................................................................................................................86 10.4.2. Six- and seven-spouted oil-lamps.........................................................................................................86 10.4.3. Footed oil-lamps...................................................................................................................................86 10.4.4. Kernoi ..................................................................................................................................................87 10.4.5. Oil-lamps made of metal .....................................................................................................................87 v

10.5. Dating and conclusions ....................................................................................................................................87 CHAPTER 11: HELLENISTIC PERIOD 11.1. Saucer oil-lamps ...............................................................................................................................................90 11.1.1. Type I oil-lamps ..............................................................................................................................90 11.1.2. Type II oil-lamps .............................................................................................................................90 11.1.3. Type III Oil Lamps..........................................................................................................................91 11.2. Dating and conclusions ....................................................................................................................................92 11.3. Special oil-lamps ..............................................................................................................................................93 11.4 Plain Saucers Used Oil – Lamps ......................................................................................................................93 BIBLIOGRAPHY

...................................................................................................................................................95

MAP OF THE SITES SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LAMPS INCLUDED IN THE CATALOGUE 110 CONCORDANCE TABLE OF SITES ...............................................................................................................................113 CONCORDANCE TABLE OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES AND SITES ......................................................................................116 CATALOGUE

.................................................................................................................................................176

PLATES

.................................................................................................................................................406

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

INTRODUCTION In the course of the past century, excavations in Palestine have turned up large numbers of oil lamps. This catalogue raisonné in its several volumes, attempts to summarize the typological development of Palestinian oil lamps from the earliest such items of the Late Chalcolithic period onward, and their historical, cultural, and political contexts. The abundance and great variety of the material make this, a difficult undertaking— particularly for the oil lamps of the earlier periods dealt with in the present volume. Moreover, the defined archaeological periodization does not necessarily involve developmental changes in the oil lamps.

move when required; they could be put into the pocket of a garment. Because of its function, the physical form of the oil lamp also assumed importance. In both Egypt and Mesopotamia, the form of the oil lamp symbolized the concept of light and was represented in the pictographic scripts developed in both cultures. The oil lamps of the early periods were not decorated, but in time, as lifestyles became more refined, demand for better lighting utensils came to include aesthetically pleasing vessels, and oil lamps were singled out as objects to be embellished. Some of the ornamentation was intended to convey a cultural, religious, or national message. Oil lamps were also pertinent as apotropaic amulets.

Detailed descriptions of many items in the collections of the Israel Antiquities Authority, as well as of recorded oil lamps from other sites and neighboring regions, serve here as a basis for generalizations and conclusions. Although this, first volume deals exclusively with the saucer. “Open” oil lamps made of clay, from their initial appearance in the Late Chalcolithic through the Hellenistic period, the following introductory remarks relate to oil lamps in general.

The importance of the oil lamp is attested by the many attributes attached to it in the Bible: “For the commandment is a lamp, and the teaching is light” (Proverbs 6:23); and “For Thou dost light my lamp; the LORD my God doth lighten my darkness” sings the Psalmist (Psalms 18:29). The light of the lamp stands for joy and its absence symbolizes mourning and sorrow (“...I will cause to cease from among them the voice of mirth and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom and the voice of the bride, the sound of the millstones and the light of the lamp.” (Jeremiah 25:10); and, “The light of the righteous rejoiceth: But the lamp of the wicked shall be put out” (Proverbs 13:9). Jews lit torches during the Sukkot festival. It is clear that oil lamps were also of great importance to the early Christians, since they were engraved with verses in praise of the light of the savior, such as, “The light of Christ shines beautifully for all.” Such sublime virtues were not usually associated with other man-made utensils. In other cultures, too, oil lamps were endowed with reverence and special meaning. In Greece, where oil lamps appeared much later than in the East, the lighting of a torch was a festive occasion; torchlight processions were part of the religious ceremonies in the pagan world

The very appearance of the oil lamp in material culture is an interesting phenomenon. It was a distinctive vessel intended for one specific purpose: to provide light. As a source of light it had both practical and symbolic value for mankind. Changing natural conditions by lighting a lamp and eliminating darkness—using and controlling burning and fire—has a long tradition reaching back to the dawn of human history. Kindling a fire and creating light and heat may well have been perceived as dominating nature by human will. This would have endowed fire, and consequently also lighting implements —lamps—with almost mystical, supernatural, and magical significance. Besides the power to dispel threatening darkness and cold and to extend daytime conditions, the light and warmth provided by fire also enabled humans to keep dangerous animals away from their dwellings, to cook their food, and to work various materials. All this undoubtedly improved the conditions of life. The very containment of fire in a small vessel also enabled man to control it so that it would not be destructive or cause damage. It must have been one of the crucial revolutions in human development.

Keeping the fire alive was an important duty in ancient times. Lighting a fire was a difficult task, and therefore fire was kept going as long as possible. One flame was used to start other fires. Therefore the oil lamp had to be attended, so that the flame would not be extinguished. In the Bible the priestly descendants of Aaron were charged with maintaining the lamp in the sanctuary. Archaeological excavations confirm the importance and extensive use of oil lamps in cultic high places, as attested by the finds from early periods at Nahariyya, Megiddo, Lachish, and Tel Dan. Many oil lamps were found in the three Late Bronze sanctuaries at Lachish, including some in a closet near the altar; one of the lamps still stood on the altar of the sanctuary’s last phase. About 30 to 40 oil lamps were also found at Tel Gezer in Room

Among all the household utensils devised by man the lowly oil lamp occupies a special place of honor—even considering that pottery in general was of cardinal importance and was used at least as widely in everyday life. Oil lamps were small objects with vital everyday applications; they—particularly the “closed” oil lamps from the Classical period on—were easy to hold and 1

INTRODUCTION V20A that was used as a favissa near a cultic place. Multi-spout oil lamps with and without stands, which undoubtedly served ritual needs, have been found in almost all Iron Age sites.

inhabitants went to sleep when it turned dark and did not need light for reading, work, or study as in later periods. Most of the oil lamp finds come from tombs, where they constitute varying proportions of the funerary furnishings. To the ancients who buried their dead together with some of the contents of their homes, including the vessels which served them for eating, drinking, and other purposes during their life, oil lamps presumably met the needs of the deceased on their way in the darkness, as well as being used in the funerary ritual itself. In the Bible the soul is identified with the lamp (“The spirit of man is the lamp of the LORD... (Proverbs 20:27). Death is the “quenching” of the soul, and the lamp accompanying the deceased implies the hope for “eternal life” (or a return to life). The steadily increasing number of oil lamps found in cave-tombs from the Early Bronze Age on may indicate changes in funerary and mourning customs. It seems to reflect a growing belief that light has the power to fend off supernatural powers and evil spirits, and that the oil lamp can light the way of the deceased in the world of the dead, and his or her return at the resurrection.

Placing an oil lamp between or over two bowls as a foundation deposit near the threshold of buildings is known from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. This practice is thought to have been only for a substitute for human sacrifice, and is found from the eastern border of Philistia to the edges of Judah, and probably also at Beth Shean. What place did oil lamps occupy in the home of the ancients? Most of the dwellings in the settlements investigated by archaeologists were destroyed by wars or earthquakes, or were abandoned, and rebuilding was done on the rubble, or after the sites were cleared and leveled. Because of their compactness and small size, oil lamps were less subject to breakage than other vessels and often escaped destruction. Perhaps the new occupants found oil lamps in the rubble and used them also in the following phase. Changes in the form and appearance of oil lamps in successive periods are often very slight and were of little consequence to those who used them, making it often impossible to know just where the oil lamps were used originally in the dwelling. Lamps found in a street may either have fallen there or been placed there intentionally. In excavations at Tell es-Sa’idiya in Jordan, oil lamps of the Early Bronze–Middle Bronze (EB IVMB I) Ages were found standing on the threshold, or on a pillar near the entrance of habitations. In several sites, such as Be’er Sheva` and Lachish, oil lamps were discovered near the entrance of the city-gate structure which often served as the administrative center in the ancient city. Large numbers of oil lamps were found in pits in settlements that were used as dumps for refuse or for storage, as at Tell en-NaΒbeh and Tel ДaΞor.

In some cases oil lamps were intentionally placed close to the deceased. In undisturbed graves, an oil lamp is sometimes found near the head of the deceased (e.g., at Give’at Ayyala-Ginosar), but some lamps were placed near the hips or the feet. Could this be the source of the Hebrew expression “a lamp [candle] for his feet” in the sense of “guiding light”? However, no correlation can be established between oil lamps and the number of buried bodies. In mass family tombs of the Middle Bronze Age and later, it is not always possible to know where the oil lamps had initially been placed, whether because the caves were reused or the tombs were robbed. For the transitional Early Bronze–Middle Bronze period, at least one oil lamp was found in most burial—caves close to the entrance. A special little niche for the lamp was cut into the rock-wall of shaft-tombs in which a single person was buried, to light the place during the burial ceremony or for subsequent use. Nevertheless, for this period there were also burials, such as “dagger-type” or “warrior” tombs containing weapons, most of them devoid of oil lamps. In a few instances oil lamps in niches were also discovered in Late Bronze and Iron Age contexts.

Why are oil lamps rare in certain parts of the country for some periods? For example, in the Early Bronze IV– Middle Bronze I (EB IV–MB I) they are virtually absent in the south, and especially in the Negev, although they occur there frequently in the preceding Early Bronze Age. This cannot be explained by the nomadic nature of the settlements, for also in the Lachish and Tell Beit Mirsim excavations, which decidedly were not settlements of nomads, there are hardly any oil lamps at all. For later periods, too, there are sites in which very few oil lamps were uncovered. At Tel Miqne’ for example, very few oil lamps turned up and many ordinary bowls served as oil lamps. Until now, at `Uzbat СarΓa, very few oil lamps if at all were found in the excavations, that includes other sites in the Highlands.

Usually, no oil lamps were found in tombs of, small children, or babies nor in jar-burials or in jars in which the ashes of the deceased were kept after cremation. In Middle Bronze II burials, almost exclusively, large numbers of suitable pottery fragments were used as oil lamps. Could it be that when additional bodies were placed in the tomb, repeated use of an oil lamp was proscribed because it was considered unclean – or perhaps because of its sanctity? Or was it for reasons of

Scarcity of oil lamps in excavations may be simply accidental or may be due to only partial excavation of a given site. Or possibly, most homes did not require artificial light in the hours of darkness because the

2

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS economy? The use of fragmentary jar bases as oil lamps is, however, also known in the Early Bronze Age I.

other vessels. However, because of the special functions of oil lamps, successful forms persisted, and sizes and shapes remained unchanged over extremely long periods.

The ubiquity of oil lamps in funerary contexts suggests that oil lamps were made and acquired especially for burial needs. This would account for oil lamps that were but little used, and some that have survived in mint condition. Others were utilized extensively, as attested by the condition of the receptacle and the accumulation of soot on the rim. Apparently, the oil lamps did not burn long in the burial-cave. They might have been extinguished immediately after the burial ceremony, since very few lamps are found, in which the wick, having burned itself out entirely, left its imprint on the clay of the receptacle after the oil was consumed. Very short wicks may have been used, which did not extend much below the spout of the lamp, or the oil may have floated on a layer of water. An oil lamp left unattended could start a fire. Or, perhaps the oil lamp was only used as a symbol, and was to serve only at the time of the resurrection of the dead. In a burial-cave at Beth Shemesh, on the steps leading down to the place of burial, assemblages were found consisting exclusively of oil lamps, without any other clay vessels: there can be no doubt that they served for a special ritual. Cemeteries were generally outside the city limits, but in some periods, such as the MB II, the dead were buried between and beneath the building floors.

Despite the importance of oil lamps and their focal place in religious rituals and burials, no particular attention was paid to their manufacture. They were often made quickly and carelessly. Nor were oil lamps particularly remarkable: the focus was entirely on their function in providing light. Their mundane, unvarying appearance makes it often difficult to differentiate between oil lamps of various periods. Only at a later stage of oil lamp evolution—from the Hellenistic period on - did craftsmen evince awareness of the aesthetic potential of oil lamps, and decorate them. The quality of the clay of which oil lamps are made is no different from that of the other pottery vessels. Usually they are well fired, for if the firing were poor and the clay porous, the oil could seep out and cause a large adsorption of soot on the rim, or at the spout of the lamp. The bases of the oil lamps were either flat, rounded, or disk-bases with part of the clay being left on the potters’ wheel after finishing the vessel. Other bases show signs of having been cut off the wheel with a string. The final treatment of some oil lamp bases, differs entirely from that employed for the bases of other vessels. Bases pared with a knife appear already in the Early Bronze Age, and become common in Late Bronze II. This technique is also in evidence subsequently, if to a lesser extent, but was again widely employed during the Persian and early Roman (Herodian) periods. Smoothing of bases by hand or with a twig is also a technique specific to oil lamps and does not appear on other clay vessels. Almost no oil lamps were made with ring-bases—which are, however, very common in clay vessels from MB II on. The heavy, ungainly disk-base of the Iron IIC oil lamps has no parallel in other vessels.

The vessels used as oil lamps had to meet certain requirements: They should not be so large as to waste costly fuel: a small receptacle that had to be filled frequently was preferable, for it prevented the accumulation of dirt and also did not require a long, tediously twined wick. And they had to be conveniently held and carried. Four stages in the evolution of the early oil lamp can be identified: (1) At first, small bowls of appropriate size in ordinary household use were employed; but such vessels had inverted or erect rims that were not very suitable. (2) With technical improvisation, bowls were adapted by adding a special emplacement - a sort of recess in the rim of the vessel - for the wick. (3) Bowls were made specially to serve as oil lamps. (4) From the 5th century BCE, “closed” vessels were manufactured on a wheel, or later, in molds.

In the earlier oil lamps the techniques employed in forming the spouts or wick-rests are the same as for other vessels: indenting and pinching, although folding was more specific to oil lamps. The shape of the spouts of later lamps differs from that of other contemporary vessels. The channel—shaped spout, which is virtually exclusive to oil lamps, apparently proved successful for it supported the wick and kept it from slipping out of place.

In the Chalcolithic period, bowls used as oil lamps, like other pottery, were hand-formed. Slow-turning potters’ wheels were employed for finishing the upper parts. Later, in the Early Bronze Age, vessels were produced on fast wheels. Lamps were also cast in molds—a technique known already and partially employed in EBII, but reappearing only in Classical times.

The lamp’s receptacle was filled with a combustible material that varied in different parts of the world according to local conditions and resources. Various mineral oils were employed as well as animal fats, like the traces of tallow found in the Tuleilat el-Ghassul excavations, or vegetable oils composed of an oxidized fatty substance derived from nature, such as the residue found in an oil lamp at Qedesh. The Mishnah (Shabbath b:a-b) prescribes “With what one lights, and with what one does not light.” The long list of forbidden and

Changes in the form of oil lamps are closely related to the techniques employed in making other pottery vessels. The changes suggest a desire to introduce improvements and innovations, and they reflect new styles and the dictates of fashion. Sometimes external factors led to changes in lamps, which, in turn, influenced the style of 3

INTRODUCTION permitted combustibles indicates that, in effect, a wide range of oils could be used as fuel for the lamp.

Eastern lamps, resembling Greek oil lamps of the Classical period. A similar type of oil lamp (#353) was found at Megiddo.

In order to prepare the combustible material—be it of vegetal or mineral origin—for use in the lamp, it had to be processed. In Palestine olive oil was the most commonly used fuel. Olive trees grew wild and were cultivated in the region from very early times. Remains of the wood and fruit were found in various excavations. Olive oil was specified for the pure oil in the Menorah (Exodus 27:20) and on the Sabbath (Tractate Shabbath 2b, according to the halakha of Rabbi Tarfon).

Oil lamps may serve as significant keys to dating various occupational levels, with representative prototypes designated for given periods. However, despite the conservatism that marked their form, there are many deviations from standard types that make dating problematic. A growing number of general studies have addressed the development of clay oil lamps from the earliest periods on. Some of these are part of excavation reports, being treated as part of the general discussion on the pottery repertoire, or sometimes are allocated a special chapter.

The wick, which conveyed the fuel for the flame, was customarily twined from vegetable fibers, primarily flax (Jerusalem Talmud, Shabbath 2, 3). The technique of twining threads, dating to very ancient times, and which was used in weaving cloth and baskets, was also employed in making the wick. The fibers had to be durable enough and sufficiently absorbent for the oil to rise by capillary action to feed the flame and burn as slowly as possible at a steady rate, and so to prolong the time of burning by gradually using up the supply of oil. Wool, which was plentiful in the country, was unsuitable for this purpose.

Among the pioneers of pottery research, including oil lamps, were W.F. Petrie and J.G. Duncan. They categorized the oil lamps by types in correlation with pottery vessels according to their place in the stratigraphy of the tell, with all the oil lamps grouped under Pottery Type 91. W.F. Albright did the same in his report on the Tell Beit Mirsim excavations. O. Tufnell divided the oil lamps from Lachish typologically and integrated them in the three phases of the sanctuary. K.M. Kenyon, too, classified the MB II oil lamps from Jericho typologically, as did R. Amiran. P.Beck & and U. Zevulun in their book on Palestine pottery. Y. Yadin and others divided the oil lamps found in the various pits at Tel ДaΞor according to types. E. Oren discussed oil lamps of the intermediate Early Bronze-Middle Bronze Age and Late Bronze-Iron Ages. In the Tell en-NaΒbeh report, C.C.McCown and J.C. Wampler mainly focused on Iron Age oil lamps.

The wick had to be long enough for one end to rest on the bottom of the receptacle (bowl or saucer) and the other to protrude outside. The wick required periodic tending to sustain the flame and not slip down into the receptacle. It had to be prevented from being burned up, so that it could be lit repeatedly (Shabbath 2, 5). Traces in the form of soot deposited by the burning wick resting on the rim of the bowl or receptacle show that it did not protrude much beyond the rim of the vessel. When the wick was not properly tended, it would burn to the end and leave remains at the bottom of the receptacle.

The dates assigned to oil lamps by the researchers are based on comparative finds in stratigraphic excavations. The oil lamps are dated in relation to the assemblages of pottery vessels in whose context they appeared, as early or late, according to the order of the strata. Some of the levels relate to historic dates. Burial-caves usually served their purpose for long periods, making it hard to establish exact dates for oil lamps found in them.

Despite the small area of Palestine, the various regions of the country were characterized by differing, if sometimes overlapping, material cultures. Assemblages showing external influences from Mesopotamia, Syria, Cyprus, Transjordan, and Egypt can be identified. The pottery assemblages from Transjordan, Lebanon, and southern Syria are more or less the same as those of Palestine. But the same types of oil lamps accompany different assemblages in northern Syria, for instance. Oil lamps were the only Eastern invention to penetrate Cyprus. In the Late Bronze Age, a large repertoire of vessels—jars, juglets, bilbils, etc. —was imported from Cyprus to the Eastern markets, both as containers for various products like the amphoras from the Greek islands in the Hellenistic period, and as luxury vessels for daily use. Why were only oil lamps imported from the East to Cyprus (or imitated there)? Only later, in the Iron Age and the Persian period does what seems to be a new Cypro-Phoenician type, make its appearance. In the East (Levant), oil lamps from Crete are also known, dating to the Early Minoan period, and becoming more common in the Middle Minoan I. They differ entirely from the

Guide to the Catalogue Although Palestine was not isolated from the neighboring regions in terms of general and material culture, the comparisons in the Catalog are mainly to sites in this country, and to key sites elsewhere which serve here as auxiliary dating instruments. Only where it was deemed essential are a few comparisons drawn with sites outside the country’s borders, for there were no significant cultural differences between the neighboring lands. The early oil lamps found in Palestine are described in various publications and have never been treated comprehensively. The present, first volume of the catalogue raisonné lists most of the entire saucer, “open” oil lamps found in excavations and registered with the 4

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Israel Antiquities Authority until 1988. They include the oil lamps excavated by the Mandatory Palestine Department of Antiquities and Museums (PAM) and the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM) lamps registered from 1948 to 1990. The collection presents a more complete picture than can be found in published and unpublished excavation reports, and it features the wide variety of the oil lamps used in each period. The large number of oil lamps precludes a description of each individual item, and certain lamps are compared with lamps from other sites in order to establish more accurate dating, relationships, and influences. In any case, since oil lamps were made by hand, they are not identical. For the Hellenistic period, only “open” saucer-lamps are included in this volume, since they fall within the continuity of the early “open” oil lamp tradition. “Cup-and-saucer”-type vessels are not represented here since their identification as oil lamps is still controversial. Nor are wheel made, open oil lamps which reappear in the material culture of the Byzantine period, and continue to be made to this day. No petrographical analyses were conducted.

3. The official place-name of the site where the oil lamp was found. (NOTE: Due to a confusing multiplicity of local Arabic, Hebrew, biblical, and other names and orthography for the same place, the officiallyproclaimed name can differ considerably from the site-name in the excavation reports and in the references.) 4. The physical description of the oil lamp according to its parts: general manufacture and form; base; walls; rim; spout - the wick emplacement (the “nozzle,” in later periods); the condition of the lamp if incomplete. 5. The composition, coloration, and quality of the clay of which the oil lamp is made; slip, finish, traces of soot, and the like. 6. The dimensions. A + sign indicates that the item is not entire and precise dimensions cannot be determined. 7. Dating/periodization, usually as ascribed by the excavator in the more recent reports. 8. Publication history of the oil lamp (if published). 9. Excavation provenance of oil lamp: area, stratum, locus, etc., and excavation number where possible. 10. Resemblances and Affinities to other oil lamps. 11. Notes, remarks, and Comments. 12. Comparison of the oil lamp with other oil lamps, and relevant remarks.

The oil lamps are generally listed in chronological order, characteristic types, by sites and provenance. Thus, oil lamps found in the same structure or burial-cave are sometimes listed with oil lamps typologically similar to them. In the Catalogue—Index the finds from a given locus or burial-cave are listed together. Only for the Hellenistic period is there separation between oil lamps found in residential settlements and those from burialcaves, some chronological inferences may be made.

Chronology This catalogue raisonné generally follows (with minor modifications) the chronological terminology and periodization in E. Stern (edt.) New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Jerusalem, 1993. Over the years, the terminologies for certain periods have changed. This is true mainly for the intermediate transitional periods with no clear dividing line.

On the whole, the order of presentation proceeds from north to south for the different longitudinal parts of Israel to facilitate tracing geographically—related changes. The Gazetteer of Sites gives the official, proclaimed placename in alphabetical order, with the alternative Arabic or Hebrew name in parentheses where relevant, and with the identifying map coordinates of the Survey of Israel grid, from the southwestern to the northeastern extent of the site.

Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPMB) Pottery Neolithic A (PNA) Pottery Neolithic B (PNB) Chalcolithic Early Bronze (Canaanite) I (EB I) Early Bronze (Canaanite) II (EB II) Early Bronze (Canaanite) III (EB III) Early Bronze IV–Middle Bronze I

Legend to the Catalogue As indicated above, the pottery oil lamps in the catalog were all uncovered in different excavations until 1988, and registered or otherwise included in the card files of the Israel Antiquities Authority. In part, they were published as representative selections in excavation reports; others are published here for the first time. The description of each oil lamp is generally given in the following order:

(EB IV–MB I) Middle Bronze (Canaanite) IIA (MB IIA) Middle Bronze (Canaanite) IIB-IIC (MB IIB-C) Late Bronze (Canaanite) I (LB II) Late Bronze (Canaanite) IIA-IIB (LB IIA –B) Iron (Israelite) IA Iron (Israelite) IB

1. The present catalog serial number of the item, followed by the illustration plate number, where applicable. 2. The identifying registration number of the oil lamp in the stores of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

5

8500-7500 BCE 7500-6000 BCE 6000-5000 BCE 5000-4300 BCE 4300-3300 BCE 3300-3000 BCE 3000-2700 BCE 2700-2200 BCE 2200-2000 BCE 2000-1800/1750 BCE 1800/1750-1550 BCE 1550-1400 BCE 1400-1200 BCE 1200-1150 BCE 1150-1000 BCE

INTRODUCTION Iron (Israelite) IIA Iron (Israelite) IIB Iron (Israelite) IIC Persian Hellenistic

1000-925 BCE 925-720 BCE 720-586 BCE (538)-333 BCE First century BCE

* Acknowledgments I thank the former directors of the Israel Antiquities Department, Avraham Eitan, who supported the publication of this catalog, and Amir Drori, who brought this support to its conclusion. I am grateful to my professional colleagues for their assistance and encouragement, and their permission to include previously unpublished material from their excavations: M. Aharoni, D. Alon, R. Amiran, E. Anati, R. Arav, C. Arnon, D. Bahat, the late P. Bar Adon, G. Barkai, S. BenArieh, A. Ben Tor, A. Biran, A.J. Blakely, B. Brandl, E. Braun, M. Broshi, D. Davis, M. Dothan, A. Druks, G. Edelstein, E. Eisenberg, G. Foerster, O. Hess, H. Leibowitz, O. Negbi, P. Porath, M. Prausnitz, J. Seger, Y. Shapira, A. Siegelmann, and D. Ussishkin. Fig 18 is the courtesy of The Jerusalem Bible Musem. The photographs are by Zeev Radovan and Tzila Sagi. The drawings were in part taken from the various publications, re drawn by Julia Rhudman; the Map was drawn by Leticia Barda.

Nomenclature of Oil Lamps

6

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

CHAPTER 1–1A CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD (LATE CHALCOLITHIC–EARLY BRONZE) The making of vessels out of clay in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean began in the Pottery Neolithic period. Since far fewer clay vessel types of this dating have been found than for subsequent periods, it is not yet possible to determine if any of them were used for lighting—even though clay bowls similar to those which in later periods were used for lamps were already in household use in Jericho in the Pottery Neolithic B (PNB) phase and in Stratum XX at Megiddo and also among the several Jordan Valley cultures.1 All of these bowls have parallels in the forms of contemporaneous, man-made stone vessels. Some are deep, hemispherical bowls; or shallower (scale—balance shaped) type bowls like the pottery bowls which in a later period served as lamps, e.g., a stone vessel from the PPNA phase at Jericho (Figure 1.1).2

produced. In that period, when permanent settlements were built, different vessels were devised to serve various needs. This is in evidence at Megiddo Stratum XIX, and also at other sites such as Beth Shean Stratum XVIII (Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic), Tell el Far’a (North) (néolithique inférieur); and in the south: at Tel ‘Arad and sites near Be'er Sheva’, as well as at Tuleilat el-Ghassul Stratum IV already belonging to the Ghassulian culture. In the Ghassulian phase, or perhaps close to its end, there is apparent evidence of a lighting device (an oil lamp?): A hollowed-out stone slab with a groove cut from the bowl-shaped recess to the edge was found in the Tuleilat el-Ghassul excavations. The recess, in which vestiges of animal tallow were detected, may have served to hold a combustible material, with a wick laid in the groove—in effect, an oil lamp (Figure 1.2).3

Suitable objects found in nature may have been used as lighting utensils. There is no clear division between the pottery of the late Chalcolithic period and that of the first phase of the EB—oil lamps in particular.

Figure 1.1.Hemispherical bowl, stone Kenyon and Holland, 1983, Jericho V, (PPNB), Figure 225:3. 1.1. Oil lamps of the Late Chalcolithic Period The Chalcolithic period—a time of flourishing material culture—differed greatly from the Neolithic. Along with stone-made vessels in household and cultic use, a variety of more functional pottery vessels were

Figure 1.2 Stone lamp from Tuleilat el-Rhassul Lee, 1973 LB9: f

1

Kenyon and Holland, 1982, Jericho IV, Fig. 24:16, 17, 21. In this large excavation rich in finds, for example, it seems that a few small spherical bowls were found already in the PNB strata; they are covered with a burnish-slip, but did not serve for lighting. In the following period they become more numerous, and, judging from the soot on their rims, were often used as lamps, see: Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XX (a mixed Neolithic and Chalcolithic stratum dated before 3300 BCE), Pl. 2:37, bowl decorated with a herringbone pattern. Garfinkel 1992 Figs. 28:17,18 & 150: 6-23 and others. 2 Kenyon and Holland, 1983, Jericho V, (PPNA), Figs. 218: 3, 8, 9; 224:1, 9, 10, 11, 12; (PPNB): Fig. 225:1-4, and other stone vessels.

Dwellings that were partly underground were associated with houses built on the surface. For example, at Beth Shean, pit cut in virgin soil were discovered in Stratum XVIII, suggested by Fitzgerald as pit-dwellings, used 3 I am grateful to Claire Epstein for bringing this to my attention. See Mallon et al ,1934 : p. 75, varia C lampe Pl. 33:4, lampe en calcaire. Lee, 1973, Chalcolithic Ghassul: pp. 280; LB9:f, lamp with five blackenings .

7

CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD are fashioned of various clays and differ in finish. Their wheel-finished rims are sharp, the walls are usually thin, and they are covered with a watery slip. The bases are flat, some are string-cut, and in most cases not well smoothed. Most of the V-shaped bowls usually have no traces of soot on their rims. V-shaped bowls with some carbon deposits, that may have served as oil lamps, turned up in excavations of graves at NaΉal Be'er Sheva’ in the south and at Azor in the central part.9 Apparently, they were also used in burials. An oil lamp in the form of a V-shaped bowl was discovered in the burrow-tunnel of the NaΉal Qana Cave, which seems to have served as a dwelling, and perhaps also as a cultic or burial place.10 One V-shaped bowl comes from a tomb at Jericho (#1).

for habitations. The new study of the pit by Braun, there is no evidance of their being man-made, and the debris found within are mixed of Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic period. At Tell el Far’a (North) pit dwellings were cut into the ground; in Pit 705 a carinated bowl used as an oil lamp was among the finds. In ‘Afula, in pits labeled “A”, two oil lamps of the end of the Chalcolithic-EB I period were discovered. Underground dwellings, of Ghassulian culture, were uncovered in the southern parts of the country, in the vicinity of Be'er Sheva’, at Д. Beter, Abu MaΓar, and Д. Дur. At Д. Beter settlement a bowl that was used as an oil lamp (#4) was found in strata II-III. The site of Abu MaΓar is near Д. Beter, but at Abu MaΓar and Д. Дur, where people also lived below ground and undoubtedly required artificial light in daytime as at night, no vessels that might have served as oil lamps were found.4 Natural caves also served as dwellings, as at Lachish at the end of the Chalcolithic period, and at Tel Gezer.5

1.1.2. Rounded bowls From this time, or later at the end of the period and into the EB I, a few clay bowls identified as oil lamps by traces of soot on their rims, appear in excavations for the first time: for example, the oil lamp from MeΞer (#2) and the oil lamp from Д. Beter Strata II-III (#4).11

Only a small number of clay vessels served as oil lamps in that period, and these were presumably used mainly in structures, which served as dwellings. At Ma’barot, Giv’atayim, Ben-Shemen, and Azor,6 in burials containing ossuaries, typical types of pottery vessels came to light: V-shaped bowls, incense burners, and also some rounded bowls and shallow bowls, which may have served as oil lamps.

Like all the other pottery vessels, the bowls are made of local clay and are fashioned by hand. Some of the bowls are finished on slow-turning potters' wheels. Only rarely is an exterior or interior slip added. Lamp-bowl #4 is coarse and resembles stone vessels, with slightly averted walls ending in a sharp rim. (All the other bowls found at H. Beter are V-shaped.) The entire vessel is formed by hand without any smoothing. Similar vessels were discovered at Lachish and at Asherat in the Western Galilee, a natural cave show already wheelmarks of their rim and string cut bases.12 Bowls #2 from Mezer for example, differ from it and have rounded-to-flattened bases, no finish, relatively low walls, and inverted rims. Others #3 from Tel Gezer, have rounded, slightly carinated walls, everted rims; or, they are pronouncedly carinated, such as the one from Tell el Far’a (North) (chalcolithique superieur),13 of the Forth millennium

1.1.1. V-shaped bowls The V-shaped-type vessels are most characteristic of the Ghassulian culture in the southern settlements,7 and were found in small numbers also in burials in the central part of the country at NaΉal Qana, and Jericho, as well as in Peqi’in in the north.8 The V-shaped bowls 4 Fitzgerald, 1934:125 and 1935, Beth Shan, pp. 6, 8, from pits; Pls. 18, 19:A-J. Braun, 2004:8-10. de Vaux ,1955, Tell el Farah, p. 552; 1961, Locus 705 (‫י‬enolithique superieur, apparently EB), p. 557, Fig. 2:34, the oil lamp is made from a carinated bowl. Sukenik, 1948, Afula (end of the Chalcolithic or early EB), p. 7, pottery vessels with gray burnish; the oil lamp found in Pit A apparently belongs to the EB; Pl. VI:18, hemispherical bowl; Pl. VII:19, p.29. low bowl with flattened base and slanting walls. Gal and & Covello-Paran, 1996, ’Afula, Stratum VI (EB I). Dothan, 1959, Horvat Beter, Strata II-III: Fig. 12:1, the bowl serving as an oil lamp is the only rounded bowl, a similar bowl made of stone: Fig. 19:7, all the others are V-shaped bowls. Rosen and Eldar, 1993, Perrot, 1955, Tell Abu Matar; and 1957, de Contenson, 1956, (3600 3500 BCE or 3400-3300 BCE), p.1. Govrin, 1987, Horvat Hor. 5 Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Caves 1523, 1535-1558: pp. 29-30, Pl. 3:1, 2, 3. Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Field I Cave 3a (post-Ghassulian period but earlier than EB I (Chalcolithic-EB): Seger and Lance: p.12, apparently a kitchen. The cave was originally a natural one; the second phase was man-made (Seger and Lance: 11); additional caves are found in the area excavated by Macalister (Fig. 3:30II, 30III). 6 It is possible that oil lamps were not placed in Chalcolithic burials because the ossuary container in which the deceased was laid provided protection, and also served as its “soul” (nefesh) instead of lamps, which symbolized life. 7 I found no bowls with traces of soot among the bowls from the Tuleilat el Ghassul excavations in the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Jerusalem. A gray bowl may have been darkened by fire. 8 Gal et al. 1996, Peqiin. Gopher and Tsuk, 1991, Nahal Qaneh.

9 Levy, 1987, Shiqmim I, p. 315, Figs. 12:2 and 13:5, some of the bowls with traces of hard firing (Nos. 1, 5) were made on a wheel. Most of the bowls discovered in the settlement and in the tombs are V-shaped. Golani and Van den Brink. 1999: 5, fig. 4:3, the lamp is not a typical Vshaped, wide and low, dated to the EBIA Period. 10 Gopher and Tsuk, 1991, Nahal Qaneh: p. 28, Pl. XIX; 1996: 91, Fig. 4.1:13 may have served as a lamp. 11 M. Dothan, 1959, Meser: Pl. 3c right; at Meser were also found V-shaped bowls Pl. 3c left; idem.1959, Horbat Better (Be'er Sheva`), see Note 4, above. 12 Many similar handmade bowls were discovered in the Lachish excavations: Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Loci 1528,1540 (transitional Chalcolithic-EB), Pl. 57:51, 55, 58, from residential caves. See also Locus 1550, Pl. 56: 34, Bowls 51 and 55 have traces of soot on the rims and may have served as oil lamps. The similarity to the bowl at H. Beter may suggest some connection between Be’er Sheva’ and Lachish. Possibly, the bowl from Lachish is the source of the Be’er Sheva’ oil lamp which is also dated to the late Chalcolithic. Smithline, 2001, Cave 4; a natural cave, figs. 6:1&3, 23:5, dated to the EB II. 13 De Vaux & Ste’ve, 1947, Tell el-Farah, Figs. 1:29 (hemispherical), 2:27 (with short, straight walls); (néolithique moyen), (1961) Fig. 2:27,34. Bowl 27 is rounded and similar to Kenyon, 1983, Jericho V,

8

OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND BCE. While this form is known from late Chalcolithic contexts, it seems that similar bowls were more common in the following – EB period. The material from both the Д. Beter and MeΞer sites has been attributed to EB IA, but the H. Better oil lamp should probably be dated earlier on grounds of its early-type shape.

The small number of lamps might also be due to a shortage of suitable fuel. A study on the beginning of the use of olive oil suggests that in the Chalcolithic period olive-oil was derived from fruit gathered from trees growing wild. Cultivation of the olive dates only from the Early Bronze Age.16

1.2. Summary

Traces of soot do appear on the rims of the numerous Vshaped bowls, albeit infrequently. If these served as oil lamps, a different technique may have been employed, by which the lower end of the wick was inserted through a small perforated clay or stone disk laid in the bottom of the bowl, with the upper end protruding above the surface of the fuel. The wick held up by the tallow or other viscous fuel burned in the middle of the vessel's opening and so did not leave any marks on the rim. Such perforated stone or clay disks have been found in abundance among the remains of excavations at sites of this and the subsequent periods, but were not found inside any of the V-shaped bowls.17 (The same method is employed today in Jewish memorial oil-candles where the lower end of the wick is held in place at the bottom of the receptacle by a little metal disk.)

Most of the bowls converted to oil lamps were relatively small and shallow, with rounded or carinated rims. Bowls could be adapted for lighting use simply by filling them with (olive) oil or some other combustible material, and inserting the lower end of a wick made of vegetable fibers into the fuel with the upper end resting on the edge of the rim. The fibers of the wick soaked up the oil, and the flame lit at the upper end of the wick provided light. Single traces of soot on the rim show that the vessel was used as a lamp rather than for general purposes, such as covering a pot on the stove in which case all of the rim would have been covered with soot. Several separate traces of soot on bowl rims may indicate that more than one wick burned there at the same time, or that the wick was moved occasionally.

The V-shaped bowls recall similar vessels from Egypt, which served as oil lamps, the wick floating in the middle of the bowl. This form of bowl appears in Egyptian hieroglyphics as the pictograph for “oil lamp”,18 just as in Mesopotamian inscriptions the word or sign for light and the symbol of the god Ninhu is a representation of an oil lamp with an elongated nozzle similar in form to the Babylonian oil lamp.19

That very few oil lamps have been discovered so far among funerary furnishings may indicate that the custom of placing oil lamps next to the deceased was not commonly practiced in that period. Most of the burials were in natural caves, and unlike caves hewn in rock or graves dug deep in the soil, no artificial light was needed. Moreover, the small number of bowls serving as oil lamps in buildings of the period indicates that while lamps were being made, they were not yet in wide use. Light for cultic purposes and burials when needed, might have been provided by the variety of incense-burning vessels. Clay incense vessels are typical of the northern, central, and southern parts of the country. Such incense vessels were found in dwellings and in public buildings at Tuleilat el—Ghassul. From Megiddo Stratum XIX comes a stand with traces of soot,14 as also from tombs of the 35th-34th centuries BCE in which ossuaries had been placed, e.g., at Peqi’in, Ma’barot, Ben Shemen, Azor, and Ben’e Berak.15. Fig.90: 2, This bowl also has a parallel in Jericho, ibid., Fig.90:3 which dates already to the EB, and. de Vaux R, from Tell el-Far`ah, 1961, Fig. 2:34, Habitation Pit 705 (chalcolithique supérieur). 14 Mallon et al. 1934, Tuleilat el-Ghassul I, Stratum IV, Fig. 56:10-12, 15, 16; Stratum III, Fig. 56:13,17. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIX (Chalcolithic period), Pl.3: 7. Garfinkel, 1992, such bowls were among all the pottery in use in the various Neolithic cultures of the Jordan Valley. 15 Gal et al. 1996, Peqi`in, p. 23, of the Ghassulian period with Vshaped bowls having signs of burning and soot at the top. The great number of these vessels in the burial suggests that they filled a central role in the funerary practices. Perrot & Ladiray (1980) Azor, Figs.70, 72:10-19, incense burners from Azor and Ben Shemen Pls. 124, 125:1727. Almost no rounded bowls were found at Azor (Pls. 75:13 and 76:5), and at Ben Shemen Figs. 132:1,25; 133:8,11; Ben’e-Berak, 1957, pp. 21-22, Pl. III: C and Ma`barot still unpublished. The tombs containing ossuaries in the coastal plain were dated to the 35-34th centuries BCE.

16

Liphshitz et al. 1991: 450. Mallon, Tuleilat el-Ghassul, 1934: 72, Fig. 28. 18 Robins, 1939: 47, notes that no early oil lamps were found in Egypt and not much is known of the lighting utensils there. Herodotus, writing in the Fifth century BCE, describes the use of oil-filled bowls with a floating wick in the center. The hieroglyphic symbol for incense is an oil lamp. A bowl with two flames and one with three flames can be seen in a mural painting: Davies, 1905, El Amarna II, Pl. VIIIIV: 1906, Part IV, Pl. XV. 19 Koldewey, 1914:252 - Nusku, Fig. 170. 17

9

EARLY BRONZE AGE

CHAPTER 2 EARLY BRONZE AGE At the end of the Chalcolithic period, the manufacture of pottery improved. The slow potters’ wheel came into wider use in shaping various clay vessels, including bowls that served as oil lamps.

over the country. Compared to the numbers of other vessels, only relatively few oil lamps were found in burials. The number of oil lamps in graves increases in the EB II and EB III among the offerings in collective family burials. No bowl oil lamps were found among the pottery offerings in EB IA shaft tombs at Bab edh- Dhra’ in Jordan.3

Bronze Age pottery follows the Chalcolithic tradition, with some innovation. Pottery vessels were made in two stages: first, most of the body was formed by hand; and in the second stage the upper part of the vessel, with the rim, was completed, given its final shape, and smoothed on a slow wheel (Lachish #20, #22, #26). Wheel-turning marks on the bases and walls of many vessels in the EB I, show that the wheel was now more widely used. According to another reconstruction of the technique by which hemispherical and carinated bowls were made in EB II, the lower part of the bowl was first cast in a mold and only afterward placed on the potter’s wheel, with a separate coil of clay added for shaping and thinning the upper part - the carination and the rim.1

In EB I incense vessels are still among the most common types in the pottery assemblages, mainly those belonging to the Gray-Burnished ware characteristic of the Valley of Jezreel (“Esdraelon culture”). Gray-Burnished ware has a wide distribution and is also found in a few southern EB I sites in Palestine. The conjecture made in the preceding chapter, that incense vessels, may have been used as lighting utensils, might be relevant here as well. The bowls employed as lamps throughout the Early Bronze Age (EB I-III) may be classified into four main groups: hemispherical bowls; shallow “balance (scale)”—shaped bowls; and carinated bowls; and diverse, assorted bowls.

There is now a marked increase of bowl oil lamps with traces of soot on the rims among the finds at Tell el-Hesi, ‘Ai, Tel ‘Arad, Jericho, and Tel Dalit, for example.2 This may indicate that some of the bowls were also intended from the outset for use as oil lamps. All of these bowls are of similar, almost standard, size; they are small and not very deep. They are also unadorned. Because of their small capacity, it did not take much oil to fill them, and the wick could be relatively short, making it easier to twine. Frequent changes of oil and of the wick assured cleaner-burning flames. Larger regular bowls in daily use were used as oil lamps during the first phase of EB I. In the early phases of EB I—early EB II, most of the extant oil lamps seem to come from destruction levels at sites all

2.1. Early Bronze I 2.1.1. Rounded and Hemispherical Bowls The common bowls of the period are hemispherical (Figure 2.3) or slightly carinated, with either rounded-toflattened, or recessed-omphalos bases that give them better stability. Some of the bowls of this type, such as #3 from Tel Gezer,4 dated to the late Chalcolithic-EB I period, have a pierced, horizontal lug-handle near the rim, and incurving rims. In many of the bowls the walls are burnished brown-red, mainly on the outside. This method of burnishing, besides being generally more attractive, also fills the pores in the walls, impeding the seepage of oil or other combustibles out of the vessel. These bowloil lamps are common in various sites, both in settlements and tombs, although, as noted, fewer have been found in burials. This type of bowl—oil lamp is mainly typical of the central and south-central parts of Palestine. Hemispherical oil lamps were found in tombs at Tell en Nasbeh (#6) Azor (#10, #11, #12, #13, Bat Yam (#14), Gazza (#15); ‘Ai (Kh. et Tell) in Tombs C and G Phase III-I; shallow to rounded bowl from a settlement at Moza, a few omphalos bases in Jericho Tomb A94 (which may belong to the EB II); Tell el-Far’a (North); in Gibeon (Giv’on); Tel Yarmut; and Tel ‘Arad Stratum V Megiddo

1 Beck, 1985, pp. 23-24, Fig. 2:3, lamp bowls. The author discusses two types of bowl: carinated and rounded, and adduces a distribution map of the carinated bowls which were in use in all parts of the country. Some of them served also as oil lamps. Carinated bowls appear already in EB I and are typical to the second phase of EB II. Braun and Gophna, 2004, Afridar, pp.202-203 and 228-231 on the marked utilization of the wheel and tournette in fashioning small vessels. 2 Tell el Hesi (EB III), Fargo, 1979: 23, Fig. 1:7,12. ‘Ai, Callaway, 1972, p.195, 1980, Callaway, as also his predecessor M. Krause who dug at ‘Ai, notes finds of many bowls which they believe served as oil lamps in Phase V. The bowls were of rounded shape, of the kind introduced in the preceding Chalcolithic period (see Chapter 1). Amiran, 1978, Arad, Pl. 1:19,20; EB I, Strata V-VI, Pl. 7:3, 6, 11, 20; Stratum IV, bowls having soot on their rims are discussed on p. 44 EB II. Strata III - I, Amiran, 1978, Pls. 13:1- 27; Stratum III, Pl. 22:1- 63; Stratum II, Pl. 52:1- 9; Stratum I, Pl. 97:1- 5. Stratum III-II. Lonhivuori, 1988, p. 92 Type Ca “lamp bowl” is a new element in the ceramic repertoire. Jericho V, Kenyon and Holand, 1988, Figs. 92:6, 95:19, 99:4. Tel Dalit, Gophna, 1996, p. 82, Strata V-II of the EB IB-II, Figs. 39:1-3, 13; 43:1, 46:1, 48:1, 3, 5, 54:1 (“...small shallow bowls, most of these small bowls served as lamps, as evidenced by a line of soot on the rim. They were hand made, except for the rim where indication of use of a tournette can be discerned.”)

3 Bab edh-Dhra, Schaub and Rast, 1989, pp.22-29 Cemetery A served one-period one-time burials (EB IA), shaft tombs which did not contain lamps. 4 Ben-Tor, 1989, Fig. 2:1- 4, sees cultural connections between the EB culture of Byblos and Palestine.

10

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 2.1.2. Diverse, Miscellaneus Bowls

Tomb 903 (a rounded, hemispherical bowl), Horvat Tinshemet, and others5. There are fewer hemispherical bowls with omphalos bases from the north of the country.

These include various bowls in the late Chalcolithic tradition, and perhaps overlap into EB I. They are rounded, low bowls with rounded-to-flattened bases, found together with Gray—Burnish ware vessels. Such bowls come from: the ‘Afula excavations in Pit A of the EB IA period;6 Beth Shean Stratum XVI (#48)—a coarse, heavy bowl made of a clay having the consistency of stone; Beth YeraΉ Stratum XV;7 and from Tel ‘Erani Stratum V (#49); Tel Qashish (#45); and ‘En Besor8 where they are very similar in shape to the ones from Д. Beter (#4). These bowls are sometimes coarse and not always slip-covered.

Figure 2.3. Hemispherical bowl

2.1.3. Bowls with More Than One Spot of Soot In some bowls traces of soot appear in four evenly-spaced places along the rim, dividing the opening of the oil lamp into four quarters (e.g., Azor #13 similar to the later oil lamps from Tel Yarmut).9 More than one burned spot was also found on regular flat-base bowls with flaring rims and string-cut bases, and on others with pared bases from Lachish (#18, #19, #21, #22, #23, #24, #25, #26). Stringcut, concave bases are an Egyptian influence.10 One, of the oldest ways of finishing the bases of oil lamps appears to be knife paring (e.g. Tel Lachish #26), and it is used exclusively in making them. This technique persists well into the early Roman period.

5

Ben-Tor, 1975, Azor, Burial Level II: Fig. 6:1, Pl. 6:3 (rounded base); Level III, Fig. 6:2, Pl. 6:3 (carinated omphalos base), two lamps only. “Ai, Callaway, 1964, Ai, Tombs C (32nd -30th centuries BCE) and G, Pls. VI, VII, XIII, hemispherical bowls were in use already from the Proto-Urban period on, when some of them could have been used as lamps; 1972, EB IB Phase II: Fig. 16:4, 7, 12, 13, all bases missing; Fig. 16:14, plain bowl with flat base. The deep bowls of this second phase continue into the EB III period: EB IC: Fig. 26:6, base missing, and resemble `Arad Level III (3000 BCE). Phase IV is of the EB IIA, Fig. 35:1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 16 (all bases missing), Fig. 35:21 (carinated bowl); the bowls are small as in the previous phase and represent direct continuity: Fig. 43:1 – very deep bowl. Tel Shalem, Eisenberg, 1996, p.9, Stratum I (EB IB), Fig. 13:1-4, small: maximum diameter 12 cm, occasionally red-burnished slips; soot marks on some bowl rims indicate use as lamps. Guy, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 903, lower stages V-VII, Pls. 3:10 and 76:8. Kenyon, 1983, Jericho V, (EB – [Early Canaanite] period): many bowls that served as lamps have traces of soot on their rims; most of them are hemispherical and ‘balance-dishes’, with a few carinated bowls, Figs. 54:10 (deep bowl); 57:1 (shallow bowl); 58:4 (‘balance-dish’); 62:1 (deep bowl, base missing); 80:1,7, 82:4,5, 86:16 (shallow bowls); 87:2 (carinated bowl); 89:1, 90:2,3, 91:2, 92:6 (deep bowls, bases missing); 95:19 (heavy walls); 101:4, 107:18 (deep bowls, bases missing); 108:15 (shallow bowl); 113:14, 15, 21 (rounded bowls); 114:5 (deep bowl, base missing); 122:21, 126:20, 127:27 (rounded bowls, bases missing); 129:9 (slightly carinated); 130:9, 10, 133:30, 33, 34, 36, 134:2, 138:11 (deep rounded bowls, no bases); 139:17 (shallow bowl, no base); 142:4 (carinated); 143:7, 144:7 (decorated inside with red pattern, pinched at rim); 151:3 (deep bowl); 156:7 (painted red decoration). De Vaux and Steve, 1947, Tell el-Farah: Fig. 2:27, flat base, short upright wall; Pl. 4:4,12, carinated bowls. 1948, (‫י‬en‫י‬olithique sup ‫י‬erieur, EB I): Fig. 5:22,28, shallow and rounded; 1961: Fig. 3:27, 35, deep carinated. Dinur, 1988, Wadi Fara, Pl.1:2, 3, 7 (Chalcolithic - EB). Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, (EB I), Pl. 51:1078, rounded base; Pl. 51:1087, flattened base, straight rim; handmade bowls served as lamps. Burials CT5, CT6 (EB IA), rich in offerings, were dug into the slope of the city wall; Burial 66, Pl. 51:1111, small lamp with carinated wall and low disk-base, resembles lamps of the MB I. Eisenberg, 1993, Moza, EB I settlement, fig. 3:4 shallow to rounded bowl. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon (EB IB): Fig. 6:1012, Oil lamp 10 from Tomb 3 is a bowl with a flat, wide base and inverted rim; Oil lamp 11 has a flattened base and rounded wall. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Locus 1553 (end of Chalcolithic - EB I period): Pls. 56:31 and 57:65, rounded bowl with sharp, everted rim, and heavy walls; the cave served as a dwelling and later for burials in the MB II. Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V: Pl. 5:6,7, flattened base and curved wall. Ben- Tor, 1975: p. 65, p. 77, Tell Yarmouth, Stratum I (EB I): Fig. 6:13, 14, missing base. Amiran, 1978, Tel Arad, Stratum V-IV, Pl. 1:19, 20, shallow, heavy-walled bowls (“lamp bowl”). Horbat Tinshemet in a dwelling Cave, Van Den Brink and Grosinger, 2004, Fig.2: 6; Yekutieli, 2002, Tel Erani, level C, EBI, Pl. 2:20, EBI BI, p.6.

Figure 2.4. Balance-Dish shaped – bowl Amiran et all, 1978, Arad I, Pl. 22:1-17,24-49; Strata II and I, Pl. 52:1-9. 2.1.4. A Four-Spouted Oil Lamp as Part of a High Base/Stand An EB I oil lamp resembling an incense-burner with a shallow saucer whose rim is delicately thumb-indented in 6 Sukenik, 1948, Afula, pit-dwelling (late Chalcolithic - EB), Pl. VI: 18, 19, Pit A contained potsherds in its upper stratum, among them vessels with a different kind of ledge handles of gray burnish sherds; Bowl 18 is hemispherical, its base is missing; Bowl 19 has a flat base, oblique walls, red slip. 7 Fitzgerald, 1935, Beth Shan, Pl. III: 6. Bar - Adon (still unpublished) Beth YeraΉ. 8 Starkey and Harding, 1932, Beth Pelet II (Fara), Site H (Shallal) (7 ft. 6 in.) the level above the lowest one, Pl. XL: 43, deep hemispherical bowl. En Besor, Gophna, 1990, pp. 1-11, Site H; idem., 1995, Stratum III, Fig. 12:1-3 (EB I) (“...small miniature hemispherical bowls may have served as lamps”). 9 Ben-Tor, 1975, Tell Yarmouth, Fig. 6:13,14 (EB II-III). 10 Brandl, forthcoming publication.

11

EARLY BRONZE AGE four places, as in the ‘Ai EB I-II lamps, (Figure 2.6) comes from Beth Shean Stratum XIII (#61).11 This lamp is part of an incense-burner on a high stand that has rows of rounded holes cut into it. Several additional fragments of “oil lamps” or incense-burners were found in the same place. Elevated oil lamps standing on three legs carved of basalt stone, of the EB III, are known from North Syria.12 Such finds from Antioch date to the Early Bronze Age.13 2.1.5. Pottery Fragments Used As Oil Lamps The practice of using fragments of broken pottery vessels—particularly jar bases—of suitable size suggests increased demand for oil lamps in this period. Pottery fragments used as oil lamps were found in excavations at Tell Shaddud (EB I); at ‘Ai in all phases (from EB I to EB II); at Tel ‘Arad Strata IV - II; and at Azor in a EB I—II tomb, Beth She’an and Jericho (# 65, #66 & 67). This practice only occurs again in MB II.14

Figure 2.6. Chalice used as lamps Callaway, 1964, Pls. XVII:17.363, LXVII:17. 363, Tomb C. 2.2.1. Balance-Dish Bowls “Balance-dish” bowls (Figure 2.3), which already appear in EB I, were found in quantity in Tel ‘Arad17 Stratum V and in Strata II and I. They are also numerous at Tel Yarmut18 in Stratum A2, and some turned up at other sites such as Megiddo, Jericho,19 and et-Twal (#27). Bowls of this type-group suitable for use as oil lamps now increasingly supplant the hemispherical bowls, which are still in use as oil lamps (from Tel Gezer). It persists until the end of EB III, although most lamps of this type no longer have omphalos bases by then.

Figure 2.5. Carinated bowls Garstang . 1932 Jericho, Figure 8: 9 2.2. Early Bronze II

The balance-dish bowls are rather wide and relatively shallow and were in use throughout Palestine. The bases are slightly rounded, and in many bowls the rims are not inverted but continue the line of the wall. Occasionally the rim tapers to a sharp, inverted edge. Although some of these bowls are covered with a brown-red slip (e.g., Tel Gezer #28), most are devoid of slip or burnishing. In the north, from burial caves in NaΉal Tavor #51 (the material is still unpublished), at least one bowl, which may have served as a lamp, has an irregular, very delicate, wild burnish.

This period was a time of urban development in the East. Among other changes, the shape of oil lamps also developed. “Balance-dish” bowls become the common type of bowl used as lamps along with hemispherical bowls. The use of oil lamps now increases in burials, as attested by the many tombs uncovered at Bab edh-Dhra’ in Jordan (Tombs A44 and A41 of the EB II and EB III),15 and at ‘Ai.16 11

Fitzgerald, 1935, Beth-Shan, one occupational level, p. 15, Pl. IV: 23, showed traces of fire, the chalice has a red wash; Pl. IV: 24 shows other fragments that probably served as lamps or chalices. 12 Lloyd and Mellaart, 1962, Beycesultan I, Level XVIIb (EB I), p. 129, Fig. 20:4, Pl. XVII:9; p. 231, Fig. 64:13 Level VIa (EB IIIB), with a horizontal handle and standing on three short legs, probably served as a votive lamp, from the sanctuary. Woolley, 1955, Alalakh, Level XII (2700-2350 BCE), p. 405, Fig. 80f, lamp made of basalt standing on a high three-legged pedestal. Similar chalices were discovered near Qiryat Shemona in Upper Galilee (unpublished – in the IDAM collection). 13 Braidwood, 1960, Antioch I, Phase A, Fig. 32:8, Pl. 67:2; Phase G (EB), p. 294, Fig. 235:8,11, on a low foot. 14 En Shadud, Braun, 1985: 111:8, a base of a jar as lamp. Callaway, 1972, Ai, Phase II, Fig. 22:15,19,21; Phase III, Figs. 30:19,23 and 31:16; Phase IV, Fig. 41:12. Amiran, 1978: 44, Arad I, Stratum II-III, Pl. 22:21 - 23. Bar-Adon, (unpublished), Beth YeraΉ, Stratum XIIB, Pl. 8:13. 15 Schaub and Rast, 1989, Bab edh - Dhra, in tombs of charnel-house Type A41, Fig. 222:33, hemispherical bowl; Type A41, Fig. 223:15,17,18,19,22,23, with a different number of spouts on each lamp, and Tomb A44 of the same type (EB II), Fig. 233:38, oil lamp with shallow, flattened base; Fig. 234:12-15, a lamp was found placed near a

2.2.2. Carinated Bowls Carinated bowls (Figure 2.5) with everted walls which, were also made as early as in the Chalcolithic and in EB I become common throughout the country in everyday use skull, and another lamp among other offerings (pp. 344, 405). In Tomb A41 most of the lamps are bowls with flattened bases, while in Tomb A44 most bases are rounded (also dated to EB III). 16 Krause, 1949, Ay, Pl. LXXII: 832, 854, 858, 905, hemispherical, one spot of soot; Pl. LXXIII: 909. 17 Amiran et all, 1978, Arad I, Pl. 22:1-17,24-49; Strata II and I, Pl. 52:1-9. 18 Miroschedji, 1988, Yarmouth I, Stratum A2, Pl. 23:3, ‘balance-dish’ form. 19 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XVI, Pl. 6:12. Kenyon, 1983, Jericho V, Fig. 144:7.

12

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS end of EB III—contemporaneous with ‘En Besor H. Such bowls were used throughout almost the entire period, e.g., the oil lamps from Tel Kittan Strata VII— VIII (#38); Sed’e Eliyahu (#39); and Tel ‘Arad Stratum III. Oil lamps of a different, unique type (#33, #34) were discovered in the Beth YeraΉ excavations and are not known from other sites. They apparently belong to EB II—EB IV, and are in effect regular bowls with heavy, flat bases, short walls, and thick, rounded rims that are inverted in some of these bowls. These oil lamps (?) are covered with a brown-red slip. Traces of soot are visible on some of the bowls over the whole of the rim, and in others only in spots, so that they may have served as pot-covers. From Beth Yerah Stratum XIII comes a thick-walled bowl with a disk-base and an inverted rim (#32), resembling a bowl from Jericho Tomb A (#41) of the EB III. Similar bowls are abundant at ‘Ai Phase VIII.28

during EB II, many of them as oil lamps. Such bowls were found in central Palestine at Tel Afeq from Stratum BVII on.20 It is probably only by chance that not many more oil lamps of this type were discovered in many of the sites. They were found at Tell el Far’a (North)21 already in Phase 1 of EB I (‘néolithique supérieur and ancien bronze); at Rosh Ha’Ayin (#9); Jericho (#30, Layer V and #31), and at Tel Dalit Stratum V, and beth Yerah.22 Carinated bowls, like the hemispherical and balance-dish (bowls) groups, remained in use in EB III. At Tel ‘Arad the dominant type seems to be the balance-dish bowl, whereas in the central or north-central parts of the country the hemispherical and carinated types predominate. In other sites all these forms are in evidence in the same contexts. 2.2.3. Miscellaneous Bowls of EB II and III

The number of soot marks on the rims of these bowls varies. There is a clear tendency to four, as had already appeared in the earlier period on oil lamps from Azor (#13), from Tel Yarmut, and on one oil lamp from ‘Ai found in Tomb C.29

Bowls, which do not belong to any of the above typegroups also served as oil lamps, and indeed, most small bowls might have been so used. Therefore, oil lamps are subject to the same criteria and typological classifications as the other bowls of the period. For example, at Megiddo Stratum XVI (#53)23 a different kind of bowl served as oil lamp. Such bowls from Tell el—Far’ah (North) and ‘Ai have flat, thick bases, rounded walls, and inverted rims.24 A bowl from ‘Ai has a flat, wide base and angular body, and is thus more stable. Most of these bowls have slightly everted or straight rims. A bowl on a disk-base from Tell en NaΒbeh Cave 66 of the EB II25 resembles an oil lamp from Tel ‘Erani (#49) with a sharp-edged rim (#50). Two similar bowls with thick bases were found at Tel Yarmut Strata A5 and CII;26 they have sharp-edged rims and already date to EB IIIB. In Lachish Locus 1513, and Area R27 a bowl that served as oil lamp was found in a mass-burial cave which was in use from EB I until the

2.2.4. Chalices Used as Oil Lamps A chalice with a hollow base and decorated band slip from ‘Ai Tomb C of EB II was apparently used as an oil lamp (Figure 2.6).30 2.2.5. Single- Spouted Oil Lamps (Early Bronze I- II) Any breach in the rim was enough to change the vessel or bowl’s appearance and to adapt it for use as an oil lamp. The single-spout (one-wick-emplacement), small and low balance-dish bowl with slightly rounded, flattened base became a prototype for oil lamps. In a bowl—but with a disk-base – found in NaΉal Tavor (#51), a very slight outward pressing of the clay can be detected on the rim. No traces of soot are evident (perhaps it was never used). This “lamp” bowl is covered with a slip, as is the rest of the pottery. Another such vessel with a breached rim and indentation so that a wick can be placed in it comes from Lachish and dates to EB I.31 A carinated bowl clearly intended as an oil lamp was discovered at ‘Ai (Figure 2.7).32

20 Aphek, Beck, 1985: 17-20, 23-26, suggests that they were manufactured at the site and gives a list of their distribution. 21 De Vaux, 1947, Tell el-Farah (e‫י‬ne‫י‬olithique sup’erieur=EB I), p. 409, Fig. 2:27; (1961) (EB I), pp. 557-592, Figs. 3:27,34, 35. 22 Kenyon, 1983, Jericho V, Trench III.XV (PU EB), Fig. 87:2, deep carinated bowl; Trench III.XVI (EB), Fig. 90:3; Trench III.XVI (Phase lxii), Fig. 92:12; Trench III.XVI (Phase lxii-lxiii), Fig. 93:3, a carinated and burnished oil lamp with red slip; Trench III.XVII-XVIII (Phase l; xxi-lxxii), Fig. 99:4, carinated. Gophna, 1996, Tel Dalit, Stratum V (EB IB), Fig. 39:13, and Stratum IV (EB II), Fig. 46:1. Greenberg, Beth Yerah, 2004, Fig.11: 1&2. 23 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XVII, Pl. 5:13. 24 De Vaux, 1947 Tell el-Farah, pp. 409, Fig. 2:27, with flat base. Callaway, 1972, Ai, Fig. 16:14, angular bowl with disk base, and slightly, upturned rim. 25 McCown, 1947, Tell En-Nasbeh I, Pl. 25:19. 26 Miroschedji, 1988, Yarmouth I, Stratum A-5 (EB II), Pl. 23:5; Stratum CII (EB IIIb period), Pl. 45:1. 27 Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Dwelling Caves 1513 and 1519, pp.39-41, Pls. 17:10,13 and 59:146,149, excavation nos. 1814,1830. According to B. Brandl (personal communication) the bowls are of Egyptian type with string-cut bases. Other bowls, Cave - Dwelling 1556, Pl. 61:236, 242 (in the fill of Dwelling 1558, one body). Gophna and Blockman, 2004, Lachish Area R. Figs.15.5: 6&7, 15.6:3

A bowl dated to EB I or EB II has a rounded base and wide funnel-like opening formed by pushing the rim

28 Bar-Adon (unpublished) Beth YeraΉ excavation, temporary Pl. 26:18. Garstang, 1931, Jericho, Tomb A, Pl. IV: 9 (235), bowl with disk-base and curved side/wall. Callaway, 1972, Fig.79:2 -12 (EB IIIB). 29 . Callaway, 1964, Ai, Tomb C, Pl. XVII:658. 30 Ibid., Pls. XVII: 17.363, and Krause 1949, Pl. LXVII:17.363, Tomb C. 31 Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Loci 1540 and 1553, Pl. 57:57,67, Lamp 57 has some kind of deposit inside, the bowl is rather deep with a heavy wall; Lamp 67 with signs of burning on the rim, has a thin wall and spout. 32 Krause, 1949, Ay, couche sup’erieure, Pl. LXXI: 746 (F D ch. 27).

13

EARLY BRONZE AGE lamp from Tel Gezer and an oil lamp from ‘Ai Tomb C of Phase A-B37 of the EB II. An additional oil lamp on a medium-height disk-base comes from Jericho Tomb D12 (EB III?).38 In the Beth Shemesh excavations, an oil lamp (#58) with four small thumb-indentions was discovered, its entire rim covered with soot.39 This lamp is fashioned from a rounded, handmade bowl with a thick rim, and the wick-rests are formed in a very primitive way by drawing a shallow depression with the thumb, as in the painting of bowls and chalices from ‘Ai Tomb C,40 and so dividing the bowl into four sections. The shape of the lamp recalls an earlier oil lamp from Tel Esur (#46) and another handmade bowl oil lamp from ‘Ai (#56).41 At Beth YeraΉ Stratum XIIC (#55) a low, thick-walled bowl, which could have served as an oil lamp, was found with what appear (the bowl was found damaged) to be three sharp incisions across its thick rim.42

slightly inward). At Bab edh-Dhra’ quite a few such bowls served as oil lamps .33

2.3. Early Bronze III and IV The same trend in the development of pottery oil lamps continues (some scholars merges the EB IV with the MB I; see next chapter). Bowls adapted to serve as oil lamps are still in everyday use. They were found at Beth YeraΉ; at ‘Afula; in the citadel at ‘Ai; EB IIIB; at MoΞa; Beit SaΉur; in Jericho Tombs D12 and F2; and at Tell elHesi.43 These bowls belong to the hemispherical, the balance-dish, and carinated groups; others have flattened disk-bases with incurving walls. The hemispherical and balance-dish bowls are rare.

Figure 2.7. Single spouted lamp Marquet-Krause, 1949, Ay, couche sup’erieure, Pl. LXXI:746. 2.2.6. Four-Spouted and Multiple-Spouted Oil Lamps

2.3.1 Bowls of the Khirbet - Kerak (Beth YeraΉ) Ware

The practice of employing four wicks appears already in EB I, and the natural next step was a technical improvement enabling the convenient insertion of four wicks: thumb-indention, pushing the rim down with the thumb to create four slightly recessed “spouts” in the same way that thumb-indented ledge-handles, or the notched-ledge-handled jars—the large pottery vessels of EB I-II—are formed. These oil lamps are fashioned mainly from balance-dish bowls and other small bowls with rounded-to-flattened, or flat disk-bases.

Bowls with the characteristic Kh. Kerak black-red-toorange burnishing were also used as oil lamps.44 Vessels of this type originated in northern Asia Minor and belong to EB III. Among the deep bowls are also some with omphalos bases like the bases of the EB I-II hemispherical bowls. Such oil lamps were found in Beth Shean Stratum XII (e.g., #29), and at Beth YeraΉ itself. Many of the Khirbet Kerak—ware bowls, which served

There still are only few vessels made specifically to serve as oil lamps as at Tel Afeq.34 An oil lamp fragment of the V-shaped bowl type, with four thumb-indentions, was found at Tel Gezer in the first Semitic stratum,35 and at the ‘Ai sanctuary (?) of EB II (#56). A multi-spouted oil lamp with a very short, straight wall and a flat base was found in Tel Yarmut Stratum BIV;36 it is made entirely by hand without recourse to a wheel. Oil lamp (#59) from Tel ‘Erani Stratum II of the EB II - III, resembles the oil

37

Callaway, 1964, Ai, (EB I-II), Pl. XVII: 658. Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb D12, Fig. 36:11. The lower part is made by hand and the rim on the wheel, with medium-height disk-base (EB III). 39 The lamp comes from recent excavations at Beth Shemesh by E. Braun, still unpublished, deserving my thanks. 40 Callaway, 1964, Ai (EB I-II), Pl. XVII: 17. 363. 41 Krause, 1949, Ay, Pl. LXXIV: 1292. 42 Bar-Adon, (unpublished), Beth YeraΉ, Stratum XIIC, Pl. 20:15. 43 Bar – Adon, (unpublished). Sukenik, 1948, Afula, Pl. VI: 18, 19, bowls of the Kh. Kerak type used as lamps; also Pl. X: 17, a fragment of a hemispherical bowl with an omphalos base like the entire one, No. 10, was found in Cistern E. Callaway, 1980, Ai, Phase VII, Fig. 125:6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 21. Krause, 1949, Ay, Pl. LXX: 658. Eisenberg, 1993, Moza, Fig. 3: 4, hemispherical / “balance dish” type. Hennessy, 1966, Beit-Sahur, Tomb Fig.1: 23 (EB III). Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb D12, Fig. 36:8 and Tomb F2, Fig. 57:19,30, are bowls with disk-bases of various heights and incurving rims; Bowl 30 is deep, and Bowl 19, shallow. Fargo, 1979, Tell el-Hesi, p. 23 (“...shallow bowls with flat base became popular in EB III [Fig. 1:7], carinated bowls [Fig. 1:12]. No bowls with depressions in rim for use as lamp spouts were found”). 44 Getzov 2006 fig. 3.41:5 st II, EB III, st. IV-II, fig. 3.50:7 EB IV B. 38

33

Note 14, above. Beck, 1985, Aphek, Fig. 4:11. 35 Macalister, 1912, Gezer III (First Semitic period), Pl. CXLII: 15, fragment, hemispherical bowl; Gezer II, pp. 136,149, Fig. 306. The bowl has flowerpot-like flaring walls, wide base, and more than four openings. 36 Miroschedji, 1988, Yarmouth I, Stratum D2, Locus 308 1 (EB II), Pl. 25:3,7. The lamp has a wide, flattened base, short wall, more than four spouts (incomplete). 34

14

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS as oil lamps have erect walls and sharp-edged or slightly everted rims; others are carinated. 2.3.2. Single-Spouted Oil Lamps In the oil lamp from Beth YeraΉ (#52), a slight thumb indention can be made out in the wall, forming a spout, as in the vessel with an indented rim found at Megiddo Stratum XVI of EB III (#53).45 This is a deep bowl with a flat disk-base and curved walls, which could have served as an oil lamp; or perhaps the spout was made for pouring liquid, for there is no soot on it. Another single-spouted oil lamp (#54) comes from Jericho Tomb A (Figure 2.8); it has a thick wall and a rounded base and dates to EB IIIII.

Figure 2.9. Two spouted lamp Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Level A&B near the eastern tower. p. 17, Pl. XII: 10. 2.3.4 Four-Spouted Oil Lamps An oil lamp with four spouts was found in Stratum IIB of the EB II-III at Tel ‘Erani (#59: 2.2.6). It is deep and has four wide thumb indentations to form wide, outwardprojecting wick-rests; the base is flat and the walls slanting and raised, with everted rim. In section this oil lamp resembles those of the EB IV-MB I (e.g., #179 from ‘En HaNaΞiv). Another oil lamp of this description was discovered at Tel Gezer in Cave 271;48 it has a flattened base and wide, rectangular thumb-indentation forming wide wick-rests. Additional oil lamps with four wide wick-rests come from ‘Ai49 and Tel Yarmuth Strata II-III of the EB IIIA-EB IV and Khirbet Hamra Ifdan, Jordan Phase 5b50 The lamps are crude with thick walls and rims folded to form the spout.

Figure 2.8. Single spouted Garstang. 1932. Jericho, Tomb A Pl.XXVIII:16. Single-spouted oil lamps were discovered in the ‘Ai46 excavations EB IIIB Phase VII. Two such lamps were found: one with a rounded base and hemispherical section, and the other with a flat base and flaring walls. The spout was made by pushing the wall outward, and slightly folding the rim to form a small, rounded wickrest very close to the EB - MB type.

Different techniques were employed in creating the four spouts: One is thumb—indentation, which did not cause any distortion of the lamp’s circular outline (Tel ‘Erani #59), from Jericho (Figure 2.10), together with lamp Figure 2.8.

2.3.3. Oil Lamps with Two soot-marked Spouts surface (C2.5-3 m. below surface – MB I?). Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb D12, Fig. 36:11, the disk-base is string-cut, found together with pottery of the Abydos type and EB III Kh. Kerak ware. 48 Yeivin, 1961, Tell Erani, the lamp is similar to a lamp from Tel Gezer of the First Semitic period; and see, Brandl, 1989, Tell Eirani, dating the level to the EB II-III; there was no MB I settlement. Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Cave 271, Pl. XXVIII: 9; Gezer II, p. 184; there was no MB I settlement at Tel Gezer of the Second to the Third Semitic periods. 49 Krause, 1949, Ay (end of EB III), Pl. LXXVIII: 2123. 50 Ben-Tor, 1975, Tel Yarmouth, Stratum II-III (EB III), Fig. 6:13,14, Type 1A. Khirbet Hamra Ifdan, Jordan, Adams, 2000, p.389, Fig 21.6: 5,6 Phase 5b. red slipped and burnished first specialized production of lamps , and identical to those made at beth YearΉ lamp #55. Suzanne, 1980 Fig.4: 1

Oil lamps, which have two soot marks on the rim, were found at Tell en-NaΒbeh (bowl with low disk-base) and Jericho.47 The latter oil lamp is crude, with heavy walls widening in two places to provide wick-rests (Figure 2.9). 45

Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XVI, Pl. 6:11. Callaway, 1980, Ai, Phase VII (EB IIIB), p. 191, Fig. 127:8,9, the single-spout oil lamp was found together with Kh. Kerak ware. 47 Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II (EB III), Pl. 51:1111, a shallow bowl with a low disk-base, soot in two places. Garstang, 1932, Jericho, p. 17, Pl. XII: 5, a primitive specimen of a lamp, gritty buff ware, red46

15

EARLY BRONZE AGE

Figure 2.10. Four-spouted lamp, thumb indented Garstang. 1932. Jericho, Tomb A, Pl.XXVIII:15.

Figure 2.11. Four spouted-lamp, lapping method Marquet-Krause, 1949, Ay (end of EB III), Pl. LXXVIII: 2123.

A second method entailed lapping (folding) the rim as in the oil lamps from ‘Ai (Figure 2.11)51 accompanied with EB III pottery which are very close in shape to EB-MB four-spout oil lamps. A different kind of short lapping was employed in the lamp from Д. ‘En Ziq # 60 (which the excavator dates to EB–MB but seems to have strong EB affinities). Elongated folding creates a squarish outline (Figure 2.12). A fragment of a rectangular bowl was found at Beth YeraΉ #52 j (Figures 2.13 & 2.14).

2.3.5. Other Multiple-Spouted Oil Lamps7 A three-spouted oil lamp comes from Bab edh-Dhra’; an oil lamp with five wick-rests was found in a building at Jericho (#57). 2.3.6. A Four-Spouted Oil Lamp as Part of a High Base/Stand

Oil lamps from east of the Jordan, at Bab edh-Dhra’ Tomb A54 of the EB III - IV, and in a tomb in a charnelhouse-like structure of the EB II and III periods show both methods.52 Lamps similar to the ones from Bab edhDhra’ (IDAM 74-516, 74-517, 74-523 (Fig. 2.15) not listed in the Catalog) are also known from Jericho, They may have started earlier, Beth Yerah EB II.53

A similar oil lamp with two or four slightly thumbindented spouts, on a slightly raised disk-base, was found in Jericho Tomb D12.54 2.3.7. Fragments Used as Lamps Pottery fragments used as lamps are rare in Beth YeraΉ, Beth She’an and Jericho (#65-#66) but were found at Tel ДaΞor and also in Jordan .55

51

Note 45, above. Beth Yerah; Greenberg and Paz, 2004, Fig.13 (EB II). Schaub, 1973, Bab edh-Dhra, Tomb A54 (EB IV-MB I, 2300-2200 BCE), Figs. 6:1 and 8:26, flattened base, the rim is folded all over, almost forming a square. Dever, 1973, Transjordan and Palestine (EB III, EB IV, MB I), p. 48, Fig. 4:6, 7, 8, No. 4 is thumb-indented, No. 7 slightly folded to form a circle, No. 8 is square. Schaub & Rast, 1989, Bab edh-Dhra, Tomb A41 (EB II-III), Fig. 223:17-22; Tomb A44 (EB II), Fig. 234:12, 13, all are of the EB III charnel-house type of tomb. Saller, 1964-1965, Bab edh-Dhra, p. 213, Fig. 33:6, a small, rough lamp with four depressions for wicks in the rim. Goren, 1996:61- 63. Petrographic Perspective, p.59, Fig. 12:17: “Pottery produced in Central Transjordan”. 53 Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb A114, Fig. 67:14. Saller, 1965, Bab edh-Dhra, Fig.33: 6. Dever, 1973, Bab edh-Dhra, Fig. 4:6. Greenberg, Beth Yerah, 2004, Fig.13. 52

2.4. Exceptional Early Bronze Age Oil Lamps An unusual EB I vessel, which has been described as an oil lamp, was found in the excavations in the Tel AvivYafo area.(Figure 2.16) This idea appears again in later period- the Late bronze Age.56 54

Kenyon, 1969, Jericho, Tomb D12, Fig. 36:11. Ben-Tor et al, 1997, Hazor V, Locus 1114, Fig. III.4.11. Chesson, 2000, Fig.20.5:1 from Tell el-Handaquq South, Jordan, Getzov 2006, Beth YeraΉ, Fig. 3.44:16, EB II. 56 Kaplan, 1955, Tel Aviv, pp. 92-100, Pl. Ib, the lamp was found in an EB I burial. This oil lamp, which was found at 93 Nordau Street, is a 55

16

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Figure 2.12. Four spouted elongated folds Saller, 19641965, Bab edh-Dhra, p. 213, Figure 223:17 Figure 2.14. Four spouted lamp Beit YearΉ #53

Figure 2.13. Four spouted lamp Beit YearΉ #107

Figure 2.15. Bab edh-Dhra Tombs; IDAM 74-516,74-517,74-523

special lamp indicating very sophisticated technical knowledge, based on the connected vessels principle. And see, Kaplan, 1959, p. 4, Pl. 1; p. 39, Fig. 11:7; a similar bowl in Ingholt, 1940, Hama, niveau K (30002500 BCE), Fig. 12:40, Pl. IV: 5. Duncan 1930. Type 91:A 46.6 &46.7

17

EARLY BRONZE AGE This “oil lamp,” as well as another one from Tel Gezer (#64), combines two receptacles based on the principle of connected vessels: a wide bowl with double-strip handle, and in the center, another vessel perforated in its lower part. The base of the handle and the rim of the inner vessel have thumb-indented decoration typical of the period. According to the excavator, this vessel functioned as an oil lamp in the following manner: The outer bowl was filled with water and the inner cup with oil. The water flowing into the central bowl raised the level of the oil in which the wick floated. (Perhaps the idea was to economize on oil.) Other double bowls with indented rims found at ‘En Besor may also have been oil lamps.57

2.5. Summary It is difficult to distinguish between EB II and EB III oil lamps. Although in EB II, oil lamps are more common and some are still ordinary bowls. Conceivably, it was during the EB III that such bowls evolved into oil lamps, representing a technological turning-point. There is a tendency to select for this purpose bowls with low walls and everted rims, thus adapting shallow bowls of the balance-dish type, with flat, and in most cases, slightly rounded bases. In these bowls indentions for placing the wicks are more conveniently made. These special emplacements keep the wick in place when the lamp is moved or while it is burning, and to prevent it from slipping down into the liquid fuel and extinguishing the flame. Such wick-rests (spouts) are made by squeezing or slightly thumb - indenting, apparently in an outward motion. As mentioned above (§ 2.2.6.), this technique is known in the formation of ledge—handles which appear already in the early EB and become more characteristic in later periods. Notching of jar handles affords a better grip; in oil lamps it creates a convenient means for keeping the wick in place (#51 from NaΉal Tavor). This method can be discerned in a fairly large number of oil lamps (e.g., Oil lamp IDAM 74-523 found in the Bab edh-Dhra’ burial-cave (Figure 2.15), and Tel ‘Arad (Figure 2.17).

Figure 2.16. Exeptional oil lamp Kaplan, 1955, Tel Aviv, pp. 92-100, Figure 11: 7& Pl. Ib Additional EB I double vessels which may have served as oil lamps were also found at Tell en-NaΒbeh.58 At least in some of them, a liquid—water or oil—could flow from container, to container.

Figure 2.17. Multi- spouted lamp Tel Arad The use of four wicks begins toward the end of the EB I and continues with appropriate technical adjustments throughout the later EB periods. In the rims of these shallow bowls are usually four slight, or sometimes more pronounced, indentations.

At Bab edh-Dhra’59 peculiar kernoi were found having a kind of long tube ending in four bowls with flaring rims. The duct, which runs through the pipe and reaches its base, is very narrow—just wide enough for the insertion of a wick. Holes just below the rim could have served to suspend the vessels.

These oil lamps are ascribed to the EB II-IV. Similar oil lamps were discovered also in the “Ai excavations in Tombs 5 and A54, and in Jericho Tombs A1148 and D12 of the EB III.60 From Д. ‘En Ziq in the Negev highlands,61

57 En Besor Gophna, 1983: 39-40, Figs. 4:3, 5, handmade, coarse with indented rim, traces of soot in several places (lamps?); cf., Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pls. 34:56, 43:57, 50-52. 58 Wampler, 1947, Tell En-Nasbeh II, Pl. 43:878, vessels of the same period are similar and may be compared. Bade, 1947, Vol. I. Pl. 24: 3238. 59 Saller, 1964-5, Bab edh-Dhra, Figs. 24:16,17 and 25:2,2a.

60 Krause, 1949, Ay, Tomb 5 (end of EB), p. 5, Pl. LXX: 658, the bowl has four slightly pinched places in the rim to form four wick-rests; Tomb A54, p. 343, later than the ordinary bowls. Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb A114 (B), p. 47, Fig. 67:14, the tomb contained EB III pottery

18

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS from Cave 27I at Tel Gezer that was found together with EB II pottery, and which Macalister conjectured to have been brought there at a later date.65

comes an oil lamp (#59) of the end of the period—or perhaps of the EB IV or MB I, since the rim is already folded inward. Oil lamps from Beth YeraΉ62 and one from Tel ‘Erani (#59) have four spouts and a flat base. The lamp from Jericho Tomb A has a flat base.63 In excavations at Tell es-Sa’idiya in Jordan, four-spouted oil lamps with a slightly folded rim forming a square were ascribed to EB II, as was the lamps from “Ai and Beth YeraΉ.64 These oil lamps somewhat resemble the lamp

Why were four wicks introduced? The practice appears until the end of the EB IV–MB I, giving way to oil lamps with six and seven spouts, perhaps reflecting different beliefs, or having some symbolic meaning, or perhaps simply to give more light.

similar to Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb A (EB III), Pl. XXVIII:15, shallow lamp with rim slightly pinched in four places. 61 Cohen .1986, Central Negev, Ain Ziq, Pl. 57:7 (considered EB - MB). 62 Esse, 1982, Beth-YeraΉ (EB II), Pl. 12:1-3,30, charred in broken area; Pl. 7:5, bowl, base missing; (EB III), Pl. 10:33-37, bases missing (probably had flat bases like Bowls 32 and 35), shallow bowls; (EB III), Pl. 14:7, hemispherical bowl. 63 Garstang, 1931, Jericho, Pl. XXVIII: 15, with four small spouts; Pl. XXVIII: 16, with one spout; 1935, Jericho, Room 109, Pl. XXIX:11. 64 Tubb, 1988, Tell Sa`idiyeh, Stratum L2, Fig. 30; Fig. 32:5,6, decorated in red paint and shaped like the lamp from Gezer. Krause, 1949, Ay, Pl. LXXVIII: 2123.

65

19

Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Pl. XXVIII:9.

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I

CHAPTER 3 MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I (INTERMEDIATE: EARLY BRONZE IV-MIDDLE BRONZE I, EB IV, EB IV/MB I) It is impossible to draw a clear dividing line between the three phases of the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. Some scholars, use the terms “Intermediate” or “EB-MB,” while others still separate them into two periods, EB IV and MB I.1

3.1. Oil Lamps in Stratified Excavations Oil lamps become increasingly frequent (in small numbers) among the finds in settlements—in private and public buildings (at Beth YeraΉ, Sha`ar Hagolan, Megiddo, Nahariyya, Jerusalem, and elsewhere). Most of the sites of that period were built directly on the destruction debris of the preceding (EB III) period. However, in southern Israel—the Negev—one-period settlements are the majority. In assemblages from southern Israel (e.g., Lachish, Tell Beit Mirsim, the Negev), the number of oil lamps is negligible, not mentioned in the recent publication Ussishkin 2004.4

Although there is continuity in many aspects of the material culture, as manifest in the clay pottery of the preceding period, significant changes did occur, in part due to the penetration of the material cultures from the dominant civilizations of the northern Fertile Crescent. The import of pottery from the north (e.g., Дama in Syria) led to changes in the composition of the pottery repertoire in several regions of Palestine. The material cultures of Palestine, Transjordan, southern Syria, and Lebanon have very similar components in this period, possibly attesting close commercial relations.2

3.2. Oil Lamps in Funerary Contexts Burial caves, which in this period are in the majority man-made rock-cut tombs, are the primary source of lamps, where, for the first time, lamps are one of the constant items. The dominant type of burial is in shafttombs hewn into the rock—that is, the entrance to the tomb was through a vertical shaft. A few shaft-tombs are known already from EB I- EB IV at Bab edh-Dhra` in southern Jordan. Other types of burials are built chambertombs, dolmens, tumuli, and various types of stone structures.5

The MB I pottery in Palestine was divided in 1969 by R. Amiran into four main “families,” according to its geographic distribution: (1) the northern family—from the `Akko Valley to el-ДuΒn in Gilead (Syria); (2) the Megiddo family (its latest phase extending into MB II); (3) the central mountain family—from Samaria to Jerusalem; and (4) the southern family. Although this division also comprises pottery oil lamps, it is not so clear-cut for some of these, and even for the other pottery vessels the families overlap. In 1974, the same author proposed a revised division into three families. The subject has been dealt with in several studies, among them one by Dever.3

Most of the Burial caves of this period were not used subsequently; a few tombs studied at Megiddo and other sites, which were reopened and continued to serve for burials in MB II as well, had been Burial caves in the preceding period.

In this period, clay vessels were fashioned to serve specifically as oil lamps. This tendency, which is rooted in the foregoing period (EB II-III), is more prevalent in EB III when some of the forms become standardized, including the number of spouts. There is no longer evidence of vessels for multi-purpose use as oil lamps in the home or in burials.

Kenyon distinguishes at least four types of shaft-tombs according to their contents. Oil lamps were present in all of them, except in those she calls “warrior tombs” that contained weapons (see below). But there are exceptions: 4

Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Cemetery 2000, Tomb 2018: 171, 275 279, Pls. 20:16 and 66: 448; Cave 1529 was a dump of domestic crockery (p. 264); Pl. 66: 399, single spouted oil lamps; p. 173. Only three four-spouted oil lamps were found, each lamp in a different type of tomb, both lamps have a wide, flat base. Both T529 and Cemetery 2000 belong to Caliciform culture. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum H, Pl. 20: 27; and Stratum F, Pl. 21: 52. Goren, 1996, Petrographic Perspective deals with the pottery industry of the south. 5 Schaub and Rast, 1989, Bab edh- Dhra, Area F (EB IA or EB IB), pp. 25-26 in Cemetery A2/7 shaft tombs with 47 chambers; EB IA and EB IB: Shaft-tombs A4 and A43; EB IV: two shaft burials; Cemetery D (EB III), a single shaft-tomb with a double chamber. MacDonald, 1995: 130, Khirbat Khanazir, adds four types of EB IV stone-built burials: rectangular chambers, ‘segmented’ chambers, ‘pile of stones’, and cists. Greenhut, 1995; EB IV, tombs and burials.

1 Wright, 1938: 27-64. Amiran, 1960:204-225; and Amiran and Kochavi, 1985: 361-365. Dever, 1980: 35-64, EB IV, addressed the same problem. 2 Prag, 1974: 69 -112; Transjordan; Prag, 1995: 103 -113. Robinson, 1995: 61-80. Ibrahim and Qadi, 1995: 81-102; Thalmann, 2006, Tel Arqa, Pl. 79:1-8. 3 Amiran, 1969: 45-47 division into four families; and Amiran, 1974: 112, Geva-Carmel, in revision of the former suggests a division of the MB I pottery into three main families. No oil lamps were found in the Geva`-Karmel burial. Dever, 1973: 37 -62, in the southern part of the country.

20

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS two bodies were buried, there were two oil lamps, probably indicative of a ceremonial function. Where only two objects were found in one cave-tomb, at least one of them was always an oil lamp. In Tomb 89 at Beth Shean, a jug was placed at the head of the deceased, and a fourspouted oil lamp at his feet.9

in a tomb at Jericho, where there were weapons and other objects, an oil lamp was found in a niche.6 Many shafttombs were uncovered at Jericho and Gibeon (Giv’on),7 where special niches, measuring about 15 x 15 cm, were cut in the chamber walls for oil lamps. One or two niches were cut near the entrance, on both sides of the chamber. In one such a niche, in Tomb T50 at Gibeon, two oil lamps showing signs of burning were found in situ, one above the other. In most cases the oil lamps had fallen from the niche and were found at the foot of the wall. No one appears to have moved them, for the caves served one-time burials and were not reused or opened again. Presumably, the lamps placed in the niches served a double purpose: to provide light for the workmen hewing the chamber, and for the entombment during the funerary ceremony. But it is likely that the same oil lamps served as funerary cult offerings—to light the way for the deceased to resurrection—a symbol of everlasting life.

The number of pottery vessels and their assemblages varied from tomb to tomb and from region to region. Many of these shaft-tombs contained a relatively small number of funerary vessels. The reason for these variations in burial practices is not clear. They might reflect differences in funerary rituals, as studied at Jericho and compared later to Tell el-`Ajjul,10 which could indicate the presence of diverse ethnic groups. Or they may represent various local customs and different attitudes to the dead, as is known also from other periods. Burial caves at Bet Shean region (Tel ReΉov, En HaNaΞiv) contained a large number of lamps. Also the burial field at Дolon-Azor contained many pottery vessels and a larger number of oil lamps.11 In a Burial cave discovered at `Enan which served as a family tomb, 11 footed oil lamps were among the large assemblage of pottery vessels.12 A cave discovered at Qedesh, which is regarded as a cult cave, though it contained remains of two adults, contained 22 footed oil lamps.13

Where a niche was not provided, as in the Azor-Дolon cemetery, the oil lamp was not placed directly next to the body, but at some distance from it. Oil lamps with no signs of soot on the spouts were also found, showing that they had not been used, or were perhaps only used briefly. Since most of these shaft-tombs were used for single burials, usually only one oil lamp was found in each grave.8 However in the Gibeon shaft-tomb, where

Burials at Horbat Manot in the lower Galilee, Tiberias, Gan HaShelosha-Tel `Amal, HaZorea`-Tel Qira, Gal-Ed,

6

Kenyon, 1960: 180, Jericho I, Fig. 75. Most of the burials were of one or two deceased. The lamps found in Jericho have both flat and rounded bases (Fig. 74). Kenyon, 1956, Tell el-Ajjul, pp. 41- 55, tombs, which contained no daggers. Other graves known in the period are built cisttype graves below ground, see: Petrie.1932, Tell el-Ajjul, Pl. 53); and in Transjordan: Ibrahim and Qadi, 1995, El Musherifeh, Fig. 3, coneshaped. 7 Garstang, 1932, Jericho: 794, Tomb A, Layer IV. Numerous tombs of the period contained four-spout oil lamps, in many of them the oil lamp was found insitu in the niche made for the lamps. Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I: Tombs: H 2, H 5, H 10, H 12, H 15, H 19, H 20, G 8, B 18, G 29, G 35, G 44. In other tombs the oil lamp had fallen below the niche on the floor: H 3, H 4, G 3, J 21; on the floor: B 45, H 9, H 11, H 14, H 16, H 22, G 10, G 23, G 40, G 53, G 58, J 11, J 15; next to a wall: J 4; in the shaft: J 1, G 46, G 70. One oil lamp was found below the body, in Tomb G 36. The oil lamps are of all the known types. The oil lamp inside the entrance to Tomb B5 was unused. Kenyon, 1965, Jericho II, Tomb: P9, Fig. 48; Tomb P5, Fig. 50; Tomb O4, Fig. 59; Tomb P24, Fig. 66; Tomb P12, Fig. 70; Tomb P3, Fig. 75; Tomb M16, Fig. 85. In Tomb P12 the lamp was found to the left of the entrance. In Tomb P3 a lamp of Type A with signs of burning in two opposite spouts was inside the niche on the right; in Tomb P9 a lamp was found inside the niche; in Tomb P5 were two niches in which two lamps with flat bases of Type A were found. Tomb O4 contained two lamps, one with a flat base and the second rounded (Fig. 61:8,9). In Tomb P24 the niche was empty and the lamp was found at the far end of the cave. Thirteen lamps have flat bases; four have rounded bases; and one, a low disk-base (Fig. 90:9); Types A and B both have narrow, folded rims. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Tomb 50, Fig.90. Oil lamps were found close to the entrance of the burial chamber (p. 54). The oil lamp from Tomb 22A was decorated with incisions like the lamps from Дolon and Azor (see catalog); Tomb 14, Fig. 19:5,6; Tomb 22, Fig. 30:17,18; Tomb 22A, Fig. 31:6; Tomb 30, Fig. 33:42,43. 8 Lapp, 1966: 59 – 63, Dahr Mirzbaneh, stresses that there was no connection between the number of the lamps and the number of the interments. The lamps served as means of light only; they were not found near the deceased. Tomb TA1, Fig. 2:1,2; TA2, Fig. 3,6; TA3, Fig. 7:17; TA4, Fig. 8:6; TA14, Fig. 12:2, 5, 7, 11. Only one lamp was found in eleven burials; in seven burials there were two to five oil lamps. There were no niches for the lamps. Some of the lamps were

never used. The clay from which the oil lamps were made does not always match the clay of the other pottery vessels; no tradition was evident. Lapp describes the way the lamps were placed in the graves, and stresses their scarcity in the southern part of the country. Singer-Avitz and Dar, 1986: 49- 65, Hanita, Pl. 9, Fig. 65:6, the pottery belongs to the northern family, one single lamp #157 with a slightly folded rim. Harding, 1953: 1- 14, El Дusn, Fig. 1:1, one single lamp among 63 vessels. The vessels still include hemispherical bowls and an assortment of pottery vessels known from the north of the country, similar to the Ma`yan Barukh assemblage, the Megiddo family and vessels with painted decoration known in the Beth Shean group found in Tel ReΉov and Kh. es - Sa`idiya in Jordan. Seen from above, the lamp has a cruciform outline. Bahat, 1976: 27- 33, Menahamiya, Fig. 3:7 of the northern family, and Beth Shean painted group, the spouts of the lamp are not symmetrical. Dever, 1975: 18 – 31, El-Kirmil, Fig. 4:16, southern family, this lamp, too, is cruciform when seen from above. Tubb, 1990, Tiwal esh - Sharqi an Early Bronze Age cemetery. The lamps were not placed in niches but were found in the center of the shaft: Tomb 6 Fig. 15b (two oil lamps, one near the entrance into a second chamber); Tomb SE9, Fig. 52, with only one object; Fig. 53, a composite lamp; Tomb SE10, one lamp (p. 78) “having in addition to a four-spouted upper part a lower hollow chamber connecting two protruding spouts.” 9 Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, Tomb 89, Type C, Fig. 5, Fig. 18:130, the lamp has a concave base, hemispherical section, and the entire rim is folded inward-inverted; the spouts are wide and wavy. 10 Shay, 1983: 26 – 37, Jericho, Kenyon, 1971:5 – 30, Jordan. 11 In the cemetery at Azor - Дolon excavated by Y. Shapira, several lamps with four spouts and single spouts were found in one tomb (unpublished); see Catalog. 12 Eisenberg, 1985, `Enan, the pottery belongs to the northern family. The family Burial cave is dated to the 22nd -21st century BCE. 13 Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh, lamps p. 24, Pls. 9,10, Figs. 9-10. Only one fragment of a four-spouted oil lamp was found; the rest are footed oil lamps.

21

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I Only few footed hemispherical or other types of bowls, which might have been prototypes of the footed oil lamps with hollow or solid stands, are known from EB II, one of them from Tel Dalit in the southern Bet El mountains, and another from ‘Ai Tomb C (Figure 2.6).18

Fureidis, Barqai, Ma`barot, and MoΞa `Illit did not contain oil lamps.14 Absence of oil lamps was noted mainly in the central part of the country, continuing the preceding regional practices. On the other hand, in some burials, as in a grave at Gibeon,15 the only vessels found were oil lamps, very few oil lamps were found at Megiddo.

An oil lamp on a low foot (high disk-base?) was found in Jericho Tomb D12 of EB III. A true oil lamp on a high stand (foot) comes from Beth Shean below Stratum XII; this is the earliest EB I footed oil lamp having four spouts (#61) – as discussed in the preceding chapter (§ 2.1.5.).19

3.3. Typology This flourishing transitional period also finds expression in the aspect of the oil lamps, which may be divided into four groups: (1) footed (goblet) oil lamps; (2) fourspouted oil lamps; (3) multi spouted oil lamps; and (4) single spouted oil lamps. All these types were apparently used probably concurrently, but only one— the single-spouted oil lamp—persisted into the subsequent periods. Although this type of oil lamp was not very common at this time, it was the one adopted for use in later periods.

The large assemblage of pottery from the cave at Tel Qedesh20 includes local manufactures, attesting in part to the continuity of the material culture of the preceding (EB) period, as well as imported wares. In all, there were 23 lamps, including a fragment of one four-spout oil lamp (#129). Some of the vessels are handmade and others were thrown on the wheel. Since only little evidence of burial was found in the Tel Qedesh cave, it has been conjectured that it may have served ritual purposes. The find was dated on the basis of comparison with the vast quantity of imported wares from Дama in northern Syria Stratum J Phases 4-8 of the 24th-22nd centuries BCE, which included also four-spouted oil lamps.21 Accordingly, the Tel Qedesh find was dated to the 22nd century BCE (MB I).

3.3.1. Footed Oil Lamps Pottery vessels or large bowls with elevated bases, known also as incense-burners or chalices, are known from the Chalcolithic, and EB I periods. These vessels were apparently used both in public places and Burial caves, where they are found in appreciable numbers along with clay ossuaries. Some of the incense-burners with thumbindented rims may have served as oil lamps, which were absent from the tombs in this period.16 Only few have been found from the following EB I, EB II and EB III periods, when oil lamps were still not in common usage. The reappearance of goblets, and especially when used as oil lamps, was an innovative idea. Footed chalices were used as oil lamps in Ugarit only in the Late Bronze Age.17 In Palestine they become popular at the end of the Iron Age I, and increasingly so in Iron II –mainly in public places, and particularly in cultic sites. Significant changes occurred only in the Roman and Byzantine periods, when most such oil lamps mounted on high stands were made of bronze.

The cave at `Enan22 contained many burials. Among the offerings were numerous weapons and a smaller assemblage of pottery similar to that from Tel Qedesh, and included 11 footed oil lamps. A fragment of an additional footed oil lamp was found in a burial cave at Ma`yan Barukh (#68),23 accompanied by pottery vessels also resembling those from Tel Qedesh. The burials were ascribed to the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE (EB IV). Other footed oil lamps (#102, # 103) were found in a dolmen-type tomb at Deir Seras on the Golan Heights, and another one in a burial near Ginosar.24 All these finds indicate that the use of this type of oil lamp was specific to the northern family in Palestine, exclusively.

14 Getzov, Stern and Parks, 2001, Horbat Manot, pp.136-138 and Fig.1 distribution map of sites in the Akko plain; Shaft tomb, no lamps, Tadmor, 1973, Rosh Haniqra, no lamps were found. Tzaferis, 1968: 1519, Tiberias, found with weapons; no lamps. Meirhoff, 1986, Hazorea, no lamps were found. Feig, 1991: 129, Tel Amal, lamp was found together with Red-Painted decoration from the Jordan Valley. Meir, 1974, Gal`ed, no lamps were found in the twelve burials excavated there. Hess, 1980, Fureidis, weapons only, of the end of the period; no pottery vessels with lug handles of the Megiddo family. Gophna and Sussman, 1969: 1 –14, Barqai, no lamps were found. Yannai, 1996: 11 –15, Horeshim, Fig.7. Gophna, 1969: 50 – 51, Ma`barot, weapons and no lamps. Bahat, 1975: 18 - 22, Ramat Motza, the burial contained weapons but no lamps. 15 Pritchard, 1963. Gibeon, Tomb 42, Fig. 37; Tomb 46, Fig. 52; Tomb 48, Fig. 54; in Tomb 54 only lamps were found in the burials. Tubb, 1990, Tiwal esh-Sharqi, Tomb SE7 (one lamp), Tombs SE9, SE10, SE12 (two lamps). 16 Perrot and Ladiray, 1980, Azor, Fig. 70:14; Ben Shemen, Fig. 72:18,19; Fig. 124:14. 17 Schaeffer, 1949, Minet el - Beida, Fig. 52:29, Deposit 213; and Ras Shamra, Fig. 114:1, 7, 14.

18

Gophna, 1981: 24. Tel Dalit, burnished bowls of very delicate ware, which served also as oil lamps. The chalice illustrated on p. 24 consists of a rounded bowl on top of a short pedestal. Idem.1996, Tel Dalit, Stratum II (EB II), Fig. 48:8. Callaway, 1964, Ai, Pl. XVII:17.363 (EB I- II). 19 Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb D12, Figs. 33:26 and 36:11, rough bowl or lamp on a low disk-base. Fitzgerald, 1935, Beth-Shan Stratum XIII, Pl. IV:23. 20 Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh. 21 Ingholt , 1940: 36, Hama, Lamps Niveau J, four-spouted oil lamp. 22 Eisenberg, 1985, `Enan. 23 Amiran , 1961, Ma`ayan Barukh, Fig. 6:6. 24 Epstein, 1985, Deir Sras, Fig. 3:15-13 and Fig. 4:9,10, footed lamps. Another single-spout chalice oil lamp was found near Ginosar (illustrations on p. 43).

22

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS are made.26 All the lamps show traces of soot over a large part of the rim, attesting extensive usage—either because they burned for long times or were lit frequently. Perhaps also the wick shifted because the spout was not deep enough to hold it in place, or the clay was not thoroughly fired and soaked up the soot.

3.3.1.1. Description The footed oil lamps from Tel Qedesh are fashioned by hand from coarse, reddish clay. The bowls on top of the stands—particularly those from Tel Qedesh—are crude and do not show any final touches, even though potters’ wheels were already in use in that period, especially for putting the final touches to the formation of the rims. The walls of the bowls vary in thickness and shape, from splayed to rounded. There is no consistency in the forms of these oil lamps in their lower part the bases. Each bowl is of a different depth, and the number of spouts (wick emplacements) varies, as does the height of the oil lamps.

The oil lamps discovered at `Enan resemble those from Tel Qedesh in all their characteristics, but they are not identical. The group of oil lamps from `Enan has a much more cohesive appearance. The quality of the clay and the workmanship are better than at Tel Qedesh. The footed oil lamps have a solid base and three spouts (#91, #95, #96, #100), similarly to the oil lamp from Tel Qedesh. All the rest have four very small spouts (#92, #93, #94,#95, #97, #99), and the bowl retains its round circumference, as in EBII lamps from ‘Ai (#56); Jericho Tombs D12 and A114(B) (#57) and Tel Yarmut; and EB I at Beth Shean (#61). The burial has been ascribed to the 22nd-21st centuries BCE, identified as EB IV by the excavator on the basis of similar groups of this period. Tadmor calls the assemblage discovered at Tel Qedesh “MB I,” while Eisenberg calls the assemblage EB IV, and both it and the `Enan pottery, in effect, relate to the same northern material culture family.

The footed oil lamps have a cylindrical or trumpet-like solid base (#68, #71. #72, #74, #76, #77, #80, #83, #87, #89, #91, #93, #95, #96, #100); or a hollow base (#70, #73, #75, #81, #82, #84, #85, #90, #92, #94, #97, #98, #99, #102, #103). The shape of the foot also varies: it can be more or less flaring (#89). In the solid-footed lamps the bases are sometimes concave at the bottom to stabilize the stand (#71, #74, #78, #79, #91, #93, #94, #98). High, solid-footed bases, which are not common in clay vessels (e.g., goblets with bases as in #76, #100 from `Enan and #102, #103 from Deir Sras) in this period, may represent imitations of stone vessels such as mortars. The oil lamps vary in height: the lowest stand 7.5 cm high, and the highest 18.6 cm; most of the oil lamps are low.

These lamps are exceptional in the entire Palestinian oil lamp repertoire, as similar footed vessels are not common in this period (EB IV-MB I). Goblets and chalices are among Дama assemblage of the “Caliciform culture,” but they differ in shape from the footed oil lamps. An oil lamp on a high foot is known from Alalakh in Anatolia.27 The way these footed oil lamps are formed may suggest imitation of the lower part of figurines common at Дama Stratum J of the same dating as Tel Qedesh and Enan material, where they bear different types of vessels mounted on their heads, among them also a four spouted oil lamp (Figure 3.18).

Like the other vessels, the oil lamps and their manufacturing techniques are similar to those of EB I – EB III. Two different forms of spouts were created: (1) by thumb-indenting the rim and pressing it down and outward to form a very small spout, e.g., at `Enan, and also some in Tel Qedesh (#78, #80); and (2) by slightly folding the rim inward to form a wide, short, rounded spout (#69, #70, #74) similar to the footed single-spouted oil lamp from Tel Qedesh (#73), and small spouts (#78, #79, #80) resembling EB oil lamps (#57, #58, #62. The number of spouts at Tel Qedesh varies: most—11 of the oil lamps—have three spouts, i.e., three emplacements for the wick; 3 lamps have two spouts; 3 have a single spout; and only 3 have four spouts. The single-spouted oil lamp (#73) shows a beginning of lapping/folding the rim inward at the sides of the spout, similar to the method employed in singlespout oil lamps of the EB I and EB III periods from ‘Ai, and also in Tell al-Humeiri, Jordan in the Early Bronze III period25 and later in MB IIA Beth YearΉ (#181). This single-spouted oil lamp also bears some resemblance to the technique by which the spouts of contemporary jars

The figurine is of a type found in Дama Stratum J of the same dating as the Tel Qedesh and the `Enan material.28 This may also indicate a continuity of the traditional incense-burners of the Chalcolithic period and the Gray Ware culture of EB I, and with the EB III stands from Beth YeraΉ. As has been seen above, similar multispout oil lamps, but without a foot, appear as early as in the EB II-III.

26 Sussman, 1990, Fig. 1:13,14,15. Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh, amphoriskoi Fig. 4. 27 Woolley, 1955, Alalakh, Stratum XIIA, p. 25, Fig. 80, a lamp on a high foot, standing on three short, leg-like projections; the bowl is shallow. 28 Ingholt, 1940, Hama, Stratum J, Pl. 7. Figurine courtesy of Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem (T19), with same face and holding the breast. Gubel, 1991, Amanthus to Zarephtahs, p. 134, Pl. XXXIV:d, female, of classic type.

25 Callaway, 1980, Ai, Fig. 79, in the center, Site C (EB III, Phase VII), Fig. 127:8, 9; Site C (EB III); Area C1, House ON (Phase III/IV?=EB III), p. 120, single wide-spout lamp/hemispherical bowl; the wide spout was formed by outward pressing. Harrison 2000, Tell al Humeiri, p.349, Fig. 19.2:21, two pedestal bowls were found, these are rare, one was covered with red slip. From the fragment published it may well be part of a footed oil lamp.

23

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I is not possible to separate from them those oil lamps which on typological grounds might be assigned to an Intermediate EB III-IV period. They are closer to the EB types than to the MB culture. Nor is it possible to determine where and how the dividing line is to be drawn between the two periods. The fact that the `Enan burial is a collective burial—a prevailing funerary custom in the EB period—supports the earlier dating. These assemblages from Tel Qedesh and `Enan may therefore be earlier. If EB IV–MB I is regarded as Intermediate, a late EB III phase may be suggested for the `Enan and Tel Qedesh footed oil lamps (cf., Beth Shean #61 already in EB I). Four-spouted oil lamps accompany similar clay vessels at Megiddo, among them from later phases at Дama. The four spouts or wick-rests are not a dominant feature. Dever tends to date the four-spouted oil lamp from Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum J, that is compared to the fourspouted lamp from Tel Qedesh, to EB III.29 Greenberg assigns the `Enan burial to MB I assemblages.30 3.3.2. Four-spouted Oil Lamps More than anything else, the “four-spouted” oil lamp is associated with the (Middle Bronze I) EB–MB of which it is characteristic. The typical oil lamp of this kind has a box-like, square shape. The number of soot marks, and later, the number of spouts, as has been seen, already appeared in the previous (EB I – III) periods (§ 2.1.3, 2.2.6, 2.3.5.). Why the four spouts? The square outline (when looked at from above) counters natural forms and pottery in general, when created by hand and the more so when made on a potter’s wheel, which now was in more extensive use. Square forms were more likely to be made when the oil lamps were still shaped by hand as in Beth YeraΉ (#106, #109 (Fig. 3.19: 1) and #115 from the `En HaNaΞiv northern cemetery. The square form might have been inspired by the rectangular buildings of the period. Or, the vessel itself may have been regarded as a kind of house for light. In Europe as well, in the Late Neolithic period (2800 - 2450 BCE), e.g., in Hungary, square bowls were found which were made to be suspended and serve as oil lamps.31 An EB I bowl from `En Besor, and a pottery vessel with a mouth formed in a way similar to the oil lamps, approaching the square form, was found among the vessels of the Chalcolithic period in the burial caves of the Ghassulian culture discovered in Giv`atayim. A four spouted chalice was found in a Peqi’in burial cave,32 and the openings of clay ossuaries are also similar in structure. However, the reason for the square form may be the employment of the folding technique and an aspiration to symmetry. A technique similar to the oil

Figure 3.18. Four spouted lamp mounted on a figurine Syria, Bible Land Museum Jerusalem; T19. 3.3.1.2. Dating and Comparisons If the forms of the bowls and spouts are to be taken as dating indicators, they are closer to the EB oil lamps from EB I–EB III, which do not have a square outline when looked at from above. The presence of a single, square, four-spout oil lamp fragment in the same Tel Qedesh cave substantiates the earlier conjecture that these also had their origins in EB III (see the oil lamp from ‘Ai of the EB III-IV, and the discussion in the preceding chapter, § 2.4.). These oil lamps were not standardized. The classic four-spouted oil lamps are made by a different technique from that employed in the footed oil lamps. Folding probably came into systematic use a little later in EB IV–MB I, paralleling the appearance of ledgehandles—known as “envelope-shaped” handles—in jars. One footed oil lamp has only one wide spout, resembling that of the other lamps. This type of footed oil lamp, which is specific to the northern part of the country and appears along with the northern pottery family might be, a continuation of the EB tradition and technique.

29

Dever and Richard, 1977: 5, Tell Beit Mirsim. Greenberg, 1996: 186 – 192, Hula Valley. 31 Kalicz, 1980, Hungary, p. 44, Fig. 27; p. 64, Fig. 43, Pls. 28,29. 32 Perrot and Ladiray, 1980, Fig. 143: 3. I am grateful to Zvi Gal for permission to mention the find from the Peqi’in burial cave. 30

Since the assemblages of Tel Qedesh and `Enan comprising the oil lamps do not belong to EB III, and are accompanied by imported wares of a different culture, it 24

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS is actually a continuation of the method by which the spouts of footed oil lamps and of the early EB oil lamps are made, like the footed oil lamps found at Tel Qedesh and `Enan. These wide spouts are identical to the spouts in the rims of contemporaneous jars in the northern family, such as those from Ma`yan Barukh, Tel Qedesh, `Enan, Bab edh Dhra`, and elsewhere.38 The bases of the oil lamps are both flat and rounded.

lamp with lappings is known also from Egypt in oil lamps of the Ninth- Tenth Dynasties (2160 - 2010 BCE).33 The four-spouted oil lamp seems to have had a wide distribution in the ancient Levant. Two types of bowl of similar size were employed in making oil lamps proper. One type has a rounded base, similar in section to that of the hemispherical or the balance-dish types. The second type of bowl has a flat, wide base, as in most of the period’s pottery, giving these clay vessels a rather squat appearance. These two types of saucers have a long tradition that continues throughout the entire Early Bronze Age. In general, in this period there are very few pottery vessels other than oil lamps with rounded bases. In the northern family, roundbottomed vessels served mainly as cooking pots, as did globular cooking jars in the Megiddo family.34 Roundbottomed oil lamps seem to make up more than half of all the clay oil lamps and are not exceptional. Oil lamps with flat bases can be stood on any level surface. A few diskbases are known in lamps from `Ein Samiya-Dhahr Mirxbaneh, and very few with ring-bases at Кiwal eshSharqi in Jordan.35 Ring-bases are rare also in other contemporaneous vessels.

2. Square-sided lamps, the ‘Stretching’ technique (Figure 3.19: 1&3 is applied to form a squarish hand-shaped bowl (in some lamps also in conjunction with thumbindentation). Such bowls have a flat, wide, circular, thick base and heavy, short, vertical walls, as at Tel Gezer and Beth YeraΉ (#106, #109).39 The four spouts are created by ‘stretching’ the walls outward to form the upper corners of the box-like bowl. The walls remain upright and are only slightly lapped (Bet YearΉ # 104). At Beth YeraΉ (provisional Stratum VI) these oil lamps, which were found in relatively large numbers together with combdecorated pottery, came from stratigraphic excavations.

The clay from which these oil lamps are made is of different shades of pink. The oil lamps in the southern family are paler in hue than the ones from the north. In the Negev the color of the clay ranges from yellowish to white.36 The lamps are not slipped, but are smeared with diluted clay like most of the pottery vessels of the period. The ones from the southern family are fashioned with greater care and are well-smoothed; those from the north (e.g., Tel ReΉov #124, #125 #153), are cruder and asymmetric accompanied by pottery vessels in the local EB tradition. Among them are decorated and painted vessels, attesting to a different esthetic culture from that of the south. They are characteristic in the north of both sides of the Jordan Valley.37 3.3.2.1. Fashioning and Typology Figure 3.19:1 Four spouted hand built Beit YearΉ #106

In creating the spouts for the wicks, several different methods were employed, sometimes in combination: (1) everted thumb-indentation; (2) stretching the wall outward to form a square outline; (3) folding/lapping; and 4) slightly inward- pushing.

The oil lamps found at Beth YeraΉ, which apparently are the earliest of this type, are made in the following manner: The lamp is formed by hand without use of a wheel; a low wall of slightly larger diameter is built up on the flat, thick base, the joint of the two parts being clearly visible; the bowl is then slightly stretched and the rim everted at the corners to form the wick emplacements (Beth YeraΉ #104, #105, #109; En HaNaΞiv #114). In a small number of these oil lamps the openings were apparently rounded by means of a thin stick (#114). Similar oil lamps, but of rather better quality, made of

1.Thumb-indention (e.g., #107, #115, and fragments (Figure 3.19:1 & 2) from Beth YeraΉ and `En HaNaΞiv) 33 In the New York Metropolitan Museum exhibition. And see: Petrie & Brunton (1924) Sediment I, (Sixth- Tenth Dynasties), Pl. XXX: 38a, b, h, m, s. 34 Gophna and Sussman, 1969, Barqai. Yannai, 1996, Дoreshim, Fig. 7:7. 35 Lapp, 1966, Mirzbaneh, Fig. 12: 5 ‘Egyptian vessels’. Tubb, 1990: 94, Tiwal esh-Sharqi, equal numbers of flat and rounded bases, in Fig. 30 a lamp with a very heavy base, Figs. 41:3 and 49 with flat, narrow base, Fig. 58 with ring-base. 36 Tubb, 1988, Tell es- Sa`idiyeh, Fig. 32:5,6. 37 Goren, 1996: 57, Petrographic Perspective.

38

Schaub, 1973, Bab edh-Dhra, Tomb A54, Fig. 6:1, with very wide spout and a flat base; Fig. 8:26, lamp with wavy spouts; p. 17, Fig. 7:21, Fig. 8:24,25, cf., jar with neck similar to the four-spout oil lamp. 39 Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Pl. XXVIII: 9. Bar-Adon (unpublished) Beth YeraΉ Stratum VI, Pl. VI: 41.

25

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I bowls with rounded bases, in which the method of slightly inverted lapping is already discernable were discovered in the cemetery at Tel ReΉov (`En HaNaΞiv #113 and Tel ReΉov (#123, #124). The lapped oil lamps have a rather softer, rounded appearance with the entire rim folded inward, but still retain their squarish form.40 Oil lamps similar to the one from Beth YeraΉ were found also at Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum J, and Tel Qedesh (#129).41 Lamps of this type are common in the cemetery of Gibeon (el-Jib) and at Jericho,42 and some come from `Ein Samiya-Dhahr Mirzbaneh, among them many non-symmetrical forms (e.g., #118, #124 from Tel ReΉov). The lamps from `Ein Samiya-Dhahr Mirzbaneh are accompanied by an assemblage mainly of bottleshaped jars different from those from Tel ReΉov which contain heavy jars with ledge handles. Similar oil lamps with rounded bases were found also in Jordan at Bab edh Dhra` Tomb A54 and Musheirifa Tomb D.43 Squarish oil lamps were found also in the Coastal Plain, in the ДolonAzor cemetery (#173, #175) and at Дoreshim in the Yarqon Valley where they are made in the folding technique.44

Figure 3.19:3 Four spouted; Stretched sides

Figure 3.19:2 Four spouted ;Thumb-indented

40 Zori, 1975, Near Tel Rehov, Fig. 4:1- 7, Lamp 6 is stretched. Hess, 1984, Tel `Artal, Fig. 1:7, Tomb 1, the oil lamp which has a curved base, very small and narrow flap and wide spout, was found with painted pottery family vessels. 41 Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, one lamp in Stratum J (a mixed stratum), Pl. 20: 27, together with pushed-up ledge handles, and jars decorated with incised or pricked design known also from the northern pottery family, together with platters having in the Early Bronze Age burnished net - pattern; Stratum H, assemblage is more characteristic of the south of the country. 42 Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Figs. 42:2, 52:3, 53:1, 54:3, 58:5, 59:4, 60:2. Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Figs. 103: 7, 106:5 & 110:4. Lapp, 1966, Mirzbaneh, Fig. 8:6, Tomb A12; Fig. 18: 1 Tomb A31; Fig. 39: 5 Tomb B13. 43 Schaub, 1973, Bab edh- Dhra, ibid., Note 36, above. Ibrahim & Qadi (1995) El Musherifeh in Wadi ez-Zarqa, Musherifeh Tomb 12, pp. 8687, Fig. 9, shaft-graves, an oil lamp was found at both the east and west sides of the chamber. 44 Gilboa and Yannai, 1992, Horshim, Fig. 3:7.

Figure 3.19:4 Four spouted; Folded sides 3. Envelope—Rims, and Other Folded Rims .The design of the oil lamps (Figure 3.19: 4) was improved by means of wider and longer lapping—the method by which their, final form became more or less standardized. For creating narrow lapping (folds), as in the square lamps, ordinary bowls were suitable. But in order to create wide laps, the potter had to fashion a special bowl with four, more extended flap-like rims (Figure 3.19: 5). Such ‘flaps,’ of varying width and length in different oil lamps, are folded (lapped) inward to form a kind of box. The gaps between the lapped ledges at the four corners, serve as spouts for 26

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS the wicks of the lamp, no further work being required. The potters who fashioned the oil lamps seem to have adapted the lapping technique from the way ledge handles and other appended ornamentation was made at the time. Such handles, known as ‘envelope ledge handles,’ are lapped backward by the same method to give a better grip on the vessel. Envelope ledge handles become common at the end of Early Bronze Age and are found also in Middle Bronze I.

folding became the method for fashioning lamps of various forms throughout all subsequent periods. In part, the spouts created in this way resemble those of later oil lamps of the Middle Bronze, Late Bronze, and Iron Ages. The section profile of these lapped oil lamps varies from rounded and low, to deeper and more erect. Later application of this lapping technique can be seen in ‘Punic’ oil lamps common in North Africa, in which two, three, or four folds create the different numbers of spouts. The folding appears in many variations.45 Most of the oil lamps of the period are made by this technique, and the variations in the lamp forms derive from the form of the ledge. For example, a rounded bowl, with a long, narrow, lapped ledge, creates a ‘cornered’ spout and gives the lamp from Azor a square outline (e.g., #133, #137, #175 and Tel ReΉov #118, #124, #153). Such oil lamps are essentially very similar to the crude oil lamps from Beth YeraΉ made by the ‘stretching’ method. Lamps of this type were discovered at Tel ReΉov, and in the cemetery at Дolon-Azor. Those from the coastal Plain region look somewhat different (#135, #137, #172). In some oil lamps the wall is only folded in the middle of each of the four sides, creating four wide, prominent ‘Ushaped ‘ spouts (Figure 3.19:6) to form a cross when looked at from above (& Hanita # 158 Sha’ar HaGolan #147; Megiddo #131; En HaNaΞiv #130, #150, #151 #159; Tel ReΉov #148; En HaNaΞiv/Tel ReΉov #124; Jerusalem #141; Tell Beit Mirsim #157). The bases of these lamps are both rounded and many are flat. Both variants were in concurrent use in cemeteries at Jericho and `Ein Samiya-Dhahr Mirxbaneh.46 They are typical oil lamps associated with the bottle-shaped—jar assemblages characteristic of the central mountains family.Three unusually deep and V-shaped oil lamps with broad bases and inverted rims, forming four spouts, created in this technique were found in Wadi ed-Daliya-Magharat Abu Shinja in Cave II, accompanied by a mixed assemblage of the northern and central families (Figure 3.20).47

Figure 3.19:5 Four spouted; Folded sides

4. Slightly Inward—Pushed Rims. These create a wavy outline in the walls of the saucer lamps and wide wickrests /spouts (Figure 3.21) & Hanita #158; Tel ReΉov #152, #154; En HaNaΞiv #161) and Samaria.47a This technique, too, has parallels in the manner in which pushed-up ledge handles are formed, leaving the walls and the rim almost erect. These oil lamps have flat bases. The manner of making such ledge handles apparently antedates that of the folded envelope-ledges, and the lamps are also characteristic and abundant in the Jordan Valley. Indeed, these oil lamps more closely resemble the 45

Deneauve, 1969, Carthago, Pls. XIX-XXIV. Lapp, 1966, Mirzbaneh, Figs. 2:1,2, 3:6, 6:7, 12:2, 5, 7, 15:4. Dever, 1973, Mirzbaneh and Ain Samiyeh, Fig. 4:1,2. Kenyon, 1960. Jericho I, Fig. 79:6,9, Tombs J17, J21, and others. 47 Lapp, 1974: 42, Wadi Ed-Daliyah, Pls. 1:1, 64:1, 11:1,2. 47a Magen, 2004, Cave 2, Pl.12:8 the cave was used also in the LBII-Ii period.

Figure 3.19:6 Four spouted; Folded sides

46

Folded rims on oil lamps have three advantages: the oil is not easily spilled; the wicks are protected; and a convenient means of holding the oil lamp is created that keeps the fingers from being soiled with oil. Lapping or 27

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I patterns include random linear incisions: short slashes forming a ‘wreath’ in an oil lamp from Gibeon (el-Jish) which is identical to two lamps from Azor & Holon (#163, #172) and Дoreshim. The wreath is the only decorative pattern, and may have been inspired by other pottery decoration as in Tell Beit Mirsim Strata J and H50 – a net-like pattern incised freely by hand (#168, #174), and knobs in the form of lugs (#157, #169, #171). If the makers of these oil lamps indeed intended to decorate their handiwork, these are almost the only applied decorations on saucer-type clay oil lamps of all early periods. They are hardly successful esthetically. Since these oil lamps are few, and are restricted to a small region in the center of the country, some of the incisions might only have been potters’ marks or personal signs given by their manufacturers to identify workshops, which would explain their limited distribution. These oil lamps are made of pink-to-whitish clay and are of fairly standard shape. The lapping is elongated and the lamps are of a squarish form.

Early Bronze Age period lamps, such as the oil lamps from Tel `Erani (#59), and Д. `En Ziq (#60). This technique is applied in fashioning multi-spouted oil lamps (see § 3.3.3).

Oil lamps with painted decoration (if that was the intent) belong to the ‘Red Painted’ Esdraelon pottery from the Jordan Valley and Beth Shean, and were found in Transjordan in the excavations at Kh. es-Sa`idiya. They are decorated freehand in what often looks like unintentionally spilled splashes of colors. At the Tell esSa`idiya excavations, ‘painted’ oil lamps were discovered where they had been placed at the entrance to the building. Additional oil lamps were found in the center of the structure, opposite the entrance. The placing and the choice of the oil lamps suggest that this building might have been of some importance. The paint on the oil lamps may indicate that they were made by the same artisans who decorated the assemblage of pottery vessels, and splashed paint on the oil lamps. The drawing is crude. These oil lamps have thick rounded bases of the kind made by the ‘stretching’ method described above.51 Technically speaking, these oil lamps seem early, and the excavators indeed date the entire assemblage to EB II. An EB III dating has been ascribed to a similarly-shaped oil lamp from Tel Gezer.52 A rough distinction may be made between the lamps of the different regions: the northern lamps are coarser and darker in color, while the southern are better made and brighter.

Figure 3.20. Four spouted; deep bowl slightly pushed-in sided Lapp, 1974 Wadi Ed-Daliyah, Pls.1:1, 64:1,11:1,2 3.3.2.2. Decoration The style of decoration of pottery vessels specific to the period has no continuity in subsequent periods. Incision as a decorative technique is known already in the Early Bronze Age in the northern and the southern families, albeit with stylistic differences. Another type is applied decoration in the form of various knobs, as found on various pottery vessels and on some oil lamps. Such knobs on the upper part of the vessel are common in pottery vessels / jars at Ma’yan Barukh, in Bab edh Dhra` already in EB IA and EB IV (the Intermediate period), and in EB IA Gray Burnished ware.48 Oil lamps decorated with incisions only, knobs only, or both together were until now discovered only in the southern part of the coastal plain, such as at Дolon-Azor, the Yarqon Valley—Дoreshim, and at Gibeon (el-Jib) (Figure 3.22) and in the Hebron mountains.49 The presence of these “decorative” elements perhaps points to influences of the southern Transjordan culture upon the local one. The

3.3.2.3. Chronology and Comparisons The division by families according to regions of the country does not essentially reflect the typology or the chronology of the four-spouted oil lamps. There are differences between the pottery assemblages, which accompany the oil lamps in the different regions.

48 Amiran, 1961, Ma`ayan Barukh, Fig. 6:8. Schaub and Rast, 1973, Bab edh-Dhra, incised decoration, pricked decoration, various knobs, examples of EB I, Figs. 30:10, 31:1-2; of EB IV, Fig. 275:8. 49 Ory, 1940, Yazur, Pl. XIV:3, lamp with incised decoration similar to the lamp from Gibeon: Pritchard,1963, Gibeon, Fig. 31:6 from Tomb 22A. Dever, 1981, Jebel Qa`aqir, of the southern family (intermediate phase) early-mid-21st century BCE; idem., 1970, Gebel Qa`aqir, Fig. 3:18, single-spout oil lamp. Dever and Gitin, 1975, Jebel Qa`aqir, Cave G23, Fig. 1:19 – No. 19 is a lamp – and Fig. 4, the vessels are of an EB tradition; and see: Dever, 1975, Khirbet El-Kirmil, Figs. 4 and 5. Gilboa and Yannai, 1992, Horshim, Fig. 3:8.

In the north, the assemblages include a large variety of vessel types rooted in the EB traditions—jugs, cooking 50

Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Pls. 20:3,16,29 and 21:17. Note 36, above. Bar-Adon, excavated in 1950, Pl. XI: 8-10. Note 39, above; except for this oil lamp no other four-spout lamps were found at Tel Gezer, which was not inhabited during this period. 51 52

28

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS ReΉov, Gan HaShelosha-Tel `Amal, Kh. el-Дamma, and Tell es-Sa`idiya.56

pots, jars, globular vessels with ledge handles of northern affinity, and relatively few large bowls, among them imported wares from North Syria—& Hama Stratum J. These vessels were accompanied by footed oil lamps, and also by four-spouted oil lamps. The four-spouted folded, square oil lamps from occupation strata, as in Beth YeraΉ, have no parallels among the oil lamps of the southern family, mainly made by the thumb-indentation, stretching, and slightly-inward-pushing methods. In the north, at Tel ДaΞor Stratum XVIII (‘Middle Canaanite I’) a fragment of such an oil lamp (thumb-indentation method) was also found.53

The assemblages of the central mountains region include well-made bottles, bowls, and oil lamps of the third type (§ 3.3, above) made by the folding method, most of them having flattened and rounded bases. For example, at `Ein Samiya-Dhahr Mirzbaneh and neighboring sites northeast of Ramallah, the majority of oil lamps have form the shape of a cross. Next to the deceased were 27 identical bottles typical of the central mountains family, 3 fourspouted oil lamps and weapons.57 In the Megiddo pottery family, at Megiddo Stratum XIV, an oil lamp was found near the high place, and also in Tomb 217B.58 The relatively fewer four-spouted oil lamps are accompanied by a few single-spout lamps. In central coastal plain sites, such as Дolon - Azor, the selection of vessels is fairly homogeneous, comprising mainly large bowls and barrel-shaped jars, and each tomb also containing several four-spouted oil lamps. Oil lamps made with an elongated fold come from Дolon—Azor cemetery along with single-spout oil lamps. Singlespouted oil lamps accompany assemblages, which include four-spout oil lamps – in Megiddo, Lachish, the Jordan Valley, and Jerusalem.59 In the south and the Negev their number is small. In Lachish Cemetery 2000 only three lamps were discovered; in Tomb 2018 an oil lamp with a flat base, wide spout, and short lapping was found; from Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum J (EB III-IV) comes a fragment of an oil lamp similar to that found at Tel Qedesh (#129).60

Figure 3.21. Four spouted; Pushed-in sided Jesrael Valley type lamp

56 Hess, 1984, Tell 'Artal, Tomb 1. Wightman, 1988, North Jordan at Khirbet el-Hammah, Tomb 70, pp. 139-159, a shallow pit, unroofed burial; the tendency was to place the vessels at the periphery of the chamber. As in the Tel Qedesh cave, no bones were found (Figs. 6 and 8:8-12. Fig. 11, Lamps 4 & 8 have low, wide disk-bases, Lamp 9 is rounded. Helms and McCreery, 1988, Umm el-Bighal. Tubb, 1988, Wadi el-Hammah, Jordan, Fig. 32:5,6; idem., 1991, Tell es- Sa`idiyeh, Fig. 18 of the EB II. Feig, 1991, Tel Amal, Fig. 6. 57 Shantur and Labadi, 1971, Ain Samia, Tomb 204, pp. 75-77, Fig. 3:12, one lamp and 11 bottles; Fig. 4:17,18 2, lamps and 16 bottles, 3 weapons, and one type bottle-shaped jar and lamps with flat base. Dever, 1972: 95 – 112, Mirzbaneh, Fig. 2:4, adds other vessels like teapots and holemouth jars of the Megiddo family. About 330 burials were discovered in the neighborhood of `Ein Samiya dated to 2000 BCE (MB IA). The lamps of the central mountains family are numerous. Lamps have both rounded and flat bases; seen from above the upper part is cruciform with medium-width rounded spout; in Lamp 1 the spouts are nearly V-shaped. See also: Robinson, 1995: 61 – 80, Jericho. 58 Guy, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 217B, Pl. 10:27,28; Pl. 90:21, four-spout Oil lamp 28, and single-spout Lamp 27. Other tombs of the MB I did not contain lamps. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIV Locus 4040, Pl. 9:20. 59 Prag, 1995: 107, Beitrawi, Amman, built tomb, Fig. 3:3, Pl. 9 (last item). Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, see Note 4, above; idem. 1991 Jerusalem (Mount of Olives), Tomb A2, Fig. 6:5,6. 60 Albright. 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, dated to the EB IV, Pl. 20:27, the walls are quite straight, almost without any folding. Guy, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Pls. 10:27,28 and 12:10, 11.

The lamps from the Beth Shean Valley are more irregular in shape, with rounded bases. They are also found in the Jordan Valley sites and in the central mountain region together with lamps having short, deep folds forming a ‘cross’ when seen from above.54 The assemblages in tombs in the Beth Shean Valley and on the east bank of the Jordan are essentially similar to those in the northern tombs, but among the vessels are many decorated with red-brown painted geometric band patterns. This may continue the painted pottery culture and the band-slip net pattern as found in the north at Beth YeraΉ of the Early Bronze Age period, but in a different style.55 Painted vessels of MB I were discovered on both banks of the Jordan, which constitute one geographic region: at Tel 53 Yadin et al. 1961, Hazor III-IV, Stratum XVIII, Pl. CLVI: 13, Pl. CCC:26, four-spouted oil lamp from Area A was found together with teapots and jars of MB pottery. The lamp resembles the Beth YeraΉ lamps (6353/1) with outstretched walls. 54 Seligman, 1995, Pisgat Ze'ev, Fig. 4:11-12. 55 Amiran, 1974: 65- 68, Geva-Carmel.

29

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I this reason, for convenience’s sake, the lamps of this period in our catalog are divided according to form, which may have some chronological (and regional) implications.

Additional oil lamps of this type come from Tel Esdar and Har Нayyad, both of the MB I sites in the Negev.61 It may be possible to differentiate between the oil lamps from the various parts of the country by the kind of clay and the quality of the workmanship. In the south the oil lamps are paler and well-made; in the north they are darker and cruder.

The square, four-spouted oil lamps were in use only to the end of the EB IV or EB-MB (MB I). They did not continue afterwards, although one such oil lamp was found in Megiddo Stratum XIV (MB IIA), and another one in the contemporaneous sanctuary at Nahariyya.62 Why did the square oil lamps fall into disuse (?) Was it due to an ethnic change (?). Or perhaps, to the difficulties of making them (?) Some footed vessels made of basalt with a square base and rounded upper part were found at &Tirat Нevi in the Beth Shean Valley. Stone worked into rectangular blocks for cultic purposes is more common, and in later periods such stone blocks were used in altars. An incense stand made of clay with a rectangular body is known from EB II Ai.63 Since these oil lamps were not in use beyond the period under discussion, they may belong to the latter part of the Early Bronze Age—EB IV, regarded as a period of qualitative reorganization.64 Tendencies to produce fourspouted oil lamps were noted already in the previous periods—EB I, EB II, and EB III. But the oil lamps of these earlier phases differ from the classic, lapped, fourspouted oil lamps, which are characteristic of the EB IV (EB-MB period, former MB I) discussed here, although individual items appear already in EB III. The footed oil lamp is the only one which still maintains its round form, while the other, the box-like four-spouted oil lamp, is exceptional and may represent an innovation that probably should be separated and removed from the Early Bronze Age cultural repertoire. Despite its clear EB roots, it should probably be ascribed to another phase, along with the introduction of the new burial practices in the form of shaft-graves which may indicate ethnic change. The footed oil lamps were found in family or mass-burials, and may be included in the local repertoire associated with EB IV (EB III?) in the northern part of the country. Judging by one important feature—employment of the lapping technique—this type of oil lamp seems to have been fashioned first in the north of the country, along with the envelope-ledge handle which rarely appears in the south. The bowls are in the Early Bronze Age tradition. As indicated above, the northern four spouted oil lamps are of poorer quality, and they are more crudely made than those found in the south. Does the quality of an object indicate technological advance, or only a lack of proficiency or slovenly workmanship? Similar oil lamps accompany different assemblages in both the south and the north. Both the regular, square, and the large-flap cross-type oil lamps,

Figure 3.22. Decorated lamp Holon-Azor #163 A chronological division is very problematic. Explanation of the differences in the manufacture of the oil lamps is probably best sought by attributing them to the various workshops, or they may be due to potters who worked at about the same time and created the different forms. There is no clear-cut differentiation between the folding techniques, which, sometimes appear together in the same assemblage. The potters chose round, shallow or deep, saucers with rounded or flattened bases for making oil lamps. All saucer lamps are smaller than the ordinary bowls in household use. As stated at the beginning of this chapter, the pottery vessels of the period were classified initially according to their geographical location into four, and later into three, general families: northern; central; and southern. But it is not possible to determine from the oil lamps themselves whether they were purchased together with the rest of the vessels to make up a funerary assemblage. According to Tufnell, at Lachish the lamps do not belong to the Caliciform culture like the rest of the pottery vessels. For

62 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIV, Pl. 15: 22, included additional MB I pottery; Pl. 15:16 - 19. Ben-Dor, 1950, Nahariya, Pl.8: 1-11. 63 Callaway, 1972, Ai, Phase VIII of the EB III, Fig. 73:3; Fig. 74:1, with incised decoration at the base of the neck, and with square-cut windows. 64 Baxevani, 1995, Complex Nomads, deals with the funerary contexts.

61 Cohen, 1986, Har Нayyad, Pl. 27:12, the four-spouted fragment, or multiple-spouted oil lamp is made of sandy, greenish clay – very rare (p. 287). A lamp of an EB III type was found in Д. `En Ziq, Pl. 57:7, and dated to MB I.

30

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS added to the EB IV. Various proposals have been advanced toward a solution of the problem. Some studies refer to the four-spouted oil lamp as part of the EB IV culture, and others as an ‘Intermediate’ EB-MB culture.69

which almost unknown in the north, were found together in central Palestine.65 Some archaeologists, among them E. Oren and S. Helms, have attempted to establish a chronology and typology of four-spouted oil lamps. In his most recent study Helms also conjectures regarding the source-sites of four-spouted oil lamps. He proposes both Egypt and Byblos as possibilities, for in Egypt he claims to have found traces of such oil lamps of the Tenth Dynasty (end of the 3rd millennium BCE) made of stone and clay, which were still in use in the Eighteenth Dynasty (16th century BCE). He thinks that they reached Palestine in EB III.66 The earliest oil lamps in Syria were found in Дama Strata J8 and J7 (EB IV or EB III -IV), when a new city was built and there was a change in the population (2400 -2300 BCE).67 R. Amiran believes that the idea of the different types of handles, indented and lapped, originated in Palestine. If so, these techniques in oil lamps occurred there at the same time—the more so, since the number of such oil lamps in Egypt is small.

3.3.3. Multiple – Spouted Saucer Oil Lamps Oil lamps, such as #178, #179, and #180 have five or more spouts. In oil lamps of this type the lapping is not deep (e.g., #174), the rim is slightly pushed-in (inverted) and forms a concave wall, or is everted in a wavy line. This technique differs from the previous one, and recalls multi-spouted oil lamps of later periods. The bases of the oil lamps are usually flat and resemble those of the northern family (#105, #107, #114). In Nahariyya this technique was employed also in forming the very numerous ‘seven-cups’ bowls discovered in the high place (bamah) of the sanctuary. Among the finds in the bamah are a few oil lamps with seven spouts dated to the end of the period, or the beginning of MB IIA (#347#351).70

That there seems to be a close connection between the southern culture of oil lamps of Palestine and that of southern Transjordan may draw support from recent petrographic analyses.68 Cultural connections existed also between both sides of the Jordan Valley (Kh. es-Sa`idiya and el-ДuΒn). The period at el-ДuΒn was dubbed ‘Early Canaanite’, and among the finds were still hemispherical bowls. Perhaps a division is warranted between the first oil lamps which merely entailed a small deepening of the wick-rest (spout) in the rim, and those made by the (mature?) lapping technique.

Oil lamps and jars having five to six spouts were discovered also in Egypt (Sediment).71 They are dated to the Tenth- Eleventh Dynasties (the Middle Kingdom, 2133-1991 BCE), which overlaps the dating of the oil lamps found in Palestine.72 Oil lamps with multiple spouts, of which there are rather few, have been found until now only in the Northern part of the country. 3.3.4. Single- Spouted Saucer Oil Lamps Along with the four-spouted and the footed lamps, there seems to have occurred another “industrial revolution” in the design and production of oil lamps, resulting in a single-spouted oil lamp that became typical of Palestine and the region for over 1500 years. It was produced only in small quantities in its first stages (see § 2.2.5., above). One such lamp was found in the Tel Qedesh cave in the form of a footed oil lamp (#73).

The assemblage of pottery vessels which accompanies the oil lamps from Beth YeraΉ differs in character from the funerary assemblages at Tel Qedesh and Ma`yan Barukh. Moreover, the oil lamps from Beth YeraΉ differ from those found in southern and northern sites. Perhaps a separation between the square oil lamps which still belong to an earlier stage of the EB IV, and the “classic MB I” lamps is pertinent. Or, a further phase may be

This type of oil lamp may have been inspired by the Mediterranean scallop-shell, which it resembles. The scallop is a natural container, and the wavy recesses in its rim are well suited for the placing of wicks. In ancient periods scallops and other sea-shells were used as oil lamps in Mesopotamia and elsewhere. But it seems more plausible that these new oil lamps are attributable to improvement in the potters’ technical skill in introducing various functional changes, as in the mouths of jars and the more universal use of the potter’s wheel.73

65

Gilboa and Yannai, 1992, Horshim, Fig. 3:5-8. Helms, 1989: 18 - 19, Amman; idem. 1983, Tiwal Esh-Sharqi, Fig. 20:3, 4; Fig. 21:1, 2, 7, 11, 12; Fig. 22:1, 9, 10, fills the gap in Dever between the end of EB IV and MB I or MB IIA. Oren, 1973:28, (EB IV), Fig. 2:15-17, three types of oil lamps, K1-3, all have folded rim forming squares. A four-spout lamp belongs already to EB III as evidenced from Hama Stratum J8-4, Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum I; and ‘Ai sanctuary. Yadin et all. 1961, Hazor Stratum XVIII (MB I), an early four-spouted shard as lamp was found (Pl. CLVI:13) of the Megiddo family. Richard, 1980: 18, Consensus, Fig. 4:1-4, discusses the progress of fashioning the lamps in contrast to other vessels where a decline is noted. She believes the lamps found in Дama to be later, as are those from Ugarit and Byblos, and thinks that they were fashioned in Palestine. Dunand, 1950, Byblos II, Pl. CCVIII: 16798. Prag, 1974, Fig.6: 2, 7, 8. 67 Fugmann, 1958, Hama, Period J, Stratum J8, Fig. 58:3H372; Stratum J7, Fig. 62:3K188, the lamps have narrow, flat bases and sloping walls; Stratum J5, Fig.74: 3G68, there are no differences between lamps of the different strata; Stratum J4, Fig.85: 3F547. 68 Richard, 1990: 33 – 58, Khirbet Iskander. Prag, 1986: 61 – 72, Jericho and Tell Iktanu. Isserlin, 1953: 5 –8, El Husn, Fig. 1-5. Goren, 1996, Petrographic Perspective. 66

69

Robinson, 1995, Jericho, Tomb H19, Fig. 1:6,7, two types. See also: Ibrahim and Qadi, 1995, El Musherifeh, “Schneller' referred to as “Intermediate period.” Richard, 1980, Consensus (Khirbet Iskander), p. 18, Fig. 4:2 (EB IVA), 4:3 (EB IVB), 4:4 (EB IVC). 70 Dothan, 1956: 14, Nahariya, Fig. 4; Fig. 3, seven-wick saucer lamps. 71 Petrie and Brunton, 1924, Sediment I, Tenth - Eleventh Dynasty, Pl. XXX: 38a,b. 72 Helms, 1989: 18 -19, Umm el-Bighal. 73 Sussman, 1990, Pottery vs. Lamps, Fig. 1:13-15.

31

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I and are longer than they are wide. The spout opening takes up a much greater part of the bowl and lends it a triangular outline: the lapping is extended and narrow, like the folds of the rim in the four-spouted oil lamps. In Дolon-Azor cemetery (#183, #184, #185), the singlespout oil lamps appear together with the four-spouted lamps. The lamps found in the northern parts of the country were not manufactured by the same workshops that produced the oil lamps from Дolon-Azor cemetery. They are more numerous in the south than in the north.

Two main forms of such oil lamps can be distinguished: (a) with a near-circular outline, and (b) triangular. All these oil lamps are fashioned from saucers made specially, for that purpose. Single-spouted saucer lamps having a circular outline were discovered in Beth YeraΉ Stratum VI of the EB IV (#181), and one with a nearcircular outline, with a thick wall and slight folding of the rim, was found in a cist-tomb at Beitrawi in Jordan.74 The Beth YeraΉ oil lamp is made of a bowl with a thick disk-base like the square, box-shaped lamps, and a thick, low wall with a slightly inverted rim. This oil lamp is very close to an MB IIA lamp found in Qedumim, and also resembles an EB II lamp from Tarsus.75 In the oil lamp from Beth YeraΉ Stratum VI-V (EB IV-MB I) (#181), which has a flattened base and a spout occupying a larger part of the saucer, the rim is lapped slightly inward (inverted) in the same technique by which the four-spouted oil lamps, and the single – spout of footed lamps are made (e.g., #73 from Tel Qedesh). Wide spouts are characteristic in this period. They recall the wide wick –rests in the four-spouted oil lamps and the mouths of jars of the northern family, e.g., from Ma`yan Barukh and Tarsus.76 Because the entire rim does not have to be dropped, the spout is not raised above the rim. Thus the effect is that of a round bowl, as in an oil lamp from ‘Ai of EB III Phase VII.77 The spout is formed here as in the four-spouted lamps from Д. `En Ziq by pushing up a small section of the rim.78 There is no standardization in the forms of the bases: flat and rounded bases appear together, as in the four-spouted oil lamps.

3.3.4.1. Chronology and Comparisons The northern oil lamp with the wide opening (#181 from Bet YearΉ), like the four spouted lamps from this site, might antedate the southern oil lamps and belong to an assemblage beginning in EB IV. The earliest dating (EB IV) for single-spouted lamps is that of the Beth YeraΉ oil lamps. This type of lamp and the Jericho (#54) specimens retain a near-circular outline like the singlespout footed oil lamp from Tel Qedesh, but also resemble later MB IIA oil lamps. The oil lamp of the triangular-outline type was found in Megiddo together with imported wares from Дama; lamps of this type were also found at southern sites (Дolon-Azor, Lachish) along with the four-spouted type. With the transition to single-spouted oil lamps, more lamps must have been needed to light up the same area in dwelling houses, in public buildings, and in burial caves. In effect, however, it appears that the number of oil lamps does not increase until later periods. The number found in tombs grows with the increase of interments and the return to family burials in the same cave. Was the single-spouted oil lamp adopted due to a desire to economize on oil and wicks? Was it easier and more convenient to manufacture? Oil lamps of the following (MB II) period look as though one person or one workshop made them all, and they are of better quality. Could this be due to the more widespread use of the wheel? Or is it attributable to changes in life-style, along with a change in fashion? The transitional EB-MB period was one of experimentation and invention. Afterward, part of its typical clay vessel repertoire also disappeared, and with it also its characteristic fourspouted oil lamps.

The triangular (when seen from above) single-spouted oil lamps differ in appearance from the nearly -rounded ones in that their spout is either wide and long (#184. #185, #186) from Azor-Дolon, as in the four-spouted lamps from Tel Дalif #162), or V-shaped, Lachish (#144). Both types have parallels in the four-spouted oil lamps, Дolon-Azor (#155, #169). This type of oil lamp, accompanied by combed pottery, was found in the southern and the central parts of the country: at Megiddo in Tombs 877C2 and 217B, of the MBI79 together with imported wares from Дama; in Tomb C2 on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem80 in the Дolon-Azor cemeteries; and in Lachish Cave 1529, and Moza ‘Ilit81 These oil lamps are made both by hand and on a wheel,

There is no indication of where this single-spouted oil lamp was developed, and it is not unlikely that it was invented in Palestine. This single-spout oil lamp, which was still in its infancy at the time, apparently served its purpose well. It captured the ‘market’ and was the only type of oil lamp to preserve its form and remain in continuous use for the longest period in the history of clay oil lamps and of pottery in general—about one and a half millennium.

74

Prag, 1995, p.107, Beitrawi, Fig. 9:3, attributed to EB-MB. Magen, 1982, Qedumim, Cistern B (MB II, 1950-1750 BCE), saucer oil lamps. Goldman, 1956, Tarsus II, Fig. 245:161 (EB II). 76 Amiran, 1961, Ma`ayan Barukh. Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh. Goldman, 1956, Tarsus II, Fig. 245:161 (EB II). 77 Callaway, 1980, Ai, Fig. 127:8,9. 78 Cohen, 1986, Central Negev, see n. 61, above. 79 Guy, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, 217B, Pl. 10:27, 28; Tomb 877C2, Pl. 12:10, 11. 80 Kenyon, 1960, Mount of Olives, Tomb C2 east, pp. 74-75, Pl. XXIII. Eshel and Prag, 1995, Mount of Olives, Tomb A2, Fig. 6:6, together with a four-spout oil lamp, Fig. 6:5. 81 Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Locus 1529, Pl. 66:412. Gophna, 1967:77 –78, Tell Halif, mentions a burial cave with MB I pottery and a singlespouted oil lamp together with MB I shards like the Lachish ones. Greenhut, 2003, Moza ‘Illit, fig.152: 5. 75

32

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 3.3.5. Composite Oil Lamps Two unusual oil lamps were found at &Tiwal esh-Sharqi in Jordan,82 one of them in a niche . These lamps consist of two parts: the lower part is a deep, large saucer with slanting walls (Figure 3.23), an ordinary four-spouted saucer oil lamp is mounted inside the bowl, leaving a closed, hollow chamber between them. The two parts (vessels) are not interconnected. The chamber was filled through a spout of roughly square section. The four spouts of the upper lamp, made by the stretching method, are blackened by fire, but no such blackening was noted on the enclosed spout of the lower bowl. Why the chamber? Could it have been filled with water, or some aromatic liquid? The other pottery vessels accompanying this oil lamp in the burial are of the northern family types, albeit with slight variations. Another such vessel with the same idea is known from the Iron Age in Bet Shean (Figure 9.43=lamp #1438) and from Tell el Kheleifa (Figures 9.44 & 9.45) A chalice from Megiddo Stratum XV with a central perforated tube may have served as an oil lamp.83 A four-spouted oil lamp from Byblos has a central hollow-tube protrusion by which the lamp may have been carried aloft as a torch.84 Similar, but single-spout oil lamps of the MB II-LB come from Jericho and Shechem (#505) (& 4.5.7. below), as does the four-spouted oil lamp mounted on a figurine (Figure 3.18).85

Figure 3.23. Composite lamp: Double Compartment Tubb and Wright, 1985, Tiwal esh-Sharqi, SEI: 7 (EB IV), Figure 4; SEI10, SE2: 4 SE12:2

82 Tubb and Wright, 1985, Tiwal esh-Sharqi, SEI: 7 (EB IV), pp. 94,118,125, Fig. 4; SEI10, SE2: 4 SE12: 2, a double oil lamp with a wide mouth and one spout, similar to the double-decker Iron Age lamp. 83 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XV, Pl. 9:21, found together with four-spout Lamp 20. 84 Dunand, 1950, Byblos II, Pl. CCVIII: 16798. Kenyon, 1982, Jericho IV, Fig. 188: 12. 85 Oziol, 1977, Cyprus Pl.4: 40, 41a & b

33

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II

CHAPTER 4 MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II In MB II there is a marked increase in the number of oil lamps, which notwithstanding a few exceptions, constitute an easily identifiable group. From now on, almost all the oil lamps belong to one type: they have a single spout and are of standard manufacture. The overwhelming majority of the oil lamps are turned on the wheel; only a few are handmade. Expert potters turned these lamps on the wheel, giving them their generally homogeneous form and dimensions and the appearance of having been made by the same potter—unlike the oil lamps of earlier periods, as well as of the subsequent Late Bronze and Iron Ages. No apparent effort was made to go beyond the essential functional requirements of the oil lamps. However, the standard appearance conforms to the generally good quality and beauty of contemporaneous pottery vessels, which stand out against those of previous and later periods. Oil lamps are now increasingly used in households, but they are mainly found in large numbers among funerary assemblages, as in a tomb at el `Eizariya, east of Jerusalem, where more than 300 oil lamps were discovered.1 Connections with Crete may be suggested by a single find at Megiddo, as discussed in § 4.5.8, below.

4.2. Oil Lamps in Funerary Contexts Indeed, the use of oil lamps as funerary offerings increases enormously in MB II: Most of the extant oil lamps of that period come from burials containing many ‘family’ interments. But there are also tombs, which did not yield any lamps while in some there were only few oil lamps or pottery fragments used as lamps (#354). Thus, in Jericho Tomb J3 no oil lamps proper were found at all, and only sherds and a pottery fragment used as an oil lamp remained in the niche of the former EB-MB burial cave, as was also the case in a tomb at Efrat in the Hebron Mountains and at Lachish Graves 9026 & 9028.4 In that period the oil lamps were not placed in niches cut into the cave walls. Some of the rock-cut tombs of earlier periods were reused, e.g., Jericho Tombs J3 and H11 and Megiddo Tombs 24, 911A. Other reused burial sites at Jericho are Tombs G37 and G46 where pottery fragments used as lamps were found in the lower layers, while true lamps were found in burial Layers 1 and 2. An oil lamp was discovered in the shaft of Tomb B3, or near the entrance to the cave.5 In Jericho Tomb H22, which contained 12 individuals, 2 oil lamps were among the food offerings on the table.6 In the same tomb, in Burial E, there was an oil lamp in a basket together with cosmetic utensils, indicating that it belonged to a woman. Only 25 oil lamps were found in cemetery “500” at Tel Fara.7

The Middle Bronze Age II has been divided into three phases:2 (1) MB IIA (2000-1800 BCE or 2000/19501800 BCE); (2) MB IIB (1800-1630 BCE); and (3) MB IIC (1630-1550 BCE). According to a more recent division, MB IIA is the longer period (2000-1750 BCE); and MB IIB &C (1750-1550 BCE). The separation of the first phase from the two latter phases is not always relevant for oil lamps, which are usually grouped in one time unit.

Oil lamps are now associated with and found in proximity to bodies. At Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar) an oil lamp was among other vessels placed around the head of the deceased.8 A similar arrangement was noted in the burial cave at Sukas in northern Syria, were an

4.1. Oil Lamps from Stratigraphic Excavations 4 Gonen, 1981, Efrat, p. 28. Singer-Avitz 2004: 971-1011, only one oil lamp in tombs as in Western Galilee, Getzov and Nagar, 2002, Nahal Yehiam Cave 16 Plan 5, burial cave 17 in layers 1-3 plans 9&10 and Fig.34: 9 the offerings were found insitu, dated to the last phase of the MB II. 5 Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb J3, p. 307; p. 311, no true lamps occurred in this tomb; one bowl fragment and three other broken vessels served as lamps; in Tomb H11 of Group V, p. 471, a base of broken Oil lamp 57 was placed in the niche of an EB - MB original burial; it fell while still alight, leaving a burnt spot on the floor and the skull of Burial A. In Tomb H13, p. 481, Fig. 210:6, an oil lamp was found with the imprint of the wick at the bottom; Tomb H18 of Group V, Fig. 211; Tomb G37, p. 315, Fig. 123:6 - 9; and Tomb G46 of Group II (reused EB - MB tomb), p. 333, Fig. 131:19 - 22, lamps p. 337:82. Oil lamps were extremely rare in tombs of Group I. Ibid. p. 401, Fig. 161:35, a single oil lamp was found in the shaft, and six additional pottery fragments which served as lamps. 6 Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, p. 500, Fig. 219:6,9, Tomb H22, Burial A, p. 502; another unusual feature was Lamp 69 (Fig. 219:8) found on the table. 7 Ibid., Tomb H22, Burial E, p. 503, Fig. 219:6. Williams, 1977. 8 Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, p. 20, Tomb 2/3, Note 37, see lamp in Fig. 11:3-12.

The proportion of oil lamps to all of the pottery vessels in the various destruction levels of contemporaneous settlements differs, but oil lamps are always relatively scarce. For example, of the Catalogue listings, only 25 oil lamps come from stratigraphic excavations, of which three are handmade oil lamps from the city (#340 & #341) and the temple at Beth Shemesh of the MB IIA–B (#342 & #343); three lamps from Tel Dan Stratum IX (#227, #228, #229); and two lamps from Megiddo (#187) Stratum XIII and Stratum XIV (#188) found in a chamber near the wall and the sanctuaries. There are no apparent typological differences between the oil lamps found in habitations and those used in burials. Only few lamps in the recent excavations at Lachish.3 1

Sylvester and Saller, 1964, Jerusalem, Lamps, p. 142. B. Mazar, 1968, Middle Bronze Age in Palestine, p. 97 3 .Singer-Avitz 2004: 900-966 2

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OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND assemblage of vessels similar to that at Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar) was discovered.9 In other tombs, as in `Afula, the (relatively few) oil lamps were near the feet of the deceased.10 No oil lamps were found in burial of this period (as also for MB I) at Barqai in the Megiddo region; the nearby Tel Esur MB II burial; and in some of the tombs at Megiddo, HaGosherim and in Lachish Cemetery, bases of jars and juglets served as lamps.11

they were considered the property of the deceased. This may explain the large number of fragments which were used as lamps in the cave, and why additional oil lamps were brought for new burials and when the tomb was revisited. In some of the sites the pottery fragments used as lamps constitute about half of all the oil lamps in the burial caves,14 or, as stated above, pottery fragments only were used as oil lamps.

Since in most of the tombs the burials were usually not insitu, it is impossible to determine where exactly the oil lamps were placed during the funeral ceremony, or when the tomb was visited. Some of the interred were moved to make room for additional bodies; others were disturbed later by tomb robbers. The oil lamps were found scattered and intermixed with the other pottery vessels, usually precluding any possibility of determining the chronological sequence for the placing of these objects in the tomb. The proportion of oil lamps among the vessels is not uniform; in many tombs the lamps constitute a quarter of the offering vessels. No particular relationship, if any, can be established between the number of deceased and that of oil lamps. Many of the graves were natural caves outside the city believed to contain burials of rural population, while the urban population buried their dead within the city and also under the floor of their houses.

4.3. Oil Lamps of the First Phase: Middle Bronze IIA This phase of the Middle Bronze Age and its material culture have been discussed extensively by archaeologists.15 Excavation results lead to the conclusion that after the destruction of the cities in the preceding period, the urban settlements flourished again. The MB IIA material culture, although it lasted for about 250 years, is in effect a transitional phase from MB I. Very few oil lamps of the preceding period are still in use: at Megiddo Stratum XIV, above the ruins of the high place, a four-spouted oil lamp was found 16.An additional fourspouted type lamp was discovered among the remains of the similar sanctuary or high place at Nahariyya, and oil lamp fragments are among the multi-spouted oil lamps (#347, #348, #349, #351) of the first phase of the bamah, the 18th-17th centuries BCE (MB I - MB II).17 Very few oil lamps can be ascribed to this early phase of the Middle Bronze Age. Most of the lamps come from levels of occupation such as Megiddo Strata XIVXII, but the small numbers may be due to the difficulty of distinguishing between the strata of the settlement. Among the lamps listed in this catalogue only one oil lamp (#247) was found in Megiddo Tomb 911A1, which belongs to this period,18 although typologically it does not belong there but to the end of MB II, or to LB I. In Megiddo Stratum XIV (e.g., #187) 7 oil lamps were discovered in L 5155 west of the sanctuary area.19

A common inhumation practice in this period is jarburial, with a rather small number of funerary furnishings next to or close to the urns. Only in a few isolated instances are such burials accompanied by oil lamps. No oil lamps were discovered among funerary furnishings of infant and adult jar-burials.12 Most of the oil lamps found in the tomb contexts show signs of use: either they had been acquired for the burial ceremony, or they may have been used on memorial days - by those who visited the grave. Oil lamps with traces of the burnt wick in the bottom of their receptacle were found in Jericho Tomb H13 and on a pottery fragment from Tomb H11,13 as also in an oil lamp from Tel Jatt (#385) used in the following period – LB I. Instead of bringing their own lamps the visitors may also have used suitable pottery fragments they found in the cave. Oil lamps which had been lit once may not have been reused for reasons of impurity, or because

14

See discussion, nos. 22, 53, and 54, below. Beck, 1975, Aphek, p. 45, the levels of this stage are: (1) Pre-Palace A VII - A V; (2) Palace AIV c-a; (3) Post-Palace A II; and Burials 7 and 43. Very few pottery vessels are known, most of them from T462 and T464 of Stratum A VII, which, except for the cooking pots, were made on the wheel. Kaplan, 1975, Yabneh-Yam (unpublished), pp. 1 17. Excavations at Kabri by M. Prausnitz; Tel Akhziv; Megiddo Stratum XIII; Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum G-F; Tel Gezer; Shechem; Tell el - Far`ah (North); Tel Dan; Tel ДaΞor. Kochavi et al., 1981, Tel Poleg, Tel Burga, and Tel Zeror, p. 59, state that the MB IIA lasted from 2000 - 1800 BCE which falls between the MB IIA and MB IIB and the Intermediate period 1800-1750 BCE, the time of the Egyptian Twelfth Dynasty). Kempinski, 1986, Kabri, p. 16, writes that there is a revival in the settlements in the MB IIA. 16 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIV, Pl. 15:22, four-spout oil lamp. 17 Dothan, 1956, Nahariya, pp. 24-25. Ben-Dor, 1950, Nahariya, p. 25, (18th - 17th centuries BCE) the finds are common to the coast of Palestine and Syria in the 17th and first half of the 16th centuries BCE. 18 Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Pl. 29:8; Tomb 911A 1, the oil lamp has a curved base, erect rim, and a wide, folded spout. Benton et all., 1997, Jericho, Tomb B47 suggests a typology different from Kenyon’s. Meir, 1997, Central Jordan Valley, p. 214, Pl. 32: 6 – 9. 19 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIV, Pl. 15:20-21, the lamps have somewhat flattened bases; Oil lamp 21 from L4092 of MB IIA has a 15

9

Thrane, 1978, Sukas IV, Fig. 3, Tomb IV Level 1 Plan 2, p. 45, Fig. 48:27, 28, 49, 53, all have rounded bases. 10 From Y. Shapira's unpublished excavation notes. Ben Dor and M. Dothan, 1950-51, Affule, p.249. 11 Gophna and Sussman, 1969, Barqai, no oil lamps in either EB, MB I, and MB II burials. Covello-Paran, 1996, Hagoshrim (MB IIA) Tomb A. Lachish, Singer-Avitz, 2004, Figs. 17.12:9 Grave 9026-9028 and 17.11:2, 6, 17.12.8, 17.13:9-10. 12 Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 132, infants and children in jars or deep bowls, within the houses (T.247, 253, 257). Ben Dor and M. Dothan, 1950-51, Affule (IEJ) 1:249. Gal and Covello - Paran, 1996, `Afula, pp. 53 - 54 for storage-jar burials with no oil lamps. 13 Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb H11, p. 471, Oil lamp 57; and Tomb H13, Fig. 210:6.

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MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II seem to have been made in Beth YeraΉ). The 24 oil lamps from Lachish belong to Class A of the late MBIIA. All lamps have a small, wide spout and all types of bases—string-cut—pared, smoothed, thickened and rounded –to- flattened. But among them are also oil lamps with flat disk-bases, and the rims of the saucers more-or-less maintain a circular form. In Megiddo Strata XIV-XIIIA and XIIIB the bases of the oil lamps are also rounded-to-flattened, and some have a kind of low disk-base or string-cut base (#188, #245).27

In Stratum XIIIB, 2 oil lamps were found in L 5073, which is rather close to the place where the oil lamps were discovered in Stratum XIV. In both Strata XIIIB and XIII were still vessels of the ‘seven-cup’-type (#188, listed among the EM–MB single-spouted oil lamps in the Catalogue), like those from the Nahariyya sanctuary and also from Beth Shemesh.20 At Lachish the oil lamps are assigned to Class A (#201);21 and in Tel Mevorakh Stratum XIII a handmade oil lamp turned up which is not regarded as typical.22 In Tel Afeq Stratum II no oil lamps of this phase were found: instead, bases of broken vessels were used,23 similar to the practice in the Early Bronze Age and MB IIB and IIC periods. 4.3.1. Description Beginning with the MB IIA phase, all the oil lamps, with only a few exceptions, are fashioned on the wheel. They are made of pink clay in various hues, and generally are not really covered with a slip but are smeared with a diluted solution of the same clay of which they are made. Apparently this sufficed to make the vessel impermeable and to keep the oil from seeping out. Although the few known MB IIA oil lamps seem to be mature types, it is difficult to establish a distinct typology for the early stages of the phase. On the whole, the artisans who made the oil lamps tended more or less to maintain the original rounded form of the bowl (Figure 4.24 and #181). Such, for example, is the oil lamp from Rosh Ha`Ayin,24 where a shallow, carinated saucer with a small protrusion made by pinching the everted rim was utilized. There is a slight disparity between the length and width of these lamps. Sometimes the spouts of the single- or four-spouted oil lamps look like those of MB IIA.25 In these oil lamps, and those from Qedumim,26 the spouts occupy but a small part of the circumference. Other such oil lamps were discovered in the north at Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar) (#203), and in Beth YeraΉ Stratum V (which

Figure 4.24. Middle Bronze IIA oil lamp Disk-bases are common also in other pottery vessels. The rims are only slightly inverted in all the oil lamps;(Megiddo Stratum XIV, `Afula burial #190) have erect rims. String-cut bases seem less common in the northern parts of the country. 4.4. Oil Lamps of the early Phase of Middle Bronze IIB (A-B)

heavy, small base and wide spout; Lamp 20 from L 5155 has a narrower spout. 20 Ibid., Stratum XIIIB, Pl. 16:19, 20, 21; No. 21, is a ‘seven-cup’ vessel found above the altar. The single-spouted lamps have flattened bases and wide spouts; Stratum XIIIA, Pl. 19:18, the lamp has a disk-base, and rounded, slightly carinated wall; No. 19 is also a ‘sevencup’ vessel. Bahat, 1976, Give’at Sharett (Beth Shemesh), Fig. 46:6. For a revision of the Megiddo excavation, see: Dunayevsky and Kempinski, 1966, Megiddo, p.142. The bema belongs to Strata XIIIb XI. 21 Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 72:642-647, Class A. One of the lamps is from Locus 6027. 22 Stern, 1984, Tel Mevorakh, Stratum XIII, Fig. 14:5, the handmade vessel with a very heavy wall was found in a family tomb and may also have served as a ladle. A similar, handmade vessel from Ginosar is dated to the end of the 18th or the early 17th century BCE (MB IIA). 23 Beck, 1975, Tel Aphek, pp. 74 - 77, the tombs, were- devoid of any oil lamps. Pottery fragments were used as lamps in Tomb 272, L432. 24 Ory, 1938, Ras el - Ain, p. 115:65 and Pl. XXIX: 6. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI - X, Pl. 47:4. 25 Damati and Stepansky, 1996, Zefat, Fig. 9:12, same assemblage as at Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar). 26 Amgen, 1982, Qedumim, Cistern B (MB II, 1950 - 1750 BCE), saucer oil lamps.

A greater number of oil lamps can be assigned to the early phase between the first (MB IIA) and the following phases (MB IIB and IIC). Most of these lamps come from burial—caves which were used also in the MB IIB and IIC phases (not one lamp is listed in this catalogue). The pinching is somewhat different from that of the previous phase: it is slight and forms a small triangular spout with narrow folds. In these lamps, too, the spout still occupies a very small part of the rim’s circumference. These oil lamps show signs of having been turned on a wheel. Among these are oil lamps from Tomb 3 and 4 at Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar) (#203, #204, #205).28 A burial cave at MoΞa (#283); 27

N. 18, above. Epstein, 1974, Kefar Szold and Ginosar, Tomb 1 from MB IIA on (1950 - 1800 BCE) Tomb 2/3, Fig. 11:3-13, Pl. 6:14, 15; MB IIB (1780 - 1575 BCE) Tomb 4, Fig. 16:17,18. From the end of MB IIA - B (1800 - 1780 BCE), there is no real difference between Tombs 2/3 and 4. All 28

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OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND lamps of MB IIA-B and the oil lamps of MB IIB and MBIIC. Their distinguishing feature is revealed, by looking at them from above. In the typical oil lamp of these phases, the spout is made when still on the wheel by pinching the rim with the fingers. The inverted rim of the saucer is narrow and uniform in width along the entire circumference, including the spout. The triangular spout can be longer or shorter; longer spouts give the lamp a more triangular appearance. Toward the end of MB IIC, the folds on either side of the spout widen beyond the outline of the rim (Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar) #207 and Sasa (#232, Figure 4.26:1). The form of the inverted rim near the spout is similar to that in the MB I oil lamps. The rim and the spout have parallels in the forms of the upper parts of contemporaneous jugs and juglets. The orifice of the oil lamp spout generally is sometimes narrower than in MB I and MB IIA (Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar) #203, Beth Shemesh (#286, Figure 4.25), but this is not true for all the oil lamps (Figure 4.26:1) with erect wall and rim (Figure 4.26:2), a later version Figure 4.26:1.(#232).

Such lamps were found, among other places, in Megiddo Stratum XII and XI (#245); those published come from tombs belonging to this stratum. They have rounded-to-flattened bases.29 The oil lamps from Beth Shemesh Tomb T3 may also belong to this phase,30 as well as #284 (Figure 4.25), #285, #286 from Burial cave 1. Lamps from burials at Jericho (#252, #253, #254, #255, #256, #257, #258, #259, #260. #261), and Lachish, Tufnell class B (#292 & #293). Typologically, the lamps from Tombs 24 and 33 at Tell Beit Mirsim may also belong to the early phase, but were dated to the next MB IIB- C phase (#294, #296, #298, #302, #303, #306).

Figure 4.25. Middle Bronze IIA and B lamps From Beth Shemesh #284 4.5. Oil Lamps of the Second and Third Phases: Middle Bronze IIB and IIC

Figure 4.26:1 Middle Bronze IIB and C lamps From Sasa #232

Most of the MB II oil lamp finds belongs to either or both of these two later phases MB IIB, C. Only 8 % of the lamps were found in habitations. No major typological differences can be established between the

There is no importance to the form of the base. The bases are like those of other contemporary pottery—but not including ring-bases, which are the most common bases among clay vessels in this period. Why were the oil lamps not made with ring-bases, like the jars, to better distribute the weight of the vessel when full, and to lend it stability? Since the oil or other liquid fuel within the small receptacle was not that heavy, there probably was no point in making the extra effort of creating ring-bases for oil lamps.

the lamps (Nos. 6, 8, 9) have a narrow inverted rim and somewhat heavy, curved bases. The tombs are dated MB IIA - B. All burials contained weapons. Tomb 5 belongs to the MB I period. 29 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XII, Pl. 30:7, 8, excavation Nos. c646, b842-43; Lamp 7 has a flattened base, and Lamp 8 a rounded base. 30 Grant, 1929, tomb T.3, p. 123:1 and p. 129:767, 790, 802. The former oil lamps seem to be earlier; the third cemetery is dated by the excavator about 1900 BCE (MB IIA); p. 26 was found below the wall dated to 1800 BCE. Lamps of the second cemetery, pp. 157, 158, 161, 167, 168, 344 differ only slightly from the lamps of T.3.

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MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II level surface, it could be set into soft soil or sand, mounted on a suitable stand, or put in the mouth of a jar or other pottery vessel. It was also more conveniently carried in the palm of the hand: the lamps lack a grip or handle. A thickening of the base becomes common and very noticeable later on in the Late Bronze Age and throughout the Iron Age. In the late Iron II the oil lamps first appear with a thicker disk-base, which at the end of the period becomes heavy and clumsy and actually detracts from the lamp’s stability. 4.5.1. Typology and Chronology of Middle Bronze IIB and IIC Oil Lamps In the report on the Jericho excavations, Kenyon divided the oil lamps into groups and subtypes from A to H.33 Although the division and the differentiation of the various oil lamps is on the whole apt, it does not seem to be a reliable indicator of their chronology. Since the lamps were made by hand and not in molds, every additional oil lamp can affect the number of types in this classification. It is therefore necessary to relate to the assemblages themselves and to focus on the typical forms, which become apparent, as mentioned, by looking at the oil lamps from above. Another division into groups was made by Tufnell in the Lachish excavations,34 where the oil lamps of the whole period are treated under Classes B to D.

Figure 4.26:2 Middle Bronze IIB and C lamps From Sasa #238 The form of the oil lamp bases ranges from rounded, to deep rounded and flattened, to flat and disk-bases of various heights (e.g., in Megiddo Stratum X and Betania near Jerusalem).31 Oil lamps with disk-bases occupy a rather important place among the lamps of this phase (MB IIB -C) ( Jericho, #274, #275 ,#279; Sasa #230. #232, Tel Beit Mirsim #326); they are not characteristic of the following Late Bronze Age. No oil lamps on a high foot were found.

To facilitate the present discussion, a rough division into four types may be suggested: (1) Oil lamps with disk-bases and straight walls, or with slightly inverted and thickened rims, and relatively small, wide spouts. These oil lamps are more numerous in the MB IIA, but were in use throughout the entire period. (2) Oil lamps with bases identical to the bases of many of the large bowls in daily use. The rims are erect. These lamps also belong to MB IIA, in transition to MB IIB–C. (3) Oil lamps with rounded or flattened bases and inverted rims of MB IIB and IIC. The rim maintains its form up to the spout. Finally, (4) oil lamps with more pronounced, inward-folded spouts. Among them are fewer diskbases. These lamps are apparently much later—of MB IIC, and recalling also MB I lamps.

The bases of oil lamps were treated differently from the bases of other vessels. The lamp bases were cut from the clay on the wheel by means of a string, from Jericho (#271, #275,#279) leaving marks of a circular motion in the clay. Trimming and smoothing occur only on oil lamps and was either done by hand with fingerprints often being visible, or by paring with a sharp, knife-like tool (Jericho #192, #255, #259, #268, #280, #281). Knife pared from Gibeon (Giv’on) (#249), hand smoothened (#250) and Tel el Ajjul very thick bases (#333, #335, #336) and scratched (#334). These smoothing and paring techniques are exclusive to oil lamp bases, and continue also in the following periods. Already at the beginning of the MB IIB–C phase a tendency of thickening the bases is noted, as in the oil lamp from the tombs at Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar) (#213, #214, #215, #216) and Megiddo (#246).32 The thickened base may have added weight and strength to the oil lamp. When the lamp was not placed on a hard, flat,

Oil lamps of the MB IIB and IIC phases were discovered in excavations of settlements: Tel ДaΞor Area H Stratum 3 (17th-16th centuries BCE).35 In Megiddo Strata XII–XI graves were dug inside houses, and in Tomb 3082 vessels were found along the walls of the room, with one oil lamp outside the line of vessels; 33 Kenyon and Holland, 1982, Jericho IV, pp. 440 - 447, Figs. 185 188, the lamps are divided into groups from A to H, emphasizing the kind of fold and wall. 34 Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 184 - 185; Class A, Pl. 72:642 - 647 (MB IIA); Classes B - D, Pl. 73:648 - 653; Class C, Pl. 73:654 - 659; Class D, Pl. 73:660 - 662, 192, 193 (MB IIB - C). 35 Yadin et al., 1958, Hazor I, Stratum 5, Area D, L9024 (cistern), Pl. CXVIII:1- 4, the lamps have flattened-to-rounded bases; Idem.,1961, Hazor III-IV, Stratum 3, L2167 (ramp), Pl. CCLV:9.

31 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum X, Pl. 47:6, 7 and Pl. 130:12; Lamp 6 from Cistern 2032 has a disk-base, as does Lamp 7 from Tomb 2029. 32 Epstein, 1974 see n. 27, above; Fig. 11:6,12.

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OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND one oil lamp was placed also in Tomb 3085.36 Identical oil lamps were found in Tell Beit Mirsim Strata D and E.37 Additional oil lamps come from the tomb at Sasa (#230 -239), which dates to the beginning of MB IIB.38 A large number of oil lamps come from the MB IIB cemetery at Tel Nagila39 (#329. #330, #331). More oil lamps from tomb groups were discovered at Sha`alvim40 (#289, #290). Jericho, Tombs 5, 9, 30, 31, 32, 43 and others also belong to this phase (see Catalog), as do Gibeon Tombs 11, 15, and 36.41 In the Kabri excavations no oil lamps were found among the remains of the settlement, but only in burials such as in Tomb 902.42 Lamps were found in Tel Gezer Strata XXI–XVIII, and also in contemporary tombs, and in Lachish,43 Tel Fara cemetery 500 and tombs at Tel Beit Mirsim (#294#328).

pinching and lapping characteristic of the MB II. Typologically, these oil lamps may be assigned to the transitional MB IIA–B phase. They could have served also as pouring vessels. The oil lamps from Beth Shemesh (#341, #342) were found in the ruins of the temple. 4.7. Multi-Spouted Oil Lamps The multi-spout oil lamp (#347, #348, #349a (fragments), #351) found at the bamah at Nahariyya,45 belongs to the first phase of the high place. This oil lamp is more stylized than the oil lamps of the previous MB I and their Early Bronze Age predecessors (#179, #180) and resembles also the saucers surmounted by seven cups. Such vessels come from Megiddo Stratum XIIIB of MB IIA, and in Stratum X which already belongs to the end of MB IIB.46 Also the oil lamp from Beth Shemesh47 belongs to the early MB IIB?. The oil lamp from Jericho Tomb J7 has a low disk-base.48

4.6. Handmade Oil Lamps Oil lamps fashioned by hand as in the former Chalcolithic–Early Bronze technique are an unusual and special phenomenon in the MB IIA-B and IIC phases. Most of these oil lamps are relatively small in size, and are conspicuously crude, with thick walls and flattened bases in Give’at Ayyala (Ginosar) #338, #339; Beth Shemesh #341, #342, #343; Tell Beit Mirsim (#344. #345, #346). Additional examples are oil lamps from Tel Mevorakh, and Jericho Tombs H18 and A34 and Tel Te’enim, and er-Rujum, in the Sharon44 Such oil lamps are not known in the preceding MB I, and do not occur subsequently in the Late Bronze Age or Iron Age. Like the other oil lamps of this period, these too have a single spout, but are made by the earlier technique of thumb indenting the rim outward, and not by means of

4.8. Potter’ Marks on Oil Lamps A small number of oil lamps of the period have marks scratched or incised on them: lines crossing more-orless at right angles, incised on the base, have been defined as common potters’ marks. A few oil lamps with such markings were found at Megiddo, Tel ДaΞor, and Jericho #265 marked with an X where another mark Ψ was found.49 The same potters’ mark also appears on other pottery vessels, and may have been made by the same craftsman or workshops. But obviously, such simple; rudimentary markings could well have been made by someone other than the potter. 4.9. Slip—Covered Oil Lamps

36 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Strata XI and XII, Tomb 3085, Figs. 218, 223, Pl. 38:22, the burials were within the rooms in which a single lamp was found; Tomb 3082, Pl. 38:21, 22, two lamps where the vessels were placed along the walls. 37 Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim IA, Stratum E, Pl. 10:12; Stratum D, Pl. 18:18 - 20. Relatively few oil lamps were found in the burials. The lamps have flattened, rounded, or disk-bases. The rims are identical in all the lamps. The lamps in the two strata are very similar in their rims and spouts. 38 Ben-Arieh, 2004. 39 Amiran and Eitan, 1964, Tel Nagila. 40 Bahat and Hess (unpublished). 41 Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb 9, Strata B and C; and Tomb 22A. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Tomb 36 (the dating corresponds to Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum E, and Jericho Group III, 1750 -1600 BCE), Fig. 41:33 - 35, p.3073, 3087, 3088, two of the lamps have disk-bases, Lamp 33 has a thickened base. In Tomb M15 – a shaft tomb with three burial phases (two generations of burials of MB IIB) - Fig. 23:85, Lamp p.1345, is only one lamp among 108 other vessels; Tomb 11, Fig. 16:4, Lamp p.1273. 42 Gershuni in Kempinski, 1988, Kabri Area B, Tomb 902, Fig. 21:10, 12 oil lamps were found in the tomb among 56 other vessels of MB IIB transitional to the Late Bronze Age (pp. 30-35). 43 Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Cave 28II, Pl. XXXVIII: 10, Pl. XXXIX: 2. Dever, 1974, Gezer II, Strata XXI – XVII; Lachish, SingerAvitz, 2004, Figs. 16.6:3 in a cult place together with a Seven - Cup bowl. Figs. 16.11:11-13, 16.22:11&12 Level VIII, few lamps; a poor settlement abundant in the 17th century BCE; Williams 1977. 44 Stern, 1984, Tel Mevorakh II, L335, Fig. 14:5 (1671/2). Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb H18, Fig. 212:9; Tomb A34, Fig. 143:11, the lamp has a very heavy base. Hamondi and Bankirer, 2002, Fig.16:4

Although slips and burnishing of clay vessels are characteristic of the period and exhibit unprecedented technological proficiency and quality, very few slipcovered oil lamps are known, one of them of the final stage from Megiddo Stratum X.50 4.10. Two- spouted Oil Lamps Oil lamps of this period with two spouts were not found in Palestine but are known from Дama in Syria51 in 45

Ben Dor, 1950, Nahariya, Pl. XI: 10. Dothan, 1956, Nahariya, Fig. 4. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIIIB, Pl. 16:21; Stratum X, Pl. 47:9. 47 Bahat 1993 (unpublished). Epstein, 1972, (IEJ) 22:157. 48 Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Fig.186: 13; 1982,) Jericho IV, Fig. 188:11. 49 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, Tomb T3077 (b680), Pl. 38:23 and Pl. 127:8; potters mark X incised on base. Yadin et al., 1961, Hazor III-IV, Area B, Burial, Locus 3314, Pl. CXCVIII: 13, a lamp with potters mark X on the base; 1989, p. 73, the burial within the brick wall, a type of jar burial of MB II. The first stage of the period is not represented at Tel ДaΞor. Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Pl. XXIV: 11, 13. 50 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum X, Pl. 47:4. 51 Fugmann, 1958, Hama, Stratum H, Figs. 124, 127, 139; Stratum G, Fig. 161. 46

39

MIDDLE BRONZE AGE II Greece. Finding a Cretan—type (?) oil lamp in Palestine is not unexpected, but it could also be a local product reflecting Cretan influence. The lamp from Megiddo has a rounded base, while in Crete such lamps have flat or small disk-bases. If, however, it was made locally, more lamps of this type would presumably have turned up here. Oil lamps, as such, appear in Crete already in the EB(?), in contrast to the absence of oil lamps in Cyprus and mainland Greece.57 Petrographic analyses points to a local product made of clay from the Menashe hills region.58 A recent publication of an amphora handle bearing incisions with a possibly Cyro-Minoan sign, dated to the 13th century BCE found at the excavations of Aphek Level X12.59 The amphora was manufactured in the Acco plain (mid way to Megiddo). This may help us to accept the oil lamp #353 as being the result of connections with the Minoan culture; an import via Crete along the trade roots of the periods (via Cyprus, or direct), or made by Cretan artisans. A strong Minoan— Cretan cultural involvement along the Levantine coast, started on the beginning of the Middle Bronze IIA. Also artisans who made the fresco in Kabri.60

Stratum H1-2 in the latter phases (about 1600 BCE), and continue in Stratum G (1500 BCE). They have two adjoining spouts, and the separating wall is only slightly pinched inward. The oil lamp has a low disk-base and everted, slanting walls—not characteristic of the period. Two-spout—’Punic’—oil lamps only appear in Palestine at the end of the Iron Age. 4.11. Special Oil Lamps Among the oil lamps of this period is one unusual lamp from Shechem (#505, of MB II-LB I) and another from Jericho of MB II.52 It has a flattened base, and in general appearance is similar to the general run of lamps, but has a short, upright, hollow tube protrusion, open at both ends. The tube is not pierced or connected in any way into the bowl. A similar lamp, but with four spouts, is known also from Byblos.53 The function of the hollow tube-like protrusion is uncertain. Lamps with similar tubes are very common later, in the Hellenistic period. It might have served to wind the long wick around it, to raise the level of the oil, or perhaps to carry the lamp on a staff. The tube could also have been a means for mounting one lamp on top of another lamp. See (3.3.5, Note 85).

4.13. Pottery Fragments Used as Oil Lamps The very extensive use of pottery fragments as oil lamps now becomes widespread.61 Although this practice was introduced already in EB I and EB II, when mainly bases of jars were used as oil lamps (see § 2.1.4., 2.3.8, above), in MB II such use was made of bases as well as of other parts of all types of pottery vessels (e.g., #354). Usually the bottom part of the vessel was so employed. After being broken, the walls of the bottom were no longer very high, and the fragments were not good for anything else (such fragments range from 4.5 cm to 6 cm in height).

4.12. A Local Oil Lamp in the Cretan Style? Oil Lamp #353 from Megiddo Stratum XI of MB IIB54 is of considerable interest. The lamp, may point to early contacts between the Aegean islands and Minoan culture—Crete with the Levant. In form, this lamp whose rear part is missing, differs entirely from the usual, locally -made oil lamps, and does not follow the tradition of any Eastern workshop. This type of lamp is known from Crete.55 The lamp, has a wide, incurving, nearly-gutter-like rim with a down-pressed breach—the wick-rest. In Crete such lamps have loop handles, or some other projection at the rear. Shipton, who published the lamp in 193956 writes: “The turned-in rim is a sensible non-spill idea, and one wonders why it did not become popular before the Greek period.” And indeed, after a long gap in its production, in the 7th-6th centuries BCE, the idea was again adapted in Greece and gradually turned the open saucer into a closed oil lamp. In MB II, local oil lamps were commonly fashioned with much narrower, turned-in/inverted rims, and the wick-rests (spouts) formed by the pinching technique.

Apparently these fragments were found preferable to using entire bowls: aside from occasional use of new bowls (e.g., #352, #354:78-424), the number of such fragments found in excavations in tombs at Tell Beit Mirsim, for example, is so great that it doubles the number of oil lamps in the burial (see § 4.2. above, and list in the Catalog). The wick is placed on the rim of the cut-off fragment whose lower part served as oil container, owing to their small size less fuel was needed. The everted rim of the fragment was probably found to be a more convenient emplacement (spout) for the wick than the inverted rims of contemporaneous bowls, which offer no such emplacements. Wicks resting on inverted rims tend upward and inward, while

The Middle Bronze Age IIB was a prosperous period, with connections to the West, the Aegean, and mainland

57

Persson, 1942, Minoan-Mycenaean Lamps, pp. 405 - 417. By Anat Cohen, Israel Antiquities Authority. 59 Yasur-Landaou & Goren, 2004: 22 –31. 60 Kempinski A. 1996:97* 61 A list of broken vessels serving as lamps in the Tell Beit Mirsim catalog. Kenyon, 1965, Jericho II, p. 196, of MB II; p. 206, Fig. 93:9, secondary use of a juglet and cup. Zevulun, 1986-1987, Tell Qasile, p. 34. Tufnell, 1957, Lachish IV, see ibid., n.33, above. See also: Note 18; Ben-Tor and Bonfil, 1997, Hazor V, pp. 326 -327 (MB IIA - B).

52

58

Kenyon, 1982, Jericho IV, Fig. 188:12. 53 Dunand, 1950, Byblos II, Pl. CCVIII: 16798. 54 Shipton, 1939, Megiddo Pottery, § 85, Stratum XI, Tomb 3081:b555, Pl. 7:19, Chart XI: 20. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, p. 171, Pls. 38:18 and 127:6. 55 Bailey, 1975, British Museum Catalogue, Vol. I, Pls. 4-5: Q4, Q6, Q7. 56 Shipton, n. 53, above.

40

OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND leaning the wick on an everted rim inclines it upward and outward. In later periods the rim of the bowl indeed changes inclination to serve as an oil lamp, and is always everted. Usually there is more than one sootstain mark on the fragment-lamps. In the Jericho

excavations, in almost every tomb, many ‘fragment-oil lamps’ were found,62 and only such fragments were found in tombs at Efrat. At Tel ДaΞor Tomb 1181, among 140 offerings were only 2 ‘fragment-oil lamps’ (1.4% of the assemblage).

62 Pottery fragments used as oil lamps were found in all burials; in Tomb J3, in Jericho, one was found in the niche. Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb B5, 17 fragments, in Tomb A3, p. 349, 12 sherds; idem. Jericho II, 1965, Fig. 251:26, Group V, Tomb J39: 15, Layer I; near the entrance, together with more oil lamps and additional fragments one of which (No. 26) was handmade; Zevulun, 1986-1987, Potsherds in Secondary Usage.

41

LATE BRONZE AGE

CHAPTER 5 LATE BRONZE AGE The material culture of the early LB I is linked to the previous, MB II, phase. Many oil lamps belong to the transitional MB II to LB I period. The oil lamps of the period reflect neither political changes nor cultural influences.1 The deepening penetration of Mycenean and Cypriot cultures from the Mediterranean, and from Egypt in the south, has no bearing on the configurations of the oil lamps of Palestine; on the contrary, it was the oil lamp of the East that ‘conquered’ the Western world.

Oil lamps were found in chronologically important stratigraphic sites of the period, among them Haifa - Tell Abu Hawam Strata V-IV;3 Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum C;4 Tel Zeror Strata 16-17 (Period C);5 and Tel Gezer and Lachish.6 5.1.1. Cultic Uses At Lachish oil lamps are found in all the phases of the sanctuary:7 They were accompanied by assemblages of other clay vessels. There were only 9 oil lamps in the first sanctuary; 82 in Sanctuary II, and 43 in Sanctuary III. Two oil lamps were discovered on the altar itself, and additional ones were found stored in a cabinet at the western side near the altar of the second and third sanctuary phases.

The accepted chronological division for the Late Bronze Age is into two main phases: LB I & LB II; The beginning of the Late Bronze Age I, is in the second half of the 16th century BCE (1550 BCE) and continues until the 14th century (1400 BCE). The entire period is subdivided into LB IA and LB IB, and into LB IIA (1400-1300 BCE) and LB IIB (1300-1200 BCE).

On the other hand, only a few oil lamps were found at the Beth Shean sanctuaries of the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, which may suggest that oil lamps did not serve a central function in the ritual there. Another possibility is that the sanctuary belonged to the Egyptian tradition, where lamps did not have any role or use. One oil lamp was in the storage room of the sanctuary of the time of Seti I east of Altar Room 1043, and another one in the sanctuary of Ramses I of the 13th century BCE. Only fragments of oil lamps were in the northern Room 1010. Yet another oil lamp was found in the corridor north of the sanctuary. In

5.1. Oil Lamps from Stratigraphic Excavations Pottery oil lamps were found among the debris in the stratigraphic levels of the period’s sites. Their proportion in the overall ceramic repertoire now seems to be greater than in MB II. This may hint at a growing number of populated sites, and more extensive use of lamps in public buildings such as temples and in new dwellings built over the cleaned-out rubble of destroyed houses. Lamps found among the debris may well have been reused. Although the indications revealed by excavations are not always complete, naturally oil lamps were always fewer in number than other household vessels.

Cistern 2091, 1 oil lamps Types: XIV - VIII; Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:1-7, Types: IX - VIII; Stratum VIIB, Pl. 66:9-13, from the sanctuary, Types: VIII - VII. Liebowitz, 2003: 144 -145 Building 1, Rooms 2 and 5 and 6 in Stratum XII. 3 Hamilton, 1934, Tell Abu Hawam, Levels V and IV, Pl. XXII: 24, 25, 26, lamps with wide rims (No. 24), lamps with disk-base (No. 25). The dating of Level V is 1400-1230 BCE. Idem. (1935), Level V, p. 36, No. 227 (#605); p. 45, No. 279 (#612); p. 49, Nos. 299, 300 (#608, #610). The group was found together under fallen stones belonging to the last phase of Level V. Oil lamp 227 has a straight rim. Oil lamp 279 has a narrow ledge-rim, narrow body, and disk-base. Lamp 299 is deep and has an everted rim, and concave-to-flattened base. Lamp 300, a straight rim an extension of the wall. Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Level IV (1230 - 1100 BCE), divides the material into secondary phases, Lamp Pl. 19:227 and Pl.71: 11, and Lamps 299, 300, 279. Pl. 71:11 belongs to phase VA5 or VB of the LB IIB period. 4 Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, from the eastern cave, Pl. 14:3 - 7, p. 42, Pl. 48, all the oil lamps except No. 4 have a narrow rim and a funnel-shaped wick-rest; the lamps differ from one another in height and inclination of the walls. 5 Ohata, 1966, Tel Zeror I, Strata 16-17 (Period C, 1500 - 1450 BCE), p. 29; Strata 13-15 (Period D, 1450 - 1350 BCE); Strata 10 - 12 (Period E, 1350 - 1200 BCE); Stratum 9 (Period F [last Canaanite occupation] 1250 - 1200 BCE). Singer-Avitz, 2004, Lachish pp.1012-1022. 6 Dever, 1970, Gezer I, Stratum 6, LB II (14th century BCE), Pl. 29:8, 15 of the LB IIA, rounded base, narrow rim; Idem. 1986, Gezer IV, Field VI, Stratum 9, Pl. 10:17 - 19, shallow with rounded bases and inverted rims of the MB II - LB I types (late 15th century BCE). Yannai, Lachish 2004: 1050- 1146. 7 Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, p. 38, Pls. III: 6; VII:3; LXVIII.

Very few lamps could be assigned to the MB–LB transitional period. For example, at Megiddo in the debris of LB I the Stratum IX about 14 oil lamps were found at the eastern side of the mound, 2 of them next to each other in one room (L2116). An additional oil lamp was found in the street. Did it serve for lighting? Did someone lose it? An oil lamp in situ was found in L2115 Room 3108, and in Courtyard L 2114. In Stratum VIII there were in all 6 oil lamps. In Stratum VIIB were 7 oil lamps, of which 3 in L2131 and 2 in L5023 –perhaps because light was needed there in particular. These oil lamps do not have identical features. The excavations at Tel Yin’am show the same infrequency of oil lamps: only 1.5 % among the pottery assemblage. The lamps were found in one building: 1, each lamp in each room.2 1

Leonard, 1989: 4 - 39. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II Stratum IX, in Cistern 5029, Pl. 55:5 - 11, 5 oil lamps; in Cisterns 2020 and 2021, 1 oil lamp; in Cistern 2114, 2 oil lamps; in Cistern 2115, 1 oil lamp; in Cistern 2116, 2 oil lamps; in 2

42

OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND the sanctuary of Ramses III of the 12th century BCE, fragments of oil lamps were discovered under the floor.8 Perhaps, other cult vessels, such as incense-burners and chalices found in the sanctuary, replaced the oil lamps.

substitute for human sacrifice in construction-connected foundation-cult. The earliest foundation—cults belongs to Gezer and Lachish the 13th century BCE, the later ones are that of Tel Miqn’e and Beth Shemesh. This practice is also known in the West.

In Tel Gezer, Structure V20A, which probably was a public cult building, a repository was uncovered containing many pottery vessels, among them 30-40 oil lamps, all of the same shape. Among the finds was also a figurine of a horned Astarte of LB I.9

5.3. Oil Lamps in Funerary Contexts In this, as in the preceding MB II period, the number of oil lamps found in burial caves is especially great. The burial forms and customs vary even more than in the previous period—from individual graves to family tombs.16 Two oil lamps (#667, #674) in a niche in Gezer Burial Cave 10A recall a practice common in the EBMB period.17 This cave, which was cut in the rock as an enlargement of an earlier pit, was in use over a long period from the early Late Bronze Age on. Five levels were unearthed in it, but burials were discovered in only two of these (Levels IV and III). There is no apparent relationship between the persons buried there and the places where the oil lamps were found. In another burial cave at Gezer, the oil lamp was found in situ near the skull of the deceased,18 as in the MB II burial at Give’at Ayyala (Ginnosar). The proportion of oil lamps in the overall contents of the burial caves which served as family tombs is approximately one-quarter of all the pottery vessels, which are also numerous—another carry-over from the previous period. In a tomb at Tel Dotan, of which only two-thirds was excavated, and which was in use from the 14th to the 11th century BCE, about 84 persons were buried and the funerary furnishings come to 989 items, including 204 clay oil lamps and one metal lamp.19 At Tel ДaΞor LB II Tomb 8144, among 500 pottery items were only 16 oil lamps. This burial was in use from the 14th century to about 1300

At Tel ДaΞor where oil lamps were found in pits, there were 5 oil lamps in Stratum 3 Pit 9024, which was in use from MB II and continued in LB I. In Pit 7021 were 8 oil lamps—part of an assemblage similar to that in Building 6211, in which 3 clay oil lamps were found together with many other pottery vessels. This was apparently a storage room for the sanctuary of Stratum IA of LB II.10 All the oil lamps are dated to the 14th century BCE. 5.2. Oil Lamps in Foundation Offerings The custom of placing an oil lamp between two large bowls or in other arrangements as foundation offerings at the base of house walls appears in the Late Bronze Age. Such an arrangement was first noted in the excavations at Gezer11 where two oil lamps, one a top the other, were found with the remains of a neonate as a foundation offering.12 The offerings were placed beneath the deepest foundation, near the entrance. Even if the wall does not survive, the discovery of such offering groups indicates the location of the room’s threshold. Evidence of this practice was again uncovered in subsequent excavations in Strata 6B and 5A at Gezer (Stratum VI), and also in the excavations at Tel Miqn‫י‬e, where the assemblage already belongs to the next period—Iron I (12th-11th centuries BCE). This may suggest the continuity of a local tradition.13 The subject was summarized by Bonimovitz and Zimhoni and a list of such rites was published, including Lachish:14 Lachish Strata VI and VII; Tel Gamma; Дaruvit in North Sinai (period of the Nineteenth Dynasty); Deir elBalaΉ (time of Ramses II); Tel Sera` in the governor’s house (Stratum IX); Tel el- Дesi; Tel Ashqelon (LB II); Beth Shemesh;15 Tel `Azeqa; Tel Maresha; Tel Gerisa; Tel Afeq (house of the governor Palace VI); and Pella. According to them, there are indications that this was practiced in Beth Shean as well. They believe that the custom originated in Egypt, and propose seeing it as a

16 Gonen, 1979, in her dissertation adduces all the forms of burials used in the Late Bronze Age. They range from various forms of single burial to mass-burials, usually in caves, cists, pits, benches, kidney-shaped, constructed pits, tholos, larnax, anthropoid, jars, and caves. In LB I, the grave goods included many offerings but relatively few oil lamps. In the single burials no lamps were found. In the el – Farah (SharuΉen) Cemetery 900 of the 13th century BCE, only one oil lamp was found. In the graveyard at &Zefat, out of 290 pottery vessels were 80 oil lamps – a rather large number. In Barqai Tomb 1100, out of 193 pottery vessels, 14 lamps were found; and in Tomb 1145, 12 lamps. For LB II, in Tomb 12A at Gibeon (el- Jib, Giv`on) there were 10 oil lamps, and in Tomb 12B, out of 148 vessels, 13 were lamps. In Beth Shemesh were 22 lamps; in Tel `Erani – many lamps; Ben-Arieh S. 1981 Tell Jedur, 6 oil lamps out of 118 vessels. In PalmaΉim Tomb 21 of the 14th - 13th century BCE, 3 lamps were found. In Gezer Burial Cave 10A were 21 oil lamps and many other vessels; a niche for lamps was discovered near the entrance. In Lachish Tomb 1003, there were 16 lamps out of more than 110 vessels dated 1440 - 1425 BCE. At BaΉan, in one - period Burial Cave 1, there were 7 lamps out of 78 vessels of the LB I; in LB I Burial Cave 3, 8 out of 81; in Burial Cave 2, of the 15th century BCE, 13 oil lamps out of 74 vessels – similar to Gezer Burial Cave 10A. 17 Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Burial Cave 10A, L1072, 1077, Pl. 488. 18 Ibid., Burial 10070, No.3, Pl. 44:b. Maeir, 2004:2.2.4, pp.17-19 &3234, Pl.4 and Table 1. of this period, includes lamps with straight and everted rims. 19 Free, 1959, Dothan, pp.22 - 29.

8

Fitzgerald, 1930, Beth-Shan II, pp. 17, 33, Pl. XLVII: 22 - 25. Macalister, 1912, Gezer II, Figs. 503, 504. 10 Yadin et al., 1958, Hazor I, Cistern 9024, Pl. CXXIII; Cistern 7021, Pl. CXLII: 1 - 8. 11 Macalister, 1912, Gezer II, Trench 30, pp. 434 - 437, Fig. 516, Pls. IV, V. 12 Ibid., Figs. 503, 504. 13 Dothan and Gitin, 1990, Ekron, p. 30. 14 Bunimovitz and Zimhoni, 1990:. 41-55 and 2004: 1147- 1154. 15 Mackenzie, 1912 – 13, Ain Shems, Pl. XXXVII: 11, 12. Grant, 1931, Ain Shems, p. 38, Pl. XLV: 28. 9

43

LATE BRONZE AGE BCE. In the Mycenean Tomb 387 the lamps constitute 7% of the pottery assemblage. 20

(#517, # 528, #531),25 all of which seem to have been produced by the same hand.

A number of Burial Caves were excavated in the Judea and Samaria regions which included also oil lamps: Cave 3, at Zawata burial that started in the MB IIB-C and continued in LB I and LB II periods, Ras al-Tawil and east of Otniel. 20a

The methods of smoothing the lamp bases do not differ from the practice in the previous period. The (‘Cypriot’) knife-paring technique—trimming off excess clay and smoothing the outside of juglets—employed also in joining together parts of vessels that were still fashioned by hand in Cyprus, now becomes more common. Paring was done when the clay was of a leathery consistency. The Cypriot technique of paring juglet walls was not applied in imitating such vessels locally on a wheel. The imitation focused mainly on the shape of the vessels reproduced locally. The knife-paring technique, known and practiced already in Palestine in Early Bronze Age oil lamps, now became more of a shaving effect, mainly in smoothing the bases of oil lamps, as, for example, lamp #506 from Tel Dan and others. At Lachish, oil lamps like these were found in all three phases of the sanctuary, but increase in the second and third temples (#686, #688, #693, #694, #695, #698, #699, #709, and others).26 The knife-pared oil lamps belong mainly to the second and last phase of the Late Bronze Age, perhaps corresponding to the increase of imported pottery vessels made by the same technique. This method of paring the oil lamp bases continues also in the following period, Iron I, and occasionally also in Iron II. Other ways of smoothing bases were by using the fingers. In all, there are only few string -cut and disk bases in this period in contrast with the MB II period oil lamps.

However, many tombs were found to have no oil lamps at all (e.g., the single – burial box – type cist or larnax-type graves at `Akko; at Jazirat en-Na`ami;21 and elsewhere). At Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam an oil lamp was placed above Burial 2, but may have been a surface find.22 In the Tel Kinrot jar-burial23 there was an oil lamp (#546) where two jars dating to the end of the period were placed mouth-to-mouth. Other tombs of this period are in Megiddo, Gezer, and Jerusalem, oil lamps #811-#819 were placed in cist graves and bilobate shaft—burials at PalmaΉim.24 5.4. Manufacturing Methods All the Late Bronze Age oil lamps were turned on the wheel. The clay is identical to that of all the other pottery of the period, and so varies from lamp to lamp. Assemblages of oil lamps found in the same burial cave show variations, which may indicate that they were not made in one workshop, or that they were the work of different potters. But even if they were made by the same potter he could well have produced vessels that differed from one another, whether because he rushed the work, through carelessness, by using clay of different provenance, or due to temperature variations in the kilns. Differences in the oil lamps and establishing geographic connotations can at best reflect locations of nearby workshops. A good example are several lamps from the Tel Dan Mycenaean tomb (#506, #507, #508) as well as from ДaΞor and lamps from Нefat burial Cave

Narrowing the spout, which has its beginnings in this period and especially in LB II, entailed the use of wicks that filled the entire space between the two rims, so that in the oil lamps of the period there is a larger concentration of soot between the two splayed rims, rather than at the tip (BaΉan #474, Gezer #666, Tel `EΓon #734) or over the entire spout. A survey of the spouts of these oil lamps (and also those of preceding periods) reveals only a small accumulation of soot in many of them, even though the receptacles look well - used. The ends of the wicks might not have been placed right on the rim, or the oil lamps might not have burned for a long time; or the wicks might have been carefully tended. In the oil lamp found in Tel Gat (Jatt, #385) the lower part of the wick left traces of soot at the bottom of the saucer, indicating that the wick burned to the end when the oil was consumed. If indeed the oil lamps in the tombs were left to burn themselves out, there would have been many with such signs. Perhaps the oil floated on a layer of water, or the lamps were lit only during the actual funeral rite and were extinguished when the persons burying the dead left the place. (Conceivably,

20 Yadin et al., 1960, Hazor II, Area F, Stratum IB, Tomb 8144, Pls. CXXXV:1 - 16 and CLXXXVII:3 - 8. Biran and Ben-Dov, 2002, Tel Dan, p.64. 20a Magen el all., 2004. 21 Ben Arieh and Edelstein, 1977, Akko. Artzy, 1991, Tel Nami. 22 Anati, 1952, Tell Abu Hawam, p. 95. A large oil lamp with a flat base found above Tomb 2 (Fig. 8:25, Pl. XIII: 3) may belong to a later period. In Tomb 4, above the skeleton was a bowl, which may have served as a lamp, Fig. 8:15, above the earth covering of the burial in Tomb 5 a lamp and a Cypriot bowl (Fig. 8:24) was found. 23 Edelstein’s excavation, unpublished. Singer-Avitz and Levy, 1992, Fig.3: 8-17. 24 Amiran, 1960, Nahlat Ahim, Jerusalem, pp. 29, 31, Fig. 3:50, 51, the tomb is dated to the 14th century BCE; the lamps have rounded bases and only slightly everted rims (mid-LB). Macalister. 1912, Gezer III, Tomb 1, Pl. LXIII: 65, Tomb 7, Pl. LXV: 36; Tomb 28, Pl. LXXIII: 17; Tomb 30, Pl. LXXIV: 11; Vol. I, Tomb 252, Pl. CXXII: 9, 16; pp. 3012, Tomb 1 (MB-LB) is a shaft-grave, the number of burials is unknown; pp. 304 - 307, initially a cistern, Tomb 7 is one of the richest tombs with Cypriot imports; pp. 312 - 314, Tomb 30 contained about 130 javelin heads; pp. 389 - 392, Tomb 252 is about 2½ km from the tell.

25 Ben-Tor et al., 1997, Hazor V, Stratum XV (LB I = earlier than Tel Dan and &Zefat), Fig. III.1.6.2, 3. 26 Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pls. XLVA, XLVB: 185, 187, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203.

44

OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND 5.4.1.1 Dating

extinguishing the lamp symbolized death. The oil lamps themselves were left in the tomb.)

The oil lamps of the first Late Bronze Age phase closely resemble those of the previous period, and therefore represent a direct typological continuity. Since it is sometimes difficult to distinguish among them, they are also dated to MB II - LB I. Some of the burial caves of this period, like the Gezer Burial Cave 10A, were in continuous use over a long time, from MB II to the end of LB II, and many of the burials were found disturbed.

5.4.1. Transitional MB II - LB I, and LB I Oil Lamps The bases of the oil lamps in this period are mostly rounded, but there are also oil lamps with flat, or even with disk bases, e.g., the oil lamps from Tel Zeror Stratum 17 (#485) and Jericho (#395, #398, #401, #487, #490). But now these are very few compared to their abundance in periods antedating LB I. In LB I the oil lamps with a thickened, flat base, like those appearing in MB II, become more numerous. The tendency to thicker bases becomes even stronger in the following LB II period. Smoothing the base after removing it from the potter’s wheel, whether by knife—paring or by hand, or by means of a twig or stick, becomes more common at the end of LB IB and LB II. In the oil lamps from ДaΞor Pits 7021 and 9024 there is marked similarity between bases of oil lamps and the thickened bases of contemporaneous jars. The oil lamps of the MB II-LB I are more-or-less of the same height—about 4 cm. They begin to vary in height only at the end of the phase. The techniques employed in making the oil lamps of this phase are similar to those of the preceding period: the rim is still has somewhat inverted, often tending to erect, if thicker, rims that appear to be part of the walls (BaΉan #481). The spout is formed as before by slightly pinching the rims together, with a rather deeper, additional dropping of the rim and forming of lengthened folds. Such spouts may be divided into two typical forms: (1) a triangular, V-shaped bay (Figure 5.27:1 lamp #356), e.g., `En HaNaΞiv #356. #357 of the MB II-LB IA; and (2) spouts which now for the first time take on towards a U-shaped gutter-form (Figure 5.27:2). Folding of the rim next to the spout recalls the method current in the EB–MB (MB I). The lapping starts almost always from the middle of the bowl’s circumference, or slightly forward of it. In the lamps from the beginning of the phase, the rim of the saucer, flattened at the top, gradually becomes wider and thicker. The spout does not protrude above the line of the rim, although the tendency to raise the spout of the oil lamp-the source of light-begins now. In LB I, and more so toward LB II, raised spouts already become the outstanding characteristic feature of oil lamps.

Figure 5.27:1 Transitional MBII-LBI lamps From `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev #356

There is a marked tendency for the rim to be slightly everted. In Gezer Burial Cave 10A Phase IV (#674, of the LB I - LB II), and in Megiddo Strata IX and VIII, such oil lamps are still in the minority.27 In most of the oil lamps the rim is still only a continuation of the saucer walls (BaΉan #481).

Figure 5.27:2 LBI lamps-LBIIa lamps From Gezer 27

Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Notes 17, above and 28, below. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Pl. 55:5 - 10 and Pl. 62:1 - 7.

45

LATE BRONZE AGE 5.4.2. LB II Oil Lamps

It is easier to distinguish between oil lamps discovered in settlements founded in that period or in burial caves used only during one short period than in burial sites used over a long period. Other proposed chronological divisions are often based on comparisons with other finds and assemblages of pottery vessels that accompany these oil lamps in contemporaneous levels of occupation at the same sites (e.g., Megiddo Strata IX-VIII; Lachish Temple I; Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum E). As mentioned, these now include imported wares from Cyprus and Greece. The oil lamps belonging to this phase were classified at Megiddo as having been used over a long period of time. But even when the oil lamps accompanied by other, more defined pottery vessels, the determination is not absolute. Although many of the oil lamps have similar features (e.g., Tel Mor #501 of the LB I, Gezer #676 of the LB IIA), no clear-cut differences are noted for the different parts of the country. Some assemblages of oil lamps may still be assigned to the transitional MB II–LB I period, among them lamps from tombs at `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev (#356, #357, #362) in the Jordan Valley; In the `En HaNaΞiv—‘En Neshev burial caves a relatively large number of oil lamps was accompanied by a rich assemblage of toggle-pins typical of the MB II-LB I transitional period. Other burials with toggle-pins are Beth Shean Tomb 42 of Phase A2;28 BaΉan (#376, # 480) and Gezer Burial Cave 10A in central Palestine; and oil lamps from the first phase of the Lachish sanctuary in the south, and the cist tombs at PalmΉim.29Jericho, Tombs B48, D6, D9, M11, J14, and P23;30 and the earliest burials in el-Jib, Gibeon (el-Jib, Giv’on) Tomb 10A, B.31

Again, it is impossible to separate the beginning of this phase from the preceding one, to which it is on the whole related typologically. Most of the oil lamps in the Israel Antiquities Authority collections come from burial caves, and only a minority from occupation levels at excavated sites. Many of the oil lamp bases are rounded and are thickened by the addition of a heavy layer of clay to the bottom. Many of these bases (Tell Beit Mirsim #753, #778, #781, #782) were later smoothened without the use of a knife, and in this they resemble the bases of contemporaneous jars from Tell Beit Mirsim that look almost like diskbases. Others are smoothened by hand (Tel Ro`e burial cave of the LB II – Iron I #572). Such are oil lamps from the excavated tombs at Kh. Jedur and ДaΞor and Tel Dan.32 Oil lamps whose bases show use of the knifeparing technique (Tel Dan #506, Tell Beit Mirsim #754, #755) are not restricted to one particular region; they were found in Haifa-Shiqmona (#618) and in Haifa - Kh. AΓΓaisi (#614), at Gezer (#675), and relatively in large numbers at HaZorea`-Tel Qira (#582). A similar technique is still employed in Iron I and the following Persian period, and reappears in the Herodian period. Very few oil lamps have a string-cut base, this technique is employed earlier in MB II and are known also later in the Iron Age I at Tel Menora #852. Lamps with such bases are known (e.g. Tel Ro’e #574, Tell Beit Mirsim. #751) and one ring-base oil lamp found at Tel ДaΞor Tomb 814,33 (`En HaNaΞiv burial cave #554; Tel &Zippor #683; Tell Beit Mirsim #753, 784). The bases of most oil lamps are of the rounded, convex type. Unusual oil lamps found at the Beth Shean sanctuary Stratum II From the time of Ramses II, of the end of the Late Bronze Age or the early Iron Age, have hemispherical bases and upward-flaring rims (see § 6.4. below) (Figure 5.28).34

28

Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Tomb 42, p. 87, Figs. 34 - 9A2, A1, 26:9, 13, 14. 29 Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Burial Cave 10A, pp. 47 - 73 exhibits several levels of burial which correspond to the city’s life-span, Stratum XVII and Stratum XVI, dated from the mid-15th to the end of the 14th century BCE (LB IB and LB IIA). A bell-shaped cistern of the MB II - LB IA period was converted into a burial. The lowest burial phase dated to 1450 - 1380 BCE = LB IB - LB IIA. Then the burials were interrupted and the next upper level of Burial III 1380 - 1300 BCE belongs to LB IIA, mid-14th century BCE. Some of the skeletons were found insitu. In the first burial they were laid on benches along the wall, and in a sarcophagus in the lower phase. The oil lamps are discussed on p. 77. Very many lamps were found; those of the early phase (Pl. 18:3, 5 - 6) are all of the typical transitional LB I - LB IIA period types. The oil lamps were compared to the lamps found at ДaΞor I, Cistern 7021, Pl. CXXII: 21, 22; to el – Jib Gibeon (Giv`on), Tomb 10B, Fig. 11:43 - 44; Lachish II, Temple I, Pl. XLVB: 184 - 191; Megiddo II, Stratum IX VIII, Pl. 62:4; Ben-Arieh S. 1981, Tell Jedur, Fig. 4:8-9. There are no oil lamps with disk-bases among the lamps from Gezer Burial Cave 10A. The dating of the burial is not absolute, but may be attributed to LB IB - LB IIA See also Gezer; Maeir 2003 pp.17-19 the lamps are 3.5% of the assemblage. 30 Kenyon. 1965, Jericho II, Fig. 114. 31 Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Tomb 10A, Fig. 7:10-12, 14; Tomb 10B, Fig. 11:43 - 49. In Tomb 10A seven skeletons were found; in Tomb 10, four skeletons. The 27 oil lamps were divided according to Lachish, p. 16. The early burials date to the MB II where one oil lamp of this phase was found (Fig. 11:48 [P.1472]). The assemblages of both chambers are homogeneous, the largest group – 15 oil lamps – belongs to Class E (Figs. 7:10 and 11:43 - 45) without a flange around the rim, similar to Lachish Temple II and III of the 14th century BCE. To Class F of the 13th century BCE, belong 9 lamps, which show extreme pinching of the rim and no flange common to the last part of the LB and Early Iron period (Figs. 7:22 and 11:46). Three lamps with a wide flange belong to Class G of Temple III of the Iron Age (Figs. 7:12, 14 and 11:47).

The main differences and the characteristic features of the oil lamps ascribed to LB II are in the fashioning of the rim and the spout of the lamp, as in the oil lamps found in Burial Cave 10A at Gezer. The clearest general indicator is the tendency toward a reversed direction of the rim. Until now, the oil lamps have either inverted rims, or only very slightly everted ones (e.g., Tel Dan #508; Tel Kinrot #546; similar to a lamp from Megiddo Stratum IX; Gezer #670, #673),35 or the rim is an upward continuation of the wall (#751, #795 from Tell Beit Mirsim Tomb 100). There is now a rather wide variety of rim forms; 32 Ben Arieh, 1981, Tell Jedur, Fig. 4:8 - 12, 6 oil lamps were among 118 pottery vessels, Lamps 8 and 9 have rounded bases; while Lamps 10 - 12 have thickened bases – virtually disk-bases and V-shaped spouts; the burial is dated to the LB II (early 14th -late 13th century BCE) and was in use for 205 years. Yadin et al., 1960, Hazor II, Area C, Pl. CXXIII:1-3; Locus 6211 and Pl. CXXIV:20. Ben-Tor et al., 1997, Hazor V, Area A Stratum XV (LB I), Fig. III.1.6.2; 3. 33 Yadin et al., 1960, Hazor II, Stratum 1b, L 8144, Pl. CXXXV: 16. 34 Fitzgerald, 1930, Beth Shan, Pl. XLVII, 22 - 23 (24). 35 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum IX, Pl. 55:10, with a heavy base.

46

OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND continues into Iron I and later periods. The change in the form of the spouts may be due to changes in the everting of the flanged rim.

among them narrow, flattened rims (Gezer #665). In the course of the period, and toward its end, the everted rim becomes common, forming a sharp-angled, flat or convex flange (Tel Bira #603; PalmaΉim #816). But rims which are only a continuation of the wall appear until the end of LB II and into Iron I (Figure 6.32)36 The sharp-angled rim of the flange may represent an imitation of oil lamps or bowls made of metal like the oil lamps from Tel Dan, Tel Dotan, and Jazirat en-Na`ami37 which become more common in this period. Large bowls and chalices made for daily use now also increasingly have ledge rims.

(3). (Figure 5.29:3) a short, wide, U-shaped spout or longer (#506, #508, #527, #528, #531, #540, #575, #579, #602), that is more characteristic in the northern part of the country.

Figure 5.29:1 Late Bronze II oil lamps From Gezer #673

Figure 5.28. With hemispherical base LBII-Iron I Fitzgerald, 1930, Beth Shan, Pl. XLVII, 22. Three main forms of spout can be distinguished, reflecting several working methods (1). Figure 5.29:1) Slightly elongated folding of the narrow rim creates a short narrow splayed, V-shaped spout (#754, #782, #828) of the earliest (#456) (2). (Figure 5.29:2) Deep folding of a wide section of the rim creates an elongated channel, narrow, pointed spout (#816) The lapping is somewhat similar to that in the oil lamps of the Persian period: folding and inwardindenting of the rim gives the front part of the lamp the form of an equilateral triangle, with the spout looking like a round-ended gutter and thus resembling the next shaped U shaped spout. The folds create a right-angled line on the inner part of the lapping, triangular folds, thus forming varieties of funnel-like gutter to V shaped. This form is common to most of the oil lamps and is especially characteristic of the latter phases of LB II and

Figure 5.29:2 Late Bronze II oil lamps From Gezer #666

36

Cooley and Pratico, 1995, Tell Dothan, Fig. 31:5; Badre et al., 1990, Tell Kazel (Syria), Figs. 39:d, e and 40:e (LB II - Iron I). 37 Biran, 1989, Tel Dan, pp. 12 - 134. Artzy, 1991, Tel Nami, p. 37.

From the traces of burning remaining in the spouts, the wicks must have been quite thick, taking up the entire 47

LATE BRONZE AGE space of the opening. In many oil lamps there are traces of soot, particularly on both lips of the spout, and not at its end (Zefat #539, Tel Bira #602). This indicates that the wick burned mainly along the length of the spout, between the pinched- folds, and left its marks upon these. The narrow gutter kept the wick in place and may have inspired the making of elongated, closed spouts, the nozzles of later lamps. But exceptional oil lamps are relatively rare in this period.

Tel Ta`anakh, Tel Kison, Tel Dotan, and Tel Gezer38 (Figure 5.30). Such wheel-turning marks that appear in MB II are also common in Iron I. All have rounded bases of various shapes, and narrow, flanged rims. Pressingdown the fold with the thumb sometimes leaves a depression or small cavity near the spout (#637, #649) and others. The saucers are relatively deep, and some have slanting walls as in Iron I (Tel `EΓon #925).

Figure 5.29:3 Late Bronze II oil lamps From Gezer #670

Figure 5.30. Late Bronze II- Iron I Cooley & Pratico, 1995, Tel Dothan, p. 159, Figure 26:9.

The differences between oil lamps from various locations perhaps attest, yet again, that these items were the work of different potters and workshops in various regions. There is a resemblance between the oil lamps from Tel Dan (#506, #508) which have knife-pared bases and a wide spout with a wide gutter ending in a wide, U-shaped spout, funnel - like opening, and the oil lamp found at &Zefat (#540). All of them recall types of EB–MB (MB I) oil lamps (#183). Everted-rounded rims are common among the oil lamps of the last LB II phase (e.g., BaΉan #649; and almost all the lamps from Tel Ro`e – #561, #567, #568, #569, #575). This fashion continues into Iron I.

The LB II oil lamps are fairly uniform in size, with a rather common tendency to tilt the oil lamp backward so that the front part with the spout is raised—as in the oil lamps (#554, #555, #558, #595, #614). This technical propensity, along with the trimming of the bases, becomes again prominent and characteristic of the Persian-period oil lamps. The feature persists in the transitional period, albeit to a lesser extent. Does this raising of the front part and spout have any special typological or technological significance? Does it indicate a late dating in the period for such oil lamps? Perhaps so, for the oil lamps of this kind come from caves at Haifa-Kh. AΓΓaisi dated to the end of the Late Bronze Age.

Grooved rims appear also at the end of LB II and continue in Iron I (Tel Ro`e #572, #574; Tel &Zippor Stratum III #685). Wheel-turning marks on the saucer and continuing on the folds are quite common (e. g. Tel Yin’am #548 and #811; Haifa – Tell Abu Hawam #610; Haifa – Shiqmona #617; HaZorea – Tel Qira #596; Kh. ‘Ara #647; BaΉan #649; Gezer #665, #666, #668, #674). Concentric wheel marks in the bottom of the saucer are found in lamps from

38

Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 9a-b (Iron I), Fig. 66:17. Tezg’r and Sezer, 1995, Nos.13 from Gezer, LB II-Iron I, and Nos. 15 from Taanak Iron I. Cooley & Pratico, 1995, Tell Dothan, p. 159, Fig. 26:9.

48

OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND Megiddo Strata VIII-VIA, at Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum C, and at Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam.

5.5. Classification of Late Bronze Oil Lamps In the catalog, Late Bronze Age oil lamps are divided into two large groups: (1) oil lamps without flanged rims, and (2) with everted-to-flanged rims. Both groups have slightly raised V-shaped or U-shaped spouts. Here again, more relevant criteria for the classification of the oil lamps of this period are their outline as seen from above, and changes in the form of the rims. The variations in height derive from the way the spouts are formed. The tendency to tilt the oil lamps backward may perhaps be explained on technical grounds: the desire or the need to keep the oil from spilling through the downwardinclining, gutter-like or tubular spout created by the deep lapping of the rim – unlike in earlier oil lamps with inverted rims which kept the oil in the receptacle. Or perhaps, upward-protruding wicks provided better light.

Class G (to 1200 BCE)| includes oil lamps with prominent wide flange, flat, with deep pinching (Tufnell; No. 204); these become common in the Iron Age and belong to late Sanctuary III; parallels from Megiddo Stratum V, Tell Beit Mirsim B, and Haifa - Tell Abu Hawam Stratum IV. From this division we find that oil lamps prior to 1500 BCE are not related to the Lachish sanctuary. It also shows that in one of the sanctuary phase’s more than one class of lamps was in use. This is why the oil lamps of Structure I resemble those of Structure II and also of Structure III, notwithstanding that the lamps were found in separate storage cabinets near the shrine belonging to each of the phases of the sanctuary. The primary, chronologically significant feature here based on the typology is that oil lamps with wide, flat rims become common only toward the end of the period.

Several attempts were made by Amiran39 and Tufnell, as also by Yadin and Oren at dividing the multitude of Late Bronze Age oil lamps into different types or classes. 5.5.1. Tufnell’s Classification at Lachish

The front part is horizontal, lower or higher than the walls. This marked change occurs toward the end of the Late Bronze Age. Variations in the shape of the bases of the oil lamps are not considered, but there are marked changes in the form of the rim.

Tufnell classified the lamps found in the sanctuary phases:40 (1) LB I (1475-1400 BCE); (2) the transitional phase (1400-1325 BCE); and (3) LB II (1325-1223 BCE). The different types belonging to the entire Late Bronze Age were assigned to Classes C to G. (Classes A and B belong to MB II.)

5.5.2. Tel ДaΞor At ДaΞor an attempt was made at classifying the oil lamps discovered in Pits 7021 in Areas E, and 9024 in Area D Stratum 1.41

Class C (1550-1500 BCE) comprises oil lamps with raised spouts, flat rims, shallow bowls, flattened or rounded bases. Parallels to this type are adduced from Megiddo Strata X - XI, and oil lamps from Jericho of the LB I.

5.5.3. Beth Shean Another division was made by Oren on the basis of the excavations at Beth Shean:42 he divided the oil lamps into two main types, A and B, with Type A subdivided into three groups—A1, A2, A3. Lamps of Subtype A1 still retain MB II features; they are round with nearly flat bases and slightly pinched rims. Subtype A2 oil lamps also belong to the same period and feature elongated saucers, and in turned and flattened rims, with parallels at

Class D (1500-1400 BCE) the oil lamp is deeper, with a wide, open spout; the central part of the bowl is higher than the fore and rear parts; these oil lamps (Tufnell; Nos. 192, 193) were used in the sanctuary in Structures I and II; parallels were found at Jericho. Class E (14th century BCE) includes oil lamps with flanged, strongly-pinched spouts (the pinching is very prominent when seen in profile); oil lamps of this type were found in Phases I, II, and III of the sanctuary (Tufnell; Nos. 195, 197, 199, 202); parallels are to Megiddo Stratum VIII, and Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum C.

41

Yadin et al., 1958, Hazor I, Stratum 1a, Shrine Area C of the LB II period, Pit 9024, Pl. CXXV:23 - 26; Pit 7021 of LB II , Pl. XCII:13-15; of LB I, Pl. CLVIII:1-8. The use of oil lamps in the pits started already in MB II. Oil lamp Pl. XCII: 13 has a rounded, thick base; oil lamp Pl. XCII: 14 from the shrine has a flat base; the lamp Pl. XCII:15 of the LB II period, a thick base verging on a disk-base. A similar lamp, Pl. LXXXVIII: 16, from Stratum 1a, Area C of LB II has, a thick base disk. From Area D Burial, Locus 9043 (Pl. XCV:8) comes a deep saucer oil lamp with a flat base similar to the oil lamp in Pl. XCII:14, which also belongs to the LB I; the rim is only slightly everted. From the same locus, Pl. XCV: 9, the lamp-bowl is very shallow, resembling an MB II type with an inverted rim and a rounded-to-flattened base. Locus 9024 (MB II), Pl. CXVIII: 1-4, contained also toggle-pins typical of the end of MB II or early LB I. In Pl. CXXII: 21-25 are, some lamps from L9024 of the LB I, while Pl. CXXV: 23-26 lamps are already dated to LB II and have wide wick-rests and pronounced rims. 42 Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, p. 87, Fig. 26:9; Tombs, T.42, 59, Fig. 38:1 4; T.27, 29: Fig. 30:22; T.42, 25; T.59.

Class F (13th century BCE) comprises the oil lamps with raised fore part (Tufnell; Nos. 200, 203) and heavy, flanged rim tending to tip the spout upward and change the angle of the lamp, which become marked especially in Class G, and were used in Sanctuary III; parallels in

39

Amiran, 1969, Ancient Pottery, Late Bronze Age. Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Classes E, F, G, Pl. XLVA, B; idem., 1958, Lachish IV, p. 186, Pls. 72 - 73, p. 184. 40

49

LATE BRONZE AGE Lachish in the pre-sanctuary phase, and in Megiddo Stratum IX, Tomb 1100A. Lamps of Subtype A3 are similar, but with some flattening of the rims. They belong to the same period as Megiddo Tomb 1100A and Lachish Sanctuary I. Type B oil lamps have deep bowls with rounded bases, prominent spouts, and flattened rims like the oil lamps in Structure II and III at Lachish; parallels were found in Megiddo Stratum VIIIB Tomb 78.

5.9. Special Oil Lamps An oil lamp with a base decorated in applied (?) relief was found at Tel Dotan (Figure 5.31).50 The configuration represents a woman with outstretched arms and hands; the head forms the base of the spout. The face, facing forward at the spout, is molded in detail: the head, surrounded by a diadem, recalling figurines from Дama in North Syria. The depiction or the idea recalls the cosmetic bowls supported by the Egyptian style of the ‘Swimming woman’ or the woman that supports a mirror.51

5.5.4. Sarepta (Sarafand, Lebanon) The site is important for having been a large Phoenician ceramic center in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages43. Oil lamps from stratigraphic levels were found and divided typologically according to rim profile: L-1 = Megiddo Strata XI – X. 5.6. Multiple-Spouted Oil Lamps Seven-spouted oil lamps fashioned in the previous tradition were found in the excavations at Tel Mor (#836) and Tel Haror,44 and at Tel Dotan in Tomb 1, which contained about 1000 offering vessels45 dated to the end of the Late Bronze Age. From Tel Zippor, #837 is the only handmade lamp with multiple-spouts, of which three indented—spouts survived. At Ras Shamra (Ugarit), an appreciable number of footed, multiple-spouted oil lamps was discovered in a hoard of vessels imported from Cyprus and was dated to the 15th-14th centuries BCE.46 5.7. ‘Closed’ Oil Lamps

Figure 5.31. Lamp decorated with a Woman in relief Cooley and Pratico, 1994, Tel Dothan, Figs. 17,18.

In Megiddo Stratum VIII an oil lamp was found with therim pinched to create a special opening for the wick at the front, and a second one at the rear, similar to the oil lamps found at Tel Zeror and others47 of Iron I and II (see § 6.4.2., below) and later, in the Hellenistic period.

5.10. Metal Oil Lamps Oil lamps made of bronze were found at the cultic site of Jazirat en - Na`ami.52

5.8. Footed, Raised Single-spouted Oil Lamps} Such oil lamps are few in this period. At Gezer a stand was found which served as oil lamp.48 An oil lamp placed on top of a chalice from Gezer Tomb 5849 accompanies an assemblage similar to the one from Tel Dotan which may date to the end of the period.

43

Anderson, 1982, Sarepta; 1987, Sarepta; Khalifeh, 1988, Sarepta II. Dothan, 1973, Tel Mor, Pl. 9:104 (right). Oren, 1991, Tel Haror, p. 9. 45 Free, 1960, Dothan, Tomb 1 of the LB IA period, p. 10-11, Fig. 3, four burial levels were found. In Level 4, starting in the LB IIA (1400 1300 BCE), 56 oil lamps were found; in Level 3 of LB IIB period (1300 - 1200 BCE), 31 lamps; in Level 2 of the transitional LB IIB-IA (1200 BCE), 70 oil lamps; in Level 1IA (1200 - 1100 BCE) were 48 oil lamps. 46 Schaeffer, 1949, Minet el - Beida, Ur II (1450 - 1365 BCE), in Depot 213, Fig. 52:29, 30, a chalice with seven wick-rests. In Ras Shamra, Tomb XXXVII, Figs. 65:5 and 71:15, an oil lamp with a flat base of Ur II-III. Minet el - Beida, Ur 2 - 3, Fig. 76:11, a lamp with almost straight rim; in Fig. 101:31, 10 wick-rests on a high pedestal. 47 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VII, Pl. 62:7. Ohata, 1968, Tel Zeror II, Pl. X: 9, 10 and Pl. XLVIII: 1, 2. 48 Macalister, 1912, Gezer II, p.166, Fig. 327. 49 Ibid., Tomb 58, pp. 321 - 2, Pl. LXXI:1. 44

50

Cooley and Pratico. 1994, Tell Dothan, Figs. 17, 18. Ben Aryieh, 1977, Pl.V and figurine Pl.VI: 1-2, of the Late Bronze II. Dothan 1979, Deir el-Balach of the Iron I period, made of albastar Figs.142-144, pp.61-63, see discussion. Keel & Schroer, 2004: 150: 122 & 121. 52 Artzy. 1991, Tel Nami, p.36, bronze oil lamps with funnel-shaped spouts were discovered in a cult place. 51

50

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

CHAPTER 6 IRON AGE I The Iron Age following the ‘Canaanite’ period—the Bronze Age—is also known as the “Israelite’ period to emphasize the concept of a new era based on a change in the ethnic and cultural history of ancient Palestine.

northern coast, is found in the central parts of the country as well as in other regions. Both the Philistine and Phoenician cultures influenced the ceramic industry in Palestine.

The first period of the Iron Age is divided into two phases: Iron IA (1200-150 BCE), and Iron IB (1150-1000 BCE). Iron IA was regarded as a formative stage of ‘Israelite’ cultural identity according to the traditionally accepted theory, that the Hebrew-Israelite tribes settled and established themselves in the country. They did not, however, occupy all of Palestine at first. They avoided the large cities such as Megiddo, Beth Shean, Jericho, and Lachish, whose populations did not change. Dense settlement in villages and other sedentary occupational forms occurred mainly in the northern part of the country and on the central mountain ridge (highlands) between the Be’er Sheva` and Jezreel. Only later did the ‘settlers’ penetrate into the other regions of the country, a process which lasted until the 10th century BCE. The urban culture of Palestine remained Canaanite at least until that time. The new settlement sites were mostly small villages. Some of the habitations were only pit-dwellings. Although there was also some rebuilding over earlier settlements, such sites are few and with meager remains.

6.1. Oil Lamps from Stratigraphic Contexts The significant change in the settlement pattern and possibly in the composition of the population brings out even more the continuity and persistence of the oil lamp tradition from the preceding period—the Late Bronze Age.3 The possible advent of new culture changed the character of the local material culture only slightly, as expressed also in the forms of clay vessels, and of oil lamps in particular. The archaeological discoveries for this period show that oil lamps are very slightly more numerous in the large towns, or in sites that were continuously occupied from early periods, such as Tel Dan Strata VI-VII (#839) Har Adir (#840); Sasa found in a pit (#841); Tel Kishyon (#859 - #861); Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Strata IV & III (#862- #869), and Tel Нippor (#902- #905).4 Ashdod Stratum 2 (#951) and Tel Masos (#962- #965) showing Philistine influence. In the smaller settlements the picture differs, precluding definitive conclusions, but the total number of oil lamps is small. (A list of sites appears at the end of the chapter).

The characteristic new material culture of this stage, such as in the clay vessels, includes large jars, which are known as the collared-rim storage jars,1 or pithoi, and new types of cooking pots. The rest of the material culture is less innovative and appears as variants, modifications, or extensions and developments of the local Canaanite culture.

6.2. Oil Lamps in Cultic Contexts: Foundation Offerings and Sanctuaries As noted for the LB II (see § 5.2.), it was apparently a common practice to place an oil lamp between two large bowls as a foundation offering, as found at Tel Miqne. Just a few oil lamps turned up in the small number of Iron I sanctuaries, at of Beth Shean. One oil lamp was in the storage room of the sanctuary of the time of Seti I east of the Altar Room 1043, and another one in the sanctuary of Ramses I of the 13th century BCE. In the northern Room 1010 were only fragments of oil lamps. Yet another oil lamp was found in the corridor north of the sanctuary. In the sanctuary of Ramses III of the 12th century BCE, fragments of oil lamps were discovered under the floor, as well as a high stand on which a lamp was mounted

The ‘Israelites’ did not settle in the coastal and southcentral parts of the country then under Philistine domination. Another dominant culture, the Phoenician, was centered in the northern coastal plain, around Tyre and Sidon (Сaida). The history of the Sea Peoples in Palestine until the end of Iron I and the beginning of Iron II may be reconstructed in part from the material remains they left behind, and which have come to light in archaeological excavations.2 The flourishing Philistine culture, with its characteristic decorated and painted pottery specific to the southern coastal and adjacent regions of the country, also extended to the interior. Large quantities of Phoenician pottery of characteristic shapes and features such as burnishing, which was manufactured along the 1 2

3 This was also suggested by S. Geva, 1989, Kempinski, 1985:399 - 407 stresses the Egyptian influence and the continuity of the Canaanite tradition. Geva, 1989: 149-153. Eran, 2004, Megiddo Stratum VIA, Lamps pp.49-50; Loud 1948, Megiddo II, Pls.72: 7, 79:7-9. 4 Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, Stratum II, 6 oil lamps were found along the southern wall in Tomb 2, together with the other vessels; in the northeastern corner they were upside-down. The oil lamp type resembles the lamps from Beth Shean. Hamilton, 1935, Tel Abu – Hawam, Stratum III, p.23, Figs.92 - 94. Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Sippor, Stratum III, Fig. 7:8.

Biran, 1989, Dan, collared-rim jars. Yannai, 1996, Material Culture of Canaan.

51

IRON AGE I (#1441;Ch; 9.4 and 9.5).5 At Tell Qasila Sanctuaries 2005 and 131 of the 10th century BCE, some oil lamps were found in situ.6 The small number of oil lamps leads one to surmise that their importance declined in the temple rituals. In the cultic ceremonies at Beth Shean and Tell Qasila more use may have been made of other ritual vessels such as chalices, goblets, incense-burners, and stands specially made for such purposes. Only in about the 10th century BCE, do oil lamps with seven spouts mounted on a high foot resembling a chalice become common as part of the appurtenances of many public buildings.

northern Palestine are `En HaNaΞiv-“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”(#845 - #848); Tel Menora (#851- #857), Megiddo Tombs 1101A (#870) and 221a (with four chambers),9 and Beth Shean Tomb 66A-C with anthropoid coffins. The latter is the only burial containing many oil lamps (#844). More oil lamps turned up in burials in the central and southern parts of the country (six times more than in the norh). Baqa el Gharbiya, Tel Dotan Tomb 110 was in use from the 14th century BCE to the end of the 12th century BCE. It is the largest single-chamber tomb, consisting of a vertical shaft and stepped entry- way, and with eight kokhs. The tomb contained the largest number (several hundred) burials in five levels, with 2756 vessels, of which 600 were oil lamps. In Level 1 of this tomb (12001100 BCE) were nearly 50 oil lamps. In the Gibeon (elJib, Giv`on) burial-cave11 about half of the funerary offerings were oil lamps: 223 out of 500 vessels. Nor is it always possible to establish the physical connection between the deceased and the placement of the oil lamp, as is often the case for the preceding periods. Apparently, there was no change in the proximity of the oil lamps to the deceased in both the earlier and the following periods.

6.3. Oil Lamps in Funerary Contexts Funerary rites and burial practices are reflected in the offerings left in tombs. In Philistia and Judah in the 12th century BCE, burial in rock-hewn chambers having benches or shelves, or arcosolia cut along the walls and a repository pit in the floor, becomes common. The deceased were laid out on these benches, and when the flesh decayed the bones and funerary offerings were collected and placed in the central repository pit of the tomb, thus making room for new burials. This practice was probably adopted by the Israelite population from the Philistine culture which, originated in the Aegean islands.7

In burial tombs at Beth Shemesh (#876-#895) In Tel `EΓon Tomb C1 (#906-#941, 12th-10th centuries BCE), two niches for lamps are cut in the second chamber to the left of the entrance. The skeleton lying in a supine position in the upper level was surrounded by oil lamps, a Philistine krater, and, a flask. Out of 120 vessels in the burial, about 50 were oil lamps. In another tomb at Tel `EΓon (11th-9th centuries BCE) two niches were cut for lamps, one oil lamp being found on the floor near by.12 At Azor a Philistine stone built tomb 66 one lamp was found (#949). At Ashdod-Yam (first half of the 12th century BCE), lamps #953 and #954 were found in a tomb attributed to North African mercenaries in the Egyptian army.13 Oil lamps were also found in Tell el-Farah (South) Tombs 532 and 542 (#955- # 960) in the ‘500 Cemetery’.14 Oil lamps come also from Gezer Tombs 9, 58, and 59 (late 13th-early 10th centuries BCE); in Tomb

Among the few burial-caves with benches and arcosolia in the north are those at Tel Bira8 (12th-10th centuries BCE), where bodies in supine position were accompanied by cult offerings, including oil lamps laid in a depression in the benches. In northern burial-caves, far fewer objects—among them oil lamps—seem to have been placed next to the deceased. Among the cave-burials in 5 James, 1966, Beth Shan, Level VI, L 1721, west of hearth, Fig. 52:12; L1021, from the floor of the southern temple, Fig. 6:28, 3 entire lamps and fragments were found. Fitzgerald, 1930, in the temple of Raamses II, Pl. XLVII: 22 - 24, unusual oil lamps with wide, upturned flanged rim, and a dome-like base; from the lower Level V (1100 - 1000 BCE), Fig. 62:1. 6 Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasila II, Stratum XI, Area C, p. 78, 17 oil lamps were found; in Temple 200-5 and other loci, 4 oil lamps; in Cistern 25, 2 oil lamps. In Strata X-XI and Temple 300, one lamp; in Strata IX; one lamp (with Philistine pottery). No lamps were found in Stratum VII. In a cistern only waste was dumped. All the oil lamps have rounded bases and slightly flanged rims; Stratum X, Temple 131 of the 10th century BCE, Fig. 43:2, 3, the rim becomes more pronounced in the oil lamps. In this Temple (131), 3 oil lamps were found, each one different from the other. Stratum IX, Fig. 52:8, lamps have Iron I characteristics, with an indistinct rim. Stratum XI, Temple 200, L227, Fig. 20:15-18, lamps vary: No. 17 has a thick base; L125, Fig. 31:3-5, all have thick bases and narrow, flanged rims. L147, Fig. 26:12, thick base and no flange; L244, Fig. 25:1-3, all lamps have thick bases. The appearance of lamps where the rim is not well pronounced, together with flanged rim, are typical to the Iron I period; the development of the flange is slow and gradual toward the 10th century BCE. In the second half of the 11th century and first half of the 10th century BCE the oil lamps closely resemble the above. Flanged horizontal rims become common and established only toward the second half of the 10th century BCE and in the 9th century BCE. 7 Waldbaum, 1966, Tel Fara, pp. 331-340. Loffreda, 1986, Rock-cut tombs, pp. 244 - 287. Ussishkin, 1974, Tel Eitun, pp. 123-126. 8 Prausnitz, 1962. Tel Bir el-Gharbi (Yas`ur), IEJ 12: 143; idem, 1975, IEJ 25: 25. Bloch-Smith, 1992, Burial Practice (Tel Aitun), p. 172.

9 Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 117 - 127 and p. 138, the cemetery was outside the city boundaries on the eastern slope. The first burials took place in the LB; some of the caves served previously as dwellings; part of the burial places were used in Iron II; burials of the Iron I are Nos. 17,39, 62; Jar-burial T.37 and one pit grave, T.71; Tomb 39, Pl. 68:11, narrow rim; Tomb 1102, pp. 24 - 27 was formerly a dwelling-cave. Two tombs (T.221 and T.1090), have steps and several chambers; from T.221b; Pl. 71:18, lamps with thick base and flange, 1090C; Pl. 73:14 with rounded base. 10 Bahdi, 2000, Baqa el-Gharbiya, fig.2. Free. 1960, Dothan, p. 12. Cooley and Pratico, 1995, Tel Dothan, pp. 150-169. 11 Dajani, 1951, Gibeon, p. 48, Fig. 21; idem., 1953, Gibeon Al Jib, pp. 66-67. 12 Edelstein, 1992, Tel `Etun, p. 25, Fig. 12:5-8, the rim of Lamp 9 was painted red. Forty-eight lamps of two types were found, most of poor quality, with deep bowl and wide rim (Nos. 7 [with grooved rim], 8), shallow (Nos. 5, 6). 13 Gophna and Meiron, 1970, Tomb between Ashdod and Ashqelon, Fig. 2:11,12, rounded base and rim still erect. 14 Petrie, 1930, Beth Pelet I (Tell Farah; South), pp. 6 - 8. Duncan, 1930, Tel el Fara; south. (Nineteenth Dynasty), Pl.17: S2.

52

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS In cremation and jar-burials, such as were discovered at `Afula Tomb 1 and Azor (about 17 burials),21 dating to the beginning of the Iron Age (12th-11th centuries BCE), no oil lamps accompanied the jars, but other funerary furnishings were present. This form of burial becomes common later on and is related to the Phoenician culture. Burial was occasionally in adjoining jars, as at Tel Kinrot in the Late Bronze Age (#546). A similar discovery was made at Kefar Yehoshua`, but without oil lamps.22 The same is true of Tel Zeror (LB - Iron I).23 Lamps were present in half a jar containing human remains, dated to the 13th-12th centuries BCE, found at Tel Kishyon.24 Outside Palestine, in Jordan, in Tell es-Sa`idiya Grave 63, offerings accompany jar-burials.25

59 about 40 oil lamps were among a total of 100 other vessels, and form only 3.5 % of the overall (186) assemblage in tombs at Gezer, only few Iron I .15 Oil lamps were found in Lachish Burial-Caves 559 and 571 (1250-1125 BCE),16 and in Tomb 11 (1)—a natural cave that initially was inhabited.17 In a simple grave at Azor (Tomb A) there was an oil lamp near the head of each of the three skeletons.18 Another funerary practice was Cist-Burial, which was common in the Late Bronze Age and passed to Iron I, as at Tel Zeror (1050-950 BCE), which contained oil lamps of the ‘closed’ type (e.g. 6.4.2. #968 - #972. In Deir el BalaΉ, tombs there were virtually no oil lamps. CistBurial with or without coffins, was practiced by the Sea Peoples, among them are the Philistines.19

Among the listed sites are absent burials from the highlands, two recent studies regarding their absence are R. Kletter, and A. Faust. Faust suggests,26 that this is the custom of a different society, a different ideology of “egalitarian” nature, which did not elaborate the practice of funerals and the funerary offerings. As noted, before the highlands were populated by “Israelites,” small villages, like the Izbet Sartah, mentioned before, did not yield oil lamps.27

Subterranean, constructed burials of the Phoenician culture are known from Tel Akhziv (11th-8th centuries BCE) with the offerings placed on an altar above the tomb. Chalices found inside the tombs may have served for lighting. 19a Yet another funerary practice in this period was burial in anthropoid coffins. Such burials were discovered in the Iron I (12th-11th centuries BCE) cemetery of Philistine nobles at Tell el—Farah (south) Burials 552 and 562, and at Deir el - BalaΉ (13th-12th centuries BCE). Except for one lamp in a kiln, no clay oil lamps were found with these burials. This practice is also known from the northern cemetery of Beth Shean20 (12th-11th centuries BCE), in which Egyptian merchants were buried: Tomb 66A-C contained many oil lamps of various types together with the anthropoid coffin burials. This burialcave was in use for a long time.

6.4. Typology Whatever typological changes, if any, occurred in oil lamps, they were very slow in the Iron I, and therefore a general assessment can only be made from studies of the other pottery assemblages. The oil lamps of the period are made of the same clay as other vessels, with no apparent differences between the lamps in the different regions of the country—north, center, and south. Exceptions are perhaps some of the oil lamps from the Beth Shean region, Tel Menora, and Tel Kison Strata 11-9A. Such oil lamps have deep, flower-pot-like bowls with flaring walls and flat bases, and narrow, flanged rims, dated to the first half of the 12th century BCE (e.g., Tel Menora #852, #854). Such oil lamps (#608, #610, #611) from HaifaTell Abu Hawam Stratum V (LB II) may belong to the final phase of the LB II- Iron I (early 12th century BCE according to Anati's chronology). These lamps are specific to the north of the country (e.g., Tel ДaΞor), but also appear at Tel Mikhal in central Palestine already from the Late Bronze Age.28

15

Macalister, 1912, Gezer I, pp. 308,321-325, 329-340; idem. Gezer III, Pls. LXXI: 19, LXXXI-LXXXV, with Philistine and Mycenean vessels. Dever, 1986, Gezer IV, Stratum 5C/B (12th century BCE), Pl. 35:11; Maeir, 2004 pp.17-18 &32-33 16 Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, pp. 244,246, here too the cemetery is located outside the city; no oil lamps were found in Caves 4030 (1200 BCE) and 4032 which was in continuous use from the LB. 17 Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Burial-Cave 1, Pl. XXII: 22, 29. Grant, 1938, Ain Shems IV, Pls. XXXV: 13-15, 14; idem., 1939. Ain Shems V, pp. 44-45, Tomb 11. 18 Pipano, 1984, Azor, p. 7. 19 Dothan, 1961, Azor, in the cemetery of Azor were different contemporary burials alongside each other – cist-graves in which were very few offering goods (12th century BCE); incinerated burials, Tomb 63 (11th century BCE); and Pit-tomb 56, and adjoining Jar-burial 86. T. Dothan, 1978, Deir el- Balah, coffin-burials did not contain lamps. Ohata, 1967, Tel Zeror II, Tomb III cist-grave, Pl. X: 9, 10, the lamp has a closed, pinched spout; Pl. VII: 1,2; 1970, Tel Zeror III, Pl. LX: 4, several methods of burials were practiced; the cemetery was not located within the city's limits, on the east-west slope of the northern tell. The cist burials were built also in the Iron Age. Starkey and Harding, in: Macdonald, 1932, Beth Pelet II, pp. 22-23. James, 1966, Beth-Shan, cist-burials in Strata V-VI. Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tombs 17 & 62, p. 117, Fig. 142. 19a Mazar E, 1996, Akhziv Burial Customs, Pl.6: 9 – 14. 20 Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Tomb 66C, Fig. 42b: 16 - 20. Oil lamps of different shapes were found, among them a lamp with a double spout, perhaps of Phoenician origin. The tomb was hewn in the EB IV period and was disturbed by other burials.

21

Dothan, 1956, `Afula, the eastern cemetery, Stratum IIIA, p. 47; idem., 1989, Azor. 22 Druks, 1966, Kefar Yehoshua. 23 Ohata, 1970, Tel Zeror III, Period G (1200 - 1000 BCE), pp. 71 - 72, Pl. LVI. 24 Bloch-Smith, 1992, Burial Practices (Tel Kishyon), p. 162. 25 Tubb, 1988, Tell es-Saidiyeh, pp. 60 - 61. 26 Kellter, 2002, Faust, 2004. 27 Finkelstein, 1986, Izbet Sarta. 28 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tel Keisan, Stratum 9c, Pl. 77:7 - 8; Locus F. 6067, Oil lamp 7 with a disk-base; Locus 613, Lamp 7a; Locus F. 6067, Lamp 8 with concave base. James, 1966, Beth-Shan, Level VI, Pl. 52:12. Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V, Pl. 19:8. Yadin and Geva, 1986, Beth-Shean, Stratum 4, Fig. 34:3, 4, Photo 81, deep oil lamps with flaring wall, flat bases, and narrow, flanged rim. The lamps were dated to the first half of the 12th century BCE. Yadin et al, 1961,

53

IRON AGE I These oil lamps in effect continue the tradition, which has its beginnings in the Middle and Late Bronze Age. They resemble the oil lamps from Jericho Tomb 4 Layer C; Beth Shean Stratum VI (Figure 6.32) and others.29

Figure 6.33. Deep lamp with rounded base Beth Shemesh #899 Sometimes the rim is at one with the entire wall of the oil receptacle (Tel Masos Stratum II #962, #963).31 There are, however, still some oil lamps with plain rims (#857 #954) with narrow, flat, flanged rims, like those made in LB II ( Tel Нippor Stratum III #904, Tel Esdar #966; Tel Menora #857, #855; Ashdod Yam #953); and lamps with everted-curving-convex, flanged rims (Tel Нippor # 903 & #905; Tel ‘EΓon #834 ͋ ), appears first in the late LB II and has no parallels in other periods, becomes established in Iron I. Very wide, flanged rims are characteristic to the southern part of the country (Tel Masos #962, #963).32

Figure 6.32 Deep lamp with disk base, Iron I Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Pl. 19:8 In the manufacture of oil lamps use was made of relatively deep bowls, with rounded-to-nearhemispherical bases #899; (Figure 6.33), and often also with somewhat thickened bases smoothed by techniques as in oil lamps of the earlier periods (Tel Нippor of LBII, #685). Smoothing was done either by hand or with a sharp instrument like a knife (#904 Iron I), or by other means such as twigs (#903). Sometimes, the base was intentionally thickened, by adding clay (Tel Menora #851, #853, #854) to become a near-disk- base.30 Stringcut bases reappear in Iron I (Tel Mrnora #856, #857; Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam #863).

Wide rims with an incised groove (Tel Esdar Stratum III #967) appear initially in the late LB II and now become more common, e.g., at tell Qasila Stratum XI (#942) and Lachish.33 Wide, grooved rims, which may have been in style or the work of one potter, appear on southern oil lamps, as in Tel `EΓon (#907, #928, # 933), Azor (#947).

The forms of the rims now vary: sometimes the rim is wide or becomes a narrower or wider flange, and is everted to form a slight carination (#852). In other oil lamps the rim is an upward extension of the saucer wall, while its outer part is only slightly carinated (#855).

The spouts of all these different oil lamps also vary accordingly. They are pinched and sometimes even lapped inward until the fore part of the lamp, when seen from above, assumes the form of an equilateral triangle, with triangular “cheeks” or “lips.” The space between the lips eventually becomes a narrow, elongated channel (#896) or shorter elongated U-shaped spout, (#980) found at Baqa el-Gharbiya with a “closed” lamp (see 6.4.2), or the combination of U and V shaped (Tel EΓon #919, #933). Or, the spout may also be funnel-like, of a wider, shorter, and triangular V-shape, in which case the lips are more elongated and the spout takes up a larger

Hazor III - IV, Stratum XII, Pl. CLXX: 21. Negbi, 1989, Tel Michal, Stratum XV (already of LB period), Fig.5.7.11. Chronology: Iron I at Beth Shean Stratum 1 (10th century BCE) = Megiddo Stratum VA-IVB; Stratum 2 (second half of the 11th century BCE) = Megiddo Stratum VIA; Stratum 3 (second half of the 12th century BCE) = Megiddo Stratum VIB; Stratum 4 (first half of the 12th century BCE) = Megiddo Stratum VIIA; see also, Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, No. 14, Fig. 3. 29 Garstang, 1932, Late Bronze Age. Jericho, Pl. XIV: 11, 12; Tomb 4, Layer C, Pl. XIV: 13, 14, Lamp 13 has a rounded base, Lamp 14 a dome-shaped bottom like the lamps from Beth Shean. James, 1966, Beth-Shan, Level VI, Fig. 52: 12. Balensi, 1990, Tell Abu Hawam, Pl. 19: 8-9. Peleg and Yezerski, 2004, Burial Cave at Kh. Abu-Musarrah, Samaria region, Pl.9: 17. 30 Yadin and Geva, 1986, Beth-Shean, Fig. 34:3, 4.

31

Fritz & Kempinski, 1983, pl. 173.ID Ussishkin, 1978, Tel Lachish, Pl. 42:13. = where goes FN nos Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan Stratum 9a - b (second half of the 11th century BCE), Pl. 66:17; the oil lamp was found in Locus 503; traces of wheel - turning are visible.

32 33

54

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 6.4.2. ‘Closed’ Oil Lamps Made by Pinching

part of the saucer (Azor #947, #948; Tel ‘EΓon #922, #924); and Tel Esdar (#966, #967) recalling the spouts of earlier oil lamps. Wide, short U-shaped spouts, were introduced (Нefat # 517, #518, #519, #520) of the LB II, are still very common in Iron Age I (Tel Menora #857, #858, Tel EΓon #923, #926, #928, #935 & Ashdod Yam #954).

In this period, and perhaps earlier in the 14th century BCE, an attempt was made to fashion oil lamps which, deviated from the ordinary lamps (see § 5.7.) (Figure 6.34) as found in Megiddo Stratum VIII, 7.34. The changes probably reflect a desire to improve the function of the lamp. The idea was to separate the receptacle in which the oil was kept and replenished from the wick emplacement, and to create a protected place for the wick. This effect was obtained by pinching the rim to the point of creating two separate openings: one in front for the wick, and a rear one through which the oil was poured into the receptacle. These oil lamps have upright, sharp rims without a flange (#968, and others). The joints of the pinched-together rims are well-smoothed, and sometimes, additional clay was applied to seal them (#970). These pinched-rim oil lamps tend to have smaller oil receptacles. Presumably, only one workshop or potter produced limited numbers of such oil lamps, which to date are known from three different sites in the same geographic region in the central part of Palestine including Samaria. About 5 oil lamps of this kind were discovered in burials at Tel Zeror of the Late Bronze (#968 - #972), nearby at eΓ Кaiyiba, and Migdal of the Iron I-II and Baqa el-Gharbiya of the Iron Age; 10th century BCE accompanied by ordinary oil lamps, as at ‘Eilar hewn-burial cave. 35

Sometimes the fore part with the spout of the oil lamp is relatively short and the rear of the bowl is larger, so that the overall round form of the lamp is maintained, as in LB II oil lamps. In some lamps the hind part is horseshoe-shaped. The tendency to a horseshoe outline begins now, increases in Iron II and approaches a ‘CyproPhoenician’ type of oil lamp: (7.3.2 below). The horseshoe shape and short lapping seem to be an outside influence. Elevating the spout of the lamp by tilting the vessel backward still persists (Tel Masos Stratum II #963, Tel Esdar Stratum III #966), but is no longer widespread. On the whole, the spouts in the Iron I oil lamps occupy also only a small portion of the saucer. Most of the oil lamps are deep, but there are also shallow ones, their rims starting from the bottom of the saucer as in oil lamps from `En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” #846 and Tel Masos #963) and from Tel Dan (#511) of the LB II..

This Iron Age ‘experimental’ oil lamp is unique in time and place and does not recur. Similar oil lamp forms only appear again in Palestine in the Hellenistic period, in what is known as the ‘Hasmonean’ oil lamp, which was formed by the same technique from a much smaller bowl (see Chapter 11, below). The same technique was employed also in oil lamps from Miletus in Asia Minor in the 6th-5th centuries BCE. In Greece a different technique led eventually to the actual closing of oil lamps.

Signs of turning on a wheel are visible on some oil lamps that are not smoothed, e.g., Tel Kison33 and elsewhere, and in some cases there is a small conical depression in the center of the bowl, as at Tel Menora (#852. #853. #855) and Tel Masos Stratum II (#963).Wheel-turning marks are more common in the Late Bronze Age.

6.4.1. Painted and Slip-Covered Oil Lamps 6.4.3. Footed Oil Lamps Not many slip-covered and burnished oil lamps of Iron Age I are known, but these are relatively numerous compared to both the preceding and the following periods. Oil lamps with slip-covered rims come from Tel ДaΞor; Gan HaShelosha-Tel-`Amal; Gezer; Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum B, with painted rim; and from HaZorea`Tel Qiri Stratum VIII (Iron I), Tel `EΓon, and `Afula where the lamp is entirely covered with paint, and Tur’an (10th-9th century BCE).34

A source of light on a stand or foot provides better illumination over a greater area, and also makes it more convenient to move the oil lamp. After the MB I (EB IV) the practice of elevating oil lamps was abandoned in Palestine, and reappears only now. In order to achieve this effect, oil lamps were placed on disused chalices. Such arrangements were discovered at Tell Esdar;36 in several chalices in a cult area of the Iron I. Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tel Eitun, Fig. 12: 8 (#937). Gal and Covello-Paran, 1996, `Afula, p. 58, Fig. 28:4. Shalem and Gal, 2000, Fig.5: 2. 35 Ohata, 1967, Tel Zeror II and III, LX:4, & XLVIII:1, 2 and Pls. X:9, 10. Yannai, 1993, Majdal, Fig.1:8 (11th century BCE); 1995, Northern Sharon, pp.279-281. Loud, 1948,) Megiddo II, Stratum VIII (LB period), Pl. 62:7; Pl. 136:22, the lamp has a rounded base. Badhi, 2000, Baqa el- Gharbiya, Fig. 2:9, dated to the 10th century BCE. Magen and Eisenstadt, 2004, pl.26: 1&2 with rounded bases. The rest of the lamps with narrow flanged rims, one is painted no.3 resemble the Baqa elGharbiya lamps. 36 Kochavi. 1969, Tel Esdar, Stratum III, Building 80, Locus 87 (11th century BCE), p. 29, Fig. 9:12, Pl. VIII: 1, were found within "stone installation" (Pl. VII: 1).

34

Yadin et al, 1961, Hazor III - IV, Locus 365 from a pit of the Iron I, p. 30, Pl. CLXIV: 7; idem., 1989, Hazor III-IV. In this level two types of lamps were found, one with a flat string-cut base similar to the lamps found in Beth Shean; the second with a flattened base like in Megiddo, Strata VII and VI. Levy & Edelstein, 1972, Tel Amal, Fig. 14:3, 4 dated to the end of the period. Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Tombs 84, 85, Pl. LXXXIX: 2, an oil lamp with rim painted brown-red. Albright, 1943, Tell Beit Mirsim XXI - XXII Stratum B (11th century BCE), Pl. 12:8, the rim was painted like the krater in p. 93, Pl. 12:3, 4; there is a resemblance between the rims of the bowls and the lamps. The rim of the oil lamp is similar to that of a LB lamp. Ben-Tor, 1987, Tel Qiri, Stratum VIII (Iron I), Fig. 16:3, painted overall, found together with

55

IRON AGE I Tell Qasila37 Stratum X; and in Gezer in the LB II.38 The stand, in this case, is therefore not an integral part of the oil lamp.

settlements where several different forms appear in consecutive levels. Thus, for example, at Tel Masos five stratigraphic (inhabited) phases are distinguished in the Iron I: the first, Phase IIIB (13th-12th centuries BCE); the second, Phase IIIA (12th century BCE); the third, Phase IIB (12th-11th centuries BCE); the fourth, Phase IIA (11th century BCE);42 nd the fifth, Phase I (11th-10th centuries BCE), which may explain the different shapes of the oil lamps. At Beth Shean, four phases were identified; and two phases in Megiddo Stratum VIA+B (1150-1100 BCE). Because of the multiplicity of phases it is not possible to identify and describe the typical Iron I oil lamp. Since most of the tombs were in use over long periods, even in those that were only used for a single burial, as at Jatt (Tel Gat), it is difficult to distinguish among the Iron I oil lamps by form. The only way to date them is by comparison with oil lamps found in stratigraphic levels of established dating. The oil lamps look as though, they were made by various craftsmen. No attempt seems to have been made to give them a uniform appearance. In making the oil lamps, local potters adapted techniques and methods they used in creating the rims of pottery vessels in general, such as the rims of chalices at Tel Masos,43 or the upward-tending or carinated flange-type rims of the contemporary large bowls from `Atlit.44 There are also similarities to the bases of jars and of other vessels.45 In contrast to earlier periods, one has the impression that potters worked to no established standard of form and quality.

Figure 6.34.‘Closed’ oil lamp Oahata 1967, Tell Zeror Pl. XXVIII A footed oil lamp made of one piece was found at Gibeon (el-Jib, Giv`on),39 and another one (#1441) in Beth Shean Stratum V (end of Iron I) with a 24cm high stand on which was a contemporaneous, single-spouted oil lamp with an upward-slanting, wide-flanged rim. Footed, single-spout oil lamps are not common; they are known from the Iron II (see § 9.5. and 9.6.)

Attempts at sorting the Iron I oil lamps and determining a chronological scale were made at the Tell en-Na&sbeh excavations in 1947 by Wampler and McCown.46 They adopted three features as criteria: (1) the extent of pinching the spout; (2) the width of the rim; and (3) the type of base. They concluded that only after the 10th century BCE were there more oil lamps with really flat, flanged rims. Flat-rimmed oil lamps already existed— albeit in small numbers—throughout the entire period, beginning in LB II.

A footed, multi-spouted oil lamp of the period was discovered at Tel Ta`anakh.40 Lamps such as these become common after the 10th century BCE. 6.4.4. Pottery Fragments Used as Oil Lamps One base of a jar was found in Megiddo to be used as a lamp.41

In the Tell Qasila excavation report, A. Mazar states that the changeover to horizontal flanged rims began only in

6.5. Summary The Iron I oil lamps display transitional characteristics of considerable variety appearing concurrently in the same burial-caves. This is evident in burial-caves that were used for a long time. The same picture emerges in the

42

Fritz & Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Pl. 149:8-10, 3 oil lamps (pp. 231) are from Room 331 in House 312, Area H, Stratum II (12th - 11th century BCE); another oil lamp (Pl. 143:7 [539/1]) was found in Room 307 in the same building. 43 Ibid., Pl. 149:1; cf. Lamps 8 - 10. 44 Johns, 1938, Atlit, Figs. 9:2, 9:3. 45 Dothan, 1971, Ashdod II-III, bowls, Pl. 77:1,2 and Lamp 13; compare the rims; and Yadin et al 1961, Hazor III - IV, Pl. CLXX: 21, compare bases. 46 Wampler, 1947, Tell En-Nasbeh II, Graves 5, 29, 32, 54 of the 10th century BCE, pp. Pl. 70:1594 -1615; Vol. I, pp. 91 - 92, Pl. 39. No oil lamps with disk-bases were found in the graves, and hardly any lamps with disk-bases turned up in the excavation of the town. The excavators believe that oil lamps with affinities to early types were widely used in the burials.

37

Maisler, 1950-1, Tell Qasile, Stratum X, Pl. 26:6. Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Pl. LXXXI: 6, many chalices were found in the burials, at least one chalice in each burial. Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type; 17: S2. 39 Dajani, 1956, El Jib, Fig. 20:53 (143), the lamp has a V-shaped spout and everted rim; the lamp is fitted upon a hollow stand; traces of wheel turning in the center of the bowl. 40 Sellin, 1905, Tell Ta'annek, Figs. 28,31. 41 Eran, 2004: 49-50 Pl.17: 11 38

56

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS the 11th-10th century BCE.47 Perhaps the oil lamps with plain rims should be considered the earlier type, but they were used concurrently with the wide, flanged-rim oil lamps, as in Tell Qasila Sanctuary 131. Wide, flanged rims and shallow containers are usually associated with the later phases of the Iron Age, but there are many exceptions, and, as has been mentioned, flanged rims appear toward the end of LB II and continue, if somewhat wider, in oil lamps from Megiddo Stratum VIIA (12001150 BCE).48

Iron I features; Dothan and Porath, 1982, Ashdod Area M, Fig. 5:5, 8, Oil lamp #452, Stratum 11 (Xb) of Iron I (before mid-11th century BCE).Dothan, 1973, Tel Mor, pp. 1-17, the lamp is not yet published. Gophna, 1964, (Iron Age), pp. 236-246. Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Sippor, Fig. 3:8, surface find; Stratum III, Fig. 7:8, the oil lamp does not differ from the one found on the surface from Stratum III of the LB II (13th -early 12th century BCE). In Stratum II a new element – the Philistine – appears. Did the same Canaanite population occupy Stratum II? There is no destruction and no change between Stratum II and Stratum I, which dates to the Iron I period. The site was abandoned at the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 10th century BCE at the latest. On the floor of Stratum III (p.163), three lamps were found together with Cypriot imported ware of the late LB and beginning of the Iron Age. The stratum has a Canaanite character; the lamp has a narrow rim. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, pp. 282-284, Pl. 83, Types 140,142 - 144; the Class L3 lamps with rims not forming a ledge all have rounded bases. Most of the lamps come from tombs. In Locus 1002, and a path near the gate in Stratum II, an eight-spout oil lamp was found. Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum VI, Pl. 40:10,11, Pl. 42:11 - 13; Stratum V, in Room 49 each lamp is different and typical to the end of the Iron I. Oil lamp 11 in Pl. 40, has a sunken base (nearly a ring-base). The lamps here are similar to the Tel Masos oil lamps. Stratum VI is dated from the end of the LB (13th century BCE), after which there is an occupational gap until Stratum V of the late 10th century. There is no connection between the strata. Seger, 1983, Tell Halif, Strata X-VIII; Stratum VII (end of the 11th century BCE). Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum B1 (Iron II), Pl. 51:6. Stratum B, Pl. 50:6; Stratum B2, the oil lamps having heavy, rounded bases and wide rims were found within a structure; Stratum B3 is Philistine. Herzog, 1984, Beer Sheba II, Stratum IX, (1150 - 1050 BCE), Fig. 19:13, the lamp is in the LB tradition, with wide rim; Stratum VIII (1050 - 1025 BCE); Stratum VII (11th - 10th century BCE), Fig. 24:8; the lamp has a wide, flat rim; Stratum VI (10th century BCE), Fig. 30:10 - 12, the lamps are similar to those found in Tel Masos, with heavy bases, deep bowl, and wide rim. Kelm and Mazar, 1982, Tel Batash, Stratum V, pp. 1-36, Philistine culture. Kelso, 1968, Bethel, pp. 32-35, the cultural break between the LB and Iron I is absolute. There are four Israelite occupational phases, in the first three are changes in the new construction but no change in the pottery repertoire (Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum B1). The pottery only changes in the fourth phase (Tell Beit Mirsim B2 and B3). Stratum 1 (end of LB, 12th century BCE); Stratum 2 (12th century BCE); Stratum 3 (first half of the 11th century BCE); Stratum 4 (end of the 10th century BCE). Dever and Seger, 1986, Gezer IV, Field VI, general Strata XIV - XV – Stratum 8/7, Pl. 13:21, a shallow, wide-flanged rim together with local LB - Iron I (pre-Philistine) pottery; Stratum 6C/B (12th century BCE, Iron IB), in the intermediate level, Pl. 22:12, 18, a lamp with a thickened base and a rim which does not form a real flange, together with Philistine ware. Stratum 6A (Iron IB) contained Philistine ware, Pl. 33:1, a more typical oil lamp with a wide-flanged rim and simple base. Stratum 5C/B (late 12th -early 11th century BCE), Pl. 35:11, was found an oil lamp with rounded, out-turned, wide rim. Lamps of Stratum 5C (Pl. 38:12, 13) same wide flanges. In Stratum 4 (Iron IC, late 11th - mid10th century BCE) there is no change in the lamps (Pl. 46:13); the thinwalled lamp is tilted forward. All the above strata are included in the general Strata XIV-XV dated to the early Iron Age. Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Stratum II (LB tradition), Area H, House 314, Rooms 307 and 331, Pl. 143:7 (539/1). Kochavi, 1969, Tel Isdar, Stratum III (end of the 11th century BCE), Building 80, Locus 87, Pl. VII: 1, the oil lamp and a chalice were found next to each other; the oil lamp probably had been placed on top of the broken chalice. Of the two oil lamps in Fig. 12:10, 11 the latter was set on a chalice (Fig. 12:9 and Pl. VIII: 3), one of them has grooves incised around the base of the rim. All the oil lamps have deep bowls and flat, flanged rims. Loffreda, 1977, Nazaret, Fig. 3:6 with V- shaped spout and Fig. 6. Bloch - Smith, 1992. 50 Harding, 1953, Amman, Madeba (Jordan), an early Iron Age tomb (1200 - 1160 BCE), Fig. 17:94 - 119, covers the transition between the LB and Iron I. All the oil lamps have rounded bases, narrow-to-wide flanged rims like the lamps from Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum B1.

The sites and occupational levels and burials containing oil lamps of the Iron Age I are, from north to south: Tel Dan Stratum VI-V; ДaΞor Stratum XII-XI; Beth Shean Strata VI-V; Tel Kison Strata 9C-11; Gan HaSheloshaTel `Amal Stratum IV (early 10th century BCE); `Afula Strata 1-III; Haifa-Tell Abu-Hawam Strata VB-IV; Megiddo Strata VIB+A; HaZorea`-Tel Qiri Stratum VIII; Tel Ta`anakh Stratum IA+B; Tel Zeror Period IA (12001000 BCE) (tombs); Azor, Tell Qasila Strata XII-X; Ashdod Strata XIII-XI; Ashdod Yam. Tel Mor Strata 6-3; Tel Нippor Strata III-II; Lachish Stratum VI; Tel Дalif Stratum VII; Tell Beit Mirsim Strata B2-B3; Be’er Sheva` Strata IX-VI; Tel BaΓash VC-A; Bet El Strata 2-4; Gezer Strata XIII-IX; Tel Masos Stratum II; Tel Esdar Stratum III; and additional sites in Transjordan which actually form one unit with the west bank of the Jordan49 Near the sites are also the various cemeteries.50 47

A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasila, p. 78. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIA, Pl. 70:6; Stratum VII, Pl. 72:6. 49 Biran, 1989, Tel Dan, Stratum VI-V, pp. 121-134, Figs. 12-21.Yadin et al, 1961, Hazor III-IV, Stratum XII Area A, Pl. CLXIX: 7 - 11, Oil lamp 7 is painted red; Lamp 9 has a disk-base; deep Lamp 10, a flat base like the lamps from Beth Shean with flaring walls. Each oil lamp was found in a different locus. Stratum XII of the Iron I, Pl. CLXX:21, oil lamps with thick bases like those of the jars. Yadin and Geva, 1986, Beth-Shean, p. 82, photo 81, Fig. 34:3,4, an oil lamp with a prominent spout and wide rim is transitional between LB II and Iron I. Yadin & Geva, 1989:30. Two types of lamps are known, the first is small with a flat and thick and string-cut base, like the lamp from Beth Shean; this is a continuation of the LB form. The second type is simple and has a flat base like in Megiddo Strata VII - VI. Ben-Tor, 1989, Hazor II-IV, Area A, Stratum X - IX, Building 2a, p. 39, Pl. CLXIX:2 - 4.Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tel Keisan. Levi and Edelstein, 1972, Tel Amal. Dothan, 1956, `Afula, Stratum IIIA, Fig. 14:198, 20, 6 lamp fragments (mid-12th century BCE, or somewhat earlier, to 1070-1050 BCE). More fragments in different levels – unstratified. Maisler, 1951, Tell Abu Hawam, pp. 21 - 25. Van Beek, 1955:26-29. Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Pl.19: 7 - 9. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIIA of the end of the LB - Iron I, Pl.70: 6, 7, Oil lamp 6 from Locus 061 B3 has a thickened base and wide, flanged rim; Lamp 7 has a rounded base and no flange; Stratum VII, Pl. 72:6 - 8, Lamp 6 with wide, flanged rim, Lamp 7, found in the temple, has straight walls with no flange at all, and Lamp 8 with slanting wall and upturned ledge-rim; Stratum VIB, Pl. 74:13, thickened base and wide flange. Stratum VIA, Pl. 79:7 - 9, upright rims, similar to those in the previous strata, No. 8 has a very narrow flange. Ben-Tor and Portugali, 1987, Tell Qiri, the oil lamps were divided according to the rim types of the other bowls; Stratum VIII, Area D, Locus 690 of Iron I, Fig. 16:3, painted oil lamp with a wide, flanged rim and thick base; Stratum VII, Fig. 24:6, an oil lamp in an LB tradition with curved base. Ohata, 1967, Tel Zeror II, Pl. XLVIII; idem., 1970, Tel Zeror III, Pl. XV:1-13. Rast, 1978, Taanach I, Stratum IA (1200 - 1150 BCE), Fig. 90:2, 3, the lamp is made in the LB tradition without a flange and upright rim only; Stratum IB (1150 - 1125 BCE). A. Mazar, 1985, Tel Qasila, Stratum XII-X, p. 125. Southern sites: Dothan, 1967, Ashdod, Area C, L2001 (12th century BCE), Fig. 34:9; 1971, Area G, Fig. 77:13, Stratum 5 (IX - VIII) with 48

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

CHAPTER 7 IRON AGE IIA AND IIB The second period of the Iron Age sees the further expansion and penetration of the Israelites into the various parts of the country, including some of the large cities. In archaeological finds, “Israelite” elements predominate over older local cultures. The establishment of the monarchy marks the unification of the tribal territories into one state. Philistine culture, whose hegemony was centered mainly in the south of the country with offshoots into the center, gradually weakens and disappears toward the end of the period, as do the characteristic features of Canaanite culture. However, along with the spread of ‘Israelite’ influence in the north and the Mediterranean coast, Phoenician culture continues to flourish, greatly influencing the crafts and architecture. This is reflected in the biblical narrative on the construction of Solomon’s Temple with Phoenician help. Thanks to active maritime commerce, Phoenician pottery is now also found far from the Phoenician workshops. Western cultural influences weakened and only intensified again at the end of the period. Philistine culture and influence is weakening, but does persist in the south.

tombs may thus complement the overall contemporary picture of the choice of types. Two different dating are also given here: the first two phases of the Iron Age as commonly accepted Iron IIA (1000-925 BCE) or suggested by Mazar A (2004) (980940 BCE) and Iron IIB (925-720 BCE) or (840-720 BCE) are dealt with together here. 7.1. Oil Lamps from Stratigraphic Excavations The function and uses of oil lamps may perhaps be inferred from the place in which they were found among the remains of the various settlements. Generally lamps are scarce in buildings uncovered in tells. As in Iron I, some of the structures were rebuilt over the ruins of the preceding period, and some of the surviving old construction may have been used over again. Only later, in Iron IIB, does a real change occur in the architecture, with new and different buildings. In Megiddo Stratum IV (second quarter of the 9th century BCE to 733 BCE) there is evidence of marked prosperity, expressed in the construction of the palaces and a regional capital.1 At Beth Shemesh Stratum IIA (10th century BCE) the Governor’s House dates to the time of David’s reign.2

The destruction levels connected with the Assyrian conquests of Tiglath Pileser III and Sargon II in the 8th century BCE (divided into two Iron Age IIA-B and IIC) are echoed in the biblical narrative, and provide a dating instrument, assisted by written historical records, which now provide reliable dating.

One of the large city-mounds where, according to the published material, a relatively large number of oil lamps were found insitu is Megiddo: in Strata III–II, 60 % of the lamps where found in the city-proper. In the whole of the Iron Age excavated area, about twenty-nine entire oil lamps were found along with many oil lamp fragments. These come from the following levels: Stratum V, six entire oil lamps plus fragments; Stratum IV, two entire oil lamps plus fragments; Stratum III, thirteen entire lamps and many fragments; Stratum II, five entire and fragmented oil lamps; Stratum I, three oil lamps. One oil lamp was discovered in the passage—way between the stables, and another one in an alley. In the Tel Kinrot excavations relatively many oil lamps were discovered in the Iron II levels as well.

Because stratified levels of sites had a shorter span of use, the dating of the oil lamps can be gauged more accurately by means of the various accompanying finds—in contrast to oil lamps, which are found in burials used over longer periods. The form of the oil lamps hardly changes over the years, and oil lamps with different features are used concurrently. For the first time a clear division of material culture in oil lamps is evident in the two different geographical regions of Palestine: south and north—the Judahite and Israelite monarchies. It becomes even more marked in the following period: Iron IIC (Iron III).

In the excavation at Ashdod, as in the previous Iron I, few oil lamps were unearthed compared to the other finds. The picture is even more extreme at Tel Miqne’ where oil lamps are scarce and ordinary bowls served as lamps. This may be because both settlements—Ashdod and Tel Miqne‫—י‬were under the influence of the Philistine culture. Oil lamps were not a major item there nor among the funerary offerings in burials. At some rural sites, like `Izbat СarΓa, in the Highland, no oil lamps have been

Now, too, there are no differences between the types of oil lamps serving the living and the dead. However, very few oil lamps turn up among the destruction levels of the settlements, although such small items are not easily broken, and this is puzzling, especially since other pottery vessels are found in large quantities in the same destruction levels, and oil lamps abound in burials. Perhaps lamps that were still usable were gathered and used again by the next occupants. The oil lamps from the

1 2

58

Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Stratum IV. Mackenzie, 1912, Ain Shems, Stratum IIA, the Governor’s House.

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS early Iron Age IIA & B in the Jewish Quarter.10

found so far. Among the settlements of importance to Israelite history, and to the chronological and typological categorization of oil lamps, was Samaria which was founded in the 10th-9th centuries BCE and remained until its conquest by the Assyrians in 722/721 BCE. The city, which during the Divided Monarchy became the northern capital of Israel, had a royal palace and an "Ivory House”.3

7.2. Oil Lamps from Cultic Contexts Along with the central Temple in Jerusalem, additional cultic centers with high places functioned throughout the country, such as the 10/9th bamah at Tel Dan was rebuilt in the 8th century BCE was in use to the Hellenistic period (five footed, multiple-spout oil lamps were found there, among them #1445- #1447), and the sanctuary in Bet-El Stratum IV (9th century BCE).11 Seven-spouted oil lamps found at such sites may have filled a cultic function. At Beth Shean a change was introduced in the building plan of the sanctuaries: in the Iron Age phases, a sanctuary was built south of the preceding (LB) ones during Solomon’s reign. The Israelite (Iron II) buildings have no connection whatever with the structures of Stratum V.12 In the settlement of the first half of the 10th century BCE at Tel `Arad, high places and a sanctuary were built which lasted until the Persian period.13 In that century a bamah was erected also at Tel Mikhal.14 After having been destroyed by Pharaoh Shishak, Gezer was rebuilt during Solomon’s reign, and cultic places were erected there as well.15 At Be’er Sheva` an altar was discovered.16 In excavations in Be’er Sheva` Strata II and III, in L64 at the western end of the quarter, two rooms were uncovered in which were found also Astarte figurines and a tiny solid-footed oil lamp (#1444).17 These finds, too, generally attest cultic uses. In Kenyon’s excavation in Jerusalem, oil lamps made up a large proportion of the finds in City of David Caves I and II, which according to the excavators, served as storage rooms for vessels used by the contiguous hospice. They postulated that Cave III, where many figurines were discovered, served some cultic function.18

Many oil lamps were found dumped together with other pottery vessels in pits or cisterns, e.g., at Tell en-NaΒba.4 Why are there so many finds in pits? Was it an accumulation of pottery discarded from houses that had been cleaned out; or were these offerings? If so, that may help account for the scarcity of oil lamps from the site itself. In this period fortified towns were built throughout the country, as in Tel Дazor Stratum Xb, where an oil lamp was discovered in Room 202d near the wall which served as the quarters for the guards.5 In `En Gev Stratum 5 (990 - 945 BCE) a wall was built, and fortresses existed in Strata 4, 3 and 2 until 790 BCE.6 At Tel Dotan the citygates and the wall were reconstructed in Stratum 3 (9th-8th centuries BCE).7 At King Saul’s palace (Jerusalem-Tell el Ful), the fortresses were built one over the other.8 In Lachish Level III, in Room 4014 adjacent to the city-gate, five pottery oil lamps were found,9 perhaps indicating a need for illumination in places like stores, or near the ramparts. Or, the place next to the walls where guards were stationed may have had some special administrative function, for the ‘Lachish letters’ were discovered near the city-gate. In Be’er Sheva` Stratum II destroyed in 701 BCE by Sennacherib, clay oil lamps were found among other vessels in Building 75 in the casemate wall near the city-gate, and four lamps in L221—a storage room in which was a large assemblage of entire pottery vessels. In the pillared storehouse of the 8th century BCE, four oil lamps were found as well. A chain of single-phase fortresses was built in the Negev, most of them in the 10th century BCE, and along with them also settlements of the walled haΒerim-type enclosures known from southern Philistia. The publication of ceramic finds at Дorvat Teiman (Kuntillet Ajrud) of the later 9th-8th centuries BCE provides information about where the oil lamps were found in situ. All the intact lamps were found in the main building entrance.

7.3. Oil Lamps in Funerary Contexts The overall picture of the oil lamps changes when studying the burials of the period. The number of burials uncovered in northern Palestine is still relatively small, and so is the number of funerary offerings within the tombs. Nor do the varying quantities of oil lamps in 10 Aharoni, 1973, Beer Sheba I, Stratum III, Locus 824 (reign of King Asa, 867-851 BCE), Pl. 56:5-7, found within the Iron II casemate wall; Stratum II, Locus 221 (ended in the 8th century BCE), Pl. 63:133-136; Stratum II, L75, store house, Pl. 64:18-21; L63, western quarters, Pl. 68:9; L22, Pl. 71:13; L 46, Pl. 74:4,5 (701 BCE). Most of the lamps are typical to the end of Iron II, with disk-bases. Cohen, 1973 &1986, Qadesh Barnea` and Central Negev. Gophna, 1970, Haserim, pp. 25-30. Ayalon, 1995, Teiman, p. 178, Fig. 22:2-4 (Eight lamps were found consisting 1.9% of the assemblage, shown in Table 3). De Groot and Geva, 2002: 13. 11 Biran, 1982, Tel Dan, pp. 15-43, and 1996a. Albright, 1934 &1935, Bethel. Kelso, 1955, 1958, 1961, Bethel. 12 James, 1966, Beth Shan, the southern temple, p. 38. 13 Ahroni, 1967, 1969, and Herzog et al, 1984, Arad. 14 Avigad, 1960, Makmish, this was the first excavation at the site; later: Herzog et al., 1989, Arad. 15 Macalister, 1912, Gezer II, Vol. III, pp. 377-411, Pl. V. 16 Herzog, 1984, Beer Sheba II, Fig. 63:133-136. 17 Ibid., L64, the figurines. 18 Franken and Steiner, 1990, Jerusalem, pp. 124-131.

A few isolated oil lamps were found among the many excavations within Jerusalem—the capital of Judea in the 3

Crowfoot and Kenyon, 1957, Samaria III, p. 2. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, pp. 178-180, Pl. 71:1622, 1624, 1625, 1629, 1632, 1635-1638, 1641. 5 Yadin et al, 1961, Hazor III-IV, Area A, Stratum Xb, Pl. CLXXIII:1. 6 Mazar et al, 1964, En Gev. 7 Free, 1953, 1954, 1955, Dothan. 8 Albright, 1924, Tell El Ful (Gibeah of Saul). Sinclair, 1960, Tell el Ful. Lapp, 1965, Tell el-Ful, pp. 2-10. 9 Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Locus 4014. Zimhoni, 1990, Lachish, p.3, Fig. 6: 4-16. 4

59

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS tombs indicate the number of people buried there. The number of burial-caves and the extent of their contents increase markedly in the southern regions of Palestine.19

Now too, an oil lamp was placed either near the head or the feet of the deceased, or near the waist—as in the burial-cave at Дaifa -Karmeliyya Tomb I-II.

With the ethnic change and the introduction of different building styles and methods came also new funerary practices. Use was still made of natural caves for burials, including caves that had served this purpose in the Late Bronze Age—the Canaanite period. Among the cavetombs are the ones at at el-Jish (Gibeon/Giv`on) (except for Burial 1),20 and Gezer Tomb 142.21

Rock-cut chamber-tombs with more than two rooms, without benches and a repository pit dug in the center, were made mainly in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, but may have begun earlier, as in the well-preserved, threechamber Lachish Tombs 105, 106 (the most complete one), and 219, and tombs near Samaria and at edhDhahiriya.23

At the beginning of the Iron Age in the 12th century BCE, burials were in rock-cut chamber tombs—one or more rectangular rooms hewn in the rock—reflecting Philistine or Canaanite influences mainly in the central and southern parts of the country. These chamber tombs were entered by means of a small, descending flight of rockcut steps. When hewing the walls of the chambers, benches, shelves, and/or arcosolia were made for laying out the deceased, and a repository pit for collected bones was hewn in the floor. Remains of earlier burials were gathered and put into the repository pit to make room for more burials, Tel Дalif (#1078-#1102), and Beth Shemesh and as at Jerusalem—Ketef Hinnom of the Iron IIC and the Burial Cave on the Slope of Mount Zion. In such cases burial sequences can be traced by means of the stratified accumulations in the repository, but it is impossible to determine where the lamps were initially placed in relation to the body. In the burial-cave of the 9th-8th centuries BCE at Tel Дalif, and also in Tel `EΓon (#1025-#1047) and Tell en-NaΒba, niches for oil lamps were cut into the rock-walls between the shelves. In such a niche at Tel Дalif, two oil lamps remained in situ—one made of metal (Fig. 9.53:2) and the other of clay; the dimensions of the niches are 15-20 cm long, 15-18 cm wide, and 10-13 cm deep. In Tel `EΓon Burial-Cave 2, the oil lamps were placed at the narrow end of each arcosolium, in each of which a lamp niche is cut in the side wall near the back of the tomb, in all of them with traces of soot. In the Cist Burial at Horvat Menorim a lamp at the side of the body with two dipper juglets and in Cist Burial 2, two oil lamps were found.22

Cremation-burial, a Phoenician practice known from earlier periods, as discovered at Akhziv and Cist Burials in Tell Bira is still in evidence. In Horvat Menorim cist 1, buried in extended in supine posture and flanked by several small vessels including one oil lamp in cist 2 two oil lamps.24 The ashes were gathered in a jar and placed in a square chamber. Only a few oil lamps were found in such chambers. A bamah or altar was constructed over the burial and the funerary furnishings were laid upon it. At Ashdod burials were discovered under the floors of houses. The burials were covered with earth and new floors were laid over them25—a funerary practice known from MB II. Very few oil lamps, if any, were among the offerings. Among the important tomb groups in the north is Beth Shean Tomb 66A-C26 which was first in use in the LBIron I and Iron II; very few Iron II burials were discovered at Megiddo, where the oil lamp was found between the feet of the skeleton.27 In central Palestine, at el-Jish (Gibeon/Giv`on), 500 funerary offerings were discovered, among them 202 pottery oil lamps dated to the Iron I-II;28 others come from Tell en-NaΒba.29 In the south, in Lachish Tombs 1002 and 106, some 165 oil lamps constitute 35% of the finds;30 at Tel `EΓon—oil

Vol. II, Pl. 70:1619, 1627. Ussishkin, 1974, Tel `Eton, pp. 115-116, 118, 124-125, Fig. 5, Pl. 24:1-3, “In the time of the burial a lamp was lit in the tomb in memory of the deceased.” The tombs, dated to the 9th-8th centuries BCE, were robbed. Braun, 2001:174, Fig. 3:8 and Fig.4:3, 4 dated to the late Iron I early Iron II. 23 Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Fig. 21. Zayadine, 1968, Samaria Sebaste. Baramki, 1935, ez-Zahiriyye. 24 Prausnitz, 1986, Akhzib, Photo 1,2. Mazar E, 1996, and Alexander and Stren, 2001: 83 – 195, discussing the latest conclusions; Braun, 2001: 173-181 and Figs. 3:8 and 4:3&4 dated to the Early Iron Age II. 25 Dothan, 1971, Ashdod II - III, the mass burials in Building I, pp. 92 94, at least 40 skulls were counted. Some of the skulls and bones showed signs of physical injury caused by sharp metal weapons. The skulls were placed in groups of 4 or 5. Below Stratum 3a, L1156, the house continued to be inhabited by people of Stratum 3a, Pl. XXXVIII: 2, 3. 26 Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, Tomb 66A, pp. 9-10, Figs. 11-12 and 42a. 27 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, L1051, p.92, the skulls were found in groups of 4 or 5. The individuals had probably been killed; they were buried within the houses, together with offerings and covered over; and the place continued in use. 28 Dajani, 1956, al-Jib, Fig. 20. 29 McCown et al., 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, p. 102, Pl. 71:1619, Fig. 11. 30 Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Tombs 106, 1002: 326.

19 Abercrombie, 1979, Palestinian Burial Practices, pp. 6, 56, distinguishes the tomb groups into three to four patterns of burials according to the predominant vessels: bowl-types; lamp-types; and juglet-types. The lamps are divided into two groups: Lamp-1 pattern (mainly Iron I) with the lamps constituting 42 - 66 % of the funerary assemblage; and Lamp-2 pattern (mainly Iron II) about 30-40&. BlochSmith, 1992, Judahite Burial Practices, describes the different burial practices and their contents, and lists all the burials discovered by types, in, Iron I and Iron II. A special cemetery with different burial customs including tombstones was uncovered north of the river Area Q including a footed seven spouted oil lamp Ben-Tor, 1996, pp.68-69. Magen & Yezerski, 2004, Kh. Abu-Musarrah (Samaria), Pl.9: 12-16. Early Iron II. 20 Mackenzie, 1912/3, Ain Shems, Stratum III, Tomb 2, Pls. V - IX; Pl. XXXVII:1-4; Tomb 4, Pl. XXXIX:1-4, the lamps have low to high bases; Tomb 5, Pl. XLI:2, a lamp with very thick base. Dajani, 1953, El Jib, Fig. 20, found in a natural cave excavated in 1949. 21 Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Tomb 142, Pl. CIII; see also, Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence, Fig. 2:20. 22 Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tel Halif, Fig. 3. Wampler and McCown, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh, Tombs 3, 15, 32, 54, pp. 99-102, Pl.24: 1-3; and

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS bases are small, few, and rather unusual. Low disk-bases of Iron I are, apparently found mainly in northern Palestine at Tel Menora (#852, #853). In the latter part of Iron II oil lamps are one of the material culture marking the division which overlaps the historic division of the country into the two kingdoms: Israel and Judah; or, North and South.

lamps are a third of the finds;31 other finds come from Tel Дalif,32 and elsewhere. In Jericho only three rock-cut Iron Age tombs were discovered until now, two of them burials dated to Iron II. These tombs were cut into the slope of the mound. No complete skeletons were found inside—only skulls separated from the skeletons laid in no apparent order. In Tomb WH1, which has its beginning apparently in the 9th century BCE but was in use mainly at the turn of the 7th century BCE, there were about 146 burials, and only two oil lamps, unlike in other southern tombs where oil lamps constitute 50-70% of the offerings. These, however, are not typical of this particular century but recall earlier types with rounded bases, triangular folds, and a raised, funnel-like spout. Tomb WH2 resembles the former and dates to the 8th-7th centuries BCE.33

Other divisions into types and tracing the development of the period’s oil lamps were made by several scholars -R. Amiran,34 O. Tufnell in the Lachish excavations,35 and the additional studies by H.J. Franken, and Anderson at Sarepta (Sarfand, Lebanon).36 7.4.1. Type A: Oil Lamps with Rounded- to-Flattened Bases These (Figure 7.35: 1 and 2 Tel en Nasbeh) are the more common of the oil lamps. They perpetuate the form of the Iron I lamps, but now show more standardization. Differentiation between the oil lamps of the 10th-9th centuries BCE and those of the 8th century BCE presents difficulties, but several criteria can be established on the basis of extant finds from the various sites. The oil lamps of the first phase of Iron II were made in the preceding Iron I tradition. The body of the receptacle is quite deep. The bases are still rounded-to-flattened, or also somewhat thickened, and In many of the oil lamps the bases are

7.4. Typology At the beginning of Iron IIA and in Iron IIB, transitional characteristics are still evident in the oil lamps and any divisions must at best be arbitrary. Only in the latter part of Iron II is there any standardization in the methods of fashioning the oil lamps. The lamps now appear to be much more uniform and characteristic, making identification, classification, and dating much easier. In the Catalogue, these oil lamps are divided into three main type-groups—A, B, and C. Two of them, Types A and C, are very similar in outline when looked at from above, but are quite different in their section-profile and at the base. Type A lamps have flattened or rounded bases; Type B are Cypro-Phoenician with very small folds and short spouts; Type C have low disk-bases. The common, predominant feature in many of the oil lamps is the diskbase, which in itself is not an innovation and is found in oil lamps also in the early Persian period. But after MB II, and to some extent also in the Late Bronze Age, such

34

Amiran, 1969, p. 291, Pl. 100. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, pp. 282 - 287, 326. About 400 oil lamps were found and were divided into four categories. Based on the findings in Burials 106 and 1002, the transition of the rounded-convex base into a disk-base is noted. Tomb 1002 antedates Tomb 106. Tufnell believes that the oil lamp with rounded base of Type L1-L6 went out of use in Burial 1002 when the burials in Tomb 106 began. Only few oil lamps with flat bases were found in Burial 1002. In Burial 106, lamps of Classes L7 - L8 with flattened base were numerous. Lamps of Types L9 -L10, numbering about 90, with coarse and heavy bases are characteristic of Tomb 106 and Level II in the town. In Tomb 106 a total of 163 lamps were found. In Tomb 1002 the lamps (in all, 102 items) constitute an important item compared to their scarcity in the city occupation Levels II and III. Her division of the oil lamps at Lachish, 1953: 284-286: Class L1: Lamps with a plain or carinated profile and round base (10th century BCE). Types: 140, 141, 142, 143. Class L2 Oil lamp with thickened rim and rounded base (900 BCE, 9th century BCE). Type 147. Class L3 Lamps with thickened rim and slight flange, round base. Type 144. Class L4 Lamps with everted flange and marked rim inside, round base. Type 146. Class L5 Same as L4. Judahite sites. Type 145. Class L6 Lamps with wide, everted flange and marked rim inside, round base (7th-6th centuries BCE). Type 148. Class L7 Lamps with everted rim and low disk-base (7th-6th centuries BCE). Types: 149, 150. Class L8 Lamps with everted rim and disk-base (7th-6th centuries BCE). Type 151. Class L9 Lamps with wide, flanged rim and footed base (9th-6th centuries BCE). Type 152. Class L10 Lamps with wide, flanged rim and heavy-based foot. Type 153. Class L11 Lamps with a flat base (7th - 3rd centuries BCE). “Jewish Period” Types 659, 660. Class L12 Closed lamps of the 5th century BCE. 36 Franken, 1974, Jerusalem, p.74, Fig. 1. 35

31 Tzaferis, 1982, Tell `Etun, p. 10, lamps were found in both burials; Fig. 4:17, a shallow oil lamp with a curved, wide, flanged rim. Thirteen oil lamps were found with high disk-bases and 5 lamps with thick, concave bases, like the one in Fig. 4:17. The burial dated to the second half of the 9th century-first half of the 8th century BCE. In Tomb A1, 25 vessels were found of which 5 oil lamps. In Tomb A2, of 26 vessels 8 were oil lamps. 32 Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tel Halif, the tomb served for burial during two burial phases; (1) burial in the central repository pit (the earliest stage); (2) the later burials took place in the chamber and upon the benches. In the repository pit (end of the 10th-early 9th century BCE) were fifteen oil lamps, Fig. 10:1-4, Lamp 1 was found on the floor. The lamps in Fig. 10:5-17 are from the chamber and benches, and the lamps in Fig. 11:13 (the latest burials, middle of the 8th century BCE) were on the bench. Pl. 38A and Fig. 13, a metal oil lamp (Figure 7.45) and a pottery oil lamp, were found in situ within the niche. 33 Tushingham, 1965, Jericho II, pp. 479-482. The graves of the period were in the slope of the mound and had a stepped entrance rather than a shaft. Similar graves were discovered in Jerusalem. Burial WH1, where 146 deceased were buried, contained 70 offerings with only 2 oil lamps among them; in Burial WH2, Fig. 263:4, the burials continued until the Persian conquest in the 7th century BCE. In these burials only skulls were found which had been moved aside to make room for new ones. Kenyon, 1982, Jericho IV, Fig. 206:6. Most of the oil lamps have flattened bases, Lamps 4 and 5 have low disk-bases, one of them somewhat higher than the other.

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Strata 8 and 7 (10th-9th centuries BCE);41 Дaifa-Tell Abu Hawam Stratum III;42 Tel Mevorakh Stratum VII43—with thickened, rounded base and short spout; Tel Mikhal Strata XIV-XIII, oil lamps similar to those from Tel Masos Stratum II (10th century BCE);44 Ashdod Stratum 3b;45 Tel Дalif,46 in the first burial phase; Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum B;47 Be’er Sheva` Stratum VI (1000-975 BCE);48 Tel `Arad Stratum XI (10th century BCE),49 a lamp with shallow disk-base and narrow, long spout; and at other sites in the Negev including `Ein Qudeirat and others.50

thickened with gobs of clay and smoothed superficially, either by hand (HaZorea-Tel Qira Stratum V/VI #988 and #1002 Дaifa-Shiqmona). Thickening of the base is intended to give the vessel stability by increasing its weight at the center, and keep it from tipping over and spilling the contents through the gutter-like spout when the oil lamp is not stood on a level surface. This thickening seems to have been done only after the oil lamp was removed from the wheel (Gan HaShlosha—Tel Amal Stratum III), or part of the gob of clay may have been left unworked and finished later. The potters may simply have fashioned the bases of the oil lamps in the manner of contemporary jar bases made in the same workshops. A lamp fragment with a ring-base was found in Stratum IIC together with other low disk-bases,37 and an entire lamp with such a base comes from Tell esSa`idiya in Jordan.38

41

Friend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 8 (until 900 BCE), Pl. 56:9-10, two different lamps, Lamp 9 with thickened base, Lamp 10 with rounded base; Stratum 7 (900-850 BCE), Pl. 51:10-12, lamps with rounded bases and thickened, flat, flanged rims. 42 Hamilton, 1934, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum III (early Iron II), p. 23, Lamps 92-94, the rims vary from flanged (Oil lamp 94) to everted (Lamp 93), and narrow, flanged rim (Lamp 92); Lamp 92 has a flattened base, and Lamp 93 a rounded-thickened base. Both were found in the same Locus E4 in two separate rooms; between Strata III and IV, p. 30, additional Lamp 163, with a flattened-thickened base, and wide, flat, flanged rim, and high spout. The oil lamps are similar to lamps of Iron I. Van Beek, 1955, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum III, p. 34. The author dates the stratum to the second half of the 10th century (980-918) BCE), the time of King Shishak, like Megiddo, Strata VA - IVB. 43 Stern, 1984, Tel Mevorakh, Fig. 13:11. 44 Herzog, 1989, Tel Michal, Strata XIV-XIII, on the high tell (10th century BCE), p. 77, Fig. 7:1, 16, the lamp is deep with a somewhat thickened, rounded base, very wide, flanged rim, and funnel-shaped spout; Stratum XIV, p.79, Fig. 7:2, 10, flattened base, deep saucer and short spout; Stratum XIII, Fig. 7:3,13, the oil lamp is shallow with wide, flattened, heavy base and elongated spout, and flattened, upwardtending rim. 45 Dothan, 1971, Ashdod II-III, until now no oil lamps with disk-bases were found in Ashdod. In Area D only a few lamps were found. Ashdod Stratum 3B was destroyed by king Uzziah; Stratum 3 was destroyed by Sargon II in 712 BCE; Stratum 3a by Psamtik; Stratum 2 by Nebuchadnezzar. Lamps found in Stratum 3a from the floor level, Fig. 50:21, 22, deep bowl with rounded base, short flange. No typological differences could be distinguished in the cultures of Strata 3a and 3b and Stratum 2. Oil lamps of Stratum 3b (9th century BCE), Fig. 44:1-3, are shallower with rounded-to-flat bases and flat-flanged-rims, the profile is similar to the chalice in Fig. 44:4. The oil lamps come from three different locations, a room, pit, and furnace. The lamps from Strata 3a and 3B are similar to those from Megiddo Stratum VIII. Dothan and Porath, 1993, Ashdod V, Stratum XIII – XII, Fig. 25:5 Iron I; deep saucer, elongated narrow folds and V-shaped spout. In Stratum Xa, Fig.46: 4, oil lamp with a channel spout and triangular folds. 46 iran and Gophna, 1970, Tel Halif, p. 163, Fig. 10:1-4, lamps from repository; Fig. 10:5-7, 11:13, lamps found on the bench in the burial chamber which is the latest burial in the cave; the lamp has carinated walls and rounded base. The finds in the chamber and bench parallel Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum A (9th-6th centuries BCE). The excavators suggest that the latest burial at Tel Дalif dates to the 8th century BCE. In the entire Burial-Cave 351 objects of funerary offerings were counted, among them 25 oil lamps. Very few skeletons were found intact. The lamp in Fig. 13 is made of bronze and resembles the clay ones, but with a handle added at the back and offset somewhat from opposite the spout. 47 Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum B1, Pl. 51:1,6. 48 Herzog, 1984, Beer Sheba II, Stratum IV (1000-975 BCE), Fig. 30:10-12, all are deep saucers with rounded, thickened bases, high spouts, rim missing; Lamp 10 has a small saucer with wide, flat rim. 49 Idem., 1984, Arad, Stratum X-XI, Figs. 9:10,12:16. 50 Cohen, 1986, Qadesh Barnea` (9th century BCE), Pl.132:2, shallow saucer oil lamp with flattened base and raised spout, narrow rim. Meshel, 1974, Horvat Ritma, Locus 401, in Structure E (Period III—the fortress was built in the 10th century BCE), Fig. 7:10, a lamp with a concave, thickened base, thick wall and straight rim, no flange.

Few bases are still pared with a knife (Tel ReΉov #984; Tel Дalif #1103, #1108). In some oil lamps of the 9th-8th centuries BCE, the bases tend to have the same circumference as the receptacles (#983), thus resembling an Assyrian type of bowl. As to the walls and rims, in the earlier Iron I and Iron II oil lamps the walls are everted, and a short, slight (or a sharper) carination is created within the general inclination of the walls. Wide rims, which in section are upward—flaring (#980 from En Gev), represent the transitional types closer to Iron I. Such are the oil lamps from Tel Kinrot Stratum IB (#976), Gan HaShelosha-Tel `Amal Stratum III (#982) and Tel Zeror Stratum 4 (#1003) of the second half of the 10th century BCE. In some of the early oil lamps the rims are still rounded.39 Oil lamps with rounded, flaring rims were found in the following sites: Tel ДaΞor Strata IXb, Xa-b;40 Tel Kison 37

Grant, 1938, Ain Shems IV, Pl. XLV: 26, from Cist 4. Pritchard, 1985, Tell es-Sa`idiyeh, Stratum VI, Fig. 7:34. 39 Levi and Edelstein, 1972, Tel Amal, Stratum IV (early 10th century BCE), Pl. 14:3 - 4, lamps are painted; Stratum III (late 10th century BCE), p. 359, Fig. 14:1-4. Braun. 2001, Horvat Menorim, the rim is upward flaring, with deep saucer Fig. 3:8. 40 Yadin et al., 1961, Hazor III-IV, Area A, Stratum Xa (mid-10th-early 9th century BCE), Pl. CLXXIII: 1, a fragment of a shallow saucer oil lamp with a wide, flattened base and wide, rounded, flanged rim; other lamps: Pl. CLXXIV: 18, a very deep bowl with wide, flat, flanged rim and thickened base. Strata IXb and IXa, Pl. CLXXVI:14, 15 and Pl. CLXXIX:17-19, each lamp differs, 15 is deep with a rounded base, a wide, funnel-like spout and upturned rim (late 10th-9th centuries BCE); Oil lamp fragment 14 has a short, wide spout; Pl. CLXXVII:17-18 and Pl. CLXXIX:19, with horizontal flange. Strata X-IX, the lamps differ in height, both have flattened bases, and upturned rims. Stratum IXa, Pl. CLXXIX: 17-19, the lamps have thick, rounded bases, the rims differ in their oblique inclination. A similar picture obtains in Stratum VI (8th century BCE), Pl. CLXXXVII:2 - 8, the lamps still have rounded bases, carinated bowl, and flanged rim in inclinations ranging from oblique to flat. From Area B, Stratum VII (9th century BCE), Pl. CCXVI: 11, an unusual oil lamp with a ring-base, Lamp 10 has a rounded base. Only in Stratum VA (8th century BCE), Pls. CCXXXII: 1-2 and Pl. CCXXIX: 14, 15, were there oil lamps with flanged rims. Ben-Tor, 1989, Hazor III - IV, Area A, Stratum X - IX, Building 2a, p. 39, Pl. CLXIX: 9, lamps with flat bases. The building had a store-room, Locus 83A, Pl. CLXIX: 2-4. The lamp from Stratum VI, Locus 39, Pl. CLXIX:8 (8th century BCE). 38

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS A small number of oil lamps have rims which in effect continue the wall and flare at the top of the receptacle (HaZorea—Tel Qira Stratum VII; Tel Zeror (#1003); as well as oil lamps from Tel ДaΞor Stratum V of the second half of the 8th century BCE, and five lamps with rounded bases from Stratum VI Building 2a where workshops were found, also of the 8th century BCE; Lachish Tomb 1002 (Classes L2-L6); Ashdod Stratum 3B; and Megiddo Strata IV-III. These oil lamps were in use also in the 7th century BCE and were found, for example, in Tel `Arad Stratum IX; in the second phase in the Tel Дalif burialCave; and in Be’er Sheva` Strata III-I. The oil lamps with wide, flanged rims are divided in the catalogue into those with a rounded - curved section-profile (Tel ReΉov # 984) and those with the flanged rims forming a flat, inverted, right - angle carination (Tel- en—NaΒba #1006; edh-Dhahiriya #1055). Flanged rims departing at a sharp angle from the saucer might reflect Phoenician-influenced products (Type B) of a developing metal industry, which also included oil lamps. Rims starting from the bottom (#1045, #1053 from Tel `EΓon and edh—Dhahiriya) are common at the end of the period in oil lamps with high disk-bases.

Figure 7.35:2. Lamp with flattened base Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbah Pl.71: 1622 The spouts are fairly similar in most of the oil lamps and form a sort of narrow, elongated channel (#1038, #1093, #1112), still with a slight tendency to a triangular Vshaped opening (#983, #1041), or short V shaped (#1044, #1055, #1065, #1070 ). Another familiar spout is the Ushaped spout, in two various: elongated (#1005, #1006, #1027, #1029, #1103, #1107, #1120), and Jerusalem the Jewish Quarter 9th- mid 8th century BCE with rounded base (see note 10), or a short U shaped (#974, #977, #980, #984, #1032). The spout, is formed by folding the ‘cheeks’ together and pinching the rim inward with the thumbs of both hands (#980). Because of the width of the flange-rim, this folding requires strong and deep downward pressure, creating an equilateral triangle form around the spout, in many of the lamps takes up about half or more of the rim’s circumference (Tel ‘Arad Stratum 11 #1149). But in most oil lamps the spout occupies less space (#983).

Grooves on the rim (Tel ‘EΓon #1032, #1044) are now less frequent than in the Iron I. This technique of forming the spout is identical to that employed in the preceding periods. Now too, the rim and the spout are formed while the work is still on the wheel.

A few oil lamps are tilted backward and the spout is raised, but in most of the oil lamps the main body of the bowl is higher than both the spout and the rear part (Ashdod Stratum 3a #1142). There is no uniformity in the overall heights of the oil lamps in this period. The close connection between Syria-Palestine and Cyprus is only manifest in the manufacture of oil lamps, like the knifeparing technique of LB II discussed above (§ 5.4.). There is much similarity between the rims of the Type A oil lamps and those of the Iron II chalices and large bowls of Phoenician and other origin. The bases of jars and oil lamps are also similar.51 These oil lamps, like the other pottery vessels, are made in pink and various hues of

Figure 7.35:1 lamp with flattened base Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbah Pl.71: 1618

51 Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Pl. 42:11 - 13, lamps and chalices; Pl. 42:15. Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Strata V-I, Pl. 37:10 - 17, compare with chalices and bowls from Stratum V, Pls. 23:4, 33:20.

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS local light-brown clay. Gray oil lamps dating to the end of the period (the turn of the 7th century BCE) were discovered in and Transjordan.52 Some similarities also exist between the section-profiles of oil lamps having wide, flaring rims, and large bowls of the Assyrian type (#983), which have rounded bases and deep everted walls like those found at `Atlit and in Jordan at Tell es-Sa`idiya Stratum VI.53 Oil lamps of Type A have been found throughout the country from south to north, and there is no significant difference in their forms. Unlike the Type C lamps, the later oil lamps with thick disk-bases are considered a ‘southern’ type because of their predominance in that part of the country. 7.4.2. Cypro-Phoenician Oil Lamps of Type B (Iron IIA – C) Oil lamps (Figure 7.36: 1 and 2) with short, U-shaped spouts and flat, wide, flanged rims have very small thumb-pressed triangular folds ending in short, rimless crescent. This is a relatively new technique, which seems to intrude into the usual run of shapes produced at the time. The same technique is employed in the manufacture of two-spout Punic lamps in use throughout the western Medditerranean.54 Some of these oil lamps are of better quality, and the flange angles sharply from the wall. They are known in the Mediterranean coastal region including Phoenicia as in Дaifa-Shiqmona (#1158-#1161). In other lamps with thumb pressed folds, the rim is a curved flange, found also inTel Kison Strata: 7, 4 and 5 (#1154, #1155 & #1156). Elsewhere, such lamps were found in Megiddo Strata III-I,55 and at Lachish and other southern sites such as Ashdod Stratum VI and MeΞad Дashavyahu of the Iron C. Further inland, this type is known from Tel Kinrot Startum IB (#977, #978) and Tel Дalif (#1162).Similar folding technique was adapted in oil lamps with low and high disk-bases as #1424 & #1425 from Tel ‘Arad Stratum VII (Iron C) and Tel ‘Ira (#1426).

Figure 7.36:1 Cypro-Phoenician lamps type B Lamon R.S. and Shipton G.M. 1939, Megiddo I, Pl.37: 1618

These lamps seem to have been a product influenced by two pottery workshops, in Cyprus56 and Phoenicia. The shape of the sharp, carinated flat flange, the minute folding, and the overall appearance of the lamps give way to a new line of manufacture. Similar characteristics are found in the Persian-period oil lamps of Type C. Perhaps

Figure 7.36:2 Cypro-Phoenician lamps type B Briend and Humbert 1980, Tel Keisan, Stratum4, Pl.32:8 these lamps were actually the work of trained CyproPhoenician potters from workshops in the East, or were made in Cyprus where they abound: Oil lamp #1161 (Iron IIC-Persian) has an exact parallel in lamps from Cyprus, and reached also North Africa and Carthage.57 These Type B oil lamps continue with almost no changes into the Iron IIC and Persian periods.

52

Harding, 1947, Sahab (8th - 7th century BCE), p. 102, No. 85, gray ware. 53 See n. 38, above. 54 Bikai, 1978, Late Phoenician Pottery, p. 229, from Carthage a common lamp of Type III - I, Fig. 4:2. Sussman, 2001:25 – 37. 55 Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Strata IV - I, Pl. 37:11, 2. Dothan, 1971, Ashdod II -III, Fig. 58:4, with flattened base. 56 Oziol, 1977, Salamine, Pl. 1:4,7 - 8,10 – 11 (Cypro-Archaic period, end of 7th century BCE, and Cypro-Classic, 475 – 400 BCE. Tezger and Sezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul, Nos. 34 - 37.

57 Gjerstad, 1948, SCE IV: 2, p. 169, Fig. 37:16, 18, 20, No. 18 identical to Catalog #1161.Coldstream, 1988, Euboeans and Phoenicians. Sussman 2001, pp.35-37, Figs.2 &3.

64

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS BCE, Iron IIB-C) have low disk-bases, and the Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem.65

7.4.3. Type C: Oil Lamps with Low Disk-Bases In the 8th century BCE there seems to have been an increase in the quantity of oil lamps with disk-bases (Figure 7.37:1). As stated, when viewed from above these oil lamps resemble the Type A lamps in outline. The bowl or receptacle is rather shallow. Characteristic Type C lamps have flanged rims, and the walls are almost always carinated. In the earlier oil lamps, which still recall the Iron I lamps, like the ones with flattened bases from Tel Menora and Beth Shean, the walls are more rounded. In later oil lamps with flattened bases, the shoulder carination becomes more pronounced, and the spouts are strongly pinched and folded, usually forming a channel.

Oil lamps from Lachish Strata IV and III, and Tombs 1002 (#1169, #1170) and 106, belong to Tufnell’s Classes L2 and L8.66 The oil lamps in the burials at Lachish constitute an appreciable part of the contents, but they are few in the occupation levels Strata III-II. In the latest excavations at Lachish, five oil lamps with medium-to-high bases were found in a building near the gate within the remains in Stratum III L4014 that was destroyed in 701 BCE by Sennacherib. A similar oil lamp comes from Kh. Rabud Stratum B2, which was also destroyed by Sennacherib.67 From the burial chamber at Tel Дalif and Tel `EΓon (# 1115, 1177-#1198) some oil lamps with low string-cut disk bases accompanying the burial of the second phase of the 8th century BCE;68 Similar finds were made at Tel ‘EΓon (#1171 - #1176)69 and city debris (#1166-#1168) and in all the contemporary tombs, except for Tomb 170 in JerusalemCity of David Cave III which was used as a storage place and contained 79 household pottery vessels,71 and at Beth -El.72 At Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum A lamps of Lachish Class L7-L8 (Iron IIC) lamps with low disk-bases were found still in use.

Disk-bases are already known earlier from Tel Kison Stratum 9C (end of Iron I); and from Tel Menora (LB).58 Low disk-bases are not specific to oil lamps: they also appear on large bowls, as in Megiddo Stratum V,59 unlike the lamp which has a higher ‘cylindrical’ base (Type C of Iron IIC). From Tel Kinrot Stratum III, which was destroyed in the 8th century BCE at the time of the Assyrian king Tiglat Pileser III,60 comes an oil lamp with a low disk-base and straight walls; a similar one was found in Дaifa-Tell Abu Hawam Stratum III.61 At Tel Mikhal Strata XIV-XIII (Iron IIA, 10th century BCE) large number of oil lamp fragments were found in a fourroom house among a large assemblage of pottery vessels. The oil lamp from Tel Mikhal has a low, flat disk-base and a wide, V-shaped spout.62 Similar, types of lamps were still being made until the end of the Iron Age (see § 8.3.2. below). An oil lamp found at Tel `Arad Stratum XI (9th-8th centuries BCE) also has a low disk-base, and the one in Stratum X, already a thicker base.63 Three oil lamps of this type were found in Be’er Sheva Stratum III (9th-8th centuries BCE) L824 in the casemate wall; in Stratum II L221, which served as a storage room, were many pottery vessels of the 8th-7th centuries BCE (Iron IIC), among them #1199 and #1200. Strata III–II are two phases of the same city (Stratum III is poorly represented) and there is no difference between oil lamps of these strata.64 The oil lamps found at Tell en-NaΒba (8th century

lamps, all of which have medium-height disk-bases, the rims are wide, flanged, of different widths; they still do not form a sharp edge, the carinated walls form an angled knee. 65 Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 70:1626 - 1631. Of the 1404 oil lamps found at Tell en-Nasbeh, 302 have rounded bases; 59, diskbases; 764, high disk-bases. Lamps 1626 - 1631 have low disk-bases; 1633 - 1642, already have high disk-bases characteristic of the latter part of the Iron II. The dating ascribed to the lamps with disk-bases is the 8th century BCE; they are more common in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, and also in the 5th century BCE. Tell en-Nasbeh I, p.102, and Vol. II, p. 46. In Tomb 3, 750 oil lamps were uncovered, only 6 of them with low disk-bases; they antedate the 8th century BCE. Niches for lamps were cut in the wall of the recess, and at each corner of the shallow pit between the benches. 66 Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Note 35, above. The change from roundbottomed to disk-base lamps occurred between the occupation of Tombs 1002 and 106, as represented in the table on p. 283. The use of Class L1 - L6 lamps with rounded bases ends in Tomb 106, where lamps with small disk-bases of Class L7 - L8 were introduced no earlier than Tomb 1002, and lingered on until the destruction of the site. Lamps of Classes L9 and L10, all with heavy disk-bases, are the characteristic lamps of Tomb 106. Some lamps were found in Level II. Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum IV - III, Pls. 44:8,46:12. De Groot and Geva, 2002, p.13. Photo 1.9 (Pl.1.10: 16). 67 Kochavi, 1974, Hurvat Rabud-Debir, Locus 107, Fig. 8:2. 68 Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tel Halif, Fig. 10:6, 7, Lamp 6 from the burial chamber has a string-cut base, Lamp 7 has a near-ring-base. All the oil lamps have wide, carinated, flanged rims. 69 Ussishkin, 1974, Tel `Etun, p. 122, Fig. 9:8, 9, low disk-base (damaged), heavy thick bases which might have served as stoppers. 70 Mackenzie, 1912/13, Ain Shems, n. 3 and 21, above, above. Grant and Wright, 1938, Ain Shems, only one disk-base oil lamp was found: “small semi-disk base was added to the repertoire of oil lamps only in the 9th century BCE.” 71 Franken, 1990, Jerusalem, Cave III, Fig. 2-29-5. 72 Kelso, 1968, Bethel, Pl. 65:21.

58 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tel Keisan, Stratum 9c (Iron I/II), Pl. 77:7, 7a. Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, Stratum II, Fig. 3:15, deep saucer with flaring walls. 59 Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Stratum V, Pl. 38:18. 60 Fritz, 1990, Kinneret (Tell el `Oreme), Pl. 60:12. 61 Hamilton, 1935, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum III (1100 - 925 BCE), p.23:94. 62 Singer-Avitz, in: Herzog, Rapp and Negbi, 1989, Tel Michal, p. 82, Fig. 7:3, 13, the lamps resemble those of the preceding stratum. 63 Herzog, 1984, Arad, Stratum XI (10th century BCE), Fig. 9:10, lamps with a low disk-base; Stratum X, L1025 (9th century BCE), Fig. 12:16, a lamp with a heavier disk-base; Stratum IXA, L453 (8th century BCE), Fig. 18:13, same base but the saucer is more carinated. 64 Ahroni, 1973, Beer Sheba I destruction of Stratum IV (early 9th century BCE), p. 5, lamps with low disk-base; Stratum III (until 701 BCE) Locus 824, Pl. 56:5 - 7; Stratum II (destruction of Stratum II in 701 BCE) L221, p. 15, Pls. 63:133 - 136, 64:19 - 21; L75, pp. 32-34, Pl. 64:18-21, the best-preserved building, the lamps were found in a burnt layer. Only Lamp 18 has a thickened, rounded base. L221 is the storeroom where 136 entire vessels were uncovered, among them 4 oil

65

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Figure 7.37:1 Oil lamps with low disk base Hamilton, 1934, Tell abu Hawam p.23: 94 Figure 7.37:2 Oil lamps with low disk (ring) base Ahroni 1973,Beer Sheva, Stratum II #1202

Among the oil lamps with disk-bases are some that are nearly ring-bases (Figure 7.37:2), with a pronounced outer edge. Such lamps were found at edh-Dhahiriya (#1066). Only toward the end of the Iron IIC does the base become particularly thick and heavy, looking like a stopper. All of this may lead to the conclusion that the low disk-base oil lamps were in use from the 9th-7th centuries BCE. Stopper-like bases become more numerous toward the end of the period, and may still have been in use in the 6th century BCE and the early Persian period. Generally, oil lamps with low disk-bases are also found in the north, but the overall number of oil lamps with disk-bases there is small. They are a common southern type. About two-thirds of the oil lamps from the south have low disk-bases. These oil lamps are not usually slip-covered or burnished like the other contemporaneous pottery vessels.

66

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

CHAPTER 8 IRON AGE IIC (OR III) belongs to the western rather than to the southern region), and this finds expression also in the oil lamp repertoire. Thus, at Tel `Arad hundreds of oil lamps were found; a similar picture was revealed in several Jerusalem sites for the period preceding the destruction of the First Temple, as also at Tell en-NaΒbeh.

This final phase of the Iron Age (Iron IIC) in Palestine, in the first part of which (in 721 BCE) the country was conquered and occupied by the Assyrians, (Tiglath Pileser III and later by Nebuchadnesar (701 BCE) ended in 586 BCE with the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem by the Babylonians. The Babylonian conquest (604 – 538 BCE) falls between the Assyrian and Persian periods. At the beginning of the Iron IIC, the territory of the kingdom of Judah under Uzziah reached `EΞyon Gever (Tell el Kheleifa) Stratum IV in the south.

8.2. Oil Lamps in Funerary Contexts In Jerusalem many oil lamps dating to the reigns of the last kings of Judah (7th century BCE) were found in burial-caves, in both the northern and southern necropolis, among them the Ketef Hinnom burials that have also been dated to the Babylonian period,2 and in caves on the slope of Mount Zion (Har Ξiyon).3 The latter rock-hewn burial-caves have characteristic chambers with high benches on which the deceased were laid out; an oil lamp was placed at the head of each body, and a decanter at the feet. Other burials of the period are Tombs 5 and 7 in the Jerusalem Mamilla cemetery and the northern Garden Tomb in Jerusalem,4 and the tombs at Tell enNaΒba.5 One of the notable burial-caves outside Jerusalem is Cave 8 where oil lamps were found in situ in separate groups—apparently part of a funerary ritual. Additional oil lamps from Beth Shemesh, dating to the 7th-6th centuries BCE, were found in the repository and on the shelves, and in arcosolia.6

In the mid-8th century BCE the Israelite monarchy began to decline. The campaigns of the Assyrian kings are represented by destruction debris in the large towns. Their conquests resulted in the establishment of the Assyrian provinces of Megiddo and Dor, among others. The Israelite kingdom was restricted to the hills of Ephraim. Fortresses of the Assyrian, Persian, and Hellenistic periods were uncovered at ДaΞor Strata III - I. Megiddo Stratum IV was destroyed; in Stratum III an Assyrian level was uncovered. A spacious structure that came to light at the Jerusalem Temple Mount excavations may perhaps be assigned to the Assyrian period.1 Other sites connected with the Assyrian occupation are Samaria Period VII; Tel Ta`anakh Period IV; and the Assyrian level at Lachish between Strata II and I. 8.1. Oil Lamps from Stratigraphic Assemblages

A previously unknown funerary custom was what might have been burial under a tumulus. Such stone heaps, dated to the end of the Iron Age (7th century BCE) are

Oil lamps of this period were found in the following excavated city sites, among them: ДaΞor, Strata III-II, Haifa-Shiqmona, Beth Shean, Megiddo Stratum III, and Tel Kison Strata 5, 4 in the north; in the contemporaneous sites in the central part of the country: Samaria Layer VII, Tel el-Ful Period III, Jerusalem, Ramat RaΉel Strata V-IVB, Beth Shemesh Stratum II, Lachish Stratum Stratum II, Tell Beit Mirsim A, the late 8th to the late 7th centuries BCE; likewise Tel Дalif, Tel Mikhal Stratum XII, and Ashdod Stratum 3a; and in the south: `En Gedi Stratum V, Be’er Sheva`, Tel `Arad Strata VII, VI, and in the new fortresses in the Negev— Tel `Ira Stratum VI and Tel Malhata, which were settled from the 7th century BCE—that constituted a defensive line against the kingdom of Edom. Among these southern frontier towns, Д. `Aro`er, Tel Masos, and Д. `Uza also engaged in agriculture.

2 Barkai, 1984, 1985, Ketef Hinnom, seven sumptuous family burials of the end of the First Temple period were excavated. All the finds in Tomb 25 accumulated in the repository pit date to the 7th-6th centuries BCE; 95 individuals were buried along with 1000 offering objects. Three groups of pottery vessels have been distinguished, (1) of marked Assyrian influence from the end of the Iron Age (7th-early 6th centuries BCE until 586 BCE) corresponding to Lachish Level II at the time of its destruction by the Babylonians; (2) a continuation of the first, of the Babylonian and early Persian periods (6th-early 5th centuries BCE); and (3) the shortest period, with only 8 funerary items, dated to the end of the 1st century BCE. Among the pottery vessels were found decanters for liquids like wine, juglets, perfume bottles, and oil lamps which comprise two types of lamps with flat bases, and others with rather low disk-bases. In the third group were oil lamps of the 1st century BCE. Sabbadini, 1994, Assyria and Babylon, Pl. XLI: 2-5. 3 Davis and Kloner, 1978, Mount Zion, no repository was found; the offering groups comprise elongated ‘carrot-shaped’ juglets, decanters, and lamps with flat bases. Reich, 1994, Mamilla, the tombs without rich jewelry probably point towards a lower-class population (8th century BCE); the assemblage contained early Iron Age black juglets (p. 115), and lamps with low disk-bases. 4 Barkai, Kloner & Mazar, 1975, 1994, Jerusalem Northern Necropolis, p. 126, oil lamps with medium and high disk-base (7th century BCE). 5 Wampler, 1947, Tell En-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1637-1642. 6 Mackenzie, 1912/3, Ain Shems, Tomb 8, pp. 84 - 92, Pl. LII - LIX, and Tomb 8.

The bulk of the period’s oil lamps still come from Judahite sites in the central and southern parts of the country. This distribution conforms to the historic record. Judah extended its hegemony over the south (Jericho 1 Ben Dov, 1982, Jerusalem, pp. 45-55, Photo p. 150, a large building destroyed in 586 BCE.

67

IRON AGE IIC (OR III) known in Judah near Jerusalem.7 In one of the tumuli a fragment of an oil lamp disk-base was found.

also the oil lamps of the following (Persian) period. At Haifa-Shiqmona many knife-pared bases were found, as among the lamps of the subsequent Persian period. At `En Gedi Stratum V L42, which served as a workshop, two of the oil lamps have flattened bases of Type A.10

Only a few oil lamps furnishing the Phoenician graves were discovered at Achziv. These are family tombs in the Northern cemetery dated from the 10th to the 6th centuries BCE, in which were found three miniature oil lamps, of “Cypro-Phoenician” type, and one regular lamp, of the “Canaanite” type with the rounded base of Iron Age IIC. Two miniature lamps were found near the hands of the deceased, and no lamps were found near the remains in the earlier burial (A) of the 7th century. E. Mazar suggests that this is evidence of new burial customs. Lamps from another cemetery of the 7th-mid 6th century BCE are of Phoenician style. Four other oil lamps found in another cemetery resemble the previous ones, including one miniature lamp. The tombs at `Atlit also contained oil lamps, one of which was placed next to the deceased’s right leg.8

Such bases appear also in oil lamps of earlier periods, as in oil lamps of Type B, at Tel Kison Stratum 5 of the Iron IIC (720-650 BCE);11 resembling bases of contemporary bowls. The oil lamps from Tell el-Kheleifa,12 for example, have Type A rounded bases, and in their section-profile recall Assyrian bowls. Similar Type B oil lamps of the Iron IIA (see § 7.3.2, above) are known from Cyprus.13 This may perhaps attest the continuation of common Cypro-Phoenician technique and forms of bases and rims of both types flat and curved flanges (Haifa-Shiqmona #1157, #1158, #1159, #1282; Tel Дalif #1162; Tel Kison #1156; (Figure 7.36: 1-2) MeΞad Дashavyahu #1163). (Fig.35: 1&2)

8.3. Typology Characteristic Type C oil lamps have low disk-bases continuing lamps of Iron IIA - B, are now not as common as in the preceding phases of Iron Age, some are intermediate between C and D (#1288, #1289, #1308, #1386, #1389 of type C; #1401, #1409 type C/D; #1285, #1309, #1374, #1386 type D).

In this period there is again a lack of uniformity in the manufacture of the oil lamps, and the oil lamp assemblages frequently comprise lamps of several shapes, recalling lamps of Iron IIA and IIB, and of the subsequent Persian period. There is no change in the earlier (Iron IIA and IIB) categorization of the oil lamps according to their bases. In the Catalogue, four main types are identified. The first two types (or classes) essentially resemble their predecessors – Type A with round-to flat bases, and Type C with low disc-bases of the Iron IIA and IIB. Type B; is represented by Phoenician oil lamps with short, narrow folds and flanged wide, splayed rim (see § 7.3.2. above). Type D oil lamps have heavy disk-bases.

Oil lamps of Type C, with disk bases, were found in Megiddo Stratum III.14 Oil lamps discovered at Ramat RaΉel, `En Gedi, and Gezer, and in a tomb from Kh. etTuqu` (Teqo`a)15 have wide, and occasionally, low diskbases, their circumference forming a very slight ‘ring’ (edh-Dhahiriya of Iron IIB #1055, #1066; Tel Дalif #1187 (already in Iron IIB); Abu Ghosh #1332, #1335; Jerusalem #1287, #1288, #1290; Lachish #1386; few in Beth Shemesh #1353, #1368) and dated likewise to the latter part of Iron IIB and continuing into Iron IIC (8th-7th centuries BCE). In the Jerusalem Temple Mount excavations near the Western Wall oil lamps of Type C were discovered in an assemblage inside a subterranean

8.3.1. Bases Oil lamps of Type A have rounded-to-flattened bases like in the preceding period Iron IIA-B, which are more characteristic of the northern part of the country. Types A, B, and C (Figures 7.35-7.37) still appear among the oil lamps found in the burial caves in Samaria and at Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom of the end of the First Temple period and the early phase of the Persian period.9 Oil lamps of Type A with rounded-to-flattened bases are particularly numerous; the other lamps, with only slightly thickened bases, found in the Burial Cave are of Ketef Hinnom (#1250, #1259, #1260).

10

Mazar et al., 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V, L42, a workshop near the wall (late 7th-6th centuries BCE), p. 20, Fig. 8:17 - 19, Exc. Nos. 17111/69, 18 - 111/62, 111/5, Lamp 19 has a medium-height Type C diskbase. 11 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tel Keisan, Stratum 5, Pls. 43:12, the lamp resembles Bowl 43:13; Pl. 44:6-8; Stratum 4 (600 BCE, first half of the 7th century-Iron IIC (?), the latest dating is 587 BCE when the site was partially abandoned), p. 174, Pl. 32:8, 9. The lamps are typical of the late Iron Age, with rounded-to-flattened bases and sharp rims— very closely resembling the Persian type of lamps. Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I Stratum III, Pl. 37:11,12. 12 Glueck, 1969, Ezion Geber, Stratum IV, Fig. 2, 9, 10; Partico, 1983, Pls. 90 - 91:1 - 3 and Fig. 3:17-2. 13 Vesseberg, 1956, Cyprus, Fig. 37:1 - 4, the lamps have flattened bases and wide, flanged rims. 14 Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Stratum III, Pl. 37:6, 7. 15 Aharoni, 1962, Ramat RaДel (late Iron Age), Fig. 27:5 - 7, near-ringbase as found in other Iron II sites such as `En Gedi; Mazar, 1966, Fig. 23:3 and Gitin, 1990, Gezer III, Pl. 45:25. Herr, 1986, Teqoa, (7th century BCE), Fig.3: 5-9.

The rounded-to-flattened bases of Type A oil lamps are smoothed by hand (#1245) or pared with a sharp instrument such as a knife (e.g. #1249). In this they evoke their predecessors of the LB II-Iron I and Iron IIA-B, but 7

Amiran, 1958, Tumuli, Fig. 14:15, no bones were found. Mazar E. 2004: 45-56, Fig.15, and, Dayagi-Mendels, 2002: 135, Fig.5.12: 11-14; Johns, 1938, Atlit, Tomb I, p. 139, Fig. 4:5. 9 N. 2, above. And Tappy, 2001: 431-432 (Kenyon 1957 Samaria III, Fig.11:10 &37), shows Assyrian influence. 8

68

OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND room.16 Additional oil lamps were found in JerusalemCity of David Cave III excavated by Kenyon.17 and in the Jewish Quarter.18 Bases of Type C were found in Tel `Arad Strata VIII-VII (end of 8th-6th century BCE). In Stratum VII (605-587 BCE) they appear together with thickened bases of Type D—the standard oil lamps of Stratum VI.19 Type D oil lamps, with thick, heavy, ungainly bases are characteristic of this last stage of the Iron Age – particularly in southern Palestine, popular at Lachish Tomb 106.20 Three forms of Type D lamp bases can be distinguished (Figure 8.38), all of them found in the same contexts: (Figure 8.38:1) the base still retains a distinct disk form; (Figure 8.38:2) a stepped, high base; and (Figure 8.38:3) a high base on a slanting ‘heel’. The body of the Type D oil lamps is also clumsier, its receptacle smaller (‘En Gedi Stratum V #1344), and many of the lamps are unstable. The Type D oil lamps from Tell en – Nasbeh are somewhat smaller than those from other sites.21

Figure 8.38:2 Mazar, 1966, En Gedi, Figure 32: 9

Figure 8.38:1 Oil lamps with type D bases 16

E. Mazar, 1989, Jerusalem, Locus 6015, Pl. 28: 17, the oil lamps were found together with other vessels. Franken, 1990, Jerusalem, Fig. 2.29.5. 18 De Groot and Geva 2002, p.13, Photo 1.9. 19 Herzog, 1984, Arad, Strata VII and VI (early 6th century BCE), Type C, Figs. 18:13 and 22:17, Type C, Figs. 28:14 and 29:10. 20 Avigad, 1980, Jerusalem, p. 35, Fig. 16. Avigad also mentions three types of lamps, with rounded base (8th century BCE); with flat base (7th century BCE); and with disk-base (6th century BCE) Tuffnel 1953, Lachish III, Level II, pp.285 & 326,Tomb 106 about ninety lamps were found. 21 Wampler, 1947, Tell En-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1641, 1642. Peleg and Yezerski, in a dwelling and Burial Cave at Kh. Abu-Musarrah, 2004, Pl.9: 19. Yezerski 2004, Ras Al-Tawil, p.214, 37 lamps were found, divided into 3 groups. A. 22 lamps with rounded bases, four lamps with thickened base. B. One lamp with low string-cut bases and C. Ten lamps with thick and high bases of the 7th century BCE. 17

Figure 8.38:3 Rast 1978, Taanach I Figure 82: 5 At Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum A, mainly lamps with base Type C were made, and only a few oil lamps with exceptionally ungainly bases were found22—mainly in the 22

Albright, 1943, Tell Beit Mirsim, Pl. 15:6-10, the lamps, have a medium-height disk-bases and wide rim; the walls are carinated. Lamp 9 has a slightly higher base. Lamp 5 is shorter with a concave base.

69

IRON AGE IIC (OR III) #1430. Except for one oil lamp from `En Gedi,24 these lamps are not burnished or slip-covered like the other contemporaneous pottery vessels.

area of the wall and the city-gate. Again, perhaps oil lamps were used in these more vulnerable locations of the city’s defenses, or where the official scribes carried on their business.

8.4. Summary 8.3.2.Upper Parts In most cases the distinct ‘new’ base—the disk—in these Iron IIC Type D oil lamps is too small, and the line of its separation from the wheel is not always smoothed: on some of the bases the string-cut separation remains rough, making the lamp unstable. Perhaps these oil lamps were meant to be placed on stands, or within the mouths of jars and cooking pots, as was found at `En Gedi Stratum V of the end of the Iron Age (630-582 BCE).25 In the `Arad Strata VII-VI several hundred heavy bases of oil lamps were discovered near the sanctuary. The bases may have been collected for some reason, perhaps to serve as stoppers of cooking pots and jars, or a sanctuary favissa.26

The upper parts of the Iron IIC oil lamps do not differ from those of the Iron IIA-B. All lamps depart from the wall either in a sharp angle or in a curve. Now there are more channel-type spouts of the short and elongated U shaped spouts (e.g. #1435, #1413). V-shaped spouts are fewer but still continue (e.g.#1376, #1407). In some lamps the folds of the walls are elongated in forming the spout, taking up about half of the saucer’s circumference as in the Persian-period oil lamps from Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom (e.g. #1256; City of David #1287). This type of flat, flanged rim forming a sharp carination becomes common in the Persian period. The method of folding such lamps in Type B oil lamps is also commonly employed in forming the later Punic oil lamps so abundant in the 5th-4th centuries BCE in the western Mediterranean—in Carthage and Spain—but also in Cyprus.23 These oil lamps are denominated ‘CyproPhoenician’ (Type B) (see § 7.3.2., above), a Mediterranean coastal type that also penetrated inland. The rounded base, forming rounded ‘cheeks’ recalling Type B oil lamps (e.g. #1238, #1245, #1426, #1428).

The disk-base was thus a feature of oil lamps, intermittently from the MB II on. However, the bases of the earlier oil lamps, which are fashioned like those of other contemporary pottery vessels, differ from the Type D oil lamps of the end of Iron IIC. These latter bases are thick and cylindrical when they are part of the body itself; they are specific to the oil lamps of this period. Types A and C—the oil lamps with flat and low disk-bases—were found together with thick disk-bases of Type D lamps at `En Gedi Stratum V, Ramat RaДel, Jerusalem-Tell el Ful Stratum III (700-538 BCE),27 Jericho, and sites in the vicinity of Jerusalem.28 All three types were also found in the same burial-caves—in Lachish Burial-Cave 106, a few in Lachish Tomb 1002, and also in burial-caves which were in use for a long time until the end of the period, as at Beth Shemesh.29

The southern Type D oil lamps with thick bases, as in burial-caves at Abu Ghosh, are made of a somewhat darker reddish clay. In these oil lamps the rim, which starts from the bottom of the bowl, constitutes an appreciable part of the vessel. In effect, the ‘rim’ is a continuation and part of the wall proper. In most cases the rim is wide, forming a sharp knee when seen in crosssection. The wall itself is not carinated, but everted (#1344, #1345). The angled departure (carination) of the wall starts at the base. The walls are relatively thick and their entire appearance is crude and unwieldy. The receptacles are smaller than in the lamps of the preceding period, the spout takes up a small part of the bowl’s circumference, and sometimes the mouth is widened.

It is hard to determine when oil lamps with such heavy disk-bases first appear. Such bases clearly do not represent another phase in the typological development of oil lamps but seem to have some sort of functional purpose adapted from another source.

24

Mazar, 1966, En Gedi, Fig. 32:8. Ibid, p.33, Fig. 11. 26 Sussman, 1991, Fig. 2:6,7. Mazar, 1966, En Gedi, Fig. 11. Zimhoni, 1990, Lachish, Level II, p. 47, Fig. 35, lids. 27 Lapp, 1978, Tell el-Ful (Period III), Pl. 42:6, 7, 11, 12, heavy Type D disk-bases. E. Mazar, 1989, Jerusalem Temple, Locus 23041, the western room (7th-6th centuries BCE), Pls. 3:4, 6 and 8:13, Photo 18, oil lamps with low and medium-height disk-bases were found; Pl. 11:15, L87/303. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Fig. 4:18, the oil lamp has a low disk-base. 28 Kenyon, 1982, Jericho IV, Fig. 206:6. Kenyon describes several types of oil lamps from the excavations on the mound and not from the graves. Among them is one lamp with a high, thick disk-base; most of the lamps have flattened bases. Jerusalem the Jewish Quarter, De Groot and Geva, 2002: 13, Photo 1.10 smaller than the ordinary oil lamps. 29 Zimhoni, 1990, Lachish, Level II (8th - 6th centuries BCE), Fig. 35, lids and lamps as lids. Mackenzie, 1912/3, Ain Shems, Tombs 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, lamps with heavy and flattened bases. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, p. 183, Tomb 106, half of both the lamps of Type C and D; Tomb 1002, p. 232, footed lamps (Type D) become significant only in Layers 1-5 (the upper layers). 25

The folds of Type D oil lamps are of two main forms: (1) with somewhat elongated folds, like in Types A and C (`En Gedi #1345); and (2) with very small, pushed-in folds in the Cypro-Phoenician technique of Type B forming a short, wide spout (MeΞad Дashavyahu #1407, Tel `Arad #1413, #1425; and others). These folds continue /match the outline of the base’s circumference, giving the fore part of the lamp with the spout its rounded form. However, this does not apply to all the oil lamps. A navel-like protrusion in the center of the oil lamp bowl is found in Gibeon #1207; `En Gedi #1437, and Tel Masos

23

Deneauve, 1969, Carthago, Pls. XVII-XXII. Oziol & Pouilioux, 1969, Salamine de Chypre, Pl. 1:7-13.

70

OIL-LAMP: SAUCER LAMPS, IN THE HOLY LAND itinerants. Individual specimens with a ring-base and lesspronounced carination of the saucer (upper part missing) found at Bet Нur Stratum III (unstratified) may have been oil lamps.36

No exact parallel for these thick disk-bases is found in the pottery vessels of the period, and not even in bowls of similar section-profile, except for a small number of vessels from the Tell Qasila Stratum XI sanctuary,30 and in the crude ‘Negev’ vessels among which are also oil lamps with such bases. Perhaps the source for these bases is to be sought in this coarse ‘Negev’ pottery, like that found at Tell el-Kheleifa, and in the oil lamps with footed bases from Negev sites.31 The most prominent example was discovered at el-Jib (Gibeon/Giv`on),32 where the same shape was made to serve as covers for jars and pots.

Similar oil lamps with thick bases were found in Iron IIC (Iron III) sanctuaries showing Edomite influence as at Д. QiΓmit of the end of the 7th-6th centuries BCE, and at Tel `Ira.37 Edome could therefore be suggested as their source of inspiration. Oil lamps of Type A (Persian Type 1), Type B (Phoenician lamps as those from &Saida),38 and Type C (Persian Type 2 with low disk-base) all continue, if in small numbers, also into the early Persian period (see § 10.3.1., below).

Did such usage inspire the fashioning of the bases in oil lamps, or did lamps influence the fashioning of stoppers? Were they intended to serve as lids, or in some other secondary use after being broken? Could they have been broken intentionally for such a purpose? Were they intended primarily to elevate the source of light, with the lamp inserted inside a metal ring affixed to the wall or ceiling?

The oil lamps of the end of the Iron IIC, like those found at the Jerusalem-Ramot and Ketef Hinnom sites, already resemble oil lamps of the following, Persian, period.39 Such are also the oil lamps from Tel Kison Stratum 5, Haifa-Shiqmona, Jerusalem-Tell el-Ful Stratum IIIB, and Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum A240 which have an elongated form.

The largest number of oil lamps with thick Type D diskbases comes from southern Palestine—the region of Jerusalem, Judah, and the Negev.33 Such lamps were produced until the end of the period—586 BCE, the destruction of the First Temple—and into the Persian period at `En Gedi. One brief period of occupation at Д. ShilΉa dates these Type D oil lamps to the 7th-6th century BCE.34 Only a small number of such oil lamps was discovered in northern Palestine: ДaΞor Stratum VA; in Megiddo Stratum III; at Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam and Shiqmona excavations of the end of the period; Samaria; and Tel Ta’anakh which also has a rich Persian-period setllement.35 Presumably all these oil lamps reached the northern parts of the country through commerce, or in the personal baggage of settlers, travelers, and other

At the end of the Iron Age, (Israelite period), new settlements were established along the Mediterranean coast by immigrants from across the sea. One such site is MeΞad Дashavyahu,41 which was founded in the second half of the 7th century BCE and was abandoned in 600 BCE—a relatively short span of occupation. Local oil lamps with ungainly, Type D disk-bases (#1407, #1410) appear here alongside East-Greek oil lamps—the first evidence of such vessels imported from overseas to Palestine. In the West a new process began, which eventually changed the form of oil lamps, producing a lamp with a completely closed body. Individual imported oil lamps, including Athenian ones, now begin to appear in Palestine and enable a more accurate dating of the local industries.

30

A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasile II, Fig. 29:7. Cohen, 1986, Central Negev (10th century BCE), p. 163, Pl. 123:8. Pratico, 1983, Tell el-Kheleifeh, Pl. 67:10, 11, 16, and 1993, Pl.15: 10, 11, 15&16. 32 Pritchard, 1962, Gibeon, Fig. 21. 33 Cohen, 1983, Qadesh Barnea`, pp. 6-7, incense bowls on high bases similar to the oil lamps. The fortress was built at the end of the 10th century BCE. Among the pottery vessels was a jug with a spout and oil lamps without flanged rims. The second fortress (pp. 12-13) of the 8th7th centuries BCE, was destroyed by King Uzziah. In the upper fortress (p. 3) of the 7th-6th century BCE there is still typical Negev pottery, which was in use until 586 BCE. Dothan, 1965, Kadesh-Barnea, pp. 134 - 151, Fig. 5:8-10, the two first oil lamps were found within the city wall, and the third inside the town. The oil lamps are of different sizes and heights. The finds within the fortress belong to the end of the 7th /6th century BCE. The site was resettled in the Persian period, at the end of the 6th/5th century BCE, until the Hellenistic period. The oil lamps on p. 140 were dated to the 8th-7th centuries BCE. Bar-Adon, 1989, Judean Desert, Qasr el-Yahud, Fig.8: 21. 34 A. Mazar and Ilan, 1996, Hurvat Shilhah, Fig. P.207:7b: 18 - 19 (late 7th-early 6th centuries [586] BCE. 35 Yadin et al, 1961, Hazor III-IV, Area B, Stratum Vb (until 732 BCE), Pl. CCXXXII: 1-12, Oil lamps 9 and 10 have heavy disk-bases. Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Pl. 37:6, 7. Hamilton, 1934, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum III from D2 near the city-wall, Fig. 21:94, the oil lamp has a medium-height disk-base. Fritz, 1978, Kinneret, Stratum III, Pl. 60:12. Crowfoot, 1957, Samaria III, Fig. 27:4, the lamp has an ungainly base, the wall starts from the base. Rast, 1978, Taanach I, Pit 74, Period VIA, Fig. 82:5 (Persian period). 31

36

Saller, 1968, Beit Zur Stratum III, Fig. 19:14. Beit-Arieh, 1989, Qitmit (end of 7th-early 6th centuries BCE), Fig. 12:10, 11, ‘Judahite’ oil lamps, with disk-bases; idem., 1995, Qitmit, pp. 215-216, Figs. 4:4, 4:19, only one entire oil lamp was found; idem., 1985, Tel `Ira Stratum VI, p. 20, from a public building adjacent to the casemate city-wall (second half of the 7th century BCE), lamps with high and low disk-bases. 38 Tezg’r Сezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul Museum, Nos. 46-52. 39 Tzaferis, 1982, Ramot (end of First Temple period), pp. 11-16, two oil lamps and one juglet; Pl. II: 4, oil lamp with low base. 40 Lapp, 1978, Tell el-Ful, Period III, (Strata III A&B), Lamp Pls. 42:6, 7, 11, 12 and 71:1-13 have heavy bases of different heights, only Oil lamp Pl. 71:14 has a flattened base—a Persian-type oil lamp found in Stratum IV. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A2 (last part of Stratum A), Pl. 70:9, with low disk-base; only one (footed) disk oil lamp was found: idem., 1943, Tell Beit Mirsim III, Pl. 15:9. 41 Naveh, 1962, Mesad Hashavyahu, (663-609 BCE), Fig. 5:18-26, Lamp 19 has a flattened base. 37

71

SPECIAL OIL LAMPS OF THE IRON AGE

CHAPTER 9 SPECIAL OIL LAMPS OF THE IRON AGE Various oil lamps are known in the Iron Age, some of them of unique form, possibly, connected with religious ritual. Or perhaps the potters gave vent to freer creativity and were more self-assertive in exercising their craft. Cultic figurines are now common; besides their religious significance they also reflect the daily life of the people. Some of these modeled figurines served a functional purpose as stands or pedestals for oil lamps (Figures 9.50 & 9.51) and other vessels. Although ostensibly the making of images was prohibited in Jewish law, cultic figurines abound among the finds of the Iron Age in all the sites, in both Israel and especially Judah—including Jerusalem, among whose inhabitants there were no doubt Jews as well. It seems that foreign elements are represented in the local industry, including special lamps without any local tradition. This points toward Jordan, especially to the Edomites.

covered come from: Beth Shean a lamp on a high pedestal (#1441 see & 6.4.3), Megiddo Strata IV-III; and Tel ‘EΓon (#937) (Iron IIB);3 Gan HaShelosha-Tel `Amal level IV #982 (Iron Age IIA: first part of 10th century BCE) in which the entire surface of the lamp is slipcovered, and one lamp even has wild hand-burnishing; a lamp from Baqa el-Gharbiya from a tomb of the 10th century BCE4 `Afula; HaZorea`-Tel Qira5 Stratum VIII (early Iron Age); an Iron IIC Type D oil lamp from `En Gedi;6 and one from Tell Beit Mirsim.7 A lamp with yellowish-brown slip was discovered at eΓ Кaiyiba together with lamps having pinched-together spouts (see § 6.4.2., above).8 In Ammonite tombs at Amman of the Iron IIC were lamps with painted, flanged rims.9 9.2. Pattern Decoration on Oil Lamps Patterned ornamentation is very rare in open, saucer oil lamps, although painting on other vessels on their body or only on the rims is common. Three groups containing altogether eight oil lamps, from the second phase of the Iron Age, have been established according to the style of their ornamentation on their flanged rims. 1. Two lamps, almost identical of the Iron Age IIA-B period, one from Beth Shemesh (Figure 9.39)10 and the other from Tell en-NaΒba (Figure 9.40).11 The lamps stand on a low base Type C, with wide U shaped spout, the wide rim is decorated with brown-red paint with a round-cornered zigzag pattern forming a CCXXXII:8, footed, seven-spout lamp; idem., 1989, Hazor III-IV, from an open space, p. 112. Shalem and Gal, 2000, Fig. 5:2 end of 10th – 9th centuries BCE. 3 Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Strata IV-III, Pls. 35:15, 16, the latter is identical to the Tel ДaΞor seven-spout lamp. 4 Levi and Edelstein. 1972, Tel Amal, Stratum IV, Fig.14: 3, 4; Stratum III (both strata of the 10th century BCE), Fig. 14:12. The oil lamps from Stratum IV are slipped like the rest of the pottery Badhi. 2000.Fig.2: 12. 5 Ben-Tor, 1987, Tel Qiri, Area D, Stratum VIII (early Iron Age), Fig. 16:3; Area F, Stratum VI/VII, L1806, Fig. 30:2, the lamp was found in the street. Many decorated stands belonging to a cult place were found in this stratum. Gal and Covello-Paran, 1996, Afula, Fig. 28:4. 6 Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsky, 1966, En Gedi, Fig. 32:8. 7 Albright. 1943, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum B, Pl. 12:6, similar to the rims of kraters in Pl. 12:3,4. 8 Yannai, 1993, Kh. Majdal and, 1995, Northern Sharon, discovered a large group of oil lamps with touching rims from a tomb. 9 Hadidi, 1987, Amman, Fig. 4:3,1. 10 McCown et al., 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, Pl. 39:1611; Vol. II, Pl. 71:1629, the oil lamp has a low disk-base, very wide rim, and pinched spout. The design was not drawn in Pl. 71, but is described on p. 180 as being the result of blackening by six wicks placed on the rim and used as a seven-spout oil lamp. 11 Grant, 1931, Ain Shems I, Pl. XLV: 33 (No. 1380).

Figure 9.39. Lamp decorated with a pattern Grant, 1931, Ain Shems I, Pl. XLV: 33 (No. 1380) 9.1. Slipped and/or Burnished Oil Lamps Ordinary or footed pottery oil lamps covered with a slip are rare in this period. Footed oil lamps from the Samaria region are made of fine clay and covered with a red slip. They were discovered in Shrine E207 of Strata V and VI. Slip-covering may be a carry-over from the special Samaria ware renowned for its red-brown slip and burnishing.1 A footed seven-spout lamp with slip-covered rim comes from Tel ДaΞor Stratum Va (8th century BCE) and Tur’an.2 Oil lamps in which only the rim is slip1

Crowfoot, 1957, Samaria III, pp. 137, 181; Fig. 27:1, a red-slipped saucer lamp; and Pl. 27:6, high-footed lamps like the oil lamp, redslipped in- and outside, and another multiple-wick lamp in LQx. 2 Yadin et al, 1961, Hazor III-IV, Area A Stratum XII, L342 (Iron I) p. 30, Pl. CLXIX:7, saucer lamp; Area B Stratum Va Locus 3183, Pls.

72

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS assemblages originated in Judea—in the Jerusalem area, in the Judaean plain and in the Negev”. 13

wavy line. The lamp from Tell en-NaΒba was described by Wampler: “rim shows evidence by smoke blackening that 6 wicks have been placed and burned on rim in addition to that on smoke blackened spout; lamp was thus used similarly to 7 spouted lamps”. The lamp found in Beth Shemesh (Figure 9.40) is identical to the lamp from Tell en- NaΒbeh, which may suggest was done by the same potter.

Figure 9.41. Rim decorated with painted triangles Burial cave at Tel Дalif #1435 3. The third group (four lamps) (Figure 9.42): two lamps from a Burial Cave at Jerusalem Har-Zion (#1436 &1436a) the first lamp stands on a low disk base (Type C/D) and the second lamp on high Type D base. The third lamp, from ‘En Gedi Stratum V, stands on a high type D base (#1437, with the possibility of another lamp from ‘En Gedi).14 The Fourth lamp is of unkown origin (IDAM 49-1353) of the same type and shape, with only traces of the paint. Figure 9.40. Lamp decorated with a pattern Wampler and McCown , 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, Pl. 39:1611; Vol. II, Pl. 71:1629

These lamps, dated to Iron IIC period (Late 8th / 7th centuries BCE), are decorated with groups of four groups of four strokes in brown paint forming metops, on the wide flanged rim and also along the rounded fold (‘Cheeks’), as on lamp #1435. Although in Palestine such decoration were not common on oil lamps (they may have been washed out, being unknown to exist), similar painted patterns, triangles and strokes appear on flangerims of other vessels such as on a chalice from Megiddo Stratum IV of the 10th-9th century BCE and from Busirah.15 Decorated rims are common on later Punictype oil lamps from workshops in North Africa, as at Carthage,16 and were first produced in the Iron Age (7th century BCE).

2. The second group of three lamps also originates from the Judean region: two lamps from Tel Дalif (#1435 & 1435a) (Figures 9.41a&b) of Iron IIB and another one of unknown provenance. The first lamp stands on rounded thickened base and the second on a flattened base. Their rims were decorated with the pattern of triangles in the same brown-red paint, resting on the circumference of the rim, and on the fold of lamp #1435a there are strokes along the fold as on lamp from ‘En Gedi (#1437). Judging from the design, these lamps from Tel Дalif, seem to be the work of a single potter.12

9.3. Double-Bottomed Oil Lamps

It seems that more lamps with decorated rims were found, as traces of paint are visible on lamps #1129 & 1133 with the pattern in fashion on the ‘En Gedi and Jerusalem lamps #1436 & #1437.

Among the various special oil lamps of the Iron Age is a lamp from Beth Shean (#1438 and Figure 9.43) having a double bottom; it is related to the anthropoid coffin

Petrographic results from the study of vessels from sites in the Hebron area made by Y. Goren show “that burial 12

13

Yezerski I, 1997, Burial Caves in the Hebron Hills. p. 38. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsky, 1966, En Gedi, Pl. XXXV:11. 15 Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Stratum IV, Pl. 26:74. Bennet, 1974, Buseirah, Fig.15: 13, and, 1975, Fig.7. 16 Deneauve, 1969, Lampes de Carthage, Pls. XX - XXII. 14

Sussman, 2001: 37-39, Figs.4-6.

73

SPECIAL OIL LAMPS OF THE IRON AGE burials in Tomb 66A-C17 possibly of the Iron IA phase. The provenance of another such lamp (#1438a) is unknown.

above oil lamp from Beth Shean. Why was the protrusion given a human face, recalling the LB II oil lamp from Tel Dotan?20 Face-like handles appear much later on oil lamps of the Byzantine period.21 Other versions of double-compartment oil lamp configurations are known from Tell el-Kheleifa Level IV (#1439 Figure 9.44:1 & 9.44:2),22 where a saucer-lamp with a low disk-base is set inside a carinated bowl. The lower bowl has an additional side opening nearly opposite the U-shaped spout. The lower container in one of the lamps (in effect, a cavity) is very small, and the lamp has a wide disk-base; the external bowl has a rounded base. One of the lamps from Tel el-Kheleifa (lamp 24) has a pierced passage between the inner and the outer bowl. Double compartments are known already from EB-MB assemblages (Figure 3.23).

Figure 9.42.. Rim decorated with painted group of strokes. From En Gedi # 1437 Stratum V

Figure 9.43. Double-Bottomed oil lamp Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Figure 42b: 17

An identical upper part of such lamp was found in Tel ‘Ira Stratum VI.18 The lower container is an ordinary bowl into which is fitted a single-spout saucer-oil lamp having an erect, cylindrical spout at the back that serves as a spout and filling-hole for the lower bowl, and it is adorned in front with a human face in relief. On both openings are traces of soot.

The explanation offered for such double vessels, is that the lower receptacle was filled with water to keep the oil from seeping out. However traces of soot appear on both openings, indicating that also the lower container was filled with fuel and fed a burning wick. Still another kind of double oil lamp from the end of the Iron Age (8th-beginning of 7th century to ) was found in

A similar oil lamp found in Gibeon (el -Jib, Giv`on)19 has a high cylindrical protrusion at the back, on top of which a human face in relief is represented, reminiscent of the 17

20

Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Fig. 42b: 17. Freud, 1999, Tel ‘Ira, Figs. 6.39, 6.84:17 and see discussion there. 19 Zayadine, 1987, in: Amiet, Der Konigsweg, p. 130, Fig. 127, from Gibeon (Giv’on) (8th century BCE).

Cooley and Pratico, 1995, Tell Dothan, Figs. 17, 18. Sussman, 1988, Geva, Pl. 98:47. Glueck, 1969, Etzion Gever, Fig. 3:17 - 24. Pratico, 1993, p.47, questions the site provenance of the double lamps.

18

21 22

74

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Lachish Level III,23 and three such oil lamps, which were discovered at Buseirah Jordan ,24 (Figure 9.45) stand on a foot, with a strainer between the two sections. E. Mazar assigns this type of lamp to the Edomite culture.25 Both the upper and lower lamps have a spout. Two handles connect the upper to the lower lamp. This lamp, belonging to a Phoenician repertoire, recalls the CyproPhoenician oil lamp whose distribution ranges from Cyprus to Spain (§ 8.3.2: 9.3, above). The vessel had a ritual function. Other double vessels, but of different form, with two tiers but with no connection between them were published by S.S. Weinberg (Figure 9.46).26

Figure 9.44:2 Double-Bottomed oil lamp Glueck, 1969, Etzion Gever, Figure 3: 17 - 24. Pratico, 1993: 47 9.4. Hollow-Footed (Elevated) Single-Spouted Oil Lamps In the Iron IIC period, lamps were raised by a high disk base, and there are almost no hollow ring bases. One lamp from a burial cave at Gibeon (el- Jib, Giv`on) of the Iron II Age is close to a ring base (#1440), but it may have been fashioned accidently.

Figure 9.44:1 Double-Bottomed oil lamp

Single-spouted footed oil lamps are known already from the EB-MB period at Tel Qedesh (#73). At Tel Esdar and at Tel Gezer dated to Iron I Age27 were found oil lamps placed on chalices but not joined to them. When joined, the body of the lamp and the foot are usually made separately and assembled before firing. The two components of one such lamp were found separated in an Iron II tomb at Gibeon (el-Jib, Giv`on): the saucer has a

23

Zimhoni, 2004, Lachish Area GE, Level III, Locus 4083 Fig. 26.21: 15 and Bennet, 1974, Buseirah, Figs. 14:2, 3, 4 and 16:5; and, 1975, Fig. 7:8, lamps with a wide spout on high stand (missing), or with flat base. Inside the bowl a dividing wall was added thus separating the spout from the rest of the saucer. The wall is pierced into the saucer at the base of the partition, allowing the liquid to flow through or the wick to be inserted. This is reminiscent of the cup-and-saucer, or the later beehive lamps. 24 Hart, 1995, Buseirah, Fig. 13:17, lamp type 1.3 of Phase 2+, Edomite pottery. Bennet 1974, Fig.14: 2-4, and 1975, Fig.7:8&13. 25 E. Mazar, 1985, Stratum 6-5, Fig. 2:1-6; Stratum 2, Fig. 4:14, regarded as an Edomite culture of the end of the Iron Age. 26 Weinberg, 1979, Two-Story Lamp, pp. 143 - 147, Fig. 1, Pl. 17:F. Sellin and Watzinger, 1913, Jericho, p. 141:63, Pl. 37:A, 63 (left).

27 Kochavi, 1969, Tel Esdar, see discussion in Chapter II. Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Pl. LXXXI: 2, a chalice on which a bowl and lamp were placed.

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SPECIAL OIL LAMPS OF THE IRON AGE have been part of a mounted vessel), and `Ein Qudeirat.32 (&9.5) of the end of Iron IIC. Like other contemporary ‘Negev’ vessels, these crude lamps are fashioned by hand of a greenish-gray clay, and perhaps are only an elevated version of the heavy Type D disk-base, which may have originated in parallel with the crude “Negbit” pottery.33 The solid foot bases of oil lamps, such as the one from Tell Beit Mirsim, may have been derived from Astarte figurines of similar form that were common at the time. The lamps from Tell Beit Mirsim are smaller, with wideflanged rims and U-shaped wick-rests, resembling those mounted on top of a figurine.34 (#1452, Figure 9.50). A similar pillar from the Hebron area bears a bird. 35

peg-like base that fits into the hollow foot (Figure 9.49).28 A single lamp was found in a tomb at Mount Nebo in Jordan.29 Elevating the source of light is known in a few Iron I period lamps. One single spouted lamp on a high cylindrical base with a flanged rim comes from Beth Shean (#1441) (§ 6.4.3. above) In the Mount Nebo excavation in Jordan, hollow-footed, single-spouted lamps were also found in tombs (Figure 9.48).30 The lamps, are small (8.8 cm). The author compares the foot to the goddess-figurines whose body is in effect a ‘foot’ identical to that of the lamps found in the same tombs (&9.5, above). At el Mina in Syria such a single-spouted oil lamp was mounted on a thin, tall stand (650-500 BCE) which heralds the oil lamps of the Persian period in Cyprus31 and Tel el-Kheleifa #1442, like the Persian lamp (Figures 10.56 &10.4.3).

Figure 9.46. Double compartment Unknown, Weinberg, 1979, Figure 1, Pl. 17:F 9.6. Six- and Seven-spouted Oil Lamps Two types of multi-spouted oil lamps have been identified: one, with a regular, rounded-to-flattened base; and the other, on a high, usually hollow foot. Multispouted oil lamps increased in Iron II; the number of spouts varies from six to seven, the latter being more common.

Figure 9.45. Double compartment Bennett, 1974, Buseirah, Figure 14:2, lamp type 1.3 9.5. Oil Lamps on a Solid Foot

9.6.1. Footed Oil Lamps

A few crudely-made, footed oil lamps with solid bases are known from sites in the south, e.g., Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum A (Figure 9.48 #1443, 6.5 cm-high) and the Negev—as in Be’er Sheva` (#1444) (both of which may

Multiple-spouted oil lamps on a foot are known already from MB I in Tel Qedesh and `Enan, and both footed and ordinary multiple-spouted oil lamps were discovered at Ras Shamra of the Middle Bronze Age, among them some with seven and ten spouts.36 In the Iron Age these lamps were made in the same technique. According to

28 Dajani, 1953, El Jib, Vol. 2, Plates; 1956, Fig. 20:53 in this burial were 223 oil lamps. 29 Saller, 1965/6, Nebo, Tomb 84, Fig. 29: 1, 2; Glueck, 1969, EzionGever, Room 50, No. 961 30 Ibid, pp. 199, 204, Fig. 14:22, in Tomb 2, 197 entire oil lamps; pp. 265-267, Tomb 84 contained about 300 oil lamps, two of them on a hollow foot (Figs. 28:1, 2 and 29:1, 2) Glueck, 1969, Ezion-Gever, Figs. 28:1, 2 and 29:1, 2). 31 Bailey, 1975, Al-Mina, Pls. 100 - 101:Q505; Stern, 1969, Fig. 202. Dunand, 1950, Byblos II, Pl. CCVIII: 9773 (Persian period?).

32

Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Pl. 70:11; idem., 1943, Tell Beit Mirsim III, Pls. 32:2, 56:3. Ahroni, 1973, Beer-Sheba I, Stratum II, Pls. 27:1 and 71:3. Cohen, 1983, Kadesh Barnea, pp. 6,7,19. Glueck, 1969, Ezion Geber, Fig. 2:14, Pl. IX:B. 33 Pratico, 1993, Tell el Kheleifeh pp.47-48, Pl.15:10, 11, 15 &16, no lamps with such bases were found. 34 Albright, 1943, Tell Beit Mirsim III, Pl. 32: 1. 35 Yezerski I, 1997, Burial Caves in the Hebron Hills. Fig.10. 36 Schaeffer, 1949, Ugaritica II, Fig. 114:1, 7, 13, 14, Lamp 13 with ten spouts and Lamp 17 with seven spouts.

76

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS seven-spouted lamps come from Tel Ta`anakh41 and Samaria.42 Other footed seven-spouted oil lamps were found at Tell el–Kheleifa Level IV (e.g. #1448) of the 7th6th centuries BCE).43

Albright, these oil lamps became common only after the 10th century BCE. At least one oil lamp of this footed type was discovered in almost each of the many sites of the period. This occurrence of multi-spouted oil lamps perhaps attests the existence of a public or cultic building of some sort. Hachlili and Merhav conjecture that footed chalices and kernoi may have been the prototype of the Menorah in the Temple.37

Six-spouted oil lamps were also common in Cyprus,44 apparently dating to the 8th-7th centuries BCE.

Figure 9.48. Hollow, single footed oil lamp Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I. St.A: 1018 pl. 70:11) 9.6.2. With Regular Bases

Figure 9.47. Hollow, single footed oil lamp Dajani, 1953, El Jib, Vol. 2, Plates; 1956, Figure 20:53

Multiple-spouted oil lamps with regular bases (#1443, #1449, #1450, #1451) were fashioned in relatively smaller quantities already in all the preceding periods; lamps with four, five, and six spouts are known from the Early Bronze Age, EB, MB IIA, and LB I. Only in the Iron II period do seven-spouted lamps predominate, but there are many exceptions. Seven- spouted oil lamps were discovered in almost all the sites of the period, mainly from the 9th /8th century BCE on. These oil lamps may have served to illuminate public buildings or were used in cultic contexts. The way they are fashioned does not differ very much from that of the oil lamps of the preceding Bronze Age and Iron I, and of the subsequent Persian period. The technique employed in forming the spouts of these oil lamps is by slightly pinching and

From the high place in the sacred precinct near the gate in Tel Dan Statum VI of the time of the Israelite monarchy (9th-8th centuries BCE) come five footed oil lamps with seven spouts (#1445, #1446, #1447).38 In the abovementioned (§ 9.7.) seven-spouted, slipped oil lamps from Megiddo Stratum III39 the foot is missing. At Tel ДaΞor a footed oil lamp was found in Stratum Va;40 high-footed, 37

Hachlili and Merhav, 1985: 259, Fig. 1, Pl. 51:1-3. Biran, 1971, Dan, pp. 10-11; 1994, Dan, p. 124, Pl. 25; and 1996a. p, 56, Fig.7:7&9 three footed oil lamps and six saucer lamps were found on the cultic place near the gate. 39 Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Pl. 37:16. 40 Yadin et al., 1961, Hazor III - IV, Area B, Stratum Va, L3183 (8th century BCE), Pl. CCXXXII: 8, fragmentary, hollow-footed sevenspout, red-slipped oil lamp was found in the open-air area. In this level a fortress and a new city-wall were erected. Two Judahite oil lamps with ungainly bases (Type D) dated to the 7th century were found together in this stratum. A fragmentary footed seven spouted lamp was found in the cemetery in Area Q together with a saucer lamp with rounded base and flanged rim and U shaped spout, This cemetery which north to the wadi of Hazor, is a special one, and probably did not serve the population on the Tel, dated to the 9th-8th centuries BCE: Ben–Tor 1996, pp.68-69, Fig.2: 13 &14. 38

41

Sellin, 1905, Tell Ta'anek, Figs. 28&31. Reisner and Fisher, 1924, Samaria I, Fig. 187:3a. 43 Glueck, 1969, Etzion Gever, pp. 55-59, Fig. 2:12, 13, Pl.IX: A&B, discussion on the history of seven-spout oil lamps. Pratico 1993, p 48: category 6; three seven-spouted lamps and lamp fragments, including one handmade with crude base and five preserved spouts. One is footed 6 cm high with seven spouts. 44 Bailey, 1975, I, Cyprus, Temenos of Apollo at Dali (8th-7th centuries BCE), Pl. 92:Q480, 42

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SPECIAL OIL LAMPS OF THE IRON AGE indenting the bowl-rim inward to create a wavy circumference. The technique of making the multispouted oil lamps does not actually change, but continues as in the earlier (and also the later) periods.

lamps with eight spouts); Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum B which precedes the Iron II;57 and Tel Jemme.58

Lamps #1449 from Tell el–Ajjul has a near-ring-base, with spouts pressed-down to form seven-to eight wickrests as in the method employed in the EB.

Two clay figurines bearing oil lamps on their head as an integral part of the vessel (#1452), dating to Iron Age IIC (8th-7th century BCE), were discovered in Beth Shemesh Level III (Figure 9.50),59 and in Buseirah southeast of the Dead Sea (Figure 9.51).60

9.7. Oil Lamps Mounted on Figurines

The oil lamps they carry, are small, typical of the late Iron II. The facial features of the figurine from Beth Shemesh vary in character from that from Buseirah. The features is that of a female, the ears were applied, so is the nose combined with the eyebrows “Y” shaped. Wide flat eyes pierced round pupils. The mouth is not marked, or it is part of the nose. The Buseirah figurine is more complete, and is more primitive/crude, it also meant to portray a woman: breast, the hands which are holding the tambourine are portrayed as in other figurines deformed, as in the Phoenician terracotta figurines found at Acheziv. The figurine from Tell Jatt,61 also differ, as the body is decorated and is solid. The face of the Beth Shemesh figurine somewhat recalls the style of the Ashdod vessels and the Sumerian style of the 7th-5th centuries BCE. The figurine from Buseirah, resembles the vessels from the sanctuary at Д. QiΓmit,62 reflecting Edomite influence in the south of the country. No doubt that both were fashioned following or combining shared traditions. The strong ties with Buseirah are attested once more, identifying Buseirah painted ware in the excavations at Beersheba and Tel ‘Ira in the Negev during the mid 8th century BCE.63 The oil lamps on both lamps are typical Iron IIC Age, with wide U shaped spouts.

Figure 9.49. Hollow, single footed oil lamp Saller, 1965/6, Mount Nebo, Figure 14:22, Figs. 28:1, 2 and 29:1, 2. Oil lamps with regular bases come from: Tel ДaΞor Stratum VI-V;45 Tell el-Far`a (North)46 Stratum VIIE (the spouts are not symmetrically pinched, the lamp was found together with Type D oil lamps having ungainly bases of the end of the Iron Age); Tel Dotan47 (a sixspouted saucer oil lamp); Beth Shean48 (saucer lamps #1450); Tell en-NaΒba49 (three such oil lamps of the 7th-6th centuries BCE); Jerusalem—Temple Mount50 (8th century BCE); Jericho;51 Wadi Murabba`at Cave I (on a disk-base of the Iron IIC);52 Ben’e Beraq—Tel Zeton #1501 (Persian period); Beth Shemesh Stratum III53 (e.g. #1451 with low disk-base; Gezer;54 Maresha;55 Lachish56 (oil

The tiny oil lamp on a cylindrical base, splayed in its lower part (#1444), which was discovered together with a cultic assemblage from Beersheva`,64 was apparently originally mounted on a figurine, or on a zoomorphic vessel depicting an animal, as a bull. A tiny oil lamp found at Tell Beit Mirsim also may have been part of a ritual object.65 The Beersheba oil lamp resembles the former mentioned Tell el-Kheleifeh vessels with heavy

56 Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Stratum III (Assyrian) L1002, Pl. 90:379, eight-spout oil lamp found near the city-wall and the temple. 57 Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum B (until 586 BCE), Pl. 23:3. 58 Petrie, 1928, Gerar, Pl. LXI: 91g. Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91:Q, Q2, Q3. 59 Grant, 1931, Ain Shems, Pl. XLV: 20. 60 Glueck, 1939, Eastern Palestine III (Buseira) (950 - 660 BCE), Figs. 19a, b and 20:a-bc, “Lamp Goddess.” Harding, 1937, Buseira, pp. 253254. 61 Dothan 1971, Ashdod, Fig.62; E. Mazar, 1996, Achziv; Kletter 1996; Horowitz, 2001, Tell Jatt, 62 Singer-Avitz, 2004. 63 Beit Ariyeh, 1986, Qitmit. Beck in: Beit - Ariyeh, 1995, Qitmit, Fig. 3:74, and, 2002, Figs. 7 & 8. 64 Ahroni, 1973, Beer Sheba I, Pl. 27:1. 65 Albright, 1932. Tell Beit Mirsim, Fig. 70:11.

45

Yadin et al., 1958, Hazor I, Area B, Strata IV-V (Iron Age II), Pl. LXXI:25. 46 Chambon, 1984, Tell el Fara I, Pl. 59:21. 47 Free, 1960, Dothan, Tomb 1, p. 13, Level 3 (LB-Iron I), Fig. 3. 48 James, 1966, Beth-Shan, Level V (upper part), Fig. 126:4, half of the lamp is missing. Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Tomb 66A-C, Pl. 42b: 19-20. 49 McCown et al., 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, Pl. 39:11; Vol. II, Pl. 71:1625. 50 E. Mazar, 1989, Jerusalem Temple Mount (8th century BCE), Pl. 31:13, Photo 117. 51 Watzinger, 1913, Jericho, Fig. 152, only three spouts remained. 52 Benoit, Milik and De Vaux, 1961, Murabba`at, p. 26, Fig. 6:2. 53 Grant, 1937, Ain Shems V, p.134, Pl. VIII; ibid. 1939, Pl. XLV:18, 19. 54 Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Pl. CLXXV: 1. 55 Bliss and Macalister, 1902, Tell Sandahana, Pl. 66:7s six-spout oil lamp with string-cut disk-base.

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS bases.66 In the discussion of the burial at Tel `EΓon, Ussishkin67 proposes that the lion-shaped reliefs guarding the entrance to Tomb 1 were surmounted by oil lamps, for the lions’ heads are flat on top. He regards these lions as a neo-Hittite influence of the 9th century BCE. Female figurines bearing a four-spouted oil lamp on their heads belong to the Дama culture, Stratum J (EB-MB) (Figure 3.18).68 Another attempt to combine a human face with a vessel, was found in a Iron Age Tomb at E-Zahiriyye, in the Hebron region. This time it is a juglet, at the top of the neck a human face somewhat similar to ours, and here too the hands are thin, powerless, bent over the chest/belley.68a

survived entire (the other three are fragmentary). The bull bearing the lamps apparently comes from an assemblage belonging to the sanctuary. A similar oil lamp with two spouts was found at Carthage (6th century BCE?).

Figure 9.50. Oil lamp mounted on figurine Grant, 1931, Ain Shems, Pl. XLV: 20 and #1452. Other miniature oil lamps, which may have been mounted on other vessels, are known from Tel Mikhal (#1453) of Iron IIC—Persian period; has a flat base with remains of an elliptic-shaped attachment to a possible foot and a narrow, flanged rim. Almost identical oil lamps from Cyprus are affixed to the top of figurines. Apparently the Tel Mikhal lamp was also mounted on a figurine, like the Iron IIC oil lamps from Beth Shemesh and BuΒeira. At the Tel Mikhal sanctuary such oil lamps apparently served some cultic function. Oil lamps mounted on figurines, from excavations in Cyprus and Rhodes, are dated to the second half of the 7th century BCE.69 Of four such oil lamps mounted along the back of a bull figurine (7th century BCE), the lamp affixed to the top of the bull’s head between the horns has 66

Pratico, 1993, Tell el Kheleifeh, pp. 47-48, Pl.15: 10, 11, 15&16. Ussishkin, 1974, Tel `Etun, pp. 11-112, 122, 126, Fig. 4. 68 Bible Lands Museum, Jerusalem (on exhibit), No. T19. 68a Baramki, 1935, Pl.LXIV: 1 Astarte Figurine, chamber B 69 Bailey, 1975, (Rhodes) Pl.72-73:Q363; (Cyprus) pp. 218-219, Pls. 92:Q483, 95:485-487. 67

Figure 9.51. Oil lamp mounted on figurine Glueck, 1939, Buseira, Figs. 19a, b and 20:a –bc. 79

SPECIAL OIL LAMPS OF THE IRON AGE 9.8. Two-spouted Oil Lamps: Punic Lamps Two-spouted lamps, known as ‘Punic’ oil lamps (Figure 9.52), are not common in Palestine. Such oil lamps come from Beth Shean Tomb 66 (Iron II),70 Tel Shem #1503, and Haifa-Shiqmona (#1502) of the Persian period. Some fragmentary footed oil lamps from Samaria might also be of this type.71 Oil lamps with two spouts were already fashioned at Дama in North Syria in MB I-II.72 Although these oil lamps suggest an Eastern influence, they are characteristic of North Africa and their distribution around the Mediterranean reaches to Spain. They have rounded-to-flattened bases and two spouts formed by lapping the rim in three places (technically similar to the way the rim is lapped in the EB IV or the MB I). The lapping which forms a short, U-shaped spout takes up a rather small portion of the wall. The fold and the spout continue the former Cypro-Phoenician Type B oil lamp (see § 7.4.2. and § 8.3., above). Later, such convex, and sometimes wide, flanged rims are very characteristic of the Persian-period oil lamps and resemble typical Phoenician bowls.73 Presumably, these lamps originated in Phoenicia of the 8th-7th centuries BCE, and reached Cyprus and North Africa by trade, or were introduced by settlers from the eastern Mediterranean coast. Their scarcity in Palestine and the Orient suggests that, like the former Type B oil lamps, they might have been made in Cyprus. They were in use for a long time—into the Hellenistic period, when they appear in several variants. Such Punic two-spouted oil lamps are a permanent fixture in the Phoenician pottery repertoire,74 and at least one two-spouted lamp has been found in each cist-burial.75 Two-spouted oil lamps were made also in bronze with elongated folds, and sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rims, like the punic (Figure 9.53) and Persian type rim (#1504 from Megiddo, and #1505, Figure 10.58 of unknown provenance)

Figure 9.52. Two-spouted oil lamps (Cypro-Phoenician) Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Tomb 66A - C, F B: 18

Figure 9.53. Two spouted bronze oil lamp Lamon and Shipton, excavated in 1926, Stratum (IDAM I. 3550)

70 Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Tomb 66A-C, Fig. 42B: 18, and Lamps 19 and 20, seven-spout oil lamps. 71 Reisner and Fisher, 1924, Samaria I, Fig. 187:2a. Crowfoot, 1957, Samaria III, Fig. 27:5. 72 Fugmann, 1958, Hama, Niveau H1 & H2 (20th century-1750 BCE), Figs. 124:057, 127:2D, 214 and 4C3B, 139:4B 908; Niveau G (17501550 BCE), Fig. 161:5B;820, together with a single-spout lamp Fig. 161:5A910. 73 Lancel, 1982, Byrsa II, Fig. 374. 74 Bailey, 1975, (Salamis) (3rd century BCE), Pl. 95:Q485, Q486. Deneauve, 1969, Lampes de Carthage, Pl. XXIV: 109, Type X, on the head is a small Punic oil lamp of the 2nd century BCE, or even later. Many such oil lamps were found in burials at El - Kenissa; Lamp 107 closely resembles Hellenistic oil lamps. In Lamp 109 found in the cemetery at Byrsa, the spout is still open. Elgavish, 1994, Shiqmona, The site was a Phoenician trading center. 75 Lancel, 1982, Byrsa II, Figs. 336, 372, 385, 391, 409, 410, 412, 432, 433, 601,etc., the oil lamps were found together with “Akhzib”-type pottery. All the offerings were placed at the end of the cist.

9.9 Crude hand fashioned oil lamps Two objects with heavy bases, one (#1454) with a square cavity resembling EB-Mb oil lamps, and the other (#1455), with a rounded cavity, may have served as oil lamps. Both come from Tel el Ajjul in the southern part of the country. 9.10. Oil Lamps Made of Bronze Although in the Iron Age there was considerable advance in the metal - working crafts, oil lamps made of metal are

80

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS not very common—possibly because they were melted down for reuse. Bronze oil lamps are known already from the Late Bronze Age from Tel Dan and Tell en-Na`ami. A bronze lamp was found at Beth Shean together with anthropoid coffin burials in Tomb 90 of the Iron I.76 At Tel Дesi a fragmentary oil lamp, probably with an erect rim and V-shaped spout was found (Figure 9.54:1). A hammered bronze oil lamp of the Iron II, which resembles the pottery oil lamps with flanged rims and upward-slanting edges, came to light in the excavation of the burial cave at Tel Дalif (Figure 9.54:2). This is the only open oil lamp made of metal found in the country upon which a strap-handle is attached to the rim at the back in an axis a5 of the clock of the spout. The base is flattened, the narrow rim is flanged, the spout is Vshaped, and the folds are only pushed-in. A very similar lamp, probably of a later date, Persian (?), without a handle, hanging on a chain was found in Cyprus, Vouni.77 Open oil lamps from the West are known from Crete of 1950-1800 BCE? and these already have handles.78 No doubt that the design of metal vessels influenced the creation of sharp section-profiles (carination) in pottery vessels, such as the angles of the flanged rims in oil lamps (Figure 9.53 from Megiddo).

Figure 9.54:2. Hammered bronze lamp with handle Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tel Halif, Figure 13. (IDAM 65-789)

Figure 9.54:1. Bronze lamp,Tel Дesi. (IDAM 79-287)

76

Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Tomb 90, Fig. 45:4. Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tel Halif, Fig. 13. (IDAM 65-789). Gjersted, 1937, Vouni, Tomb 1, Pl.XCVIII: 64+65 78 Bailey, 1975, Pl. 4:Q1, Q4 from Crete, in shape it resembles #353 from Megiddo (MB II). 77

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PERSIAN PERIOD

CHAPTER 10 PERSIAN PERIOD The destruction of the First Temple in 586 BCE was one of the most traumatic events in the history of the Jewish people in antiquity. The conquest of the country and the devastation wrought by the Babylonians were followed by the expatriation of a large part of the Jewish population to Babylon. The time of Babylonian rule (604538 BCE) was a transitional period from the Iron IIC to the Persian period in both material and historical terms. However, few distinguishing material remains have come to light.

closed oil lamps. Judging from the listings in the Catalogue, the known number of local, open oil lamps is now about one-fifth that of the Iron IIC period. 10.1. Oil Lamps from Stratigraphic Excavations The settlement map of the Persian period in Palestine3 presents a picture of fairly dense occupation. Some settlements were built upon the Iron Age remains and continued to be inhabited in the subsequent Hellenistic period. Alongside these, new settlements were founded as well. The density of settlement is especially marked in the north of the country, but also in the northern Negev.

Cyrus’s conquest of Judah in 538 BCE marked the beginning of the Persian period in Palestine. After an exile of 48 years the Jews were allowed to return to Zion.1 The return of the exiles spurred renewed growth. Politically, Judah was now a small province of the Persian Empire. The Persian system of government organized Palestine into satrapies, but this division finds no expression in the material culture of the country. With Palestine serving as a bridge to Egypt, life under Persian rule went on peacefully until the end of the period in the mid-fourth century BCE.

New port cities in Palestine were laid out according to contemporary Western town-planning concepts. Some of the buildings were commercial storage houses from which the goods were distributed to the markets of the interior. Among the existing ports involved in this trade, and the new ones built at the time, are (from north to south): Nahariyya4 of the 5th-4th centuries BCE; ‘Akko (#1477); Haifa-Shiqmona Stratum IV (#1481, #1482);5 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Stratum II (#1480),6 a port town at the mouth of the Qishon River. Further down the coast are Tel SaΉar (Megadim)7 (#1470, #1479) of the 5th–4th centuries BCE; `Atlit8 Tel Dor;9 #1459-#1461; Tel Arshaf;10 and Yafo11 Stratum II-a rich Persian level of the 5th-4th centuries BCE (#1493, #1494).

Extensive Phoenician maritime commercial activity spread Phoenician cultural influence throughout the entire Mediterranean basin. But there was now also a new influx of imports to Palestine from the western Mediterranean world, the Aegean islands and the Greek mainland, as well as from North Syria and Egypt. Greek imports, including Black Attic and Red-figured wares, were widely distributed in the country. This pottery provides an important chronological key to the associated objects excavated in Palestine. Minted coins, which now begin to appear, introduce a new factor of precise dating.

Contemporaneous storage facilities were discovered also further inland, at Gil`am12 in Stratum II of the 5th century BCE (#1483). In some of the Persian-period sites are three phases of occupation, among them: Samaria13 3

Stern, 1982, Material Culture, p. 2, Photo 6, settlement map of the Persian period. 4 Ovadiah, 1993, Nahariya, p. 26, Fig. 4:19 (mainly 4th century BCE, according to a dated coin) along the Phoenician coast. 5 Elgavish, 1968, Shikmona, Pls. XXXIV: PE4, and LI: 108, lamp with a smoothed base. 6 Hamilton, 1935, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum II, pp. 4-5, Fig. 5; the presence of imported Attic Black-figured ware indicated a dating at the end of the 6th-5th century BCE. 7 Broshi, 1969, Tel Megadim, pp. 124 - 126. 8 Johns, 1933, Atlit (South-Eastern Cemetery), p. 44, a mixture of Assyrian, Persian, or local elements, typical of Phoenician culture. 9 Stern, 1995, Dor, pp. 272-275. 10 Tal, 1996, Apollonia-Arsuf, p. 8, Persian 2 is the earlier one, and Persian 1 the later. 11 Bowman, 1955, Jaffa, Pl. IV. Kaplan, 1982, Jaffa, pp. 64-68, the town flourished between the two rebellions against Persia in 385-383 and 344-343. The author distinguishes three phases of imported Attic Redfigured ware in Stratum II. 12 Stern, 1970, Gil`am, pp. 31-54. 13 Reisner and Fisher, 1924, Samaria I, a pit, p. 225. Crowfoot, 1957, Samaria III, Stratum VIII (6th century BCE) built over Israelite city, Fig. 27:3,Z120 Zd, more fragments of cream-hued ware were found.

There is considerable evidence of this commercial enterprise along the Mediterranean coastline. In a shipwreck discovered off Ma’agan Mikha’el the finds include 70 pottery vessels, both local and imports from Cyprus and Greece, among them oil lamps. The pottery vessels for daily use came from the Syria-Palestine coast,2 and the oil lamps are in the local tradition. The extensive commercial ties during the following periods, and imports to Palestine, changed the composition of the local material culture. In the following centuries Hellenistic and Roman technological advances were also introduced to local industries. Oil lamps were found in almost all the sites of this period, albeit in smaller numbers. From the 5th century BCE on, the local production of oil lamps follows the Western fashion with the introduction of 1

Avigad, 1983, Jerusalem, pp. 61-62. Stern, 1969:110-124. Linder, 1991, Ma`agan Mikhael, pp. 43. Oren, 1986, A Phoenician Emporium on the Border of Egypt, pp. 76-83.

2

82

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Among the northern one-period city-sites are Beth YeraΉ24 Stratum IV (#1475, #1476), and Ayyelet HaShaΉar25 Stratum II of the end of the Persian period where an Assyrian palace stood.

Stratum VIII (#1462, Period V-VI or earlier, until 722 BCE), Tel Mikhal (#1498),14 Strata XI-VII (525-350 BCE), and Tel Mevorakh.15 In most of the settlements only two levels were found for this period, with no difference in their material culture, e.g., Tel Kison.

Following the return of the exiles from Babylon, the small Jewish presence in Jerusalem, known as yehud medinatah (“Judahite state”), engaged in the construction of the new Temple and the fortifications. In the City of David excavations, a Persian level was revealed -Stratum 9.26 Other sites of the Persian period are: Tel Gezer27 Stratum IV (5th-4th centuries BCE) (#1487); a fortress near Ashdod28 (#1496); Beth Shemesh Stratum II29 (#1488); Tel `Erani30 (#1468); Lachish31 Stratum IB (#1489. #1490. #1491); Tel Gamma32 on the road to Egypt, built upon Assyrian remains; Tel `Arad;33 and in the Negev, Tel `Ira34 Stratum V (5th-4th centuries BCE).

However, a three level site was found in Tel Nov, Southern Golan: Stratum III, Iron II (10th-8th centuries BCE), Persian (5th-4th centuries BCE) and Hellenistic (2nd century BCE )16 Stratum 3 (#1474, #1474a). At Har Adar, two separate levels of occupation were discovered: Persian and Hellenistic. In the first one, two lamps of type I were found. At Haifa-Shiqmona Stratum 1 was built by the Persian king as a Tyrian colony in the 6th-5th centuries BCE, and Stratum 2 is dated to the mid-4th century BCE. It comprises fortresses, public buildings, and a large state-owned storage house where a few lamps were discovered (#1481. #1482).17 Other two-strata sites are: Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Stratum II Phase A (569-525 BCE) and Phase B (525 BCE-4th century BCE); Tel SaΉar Stratum II of the 5th century BCE; Tel Dor, where the earliest strata are VI (538-400 BCE) and VB (400 350 BCE) (#1495); Gil`am18 Strata II and I (#1483); Megiddo19 Strata II and I (660-350 BCE); Tel Arshaf,20 two strata (1 and 2), the earliest of the late 6th into the mid-5th century BCE, and the second of the end of the Persian period; Ben’e Beraq-Tel Zeton21 (#1501) (late 6th - second half of the 5th century BCE—the time of Ezra and Nehemiah); Ashdod22 Stratum Va and Vb (5th-4th centuries BCE) (#1495); and the two last occupation levels at Tel el-Дesi23 (end of 6th century-beginning 4th century BCE - a time span of 150 years) with most of the oil lamps found in pits in Stratum V (#1500).

In Д. Mesura, and Khirbet Dunam Be’erotayim35 Negev fortresses, in the first site four oil lamps were found in Locus 4, which is a broad room within the ramparts, and in the second one in level II a lamp on a high disk base, and in level I with scraped flattened base, as at the Third site. At the NaΉal HaRo`a36 site, each oil lamp was found in a different room in Loci 4 and 7. Some of the many oil lamps, still of the Iron IIC types, found in `En Gedi37 Stratum V (#1347) and Stratum IV (#1463, #1464, #1465, #1466, #1467) perhaps suggest the proximity of a public building. Oil lamp #1498 was found at Tel Mikhal

24

Bar Adon, 1989. Bet Yerah, p. 338 (excavations in 1950 - 1955). Excavations, 1950, at Ayyelet HaShaΉar, south of the kibbutz watertower, by P.L.O. Guy and M. Dothan, and later by S. Yeivin in 1955, Bulletin of Antiquities Dept., 1957, 5-7: 19-20, where a rich Persian layer was unearthed. Yadin’s excavations at Tel ДaΞor in 1955-1958, in Area B, unearthed a fortress; see, Yadin et al., 1958, Hazor I, pp. 45-70; idem., 1961, Hazor IV-III. Geva et al., 1989, Hazor IV-III, Area A, Stratum II, p. 49. Reich, 1975, Assyrian-Palace of Hazor. 26 Shiloh, 1984, Jerusalem, City of David, Stratum 9 (Persian period, 6th4th centuries BCE), p. 29, Pl. 11, where new buildings are seen. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem (5th century BCE), p. 36, Fig. 17;14, 15, probably 75 examples fashioned in the tradition of the earlier period; also a closed Attic oil lamp. 27 Gitin, 1990, Gezer III. Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Tombs 289-300, Pl. CLXXXVII: 12, 14, from a cistern in IV 11. 28 Dothan and Porath, 1979, Ashdod, imported Attic pottery was found in a pit beneath the floor of Locus 62.1. 29 Grant, 1931, Ain Shems I, p. 10, Tower 14 (6th century BCE). 30 Yevin, 1950, 1957, 1961. The material was not published. 31 Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Temple 106, Solar Shrine, p. 3, Pls. 51:9 12, Lamps 10 - 12 were found in Stratum IB, Locus 53. 32 Van Beek, 1973, Tell Jemme, pp. 23-27. 33 Herzog et al., 1964, Arad, Stratum V; p. 29. 34 Beit-Arieh, 1985, Tel `Ira, p. 22, rock-cut burial-caves having benches and recessed head - rests. 35 Cohen, 1986, Central Negev (Д. Mesora), Pl. 170:24, 25, the oil lamps have flattened bases. Cohen and Cohen-Amin, 2004: 166 & 193 figs.99:16, 101: 5&6. 117:10. Lamps comprise only 6.5% of the pottery. 36 Ibid., (NaΉal HaRo`a), Pl. 168:2, the lamps resemble those from Д. Mesura. 37 Mazar, 1967, En Gedi, Stratum IV, Building 234 (Persian period), p. 138, the lamps were not published; p. 59, Fig. 1, a large well-built structure with store-rooms and ovens, among the finds are stamped ‘Yehud’ handles, and Attic ware. 25

14 Herzog, 1988, Tel Michal, pp. 88-115, pottery kilns were also unearthed in Stratum VI (350 -300 BCE) straddling the beginning of the Hellenistic period. 15 Stern, 1978, Tel Mevorakh, Strata IV-VI (Persian period), Stratum IV (4th century BCE to its end), Stratum V (5th /4th century BCE), Stratum VI (mid-5th century BCE), discussion on p. 39, Fig. 10:5, the spouts in the lamps here vary, (1) similar to those oil lamps from Gil`am; (2) with wide spouts; (3) the rims not pronounced. 16 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tel Keisan, Niveau 3 (Persian period), Pl. 21:1-5; Stratum 3b (580 - 480/460 BCE). Weksler – Bodalah, 2000, Fig.6:5, 6. 17 Dadon 1997a (Map 1625/1372, large scale building in Area: A, lamps Fig. 10:17&18 fragments with U shaped channel-spout, and, Elgavish, n.5, above. 18 Stern, n.12, above. 19 Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Strata III - I, Pl. 37:12. 20 Tal, n.10, above. 21 Kaplan, 1959, Abu Zeitun, near Ben’e Beraq, thick Persian Layer IA and IB, p. 73. 22 Dothan, 1971, Ashdod II - III, Area A, general Stratum Va & Vb, p. 39, Fig. 6:19, fragment of a Persian oil lamp with short spout; idem., 1982, Ashdod, Area M, Stratum 5-4 (Persian period), Fig. 29:13 - 15, Oil lamps 13 and 15 have rounded bases. 23 Bennet and Blakely, 1989, Tell el-Hesi, p. 20 The Lamps, Stratum Vb, Fig. 144:22, 23 (H79-13993, H79-7698); Stratum Va, Type 2, Fig. 161:27, 29 (H71-2408, H71-3374), Stratum Va, Pit I, Type 1, p. 105, Fig. 162:8 (H70-1029), Stratum Va, Pit I, Type 2 with a flattened base, Fig. 163:7 (H73-5088), Pit I.22.111, from debris; Fig. 163:24 (H71714).

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PERSIAN PERIOD near the sanctuary.38 At Tel Arshaf, in the early strata, 64 fragments of oil lamps were found, constituting some 14 percent of the household pottery; in the second stratum the fragments numbered 163.39 In the cult sanctuary of Сarafand in Lebanon40 Stratum 3, 12 oil lamps were found in Room 71. At Lachish Stratum IB-IA the “solar shrine” was rebuilt.41

Phoenician burial custom is interment in anthropoid sarcophagi made of stone, as discovered at Сaida (with oil lamps), Shave’y Ziyyon, and Tell el- `Ajjul.47 Very few oil lamps, were found in burials at Tel Akhziv. 48Coffin burials were discovered in Bir er-Ruqeish Stratum I. 49 Neither the coffin burials nor child-burials in jars were accompanied by oil lamps.

10.2. Oil Lamps in Funerary Contexts

In Beth Shemesh Tomb 14, Lachish Tomb 106, and Tel el –Far&a (S) Tomb 650 (6th-5th centuries BCE)50 many oil lamps accompanied the burials and may perhaps be ascribed to the Babylonian phase. At Tel el-Дesi51 more than 40 burials were discovered in Area III on the southern slope of the mound, half of them in pits and the rest in built structures and cist-graves, but with no oil lamps. At Tel Mikhal three phases of burials in pits were found, also without lamps.

Like the settlements, some burial-caves of the previous Iron IIC, with benches and a repository as in JerusalemKetef Hinnom, remained in use in the early Persian period. The skeletons were found lying in supine position, on the benches with an oil lamp placed next to each skull. Perhaps these burials may still be assigned to the Babylonian phase (late 7th century BCE), as also tombs at Tell en-NaΒbeh, MoΞa, Нova, and JerusalemKefar HaShiloaΉ (Silwan), and Д. ‘Almit.42

10.3. Typology of the Saucer Oil Lamps

Burials of this period were discovered in the northern coastal region of Palestine where different burial practices reflect Phoenician customs. In the later Phoenician shaft Burial-Chamber at `Atlit (5th-4th centuries BCE); Burial 1 #1471 & and Burial VII #1472.and Tomb L23 #1484; three persons were buried. In one chamber a cist or burial-chest was cut in the rock and covered with stone slabs; an amphora and an oil lamp were still in place in the corner to the left of the entrance. This form of inhumation and jar-burial of the 6th century BCE at `Atlit was also accompanied by cremation burials.43 Offerings, including oil lamps, most of them broken (perhaps ceremonially), were placed near the legs or the head of the deceased. Shaft-tombs were found also at Tel ДaΞor,44 Bet Ha`Emeq,45 and Tel Bira.46 Another

Oil lamps of the early Persian period cannot be separated from the ones of the late Iron Age (7th-6th centuries BCE the Babylonian phase). The Persian period is the penultimate period in which oil lamps are still fashioned from open saucers. The typological indicators for the period’s oil lamps are similar to those of the other periods: the base, and how it is made; the form of the rim; and the rim; and the spout. The oil lamps of the Persian period are here separated chronologically into: Babylonian phase; Iron IIC-Persian (Types 1 and 2); Persian period (Type 3); and possibly also “protoHellenistic” lamps (Type 4).52 10.3.1. Babylonian-Phase Oil Lamps (Persian Types 1 and 2) In the Catalogue the Babylonian-phase oil lamps, which essentially perpetuate the preceding oil lamps of the Iron IIC, are divided into Types 1 and 2. Such lamps are still found mainly at sites of the beginning of the 6th century BCE where there was a continuity of occupation or of burials from the preceding period. Type 2 oil lamps

38 Avigad, 1959, Tel Makhmish, p. 49, open-saucer, flattened-base lamps and a large number of figurines reflecting Phoenician, Persian, Egyptian, and Greek traditions. 39 Tal, 1996, Apollonia-Arshaf, pp. 14,30. 40 Pritchard, 1978, Sarepta, Figs. 16:2,3,4 and 45:2, 6, 7. 41 Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum IB - IA (post-exilic period). In the Persian period a temple – the “solar shrine” – was rebuilt, abandoned at the end of the 3rd century BCE, and another new temple was built in 106 BCE. There is evidence of a Jewish cult until the first half of the 2nd century BCE. The plan of the temple is similar to the one at Tel `Arad Stratum IB, Pl. 51:9 - 12, Lamps 9, 10, 12 have wide, flat bases and wide, ledge-rims. 42 Amiran, 1956, Jerusalem, pp. 173 - 179. Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom. Ussishkin, 1971, Jerusalem, pp. 20 - 27. 43 Johns, 1933, Atlit, Tomb L23b, Chamber B, pp. 89ff, plan Fig. 73, Pl. XXXI: 820, Fig. 72, Persian-type oil lamp. With the burial, which was found disturbed, was Black Attic ware and a Sidonian coin of the first half of the 4th century BCE. Idem. (1938) Atlit, pp. 121 - 152, 18 cremation burials were discovered, the pottery includes Cypriote and Phoenician wares. 44 Ben-Tor (ed.) Yadin, 1989, Hazor III - IV, Stratum II (Persian period), p. 49, rectangular tombs with walls built of small stones and covered with flat stone slabs, and a coin of the 4th century BCE were uncovered near the city-gate of Stratum X; In Area B was a citadel of the Persian period; Area A; Locus F2, Pl. CXCI: 16, the oil lamp belongs to Type 2 with wide spout; Area G, Stratum II, Pl. CCLVIII: 2, 3, Locus 10003, Lamp 3 has a rounded-to-flattened base of Type 2A (burnished), with uplifted rim; Locus 10006, Lamp 2 has knife-pared base. The stratum was poor in finds. 45 Frenkel, 1978, Beth Ha’Emeq, ДA 65-66:67.

46

Prausnitz, 1962, Tell Bir el-Gharbi (Yas`ur). Stern, 1982, Material Culture (5th - 4th centuries BCE), p. 88, Photo 103. There are Phoenician settlements in Cyprus as well; the burial in anthropoid coffins is a Sidonian custom, which originated in Egypt. Torrey, 1920, Sidon, pp. 12&13, Fig 12. 48 Prausnitz, 1986, Akhzib, pp. 466-468; Burial IVB, Fig. 6:7, cremation burials of Phoenician origin. 49 Culican, 1973, Tell er-Ruqeish, pp. 66-105. 50 Grant, 1938, Ain Shems IV, Tomb 14, Pl. KLVIII: 7, 8. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III Tomb 106, pp. 179 - 187, 163 lamps were found. Petrie, 1930, Bet Pelet I, Tomb 650, p. 14. 51 Bennet and Blakely, 1991, Tell el-Hesi, Pit I, II. 326, Fig. 144: 22 ,23; Pit I.I. 105, Fig. 161:29, 29; Pit I.2. 027, Fig. 162:8; Pit I.22. 111, Fig. 163:7. 52 Stern, 1982, Material Culture, pp. 127-129, distinguishes three main types of oil lamps: (1) large, shallow, open lamp with flat base, wideflanged rim, sharply pinched spout, occasionally knife-pared, and wide, yellow band-burnishing typical of Persian pottery; (2) smaller than the above, elongated outline and flat or concave base; (3) wide, with a flat, knife-pared base. Smith, 1964, The Household Lamps, pp. 25-30. Lapp, 1970, The Persian Period, pp.179 - 197, Fig.70: 3 - 10. 47

84

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS tradition. Such oil lamps are common in Lebanon (Type L-9),61 and also in Cyprus.62

maintain their rounded form, and the funnel-shaped spouts are made by the same Cypro-Phoenician downfolding technique of Type B (see § 7.4.2. above) (‘Atlit #1471, #1472, Shave’y Ziyyon #1473, Tel Kison #1474) as in the earlier types Haifa-Shiqmona (#1158, #1161); and lamps from Tel Ta`anakh of the 5th century BCE;53 and others from Tel Arshaf.54 The wall of Lamp (#1471) still resembles the walls of Assyrian bowls. Lamps of this kind are known also from Lebanon and Cyprus.55 The lamp have short, deep folds; very flat, wide, carinated, flanged rims—the classical rims of Persian-period saucer oil lamps.

10.3.2. ‘Persian’-Type Oil Lamps (Type 3) These lamps usually have flat bases of the same circumference as the bowl. They are well-smoothed or trimmed, usually by means of a knife—the technique first employed exclusively in bases of oil lamps in the early Canaanite period—but with different results in the Persian lamps. In some of the oil lamps trimming or shaving by slicing creates a slightly concave base so that only its outer perimeter rests on the flat surface upon which the lamp is placed (Tel Kison Stratum 3 #1478). Even after knife - paring was employed where it seems that additional clay was added and roughly smoothed. Some lamps still have slightly rounded bases (Tel Gezer Stratum IV #1487). The outside walls of the receptacle are low and sometimes carinated (‘Atlit #1484), the rims are wide and flat, and the transition from the inside of the saucer to the flange is quite sharp, protruding into the saucer (e.g. #1478, #1481, 1482, #1489).

The bases vary. Few oil lamps were found in Tel `Erani (#1468), `En Gedi (#1464, #1465, #1466), and Tel Malhata (#1469) where they retain both regular and ungainly disk-bases (Type D). These latter are listed as Type 1 in the Catalogue. Oil lamps with low disk-bases still turned up at Tel Arshaf of the mid-5th century to the end of the Persian period.56 Almost as suddenly as it appeared in Iron IIC, the “southern” (Type D) oil lamp finally loses its high disk-base during the early 5th century BCE. Oil lamps with a small disk-bases come from Tell el-`Umeiri.57 Other oil lamps retain the former “northern” rounded base (#1465). Such oil lamps attributed to Iron IIC, with a rounded-to-flattened base, were found at Tel Kison, Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom, and `En Gedi.58

The spout is deeply pinched; the folds are elongated and wide, forming a very characteristic, somewhat convex, outline (e.g., #1483, #1484, #1488, #1489) which has its beginnings already in Iron IIC lamps of the CyproPhoenician Type B. The spout protrudes above the rim of the saucer proper and occupies a large part of the circumference. Some lamps have a grooved rim as in Lamp #1477. The tip of the spout is very narrow and gutter-like, splayed and arched on the inside. In other lamps the folds nearly touch one-another (#1481. #1482, #1483). Many lamps of this type are tilted down toward the rear and the oil flows backward from the spout. Looking at the lamp upside-down, the spout protrudes from the outer circumference of the saucer and resembles the nozzle of closed, mold-made oil lamps (Figure 10.55).63

Completely flat and smoothed knife-pared bases, similar to those of the typical Persian lamps, were found at Qedumim59 and `Atlit (#1471, #1472 [Type 1/2]). Type 1 Lamps sometimes have a wild hand-burnish in a palereddish color (#1464, #1469). Lamps of the Babylonian phase were discovered in a burial at Kh. `Almit of the 6th century BCE.60 The base of Lamp #1486 from ‘En Gedi was finger-trimmed, a technique common in the preceding period. The oil lamps from Сaida in Lebanon represent an intermediate type between Types 1 and 2, where the spout and folds are shorter than in the typical “Persian” oil lamp. They are unmistakable—despite their Iron Age

The wide, flat, flanged rim often maintains its form throughout the spout (e.g. #1490, #1491), forming a sort of elevated and stepped emplacement for the wick (#1478). In other typical Persian oil lamps the rim at the spout is plain (#1479, #1481).64 The open, rear part of the

53 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, 21:1. Rast, 1978, Taanach I, Figs. 78:2 and 82:6 (Period VIA). 54 Tal, 1996, Apollonia-Arshaf, Fig. 3.24:9, 10. 55 Pritchard, 1975, Sarepta 2, Figs. 16:2, 3, 4 and 27:1, 4; Stratum 3, Room 71, Fig. 60:1 from Shrine 1; at least fragments of 12 lamps were found. Tezger and Sezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul Museum, Nos. 47 52. 56 Tal, 1996, Apollonia-Arshaf, Fig. 3.24:6. Cohen, 1986, Central Negev (NaΉal HaRo`a), Pl.168: 2. 57 Geraty, 1990, Tell El-`Umeiri, Fig. 29:8, lamp with small disk-base; Fig. 29:9, with flat base. 58 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 4 (until 580 BCE), Pl. 32:8, 9, Oil lamp 8 has a rounded base and short spout; Stratum 3 (580 - 380 BCE), Pl. 21.1 - 5, all the lamps already have flattened bases. Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom. Mazar, 1966, En Gedi Stratum V, p. 35, Figs. 23 and 8:17 - 19, Pl. XXII:1-4. 59 Stern and Mager, 1982, Qadum, p. 23, Fig. 9:2-4 (Persian period, 5th century BCE) oil lamps of the flat and straight base type. 60 Dinur, 1988, Almit, Pl. 3:8, Lamp 9 is closer to the Persian type.

61 Pritchard, 1975, Sarepta 2, Figs. 16:1, 2, 3 and 27:3; Fig. 45:2, 6, 7, No. 5 is hand-burnished inside (Fig. 60:2, 3). 62 Dray, du Plat and Taylor, 1951, Tsambers and Aphendrika, pp. 111112, Fig. 60, in most of the burials at least one oil lamp of the 5th century BCE was found; the lamps do not resemble the typical Persian knife-pared lamps and still have Iron Age affinities. The writers state that they did not detect any signs of development, and that these lamps of Group VI do not continue after the mid-4th century BCE. Among the finds are Attic lamps. Vesseberg, 1953, Hellenistic and Roman Lamps in Cyprus, p. 117, an Eastern oil lamp with long tradition in Cyprus from the LB to the Hellenistic period. The lamps were found in burials of the 3rd century BCE. Benson, 1965, Bamboula, in Cyprus, Pls. 36:13, 24, 25, 29 and 37:9, the lamps are types of Gjerstad division No. 3. Vesseberg and Westholm, 1956:121-128, Fig.37: 1-6. 63 Oil lamp from a private collection. 64 Stern and Magen, 1984, Qadum, p. 23, Fig. 9:2, 3 (5th century BCE), typical of the central mountains region.

85

PERSIAN PERIOD lamps tends to be horseshoe-shaped as in the CyproPhoenician type of oil lamps (Type B). In all, these lamps seems to have a somewhat elongated form with sharp “metallic” lines, resembling the bronze Oil lamp #1505 (Figure 10.58). And indeed, bronze oil lamps now become more common.

10.4. Special Oil Lamps 10.4.1. Inscribed Oil Lamps Oil lamps marked with incised signs are rare. One such oil lamp of Type 1, a large bowl and a juglet from `En Gedi66 bearing the Hebrew letter “mem,” have been ascribed to the 4th century BCE on epigraphic grounds (however, the typology of the lamp points to an earlier dating). The lamp was found in Room 231 of Building 234, which was destroyed in 400 BCE. Its base is smoothed in the tradition of Iron Age—Israelite oil lamps. An oil lamp with an incised letter was found also in Cyprus and on a cooking pot at Ezion- Geber, Elat.67 10.4.2. Six and Seven - Spouted Oil Lamps In this period, as in Iron II, some oil lamps were still made with seven spouts (Ben’e Beraq-Tel Zeton #1501). Most have flat bases as at Samaria of the Iron IIC, Tell en-NaΒbeh, Tel Gezer, Tel Maresha, Tel Gamma,68 and from both Iron II and the Persian period at Byblos.69 The technique employed is the same by which most of the multi-spout oil lamps of the preceding period were formed. The difference is mainly in the form of the base, which is either flat or ring-like. Such oil lamps were found also beyond the borders of Palestine, in Cyprus and North Syria.70 10.4.3. Footed Oil Lamps A classic Persian Type 2 lamp mounted on top of a narrow, hollow tube may have been held aloft like a torch. Such oil lamps, dating to the 4th century BCE, were found at el—Mina and Byblos in North Syria and Lebanon;71 one specimen is kept in the Pontifical Biblical Institute Museum in Jerusalem.(Figure 10.56)

Figure 10.55. Persian type lamp Unknown provenance The classical Persian-period oil lamps are mostly made of pale, greenish-white clay. The lamps are usually covered with a wash of the same finely-diluted clay, and are wellfired. Oil lamps made of pink clay have much thicker walls.

66

Mazar, 1967, En Gedi, Pl. 32:13. Bailey, 1975, Pls. 96 - 97:Q488 - Q493, lamps from Cyprus of the mid - 6th or early 5th century BCE; on the base of Lamp Q488 from Burial 146 (mid-6th or early 5th century BCE) a Greek letter is incised. Bailey assigns various dates to the different lamps, Lamp Q491, to the 4th - 3rd century BCE; Lamp Q493, to the 3rd century BCE. Glueck, 1969, Ezion - Geber; Elat, Iron Age II Fig. 3: 16. 68 Kaplan, 1959, Abu Zeitun. Crowfoot, 1957, Samaria III (660 BCE), Fig. 27:5, only two spouts remain. McCown et al., 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I; Pl.39: 11; and Vol. II, Cistern 354, Pl. 71:1625. Macalister, 1912) Gezer III (4th Semitic period), Pl. CLXXVI: 1, seven-spouted oil lamps. Bliss, 1902, Tell Sandahana, Pl. 66:75. Petrie, 1928, Gerar, Pl. LXI: 91G. 69 Dunand, 1950, Byblos II, Pl. CCVIII: 9773. 70 Bailey, 1975, Greek Lamps I, Cyprus, Pl. 92:Q480 (8th or 7th century BCE). Woolley (1936) Al Mina, Room 6, p. 138, Fig. 15:1, together with Attic oil lamps were 43 different lamps, including one made of bronze; in nearby Room 7, a similar number of vessels for filling the lamps were found. Bailey, 1975, Lamps from Al Mina, Strata 5 and 6, pp. 231-234, Pls. 100 -101:Q504-Q505, Lamp Q504 from Level 6 (700600 BCE); Lamp Q505 from Level 5 (650 -500 BCE; and Lamp Q506 from Level 5 (5th-4th centuries BCE). Garstang, 1939, Cilicia (the site was inhabited until the 5th-4th centuries BCE), Pl. LIII: 7, 9, 10, 11. 71 Dunand, 1950, Byblos II, Pl. CCVIII:11621. Pritchard, 1975, Sarepta 2, Figs. 27:8 and 60:8. Stern, 1982, Persian Period, Photo 203. Tezger and Sezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul Museum, No. 56 from Сaida. 67

10.3.3. “Proto-Hellenistic” Oil Lamps (Type 4) Oil lamp #1498 from Tel Mikhal of the 5th-4th centuries BCE may perhaps be considered “proto-Hellenistic.” Two sides of the saucer bowl’s rim are folded inward and closely pinched together, leaving almost no gap between the folds, and resulting in a form approaching that of the closed “Hasmonean”—Hellenistic oil lamps. This may be a carry-over from an earlier tendency of closing lamps, such as the oil lamps from Tel Kison Stratum 9a-b, and Tel Zeror of the Iron I-II.65 Oil lamp #1483 from Gil`am has a similar spout.

65 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Pl. 66:16. Ohata, 1967, Tel Zeror, Pl. XLVIII:4.

86

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Figure 10.57. Kernoi Bliss and Macalister, 1902, Sandahana, Pl. 66:8, 11. 10.4.5. Oil Lamps Made of Metal These bronze open saucer oil lamps resemble the typical clay Persian-period (oil lamps from Meggido (#1504, and Unknown #1505, Figure 10.58). Their small number may be due to such vessels have been melted down for other uses. (Metal oil lamps are not considered in this volume.) Figure 10.56. Footed oil lamp Stern, 1982, Photo 203. 10.4.4 Kernoi Small lamps mounted on kernoi or bowls are known (Figure 10.57). They resemble earlier types of oil lamps with flanged, upright rims, and with small, deeply-pressed and pinched, nearly-touching folds creating wide, rimmed, short, funnel-shaped spout. Viewed from above, the lamps resemble late Iron Age type D (#1315) and Persian. They were made separately and later mounted on a hollow, circular tube, or on rims of other types of vessels. Such lamps have been found at Tell en-NaΒbeh,72 and in large numbers in Tel Maresha.73 Lamps #1506 and #1506a of this type are of unknown provenance. The kernos oil lamps seem to date to the late Persian or the early Hellenistic period. Since they are common in Cyprus. The mounting of oil lamps on kernoi or kraters may represent a Cypriot influence,74 Although kernos type vessels were made already in the Iron Age as well.

Figure 10.58. Bronze lamp, unknown provenance (#1505). 10.5. Dating and Conclusions 72

Wampler, 1947, Tell en NaΒbe II, Pl. 71:1645, part of a stand or a kernos(?). 73 Bliss and Macalister, 1902, Excavations in Palestine (Sandahana) (2nd century BCE), Pl. 66:8, 11, the oil lamp is part of a kernos. Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91 R, R1, R2, M1 (mounted on a rim of a different type of oil lamp. 74 Vesseberg and Westholm, 1956, SCE IV, Fig. 37:5.

The most accurate chronology was arrived at in settlements where there was only one occupational level that flourished in the 5th-4th centuries BCE. The Type 1 oil lamps with low disk-bases from `En Gedi, and those

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PERSIAN PERIOD Stratum XI (525-490 BCE) until Stratum VII (400-350 BCE); Haifa-Shiqmona where all the oil lamps were identical in all the Persian-period strata; Nahariya, dated to the 5th-4th centuries B.C.E.;83 Tel Ta`anakh Stratum IA;84 Tel Mevorakh Strata VI-IV (mid-5th to end of 4th century BCE);85 Tel Arshaf in both levels (late 6th century BCE to the end of the period);86 Kh. Nisiya near Ramallah;87 Beth Shemesh;88 and Tel Jemme.89 Stern dates the lamps from Gil`am Strata I and II from the late-6th to the end of the 5th century BCE and from Tel Dor where dozens of such oil lamps were found in Phases 7-8 and 5-6 were in use throughout the entire Persian period .90 He mentions that in Shechem91 the latest lamp was found together with a coin of Alexander the Great (4th century BCE). At Tel Kison Stratum 3, typical Persian-period lamps were found together with the earlier types,92 and in the fortress near Ashdod, which lasted about 100 years (mid-5th-4th centuries BCE), classical Persian-period lamps were found with imported Black-figured Cypriotgeometric ware of the 5th century BCE.93 The same oil lamp types, dated to the 4th century BCE, are known in large quantities from Cyprus and Phoenicia.94 The typical Type 3 Persian-period oil lamps were mainly in use in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.

made according to an earlier tradition, apparently antedate the classical Persian-period Type 3 lamps. At `En Gedi there were no oil lamps with heavy disk-bases among the finds in Stratum IV, Building 234, in use during the last three-quarters of the 5th century. Lamps with heavy Type D disk-bases were among the finds of Stratum V of Iron IIC. Oil lamps of Type 1 and 2 were still in use at sites where there was a continuity of occupation from the preceding period, such as Samaria Stratum VIII.75 Tel Kison76 Stratum 4 the lamps are still made in the Iron Age tradition, while in Stratum 3 they are already Persian-type 3 oil lamps. Oil lamps of Types 1,1/2 and 2 also come from Tel Yin`am (#1457); `Atlit (#1458, #1471, #1472); Jerusalem sites of the Iron IIPersian and Babylonian phase;77 Tel `Erani (#1468); and Tel Malhata78 (#1469). Oil lamps with wide, upwardtending rims, found in the Negev, have parallels in various large bowls, reminiscent of Assyrian bowls.79 Among the Persian Type 1 lamps are lamps in the Phoenician tradition (Type B of the Iron Age) (see § 7.4.2. above) related in form to Type 3. The flat, carinated, flanged rim appears as early as the 8th century BCE in oil lamps identified here as Cypro-Phoenician (Type B). Type 2 lamps of the Persian period show a change in the lapping and forming of the spout together with the scraping of the base, as in the lamps from Tel Kison Strata 5-3. The modification may only have occurred after the Persian conquest with a change in much of the pottery repertoire in general.80

From the accumulation of the oil lamps found so far, classical Persian-type lamps are scarce or even absent in this period from Jerusalem sites. Besides their characteristic form, the oil lamps are made of two kinds of clay differing from that of most oil lamps of all preceding periods. Those made of well-levigated and

The classical, Type 3 oil lamp of the Persian period also has its beginnings in the Iron Age. These lamps all have rounded bases, flat, flanged rims, rather wide folds, and very narrow, elongated, channel-like spouts (JerusalemRamot #1231, #1232, Qalunya (Mevasseret Yerushalayim #1266). At Lachish, only five Persianperiod lamps (Class L11) were found and dated from comparisons with other sites to the 7th-4th centuries BCE:81 Tel Mikhal.82

82

Herzog et al., 1989, Tel Michal, Fig. 9:1. 8. Singer-Avitz, 1989, Tel Michal, p. 115, Stratum XI (525 - 490 BCE), Fig. 9.1:8; Stratum X (490 - 450 BCE). 83 Ovadiah, 1993, Nahariya, Locus 137/17, fig.4: 19; Elgavish, 1968, Shikmona, Locus PE4, Pl. XXXIV: 27, the oil lamps have flattened-torounded bases; Locus PI, Pl. LI:108, a lamp with a knife-pared base. Discussion on p. 58 “lamps” emphasizes that all the oil lamps are identical. The width of the flange is 2.5-3 cm; the length of the lamps, 16 - 17.7 cm. Elgavish distinguishes two types, (1) with a thin wall, Lamp 27; and (2) with a heavy wall, Lamp 108. The oil lamps were made in the same tradition. The clay is light-brown like the juglets of the period, or white, similar to Jar 51. There is also a hand-burnish on the lamps. 84 Rast, 1978, Taanach, Stratum IA, p. 265. Tezger and Sezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul Museum, No. 60. 85 Stern, 1978, Tel Mevorakh, Fig. 10:1-5. 86 Tal, 1996, Apollonia-Arshaf, pp. 13,22-23, 44. 87 Livingstone, 1989, Kh. Nisya (516-332 BCE), Fig. 10:14, 17, 18. 88 Grant, 1931, Ain Shems I, Pl. XLV: 43. 89 Petrie, 1928, Gerar, Pl. LXI: 91N. 90 Stern, 1970, Gil`am, Strata I and II (6th-4th centuries BCE), p. 4, Fig. 7:18 - 20, Pl. XIV:5, the oil lamps originating in Phoenicia appear from the mid-6th century to the end of the 5th century BCE. They are also common in Cyprus. And Tel Dor, 1995, The Persian Period, Fig. 2.14:1&2 91 Stern, 1982, Material Culture, pp. 127-129. 92 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Pls. 21:1-5 and 44:2-8. 93 Porath, 1974, Fortress near Ashdod (existed throughout 100 years, from the mid-5th-4th centuries BCE), pp. 42-55, the fortress situated near the seashore was inhabited by settlers who arrived by sea, lamps, Fig. 5:6 from Pit 62.1 beneath the floor, together with other pottery vessels including Attic Black-figured ware and Cypriot imports of CyproGeometric ware of the 5th century BCE. 94 Bailey, 1975, (Cyprus) Pl. 96:Q488-Q493. Tezger and Sezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul Museum, Nos. 53-59 from Сaida.

75

Mazar et al., 1967, En Gedi, Building 234 (5th-4th centuries BCE), p. 189, Pl. 32:1-3. Crowfoot, 1957, Samaria III, Fig. 27:3, with flat base; Lamp 4 has a disk-base. 76 Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 5 (7th century BCE), Pl. 40:2; into Strata 4 and 3 (Persian period) Pl. 21:1-5. 77 Barkai, 1980, Ketef Hinnom, Cave 25 (Babylonian and Persian periods), the settlement lasted until the return from Babylonian exile. 78 Kochavi, 1970, Tell Malhata, the pottery is of the Edomite culture from the end of the Iron Age; the oil lamp is a Persian type of the 6th century BCE. 79 Cohen, 1986, Central Negev, Pl. 170:24, 25. Crowfoot, 1957, Samaria III, Fig. 18:9, 10, Assyrian bowls. 80 Lehmann, 1996, Syrien und Libanon, pp. 94 - 95. Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 5 (Iron IIC-Persian), rims of lamps in Pls. 43:12 and 44:5, 6 (Cypro-Phoenician type) resemble rims of bowls in Pl. 43:11; oil lamp rims in Pl. 44:7, 8 resemble rims of Assyrian-type bowls, Pl. 37:11; Stratum 4 (early 6th century BCE), Pl. 38:10, 12; the lamp rim in Pl. 32:8 resembles rim of bowl from Stratum 5, Pl. 38:11a. Such wide, flanged rims in Strata 5 and 4 continued for a long time and correspond to Megiddo Stratum III, and Samaria Stratum VII representing Phoenician influence. 81 Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, pp. 286, 326, Pl. 103:660, the oil lamp is of Class L11.

88

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS paler clay, have knife-pared bases, and are lighter in weight. Other lamps, made of another kind of clay of a pink hue, are heavier with thicker walls, and the bases are often rounded-to-flattened, without knife—paring. Although none of the general features of the lamps differ, they seem to have been made by a different hand, and different workshop The wide, sharply carinated, flanged rims have analogies in contemporaneous pottery—in large bowls and in the (mushroom-shaped) rims of Phoenician vessels and Akhziv ware.

lamps in Cyprus suggests that they reflect Phoenician influence, or were actually made by Phoenician artisans, in both Palestine and Cyprus. Alternatively, some of the oil lamps may be imports. Type 3 oil lamps are found mainly along the eastern Mediterranean coast, with some inland penetration. A nice example of mixed pottery is the cargo of the ship—wreck found near Ma’agan Michael. Among them four lamps, two of which have string-cut disk bases (our type 1) of the late 6th century BCE regarded in Cyprus as ‘Syro-Cypriot’ and the other two of type 3, common in the 6th-4th centuries BCE, the fabric resemble metallic earlier Cypriot type ware. 95

The different quality of the pale-hued clay might point to wide connections between Cyprus and Palestine. Much of the Cypriot pottery is made of paler clay and is often light-weight, although there are many vessels of palegreen clay mortars among the Persian-period pottery which where probably imported from Cyprus and also imitated, possibly in Palestine. However, among the oil lamps found in Cyprus are also some made of pink clay. Extensive and close relations were maintained in this period between the eastern Mediterranean countries. The presence of relatively many, nearly identical clay oil

The Type 4 oil lamp from Tel Mikhal (#1498) of the 4th3rd centuries BCE, may indicate that there was no interruption in the production of open oil lamps. Until additional lamps are found (if, indeed, they will be), there still remains a gap in local production before the appearance of the Hasmonean-Hellenistic oil lamp of the late 3rd-1st centuries BCE. It is impossible to assign any particular material remains of the Persian period specifically to the Jewish population.

95 Artzy and Lyon 2003: 187, Fig.4:2&3 and type 3 1&4) no 4 with scratched base like in Iron Age oil lamps.

89

CHAPTER 11 HELLENISTIC PERIOD Following Alexander the Great conquests in 332 BCE, Palestine became part of the Hellenistic world. The country was ruled intermittently by the Seleucids of Syria and the Egyptian; Ptolemies. In Jerusalem there was only a small settlement until the 2nd century BCE, when the city again thrived. During the wars between the Seleucids and Ptolemies the fate of Judah was at first tied to that of Egypt; in 200 BCE the country fell to the Syrians. The Jewish Hasmonaean dynasty gained independence in 142 BCE.1

lamp, the rim departs sharply from the wall, as in the Persian Period. Triangular deeply pressed folds that creates an elongated U/channel shaped spout, resembling lamps #1465, #1468 from En Gedi of the Iron IIICPersian Period. Does their small number indicate that these lamps are a survival from the previous period? Or, were they, made by potters trained in this tradition? Were such lamps still on sale at the beginning of the Hellenistic period 4th/3rd century BCE?

11.1. Saucer Oil Lamps Lamps made in “classical” Persian technique have elongated folds pressed down to create a narrow elongated channel spout “lips,” almost touching, like the lamp from Beth-Zur (#1546). Such a lamp was found in the excavations of the Jerusalem Jewish Quarter Stratum 4 and Stratum 7 together with lamp Type II/III.3.

The locally—made, open oil lamps now reach the end of their development in terms of form and design. With the increasing dominance of the West over the East, massproduced local oil lamps made from saucers now make their last appearance—until the late Arab and the Crusader periods. These oil lamps constitute only one type among many others current at the same time. Regarding the Hellenistic period, the present volume deals only with one type of oil lamp - the local open oil lamp made from a wheel-thrown saucer. Therefore, its distribution map does not coincide with the map of all the settled sites of that period. The lamps are almost exclusive to the region of Judah, with some found outside the region. The dimensions of the majority of the saucers used to make oil lamps are now markedly smaller—8-9 cm long, about 4-5 cm wide, and 3-4 cm high. The features of the oil lamps perhaps reflect an acquaintance with the new Western closed oil lamps.

11.1.2. Type II Oil Lamps The lamps were divided also into two categories, according to the treatment of the rim: 1) with still maintaining a narrow everted rim and 2) lamps with erect rims, elongated folds, and curved bases. In all, the shape of the lamp is narrower and smaller, the body is wider than lamps Type III (see below) and the overall form is more of a triangle, the rims—‘lips’ do not touch Lamps IIa (Figure 11. 59:1) (#1517, #1518, #1537, #1572); the walls and rims are thicker and often the rims are flat and narrow-flanged. Lamps IIb still have an erect rim and heavy channel-spouts (#1532, #1533, #1580, #1581). Some of the bases are rounded, and sometimes the method of smoothing them (#1517) resembles the Iron Age and Persian-type oil lamps like the lamps from `En Gedi Stratum IV (#1464). Lamps (#1530, #1531, #1533, #1535) from Ramat RaΉel have near-disk-bases. The clay is brown-pink, with a slip of the same diluted clay. In part, the walls of these oil lamps are pressed downward and the folds almost touch to form an extremely narrow gutter-spout somewhat wider at the tip. (e.g., #1537, #1580, #1581). Oil lamps of this type were found in Jerusalem—Tell el-Ful Period IV, Ramat RaΉel. Most of these oil lamps seem to come from the destruction levels of the settlements occupied also in the preceding period. A Type II lamp was found at Masada and Jerusalem the Jewish Quarter.4 Parallels are also

In the Catalogue the oil lamps of this period are divided into three types of which only two are the characteristic ones: Types II and III - by form, but may possibly also represent a chronological division. Type III lamps are mainly found in tombs and are characteristic of a later stage in the Hellenistic period /early Roman period. 11.1.1. Type I Oil Lamps These oil lamps are relatively few, and the technique by which they are formed resembles that of the saucer-lamps of the preceding periods: Iron IIC and the Persian types with an everted flanged rim. This type is represented in our catalogue by a single lamp from Jerusalem Hebron Road (#1571) and another (#1546) from Beth-Zur. Since this find, few other lamps were found among Hellenistic contents, in the Hellenistic town of Marhesha,2 and in the Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem. The lamps are large, curved to flattened base, and have an everted flanged rim. In our

3 Geva, 2003, Pls.5.5: 9 (Stratum 4) and 5.7:14 (Stratum 7) discussion p.139 Areas W and X-2. 4 Sinclair, 1960, Gibeah, Period IV, The Lamps, pp. 44-45, Pl. 17A:4-5; the date for the end of the citadel and the rural settlement is supported by the evidence of coins of Ptolemy II (285 -247 BCE). Avigad, 1983, Jerusalem, p. 79, Fig. 58, upper lamp; p. 80, Fig. 59, center lamp,

1

Avigad, 1983, Jerusalem, p. 62. Levine, 2003: 115. Fig.6.15: 151 from an unknown complex –no parallels found.

2

90

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS known from Cyprus and Egypt of the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, and from Miletus in Asia Minor and Сaida and Beirut.5

Figure 11.59:1. Hellenistic lamp Type II Unknown provenance #1580 11.1.3. Type III Oil Lamps The idea of closing the lamp and forming two separate openings in the Type III oil lamps is not new; it appears already in LB II and Iron I - II as found in central Palestine in the excavations at Megiddo and Tel Zeror; at sites in the northern Sharon Plain (#969, #972);6 and it is revived again in the Persian period, as in the oil lamps discovered at Tel Mikhal (e.g.,#1498). The two separate openings are of uneven form and size: the front opening for the wick is smaller; the opening at the rear for filling the lamp with oil is wider. The spout is sometimes rounded (#1529, #1578), but in most of the oil lamps it is teardrop-shaped (Figure 59:2 &3) (#1541, #1544, #1545, #1555).

Figure 11.59: 2- 3 Type III Aharoni, 1962, Ramat RaΉel, Figs.21: 6 &21:4 Most of the local Hellenistic saucer oil lamps are of Type III. They are smaller than the Type II oil lamps, and there are some rather crudely made ones among them (#1542, #1553, #1558). The clay is of uneven quality; but in most of the lamps it is finer, thinner, better levigated, and better fired (#1541, #1555) than the Type I lamps.

saucer lamp (2nd century BCE). Saller. 1957, Bethany, Fig. 33:2, 3 and Pl. 110a, Lamp 2 with a rounded base was found at the rear of the cave together with an Attic lamp of the 4th century BCE. Geva 2003, both type IIa; Pl.5.1: 41&42 Stratum 5 below the floor of L.3080 Photo 5.16, Lamp type LP1a. 5 Vesseberg, 1953, Cyprus, p. 121, Fig. 37:5, 6. Laffineur and Vandenbeele, 1990, Cyprus, Pl. XXXVII:15 with flanged rim. Bailey, 1975, Egypt, Pl. 102: Q515, Q516. Graeve, 1994, Milet, Figs. 14-15, with touching folds; Fig. 15 with flanged rim; both with horizontal loophandles. Tezger & Sezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul Museum, Nos. 64 65.Elayi and Sayegh, 1998, Beyrouth, pp. 176 – 177, Fig. 42:11,13, 14, Pl.XIV:11, 14 from Phoenician workshops at the end of the Persian period to the 1st century BCE. 6 Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:7. Ohata, 1970, Tel Zeror III, Pl. LX: 4. Yannai, 1996, Northern Sharon (Iron I - II).

The Type III oil lamps are made of small bowls with slanting walls. Some still have slightly everted rims (#1565). Some of the bases are flat (Figure 11.59: 2), but most are low, unsmoothened disk-bases (Figure 11.59: 1 #1549) and (#1542). Other bases show the string-cut separation from the wheel. String-cutting marks (Figure 11.59: 3), which are characteristic of this period (#1515,

91

HELLENISTIC PERIOD the Herodian period.9 Among the finds in Jason’s Tomb in Jerusalem, five Type III oil lamps were found together with other late Hellenistic and Herodian oil lamps. The first burials in this tomb date to the 2nd century BCE—as in another arcosolia tomb in Jerusalem, and in a burial without arcosolia in Jerusalem-Valley of the Cross and elsewhere.10 Many oil lamps of this type were discovered among the remains of contemporary buildings, e.g., in Ramat RaΉel Stratum IVB, and at other excavations in Jerusalem.11

#1526, and others in the catalogue) and in other pottery vessels as well, serve as a dating indicator. The bowl was made into an oil lamp when the clay was of a leathery consistency, by folding and pinching or pressing most of the wall together from two sides— apparently with thumb and forefinger. The majority of these oil lamps have ordinary or even sharp rims; in some of the bowls, the two opposite sections of the rim to be joined together are trimmed with a knife to ensure a good bond (#1507, #1508, #1513). In lamps where the two folds are fused together, the oil lamp takes on a shoe-like form (#1511). In some oil lamps, the sides touch only slightly (#1552) and sometimes an additional strip of clay is added to ensure better closing of the joint (#1520). In other lamps (e.g., #1508) the lapped rims barely meet, while in others they overlap like the folds of an envelope (Qalandiya; Ramat RaΉel #1541; and Beth Нur).7 Occasionally the joint forms an erect ridge (#1514, #1522, #1552, #1553). The length of the joint varies in the different oil lamps; the elongated and arched folds recall the folding of the rim in some of the oil lamps of the Persian period. Sometimes the joint has separated and opened (#1507). In most of these oil lamps the rims are generally erect, but some lamps have inverted rims (e.g., #1541).

The Type I lamps are the earlier dated ones (late 4th and 3rd centuries BCE), made in Iron Age IIC and Persian tradition recall #1255 and #1256 from Jerusalem as well the Ketef-Hinnom Burial Cave that was in use also in the Hellenistic period. The Type II oil lamp which is abundant at Ramat RaΉel (e.g., #1537) may well be among the earliest of the period of the late 3rd-and 2nd centuries BCE. It seems that such lamps were recovered also in the Modiin area in recent excavations. Typologically, these oil lamps retain the earlier tradition of the Iron Age and Persian-period oil lamps, like lamps found in Miletus and Beirut.12 Three fine, good-quality Type III oil lamps (#1510, #1541, #1555) may have been made by different workshops. Some Type III lamps were found together with Type II oil lamps, indicating that for part of the time they may have been in concurrent use. Larger numbers of Type III oil lamps were found in the Second Templeperiod burial-caves in Jerusalem, as in Jason’s Tomb and House H in the Jewish Quarter. Most of these burials are dated to the mid-1st century BCE, including the beginning of the Herodian dynasty.

Such folding and enveloping has a long history. It was used in forming the late Punic oil lamps, which have their beginnings in Iron II, and continued in both the Persian and Hellenistic periods. The closed Punic oil lamps from Carthage are made by the same technique. As in North African oil lamps, the shape of the lamp depends on whether the bowl rim is folded two or three times, resulting in two or three spouts of equal size.8 The oil lamps ordinarily have more than one spout, each of which can serve for pouring in the oil.

Type III oil lamps are mainly found in the region of Judah; a few are known from the other southern sites and along the coast. In Jerusalem and the vicinity they come from Tell Sailun (Shiloh) Cave N; Kh. Nisiya; Tell en NaΒbeh, some in pits; and from Jerusalem—Tell el-Ful Period IV and the Jewish Quarter.13 In Jericho and the

11.2. Dating and Conclusions This ‘classical’ folded Palestinian oil lamp is also referred to as “pinched” or “Hasmonean,” more or less after the period in which it appears, from 152 BCE when the Hasmonean revolt broke out against the Greek Seleucids to at least the end of the 1st century BCE. The distribution of these oil lamps seems to indicate that they were used primarily by Jews, and they also accompany the burials to the end of the Second Temple period in Jerusalem, indicative of a 1st century BCE dating prior to

9 Avigad, 1970, Jewish Quarter, Jerusalem (reign of Herod the Great), p. 140, folded lamp; Pl. 34C, the upper lamp; idem., 1983, Jerusalem (1st century BCE), p. 88:2, Type B, found in the Herodian residence. 10 Rahmani, 1967, Jason’s Tomb, p. 77, Fig. 9:1-3. Sukenik, 1934 – 5; 9, the last lamp, the whole group is similar to that from Jason’s tomb. Sussman, 1982, Valley of the Cros, (1st century BCE, before the reign of Herod), p. 69, Pl. XXII: 7. 11 Aharoni, 1962, Ramat Rachel (late Persian period), Fig. 21:3 - 6, found in dump pit; Lamp 6 has a flattened-concave base. All these oil lamps are of Type B; idem., 1964, Ramat Rachel, Stratum IVB, Locus 429 (3183/1) (5th-3rd ? centuries BCE), Fig. 11:5, the stratum was bare of structures. 12 Elayi and Sayegh, 1998, Beyrouth, Fig.42: 22 – 14, Pl.XIV: 3 – 14. 13 Smith, 1964. Household, p. 118, Fig. 16, an oil lamp from Tell en NaΒba (2nd century BCE). Bhul & Nielsen-Holms, 1969, Shiloh, Pls. 2:22, 9:115, 11:22; Cave N: 119 (early Roman), Pl. 2:17,19. Anderson, 1969, Shiloh II (early Roman: Herodian Period (37 - 35 BCE), Pl. 14:260. Livingstone, 1989, Kh. Nisya, Fig.13: 45 (2nd century BCE). McCown et al., 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, Pl. 39:13, 14, 15; Vol. II, Pl. 71:1634, 1644, Lamp 13 is a prototype of the earlier Type A oil lamps; the lamp is still open and is larger than the “classical” lamps. Burial

7

Magen, 1984, Kalandia (2nd-1st centuries BCE), p. 70, one lamp was not fired. Kelso, 1968, Bethel, Pl. 72:5. Sellers, 1968, Beth-Zur (3rd - 1st centuries BCE), Fig. 29:4, Pl. 32b, found together with earlier pottery. 8 Deneauve, 1969, Carthage, Pls. XXIII-XXIV: 107-108. Bussie’re, 1989, Alge‫י‬rie, Type II, are classic Punic oil lamp with two spouts (7th th 5 century BCE); Type III-IV (3rd-2nd centuries BCE) Fig. 1; Type IIIaIIIc, and Type IVc; p. 60, Fig. 15, Type III, an oil lamp with three spouts and wide foot-like disk-base; Type IVc, p. 61, Fig. 18, the lamps have overlapping rims. Graeve, 1994, Milet, Fig.15. Tezger and Sezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul Museum, Nos. 64-65.

92

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Judean Desert oil lamps of this type were found in the `En Gedi region (#1574, #1575, #1576) and in the early phases of a fortress on the Dead Sea shore; only one such oil lamp comes from the Yattir region and Masada.14 Other lamps of this type were uncovered at Ben’e Beraq (#1547); Ashdod Stratum IV (#1549);15 and Tel Gezer (#1548).16 Two lamps come from Tomb 15 in Beth Shemesh Stratum II, and from Tel `Azeqa (Kh. Tall Zakariya).17 A very few such oil lamps come from the north Samaria and Caesarea.18

11.3. Special Oil Lamps An oil lamp with an erect rim, mounted on a narrow foot, like the Persian example (Figure 10.55) was found in an excavation on the slopes of Mount Zion (#1582).21 Another oil lamp found at Ashdod (#1583),22 has a concave base and two openings of different sizes, and a basket-handle in the middle. The oil lamp industry at Carthage, which developed from the Punic two-spouted lamps, also led to the creation of three-spouted oil lamps of Bussiere’s Type IIIc23 made in the same technique as this Hellenistic pinched-type local oil lamp (although more variants of the Punic lamps are known). In vertical section they resemble oil lamps of the 2nd century BCE. These Punic oil lamps have no real parallel in oil lamps from Palestine, except for the lamp with three spouts found at Tel Maresha (Figure 11.60).24

These oil lamps are very few in the southern city mound at Tel Maresha, a town, which flourished in this period— perhaps not surprisingly, for the population there was predominantly Pagan-Hellenistic. Many types of the closed, Hellenistic oil lamps were used, among them, wheel-made Babylonian-type oil lamp commonly found in the Beth Guvrin region; only a few such lamps were found in Jerusalem. Type III oil lamps were discovered in Jordan19 and in Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, and North Africa where they date to the 2nd century BCE.20 Cave 285, Pl. 72:1643, 1644. Sinclair, 1954-5, Tell el-Ful (Period IV), Pl. 17:2 - 3, Type B. Crowfoot and Fitzgerald, 1929, Tyropoeon Valley, Pl. XVII: 1, 2, Lamp 1 from Room 44 resembles a lamp of the Persian Period having a low disk-base of Type A. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, p. 40, Lamps, Fig. 19;41 - 42, Hellenistic lamps from early Jewish fill; Figs. 22;6, 7, 24;8, 9, late Hellenistic-early and late Jewish pottery from late Jewish occupation and destruction deposits. Avigad, 1983, Jerusalem (Hasmonean, 2nd-1st centuries BCE), pp. 59, 80, also p. 79, Fig. 58:1, the upper lamps. Bagatti and Milik, 1958, Dominus Flevit, Fig. 25:1, Jewish Quarter Geva.2003, p.140, Type II, Photos 5.19 & 5.20 and Pls.5.3:35-40 . and 5.5:10& 20 Stratum 4, 5.9:3&34 Strata 6-5; Type B. Saller, 1957, Bethany, Lamp 3 of Type B found in a cistern together with 16 other oil lamps; fragments were found also in the columbarium. Sellers, 1933, Beth-Zur, Fig. 41; 1968, Fig. 29:4, Pl. 32b: 3, the oil lamp is folded like an envelope; several of the lamps have rounded bases. 14 Hachlili and Killebrew, 1983, Jericho, p. 125, folded lamps were found in sarcophagi dating to no later than the 1st century BCE. BarAdon, 1989, Judean Desert, Locus 3, p. 10, Fig. 10A:17, the two-storied structure may have served as piers in the Dead Sea. B. Mazar, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum III, Locus 38, Fig. 25:9. Barag and Hershkovitz, 1994, Masada IV, Fig. 1, only one lamp together with a coin of Herod and coins of the Jewish Revolt; the lamps were made in Jerusalem. 15 Dothan and Porath, 1982, Ashdod, Area M, Fig. 33:4. 16 Macalister, 1912, Gezer II, p. 218, Fig. 368. Gitin, 1990, Gezer III (mid-2nd century BCE), Pl. 35:25, close to Type A; (early 1st century BCE), Pl. 41:19, Type B. Tezger and Sezer, 1995, Catalogue, Istanbul Museum, Nos. 62 and 63 from Tel Gezer (Type B). 17 Grant, 1932. Ain Shems II, Pl. L: 24, 26, Lamp 24 with a rounded base, Lamp 26 from the NW cemetery near Tomb 15 has a flat base; idem., 1939, Ain Shems V, pp. 85, 146. Bliss and Macalister, 1902, Excavations in Palestine, p. 130, Fig. 48. 18 Reisner and Fisher, 1924, Samaria I, Fig. 187:5A Sussman, Caesarea forthcoming.. 19 Brown, 1979, Iraq al-Emir, p. 23; Fig. 1:3. Pritchard, 1985, Kh. esSa`idiya, Fig.19: 21. 20 Blinkenberg, 1931, Lindos, Pls. 82 - 83. Gjerstad, 1934, Cyprus I, tomb from Kountoura Trachonia (3rd century BCE, Cypro Classic-to Hellenistic period), pp. 447-448, Tomb 7, Pl. LXXIV: 74; 1937, Cyprus IV Vouni Tombs 8, 11 (4th - 3rd centuries BCE), Pls. 104, 106, open lamps with raised front part. Vesseberg and Westholm, 1956, Fig. 37:6, with pinched rim, similar to Lamp #1498 from Tel Mikhal; Lamp 6 resembles also the lamp from el Mina. Graeve, 1994, Milet, Figs. 14 & 15. Bailey, 1975, Cyprus (3rd century BCE?), Pls. 96, 97:Q491 - Q493, these oil lamps have low ring-bases. Bailey, 1975, from Egypt (late 4th -

Figure 11.60. Three - nozzle lamp Bliss and Macalister, 1902, Sandahana, Pl.LXIII: 4. 11.4. Plain Saucers Used Oil Lamps Once again we find using ordinary bowl as oil lamps #1584 and #1585 from `Akko and Tel Yin`am—northern part of the country. early 3rd centuries BCE), Pl. 102:Q515, Q516A, Lamp Q515 resembles lamps of the Persian period. Deneauve, 1969, Carthage (2nd century BCE), Pl. XXIV: 107-108, Type X, Lamp Pl. XXIV: 109 is affixed to the top of a female figurine. 21 Margovski J. 1971. 22 Dothan, 1982, Ashdod, p. 47, Fig. 33:4, Pl. XXVI:14 (1919/1), the oil lamp found on the surface may have been used already in the Persian period. After the Babylonian conquest this area was an industrial quarter. 23 Bussie’re, 1989, Carthage, Figs. 13, 14, 15, 18, Type IIIa - IVc. 24 Bliss and Macalister, 1902, Excavations in Palestine, Pl.LXIII: 4.

93

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

ABBREVIATIONS AAA AASOR ABSN ADAJ AJA `Atiqot `Atiqot (HS) BA BAIAS BAR BAR Int. S BASOR BCSP BDASI BIES BJPES BSAJ EI ESI HA IAA IEJ JFA JHS JSOT/ASOR JPOS JSSEA LA MAU MJ PEFA PEFQSt PEQ QDAP RB SCE ZDPV

Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Liverpool Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research British School of Archaeology at Athens Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan American Journal of Archaeology English Series Hebrew Series; English summaries Biblical Archaeologist Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society Biblical Archaeology Review British Archaeology Reports, International Series Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Bollettino del Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici Bulletin of the Department of Antiquities of the State of Israel (Hebrew) Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society (Hebrew) Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society (Hebrew) British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem Eretz Israel (Hebrew; English summaries) Excavations and Surveys in Israel Hadashot Arkheologiyot (Hebrew) Reports Israel Antiquities Authority Reports Israel Exploration Journal Journal of Field Archaeology Journal of Hellenic Studies Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities Liber Annuus: Studii Biblici Franciscani Mediterranean Archaeology The Museum Journal Palestine Exploration Fund Annual Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Quarterly Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine Revue Biblique The Swedish Cyprus Expedition Zeitschrift des Deutschen Pal‫ה‬stina-Vereins

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BIBLIOGRAPHY ----2004. The Pottery of Levels III and II. In. D. Ussishkin (edt.), The Renewed Archaelogical Excavations at: Lachish (1973-1994). Vol. IV: 1789- 1900. Zori N. 1966. Tombs from the End of the Israelite Period at Beth-Shean. BIES 30: 88 - 95 (Hebrew). ---- 1975. Middle Bronze I and Iron Age I Tombs Near Tel Rehov in the Beth-Shean Valley. EI 12:9 - 19 (Hebrew), (ES) p.117.

---- 1977. The Land of Issachar Archaeological Survey. Jerusalem (Hebrew). Zukerman S. 1996. The Ceramics of Tel Qashsis and the Valley of Jezreel in the Early Bronze Period. M.A. Thesis. Hebrew University, Jerusalem (Hebrew). Zorn J.R. 1998. The Dating of an Early Iron Age Kiln from Tell al Nasbeh. Levant 30:199 – 202.

110

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Concordance Table of Sites

113

CONCORDANCE TABLE OF SITES

114

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

115

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUE ENTRIES AND SITES Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Abu Ghosh (1600:1345/1606:1353) 1330

47.4765

Burial-cave

1331

47.4766

"

1332

47.4767

"

1333

47.4768

"

1334

47.4769

"

1335

47.4770

"

1336

47.4771

"

1337

47.4772

"

1338

47.4773

"

1339

47.4774

"

1340

47.4775

"

1342

47.4787

"

Iron IIC

`Afula (1772:2233/1777:2240) 243

51-832

244

51-833

354

51-921

345

51-922

190

51-1010

Burial

MB II

St.7 (shard) (shard)

5672

Burial

MB IIA

Ai -Kh. et Tell (1746:1470/1748:1472) 56

36.613

Sanctuary 2261

2053

EB I-II

1584

71-926

Loc.157

311/1

Hellenistic

‘Akko (`Acco ,1564:2580/1589:2604) _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1477

50-831

St. 6

Early Persian

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ashdod (11710:12885/11825:12985) 1549

63-1741

Area A St.4a

824

62-587

B St.3

LE6 Loc.520

116

983/1

late Hellenistic

201/1

LB IIA

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

1271

63-858

D St.3a T. Loc.1051

610/1

Iron IIC

1139

63-864

D St.3b T. Loc.1051

4403/1

Iron IIB-C

1272

63-1892

D St.4a

7623

Iron IIC

950

62-550

D St.4

452/1

Iron I

1140

63-1893

D St.3b T. Loc.1115

4396/1

Iron IIB-C

1141

63-1894

D St.3b

Loc.1170

4964/1

1142

63-1895

D St.3a

Loc.1120

4680/3

1273

63-2701

D St.2

Loc.1122

4315/2

Iron IIC

1143

68-639

D St.3

Loc.1122

1974

Iron IIB-C

1144

68-640

D St.3

Loc.1122

4335/1

Iron IIB

1145

69-1849

M St.3

Loc.7059

702/2

1146

69-1850

M St.3

Loc.7236

1855

951

69-1870

M St.2

Loc.7269

1767/1

952

69-1871

M St.2

Loc.7205

1690

1147

69-1911

M surface find

138/1

Iron IIB

1495

69-1917

M St.6

32/4

Iron/Persian

Loc.1013

Loc.7005

M

1583 1496

Excavation

Period

number

Iron I

Hellenistic

70-253

227/1

Persian

Ashdod Yam (11365:13080/11395:13100) 953

68-390

954

68-391

Burial

Iron I

"

`Atlit (1434:2327/1450:2348) 1484

32.820

Burial L:23 bis b-III

Persian

1471

40.799

Surface above Burial I

33.222

1485

40.817

Burial IVb

33.372

1472

40.821

Burial VII

33.270

(Iron IIC) Persian

1458

40.826

Burial IX

33.475

Iron IIC/Persian

33

EB I-II

Azor(*) (1317:1588/1319:1594); Azor-Дolon (1308:1593/1309:1594) 10

64-618

Burial C

11

64-621

C

34

12

64-644

C

60

117

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

67a

70-1039

13

73-408

163

35.3274

155

64-1669

173

64-606

1

3

167

63-225

2

1

170

63-228

3

28

156

76-1481

10

19

184

63-230

11

47

186

76-1484

12

12

136

64-612

13

15

183

63-229

18

76

168

63-226

20

82

174

63-607

22

16

165

63-222

29

96

169

63-227

29

98

132

63-223

35

28

172

64-604

35

28

176

64-611

36

37

177

64-616

36

36

164

63-221

37

117

166

63-224

37

119

134

64-605

37

137

64-613

37

48

185

64-614

37

50

171

63-603

39

60

135

64-608

39

61

175

63-609

43

6

146

64-615

Tomb 44

37

133

63-676

Burial B

6

806(*)

60-459

Area C

98

807

70-1394

Burial 4

607

Period

number 6

1607

Burial

EB I EB I-II EB-MB

Burial 1

118

LB II

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

808

70-1395

4

587

809

70-1396

4

487

810

70-1397

4

446/1

947

56-2

Burial

948

60-534

Area D Burial 79

949

60-568

Period

number

D

Iron I 15

66

3

BaΉan (1520:1950/1523:1954) 458

63-1322

Burial 1

139

459

63-1323

1

473

469

63-1340

1

139

460

63-1324a

1

95

646

63-1336

1

476

647

63-1337

1

167

642

63-1318

1

138

375

63-1310

2

99

376

63-1311

2

103

378

63-1313

2

529

379

63-1314

2

550

471

63-1615

2

105

LB IA

456

63-1316

2

429

LB I-II

382

63-1319

2

107

MB II-LB IA

648

63-1330

2

402

LB II

649

63-1333

2

128

466

63-1334

2

443

467

63-1335

2

132

472

64-1706

2

181

380

63-1315

2

157

LB I-II

377

63-1312

3

426

MB II-LB I

381

63-1317

3

100

LB IA

643

63-1320

3

551

LB II

462

63-1326

3

551a

LB I

465

63-1329

3

618

119

LB I

LB I-II

MB II-LB I

LB I

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

644

63-1331

3

160

641

63-1161

?

94

461

63-1325

?

134

463

63-1327

?

106

464

63-1328

?

625

645

63-1332

?

93

LB II

468

63-1338

?

159

LB I

470

63-1341

?

101

457

63-1321

?

98

473

69-586

4

383

69-587

4

384

69-588

4

474

69-589

4

475

69-590

4

476

69-591

4

477

69-592

4

478

69-593

4

479

69-594

4

480

69-595

4

481

69-596

4

482

69-597

4

483

69-598

4

484

69-641

4

number LB II

LB I

MB II-LB I

LB I

Bat Yam (12678:15752/12682:15756) 14

70-108

Burial

EB I-II

Be'er Sheva` (12955:07120/13125:07270) 1199

74-1775

St. II Loc.46

1550/1

1200

74-1804

St. II Loc.28

1093/1

1201

74-1805

St. II Loc.221

1288/2

1202

74-1806

St. II Loc.221

1202/1

1444

78-1438

St. II Loc.25

1883/1

120

Iron IIB

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Beit SaΉur (17345:12910/17355:12920) 143

I.1212

Burial

EB-MB

Ben‫ י‬Beraq (13330:16650/13370:16720) 1547

81-26

Hellenistic

Bene’ Beraq-Tel Zeton (Tell Abu Zeitun) (13460:16700/13485:16750) 1501

63-473

Persian

Beth She'an (19677:21125/19818:21297) 48

34.1216

Lev.XVI Room 1890

33-10-988

EB I

65

34.1438

Lev.XII

29

34.1396

Lev.XII

33-11-883

61

34.1066

Lev.XII

33-10-138

47

34.1006

Lev.XI

33-9-493

EB III(IV)

110

L.758

Burial I

89:A.1857

EB-MB

111

32.175

Tomb 296

31-9-281

112

34.956

Lev.XI Room 1802

33-9-160

241

32.29

Lev.XA Room 1612

31-10-321A

MB II

552

L.763

Tomb 27

12.9 II90

LB II

553

34.1234

Lev.VI/VII Room 1740

33-11-8

1450

L.757

Burial 66A-C

1614

Iron II

844

L.768

66A-C

II 50

Iron I

1438

L.770

66A-C

1451

Iron I-II

1441

I.9687

30-12-98

Iron I

EB III

Lev.V Room 1549

Bet Shemesh (1474:1285/1481:1280) 58

89-1997

St. III

late EB I

341

73-1291

Burial 1

284

73-1292

1

285

73-1293

1

286

73-1304

Temple

1010

354

73-1306

Burial 1 (shard)

1033

242/2 168

121

MB IIB? MB IIA-B?

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

340

73-1021

342

73-1305

1024

343

73-1307

1033

500

I.39

Tomb 2

344

LB I

876

I.206

1

470

Iron I

679

I.210

1E

471

LB II-Iron I

877

I.207

1E

545

late Iron I

878

I.208

1E

472

879

I.209

1E

880

I.211

1E

881

I.212

1E

882

I.213

1E

883

I.214

1E

884

I.215

1E

885

I.216

1E

886

I.217

1E

887

I.218

1E

4/20

888

I.219

1E

4/30

889

I.220

1E

4/34

890

I.380

1

891

I.407

1

4/256

892

I.408

1

14/25

893

I.476

1

14/6

894

I.480

1

14/6

895

I.572

1

896

I.551

1

897

I.561

1

898

I.572

1

899

I.5848

680

I.10494

Lev.IV

59

LB II

1452

I.10551

Lev.III

208

Iron II

1210

L.573

Tomb 5

number Temple

306

Early MB IIB (A-B)

LB II-Iron I 4/36 late LB II-Iron I

late Iron I

14/6 Iron I

Iron IIB-C

122

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

1353

L.575

7

1354

L.589

7

1357

L.633

7

1358

L.635

7

1359

L.637

7

1360

L.638

7

1361

L.639

7

1362

L.640

7

1363

L.641

7

1364

L.644

7

1365

L.646

7

1366

L.647

7

1367

L.648

7A

1368

L.650

7

1369

L.651

7

1370

L.652

7

1371

L.654

7

1372

L.655

7

Iron IIB-C

1373

L.657

7

Iron IIC

1374

L.663

7

1355

L.610

8?

1356

L.611

8

1377

I.5894

14

1267

I.5895

14

1268

I.5912

14

1488

I.5912a

1451

I.8649

St.III kiln

900

I.6088

St.II?

Iron I-(II?)

901

IIZ30 3/22

From city debris

Iron II

1166

IIY31 3/97 30

From city debris

1167

O31 3/21 30

From city debris

1168

S29x11

From city debris

number Iron IIC

837

858

Iron IIC-Persian Persian

1353

123

Iron I-II

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Bet YeraΉ (Kh. el Kerak) (2035:2351/2045:2364) 35

37.995

EB III

52

50-4087/1

55

50-7279

337/1

EB III (EB-MB)

32

52-188

400/2

EB II

104

49-2055

St.VI

105

51-848

St.VI

135/3

181

51-992

St.VI

135/3

106

51-1021

St.VI

26/1

107

51-1022

St.VI

12/8

108

51-2151

St.VI

33

53-1068

St.VI

231/23

EB III? (EB-MB)

34

53-1069

St.VI

230/3

EB IV-MB I?

109

53-584

St.VI

351/3

1475

51-996

St.IV

1476

53-1096

St.IV

EB-MB

Persian

Bet Нur (1588:1106/1591:1109) 1544

31.31

Room 213

862

1545

31.32

Room 43

77

1546

31.109

Hellenistic

23

Dalhamiya (2036:2288/2040:2291) 178

70-598

Burial-cave 1

12

EB-MB

981

69-1544

Pit

2301

Iron II

Deir Siras (2145:2726; 2148:2728) 102

85-1532

Dolmen 14

103

85-1534

Dolmen 14

EB-MB

Edh Dhahiriya (1470:0906/1471:0911) 1077

40.274

1396

I.9077

Burial-cave B

Iron I-II

B

Iron IIC

124

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

1051

I.9078

B

1052

I.9079

B

1053

I.9080

B

1054

I.9081

B

1055

I.9082

B

1056

I.9083

B

1057

I.9084

B

1058

I.9085

B

1059

I.9086

B

1060

I.9087

B

IRON IIB

1397

I.9088

B

IRON II

1061

I.9089

B

1062

I.9090

B

1063

I.9091

B

1064

I.9092

B

1065

I.9093

B

1066

I.9094

B

1067

I.9095

B

1068

I.9096

B

1069

I.9097

B

1070

I.9098

B

1071

I.9099

B

1072

I.9257

B

1073

I.9258

B

1074

I.9259

B

1075

I.9260

B

1076

I.9261

B

number

`Ein Qudeirat (Tel Qadesh Barnea`) (093:006/094:007) 1434

56-1475

1204

56-1477

Fortress period B

125

3

Iron IIC

4

Iron IIB

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

el `Eizariya (Bethany) (1739:1306/1747:1313) 1569

37.303

Burial

1570

38.1945

Burial

Hellenistic

`Enan (2037:2763/2039:2766) 91

83-1524

Burial-cave

17

92

83-1526

"

34

93

83-1527

"

26

94

83-1528

"

22

95

83-1529

"

38

96

83-1530

"

32

97

83-1531

"

16

98

83-1532

"

45

99

83-1533

"

94

100

83-1534

"

38

101

83-1535

"

EB-MB

`En Gedi (18641:09581/18649:09589) 1345

67-811

St.V Loc.21

C37/15

1344

67-813

St.V Loc.30

87/1

1350

67-824

St.V --

1124/6

1351

67-825

St.V Loc.42

111/5

1346

67-818

St.V Loc.207

1128/8

1343

67-812

St.V Loc.207

D443/1

1345

67-817

St.V Loc.207

441/1

1348

67-820

St.V Loc.207

D540/2

1349

67-821

St.V Loc.207

444/2

1266a

67-1208

St.V Loc.229

1769

1463

67-810

St.IV Loc.229A

2004/1

1486

67-814

St.IV Loc.229A

1128/9

1467

67-816

St.IV Loc.229

2003/1

1465

67-1209

St.IV Loc.229

9623

1466

67-815

St.IV Loc.231

1599

126

Iron IIC-Persian

Persian

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

1347

67-819

St.IV Loc.248

2105/1

Iron IIC-Persian

1464

67-822

St.IV Loc.248

G923/4

Persian

1577

67-721

St.III Loc.243

2126

Hellenistic

1578

67-722

St.III --

116/1

number

`En Gedi-NaΉal David (18755:09725/18765:09735) 1573

61-1343

Burial

61/3/17

1574

61-1344

"

61/2/3

1575

61-1345

"

62/2

1576

61-1346

"

61/3/16

Hellenistic

`En Gev (2099:2432/2101:2435) 979

61-634

Area A St.3

69/15

980

61-635

Area A St.3

5/17

Iron IIB

`En HaNaΞiv (`En Neshev) (1973:2075/1975:2076) 116

73-1065

Burial-cave 36

241

180

73-462

4

2

149

73-1067

16

221

150

73-1068

101

340

161

73-1069

61

334

151

73-1070

61

325

554

73-1112

23

139

555

73-1113

5

153

355

54-33

361

54-284

52

366

54-297

30

356

54-41

357

54-42

105

358

54-43

168

359

54-43a

109

360

54-234

109

362

54-293

96

363

54-294

Eastern burial

23

Western burial

156

--

127

EB-MB

LB II-Iron I

MB II-LB I

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

number

Excavation

364

54-295

45

365

54-296

147

367

54-313

A:112

368

54-314

A:162

369

54-315

B:138

370

54-316

B:130

371

54-431

B?

Period

`En HaNaΞiv-"Kav Bein HaTeΞomot" (1973:2085/1975:2087) 159

53-509

Burial-cave 26

73

130

53-926

26

72

179

53-923

24

66

113

53-924

24

30

114

53-925

12

29

115

53-927

3

8

845

53-939

--

61

846

53-940

--

80

847

53-941

--

62

848

53-942

--

43

EB-MB

LB II-Iron I

LB-Iron I

Gan HaShelosha-Tel `Amal (Tell el `AΒi) (1924:2122/1927:2124) 982

62-395

St.IV Loc.26

983

63-734

St.III Loc.10

Iron IIA 140

Iron IIA-B

Gaza (099:101) 15

B.691

EB I-II

Gil`am (Kh. er Rujm) (16325:24725/16350:24745) 1483

66-1268

St.I Loc.C2

215/12

Persian

210

MB II

Giv`at Ayyala (Ginnosar) (19760:25070/19805:25130) 206

56-696

Burial 2

207

56-796

3

504

208

56-797

3

603

128

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

338

56-798

3

515

203

56-799

3

366

Ealy MB IIB (A-B)

209

56-800

3

375

MB IIB-C

210

56-801

3

364

354

56-802

3 (shard)

294

354

56-803

3 (shard)

264

211

56-804

3

465

212

56-805

3

312

339

56-806

3

247

258

56-807

3

393

259

56-808

3

310

260

56-809

3

317

216

56-810

3

318

217

56-811

3

261

218

56-837

3

263

219

56-838

3

246

220

56-839

3

249

221

56-840

3

250

222

56-841

3

281

223

56-842

3

248

224

56-899

1

313

225

57-4

204

56-882

4

40

205

56-883

4

462

number

MB IIB

Early MB IIB (A-B)

Giv`on – Gibeon (el Jib) (16754:13930/16770:13970) 127

L.779

Burial

EB-MB

128

L.781

248

45.104

249

45.114

10B

134

250

45.119

10B

165

251

45.123

10B

218

138

45.135

10A

21

Burial 10B

39

129

MB II

EB-MB

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

1285

45.140

10B

12B

Iron IIC

1206

45.157

10B

61

Iron IIB-C

1207

45.161

10B

126

1440

45.169

10B

212

1208

45.170

10B

213

number

Giv`at Yesha`yahu (Kh. el `Adas) (1444:1198/1449:1230) 291

64-1637

Burial 1

48

MB II

Burial-cave 908

22/2/436

LB IIA

HaZorea` (1608:2271/1612:2279) 582

80-127

583

80-128

908

22/2/485

584

80-129

908

21/32/493

585

80-130

908

17/2/617

586

80-131

908

18/1/737

587

80-132

908

21/3/101

588

80-133

908

18/1/741

589

80-134

908

18/1/38

590

80-135

908

21/1/226

591

80-136

908

17/2/727

592

80-137

908

22/2/623

593

80-138

908

12-11/1/704

594

80-139

908

21/3/103

595

80-140

908

12/11/1/702

596

80-141

908

17/3/729

597

80-142

908

20/2/225

598

80-143

908

19/1/7

599

80-144

908

21/3/82

600

80-145

908

21/4/307

601

80-146

908

23/1/367

HaZorea`-Tel Qira (16040:22764/16110:22810) 988

77-987

St.V/IV Loc.676

569/2

Iron IIB

989

77-988

Area F St.VII/VI Loc.1806

3010

Iron IIA

130

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

990

77-1048

Area F St.VII/VI Loc.1806

991

77-989

Area C St.VII Loc.565

448

992

77-1049

Area D St.VII Loc.680

2714

993

77-1050

Period

number

--

Iron II

2780/10

Iron IIA

Iron IIB

Haifa-Karmeliyya (1476:2447/1479:2449) 998

L.782

Burial IB

2

999

L.783

I

3

1000

L.784

II

19A

1001

L.785

II

19

Haifa-Kh. AΓΓaisi (1496:2435/1501:2441) 614

79-357

Burial

615

79-359

"

613

79-366

"

616

79-368

"

LB IIB

Haifa-Shiqmona (Kh. Tinani) (1464:2474/1470:2479) 617

81-444

618

81-445

619

Burial 2288

12242

LB IIA

2288

12264

LB II

81-469

2288

11374

620

81-470

2288

11374

1282

81-447

2282

2105

Iron IIC

1002

81-442

Loc.472

7263

Iron IIB

1157

81-443

Loc.283

5224/13

1159

81-471

Loc.666

8057

Iron IIC

1160

81-296

Loc.2069

5579/2

Iron IIC-Persian

1158

81-446

Loc.2069

5579/1

Iron IIB-C

1161

81-398

Loc.472

7318

Iron IIC-Persian

1481

81-297

St.IV Room PG-4

973

Persian

1482

81-1004

Loc.352

7178

1502

81-1003

Loc.281

6152

131

late Iron II

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam (15195:24510/15225:24530) 608

34.289

St.V

204

LB II

609

34.296

St.V-IV

300

610

34.306

St.V

228

611

34.308

St.V

230

605

34.518

St.V

542

606

34.627

St.V

677

612

34.629

St.V

679

607

47.1722

--

862

34.321

St.IV

247

LB II/Iron I

867

34.591

St.IV

631

Iron I

868

34.627

St.IV

677

869

34.655

St.IV

163

863

34.359

St.III

303

864

34.501

St.III

523

865

34.517

St.III

541

1480

34.500

St.II

521

Persian

866

34.533

St.II

559

Iron I

1456

34.778

St.II-I

11

Iron II-Persian

Burial

104

EB-MB

St.III-II

2727

Chalc./EB

Iron I-II

Дanita (Kh. Дanuta) (16645:27695/16655:27705) 158

73-796

Д. Beter (12960:07100/12980:07130) 4

53-564

Д. `En Ziq (1359:0237/1361:0238) 60

85-791

EB-MB (EBIII?)

Д. Hoga (Kh. Huj) (1144:1018/1148:1021) 1148

67-216

Surface find

Iron II

Д. Ritma (Abu RuΓeimat) (12820:03460/12840:03480) 1150

74-1234

Period III Loc.401

53/1

132

Iron IIA

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Д. Tov (Kh. eΓ Γayib) (16396:08160/16410:08185) 1411

86-831

Loc.28

102

Iron IIC

Д. Za`aq (1373:0912/1377:0916) 1215

76-317

Burial 6

Iron IIB-C

1216

76-318

6

1404

76-320

6

Iron IIC

1218

76-321

6

Iron IIB-C

1219

76-322

6

1220

76-323

6

1398

76-324

6

Iron IIC

1221

76-325

6

Iron IIB-C

1399

76-329

6

Iron IIC

1222

76-397

6

Iron IIB-C

1223

76-398

6

1224

76-399

6

1400

76-400

6

1402

76-414

6

1403

76-416

6

1227

76-417

6

1217

76-319

15

1401

76-401

18

1226

76-415

18

1225

76-402

19

Iron IIC

Iron IIB-C

Jatt (1722:2642/1724:2644) 842

66-1252

843

66-1253

Burial-cave

Iron I

"

Jerusalem-Botanical Garden (17325:13350) 1552

73-834

Burial-cave Kokh 5:15

Hellenistic

133

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Jerusalem-City of David (17228:13085/17260:13137) 1287

68-206

Area A Cave Loc.XXVI I

125

Iron IIC

1288

68-207

I

152

1289

68-208

I

379

1233

68-209

I

334

1234

68-210

I

412

1235

68-711

I

275

1290

68-712

I

333

1291

68-713

I

388

1286

68-715

I

236

1292

68-767

I

962

1293

68-836

Area L Loc.457.19

3878

1294

68-837

L Loc.457.16

3716

1295

68-838

A Loc.843.3

3464

1296

68-839

A Loc.256.5

3468

1297

68-943

A Loc.1101.43

6964

1298

68-843

-- Loc.505.36

6567

Hellenistic

1237

68-941

Area AA Loc.4.14

7057

Iron IIC

1010

68-938

AA Loc.112.28

7617

Iron IIB

1511

68-944

A Loc.12.18

7234

late Hellenistic

1312

76-577

Ophel Burial 1

1299

86-363

Area G St.10B Loc.997

11951

1558

I.2198

Cist 211

262

1510

68-653

Iron IIC

Iron IIC

late Hellenistic Hellenistic

Jerusalem-Giv`at Oranim (Shahin Hill) (16966:13058) 1557

56-1496

Burial

40

Persian

21

late Hellenistic

Jerusalem-Giv`at Shapira (French Hill) (1725:1343) 1554

71-747

1555

71-754

1556

75-555

Burial Kokh 5

15 24/2

134

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Jerusalem-"Government House" (Auguste Victoria) (17400:13081) 654

34.3107

Burial Y

655

34.3108

Y

656

34.3110

Y

34

LB II

484

Jerusalem-Har Нiyon slope (1715:1306/1724:1313) 1301

75-496

Burial 508A

Iron IIC

1238

75-993

2

1302

75-994

17

1239

75-995

25

1303

75-996

24

1304

75-997

14

1436

75-998

22

1305

75-999

67

1582

76-1466

Armenian Quarter

Hellenistic

Jerusalem-Holyland Hotel (16832:12973/16833:12974) 1013

64-1961

1317

64-1972

Burial

Iron IIB

"

Jerusalem-el `Issawiyeh (17375:13378) 1550

32.2834

Burial

1551

71-193

"

late Hellenistic 28

Jerusalem-Jason's Tomb (17018:13119/17820:13121) 1562

56-1096

Tomb

25

1563

56-1100

"

206

1564

56-1101

"

156

1565

56-1490

"

253

late Hellenistic

Jerusalem-Jewish Quarter (17147:13112/17259:13234) 1286

82-2001

(vav-3) 2538

05241/1

Iron IIB-C

1165

82-2002

(aleph) 154

3847/1

Iron IIB

135

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Jerusalem-Kefar HaShiloaΉ (Silwan) (17240:13040/17272:13129) 139

41.970

Burial 1 Chamber 1

17

140

41.976

2

2

15

141

41.977

2

2

18

136

47.4281

EB-MB

Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom (17135:13052/17153:13078) 1240

80-1091

Burial 25

410/4

1306

80-1092

25

296/1

1307

80-1093

25

429/1

1308

80-1094

25

411/1

1241

80-1095

25

1242

80-1096

25

485/1

1243

80-1097

25

445/1

1309

80-1098

25

256/1

1244

80-1099

25

467/1

1245

80-1100

25

477/1

1246

80-1101

25

274

1310

80-1102

25

195/2

1311

80-1103

25

422/1

1312

80-1104

25

374/1

1247

80-1105

25

430/1

1248

80-1106

25

256/2

1249

80-1107

25

375/5

1250

80-1108

25

295/1

1251

80-1109

25

423/1

1252

80-1110

25

477/1

1253

80-1111

25

380/1

1254

80-1112

25

284/1

1313

80-1113

25

443/2

1314

80-1114

25

413/1

1255

80-1115

25

303/1

136

Iron IIC-Persian

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

1256

80-1116

25

297/12

1257

80-1117

25

444/1

1258

80-1118

25

508/1

1315

80-1119

25

452/1

1259

80-1120

25

509/1

1260

80-1121

25

455/1

1316

80-1122

25

359/1

1261

80-1123

25

493/2

1561

80-1090

Period

number

--

Hellenistic

Jerusalem-Ma`al‫ י‬Roma'im (1676:1336/1677:1337) 1507

67-1304

B/1

1508

67-1307

37

Hellenistic

Jerusalem-NaΉalat AДim (1698:1318/1703:1323) 657

68-73

Burial

7228

LB IIA

Jerusalem-Ramot (16974:13609) 1231

70-525

Burial 3

Iron IIC-Persian

1232

72-16

Burial

Iron IIC

Jerusalem-Sheikh Badr (1692:1324/1694:1328) 1509

49-2492

1557

56-1927

late Hellenistic Burial 8

Jerusalem-Talpiot (17209:12909) 1568

64-1978

Burial

late Hellenistic

Jerusalem-Valley of the Cross (16989:13109/16991:13111) 1566

73-752

Burial

Hellenistic

Jerusalem-Western Wall (17226:13135/17259:13153) 1012

86-173

1300

86-174

1513

86-175

Loc.J/1840 -Loc.86/16

15013

Iron IIB

30060

Iron IIC late Hellenistic

137

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Jerusalem-Ya`ar HaQedoshim (16554:13104) 1209

56-920

1318

56-921

Burial

Iron IIB-C

Jerusalem-Yirmiyahu Street (Tel Arza) (17040:13341) 1559

70-3

Burial

12

1560

70-4

"

13

late Hellenistic

Jerusalem-miscellaneous sites 1011

68-1289

Jericho Road burial

208

Iron IIB

1514

68-1453

Larson House

387

Hellenistic

1553

45.224

Mount of Olives Burial 8

late Hellenistic

1571

33.10

Jer.-Hebron Rd. Km. 13 burial

Persian-Hellenistic

1572

33.11

Jer.-Hebron Rd. Km. 13 burial

Har Addir ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 840

76-1735

Settlement

Iron I

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Kefar Ruppin (2024:2069/2026:2072) 566

56-1167

10

LB IIB

419

56-1168

53

LB I

64

LB IIA

Kh. `Ara (1578:2123) 633

73-896

Burial-cave

634

73-897

65

635

73-898

69

636

73-899

67

637

73-900

63

638

73-901

79

639

73-902

71

640

73-903

76

138

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Kh. Deir Shubeib (Д. Shovav) (14876:13325/14915:13352) 1579

60-926

late Hellenistic

Kh. el QaΒr (Kh. Sarin) (17645:17850) 1229

38.1030

Burial-cave

Iron IIC

Ma`al‫ י‬HaДamisha (16047:13698/16048:13699) 282

49-110

Burial-cave

15

MB IIB-C

3

EB-MB

Iron IIC

Ma`yan Barukh (2070:2941/2072:2943) 68

55-53

Burial-cave

MeΞad Дashavyahu (1204:1459/1214:1467) 1407

60-401

Area A

C21

1163

60-402

A

G47

1274

60-403

A Loc.15

A198

1408

60-404

A Loc.15

A156

1409

60-413

A --

A41/1

1410

60-415

Fill S

MeΞer (1547:2049/1548:2051) 2

56-965

St.II

D154/23

late Chalc. (EB I)

Burial-cave 2

8

MB IIA-B

MoΞa (16530:13280/16590:13345) 283

62-215

354

62-222

2 (shard)

354

62-245

1 (shard)

52

Nahariyya (15879:26855/15883:26861) 347

48-2913

Temple

348

48-2914

"

349

48-2919

"

350

48-2922

"

351

54-120

121

55-344

MB I-IIA

Temple Phase C

MB IIA? EB-MB

139

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

122

55-812

Location

Excavation

Period

number St.5 Temple

3475

EB-MB?

19

EB I?

NaДal Tavor (19848:22488/19852:22492) 51

73-498

Burial-cave 49

551

73-651

41

LB II

549

73-642

43

LB II

550

73-643

Nein (1827:2258/1836:2268) 354

76-972

354

76-1356

Burial 22 (shard)

151

(bowl)

MB II

135

PalmaДim (1206:1465/1212:1469) 811

74-635

Cist-burial 11

812

74-643

17

813

74-647

13

814

74-1634

21

815

74-1636

21

816

74-1638

21

817

74-1642

22

818

74-1643

22

819

74-1654

22

LB IIA

Qalunya (Mevasseret Yerushalayim) (16530:13346/16580:13390) 1329

60-888

Burial I

1264

60-895

I

1265

60-900

I

1266

60-901

I

7

Iron IIC

QaΓra (Gedera) (1287:1362/1293:1371) 823

50-66

1270

63-438

Burial-cave

LB II Iron IIC

140

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Ramat RaΉel (17049:12849/17051:12851) 875

64-1291

3712

Iron I-II

1319

64-1292

2999/3

Iron IIC

1320

64-1293

4616/1

1321

64-1294

4848/3

1262

64-1296

St.IVB

4158/15

Iron IIC-Persian

1322

64-1354

St.IVB

1745/2

Iron IIC

1263

64-1355

St.V

2501/1

1323

64-1356

St.V

1466/1

1324

64-1357

St.V

914/1

1325

64-1358

St.V

662/11

1326

64-1359

St.V

1836/3

1327

64-2313

St.V

6592/1

1328

64-2683

St.V

6199

1515

62-17

Loc.355

1634/1

1516

64-1293

1517

64-1295

Loc.329

1706/9

1518

64-1297

Loc.484

4246/35

1519

64-1298

--

4179/2

1520

64-1299

--

6158

1521

64-1300

3142/1

1522

64-1301

3407/1

1523

64-1302

7513/2

1524

64-1303

3854

1525

64-1304

6122

1526

64-1305

6132

1527

64-1306

5107

1528

64-1307

7540/2

1529

64-1308

5530/2

1530

64-1309

7094/1

1531

64-1310

6373

1532

64-1311

6703

--

4616/2

141

Hellenistic

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

number

Excavation

1533

64-1312

3150

1534

64-1313

2685

1535

64-1314

6145

1536

64-1315

4297/25

1537

64-1344

8309

1538

64-1345

2692

1539

64-1346

6161/9

1540

64-1353

1830/1

1541

64-1360

6169

1542

64-1363

6166

1543

64-2684

5153

Period

Rosh Ha`Ayin (Ras el `Ein) (1456:1616/1457:1617) 9

35.3373

43

36.2040

1164

36.2132

St.II

12

EB II-III

22

EB I-II Iron IIB

Samaria (1677:1867/1693:1875) 1284

32.2340

1205

32.2442

1462

33.2174

D927 DJ

Iron IIC

Tomb 103

C814

Iron IIB

E207

C1103

Persian

Sasa (1871:2703/1874:2706) 841

75-949

Excavation pit

Iron I

230

76-1629

Burial-cave

231

76-1630

"

110

232

76-1631

"

88

233

76-1632

"

103

234

76-1633

"

29

235

76-1634

"

17

236

76-1635

"

90

237

76-1637

"

74

238

76-1638

"

61

239

76-1639

"

71

91

142

MB II

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Sed‫ י‬Eliyahu (el `Arida) (1982:2058/1985:2060) 39

55-117

EB III

Sha`ar HaGolan (2069:2315/2075:2320) 147

79-935

Loc.104

1022

EB-MB

2613

Persian

Shav‫ י‬Нiyon (15825:26565/15835:26575) 1473

63-2711

Loc.106

Shekhem (Nablus) (1748:1800/1766:1813) 505

I.840

MB II (LB?)

871

I.1059

B1 2:1877

Iron I

1005

I.1060

1200

Iron II?

71/14

Iron IIB

Tel Akhziv (ez Zib) (15985:27245/15995:27255) 995

58-630

994

58-874

Southern cemetery

996

60-830

Burial

997

70-290

--

642/1

Tel `Arad (Tell `Urad) (16145:07635/16230:07688) 1412

64-144

St.9

A332/1

1413

64-145

St.7

407/1

1414

64-146

St.7-6

B27

1415

64-147

St.7

A497/1

1416

64-148

St.7

A118/7

1418

64-151

--

C176/1

1417

64-150

St.8

C630

1419

64-152

St.8

C297/1

1420

64-153

St.8

D35/3

1421

64-154

St.8

D852/1

1422

64-155

St.8

B76/3

1423

64-156

St.8

B139/1

1424

67-598

St.VII Loc.779

5610/2

143

Iron IIC

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

number

Excavation

1425

67-1029

1562

1149

67-1030

St.11

647/1

Period

Iron IIA

Tel Avel Bet Ma`akha (Tell Abil) (2043:2954/2047:2964) 1281

67-144

Iron IIC

Tel Bira (Tell Bir el Gharbi) (1660:2560/1670:2570) 602

59-425

Burial-cave Loc.7

603

59-438

Loc.6

604

59-450

Loc.7A

242

62-873

42

LB II

26

Burial 34

60

MB IIB-C

MB IIC

Tel Dan (Tell el QaΡi) (2109:2945/2115:2951) 226

67-1510

Burial-cave 187

1821/5

227

67-1516

Loc.372

1736

229

70-755

Area B

6069

MB IIB

228

67-1523

St.IX Loc.135

816/22

MB IIC

973

67-1489

St.IV Loc.179

864/3

Iron IIA

1445

69-1660

St.IV Loc.725

4711

Iron IIB

1446

69-1662

St.IV Loc.725

4719/2

1447

69-1663

St.IV Loc.725

4715/1

839

68-1298

Area B St.VII-VI Loc.332

1338/1

Iron I

510

71-837

6767

LB II

506

70-763

Tomb 387

507

70-765

387

6324/3

508

70-769

387

6447

509

71-631

387

6520

511

76-736

387

1869

512

76-737

387

1878

513

76-738

387

1905

M Loc.481

6479

Tel Dor (КanΓura) (1422:2246/1430:2262) 1459

P.2821

Tomb 5

1459

P.2822

5

24

144

Persian

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

1459

P.2823

5

1460

P.2824

5

1461

P.2828D

3

Excavation

Period

number

24

Tel `Erani (Tell el `Areini) (12940:11300/13000:11360) 50

60-324

Area D St.V

225/916

late EB I

49

57-787

D St.II

592

EB II-III

59

57-831

D St.II

490

EB II

1376

57-561

A --

178

Iron IIC

1017

56-1369

A --

5012

Iron IIB

1269

57-560

A --

60/1

Iron IIC-Persian

1377

59-256

A --

222

Iron IIC

1468

59-257

A --

317

Iron IIC-Persian

1018

59-258

A --

114

Iron IIB

1019

59-260

A --

332/4

1378

59-261

A --

72

1379

59-331

A St.IV

97

Iron IIC

Tel Esdar (1473:0646/1474:0647) 966

64-897

St.III

390/2

967

64-899

St.III

314/1

Iron I

Tel Esur (Tell el Asawir) (1520:2090/1530:2100) 46

76-556

Surface find

late Chalc.-EB I

Tel `EΓon (Tell `EiΓun) 14300:09940/14340:10015) 727

69-529

Burial-cave B1

117

728

69-530

B1

114

729

69-531

B1

198

730

69-532

B1

123

731

69-533

B1

126

732

69-534

B1

128

733

69-535

B1

125

734

69-1100

B1

116

145

LB II

LB II-Iron I

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

735

69-537

B1

129

LB II

736

69-538

B1

115

LB IIA

737

69-539

B1

121

738

69-1098

B1

122

739

69-1099

B1

113

740

69-536

B1

123

906

69-1140

C1

907

69-1141

C1

908

69-1144

C1

909

69-1146

C1

2

910

69-1156

C1

13/11

911

69-1176

C1

12/5

912

69-1177

C1

17/19

913

69-1178

C1

17/14

914

69-1179

C1

16/3

915

69-1180

C1

18/14

916

69-1181

C1

17/17

917

69-1182

C1

6/2

918

69-1183

C1

13/5

919

69-1184

C1

13/5

920

69-1185

C1

12/4

921

69-1186

C1

12/3

922

69-1187

C1

17/13

923

69-1188

C1

13/33

924

69-1189

C1

13/14

925

69-1190

C1

17/12

926

69-1191

C1

13/2

927

69-1192

C1

17/22

928

69-1193

C1

18/15

929

69-1194

C1

5/2

930

69-1195

C1

17/18

931

69-1196

C1

14/4

number

LB II

Iron I

146

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

932

69-1197

C1

17/2

933

69-1198

C1

13/7

934

69-1302

C1

7/1

935

69-1303

C1

6/3

936

69-1304

C1

5/3

937

69-1305

C1

17/11

938

69-1306

C1

17/4

939

69-1307

C1

940

69-1308

C1

6/18

941

69-1309

C1

17/15

1171

69-1359

A1

21

1025

69-1360

A1

22

1026

69-1361

A1

12

1172

69-1362

A1

25

1173

69-1363

A1

10

1174

69-1364

A1

24

1027

69-1365

A1

9

1175

69-1366

A1

1176

69-1368

A1

23

1028

69-1713

CIII

93/3

1029

69-1764

CIII

30/1

1030

69-1765

CIII

79/1

1031

69-1766

CIII

148/1

1032

69-1767

CIII

38/1

1033

69-1768

CIII

245/1

1034

69-1769

CIII

84/1

1035

69-1770

CIII

74/1

1036

69-1771

CIII

99/1

1037

69-1772

CIII

144/1

1038

69-1773

CIII

98/1

1039

69-1774

CIII

36/1

1040

69-1775

CIII

3/1

Period

number

147

Iron IIB

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

1041

69-1776

CIII

152/1

1042

69-1777

CIII

43/1

1043

69-1778

CIII

157/1

1044

69-1779

CIII

35/1

1045

69-1780

CIII

32/1

1046

69-1781

CIII

98

1047

69-1782

CIII

90/1

1392

69-1783

CIII

299

1393

69-1784

CIII

7/4

1394

69-1799

Surface find

1050

76-1526

Burial-cave 1

1048

76-1524

2

11

1049

76-1525

3

4

1395

76-1527

3

5

Period

number

20

Iron IIB-C

Iron IIB

Iron IIC

Tel Gat (Jatt) (1538:2002/1547:2009) 385

66-432

Burial-cave

LB I

Tel Gezer (Abu Shusha) (14225:14056/14310:14102) 28

35.3265

Room 1001

34-41

EB I-II

64

35.3272

1001.3

34-101

EB I

672

67-411

15.3.49

LB II

658

74-381

H St.5 Loc.2012

65.4.54

659

74-387

? St.6 Loc.2022

2.85

LB IIA

1015

76-1230

235.1

Iron IIB

1352

76-1211

VII

45.45.1

Iron IIC

1487

76-1240

VII St.IV Loc.24032

24.100

Persian

1548

76-1246

VII St.IIA-A/C Loc.15011

15.26.8

Hellenistic

3

74-175

Dwelling-cave 3A Loc.3111P

399

late Chalc.-EB I

660

74-286

Burial 10A/IV Loc.10070

214/1

LB I-II

673

74-287

10A/IV Loc.10077

446/1

LB IIA

661

74-288

10A/IV Loc.10074

218/7

LB I-II

674

74-289

10A/IV Loc.10077

219

LB IB-II

Area I St.5 Loc.3009

Area VII St.VIB --

Loc.45016

148

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

662

74-290

10A/IV Loc.10074

282

LB I-IIA

675

74-291

10A/IV

250

LB IB-IIA

663

74-329

10A/IV Loc.10070

214

LB I-IIA

664

74-330

10A/IV Loc.10070

211

676

74-331

10A/IV Loc.10079

239/1

665

74-332

10A/IV Loc.10070

204

677

74-333

10A/IV Loc.10079

239/4

LB IIA

666

74-334

10A/IV Loc.10070

213

LB I-IIA

667

74-335

10A/IV Loc.10077

219

668

74-336

10A/IV Loc.10074

249

669

74-1622

10A/IV Loc.10079

293

LB IIA

678

74-1623

10A/IV Loc.10070

211/3

LB I-II

670

74-1624

10A/IV Loc.10079

280

671

74-1625

10A/IV Loc.10070

211/6

LB I-IIA

number

--

Tel Дalif (Tell Khuweilifa) (1371:0876/1381:0881) 42

83-843

Loc.10076

213

EB II

802

77-143

Field A

9.154

LB II

803

83-901

Area B Loc.8036

1099

804

83-904

162

72-14

Burial repository

1078

65-670

Burial-cave

1079

65-671

"

420

1091

65-686

"

16

1092

65-688

"

41

1093

65-689

"

73

1094

65-690

"

17

1095

65-691

"

8

1180

65-692

"

1096

65-814

"

277

1097

65-985

"

402

1435

65-1107

"

417

1098

65-1160

"

307

B Loc.10105

1001 EB-MB 22

149

Iron IIB

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

1099

65-1161

"

1100

65-1208

"

1101

65-1210

"

1102

65-1226

"

1080

65-672

1081

65-673

"

308

1082

65-674

"

274

1083

65-675

"

219

1084

65-676

"

260

1085

65-677

"

271

1086

65-678

"

250

1087

65-679

"

213

1088

65-680

"

237

1177

65-681

"

38

1178

65-682

"

82

1089

65-684

"

51

1090

65-685

"

7

1091

65-686

"

1179

65-687

"

65-789

" (a bronze lamp)

1181

65-1106

"

33

1182

65-1162

"

52

1183

65-1206

"

204

1184

65-1207

"

66

1185

65-1209

"

92

354

72-7

Jar (shard)

354

72-8

Jar (shard)

1103

74-1435

Burial 3

1186

74-1436

3

189

1187

74-1437

3

92

1188

74-1438

3

28

1104

74-1439

3

100

Period

number

215

Repository

319

Iron IIB

72

MB II

222

150

Iron IIB

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

1105

74-1440

3

83

1106

74-1441

3

292

1189

74-1442

3

12

1107

74-1443

3

215

1190

74-1444

3

93

1108

74-1445

3

118

1109

74-1446

3

A

1110

74-1447

3

J

1111

74-1450

3

102

1112

74-1451

3

124

1113

74-1453

3

96

1434

74-1454

3

300

1191a

74-1455

3

103

1115

74-1456

3

95

1116

74-1457

3

88

1118

74-1459

3

85

1119

74-1460

3

80

1192

74-1461

3

97

1193

74-1462

3

120

1120

74-1463

3

126

1194

74-1464

3

91

1195

74-1465

3

24

1121

74-1466

3

B296

1122

74-1467

3

98

1123

74-1469

3

290A

1124

74-1470

3

99

1125

74-1471

3

289A

1162

74-1472

3

90

1126

74-1473

3

89

1127

74-1474

3

298B

1196

74-1475

3

104

Period

number

Iron IIB

1117

151

Iron IIB-C

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

1128

74-1476

3

21

1129

74-1477

3

94

1130

74-1478

3

204

1131

74-1479

3

101

1132

74-1480

3

M

1133

74-1481

3

125

1134

74-1482

3

110

1135

74-1483

3

30

1197

74-1484

3

74

1136

74-1485

3

253

1137

74-1486

3

89A

1138

74-1487

3

28

1198

74-1492

1405

77-126

6

9

1406

77-127

6

10

1228

77-128

6

19

Period

number

Burial 3

22 Iron IIB-C

Tel Дasi (Tell el Дesi) (1239:1056/1248:1065) 44

79-684

City

13.057

EB II-III

1500

77-364

Area VI St.VA Loc.562

1.1003

Babyl.?-Persian

79-287

(a bronze lamp)

Iron Age

Tel Дefer (Tell Ifshar) (1415:1876/1416:1978) 621

85-613

622

86-638

411 N484

LB II

6225

Tel `Ira (Kh. el Gharra) (1486:0711/1489:0714) 1426

84-59

1427

84-173

Fort Loc.903

9010/1

Loc.532

Iron IIC

4290/1

Tel Kinrot (Kh. el `Ureima) (20065:25255/20135:25300) 546

65-1353

Jar burial

LB II-Iron I

976

83-673

Area B1 St.IB Loc.242B

478/1

977

83-674

B1 St.IA Loc.214

364/1

152

Iron IIB

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

978

83-675

Location

Excavation

Period

number B1 St.IB Loc.226

1058/1

Tel Kishyon (Tell Kasyun) (1869:2293/1873:2298) 860

78-28

861

78-29

Area A Loc.5

15

A Loc.11

Iron I

36

Tel Kison (Tell Keisan) (1642:2529/1647:2533) 859

79-66

St.9a-b Loc.606A

76.23

Iron I

986

79-90

St.8

76.150

Iron IIA

987

79-109

St.7 Loc.508A

73.88

Iron IIB

1154

79-114

St.7

75.549

1155

79-143

St.5 Loc.678

76.302

Iron IIB-C

1156

79-167

St.4 Loc.310

72.360

Iron IIC-Persian

1474

79-183

St.3 Loc.407B

75.011

Persian

1474a

79-184

St.3

1478

79-185

St.3 Loc.F.5070A

75.379

Tel Kittan (Tell Musa) (20395:22125/20425:22200) 240

79-849

38

79-917

418

79-848

1200

MB IIB EB I-II

St.III

1178

LB I

2322

EB-MB MB IIA-B

Tel Lachish (Tell ed Duweir) (13532:10785/13610:10860) 144

34.2912

Burial 2018

200

34.2779

1502

1714

201

34.2780

1502

1715

202

34.2781

1502

1716

17

34.2802

1519

1856

19

34.2803

1519

1857

20

34.2804

1519

1858

21

34.2810

1519

1865

2263

34.2812

1519

1867

23

34.2819

1519

1874

24

34.2820

1519

1875

153

EB I

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

25

34.2824

1519

1880

26

34.2854

1519

1915

292

34.2940

1530

2592

293

34.2942

1530

2594

719

34.3054

Temple III Room C9 DS

2895

LB IIB-C

720

34.3095

III Room C9 A

2850

LB IIB

721

34.3096

III Room C9 A

2853

LB IIB-C

686

34.3058

II Room C9 DS

2908

687

34.7724

II Room D9 D

2929

LB II

688

35.2923

II Group C10 F

3265

LB IIA-B

689

35.2956

II Group C9 E

3252

LB IIA

708

36.1478

II Room C10

4250

LB I-II

690

35.3012

Pit 555

3792

LB IIA

691

35.3013

555

3793

692

35.3014

555

3794

693

35.3015

555

3795

694

35.3016

555

3795

695

35.3017

555

3796

696

35.3018

555

3796

697

35.3019

555

3796

698

35.3020

555

3797

699

35.3021

555

3796

700

35.3022

555

3796

701

35.3023

555

3798

702

35.3024

555

3799

LB IIB-C

703

35.3025

555

3800

LB I-II

704

35.3026

555

3801

LB II

705

35.3027

555

3802

LB IIA

706

35.3028

555

3803

LB II-Iron I

707

35.3029

555

3804

LB IIA

722

35.3030

555

3805

LB I-II

723

35.3031

555

3806

LB II

number

154

MB IIA-B

LB I-II

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

412

37.709

Tomb 4004

5547

413

37.710

4004

5548

414

37.711

4004

5551

415

37.712

4004

5551

709

37.713

4004

5553

LB IIB

710

37.714

4004

5553

LB IIB-C

711

37.732

4011

5902

712

37.733

4011

5902

725

38.72

4011

5902

713

37.790

4013

5954

714

37.791

4013

5955

715

37.792

4013

5955

716

37.793

4013

5955

717

37.794

4013

5956

724

37.795

4013

5957

726

38.97

4013

5955

718

38.98

4013

2936

1380

33.1887

106

6

1381

33.1889

106

10

1275

33.1890

106

17

1382

33.1891

106

21

1276

33.1905

106

83

136

33.1911

106

116

1169

33.1965

1002

823

Iron IIB

1211

33.1971

1002

838

Iron IIB-C

1170

33.1974

1002

845

1212

33.1984

1002

877

1213

36.1517

230

5091

Iron IIB

1020

78-1430

St.V

Loc.49 Temple

1007/1

Iron IIA

1021

78-1431

St.V

Loc.49

956/3

1022

78-1432

St.V

Loc.49

954/3

1214

78-1393

St.III Loc.46

391/1

number

155

MB II-LB I

LB IA

Iron IIC

Iron IIB

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

1277

78-1402

--

374/1

1384

68-268

St.II Loc.24

223/1

1023

68-1662

--

7820/1

Iron IIA

1385

68-1388

St.II Loc.3

112/1,2

Iron IIC

1489

68-1395

St.IB Loc.48

519/3

Persian

1490

68-1396

St.IB Loc.53

906/3

1491

68-1397

St.IB Loc.53

906/2

1024

82-441

St.III Loc.3560

8500/2

Iron IIB

1386

82-442

St.III Loc.4014

10412/1

Iron IIB-C

324/2

Persian

Iron I

number Iron IIC

Tel Malhata (Kh. Tell el MilΉ) (1523:0694/1526:0697) 1469

72-89

Tel Masos (Kh. el Mishash) (14665:06905/14685:06925) 962

75-774

St.II House 314 Loc.331

2077/1

964

75-821

St.II House 314 Loc.331

2070/1

963

75-783

St.II --

3501/1

965

75-867

St.II Loc.1056

3741/1

1203

75-868

Loc.708

1443/2

Iron IIB (C?)

1431

75-864

Loc.708

1443/1

Iron IIC

1428

75-861

Area G Loc.714

1485/1

1429

75-862

G Phase 3 Loc.762

1669/1

1430

75-863

G --

Loc.761

1657/1

1432

75-865

G --

Loc.122

1503/1

1433

75-866

G --

1460/1

Tel Megiddo (Tell el Mutasallim) (1670:2209/1688:2217) 53

39.651

St.XVI

Prov.5264

d809

EB III-IV

131

39.673/1

St.XV

Prov.4040

d744

EB-MB

119

39.550

St.XIV

Prov. sq.N13

d267

EB-MB - MB IIA

187

39.552

St.XIV

Prov.4092

c569

MB IIA

188

39.987

St.XIIIA Prov.E=5072

d270

454

36.1890

St.IX

a162

MB-LB

455

36.1966

St.IX

a1071

LB I-II?

? Prov.T.2123

156

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

1504

I.3559

St.I Room I/52

1504

Persian

246

I.3078

Tomb 24

2877

MB II

420

I.3167

Tomb 38

3351

LB I

421

I.3168

38

3356

422

I.3172

38

3355

423

I.3221

38

3400

424

I.3223

38

3403

425

I.3272

38

3447

426

I.3273

38

3448

427

I.3274

38

3449

428

I.3275

38

3450

429

I.3276

38

3451

430

I.3277

38

3452

431

I.3281

38b

432

I.3300

38

2795

433

I.3327

38

3477

434

I.3329

38

3476

126

I.3454

217B

P.271

EB-MB

435

I.3457

217C

P.273

late LB I

436

I.3458

217C

P.274

437

I.3459

217C

P.275

438

I.3460

217C

P.276

439

I.3461

217C

P.277

440

I.3462

217C

P.278

623

34.1520

877A1

P.2902

624

34.1521

877A1

P.2903

625

34.1527

877A1

P.2909

626

34.1548

877A1

P.2984

627

34.1594

877B1

P.2949

628

34.1600

877B1

P.2955

247

34.1699

911A

P.3080

MB II

838

34.1957 bronze

912B

P.3096

LB IIB

number

157

LB II

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

441

34.2079

989C1

P.3193

LB I

442

34.2082

989C1

P.3196

LB I-II

443

34.2085

989C1

P.3199

444

34.2091

989C1

P.3309

631

34.2055

989C1

P.3000

632

34.2068

989C1

P.3182

629

34.2039

989B1

P.3359

445

34.2171

1100C

P.4354

MB I-II

446

34.2182

1100C

P.4454

LB I

372

34.2216

1100D

P.4376

MB II-LB I

373

34.2230

1100D

P.4471

374

34.2231

1100D

P.4472

870

34.2258

1101A

P.4088

Iron I

182

34.2267

1101B2

P.4126

EB-MB

630

34.2327

1128

P.4061

LB II

447

34.2356

1145

P.4178

LB I-II

448

34.2363

1145B

P.4185

449

34.2376

1145B

P.4198

450

34.2380

1145B

P.4202

451

34.2388

1145B

P.4210

452

34.2389

1145B

P.4211

MB II-LB I

453

34.2415

1178

P.4248

LB I

353

37.898

3081 Lev.XI

b555

MB IIB

245

38.992

St.XI Tomb 4096

c943

Early MB IIB(A-B)

189

38.993

St.XII Tomb 4101

c646

number

LB II

Tel Menora (Tell Abu Faraj) (1993:2034/1996:2037) 851

75-375

Burial-cave

40

852

75-376

"

853

75-377

"

854

75-378

"

3

855

75-379

"

39

856

75-380

"

18

9

158

Iron I

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

857

75-381

Location

Excavation

Period

number "

8

Tel Mikhal (Makmish) (1308:1738/1322:1752) 1498

63-800

1453

63-801

Temple

69/1

Persian

43/1

Iron II-Persian

104

LB I

Tel Mor (Tell Murra, Tell el Kheidar) (11733:13665/11770:13703) 836

60-626

St.11-10

501

60-640

502

60-1144

503

60-1145

B St.11

198/5

822

60-1196

A St.6 Loc.71

708/5

LB II

368

MB IIB-C

--

142/2

Area B St.10 Loc.118

86/10

Tel Nagila (Tell en Najila) (12670:10090/12730:10150) 329

66-903

Burial-cave DT2

330

66-904

DT2

169

331

66-905

DT2

158

Tel Qashish (Tell el Qassis) (1604:2322/1607:2324) 45

--

556/7

EB I-II

46

EB-MB

Tel Qedesh (Qadas) (1990:2791/2006:2810) 69

70-208

Cave

70

70-213

45

71

70-372

12

72

70-373

93

73

70-374

26

74

70-375

13

75

70-376

10

76

70-377

77

70-378

7

78

70-379

52

79

70-380

28

159

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

number

Excavation

80

70-381

42

81

70-382

62

82

70-383

101

83

70-406

90

84

70-407

53

129

70-430

85

70-519

86

70-520

87

70-521

88

70-522

89

70-526

90

70-1105

Period

46

Tel ReΉov (1968:2068/1973:2073) 160

70-237

Burial 1

EB-MB

148

70-240

1

180

73-462

4

984

73-457

Burial in drain(?)

985

73-458

Burial in drain(?)

556

74-1162

From drainage canal

557

74-1163

"

558

74-1165

"

559

74-1166

"

560

74-1168

"

561

74-1169

"

562

74-1170

"

563

74-1171

"

564

74-1172

"

565

74-1673

"

117

74-2151

"

152

79-607

124

79-608

7

170

153

79-609

7

177

2 Iron IIA-B

LB IIB

EB-MB

Burial 7

174

160

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

154

79-610

7

173

118

79-617

2

76

123

79-618

2

87

125

79-625

1

9

Period

number

Tel Ro`e (Tell er Ra`yan) (19915:20490/19925:20495) 567

56-98

5108

568

56-99

4579

569

56-100

5107

570

56-101

4629a

571

56-102

4954

572

56-103

1153

573

56-104

4581

574

56-129

1257

575

56-130

1606

576

56-131

2326

577

56-132

4401

849

56-1974

850

56-1982

Burial

LB IIB-Iron I

LB IIB

Iron I 5284

Tel SaΉar (1452:2364/1455:2369) 1470

67-2089

St.2

262/2

1479

67-2090

St.2 Loc.C-121

305

Persian

Tel Sha`alvim (Salbit) (14850:14130/14920:14220) 287

81-1466

Burial-cave

33

288

81-1467

45

289

81-1496

10

290

81-1497

51

MB IIB-C

Tel Shalem (Tell er Radgha) (1997:2005/1999:2009) 858

76-689

20

161

Iron I

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Tel SharuΉen (Tell el Far`a [South]) (1005:0766/1009:0762) 835

I.10594

Area V

371

LB II

955

I.4226

Burial-cave 542

956

I.4227

542

957

I.4230

542

958

I.4232

542

959

I.4262

542

416

I.4346

559

417

I.4365

559

831

I.6959

936

832

I.6969

936

833

I.6971

936

MB IIB-LB I

960

I.6993

960 Burial D

LB II-Iron I?

961

I.6994

960 Burial K

834

I.10407

984

Iron I

MB II-LB IA

LB II-Iron I

LB II

Tel Shem (Tell esh Shammam) (1648:2306/1650:2308) 1503

76-5009

Surface find

12

Persian

Tel Te`omim (Tell et-Tum) (19665:20530/19680:20550) 578

55-91

Burial

LB II

Tel Yavne ‫(י‬Yibna) (1256:1411/1268:1425) 820

60-468

821

60-471

Burial-cave 4

LB II (Iron I)

Tel YeriΉo (Tell es SulΓan) (1920:1418/1923:1423) 67

35.2827/3

Room 193 (shard)

Chalc.

37

35.2800

Room 172

EB I-II

40

I.9980

Tomb A

1

32.1788

41 54

108

EB II-III

A/IV

S828

Chalc.

I.10002

A

119

EB II-EB III

32.1792

A/IV

1909

EB II-IV

162

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

62

36.997

A/V

3660

EB I-II

120

32.1784

A/IV

Q794

EB (MB?)

278

33.1296

Room 17

34

MB IIB-C

30

35.2723

129

329b

EB II

36

35.2734

168

66

35.2788/5

67

35.2827/3

5

36.1030

31

36.1256/9

57

I.9970

Square K6

262

I.6252

Spot 3

487

32.1038

Tomb 3

875a

32.1085

489

number

EB I

Tomb A Room 166 (shard) A

EB II-III

172 (shard)

Layer VII Room 270 V

4112

Room 330

EB I EB IIA

70BIS

EB III-IV MB IIB-C

33

MB II-LB I?

4/C

200

LB I-II

32.1070

4

120

MB II-LB I

490

32.1084

4

197

491

canceled

492

32.1087

4

202

493

32.1110

5/A

287

494

32.1114

5/B

298

495

32.1116

5/B

300

496

32.1120

5/B

314

497

32.1121

5/B

316

498

32.1132

5/C

341

499

32.1140

5/C

362

386

32.1149

5/D

378

387

32.1157

5/D

398

388

32.1168

5/D

429

389

32.1170

5/D

432

390

32.1172

5/D

437

263

32.1181

5/E

452

264

32.1203

5/E

501

265

32.1204

5/E

502

163

LBI

MB II-LB I

MB IIB-C

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

266

32.1224

5/F

540

267

32.1230

5/F

566

268

32.1235

5/F

583

269

32.1275

5/G

709

270

32.1282

5/G

733

271

32.1288

5/G

768

272

32.1318

9/B

848

273

32.1322

9/C

897

275

32.1379

9/C

873

276

32.1394

9/C

890

277

32.1397

9/C

894

191

32.1421

9/D

926

192

32.1428

9/D

934

193

32.1432

9/D

941

354

32.1447

9 (shard)

864

194

32.1491

9/E

1018

354

32.1603

(shard)

392

32.1593

13/A

1088

LB I

393

32.1612

13/B

1110

MB II-LB I

394

32.1626

13/B

1129

395

32.1627

13/B

1130

396

32.1642

13/B

1145

397

32.1652

13/C

1153

398

32.1653

13/C

1154

399

32.1655

13/C

1157

400

32.1662

13/C

1166

401

32.1668

13/C

1172

402

32.1673

13/C

1176

403

32.1679

13/C

1184

404

32.1684

13/C

1189

405

32.1685

13/C

1190

406

32.1686

13/C

1191

number

164

MB IIA-B

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

407

32.1689

13/C

1194

391

32.1274

19/C

1298

408

32.1702

19/B

1276

409

32.1703

19/B

1277

410

32.1706

19/B

1279

411

32.1707

19/B

1281

354

32.1678

19/C (shard)

354

33.1687

30 (shard)

195

33.1078

30

134

196

33.1090

30

146

197

33.1094

30

151

198

33.1112

30

164

199

33.1114

30

166

252

33.1119

31

171

354

33.1120

31 (shard)

253

33.1123

31

175

255

33.1146

31

199

254

33.1135

31

188

256

33.1154

31

210

257

33.1182

31

237

258

33.1199

31

251

354

33.1200

31 (shard)

252

354

33.1207

31 (shard)

259

214

33.1208

31

261

215

33.1229

31

283

216

33.1236

31

290

256

33.1154

31 (saucer)

198

305

32.1266

32

1170

352

33.1145

33

198

279

35.1703

43

478

280

35.1704

43

497

281

35.1707

43

484

Period

number

165

MB IIA-B

MB IIB-C

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

314

33.1296

Room 17

354

33.1120

Room 17 (shard)

Excavation

Period

number 34

Tel Yin`am (Tell en Na`am) (1982:2354/1984:2356) 547

80-13

548

82-439

974

80-348

975

83-423

1457

80-355

1585

80-15

Area M Loc.11056

111330

M Loc.401

LB II

110748

-Loc.H11004 -Area I Loc.18010

110438

Iron II

31/90698

Iron IIA

110437

Persian

180657

Hellenistic

Tel Zayit (Kh. Zeita) (13380:11510/13420:11560) 825

79-7

Surface find

LB II

Tel Zeror (Kh. Tell edh Dhurur) (14745:20370/14775:20400) 485

66-226

Area C St.17

5620/2

LB I-II

486

66-276

C St.17

5451/1

LB I

650

67-229

C St.17-16

5633/1

LB II

651

66-275

C St.17-16

5450/1

LB II-(Iron I?)

652

66-285

C St.15

1003

66-302

C St.4

6165/1

1004

67-282

A3

3317

1283

66-1313

A3

6224/2

Iron IIC

968

66-224

Burial 1

7027/1

LB II-Iron I

969

66-225

1

7039/1

970

66-242

4

7249/1

971

66-243

3

7307/1

972

67-260

6

7541/1

LB II Iron IIA-B

Tel Нippor (Tell eΓ Кuyur) (12471:11796/12493:11827) 902

60-16

Iron I

837

63-1474

St.II & I

904

63-1518

St.II

683

63-1437

St.III Loc.53

LB II

--

166

149

LB II-Iron I

313

LB II

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

681

63-1450

St.III Loc.41

903

63-1451

St.III

684

63-1517

685

63-1590

905

63-1519

Excavation

Period

number 260 LB II-Iron I

LB II-(Iron I?) Surface find

Iron I

Tell el `Ajjul (09320:09730/09345:09750) 18

B.691

EB I-II

332

I.10136

333

31.221

334

33.1435

Burial 326

527

335

35.4054

Grave 1551

151F

336

35.4060

1551

151L

337

35.4061

1551

151M

829

40.26

-- E750

2262

830

40.55

-- LAH996

2441

1454

40.117

--

2942

Iron IIC

1455

40.118

-- ECB780

2943

Iron Age?

1449

40.119

-- E740

2944

Iron II

1497

45.237

Burial 263

MB II AIII

Surface find

LB II

Persian

Tell Beit Mirsim (Tel Bet Mirsham) (14110:09540/14220:09630) 139

32.2822/1

St.J

323

I.4946

St.D

327

32.2801

St.D

741

I.4952

742

EB-MB 758

MB IIB-C

St.C

545

LB II

I.8999

St.C

1415

1278

I.4969

St.A

201

1387

I.4970

St.A

561

1390

I.4971

St.A

238

1279

I.4972

St.A

515

1391

I.4973

St.A

102

1388

I.8922

St.A

875

167

Iron IIC

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

1448

I.8931

St.A

1018

1280

I.8958

St.A

1519

1389

32.2800

St.A

2642

324

32.2801

St.A

2647

MB IIB-C

797

78-2078

Burial 5

1

LB II

798

78-2080

5

?

354

78-619

7 (shard)

35

310

78-661

7

Early MB IIB(A-B)

311

78-662

7

MB IIA

328

78-673

7

316

78-1080

7

317

78-1082

7

157

78-626

10

354

78-991

3 (shard)

308

78-658

21 (shard)

13

294

78-345

24

248

295

78-376

24

13

296

78-377

24

119

297

78-378

24

199

298

78-379

24

89

354

78-404

24 (shard)

263

344

78-421

24

38

299

78-422

24

6

345

78-423

24

83

354

78-424

24 (shard)

300

78-425

24

137

328

78-426

24

72

326

78-427

24

41

354

78-428

24 (shard)

35

301

78-435

24

31

302

78-436

24

37

346

78-437

24

138

number

MB IIA

47

MB IIB

3+4

EB-MB MB II

168

Early MBIIB (A-B)

MB II

Early MBIIB (A-B)

MB II

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

354

78-443

24 (shard)

46

354

78-444

24 (shard)

102

354

78-445

24 (shard)

130

327

78-461

24

249

354

78-491

24 (shard)

60

354

78-493

24 (shard)

12

354

78-494

24 (shard)

12

354

78-495

24 (shard)

12

354

78-496

24 (shard)

36

313

78-1003

24

?

314

78-1015

24

109

315

78-1016

24

108

354

78-497

24 (shard)

36

354

78-499

24 (shard)

354

78-650

24 (shard)

307

78-656

30

321

78-1102

30

322

78-1103

30

303

78-574

33

98

304

78-577

33

64

354

78-592

33 (shard)

74

305

78-594

33

?

306

78-595

33

152

309

78-659

33

?

354

78-693

33 (shard)

743

78-699

33

?

LB II

311

78-662

33

?

Early MBIIB (A-B)

354

78-956

33 (shard)

354

78-957

33 (shard)

354

78-958

33 (shard)

354

78-959

33 (shard)

312

78-960

33

number

10

44

169

Early MB IIB?

Early MBIIB (A-B)

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

354

78-1076

? (shard)

354

78-1077

?

354

78-1078

?

354

78-1079

?

354

78-1080

?

354

78-1082

?

318

78-1083

?

354

78-1085

?

354

78-1087

?

354

78-1088

?

354

78-1089

?

354

78-1090

?

354

78-1091

?

319

78-1092

?

320

78-1093

?

354

78-1094

?

354

78-1095

?

354

78-1096

?

354

78-1097

?

354

78-1098

?

354

78-1099

?

354

78-1100

?

321

78-1102

?

354

78-1104

?

354

78-1105

?

354

78-1106

?

354

78-1107

?

354

78-1108

?

751

78-1618

100

709

752

78-1619

100

282

753

78-1620

100

432

754

78-1621

100

603

Period

number

170

LB IIA

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

755

78-1622

100

493

756

78-1623

100

386

757

78-1624

100

540

758

78-1625

100

303

759

78-1626

100

319

760

78-1627

100

536

761

78-1628

100

784

762

78-1629

100

783

763

78-1631a

100

710

764

78-1645

100

126

765

78-1646

100

393

766

78-1649

100

304

767

78-1667

100

810

768

78-1706

100

553

769

78-1707

100

?

770

78-1727

100

?

771

78-1736

100

427

772

78-1847

100

623

773

78-1849

100

321

774

78-1878

100

794

775

78-1883

100

793

776

78-1885

100

656

777

78-1897

100

152

778

78-1910

100

411

779

78-1911

100

298

780

78-1912

100

598

781

78-1913

100

495

782

78-1914

100

494

783

78-1915

100

504

784

78-1916

100

389

785

78-1917

100

219

786

78-1918

100

406

number

171

Period

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

787

78-1919

100

151

788

78-1947

100

548

789

78-1948

100

559

790

78-1949

100

339

791

78-1950

100

385

792

78-1958

100

574

793

78-2029

100

591

794

78-2038

100

572

LB IIA-B

795

78-2039

100

299

LB IIA

796

78-2040

100

576

744

78-778

803

40/10

745

78-779

803

14/5

746

78-780

803

22/5

747

78-781

803

13/6

748

78-782

803

13/9

749

78-783

803

39/6

750

78-784

803

47/2

799

78-2869

803

29/6

800

78-2870

803

62/5

801

78-2871

803

6/2

number

Tell el Kheleifa (`EΞyon Gever) (1360:0882/1362:0885) 1448

40.549

1151

40.550

1152

40.551

1442

40.631

Room 50

961

1439

40.632

39

964

1153

40.650

50

3045

Iron II

36

EB I

Room 14

102

Iron IIC

O9:103

Iron II

Q9:105 Iron IIC

Tell en NaΒba (Tell en- Nasbeh)(17064:14329/17066:14331) 6

I.1670

Burial-cave 6

7

35.3187

67

2743

8

35.3191

67

2747

172

EB I-II

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

1006

I.4757

5

1979

1007

I.4758

5

1294

1008

32.2590

32

2139

Iron IIA-B

1009

32.2591

32

1595

Iron II

1230

32.2592

32

2161

Iron IIC

872

35.3122

54

2619

Iron I

873

35.3123

54

2620

874

35.3124

54

2622

number Iron IIB

Tell Qasila (13020:16735/13140:16875) 942

51-1854

St.XI

Iron I-II

943

76-152

St.XI Bldg. 200 Loc.227

2995

late Iron I

944

76-153

St.XI Bldg. 200 Loc.227

355/1

Iron I

945

76-168

St.XI Bldg. 200 Loc.227

3007

946

76-171

St.XI Bldg. 200 Loc.227

3324

1492

51-94

St.VI

--

2672

Persian

1/17

LB I LB II

Tell er Ridan (08210:08805/08225:08820) 504

74-1961

Burial 14

826

74-1593

6

6

827

74-1594

6

25

828

74-2028

6

19

Tell Sailun (Shiloh) (1775:16260/17345:16250) 653

34.15

House B

177

LB II

Burial-cave

32

LB II

Кirat Нevi (1997:2030/1999:2032) 579

55-985

580

55-986

"

35

581

55-990

"

33

EΓ Кwal (Дamadya lands) (1983:2129/1988:2134) 27

76-656

EB II

173

CONCORDANCE OF CATALOGUEUE ENTRIES AND SITES

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

Period

number

Yafo (1260:1615/1274:1629) 805

72-550

1493

53-1109

1494

53-1905

Loc.10.000

2726

LB II

1496

Persian

70

LB II

Нefat (Сafad-Wadi el Дamra) (19715:26335/19725:26345) 514

70-718

Burial-cave 1

534

70-719

1

292

535

70-722

1

71

536

70-724

1

346/1

515

70-731

1

286

516

70-732

1

79

517

70-733

1

46/1

537

70-734

1

346/5

538

70-735

1

82

518

70-736

1

80

519

70-737

1

197

520

70-738

1

283

521

70-1955

1

59

539

70-1971

1

98

522

70-1972

1

288

523

70-1973

1

185

524

70-1974

1

85

525

70-1975

1

83

526

70-1976

1

67

527

70-1977

1

101

528

70-1979

1

72

529

70-1980

1

285

540

70-1981

1

154

541

70-1982

1

276

530

70-1983

1

53

542

70-1984

1

279

174

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Catalogue

Registration

#

number

Location

Excavation

531

70-1985

1

132

532

70-1986

1

178

543

70-1987

1

109

533

70-1988

1

60

544

70-1989

1

7

545

70-1990

1

?

number

Provenance unknown 16

B.270

EB I-II

17

B.273

1505

67-645

Persian

1438a

84-60

Iron IIC

1580

73-18

Hellenistic

1581

73-23

1506

75-17

1506a

75-18 95-810

Iron II

175

Period

CATALOGUE

LATE CHALCOLITHIC-EARLY BRONZE I 1. 32.1788 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade, wheel-turning marks on lower part of V-shaped bowl; flat base; plain rim. Light-brown ware; traces of burning on large part of rim. H 5.5 cm, W 12.3 cm. Date: Chalcolithic (Ghassulian) Garstang, excavated in 1931, Jericho, Tomb A:S828,Layer IV. 2. 56-965 MeΞer Handmade, wide, shallow bowl; rounded base; curved wall; sharp-edged, inverted rim; small part of bowl missing. Drab-gray ware; blackened rim. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Late Chalcolithic—Early Bronze I Dothan, 1959, Meser D154/23, Stratum II, Fig. 6:7, Pl. 3:c. This type of bowl is very common in the Early Bronze Age. According to the new suggested chronology, by which the EB starts already in the 35th century BCE, the bowl would be of an EB I dating. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIX, Pl. 3:6, with Gray-burnished Ware of the EB I. 3. 74-175 Gezer Handmade, hemispherical, slightly carinated bowl; rounded-to-flattened base; inverted rim. Brown ware; red-brown slip over all the saucer; two charred spots. H 5 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Late Chalcolithic—Early Bronze. Seger, 1988, Gezer V, Field I, Cave dwelling 3a:399, Locus 3111P, Pls. 5:7 and 5:8. The oil lamp, found in the lowest level, closely resembles #11 (Azor ), and also #2 (MeΞer). The cave served for dwelling and storage from the end of the Chalcolithic period. 4. 53-564 Д. Beter Handmade; deep bowl; rounded base; wall left un-smoothed; sharp-edged, slightly inverted rim; lamp partly restored. Pink ware; blackened by fire. H 5.5 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Late Chalcolithic Dothan, 1958, Horbat Beter, Strata II--III, No. 2727, Fig. 12:1; Rosen & Eldar, 1993, Horvat Beter. The rim of the bowl is sharper than in EB bowls. Similarly-shaped bowls are known from Megiddo: Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XX, Pl. 2:37. According to the new suggested chronology, by which the EB starts already in the 35th century BCE, our bowl would be dated to EB I, although it is not an EB-type shape. In a dwelling Cave at Horbat Tinshemet, Van Den Brink and Grosinger, 2004, Fig.2:5 dated to EB IB.

EARLY BRONZE Rounded and Hemispherical Bowls 5. 36.1030 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade, small, rounded bowl (half missing); un-smoothed, rounded base; heavy wall; inverted, sharp-edged rim. Dark-gray ware (imitating basalt). H 2.5 cm, W 8.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze I Garstang, excavated in 1936, Layer VII, Room 270: 4112, Elevation 2.06 m. Cf. Dinur ,1988, Wadi Fara, Pl. 1:2,3,7, in a family tomb among 66 vessels (EB I). 6. I.1670 Tell en NaΒbeh Very coarse, handmade, deep (hemispherical) bowl; rounded base; thick wall. Light-buff ware; traces of heavy burning. H 5.8 cm, W 9 cm. Date: Early Bronze I McCown , 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, Cave-Tomb 6:36, pp. 67- 72, Pl. 24:50, 56. Wampler ,1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II. Pl. 51:1080; Resembles #4 (Д. Beter). Contents of Tomb 6 are identical in date and finds to Tomb 5. 176

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 7. 35.3187 Tell en - NaΒbeh Handmade, hemispherical bowl; slightly flattened base; slightly inverted rim. Red ware; traces of burning in one spot. H 5 cm, W 9 cm. Date: Early Bronze I McCown,1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, pp. 74, 290, Pls. 25:30 (2751), 51:1083, Tomb 67:2743, North Cemetery. The deposits were disturbed. The EB tombs contained numerous hemispherical bowls. 8. 35.3191 Tell en - NaΒbeh Handmade, slow-wheel finished, irregular, hemispherical bowl; slightly flattened base; sharp-edged rim. Pink-orange ware; slight traces of burning in one place. H 4.9 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II McCown, 1947, Tell en Nasbeh I, p. 290, Tomb 67:2747, Wampler,1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II Pl.51:1084 Additional lamps: ibid, Pl. 25:30,31. 9. 35.3373 Rosh Ha`Ayin Handmade, wheel-finished, hemispherical, carinated bowl; rounded base. Red net-burnish; traces of burning. Fragment, W 8.2+ cm. Date: Early Bronze II—III Ory, excavated in 1934-35, Ras et al, No. 12. 10. 63-618 Azor Handmade, smoothed, hemispherical bowl, slightly carinated in the upper part (probably made in two sections); flattened base; inverted rim (chipped). Buff-pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 12.3 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Shapira, 1963, HA 5:16, 6:19; 1964, 9:6, Burial C:33. Three burial caves of the Chalcolithic and EB were excavated. Cf. Oil lamps #15 (Azor) and #3 (Gezer). 11. 63-621 Azor Handmade, hemispherical bowl; rounded base; inverted rim (chipped). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Shapira, 1963; HA 5:16, 6:19; 1964; 9:6, Burial Cave C:34. Cf. Alon and Yekutieli, 1995, Tell Дalif, Stratum I (Pit 54), Fig. 15:17, Stratum II (Pit 36), Fig. 20:13,14 (all of EB IB); Gophna, 1996, Tel Dalit, Stratum V (EB IB), Fig. 39: 2; Dinur,1988, Wadi Fara, Pl. 1:2, 3, 7. 12. 64-644 Azor Handmade, hemispherical bowl; rounded base; plain rim (slightly chipped). Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 9.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Shapira, 1963; HA 15:16, 6:19; 1964, 9:6, Burial Cave C:60 (upper level). Resembles #4 (Д. Beter). Cf. Alon and Yekutieli ,1995, Tell Дalif, Stratum I (EB IB), Fig. 15:7; Stratum II, Fig. 20:13. 13. 73-408 Azor Handmade, in two parts(?), hemispherical bowl; rounded base; inverted rim; traces of the wall having been pared with a sharp tool (knife(?)). Pink ware; wild burnish over all the surface; four irregularly located burn marks on rim. H 6 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Ben-Tor, 1975, Azor , p. 11, Lamps, Fig. 6:1 and Pl. 6:2 from Level II. The second lamp, Fig. 6:2, Level III, has an omphalos base and is carinated. Many offering vessels in burial but only two lamps, from same burial No. 4 (31st century BCE). Similar lamps found by Ben-Tor,1975, Tel Yarmouth, EB III—EB IV (27th-23rd century 177

CATALOGUE BCE), Fig. 6:13,14; the lamp saucers differ, being of the balance-dish type, also with four burn-marks. Cf. Callaway, 1964, Ai, Tomb C, Pl. XVII: 658 (EB II). 14. 70-108 Bat Yam Handmade, hemispherical bowl; rounded base; thick wall; chipped rim. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 8.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze I Brosh, 1970; HA 44-45:24. A shaft-grave. The offerings were laid on the stone pavement; the bones were burnt. 15. B.691 Gazza Handmade, hemispherical bowl; sharp-edged, inverted rim, two holes below the rim. Light-buff ware; traces of burning in one or two places. H 5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II 16. B.270 Provenance unknown Handmade, hemispherical bowl used as oil lamp; plain rim (chipped). Light-buff ware; traces of burning in one place. H 5.2 cm, W 9.8 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II 17. B273 Provenance unknown Handmade, hemispherical bowl used as oil lamp; plain rim (chipped). Red ware; traces of burning in two places. H 4 cm, W 9.8 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II 18. 34.2802 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheel made; low, string-cut disk base; stepped wall; plain , inverted rim. Buff ware; traces of burning in one place. H 5.5 cm, W 15 cm Date: Early Bronze I Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260- 261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519: 1856, Pl. 17:14, Group 5 (floor level), cf. Pl. 59:152. Brandl , 1990, Fig. 4:85, 151, 152. Other lamps in Cave 1556: Pl. 61: 242 (4044), wide, wheelmade bowl with flat disk—base and blackened spots. Of the EB I—II; pls. 14:3 (236) (4052), 61: 236, a handmade bowl with string-cut base of the Early EB phases. 19. 34.2803 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, hemispherical bowl; flat, string-cut base; plain rim (chipped). Brown ware; two spots of burning. H 6 cm, W 16.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—III Tufnell,1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260- 261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1857, Group 5 (floor level), Pl. 59:152. 20. 34.2804 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, balance-dish-shaped bowl; flattened base; inverted rim. Brown ware; one spot of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 18 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260-261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1858, Pls. 17:7, 59:135. Cf. Gophna ,1996, Tel Dalit, Stratum V (EB IB), Fig. 39:1. 21. 34.2810 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; low string-cut base; stepped wall; inverted rim; fragmentary. Reddish ware; two spots of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 17.3 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260- 261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1865, Group 5 (floor level), Pl. 59:152. 178

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 22. 34.2812 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; flat base, slanting wall; chipped rim Reddish ware; two spots of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 17 cm. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260- 261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1867, Group 5 (floor level), Pl. 59:152. 23. 34.2819 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, hemispherical bowl; thick, flattened base; plain rim (chipped). Reddish ware; three spots of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 17 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260-261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1874, Group 5 (floor level), Pl. 59:152. 24. 34.2820 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; flattened base with wild paring and incisions; slanting wall; chipped rim. Reddish ware; three spots of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 17 cm. Date: Early Bronze I Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260-261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1875, Group 5 (floor level), Pl. 59:152. 25. 34.2824 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, wide bowl; low string-cut disk-base; stepped wall; plain, inverted rim. Reddish ware; three spots of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—III Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260-261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1880, Group 5 (floor level), Pl. 59:152. 26. 34.2854 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, hemispherical bowl; knife-pared, flattened base. Brown ware; single spot of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 17 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—III Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260-261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1915. “Balance- Dish” Bowls 27. 76-656 eΓ - Кwal Handmade, very shallow bowl; rounded base; inverted rim; fragmentary. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2+ cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze II P. Porath, 1975, HA 53:10. Found together with high loop-handle juglet. 28. 35.3265 Gezer Handmade, shallow, rounded, balance-dish-type bowl; rounded base. Light-buff ware; burnished red slip on outside only; traces of smoke on rim. H 3.2 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Macalister, excavated in 1934, Gezer, Room 1001, No. 34- 41. Cf. O. Ilan, 1995, Arad (EB II), Pl. 39:1; Gophna, 1996, Tel Dalit, Stratum V (EB IB), Fig. 39:1; Stratum IV (EB II), Fig. 46:1,2. Carinated Bowls 29. 34.1396 Beth Shean Handmade, carinated bowl; omphalos base; everted rim. Reddish ware; burnished; traces of burning in three places. H 5.6 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze III 179

CATALOGUE Fitzgerald, 1935, Beth Shean: 1967, 33-11-883, Level XII, Pl. VIII: 4. Resembles Kh. el-Kerak ware in shape only. Cf. Gophna, 1996, Tel Dalit, Stratum V (EB IB), Fig. 39:13; Stratum IV (EB II), Fig. 45:1. 30. 35.2723 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade, wheel-finished, carinated bowl; rounded base; slightly inverted rim. Brown-pink ware; brown slip; traces of burning over entire rim. H 3 cm, W 7.6 cm. Date: Early Bronze II Garstang and Droop, 1935, Jericho, Pl. XXXI: 17, Room 129:329b, upper EB Levels. Cf. O. Ilan, 1995, Arad (EB II), Pl. 39:4. 31. 36.1256/9 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Part of a carinated bowl, used as lamp; rounded base; slightly everted rim. Reddish-buff ware; red-burnished outside only. Date: Early Bronze IIA Garstang and Fitzgerald, 1936, Jericho, Pl. XXXVIII:2, Level V, Room 330. Unspecified Bowls 32. 52-188 Beth Yerah Handmade, wide, flat saucer; heavy, flat base; heavy wall; wide, plain rim; fragmentary. Crude gray ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 8+ cm. Date: Early Bronze II Bar-Adon, excavated in 1952, 400/2, between Wall 6 and Wall 26. The saucer may have served also as a lid for holemouth jars. 33. 53-1068 Beth Yerah Handmade, shallow saucer; short, heavy wall; plain, chipped rim. Pink ware. H 2 cm, W 10+ cm. Date: Early Bronze III (EB IV- MB I) Bar-Adon, excavated in 1953, 53-3 (231/23). The saucer may have served also as a lid for holemouth jars. 34. 53-1069 Beth Yerah Handmade; heavy, wide, flat base; thick, inverted rim. Pink to red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 8.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze IV- Middle Bronze I Bar-Adon, excavated in 1953, 230/3. The saucer may have served also as a lid for holemouth jars.. 35. 37.995 Beth Yerah Wheelmade (lamp(?)); concave base; upright wall. Red slip; burnished outside and partly inside; irregular, black patch near inside of rim. H 5 cm, W 10.7 cm. Date: Early Bronze III Makhouly, excavated in 1933(?) Kh. El- Kerak-type ware. 36. 35.2734 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade, deep bowl with uneven surface; rounded base; upright wall; sharp rim. Fine, brown ware, red surface covered with black specks (lamp(?)). H 5.6 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze I Garstang and Droop, 1935, Jericho, Pl. XXXVI: 12, Room 168 (9.41 m). Kenyon,1960, Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) I, Tomb D12, Fig. 33:18 (EB III).

180

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 37. 35.2800 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Part of a handmade, hemispherical bowl with a flattened base, used as lamp. Wide, curved wall. Fine, light-red ware, traces of burning. H 9 cm, W 20 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II 38. 79-917 Tel Kittan Handmade, rounded bowl; disk-base; plain rim. Pink ware; red slip on rim; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 7.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Eisenberg, 1976:A 57-58:14-16. Strata VII-VIII (EB I), Locus 150, 1976:1278. Cf. Amiran et all ,1978, Arad I, Pl. 13:28, Stratum III (EB II); Callaway 1972, Ai, Fig. 16:14, Phase II (Pre-Urban EB Ib), an ordinary saucer served as a lamp; O. Ilan, 1995, Arad (EB II), Pl. 39:3. A similar bowl-lamp was found in Beth Yerah (temporary Pl. 29:18), Strata XIII-XII and Pl. 8:13, Stratum XIIB. 39. 55-117 Sede Eliyahu Handmade, shallow saucer; wide disk-base; flaring wall; plain rim without spouts (chipped). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.7 cm, W 8.7+ cm. Date: Early Bronze III Goldsmith, excavated in 1955. Similar saucers with flaring wall: Miroschedji,1988, Yarmouth 1, Strata A-3 (EB II), Pl. 23:5 and Pl. 45:1 (EB III); and: Callaway, 1972, Ai, Sanctuary EB IIIb, Phase VIII, Fig. 79:11, 12; Helms .1987, Tell Umm Hammad, Fig. 8:13 (Late Chalcolithic—EB I). 40. I.9980 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade/wheelmade; very low disk-base; curved wall; plain, inverted rim. Light-brown ware; traces of burning on one side. H 6.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze II—III Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb A:108, Pl. IV:10. 41. I.10002 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, flat dish; wide, string-cut disk-base; curved wall; inverted rim. Light-red ware; blackened in seven places and in a break on the rim. H cm, W 8 cm. Date: Early Bronze III Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb A:119, B:235, Pl. IV:9 and 1935, Tomb 351, Pl. XXIV:23 (late EB II). 42. 83-843 Tell Дalif Handmade; flat base with a potter’s X mark; slanting wall; plain, sharp rim. Pink ware; brown-red burnished slip; traces of burning all over the rim. H 4.2 cm, W 15.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze II Seger ,1978, pp.119- 121, Locus 10076, 213 (I10); Seger, 1983, Tell Halif; Seger et al ; 1990. Occupation of the site began in EB II/EB III-IV. 43. 36.2040 Rosh Ha`Ayin Handmade, un-smoothed; flat/rounded base; thick walls; plain rim (chipped). Light-brown, coarse ware; traces of burning over entire rim. H 2.5 cm, W 7.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Ory, 1938, Ras Et aln, p. 110:22, Stratum II, beneath rubble foundation (MB I—II(?)). 44. 79-684 Tel Hasi (Tell el- Hesi) Handmade, un-smoothed; rounded base; plain rim; fragmentary. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 6 cm. Date: Early Bronze Age II—III 181

CATALOGUE Fargo, 1979, Tell el- Hesi, No. 13.057 in the excavations, pp. 23, 40. No oil lamps with depressions were found, only carinated ones with traces of burning. The earliest period of occupation is EB. And see: Fig. 1:12,1:7. 45. 556/7 Tel Qashish Handmade, un-smoothed, small bowl; flattened base; thick wall; rounded rim. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 6 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Ben-Tor, Portugali and Avissar, 1981, Tel Qashish, p. 168, locus No. 556/7, Stratum XVA, Figs, 2.5; Zukerman, 1996, Tel Qashish pp.23- 37, and Zukerman in Ben-Tor, 2003, pp.14-15. Resembles #47 (Tell Esur). Cf. Kenyon,1960, Jericho I, Tomb D12, Fig. 33:5,7 (EB III). 46. 76-556 Tel Esur Handmade, un-smoothed, irregular, rounded bowl; rounded-to-flattened base; thick wall; irregular rim forming suitable places for wicks. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 10.4 cm. Date: Early Bronze I (Late Chalcolithic(?)) Surface find. Cf. Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, p. 41, Tomb A114 A, Fig. 17:16 (EB II—III) and Tomb D12, Fig. 33:5 (EB III); Ben-Tor, Portugali and Avissar, 1981, Tel Qashish, 556/7; Gophna, 1995, `En Besor, p. 86, Fig. 12:1-3, coarse ware, no signs of soot (possibly served as oil lamps); Holms ,1987, Tell Umm Hammad in Jordan (Late Chalcolithic and EB I) Fig. 8:13, coarse, flat-base bowl. 47. 34.1006 Beth Shean Handmade, wheel-finished, deep bowl; flat base; sharp-edged, inverted rim. Light-brown ware; red-brown slip inside; traces of burning in one place. Fragment, H 14.6+ cm, W 8.6+ cm. Date: Early Bronze III (IV(?)) Fitzgerald, excavated in 1933, Beth-Shan: Level XI, No. 33-9-493. 48. 34.1216 Beth Shean Handmade, deep (hemispherical) bowl, crude finger marks left un-smoothed; rounded base; heavy wall; rim chipped. Grayish-buff ware; blackened by fire. H 4.6 cm, W 8 cm. Date: Early Bronze I Fitzgerald, 1935, Beth Shan: Level XVI, Pl. III:6; 33-10-988, No. 1890. Braun 2004, p. 62, early EBI. Found together with Gray-Burnished Ware. 49. 57-787 Tel `Erani Handmade, crude, un-smoothed; heavy disk-base; slightly inverted rim. Dark-brown ware; blackened by fire. H 3.2 cm, W 7 cm. Date: late Early Bronze II Yeivin, excavated in 1957, Area D: 592, Stratum II. See also #28 from this site. 50. 60-324 Tel `Erani Handmade; wide, flattened base; rough, thick, short, upright wall; plain, irregular rim. Pink ware; blackened by burning in several places. H 4.5 cm, W 8.5 cm. Date: late Early Bronze I Yeivin, excavated in 1960, Area D: 225/916, Stratum V. Cf. Brandl, 1989, Tel Erani, p. 365, suggested a late EB I dating (Strata VIII-IV). Similar lamps belonging to later stages are known in the north #32, #33, #52 (Beth Yerah).

182

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Single-Spouted Oil lamps 51. 73-498 Nahal Tavor Handmade; wide disk-base; plain, everted rim, slightly pushed down in one spot (to serve as a lamp(?)). Pink ware; red-brown slip; no traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Early Bronze I(?) Kantor and Delougaz, 1963; HA 8: 26; 1964: 11:12,12:15 (unpublished). Resembles #53 Jericho. 52. 50-4087/1 Beth Yerah Handmade, crude, shallow saucer; wide, near-disk-base; heavy wall; slightly everted rim, thumb-indented to form spout; lamp partly reconstructed. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 1.9 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze III (EB IV) Bar-Adon, excavated in 1950, BDASI III, 1951: 32-33; V-VI, 1957: 29. See text Figure 2.13 53. 39.651 Megiddo Handmade; wide, flat base; deep, convex wall; inverted rim pinched at one point to form a wick-rest. Coarse, brownish-red ware; traces of smoke at wick-rest. H 8 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze III - IV Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XVI: 5264:d 809, Pls. 6:11 and 108:8. 54. 32.1792 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade, crude; short, concave base; short, upright wall; rim slightly pinched in one place. Thick, dark ware; traces of burning in three places. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze III—IV Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb A: 909, Layer 4, Pl. XXVIII:16. An open-ground multiple burial. See text Fig. 2.8 Cf. Schaub and Rast, 1989, Bab edh-Dhra`, from charnel house (EB II--III), A41, Fig. 223:21. Oil lamps with Four or More Wick- Rests (spouts)

Multi - spouted lamps 55. 50-7279 Beth Yerah Handmade; shallow, wide, flat base; heavy, erect wall; flattened rim (partly missing) with two cuts across rim. Pink ware; traces of burning in several spots. H 3 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze III (EB IV-MB I) Bar-Adon, excavated in 1950, 337/1, Stratum XIIC (with pottery of metallic ware). 56. 36.613 Kh. et–Tel (Ai) Handmade, rounded bowl; rounded base; rim pinched in six or seven places to form irregularly-spaced, uneven spouts. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Callaway, 1972, Ai, Sanctuary Room 2261:2053, Pl. LXXVI. Cf. Amiran et all, (unpublished) Arad, fig. 7 in text 91-1981), Stratum IV, and several other oil lamps with four thumb-indented spouts similar to Bab edh Dhra`; Saller, 1965:183, Figs. 24:9, 25:8,9; Schaub and Rast, 1964-65, Bab edh-Dhra`, from charnel house (EB II--III), A41, Fig. 223:14-15, 21, 22. 57. I.9970 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade, shallow, shapeless, round bowl; flattened base; rim slightly pinched in five places; part missing. Red ware, blackened all around rim. 183

CATALOGUE H 3.5 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze III—IV Garstang, 1932, Jericho, p. 17, Pl. XII: 5, (Square K6; 70 bis). The author suggest MB I dating. 58. 89-1997 Beth Shemesh Handmade, un-smoothed, shallow, rounded saucer; rounded-to-flattened base; thick wall and rim; two crossing, finger-made, diametric grooves divide bowl into four parts and create four small spouts in the rim. Pink-brown ware; covered with diluted clay; traces of burning along all of the rim. H 5 cm. W 11.5 cm. Date: late Early Bronze I Braun, excavated in 1989, Beth Shemesh, Stratum III. Horval Illin- Tahtit, in press. The crossing grooves inside the saucer recall a chalice at Ai-Callaway, 1964: 43, Tomb C, Pl. XVII:363 with painted bands-found together with a four-”spout” lamp, No. 658 (EB II). Small, spouted oil lamps are known also from Kenyon et al, 1960, Jericho, Tomb A114 (B), Fig. 67:14; and see also: Garstang , 1931, Jericho, Pl. XXVIII:707, Chalice, and Lamp 810 (EB II—III). 59. 57-831 Tel `Erani Handmade in two parts, smoothed; string-cut disk-base; slanting wall; plain rim, thumb-indented in four, equally-spaced places, forming wide spouts. Buff-gray ware. H 4.5 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze II/III Yeivin, 1961, Gat, Area D:490. Locus 2100, Pl. V: Stratum II (bottom) first row, third item. Brandl’s dating is EB II. The oil lamp also closely resembles the EB III type: Miroschedji, 1988, Tel Yarmouth - (EB II), Pl. 25:3; Kenyon et al, 1960, Jericho I, Tomb A114 (B), Fig. 67:14 (EB III). 60. 85-791 Д. ‘En Zik Handmade, un-smoothed, balance-dish-type saucer; heavy wall, thumb-indented inward to form four spouts. Brown-red ware; red-brown burnished slip; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 15.2 cm Date: Early Bronze/ Middle Bronze Cohen, 1986, Negev, Pl. 57:7. Cf. Saller, 1965/6, Bab edh- Dhra, Fig. 25:4, three spouts in a similar technique. Although the author dates the context to MB I, the lamp seems more typical of EB. High- footed (chalice) oil lamps 61. 34.1066 Beth Shean Handmade(?), hollow, high-footed lamp; base widens (bottom part missing); along the foot, small holes were pierced in four vertical, staggered rows; shallow saucer on top of foot; rim (presumably) pinched in four places to form small spouts (two spouts remain). Dark-Buff ware; red slip; traces of burning along entire rim. H 17.7+ cm, W 13 cm. Date: Early Bronze I Fitzgerald, 1935, Beth Shean, p. 15. Found below Level XII, Wall 33-10-138, Pl. IV:23. dated to EB III. Braun 2004, p.62 and p.64. As there is no EB II occupation of the site, dates the pottery to the late EB I. Similar technique was used in the EB - MB footed lamps from Tel Qedesh, `Enan, and Ma`yan Barukh. Cf. stands (footed lamps(?)): Fitzgerald, 1935, Beth Shan, Pl. IV:24, 26, Levels XII, XIII. 62. 36.997 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade (?), hemispherical bowl with painted decoration (?); medium-high, footed base; plain rim. Traces of burning. H 8.7 cm, W 13.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Garstang, 1935, Jericho p. 94, Stratum V: 312, No. 3660, Pl. XXXIX:7. Double oil lamps 63. 34.2813 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; flat base; slanting wall; chipped rim. Reddish ware; two spots of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 17 cm. 184

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Date: Early Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 260-261, Cave-dwelling, used as burial 1519:1867, Group 5 (floor level), Pl. 59:152. Cf. O. Ilan, 1995, Arad, Pl. 39:2 (EB II). “Balance-dish” bowls 64. 35.3272 Gezer Handmade, hemispherical bowl, wide groove around middle; within the bowl is a small integral vessel with slightly profiled rim, and a hole pierced horizontally through its wall, it is encompassed by a row of notches inside the bowl near the bottom; single, downtilted, horizontal lug handle with two vertical pierced holes; flattened/rounded base. H 6.5 cm, W 12.4 cm. Date: Early Bronze I Macalister, excavated in 1934, Room 1001B:34.101. Oil lamp (?) resembles lamp from Tel Aviv-Yafo (see text Fig. 2.4). Pottery fragments used as oil lamps 65. 34.1438 Beth Shean Handmade, fragment of a bowl with everted rim. Red-Burnished ware. L: 8.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze III Fitzgerald, 1935, Beth Shan, Level XII (2300 BCE), Pl. IX:26; Getzov, 2006, Bet Yerah Fig. 3.44:16, st. II, EBII. A Kh. El-Kerak type. 66. 35.2788/5 and 35.2800 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Fragments of small bowls used as a lamp. Date: Early Bronze II—III Garstang, 1935, Jericho, Room 166, Level 9.00 m (35.2788/5); Room 172 (35.2800). Cf. Gophna, 1996, Tel Dalit, Stratum V (EB IB), Fig. 39:3; Stratum II (EB II), Fig. 48:1. 67. 35.2827/3 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Fragment of holemouth jar, blackened on outside. Garstang, 1935, Jericho, Room 193. 67a. 70-1039 Azor Handmade saucer, or lower part of a large jar; flat base (assembled from fragments). Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.9 cm, W 7.8 cm. Date: Early Bronze I—II Druks, 1970, HA 33:21, Burial Cave 6:1607. The cave contained a large number of offerings (about 200), but very few lamps. Two burials of this period were uncovered.

EARLY BRONZE IV – MIDDLE BRONZE I Footed (Chalice) Oil Lamps 68. 55-53 Ma`yan Barukh Handmade, partly smoothed, solid trumpet foot; three spouts(?); fragmentary. Pink ware. H 7.5+ cm, W 7.5+ cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Amiran, 1961:86, Ma`ayan Barukh, Tomb 3, Fig. 6:6. A shaft-tomb. 69. 70-208 Tel Qedesh Handmade, hollow-trumpet-footed, rounded bowl; slightly inverted rim pressed outward to form three wide spouts. Brown ware; traces of burning over all the rim.

185

CATALOGUE H 7.5 cm, W 11.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 46, Fig. 9, Pl. 10:13. 70. 70-213 Tel Qedesh Handmade, high, hollow-trumpet foot; flaring wall; three spouts. Brown-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 9 cm, W 12.7 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 45, Fig. 9. 71. 70-372 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid foot with deep, concave recess in base of foot, deep bowl; flaring wall pressed slightly to form four wide spouts and lending the bowl a squarish shape. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 12.5 cm, W 14.7 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 12, Fig. 9. The general shape and spouts resemble Oil lamps #108 (Beth Yerah), and #115 (`En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”). 72. 70-373 Tel Qedesh Handmade, crude, solid, wide, cylindrical foot widened at the base; bowl with thick wall; rim thumb-indented outward to form spouts (only two remain); fragmentary. Reddish-brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 7+ cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 93. 73. 70-374 Tel Qedesh Handmade, hollow, wide, high, trumpet base; shallow balance-dish-type saucer; slightly inverted rim; single, wide single spout formed by slight folding and pressing of rim. Reddish ware. H 9.7 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 26, Pl. 10A. 74. 70-375 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid, high, cylindrical foot widening slightly only at the base, with small hollow at the bottom; deep, irregular bowl; slightly inverted rim, thumb-indented to form three wide spouts. Reddish ware; traces of burning along all of the rim. H 8.9 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 13, Fig. 9. 75. 70-376 Tel Qedesh Handmade, hollow, low, wide, trumpet foot; deep, uneven bowl; three wide spouts extending from the rim; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 10.3 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 10, Fig. 9. 76. 70-377 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid, goblet-shaped foot with splayed base; bowl with slanting wall; three small thumb-indented spouts; fragmentary. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 7.8 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, Fig. 9.

186

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 77. 70-378 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid, low foot widening at base; deep, conical, wide bowl; three wide spouts; one spout slightly rimmed. Pink ware. H 8 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 7. 78. 70-379 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid, rather high chalice, with a concave cavity in the base; shallow saucer; slightly thumb-indented rim in four places, hardly breaking the rounded outline. Light-pink ware. H 9.7 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 52, Fig. 9. Resembles the four-spouted lamp from ‘Ai: Callaway, 1964, Tomb C, Pl. XVII: 658 79. 70-380 Tel Qedesh Handmade, foot solid at the waist, conical cavity in the base; shallow, flaring saucer; slightly thumb-indented rim with two(?) spouts (only one spout remains). Red-pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.7 cm, W 9.7 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 28, Fig. 9. 80. 70-381 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid, low, trumpet-shaped foot; wide, flaring bowl; two tiny, thumb-indented spouts. Pink ware; traces of burning along all of the rim. H 8.9-7.5 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 42, Fig. 10. 81. 70-382 Tel Qedesh Handmade, high, hollow foot; rounded bowl; three wide spouts projecting from the rim. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 8 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 62, Fig. 9. A similar three-spouted oil lamp: Schaub, 1973, Bab edh- Dhra, Fig. 25:4 82. 70-383 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid foot at waist, hollow and wide at the base; two spouts. Brown-red ware; traces of burning along all of the rim. H 8 cm, W 10.7 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 101, Fig. 10. 83. 70-406 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid, cylindrical foot with hollow in base; flaring bowl; three fragmentary spouts. Brown ware; traces of burning along all of the rim. H 9 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 90, Fig. 10. 84. 70-407 Tel Qedesh Handmade, hollow, trumpet-shaped foot, wide at base; shallow, flaring bowl; fragmentary rim with one remaining wide spout. Light-red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 8 cm, W 13.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 53, Fig. 10. 187

CATALOGUE 85. 70-519 Tel Qedesh Handmade, high, hollow foot (partly missing). Pink-red ware; traces of burning. H 7.5+ cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 46, Fig. 10. 86. 70-520 Tel Qedesh Handmade, high, solid foot; slightly pinched rim to form a spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 18.5 cm, W 10+ cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave. 87. 70-521 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid, distorted, trumpet-shaped foot; deep, bowl; three wide spouts; fragmentary. Dark-brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm. W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, No. 79(?), Fig. 10. 88. 70-522 Tel Qedesh Handmade, foot missing; two spouts. Dark-brown ware; darkened from use. H 5+ cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave. 89. 70-526 Tel Qedesh Handmade, solid, high foot widening slightly at the base; small saucer; fragmentary rim; spouts(?) Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.7 cm, W 11.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, Fig. 10. 90. 70-1105 Tel Qedesh Handmade, hollow, wide trumpet-foot, solid at waist, widening at the base; three or four very wide spouts. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 7 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Cave, Fig. 10. 91. 83-1524 `Enan Handmade, solid, low, wide foot; thick wall, conical cavity at the bottom; carinated bowl with four non-identical, pinched spouts. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 17, multiple Burial Cave. Similar to EB thumb-indenting technique. 92. 83-1526 `Enan Handmade, hollow, high, trumpet foot, widening at the bottom; wide, rounded bowl; thick wall; rim slightly indented at regular intervals to form four wide spouts. Light-brown ware; no traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 13.8 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 34, Fig. 5:27, Pl. XI:27.

188

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 93. 83-1527 `Enan Handmade, high, solid, foot, conical cavity in bottom; small saucer with thick wall; four, tiny, thumb-indented spouts at regular intervals. Light-brown ware H 7.5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 26, Fig. 5:21, Pl. XI:21. 94. 83-1528 `Enan Handmade, wide, trumpet-foot, solid at waist, with concave cavity at the bottom; flaring bowl; four small, thumb-indented spouts. Light-brown ware; no traces of burning. H 8.5 cm, W 10.7 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 22, Fig. 5:22, Pl. XI:22. 95. 83-1529 `Enan Handmade, solid, wide, trumpet-shaped foot; wide bowl; thick wall; three small, thumb-indented spouts. Red ware; traces of burning. H 7.8 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, Fig. 5:38, Pl. XI:23. 96. 83-1530 `Enan Handmade, solid, wide, conical foot; rounded saucer; four thumb-indented spouts. Light-brown ware; traces of burning also at the center of the saucer. H 8 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 32. 97. 83-1531 `Enan Handmade, high, splayed, footed base; wide, shallow saucer; four wide spouts. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 10 cm, W 10+ cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 16. 98. 83-1532 `Enan Handmade, low, wide foot solid at the waist, deep, concave hollow at the bottom; slanting-walled bowl; four wide spouts. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 45, Fig. 5:26. 99. 83-1533 `Enan Handmade, very wide trumpet-foot, solid waist, shallow, concave hollow at the bottom; wide, flaring bowl; four thumb-indented spouts. Light-brown ware; no traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 94, Fig. 5:28, Pl. XI:28. 100. 83-1534 `Enan Handmade, solid, low, chalice-like foot, widening into a disk-base; wide, flaring bowl; four, slightly thumb-indented spouts. Cream ware; no traces of burning. H 5.6 cm, W 11.6 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, No. 38, Fig. 5:24, Pl. XI:24. Resembles Oil lamp #77 (Tel Qedesh).

189

CATALOGUE 101. 83-1535 `Enan Handmade, wide, hollow, trumpet-foot, solid waist; wide, flaring saucer; only one spout remains (others missing). Light-brown ware. H 7.3 cm, W 11.5+ cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, 1985, Enan, p. 65, Fig. 5:25. 102. 85-000 Deir Sras Handmade, wide, hollow foot; flaring rim, fragmentary. Yellow-buff ware. H 6.5 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Epstein, 1985, Dolmens in the Golan, p. 43 (MB I) Dolmen 14, Fig. 4:9. Solid-footed and hollow oil lamps were found also at Deir Sras, Dolmen 13, Figs. 3:13.214,15 Pl.IX:12; Dolmen 14: Fig. 4:9,10. Another such lamp is 103. 103. 85-000 Deir Sras Handmade, wide, hollow foot; lower part of the bowl s carinated; rim missing. Brown ware. H 7 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Epstein, 1985, Dolmens in the Golan, p. 43 (MB I) Dolmen 13, Fig. 3: 13, Pl. IX:11. Four-Spouted Oil Lamps A. Square (box-Shaped) Outline with Straight Walls and Elongated Folds 104. 49-2055 Beth Yerah Handmade; wide, flat base; very thick, somewhat curved, outward-stretched wall, pressed inward to form rounded corner-spouts. Brown, gritty ware; traces of burning in all four spouts and rim. H 4.2 cm, W 7.9 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Bar-Adon, excavated in 1949. Another similar fragment from Stratum VI (preliminary Pl. V: 41). Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Pl. 94:15, Tomb 52; with rounded base: Shaub and Rast, 1989, Bab edh-Dhra`, charnel house (EB II/III) A41, Fig. 223:16. 105. 51-848 Beth Yerah Handmade, wide, flattened base with wheelmade upper part, smoothed joint; short everted thick wall; spout formed by outward pressing; fragmentary. Pink ware. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Bar-Adon, excavated in 1951, Stratum VI. Resembles #107 from this site. 106. 51-1021 Beth Yerah Handmade, square receptacle; wide, flattened, thick base; short wall, without a finish; slightly everted rim pressed/stretched to form spouts in the rounded corners; half of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 9 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Bar-Adon, excavated in 1951, Stratum VI, No. 26/1 (unpublished: preliminary Pl. 21:40, 46). Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Tomb 52, Fig. 58:4,5; Tomb 56, Fig. 60:2. 107. 51-1022 Beth Yerah Made in two sections: base handmade, bowl wheelmade; heavy, flattened base to which the upper (wheelmade) part, with short thick wall was added and the joint smoothed; spouts pressed downward in rim; fragmentary. Pink ware. H 4.1 cm, W 9+ cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze 190

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Bar-Adon, excavated in 1951, Stratum VI, No. 12/8 (unpublished: preliminary Pl. 21:47). Resembles #105 from this site. 108. 51-2151 Beth Yerah Handmade; flattened base; slightly inverted wall, leaving narrow spouts; very fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Bar-Adon, excavated in 1951, Stratum VI. 109. 53-584 Beth Yerah Handmade; wide, flat base; lower part is rounded and wider than the upper part (the wall); short, erect wall stretched outward to form the spouts. Gray ware; traces of burning in all four spouts. H 3 cm, W 7.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Bar-Adon, excavated in 1953, No. 351/3. 110. L.758 Beth Shean Handmade, small, hemispherical bowl; thick, rounded-to-flattened base; wall slightly folded all around and one side nearly erect, forming an almost square oil lamp; rounded corners, fluted to form wide spouts. Light-brown/pink ware; traces of burning in only one spout. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan Northern Cemetery, p. 33, Burial I (K3) J, Tomb 89.A:1857, Fig. 18:13. The burial also contained a dagger; two deposits were found, one near the skull and the second one at the legs. The dating assigned by Oren is EB IV:Type C. The vessels in this tomb are of northern origin. Oren suggests a division of the period into two phases: A= 2250/2200-2000 BCE corresponding to Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum J; Ingholt, 1940, Hama J; Bab edh-Dhra`; and B= a short period in the northern part of the country (2000 - 1900/1850 BCE) corresponding to Hama Stratum H. Additional four-spout oil lamps: Oren, 1973, Tomb 26, Fig. 19:20, with flat base and slightly inverted wall. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Tomb 203, Pl. 15:22, Fig. 19:5, deep bowl with flat base, found with painted pottery typical to the Beth Shean Valley; Tomb 87, Fig. 21:13, with fluted spouts; and Tomb 202, Fig. 21:14, hemispherical body and folded rim; oil lamp in Fig. 23:12, flat base with slanting wall, spouts made by stretching the wall; Tomb 108, Fig. 24:10, fluted as in Fig. 21:13. 111. 32.175 Beth Shean Handmade; thick, asymmetrical, rounded base; curved, nearly erect wall; spouts made by pressing with a finger or a stick. Light-brown ware; traces of burning in all four spouts. H 5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Fitzgerald, 1931, Beth-Shan, Burial 296 CN296, 31-9-281. See: Oren, 1973, Fig. 20:2, from a burial also containing a dagger. The pottery repertoire resembles #120 (Jericho). 112. 34.956 Beth Shean Fragmentary; flat base; pinched spout. Drab ware. W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze(?) Fitzgerald, excavated in 1935, Beth Shan, Level XI, Room 1802: 33-9-160. 113. 53-924 `En HaNaΞiv-“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Handmade, uneven sides; thick, rounded base; entire rim folded slightly inward to form rounded corner-spouts. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 5.4 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Zori, 1975, Near Tel ReΉov, p. 11, Burial 24:30, Fig. 4:5. About one-third of the funerary offerings were oil lamps. Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon (El Jib), Figs. 53, 58:4,5, 60:2; Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Figs. 106:4, 110:4, and many more. 114. 53-925 `En HaNaΞiv-“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Handmade, crude, low, hemispherical saucer; the whole rim is slightly inverted to form rounded corner spouts. Pink ware; traces of burning in all spouts. 191

CATALOGUE H 4.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Zori, 1975, Near Tel ReΉov, Burial 12:29, Fig. 4:3, Pl. VI:2. Cf. #109 and #113; Lapp, 1966, Dhar Mirzbaneh, Tomb A31, Fig. 18:1; Tomb A46, Fig. 19:8; and Tomb B13, Fig. 39:5. 115. 53-927 `En HaNaΞiv-“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Handmade, roughly diamond-shaped, shallow saucer; thick disk-base; thick, slightly everted, slanting, inward-folded wall, pressed down in four places to form spouts. Gritty pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Zori, 1975, Near Tel Rehov, p. 11, Burial 3:8, Fig. 4:4. Found with pottery of the northern family. Cf. #104 and another fragment both from Beth Yerah Stratum VI (preliminary Pl. V:47); Lapp, 1966, Dhar Mirzbaneh, Fig. 14:4. 116. 73-1065 `En HaNaΞiv Handmade, hemispherical bowl; barely-folded rim. Brown-gray ware. H 5.5 cm, W 8.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze P.Porath, 1972, HA 44:10; (1973) 47:5, Burial 36:241. Found with 4 other pottery vessels. 117. 74-2161 Tel ReΉov Handmade, crude; wide, flat base; slanting wall; narrow, long, folded rim forming square top; corner spouts (partly missing). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Yogev, 1985, Tel Rehov, p. 111, Fig. 5:1. In rounded shaft burial. Resembles Lamp #143. 118. 79-617 Tel ReΉov Handmade, wheel-finished; crude, rounded base with finger marks; long, narrow, slightly inward-folded rim forming a square top; wide spouts; fragmentary. Gray ware. H 4.6 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Yogev, 1985, Tel Rehov, Shaft Burial 2:76, Fig. 1:9. Two lamps were found #118 and # 123. The burial was disturbed. Resemble Lamps #111 119. 39.550 Megiddo Handmade, diamond-shaped; wide, flat base; slanting, flaring wall; very narrow fold of the entire rim; a rim is also marked in the spout; wide spouts (only two spouts remain). Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.8 cm. Date: Middle Bronze I—Middle Bronze IIA Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Square N13, SW corner, Temple Area, Stratum XIV: Pl. 15:22 d 267. In this stratum were also found single-spouted oil lamps, Pl. 15:20, 21, and vessels with envelope-type ledge handles, Pl. 15:16, 18. 120. 32.1784 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade, coarse, partly squarish, smoothed hemispherical bowl; rounded base; plain, inverted, sharp-edged rim. Pink ware; traces of burning on one side and across a break in the rim. H 3.5 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze (Middle Bronze(?)) Garstang, excavated in 1931, Jericho, Tomb A: Q794, Layer IV. B. Square (Box-Shaped) Outline with Incurving Sides 121. 55-344 Nahariyya Handmade; wide, flat disk-base; elongated flap-folded wall to form square top; medium-narrow, V-shaped spouts; half of lamp 192

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS missing. Brown ware, traces of burning. H 3.9 cm, W 8 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Dothan, 1956, Nahariya, Temple Area (unpublished). Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Strata XV and XIV of the temple, four-spouted oil lamps: Pls. 9:20 and 15:22 with flat bases. 122. 55-812 Nahariyya Handmade, wheel-finished; circular smoothing on flattened base; elongated in-folded wall; wide spout; fragmentary. Reddish-pink ware; no traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Dothan, excavated in 1955, Temple area, Stratum 5:3475. 123. 79-618 Tel ReΉov Handmade, uneven; rounded base; short, inward-folded rim forming a square top; wide corner spouts. Gray ware. H 5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Yogev, 1985, Tel Rehov, Burial 2:87, Fig. 1:8. 124. 79-608 Tel ReΉov Handmade; rounded-to-flattened base; long, narrow rim, folded all around and forming wavy outline; wide corner spouts. Light-gray ware. H 5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Yogev, 1985, Tel Rehov, Tomb 7:170, Fig. 1:10. A single-period burial. Cf. Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, Figs. 18:13 and 20:2; Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Figs. 79:6 and 106:4. 125. 79-625 Tel ReΉov Handmade, crude; un-smoothed, irregular, rounded base; wide fold creates incurving sides with one wide, rounded spout, and three narrower spouts. Dark-gray ware. H 5.2 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Yogev, 1985, Tel Rehov, Burial 1:9, Fig. 1:7. 126. I.3454 Megiddo Handmade, wheel-finished, round-walled bowl; thick, flat base; folded rim; wide spouts. Gray ware. H 7 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 31, Tomb 217 B:P271, Pls. 10:28 and 90:21. Found with single-spouted oil lamp, Pl. 10:27. Resembles Oil lamp #124 (Tel ReΉov). The tomb is a shaft-tomb of unusual plan, with four burial-chambers of which only one (Chamber B) belongs to this period. Among the offerings was imported Hama ware. No other tombs of the period were found to contain oil lamps. 127. L.779 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Handmade, wheel-finished; squarish, flattened base; folded, pushed-in wall forms a rectangular receptacle with a spout in each corner. Light-red ware. H 4 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Acquired in 1923, from a burial. Cf. Dadon, 1979, Giv`at Ze’ev, Fig. 2:1, with bottle-shaped jar. 128. L.781 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Handmade, wheel-finished; squarish, flattened base; elongated, slightly folded, pushed-in wall forming a rectangular receptacle with a spout in each corner. 193

CATALOGUE Light-red ware. H 4.8 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Acquired in 1923, from a burial. C. Square (Box-Shaped) Outline with Smaller and Wider Rounded Folds 129. 70-430 Tel Qedesh Handmade, wheel-finished; wide, flat base; wall folded inward to form wide spouts; fragmentary. Red-brown ware. H 3 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tadmor, 1978, Qedesh Cult Burial, p. 24, Fig. 9. Resembles #130 (`En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”) and #124, #153 (Tel ReΉov). Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim IA, Stratum J, Pl. 20:27; Dever and Richard, 1977, Tell Beit Mirsim, p. 6, Fig. 1:10 (pre-MB I). 130. 53-926 `En HaNaΞiv-“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Handmade, crude; impression of circular, woven mat on bottom of the flattened base; low, rounded fold, pressed down to form wide spout; fragmentary. Gray ware. H 4 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Zori, 1975, Near Tel Rehov, Burial 26:72, Fig. 4:7. 131. 39.673/1 Megiddo Handmade; wide, flat base; curved, slanting wall; deep, rounded folds forming four, wide spouts; only half of this large lamp remains. Pink ware; traces of burning on two spouts only. H 2.7 cm, W 13.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XV, Pl. 9:20 d 744. Chalice 21 with cylinder-stand pierced at bottom may also have served as an oil lamp; both items were found in Building 4040 a temple still in use in Stratum XIV. 132. 63-223 Azor--Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; long, rounded folds forming a square top; wide corner spouts. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 9 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, 1964, HA 11:23, Burial Cave 35:28. Resembles #130 (`En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”) and #129 (Tel Qedesh). Two oil lamps were found in the cave. 133. 63-676 Azor-Дolon Handmade; rounded base; long, narrow, inward-folded rim forming square top; wide spouts; half of lamp missing. Light-pink ware. H 5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, 1964, HA 11:23, Burial Cave B:6. Resembles Oil lamps #130 (`En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”) and #129 (Tel Qedesh). A number of oil lamps were found. Cf. Baruch, 1997, Ma`ale ‫י‬Adummim, Fig. 3:4,5. 134. 64-605 Azor--Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded-to-flattened base; wide, deep, rounded folds forming square top; rounded corner spouts. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, 1964, HA 11:23, Buria l:37. Found with Lamp #137.

194

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 135. 64-608 Azor-Дolon Handmade; rounded base; long, narrow, rounded folds forming square top; corner spouts. Brown ware; traces of burning in all spouts. H 5.3 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, 1964, HA 11:23, Burial 39:61. Found with three other such oil lamps, and one single-spouted lamp. Cf. Pritchard, 1966, Gibeon, Fig. 58:4, 5, Tomb 52. 136. 64-612 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; long, rounded, slightly inverted folds forming square top; corner spouts. Pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 9.9 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, 1964, HA 11:23, Burial Cave 13:15 (2 items only). 137. 64-613 Azor--Дolon Handmade; rounded base; long, narrow, rounded folds forming a square top; corner spouts. Brown ware; traces of burning in two spouts. H 5.3 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, 1964, HA 11:23, Burial 37:48. Cf. Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Fig. 106:5, Tomb G 70 (no niche); Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Figs. 52:3, 4, 53, 54:3, 56:6, 7, 58:4, 5. 138. 45.135 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Handmade, wheel-finished; flat base; wide, deeply folded, pushed-in wall; wide, elongated spout; half of lamp missing. Light-brick-red ware. H 5 cm, W 10.1+ cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Pritchard, excavated in 1941, Gibeon, p. 86, Burial-chamber A: A.21. Dagger-type tombs as at Jericho. A number of burials were excavated at Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib), where both four-spout and singlespout oil lamps were found, Tombs: 14,18,22A,30, 33, 37, 39, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 58, 59, 60, 62. In each burial at least one oil lamp was placed together with vessels, most of them bottle-shaped, of the southern types (Burials 58, 62), and others of the Megiddo family. The oil lamps belong to both types: most of them with rounded bases, and with flat bases. The predominant oil lamp is squarish with flat base. Cf. Dever, 1971, Sinjil, Fig. 1:2,3 (MB I). 139. 41.970 Jerusalem-Kefar HaShiloaΉ Handmade; wide, slightly concave, flat base; folded, slightly pushed-in wall forming a cross; medium-wide channel-spouts. Greenish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Saad, 1964, Hablat El Amud, pp. 77,78, shaft Burial-chamber 1, No. 17, Pls. XXXIV: 10, XXXV: 10. The oil lamp was found in the niche, Pl. XXXIIb. A second oil lamp was found on the floor below the niche. In Chamber 2 were five other vessels and two oil lamps: one in the niche, the other on the floor in the southeast corner. 140. 41.976 Jerusalem-Kefar HaShiloaΉ Handmade; wide, rounded-flattened base; folded, pushed-in wall; deep, rounded folds form four, wide spouts; fragmentary. Reddish ware H 5 cm, W 14+ cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Saad, 1964, Hablat El Amud, Pls. XXXIV: 17 and XXXV:16, from Chamber 2, No. 15. 141. 41.977 Jerusalem-Kefar HaShiloaΉ Handmade, wheel-finished; hand-molded, rounded base; short, deep, rounded folds form four, very wide spouts. Pinkish buff ware; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 15.7 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Saad, 1964, Hablat El Amud, Pl. XXXV: 16, from Chamber 2, No. 18.

195

CATALOGUE 142. 47.4281 Jerusalem-Kefar HaShiloaΉ Handmade, wheel-finished; flat base. Pink-buff ware. H 5.5 cm, W 17 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Acquisition R.724. 143. I.1212 Beit SaΉur Handmade, wheel-finished; wide, flat base; folded-in wall; wide spouts. Light-brown ware; slight traces of burning on one spout only. H 5.5 cm, W 12.2 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Baramki, excavated in 1930, from a Burial Cave. Resemble Lamp #159 144. 34.2912 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Handmade, wheel-finished; wide, flat base; deep, rounded folds, inverted to form four medium-wide spouts. Reddish-brown ware. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, p. 277, Cemetery 2000, Locus 2018, Pls. 66:448 (2322) and 20:16. Other four-spouted lamps: Nos. 2061, 2117. 145. 32.2822/1 Tell Beit Mirsim Handmade, wheel-finished; flat base; slightly folded or inward-pushed rim; corner spout; part of four-spout oil lamp. W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim IA, Stratum J, Pl. 20:27. Cf. Dever and Richard, 1977: 6 for discussion of the lamp, dated to pre-MB I. C. Pushed in wall 146. 64-615 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; thick, rounded base; folded, pushed-in wall; wide spout; half of lamp missing. Pink-brown ware. H 5 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, 1964, HA 11:23, Burial 44:37. 147. 79-935 Sha`ar HaGolan Handmade, the inside bottom is partly flattened; elliptical, flat base; short, thick wall; short, rounded, inward-folded folds; wide, rounded spouts. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 9 cm, L: 8.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Eisenberg, excavated in 1978, Locus 104:1022. 148. 70-240 Tel ReΉov Handmade, wheel-finished; wide, flat base; pronounced, centrally-folded flaps; very wide, rounded, corner spouts. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.1 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze P.Porath, 1970, HA 34:35, p. 7 and 44:10, Burial 1. 149. 73-1067 `En HaNaΞiv Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; slightly inward folded wall; very wide corner spouts. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 10 cm.

196

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze P. Porath and Bahat, excavated in 1973, Burial 16:221. 150. 73-1068 `En HaNaΞiv Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; short, deep, rounded flap-folds; very wide, rounded corner spouts; fragmentary. Light-gray ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze P.Porath and Bahat, excavated in 1973, Burial 101:340, with four other oil lamps. 151. 73-1070 `En HaNaΞiv Handmade, wheel-finished, hemispherical bowl; very short, pronounced, inward fold in center only; very wide, rounded spouts; fragmentary. Gray ware; light-pink slip; traces of burning on two spouts(?) H 5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze P.Porath and Bahat, excavated in 1973, Burial 61:325. 152. 79-607 Tel ReΉov Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; slightly inward-folded wall; V-shaped corner spouts. Gray ware. H 4 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Yogev, 1985: 93-94, Tel Rehov, Burial 7:174, Fig. 1:10-11. Five four-spouted oil lamps were found, each near a skull. 153. 79-609 Tel ReΉov Handmade, crude; slightly concave base; slightly in-curved wall; narrow flaps; medium-size, corner, V-shaped spouts. Pink ware, traces of burning on all four spouts. H 5 cm, W 9 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Yogev, 1985:93-94, Tel Rehov, Burial 7:177, Fig. 1:11. 154. 79-610 Tel ReΉov Handmade, wheel-finished; un-smoothed, rounded base; slightly inward-pushed wall; wide, rounded, corner spouts. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Yogev, 1985: 93 –94, Tel Rehov, Burial 7:173. 155. 64-1669 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; wide, flat base; wide, deep, rounded flaps; deeply folded, downward-pressed, V-shaped spouts forming X. Dark-gray ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 10 cm. x 15 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, 1964, HA 11:23, Burial Cave 1. Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Tomb 14, and Figs. 19:5,95:4, found with a long-rimmed, four-spouted oil lamp, Fig. 19:6. 156. 76-1481 Azor--Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded-to-flattened base; deep, rounded flap-folds to form pronounced corner spouts; generally crossshaped. Light-whitish ware. H 5 cm, W 9 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Davis, 1975, HA 56:30, Burial 10:19. Shaft-grave with eight pottery vessels, weapons, and jewelry, and one single-spout oil lamp.

197

CATALOGUE 157. 78-626 Tell Beit Mirsim Handmade, wheel-finished; wide, flat base; deep, short, pronounced flap-folds; irregular, wide, round corner spouts. Pink ware; no signs of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Burial 10:3+4. Cf. Lapp, 1966, Dhar Mirzbaneh, Fig. 12:2, 5, 7, 11, Burial A14, found with southern pottery vessels. D. Square (Box-Shaped) Wavy Outline with Pushed-in Walls 158. 73-796 Hanita Handmade, wheel-finished; flat, thick base; slightly pushed-in wall to form very wide, irregular spouts. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Singer and Dar, 1986, Hanita, p. 52, Tomb 104, Pl. IV:9 right, Fig. 6. Shaft-tomb with two chambers, only partially excavated. Among 20 pottery vessels was only one four-spout oil lamp. The pottery belongs to the Northern family. 159. 53-509 `En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Handmade; wide, flat base; high, outward-flaring walls slightly pushed-in to form four wide spouts. Pink ware. H 8.8 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Zori, 1975, Near Tel Rehov, Burial 26:73, Fig. 4:1, Pl. VI:3 Cf. Harding, 1952, El Husn, with painted pottery; Lapp, 1966, Dhar Mirzbaneh, Figs. 2:1,2, 19:3, 24:8, 32:7, 9, 12, many lamps of this shape were found with a different pottery assemblage including bottle-shaped jars. In Dhar Mirzbaneh the oil lamps were placed with the other vessels; no special niches were found. 160. 70-237 Tel ReΉov Handmade, wheel-finished, deep bowl; rounded base; slightly inward-folded/pressed wall, forming square top; medium-wide corner spouts. Brown ware. H 4.3 cm, W 8.6 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze P.Porath, 1970, HA 34-35:7, Burial 1. From the stone quarry. 161. 73-1069 `En HaNaΞiv Handmade, wheel-finished; flat base; short, slightly-inverted wall, pressed-inward in the middle only; very wide spouts. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze P.Porath and Bahat, excavated in 1973, Burial 61:334. Cf. Lapp, 1966, Dhar Mirzbaneh, Fig. 8:6. 162. 72-14 Tell Дalif Handmade, wheel-finished; wide, flat base; deep flap-folds pushed-in to form long, wide, rounded spouts; generally cross-shaped. Light pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Gudowitz, excavated in 1971, burial, together with only one jar. Resembles Lamp #155 (Azor-Дolon ). Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Fig. 19:5, Tomb 14; Kenyon, 1960, Jericho I, Figs. 75:9,24, 81:12,17, 86:5; Harding, 1953, Tell El Husn, Fig. 1:1, etc. E. Decorated Oil lamps 163. 35.3274 Azor Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; narrow, elongated fold, pushed-in to form wide spouts; short, oblique lines incised on three sides.

198

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Greenish ware; slight traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Ory , 1949, Yazur, p. 60, Pl. XIV: 3. Found with Lamp #166 and caliciform-type vessels. See text Fig. 3.22 Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Tomb 22a, Fig. 31:6; Gilboa and Yannai, 1992, Horshim (Yarqon Valley) Fig 3:8. 164. 63-221 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; long, folds, corner spouts; generally square form; tiny protrusion on one wall. Reddish ware; watery slip; traces of burning in all spouts. H 6 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 37:117. Found with six jars, two four-spouted oil lamps, and one single-spouted lamp, two daggers and a pin. Cf. Baruch, 1997, Ma`ale Adummim, Fig. 3:4, with a ridge around the walls. 165. 63-222 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; flap-folded wall; narrow corner spouts; small, oval, lug-like protrusion on one outer wall. Reddish ware; light slip; traces of burning in all spouts. H 6 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 29:96. With ten vessels, three oil lamps. Cf. a similar lug: Dever, 1970, Qa’aqir, Fig. 3:18. 166. 63-224 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; deep, rounded flap-folds; corner spouts; two horizontal, incised lines along one wall, and deep, short, oblique incisions in two irregular rows on same wall. Reddish-pink ware; watery slip. H 4 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 37:119. With Lamp #164. Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Fig. 31:6, Tomb 22A; and see also Lamp #163 from this site. 167. 63-225 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; narrow, flap-folds; wide corner spouts; oblique lines intersected by two horizontal lines on one wall, on another wall is a lug bisected by a deep vertical cut. Reddish ware; slip. H 4.8 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 2:1. 168. 63-226 Azor--Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; long, shallow, flap-fold; narrow, funnel/V-shaped corner spouts; two scratched, horizontal lines intersected by three slanting parallel lines, and a similar but fainter pattern on another wall. Reddish slipped ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 20:82. With three other vessels; the oil lamp was found near the skull. 169. 63-227 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; pronounced, deep, elongated, rounded flap-folds; pronounced, narrow corner spouts; small, lug-like protrusion near the rim in the middle of one wall. Pink ware; watery slip. H 4.5 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 29:98. With ten vessels, of which 3 oil lamps. 199

CATALOGUE 170. 63-228 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished, lopsided, irregular box shape; flattened base; long, narrow flap-folds; small corner spouts; two rows of incisions ending in a protrusion. Reddish ware. H 5 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 3:28. 171. 64-603 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished, box-like outline; rounded base; narrow folds forming square top; small corner spouts; small, pointed luglike protrusion in the middle of one wall. Cream ware. H 5 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 39:60. Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Tomb 39, Figs. 42:12 and 54:3, similar only in general shape. 172. 64-604 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished, box-like outline; rounded base; elongated, narrow folds forming square top; small corner spouts; row of oblique incised lines along one wall. Pink ware. H 6 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 35:28. Cf. Pritchard, 1963, Gibeon, Tomb 22, Fig. 31:6; Gilboa and Yannai, 1992, Fig. 3:8; and Lamp #163 Azor and Ory 1940, Pl. XIV: 3. 173. 64-606 Azor - & Holon Handmade, wheel-finished, square outline; rounded base; long, narrow folds; very small corner spouts; fingernail incisions on one side. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 1:3. 174. 64-607 Azor--Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished, square box outline; hand-smoothed, rounded base; long, rounded folds; criss-crossing oblique lineincisions on one wall. Pink ware. H 4.4 cm, W 9 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 22:16. Similar to Lamp #167 from this site. 175. 64-609 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished, square box outline; rounded base; long folds; small corner spouts; small protrusion in one corner. Cream-greenish ware; slight traces of burning. H 4.4 cm, W 9.5/10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 43:6, only one oil lamp. 176. 64-611 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; rounded base; evenly-folded wall forming narrow V-shaped spouts; two small, lug-like protrusions on one side. Pink ware; brown slip; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 36:37. With twelve vessels, three four-spouted oil lamps, and one single-spout lamp.

200

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 177. 64-616 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; small protrusions in one corner. Cream ware. H 4.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 36:36. Oil Lamps with More Than Four Spouts 178. 70-598 Dalhamiya Handmade, wheel-finished, irregular shape; flat base; rounded wall; rounded folds; four(?) wide channel-spouts; an additional curve in one of the sides may have served as another (fifth) spout. Pink ware; slip inside; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Bahat, 1986, Menahemiya, pp. 27- 33, Tomb 1, west chamber, Fig. 3:7. The tomb contained pottery vessels of the northern family, with signs of EB traditions. 179. 53-923 `En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Handmade, wheel-finished; wide, flat base; high, outward-slanting wall; rim slightly folded to form five (?) spouts (part missing). Pink ware; traces of burning in the four remaining spouts. H 2.3 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Tsori, 1975, Near Tel Rehov, Burial 24:66, Fig. 4:6. Found with Lamp #159 from this site. Cf. Petrie and Brunton, 1924, Sediment I (Sixth-Tenth Dynasties), Pl. XXX:38b. 180. 73-462 Tel ReΉov Handmade in two sections, wheel-finished; wide, flat base to which walls were added, widening toward the rim; slightly-pushed-in folds create five irregular, wide, wave-like spouts (one missing). Brown-pink ware; light slip. H 3.2 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Arav, 1973, HA 44:11, Burial 4:2. Single-Spouted Oil Lamps 181. 51-992 Beth Yerah Handmade, wheel-finished, shallow saucer with thick wall; thick disk-base; slightly inverted rim; short, narrow fold creates a short, rounded, wide spout as in the four-spout oil lamps. Pink ware. H 4.2 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Bar-Adon, excavated in 1951, Stratum VI:135/3. Another single-spouted lamp fragment in Stratum VI-V, found with decorated vessels in the northern EB tradition. A similar spout in the footed Lamp #73 (Tel Qedesh). Cf. Goldman, 1956, Tarsus II, Fig. 245:161 (EB II). Similar oil lamps occur in MB IIA; Aston, 2002; Tell el-Dab’a, MBIIA Fig. 16:5. 182. 34.2267 Megiddo Wheelmade; low, string-cut disk-base; ribbed wall; short, everted rim. Light-buff ware; traces of burning on one spout. H 5 cm, W 10(?) cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze II Guy and Engberg, excavated in 1931/2, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1101 B2 (lower part) P.4126 and 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Pl. 6:21. Cf. Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, Fig. 14 cf. Loud, 1947, Megiddo II, Stratum XIV, Pl. 15:20,21 (5155, 4092), Oil Lamp Type XIV-XIII-IX. Such ribbed walls are common in MB II oil lamps, see: Kenyon, 1982, Jericho IV, Fig. 187:7, 11 Types F.I.a and G. I.b.

201

CATALOGUE 183. 63-229 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; plain rim; deep, rounded folds starting from the middle of the saucer circumference; elongated, wide, rounded spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 9.8 cm, L: 11.3 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial Cave 18:76. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Pl. 66:399. 184. 63-230 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; short wall; slight folds starting from the middle of the saucer circumference; elongated, wide spout. Reddish ware. H 5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial Cave 11:47. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIV, Pl. 116:12; Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Pl. 66:399. 185. 64-614 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; rim slightly folded, starting from the back of the saucer’s circumference; elongated, wide spout as in #184. Pink ware; some traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Shapira, excavated in 1963, Burial 37:50. 186. 76-1484 Azor-Дolon Handmade, wheel-finished, deep saucer; flattened base; plain, erect rim; wide, pinched, flap-fold starting from beyond the middle of the saucer’s circumference; elongated, wide spout as in #184, #185. Brown ware; brown slip; no signs of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date: Early Bronze—Middle Bronze Davis, 1975, HA 56:30, Shaft-tomb 12.

MIDDLE BRONZE IIA 187. 39.552 Megiddo Handmade, Wheel-finished; large, flat. String-cut base; inverted. Slightly pinched rim. Buff ware. H 3.6 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B(?)). Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, E= 5072, d270 Stratum XIII. Resembles #206 from this site 188. 38.987 Megiddo Wheelmade; heavy, flattened base; short, slanting wall; erect rim; raised, wide, pinched spout. Crude, light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIV, Locus 4092 (c 569), a chamber near the wall, Pls. 15:21 and 116:23. This type of oil lamp was still used in Stratum XIII, Pl. 16:19. 189. 38.993 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; short wall; inverted rim; slightly pinched, triangular spout (broken). Reddish-brown ware; marks of burnishing around rim and spout. H 3 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—(B) Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XII, Tomb 4101:c 646, Pl. 30:7.

202

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 190. 51-1010 `Afula Wheelmade; wheel-smoothed rounded base; slightly inverted rim; small, very slightly pinched, wide spout; (large part missing). Fine grayish ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 9+ cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA Shapira, excavated in 1950; burials; Ben-Dor, 1951, BDASI III: 33-34; Dothan, 1955, `Afula, Pl. 3; idem. ,1957, BDASI V-VI: 22-23. Cf. Oil lamps #296 and #299 (Tell Beit Mirsim). 191. 32.1421 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted, pinched rim (missing in part). Light-brown ware. H 4.5 cm, W 11.1 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (--B) Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9, Layer D:926 (ca. 17th century BCE). 192. 32.1428 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; pared, heavy, flattened base; ribbed wall; inverted rim (missing); elongated, pinched spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning along entire rim. H 3.4 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 13.6 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA(—B) Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9 Layer D: 934 (c. 17th century BCE). 193. 32.1432 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, flat base; wheel turning marks inside the saucer; pinched, inverted rim. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 13.3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9, Layer D:941 (c. 17th century BCE). 194. 32.1491 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, large oil lamp; flattened base; pinched, inverted rim (missing). Light-brown ware; traces of burning; base shiny from use. H 4.5 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9, Layer E:1018 (c. 17th century BCE). 195. 33.1078 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 11.6 cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Garstang, excavated in 1933, Tomb 30:134. 196. 33.1090 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, shallow bowl; rounded base; inverted, pinched rim; spout broken. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Garstang, excavated in 1933, Jericho, Tomb 30:146. 197. 33.1094 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, flat base; inverted rim; pinched spout. Buff ware; traces of burning on spout and other places. H 4 cm, W 10.6 cm, L: 12.6 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Garstang, excavated in 1933,Jericho, Tomb 30:151.

203

CATALOGUE 198. 33.1112 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded-flattened base; inverted, slightly-pinched rim. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA(—B) Garstang, excavated in 1933, Jericho, Tomb 30:164. 199. 33.1114 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; flat base, part of the core, or part of the foot(?) still attached; slightly pinched spout (missing). Brown ware; traces of burning on break in spout. H 4 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Garstang, excavated in 1933, Jericho, Tomb 30:166. 200. 34.2779 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted rim; V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Reddish-brown ware. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, p. 254, Pl. 73:660, Class D oil lamp, Tomb 1502:1714, shaft-tomb: ten lamps were found, among them lamps belonging to Classes A and D. Same date as Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Tomb 9. 201. 34.2780 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded-to-flattened base; inverted, slightly pinched rim; small spout. Fine, reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, p. 254, Pl. 72:660 (Class D), Tomb 1502:1715, (Class A). 202. 34.2781 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Handmade, upper part wheel-finished, uneven on the outside; thick, crude, rounded base; rather deeply pushed-in rim; spout missing. Buff ware, red surface. H 3.5 cm, W 10.4 cm, L: 10.2+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA (—B) Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, p. 254, Pl. 72:660 (Class D), Tomb 1502:1716. Resembles #203

MIDDLE BRONZE IIA-B AND C 203. 56-799 Giv’at Ayalla (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim, same width all over, pinched to form a small, projecting spout (broken). Light-pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, pp. 20-21 (MB IIB), Tomb 3:366. Resembles #190 (`Afula) and #202 (Lachish). Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:648, Class B; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, Pl. 38:21. 204. 56-882 Giv’at Ayalla (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; thickened, concave base; wheel-marks on wall; slightly inverted rim; slight pinching of the rim forms an irregular short spout, projecting from the outer line of the rim. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Epstein ,1974, Ginosar, pp. 20 - 21 (MB IIB), Tomb 4:459, Fig. 16:18. The tomb is assigned to the intermediate phase between MB IIA and MB IIB.

204

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 205. 56-883 Giv’at Ayalla (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; small, thick, flattened base; inverted rim; elongated from just short of the middle of the circumference; slightly pinched, wide spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 4:62, Fig. 16:17 (1800-1780 BCE). Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Strata G and E, Pl. 10:12, and Stratum D, Pl. 15:19,20; Loud ,1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XII, Pl. 30:7, Tomb 4101; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pls. 649, 650. Resembles #203 of this site 206. 56-696 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade, wheel marks; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; elongated, pinched, folded, wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1974, Ginosar (1780 - 1575 BCE), Tomb 2:210, Fig. 13:20. 207. 56-796 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim, pinched to form wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:504. Resembles #244 (`Afula). 208. 56-797 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; slightly pinched spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:603. 209. 56-800 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted, pinched rim; slightly pinched spout; fragmentary. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:375. Resembles Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, Pl. 38:21. 210. 56-801 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade, hemispherical saucer, pared to form inner ring within rounded base; slightly inverted, pinched rim; part missing. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:364, Fig. 11:4. Resembles #207 (Ginnosar) and #244 (`Afula). 211. 56-804 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside hemispherical saucer; slightly inverted rim; pinched, narrow, pointed spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:465, Fig. 11:11. 212. 56-805 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; string-cut, rounded-to-flattened base; slightly inverted rim, deeply pinched to form pointed spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. 205

CATALOGUE H 4.5 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:312, Fig. 11:7. Resembles #211 from this site. 213. 56-807 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade, hemispherical saucer; slightly thicker base; slightly inverted rim; pinched, wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:393, Fig. 11:10. 214. 56-808 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; slightly thickened, rounded base; wide, inverted rim including spout, pinched to form wide, rounded spout. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:310, Fig. 11:3. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class A, Pl. 72:645. 215. 56-809 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; slightly thickened, rounded base; wide, inverted rim including spout, pinched to form wide, rounded spout. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB--C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:317, Fig. 11:5. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class A, Pl. 72:645. 216. 56-810 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; thickened rounded base; heavy inverted rim (part missing); somewhat deeply pinched spout, projecting from outer line of rim. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:318, Fig. 11:6. 217. 56-811 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade, deep saucer; flattened disk-base; slanting wall; inverted rim includes spout; deeply pinched, folded spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:261, Fig. 11:12. Resembles #327 (Tell Beit Mirsim). 218. 56-837 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; flat base; inverted rim, slightly folded to form pointed, pinched spout. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:263. 219. 56-838 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted rim; wide, rounded spout; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:246.

206

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 220. 56-839 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; wheel turning marks. Slightly inverted, pinched rim; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:249. 221. 56-840 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; slightly thickened, rounded base; inverted rim; spout missing. Cream ware; traces of burning over entire rim. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1966, Ginosar, Tomb 3:250. 222. 56-841 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; wide, pinched spout; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:281. 223. 56-842 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; very heavy wall; curved rim (chipped), pinched to form wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein,1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:248. 224. 56-899 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; heavy, rounded base; inverted rim; slightly pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 1:313. 225. 57-4 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; pointed, pinched spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.7 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Epstein, 1974, Ginosar. The oil lamp is in Copenhagen. 226. 67-1510 Tel Dan Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; upper part of lamp missing. Light-cream ware. W 5+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIC Biran, 1994, Dan, p. 94, Area B, Stratum IX, early Cist-Tomb 187:1821/5; D. Ilan, 1996, Dan I, Tomb 187, pp. 220-221, Fig. 4.94.11, 12; 4.95.4.96.1-8. The lower burial contained skeletons only of male adults. 227. 67-1516 Tel Dan Wheelmade; disk-base; slightly-inverted rim; lamp was used although largely broken. Reddish ware; traces of burning on breaks of wall. H 3.8 cm, W 9.5+ cm, L: 10.8 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIC Biran, 1994, Dan, p. 94, Area B, Stratum IX, L372:1736.

207

CATALOGUE 228. 67-1523 Tel Dan Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, very thick, rounded, near-disk-base; inverted rim; fragmentary spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIC Biran, excavated in 1967, Stratum IX, Locus 135:816/22, p. 91. 229. 70-755 Tel Dan Wheelmade; convex(?) base; slightly-pinched, inverted rim; wide spout. Pink ware. H 3 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Biran, excavated in 1970, Area B, No. 6069. Resembles #231 230. 76-1629 Sasa Wheelmade; well-shaped disk-base; slightly inverted rim; wide, elongated, folded, pinched spout. Reddish ware inside, lighter outside; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Davis, excavated in 1976, (disturbed) Tomb, No. 81. Ben-Arieh, 2004, fig. 9:10. The upper burial contained Four to Five individuals; two phases of burial with a sterile layer of earth between them. Among the 150 offerings were about ten entire oil lamps, weapons, scarabs, and toggle-pins of the MB II. The oil lamps seem typical of the earlier part of the MB IIB. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B and C, Pl. 73:654. 231. 76-1630 Sasa Wheelmade; heavy, low, flattened base; thick, nearly erect rim, slightly folded to form wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Davis, excavated in 1976, (disturbed) Tomb, No. 110. Ben-Arieh, 2004:9* & 17*, fig. 7:1 Only one lamps from the lower burial level dated to the transition period of MB IIA/B ; compared to Kefar Szold and Hazor Tomb 1181, and Ginossar Tomb 4. The lower burials are of MB IIB; the oil lamps are very uniform in shape, (See in text Fig 26:2) . 232. 76-1631 Sasa Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; slightly inverted rim; narrow, elongated folds forming wide spout; lamp repaired. Brown-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.1 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.6 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIC Davis, excavated in 1976, Tomb, No. 88. Ben Arieh, 2004, fig. 9:7. The upper layer is of MB IIC. (See in text Fig 26:1) Resembles #231 from this site. 233. 76-1632 Sasa Wheelmade; flattened base (damaged); slightly inverted rim; elongated, narrow folds; wide spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10.6 cm, L: 11.2+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB--C Davis, excavated in 1976, Tomb, No. 103. 234. 76-1633 Sasa Wheelmade; hand-pared, thickened base; slightly inverted rim; elongated, narrow folds; wide spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10.6 cm, L: 11.2+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Davis, excavated in 1976, Tomb, No. 29. Ben – Arieh, 2004:9* & 17*, fig. 9:6 from the upper burial level dated to the latest phases of MB IIB; compared to Tel Dan St.IXB

208

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 235. 76-1634 Sasa Wheelmade; thickened base; inverted rim; elongated, narrow folding all along the rim forms a wide spout. Thick, brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Davis, excavated in 1976, Tomb, No. 17. Ben-Arieh, 2004:9* & 17* from the upper burial level dated to the latest phases of MB IIB; compared to Tel Dan St.IXB 236. 76-1635 Sasa Wheelmade; wide, low disk-base; inverted rim, narrow elongated folding all along the rim to form a wide spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm. W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Davis, excavated in 1976, Tomb, No. 90, upper layer. Ben-Arieh, 2004:9* & 17*, fig. 9:8 from the upper burial level dated to the latest phases of MB IIB; compared to Tel Dan St.IXB Resembles #234 from this site. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, Pl. 38:20, and Oil lamp #329 (Tell Nagila). 237. 76-1637 Sasa Wheelmade; brush-smoothed disk-base; slightly inverted rim; narrow, elongated folds; narrow, pointed spout. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Davis, excavated in 1976, Tomb, No. 74. Ben-Arieh, 2004:9* & 17*, fig. 9:11 from the upper burial level dated to the latest phases of MB IIB; compared to Tel Dan St.IXB Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B/C. Resembles #238 from this site. 238. 76-1638 Sasa Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, thick, rounded base (unfinished); inverted rim, elongated, narrow folds; pointed spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.1 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 11.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB-C Davis, excavated in 1976, Tomb, No. 61, upper layer. Ben – Arieh, 2004:9* & 17*, from the upper burial level dated to the latest phases of MB IIB; compared to Tel Dan St.IXB Resembles #231 239. 76-1639 Sasa Wheelmade; disk-base; inverted rim; narrow, folded rim, forms pointed spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.1 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 11.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Davis, excavated in 1976, Tomb, No. 71, upper layer. Ben-Arieh, 2004:9* & 17*, fig. 9:9 from the upper burial level dated to the latest phases of MB IIB; compared to Tel Dan St.IXB 240. 79-849 Tel Kittan Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim with a ridge at the base. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Eisenberg, excavated in 1979, from the settlement, No. 1200. 241. 32.29 Beth Shean Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened, near-disk-base; thick rim; elongated folds; fragmentary. Fine, reddish ware. H 4 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 12.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Fitzgerald, excavated in 1931, Bet Shan, Level XA, 31-10-321-A, west of Room 1612.

209

CATALOGUE 242. 62-873 Tel Bira Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; slightly elongated, wide, pinched spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 9.3 cm, L: 10.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Prausnitz and Ben-Yosef, excavated in 1962, Locus 34, Burial, No. 60, (unpublished). Resembles #207 (Ginnosar); MB IIA – B type. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73: 649. 243. 51-832 `Afula Wheelmade; flattened base; slightly inverted rim; pinched, pointed spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.1 cm, W 10.4 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Shapira, excavated in 1950; burials; Ben-Dor, 1951, BDASI III: 33-34; Dothan, 1955, `Afula, Pl. 3; idem., 1957, BDASI V-VI: 22 23. Resembles #308 (Tell Beit Mirsim); MB IIB—C type. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, Pl. 38:19; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73:649. 244. 51-833 `Afula Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim, slightly pinched to form a wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Shapira, excavated in 1950; burials; Ben-Dor, 1951, BDASI III: 33 - 34; Dothan, 1955, `Afula, Pl. 3; idem., 1957, BDASI V-VI: 2223. Resembles #243 from this site and #207 (Ginnosar). 245. 38.992 Megiddo Wheelmade; small, string-cut disk-base; wheel turning marks on wall of underside (base); inverted rim; wide, slightly-pinched spout. Red ware. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, in built Tomb 4096:c 643. Cf. oil lamp in Pl. 38:20. This type of oil lamp ranges from Stratum XIIIA to XI. Resembles #187 from Meggido. 246. I.3078 Megiddo Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; deep, wheel turning marks inverted rim; deep, pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 24:2877, Pl. 23:14. The tomb was rock-cut in the MB I period and served until LB II, the lamp may date to the end of MB II or early LB. Resembles #336 247. 34.1699 Megiddo Wheelmade; rounded base; thick wall; plain rim; elongated folds; wide, V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Reddish ware. W 16.3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 64 - 68, Tomb 911 AI: P3080, Pls. 29:8 and 117:7. The lamp was found in the lower level. The tomb was in use from MB I to LB II. 248. 45.104 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade; deep, rounded base; inverted, slightly pinched rim. Reddish-buff ware. H 5.1 cm, W 14.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Pritchard, excavated in 1941, Gibeon, Cave-chamber B:39. Resembles #249 and #322 210

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 249. 45.114 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade; knife pared rounded base; wheel turning marks inverted, slightly pinched rim. Buff ware; creamy slip. H 4.4 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Pritchard, excavated in 1941, Gibeon, Burial-chamber B:134. Resembles #225 and #315 250. 45.119 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade; deep, hand smoothened flat base; wheel turning marks inverted, slightly pinched rim. Reddish-brown ware; creamy slip. H 5.6 cm, W 15.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Pritchard, excavated in 1941, Gibeon, Burial-chamber B:165. Resembles #249 251. 45.123 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted, slightly pinched rim. Reddish ware. H 3.7 cm, W 19.6 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Pritchard, excavated in 1941, Gibeon, Burial-chamber B:218. 252. 33.1119 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded ubsmoothened base; inverted, pinched rim. Coarse, buff ware; slight traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang , 1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Tomb 31:171 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). Resembles #193, #195 and #283. 253. 33.1123 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; flattened, string-cut base; small carination below inverted rim; very slightly pinched spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15.1 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 8 - 14, Tomb 31:175 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 254. 33.1135 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; flattened base; slightly pinched rim. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Tomb 31:188 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 255. 33.1146 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; smoothed, pared, rounded base; inverted rim; pinched spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Tomb 31:199 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 256. 33.1154 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; small, string-cut disk-base; wheel turning marks inside and outside; inverted rim; protruding pinched wide spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang,1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Fig. 4:11, Tomb 31:210 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 211

CATALOGUE 257. 33.1182 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks on upper part of saucer; un-smoothed, thickened, rounded base; inverted rim; very slightly pinched spout. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Tomb 31:237 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 258. 33.1199 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted, pinched rim. Pinkish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Tomb 31:251 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 259. 33.1208 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; heavy wall; inverted, pinched rim (broken). Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Tomb 31:261 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 260. 33.1229 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; flat, string-cut base; slightly inverted rim; spout missing. Brown-red ware; traces of burning also to left of spout. H 4.2 cm, W 11.3 cm, L: 11.3+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Tomb 31:283 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 261. 33.1236 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim pinched to form wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware. H 4.7 cm, W 10 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 8-14, Fig. 4:12, Tomb 31:290 (end of 17th century BCE, c. 1650-1600 BCE). 262. I.6252 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; flattened base; slightly-pinched invered rim. Buff ware; light-buff slip; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, excavated in 1930, Jericho, Spot α 3. 263. 32.1181 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; flat base; inverted, pinched rim; pinched spout. Brown ware; traces of burning H 4.2 cm. W 12.6 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer E:452, Pl. XVII. Pottery in the tomb included Tell el-Yahudiyeh type. 264. 32.1203 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; rimmed, pinched wide spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 13.3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer E:501, Pl. XXIV:12.

212

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 265. 32.1204 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; flat base; slightly inverted rim; wide, pinched spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning; potter’s mark X on base. H 6 cm, W 14.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer E:502, Pl. XXIV:13. 266. 32.1224 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 12.4 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer F:540. 267. 32.1230 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, shallow saucer ribbed on outside; rounded to flattened base; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched spout (half missing). Light-brown ware. H 3.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer F:566. 268. 32.1235 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; scratched, bulging, heavy, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; pinched spout (part missing). Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm. Date: late Middle Bronze II Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer F:583. 269. 32.1266 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, string-cut disk-base; inverted rim. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10.1 cm, L: 14.3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 32:1170. 270. 32.1275 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; slightly pinched spout; a break in the wall served as an additional wick-rest. Fine, red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 11.3 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer G:709, Pl. XXX. 271. 32.1282 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, string-cut base; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 13.1 cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5. Layer G:733. 272. 32.1288 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly pinched rim; fragmentary. Buff ware. H 4.3 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer G:768. 273. 32.1318 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted, pinched rim; wide spout. 213

CATALOGUE Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.9 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9, Layer B:848, Pl. XXXII:7 (16th century BCE). Resembles #262 274. 32.1322 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, flat, near-disk-base; slightly pinched, inverted rim; wide spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 13.6 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9, Layer C:897, Pl. XXXII:11 (16th century BCE). 275. 32.1379 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; string cut small, flat, near-disk-base; wheel turning marks inverted, pinched rim; wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14.3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb, 9 Layer C:873, Pl. XXXII:10. 276. 32.1394 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; flat base; slightly inverted rim (missing in part). Coarse, brown ware. H 4.8 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9, Layer C:890. 277. 32.1397 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; smoothened scratched flattened(?)-rounded base; slightly pinched all-over, inverted rim; wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9, Layer C:894, Pl. XXXII:6. 278. 33.1296 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; heavy, bulging, rounded base; erect rim; slightly pinched spout. Buff ware; traces of burning(?) H 3.5 cm, W 11.7 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, excavated in 1933, Jericho, Room 17:34. 279. 35.1703 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, high saucer with ribbed exterior; string-cut disk-base; inverted, pinched rim; wide spout. Coarse, reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, excavated in 1933, Tomb 43:478. Cf. Kenyon, 1965, Jericho II, Fig. 144:19 (Type G.1.b). 280. 35.1704 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, pared, rounded base; inverted, pinched rim. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H. 2.3 cm, W 10.2 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Garstang, excavated in 1933, Tomb 43:497. Resembles #275. 281. 35-1707 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; tool-smoothed/scratched, rounded base; inverted, pinched rim. 214

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.4 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB--C Garstang, excavated in 1933, Tomb 43:484. 282. 49-110 Ma`ale ‫י‬HaHAmisha Wheelmade/handmade, very shallow saucer; flattened base; heavy wall; very slightly inverted, almost erect rim; small, pinched, projecting spout. Red ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Yeivin, 1950, Bulletin 2:12, Pl. 1:2 (found by Keren-Zvi) Burial Cave 15. Resembles #220 (Ginosar) 283. 62-215 MoΞa Wheelmade; heavy, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; a quarter of the saucer is slightly pinched to form a wide spout; part missing. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.9 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Sussman, 1966, Moza, p. 40, Shaft Burial Cave 1, Fig. 2:10. Only one oil lamp was found along with two pottery fragments, which served as oil lamps. Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum D, Pl. 43:3; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIIIB, Pl. 16:19, and Stratum XI, Pl. 38:19. 284. 73-1292 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim, wheel-turning marks in saucer, slightly-pinched, wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B((?)) Bahat, excavated in 1973, Burial Cave 1:168. Cf. Bahat, 1976, Unfortified Settlements, Fig. 19:3 (MB IIB); Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum D, Pl. 43:4; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIIIB, Pl. 16:20; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class A, Pl. 72:643, 644. Ben – Arieh, 2004, Tell Beit Mirsim, Tomb 24, Fig.2.16:79, 81 and handmade 85 of MB IIB, also Tomb 500 Fig.2.52:40 dated to LB II. 285. 73-1293 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, slightly thickened, rounded base; slightly inverted rim, pinched toward spout from about a third of the saucer circumference; pinched, wide spout; part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B (?) Bahat, excavated in 1973, Burial Cave 1:16. Cf. Bahat, 1976, Unfortified Settlements, Fig. 19:3 (MB IIB); Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum D, Pl. 43:4; Loud ,1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIIIB, Pl. 16:20; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class A, Pl. 72:643,644. 286. 73-1304 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rounded, thick base--virtually an un-smoothed disk-base; slightly inverted rim, slightly pinched toward spout from about a third of the saucer circumference; pinched, wide spout; lamp cracked. Light-cream ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B (?) Bahat, excavated in 1973, Burial Cave 1:1010. Cf. Bahat, 1976, Unfortified Settlements, Fig. 19:3 (MB IIB); another fragmentary oil lamp: #354. Resembles #307 from Tell Beit Mirsim and #388 from Jericho, and this text Fig 25. 287. 81-1466 Tel Sha`alvim Wheelmade, shallow, slightly carinated saucer; flattened base; thick wall; inverted rim; deeply-pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C (?) Bahat and Hess, 1981, HA 77:29, No. 33. A shaft-tomb burial (cistern(?) with steps leading down; two stages of burial: the first, with Tell el - Yehudiyeh juglets; the second, 215

CATALOGUE with benches hewn in the walls, containing many oil lamps and offerings (last phase of the MB II or early LB); all the lamps are similar. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B. 288. 81-1467 Tel Sha`alvim Wheelmade; flat base; inverted rim; deeply pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C(?) Bahat and Hess, 1981, HA 77:29, No. 45. 289. 81-1496 Tel Sha`alvim Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted rim; pinched spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C(?) Bahat and Hess,1981, HA 77:29, No. 10. 290. 81-1497 Tel Sha`alvim Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; inverted rim; pinched, raised spout. Yellowish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C(?) Bahat and Hess, 1981, HA 77:29, No. 51. 291. 64-1637 Giv`at Yesha`yahu Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim (part missing); very narrow, elongated folds; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Negbi, excavated in 1964, Burial Cave 1:48. Found with another oil lamp and 40 offering vessels, among them scarabs and faience ware. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, Pl. 38:22; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B. 292. 34.2940 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded-to-flattened base; plain, erect rim; slightly inverted, small, slightly-pinched, triangular spout. Reddish ware; traces of fire. H 4.5 cm, W 13.8 cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Tufnell ,1958, Lachish IV, p. 230, Pl. 63:648 (Class B) Tomb 1530:2592. A double chamber-burial. 293. 34.2942 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened thickened base; erect rim; slightly pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.8 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Tufnell ,1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 1530:2594. 294. 78-345 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, stepped wheel-turning marks inside saucer; knife-smoothed, very thick, rounded base; very slightly inverted rim pinched toward spout from about quarter of the circumference; very wide, slightly pinched, down-pressed spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—(C) Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24: (disturbed). Ben-Arieh, 2004. The burial chamber was entered via a narrow sahft, the offerings were concentrated in the northeastern corner,. About 200 pottery vessels: twenty-seven lamp, and many fragments used as lamps, toggle pins faience bowl, scarabs and rings. The dating largely depends on typology. Many of the lamps seem to be the work of one workshop or potter. The lamps were compared to TBM Strtum D, Albright, 1933, Pl.15:18-20, and the irregular lamps to Jericho, Kenyon, 1960. Fig.143:11. The scarabs 216

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS found in this tomb were dated by Brandl, 2004:125-126 to the Early MB IIB continuing into MB IIC (1680-1530 B.C.E). Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class A, Pl. 72:646,647; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIIIB, Pl. 16:19. 295. 78-376 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; inverted rim slightly pinched to form medium-width spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.4-3.2 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—(C) Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:13. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 294 above. 296. 78-377 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; plain, shallow saucer; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched, very wide V-shaped spout. Pink-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.1 cm, W 9.5 cm, L: 10.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:119. Ben-Arieh, 2004. Resembles Oil lamp #294. And see note to #295, above. 297. 78-378 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; high disk-base; inverted rim; deep, pinched, protruding spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:199. Ben-Arieh, 2004. See note to #224, above. 298. 78-379 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched, small, wide, pointed spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24.Ben-Arieh 2004. pp. 4 & 13-15, Fig.2.16:81. See note to #294 . Resembles # 201, #253, #284 and #286. 299. 78-422 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened base; slightly inverted rim, pinched only toward spout; slightly-pinched, very wide spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:6. Ben-Arieh, 2004; Fig.2.16:83. See note to #294, above. Resembles #296. 300. 78-425 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside the saucer; bulging, rounded base, partially fashioned by hand and smoothed on wheel; slanting wall; sharp rim, folded slightly from a third of the circumference to form a very wide spout; fragmentary. Light-pink ware; heavy traces of burning even after the spout was broken. H 3.8 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 10.7+ cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:137. Ben-Arieh, 2004; Fig.2.15:85. Resembles #301 at this site, and #185 (Beth Yerah) of the MB I. See note to #294, above. 301. 78-435 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, very shallow saucer; wide, low, flattened disk-base; nearly erect rim, slightly pinched from third of the circumference to form a small, wide, projecting spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—(C) 217

CATALOGUE Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:31. Ben-Arieh, 2004. Resembles #298. See note to #294, above. 302. 78-436 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; small disk-base; slanting wall; inverted rim; fragmentary spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning on breaks in spout and rim. H 4 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:37. Ben-Arieh, 2004. See note to #294, above. 303. 78-574 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, very low saucer; flattened base; slightly inverted rim, slightly pinched from middle of circumference; very wide spout; part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 10.2 cm, L: 10 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 33:98. Ben-Arieh, 2004, pp.5 &15-16. The burial, of a rare type, had 5 connected rooms. The pottery belongs to Phases MB IIA and B. The central, fifth, room did not serve for burial; 3 unusually large jars and deep bowls found in the room led the author to postulate that it was used for the funerary meal. 137 pottery vessels, Five lamps and fragments used as lamps. The lamps were copared to TBM Strata D and Ginosar Tomb 2/3. The scarabs were dated by Barndle, 2004:126-129, like Tomb 24 1680-1530 B.C.E. Tomb 510 pp.24-26, 64 pottry vessels among them 15 oil lamp Fig.2.62:32-39, may be part of Tomb 500, resemble lamps of Tomb 24, with fragments used as lamps, and amulti saucer lamp. The oil lamps 31 &32 and 39 seems rather of an early LB I types. Another Tomb no.1 with 300 offerings:46 oil lamps. Pp.26-28; Fig. 2.71:61-73 resemble lampe of burial 100. Resembles lamps #205 and #306. See note to #303, above. Cf. Tufnell, 1948, Lachish IV, Class A, Pl. 72:646, 647. 304. 78-577 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks in saucer; pared, small, flattened base; slightly inverted, thick rim, slightly pinched from a third of the circumference to form a small spout (fragmentary). Pink-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 33:64. Ben-Arieh 2004, Fig.2.27.57 Resembles #296, #299, #303. See note to #303, above Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XIIIA, Pl. 19:16, 305. 78-594 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; low, string-cut disk-base; inverted rim; wide, slightly pinched spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 33. Ben-Arieh, 2004; Fig. 2.27:58. See note #303 above 306. 78-595 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thickened rounded base; thick, slightly inverted rim, slightly pinched from nearly half of the circumference; small, wide, pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 10.2 cm, L: 10.4 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 33. Ben-Arieh, 2004; Fig. 2.27:55. See note to #303, above. Cf. Tufnell,1958, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73:651. 307. 78-656 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, rather deep saucer, wheel-turning marks inside saucer; smoothed, rounded base; very slightly inverted, wide rim, 218

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS slightly pinched from about a third of saucer’s circumference; pointed spout. Orange-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 30:10. Ben-Arieh, 2004; Williams, 1977 Tell Fara (South) Figs. 14:2,3, 18:4,5. Resembles #284 and #286 (Beth Shemesh), and #294, #296, and #300 (Tell Beit Mirsim). 308. 78-658 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; slightly pared, rounded base; inverted rim; wide, pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 21. Ben-Arieh, 2004, pp.12-13; Pl.2.6:11. The tomb was robbed, only 21 vessels, one lamp and a toggle pin were found. Resembles #295 309. 78-659 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; lengthwise paring on flattened base; inverted rim, slightly pinched and elongated toward wide spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 33. Ben-Arieh, 2004. Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum D, Pl. 15:18, 19; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73:649. See note to #303, above 310. 78-661 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks on rounded base; nearly erect rim, slightly pinched from about a third of the circumference; wide, pointed spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11.8 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 7:19. Ben-Arieh 2004:11-12, Pl.2.3.19 The Burial chamber was accessed by a wide shaft. The finds included two daggers found near the two skeletons. Two lamps and the use of pottery fragments as lamps (#328) among the 32 vessels. Dated according to Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Strata E and D (MB IIB). Resembles #301 311. 78-662 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; rounded base; very slightly inverted rim, pinched and slightly folded from a third of the saucer’s circumference; small, wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb (?). Ben-Arieh, 2004. 312. 78-960 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, deep saucer; thick, hand-smoothed/pared base; plain rim; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6-3.8 cm, W 9.8 cm, L: 9.2 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 33:44. Ben-Arieh, 2004, Fig. 2.27:54. See note #303, above. 313. 78-1003 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened base; thin wall; inverted rim; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:(?). Ben-Arieh, 2004.

219

CATALOGUE 314. 78-1015 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thickened, smoothed base; rim and spout missing. Brown ware; traces of burning on break. H 4 cm, W 9+ cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:109. Ben-Arieh, 2004. See note #294 315. 78-1016 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thickened, flattened base; inverted rim; spout missing. Pink ware. H 2.7 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:108. Ben-Arieh, 2004. See note #294 316. 78-1080 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted rim; slightly-pinched spout; (fragmentary rim). Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.7 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb (?). Ben-Arieh, 2004. 317. 78-1082 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; short, erect wall (partly missing); wide, slightly-pinched spout; fragmentary. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.7 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon ,1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb (?). Ben-Arieh, 2004. 318. 78-1083 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, deep saucer; small, thick, flat, smoothed base; half of lamp missing. Light-brown ware. H 5 cm, W 10+ cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb (?). Ben-Arieh, 2004. 319. 78-1092 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; wide, flattened base; plain rim; slightly pinched, wide spout. Part of the lamp is missing. Pink-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.7 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14.4 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb (?). Ben-Arieh, 2004. Spout resembles #188 (Megiddo). 320. 78-1093 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, shallow bowl; flattened base; inverted rim (missing); small, wide, pinched spout. Pink-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 10.5+ cm, L: 10.4+ cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb (?). Ben-Arieh, 2004. Resembles #256 and 283. 321. 78-1102 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened, nearly disk-base; rounded, inverted rim (fragmentary); wide, pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning (also on bottom). H 3.9 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 9.5+ cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 30. Ben-Arieh, 2004. 220

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 322. 78-1103 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened base; rear part of lamp missing. Pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 10 cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 30. Ben-Arieh, 2004. 323. I.4946 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, uneven on the outside; rounded base; pinched, inverted rim; pointed spout. Red ware. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, p. 25, Stratum D:758, Pls. 8:4 and 43:3. 324. 32.2801 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, erect upper part of saucer; rounded base, smoothed with heavy tool; slightly inverted, pinched rim. Brown ware; traces of burning on spout and in other places. H 3.4 cm, W 10.7 cm, L: 11.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB—C Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim IA, Stratum D (1700 - 1550 BCE), p. 87, Fig. 3a-c, f, Pl. 15:18. The oil lamps resemble those of Stratum E (MB IIA—B). 325. 78-426 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened, raised base; slightly inverted rim, slightly pinched from about the middle of the saucer’s circumference to form wide spout. Light-pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB(?) Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24:72. Ben-Arieh, 2004. See note above #294. 326. 78-427 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, deep saucer; low disk-base; slanting wall with stepped wheel-turning marks; slightly inverted rim, slightly pinched from nearly half the circumference to form a wide, short spout; fragmentary. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA-B Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24, Ben-Arieh, 2004: 4 & 13-15, Fig.2.16:79 See note above #294 Cf. Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Fig. 111:12. 327. 78-461 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; small, flat base; slanting wall; slightly inverted rim (including spout); pinched, rounded spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning also on rim next to spout. H 4.3 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA-B Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 24: Ben-Arieh, 2004:4 & 13-15, Fig.2.16:80 And note #294 Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, Pl. 38:19. 328. 78-673 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; very slightly pinched rim; pointed spout; fragmentary. Reddish ware. H 3.5 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Alon, 1978, HA 65-66:43-44, Tomb 7:47. Ben Arieh, 2004:12, Pl.2.3:20 See note #310, above.

221

CATALOGUE 329. 66-903 Tel Nagila Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; elongated, pinched, wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Amiran and Eitan, 1964, 1965, Tel Nagila, pp. 193-203 (MB IIB-C), Fig.3, Strata IX-VII of mound, Burial Cave DT2:368, south of the mound in Area E. The rich finds include very many oil lamps of which only three are listed here. 330. 66-904 Tel Nagila Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; flat, wide base; inverted rim; short, narrow folding including spout; pinched, projecting, pointed spout. Thick pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 9.5 cm, L: 10 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Amiran and Eitan, 1964, 1965, Tel Nagila, pp. 193-203 (MB IIB—C), Fig.3, Strata IX-VII of mound, Burial Cave DT2:169. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73:648, similarity only seen from above. 331. 66-905 Tel Nagila Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside saucer; disk-base; slightly inverted rim; deeply pinched to form pointed spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: early Middle Bronze IIB—C Amiran and Eitan, 1964, 1965, Tel Nagila, pp. 193-203 (MB IIB—C), Fig.3, Strata IX-VII of mound, Burial Cave DT2:158. Resembles #225 and #249 (Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) and Gibeon). 332. I.10136 Tell el -`Ajjul Wheelmade, elongated saucer; rounded base; pinched, inverted rim. Red ware; light-red slip. H 4 cm, W 9 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Petrie, excavated in 1931, Gaza, Tomb 263. Duncan, 1930, Pottery, Type 91A1. 333. 31.221 Tell el-`Ajjul Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; very slightly pinched, inverted rim; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Petrie, 1931, Gaza, A/III. Another fragment No. 691. 334. 33.1435 Tell el-Ajjul Wheelmade; scratched, rounded base; inverted, slightly pinched rim. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 12.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Petrie, excavated in 1931, Gaza, Tomb 326, No. 527. Duncan, 1930, Pottery, Type 91A. 335. 35.4054 Tell el -`Ajjul Wheelmade, wheel-coMB Ing inside; very thick, rounded base; inverted, pinched rim projecting spout. Light-brown ware; traces of wicks placed outside spout. H 3.9 cm, W 13.3 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Petrie, 1934, Ancient Gaza IV, rectangular Grave 1551(151)f. With one skeleton, Pl. LIX (plan of the grave). Resembles #331

222

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 336. 35.4060 Tell el -`Ajjul Wheelmade; thick, heavy, rounded base; inverted rim; elongated, pinched V shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.3 cm, L: 14.9 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Petrie, 1934, Ancient Gaza IV, rectangular Grave 1551(151)l. With one skeleton, Pl. LIX (plan of the grave). 337. 35.4061 Tell el-`Ajjul Wheelmade, shallow saucer; thick, flattened base; inverted rim; raised, pinched wide spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4-2.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Petrie, 1934, Ancient Gaza IV, rectangular Grave 1551(151)m. With one skeleton, Pl. LIX (plan of the grave). Handmade Oil Lamps 338. 56-798 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Handmade; un-smoothed, wide, rounded base; short, thick wall; slightly in-curving rim, pinched to form a wide, short spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB (A(?)) Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:515, Fig. 11:8. Cf. Stern, 1984, Tel Mevorakh, Fig. 14:5. 339. 56-806 Giv’at Ayyala (Ginnosar) Handmade; wide, flattened base; erect, short, thick wall; plain rim; slightly thumb-indented, small, wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB (A(?)) Epstein, 1974, Ginosar, Tomb 3:247, p. 30. Cf. Stern, 1984, Tel Mevorakh, Fig. 14:5. 340. 73-1021 Beth Shemesh (Giv`at Sharett) Handmade; thick, rounded base; inverted rim; very slightly pinched spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Epstein, 1972:157; Bahat, 1976, Fortified Settlements, pp. 15-17, discussion. 341. 73-1291 Beth Shemesh (Giv`at Sharett) Wheelmade/handmade; thick, rounded base; slightly inverted rim (chipped); slight pinching to form a wide opening--the spout (fragmentary). Brown ware. H 3.5 cm, W 9+ cm. L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB(?) Bahat, 1973, HA 47:15, Burial Cave 1:242/2; Bahat, 1976, Fortified Settlements, Fig. 19:2. Among about 200 pottery vessels. 342. 73-1305 Beth Shemesh (Giv`at Sharett) Handmade, crude; flattened base; short, thick wall; channel-opening in the wall of the saucer (spout(?)). Pink ware. H 4.2 cm. W 7.8 cm, L: 8.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Epstein, 1972:157, Temple, No. 1024; Bahat, 1973, HA 47:15; Bahat, 1976, Fortified Settlements, Fig. 45:5. 343. 73-1307 Beth Shemesh (Giv`at Sharett) Handmade, deep saucer; irregular, un-smoothed, flattened base, slanting wall; plain rim (part missing). 223

CATALOGUE Light-brown ware; traces of burning in one spot; poorly fired. H 3.8 cm, W 6.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA—B Epstein, 1972:157, Temple, No. 1029; Bahat, 1973, HA 47:15; Bahat, 1976, Fortified Settlements, Fig. 47:3. 344. 78-421 Tell Beit Mirsim Handmade, crude; wide, un-smoothed, flattened base; very thick wall; inverted rim; slightly pinched, downward-pressed, wide spout (fragmentary). Light-brown ware; no traces of burning. H 2.6 cm, W 9 cm, L: 9.3+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 24:38. Ben – Arieh 2004; Fig.2.16:86. See note above #294 Resembles #338 and #339 (Ginnosar). 345. 78-423 Tell Beit Mirsim Handmade; un-smoothed, rounded base; very thick wall pressed to form a spout (a crucible(?)). Light-brown ware; no signs of burning. H 2.6 cm, W 6.5 cm, L: 6.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 24:83. Ben-Arieh, 2004, Fig.2.16:84. See note above #294. 346. 78-437 Tell Beit Mirsim Handmade, crude; wide, un-smoothed rounded base; short, vertical wall; inverted rim; slightly downward-pressed rim to form spout. Gray-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 24:138. Ben-Arieh, 2004. See note above #294 Resembles #342 (Beth Shemesh) Multiple- Wick Oil Lamps 347. 48-2913 Nahariyya Handmade, wheel-finished; un-smoothed disk-base; wheel tuning marks seven-wick saucer type; narrow fold(?); most of the wall missing. Brown ware. H 6 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Middle Bronze I—Middle Bronze IIA Ben-Dor, 1950, Nahariya, from the temple excavation, Pl. XI:10. Cf. Tell Beit Mirsim. Eight spouted lamp Tell Beit Mirsim, Ben-Arieh 2004 Fig. 2.62.39 dated to the 17th century BCE . Tomb 510 contained also later LB II vessels, it seems to me that this lamp should be of the LB period. 348. 48-2914 Nahariyya Fragments of oil lamps with thick wall and plain rims, may belong to four-spout lamps(?) Pink ware; blackened. H 4 cm, W 7.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze I—Middle Bronze IIA Ben-Dor, 1950, Nahariya, Pl. XI:9. Resembles #347 from this site. 349. 48-2919 Nahariyya Fragment with thick wall, shallow saucer, and one elongated narrow fold. Pink ware. H 4 cm, W 6.5+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze I—Middle Bronze IIA Ben-Dor, 1950, Nahariya, Pl. XI:11. Resembles #347 from this site.

224

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 350. 48-2922 Nahariyya Fragment. Pink ware. H 4 cm, W 7.5+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze I--Middle Bronze IIA Ben-Dor, 1950, Nahariya, Pl. XI:8. Resembles #347 from this site. 351. 54-120 Nahariyya Handmade, wheel-finished; flattened base; thick wall; slightly inverted, narrow folds; seven irregularly-spaced spouts (only five remain). Brown-pink ware; traces of burning in two spouts. H 5.5 cm, W 14.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIA Dothan, 1956, Nahariya, p. 19, Phase C, Fig. 4. A few specimens of seven-wick saucer oil lamps were also found. Bowls used as oil lamps 352. 33.1145 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, very shallow saucer; narrow, string-cut base; narrow, slanting rim. Brown-reddish ware; traces of burning in several places. H 1.8 cm, W 10.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 33:198. Special oil lamps 353. 37-898 Megiddo Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, strongly-incurving rim, pressed down in one place to create wick-rest; rear of lamp missing. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. W 9.8 cm. Date: Middle Bronze IIB Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I, §85, Stratum XI, Tomb 3081:b555, Pl. 7:19, Chart XI:20; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, p. 171, Pls. 38:18 and 127:6. The missing rear part of the lamp may be reconstructed by comparison to a Middle Minoan oil lamp from Crete from where the lamp may have been imported. Some Cretan lamps had loop handles or some kind of projection. Cf. Bailey, 1975, B.M. Catalogue, Pls. 4-5:Q1-Q4, Q6, Q7. Pottery fragments used as oil lamps 354. 56-802 Ginnosar Ring-base fragment. Epstein (1974) Tomb 3:294.

51-922 `Afula Fragment Dothan (1951) Nos. 5672, 39680. Garstang, 1933, Jericho:

56-803 Ginnosar Ring-base fragment. Epstein (1974) Tomb 3:264(?)

32.1474 32.1446 (963) Jar

76-972 Nein Flattened disk-base. Arav (1976) Locus 22 No. 151.

32.1447 Tomb 9 (864) Jar

76-1356 Nein Bowl Arav (1976) Locus 22 No. 135.

32.1453 Goblet 32.1487 (1414) Jar base

51-921 `Afula Goblet fragment. Dothan (1951) Stratum 7.

225

CATALOGUE 32.1499 (1928) Jar

78-424 Tell Beit Mirsim Complete saucer. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:73, disk-base; H 4 cm, W 9.2 cm.

32.1521 (1052) jar 78-428 Tell Beit Mirsim Button-base juglet. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:35.

32.1526 Goblet 32.1603 Tomb 13, carinated bowl

78-443 Tell Beit Mirsim Trumpet-base fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:46.

32.1649 Tomb 32, jar 32.1687 Tomb 19, jar

78-444 Tell Beit Mirsim Jar base fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:102. 78-445 Tell Beit Mirsim Saucer disk-base. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:130.

32.1688 Jar 32.1693 Goblet

78-491 Tell Beit Mirsim Flat base. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:60.

32.1737 Jar

78-493 Tell Beit Mirsim Small, flat base. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:12.

33.1120 Jar fragment Garstang, 1933, Jericho, p. 13, Tomb 31; reddish ware; 14.5 cm; an entire saucer serving as oil lamp was also found.

78-494 Tell Beit Mirsim Krater, ring-base. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:12.

33.1200 Jar fragment Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 33:252; crude ware.

78-495 Tell Beit Mirsim Ring-base. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:12.

33.1207 Rounded base Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 31:259; brown ware; 13.5 cm.

78-496 Tell Beit Mirsim Krater shoulder. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:36.

33.1209 Bowl

78-497 Tell Beit Mirsim Base fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:36.

33.1250 Jar 33.1120 62-222 MoΞa Jar fragment. Sussman (1966) Burial-Cave 2.

78-499 Tell Beit Mirsim Base fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:36.

62-245 MoΞa Jar fragment Sussman (1966) Burial Cave 1.

78-650 Tell Beit Mirsim Thick base. Alon (1978) Tomb 24:36.

73-1306 Beth Shemesh High disk-base. Bahat (1974) Temple:1033, (1974) HA 71-72:13, two-chamber shaft grave.

78-592 Tell Beit Mirsim Complete saucer. Alon (1978) Tomb 33:74, disk-base, with inverted rim; H 3.8 cm, W 12.2 cm.; traces of burning all over rim.

78-619 Tell Beit Mirsim Legged saucer fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb 7:35.

78-693 Tell Beit Mirsim Complete saucer. Alon (1978) Tomb 33; disk-base; H 3.8 cm, W 12 cm.; traces of burning on break.

78-404 Tell Beit Mirsim Jar fragment Alon (1978) Tomb 24:263.

226

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 78-956 Tell Beit Mirsim Krater shoulder. Alon (1978) Tomb 33:44.

78-1094 Tell Beit Mirsim Lower part of jar. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-957 Tell Beit Mirsim Carinated saucer fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb 33:44.

78-1095 Tell Beit Mirsim Footed-base. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-958 Tell Beit Mirsim Saucer with disk-base. Alon (1978) Tomb 33:44; H 4 cm, W 12+ cm.

78-1096 Tell Beit Mirsim Jar fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-959 Tell Beit Mirsim Saucer base. Alon (1978) Tomb 33:44.

78-1097 Tell Beit Mirsim Footed krater. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1076 Tell Beit Mirsim Complete saucer. Alon (1978) Tomb (?); H 3 cm, W 12.4 cm.

78-1098 Tell Beit Mirsim Footed krater. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1077 Tell Beit Mirsim Jar base fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1099 Tell Beit Mirsim Saucer with ring-base. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1078 Tell Beit Mirsim Footed-base fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1100 Tell Beit Mirsim Saucer ring-disk-base. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1079 Tell Beit Mirsim Footed-base fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1101 Tell Beit Mirsim Alon (1978) Tomb (?) 78-1102 Tell Beit Mirsim Saucer base. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1080 Tell Beit Mirsim Footed-base fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1104 Tell Beit Mirsim Footed-base. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1081 Tell Beit Mirsim Lower part of jar. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1105 Tell Beit Mirsim Ring-base. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1085 Tell Beit Mirsim Lower part of jar. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1106 Tell Beit Mirsim Jug base. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1087 Tell Beit Mirsim Complete saucer. Alon (1978) Tomb (?); disk-base, traces of burning over the entire rim, H 3.5 cm.

78-1107 Tell Beit Mirsim Flat jar fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1088 Tell Beit Mirsim Saucer. Alon (1978) Tomb (?); H 6 cm.

78-1108 Tell Beit Mirsim Krater fragment. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

78-1089 Tell Beit Mirsim Saucer with disk-base. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

72-7 Tell Дalif Disk-base. Gudowitz (1972) Burial Cave.

78-1090 Tell Beit Mirsim Footed chalice. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

72-8 Tell Дalif Rounded-flat base. Gudowitz (1972) Burial Cave, HA 41-42:34.

78-1091 Tell Beit Mirsim Lower part of jar. Alon (1978) Tomb (?)

227

CATALOGUE

MIDDLE BRONZE II—LATE BRONZE I 355. 54-33 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; flattened/rounded base; inverted, folded, pinched rim; spout broken. Light-cream ware. H 4 cm, W 9.8 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, from the “Eastern” Cave 23, No. 174. Two burial chambers, the skulls were found apart from the skeletons. The lamps are quite uniform in shape, and were very fragmentary; among the offerings were many toggle-pins, typical of the Late Bronze Age. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum X, Pl. 47:2, 3 ,8. 356. 54-41 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; rounded-concave base; slightly inverted rim; slightly folded, pinched, projecting, wide,V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 10.3 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 156. This book Fig. 5.27:1. 357. 54-42 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; somewhat thickened, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; wide, pointed, short pinched, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Chamber, No. 105. Cf. Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 9, Pl. XXXII: 6; Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73:642, 652. 358. 54-43 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; thickened, smoothed, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched, wide V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 8.5+ cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 168. Identical to Lamp #357. Cf. Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, p. 157:161; Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Pl. 91:A1; Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Class A, Pl. 72:644. 359. 54-43a `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened base; slightly inverted rim; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 11.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 109. 360. 54-234 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; flattened base; slightly inverted rim; wide spout; rim and spout missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 109. 361. 54-284 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; rounded base; rim missing. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.2+ cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Eastern” Cave, No. 52.

228

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 362. 54-293 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; concave base; inverted rim; folded, pinched spout (broken). Light-cream ware. H 4.7 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 12.5+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 96. Resembles #356. 363. 54-294 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, wide, flattened base; rim missing; wide, slightly pinched spout. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5+ cm, L: 11.5+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954. Resembles #356. 364. 54-295 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; flattened base; chipped rim; only slightly folded spout (most missing). Light-brown/buff ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 9.5+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 45. 365. 54-296 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; rounded base; rim missing; spout missing; very fragmentary. Brown ware. H 4 cm, W 10+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 147. 366. 54-297 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; slightly inverted rim (missing); spout missing. Brown-pink ware. H 3.5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Eastern” Cave, No. 30. 367. 54-313 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; flattened base; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.1 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 112. Resembles #357 from this site. 368. 54-314 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; wide, pinched, V-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. 162. 369. 54-315 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; large part of lamp missing. Grayish ware. H 3.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, upper level, No. B:138.

229

CATALOGUE 370. 54-316 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade; very thick, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; spout missing; fragmentary. Brown-pink ware. H 4 cm, W 10.3+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954, “Western” Cave, No. B:130. 371. 54-431 `En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside on bottom; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tsori (Zori), `En Neshev, excavated in 1954. Resembles #356 from this site. 372. 34.2216 Megiddo Wheelmade, deep saucer, potter’s + mark on bottom; rounded base; slightly thickened, erect rim, pinched to form V-shaped spout. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 5.6 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Guy & Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 88 - 93, Tomb 1100D:P.4376, Pl. 47:1. In all, three oil lamps were found (two unpublished). The tomb was cut in MB I. Additional lamps bearing a potter’s mark were found in Tomb 3175. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI, Pl. 38:23 (MB II). Resembles #374 373. 34.2230 Megiddo Wheelmade; rounded base; erect rim, slightly pinched to form V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 14.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1100D:P.4471, Type 1, Pl. 47:1. 374. 34.2231 Megiddo Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; traces of wheel-turning marks inside; erect, slightly inverted rim; wide, splayed spout. Coarse, buff ware; traces of burning. H 5.7 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 88, Tomb 1100D:P.4472, Type 1, Pl. 47:1. Wheel-turning marks are frequently found in oil lamps of the MB–LB, and LB periods (e. g. #442) 375. 63-1310 BaΉan Wheelmade; coarse disk-base; inverted rim; spout missing. Brown ware. H 4 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 2:99. RB. 1965:547-548. A very rich burial containing also imported Cypriot wares and “Syrian” bottles. 376. 63-1311 BaΉan Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; thick wall; slightly inverted rim (damaged at rear); short, slightly pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 2:103. Resembles #356 from this site. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum X, Pl. 47:3 (around MB II).

230

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 377. 63-1312 BaΉan Wheelmade; knife-pared base; inverted rim; wide, V-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 3:426. 378. 63-1313 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; inverted rim (rear missing); elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Yellow-green ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 2:529. Resembles #382 379. 63-1314 BaΉan Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside; pared, thickened, rounded base; inverted rim; spout missing. Pink ware. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 2:550. 380. 63-1315 BaΉan Wheelmade; flattened base; thick, inverted rim; slightly pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware. H 3 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: early Late Bronze IA Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 2:157. 381. 63-1317 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly-inverted, erect rim (part missing); slightly pinched wide, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: early Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 3:100. Resembles; Yannai, 2000, Tal Gat (Jatt), fig.4:56. 382. 63-1319 BaΉan Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded base; slightly inverted, erect rim; wide-rimmed, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: early Late Bronze IA Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 2:107. 383. 69-587 BaΉan Wheelmade; pared, thick base; erect, very slightly inverted rim; elongated, narrow-folded, wide V-shaped. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I About 200 pottery vessels and 10 skulls were found. Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4. Resembles #384 384. 69-588 BaΉan Wheelmade; thick base; very slightly inverted rim; elongated, narrow-folded, wide, pinched V-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4. 231

CATALOGUE See note to #587 Resembles #383 385. 66-432 Tel Gat (Jatt) Wheelmade, carinated saucer; rounded base; very slightly inverted rim; splayed, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning; traces of the wick along the bottom of saucer near spout. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Yannai, 2000, Fig.4: 56 & 57, earlier burial phase, dated to LB I, only two lamps among many other offerings. From a tomb (unauthorized excavation); most of the the contents were purchased by the Eretz Israel Museum, the offerings included imported Cypriot pottery. 386. 32.1149 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; inverted rim (missing); pinched, slightly flanged spout (broken). Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10 cm.+, L: 12.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer D:378. Layer D is partially LB I. 387. 32.1157 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; thick, knife-pared, rounded base; slightly inverted rim, slightly pinched to form V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.7-3.7 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer D:398; Lamps, Pl. XXIV:11-13 (MB II). 388. 32.1168 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; partly thick, pared, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; pinched spout (part missing). Light-red ware; traces of burning. H 4.1 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer D: 429. Resembles #403 from this site. 389. 32.1170 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in and outside of saucer. thick, string-cut, flat base; inverted rim; wide, slightly pinched, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer D: 432. Resembles #398 390. 32.1172 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; heavy, rounded-to-flattened base; slightly inverted rim; wide, slightly pinched, V-shaped spout. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 10.3 cm, L: 12.1 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II (Late Bronze I(?)) Garstang ,1933, Jericho Tomb 5 Layer D: 437. 391. 32.1274 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, rounded base; inverted rim; slightly pinched spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 10.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 19, Layer C:1298. 392. 32.1593 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; not well-smoothed, rounded-to-flattened base; slightly everted, flattened rim; pushed-in wall to form a short, U-shaped 232

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.9 cm, W 15.6 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze I–II Garstang, 1933, Jericho, p. 15, Tomb 13, Layer A:1088, Pl. IV:8, from the later layer. The oil lamp is of an LB type with U-shaped spout. One-hundred-and-seven offering objects were found in three layers, of which C and B belong to MB IIA and MB IIB, including Mycenaean ware. Wace, 1936 –37, Jericho Tomb 13, dated Layer A to the 14th century BCE from a local imitation of Greek vessels. 393. 32.1612 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded-to-flattened base; inverted rim, slightly pinched to form V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware. H 4.3 cm, W 14.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer B:1110, Pl. VI:5. 394. 32.1626 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; in-turned rim, slightly pinched to form V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.1 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer B: 1129. 395. 32.1627 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, low, flat disk-base; ribbed, slanting/flaring wall; erect rim, slightly pinched to form the V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning on spout and on right rim. H 5.2 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 12.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer B:1130. Resembles #389 and #390 from this site. 396. 32.1642 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim, slightly pinched to form V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer B:1145. Resembles #397. 397. 32.1652 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks on outside; pared, smoothed, heavy, disk-base; rim slightly pinched to form small, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of fire. H 3.5 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II (Late Bronze I(?)) Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1153. Resembles # 390 of this site. 398. 32.1653 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer ribbed on outside; small, string-cut base (low disk); slanting wall; inverted rim, slightly pinched to a small, wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.8 cm, W 13.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I(?) Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1154, Pl. VI:6. Resembles an MB II type. 399. 32.1655 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, string-cut, flat base; ribbed, slanting wall; slightly inverted rim; small, pinched, V-shaped spout (part missing). Reddish ware; cream slip; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 14 cm. 233

CATALOGUE Date: Late Bronze I (Middle Bronze II(?)) Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1166. 400. 32.1662 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; small, flat base; slanting wall; slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched spout. Reddish ware; cream slip; traces of heavy burning. H 5.7 cm, W 14.3 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1166. 401. 32.1668 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; high, string-cut disk-base; slanting wall; slightly inverted rim; wide, pinched, rimmed spout (damaged at one side). Buff ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1172, Pl. V:12. Similar in section profile to contemporaneous saucers. 402. 32.1673 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; wide, string-cut base; stepped/ribbed wall; inverted rim; small, wide spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I(?) Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1176. 403. 32.1679 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; knife-pared and smoothened , rounded base; inverted rim; small, deep, pinched spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.3+ cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1184. Resembles #388 from this site 404. 32.1684 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; knife-pared, string-cut, rounded base; inverted rim; small, wide spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.1 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I (Middle Bronze IIB(?)) Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1189. 405. 32.1685 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; small, rounded base with wheel-turning marks; inverted rim; small, wide spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.4 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1190. Found with Oil lamp #401; resembles MB II oil lamps. 406. 32.1686 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; knife-pared, rounded-to-flattened base; slightly inverted, rounded rim; pinched spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 11.8 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C:1191. Resembles an MB II oil lamp. 407. 32.1689 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; thick, rounded base; wider, inverted rim includes wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. 234

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 5 cm, W 12.4 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 13, Layer C: 1194, Pl. VI: 4. 408. 32.1702 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; flat-disk base; curved wall; in-turned rim; small wide rounded spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.1 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 19, Layer B: 1276, Pl. III: 16. Found with Lamp #192. 409. 32.1703 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks inside saucer, pared/scratched, rounded base; slightly everted rim; elongated, pinched folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.7 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II(?)—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 19, Layer B: 1277, Pl. III: 17. Resembles #374 410. 32.1706 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks inside saucer,rounded-to-flattened base; heavy wall; inverted rim; wide, short, rounded pinched spout. Light-buff, nearly white-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 19, Layer B: 1279. 411. 32.1707 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded base; inverted rim; pinched, V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Fine, reddish-brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 8+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 19, Layer B: 1281. 412. 37.709 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded base; elongated, inverted, folded rim; wide, V- shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 281-285, Tomb 4004:5547, Pl. 73:652, Class B. Cave used from 1600-1370 BCE, and later in 1220 BCE. The main group of oil lamps found in this burial belong to Class B with inverted rims. Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum D, Pl. 15:18-20; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Strata XII—IX; Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tombs 4, 9, 13, 19. In the burial at Lachish were found scarabs of Thutmose III and Amenhotep III (1400 BCE). Resembles #409 413. 37.710 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks, shallow saucer; flattened base; heavy wall; inverted rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Buff ware; traces of burning on spout and other places. H 3 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 4004: 5548, Pl. 73: 653, Class B. See note #412 414. 37.711 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, very deep saucer; pronounced, rounded base; nearly erect rim; deeply pinched and down pressed , elongated V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. 235

CATALOGUE H 5 cm, W 14.6 cm. L: 14.5 cm. Date: Early - Late Bronze IA Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 4004: 5551, Pl. 73:651 - 653, Class B; and Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pl. XLV: 197, Temple III and II. See note #412 415. 37.712 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; wheel turning marks inside saucer, rounded base; inverted rim; deeply pinched and down - pressed, pronounced, Vshaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Early—Late Bronze I Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 4004:5551. See note #412 An LB I type. 416. I.4346 Tell el-Far’ah (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade; smoothend flattened base; slightly inverted rim, pinched to form a wide, V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Starkey and Harding, 1932, Beth-Pelet, Burial Cave 559; Petrie in Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91A3 (Fifteenth - Sixteens Dynasties). 417. I.4365 Tell el-Far’ah (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade; rounded base; thin wall; inverted rim; slightly pinched, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Starkey and Harding, 1932, Beth-Pelet, Burial Cave 559; Petrie in Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91A3.

LATE BRONZE I 418. 79-848 Tel Kittan Wheelmade; rounded base; nearly erect, slightly inverted rim; elongated folds form long, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning along the spout. H 5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Eisenberg, 1976, HA 57 - 58:14. The lamp was found in the settlement equivalent to Stratum III, No. 1178; the building may have served as a sanctuary. Additional oil lamps: Nos. 1038 and 1178, HA, 1977:80. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Strata X—IX, Pls. 47:5, 55:5; Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73:654 and Class C, Pl. 73:658; Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Pl. 18:3. Resembles lamps #414 and #415 from Tel Lachish (Lachish). 419. 56-1168 Kefar Ruppin Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; inverted, flanged rim; folded, rimmed spout; fragmentary. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.8 cm, W 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Tsori, excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, No. 53. Resembles #441 (Megiddo). 420. I.3167 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I

236

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38: 3351, Pls. 40:20. More lamps in Pls. 39:11, 12 and 40:10 (two periods of burial: LB I and Iron II). About 12 lamps of this type were found. 421. I.3168 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38: 3356, Pls. 40:20. More lamps in Pls. 39:11,12 and 40:10 (two periods of burial: LB I and Iron II). 422. I.3172 Megiddo Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38: 3355. Same type as Pl. 40:20. 423. I.3221 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3400. Same type as Pl. 40:20. 424. I.3223 Megiddo Wheelmade; thick, heavy base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; no signs of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3403. Same type as Pl. 40:20. 425. I.3272 Megiddo Wheel made; flattened base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.9 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3447. Same type as Pl. 40:20. 426. I.3273 Megiddo Wheelmade; smoothed, flat base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; No traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3448. Same type as Pl. 40:20. 427. I.3274 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3449. Same type as Pl. 40:20.

237

CATALOGUE 428. I.3275 Megiddo Wheelmade, ridge near the rim; thick, uneven base; erect, flattened rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3450. Same type as Pl. 40:20. 429. I.3276 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3451. Same type as Pl. 40:20. 430. I.3277 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3452. Same type as Pl. 40:20. 431. I.3281 Megiddo Fragment. Brown ware; traces of burning. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38b. 432. I.3300 Megiddo Fragment. W 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:2795. 433. I.3327 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3477. Same type as Pl. 40:10. 434. I.3329 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; erect, inverted rim; elongated, narrow folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 82, Tomb 38:3476, Pl. 40:10. 435. I.3457 Megiddo Wheelmade, deep saucer; flattened base; erect, slightly inverted rim; triangular fold into U/V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.8 cm, W 14.4 cm, L: 14.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 31, Tomb 217C:P273, Pl. 91:2.

238

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS All lamps are very similar, but Lamp 5 (P276) has a wider rim. The tomb was cut in MB I. Chamber C contained two burials (LB I and LB II), Room D contained an Iron Age burial. 436. I.3458 Megiddo Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; erect rim; triangular fold; deeply-pinched channel-spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.7 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 217C:P274, Pl. 91:3. 437. I.3459 Megiddo Wheelmade; rounded base; erect rim; wide, elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.9 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 217C: P275, Pl. 91:4. 438. I.3460 Megiddo Wheelmade; flat base; wide, slanting wall; erect rim; down-pressed, pinched folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 10.8 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 217C:P276, Pls. 11:18 and 91:5. A rare oil lamp type, found with imported Cypriot ware. The spout recalls MB I-type spouts. 439. I.3461 Megiddo Wheelmade, large, deep saucer; thick, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; elongated folds; moderately pinched, V-shaped spout. Light-red ware; traces of burning. H 7.2 cm, W 17.7 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 217C:P277, Pl. 11:17. 440. I.3462 Megiddo Wheelmade; flattened base; moderately pinched, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.8 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 217C:P278. Same as in Pl. 11:17. 441. 34.2079 Megiddo Wheelmade, deep saucer; thick, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; pinched, splayed, elongated V-shaped spout (damaged). Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11.7 cm, L: 11.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 40, Tomb 989 C1:P3193, Pl. 20:7, shaft-grave in use from MB I to LB II. Resembles #419 442. 34.2082 Megiddo Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside and outside saucer, deep, ribbed saucer; heavy, rounded, near-disk-base; erect, slightly everted rim; wide, elongated fold; narrow channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 4 cm, L: 14.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 989 C1:P3196, Pl. 20:7. Resembles #446 and #454. Stepped/ribbed walls are common in MB II oil lamps; e. g. Cooley, 1995, Tel Dothan, Fig. 26:9

239

CATALOGUE

443. 34.2085 Megiddo Wheelmade; heavy, flat, rounded base; in-folded wall; very slightly inverted rim; spout damaged. Reddish ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3.8 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 989 C1:P3199. Same type as in Pl. 20:7. 444. 34.2091 Megiddo Wheelmade; rounded base; erect rim; channel-spout. Reddish brown ware. H 4 cm, W 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II(?) Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 989 C1:P3309. Same type as Oil lamp #443. 445. 34.2171 Megiddo Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; wheel-turning marks inside the saucer; deep, rounded folds; wide V-shaped spout. Buff ware. H 5 cm, W 13.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1100 C:P4354. As in Pl. 47:1, Five oil lamps. 446. 34.2182 Megiddo Wheelmade; irregular and regular wheel-turning marks in saucer; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; elongated folds; pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.1 cm, W 12.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1100 C:P4454. Same type as in Pl. 47:1. Stepped/ribbed walls are common in MB II oil lamps; e. g. Cooley, 1995, Tel Dothan, Fig. 26:9 447. 34.2356 Megiddo Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside, tilted backward; lengthwise-smoothed, scratched, thickened, rounded base; erect, inverted rim; triangular folds; elongated, pinched, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5-2.8 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II (Late Bronze II(?)) Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 94-99, Tomb 1145 B:P4178. As in Pl. 52:6. The tomb was rock-cut in the EB period, and was used also in the LB. Six oil lamps of this type were found. Stepped/ribbed walls are common in MB II oil lamps; e. g. Cooley, 1995, Tel Dothan, Fig. 26:9 Resembles Lamps #442, #444 and #454 448. 34.2363 Megiddo Wheelmade; un-smoothed, thickened, bulging, rounded base; erect, inverted rim; triangular folds; V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; white gritz, traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1145 B:P4185. Resembles #449 and 451 As in Pls. 52:6 and 151:1. 449. 34.2376 Megiddo Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base, thickened by addition of a layer of clay; erect rim; wide folds; short, V-shaped spout (restored). Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 17 cm. 240

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Date: Late Bronze I—II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1145 B:P4198, Pl. 52:5. Resembles #448 450. 34.2380 Megiddo Wheelmade, hemispherical bowl; smoothed, flattened base; inverted rim; wide folds; pinched, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Light-red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1145 B:P4202, Pl. 52:8. 451. 34.2388 Megiddo Wheelmade; thickened, coarsely-finished, rounded base; erect rim; wide folds; V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5.1 cm, L: 14.1 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1145 B:P4210. As in Pl. 52:6. 452. 34.2389 Megiddo Wheelmade, deep saucer; very thick, rounded base; heavy wall; inverted rim; narrow folding over all of rim; splayed, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 6.9 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 1145 B:P4211, Pl. 52:7. An MB - LB type. Resembles #409 Jericho. 453. 34.2415 Megiddo Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; inverted rim; elongated, medium-wide folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 99-100, Tomb 1178:P4248, Pl. 53:1, the oil lamp was found near the skeleton. The burial pit cut in the rock contained the skeletal remains of a child and adult, both in contracted position facing south, and a lamb sacrifice between the bones. An MB—LB type, like #452 454. 36.1890 Megiddo Wheelmade; traces of wheel-turning marks in center; crude, string-cut disk-base; inverted rim; spout missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning on break. H 7.2 cm, W 9.2 cm. Date: (Middle Bronze II(?)) Late Bronze I Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum IX, No. a162. Other oil lamps from Stratum IX in Pl. 55:5 - 11. And see note to #446 455. 36.1966 Megiddo Wheelmade; smoothed, very wide, flat base; wide, inverted rim; folds form V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.4 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II(?) Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum IX, Tomb 2123:a1071, Pl. 55:6. Base resemble #500 from Beth Shemesh. 456. 63-1316 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; slightly inverted rim; wide fold; elongated, pinched, narrow, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II 241

CATALOGUE Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 2:429. Cf. Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Pl. 29:3 (Oil lamps #665 and #668); Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:699; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:14. 457. 63-1321 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; heavy, inverted rim; short, wide, funnel-like spout reminiscent of MB I oil lamps. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave (?):98. Found in earth-moving work prior to excavation. 458. 63-1322 BaΉan Wheelmade; flattened base; everted rim; slightly projecting spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 1:139. 459. 63-1323 BaΉan Wheelmade; very rounded base; inverted rim; spout missing. Brown-reddish ware; slight traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 1:473. An MB – LB type. 460. 63-1324a BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; upright rim; wide, rounded folds; elongated, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12.8 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 1:95. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum IX, Pl. 55:10. 461. 63-1325 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; slightly-pinched, wide spout. V-shaped spout(fragmentary. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave (?):134. Found in earth-moving work prior to excavation. Cf. Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Pls. 20:15, 23:9. 462. 63-1326 BaΉan Wheelmade; thickened, bulging base; elongated, narrow, inverted rim; wide V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: early Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 3:551a. An early MB-LB type. Resembles #477 from this site. 463. 63-1327 BaΉan Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted rim (missing); wide, pinched V-shaped spout. Dark-gray ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave (?):106. Found in earth-moving work prior to excavation. Resembles #474, #482 (Tel Mor), and #503 from the site 242

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 464. 63-1328 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; spout missing. Red ware. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave (?):625. Found in earth-moving work prior to excavation. 465. 63-1329 BaΉan Wheelmade, shallow saucer; pared, flattened base; inverted rim; spout missing. Fine, light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 3:618. 466. 63-1334 BaΉan Wheelmade, wheel marks inside; pared, flattened base; thick, inverted rim; deep, folded, pinched, slightly indented spout(?) (damaged). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 2:443. 467. 63-1335 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; elongated folds; slightly pinched, wide, V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Red ware; no signs of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15+ cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 2:132. Resembles #462 from this site. 468. 63-1338 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; wide, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave (?):159. Found in earth-moving work prior to excavation. 469. 63-1340 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; pinched, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 1:139. An MB—LB type. 470. 63-1341 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave (?):101. An MB—LB type Found in earth-moving work prior to excavation. 471. 63-1615 BaΉan Wheelmade; low, uneven disk-base; narrow, inverted rim, slightly-pinched, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: early Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 2:105. 243

CATALOGUE 472. 64-1706 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; elongated, narrow folds; pinched, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Edelstein, 1963, HA 8:20, Burial Cave 2:181. 473. 69-586 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; almost straight, slightly inverted rim; wide, slightly-pinched, splayed spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4. About 200 pottery vessels and 10 skulls were found. 474. 69-589 BaΉan Wheelmade; thick base; slightly inverted rim; short, narrowly-folded, wide, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4. Resembles Lamps #463, #473, #482 from this site and #503 (Tel Mor). 475. 69-590 BaΉan Wheelmade, central depression in saucer; thick, rounded base; thick, inverted rim; folded, pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4. An MB – LB type Lamps with wider folds: Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum X, Pl. 47:1. Resembles #477 from this site. 476. 69-591 BaΉan Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; inverted rim; V-shaped spout. Pink ware. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31 - 32:11, Burial Cave 4. 477. 69-592 BaΉan Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; thick wall; inverted rim; elongated, narrowly-folded, wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4.Closer to an MB-LB type; Resembles #462 and #475 from this site. 478. 69-593 BaΉan Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; inverted rim; wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31 - 32:11, Burial Cave 4. 479. 69-594 BaΉan Wheelmade, hand-pared, rounded-to-flattened base; very slightly inverted rim; elongated, wide, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I 244

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4,Closer to an MB-LB type. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum X, Pl. 47:6. 480. 69-595 BaΉan Wheelmade; heavy, knife-pared, rounded base; inverted rim; wide, pinched, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.6 cm. Date: early Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4.Closer to an MB-LB type. Resembles Lamps #472, #477 from this sits, and #356 (`En HaNaΞiv-`En Neshev). 481. 69-596 BaΉan Wheelmade; flattened base; nearly erect rim; wide, elongated, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4. Resembles #479 from this site. Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73:651. 482. 69-597 BaΉan Wheelmade; thickened, pared, rounded base; very slightly inverted rim; small, pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4, An MB-LB type. Cf. Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, p. 157:161, 344. 483. 69-598 BaΉan Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, wide, thick base; inverted rim; very slightly pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; no signs of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4. An MB-LB type. Resembles #376 from this site. 484. 69-641 BaΉan Wheelmade; shallow saucer; pared, thick, rounded-to-flattened base; plain, slightly downward-pinched/pressed rim; wide, short spout. Greenish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Gophna, 1969, HA 31-32:11, Burial Cave 4, An MB-LB type. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum X, Pl. 74:4. 485. 67-226 Tel Zeror Wheelmade, circular depression inside saucer; high disk-base; flaring wall; plain rim; wide, deep, pinched, protruding, V-shaped spout; one side of lamp broken. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Ohata, 1967, Tel Zeror II, p. 24, Area C, Stratum 17:5620/2 (see Pl. IX:4 with earlier material). Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Class C, Pl. 73:658 as seen from above; Lamps #665 (Gezer) and #792 (Tell Beit Mirsim).(text Fig. 5.27:2). 486. 66-276 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded base; wide, elongated folds; V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Late Bronze I Ohata, 1967, Tel Zeror II, Stratum 17:5451/1. 245

CATALOGUE 487. 32.1038 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; base pared toward the un-smoothed, circular, string-cut center; inverted rim; small, pinched, protruding , V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: end of Middle Bronze II - early Late Bronze Garstang, 1932, Jericho, Tomb 3:33. 488. Cancelled 489. 32.1070 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, deep saucer; disk-base; inverted rim; slightly-pinched, wide spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 10.3 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II (Late Bronze I(?)) Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 4:120, Pl. XIV: 12. 490. 32.1084 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; low disk-base; sharp rim; very wide, slightly-pinched spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Middle Bronze II (Late Bronze I(?)) Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 4:197, Layer C, Pl. XIV: 11. 491. Cancelled 492. 32.1087 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; everted rim; V shaped pinched spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze I -II Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 4:202. 493. 32.1110 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim, pinched to V-shaped spout. Brown ware; potter’s Ψ (psi) mark; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, p. 27, Tomb 5, Layer A:287, Pls. XXIV:11, XXXIV:39. The tomb contained 536 offering objects including a scarab of Thutmose III (1500 BCE) and toggle-pins. Several phases of Burial AC and part of D are of the LB I. Another oil lamp with potter’s X mark: Pl. XXIV: 13 (502). 494. 32.1114 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded-to-flattened base; erect, slightly inverted rim; slightly pinched spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 14.8 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I (end of MB II(?)) Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer B:298. 495. 32.1116 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade, very shallow saucer; flattened base; fragmentary. Reddish-brown ware. Date: Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer B:300 bis. 496. 32.1120 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted rim; slightly pinched V-shaped spout. 246

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 12.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer B:314. Resembles an MB II type. 497. 32.1121 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; flattened base; slightly inverted rim, pinched slightly to form the projecting, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.4 cm, W 12.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer B:316. Still resembles an MB II type. 498. 32.1132 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Handmade; flattened base; erect rim; strongly pinched, V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; potter’s mark X; traces of burning. Date: Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer C:341, Pl. XXXIV:6. Handmade oil lamps are known mainly from MB II. 499. 32.1140 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks, heavy, thickened, rounded base; upturned rim; slightly pinched V-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 13.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 5, Layer C:362. Thickened bases appear in the LB. 500. I.39 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; very wide flattened base , trimmed with sharp tool; narrow, inverted, slightly pinched rim; short, wide, pinched spout. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 4-2.8 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.2 cm. (The spots are recent). Date: Late Bronze I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, p. 157:344,159, Tomb 2:344 (121d). Base resembles #454 from Megiddo 501. 60-640 Tel Mor (Tell el-Kheidar) Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; wide, elongated folds to form wide, V-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 16 cm, L: 20 cm. Date: early Late Bronze I Dothan, 1973, Tel Mor, excavated in 1959, No. 142/2. Resembles Tel Kittan, #418.. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class B, Pl. 73:644; Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 878, Pl. 20:7. 502. 60-1144 Tel Mor (Tell el-Kheidar) Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted rim; elongated, narrow fold creates wide, elongated V-shaped spout; back of lamp broken. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Middle Bronze II—Late Bronze I Dothan, 1973, Tel Mor, p. 3, Stratum X, Phase B, a part of Stratum XII (lowest strata—”two generations of occupation”), Locus 118, No. 86/10 (early 16th – mid - 16th century BCE). Resembles #501 from this site. 503. 60-1145 Tel Mor (Tell el-Kheidar) Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, thick, flat base; wide, elongated fold; wide, V-shaped spout; back of lamp broken. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: early Late Bronze I 247

CATALOGUE Dothan, 1973, Tel Mor, Stratum 11, No. 198/5. Resembles #502 from this site. 504. 74-1961 Tell er-Ridan Wheelmade; rounded base; wheel-turning marks inside saucer; slightly inverted rim; wide, slightly-pinched, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Biran, 1974, HA 48-49:10-13, Burial Cave, A.14/1/17. On the northern side, 8 burials of the chest type built of stone with gabled roofs were uncovered. The offerings, including Mycenean, Cypriot, and Egyptian wares, were placed around the chests. Inside the burials chest were personal belongings like scarabs and stirrup jars. Special oil lamps 505. I.840 Shechem (Nablus) Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; erect rim; wide spout; in the center of the saucer a cylindrical tube (H 2 cm, W 2.5 cm.) projects above the rim. Reddish ware; no signs of burning. H 2.5-2 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: (Middle Bronze II(?)) Late Bronze Excavation No. 1267. Resembles the oil lamps from Jericho MB II with central tube. Cf. Kenyon, 1982, Jericho IV, Fig. 188:12 (MB II); Dunand, 1933 – 1936, Byblos II, Pl. CCVIII:16798 (EB - MB), a four-spouted oil lamp.

LATE BRONZE II 506. 70-763 Tel Dan Wheelmade; small circular-pared, rounded base; narrow, wheel-turning marks at center; narrow, flat rim; elongated, wide folds; very wide, elongated, U-shaped rimmed spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 8 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 16.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, excavated in 1970, the “Mycenaean Tomb” 387, No. 6479; Biran,1994, Biblical Dan, p. 111-123, Biran and Ben-Dov, 2002:78-79, Figs.2.53:75, 2.61:75 Spout resembles Lamps #507 and #508 from this site, and #518, #524, #528, and #531and #533 ( Нefat). Each is different. The tomb 387, is built of rough stones within the residential quarters. Remains of 40 skeletons. Among 108 funerary vessels were only 7 oil lamps, which constitute 7% of the overall ceramic assemblage. The tomb ascribed to Stratum VIIB. (dated according to the Cypriot Base—Ring II type to the mid-14th-early 13th century BCE). Cf. Seger, 1970, Gezer V, Pl. 29:8, Stratum 6, (LB IIA); similar spout, and Ben-Tor et al., 1997, Hazor V, Fig. III.16:2- 3, Stratum XV, Locus 1177 pit near the water system with rich ceramic finds (LB I). 507. 70-764 Tel Dan Wheelmade; knife-pared, rounded base; narrow rim; wide, elongated, U-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 16.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, excavated in 1970, the “Mycenaean Tomb” 387, No. 6447; Biran, 1994, Biblical Dan, p. 111-123, Biran and Ben-Dov, 2002:78-79, Figs.2.53:72, 2.61:72 See note to #506, above. 508. 70-765 Tel Dan Wheelmade, tilted backward; flattened base; slightly everted , flaring rim; pressed down, elongated triangular folds; wide U-shaped , channel-spout. Pink-gray ware; greenish slip; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, excavated in 1970, Area B, “Mycenaean Tomb” 387, No. 6324/3; Biran, 1994, Biblical Dan, p. 111-123, Biran and Ben-Dov, 2002:78-79, Figs.2.53:70, 2.61:70 See note to #506, above. Resembles #506 from this site 248

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 509. 71-631 Tel Dan Wheelmade; rounded base; rim continues wall; short, triangular folds; short V-shaped/channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 16.3 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, excavated in 1970, “Mycenaean Tomb” 387:6520; Biran, 1994, Biblical Dan, pp. 111-116, Fig. 80:6, Biran and Ben-Dov, 2002:78-79, Figs.2.53:71, 2.61:71. See note to #506, above. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIB, Pl. 66:12; Resembles #609 (Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam).And #533 from Нefat 510. 71-837 Tel Dan Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; almost erect, flat narrow rim; short, triangular folds; short channel-U-shaped spout. Light-cream ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, excavated in 1970, Area M, Locus 481, No. 6767. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIB, Pl. 66:12; Lamp #609 (Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam). Resemble #533 from Нefat 511. 76-736 Tel Dan Wheelmade, shallow saucer; wheel-turning marks at center of shallow saucer, flattened base; upward-slanting rim/wall, groove at the departure of rim from saucer; elongated, pinched folds; raised, short, wide, channel-shaped spout. Deep-red ware, red slip; traces of burning. H 5.2-2.5 cm, W 18.1 cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, 1994, Dan, “Mycenaean Tomb” 387, No. 6383; Biran, 1994, Biblical Dan, pp. 111-116, Fig. 80:6, Biran and Ben-Dov, 2002:78-79, Figs.2.53:76, 2.61:76 and parallels. See note to #506, above. 512. 76-737 Tel Dan Wheelmade, deep, narrow saucer; rounded base; narrow everted rim; elongated, narrow folds; elongated, narrow, channel-spout. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, 1994, Dan, “Mycenaean Tomb” 387, No. 1878; Biran, 1994, Biblical Dan, pp. 111-116, Fig. 80:6, Biran and Ben-Dov, 2002:78-79, Figs.2.53:73, 2.61:73. See note to #506, above. 513. 76-738 Tel Dan Wheelmade; rounded base; carinated at base, narrow, wheel-turning marks at center ; wide, curved, everted rim; deep, wide, short ,Vshaped spout. Red-yellowish ware; traces of burning. H 6.7 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, 1994, Dan, “Mycenaean Tomb” 387, No. 1905; Biran, 1994, Biblical Dan, pp. 111-116, Fig. 80:6, Biran and Ben-Dov, 2002:78-79, Figs.2.53:74, 2.61:74. See note to #506, above. 514. 70-718 Нefat Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; narrow, elongated folds; broken spout. Greenish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.7 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:70. The first burial at the site was in MB I. This Burial Cave was rich in finds, including imported Cypriot and Greek-Mycenean wares (LB II). Among 290 offering vessels, including weapons and toggle pins, were 80 oil lamps. 515. 70-731 Нefat Wheelmade, wide saucer; thickened, rounded-to-flattened base; plain, stepped, upward-slanting rim; elongated folds; partly missing 249

CATALOGUE V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 17 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave, No. 1:286. See note to #514, above. Resembles Lamps #730 and #732 (Tel `EΓon). 516. 70-732 Нefat Wheelmade, narrow saucer; thickened, rounded base; plain, erect rim; elongated, deeply-pressed folds; deeply-pinched, U-shaped spout (broken); fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.2 cm, W 15.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial – Cave 1:79. See note to #514, above. Resembles Lamp #527 from this site. 517. 70-733 Нefat Wheelmade, narrow saucer; flattened base; slightly inverted rim; elongated folds; wide, U-shaped spout; (fragmentary). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 14.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:46/1. See note to #514, above. The spout resembles those of Lamps #506 and #510 (Tel Dan) and #528 (Нefat). Cf. Ben-Tor et al., 1997, Hazor V, Fig. III.16: 2 - 3, Stratum XV, Locus 1177 pit near the water system with rich ceramic finds (LB I). 518. 70-736 Нefat Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow rim (part missing); elongated folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Brown-yellowish ware; traces of burning. Fragment. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:80.Similar to spouts from Tel Dan. See note to #514, above. Similar to spouts from Tel Dan. 519. 70-737 Нefat Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; rounded rim; very elongated, inward-folded; wide channel-spout (damaged). Greenish ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave1:197. See note to #514, above. Resembles #508 520. 70-738 Нefat Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded base; wide, rounded/everted rim starting from circular groove in bowl; narrow folds; wide, Vshaped spout; fragmentary. Light-brown-gray ware. H 4.4 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial – Cave 1:283. See note to #514, above. Somewhat similar to Lamp #511 (Tel Dan). 521. 70-1955 Нefat Wheelmade, narrow saucer, tilted forward; thick, rounded base; very narrow, everted rim; large, wide folds; elongated, narrow, Ushaped spout. Brown ware; heavy traces of burning. 250

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 6.5-5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave1:59. See note to #514, above. The spout resembles Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 136:21. 522. 70-1972 Нefat Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened base; rounded, everted rim; narrow spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial – Cave 1:288. See note to #514, above. 523. 70-1973 Нefat Wheelmade, wide saucer, wheel-turning marks inside; rounded base; narrow, everted rim; triangular folds; narrow channel-spout. Brown-pink ware, traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 17 cm, L: 17.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:185. See note to #514, above. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pls. 62:4, 136:20. 524. 70-1974 Нefat Wheelmade, narrow saucer; rounded base; erect rim; narrow, elongated folds; U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 1.5 cm, L: 15.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:85. See note to #514, above. 525. 70-1975 Нefat Wheelmade; rounded base; plain, erect rim; elongated, triangular folds; deeply-pinched, elongated, narrow, channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:83. See note to #514, above. 526. 70-1976 Нefat Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; very narrow, nearly-erect, everted rim; elongated, triangular, deeply-pinched folds; spout partially missing. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:67. See note to #514, above. Resembles Lamps #515 and #525 from this site. 527. 70-1977 Нefat Wheelmade; knife-smoothed, rounded base; plain, erect, slightly rounded rim; elongated, triangular folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 13.6 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:101. See note to #514, above. Resembles Lamp #508 (Tel Dan). 528. 70-1979 Нefat Wheelmade, tilted forward; thick, bulging base; plain rim; deep, triangular folds; wide, elongated, U-shaped, funnel spout. 251

CATALOGUE Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 7-4.3 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:72. See note to #514, above. Resembles jar bases, Sussman ,1990, Pottery vs. Lamps. 529. 70-1980 Нefat Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; slanting, inverted rim; elongated, narrow folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 16 cm, L: 16.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial – Cave 1:285. See note to #514, above. 530. 70-1983 Нefat Wheelmade; thickened, slightly bulging base; plain, erect rim; wide folds; wide, U-shaped spout (fragmentary). Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:53. See note to #514, above. Resembles Lamps #515 #526 and #528 from this site and #549 NaΉal Tavor.. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum C, Pl. 48:1 (Lamp #742). 531. 70-1985 Нefat Wheelmade, narrow saucer, tilted forward; rounded base; plain rim; very elongated folds; wide, elongated, U-shaped, channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6.5-5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:132. See note to #514, above. Spout resembles Oil lamp #506 (Tel Dan). 532. 70-1986 Нefat Wheelmade; rounded base; everted rim; deep, elongated folds; part of spout missing. Light-brown ware. H 4.2 cm, W 11.5+ cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:178. See note to #514, above. 533. 70-1988 Нefat Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; elongated folds; U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:60. See note to #514, above. Resembles #509 (Tel Dan), #530 from this site and # 549 NaΉal Tavor. 534. 70-719 Нefat Wheelmade; flattened base; flanged, upward-slanting rim; narrow, rounded folds; wide, very short, U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 16+ cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA-B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:292. See note to #514, above.

252

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 535. 70-722 Нefat Wheelmade; clay added to thicken bulging, rounded base; narrow, slanting, flat rim; elongated folds; short, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 16.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA-B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:71. See note to #514, above. 536. 70-724 Нefat Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, rounded, everted rim; elongated, narrow folds; elongated channel-spout; part of saucer missing. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:346/4. See note to #514, above. 537. 70-734 Нefat Wheelmade; rounded base; very fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. W 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:346/5. See note to #514, above. 538. 70-735 Нefat Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded base; rounded, everted rim; small, triangular folds; spout missing; fragment. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. Fragment: 16+ cm. Date: late Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:82. See note to #514, above. 539. 70-1971 Нefat Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; wide, flat, flanged, upward-slanting rim; narrow, elongated folds; narrow, elongated channelshaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 16.2 cm, L: 16.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:98. See note to #514, above Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIB, Pl. 66:10. 540. 70-1981 Нefat Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; wide, slightly everted rim starting near bottom of saucer; short, very wide, short, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 15.3 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:154. See note to #514, above. 541. 70-1982 Нefat Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; everted, grooved, narrow, flanged rim; elongated, narrow folds; V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 7 cm, W 17.5 cm, L: 18 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:276. See note to #514, above Resembles Lamps #551 NaΉal Tavor, #852 Tel Menora . Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIB, Pl. 66:10..

253

CATALOGUE 542. 70-1984 Нefat Wheelmade; wide, rounded base; upward-slanting wall/rim starting from circular groove at bottom of saucer; elongated folds; wide, short, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 15.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:279. See note to #514, above. Resembles Lamps #520 from this site, and #511 (Tel Dan). 543. 70-1987 Нefat Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; wide, flaring rim; rounded folds leaving small reservoir; U-shaped spout. Pink ware. H 5.3 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:109. See note to #514, above. 544. 70-1989 Нefat Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; flanged, upward-slanting rim; elongated, narrow, deeply-pressed folds; U-shaped spout; part of saucer missing. Pink ware; no signs of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 16+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1:7. See note to #514, above Resembles Lamp #542 from this site. . 545. 70-1990 Нefat Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim; elongated, narrow, deeply-pressed folds; elongated, U-shaped spout; part of saucer missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, 1970, HA 33:12-13, Burial Cave 1. See note to #514, above. 546. 65-1353 Tel Kinrot Wheelmade; low, string-cut disk-base; everted, flaring, flanged rim; deeply-pinched folds; U-shaped spout. Pink ware; red slip; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II - Iron I Edelstein, 1964, HA 11:10 (Kh. el `- Ureima), jar-burial. At least three jar-burials were found consisting of two storage jars placed mouth-to-mouth. 547. 80-13 Tel Yin`am Wheelmade, slightly carinated saucer; thickened, rounded base; flat, flanged rim; short folds; deeply-pressed, triangular, V-shaped spout. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 17.5 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Leibowitz, excavated in 1980, Area M, Locus 11056:111330. and ESI:1981, 243179-94, 1982, I:116 –117, 1985, 4: 116-117, 1986 5:114-115.; 2003:144-145 Photo 4.45, Pl.15:3 Building 1 Room 5, Stratum XII, points that lamps were infrequent and constitute only 1.5% of the ceramic assemblage. 548. 82-439 Tel Yin`am Wheelmade, deep, wheel-turning marks; rounded base; narrow, upward-slanting, flanged rim; deep folds; elongated, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB 254

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Leibowitz,1981, ESI 1:113-114, Locus 1M110748:11.401; Leibowitz and Folk, 1984, ESI 3:274, Fig. 14:13; 2003: 144-145, Type 2, Fig.7:12 Building 1 Room 6 Stratum XIIB = Tel HaΞor IB and Megiddo Tomb 989C1. Folds resemble #617 (Haifa-Shiqmona). 549. 73-642 NaΉal Tavor Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; slightly-inverted rim; elongated folds; spout damaged; half of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Kantor and Delougaz, excavated in 1973, Burial Cave 43. 550. 73-643 NaΉal Tavor Wheelmade, carinated saucer; grooved, erect rim; elongated folds; narrow spout; half of lamp missing. Pink ware. H 4 cm, W 12.5+ cm, L: 15.3+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Kantor and Delougaz, excavated in 1973, Burial Cave 43. 551. 73-651 NaΉal Tavor Wheelmade; rounded base; grooved, wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim; short channel-spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Kantor and Delougaz, excavated in 1973, Burial Cave 41. Resembles #541 (Нefat) and #511 (Tel Dan). 552. L.763 Beth Shean Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flat rim; raised, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4-2.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Fitzgerald, excavated in 1920, Tomb 27, No. 12.90 II 90-1830; Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Fig. 38:1 - 4. 553. 34.1234 Beth Shean Wheelmade; small, flat base; everted, narrow rim; narrow, short, V-shaped spout. Buff ware. H 6.6 cm, W 16.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Fitzgerald, excavated in 1933, Level VI or VII, Room 1740:33-11-8. Cf. James, 1966, Beth Shan (Iron I) Stratum VI, Fig. 122:6 (33-9-68). A similar lamp comes from Level VII: James and McGovern, 1993, Beth Shan, p.76, Fig. 26:6, the lamp has a concave base (LB II). 554. 73-1112 `En Ha-NaΞiv Wheelmade, shallow depression in center of saucer, tilted backward; small, string-cut disk-base; narrow, flanged rim; uneven, triangular, narrow folds; wide, slightly-pinched, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 7-4 cm, W 16 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II - Iron I Porath Y, 1973, IEJ 23:259, Burial Cave 23:139 (cemetery previously excavated in 1953). Resembles #553 (Beth Shean). Each shallow grave of the Iron I contained one skeleton. The pottery is in the LB tradition. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VII-VI, Pl. 72:7, 8 (type Strata VIIB-VIA). 555. 73-1113 `En Ha-NaΞiv Wheelmade, tilted backward; smoothed, thickened, rounded base; wide, upward-slanting rim; uneven, triangular folds; slightlypinched, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-2.8 cm, W 14.6 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II-Iron I Porath Y.,1973:259, Burial Cave 5:153. 255

CATALOGUE 556. 74-1162 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, upward-slanting rim; simple folds creating narrow, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; light slip; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, Burials within a drainage canal. 557. 74-1163 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, curved rim; front of lamp missing. Pink ware. W 6.4+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials within a drainage canal. 558. 74-1165 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade, tilted backward; smoothed, thick, rounded base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; short channel-spout. Pink-cream ware. H 4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials within a drainage canal. Resembles #560, #563. 559. 74-1166 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, everted, narrow, flanged rim; short channel-spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials within a drainage canal. 560. 74-1168 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; wide, rounded, everted rim; small, deep folds; short spout; large part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 12 cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials (from a drainage canal). Resembles #563 (close to an Iron I type). 561. 74-1169 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade; smoothed, thick, bulging “disk” base; wide, rounded, everted rim; spout missing. Pink ware. H 3.9 cm, W 12 cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials within a drainage canal. 562.74-1170 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade; thick, rounded base, smoothed in strips; wide, flanged rim; front part of lamp missing. Pink ware. H 4.3 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials within a drainage canal. 563. 74-1171 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade; thickened, wide rounded base; wheel turning marks, depression in the center of saucer; wide, flanged rim; slightlypressed folds; very short, wide spout; large part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 9+ cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials within a drainage canal. Resembles #560 and #564 (closer to an Iron I type). The Small folds and spout recall Iron II Cypro – Phoenician Type B oil lamp. 256

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 564. 74-1172 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade; rounded base; flat flanged rim, short U shaped spout, fragmentary. Pink ware. Date: Late Bronze IIB P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials within a drainage canal.Type close to Iron I Age Rembles #563 from this site 565. 74-1673 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; flattened base; slightly everted rim (slightly damaged); triangular folds; short, narrow channelspout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II P. Porath, excavated in 1974, burials within a drainage canal. 566. 56-1167 Kefar Ruppin Wheelmade, narrow saucer; thick base; narrow, flanged rim; small channel spout. Brown-cream ware; traces of burning on both sides of the spout. H 7 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave 10. 567. 56-98 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, flanged, rounded rim; deep, triangular folds; elongated, channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 16 cm, L: 17.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB—Iron I Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 5108. Resembles #568 568. 56-99 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; flat disk-base; wide, rounded rim; deep, triangular folds; channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 16 cm, L: 17.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIb—Iron I Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 4579, late variant. Resembles #567 569. 56-100 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; un-smoothed disk-base; wide, rounded, everted rim; deep, triangular folds; channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.7 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIb—Iron I Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 5107. Cf. Hamilton,1935, Tell Abu Hawam (1400 - 1230 BCE), p. 45:279, an oil lamp with a high disk-base (late variant). 570. 56-101 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, rounded, everted rim; deep, triangular folds; elongated channel-spout; part of saucer missing. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIb—Iron I Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 4629a. Resembles Lamps #567 and #571 from this site. 571. 56-102 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; rounded base; wide rim starting almost from bottom of saucer; wide folds; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.4 cm, W 13+ cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIb—Iron I Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave Excavation No. 4954. 257

CATALOGUE 572. 56-103 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade, shallow saucer; knife-pared, rounded-to-flattened base; nearly flat, lightly-grooved, wide, flanged rim; triangular, downpressed folds; elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 18 cm, L: 19 cm. Date: late Late Bronze II - Iron I Rim resembles #574 and others. The base resemble lamps dated to Iron I like those from Tel Zippor. Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 1153. Cf. Pritchard, 1964, Gibeon (end of LB II), Fig. 2:47; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIA, Pl. 70:6; Stratum VI, Pl.86:16. 573. 56-104 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; flattened base; narrow, rounded, everted rim; large part of lamp missing. Brown-gray ware. H 3.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIb—Iron I Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 4581. Resembles #570 from this site. 574. 56-129 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; rounded, wide, everted, grooved rim; deep, triangular folds; elongated channel-spout; part of lamp missing. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.6 cm, W 17.5 cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIb—Iron I Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 1257. Resembles Lamps #541, #554 and #558 (`En HaNaΞiv). 575. 56-130 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; smoothed, thick, rounded base; wide, rounded, flanged everted rim; deeply down-pressed, triangular folds; short channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II— Iron I Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 1606. 576. 56-131 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base with added lump of clay and hand-smoothed with short, oblique, incised lines on base; rim missing; elongated, deep folds; elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 7+ cm, W 15 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 2326. Resembles #572 from this site. 577. 56-132 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base with added lump of clay, hand-smoothed; rounded, everted rim; deep, elongated, narrow folds; large part of lamp missing. Pink-orange ware; traces of burning. H 5.5+ cm, W 13+ cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1956, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 4401. 578. 55-91 Tel Te`omim Wheelmade; narrow rim; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.1 cm, W 13.5+ cm, L: 14.3+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1955, Burial Cave.

258

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 579. 55-985 Кirat Нevi Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; wide, everted rim starting from bottom of saucer; short, very deep, triangular folds; short, narrow channel-spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 16+ cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1955, Burial Cave, No. 32. Cf. Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V ( #605). Spout resembles Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, Pl. 48:1- 9. 580. 55-986 Кirat Нevi Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; wide, upward-slanting, everted rim; short, triangular folds; vary short spout; fragmentary. Pink ware. H 6 cm, W 17 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1955, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 35. 581. 55-990 Кirat Нevi Wheelmade; heavy, bulging, rounded base; upper part of saucer fragmentary. Pink ware. Date: Late Bronze II Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1955, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 33. 582. 80-127 HaZorea-Tel Qira Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, thick, rounded base; everted rim; deep folds. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Burial Cave, Locus 908:22/2/436. A tomb of the MB and LB, with 12 skeletons and over 500 pottery vessels, Fig. 35. 583. 80-128 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, narrow rim; elongated folds; short, V-shaped spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p.97, Tomb, Locus 908:22/2/485. 584. 80-129 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; very thick, rounded-to-flattened base; plain, slightly inverted rim; deep, triangular folds; very pronounced, elongated, Vshaped spout. Brown-cream ware; traces of burning. H 4.4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:21/32/493. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:2. 585. 80-130 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, un-smoothed wheel marks inside bowl; thick, flattened base; plain, slightly inverted rim; elongated folds; pinched, Vshaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:17/2/617. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:1. 586. 80-131 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, partially smoothed inside; rounded-to-flattened base; wide, slanting, narrow, grooved rim; V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. 259

CATALOGUE H 4.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:18/1/737. Resembles #551 (NaΉal Tavor), and grooved rims # 572, #574 Tel Ro’e and others 587. 80-132 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; upward-slanting rim; elongated folds; short, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:21/3/101. Resembles #600 from this site. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:4. 588. 80-133 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; thick, rounded base; plain, inverted rim; narrow folds; short, V-shaped spout. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:18/1/741. Resembles #585 from this site. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, Pl. 48:8; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:1. 589. 80-134 HaZoreaea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; rounded base; erect, plain, grooved rim; spout missing; fragmentary. Light-pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:18/1/38. Resembles Lamps #586 and #593 from this site. 590. 80-135 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, tilted backward; thick, rounded base; thickened, rounded, inverted rim; spout missing. Pink ware. H 3.5 cm, W 17 cm, L: 15+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:21/1/226. 591. 80-136 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; thick, rounded-to-flattened base; slightly inverted rim; elongated folds; broken spout; part of saucer missing. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:17/2/727. Resembles #600 from this site. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, Pl. 48:4. 592. 80-137 HaZoreaea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, thick, rounded base; irregular, thick rim, with ridge below exterior; narrow folds; protruding channelspout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:22/2/623. Resembles #784 (Tell Beit Mirsim) Cf. Leonard, 1979, Kataret Es-Samra, p. 58, Fig. 8:3 (earlier part of LB IIA). 593. 80-138 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; thick, flattened base; plain rim; elongated folds; raised, U-shaped spout. Pink-orange ware; traces of burning. 260

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 5.2-2.3 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 14.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:12-11/1/704. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, Pl. 48:6. 594. 80-139 HaZoreaea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, tilted backward; thick, rounded-to-flattened base; out-flaring rim; deep, triangular folds; elongated, funnel-spout; back part of saucer missing. Light-brown ware; traces of heavy burning. H 5 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:21/3/103. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:1. Resembles #582 595. 80-140 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, tilted backward; thick, rounded base; nearly erect wall and rim; elongated folds; elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.2-3 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:12-11/1/702. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:4. 596. 80-141 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, crude, wheel marks inside, tilted backward; flat base; slightly inverted rim; deep, triangular folds; narrow channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.2-4 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:17/3/729. Resembles #600 from this site. 597. 80-142 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; very thick, rounded base; erect, flat, narrow rim; elongated folds; narrow, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:20/2/225. Resembles #599 598. 80-143 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow rim; elongated folds; U/V-shaped spout. Light-pink ware. H 6 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13 cm. Date Late Bronze II Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:19/1/7. Resembles #596 599. 80-144 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, tilted backward; hand-smoothed, rounded base; flat, narrow rim; short, deep, triangular folds; narrow channel-spout. Light-cream ware; heavy traces of burning. H 5.5-4 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:21/3/82. Somewhat similar to Lamps #597 from this site, and #520 (Нefat).

261

CATALOGUE 600. 80-145 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, tilted backward, wheel-turning marks inside; hand-smoothed, thick, rounded base; rim continues wall; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 6.5-4 cm, W 17 cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:21/4/307. Resembles Oil lamp #596 from this site. 601. 80-146 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, tilted backward; thick, rounded base; rim continues wall; deep, elongated folds; U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.3-3.6 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Anati, 1983, Tell Abu Zureiq, p. 97, Tomb, Locus 908:23/1/367. 602. 59-425 Tel Bira Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flanged rim; short, small, triangular, pinched folds; short, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; white grit; heavy traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Ben Yehuda,1992, HA 3:14, Locus 7:42 (Burial Cave). Burial caves in the area from different periods (MB I—MB II and end of LB II). Resembles #559 Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Pl. 50:6. 603. 59-438 Tel Bira Wheelmade, tilted backward; flattened base; slightly-grooved, upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; triangular folds; narrow, Ushaped spout. Reddish ware; white grit; traces of burning. H 6-3.3 cm, W 16.8 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Ben Yehuda, 1992, HA 3:14, Locus 6:26 (Burial Cave). 604. 59-450 Tel Bira. Wheelmade, very deep saucer; flattened base; erect, upward-slanting rim; folded spout; (the vessel may have served as a ladle; it contained slag, and was burnt all-over). Pink ware. H 8.5+ cm, W 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Ben Yehuda, 1992, HA 3:14, Locus 7A (Burial Cave). 605. 34.518 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade, hemispherical bowl; wide, outward-turned rim (fragmentary); slightly-pinched folds occupy one third of the circumference; short V-shaped spout. Brown-buff ware. Date: Late Bronze II Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V:542, p. 36:227; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Pl. 19:2. 606. 34.627 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, small, thickened, rounded base; rounded ,narrow, everted rim; deep, pressed folds; elongated, U-shaped spout (fragmentary). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 16.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V, No. 677. 607. 47.1722 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade, very deep saucer; almost hemispherical, rounded base; narrow, everted rim; deeply-pinched, folded rim into U-shaped 262

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS spout; fragmentary. Pink ware. H 5 cm, W 18 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Pl. 19:6. 608. 34.289 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade, deep, slightly carinated saucer; low, string-cut disk-base; everted, grooved, wide, flanged rim; pinched, small, pushed-in folds; slightly raised, elongated, projecting, U-shaped spout. Red ware; thin slip; traces of burning. H 6.1-5.4 cm, W 14.8 cm, L: 15.4 cm. Date: late Late Bronze II Hamilton, 1934, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V:204, Pl. XXII:25; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum IV-V, Pl. 19:9. 609. 34.296 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; narrow, everted, flat rim; slightly pushed-in folds;wide, channel-spout. Brown-greenish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-3.2 cm, W 13.5 cm. Date: late Late Bronze II Hamilton, 1934, Tell Abu Hawam, p. 49:300, Strata IV-V, Pl. XXII:26; (1935) p. 49, Fig. 300; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Strata IV-V, Pl. 19:1. 610. 34.306 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade, deep, meso-omphalic saucer with pronounced wheel-turning marks in center; string-cut disk-base; slanting wall; wide, flat, everted rim; triangular, deeply-pinched folds; narrow, elongated channel-spout, occupying a large part of the saucer. Reddish ware; no signs of burning. H 6.1 cm, W 14.8 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: late Late Bronze II Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V:228 (1400 - 1230 BCE), p. 49, No. 299; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Pls. 19:8 and 116:11. Resembles Lamps #442, #445, and #454 (Tel Megiddo)and #546 (Tel Kinrot). The lamp is still in use in Iron I. 611. 34.308 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade; low, string-cut disk-base; wide, wheel-turning marks, flat, flaring rim; short deeply-pinched triangular folds; elongated, rimmed, channel-shaped spout. Light-brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Hamilton, 1935, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V:230; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Pl. 19:7. Resembles #610 612. 34.629 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade; small, low, disk-base; narrow, flanged rim; deeply-pinched wall; elongated, U-shaped spout. Dark-brown ware; traces of heavy burning. H 6-4 cm, W 10.8 cm, L: 12.9 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Hamilton, 1935, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V:679, p. 45:279; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Pl. 19:4. Resembles #610; 613. 79-366 Haifa-Kh. AΓΓaisi Wheelmade; thick, shallow saucer, rounded-to-flattened base; plain rim; narrow folds; wide, V-shaped spout (fragmentary). Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: late Late Bronze II Goren, excavated in 1965; 1966, HA 18-19:14 - 15. Resembles #484 (BaΉan). The first burial was in MB I; among the pottery were imports from Cyprus and Mycenean ware. 614. 79-357 Haifa-Kh. AΓΓaisi Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; narrow, flanged, flaring rim deeply pinched, triangular folds; narrow, channel-spout 263

CATALOGUE widening at tip. Pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Homski-Goren, 1966, HA 18-19:14-15. See remarks to #613. 615. 79-359 Haifa-Kh. AΓΓaisi Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; curved, wide, flanged rim; small folds; narrow, U-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 15.1 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Homski-Goren, 1966, HA 18 - 19:14 - 15. See remarks to #613. 616. 79-368 Haifa-Kh. AΓΓaisi Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; curved rim; spout missing. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 16.1 cm, L: 16+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Homski-Goren,1966, HA 18-19:14-15. See remarks to #613. 617. 81-444 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside saucer and along the folds; very thick, rounded base; slightly inverted, erect rim; long, wide, finger-smoothed folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Elgavish excavation, Locus 2288:12242, from the occupation levels. Folds resembles #648 (Bahan) 618. 81-445 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; narrow, rounded, everted rim; elongated, deeply-pressed folds; elongated, V/U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 14.4 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Elgavish, excavated in 1976, Burial Cave, Locus 2288:12264. 619. 81-469 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; narrow, flat rim; elongated folds with wheel-turning marks on outside; half of spout missing. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 15.8 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Elgavish, excavated in 1976, Burial Cave, Locus 2288:11374. Resembles #617 620. 81-470 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade; flattened disk-base; grooved, flanged, up-slanting rim; elongated folds; elongated, V-shaped spout (fragmentary). Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Elgavish, excavated in 1976, Burial Cave, Locus 2288:11374. Rim resembles #541 (Ze’fat), and #574 (Tel Ro’e), #852 (Tel Menora, Iron I). 621. 85-613 Tel Дefer Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, inverted, flat rim; wide, slightly-pressed, elongated folds; elongated, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 13. cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Paley, Porath and Stieglitz, 1984, ESI 3:44 - 45, Tell Ifshar, No. 411. Porath, 1991. 264

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 622. 86-638 Tel Дefer Wheelmade, tilted backward; smoothed, pared base; inverted, flat, narrow rim; deeply-pinched, triangular folds; elongated, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 13.3 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Paley, Porath and Stieglitz, 1984, ESI 3:44-45, Tell Ifshar N484:6225. Resembles #621 of this site. 623. 34.1520 Megiddo Wheelmade, slanting wall, deep saucer; pared, thick rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, triangular folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5-2.5 cm, W 13.8 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 33 - 40, Tomb 877 AI:P.2902, Pls. 13:11, 93:16. 624. 34.1521 Megiddo Wheelmade, deep meso-omphalic saucer; pared, thick, rounded base; everted rim; triangular, elongated folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5-2.5 cm, W 13.8 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 33-40, Tomb 877 AI:P.2903, Pl. 13:11. 625. 34.1527 Megiddo Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, flattened base; narrow, everted rim; triangular folds; channel-shaped spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 3.4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 33 - 40, Tomb 877 AI:P.2909, Pl. 13:11. 626. 34.1548 Megiddo Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow flat slightly everted rim, seems to be painted; pushed-down wall; very small, deep, triangular folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning on entire surface. Paint on rim(?) H 5.6 cm, W 14.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 877 AI: P.2984, Pl. 93:17. Almost identical to #628. 627. 34.1594 Megiddo Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; slightly everted rounded rim starting from bottom of saucer; deeply-pinched, triangular folds; elongated, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5.5-3.3 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.9 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 877 BI: P.2949, as in Pl. 94:13. 628. 34.1600 Megiddo Wheelmade; pared, smoothed, rounded base; narrow, flat flanged rim; narrow, elongated folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Tomb 877 BI: P.2955, Pl. 14:4. Almost identical to #626. 629. 34.2039 Megiddo Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded-to-flattened base; narrow, rounded, slightly inverted rim; wide, elongated folds; V-shaped spout. 265

CATALOGUE Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: early Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 40, Shaft-tomb 989 BI: P.3359, Pls. 19:5 and 98:18, cut in the MB I. 630. 34.2327 Megiddo Wheelmade; smoothened, rounded-to-flattened base; everted rim (missing); strongly pinched, pressed-down folds; elongated spout; fragmentary. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 16 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Guy & Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 20, Tomb 1128 Fill: P.4061. 631. 34.2055 Megiddo Wheelmade, tilted backward; thickened, rounded base; medium-wide, flanged rim; narrow, elongated folds; wide, rimmed, V/Ushaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 14.2 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: early Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 40, Tomb 989 CI:P.3000, Pl. 20:6. 632. 34.2068 Megiddo Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in saucer; heavy, rounded base; narrow, flanged rim; short, wide, pinched V/U-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: early Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 40, Tomb 989 CI: P.3182, Pls. 20:6, 99:24. Resembles #631 from this site. 633. 73-896 Kh. `Ara Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks, tilted backward; twig-pared, thickened, rounded base; narrow flat rim; elongated channel spout . Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4-3 cm, W 16 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Siegelmann, 1978, Tel Ara, p. 76, Burial Cave, No. 64 (early 14th century BCE). A shaft-burial in the southern slope of the mound, in which 60 pottery vessels were found, including 10 oil lamps of three separate types (unpublished), classified according to Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII. Resembles #634. 634. 73-897 Kh. `Ara Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; curved, everted rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds; U-shaped spouts; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Siegelmann, 1978, Tel Ara, p. 76, Burial Cave, No. 65 (early 14th century BCE). And 1978 Two burial stages, the finds were piled together and were dated according to the Mycenean ware IIIA the early first half of the 14th century B.C.E. 635. 73-898 Kh. `Ara Wheelmade; smoothed, thickened, slightly bulging, rounded base; very fragmentary. Brown-pink ware. H 4 cm, W 17.2 cm, L: 14.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Siegelmann, 1978, Tel Ara, p. 76, Burial Cave, No. 69 (early 14th century BCE). See note # 634 636. 73-899 Kh. `Ara Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; thickened, slightly bulging, rounded base; narrow, flat rim; deeply-pinched, triangular folds; Vshaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 15.4 cm, L: 13.7 cm. 266

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Date: Late Bronze IIA Siegelmann, 1978, Tel Ara, p. 76, Burial Cave, No. 67 (early 14th century BCE). See note # 634 637. 73-900 Kh. `Ara Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, thick, rounded base; narrow, rounded, everted rim; downward-pinched, triangular folds with wheelturning marks; short, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 16 cm, L: 14.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Siegelmann, 1978, Tel Ara, p. 76, Burial Cave, No. 63 (early 14th century BCE). See note # 634 638. 73-901 Kh. `Ara Wheelmade; base thickened by added layer of clay around it; rounded, everted rim; short, triangular folds; short, narrow, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.2 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Siegelmann, 1978, Tel Ara, p. 76, Burial Cave, No. 79 (early 14th century BCE). See note # 634 639. 73-902 Kh. `Ara Wheelmade, very deep saucer; smoothed, thick, rounded base; rounded, everted rim; triangular folds; raised, wide, U-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; no signs of burning. H 6.2-3 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Siegelmann, 1978, Tel Ara, p. 76, Burial Cave, No. 71 (early 14th century BCE). See note # 634 640. 73-903 Kh. `Ara Wheelmade; knife-pared, rounded-to-flattened base; everted rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16.7 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Siegelmann, 1978, Tel Ara, p. 76, Burial Cave, No. 76 (early 14th century BCE). See note # 634 641. 63-1161 BaΉan Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside; pared, thick base; erect wall and rim; folded, U-shaped spout. Brown ware; light slip; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave (?):94. Burial Cave 1, four jar-burials; Tomb 2 was rich in finds; Tomb 3, the richest with three levels of burials: in the upper level only storage jars were found, the main burials were in the middle level, the lower level contained three LB I—II with imported Cypriot ware, “Syrian” bottles, and `Ajjul painted ware—in all, about 400 vessels. The assemblages of the three tombs are similar. 642. 63-1318 BaΉan Wheelmade, carinated saucer; rounded base; erect rim (fragmentary); elongated folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning along entire spout. H 5 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 1:138. 643. 63-1320 BaΉan Wheelmade; flattened base; erect, slightly everted rim; elongated, pushed-in folds; V-shaped spout broken. Brown ware; traces of burning in saucer bottom. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II 267

CATALOGUE Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 3:551. Resembles #456 from this site. Cf. Dever, 1986, Gezer IV, Stratum 9, Pl. 10:17. 644. 63-1331 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; everted rim; projecting, pinched, V-shaped spout; half of lamp missing. Brown ware; slight traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 3:160. 645. 63-1332 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; everted rim; deep folds; half of lamp missing. Red ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm. W 17 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave (?):93. 646. 63-1336 BaΉan Wheelmade, shallow, slightly carinated saucer; thick, flat, uneven base; slanting wall; nearly-erect rim; pinched, short, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 1:476. 647. 63-1337 BaΉan Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside; heavy, patched, flat, pared base; pushed-in, slightly indented wall; wide, V-shaped spout missing. Brown-pink ware. H 5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 1:167. 648. 63-1330 BaΉan Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; elongated, narrow spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 2:402. 649. 63-1333 BaΉan Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; flattened base; rounded, flanged rim; deeply-pressed folds; short, pronounced, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; red slip; heavy traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Edelstein, 1964:111, Burial Cave 2:128. Resembles #637 (Kh. ‘Ara) 650. 67-229 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; flattened base; erect rim; deep, elongated folds; rimmed U/V-shaped spout; back of lamp missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5.4 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Ohata, 1967, Tell Zeror II, p. 20 (MB - LB), Strata 10-17, The Lamps, p. 29, Area C 5633/1. 651. 66-275 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; narrow folds; rim part of the body and spout missing. Light-pink ware. 268

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 5 cm, W 14+ cm, L: 11.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze II (Iron I(?)) Ohata, 1967, Tell Zeror II, Strata 17-16, No. 5450/1. 652. 66-285 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; rounded base; flattened, wide, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; rimmed channel-spout. Reddish ware; heavy traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Ohata, 1967, Tell Zeror II, Stratum 15. Cf. Cooley and Pratico, 1994, Tel Dothan, Level 2, Fig. 26:8, western cemetery. Resembles #623 (Megiddo) 653. 34.15 Tell Sailun Wheelmade, crude, shallow saucer; rounded base; slightly pinched spout; fragmentary. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. W 8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Buhl and Nielsen, 1969, Shiloh, p. 77, “House B”: 177, Pl. 14:175, Pl. XXI:175, No. 5527. 654. 34.3107 Jerusalem-“Government House” (Augusta Victoria) Wheelmade; rounded base; rim chipped; deeply-pinched wall; projecting spout; fragmentary. Red ware. W 13.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Baramki, 1935, Government House, p. 165f, Pl. LXXVIII:5. Cistern at Point Y, two oil lamps were found. A staircase led to the Burial Cave; the burials lay on a paved floor (Eighteenth Dynasty). 655. 34.3108 Jerusalem-“Government House” (Augusta Victoria) Wheelmade; rounded base; rim chipped; deeply-pinched wall; projecting spout. Red ware. H 4.3 cm, W 12.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Baramki, 1935, Government House, p. 165f, Pl. LXXVIII:5. See remark to #655. 656. 34.3110 Jerusalem-“Government House” (Augusta Victoria) Wheelmade, deep saucer; un-smoothed disk-base; slanting wall; everted rim; V-shaped spout. Light-red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 13.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Baramki, 1935, Government House, p. 165, Pl. LXXVIII:8. See remark to #655. 657. 68-73 Jerusalem-NaΉlat AΉim Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, medium wide, flanged rim; deep, sharple separated, triangular folds; narrow, rimmed channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 12.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Amiran, 1961, Jerusalem, Fig. 3:51 (14th century BCE). Two oil lamps were found: the second one in Fig. 3:50. The author compared these oil lamps to Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tombs 4,5,13; Yadin et all., 1961, Hazor II-IV, nos. 8144 - 8145; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 216; Macalister, 1912, Gezer III, Tombs 7, 30; and Saller, 1964, Dominus Flevit; Hamilton, 1934-5, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V. 657a 32.1058 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks on rim and inner perimeter of saucer, flattened, rounded base; sharple separated, flanged rim, short, wide folds; short, pinched, raised, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Coarse, buff ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 17 cm. 269

CATALOGUE Date: (Late Bronze II)— Iron I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, pp. 21 - 27, Tomb 4:48, Layers A, B, Pl. X:3. The lamp belongs to the latest type; some of the pottery vessels suggest later intrusive burial. The tomb contained 10 scarabs, one of Amenhotep III (1400 BCE); the earliest use of the tomb was in MB II. 658. 74-381 Gezer Wheelmade; flat base; plain, slightly inverted rim; fragmentary, used after being broken. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 9 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Dever, Lance and Wright, 1970, Gezer I, Area H, Locus 2012, No. 65.4.54. In the settlement, 14 oil lamps were found. 659. 74-387 Gezer Wheelmade, slightly carinated saucer; rounded base; erect, slightly inverted rim; narrow, elongated folds; raised V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm. L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Dever, Lance and Wright, 1970, Gezer I, Stratum 6, Locus 2022, No. 2.85, Pl. 29:15 (14th century BCE). 660. 74-286 Gezer Wheelmade; obliquely knife-pared, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; elongated, deep, rounded folds; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.7 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A: 214/1, Burial-level IV, Locus 10070 on bench, Pls. 18:6 and 66B. Bell shaped chamber, built as a cist, and converted into a tomb chamber, by carving an entrance tunnel , used for a long period (1450 - 1380 BCE) The oil lamps belong to the intermediate phase between LB I and LB II; additional lamps (4a, C3, C5, G1, B5, J2b, L4) found in this level were not registered. Oil lamp L4 was found in the niche in Locus 10072, Pl. 24:8. 661. 74-288 Gezer Wheelmade; slightly thickened, rounded base; plain, slanting walls; slightly inverted rim; deeply-down-pressed, wide, triangular folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A: 218\7, Burial-level IV, Locus 10074 entryway (1450 - 1380 BCE), Pl. 25:12. See note #660. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, Pl. 48:1,2 (Oil lamp #742). 662. 74-290 Gezer Wheelmade; thick, flattened base; inverted rim; elongated, deep, rounded folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of heavy burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.1 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII (1450 - 1380 BCE), Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10074:282 entryway, Pl. 30:3 (an LB type). See note #660. 663. 74-329 Gezer Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks over entire lamp; small, rounded-to-flattened base; slanting wall; somewhat inverted rim; deeplypressed folds; narrow, elongated, slightly raised channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 16.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10070:214 bench, Fig. 18:8, Pl. 66D. See note #660. Resembles #673 from this site, and folds #548 (Tel Yin’am) and #617 (Haifa-Shiqmona) See this text Fig. 29:2. 270

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 664. 74-330 Gezer Wheelmade; wide, flattened base; slanting wall; erect rim; narrow elongated ,triangular, elongated , wide V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10070:211 bench, Pl. 20:15, and Pls. 66C and D. Found with Lamps #661, #662, and #675. See note #660. 665. 74-332 Gezer Wheelmade, pronounced wheel-turning marks outside on upper part; rounded base; narrow, flattened rim continues wall; small, triangular folds; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10070:204, Pl. 24:8, Pl. 66B:45A (#676). See note #660. Resembles Lamps # 548(Tel Yin’am), #594 (HaZorea`-Tel Qira), #618 (Дaifa-Shiqmona) and #663 from this sits. 666. 74-334 Gezer Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; rounded base; deep, curved wall, slightly carinated below the rim; plain rim; wide, pressed-down, triangular folds; channel-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.8 cm, L: 14.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10070:213 bench, Pl. 18:8. See note #660. Resembles Lamps #665 and #667 from this site. See this text Fig. 5.29:2. 667. 74-335 Gezer Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; plain, slightly inverted rim; pinched, pressed-down fold; wide, short, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 14.2 cm, L: 13.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10077:219; Pl. 24:14. A niche for the lamp was in this locus. See note #660. Cf. Oren, 1985, in: Tell esh -Sheriah, Stratum IX (end of 13th century BCE), Fig. 4:9. 668. 74-336 Gezer Wheelmade, shallow saucer, wheel-marked in and outside; smoothed, rounded base; erect rim continues wall; short, deep folds; raised, short, triangular, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; no traces of burning. H 4.6-3.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A, lowest Burial-level IV, Locus 10074:249 entryway, Fig. 29:3. See note #660. 669. 74-1622 Gezer Wheelmade; thick, rough. rounded base; erect rim thickened slightly inward; elongated folds; narrow, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVI (early stage of the LB II), Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10079:293 surface, Fig. 16:11. See note #660. Cf. Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V, p. 36:227.

271

CATALOGUE 670. 74-1624 Gezer Wheelmade, slight carination on upper part of saucer; thick, knife-pared, rounded base; plain rim; elongated, triangular folds; wide, short, U-shaped spout (fragmentary). Pink ware. H 3.9 cm. W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: early Late Bronze IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVI (the earliest phase of the period), Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10079:280 surface, Fig. 6:17. See this text Fig. 5.29:3. See note #660. 671. 74-1625 Gezer Wheelmade; rounded base; plain, inverted rim; elongated folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Cave 10A, Burial-level IV, Locus 10070:211/6 on bench, Pls. 18:3, 66D. See note #660. 672. 67-411 Gezer Wheelmade; smoothed, thick, rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; pinched, triangular, pressed-down folds; short, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 17 cm, L: 17.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Dever, Lance and Wright, 1970, Gezer I, p. 81, Area I, Stratum 5, Locus 3009.1:15. 3. 49, Fig. 28:12. The lamp was found together with two saucers in Stratum 5B, beneath Locus 30009.1, and above Locus 3013. Resembles #657 (Jerusalem-NaΉlat AΉim). 673. 74-287 Gezer Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; narrow, rounded, everted rim; pinched, elongated, pressed-down folds; short V-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Burial Cave 10A: 446/1, Burial-level IV, Locus 10077. See text Fig. 5.29:1 Found in niche together with #667, Pls. 24:14 - 15 and 48B. 674. 74-289 Gezer Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flat rim; deep, triangular down-folding with wheel-turning marks on folds only; elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.1 cm, W 15.4 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IB—II Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Stratum XVII, Burial Cave 10A:219, Burial-level IV, p. 169, Locus 1077/2:219 = Stratum XVII in the mound, Fig. 24:15, Pl. 48B:66C. Found with Lamp #667 inside the niche, Resembles Lamps #665 from this site, and #594 (HaZorea`-Tel Qira). Lamps M1 and M2 were. 675. 74-291 Gezer Wheelmade, deep bowl; knife-pared, flattened base; thick, narrow rim; elongated, down-pressed folds; short, wide, rimmed, Ushaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze IB—II Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V (Stratum XVII), Burial Cave 10A:446/1, Burial-level IV, Locus 10074:250 entryway, Fig. 27:24. Found together with Oil lamp #661. 676. 74-331 Gezer Wheelmade, shallow saucer; thick, rounded, rounded base; narrow, rounded, slightly everted rim; short, triangular, wide folds; narrow channel-spout. 272

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 14.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V (Stratum XVI), Burial Cave 10A, Locus 10079:239/1 surface, Pls. 13:11 and 49C. 677. 74-333 Gezer Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; hand-smoothed, flattened base; rounded, everted rim; deep, triangular folds; slightly raised, short, narrow, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.3-3 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.1 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V (Stratum XVI), Burial Cave 10A, Locus 10079:239/4 surface, Pl. 14:6. 678. 74-1623 Gezer Wheelmade; knife-pared, rounded base; heavy scratch marks on bottom; erect rim (partly missing); triangular folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Delicate pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V (Stratum XVII) Burial Cave 10A:446/1, Burial-level IV, Locus 10070:211/3 bench. 679. I.210 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, narrow rim; pinched, pressed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4-2 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 16.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze II - Iron I Mackenzie, 1912 - 3, Ain Shems, pp. 51, 58 - 59, Tomb 1 E 471, Pl. XXII:22, 23, 29. The oil lamps show that the tomb was in use after the Eighteenth Dynasty, the Second Period of Beth Shemesh, until the time when benches were introduced in the burial. Grant, 1931, Ain Shems I, pp. 7-8 (LB II—Iron I), Tomb 11 (former Tomb 1), a shaft-tomb; the offerings including three oil lamps placed in groups near the skulls. This was the richest and largest tomb; it served for a long time as a family tomb. Loffreda, 1968, Tombs of the Iron Age, dates it to 900 BCE. 680. I.10494 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; coarse, rounded, rounded base; narrow, inward-slanting rim; deeply-pressed, projecting, narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Grant, 1931, Ain Shems II, p. 34, Level IV: 59, Pl. XLV:23. 681. 63-1450 Tel Нippor Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; channel-spout; fragmentary. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II - Iron I Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Sippor, p. 163, (end of the LB II - early Iron I), Stratum III (a sealed stratum). In Locus 41 two more oil lamps (#682 and #683) were found on this floor. 683. 63-1437 Tel Нippor Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base;slightly everted rim; deeply-pressed, elongated folds; channel-spout. Reddish-brown ware. H 5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Zippor, p. 163, Stratum III, Locus 32:313, Fig. 7:8 (end of LB II -early Iron I). 684. 63-1517 Tel Нippor Wheelmade; rounded base; thick, everted rim; deep folds; spout partially missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 16 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: end of Late Bronze II-Iron I Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tell Sippor, Stratum III. 273

CATALOGUE 685. 64-1590 Tel Нippor Wheelmade; knife-pared base; lightly-grooved, wide, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; elongated, narrow, projecting channelspout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.2-2.5 cm, W 14.7 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: late Late Bronze II (Iron I(?)) Grooved flange like #620 (Haifa – Shiqmona). Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tell Sippor, Stratum III, Fig. 7:8, No. 136. 686. 34.3058 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, hemispherical, slightly meso-omphalic bowl; pared, rounded base; erect rim; narrow folds; short, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14.8 cm. Date: early Late Bronze II Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Temple II, Room C9DS: 2908, Pl. XLV(A&B):199. In all, seven oil lamps were found, among them three of Class E. 687. 34.7724 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, high, hollow, trumpet-shaped foot; saucer attached to side of foot; top missing; fragmentary. Red ware. H 14+ cm, W 13+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Shrine, Pl. LIV(A&B):347, Room D9D:2929 (may not be a lamp). 688. 35.2923 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, shallow saucer; pared/scraped rounded base; erect rim; very narrow folds; short, projecting, V-shaped spout. Light-red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA-B Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Temple II, Group C10F:3265, Pl. XLV(A&B):194. Five oil lamps of the same type were found. Resembles Lamps #484 (BaΉan) and #613 (Дaifa –Kh. AΓ&aisi). 689. 35.2956 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded base; erect rim; narrow, elongated folds; elongated, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Temple II, Locus EII:3252, Pls. XLV(A&B):195, Class E oil lamps; 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:195. Folds resembles Lamps #659, #669 ( Gezer) and #728 (Tel EΓon). From this site. 690. 35.3012 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted rim; narrow, elongated folds; pinched, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, pp. 244-245, Pit 555:3795, Pl. 73:663, Class E oil lamp. An Irregular shape, consisting of important groups of pottery and objects, of early material. This location was used for burials during the period of the three temples, especially Temple II. Most of the lamps belong to Classes D and E. 691. 35.3013 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; inverted rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit (Burial) 555:3793, Pl. 73:195, Class E (used in Temples II and III). See note #690 See also: Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pl. XLV(A&B):195. 274

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 692. 35.3014 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; in-turned rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 16.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit (Burial) 555:3794, Pl. 73:199, Class E. See also: Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pl. XLV(A&B):195. See note #690 Resembles #686 from this site. 693. 35.3015 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; nearly erect, slightly in-turned rim; strongly pinched, V-shaped spout. Buff ware; light buff slip; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA See note #690 Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit (Burial) 555:3795, Class E. 694. 35.3016 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; in-turned rim; short, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit (Burial) 555:3795, Pl. 63:199, Class E (Temples III and II). See note #690 See also: Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pl. XLV(A&B):199. 695. 35.3017 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, deep saucer, wheel-turning marks on bottom inside; pared, rounded base; slightly in-turned rim; narrow, elongated folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit (Burial) 555:3796, Pl. 73:662, Class D (end of LB I—II). 696. 35.3018 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; inverted rim; elongated, folded-over rim; wide, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 15.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3796, Pl. 73:662, Class D. See note #690 697. 35.3019 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; in-turned rim; elongated folds; pinched, V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pit /Burial 555:3796, Class D. See note #690 698. 35.3020 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, shallow saucer; pared, flattened, rounded base; slightly in-turned rim, slightly pinched, wide, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3797, Pl. 73:661, Class D. See note #690

275

CATALOGUE 699. 35.3021 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, shallow, meso-omphalic saucer; pared, flattened, rounded base; in-turned rim; spout occupies a large part of the saucer. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/ Burial 555:3797, Pl. 73:661, Class D. See note #690 700. 35.3022 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, flattened, smoothed, rounded base; in-turned rim; elongated, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3796, Pl. 73:661, Class D. See note #690 701. 35.3023 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, smoothed, rounded base; in-turned rim; narrow, elongated folds; elongated, V-shaped spout. Light-red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, p. 249 (Eighteenth Dynasty), Pit (Burial) 555:3798, Class C, Pl. 73:655. See note #690 The oil lamp resembles an LB I type. The tomb was in use throughout the duration of the temple. 702. 35.3024 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, deep saucer; pared, smoothed, rounded base; slanting wall; wide, elongated, pressed-down folds; raised V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Red ware. Date: Late Bronze IIB—C Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3799, Pl. 73:664, Class F. See note #690 703. 35.3025 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, deep saucer; smoothed, rounded base; slightly everted rim; narrow, elongated folds; wide, pinched, U/V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; H 5.5 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3800; idem., 1940,Lachish II, Pl. XLV(A&B):193, Class D. Resembles #707 from this site. See note #690 704. 35.3026 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, flattened, rounded base; wide, flanged rim; elongated, triangular folds; rimmed, V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3801, Pl. 73:665, Class G. See note #690 705. 35.3027 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, smoothed, rounded base; slightly everted rim; wide, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3802, PL. 73:197; idem., 1940,Lahish II, Pl. XLV(A&B):197 (Temple II), Class E. See note #690

276

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 706. 35.3028 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, very deep, near-flowerpot-shaped, mesomphalic saucer; smoothed, rounded base; narrow, flanged rim; small, pusheddown folds; short, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 7-5 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II - Iron I Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3803, Pl. 73:666, Class G. See note #690 Deep, flowerpot-type saucer oil lamps are found in the Iron I period. 707. 35.3029 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded-to-flattened base; slightly in-turned rim; narrow, elongated folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 12.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3804, Pl. 73:663, Class E. See note #690 Resembles #703 708. 36.1478 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; in-turned rim around entire saucer; very wide, short, V-shaped spout; broken. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm. Date: early Late Bronze I(?) - II Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Temple II, Room C10:4250, Pl. XLV(A&B):192, Class D; idem., 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:192. This type served in Temples I and II. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum XI: 22, 23 (MB II). Resembles #743 (Tell Beit Mirsim) 709. 37.713 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, deep saucer with wheel-turning marks in center; knife-pared, rounded base; wide everted rim; short, triangular folds; deeply-pinched, wide, elongated, rimmed, channel-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 13.6 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 4004:5553, Pl. 73:203, Class F; idem., 1940, Lachish II, Pl. XLV(A&B):203. See note #412 Seems to be made by the same hand as #710 (identical marking on one fold) 710. 37.714 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, deep saucer; smoothed/scratch-marked, thick, rounded base; wide, curved, everted flanged rim; prominent, pinched, rimmed, short; channel-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 4004:5553, Pl. 73:203, Class F. See note #412 Resembles #709 711. 37.732 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded base; everted rim; triangular folds; strongly-pinched, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13.8 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, p. 286, Tomb 4011:5902, Pl. XLV(A&B):203, Class F, Pl. 13:8. Rock-cut cavity, contained fourteen skulls disconnected from the skeletons were found, and about 30 pottery vessels (reign of Thutmose III, mid-14th century BCE, prior to foundation of Structure III). 712. 37.733 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, mesomphalic saucer; wide, smoothed, rounded base, with incised tool marks; everted, wide, flanged rim; short, deep, 277

CATALOGUE elongated, channel/V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-2.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 4011:5902, Pl. 73:203. See note #711 713. 37.790 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; smoothed, pared flattened/rounded base; wide, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, short, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB (Iron I) Tufnell, 1958, Lachis IV, p. 286, Pit/ Tomb 4013:5954, Pl. 73:204, oil lamp of Class G. Resembles #720 from this site. The burial is a pit with benches at either side (a new element). Among the finds was a scarab of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and one of Ramses II (Nineteenth Dynasty) = Temple III (1320-1250 BCE). 714. 37.791 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; smoothed, scratch-marked, rounded base; everted rim; strongly-pinched V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 6-3.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB (to 1200 BCE) Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pit/ Tomb 4013:5955, Pl. XLV(A&B):204, Class G; idem., 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:204. See note #713 Resembles #719. 715. 37.792 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; everted rim; deeply-pinched, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 13.8 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB—C Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pit/Tomb 4013:5955, Class F; idem., 1958, Tel Lachish IV, Pl. 73:203. See note #713 716. 37.793 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; everted rim; triangular folds; deeply-pinched, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.6 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB-C Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pit/Tomb 4013:5955, Class F; 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:203. See note #713 717. 37.794 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded base; erect, slightly inverted rim; deeply-pinched; V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pit/Tomb 4013:5955, Class E; and Pl. XLV(A&B):195, Temple II; idem. 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:195. See note #713 718. 38.98 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, everted rim; deeply-pinched, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 14.7 cm. Dates: Late Bronze IIB—C Tufnell, 1958,Lachish IV, Pit/Tomb 4013:5956, Pl. 73:195, Class E. See note #713 719. 34.3054 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; knife-pared, rounded base; narrow, flanged rim; triangular folds; raised, V-shaped spout. 278

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB—C Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Temple III, Room C9DS:2895, Pl. XLV(A&B):203 Class E. Eight oil lamps were found in this temple; see: Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:203. 720. 34.3095 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, slightly mesomphalic bowl; rounded base; wide, flanged rim; elongated folds; short, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Temple III, Room C9A:2850, Pl. XLV(A&B):204, Class G; idem. 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:204. Resembles #713 from this site. 721. 34.3096 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, rounded-to-flattened base; narrow, flanged rim; wide, elongated, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB—C Tufnell, 1940,Lachish II, Temple III, Room C9A:2853, Pl. XLV(A&B):202, Class E; idem., 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:202. 722. 35.3030 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; everted, narrow, flanged rim; triangular, narrow folds; raised V-shaped spout occupying a large part of the saucer. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Tufnell, 1958,Lachish IV, Pit/Tomb 555;3805, pp. 244-245, Pl. 73:656, Class C (1500 - 1300 BCE). In use during the period of all three structures, particularly Structure III. Most of the oil lamps belong to Classes D and E Base-Ring I ware. See note #690 Spout resembles #721from this site. 723. 35.3031 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, tilted backward; thickened, rounded base; wide, flanged rim; raised, short, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5-4 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Burial 555:3806, Pl. 73:667, Class G. See note #690 Resembles #724 from this sits 724. 37.795 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks along inner rim; rounded-to-flattened base; wide , flat flanged rim; short, pinched, V-shaped spout. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 10.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1940, Lachish II, Pit/Tomb 4013:5957, Pl. XLV:204, Class G (Temple III). See note #713 725. 38.72 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded base; everted, narrow, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: late Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Tomb 4011:5902, Pl. 73:203, Class F (13th century BCE). The burial contained 30 skulls, and a homogeneous group of pottery vessels with no imported wares. See note #711

279

CATALOGUE 726. 38.97 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; pared, scratched, rounded base; narrow, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, short, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pit/Tomb 4013:5955, Pl. 73:203, Class F. See note #713 727. 69-529 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside and outside; rounded base; everted, rounded, narrow rim; deep, elongated, folded, V-shaped spout (fragmentary). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:117. Resembles Lamps #663, #665, #675 (Gezer). The tomb contained hundreds of vessels, with imported Cypriot ware, including 20 lamps characteristic of the final LB phases. 728. 69-530 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks in and outside; rounded base; slightly everted, upward-slanting rim; deep, rounded folds starting from beyond half the circumference; wide elongated, V-shaped spout; rear of lamp fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:114. Resembles Lamps #663, #665, #675 (Gezer). 729. 69-531 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; thick, slightly inverted, erect rim; raised, narrow, strongly-pinched, V-shaped spout with deep thumb impressions at the sides. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II (A) Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:198. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIB, Pl. 66:9; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Lamp 300 (#609). 730. 69-532 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, crude, small depression in the center of saucer; rounded base; slightly inverted, plain rim; pinched, narrow, triangular folds; short, projecting, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II (A) Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:123. Cf. Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Pls. 13:11, 14:4 (Lamps #623 and #628); Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Pl. 23:200, Class C/D; Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Pl. 20:17 (Oil lamp #673). Resembles #784 (Tell Beit Mirsim) 731. 69-533 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; shallow saucer; rounded base; plain, curved rim; deep, triangular folds; U/V-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II (A) Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:126, Fig. 3:9. Cf. Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, Pl. 19:5 (Oil lamp #629); Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Pl. 29:3 (Oil lamp #668). 732. 69-534 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; plain, slightly inverted rim; elongated, rounded folds; elongated, narrow, flaring V-shaped spout; part of saucer broken. Pink ware; traces of burning. 280

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 4.5 cm, W 15+ cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:128. Resembles #730 from this site. Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:195, Class C/D; Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Pl. 23:9. 733. 69-535 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; crude, thick base; rounded, very wide, flanged rim; small, triangular folds; short, rimmed, V-shaped, channel-spout; rear of lamp fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:125. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C. 734. 69-536 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, deep bowl; thickened, rounded, rounded base; slanting wall; flanged rim; short, deeply-pressed, triangular folds; short, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze II-Iron I Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Fig. 3:6, Tomb B/1:116. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:667-668, Type G; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Pl. 48:1. 735. 69-537 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; rim missing; elongated folds. Thick, brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:129. 736. 69-538 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; plain, slightly inverted rim; elongated, asymmetrical, rounded folds; narrow, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15+ cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Fig. 3:8, Tomb B/1:115. Resembles #730 from this site. Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish IV, Pl. 73:195, Class C/D; Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Pl. 23:9. 737. 69-539 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; straight rim continues wall; narrow, flat rim; pinched, short, triangular folds; V-shaped spout. Brown-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:121. Cf. Seger and Lance, 1988, Gezer V, Pl. 18:8 ( #666). 738. 69-1098 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; flattened, plain rim; channel/U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:122. 739. 69-1099 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; straw- wiped, rounded-to-flattened base; slanting wall; slightly, everted rim; deep, elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II 281

CATALOGUE Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:113. Resembles #606 (Дaifa-Tell Abu Hawam); Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIB, Pl. 66:13. 740. 69-536 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; slanting wall; curved, narrow flanged rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds; short rimmed. Ushaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.1 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Tzaferis and Hess, 1992, Tel `Eitun, p. 11, Tomb B/1:123. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Pl. 73: 667 – 668, Type G; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Pl.48:1. Resmbles # 737 of this site. 741. I.4952 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; pared, slightly thickened, rounded base; erect, narrow, flat rim; small, triangular folds; short, narrow, lowered, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, p. 42:59, Stratum C:545, Debris SE22, Pls. 14:4, 48:8. It is difficult to distinguish the oil lamps of Stratum B from those of Stratum C. 742. I.8999 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, deep saucer; smoothed, thickened, rounded base; slightly everted, rim continuing wall, very wide, down-pushed folds (recall a Persian-type spout); lowered, narrow, channel-V spout. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 5.8 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 18.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum C:1415, Pl. 48:1. Resembles #816 (PalmaΉim) 743. 78-699 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened base; inverted rim; slightly pinched spout; fragmentary. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, Gudowitz and Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 33. An MB–LB type lamp. See note # 303 Resembles #708 (Lachish). 744. 78-778 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; smoothed, thick, rounded base; erect rim; folded spout U shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.2 cm, W 15.2 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA-B Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:40/10. Bahat & Ben–Arieh, 2004:9-10, Ben–Arieh 2004:32-33, Fig. 2.90.35 Including 117 pottery vessels :7 oil lamps and 82 bowls dated as tomb 100 . The date of the scarabs among the burial are of the Early 14th century B.C.E (forthcoming) 745. 78-779 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, wide, rounded base; erect, slightly inverted rim; V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14.2 cm, L; 14.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:14/5. Ben – Arieh, 2004, Fig. 2.90.36. See note #744 746. 78-780 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, tilted backward; high, rounded base; plain rim; V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. 282

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 6 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 16.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:22/5. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note 744 747. 78-781 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; rounded base; erect rim; folded, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:13/9; Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note #744 748. 78-782 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; deep, hand-smoothed, rounded base; erect rim; short, wide V-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:13/9. 749. Ben – Arieh, 2004, Fig. 2.90.34. See note #744 749. 8-783 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, tilted backward; hand-smoothed, flattened base; erect rim; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 7.5-3.5 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:39/6. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note #744. 750. 78-784 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, thickened base; erect rim; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:47/2. Ben–Arieh, 2004. 751. 78-1618 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks on wall; coarse, string-cut disk-base; rim missing; deeply-pinched channel-spout(?) Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA -B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:709. Ben–Arieh, 2004:5-6 & 16-20. Fig. 2.41.114. Numerous about 600 pottery vessels near the walls, among them 47 oil lamps, including Cyprian imports and a lamp and a biLB Il were found in situ near a burial. Large burial. The scarabs were dated to the end of the 15th and 14th centuries B.C.E. The lamps were compared to TBM Strata C and PalmΉim LB II (Singer-Avitz and Levy, 1992, Fig. 3:8-17). Another Tomb .500 pp.21-24; Fig. 2.52.33-42; excavated in 1982, was assigned to the same period, were 150 pottery vessels among the, 31 oil lamps. 752. 78-1619 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; rounded base; inverted wall; flaring rim; elongated folds; wide, V-shaped spout(?); damaged. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14+ cm, L: 15+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA -B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:282 Ben – Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 753. 78-1620 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; pared, low disk-base (distorted); plain rim; wide folds; deeply-pressed, elongated, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 11.5+ cm, L: 14 cm. 283

CATALOGUE Date: Late Bronze IIA-B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:432. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. Resemembles #760 from this site. 754. 78-1621 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, deep saucer; thickened, bulging, pared(?) rounded base; plain narroe flat rim; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:603. Ben–Arieh, 2004, Fig. 2.41.112. See note # 751 above. 755. 78-1622 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, pared, rounded base; plain, a circle at the center of saucer, slightly everted rim; elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 14.1 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:493. Ben–Arieh, 2004, Fig. 2.41.106. See note # 751 above. Resemembles #757 from this site. 756. 78-1623 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thickened rounded base; flaring rim; wide folds; spout missing. Pink-brown ware. H 5 cm, W 14+ cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA-B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:386. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 757. 78-1624 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; slightly inverted rim; short, raised, pinched V-shaped spout. Yellowish ware, traces of burning. H 5.6-4.5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.6 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:540 (an early type). Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. Resemembles #755 from this site. 758. 78-1625 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thickened, pared, rounded base; inverted rim; small, narrow folds; short V-shaped spout. Yellowish ware; traces of burning also on bottom. H 6 cm, W 16 cm, L: 15.7 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:303. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. Resembles #760. 759. 78-1626 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened, pared base; plain rim; elongated folds; short, pinched, V-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA -B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:319. Ben – Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 760. 78-1627 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; rough, string-cut, flat disk-like base; thickened inverted rim (fragmentary); elongated folds; pinched, elongated, Vshaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. 284

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:536. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. Resembles Lamps #754 and #758 from this site. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl.62:3. 761. 78-1628 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; plain rim; pressed , small folds; pinched, short, narrow, V/channel-spout; part of lamp missing. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 14.5+ cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:784. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 762. 78-1629 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; crude, thick, pared, rounded base; flaring wall; plain rim (partly missing); elongated folds; elongated, pinched, Vshaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:783. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 763. 78-1631/a Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, flat base; flaring, everted rim; spout missing. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 15.2 cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA -B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:710. Ben – Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 764. 78-1645 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; flat, flanged rim; elongated folds (wheel marks on folds); raised V-shaped spout (damaged). Light-brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA -B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:126. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 765. 78-1646 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, very deep saucer with wheel-turning marks around upper part; hand-smoothed, bulging, rounded base; slightly everted rim (broken); small folds; pinched, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.2 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:393. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 766. 78-1649 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, hand-smoothed, bulging base; everted rim; spout missing. Light-brown ware. H 5.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:304. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 767. 78-1667 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; rounded base, flaring rim, V shaped spout Pink ware; traces of burning. 285

CATALOGUE H 5 cm, W 14.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:810. Ben–Arieh, 2004, Fig. 2.41.109. See note # 751 above. 768. 78-1706 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened base; everted rim(?). Brown ware; red slip; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA -B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:553. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 769. 78-1707 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; bulging, rounded base; flaring rim; deep folds; spout broken. Pink ware. H 5.5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 770. 78-1727 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; rim missing; elongated folds; spout broken. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100: (no number). Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 771. 78-1736 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, deep saucer; thick, hand-smoothed, rounded base; rim missing; deep, pinched folds; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 15+ cm, L: 15.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:427. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 772. 78-1847 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded base; slanting wall; flat rim; spout missing. Pink ware. H 4.3 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:623. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 773. 78-1849 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; knife-pared, rounded base; plain, slightly inverted rim; elongated folds; raised V-shaped spout (broken). Orange ware; traces of burning. H 5.5-4.5 cm, W 14.6 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:321. Ben–Arieh, 2004; Fig. 2.41.108. See note # 751 above. 774. 78-1878 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; rounded base; curved wall; plain, thick rim; spout missing. Pink ware. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:794. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 286

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 775. 78-1883 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened base; everted rim; pushed-in folds; spout missing. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10.5+ cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:793. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 776. 78-1885 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly inverted rim; elongated folds; pinched, V-shaped spout; part of the lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning along spout. H 4.5 cm, W 10.5+ cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze I—II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:656. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 777. 78-1897 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flat, heavy, disk-base; plain, wide rim (fragmentary); very deep, pinched spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 6.2 cm, W 11.5+ cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:152. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 778. 78-1910 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, pared-in-the-round, rounded base; thick wall; plain, slightly everted rim; deep, pinched, thumb-pressed spout; fragmentary. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 14.5+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:411. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 779. 78-1911 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, shallow saucer; thickened, rounded base; thick, plain, everted rim; small, deep folds; spout is missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:298. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 780. 78-1912 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, hand-smoothed base; slightly everted rim; raised spout missing. Pink-brown ware. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:598. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:4. 781. 78-1913 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, very deep saucer; pared, bulging, rounded base; erect rim; deep, thumb-pressed folds; raised spout broken. Pink-red ware; traces of burning. H 5.6 cm, W 12 cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:495. Ben–Arieh, 2004, Fig. 2.41:113. See note # 751 above. Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, Pl. 18:9; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class G (1200 BCE), Pl. 72:666.

287

CATALOGUE 782. 78-1914 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; deep, wide saucer; wide, flat base; slanting wall; slightly everted rim; deeply pinched folds; raised, V-shaped spout (partly missing). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6-5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:494. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 761 above. Cf. Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class D, Pl. 73:664; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIB, Pl. 66:13. Resemble #761 of this site. 783. 78-1915 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, flattened base; slightly everted rim; elongated folds; deeply-pinched, elongated, raised V-shaped spout. Light-brown; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:504. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. Resembles #754. 784. 78-1916 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; scratched, disk-like base; rim missing; very narrow folds; slightly-pinched, pushed-in, projecting, V-shaped spout(?) Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14+ cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:389. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, Pl. 18:7; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class F (1400-1200 BCE), Pl. 72:664. Resemembles Lamps #553 (Beth Shean), #592 ( ДaZorea-Tel Qira), and #730 (Tel ‘EΓon). 785. 78-1917 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thickened, smoothend, rounded base; everted rim; deep, pinched spout (missing). Pink ware. H 6 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Burial Cave 100:219. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 786. 78-1918 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; pared/scratched, rounded base; thin, plain rim (nearly half missing); elongated folds; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14+ cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:406. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 787. 78-1919 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; flattened, pared base; erect wall; slightly everted rim; small folds; deeply-pressed, pinched spout (missing). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:151. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 788. 78-1947 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, deep saucer; thick, rounded base; narrow, slanting flanged rim; elongated folds; wide V-shaped spout(broken). Pink ware. H 5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:548. Ben–Arieh, 2004, Fig. 2.41.110. 288

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS See note # 751 above. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class F (1400 - 1200 BCE). 789. 78-1948 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; knife-pared, rounded base; thick, rounded, slightly inverted rim; short folds; deep, pinched spout (broken). Yellowish ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:559. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum C, Pl. 18:7,8; Tufnell, 1958, Lachish IV, Class E (1500-1400 BCE). 790. 78-1949 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; small, thick, flat base; flat, narrow, everted rim; spout missing. Orange-reddish ware. H 5.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:339. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 791. 78-1950 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; pared, thick, rounded base; everted rim; deeply-pinched elongated folds; elongated channel-spout; back part of lamp missing. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:385. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 792. 78-1958 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; bulging, pared, smoothed base; narrow, flanged, everted rim; deeply-pinched folds; elongated, narrow channel-spout. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:574. Ben–Arieh, 2004, Fig.2.41.111. See note # 751 above. See: Lamp #485 (Tel Zeror) with a higher disk-base. 793. 78-2029 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, depression in bottom; bulging, pared base; flaring rim (mostly missing); elongated folds; down-pressed spout (missing). Red-brown ware. H 4.8 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:591. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 794. 78-2038 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, flattened, pared base; very narrow, flanged rim; elongated folds; half of spout missing. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.6 cm, L: 16+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA into IIB Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:572. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 795. 78-2039 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; base missing; flaring rim (missing); deep, elongated folds; channel-spout; fragmentary. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA-B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:229. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 289

CATALOGUE 796. 78-2040 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, deep saucer; knife-pared, rounded base; plain, erect rim; slight folds; wide spout (chipped). Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA—B Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 100:576. Ben–Arieh, 2004. See note # 751 above. 797. 78-2078 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, flattened base; everted rim; down-pinched, pressed folds; V-shaped spout. Light-orange ware; traces of burning. H 3.9 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 5:1. See note # 751 above. 798. 78-2080 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, heavy, rounded base; rounded, flanged rim; narrow, pressed-down folds; V-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Alon, excavated in 1978, Tomb 5:(?). 799. 78-2869 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; smoothed, thickened base; erect rim; pinched, V-shaped spout. Reddish-orange ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13.2+ cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:29/6. Ben–Arieh, 2004. 800. 78-2870 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thickened base; rim missing; V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:62/5.Ben–Arieh, 2004. 801. 78-2871 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, smoothed bowl; wide, thickened, near-disk-base; rim continues wall; spout missing. Light-brown-orange ware. H 3+ cm, W 12.8 cm, L: 12.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Bahat, excavated in 1978, Tomb 803:6/2. Ben – Arieh, 2004. 802. 77-143 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Seger, 1983, Tell Halif, Area A:9.154; Seger et al., 1990, Tell Halif, p. 21. 803. 83-901 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, miniature oil lamp; flattened base; deeply-pinched, narrow rim; fragmentary. Brown ware. H 1.5 cm, W 3 cm, L: 3.4 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Seger, 1983, Tell Halif, Area B, Locus 8036:1099; Seger et al., 1990, Tell Halif, pp-1-32.

290

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 804. 83-904 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, miniature oil lamp; imprint of a woven mat or cloth on base; rounded spout; fragmentary. Brown-black ware. H 2.9 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Seger, 1983, Tell Halif, Locus 10105:1001,2143; Seger et al., 1990, Tell Halif, pp.1-32. 805. 72-550 Yafo Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, slightly inverted rim; wide, deeply-pressed folds; elongated channel-spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Kaplan, excavated in 1963, No. 2726. 806. 60-459 Azor Wheelmade, carinated saucer served as a lamp; disk-base. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 8+ cm, W 11+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Dothan, excavated in 1960, Area C:98. 807. 70-1394 Azor Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; heavy, erect rim; slightly-pinched spout missing. Brown-red ware. H 3.3 cm, W 15 cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Druks, 1970, HA 33:21, Burial Cave 4:607. 808. 70-1395 Azor Wheelmade; rounded base; elongated folds; V-shaped spout; rear of lamp missing. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Late Bronze II Druks. 1970, HA 33:21, Burial Cave 4:587. 809. 70-1396 Azor Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded base; up-slanting, wide, grooved, flanged rim; wide, elongated folds; wide, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Druks, 1970, HA 33:21, Burial Cave 4:587. The rim is typical to Iron I 810. 70-1397 Azor Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged sharply—carinated rim; elongated, pressed folds; wide, short, rimmed, Ushaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Druks, 1970, HA 33:21, Burial Cave 4:446/1. 811. 74-635 PalmaΉim Wheelmade, irregularly-shaped saucer; rounded base; double-grooved, flanged rim; wide, deep, finger-pressed folds (fingerimprints). V-shaped spout Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27. 291

CATALOGUE Rectangular Cist-Burial 11, cut in the kurkar-sandstone and covered with slabs, containing also imported wares of thr Monochrome and BRI types, may have been in use already in the LB I. Additional two burials, burial 26 of the kidney shaped type were excacated and published by Avitz –singe and Levy 1992 un use from early LB II to its second part (14th-13th century BCE). Among the finds lamps Fig.3:8-17. lamp 19 has wheel-turning marks on rim. All are deep with concave bass, short V to U-shaped spouts, narrow and wider flanged rims. The cemetery belonged to Yavn’e Yam. 812. 74-643 PalmaΉim Wheelmade; thickened, bulging, rounded base; narrow everted rim; deep, wide folds; narrow, channel-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27, Cist-burial 17. Cist-Burial 17. And see remark to #811. 813. 74-647 PalmaΉim Wheelmade, tilted backward; thickened, rounded base; grooved, flanged, upward-slanting rim; deep folds; short, narrow, channel/Vshaped spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 6-4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27. Cist-Burial 13, with more than one deceased. See: Singer-Avitz and Levy, 1992, PalmΉim, p. 22. And see remark to #811. Resembles #809 (Azor—Дolon) and more grooved rims described above. 814. 74-1634 PalmaΉim Wheelmade, tilted backward; thickened, bulging, rounded base; flat, flanged rim; small, pushed-in folds; short, U-shaped spout (restored). Brown-green ware; traces of burning. H 6-2.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27, Cist-burial 21. And see remark to #811. Resembles #740 (Tel EΓon) and #817 from this site and 815. 74-1636 PalmaΉim Wheelmade, tilted backward; disk-base; wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim; short, narrow, U-shaped spout (restored). Brown-orange ware; traces of burning. H 6-4 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27, Cist-burial 21. And see remark to #811. 816. 74-1638 PalmaΉim Wheelmade, tilted backward, wheel marks in center of bowl; rounded base; rounded, wide, flanged rim departing sharply from wall; wide, elongated, deeply-pressed folds; very narrow, elongated channel-spout. Brown-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-4 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27, Cist-burial 21. And see remark to #811. Resembles Lamps #742 (Tell Beit Mirsim) and #812 from this site. Almost Persian type folds. 817. 74-1642 PalmaΉim Wheelmade; uneven, un-smoothed, rounded base; flat, narrow, flanged rim; small, deep, triangular folds; narrow, U-shaped spout, widening toward tip. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA 292

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27, Cist-burial 22. And see remark to #811. Resembles #814 from this site. 818. 74-1643 PalmaΉim Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base (restored); upward-slanting rim; deep folds; narrow, channel-shaped spout. Pink-orange ware; traces of burning. H 5-3.5 cm, W 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27, Cist-burial 22. 819. 74-1654 PalmaΉim Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded rim; spout missing; fragmentary. Pink ware. H 3.3 cm, W 13. cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Liphshitz and Kempinski, excavated in 1961; 1967, HA 22-23:26-27, Cist-burial 22. And see remark to #811. 820. 60-468 Tel Yavn’e Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; deeply-pressed folds; rimmed , elomgated, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II (Iron I(?)) Gophna, excavated in 1960, Burial Cave 4. 821. 60-471 Tel Yavn’e Wheelmade; scratched, flattened base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; down-pressed folds; elongated, narrow channel-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II (Iron I(?)) Gophna, excavated in 1960, Burial Cave 4. 822. 60-1196 Tel Mor (Tell el-Kheidar) Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; inverted, curved rim; wide, rimmed spout (fragmentary). Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Dothan, excavated in 1960, Area A, Stratum 6, Locus 71:708/5; idem., 1973, Tel Mor. 823. 50-66 QaΓra Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flat, inverted rim; protruding, wide, pinched, projecting V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Ory, Burial Cave. Spout resemble #491 from Jericho 824. 62-587 Ashdod Wheelmade, deep saucer; bulging, rounded base; narrow, triangular folds; projecting V-shaped spout; rear of lamp missing. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10+ cm. Date: Late Bronze IIA Dothan, 1967, Ashdod I, p. 77, Locus 520 (early stage of the LB II), Area B, Stratum 3:201/1, Fig. 17:8 (a late type). 825. 79-7 Tel Zayit Handmade, base smoothed with a sharp tool; plain inverted rim; deep, triangular folds; short, wide, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. 293

CATALOGUE Date: early Late Bronze II(?) Surface find at the site of the settlement (MB II - Arab period), 1979, HA 72:31. 826. 74-1593 Tel er-Ridan Wheelmade; twig-pared, thickened, rounded base; narrow, flat, erect rim; elongated folds; narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, 1974, HA 48 - 49:10 - 13, Cist-Burial 6/6. Cf. Ben Arieh et al., 199: 78, Figs. 2:9, 9:5, 6, all the oil lamps are standard LB types of the 14th century BCE. 827. 74-1594 Tel er-Ridan Wheelmade; thickened, stepped, rounded base (nearly a disk-base); narrow, flanged, flat, erect rim; elongated folds; elongated, narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, 1974, HA 48 - 49:10 - 13, Cist-Burial 6/25. 828. 74-2028 Tel er-Ridan Wheelmade, tilted backward; thickened, knife-pared, rounded base; everted, narrow rim; elongated folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.3-2.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran, 1974, HA 48-49:10-13, Cist-burial 6/19 (14th century BCE). 829. 40.26 Tell el-`Ajjul Handmade, small lamp; flattened base; pinched to form channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Petrie, 1933, Ancient Gaza III, E750:2262, Type 91A6. 830. 40.55 Tell el-`Ajjul Handmade, crude; flattened base; in-turned rim; pinched spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10.9 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Petrie, 1933, Ancient Gaza III, LAH 996:2441, Type 91 M3. 831. I.6959 Tell el- Far’h (South) Tel SharuΉen Wheelmade, deep saucer; pared, thickened base; everted rim; short, flat, strongly-pinched, V-shaped spout. Dark-red ware; coarse surface; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II-Iron I Starkey and Harding, 1932, Beth-Pelet II, p. 25:8, Tomb 936, Pl. LIV-LV. A small tomb. Early burials were moved to a corner to make room for new ones. Four skulls were found, and scarabs of Amenhotep II, Thutmose III, and Ramses II (first half of the XIXth-early Twntieth Dynasty); Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91G5. And see: Gonen, 1992, Burial Patterns, p. 128 (13th century BCE). 832. I.6969 Tell el- Far’h (South) Tel SharuΉen Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded-to-flattened base; narrow, grooved, flanged rim; small folds with wheel-turning marks; protruding, spout strongly pinched in wet clay. Dark-red ware; light-cream slip; traces of burning. H 5-3 cm, W 16.3 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II (Iron I) Starkey and Harding, 1932, Beth-Pelet II, p. 25:8, Tomb 936, Pl. LIV–LV; Duncan. 1930, Corpus, Type 91K3V. Gonen, 1992, Burial Patterns, p. 128 (13th century BCE). See remarks #831 Resembles # 657a. (Tel Yericho). 294

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 833. I.6971 Tell el- Far’h (South) Tel SharuΉen Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded base; inverted rim; slightly-pinched wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 10.8 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Middle Bronze—Late Bronze Starkey and Harding, 1932, Beth-Pelet II, Tomb 936, Pl. LIV-LV, .Gonen, 1992, Burial Patterns, p. 128 (13th century BCE). See remarks #831 834. I.10407 Tell el-Far’h (South) Tel SharuΉen Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base, smoothed/pared with a sharp tool; narrow, inverted rim; strongly-pinched, rounded, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; pale red-brown slip; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.9 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Starkey and Harding, 1932, Beth-Pelet II, p. 26, Tomb 984, File ATQ/16/6; Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91C (Eighteenth Dynasty). 835. I.10594 Tell el- Far’h (South) Tel SharuΉen Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded-to-flattened base; wide. Flat ,flanged rim; small, strongly-pinched triangular folds; rimmed, short channel-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Starkey and Harding, excavated in 1929-30, Area V:371 (Eighteenth Dynasty). Multi-Spouted Oil Lamps 836. 60-626 Tel Mor (Tell el-Kheidar) Wheelmade, seven wide, V-shaped pinched spouts Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Late Bronze I Dothan. 1960, Tel Mor, Pl. 9:2 (right), No. 104, found on the bemah, Strata 11-10 (17th-16th century BCE). 837. 63-1474 Tel Нippor Handmade, crude; rounded base; crude, thumb-indented spouts; slightly pushed-in wall; only four spouts remain. Thick, brown ware; no signs of burning. H 6 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Sippor, Locus 49. Oil Lamps Made of Bronze 838. 34.1957 Megiddo Raised bronze, fragmentary hemispherical bowl with flat rim. H 1.2 cm, W 4 cm. Date: Late Bronze II Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 69-72, Pl. 126:13 (lamp or spoon), Tomb 912 B:M.3096. In the tomb were LB II weapons similar to the ones found at `Akko; see: Ben Arieh and Edelstein, 1977, Akko.

IRON I 839. 68-1298 Tel Dan Wheelmade; rounded base; grooved, narrow, upward-slanting, flanged rim; narrow, elongated folds; spout missing. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 15+ cm. Date: Iron I Biran, excavated in 1968, Area B, Stratum VI-VII, Locus 332, No. 1338/1, pits. The first settlement dates to the 12th century BCE. Similar grooves in the rim occur already in the LB II and increase in this period, 295

CATALOGUE Cf. A. Mazar, 1985, Tel Qasile, Stratum XI, Fig. 25:1. Resembles Lamps #551 (NaΉal Tavor); #586 (HaZorea`-Tel Qira); #574 (Tel Ro`e); #558 (Tel ReΉov); #1002 (Haifa-Shiqmona), #843 Tel Gat (Jatt), #852, #854, #856 (Tel Menora); #858 (Tel Shalem); #927, #934, #1030, #1031, #1032 (Tel ‘Eton), #1018 (Tel ‘Erani), #942 (Tell Qasila); #964 (Tel Masos) , #947 (Azor). 840. 76-1735 Har Adir Wheelmade; slightly-rounded base; triangular fold; rim and part of spout missing. Gray-brown ware; some burning marks. H 4 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron I—II Davis, 1976, HA 59-60:9. Wall-enclosed structure (end 11th-9th centuries BCE). Davis, 1985 The Steel pick. 841. 75-949 Sasa Wheelmade; smoothen, rounded base; deeply-pinched, upturned spout; most of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: Iron I Bahat, 1975, HA 54-55:4. From a pit together with jars and pithoi. See also: Stepansky, Segal and Carmi, 1996, Tel Sasa, p. 54, who refer to Bahat’s excavation at Sasa and date it to first half of 11th century BCE. 842. 66-1252 Tel Gat (Jatt) Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds; short, narrow, rimmed, channel-shaped spout, widening toward tip. Pink-orange ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: late Iron I Ben Yosef, 1967, HA 21:18. Shaft-Burial Cave with a bench upon which the deceased were laid. Among the offerings were Phoenician juglets. The spout resembles #849 and #850 (Tel Roe) #862, #869 (Haifa- Tell Abu Hawam) and #875 (Ramat RaΉel), #876 (Beth Shemesh) (Tel Menora). Cf. A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasile, Stratum X, Fig. 43:1; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VII, Pl. 72:7,8. 843. 66-1253 Tel Gat (Jatt) Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flat, grooved rim; elongated, narrow folds; wide, short, U-shaped spout. Pink-orange ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: late Iron I Ben Yosef, 1967, HA 21:18. Grooved like Lamps #852, #856 (Tel Menora). Remarks as #842. 844. L.768 Beth Shean Wheelmade; rounded base; outside of saucer wall grooved below rim; small folds; raised U-shaped spout. Brown-reddish ware; traces of heavy burning. H 4-1.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Iron I Fitzgerald, excavated in 1922:II50(1447); Oren, 1973, Tomb 66A-C, anthropoid burial. 845. 53-939 `En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; slightly inverted rim continues wall; short, narrow folds; short, wide, V-shaped spout, part missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIb—Iron I Zori, excavated in 1953, Burial Cave (“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”), Excavation No. 61. The lamp is in the LB tradition. Cf. Ben-Tor and Portugali,1987, Tel Qiri, Stratum VIII, Fig. 16:3; Oren, 1973, Beth Shan (1200-1150 BCE), Tomb 107, Fig. 43:2, Tomb 66A, Fig. 42:15; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIIA, Pl. 70:7, and Stratum VII, Pl. 72:7, 8.

296

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 846. 53-940 En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Wheelmade, small, shallow saucer; rounded base; wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim, starting from bottom of saucer; small, triangular, deeply-pressed folds; short, rimmed, narrow channel-spout. Gray-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.8 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze IIB—Iron I Zori, excavated in 1953, Burial Cave (“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”), Excavation No. 80. Wall/rim starting from bottom resembles #543 (Нefat) of the LB II, and #963 (Tel Masos). Cf. Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, Fig. 46:8,20. 847. 53-941 `En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Wheelmade; rounded base; everted rim; large part of lamp missing. Reddish ware. Fragmentary. Date: (Late Bronze II(?)) Iron I Zori, excavated in 1953, Burial Cave (“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”), Excavation No. 62. 848. 53-942 `En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot” Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; splayed rim. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 14+ cm. Date: (Late Bronze II(?)) Iron I Zori, excavated in 1953, Burial Cave (“Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”), Excavation No. 43. 849. 56-1974 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade; flat base; everted, rounded, narrow, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; short, narrow, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm. W 14.2 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Tsori. 1962, Beth Shean Valley, p. 167 (Burial Cave). The same cemetery contains LB II tombs. The lamps continue the LB II tradition. 850. 56-1982 Tel Ro`e Wheelmade, tilted backward; flattened base; rounded, very wide, flanged rim; pressed, triangular folds; narrow, elongated channelspout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 17 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Iron I Tsori, 1962, Beth Shean Valley, p. 167 (Burial Cave). Cf. Albright, 1933, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum B, Pl. 51:6; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIB, Pl. 74:13. 851. 75-375 Tel Menora Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; flat, flanged rim; small, triangular folds; wide V shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron I Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, p. 142, Burial Cave, No. 40. Resembles #947 (Azor). The burial contained seven oil lamps in LB tradition: 1) with thickened, rounded base; and 2) with flat disk-base and central depression. 852. 75-376 Tel Menora Wheelmade, central depression in bottom of saucer; un-smoothed, string-cut, low disk-base; flaring wall; deeply grooved, flanged rim; small, deep, triangular folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, p. 142, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 9, Fig. 3:15. See remarks to #851.

297

CATALOGUE Rim similar to #839 (Tel Dan). Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Strata VIII-VI; Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, Fig. 46:3, Tomb 202A—B, anthropoid burial. 853. 75-377 Tel Menora Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in saucer (central depression in bottom of saucer), un-smoothed, unevenly-pared, thick, stepped, low disk-base; narrow, flat rim; triangular folds; short, U- shaped spout. Grayish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron I Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, p. 142 (Burial Cave). Resembles #851 from this site See remarks to #851. Cf. Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, Tomb 219A-B, Pl. 48a:10 and Tomb 202A—B, Pl. 96:8. 854. 75-378 Tel Menora Wheelmade, central depression in bottom of deep saucer; thick, rounded, nearly-disk-base; slanting wall; deeply grooved, flanged rim; small, triangular folds; raised, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron I Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, p. 142 (Burial Cave), Fig. 3:14, Locus 3. See remarks to #851. Resembles #839, from Tel Dan and #852of this site and see list of other such lamps there. See this text Fig. 5.28 of the Late Bronze II 855. 75-379 Tel Menora Wheelmade, shallow saucer; pared, flattened base; narrow, flat rim; short, narrow, elongated folds; narrow, raised, short, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5-4 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date: Iron I Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, p. 142, Burial Cave, Excavation No.39, Fig. 3:13, Locus 3. See remarks to #851. Resembles #858 (Tel Shalem). Cf. A. Mazar,1985, Tel Qasila, Stratum XI (1150 - 1000 BCE), Figs. 31:5 and 20:16, Temple 200. 856. 75-380 Tel Menora Wheelmade; string-cut, low, nearly disk-base; deeply grooved, upward-slanting rim; small, triangular folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Brown-yellow ware; slight traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.6 cm. Date: Iron I Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, p. 142, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 18. See remarks to #851. Resembles #839, and see list of other such lamps there. It seems that one hand is behind lamps #839, #852, #854, #856, #858 857. 75-381 Tel Menora Wheelmade; low disk-base; slightly-grooved, slanting, everted rim/wall, starting at bottom of saucer; elongated folds; pronounced, wide, U-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron I Gal, 1979, Tel Menorah, p. 142, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 8. See remarks to #851. In LB tradition. Resembles #845, #846 and #857 from this site 858. 76-689 Tel Shalem Wheelmade; un-smoothed, rounded base; grooved, narrow, flanged rim; elongated folds; narrow, elongated, channel/U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware, same slip; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 17 cm, L: 19 cm. Date: Iron I 298

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Porath, excavated in 1975, Excavation No. 20. Resembles #839, and see list of other such lamps there. Cf. Yadin and Geva, 1986, Beth Shean, p. 82, Photo 34:3, Stratum 4. 859. 79-66 Tel Kison Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; plain, flaring rim continues wall; elongated, narrow, triangular folds; raised, elongated channelspout, widening at opening. Pink-brown ware. H 3.5-7 cm, W 15 cm, L: 18 cm. Date: Iron I Briend and Humbert ,1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 9A—B, Locus 606A, Pl. 66:16, No. 76.280 (1075-1000 BCE). Spout: cf. A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasile 2, Stratum X, Fig. 43:5; Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Stratum 3a, Figs. 38:6, 50:21-22. 860. 78-28 Tel Kishyon Wheelmade; smoothed, thick base; plain rim continues wall; deep folds; spout and parts of saucer missing. Pink ware. H 3 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron I Arnon and R. Amiran, 1977:164, Area A, Locus 5:15; Arnon and R. Amiran, 1981, Tel Qishon, pp. 206-7. Mixed pottery of LB and Iron I; below, remains of EB III. 861. 78-29 Tel Kishyon Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded, near-disk-base; narrow, flat, flanged rim departing sharply from wall; deeply pressed, elongated folds; elongated, channel- spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Arnon and R. Amiran, 1977:164, Area A, Locus 11:36; Arnon and R. Amiran, 1981, Tel Qishon, pp. 206 - 207. Mixed pottery of LB and Iron I; below, remains of EB III. The flat rim shows Phoenician technique. 862. 34.321 Дaifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; raised, U-shaped spout. Brown-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Late Bronze II—Iron I Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum IV:247; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, between Strata II and IV, Pl. 19:5. 863. 34.359 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade, carinated saucer; un-smoothed, very small disk-base; wide, slightly-rounded flanged rim; projecting, raised, short, rimmed channel-spout. Orange-buff ware; no signs of burning. H 6.2-3.3 cm, W 14.2 cm, L: 14.3 cm. Date: Iron I—II Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, p. 23:94, Stratum III:303, Pl. XXII:24. 864. 34.501 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade; wide, rounded-to-flattened base; in-folded, rounded, wide, flanged, flaring rim; wide, V-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15.2 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron I—II Hamilton, 1935, Tell Abu Hawam, p. 23:92, Stratum III:523, pavement level. Resembles #865 from this site 865. 34.517 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade; smoothed, thickened, bulging base; very narrow, flat rim; elongated narrow channel-spout. Light-red-orange ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 15.2 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Iron I—II Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, p. 23:93, Stratum III:541. 299

CATALOGUE 866. 34.533 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade, carinated saucer; un-smoothed, very small disk-base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; small folds; projecting, narrow, rimmed channel-spout; fragmentary. Orange-buff ware. H 4 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Iron I Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, No. 559. 867. 34.591 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside; smoothed, bulging, rounded base; rim is the wall; deeply finger-pressed, elongated narrow channel shaped spout. Light-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.7-2.3 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Iron I Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, p. 30:159, Stratum IV:631. Nearly identical to #865 from this site. 868. 34.627 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade; rounded base; flanged rim; V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Iron I Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum IV:677. 869. 34.655 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Wheelmade; shallow saucer; rounded base; thick, flat, flanged rim; spout missing. Reddish-brown ware. H 4.2 cm, W 13.7 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron I Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, p. 30, Stratum IV:163. Found in thick layer of burning between Strata III and IV. Resembles #893 (Beth Shemesh). 870. 34.2258 Megiddo Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded base; everted rim; raised, deeply-pinched, V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Iron I Guy and Engberg, 1938, Megiddo Tombs, p. 24, Tomb 1101A, P. 4088, upper level. The tomb was cut into the rock; no skeletons were found. See also: Tomb 1101B, Pls. 8:4 and 8:15. CF.Eran, 2004:49-50. Megiddo Stratum VIA. 871. I.1059 Shechem (Nablus) Handmade; flat base. Dark-gray ware. H 4.5 cm, W 7.2 cm, L: 9.3 cm. Date: Iron I Sellin, excavated in 1926-7, B1 2: 1877. 872. 35.3122 Tell en-NaΒbeh Wheelmade; base with small circular depression beneath; slightly everted rim; flaring wall; V-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13.8 cm. Date: Iron I Wampler & McCown, excavated in 1935, Tomb 54, Vol.I:82-83, Burial cave, disturbed, contained 400 objects, about 54 individuals, was valuable for dating, as it covered less time than others. Contained also toggle pin. Vol.II:45 #15 about 150 lamps from tombs 5, 29, 32 and 54 of the same date. lamp No. 2619. The oil lamp is of a type that may have been mounted on a figurine or stand, as in #1452 (Beth Shemesh) of Iron IIC.

300

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 873. 35.3123 Tell en-NaΒbeh Wheelmade; unsmoothened saucer, flattened base; flat, slightly everted rim; slightly carinated short wall; wide V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm. Date: Iron I Wampler, 1947, Tell en - Nasbeh II, Tomb 54:2620, Pl. 70:1601. See note #872 Texture of the lamp resembles #825 (Tel Zayit). Two layers of the Iron Age. The site (Level 1A) was a small town in the 11th century BCE. 874. 35.3124 Tell en-NaΒbeh Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged rim departing sharply from wall; short, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14.8 cm. Date: Iron I Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Tomb 54:2622. See note #872 875. 64-1291 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; circular-pared, rounded-to-flattened base; rounded, wide, flanged rim, departing sharply from wall; elongated, triangular folds; elongated, narrow channel-spout. Reddish-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I—(II) Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 3712. 875a. 32.1085 Tel YeriΉo (Jericho) Wheelmade; very thick, rounded base; nearly-carinated wall starts as though from an inner ridge; very wide, everted, flat flaring rim; strongly-pinched, short V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Late Bronze II—Iron I Garstang, 1933, Jericho, Tomb 4:200, Layer C, Pl. XIV: 14. Resemble # 875 of this site, Somewhat similar to #511 (Tel Dan, of the LB II ) and #832 (Tel SharuΉen of the LB II- Iron I) and Tel Masos Iron I #.963 876. I.206 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, crude, tilted backward; smoothed, flattened base; rounded, flanged rim; small folds; deeply-pinched, elongated channelspout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning along spout. H 4-2 cm, W 17.5 cm, L: 18.5 cm. Date: Late Bronze II—Iron I Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, pp. 52, 58, Stratum III (Philistine), Tomb 1 (515, 0530) (natural cave), Pls. XXII:22, 23, 29 and XXV. The earliest burials are of about the Eighteenth Dynasty, Period II; the oil lamps probably served cultic functions, and many lamps show signs of use. They have rounded bases and slight pinching of the rims which are not everted. Cf. Grant and Wright, 1938, Ain Shems IV, Pls. XXII (the tomb), XXXV:13, 14, 15; idem., 1939, Ain Shems V, pp. 52-64,136 Tomb 11 (late 10th-early 9th century BCE). Loffreda, 1968, Rock-Cut Tombs, dates the burials to 9th century BCE. 877. I.207 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; lengthwise knife-pared, thickened, inverted-dome base; narrow, flat rim; narrow, elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Brown-pink ware; no signs of burning. H 3.5-4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15.4 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, pp. 171, 197, Tomb 1E:545 (burial since LB II—arrival of the Sea Peoples). Fourteen oil lamps on pp. 195:37, 225, 229 (LB II - Iron I). Other lamps are from the city debris, p. 205:211, 212 (Iron I), p. 207:327, p.209:47. 878. I.208 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; pared/smoothed, flattened base; everted, rounded, flanged rim; very small, pinched folds; very short 301

CATALOGUE channel-spout. Light-brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 4-3 cm, W 15.8 cm, L: 16.3 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E:472. 879. I.209 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly everted rim; deep, pressed-down folds; narrow, elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: late Late Bronze II—Iron I Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, pp. 67-68. Burial Cave 1 first served as a dwelling; above a floor were later layered burials of 1400 BCE. Cf. Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, p. 190, Exc. 1928, Tomb 1E (LB II). 880. I.211 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; thickened (added clay) rounded base, smoothed with a sharp tool; everted, flanged, upward-slanting rim; V-shaped spout (chipped). Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.4 cm, W 15.1 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1:4/36. 881. I.212 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, rounded, carinated saucer; smoothed, rounded base; wide, slightly upward-slanting rim; deep, pressed-down folds; Vshaped spout (broken). Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: late Late Bronze II—Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E, p. 190 (LB II). The Burial Cave was in use until the 12th century BCE. 882. I.213 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rounded base; everted, wide, flanged rim; wide channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: early Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E, p. 190 (LB II). 883. I.214 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; wide, flattened base; wheel-turning marks on wall; upward-slanting, flat, medium/wide, flanged rim; small, deep folds; narrow, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4-3 cm, W 16.7 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E. 884. I. 215 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; knife-pared, thickened, rounded base; narrow, flat rim; small, deep folds; short, narrow, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E. 885. I.216 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in saucer; hand-smoothed, rounded base; flat, flanged rim; deep, pressed-down folds; short Ushaped spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 4.5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E, p. 190 (LB II). 302

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 886. I.217 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened base; deep folds; U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E, p. 190 (LB II). 887. I.218 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; thickened, scraped (traces of scraping), rounded base; rounded, wide flanged rim; small, deep folds with thumbimpression; V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E:4/20. 888. I.219 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; thickened, rounded base, traces of paring with a sharp tool; narrow, downward-slanting, flanged rim; small, deep folds; rimmed channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4-3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E:4/30. 889. I.220 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside; pared, bulging, thickened, rounded base; narrow, flat rim; slightly-pinched, short, V-shaped spout. Dark-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5-3 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1E:4/34. 890. I.380 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backwards; smoothed rounded base; narrow, flat rim; pinched, narrow, funnel-shaped spout. Orange ware; slight traces of burning. H 2.5-4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Late Bronze II—Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1 A T Q 4/26. 891. I.407 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; smoothed rounded base; shallow carination below, slanting, grooved rim; elongated folds; short, V-shaped spout. Pale cream-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13.8 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date. Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1 A T Q Tunnel 4/256. 892. I.408 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted forward; twig-smoothed, rounded, rounded base; very narrow, flat rim; elongated folds; pinched, funnel-to-Vshaped spout; damaged. Light pink-brown ware; cream slip. H 5 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1 A T Q Tunnel 14/25. 893. I.476 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, pronounced backward tilt; slightly thickened, rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; small, down-pressed folds; short, V-shaped spout (tip damaged). Light-brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 4-2 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Iron I 303

CATALOGUE Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1 A T Q Tunnel 14/6. Resemble the lamp mounted on a figurine #1452 from the same site. 894. I.480 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; knife-pared, concave base with short, deep incision (potter’s mark(?)); narrow, slanting rim; elongated folds; narrow, funnel/V-shaped spout. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 15.2 cm, L: 15.6 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1 A T Q Tunnel 14/6. 895. I.495 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; smoothed, rounded base; incised line around bowl below the rim; narrow, flat rim; pinched, wide folds; narrow, funnel-shaped spout wider at tip; damaged. Coarse cream ware; same slip; traces of burning. H 4-3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1. 896. I.551 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded base; wheel-turning marks, wide, down-slanting, flanged rim; short, triangular folds with thumb impressions; erect-rimmed channel-spout. Light-reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.3 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, excavated in 1928 (ATQ 14/6). Thumb impression ‘identical in #887 and #893 from this site. 897. I.561 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded base thickened at center; drop-rim; spout missing. Light-brown ware. H 5 cm, W 15.3 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, excavated in 1928 (ATQ 14/6). 898. I.572 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, pronounced backward tilt; slightly thickened, rounded base; narrow, flat rim; pinched, narrow folds; funnel-shaped spout. Light-reddish ware; traces of burning along spout. H 4-2 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Iron I Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, Tomb 1 ATQ Tunnel 14/6. 899. I.5848 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside; very thick, dome-like, rounded base; flat, narrow, flanged rim; elongated folds; short, narrow, rimmed channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5-4.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15.3 cm. Date: Iron I Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Pls. XXII and XXV. For dome-like bases in oil lamps, see: Grant, 1931, Ain Shems I, Pl. XIVB. 900. I.6088 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rounded, rounded base; narrow, rounded rim; elongated folds; U-shaped spout; damaged. Red-gray ware. H 3.5 cm, W 11.4 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: (Iron I(?)) Iron II Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, from the city debris Y 28 X III.

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 901. II Z 30 3/22 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; wide, flat-to-rounded base; narrow rim; elongated folds; channel-spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron II(?) Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, from the city debris. 902. 60-16 Tel Нippor Wheelmade; rounded base; almost erect, flat, narrow rim; very small, triangular folds; wide, short, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14.5 cm. Date: Iron I Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Sippor, p. 165, Fig. 3:8 (mid-12th-11th century BCE). 903. 63-1451 Tel Нippor Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; lengthwise twig-smoothed, rounded-to-flattened base; slanting wall; slightly-everted, flanged rim; elongated, triangular folds; narrow, rimmed, U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; signs of heavy burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Late Bronze II—Iron I Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Sippor, Stratum III, p. 163, (end of the LB II-early Iron I), Stratum III. 904. 63-1518 Tel Нippor Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base, pared lengthwise with a sharp tool or twigs; narrow, flat, flanged rim; narrow, pinched folds; everted-rimmed, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: end of Late Bronze—Iron I Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Sippor, Stratum III, Fig. 7:8, No. 149. Resembles #685 and #904from this site. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIA, Pl. 79:8; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum B, Pl. 51:1. 905. 63-1519 Tel Нippor Wheelmade, deep saucer; thick, rounded base; everted, rounded, very narrow, flanged rim; very small, triangular folds; short, wide, V/U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Biran and Negbi, 1966, Tel Sippor, surface find, Fig. 3:8, No. 16. Slightly resembles #937 (Tel ‘Eton). Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIA, Pl. 79:9; a nearly identical oil lamp: Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum B, Pl. 51:1. 906. 69-1140 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, slightly inverted rim; small, deep, triangular folds; elongated, U/V-shaped spout; rear of lamp missing. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.5+ cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1 (12th-11th century BCE), p. 25, Fig. 12:5-8, lamps with rounded bases. In the shaft-grave and room with benches were two phases of burials with 26 oil lamps in the LB tradition; two Philistine vessels were among the pottery. The 48 oil lamps found in the burial were of two types: deep bowls with wide rims; and shallow bowls. 907. 69-1141 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, shallow saucer with depression in center; rounded base; upward-slanting, finger-recessed, wide, flanged rim; elongated folds; wide, U/V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5-8, Tomb C1. Resembles Lamps #926, #928, #933 from this site, and # 875a from Jericho. 305

CATALOGUE The lamp seems to be a southern type with wide, flanged rim. Cf. Aharoni. 1975, Lachish V, Pl. 42:12; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum B, Pl. 51:6. Also resembles lamps #942 (Tel Qasila), #966 (Tel Esdar) and #963 (Tel Masos). 908. 69-1144 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; upward-slanting, wide flanged rim; spout missing. Pink ware. H 5 cm, W 18 cm. Date: late Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1 (10th century BCE). 909. 69-1146 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, irregular form; rounded base; up-slanting, narrow, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; short, wide channel-spout; part of lamp missing. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 7 cm, W 16 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:2. 910. 69-1156 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly stepped wall, curved, flanged rim; elongated folds (wheel-turning marks); protruding, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; no traces of burning. H 7 cm, W 16 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:13/11. 911. 69-1176 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; stepped wall; flat, wide, upward-slanting rim; deep folds; prominent, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.1 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:12/5. Resemble #907 of this site. 912. 69-1177 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; deep folds; U-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Reddish ware. H 4.2 cm, W 16 cm, L: 17.2 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:17/19. Resembles #933 From this site 913. 69-1178 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; very wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim; small, deep folds; V-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14.8 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5-8, Tomb C1:17/14. 914. 69-1179 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; small receptacle, rounded base; very wide, flanged rim; elongated, deep, triangular folds; prominent, elongated, channel-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:16/3. Resembles Lamps # 924 from this site and #962 and #963 (Tel Masos)

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 915. 69-1180 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; curved, flanged rim; triangular folds with thumb impression; wide, short, V/U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:18/14. Resembles Ramat Rachel #875. Beth Shemesh #887, #896, #903. 916. 69-1181 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, stepped bottom of saucer; rounded base; wide, everted rim; half of rim and spout missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14+ cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5-8, Tomb C1:17/17. 917. 69-1182 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; rim missing; elongated folds; narrow, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm.. L: 15+ cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5-8, Tomb C1:6/2. 918. 69-1183 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; curved, wide, flanged rim; deep folds; half of spout missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5-8, Tomb C1:13/5. 919. 69-1184 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, shallow saucer with stepped bottom, wheel-turning marks; uneven, flat base; narrow, flat rim; small folds; raised, very short, U/V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.3 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 13.8 cm. Date: Iron I Resemble somewhat #853 (Tel Menora). Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:13/5. 920. 69-1185 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; wide, flanged rim; elongated folds; U-shaped spout (half missing). Orange ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5-8, Tomb C1:12/4. The lamp is more typical of Iron II. 921. 69-1186 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded-to-flattened base; rounded, wide, flanged rim, starting almost at saucer bottom; triangular folds; half of spout missing. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.2 cm, W 14.1 cm, L: 13.5 Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:12/3. 922. 69-1187 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, shallow, carinated saucer; flattened base; very wide, flanged, slightly upward-slanting rim (damaged); folds starting from slightly-curved fold-lines; elongated, V-shaped spout. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. 307

CATALOGUE Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:17/13. Resembles #924, #926 from this site and #962 and #963 (Tel Masos) . 923. 69-1188 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, erect, flanged rim; triangular folds; wide, short U shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 13.6 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:13/33. Resembles Lamps #926 and #928 from this site. 924. 69-1189 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, carinated saucer; flat base; very wide, slightly upward-slanting, flanged rim; folds starting from slightly curved foldlines; elongated, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb Tomb C1:13/14. Resembles Lamps #914, #922 and #926 , #928 from this site. Cf. Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum V, Pl. 42:12; and close to: Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:3. 925. 69-1190 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; everted, outward-flaring rim continues wall; deep, elongated, triangular folds; half of spout missing; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 14.4 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5-8, Tomb C1:17/12 (12th century BCE). Resembles #931 from this site. In LB tradition. C.f. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Pl. 83: 140, 141, 143. 926. 69-1191 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, pronounced wheel-turning marks in saucer; finger-recessed between saucer and rim; rounded base; wide, upwardslanting, flanged rim; triangular folds; short, wide, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 15 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:13/2. Resembles Lamp #911, #914, #923 and #928 from this site. Cf. Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum V, Pl. 42:11. 927. 69-1192 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, carinated saucer; rounded base; curved, wide, grooved, flanged rim; triangular folds; short, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16.2 cm, L: 15.4 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Locus 9, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:17/22. Cf. Wampler & McCown, Tell en Nasbeh II, pl. 70:1598 T.54 928. 69-1193 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, finger-recessing between saucer and rim; rounded base; finger-recessed, very wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim; elongated, deep, triangular folds; short, wide, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 16.2 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:18/15. Closely resembles Lamps #911, #914, #926 from this site and rim # 875a from Jericho. Cf. Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Pls. 143:7 and 161:12; Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Pl. 83:142.

308

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 929. 69-1194 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded base; flat, flanged rim with thin, incised separating groove between saucer and rim; elongated folds starting from curved fold - lines; elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning at middle of spout lips. H 3.5 cm, W 13.7 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5-8, Tomb C1:5/2. 930. 69-1195 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim; triangular folds; wide spout (broken). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:17/18. Resembles #929 from this site. 931. 69-1196 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; rim separated from saucer by finger-recessed groove, continues wall; elongated, triangular folds; raised, wide, V-shaped spout. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 15.8 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:14/4 (12th century BCE). 932. 69-1197 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, flanged rim; triangular, thumb-down-pressed folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Iron I—II(?) Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:17/2. Resembles the oil lamp in Yadin and Geva, 1986, Beth Shean, Fig. 34:3, Photo 81. 933. 69-1198 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, finger-recessed groove between saucer and rim; wide, rounded base; wide, curved rim starting nearly at bottom of saucer above finger-groove; elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; very wide, elongated, U-shaped spout. Pink-brown ware; traces of heavy burning along entire spout. H 5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Fig. 12:5 - 8, Tomb C1:13/7. Resembles Lamps #912, #928, #931 and #937 from this site. The pronounced finger-grooving below the rim appears to be special to this site. 934. 69-1302 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, wide, flanged rim, stepped-finger-recessed around circumference; small, deeply-pressed folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised, short, narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 14.6 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Locus 1, Fig. 12:7, Tomb C1:7/1. Resembles #839 (Tel Dan) and see list of similar lamps there. 935. 69-1303 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, very shallow saucer with stepped bottom and wheel marks inside, tilted backward; rounded base; very wide, upwardslanting, flanged rim; tiny, deep folds; raised, short, wide U-shaped spout. Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 5.5-3 cm, W 15 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:6/3. Resembles Lamps #911, #962 and #963 (Tel Masos), and # 875a from Jericho. Very short spouts become typical of Iron IIC oil lamps manufactured in Cyprus. 309

CATALOGUE 936. 69-1304 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; thick, plain, slightly inverted rim; elongated, deep folds; narrow, elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Locus 1, Fig. 12:5, Tomb C1:5/3. In the LB tradition. 937. 69-1305 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, wide, slightly, upward-slanting, flanged rim; elongated, deep folds; short, channel-spout. Pink ware; red-painted rim; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Locus 9, Fig. 12:8, Tomb C1:17/11. 938. 69-1306 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, deep saucer with finger-recessing below rim; rounded base; curved, wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim with fingerrecessing around circumference; elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; short, wide channel-spout. Pink ware; heavy traces of burning over entire spout. H 5.6 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:17/4. Finger-recessing is very common in oil lamps of this site. 939. 69-1307 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; flat, flanged rim departing sharply from wall; triangular, thumb-down-pressed folds; short U-shaped, channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1. 940. 69-1308 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, shallow saucer, broad wheel-turning marks inside; rounded-to-flattened base; rounded, flanged rim starting at bottom of saucer; deeply-pressed folds starting from curved fold- lines; short, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; red-painted rim(?); traces of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.4 cm. Date: Iron I Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:6/18. Resembles almost identical to Lamp #926 and #935 from this site. 941. 69-1309 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, very shallow saucer; rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; elongated, short, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning over entire spout. H 4.9 cm, W 15.7 cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: Iron I—II Edelstein and Aurant, 1992, Tell Eitun, Tomb C1:17/15. Resembles #939. 942. 51-1854 Tell Qasila Wheelmade, smoothing marks inside saucer; rounded base; very wide-grooved finger recessed, upward-slanting, flanged rim; deeplypinched folds starting from curved fold- lines; short, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron I—II Maisler, 1951, Tell Qasile, Stratum IX. Resembles Oil lamp #839 (Tel Dan), and see list of similar lamps there. Cf. A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasile II, Fig. 25:1; Dever, 1986, Gezer IV (early-mid-11th century BCE), Stratum 5C, Pl. 36:12.

310

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 943. 76-152 Tell Qasila Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; flat, up-slanting rim; elongated, deep folds, finger-marks on folds; raised, wide, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5-2.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: late Iron I A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasile II, Stratum XI, Locus 227, Temple 200, Fig. 20:16, No. 2995. 944. 76-153 Tell Qasila Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, upward-slanting rim; elongated folds, wheel-turning marks on outside; slightly-raised, rimmed, Vshaped, funnel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.2-4.5cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasile II, Stratum XI, Locus 227, Temple 200, Fig. 20:17, No. 3559/1. 945. 76-168 Tell Qasila Wheelmade; thick, hand-smoothed base; flat rim (part of wall); wide, deep folds, raised elongated channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 7-2.5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron I A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasile II, Stratum XI, Locus 227:3007, Temple 200, Fig. 20:18, No. 3559/1. Resemble lamp listed on #935. 946. 76-171 Tell Qasila Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; wide, up-slanting rim; wide, elongated folds; raised, elongated, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5-2.5 cm, W 17.5 cm, L: 17.5 cm. Date: Iron I A. Mazar, 1985, Tell Qasile II, Stratum XI, Locus 227, Temple 200, No. 3324, Fig. 20:15. The oil lamp is in the LB I—II tradition, resembling Persian lamps. 947. 56-2 Azor Wheelmade; rounded base; grooved, narrow, flat, flanged rim departing sharply from wall; small, triangular folds; short, narrow, Ushaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Iron I M. Dothan, excavated in 1956, from the settlement. Resembles #851 (Tel Menora). Cf. Dever, 1986, Gezer IV, Stratum 4 (11th century BCE), Pl. 46:13; Kempinski and Fritz, 1983. Tel Masos (1150 - 1000 BCE), Stratum II, Pl. 149:8, with a wider spout. 948. 60-534 Azor Wheelmade; slightly pared, rounded, thickened base; very wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, very short, triangular folds; narrow, elongated channel-spout. Pink-red ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 11.6 cm, L: 11.6 cm. Date: Iron I M. Dothan (1961/2) Azor, Area D, Burial Cave 79/15, Fig. 2. A stone-built Philistine tomb. Cf. Dever, 1986, Gezer IV, Stratum 5C/B (12th century BCE), Pl. 35:11; see also #1024 (Lachish)) of Iron II. 949. 60-568 Azor Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; heavy, rounded, upward-slanting, flanged rim; elongated folds; thick-rimmed, elongated, narrow, V-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning(?) H 5.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron I M. Dothan (1961/2) Azor, Area D, Burial Cave 66/3.

311

CATALOGUE 950. 62-550 Ashdod Wheelmade; rounded base; plain rim continuing wall, fragmentary. Pink ware. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron I M. Dothan. 1967, Ashdod I, Area D, Stratum 4, Locus 1013, No. 452/1. 951. 69-1870 Ashdod Wheelmade; thick, bulging, rounded base; narrow, flat rim; triangular folds; elongated, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; thin slip; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 12.6 cm. Date: Iron I Dothan and Y.Porath, 1982. Ashdod Area M, p. 52, Stratum 2, Locus 7269, Fig. 5:8, No. 1767/1), Pl. 9:1. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum B, Pl. 51:1. A few additional Iron I oil lamps in: Dothan and Y.Porath, 1993, Strata XIII - XII, Fig. 25:5. 952. 69-1871 Ashdod Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; narrow, stepped, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; wide, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.6 cm. Date: Iron I Dothan and Y.Porath, 1982, Ashdod Area M, p. 52, Stratum 2, Locus 7205, Fig. 5:5, No. 1690. Cf. Yannai, 1993, Majdal, Fig. 1:9 (11th century BCE). Resembles Tell en - NaΒbeh( #873) 953. 68-390 Ashdod Yam Wheelmade; rounded base; plain, everted rim continues wall; elongated, wide, deeply-pressed, triangular folds; narrow, rimmed, Vshaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware, traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 8+ cm. Date: Iron I Gophna and Miron, 1970, Ashdod Yam, Fig. 2:11, 12. Two-chamber burial with benches, probably attributable to the Sea Peoples. In Chamber B, 3 skulls were found with an oil lamp and a saucer. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Strata VII - VI, Pl. 79:9. 954. 68-391 Ashdod Yam Wheelmade; rounded base; plain, everted rim continues wall; deep, rounded folds; rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Iron I Gophna and Miron, 1970, Ashdod Yam. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim (LB II), Stratum C, Pl. 48:5; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VI, Pl. 86:13; Balensi, 1980, Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum V, No. 300 ( #609) of LB II. 955. I.4226 Tell el Far’a (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade; wheel turning-marks in saucer; rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; projecting , short, slightly-pinched, V-shaped spout. Reddish-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14.9 cm. Date: Iron I Petrie, 1931, Beth-Pelet I, pp. 7-8, Tomb 542 (12th-11th centuries BCE). Seven of the oil lamps have carinated saucers. See also oil lamp in Tomb 902, Pl. XVI (Iron I). The tomb had a gangway leading to a back chamber; burials were found on the benches; and see: Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91F2. 956. I.4227 Tell el Far’a (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade; rounded base; everted, wide, flanged rim; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.6 cm. Date: Iron I Petrie, 1931, Bet–Pelet I, pp. 7-8 Tomb 542 (12th-11th centuries BCE); Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91K. 312

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 957. I.4320 Tell el Far’a (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade; flat base; flat, flanged rim. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.7 cm. Date: Iron I Petrie, 1931, Beth-Pelet I, pp. 7-8, Tomb 542 (12th-11th century BCE); Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91H3. 958. I.4232 Tell el Far’a (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded-to-flattened base; grooved, narrow, flat, flanged rim; elongated pinched folds; channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 16.3 cm. Date: Iron I Petrie, 1931, Beth-Pelet I, pp. 7-8, Tomb 542 (12th-11th centuries BCE); Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91G5. 959. I.4262 Tell el Far’a (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; sharply-carinated, short wall; flanged rim; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.9 cm. Date: Iron I Petrie, 1931, Beth-Pelet I, pp. 7-8, Tomb 542 (12th-11th centuries BCE); Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91 H3. 960. I.6993 Tell el Far’a (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded pared base; everted, narrow, flanged rim; deeply-pressed folds; short channel-spout. Brown ware; light-red slip; no signs of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Iron I Petrie, 1931, Beth-Pelet I, pp. 7 - 8, Tomb 960 (12th-11th centuries BCE), Burial D; Duncan, 1930, Corpus (Ninteenth Dynasty), Type 91J5. 961. I.6994 Tell el Far’a (South, Tel SharuΉen) Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; everted, narrow, flanged rim; small, deeply-pressed folds; elongated, V/ U-shaped spout. Dark-gray ware; light-buff slip. H 4 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Iron I Petrie, 1931, Beth-Pelet I, pp. 7 - 8, Tomb 960 (12th -11th century BCE), Burial K; Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91K3. 962. 75-774 Tel Masos Wheelmade; smoothed, pared, deep saucer, rounded base; extremely wide, upward-slanting, flanged, rim, leaving a very small receptacle; deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised, wide, short, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.3 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron I Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Stratum II (12th-11th centuries BCE), House 314, Locus 331, No. 2077/1, Pl. 173:10. Rim resembles #914 (Tel ‘EΓon) and #963 from this site and others. Stratum II is the most flourishing one, there is no ethnic change. Cf. Aharoni, 1984, Beer Sheba II (10th century BCE), Stratum VI, Fig. 39:10, 11, continues Stratum VII; Dothan, 1970, Ashdod I, Area C, Fig. 34:9; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, pp. 64-74, Stratum B3; Stern, 1978. Tel Mevorakh, pp. 66 - 78, Strata VIII - VII; Yadin et al., 1961, Hazor II - IV, Stratum X. 963. 75-783 Tel Masos Wheelmade, wheelmarks inside shallow saucer; thick, rounded base; very wide rim starting at bottom of saucer, wide fingerrecessing around circumference; narrow, pinched folds; short, wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 17.5 cm, L: 17.3 cm. Date: Iron I Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Stratum II, 3:3501/2, Pl. 197:12. Resembles Lamps #846 (`En HaNaΞiv-”Kav Bein HaTeΞomot”), #914 (Tel ‘EΓon) and #962 from this site #1024 (Lachish). See list # 935. The stratum has two phases: (1) IIA (11th century BCE) corresponding to Be’er Sheva` Stratum VII; and (2) Stratum IIB (12th century BCE) corresponding to Be’er Sheva` Stratum VIII and to Tel `Arad Strata XIIB and XIIC. 313

CATALOGUE 964. 75-821 Tel Masos Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened base; slightly finger-grooved, wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim; small, deep, triangular folds; short, wide, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; light-brown slip; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron I Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Stratum II (11th century BCE), Locus 331, No. 2070/1, Pl. 173:8. 965. 75-867 Tel Masos Wheelmade; rounded base; large part of lamp missing. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron I Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Stratum II (11th century BCE), Locus 1056, No. 3741/1, Pl. 145:17. 966. 64-897 Tel Esdar Wheelmade, tilted slightly forward; rounded base; rounded, very wide, flanged rim; narrow folds; short, wide, V-shaped spout continues rim. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14.2 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron I Kochavi ,(969, Tel Esdar, p. 29, Stratum III (second half of 11th century BCE), No. 390/2, Fig. 12:10, Pl. 8:3 (left). Resembles #1024 (Lachish)) of Iron II. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VI, Pl. 86:15. The lamp was found in the largest Building 90; most of the finds came from Locus 91 where two oil lamps and grinding stones were found. 967. 64-899 Tel Esdar Wheelmade, tilted slightly forward; very thick, rounded base; wide, downward-slanting, flanged rim with incised groove along departure from wall; small, triangular folds; V-shaped spout. Yellowish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I Kochavi, 1969, Tel Esdar, p. 29, Stratum III (second half of 11th century BCE), No. 314/1, Building 61, Locus 64, Fig. 12:12, Pl. 8:3 The incised separation line recalls #511 (Tel Dan) of LB II. Cf. Aharoni, 1967, Arad, Area B, Stratum 12A (11th century BCE), poor dwellings; Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VI, Pl. 86:16, without a groove. Oil Lamps with Pinched Closed Rims 968. 66-224 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; small, flattened base; flat, erect rim; pinched, stuck-together, deeply-pressed, elongated folds; raised spout with teardrop-shaped opening. Pink-gray ware; traces of burning. H 7.5 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 15.8 cm. Date: Iron I Ohata, 1967, Tell Zeror II, Cist -Burial 1:7027/1 (an oil lamp was found with a bowl) Pl. XXVIII; and idem, 1970, Tell Zeror III, Pl. LX:4. The rim recalls those of LB. The dead were buried in built chests. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII (end of the LB), Pls. 62:6, 7, 79:7-9. Such oil lamps were found recently in a cave-tomb near Taibeh near Tel Zeror; Yannai, 1993, Majdal, Fig. 1:9; idem., 1995, Northern Sharon Valley (Taibeh), Fig. 1:1-8 (dated to early Iron II). 969. 66-225 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, erect rim; elongated, pinched-to-touch, deeply-pressed folds; raised, rimmed spout with tear-dropshaped opening. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Iron I Ohata, 1967, Tell Zeror II, Cist -Burial 1:7039/1 Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:6,7.

314

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 970. 67-260 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; rounded base; plain, inverted rim; elongated, pinched, deeply-pressed, stuck-together folds; raised, rimmed spout with narrow oval shaped opening. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 14 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron I Ohata, 1967, Tell Zeror II, Cist- Burial 6:7541/1. The lamp was found near the head, 971. 67-243 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flat rim; joint of deeply-pressed folds was strengthened and closed by adding clay; almondshaped spout opening. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 11 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron I Ohata, 1967, Tell Zeror II, Pl. XLVIII:1, 2, Cist -Burial 3 (IA pottery), No. 2307/1(?) 972. 66-242 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; elongated, deeply-pressed folds (folds do not touch and clay was added to close the gap); oval-shaped opening in spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron I Ohata, 1967, Tell Zeror II, Cist-Burial 4:7249/1.

IRON IIA & B With Rounded-to-Flattened Bases 973. 67-1489 Tel Dan Handmade, deep saucer; flattened base; elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; spout missing; fragmentary. Light-brown ware; red slip outside; traces of burning. H 3.5+ cm, W 7.5+ cm, L: 8+ cm. Date: Iron IIA Biran, excavated in 1967, Stratum IV (second half of 11th-early 9th centuries BCE), Locus 179:864/3 (IV A-B). 974. 80-348 Tel Yin`am Wheelmade; wide, flat base; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; very small, deep folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; wide, very short U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 12.2+ cm, L: 8.9+ cm. Date: Iron II Leibovitz ,1981, Tel Yineam, pp. 79 - 93, No. 110438. The folds and spout are characteristic of Type B oil lamps. Resembles #975 from this site. 975. 83-423 Tel Yin`am Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; very small folds; wide, very short, rimmed, U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3 cm, W 13+ cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIA Leibovitz, 1985, ESI 86 - 87:116, No. H11 004 31/90698. The folds and spout are characteristic of Type B oil lamps. A Iron II building was built over an earlier Iron I structure. The oil lamp is a 10th-9th century type; and see: Cypro-Phoenician-type Lamps #974, (Tel Yin’am) ,#1155 (Tel Kison Stratum 5). 976. 83-673 Tel Kinrot Wheelmade, tilted backward; smoothed, wide, flattened base; wide, flanged, slightly up-slanting rim; deep, triangular folds starting 315

CATALOGUE from slightly curved fold-lines; elongated, narrow, channel-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3-1.5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB Fritz, 1990, Kinneret, Stratum IB (8th century BCE), Area B1, Locus 242B, Pl. 76:25, No. 478/1. Three layers of Iron II (10th-6th centuries BCE); in Area B, buildings of the end of the 10th-9th centuries BCE; in Area C, Iron II fortifications. 977. 83-674 Tel Kinrot Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in center of saucer that form a circle; thick, rounded base; flanged rim (missing); deep, small, triangular folds; short, raised U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.9 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Fritz, 1990, Kinneret, Area B1, Stratum IA, Locus 214, Pl. 79:13, No. 264/1. A circle at the center at Bet Arye’, Dadon 1997m Fig.11: 1 with flanged rim, a flat base and small folds, wide projecting U-shaped spout, dated 9th-end of 8th century BCE. The folds and spout are characteristic of Cypro-Phoenician type B oil lamps. 978. 83-675 Tel Kinrot Wheelmade; not well-smoothed, rounded base; rounded, narrow, flanged rim; small, triangular folds; pinched spout; fragmentary, half of lamp missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.2 cm, W 7.3+ cm, L: 11.8+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Fritz, 1990, Kinneret, Stratum IB (734-700 BCE), Locus 226, Pl. 76:27, No. 1058/1. Resemble #975 (Tel Yin’am) 979. 61-634 `En Gev Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; sharply-carinated, wide, flanged rim (fragmentary); triangular folds; rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIB B. Mazar, 1964, Ein Gev, p. 25, Area A, Stratum 3, No. 69/15. Several oil lamps were found in this stratum. The lamp is typical of Stratum 3. Resembles #980 from the same site. 980. 61-635 `En Gev Wheelmade, carinated saucer; rounded base; flat flanged rim; wheel-turning marks, deeply-pressed folds; wide, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB B. Mazar, 1964, Ein Gev, p. 25, Area A, Stratum 3 (886-841-838 BCE), No. 5/17, Fig. 8:10, Pl. C:12. Identical to #979. 981. 69-1544 Dalhamiya Wheelmade; well-smoothed, flattened base; wide, upward-slanting, flanged rim; small, pushed-in folds; channel-spout; fragmentary. Brown-pink ware; brown-red slip; traces of heavy burning. H 3.2 cm, W 7+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron II Tsori (Zori), excavated in 1969, from Pit 2301 (10th-9th centuries BCE). Additional oil lamps listed: Nos. 2051/1, 2053, 2449, 3501. The settlement had six layers of occupation, the third, in which the lamps were found, dated to the 10th-9th centuries BCE. 982. 62-395 Gan HaShelosha-Tel `Amal Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly-upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; elongated, pushed-in, triangular folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; brown-red slip; traces of burning. H 5 cm, 14.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: early Iron IIA Levi and Edelstein, 1972, Tel Amal (early 10th century BCE), p. 338, Locus 26, Level IV (inside the room), Fig. 14:3. In section the saucer resemble an Assyrian type of bowls, also # 983. 316

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 983. 63-734 Gan HaShelosha-Tel `Amal Wheelmade; carinated saucer; flattened, rounded base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; narrow, elongated folds leaving shallow receptacle; heavy-rimmed, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 3 cm, 12.5 cm, 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Levi and Edelstein, 1972, Tel Amal, Stratum III (9th-8th centuries BCE), Locus 10, No. 140 (outside the building destroyed by Shishak in 925 BCE), Fig. 14:2. The oil lamps resemble those in McCown and Wampler, 1947, Tell en-NaΒbeh I, Tomb 5. In section the saucer resemble an Assyrian type of bowls, also # 982. 984. 73-457 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade, flat saucer, tilted backward; smoothed, pared, rounded base; rounded, flanged rim; with wheel-turning marks; triangular, small, pressed folds; short, narrow, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Porath, 1972, HA 44:11. Several tombs ((?)) were discovered in a drainage channel north of the tell and the vessels in them were collected without proper excavation procedures. 985. 73-458 Tel ReΉov Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; rounded, everted rim; elongated folds; U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Porath, 1972, HA 44:11. See remark #984. 986. 79-90 Tel Kison Wheelmade; everted rim; elongated, triangular, deep folds; channel-spout; only front part of lamp remains. Light-pink ware; traces of burning along entire spout. H 3 cm, W 13+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIA Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 8, Pl. 56:10, No. 76.150 (1000 - 900 BCE). 987. 79-109 Tel Kison Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; wide, flat, upward-slanting, flanged rim; deeply pressed, triangular folds; everted-rimmed channelspout; fragmentary. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 7, Locus 508a, Pl. 51:12, No. 73.88. Found with lamp in Pl. 51:11 having thick, rounded, rounded base and wide, flanged rim. Resembles #986 from this site. 988. 77-987 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, slightly carinated saucer; thickened, rounded base; everted, flaring rim; deeply-pressed triangular fold, with slightly curved outlines; elongated U-shaped spout (partly missing). Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 14 cm, L: 15.1 cm. Date: Iron IIB Ben-Tor, 1987, Tel Qiri, Area D, Stratum V/VI (9th-8th centuries BCE), Locus 676:569/2, Fig. 8:3. 989. 77-988 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, slightly carinated saucer; rounded base; flanged rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds; rimmed, elongated, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron IIA 317

CATALOGUE Ben-Tor, 1987, Tel Qiri, Area F, Strata VI/VII (10th-9th centuries BCE), Locus 1806:3010, Fig. 30:3. A key locus with CyproPhoenician ware. 990. 77-1048 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened base; wide, slightly up-turned, flanged rim; very small, pushed-in triangular folds; projecting, short, U-shaped spout (tip missing). Light-brown ware; red slip; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron I—Iron IIA Ben-Tor. 1987, Tel Qiri, Area F, Strata VI/VII, Locus 1806. A key locus with Cypro-Phoenician ware. Other slipped oil lamps: Stratum VIII, Locus 690:2260/9, Fig. 16:3 of the Iron I (12th-11th centuries BCE), also with U-shaped spouts and flanged rims. Spout resemble #1042 &1044 from Tel ‘Eton. 991. 77-989 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; rounded base; rim continues wall; plain rim; elongated wide folds; raised, elongated, erect, U/V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; no traces of burning. H 2.9 - 5.5 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 15.3 cm. Date: Iron IIA Ben-Tor, 1987, Tel Qiri, Area C, Stratum VII, Locus 565:448, Fig. 24:6. An early type. 992. 77-1049 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade, depression in bottom of saucer and shallow groove on narrow flanged rim; smoothed, rounded base; small pushed-in folds; projecting, up-turned, short, U-shaped spout; most of the rim and rear of lamp missing. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 11.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIA Ben-Tor, 1987, Tel Qiri, Area D, Stratum VII (10th century BCE), Locus 680:2714, Fig. 13:12. Grooves around the rim starting in LB II and are common in Iron I oil lamps. 993. 77-1050 HaZorea`-Tel Qira Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded base; narrow, everted rim; elongated, narrow folds; short, U-shaped spout. Pink ware, traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 12.5+ cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA Ben-Tor, 1987, Tel Qiri, No. 2780/10. 994. 58-874 Tel Akhziv Wheelmade, carinated bowl, irregularly-smoothed inside and out; thickened, irregularly-smoothed, rounded base; flat, flanged rim; triangular, deeply-pressed folds; narrow, channel-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.4 cm. Date: Iron IIB Prausnitz, 1986, Akhzib, p. 467, Fig. 2. The southern cemetery has rock-cut graves covered with stone slabs, upon which an altar and offerings were found. No oil lamps were found inside, only on the surface above the burials. Other burials were cremation burials in jars with offerings and idols placed over them. Mazar E. 1996,pl.6: 11-14. 995. 58-630 Tel Akhziv Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; rimmed, narrow, U-shaped spout. Brown-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, 13 cm, 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Prausnitz, excavated in 1958, No. 71/14. See note #994 996. 60-830 Tel Akhziv Wheelmade; rounded base; flanged rim; small, triangular, pressed folds; U-shaped spout. Orange ware; traces of burning. 318

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 4 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Prausnitz, excavated in 1960, No. 642/1 (in burial). More than 30 burials from the 10th century BCE to the Persian period were discovered in the cemetery. 997. 70-290 Tel Akhziv Wheelmade; flattened base; everted, flanged rim; small, triangular folds; short, U-shaped spout; rear of lamp missing. Light-brown ware. H 3.5 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Prausnitz, excavated in 1970(?) 998. L.782 Haifa-Karmeliyya Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly everted rim. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 13.9 cm. Date: Iron IIB Guy, 1924, Haifa, p. 48, Tomb IB:2, Pl. II:2. Two full-length burials; the oil lamp was within the skeleton, and a small juglet near the head, found with Cypro-Phoenician juglets. See also: Loffreda, 1968, Typology of Iron Age Tombs, pp. 256-7. 999. L.783 Haifa-Karmeliyya Wheelmade; rounded base; flanged drop-rim. Pink-buff ware; traces of burning. H 5.1 cm, W 14.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB Guy, 1924, Haifa, p. 48, Tomb I:3, Pl. II (Pot 3). 1000. L.784 Haifa-Karmeliyya Wheelmade, slightly carinated saucer; high, rounded base; flanged drop-rim. Light-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Guy, 1924, Haifa, p. 51, Tomb II:19a. 1001. L.785 Haifa-Karmeliyya Wheelmade, carinated bowl; rounded base; everted, flanged, drop-rim. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 14.1 cm. Date: Iron IIB Guy, 1924, Haifa, p. 51, Tomb II:19. 1002. 81-442 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade, wide, deep saucer; thick, rounded base; slightly-grooved, upward-slanting, flat, flanged rim; small, deeply-pressed folds; small, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Elgavish, excavated in 1970, Locus 472, No. 7263; idem., 1994, Shiqmona, p. 63, Fig. 62. Cf. Laffineur and Vandenabeele, 1990, Cyprus, Pl. XXXVII:12; Bikai, 1978, Pottery of Tyre, pp. 54-55, Fig. 4:2. Such oil lamps are very common in Cypriot sites. The groove continues the former tradition see #851 1003. 66-302 Tel Zeror Wheelmade, very flat saucer; smoothed, flat base; slightly everted rim extends the flaring wall; deeply pushed-in, nearly touching folds forming elongated almond-shaped spout. Gray ware; slight traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—(B) Ohata, 1967, Tel Zeror II, Stratum 4, No. 6165/1 Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum VIII, Pl. 62:9 (Iron IB); Yannai, 1993, Majdal, Fig. 1:8,9 (Iron I) northern type oil lamp. 319

CATALOGUE 1004. 67-282 Tel Zeror Wheelmade; thick, wide base; short, erect wall; rounded/flattened, flanged rim departing sharply from wall; narrow, elongated, triangular fold; spout missing. Gray ware. H 3.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIA—(B) Ohata. 1967, Tel Zeror II, Area A3, No. 3317, in the Iron I tradition. Resembles #1002 from this site, and #994 (Tel Akhziv). Cf. Levi and Edelstein, 1972, Tel Amal, Fig. 14:1. 1005. I.1060 Shechem (Nablus) Wheelmade; flattened base; wide, rounded flanged rim; small, pushed-in fold; triangular, wide, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Dark-brown ware; no signs of burning. H 3 cm, W 13.6 cm, L: 13.6 cm. Date: Iron II(?) Sellin, Balata excavation in 1926/7, R. middle No. 1200. 1006. I.4757 Tell en-NaΒbeh Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks just below the rim; rounded-to-flattened base; flat, flanged rim departing sharply from wall; deeply-pressed, triangular folds; channel spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.9 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B McCown, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I (9th-8th centuries BCE), pp. 83-88, Pls. 70: 1612 and 71:1618, 1620-1621 (with flanged rims), Tomb 5. Folds resemble #980 (“En Gev). The northern cemetery was hewn in the rock and carefully shaped, five steps leading into a rectangular room, a bench at each side, and a repository chamber (Fig. 8). The cave, found disordered, was dated by a scarab of the Nineteenth Dynasty and other pottery vessels to about 1000 BCE. About 62 oil lamps (Nos. 1602-1621) were found among 218 other vessels constituting 28% of the contents. The oil lamps belong to three types: (1) with flat bases; (2) the width of the rim varies and as does that of bases, and some of them are thickened. See: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence, pp. 273 (date after 9th century BCE); Abercrombie, 1979, Burial Patterns, “Juglet 1-type burial”, 22.5% of the offerings were lamps (49 lamps). The sharp departing rim is a phoenician techniquelamps type B 1007. I.4758 Tell en NaΒbeh Wheelmade; flattened base; wheel turning marks, narrow, rounded, flanged rim, short, triangular folds, short, wide V-shaped spout. Buff ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB McCown, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I (9th-8th centuries BCE), North Cemetery, Tomb 5:1924. See note # 1006 1008. 32.2590 Tell en NaΒbeh Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, narrow, flanged rim; triangular folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B McCown, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I (9th-8th centuries BCE), pp. 92, 98-99, Tomb 32:2139. A natural cave (disturbed) with many offerings, among them 58 oil lamps out of 454 other vessels. The tomb resembles Tomb 5, but is dated earlier. Oil lamps from Tomb 32, Pl. 70 have flattened, rounded bases; erect-to-slightly-flaring rims; and short U/V-shaped spouts. See: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence of Iron Age Tombs, p. 262; Abercrombie, 1979, Burial Patterns, “Juglet 1-type burial,” 10.4% of the offerings were lamps (42 lamps). 1009. 32.2591 Tell en NaΒbeh Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks just below the rim; rounded base; plain, very narrow, flat, flanged rim; deeply pressed folds; short, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14.9 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron II McCown, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I (9th-8th centuries BCE), Pl. 70:1595, Tomb 32:2143. See remark #1008.

320

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1010. 68-938 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade, specially large oil lamp; wide saucer; flattened base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; small, narrow folds; very wide, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 18.6 cm, L: 19 cm. Date: Iron IIB Kenyon, excavated in 1961-1967, Jerusalem, Area S, Locus 112.28:7617. 1011. 68-1289 Jerusalem-Jericho Road Wheelmade; flattened base; up slanting, flanged rim; wide, slightly pushed-in folds; narrow channel-spout. Reddish ware. H 2.2 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Kenyon, excavated in 1961-1967, Burial Cave No. 208. 1012. 86-173 Jerusalem-Western Wall Wheelmade, shallow saucer with wheel-turning marks; rounded-to-flattened base; rounded, flanged rim; elongated folds; elongated, channel-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.7 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14.7 cm. Date: Iron IIB B. Mazar and E. Mazar, 1989, Temple Mount (8th century BCE), Locus 15013:165, pp. 56-57, Pl. 31:12, refuse-dump in rock-hewn pit. 1013. 64-1961 Jerusalem-Holy Land Hotel Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, flanged rim; fragmentary. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Negbi, 1963, HA 6:12 (9th-8th centuries BCE). The cemetery of biblical ManaΉat; the Burial Cave comprises one chamber and a collecting pit. 1014. canceled 1015. 76-1230 Gezer Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; rim missing; small, triangular folds; rimmed, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware. H 4 cm, W 12+ cm. L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Gitin, 1990, Gezer III, Area 7, Stratum VIB (mid-9th centuries BCE), Pl. 11:8, No. G.73.VII:36.235.1. 1016. L.528 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened base; everted rim; V-shaped spout. Pink-buff ware; traces of burning. H 4.7 cm, W 16.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, p. 58, Tomb 1, Pl. XXV:2. 1017. 56-1369 Tel `Erani Wheelmade; rounded base; half-rounded/half-flattened, slightly grooved rim; triangular, deep, elongated folds; short, erect-rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink-cream ware. H 5.2 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron IIB Yeivin, excavated in 1956, Area A:5012. See list of grooved lamps #839. 1018. 59-258 Tel `Erani Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; rim missing; elongated folds; part of spout missing. 321

CATALOGUE Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Yeivin, excavated in 1959, Area A, No. 114. 1019. 59-260 Tel `Erani Wheelmade; rounded base; rim missing. Pink ware. H 5 cm, W 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Yeivin, excavated in 1959, Area A, No. 332/4. 1020. 68-1430 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; narrow, triangular folds; raised, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIA Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum V (10th century BCE), the Temple, Locus 49:1007/1, Pl. 42:12. Resembles #1046 (Tel ‘EΓon). Each lamp-even those found in the same locus-differs from the others. The fashioning of the wall and rim resembles that of the chalices Pl. 42:14-17. The dating corresponds to Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum B; Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Stratum III; Megiddo Stratum VA; and Tel Lachish (Lachish) Tomb 120 . 1021. 68-1431 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; very narrow, flanged rim; narrow, triangular folds, short, U-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIA Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum V (10th century BCE), Locus 49:954/3, Pl. 42:11. 1022. 68-1432 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, thickened, rounded base; narrow, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; slightly-raised, short, U/V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron IIA Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum V (10th century BCE), Locus 49, No. 956:3, Pl. 42:13. Resemble slightly #1008 (Tell en – NaΒba). 1023. 68-1662 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, tilted backward; small, rounded base; wide, flanged rim. Reddish ware; no traces of burning. H 5-3.2 cm, W 11.5+ cm, L: 11,5+ cm. Date: Iron IIA Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V (10th century BCE), No. 7820/1. 1024. 82-441 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside saucer; flat base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; deep triangular folds; raised, narrow channelspout. Brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 4-2 cm, W 13.7 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date; Iron IIB Zimhoni, 2004, in Ussishkin, excavated in 1974, Level III, Fig 36.6:7 (8500/2) Locus 3560 ( 8th century BCE), Such wheel-turning marks recall southern Iron I oil lamps, as from Tel Masos #963, and #914 from Tel ‘EΓon . 1025. 69-1360 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; elongated channel-spout; half of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968, HA 27:6-7, Tomb A1:22 (9th-8th centuries BCE). The tomb had an earlier collecting pit of the 11th century BCE.

322

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1026. 69-1361 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; flat, flanged rim (chipped); elongated folds; elongated spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.3+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb A1 (9th-8th century BCE). See note to #1025, above. 1027. 69-1365 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, wide, rounded bowl; flattened base; wheel turning marks inside saucer; sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim; small, deep folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb A1:9 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. 1028. 69-1713 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; wide, flattened base; wide, everted, flanged rim above narrow ridge; rimmed, funnel-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 14+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb A1:93/3 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. 1029. 69-1764 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; deep, wide, triangular folds; raised, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Traces of painting , strokes, like lamps #1437? Pink-gray ware; traces of burning. H 4.8-4.2 cm, W 15 cm, L: 16.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968194-195, Tomb I:30/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. 1030. 69-1765 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; grooved, flanged, up-slanting rim; rounded, triangular folds; raised, wide, channel/ U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.2-3.9 cm, W 15.6 cm, L: 14.8 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:79/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). The groove in the rim is an element first appearing in LB II-Iron I, e.g. #839 (Tel Dan). See note to #1025, above. 1031. 69-1766 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, thick, rounded base; upward-slanting, wide, grooved, flanged rim; raised, wide, short, erect-rimmed, V-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 8.3-7 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:148/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. Resembles #1042 from this site, and groove #839. 1032. 69-1767 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly-carinated, slightly-concave, finger grooved, flanged, upward-slanting rim; small, triangular folds; short, wide, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.8-3.8 cm, W 12.6 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:38/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. The spout resembles slightly #990 (HaZorea) and #1010 (Jerusalem-City of David.); rim and spout resemble #1044. Groove continues see list #839. 323

CATALOGUE 1033. 69-1768 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, short, triangular folds; U-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:245/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. Resembles #1196 (Tell Дalif). 1034. 69-1769 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, everted rim; deep, small folds starting from curved fold-line; part of lamp is missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:84/1 (9th-8th century BCE). See note to #1025, above. 1035. 69-1770 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; wide, flat, slightly-grooved, flanged rim; deep folds starting from curved fold-line; narrow channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:74/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. Resembles #976 (Tel Kinrot) and #1040 from the this site. Groove continues see list #839. 1036. 69-1771 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, well-fashioned; wheel-turning marks below rim; flattened base; wide, flat, flanged rim; short, deep folds; short, raised, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.2-2.3 cm, W 12.6 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:99/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. 1037. 69-1772 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim; small, triangular folds; raised, short, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.9 cm, W 13.3 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:144/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. Resembles #1036 from this site. 1038. 69-1773 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; flat, flanged rim; wide, triangular folds; narrow, elongated channel-spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 13.3 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:98/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. 1039. 69-1774 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; pronounced finger-pressed groove below rim; rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; raised, short, narrow, channel-spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5-3 cm, W 14.2 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:36/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. 324

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1040. 69-1775 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; high, flat base; rounded, flanged rim; narrow folds; part of lamp missing. White ware; traces of burning. H 2.9 cm, W 10.8 cm, L: 11.3 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:3/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. Resembles #1035. 1041. 69-1776 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, plain, erect rim; elongated, narrow folds; raised, protruding, narrow, channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-2.6 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B (Iron I(?)) Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:152/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. This lamp differs from the others and may be Iron I. 1042. 69-1777 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded base; slightly-carinated, narrow, flat, flanged rim; very short, triangular folds; raised, wide, short V-shaped spout. Brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 3.3 - 3.8 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:43/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. Slightly resembles #1031 from this site. Similar oil lamps are known in Iron I. 1043. 69-1778 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; flattened base; very narrow erect rim; deeply-pressed, elongated folds; slightly-raised, short channel-spout. Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 4-3.6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B (Iron I(?)) Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:157/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above This lamp may be Iron I. 1044. 69-1779 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, deep saucer with wheel-turning marks; hand-smoothed, rounded base; concave, finger grooved, flanged, everted rim; slightly pinched, but no folds; very short, projecting, erect-rimmed, wide, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:35/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. An unusual oil lamp, somewhat similar to #927, #939 and #1032 from this site, and #1010 (Jerusalem-City of David). Spout resembles # 1075 (edh-Dhahiriya). The groove in the rim is an element first appearing in LB II–Iron I, e.g. #852 (Tel Menora). 1045. 69-1780 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; small, carinated saucer; rounded base; very wide, up-slanting, flanged rim starting from bottom; raised, wide V-shaped spout widening toward tip. Light-brown ware; traces of burning all over spout. H 4.5-5.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:32/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. This type of rim usually comes with lamps having disk-bases, e.g., #1243 (Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom) and #1423 (Tel `Arad). The wide rim recalls Iron I lamps from Tel Masos.

325

CATALOGUE 1046. 69-1781 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, wheel marks inside saucer; hand-smoothed, flattened base; wide, flat, flanged rim; deep folds starting from curved foldline; narrow, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 15.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:98/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. Resembles #1035, #1036 from this site. 1047. 69-1782 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, very shallow saucer with wheel-turning marks; rounded base; flat rim continues flaring wall; deep, elongated folds; raised, projecting, elongated, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3-1.8 cm, W 11.3 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb CIII:90/1 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See note to #1025, above. Rim resembles Lamps #991 (HaZorea-Tel Qira), #1003 (Tel Zeror) ,and #1098 (Tell Дalif) although the spouts differ. 1048. 76-1524 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; everted rim; elongated, narrow folds; short, narrow, U-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Light-brown ware. H 2.8 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIB Ussishkin, 1974, Tel Etun, Tomb 2:11, Fig. 9:9, (9th-8th centuries BCE). 1049. 76-1525 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; sharply-carinated, flanged rim; front part of lamp missing. Brown-pink ware. H 2.5 cm, W 11.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Ussishkin, 1974, Tel Etun, Tomb 3:4. 1050. 76-1526 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; rounded base; upward-slanting, narrow, flanged rim; small folds; very fragmentary. Light-brown ware. H 3+ cm, W 7+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Ussishkin, 1974, Tel Etun, Tomb 1:20, Fig. 9:11 (9th-8th centuries BCE). Rock-cut tomb with arcosolium, pp. 114 - 115. An elaborate tomb with repository, arcosolia, and niches for lamps. 1051. I.9078 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; high, rounded base; flat , flanged rim; triangular folds, wide V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H2.5-4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Burial Cave B (after 9th-6th centuries BCE). See: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence, pp. 264, 272-173, Type “RR.” 1052. I.9079 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, slanting, flanged rim; short, deeply-pinched folds; U-shaped spout (broken). Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.2-2.3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date; Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. (The stains on lamp are recent). Rock-cut tomb-cave, irregularly cut, Atrium and two burial chambers, closed by a door, gained by three steps. A special arrangement of lamps and pots piled together, Fig. 1, Other pottery and lamps were placed in a row in the western and also near the eastern wall; Pls.LXI:2 & LXII, And see: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence, pp. 264, 272 - 173, Type “RR.” 326

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1053. I.9080 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade, shallow saucer; very evenly-smoothed, wide, flat base; wide, down-inclined nearly to bottom, flanged rim; small, deep folds; short, narrow, channel-shaped spout. Red ware; cream slip. Spots are recent. H 2.6-1.3 cm, W 11.6 cm, L: 11.9 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. The oil lamp closely resembles Persian types. 1054. I.9081 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; heavy, rounded base; flanged drop-rim; small, deep folds; elongated, narrow V-shaped spout. Buff ware; traces of burning.( Spots are recent). H 3.3 cm, W 12.7 cm, 12.6 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1055. I.9082 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; wide, flat base; flat, flanged rim; very small, deep folds; very short, U-shaped spout. Brownish ware; traces of burning. H 1.5-2.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1056. I.9083 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; thickened. wide, flat base; flat, wide, flanged rim starting almost from bottom; small, short folds; elongated U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; cream slip; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. Resembles #1073 from this site. Upper part of lamp has characteristic of Iron IIC Type C oil lamps. 1057. I.9084 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; wide, slightly concave base; rim missing; deep, triangular folds almost touching bottom; raised, pinched, narrow, channel-spout; rear of the lamp is missing. Reddish ware; cream slip; traces of burning. H (?)-3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1058. I.9085 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade, tilted backward; pared, flat base; very wide, flanged rim; triangular folds; raised, narrow, channel-spout. Reddish ware; cream slip; traces of burning. H 4-1 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1059. I.9086 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; flat base; damaged rim; very wide, flanged drop-rim; fragmentary, short narrow channel-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 327

CATALOGUE 1060. I.9087 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; slightly concave base; wide rim (mostly missing); wide, stepped folds; elongated, raised channel-shaped spout. Red ware; traces of heavy burning. H 4-2 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1061. I.9089 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; pared, flat base; flattened, flanged rim; deep folds; wide, U-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. Spots are recent. H 2-4 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. Resemble Lamps #1055, #1058 from this site. 1062. I.9090 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; high, rounded base; slightly, down-slanting, flanged rim; deep, curved folds; raised, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Buff ware; traces of burning. Spots are recent. H 4.2-3 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. Resembles #1058 from this site. 1063. I.9091 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; wide, flat base; narrow, down-inclined, flanged rim; elongated, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of heavy burning. H 2-3.2 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1064. I.9092 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; flanged drop-rim; small folds; raised, V-shaped spout. Reddish-buff ware; cream slip; traces of burning. H 2-3.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1065. I.9093 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; thickened, partially flattened base; medium-wide flanged rim; elongated folds; raised, very narrow channel spout. Buff ware; cream slip; traces of burning. H 2.6-3.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. Resembles #1058, #1067and #1072 from this site.. 1066. I.9094 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; flat, slightly concave base; wide, flat flanged rim; small, wide, deep fold; rimmed, narrow U-shaped spout. Red ware; brown slip; slight traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052.

328

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1067. I.9095 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; deeply-pressed , triangular folds; V-shaped spout. Buff ware; lime-covered; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1068. I.9096 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; smoothed in circular movement, wide, flat base; rim missing; small, deep fold; U-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5+ -3.5cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1069. I.9097 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; wide, flat base; wide, flat, flanged rim; narrow, deep fold; short U-shaped spout fragmentary. Red-brown ware. H 1-4 cm, W 12 cm.; L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1070. I.9098 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; pared, wide, flat base; medium-wide, flat, flanged rim; very short, deep fold; short channel spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. Spots are recent. H 1.5-4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. Resembles #1055 from this site. 1071. I.9099 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; flat base; rim missing; deep fold; raised, narrow, elongated, channel- spout. Fine, red ware; traces of burning. H 4-1.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1072. I.9257 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; shallow, carinated saucer; smoothed, pared, flattened base; flat, flanged rim; departing sharply from wall; deep pressed triangular folds; channel-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; slight traces of burning. H1.5-3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. The pressed flange resembles #980 (En Gev), spout is wider. See: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence, pp. 264, 272-173, Type “RR.” 1073. I.9258 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; shallow saucer; wide, flattened base; wide, flanged rim with wheel-turning marks; small, deep fold; short, narrow, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.2 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. Resembles #1055, #1056 from this site. 329

CATALOGUE 1074. I.9259 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; shallow saucer; pared, flattened base; wide, lowered, flanged rim; small, triangular, deep folds; wide, elongated, Ushaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3-1.3 cm, W 12.6 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1075. I.9260 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; shallow saucer; slightly pared, heavy, thickened base; rim missing; short, deep, pressed fold; wide, U-shaped spout; (fragmentary). Reddish ware; traces of burning on broken spout. H 3 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1076. I.9261 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; un-smoothed, flattened base; wide, flanged rim; deep, pressed fold; narrow, channel-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Fig. 1, Pl. LXIII, Tomb chamber B. See note #1052. 1077. 40.274 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flanged rim; channel-spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.6 cm, W 13.5 cm. Date: Iron I—II From Tomb. 1078. 65-670 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, thickened, rounded base; very wide, flat, flanged rim; deeply-pinched folds; raised, V-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 -4cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1, Burial Cave (9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 22 from collecting pit. Halif Tomb 8, Borowski, 1994 , Fig.1:13, resemble Biran and Gophna. Resembles, not identical #1045 (Tel ‘EΓon). 1079. 65-671 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; hand-smoothed base; wide, flaring rim; deeply pressed, elongated folds; wide, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2-4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Burial Cave (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 420 from collecting pit. Halif Tomb 8, Borowski, 1994 , Fig.1:13, resemble those found by Biran and Gophna. 1080. 65-672 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; hand-pared, thickened, rounded base; slightly curved, very wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 319 from collecting pit. Resembles # 1074 щ from this site.

330

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1081. 65-673 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; very wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, elongated folds; raised, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 308 from collecting pit. 1082. 65-674 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, shallow saucer; heavy, thickened, not well-smoothed, rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, elongated folds; raised, U-shaped spout. Brown-red ware; slight traces of burning. H 2.5-4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 274 from collecting pit. 1083. 65-675 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded base; flat, wide, flanged rim; elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; elongated channel-spout. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.1 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1 - 4, Tomb (early 9th – 8th centuries BCE), No. 219 from collecting pit. 1084. 65-676 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; rounded base; very wide, flat, flanged rim; deeply-pressed folds; elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 14 cm.; L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 260 from collecting pit. Resembles #1083 from this site. 1085. 65-677 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; small folds; narrow, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 217 from collecting pit. Resembles #1083 from this site. 1086. 65-678 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, shallow saucer; rounded base thickened in circular pattern; flaring, grooved, upward-slanting, flanged rim; elongated folds; erect-rimmed, V-shaped spout. Dark-reddish ware; white incrustation; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 250 from collecting pit. 1087. 65-679 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; curved, wide, flanged rim; elongated folds; elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13.7 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 213 from collecting pit. 1088. 65-680 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; flanged rim; elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; wide, U-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 237 from collecting pit. 331

CATALOGUE 1089. 65-684 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; wide, flanged rim, starting almost from the bottom; deeply-pressed, elongated folds; slightlyraised, deep, wide, erect-rimmed, U-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5-3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.6 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 51 from collecting pit. Of the 26 oil lamps counted, 14 have rounded bases, and 12 disk-bases. 1090. 65-685 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, flanged, slightly, upward-slanting rim; deep, triangular folds; narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:1-4, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 7 from collecting pit. Spout resembles Lamps #1088 and #1093 from this site. 1091. 65-686 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; rounded base; narrow, flat, flared rim; deep, elongated, triangular folds; narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 16 from collecting pit. 1092. 65-688 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; round, patched base; thin, wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated, narrow folds; elongated, narrow folds; elongated channelspout. Light-brown ware; no signs of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 41 from collecting pit. Resembles #1095 from this site. The petrographic test points to southern Judah as the source of clay (chalky sand) Yezerski, 1997, Hebron Hills, p. 31. 1093. 65-689 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; smoothed, rounded base; flaring, wide, flanged rim; wide, elongated folds; narrow channel-spout. Orange ware; no signs of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 73. 1094. 65-690 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; un-smoothed, rounded base; flanged, upward-slanting rim; deep, elongated folds; short, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 17. 1095. 65-691 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened base; well-smoothed, very wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, elongated folds; narrow channel-spout. Red-brown ware; slight traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 8. Resembles #1092 from this site. 1096. 65-814 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; deep folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; raised, short, erect-rimmed, U-shaped spout. 332

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5-2 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 277. 1097. 65-985 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened base; wide, slightly, upward-slanting, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; short, wide, erect-rimmed, U-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 402. Resembles Lamps #1080 and #1081 from this site. 1098. 65-1160 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; rounded base; everted, slightly-flanged rim extends wall (restored); deep, short folds; short, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 15 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 307. Resembles Lamps #991 (HaZorea-Tel Qira), and #1047 (Tel ‘EΓon) 1099. 65-1161 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; slightly-rounded, flanged rim; deep folds; raised, very narrow, elongated, erect-rimmed channelspout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5-1 cm, W 14 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. (?) 1100. 65-1208 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened, smoothed base; everted rim starting from bottom; small folds; spout missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. (?) 1101. 65-1210 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened base; flat, flanged rim; spout missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. (?) 1102. 65-1226 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; very flattened base; well-made, sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim; folds and spout missing. Red-pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 215. 1103. 74-1435 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; low base, pared and flattened in circular pattern; wide, upward-slanting, rounded, flanged rim departing from saucer; elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; elongated, narrow, rimmed channel-spout. Reddish ware; no signs of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43, 1972:18, Tomb 3:222. A South-Judahite Rock-cut chamber with benches and a collecting pit. Among 200 entire vessels were 38 oil lamps, all of them similar. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A. 333

CATALOGUE 1104. 74-1439 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, tilted backward; scratched, thickened, rounded base; sharply-carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; elongated, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; heavy traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13.7 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:100 (950-750 BCE). See notes to #1103, above. 1105. 74-1440 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, tilted backward; smoothed, flattened base; very wide, flanged rim; triangular folds; narrow, elongated, channel-spout. Pink-brown ware; slight traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, 1972, HA 43; p18, Tomb 3:83 (950-750 BCE). See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1108 from this site. 1106. 74-1441 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; un-smoothed, rounded-to-flattened base; wide, slanting rim starting almost from bottom; elongated, folded wall; narrow channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11.7 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43 p.18, Tomb 3:292 (950-750 BCE). See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1089 (Tell Дalif). 1107. 74-1443 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; scraped, flattened base; wide, flanged rim bulging at departure from saucer; elongated, triangular, deeply-pressed folds forming a step; elongated, raised, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; no signs of burning. H 3-2.5 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43: 18, Tomb 3:215 (950-750 BCE). See notes to #1103, above. 1108. 74-1445 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; knife-pared, thickened, rounded base; flanged, upward-slanting rim; elongated folds; elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:118. See notes to #1103, above. 1109. 74-1446 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; three parallel lines below rim on the outside; curved, narrow, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; V-shaped spout. Reddish-orange ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.6 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:A. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1113 from this site. 1110. 74-1447 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened, rounded base; wide, flanged rim; deep, elongated folds; narrow, elongated, erect-rimmed channelspout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 11.3 cm, L: 12.5 cm. 334

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:J. See notes to #1103, above. 1111. 74-1450 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; thickened, scraped, rounded base; flat, extremely wide, flanged rim; elongated, triangular folds; slightly raised, rimmed, elongated, U-shaped spout. Brown-red ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3.5-3 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:102. See notes to #1103, above. 1112. 74-1451 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; well-smoothed, sharply-carinated, wide, downward-slanting, flat, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; elongated channel-spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4-1.7 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:124. See notes to #1103, above. 1113. 74-1453 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened/rounded base; rounded, narrow, flanged rim; triangular folds; short, narrow, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; light-gray slip; traces of burning. H 2.7 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:96. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1109 from this site. 1114 Cancelled 1115. 74-1456 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; rounded, wide, inward-projecting, flanged rim; wide. elongated, triangular folds; narrow , rimmed, U-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:95. See notes to #1103, above. 1116. 74-1457 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; thickened, pared, rounded base; curved rim; elongated, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised channelspout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.1-3 cm, W 12.6 cm, L: 12.6 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:88. See notes to #1103, above. 1117 Cancelled 1118. 74-1459 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; rounded base; slightly-rounded, sharply-carinated, flanged rim; elongated, deeply-pressed, triangular folds; narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B 335

CATALOGUE Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:85. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles Oil lamp #1119. 1119. 74-1460 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened base; sharply-carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; raised, elongated, rimmed, wellfashioned, channel-spout. Reddish-pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.2-4 cm, W 13.3 cm, L: 13.6 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:80. See notes to #1103, above. 1120. 74-1463 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, deep bowl; flattened base; flanged, wide, rounded rim; deep, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, elongated, channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:126. See notes to #1103, above. 1121. 74-1466 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; sharply-carinated, up-slanting, wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; narrow, elongated channel-spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 2.3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:B296. See notes to #1103, above. 1122. 74-1467 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; rounded, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; raised, narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.6-2.2 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:98. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1117 from this site, but with narrower spout. 1123. 74-1469 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; thickened, un-smoothed, rounded base; sharply-carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim; wide, down-pressed, triangular folds; wide channel-spout (somewhat fragmentary). Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:290A. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles Lamps #1103, #1111 and #1119 from this site. 1124. 74-1470 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; raised, wide, short, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4-2.2 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.9 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:99. See notes to #1103, above. 1125. 74-1471 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; rounded, narrow, flanged rim; triangular folds; raised, V-shaped spout. 336

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.8-2.5 cm, W 13.4 cm, L: 12.7 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:289A. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles Lamps #1109 , #1113 and #1122 from this site. 1126. 74-1473 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, rounded base; medium/wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; U-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.9 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:89. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1128 from this site. 1127. 74-1474 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, tilted backward; thickened, rounded base; carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; raised, narrow, elongated channel-spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:298B. See notes to #1103, above. 1128. 74-1476 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, tilted backward; pared, rounded base; partly-grooved, upward-slanting, flanged rim; triangular folds; elongated, narrow, U-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.9 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:21. See notes to #1103, above. Lamps with grooves # 839. 1129.74-1477 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened, rounded base; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; triangular folds; elongated U-shaped spout, traces of painted strokes(?). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.4 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:94. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1124 and #1133 from this site. 1130. 74-1478 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; slightly-thickened, pared, rounded base; flat, flanged rim; deep, short, narrow, triangular folds; channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 10.7 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:104. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1124. 1131. 74-1479 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; flanged rim; triangular folds; wide, V-shaped spout. Pink-orange ware; traces of burning along entire spout. H 2.7 cm, W 12.8 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:101. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1115 from this site. 337

CATALOGUE 1132. 74-1480 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pared, flat base; rounded, flanged rim; triangular folds; raised, narrow channel-spout; part of lamp missing. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 1.5-3.5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:M. See notes to #1103, above. 1133. 74-1481 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; thick, flat base; sharply-carinated, very wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; elongated, rimmed channel shaped spout. Traces of pattern paint on rim(?) Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:125. See notes to #1103, above. 1134. 74-1482 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, tilted backward; smoothed, flat base; sharply-carinated, wide, flanged rim; elongated folds; channel-spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5-1.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:110. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1119 from this site. 1135. 74-1483 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; one side of spout missing. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 13.4 cm, L: 13.1 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:30. See notes to #1103, above. 1136. 74-1485 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened base; rounded, very wide, flanged rim; deep, elongated, triangular folds; elongated, U-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:253. See notes to #1103, above. 1137. 74-1486 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; base flattened in circular pattern; carinated departure from saucer, a raised mark, upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim with raised double parallel turning mark; elongated folds; elongated channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.6 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:89A. See notes to #1103, above. 1138. 74-1487 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; thick, roughly string-cut, flat base; sharply-carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 12.6 cm. Date: Iron IIA—B Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:28. See notes to #1103, above. Resembles #1119 from this site. 338

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1139. 63-864 Ashdod Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in saucer; smoothed, rounded base; narrow, rounded, slightly-grooved, flanged rim; elongated folds; channel-spout. Brown ware, traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D:4403/1, Stratum 3b (until 712 BCE destruction by Sargon). Resembles Lamps #978 (Tel Kinrot) and #1194 (Tell Дalif). 1140. 63-1893 Ashdod Wheelmade, pronounced wheel-turning marks in saucer; flattened base; slightly slanting, rounded, flanged rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds; erect-rimmed channel-spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D, Stratum 3b,3a (until 712 BCE destruction by Sargon), Locus Room 1104:1916, Fig. 44:2, Pl. XLIV:9. Pronounced wheel-turning marks resemble those on #1141 and #1272 from this site. The burial was within a building. 1141. 63-1894 Ashdod Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside bottom, tilted backward (partly restored); rounded base; sharply-carinated, flanged, upwardslanting rim; narrow, elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; short, rimmed, V-shaped spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D, Stratum 3b (until 712 BCE destruction by Sargon), Locus Kiln 1170:4964/1, Fig. 44:3. Pronounced wheel-turning marks resemble those on #1140 and #1272 are probably the work of the same potter. 1142. 63-1895 Ashdod Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; rounded wall; flanged rim (largely missing); deep, somewhat triangular folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D, Stratum 3a, Locus Floor 1120:4680/3, Fig. 50:22. Another complete lamp in Fig. 50:21. Spout resemble #984 (Tel Rehov) and #1072 (edh-Dhahiriya) 1143. 68-639 Ashdod Wheelmade, central depression in bottom of saucer; rounded base; narrow, rounded, everted rim; front part of lamp missing. Reddish ware. H 3.6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D, Stratum 3, No. 1974. Resembles Lamps #1139 and #1140 from this site. 1144. 68-640 Ashdod Wheelmade; rounded base; rounded, everted rim; small, deep folds; spout missing. Reddish ware. H 4 cm, W 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D, Stratum 3 (until 730 BCE), Locus 7059, No. 4335/1. 1145. 69-1849 Ashdod Wheelmade, tilted backward; high, flat base; everted rim (missing); wide, elongated folds; elongated, channel- spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 11.6+ cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIB Dothan and Y.Porath, 1985, Ashdod, Area M, Stratum 8= general Stratum 3 (until 730 BCE), Locus 7059, Fig. 17:2, No. 702/2. 339

CATALOGUE 1146. 69-1850 Ashdod Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened base; very wide, flanged rim; spout missing. Brown-red ware. H 2.5 cm, W 8+ cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Dothan and Y.Porath, 1985, Ashdod, Area M, Stratum 8 = general Stratum 3 (until 730 BCE), Locus 7236, Fig. 17:1, No. 1855. Resembles #1147 from this site. 1147. 69-1911 Ashdod Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; rounded rim (largely missing); elongated folds; rimmed, V-shaped spout. Brown ware; no signs of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 12.5+ cm, L: 11.5+ cm. Date: early Iron IIB Dothan and Y.Porath, 1985, Ashdod, Area M, surface find, Fig. 33:2, No. 138/1. Resembles #1146. 1148. 67-216 Д. Hoga Wheelmade; thickened, rounded base; wide, flanged rim; deep, small, triangular folds; short, erect-rimmed, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; cream slip. H 4.3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIA Surface find. 1149. 67-1030 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; flat base; rounded, wide, flanged rim with wheel-turning marks; deep, triangular folds; raised, narrow, erect-rimmed channel-spout. Pink-gray ware; traces of burning. H 3-4cm, W 13 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIA Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 11:67411 (second half of 10th century BCE), pp. 181-202, Fig. 8:2. 1150. 74-1234 Д. Ritma Wheelmade, hemispherical bowl; thick string-cut, flattened/rounded base; narrow rim; elongated folds. Fragmentary. Reddish-pink ware H 4 cm, W 13+ cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIA Meshel, 1977, Horvat Ritma, p. 119, Period III, Locus 401, Structure E, No. 53/1, Fig. 7:10. Closely resembles LB-period oil lamps. 1151. 40.550 Tell el-Kheleifa Handmade; flat base; straight wall; deeply-pinched, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware H 3.5 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 10.5 cm. Date: Iron II Glueck, excavated in 1938, Room 14.0:9; half-a-meter below surface, No. 103; Glueck, 1969, Ezion-Gever, pp. 55 - 59, Fig. 2:3. 1152. 40.551 Tell el-Kheleifa Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, flanged rim; deeply-pinched channel-spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron II Glueck, excavated in 1938, Q:9, No. 105, near surface. 1153. 40.650 Tell el-Kheleifa Wheelmade; flattened base; wide, flanged rim; deeply-pinched spout (partly missing). Pink-buff ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron II Glueck, excavated in 1939, Room 50, No. 3045, found 90 cm. below thick inner wall. 340

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

Type B Oil Lamps 1154. 79-114 Tel Kison Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; very small deep folds, short, narrow, everted-rimmed, U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 14+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 7 (900 - 850 BCE), Pl. 51:10, No. 75.549. Including also Lamps #974, #975 (Tel Yin’am), #977, #978 (Tel Kinrot). A Cypro-Phoenician type B, see text §7.4.2 1155. 79-143 Tel Kison Wheelmade, tilted backward; very wide, flat base; short, erect wall; very wide, downward-slanting, flanged rim; very small, deep, triangular folds; short, everted-rimmed, U-shaped spout (fragmentary). Brown-red ware; similar slip; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 5 (850 - 750 BCE), Locus F6078 (fosse), p. 175, Pl. 44:6, No. 76.302. Resembles Lamps #1159 from this site; # 1157, #1161 and #1297 (Haifa-Shiqmona); and #975 (Tel Yin`am).Recalls a Persianperiod-type oil lamp. Cf. Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I; Laffineur and Vandenabeele, 1990, Cyprus, Pl. XXXVII:12. Such oil lamps are very common in Cypriot sites. See text §7.3.2 1156. 79-167 Tel Kison Wheelmade, slightly carinated bowl, tilted backward; flattened/rounded base; slightly carinated, up-slanting, wide, flanged rim; very small, triangular, deep, thumb-pressed folds; raised, very short, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2-3.5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—early Persian Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 4 (650 - 580 BCE), Locus 310, Pl. 32:8, No. 72.360. The spout and flange resemble Lamps #1155 from this site, #975 (Tel Yin’am), and #977 (Tel Kinrot). Found with a similar lamp of the Cypro-Phoenician type, Pl. 32:9. Cf. Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I; Laffineur and Vandenabeele, 1990, Cyprus, Pl. XXXVII:12. Such oil lamps are very common in Cypriot sites 1157. 81-443 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade; hand-smoothed; rounded base with wheel-turning marks; rounded ,flanged rim; small folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; short, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC – early Persian Elgavish, excavated in 1969, Locus 283, No. 5224/13; idem., 1994, Shiqmona. Close to a Cypro=Phoenician type. Cf. Laffineur and Vandenabeele, 1990, Cyprus, Pl. XXXVII:12; Bikai, 1978, Pottery of Tyre, pp. 54-55, Fig. 4:2. Such oil lamps are very common in Cypriot sites. 1158. 81-446 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks in saucer; tilted backward; knife-pared, flattened base; curved, very wide, flanged rim; very small folds; short, rimmed, U-shaped spout with wheel-turning marks at top part, widening toward tip. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-2.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Elgavish, excavated in 1969/70, Locus 2069, No. 5579/1; Elgavish, 1994, Shiqmona. Resembles Cypro-Phoenician-type Lamps #1159, #1160, #1161 and #1297 from this site, #1155 (Tel Kison), #975 (Tel Yin`am), and #1162 with disk-base (Tell Дalif). Cf. Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I; Laffineur and Vandenabeele, 1990, Cyprus, Pl. XXXVII:14. Such oil lamps are very common in Cypriot sites. 1159. 81-471 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade; knife-pared, flat base; curved, very wide, flanged rim; very small folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; wide, U-

341

CATALOGUE shaped spout, rounded at tip. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIB Elgavish, excavated in 1969/70, Locus 666, No. 8057; Elgavish, 1994, Shiqmona. See note above. Cf. Lamon and Shipton, 1939, Megiddo I; Laffineur and Vandenabeele, 1990, Cyprus, Pl. XXXVII:14. Such oil lamps are very common in Cypriot sites. 1160. 81-296 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade; knife-pared, stepped, flattened base; sharply-carinated, narrow, flanged rim; short, thumb-pressed folds; U-shaped spout widening at the tip; much of lamp restored. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Elgavish, excavated in 1968, Locus 2069:5579/2. Found together with #1158. 1161. 81-398 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade, central depression in bottom of saucer; partially-smoothed, flattened base; sharply-carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim; small, short, deep, thumb-pressed folds; short, projecting channel-spout. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.4 cm. Date: Iron IIC—(Persian) Elgavish, excavated in 1970, Locus 472:7318 A Cypro-Phoenician type; resembles Lamps #1425 (Tel `Arad) and #1162 (Tell Дalif) All the lamps have wheel turning marks at the center of saucer. 1162. 74-1472 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, good-quality, well-smoothed oil lamp, tilted backward; very low, string-cut disk-base; sharply-carinated, grooved, very wide, flat, flanged rim; very small, deep folds; slightly-raised, very short, U-shaped spout. Orange ware; heavy traces of burning. H 2-3.8 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:90. Resembles Lamps #1426 (Tel `Ira), #1425 (Tel `Arad) of Cypriot-Phoenician type. See notes to #1189, above. A South-Judahite type of burial with benches. Among 200 entire vessels were 38 oil lamps, all of them similar. Cf. Yadin and Geva, 1986, Beth Shean IV; Laffineur and Vandenabeele, 1990, Corpus of Cypriot Ant., Pl. XXXVII:12. 1163. 60-402 MeΞad Hashavyahu Wheelmade, shallow, carinated bowl, tilted slightly backward; wide, flattened base; very wide, flanged rim, with single wheelturning mark; short, deep, wide folds; short, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Naveh, 1962, Mesad Hashavyahu, Fig. 5:19, Area A (630 - 609 BCE), No. G47. Cf. Cypro-Phoenician-type #1161 (Haifa-Shiqmona), less refined than #1158, #1160, #1161 & #1162 , Resemble southern type lamps and #1154,#1156 & #1157 . Oil Lamps With Disk-Bases 1164. 36.2132 Rosh Ha`Ayin Wheelmade; disk-base; deeply-pinched spout (damaged, chipped). Red ware; whitish wash. H 4 cm, W 9.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB Ory, 1938, Ras et aln, p. 101. “It is evident that the Late Bronze and the Iron ages are not represented. The site was abandoned till the Hellenistic period.” The oil lamp was not published.

342

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1165. 82-2002 Jerusalem-Jewish Quarter Wheelmade; disk-base; very wide, flanged rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, channelspout widening at tip. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 1.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIB Avigad, 1980, Upper City (Jewish Quarter), Area A (8th-7th centuries BCE), Locus 153, No. 3847/1. 1166. II Y31 3/97 30 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; low disk-base; slanting, wide rim; elongated spout; half of lamp missing. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 11.5+ cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Iron II Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, from the city debris. 1167. O 31 3/21 30 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; low disk-base; deep folds; elongated, narrow spout; half of lamp missing. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 8.5+ cm. Date: Iron II Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, from the city debris. 1168. S 29 x II Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; low disk-base with potter’s mark on base (long and short parallel strokes); deep folds; elongated, narrow spout; half of lamp missing. Gray ware. H 3 cm, W 8.5+ cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron II Grant, 1929, Beth Shemesh, from the city debris. 1169. 33.1965 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; carinated saucer; small, low disk-base; wide, everted rim, deeply-pinched to form a narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIB Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, p. 229, Tomb 1002:823 (810 - 701 BCE). The tomb cut in the soft limestone, an irregular shaped pit, most productive burial place, was found disturbed. The plan is irregular, with 1-13 layers of deposits. About 91 oil lamps in a wide range of types were found. 1170. 33.1974 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; low disk-base; wide, flaring rim; raised spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 3.3-4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Tomb 1002:845 (850 - 500 BCE). See note #1069 1171. 69-1359 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, deep saucer; disk-base; wide, rounded rim; deeply thumb marked press, elongated folds; narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 14.7 cm, L: 15.8 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Burial Cave A1:21 (9th-8th centuries BCE). The tomb had an earlier collecting pit of the 11th century BCE. 1172. 69-1362 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; low disk-base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; narrow folds; part of rim and spout missing. Pink ware; some signs of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 12 cm. 343

CATALOGUE Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb A1:25 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See remark #1171. 1173. 69-1363 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, carinated saucer; low disk-base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; deeply-pressed folds forming a step; rimmed channelspout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb A1:10 (9th-8th century BCE). See remark #1171. The upper part of the lamp does not differ from the earlier lamps without bases. 1174. 69-1364 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; disk-base; flat, flanged rim; wide, elongated folds; elongated U-shaped spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb A1:24 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See remark #1171. 1175. 69-1366 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, carinated saucer; disk-base; very wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; nearly half the lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.2 cm, W 9+ cm, L: 11.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb A1:(?) (9th-8th centuries BCE). See remark #1171. Resembles Lamps #1027 from this site. 1176. 69-1368 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, knife-finished lower exterior of saucer; un-smoothed, small, string-cut, disk-base; slightly downward-slanting, wide, flanged rim (Fragmentary); deep folds; channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.2 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 12.4 cm. Date: Iron IIB Edelstein, 1968:194-195, Tomb A1:23 (9th-8th centuries BCE). See remark #1171. Similar bases are known from Iron I northern sites (e.g., Lamps #852 and #853 (Tel Menora). 1177. 65-681 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; un-smoothed, low, disk-base; rounded, flanged rim virtually continuing wall; triangular, pushed-in folds starting from curved fold-lines; short, narrow, channel-spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:5-7, No. 38. Tomb (early 9th-8th centuries BCE). Of the 26 oil lamps counted, 14 have rounded bases, and 12 have disk-bases 1178. 65-682 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, shallow saucer; disk-base; out-turned, flaring rim continues wall; wide, very deeply-pressed-in folds; channel-spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB Above : Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:5-7, No. 82. 1179. 65-687 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; small folds; very short, erect, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. 344

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 4 cm, W 12.8 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIB Above #1177: Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:5-7, No. 72. 1180. 65-692 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened disk-base; very wide, flat, upward-slanting, flanged rim; deep, wide, elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; narrow, erect-rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB Above #1177 :Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7,. Upper part of lamp similar to #1091 from this site. 1181. 65-1106 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; small, un-smoothed, string-cut disk-base; out-slanting, wide, flanged rim; deep, wide, triangular folds; elongated, narrow, channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Above #1177: Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:5-7, No. 33. 1182. 65-1162 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; shallow receptacle, low, small, string-cut, disk-base; sharply-carinated, slightly flattened rim=wall (damaged); small, deep, triangular folds; U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Above #1177: Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:5-7, No. 52. 1183. 65-1206 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; low, string-cut, disk-base; up-slanting, wide rim (partly missing); elongated folds; elongated, funnel-shaped spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 9.5+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Above #1177: Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:5-7, No. 204. 1184. 65-1207 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; low disk-base; flaring, flanged rim; elongated, wide folds; elongated, V-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Red ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Above #1177: Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:5-7, No. 66. Resembles #1092 from this site. The petrographic test points to southern Judah as the source of clay (chalky sand), see: Yezerski, 1997, Hebron Hills, p. 31. 1185. 65-1209 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; low disk-base; up-slanting, wide rim; deep, triangular folds; parts of lamp, including spout, missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 11.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Above #1177: Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:5-7, No. 92. Resembles Lamps #1092 and #1184 from this site. The petrographic test points to southern Judah as the source of clay (chalky sand), see: Yezerski, 1997, Hebron Hills, p. 31. 1186. 74-1436 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside saucer; flat/slightly concave, disk-base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; deeply pressed, wide, elongated, triangular folds; narrow, channel-spout. Reddish-orange ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIB 345

CATALOGUE Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Burial Cave 3:189 (950-750 BCE). A South-Judahite type of burial with benches. Among 200 entire vessels were 38 oil lamps, all of them similar. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A. 1187. 74-1437 Tell Halif Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base forming outer ring; upward-slanting, wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, elongated narrow folds; raised, channel-spout. Reddish ware; no signs of burning. H 3-4.6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.4 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb B:92. See remark #1186. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:5. 1188. 74-1438 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; small wheel-turning mark in center of saucer (partly missing); low, string-cut, disk-base; wide, flanged rim; deep, elongated, triangular folds; raised, narrow, channel-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3 -4.2cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:128. See notes to #1186, above. The folds resemble Persian type lamps. A South-Judahite type of burial with benches. 1189. 74-1442 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; disk-base; flaring, wide, flanged rim; small, deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised, narrow, U-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of heavy burning. H 5-3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:12. See notes to #1186, above. Cf. Aharoni, 1973, Beer Sheva I, Stratum II, Pl. 63:133. 1190. 74-1444 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, shallow saucer; disk-base; very wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; deep, wide, folds; raised, wide, U-shaped spout. Gray ware; traces of heavy burning; incrustation. H 2-4 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:93. See notes to #1186, above. A South-Judahite type of burial with benches 1191. 74-1454 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; low disk-base; rounded, grooved, wide, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; narrow, elongated, U-shaped spout. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 2.3 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:300. See notes to #1186, above. Similar groove on #1301 (Jerusalem-Harzion), #1332 (Abu Gosh), and #1429 (Masos). A South-Judahite type of burial with benches 1191a. 74-1455 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; low, disk-base; rounded, flanged rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; elongated, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:103. See notes to #1103, above. 346

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1192. 74-1461 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; wide, string-cut, flattened, disk-base; wide, carinated, flat, flanged rim; wide, deeply pressed , elongated folds; elongated, channel shaped spout. Gray ware; traces of burning along the entire spout. H 3.3 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Iron II (IIC(?)) Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:97. See notes to #1186, above. Resembles #1200 (Be’er Sheva’) 1193. 74-1462 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; wide, flat, string-cut, near-disk-base; rounded, flanged rim; short, wide, deeply-pressed folds; very short, channel-spout. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:120. See notes to #1186, above. 1194. 74-1464 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; narrow, rounded, everted rim; narrow, elongated folds; very short, everted-rimmed U-shaped spout. Red-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.4 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:91. See notes to #1186, above. 1195. 74-1465 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; small, low, disk-base; wide, flanged rim; deep, elongated folds; narrow, elongated, everted-rimmed channel-spout. Red-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:24. See notes to #1186, above. Resembles #1165 (Jerusalem-Jewish Quarter) 1196. 74-1475 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; pronounced finger-pressed groove below rim; low disk-base; wide, curved/flat, wide, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; raised, narrow, erect-rimmed, U/V-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4-2.8 cm, W 12.9 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:104. See notes to #1186, above. Resembles Oil lamp #1195 from this site. 1197. 74-1484 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; small, low disk-base; slightly-curved, wide, flanged rim; deep, elongated folds; elongated, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, W 12.7 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:74. See notes to #1186, above. Resembles #1195 from this site. 1198. 74-1492 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; low, string-cut, disk-base; very wide, flat, flanged rim; deeply-pressed, elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. 347

CATALOGUE Date: Iron IIB Seger, excavated in 1974, Tomb 3:22. See notes to #1186, above. 1199. 74-1775 Be’er Sheva` Wheelmade, tilted backward; low, flattened, disk-base; sharply-carinated, down-slanting, wide, flanged rim; wide, triangular folds; raised, narrow channel-spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 4-2.5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB Aharoni, 1973, Beer Sheba I, Stratum II (8th century BCE), Locus 46:1550/1, Pl. 74:5. 1200. 74-1804 Be’er Sheva` Wheelmade; un-smoothed, irregular, low, disk-base; very wide, flanged rim; wide, finger-pressed folds starting from curved foldlines; raised, elongated channel-spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Aharoni, 1973, Beer Sheba I, Stratum II (8th century BCE), Locus 28:1093/1, Pl. 66:19. 1201. 74-1805 Be’er Sheva` Wheelmade, tilted backward; thick, low, flattened, disk-base; up-slanting, very wide, flanged rim; raised, medium-width channel-spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Aharoni, 1973, Beer Sheba I, Stratum II (8th century BCE), Locus 221:1288/2, Pl. 63:136, from the store-houses. 1202. 74-1806 Be’er Sheva` Wheelmade, carinated saucer, tilted slightly backward; low disk-base; up-slanting, wide, flanged rim; deeply pressed folds starting from curved fold-lines; rimmed, channel-spout. H 4 cm, W 13.6 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB Aharoni, 1973, Beer Sheba I, Stratum II (8th century BCE), Locus 221:1202/1, Pl. 63:134. 1203. 75-868 Tel Masos Wheelmade; disk-base; wide, flaring rim (mostly missing); deep, triangular folds; short, narrow, channel-spout; fragmentary. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. W 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIB (IIC(?)) Zimhoni, in: Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Area G, Locus 708:1443/2, Pl. 166:15. 1204. 56-1477 `Ein Qudeirat Wheelmade; thick, rounded, disk-like base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; large part of lamp missing. Brown ware. H 3 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB Dothan, 1965, Kadesh-Barnea, p. 174, Fig. 5:9 (9th-8th centuries BCE).

IRON IIB—C Flattened/Rounded Bases 1205. 32.2442 Samaria Wheelmade; flattened base; straight, deeply-pinched rim; U-shaped spout. Buff-red ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 10.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Crowfoot, Kenyon and Sukenik, 1942, Samaria Buildings (second half of 8th century BCE), pp. 21-22, Cave-tomb 103, No. C814; 348

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Kenyon, 1957, Samaria III, pp. 197-198, No. 814. The most complete tomb: the burial contained four individuals, one of them a child; pottery was found in bottle-shaped pits dug in the chamber floor. 1206. 45.157 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade, wheel turning marks in the center of the carinated bowl; flattened base; wide, flat, flanged rim; deeply-pinched , short, channel-spout. Pink-buff ware; cream slip; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Glueck, 1943, El Jib, p. 127, Burial Cave, Chamber B:61. The burial contained mostly MB II and some Iron II pottery. In other Burial Caves excavated by Dajani, 1953, 1956, 223 oil lamps were found among about 500 pottery vessels; and see: Eshel, 1987, Gibeon Cemetery, pp. 1-17. 1207. 45.161 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade; uneven (unstable), flattened base; flaring, flanged rim; deeply-pinched channel-spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Glueck, 1943, El Jib, p. 127, Burial Cave, Chamber B:126. See note to #1211, above. 1208. 45.170 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened base; slightly carinated, wide-flanged rim; deeply-pressed, small folds , deeply-pinched, short, V-shaped spout. Pink-buff ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Glueck, 1943, El Jib, p. 127, Burial Cave, Chamber B:213. See note to #1211, above. 1209. 56-920 Jerusalem-Ya`ar HaQedoshim Wheelmade; rounded base; carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim (damaged); deep, triangular folds; wide, elongated, everted-rimmed, Ushaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 12.9 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Burial cave. 1210. L.573 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; carinated saucer; domed base; flaring rim; channel-spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.4 cm, W 12.7 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavations of 1911-12, pp. 73-77, Tomb 5, Pl. XLI.2. Tomb with benches, closed by door-slab. See: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence of Iron Age Tombs (7th-6th centuries BCE); Abercrombie, 1979, Burial Patterns, the lamps consists 22.5% of the funerary offerings (49 oil lamps) L-2 pattern. 1211. 33.1971 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; flattened base; wide, shallow saucer; wide, curved , flanged rim starting from the bottom; deeply-pressed, triangular folds, narrow, channel-spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13.8 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, pp. 174,229-236, Tomb 1002:838 (850-710 BCE). More than 600 vessels were found, of which 91 oil lamps of all types, from three layers. See note #1069. 1212. 33.1984 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks in deep saucer; rounded base; wide, everted, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; rimmed, short 349

CATALOGUE channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Pl. 83:146, Tomb 1002:877 (850-500 BCE), Class 4-6. See note #1069. Four such lamps were found. 1213. 36.1517 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, deep saucer; rounded base; everted rim; elongated folds; somewhat splayed channel-spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 6.7 cm, W 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Tomb 230:5091 (ca. 850 BCE), Pl. 83:141. A single burial with only nine offering vessels; the oil lamps are of Classes 1-3 and 4-6. 1214. 68-1393 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded base, pared with a sharp tool; grooved, flanged rim; elongated folds starting from slightly-curved fold-lines; elongated channel-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 13.6 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum III (until 701 BCE), Locus 46:391/1, Pl. 55:30, Type L30. The groove recalls #1030 (Tell Дalif). List of lamps with such grooves #839. 1215. 76-317 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flat base; rim missing; deep, wide folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42 - 43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). A shaft-grave with an ante-chamber and chamber, a bench, and repository. Among the lamps are also disk-base lamps which suggest an Iron IIC dating. The rich burial included Samaria ware. Resembles #1219 from this site. Cf. Borowski, 1994, Tell Дalif, pp. 46, 50, Plan 6: “A typical Judahite Burial Cave dated 9th-8th century BCE, with three benches and a repository” Fig. 1:13-14; Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:4, 5. 1216. 76-318 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flattened/rounded base; upward-slanting, flat, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; channel/U-shaped spout. Pink-gray ware; traces of burning. H 2.7 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215, above. 1217. 76-319 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flattened base; rounded, everted rim; deep, small, narrow triangular folds; rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.8 cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 15 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215, above. 1218. 76-321 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; rounded base; carinated, narrow, flat, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215, above. Resembles #1227 from this site (with somewhat shorter channel-spout). 350

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1219. 76-322 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; very wide-flanged, upward-slanting rim; deep, triangular folds; elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215 above. 1220. 76-323 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flattened base; wide-flanged, upward-slanting rim (fragmentary); deep, triangular folds; narrow, elongated channelspout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 8 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215, above. Resembles #1224 from this site. 1221. 76-325 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flat base; everted rim; wide folds; wide, U-shaped spout; parts of lamp missing. Reddish ware; slight traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42 - 43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215, above. 1222. 76-397 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flattened/rounded base; carinated, narrow, flat, flanged rim; wide, deep, triangular folds; wide, elongated, wellfashioned channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.9 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59 - 60:42 - 43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215, above. Resembles #1218 from this site. 1223. 76-398 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flattened base; sharply-carinated, narrow, flat, flanged rim; small, triangular folds; wide, elongated, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 1.8 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215, above. Resembles #1222 from this site. 1224. 76-399 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flattened base; rounded, everted, flanged rim; elongated folds; elongated, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.7 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). See notes to #1215, above. 1225. 76-402 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside bowl; flattened/rounded base; sharply-carinated, wide, flanged rim; elongated, triangular folds; narrow, elongated, channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 13.4 cm, L: 14.6 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 19. 351

CATALOGUE Cf. Borowski, 1994, Tell Дalif, pp. 49, 50, Plan 6. The inner part of the saucer resemble #914. #935 (Tel ‘EΓon); #962 & #963 (Tel Masos). 1226. 76-415 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flat base; rounded, wide, rounded, flanged rim; front part of lamp missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 18. Resembles #1224 from this site. Cf. Borowski, 1994, Tell Дalif, p. 49, Plan 5, Fig. 3:16-17, 2 oil lamps and an amphora; Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:4, 6. 1227. 76-417 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; rounded base; sharply-carinated, flat-flanged, upward-slanting rim; asymmetrical, elongated folds; narrow channelspout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.1 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th century BCE). A shaft-grave with an ante-chamber and chamber, a bench, and repository. The rich burial included Samaria ware. Cf. Borowski, 1994, Tell Дalif, pp. 46, 50, Plan 6: “A typical Judahite Burial Cave dated 9th-8th century BCE, with three benches and a repository” Fig. 1:13 - 14; Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, Fig. 10:4, 5. 1228. 77-128 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, tilted backward; flattened base; sharply-carinated, flanged rim (part missing). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2–3.5cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12.3 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C(?) Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6:19. 1229. 38.1030 Kh. el-QaΒr (Kh. Sarin) Wheelmade; shallow receptacle, rounded base; very wide, flanged rim; small, deep, triangular folds; wide, channel-spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 3-4.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: early Iron IIC Husseini, excavated in 1938. 1230. 32.2592 Tell en-NaΒbeh Wheelmade, carinated saucer; thickened, rounded base; slightly everted rim. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 17 cm, L: 18 cm. Date: Iron IIC McCown, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, Period VII (Assyrian, 700 BCE), Fig. 11:37, Pl. 70:1611, Tomb 32:2161. A natural cave (disturbed) with many offerings, among them 58 oil lamps out of 454 other vessels. The tomb resembles Tomb 5, but is dated earlier. Oil lamps from Tomb 32, Pl. 70 have flattened, rounded bases; erect-to-slightly-flaring rims; and short U/V-shaped spouts. See: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence of Iron Age Tombs, p. 262; Abercrombie, 1979, Burial Patterns, “Juglet 1-type burial, 10.4% of the offerings were lamps (42 lamps). 1231. 70-525 Jerusalem-Ramot Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; wide, flat, flanged rim; wide, elongated folds starting from slightly-curved fold-lines; deeply pressed; narrow, elongated, erect-rimmed channel-spout. Pink-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Tzaferis, 1982, Ramot, p. 11, Pl. II:4, Burial Cave 3:316. The burial. a natural cave, divided into two chambers: along three sides of the larger section , three shelves were built to accommodate the burials, of which seven were found. The finds: two oil lamps, and a juglet. The oil lamp closely resembles a Persian type. Cf. Dinur and Lipovitz, 1988, Hurvat Almit, Pl. 2:9 (6th century BCE).

352

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1232. 72-16 Jerusalem-Ramot Wheelmade; rounded base; sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim; deeply-pressed, elongated folds starting from slightly curved foldlines; elongated, rimmed, channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC Tzaferis, excavated in 1971 (Kh. Halilia). Recalls Persian-type oil lamps. 1233. 68-209 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; low, pared, flat base; narrow, flat, flanged rim; elongated, triangular folds; fragmentary spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1967, Jerusalem, Area A (700-620 BCE), Fig. 7, Photo 32; ,1974, p. 140, Photo Pl. 58, Cave I:334, Locus XXXVI; Franken and Steiner, 1990, Jerusalem, pp. 102-103; Eshel and Prag, 1995, Jerusalem, pp. 34-35, Fig. 32:2, Pl. 17:11; and see: Holland, 1977, Iron Age Pottery, p. 132, Fig. 6. The cave, in use over a long period, consists of a rectangular chamber with bench; no bones were found. Out of about 1300 items were 105 oil lamps of 12 main types. There were two caves, I and II. In Cave II were 21 oil lamps of 8 types similar to the ones in Cave I: 7 oil lamps with rounded-to-flattened bases; 14 with disk-bases of varying heights (Fig. 8:9-16). Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Pl. 83:144; Kenyon. 1965, Jericho, Tomb WH1; Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1612; Saller, 1968, Bethlehem, Fig. 1:187. Resembles #1234 from this site. 1234. 68-210 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks; knife-pared, flat base; lightly-grooved, flanged rim; elongated folds; narrow, elongated, channelspout. Brown-red ware; heavy traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1967, Jerusalem, Area A (700-620 BCE), Fig. 7, Photo 32; 1974, p. 140, Photo Pl. 58, Locus XXXVI, Cave I:412; Franken and Steiner, 1990, Jerusalem, pp. 102-103; Eshel and Prag, 1995, Jerusalem, pp. 34-35, Fig. 8:9-16, Pl. 17:11-16; and see: Holland, 1977, Iron Age Pottery, p. 132, Fig. 6. Resembles #1233 from this site. 1235. 68-711 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; rim missing; elongated folds; U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning also on rim. H 4 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1967, Jerusalem, Area A (700-620 BCE), Fig. 7, Photo 32; 1974, p. 140, Photo Pl. 58, Locus XXVI, Cave I:275; Franken and Steiner, 1990, Jerusalem, pp. 102-103; Eshel and Prag, 1995. Jerusalem, pp. 34-35, Fig. 8:9-16, Pl. 17:11 - 16; and see: Holland, 1977, Iron Age Pottery, p. 132, Fig. 6. See notes to #1233, above. 1236. 68-715 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; flat base; rim missing; small, triangular folds; U-shaped spout; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 7.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Kenyon, 1967, Jerusalem, Area A (700 - 620 BCE), Fig. 7, Photo 32; 1974, p. 140, Photo Pl. 58, Locus XXVI, Cave I:236; See notes to #1233 and 1236 above. 1237. 68-941 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened base; up-turned, flanged rim with wheel-turning marks; small, deep, elongated, triangular folds; channel-spout (fragmentary). Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 3 cm.. W 10 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Area AA, Locus 4.14:7057.

353

CATALOGUE 1238. 75-993 Jerusalem-Har Нiyon Wheelmade, mesomphalic, tilted backward; flattened base; very wide, flanged rim departing sharply from saucer; elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; deeply-pinched, channel-spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5-2 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Davis and Kloner, excavated in 1975, Burial Cave 4:2; Kloner, 1982/3, Rock-Cut Tombs, p. 37-40. A tomb with benches; oil lamps were found near the place of the heads. 1239. 75-995 Jerusalem-Har Нiyon Wheelmade; twig-smoothed, flattened base; flanged rim (missing); deeply-pinched, V-shaped spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 13+ cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Kloner, 1982/3, Rock-Cut Tombs, p. 37–40, Burial Cave 508 A; and Kloner and Davis, 1994, Rock-cut tomb , two chambers with benches and a forecourt; 43 skeletons; two skeletons were found laid on bench with an oil lamp near the heads and a decanter at their feet. 1240. 80-1091 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; sharply-carinated, flanged rim; deep, elongated folds; elongated, narrow, erect channelspout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 3.2-5 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 13.7 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, p. 23, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:410/4, Photo 23. About 1000 items were found, most of them decanters, perfume-bottles, and 263 pottery vessels with 21 entire oil lamps and remains of 95 individuals—all in three assemblages of burials: (1) end of the First Temple (7th-6th centuries BCE) similar to destruction level at Lachish; the burials continued after 586 BCE when Jerusalem fell to the Babylonians; (2) the Babylonian-early Persian period (6th5th centuries BCE); (3) late Hellenistic (1st century BCE). Most of the oil lamps belong to the transitional Iron Age to Persian/Babylonian period. 1241. 80-1095 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; thick, rounded-to-flattened base; sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim; very small folds; well-made, short, raised, everted-rimmed channel-spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3-4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC -Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:485/1. The lamp may belong to the Cypro-Phoenician type. Cf. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1626. And see notes to #1254, above. 1242. 80-1096 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, deep saucer, tilted backward; thick, rounded base; slightly rounded, sharply-carinated, flaring rim starting from bottom; short, deep, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3-4.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC-Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:485/1. See notes to #1240, above. The up-slanting rim may indicate a post-586 BCE dating. 1243. 80-1097 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; thick, flat base; flat, wide-flanged, up-slanting rim; triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, deeply pressed, elongated , channel- spout wider at tip. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 3-4.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:445/1. See notes to #1240, above. The up-slanting rim may indicate a post-586 BCE dating.

354

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1244. 80-1099 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, deep saucer, tilted backward; smoothed, rounded base; up-slanting, wide, flanged rim; deeply pressed, triangular folds; elongated, narrow channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5-5 cm, W 13.3 cm, L: 10.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:467/1. See notes to #1240, above. The lamp is of the narrow shaped rather than circular. 1245. 80-1100 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, rounded-to-flattened base; up-slanting, wide, flanged rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; very narrow, elongated channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.8-1.8 cm, W 10 cm, L: 10.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:477/1. See notes to #1240, above. Closely resembles Oil lamp #1244 from this site. 1246. 80-1101 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, irregular, shallow saucer, tilted backward; slightly irregular, wide, rounded, flattened base; wide, flanged rim; triangular folds; narrow channel-spout. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.2 –4.8cm, W 16.3 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:274. See notes to #1240, above. 1247. 80-1105 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; narrow, curved rim; elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; short, wide, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.4 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:430/1. See notes to #1240, above. Resembles #1240 and #1255 from this site. 1248. 80-1106 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; wide, flattened base; sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; narrow, deeply pressed; elongated channel-spout. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H1.5-3 cm, W 15.3 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIC -Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:256/2. See notes to #1240, above. Rim resembles #1241 from this site. 1249. 80-1107 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base smoothed with a sharp tool; smoothed, sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; elongated spout (partly missing). Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.2-2 cm, W 14.2 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:375/5. See notes to #1240, above. Resembles #1241 from this site; may be considered a forerunner of the Persian type lamps.

355

CATALOGUE 1250. 80-1108 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; wide, thick, flattened base; sharply-carinated, up-slanting, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; part of spout missing. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 13.6+ cm, L: 14+ cm. Date: Iron IIC— Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:295/1. See notes to #1240, above. 1251. 80-1109 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; rounded base; grooved, flanged rim; deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:423/1. See notes to #1240, above. 1252. 80-1110 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened/rounded base; up-slanting, flanged rim; wide folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, narrow, channel-spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 12.4 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:477/1. See notes to #1240, above. Resembles # 1253. 1253. 80-1111 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; smoothed, flattened base; rounded, flanged rim; deeply pressed, elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines, wheelturning marks on folds; elongated, erect-rimmed channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIC Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:380/1. See notes to #1240, above. Resembles #1252, from this site, and #1232 (Jerusalem-Ramot). 1254. 80-1112 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; rounded base thickened at center; sharply-carinated, pronouncedly up-slanting, very wide, flanged rim with wheelturning marks; triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; short, erect-rimmed, narrow, channel-spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 15 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:284/1. See notes to #1240, above. 1255. 80-1115 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, deep saucer; thickened, rounded base; grooved, flanged rim; elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, narrow channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:303/1. See notes to #1240, above. Resembles #1244 from this site. 1256. 80-1116 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; flattened/rounded base; up-slanting, very wide, flat, flanged rim with wheel-turning marks; deeply pressed, elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; deeply pressed, elongated, narrow, channel-spout. Light-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 16 cm. 356

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:297/12. See notes to #1240, above. Rim resembles #1238 from this site. 1257. 80-1117 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks in deep saucer, tilted backwards; rounded base; curved, wide, flanged rim; deeply pressed, folds starting from curved fold-lines; wide, U-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:444/1. See notes to #1240, above. Cf. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1617. 1258. 80-1118 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, irregular saucer, tilted backward; rounded base; wide, grooved, flat, flanged rim; deeply pressed, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated channel-spout, widening at tip. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.6-4.6 cm, W 12 cm, L: 15.7 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:508/1. See notes to #1240, above. 1259. 80-1120 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in saucer; thickened, flat base; rounded, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, elongated, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:509/1. See notes to #1240, above. Resembles #1257 from this site. 1260. 80-1121 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; thick, rounded-to-flattened base; carinated, flat, flanged rim; short, deeply pressed, triangular folds; short, narrow, Ushaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.1 cm, W 13 cm, L: 15.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:455/1. See notes to #1240, above. 1261. 80-1123 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; smoothed, flattened base; sharply carinated, wide, inward-projecting, flat, flanged rim; very small, down-pressed folds and; rimmed spout U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2-5.8 cm, W 17.9 cm, L: 16.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial Cave 24 Repository, Locus 25:493/1. See notes to #1240, above. Resemble #1241 from this site. Both lamps belong to the Cypro-Phoenician Type B. 1262. 64-1296 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened base; elongated folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; elongated, narrow, funnel-shape spout with upright rim; fragmentary. Gray ware; slight traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 10 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Aharoni, 1962, Ramat Rachel, Stratum IVB(?) (5th-3rd centuries BCE), No. 4158/15.

357

CATALOGUE 1263. 64-1355 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened base; wide, flat, flanged rim; front part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 7+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, 1959(?), Ramat Rachel, Stratum V (late Iron Age, 8th-7th centuries BCE), No. 2501/1. 1264. 60-895 Qalunya (Mevasseret Yerushalayim) Wheelmade; rounded base; upward-slanting, flanged rim; triangular folds; U-shaped spout; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Negbi, 1970, Motza, pp. 358-370. Eleven graves (7th -early 6th centuries BCE) were discovered in the cemetery. In Burial Cave I, stairs lead to a chamber having benches on three sides, a wall niche for lamps, and a repository pit. In the cave were 96 offerings, among them 17 oil lamps. Two lamps, one with a disk-base, were found on the northern bench. In Burial Cave VII, 3 lamps were found among the 32 offerings (Figs. 3, 10, 11). Similar in date to Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Pl. 75:14-19, Tomb 106 (670-580 BCE). 1265. 60-900 Qalunya (Mevasseret Yerushalayim) Wheelmade; rounded base; most of rim and spout missing. Pink ware. H 3 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Negbi, 1970, Motza, pp. 358-370. See note to #1264, above. 1266. 60-901 Qalunya (Mevasseret Yerushalayim) Wheelmade; thick, rounded base; flanged rim (most of it missing); deep, triangular folds; very narrow, channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Negbi, 1970, Motza, pp. 358-370. See note to #1264, above. 1266a. 67-1208 `En Gedi Wheelmade; rounded base; flat, flanged rim; deep, wide, elongated folds; large, narrow, elongated, erect-rimmed channel-spout. Pink-red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsky, 1963, En-Gedi, p. 20, Stratum V (until 586 BCE), Locus 2298:1769. The folds and the spout resemble Persian type lamps. 1267. I.5895 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; flat, rounded base; wide, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, U-shaped spout. Light-red ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm. Date: early Iron IIC Grant and Wright, 1938, Ain Shems IV, Stratum Iron IIC, Tomb 14, Pl. LXVIII. No oil lamps illustrated. Similar vessels were found in the Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom burial cave in Jerusalem (7th-6th centuries BCE). 1268. I.5912 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rounded-to-flattened base; wide, up-slanting, flanged rim; raised, everted, narrow, deeply-pinched channel-spout. Light-red ware; white slip; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 18 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Grant, 1932, Ain Shems II, p. 23, Pl. XLV:43; Grant and Wright, 1938, Ain Shems IV, p. 142, Pl. 48:9, Tomb 14, No. 858; idem., 1939, Ain Shems V, pp. 77,141 - 142. And see: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence of Iron Age Tombs, tomb with benches (7th-6th centuries BCE).

358

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1269. 57-560 Tel `Erani Wheelmade, shallow saucer, wheel-turning marks around inside bottom (part missing); rounded base; rounded, flanged rim; small, pushed-in folds; short, wide, projecting, raised ,U/V-shaped spout. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 16 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Yeivin, excavated in 1957, Area A:60/1. 1270. 63-438 QaΓra Wheelmade; flat base; very wide, flaring, flanged rim starting almost from the bottom; small, deeply-pressed folds starting from slightly-curved fold-lines; narrow, pinched, U-shaped spout(?); half of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Ory, excavated in 1951, Bulletin of the Department of Antiquities 4. 1271. 63-858 Ashdod Wheelmade, inside bottom un-smoothed, tilted backward; smoothed, rounded base; carinated, very wide, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; raised, elongated channel-spout with upturned rim. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3-2 cm, W 10.2 cm, L: 10.1 cm. Date: Iron IIC Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D, Stratum 3a (700 - 586 BCE), Locus 1051, No. D610/1, p. 96, Fig. 38:6, Pl. XLI:8. Lamps were rare in Area D. 1272. 63-1892 Ashdod Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks inside saucer; rounded base; narrow, rounded, flanged rim; spout missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 12.2 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D:7623(?). 1273. 63-2701 Ashdod Wheelmade; smoothed, thickened, rounded base; rounded, tube-like, narrow rim; narrow folds; short U-shaped/ channel spout (fragmentary). Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10.6+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Dothan, 1971, Ashdod, Area D, Stratum 2, Locus Pit 1122:4315/2, Fig. 58:1. Another lamp in Fig. 58:1. Cf. Albright, 1943, Tell Beit Mirsim III, Stratum A (7th-6th centuries BCE). 1274. 60-403 MeΞad Hashavyahu Wheelmade; flat/concave base; elongated, rimmed channel-spout; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware. H 3.5 cm, W 7.5+ cm, L: 8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Naveh, 1962, Mesad Hashavyahu, Fig. 5:20, Area A (630 - 609 BCE), Locus 15:A198. 1275. 33.1890 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, mesomphalic saucer; pared, rounded base; sharply-carinated, wide, flanged rim; deeply pressed, triangular folds; narrow, elongated, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5-4,2 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Iron IIC Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, pp.179-187. Pl. 83:148, Tomb 106:17, Class 4-6. A triple-chambered tomb with an open courtyard, similar to Tomb 105, About 100 such lamps were found. Two periods of burials: 7th-6th or 5th centuries BCE , before the destruction of Level III, and 3rd-4th centuries AD. The pottery resembles that of Bet Shemesh Tomb 14 (Mackenzie). Cf. McCown, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, Pl. 71:1619; and see: Abercrombie, 1979, Burial Patterns, 15.3 percent (72 oil lamps) L-2 pattern. 359

CATALOGUE 1276. 33.1905 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, shallow saucer; pared, rounded base, heavy at center; everted, flanged rim; triangular folds; U-shaped spout. Light-red ware; traces of burning. H 2.5-4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Tufnell, 1940,Lachish II, Pl. XLV:195; ,1953, Lachish III, Pl. 83:144, Tomb 106:83, Class 1-3. Thirty-six such oil lamps were found. And see: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence of Iron Age Tombs, pp. 273 - 274, (7th-6th centuries BCE), “Multiple Chamber Type M.” See note #1275 1277. 68-1402 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; rounded base; wide, flat rim; small, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised, rimmed, channel-spout. Reddish ware. H 3.2-5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Second Season, No. 374/1, Pl. 23:14. 1278. I.4969 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade, mesomphalic saucer; small, flat base; wide, flanged, sharply carinated rim; deeply-pinched fold; narrow, elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A, south of the east-gate, No. 201, Pls. 34:10, 70:1, 2, Paragraph 119. Cf. McCown, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh I, Pl. 71:1626, 1627. 1279. I.4972 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; small, flat base; wide, flanged rim; short, deeply-pinched channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A. surface of SE 20.515, Pl. 34:7. 1280. I.8958 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; very small, rounded base; flanged rim; elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; red-slipped inside; traces of burning. H 1.9 cm, W 7.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A:1519, Pl. 70:10.

IRON IIC Oil Lamps with Disk-Bases 1281. 67-144 Tel Avel Bet Ma`akha Wheelmade; thickened disk-base; carinated, flanged rim. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 9.2 cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Iron IIC Surface find by Tephilinsky. 1282. 81-447 Haifa, Shiqmona Wheelmade, small receptacle; string-cut disk-base [Type C-D]; slightly-up-turned, very wide, flanged rim; deep, small folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised, short, slightly down-bent, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12.3 cm, L: 11.3 cm. Date: Iron IIC Elgavish, excavated in 1965, Locus 2282:2105. Similar spout as #1158 and #1161 from this site, and #975 (Tel Yin`am); 360

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Cf. Laffineur and Vandenabeele, 1990, Corpus of Cypriot Ant., Pl. XXXVII:12. A southern type lamp 1283. 66-1313 Tel Zeror Wheelmade, shallow saucer; high disk-base [Type D]; slightly upward-slanting, very wide, flat, flanged rim; small, deep, triangular folds; short, spout, part of spout and lamp are missing. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 9.2 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Ohata, excavated in 1966, No. 6224/2. 1284. 32.2340 Samaria Wheelmade; carinated bowl; heavy, wide disk-base [Type D]; flanged rim; deeply-pinched, U-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.7 cm, W 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Crowfoot, 1957, Samaria III, Fig. 27:4, No. 1045Dj (D927Dj). 1285. 45.140 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade; uneven disk-base [Type D]; wide, flanged rim starting from bottom of saucer; deeply-pinched fold-lines, short, Ushaped spout. Coarse, reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Glueck, excavated in 1943, Burial Cave, chamber B:12. 1286. 82-2001 Jerusalem-Jewish Quarter Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; everted, wide-flanged rim; raised, U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.6 cm. Date: Iron IIC Avigad, 1980, Upper City (Jewish Quarter), Area “vav”-3, Locus 2530:05241/1, Photo 16. The lamps were divided into three groups: (1) with rounded base (8th century BCE); (2) flat base (7th century BCE); and (3) high disk-base (6th century BCE). 1287. 68-206 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; disk-base forming a ring [Type C]; everted, rounded, wide, flanged rim with wheel-turning marks (damaged); deep folds; elongated, channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13.3 cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1968, Jerusalem, Area A (700 BCE), Locus XXVI:C109, Favsisa-Cave I:125, pp. 108-109, Pls. XXXIIIB - XXXV; Eshel and Prag, 1995, Jerusalem, pp. 34 - 35, 52 - 53, Figs. 8:9 - 10, 32:7, Pl. 17:15. The cave, in use over a long period, consists of a rectangular chamber with bench; no bones were found. Out of about 1300 items were 105 oil lamps of 12 main types. There were two caves, I and II. In Cave II were 21 oil lamps of 8 types similar to the ones in Cave I: 7 oil lamps with rounded-to-flattened bases; 14 with disk-bases of varying heights (Fig. 8:9-16). Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Pl. 83:144; Kenyon, 1965, Jericho, Tomb WH1; Wampler, 1947, Tell en- Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1612; Saller, 1968, Bethlehem, Fig. 1:187. 1288. 68-207 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade, carinated saucer; concave disk-base forming ring-base [Type C];wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; long, narrow channel-spout. Light-brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 3.7 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1968, Jerusalem, Area A ( 700 BCE), Locus XXVI, Favsisa-Cave I:152; Eshel and Prag, 1995, Jerusalem, Fig. 32:8, PL. 17:16. See cave description of #1287, above

361

CATALOGUE 1289. 68-208 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C]; slightly upward-slanting rim continues saucer wall; deep, elongated folds; raised, elongated, channel-spout. Dark-red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 - 4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1968, Jerusalem, Area A (ca. 700 BCE), Locus XXVI, Cave I:379; Eshel and Prag, 1995, Jerusalem, Fig. 32:6, PL. 17:14. See cave description of #1287, above 1290. 68-712 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; low disk-base forming ring-base [Type C/D]; up-slanting, rounded, flanged rim (fragmentary); short folds; raised, Vshaped spout. Pink-brown ware; heavy traces of burning. H 3-4 cm, W 13.7 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1968, Jerusalem, Area A (700 BCE), Locus XXVI, Cave I:333; Eshel and Prag, 1995, Jerusalem, Fig. 32:3, PL. 17:12. See cave description of #1287, above. 1291. 68-713 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; disk-base stretched to form ring-base [Type C/D]; rim=wall starting from base; deep, elongated folds; elongated, narrow, pointed, channel-spout. Pink-red ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1968, Jerusalem, Area A (700 BCE), Locus XXVI, Cave I:388. See cave description of #1287, above 1292. 68-767 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; part of saucer and rim missing; disk-base smoothed in circular pattern [Type C]; wide. Elongated folds; elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10+ cm, 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, 1967, Jerusalem, Area A (700 BCE), Locus XXVI, Cave I:962. See cave description of #1287, above 1293. 68-836 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; thick, disk-base [Type D]; rim starting from bottom; wide, deep folds; short, U-shaped spout; large part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 9.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Area L (700 BCE), No. 457.19.3878, Fig. 4:18. 1294. 68-837 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim (fragmentary); triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; rimmed, U-shaped spout (damaged). Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13+ cm, L: 12.5+ cm, Date: Iron IIC Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Area L ( 700 BCE), No. 457.16.3716, Fig. 6:18. 1295. 68-838 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks; disk-base [Type D]; very wide, rounded rim starting from bottom (damaged); deep, wide folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, erect-rimmed, channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, excavated in 1961-1967, Area A (700 BCE), No. 843.3.3464. See cave description of #1287, above, resembles #1298 362

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1296. 68-839 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; wide, flaring rim starting from bottom; elongated folds; spout broken. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, excavated in 1961-1967, Area A (700 BCE), No. 256.5.3468. See cave description of #1287, above 1297. 68-943 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base [Type C]; rounded, flanged rim starting from bottom; wheel turning marks on rim; elongated, deep, triangular folds; narrow, elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.4 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIC Kenyon, excavated in 1961 - 1967, Area A (700 BCE), No. 1101.43.6964. See cave description of #1287, above 1298. 76-577 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade; small heavy disk-base [Type D]; wide, flaring rim starting near bottom; deep pressed-down folds starting from curved fold-line; short, wide, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 10.4+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Gat and Kloner, excavated in 1976, Burial Cave 1. Two oil lamps were found. Resembles #1299 and #1295 1299. 86-363 Jerusalem-City of David Wheelmade, small receptacle; disk-base [Type D]; flaring rim-wall starting from bottom; wheel turning marks on rim; small, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; wide, U-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC Shiloh, excavated in 1978 - 1982, Area G, Stratum 10B, Locus 997:11951. 1300. 86-174 Jerusalem-Western Wall Wheelmade, shallow saucer; un-smoothed disk-base [Type C]; sharply-carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim; wide, elongated folds; raised, elongated, narrow channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 - 4cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC B. Mazar and Ben-Dov, excavated in 1967-70s, No. 30060 (7th-6th centuries BCE); B.& E. Mazar, 1989, Southern Temple Mount, Locus 2212, Pl. 11:15 (No. 87/303), Locus 11116, Pl. 8:13 (No. 2304); Loci 44-46, Pl. 3:4-6 (No. 2304), Photo, p. 15:18. Four oil lamps with low disk-bases were found with Akhziv-type pottery. Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish II, Pl. 83:152; Aharoni, 1973, Beer Sheba II, Pl. 66:19; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A2, Pl. 70:6, and ,1943, Pl. 15:6. Resembles #1283 (Tel Zeror) 1301. 75-496 Jerusalem-Har Нiyon Wheelmade; thickened, flattened base; wide flanged rim (largely missing); elongated folds; channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 10 cm, L: 9.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Kloner, 1982/3, Rock-Cut Tombs, p. 37-40, Burial Cave 508A; (8th-7th centuries BCE). and Kloner and Davis, 1994, Rock-cut tomb , two chambers with benches and a forecourt; 43 skeletons; two skeletons were found laid on bench with an oil lamp near the heads and a decanter at their feet. 1302. 75-994 Jerusalem-Har Нiyon Wheelmade; amorphous disk-base [Type C/D]; lightly-grooved, wide, flanged rim; elongated, deeply- pressed, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised, wide, U-shaped spout. 363

CATALOGUE Pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 4.5-3 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC Davis and Kloner, 1994 Burial Cave 508A:17 (8th-7th centuries BCE). See note to #1301, above. 1303 Cancelled 1304. 75-997 Jerusalem-Har Нiyon Wheelmade; thick, un-smoothed, disk-base [Type D]; wide rim-part of the wall starting from the bottom; deep folds; raised, elongated, U-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 11.3 cm, L: 13.4 cm. Date: Iron IIC Davis and Kloner, 1994, Burial Cave 508A:14 (8th-7th centuries BCE). See note to #1301, above. 1305. 75-999 Jerusalem-Har Нiyon Wheelmade, sharply-carinated bowl; un-smoothed, medium, stepped, disk-base [Type D]; rim = wall starting from bottom; downpressed folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Davis and Kloner, 1994, Burial Cave 508A:67 (8th-7th centuries BCE). See note to #1301, above. 1306. 80-1092 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; heavy disk-base [Type C/D]; rounded, wide, flanged rim with single groove; small, deep folds; short, narrow, channel-spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5-4 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:296/1. About 1000 items were counted, most of them decanters, perfume-bottles, and 263 pottery vessels with 21 entire oil lamps and remains of 95 individuals—all in three assemblages of burials: (1) end of the First Temple (7th-6th century BCE) similar to destruction level at Lachish; the burials continued after 586 BCE when Jerusalem fell to the Babylonians; (2) the Babylonian-early Persian period (6th-5th centuries BCE); (3) late Hellenistic (1st century BCE). Most of the oil lamps belong to the transitional Iron Age to Persian/Babylonian period. 1307. 80-1093 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; un-smoothed, low disk-base [Type C]; rounded, wide, flanged rim; narrow channel-spout. Greenish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-2 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:429/1. See notes to #1306, above. 1308. 80-1094 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted backward; un-smoothed, low, disk-base [Type C]; wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; raised, rimmed, Ushaped spout. Greenish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-2 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:411/1. See notes to #1306, above. 1309. 80-1098 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, carinated saucer, tilted backward; thick, disk-base[Type D]; wide rim starting from bottom of saucer; erect-rimmed spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. 364

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 5-2.5 cm, W 10.2 cm, L: 10.7 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:256/1. See notes to #1306, above. 1310. 80-1102 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; high, wide disk-base [Type D]; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; small folds starting from curved fold-lines; short, narrow, U-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10.5+ cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:195/2. See notes to #1306, above. Cf. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1637, 1639. 1311. 80-1103 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, carinated saucer; thick base [Type D]; wide, curved rim, starting from bottom; folds starting from curved fold-line; short, U-shaped spout (fragmentary). Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:422/1. See notes to #1306, above. Resembles #1313 from this site. Cf. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1642 of Iron IIC. 1312. 80-1104 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; low, wide disk-base [Type C]; wide rim, starting from bottom (mostly missing); deep, triangular folds; U-shaped spout (fragmentary). Orange-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:374/1. See notes to #1306, above. 1313. 80-1113 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade; high, thick base [Type D]; curved, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; elongated folds; spout missing. Gray ware. H 4 cm, W 15+ cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:443/2. See notes to #1306, above. 1314. 80-1114 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, wheel-marks in center of carinated saucer, tilted backward; un-smoothed, wide, disk-base [Type C]; sharply-carinated, upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, narrow channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 –6.2 cm, W 14 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:413/1. See notes to #1306, above. Cf. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1636. 1315. 80-1119 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, tilted forward; irregular, wide, disk-base [Type C]; sharply-carinated, upward-slanting, wide, grooved, flanged rim; elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, elongated, channel- shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 15.7 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:452/1. See notes to #1306, above. Resembles #1231 (Jerusalem-Ramot) 365

CATALOGUE 1316. 80-1122 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks, tilted backward; low disk-base [Type C]; carinated, upward-slanting, wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; tool-pinched, narrow, elongated, rimmed spout. Light-gray ware; traces of burning. H 3.5-2.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, Burial 24 Repository, Locus 25:359/1. See notes to #1306, above. 1317. 64-1972 Jerusalem-Holy Land Hotel Wheelmade, carinated saucer; high, stepped disk-base [Type D]; wide, everted rim starting from bottom; front part of lamp missing. Red-brown ware. H 6+ cm. Date: Iron IIB Negbi, 1963. HA, 6:12 (9th-8th centuries BCE). The Burial Cave comprises one chamber and a collecting pit 1318. 56-921 Jerusalem-Ya`ar HaQedoshim Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; slightly carinated (groove around carination), wide-flanged rim (partly missing); deeply-pressed, wide, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; thick-rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC From a Burial Cave (donated). Resembles #1307 (Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom) Cf. Wampler ,1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1629. 1319. 64-1292 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; sharply-carinated, upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; much of lamp missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 2999/3 1320. 64-1293 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D], rim starting from the bottom (missing except around spout); deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, narrow, channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 4616/1. 1321. 64-1294 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; carinated, wide, flanged rim; spout and rim missing. Pink-brown ware; red-brown slip. H 3.5 cm, W 11.5+ cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 4848/3. 1322. 64-1354 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; heavy walls, fragmentary rim; wide, deep folds, spout missing. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 9.5+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1960, Stratum IVB, No. 1745/2. 1323. 64-1356 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade, carinated saucer; high disk-base [Type D]; rim starting from bottom (missing); deep, elongated, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; short, U-shaped spout. 366

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Gray ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, 1962, Ramat Rachel, Stratum V (end of Iron Age), No. 1466/1, Pl. 11:32. Resembles #1436a (Jerusalem- Дar-Ziyon). 1324. 64-1357 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; rim starting from bottom (missing); small folds; short, U-shaped spout; most of lamp missing. Reddish ware; heavy traces of burning. Fragmentary. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1960, Stratum V (end of Iron Age), No. 914/1. 1325. 64-1358 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade, carinated saucer; low, wide disk-base [Type C]; heavy walls; deep folds; upper part of lamp missing. Reddish ware. H 3.5+ cm, W 8.8+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, 1962, Ramat Rachel, Stratum V (end of Iron Age), No. 692/11, Pl. 11:33. Resembles #1302 (Jerusalem - Har Нiyon). 1326. 64-1359 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; down-pressed, wide folds starting from curved fold-lines; wide, U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 8+ cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1960/1, Stratum V (end of Iron Age), No. 1863/3. 1327. 64-2313 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; small disk-base [Type D]; very wide, everted, flanged rim; short, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11 cm, L: 10.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1960/1, Stratum V (end of Iron Age), No. 6592/1. 1328. 64-2683 Ramat RaΉel Wheelmade; small, string-cut disk-base [Type C]; everted, folded rim. Dark-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 9+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, Stratum V (end of Iron Age), No. 6199/1. Resembles #1329. 1329. 60-888 Qalunya (Mevasseret Yerushalayim) Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; wide, rounded, flanged rim; deep, triangular folds; narrow, channel-spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Negbi, 1970, Motza, pp. 358 - 370, Burial Cave I:7. 1330. 47.4765 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; heavy disk-base [Type D]; flaring rim starting from bottom (broken); deeply-pinched spout missing. Reddish ware. H 3.5 cm, W 10.5+ cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Pl. II:1,4 (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1331. 47.4766 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; flanged rim starting from bottom (broken); deeply-pressed folds starting from curved fold367

CATALOGUE lines; deeply-pinched channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1332. 47.4767 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; carinated saucer; small, low short, flat, disk-base [Type C]; wide, flanged rim; deeply-pressed, triangular folds; raised channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5-3.2 cm, W 11.8 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1333. 47.4768 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; low disk-base [Type C]; slightly-raised, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, narrow channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.9 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). Resembles #1332 from this site. 1334. 47.4769 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; un-smoothed, low disk-base [Type C]; flaring rim starting from bottom; raised, deeply-pinched, down-pressed folds; raised, narrow channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.6 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1335. 47.4770 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; carinated saucer; low, disk-base [Type C]; flaring rim starting from bottom; deep folds; raised, channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.9 –4.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1336. 47.4771 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; carinated saucer; small, heavy, near-ring disk-base [Type D]; wide, flaring rim starting from bottom; deep folds; raised channel-spout. Reddish ware. H 5-6 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1337. 47.4772 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; low ring-like disk-base [Type C]; slightly-rounded, flanged rim continuing wall; deeply-pinched channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1338. 47.4773 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; carinated saucer; high disk-base [Type D]; deeply-pinched rim; wall missing. Reddish ware. H 6 cm, W 9.5+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE).

368

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1339. 47.4774 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; carinated saucer; wide, medium-high disk-base [Type C/D]; raised, slightly-rounded, flanged rim; deeply-pressed folds starting from curved fold-lines; raised, narrow channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 -5 cm, W 10.5+ cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1340. 47.4773 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; heavy, wide disk-base [Type C/D]; flaring rim starting from bottom; deeply pressed folds; raised channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-5.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12 cm. 56-819 Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1341. 47.4787 Abu Ghosh Wheelmade; thick, flat base [Type C]; flaring rim starting from bottom (missing); deeply-pressed folds; narrow channel-spout Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Abel, 1921, Abu Gosh, p. 101, Burial Cave (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1342. 67-811 `En Gedi Wheelmade; wide, low disk-base [Type C]; down-slanting, rounded, wide, flanged rim; elongated folds; wide, U-shaped spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (last third of 7th century-582 BCE), Locus 21:C37/15, Fig. 23:4, Pl. XXII:4. The oil lamps from `En Gedi are of two types: (a) with Iron II-type raised disk-base (p. 52, Fig. 23:5-7); and (b) with crude and heavier disk-bases of the 7th-6th centuries BCE (Fig. 23:8-9) similar to lamps from Lachish Class L10. Other lamps: Fig. 23:5-9, may have served as pot covers (Fig. 11); see: “Lamps of the Clark Collection,” Pl. 32:6-9, Lamp 8, lamp with disk-base and with the rim covered by a red slip. The oil lamps from `En Gedi are of two types: (a) with Iron II-type raised diskbase (p. 52, Fig. 23:5-7); and (b) with crude and heavier disk-bases of the 7th-6th centuries BCE (Fig. 23:8-9) similar to lamps from Lachish Class L10. 1343. 67-812 `En Gedi Wheelmade, rounded saucer; high disk-base [Type D]; wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; elongated folds; rimmed, channelspout (damaged). Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (until 586 BCE), Locus 207:D443/1. See note to #1342, above. Cf. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1641; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:8. 1344. 67-813 `En Gedi Wheelmade, carinated saucer; very high, disk-base [Type D]; rounded, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom of saucer: deep folds, starting from curved fold-lines; erect-rimmed channel-spout. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5.9 cm, W 11.7 cm, L: 1.9 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (7th-6th centuries BCE), Locus 30:87/1, Fig. 23:9, Pl. XXII:1. See note to #1345, above. The spout resembles Type B Cypro-Phoenician oil lamps. 1345. 67-817 `En Gedi Wheelmade, carinated saucer; disk-base [Type C/D]; wide, flanged wall=rim starting from bottom of saucer; small, deep, triangular 369

CATALOGUE folds, starting from curved fold-lines; erect-rimmed channel-spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11.2 cm, L: 11.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (7th-6th centuries BCE), Locus 207:441/1. See note to #1342, above. 1346. 67-818 `En Gedi Wheelmade, carinated saucer (fragmentary); disk-base [Type C/D]; erect rim starting from bottom of saucer; elongated folds, wide. U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (7th-6th centuries BCE), Locus 207:1128/8. See note to #1342, above. 1347. 67-819 `En Gedi Wheelmade, shallow saucer, tilted backward; disk-base [Type C]; erect rim starting from bottom of saucer; elongated folds; wide spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (7th-6th centuries BCE), Locus 248, No. 21051/1. See note to #1342, above. Seen from above closely resembles a Persian-type lamp 1348. 67-820 `En Gedi Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C/D]; rounded, flanged rim, starting from bottom; small, deep folds; short, U-shaped spout. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (7th-6th centuries BCE), Locus 207:D540/2. See note to #1342, above. 1349. 67-821 `En Gedi Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C/D]; wide, slightly-everted, flanged rim starting from bottom; deep folds; narrow, U-shaped spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.4 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan an Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (7th-6th centuries BCE), Locus 208:444/2. See note to #1342, above. 1350. 67-824 `En Gedi Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C/D]; carinated, flat, flanged rim; folds and spout missing. Pink-brown ware. H 3+ cm, W 13 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (7th-6th centuries BCE), Locus (?), No. 1124/6. See note to #1342, above. Resembles #1348 from this site. 1351. 67-825 `En Gedi Wheelmade, carinated saucer; low, string-cut, disk-base [Type C/D]; rim starting from bottom (missing); elongated channel-spout. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 10.6+ cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (7th-6th centuries BCE), Locus 42:111/5, Fig. 23:5, Pl. XXII:2. See note to #1342, above.

370

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1352. 76-1211 Gezer Wheelmade; wide disk-base [Type C/D]; rim missing; small, deep folds; short, wide, U-shaped spout; fragmentary, most of upper part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5+ cm, W 12 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIB—C. Gitin, 1990, Gezer III, Area VII, Locus 45016:45.45.1, Type 114B, p. 71, Pl. 45:25. 1353. L.575 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, pointed, mesomphalic, carinated bowl; low disk-base [Type C]; slanting, ridged rim; deep folds; funnel-shaped spout (damaged on one side). Cream ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12 cm, L: 13.2 cm. Date. Iron IIB—C Mackenzie, 1912-13: 80-84, Stratum II (8th-7th centuries BCE), Tomb 7A, with benches, Pls. XLVI:6, 10, 12 and XLVII:1-4. Cf. Grant, 1939, Beth Shemesh V, pp. 141-142, Pl. XLV:21, 23 (7th-6th centuries BCE); Loffreda, 1968, Rock-Cut Tombs, p. 251 (early 7th-early 6th centuries BCE). 1354. L.589 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; high disk-base [Type D]; narrow, rounded shoulders; wide, flaring rim; short, deep folds; narrow, funnel-shaped spout; wall damaged. Brown ware. H4.8-6cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11 cm Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13:80 -84, Stratum II (8th-7th centuries BCE), Tomb 7A, with benches, Pls. XLVI:6, 10, 12 and XLVII:1-4. The lamp has shoulders similar to those of a lamp in Pl. XLI:2 from Tomb 5. 1355. L.610 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; string-cut, wide, disk-base [Type D]; slanting wall; wide, nearly-flattened rim; channel-spout. Orange ware; heavy traces of soot. H 5.5-4.5 cm, W 12.8 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13:80 -84, Stratum II (8th-7th centuries BCE), Tomb 8(?) (XXI,10, 7 B R(?)). Resembles oil lamp in Pl. XLVII:2. 1356. L.611 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rough, string-cut ring-base [Type D]; wide, flaring, flanged rim; deeply-pinched channel-spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, p. 85, Tomb 8, Pl. LVII:6 (700 BCE). The tomb has a central repository pit; groups of offerings were placed in the four corners and upon the bench. The entrance is by a flight of stairs. The oil lamps were laid in groups: (1) nine in the middle of the bench; (2) on the edge of the left side of the third step; (3) a smaller group at the right edge of the fourth step; (4) six oil lamps on the floor close to the center of the room. The lamps apparently served in the funerary cult. 1357. L.633 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, carinated bowl, tilted backward; heavy disk-base [Type D]; wide, slanting rim; short, deep folds; funnel-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; cream slip; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 11.3 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13:80-84, Stratum II (8th-7th centuries BCE), Tomb 7A, with benches, Pls. XLVI:6, 10, 12 and XLVII:1-4. Resembles lamp in Pl. XLVI:12. 1358. L.635 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; deep, carinated saucer; heavy disk-base [Type D]; wide, slanting, flanged rim starting from bottom; deep, pressed fold starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 10.3 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 with benches (8th-6th centuries BCE), pp. 80-84, Pl. XLVI:6, 12. 371

CATALOGUE 1359. L.637 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; heavy, low disk-base [Type C/D]; flaring rim starting from bottom; wide folds with rounded ‘cheeks’; channel-spout. Pale reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13,) Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 with benches (8th-6th centuries BCE), pp. 80-84, Pl. XLVI:6, 12. Identical to #1359 from this site. 1360. L.638 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, carinated bowl, tilted backward; heavy disk-base [Type D], deformed on one side; wide, flaring rim = wall; funnelshaped spout; slightly damaged. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1361. L.639 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; heavy disk-base [Type D]; somewhat slanted, wide, flat, flanged rim; funnel-shaped spout wider at tip. Pale reddish ware; with slip. H 4 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911 - 12, Tomb 7 see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1362. L.640 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; deep, carinated saucer; heavy disk-base [Type D]; wide, slanting, flanged rim starting from bottom; deep, pressed folds; elongated, U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.2 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 with benches (8th-6th centuries), pp. 80 - 84. Identical to #1358 from this sits. See: Yezerski, 1997, Hebron Hills, Fig 5:1-6, disk-bases of differing heights, together with two rounded-base type lamps, Fig. 5:7, 8. 1363. L.641 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, carinated bowl tilted backward; high disk-base[Type D]; outward-curving, flaring rim; funnel-shaped spout (damaged). Light-reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-5.5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1364. L.644 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, carinated bowl tilted backward; high disk-base [Type D]; flaring rim; short folds forming rounded “cheeks”; funnelshaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning along spout. H 4-5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1365. L.646 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; high, heavy, disk-base [Type D]; wide, flaring rim starting from bottom; deep folds forming rounded “cheeks”; funnel-shaped spout. Dark red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4-5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7, see note to lamp # 1358 above. Resembles #1365 from this site.

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1366. L.647 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; carinated saucer; heavy disk-base [Type D]; slanting, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; deep, pressed fold; elongated, U-shaped spout; damaged. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.3 cm, W 10.3 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 with benches (8th-6th centuries BCE), pp. 80-84. 1367. L.648 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; rough, low disk-base [Type D]; flaring, flanged rim. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Tomb 7A (7th century BCE), Pl. XLVII:3. Plan similar to Tomb 8, Pl. X. Three oil lamps were found in the repository; the bones were in a heap with four additional lamps. 1368. L.650 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, carinated saucer; low disk-base [Type C]; everted, flanged rim; channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11 cm. Date Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7, see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1369. L.651 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, carinated bowl tilted backward; high disk-base [Type D]; slanting walls; short folds; funnel-shaped spout; damaged. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. Daye: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7, see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1370. L.652 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; deep, carinated saucer; heavy, stepped disk-base [Type D]; wide, slanting, flanged rim starting from bottom; small, deep fold; U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10.1 cm, L: 10.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 (with benches), pp. 80-84 (8th-6th centuries BCE). 1371. L.654 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; low disk-base [Type C]; light bulge just above base; wall = rim starting from bulge; deep folds forming rounded “cheeks”; U-shaped spout; rim and spout damaged. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 10.4 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7, see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1372. L.655 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, tilted backward; low disk-base [Type C]; wide, rounded rim; elongated, narrow, funnel-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3-5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date. Iron IIB—C Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7, see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1373. L.657 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, small carinated bowl tilted backward; high disk-base [Type D]; slanting rim; deep, short folds; funnel-shaped spout. Dark-brown ware; slip((?)); traces of burning. H 4.5-5.5 cm, W 9.8 cm, L: 9.4 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7, see note to lamp # 1358 above.

373

CATALOGUE 1374. L.663 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade, sharply-carinated bowl; heavy disk-base [Type D]; slanting rim = wall starting from bottom; deep folds forming rounded “cheeks”; narrow, funnel-shaped spout. Light-red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10.3 cm, L: 10.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Mackenzie, 1912-13, Ain Shems, Excavation of 1911-12, Tomb 7 (B-R(?)), see note to lamp # 1358 above. 1375. I.5894 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; everted rim; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Grant, 1938, Ain Shems IV, p. 77, Burial Cave 14:837. The latest burial was in the 6th century BCE, one generation after the destruction of the town. All the offerings were in the repository, Pl. XLVIII. 1376. 57-561 Tel `Erani Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; up-slanting, rounded, flanged rim; triangular folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; narrow, V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Yeivin, excavated in 1957, Area A:178. 1377. 59-256 Tel `Erani Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks in bottom of bowl; un-smoothed, wide disk-base [Type C]; rim missing; deep folds (only one remains); heavy-rimmed spout (most missing); fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 13+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Yeivin, excavated in 1959, Area A:222. 1378. 59-261 Tel `Erani Wheelmade; poorly-finished, disk-base [Type C]; everted, nearly-upright rim starting from bottom (partly missing); spout missing. Reddish ware. H 4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Yeivin, excavated in 1959, Area A:72. 1379. 59-331 Tel `Erani Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C]; plain, flaring rim starting from bottom; deep, rounded folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, elongated, channel-shaped spout. Light-reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 6.5 cm, L: 6.9 cm. Date: Iron IIC Yeivin, excavated in 1959, Area A:97, Stratum 4. A miniature lamp rather uncharacteristic of the period. 1380. 33.1887 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; everted, somewhat carinated, flanged rim. Thick, red ware; traces of burning. H 5.3 cm, W 12.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, p. 179, Tomb 106:6 (670-580 BCE), Pl. 83:152. Among 163 oil lamps were 76 belonging to Classes 9-10, all in an assemblage of several hundreds of pottery vessels. The (disturbed) tomb has three chambers, with a bench and a repository in each. About 25 skulls were found in two burial levels: (1) in the 7/6th-5th centuries BCE; (2) in the 3rd century BCE.

374

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1381. 33.1889 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; low disk-base [Type C]; rim pinched to form a short spout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5-4 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Tomb 106:10 (670 - 500 BCE). See notes to #1380, above. 1382. 33.1891 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; wide, flanged rim continues wall and forms a carination at the bottom; wide, short channelspout. Red ware; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, W 11.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Tomb 106:21 (800-500 BCE), Pl. 83:153, Class 9 - 10. See notes to #1380, above. These are the latest oil lamps in the burial. 1383. 33.1911 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; very low disk-base [Type B/C]; flaring, wide, flanged rim; narrow, elongated, deeply-pinched channel-spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.6-3 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Tomb 106:116 (800-500 BCE), Pl. 83:150, Class 7-8 (Forty-five oil lamps) See notes to #1380, above. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:2. 1384. 68-268 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; wide rim (broken) starting from bottom; wide folds starting from curved fold-line; downpressed, rimmed, U-shaped spout. Brown-gray ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 10 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, p. 15, Stratum II (late 7th century BCE, ended in 587 BCE), Locus 24:223/1. Resembles #1385 from this site. Other lamps: Pl. 48;2-4. Oil lamps with heavy disk-bases appeared in Stratum III (L50) and flourished in Stratum II (L70). 1385. 68-1388 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; wide, everted, flanged rim starting near bottom (most of rim missing); rounded folds starting from slightly-curved fold-lines; raised, pinched channel - spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 5.5 cm, W 10.5+ cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum II, Locus 3, No. 112/1,2, Pl. 48:4. 1386. 82-442 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Wheelmade, tilted backward; low disk-base [Type C]; wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular folds; rimmed, channel-shaped, funnel spout. Light-gray ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 12.7 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron II B-C Zimhoni, 2004, Ussishkin, Lachish IV, Level III, Fig. 26.5:7, (10412/1), Locus 4014. Another oil lamp in Stratum III: Pl. 46:12. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:9. 1387. I.4970 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; small, flat base [Type C]; wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds; narrow, channel-shaped spout (damaged). Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A, No. 561. 375

CATALOGUE 1388. I.8922 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; thick, flat disk-base; rounded, wide, flanged rim; very deep folds; rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. Spots are recent. H 3.2 -4cm, W 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A:875, Pl. 70:4. 1389. 32.2800 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in saucer; low disk-base [Type C]; flat, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, channel- spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 13.9 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A:2642 (900 - 590 BCE). 1390. I.4971 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; wheel-turning marks in saucer; small and low, string-cut [Type C], low base; wide, flanged rim; starting from bottom of saucer; deeply-pressed, flattened-down , elongated folds; narrow, elongated, channel - spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A, west of east-gate, No. 238. 1391. I.4973 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; small, flat, string-cut base [Type C]; wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; elongated, wide folds; deeply-pinched, elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A, NE 8:102, Pl. 34:11. Resembles Oil lamp #1388 from this site. 1392. 69-1783 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade, shallow saucer; thick disk-base [Type C]; flaring rim starting from bottom of saucer; small, deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; half of spout missing. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Edelstein, 1968, IEJ 18:194-195, Tomb CIII:299. The tomb had an earlier, 11th century BCE. collecting pit. Resembles #1347 (`En Gedi) and #1428 (Tel Masos). 1393. 69-1784 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; wide, flaring rim starting at bottom; short, deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, channel/U-shaped spout. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 10.8 cm, L: 11.1 cm. Date: Iron IIC Edelstein, 1968, IEJ 18:194-195, Tomb CIII:7/4. See note to #1392, above. A Judahite type of lamp. Resembles later #1344 (`En Gedi) and #1426 (Tel `Ira), and Cypro-Phoenician-type lamps. 1394. 69-1799 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C/D]; narrow, everted rim; narrow, triangular folds; projecting spout. Brown ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 10.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Edelstein, 1968, IEJ 18:194-195, Tomb CIII:7/4 . Surface find in Burial Cave. See note #1392, above.

376

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1395. 76-1527 Tel `EΓon Wheelmade; thick disk-base close to ring base; all upper part of lamp missing. Light-brown ware. H 3+ cm, W 8+ cm. Iron IIC Ussishkin, 1974, Tel Etun, Tomb 3:5, Fig. 9:12, Locus 9. “Such burials are common in southern Palestine in the late Israelite period.” 1396. I.9077 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; high disk-base; wide rim, starting nearly from bottom; deep, elongated fold; deeply-pressed folds starting from curved fold-lines; short channel shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 10 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye (dated after 9th to 6th century BCE). See: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence, pp. 264,272-173, Type “RR.” 1397. I.9088 edh-Dhahiriya Wheelmade; heavy, low disk-base [Type D]; rim starting from bottom; pressed-down folds; rounded outline; U-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Baramki, 1935, Ez-Zahiriyye, Burial Cave (after 9th to 6th centuries BCE). See: Loffreda, 1968, Typological Sequence, pp. 264, 272-173, Type “RR.” 1398. 76-324 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; wide, flanged rim starting from bottom (fragmentary); deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.4 cm, W 11.1 cm, L: 10.9 cm. Date: Iron IIC Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th-6th centuries BCE). A shaft-grave with two chambers and rich burials including Samaria ware. 1399. 76-329 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; wide, flaring rim; deep elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; channel spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.6 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 10.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6:18 (8th-6th centuries BCE). See note to #1398, above 1400. 76-400 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flattened, disk-base [Type C/D]; upward-slanting, flanged rim with wheel-turning marks; deep folds; channel-spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th-6th centuries BCE). A shaft-grave with two chambers and rich burials including Samaria ware. 1401. 76-401 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; flattened, disk-base [Type C/D]; wide, slightly-curved, flanged rim; deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.9 cm. Date: Iron II(B)—C Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6:18 (8th-6th centuries BCE). See note to #1398, above.

377

CATALOGUE 1402. 76-414 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; crude, high, disk-base[Type D]; wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; small, deeply pressed folds; short spout; fragmentary. Grayish ware; traces of burning on the entire spout. H 4.9 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 9.6+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6:18 (8th-6th centuries BCE). See note to #1400, above. Resembles #1398 from this site. 1403. 76-416 Д. Za`aq Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; wide rim starting from bottom; deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; rimmed, elongated, U-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 5.6 cm, W 11.4 cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Iron IIC Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6:18 (8th-6th centuries BCE). See note to #1398, above. Resembles #1398 from this site. 1404. 76-320 Kh. Za`aq Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C]; rim starting from bottom of saucer; deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow channelspout (fragmentary). Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm ,W6+cm, L:6+cm.. Date: Iron IIC Alon et al., 1976, HA 59-60:42-43, Burial Cave 6 (8th-6th centuries BCE). See note to #1398, above. Resembles #1399 from this site. 1405. 77-126 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; wide, flat disk-base [Type C]; sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, elongated, channel-shaped, lips almost touching. Light-orange ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Seger, excavated in 1977, Burial Cave 6:9. A good-quality oil lamp. 1406. 77-127 Tell Дalif Wheelmade, not well-smoothed inside saucer, finger-marks; low disk-base [Type C]; rounded, wide, flanged rim; deep, elongated, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; wide V-shaped channel-spout. Pink ware; no signs of burning. H 4 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Seger, excavated in 1977, Burial Cave 6:10. 1407. 60-401 MeΞad Hshavyahu Wheelmade, small lamp; high, stepped disk-base [Type D]; wide, flaring, flanged rim starting near bottom; deep folds starting from curved fold-lines (“cheeks”); short, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 7.5 cm, L: 7.3 cm. Date: Iron IIC Naveh, 1962, Mesad Hashavyahu, Fig. 5:21, Area A (630 - 609 BCE), No. C21. Resembles #1274 from this site and #1428 (Tel Masos). Cf. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1461. 1408. 60-404 MeΞad HAshavyahu Wheelmade, carinated saucer; high, stepped, ring-like disk-base [Type D]; rim starting from bottom; all upper part of lamp missing. Reddish ware. 378

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 5.3+ cm, W 10 cm, L: 12+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Naveh, 1962, Mesad Hashavyahu, Fig. 5:18, Area A (630-609 BCE), Locus 17:A156. 1409. 60-413 MeΞad HAshavyahu Wheelmade; partially-smoothed, string-cut, disk-base [Type C/D]; all upper part of lamp missing. Pink ware. Date: Iron IIC Naveh, 1962, Mesad Hashavyahu, Area A (630-609 BCE), No. A41/1. 1410. 60-415 MeΞad HAshavyahu Wheelmade, carinated saucer; wide disk-base [Type D]; all upper part of lamp missing. Pink ware. Date: Iron IIC Naveh, 1962, Mesad Hashavyahu, found in Refuse fill S. 1411. 76-831 Д. Tov Wheelmade, small receptacle, tilted backward; wide disk-base [Type C/D]; wide, flanged rim. Brown-pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Cohen and Avner, 1976, HA 57-58:38 (880-586 BCE). 1412. 64-144 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; sharply-carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim; deep, small folds; spout missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 11.5+ cm. Date: Iron II(B(?))—C M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 9, A332/1 1413. 64-145 Tel `Arad Wheelmade, small lamp; disk-base [Type D]; up-slanting, very wide, flanged rim starting from bottom, with wheel-turning marks (partly missing); deep, small folds; U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 3.2 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 7 (735-732 BCE), No. 407/1. Cf. Wampler, 1947, Tell en-Nasbeh II, Pl. 71:1638; Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:5. 1414. 64-146 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; flaring, very wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; V-shaped spout; more than half of lamp missing. Brown-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 9 cm, L: 7.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Strata 6-7 (701-605-587 BCE), No. B27. Resembles #1413 from this site. 1415. 64-147 Tel `Arad Wheelmade, pointed projection in center of bowl; disk-base [Type D]; very wide, flaring, flanged rim starting from bottom; slightlypressed folds starting from curved fold-lines; half of spout missing. Brown-pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 7 (701-600 BCE), No. A497/1. Resembles #1413 and #1414 from this site. 1416. 64-148 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; only one wide, deep fold remains; fragmentary. 379

CATALOGUE Brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 9+ cm, L: 9.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 7 (701-600 BCE), No. A118/7. 1417. 64-150 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C]; rounded, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; deep, small folds starting from curved fold-lines; short channel-spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 11.5+ cm. Date: Iron II(B(?))—C M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 8, from the temple = Strata X-VIII (9th century BCE, destroyed in 734 BCE), No. C630/1. 1418. 64-151 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; low disk-base [Type C]; rounded, wide, flanged rim; elongated, deeply-pressed folds; elongated, everted-rimmed, channel /U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of heavy burning. H 4 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Iron II(B(?))—C M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, No. C176/1. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:4. 1419. 64-152 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; disk-base [Type C]; rim missing; fragmentary. Light-pink ware. H 3.5 cm, W 6.5+ cm. Date: Iron II(B)—C M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 8 (end of 8th century BCE), No. C297/1. 1420. 64-153 Tel `Arad Wheelmade, small receptacle; high disk-base [Type D]; short wall; rounded, very wide, flanged rim; deep, wide folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, channel/U-shaped spout. Brown ware; traces of burning (restored). H 5 cm, W 10.4 cm, L: 11.3 cm. Date: Iron II(B)—C M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 8 (end of 8th century BCE), No. D35/3. The oil lamp is closer to an Iron IIC type. Resembles (Jerusalem- City of David) and #1418 (Tel ‘Arad). Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:5. 1421. 64-154 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; high disk-base [Type D]; rim missing; deep, wide folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, everted-rimmed channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIB—C M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 8, No. B52/1. Resembles #1420 from this site. 1422. 64-155 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; rounded, flaring, very wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; small, deep, triangular folds; everted-rimmed, U-shaped spout (partly missing). Pink ware; heavy traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron II(B(?))—C M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 8, No. B76/3. Resembles #1413 and #1420 from this site. 1423. 64-156 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; rounded, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; small, deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; fragmentary spout. 380

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Pink ware; traces of burning. H 6 cm, W 11 cm, L: 9+ cm. Date: Iron II(B(?))—C M. Aharoni, 1981, Arad, Stratum 8, No. B139/1. Resembles #1417 and #1420 from this site. 1424. 67-598 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; high, stepped, disk-base [Type D]; upward-slanting, very wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; short, deep folds starting from curved fold-lines (“cheeks”); U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 12 cm, L: 11.7 cm. Date: Iron IIC Herzog. 1984, Arad, Stratum VII (701 - 609 BCE), Locus 779:5610/2, Beit Elyashiv, Fig. 25:14. The spout similar to Cypro-Phoenician-type #1282 (Haifa-Shiqmona) and # (Tel ‘Ira) 1425. 67-1029 Tel `Arad Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; rounded, wide, flaring rim starting from bottom; very small, deeply-pressed folds; everted-rimmed channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 9.2 cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Iron IIC Aharoni, excavated in 1967, No. 1562 1426. 84-59 Tel `Ira Wheelmade, shallow. Carinated saucer, small disk base [Type C]; sharply carinated, up slanting, very wide, flanged rim with wheelturning marks; small, deep folds forming “cheeks;” short, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11.4 cm, L: 11.2 cm. Date: Iron IIC Beit-Arieh, excavated in 1981, 1983, 1985. ESI, 1985, 4:51, Locus 903:9010/1 (7th century BCE) IEJ, 1979:124-125 and IEJ, 1981: 234- 245, 1983, PEQ, pp.105-108. A fortress and a cemetery of the 7th century BCE were also discovered. In one of the tombs were two phases of burial: the earlier one of the 10th-9th centuries BCE, and the second of the 7th century BCE. Among the oil lamps are some with high and medium-high disk-bases. Resembles Type B Cypro-Phoenician #1162 (Tell Дalif), #1282 (Haifa-Shiqmona), #1413 and # 1425 (Tel `Arad) with similar wheel-turning marks on the rim, and #1428 (Tel Masos). 1427. 84-173 Tel `Ira Wheelmade, shallow saucer, tilted backward; small, string-cut disk-base, small, string-cut base, wide, folded , flanged rim; channel/U-shaped spout. Reddish ware, no traces of burning. H 4.4 –5.0 cm, W 12.0 cm, L: 11.0 cm. Beit-Arieh, excavated in 1981, 1983, 1985. ESI (1985) 4:51, Locus 532:4290/1 (7th century BCE) See note above. 1428. 75-861 Tel Masos Wheelmade, tilted forward; disk-base [Type D]; up-slanting, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom; deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; rimmed, channel/U shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.9 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Area G, Locus 714:1485/1. Resembles #1298 (Jerusalem-City of David). 1429. 75-862 Tel Masos Wheelmade, carinated saucer; high, stepped disk-base [Type D]; very wide, flanged rim starting from bottom (fragmentary); short, deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; short, U-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 10+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Zimhoni, in: Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Area G (stratum destroyed in 587/6 BCE), Phase 3, Locus 762:1669/1, p. 129, 381

CATALOGUE Pl. 166:18. The early occupation of the stratum is equivalent to Lachish, Stratum II; `En Gedi, Stratum V; Tel `Arad, Strata VII - VI, probably destroyed in the Edomite expansion in 600 BCE. “The typical lamp on our site has a thick, high base, but alongside these are a few lamps with low bases (end of Iron Age).” 1430. 75-863 Tel Masos Wheelmade, pointed protrusion in bottom-center of saucer; un-smoothed disk-base [Type D]; flaring, wide, flanged rim starting from bottom (fragmentary); triangular folds starting from curved fold-line; elongated, channel/U-shaped spout. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 11+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Area G, Locus 761:1657/1. Identical to #1416 (Tel `Arad) and #1429 (Masos) and #1437 (En Gedi). 1431. 75-864 Tel Masos Wheelmade, carinated saucer; high disk-base [Type D]; wide rim (mostly missing) starting from bottom; short, triangular folds; short U-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 11 cm. Date: Iron IIC Zimhoni, in: Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Locus 708:1443/1, Pl. 166:16. With oil lamp Pl. 166:15; a similar oil lamp: Pl. 166:17-19. 1432. 75-865 Tel Masos Wheelmade, carinated saucer; high, thick, crude, small disk-base [Type D]; flaring rim (missing) starting from bottom; short, deep folds; narrow, U-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.8 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 9.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Zimhoni, in: Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Area G, Locus 122:1503/1, Pl. 166:17. Resembles #1429 from this site. 1433. 75-866 Tel Masos Wheelmade; disk-base [Type D]; rim (missing) starting from bottom; short, wide spout. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 5+ cm, W 10 cm, L: 9.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC Fritz and Kempinski, 1983, Tel Masos, Area G, No. 1460/1. 1434. 56-1475 `Ein Qudeirat Wheelmade, carinated saucer; heavy, stepped, disk-base [Type D]; rim starting from bottom; upper part of lamp missing. Gray ware, reddish slip. Fragmentary. Date: Iron IIC Dothan, 1965, Kadesh-Barnea, Period B (8th-7th centuries BCE), Fig. 5:10, Pl. 31:A (first lamp from left). Found with lamps having both high and low disk-bases (see #1204 from this site ,870/846 or 784/733 BCE). The lamp was found inside the casemate wall of the fortress which was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest (end of the 7th - early 6th centuries BCE). The citadel served as a trading post with Egypt for 250-300 years, and was populated again in the 6th-5th centuries BCE until the Hellenistic period.

IRON AGE – SPECIAL OIL LAMPS 1435. 65-1107 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; thickened, slightly hand-smoothed, rounded base; wide, sharply-carinated, flat, flanged rim with wheel-turning marks; deep folds; raised, channel /U-shaped spout. Flange painted with triangular pattern and strokes along the folds. Reddish ware; no signs of burning. H 2-5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIB Biran and Gophna, 1970, Tell Дalif, p. 225, Fig. 10:5-7, Tomb 22 (early 9th-8th centuries BCE), No. 417. Of the 26 oil lamps counted, 14 have rounded bases, and 12 disk-bases. 382

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1435a. 74-1458 Tell Дalif Wheelmade; flattened base; sharply-angled, flat, wide, flanged rim; elongated folds; elongated channel-spout. Traces of painted decoration, triangles on the rim. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H 2.7 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 12.7 cm. Date: Iron IIB Seger, 1972, HA 43:18, Tomb 3:B315. See notes to #1103, above. 1435b 95-810 Provenance unknown Resembles Oil lamp #1435, above, and probably on other lamps from Tel Дalif #1029, #1129 & 1133, with a pattern like lamps #1436, #1436a & #1437. 1436. 75-998 Jerusalem-Har Нiyon Wheelmade, central depression in saucer, tilted backward; low disk-base [Type C/D]; rounded wall; very wide, flat, flanged rim; projecting, raised, pointed U-shaped spout. Above the rim traces of painted decoration of vertical strokes, red - brown, as upon the rim of lamp #1437 (En Gedi), and probably on other lamps from Tel Дalif #1029, #1129 & 1133. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.5-2.4 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.4 cm. Date: Iron IIC Davis and Kloner, 1978, HA 65:16, Burial Cave 508A:22 (8th-7th centuries BCE). See note to #1301, above. Resembels # 1463 from ‘En Gedi, early Persian period, this may explain the identical decoration on lamps found at both sites. 1436a 75-996 Jerusalem-Har Нiyon Wheelmade; stepped disk-base [Type D]; wide, flanged rim starting from the bottom; slightly curved fold-lines; raised, elongated, Ushaped spout. Above the rim traces of painted decoration of vertical strokes, red-brown, as upon the rim of lamps # 1436 from the same site and #1437 (En Gedi). Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 11.5 cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Davis and Kloner, 1978, HA 65:16, Tomb 508A:24 (8th-7th centuries BCE). See note to #1301, above. 1437. 67-478 `En Gedi Wheelmade, small cone in center of saucer; disk-base [Type D]; upward-slanting, very wide, flat, flanged rim; deep folds starting from curved fold-lines; wide, U-shaped spout. Rim is decorated with painted strokes, four groups of four strokes, on the rim and folds, as on lamps #1436 and #1436 a (Jerusalem– Har Нiyon) Pink ware. H 4.8 cm, W 10.5 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian B. Mazar, Dothan and Dunayevsy, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum V (until 586 BCE), Locus 208:D425/3, p. 35. Unusual-shaped lamp; resembles #1420 and #1421 (Tel `Arad). Small cone also in #1431 (Tel Masos). Fig. 9.42 1438. L.770 Beth Shean Wheelmade; double saucer (see note below); rounded base; everted rim; deeply-pinched spout; protruding filling tube at the rear of the lamp is ornamented with a stylized human face in relief. Coarse, red ware. H 6.8 cm, W 15 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I—II Oren, 1973, Beth-Shan, Tomb 66A-C, Fig. 42b:17, No. 1451. Detailed discussion in text §9.8. See also below Oil lamp #1438a of unknown provenance. See this text Fig. 9.43. 1438a. 84-60 Provenance unknown Wheelmade; upper part as in #1438, above; with flanged rim; same narrow channel-spout; lower part of lamp missing; filling tube 383

CATALOGUE lacks decoration. W 14 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron I—II Cf. Freud, 1999, Tel “Ira, Figs. 6.39, 6.84:17. 1439. 40.632 Tell el-Kheleifa Wheelmade; rounded outer base; wide, everted, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, short channel-spout. The inner saucer has a disk-base made separately and joined to the main body before firing, leaving a very shallow, narrow, hollow space between the two saucers, with an outlet to the outer wall, offset from opposite the spout; fragmentary. Dark-red ware. H 6 cm, W 13 cm. Date: Iron IIC Glueck, excavated in 1939, Room 39 (90 cm below thick inner wall) No. 964; idem., 1969, Ezion-Gever, Fig. 3:17, 20, Level IV, Pl. II: 1-5 (7th-6th centuries BCE). See this text Fig 9.44. 1440. 45.169 Gibeon (Giv’on, el-Jib) Wheelmade; carinated bowl; slovenly-made ring-base; flanged rim; deeply-pinched spout. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4.6 cm, W 13.3 cm. Date: Iron II Glueck, excavated in 1943, Burial Cave Chamber B: 212. 1441. I.9687 Beth Shean Wheelmade; forward-down-slanting-in clinging saucer on elongated, narrow, hollow foot widening at the base; wide, flanged rim, probably painted red-brown ; single, pinched V-shaped spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 25.5+ cm, W 18 cm. Date: Iron I Fitzgerald, excavated in 1930, Room 1549, Level V, 30-12-98. A similar lamp: Glueck, 1969, Ezion-Gever, Pl. XII:1-2. A footed, single-spout oil lamp of Iron III: Albright, 1943, Tell Beit Mirsim, Pl. 32:2, and occurs again in the Persian period. 1442. 40.631 Tell el Kheleifa Handmade; short, hollow, trumpet-shaped foot; hemispherical bowl. Coarse, red ware; traces of burning. H 8 cm, W 10.3 cm. Date: Iron IIC Glueck, 1969, Ezion-Gever, Room 50, No. 961, in hearth at north end of room, behind the thick wall. 1443. I.8931 Tell Beit Mirsim Wheelmade; solid foot, wider at base; small, carinated saucer; very wide, flanged rim; triangular folds; short, U-shaped spout; (fragmentary). Buff ware. H 5.5 cm, W 6.9 cm. Date: Iron IIC Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim I, Stratum A:1018, Pl. 70:11. See text Fig. 9.48. Cf. Lehmann, 1996, Stratigraphie und Keramikformen, Pl. 81:42211, from el Mina Strata 7-8 (end of 8th century BCE). 1444. 78-1438 Be’er Sheva` Wheelmade, miniature lamp, solid, cylindrical foot widened at bottom of base, slightly everted inwards, shallow, carinated saucer; everted rim; spouts missing; fragmentary. Brown ware. H 4+ cm, W 6.5+ cm, L: 6.5+ cm. Date: Iron II Aharoni, 1973, I, Stratum II (8th century BCE), the citadel, from the casemate wall, Locus 25:1883/1, Fig. 71:3, Pl. 27:1. Cf. Albright, 1932, Tell Beit Mirsim, Stratum A, Pl. 70:11. The lamp could be mounted on a figurine

384

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1445. 69-1660 Tel Dan Wheelmade, foot missing; seven pushed-in, pinched, V-shaped spouts. Reddish ware; brown-red slip; traces of burning. H 6+ cm, W 10 cm. Date: Iron IIB Biran, excavated in 1966, Stratum IV from the bema, Locus 725, No. 4711. Resembles oil lamps from `EΞyon Gever (Tell el-Kheleifa), Beth Shean, and Beth Shemesh (see text, §9.7.2). 1446. 69-1662 Tel Dan Wheelmade, hollow, trumpet-shaped foot (partially restored), wheel-turning marks on exterior of saucer; seven wide, pushed-in, Vshaped spouts. Wheel-burnished, reddish ware; reddish slip; traces of burning. H 12 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Iron II Biran, 1982, Dan, p. 15, Fig. 11 (right), Stratum IV, Locus 725, No. 4719/2, from the sanctuary. The lamps were made in two parts. Cf. Loud, 1948, Megiddo II, Stratum III, Pl. 16:37; Yadin, 1959, HaZor III - IV, Stratum VA, Pl. CCXXXII:8; Free, 1960, Dothan. 1447. 69-1663 Tel Dan Wheelmade; hollow, trumpet-shaped foot; wheel-turning marks on the exterior of saucer; seven pushed-in spouts. Reddish ware; reddish slip; traces of burning. H 9 cm, W 10 cm. Date: Iron II Biran, 1982, Dan, p. 15, Fig. 11 (left), Pl. 7:2, Stratum IV, Locus 725, No. 4715/1. Cf. E. Mazar and B. Mazar, 1989, Jerusalem-Western Wall (8th century BCE), p. 56, Locus 15013, Pl. 31:13, Photo 117. A footed oil lamp from Jordan with deeply-pushed-in, U-shaped spout: Pritchard, 1985, Tell es-Sa`idiyah, Fig. 168:7, below Stratum IV (Iron IIC). 1448. 40.549 Tell el-Kheleifa Wheelmade; coarsely fashioned, wide, footed base; seven spouts (five remain). Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 6.5 cm, W 12 cm. Date: Iron IIC Glueck, excavated in 1938, No. 102 (25 cm. below surface); idem., 1969, Ezion-Gever, p. 56,2:12,13, Level IV (Edomite, 7th /6th century BCE). Resembles Lamps #1445, #1446, #1447 (Tel Dan). 1449. 40.119 Tell el-`Ajjul Handmade, coarse; near-ring-base; slightly finger-pressed rim to form seven/eight(?) small, pointed wick-rests (one or two missing). Buff ware; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 7.7 cm. Date: Iron II Petrie, Tell el-`Ajjul excavated in 1934, E 740 No. 2944; Duncan, 1930, Corpus, Type 91 Q 2. Resembles EB oil lamp, e.g. #52 (Beth Yearh) 1450. L.757 Beth Shean Wheelmade; rounded base; seven pinched, narrow, V-shaped spouts. Red ware; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 16 cm. Date: Iron II Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, p. 110, Fig. 42b:20, Tomb 66A-C, excavated in 1922, II 1614 (10th century BCE). 1451. I.8649 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; flattened base; seven pinched V-shaped spouts. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Iron I—II Grant, 1931, Ain Shems I, Pls. XXVII:1 (with two other seven-spouted oil lamps) and XLV:19, from kiln in Level III, No. 1353.

385

CATALOGUE 1452. I.10551 Beth Shemesh Wheelmade; hollow foot; carinated oil lamp saucer with wide disk-base; flanged rim; pinched spout (broken). Mounted on a caryatid figurine of which lowest part is missing. Reddish ware. H 6+ cm, W 7 cm. Date: Iron IIB—C Grant, 1932, Ain Shems II, p. 36, Level III:208, Pl. XLV:20; and idem., 1939. Ain Shems V, p. 58. Cf. A similar lamp: Glueck, 1939, Eastern Jordan, Pl. IX:1,2; Harding, 1937, Transjordan, p. 254:1,2. erroneously quoted as from Gezer; Bailey, 1975, Catalogue of Lamps, Pl. 95, Q485, Q486, Q487; Isserlin, 1987, Lamp Goddesses; Hom’s-Fredericq, 1987, Fig. on p. 92; Gubel, 1991, Amathus to Zarephtah, Pl. XXXIV:b,c; Kletter, 1995, Judah, p. 90, Fig. 11 (Tell Beit Mirsim). See this text Fig 9.50. 1453. 63-801 Tel Mikhal Type 1/3. Small, wheelmade oil lamp; flat base with projecting, oval, ring-like tube; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim (fragmentary); deep, triangular folds; narrow, elongated channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 6+ cm, L: 6.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Avigad, excavated in 1958,1960, Makmish (from a summary), pp. 97-100, No. 43/1. The oil lamp may have been mounted on a figurine as a lamp-stand, as in Glueck, 1939, Buseira, Pl.IX:1,2, Ain Shems, 1931,Pl. XLV:20. It closely resembles Loulloupis, 1989, Cyprus, p. 38, Fig. 4c, an Iron III type; or as the lamp on top of a four-legged figurine in Bailey, 1975, Pl. 92:Q483 from Cyprus (7th century BCE), and Pl. 95:Q485, Q486 (probably, second half of 7th century BCE) found among Punic oil lamps from Carthage, Deneauve, 1969, No. 109; cf. Ciasca & Titi, 1994, Mozia (a tophet), Pl. XVI XXIII (6th century-397 BCE). Or attached to a kernos. 1454. 40.117 Tell el-Ajjul Handmade bowl; rectangular-to-rounded corners (spouts(?)); heavy, concave base; down-slanting walls; ungainly, plain rim. Dark-buff ware. H 2 cm, W 3.8 cm. Date: Iron IIC(?) Petrie, excavated in 1933/4, No. 2942. 1455. 40.118 Tell el-`Ajjul Handmade; near-hemispherical, somewhat rectangular bowl; down-slanting walls; small, heavy base; slightly-pinched(?) spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 4.5 cm. Date: Iron Age(?) Petrie, 1934, Ancient Gaza IV, Pl. XLVII, Type 122, ECB 780, No. 2943.. See this text Fig. 9.41.

PERSIAN PERIOD 1456. 34.778 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Type 1. Wheelmade; rounded base; flanged rim; deeply-pinched spout. Red ware, traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 15.3 cm. Date: Iron II—Persian Hamilton, excavated in 1930, Stratum I:11. 1457. 80-355 Tel Yin`am Type 1. Wheelmade; flattened base; wide-flanged rim. Light-pink ware. Fragment. Date: Persian 1458. 40.826 `Atlit Type 1. Wheelmade; wide, flattened/rounded base; everted rim = wall; narrow, elongated folds; elongated, V-shaped spout; fragmentary. Red ware. 386

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 3.8 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13.5 cm. Date: early Persian (Iron IIC )(?) Johns, 1938, Athlit, p. 145, Phoenician incinerated Burial IX, No. 33.475, Fig. 9:2. The vessels show Assyrian features. The oil lamp resembles bowl in Fig. 9:1. Cf. Rast, 1978, Taanach I, Period IIB (9th century BCE). 1459. P.2821-2823 Tel Dor Type 1. Wheelmade; fragments of oil lamps with wide rims and pinched spouts. Hard-fired ware. Fragments. Date: Persian(?) Adams and Garstang, excavated in 1924, Tomb 5 T24. 1460. P.2824 Tel Dor Type 1. Wheelmade; pared, scratched, flat base; deep, pinched spout; fragment. Gray-brown ware. Date: Persian(?) Adams and Garstang, excavated in 1924, Tomb 5 T24. 1461. P.2828D Tel Dor Type 1. Wheelmade; un-smoothed, pared, wide base; fragment. Well-levigated ware. L: 13 cm. Date: Persian(?) Adams and Garstang, excavated in 1924, Tomb 3, T24. 1462. 33.2174 Samaria Type 3. Wheelmade; wide, flattened base; narrow, flanged rim; deeply-pinched, short V/U-shaped spout. Red-brown ware; red slip. W 13.5cm, L:12.4 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Crowfoot, excavated in 1933, E 207, No. C 1103; Crowfoot et al., 1957, Samaria III (Period V-VI or earlier, until 722 BCE), pp. 179-181, Fig. 11:37, “An oil lamp with a very flat base appears only in the 7th century BCE; it is the commonest type, in the southern tombs and E207,” Fig. 180:2. The lamp is not a typical Persian type, it has a narrow rim and Iron-Age-type folds; the profile recalls Assyrian bowls, see: 1957, Samaria III, Fig. 11:9 - 12. Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Pl. 83:148; Lamon and Shipton, 1938, Megiddo I, Strata IV-III, Pl. 37:15. 1463. 67-810 `En Gedi Type 1. Wheelmade, very shallow saucer, flattened base, wide, flanged rim damaged; deeply-pressed triangular folds; V-shaped spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: early Persian B. Mazar et al, 1964, En Gedi, p. 126, Stratum IV (dated by the imported Attic ware to the 5th century BCE); Mazar and Dunayevsky, 1967, En Gedi, pp. 138-9, Locus 229A, No. 2004/1. With Yehud-stamped jars and Attic ware. Oil lamps from `En Gedi do not have knife-pared bases; they follow the Iron Age tradition. Another lamp was found in Room 231, Pl. 32:1 inscribed with the letter “mem.” Resembele #1436, Jerusalem-Har Нiyon of the Iron Age IIC. Cf. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Fig. 17:15,17. 1464. 67-822 `En Gedi Type 1. Wheelmade; un-smoothed, irregular, “double” disk-base; wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated, triangular folds starting from slightly-curved fold-lines; short spout (partly missing). Pink ware; pale, hand-burnished. H 3 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 14 cm. Date: (early) Persian B. Mazar, 1963:59; Mazar and Dunayevsky, 1967, En Gedi, pp. 138-9, Stratum IV (5th-4th centuries BCE), Locus 248, No. G923/4. Resembles #1469 (Tel Malhata). Cf. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Fig. 17:15, 17. and Hellenistic period #1533

387

CATALOGUE 1465. 67-1209 `En Gedi Type 1. Wheelmade, shallow saucer; flattened/rounded base; flat, flanged rim; elongated, deeply-pressed folds, narrow, channelspout. Pink ware. H 3.5 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Iron II/(early) Persian B. Mazar, 1963: 59; Mazar and Dunayevsy ,(967, En Gedi, pp. 138-9, Stratum IV (5th-4th centuries BCE), Locus 229, No. 9623. Cf. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Fig. 17:15,17. 1466. 67-815 `En Gedi Type 3. Wheelmade; rounded base; flanged rim departing sharply from saucer wall; elongated, deeply-pressed folds; elongated, channel spout. Pink-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 12.5 cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Persian B.Mazar, 1963, En Gedi, p. 59; Mazar and Dunayevky, 1967, En Gedi, pp. 138-9, Stratum IV, Locus 231, No. 1599. Cf. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Fig. 17:15, 17. 1467. 67-816 `En Gedi Type 1. Wheelmade; rounded base; up-slanting, wide, flanged rim; elongated, deeply-pressed folds; V- shaped spout. Pink ware. H 4.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: Persian B.Mazar, 1963, En Gedi, p. 59; Mazar and Dunayevky, 1967, En Gedi, pp. 138-9, Stratum IV (5th-4th centuries BCE), Locus 299, No. 2003/3. Cf. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Fig. 17:15, 17. 1468. 59-257 Tel `Erani Type 1. Wheelmade; well-smoothed disk-base, tool marks on base; wide, flat, flanged rim; elongated folds (one side missing); slightly-projecting, elongated channel-spout. Light-pink ware; pale hand-burnish; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 12.5 cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Yeivin, excavated in 1959, Area A, No. 317. Resembles Iron IIC Lamp #1389 (Tell Beit Mirsim). The base is still in Iron Age tradition. Disk-bases were still in use in the 5th century BCE. Cf. Rast, 1978, Taanach I, Period VIB (425 - 400 BCE), Fig. 95:5, together with flat-base, oil lamps, Fig. 95:6. 1469. 72-89 Tel Malhata Type 1. Wheelmade; flattened base; everted, wide, flanged rim; wide folds; pinched spout; fragmentary. Pink-red ware; pale, hand-burnished. H 2.5 cm, W 13 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Persian Kochavi, 1970, Tell Malhata (6th century BCE), No. 324/2, Photo 24. Found with Edomite pottery from the end of the Iron Age. 1470. 67-2089 Tel Sa Ήar Type 1/2. Wheelmade; flat base; wide, flanged rim; short deeply-pressed folds; narrow, channel- spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 14.5 cm, L: 12.1 cm. Date: (early) Persian Broshi, excavated in 1968, No. 262/2; Broshi, 1969, Tell Megadim (5th-4th centuries BCE), pp. 124-126, Stratum II (destroyed in the 4th century BCE). Three phases in the Persian period, with many Athenian import wares. The oil lamps still show Iron Age features. 1471. 40.799 `Atlit Type 1/2. Wheelmade, carinated saucer; flat, wide base; wide, upward-slanting rim; broad, rounded, short triangular folds starting from curved fold-line; short, erect, U-shaped spout. Buff ware; rough finish. H 4 cm, W 13.2 cm, L: 15 cm. 388

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Date: early Persian Johns, 1938, Athlit, p. 139, Fig. 4:5, Phoenician incinerated Burial I, No. 33.222 (7th century BCE). The tomb may have been in use from Iron IIC. The oil lamp was found near the right leg; it resembles Assyrian-type bowls in profile, the spout showing Cypro-Phoenician influence (Type B) should be dated to the early Iron IIC—Persian period. Cf. Rast, 1978, Taanach I, Period IIB (9th century BCE), Fig. 95:4, a much earlier lamp; Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Fig. 17:14. 1472. 40.821 `Atlit Type 1/2. Wheelmade; flattened/rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim; short, triangular folds; raised, short, erect, U-shaped spout; part of lamp missing. Pink ware. H 4-2 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: early Persian (Iron IIC(?)) Johns, 1938, Athlit, p. 144, Phoenician incinerated Burial VII, No. 33.270, Fig. 8:3. The oil lamp was found near the legs with other Phoenician vessels, including bowls and juglets. Cf. Gjerstad, 1948, SCE IV:2, p.171, Fig.37:16, 20. Resemble #1471 1473. 63-2711 Shae’v Ziyyon Type 2. Wheelmade; wide, flattened base; wide, sharply-carinated, wide, flat, flanged rim (mostly missing); small, pushed-in folds; spout missing; fragmentary. Pink ware. H 3 cm, W 8+ cm. Date: early Persian Prausnitz, 1967, Shavei Zion, p. 40, Fig. 11:3, Locus 106:63/2613. The lamp closely resembles a late Iron Age type, of the Cypro-Phoenician type B, like #1002 and #1159 (Haifa-Shiqmona). Cf. Kenyon, 1957, Samaria III, Fig. 27:3. Other finds are no later than the 5th century BCE. 1474. 79-183 Tel Kison Type 2. Wheelmade, tilted backward; pared, flattened base; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; deeply pressed, small folds; spout missing. Brown-red ware; traces of burning. H1.5-3 cm, W 7.3+ cm, L: 14 cm. Date: early Persian Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 3 (580 - 450 BCE), Locus 407B, No. 75.011, Pl. 21:1. Resembles #1473 (Shav’e Ziyyon) And see, Pl. 21:4, 5, and others from this site. A Cypro-Phoenician type- Type B. 1474a. 79-184 Tel Kison Type 2. Wheelmade; pared, flattened base; carinated, very wide, flat, flanged rim; very short folds, U-shaped spout; half of lamp missing. Brown-red ware, traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 8+ cm, L: 10 cm. Date: early Persian Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 3 (580-450 BCE), Locus 407B, No. 75.011, Pl. 21:4. Resembles #1473 (Shav’e Ziyyon). And see, Pl. 21:1, 5, and others from this site. A Cypro-Phoenician type-Type B. 1475. 51-996 Beth YeraΉ Type 3. Wheelmade, shallow saucer; carinated, very wide, flat, flanged rim (part restored); deep, wide folds; narrow, channel-shaped spout, widening at tip. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 16.1 cm. Date: Persian Bar-Adon, 1951, Provisional Stratum IV, No. 51-876. 1476. 53-1096 Beth Yerah Type 3. Wheelmade; wide, flattened base; wide, flat, flanged rim; wide, rimless folds. Fragment. Date: Persian Bar-Adon, 1951, Provisional Stratum IV, Pl. 39:17.

389

CATALOGUE 1477. 50-831 `Akko Type 3. Wheelmade; wide, flattened base; very wide, lightly-grooved, flanged rim departing sharply from saucer wall; broad, rimless folds; elongated, U-shaped spout (restored in part). Brown ware; greenish slip; traces of burning. H 5 cm, W 14 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Persian Amiran, 1950, Government Housing Project (additional oil lamp fragments). Such grooves appear on early Iron Age oil lamps. Cf. Dothan, 1976, Akko, Stratum 6 (early Persian period), Fig. 27:13. 1478. 79-185 Tel Kison Type 3. Wheelmade, seen from above, the rear part of the saucer is semicircular in form; very wide, flattened, slightly-concave base; slightly-downward-curving, very wide, flanged rim departing sharply from in-turned wall; wide, rimmed folds pressed-down nearly to bottom; narrow, elongated, V-shaped spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 16.5 cm, L: 19 cm. Date: Persian Briend and Humbert, 1980, Tell Keisan, Stratum 3 (580-450 BCE), Pl. 21:2, No. F.5070A, 75.379, and Fig. 21:3, 4, 5. 1479. 67-2090 Tel SaΉar Type 3. Wheelmade, tilted backward; rounded base; carinated, very wide, flat, flanged rim; deep folds; elongated, narrow, erectrimmed, channel-shaped spout. Pink ware. H1.5 –5.5 cm, W 16 cm, L: 17.6 cm. Date: Persian Broshi, excavated in 1968, No. 305; Broshi, 1969, Tell Megadim, pp. 124-126, Stratum II (5th-4th centuries BCE; destroyed in the 4th century BCE). Three phases in the Persian period with many Athenian import wares. The oil lamps still show Iron Age features. 1480. 34.500 Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam Type 3. Wheelmade; knife pared, wide, flattened, slightly-concave base; stepped walls; very wide, flanged rim forming ridge along joint with wall; deeply-pressed, rimless folds starting from curved fold-line; very narrow, elongated spout; lamp repaired. Red ware. H3-6cm, W 16 cm, L: 18 cm. Date: Persian Hamilton, 1935. Tell Abu Hawam, Stratum II (late 6th-early 4th centuries BCE), p. 4, Fig. 5:521, and, 1934, Pl. XXIIII:5, No. 521. 1481. 81-297 Haifa-Shiqmona Type 3. Wheelmade, seen from above the rear part of the saucer is horseshoe-shaped in form; knife-pared, wide, flattened/rounded base; down-slanting, very wide, flat, flanged rim departing sharply from in-curving wall; wide, deep, rimless, triangular folds starting from curved fold-lines; elongated, very narrow, elongated, erect-rimmed channel-spout. Orange ware. H 4 cm, W 14.3 cm, L: 18 cm. Date: Persian Elgavish, 1968, Shiqmona I, p. 58, Stratum IV, Room P1, No. 973, Pl. LI:108. Resembles #1477 (`Akko). Two types of lamps: (1) with thin wall; and (2) with heavy wall in the Israelite tradition: the oil lamps were wild-burnished, without signs of paring on the base like the rest of the pottery vessels (Pl. XXXIV:27). A fortress, like at Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam and `Atlit, stood on the seashore until the end of the 2nd century BCE (reign of Alexander Jannaeus - mid- 4th century BCE). 1482. 81-1004 Haifa-Shiqmona Type 3. Wheelmade, seen from above the rear part of the saucer looks horseshoe-shaped; knife-pared, wide, flattened/rounded base; downward-slanting, very wide, flat, flanged rim departing sharply from in-curving wall; wide, deep, rimless, triangular folds starting from curved fold-line; elongated, very narrow, elongated, erect channel-spout (missing in part). Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 14 cm, L: 17 cm. Date: Persian Elgavish, 1970, Shiqmona I, Locus 252:7178 (4th century BCE). Almost identical to #1481

390

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1483. 66-1268 Gil`am Type 3. Wheelmade; knife-pared, wide, flattened base; broad, long, deep, rounded, rimless folds; very narrow, erect-rimmed, channel-spout, the lips almost touching; fragmentary. Pink ware; burnished base; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 13.5+ cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Persian Stern, 1970, Tel Gil`am, pp. 31-36, 41, Stratum I (5th-4th centuries BCE), No. 215/12, Locus C2, Fig. 7:18, Pl. 14:5. Two phases of the Persian period have been distinguished: (1) early 5th century-383/5 BCE; and (2) until 332 BCE. All the lamps belong to one type: knife-pared, with traces of light-red burnish. They were divided into: (a) rounded (Fig. 7:19); and (b) elongated (this lamp) originating in Phoenicia. Additional oil lamps fragments: Fig. 7:19-21. Cf. Dothan, 1976, Akko, Stratum 6 (early Persian period), Fig. 27:13; Rast, 1978, Taanach I, Period VI (425-400 BCE), Fig. 95:1. Resemble #1481,#1482. 1484. 32.820 `Atlit Type 3. Wheelmade; smoothed, wide, flat base; curved, stepped wall; up-slanting, wide, flanged rim, departing sharply from the saucer wall and forming a ridge at joint; broad, rounded, rimless folds starting from curved fold-line; narrow, elongated, V-shaped spout. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 10 cm, L: 13 cm. Date: Persian Johns, 1934, Athlit, p. 51, S.E. Cemetery T.L23 (5th century BCE), Bis.b-III, Fig. 72, 93, Pl. XXXI. Somewhat similar to #1480 (Haifa-Tell Abu Hawam). 1485. 40.817 `Atlit Type 3. Wheelmade; pared, very wide, flat base; inward-projecting, wide, flat, flanged rim; short, wide, triangular folds; very narrow, medium-length, channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 4.9 cm, W 17.9 cm. Date: early Persian Johns, 1938, Athlit, p. 142, Fig. 6:7. The lamp was found upside down. Phoenician Cremation-Burial IV b, east of Burial IV a, No. 33.372. Burial IV b is contemporary with the inhumation Burial II and with the earliest burials in the shaft-graves. 1486. 67-814 `En Gedi Type 3. Wheelmade; hand and knife -smoothed, rounded base; wide, flat, flanged rim departing sharply from saucer wall; deep, wide, elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; rimmed channel-spout. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 11 cm, L: 12.8 cm. Date: Persian B.Mazar, 1963, En Gedi, p. 59; Mazar and Dunayevsky, 1967, En Gedi, pp. 138-9, Stratum IV (5th-4th centuries BCE), Locus 229A, No. 1128/9. Cf. Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, Fig. 17:15, 17. The upper part was probabley mended. 1487. 76-1240 Gezer Type 3. Wheelmade; knife-pared, flattened, slightly concave base; departing sharply from saucer wall; slightly down-slanting, very wide, lightly-grooved, flanged rim with wheel-turning marks; wide, rimmed folds; elongated, V-shaped spout; large part of lamp missing. Very pale brown ware; traces of burning. H 2 cm, W 15 cm, L: 7+ cm. Date: Persian Gitin, 1990,Gezer, Area VII, Stratum IV (5th-4th centuries BCE), Locus 24032 (cobbled area), No. 24.100, p. 237, Pl. 46:19, and Pls. 25:25, 31:24, Type 155, with smoothed base. Found with Attic ware. 1488. I.5912a Beth Shemesh Type 3. Wheelmade, rear part of saucer horseshoe-shaped when seen from above; wide, flat, uneven base; slightly-upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim; wide, deep folds; elongated channel-spout occupying large section of bowl. Red ware; creamy slip all over; traces of burning. H 5.2 cm, L: 17.8 cm. Date: Persian Grant, 1932, Ain Shems II (4th century BCE), p. 23, Pl. XLV:43; Grant and Wright, 1938, Ain Shems IV, Pl. XLVIII:9; 1939:142. 391

CATALOGUE 1489. 68-1395 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Type 3. Wheelmade; rear part of saucer horseshoe-shaped when seen from above; in part roughly knife-pared, flattened, slightly concave base ; down-slanting, slightly concave, wide, flanged rim departing sharply from saucer wall; wide, deep, rimmed folds starting from curved fold-lines; long, rimmed, splayed spout (broken). Pink ware; slight traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 14 cm. Date: Persian Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum IB (586 BCE-3rd century BCE), Locus 48:519/3, Pl. 51:9. Treatment of base as in Iron Age. 1490. 68-1396 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Type 3. Wheelmade; knife-pared, thickened (added clay), flattened/rounded base; very wide, flat, flanged rim (partly missing); wide, elongated folds starting from curved fold-lines; narrow, elongated, rimmed V-shaped spout. Brown-reddish ware; light-pink slip. H 3 cm, W 12+ cm, L: 12 cm. Date: Persian Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum IB (586 BCE-3rd century BCE), Locus 53:906/3, Pl. 51:11. Resembles #1478 (Tel Kison). 1491. 68-1397 Tel Lachish (Lachish) Type 3. Wheelmade, circular depression in bowl; knife-pared, irregular, flattened base; wide, flat, flanged rim; triangular, rimless folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; short, narrow channel-spout . Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 10+ cm, L: 7+ cm. Date: Persian Aharoni, 1975, Lachish V, Stratum IB (586 BCE-3rd century BCE), Locus 53:906/2,3, Pl. 51:10, and oil lamp Fig. 51:12. Similar circular depressions in bowls of Iron Age oil lamps. Cf. Gjerstad, 1948, SCE, Fig. 37:3. 1492. 51-94 Tell Qasila Type 3. Wheelmade; flat base; concave, wide, flanged rim departing sharply from saucer wall and forming a ridge at joint; wide, very-sharply down-pressed folds; elongated, erect-rimmed channel-spout (missing in part and restored). Brown-yellowish ware. H 2.7 cm, W 11.6 cm. Date: Persian Maisler, 1951, Tell Qasile, p. 45, Stratum VI (end of 6th and 5th centuries BCE), Pl. XI:5. 1493. 53-1109 Yafo Type 3. Wheelmade; flattened base; wide, flanged rim; fragmentary. Pink ware; red slip. H 4 cm. Date: Persian Rowe, in: Bowman et al., 1955, Jaffa, p. 247, Pl. IV:1f, No. 10.000 1496, from a rubbish heap (early 5th century BCE). The Persian material included several oil lamp fragments. 1494. 53-1905 Yafo Type 3. Wheelmade; wide, flattened base; wide, rimless folds; fragment. Pink ware. Fragment only. Date: Persian Rowe, in: Bowman et al., 1955, Jaffa (end of 6th-second half of 5th centuries BCE). 1495. 69-1917 Ashdod Type 3. Wheelmade; knife-pared, flattened base; wide, flanged rim; wide, elongated spout; fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 10.5+ cm. Date: Iron IIC—Persian Dothan and Porath, 1982, Ashdod, Area M, Stratum 6, Locus 7005:32/4, Fig. 29:14. Cf. Stern, 1995, Dor, p. 67, Phase 7-8, Fig. 2.14.1.

392

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1496. 70-253 Ashdod Type 3. Wheelmade; rounded base; upward-slanting, wide, flanged rim departing sharply from saucer wall; wide, elongated, Vshaped spout starting from curved fold-lines; part of lamp missing. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 15.5 cm, L: 16 cm. Date: Persian Dothan and Porath, 1982, Ashdod, Area M, Stratum 6-4, Fig. 29:14, No. 227/1. 1497. 45.237 Tell el-`Ajjul Type 3. Wheelmade; wide, roughly-flattened base; very wide, flat, flanged rim, departing sharply from saucer wall; deep, broad, rounded folds starting from slightly curved fold-lines; rimmed, V-shaped spout. Reddish ware. H 3.8 cm, W 13.5 cm, L: 15.5 cm. Date: Persian Surface find, purchased 1498. 63-800 Tel Mikhal Type 4. Wheelmade, very large oil lamp; relatively narrow, flat base; heavy wall; deep, touching folds (as in Hellenistic oil lamps); all of rear part of lamp missing. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 5+ cm, W 18+ cm, L: 22+ cm. Date: Persian Avigad, (960, Makmish, No. 69/1 (5th-4th centuries BCE). Found in a favissa of a building together with figurines and many oil lamp fragments. Pottery-Fragments Used As Lamps 1499. P.2822 Tel Dor Type 1. Wheelmade, very small, carinated saucer; pared, wide, flattened base; wide rim; fragmentary. Brown ware. L: 15 cm. Date: Persian(?) Adams and Garstang, excavated in 1924, Tomb 5 T24. Cf. Stern, 1995, Dor, Fig. 2:14. 1500. 77-364 Tel el-Hesi Fragment of a wheelmade vessel. high ring-base; flanged rim, broken at one place, used as an oil lamp; Gray ware; traces of burning. H 4.5+ cm, W 9.5 cm. Date: Babylonian, Persian Bennet and Blakely, 1989, Tell El-Hesi, Stratum VA (Babylonian, 400 BCE), Locus 562:1.1003. Burials from the end of the Persian period. Multi-Spouted Oil Lamps 1501. 63-473 Ben’e Beraq-Tel Zeton Wheelmade; low disk-base; seven pinched V-shaped spouts. Light-cream ware; traces of burning in only one spout. H 4.5 cm, W/L: 13 cm. Date: Persian Kaplan, 1959, Tel Aviv-Yafo, p. 76. Two post-exilic phases: (1) last third of the 6th century BCE; and (2) second half of the 5th century BCE. Similar lamps from the late Iron Age (see text, § 10.4.2). Cf. Grant, 1931, Ain Shems, Pl. XLV:19; Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, Fig. 42b:19, 20; Dunand, 1933-1936, Byblos II, Pl. CCVIII:9773, and a single-spouted lamp on a thin foot: Pl. CCVIII:11621.

393

CATALOGUE Punic Oil Lamps with Two Spouts 1502. 81-1003 Haifa-Shiqmona Wheelmade; flattened base; sharply-carinated, wide, flanged rim; very small folds; two short, erect-rimmed, pinched, U-shaped spouts. Pink-reddish ware. W 12.5 cm, L: 11.8 cm. Date: late Iron Age—Persian Elgavish, excavated in 1969, Locus 281, No. 6152. The rim is that of the Persian type. These oil lamps first appear in the 6th century BCE. See: Reisner and Fisher, 1924, Samaria I, Fig. 187:2a; Kenyon, 1957, Samaria III, Fig. 27:5; Oren, 1973, Beth Shan, Pl. 42b:18, Tomb 66a, and Fig. 72:11; Pritchard, 1975, Sarepta 2, Fig. 27:2. Another, similar lamp said to have been found at Beth Shemesh, formerly in the Clark Collection (No. 2511). 1503. 76-5009 Tel Shem Wheelmade; rounded base; flaring wall; three wide folds; two raised spouts. Yellowish-gray ware; traces of burning. H3-6 cm, W 15 cm. Date: Persian Punic lamp, surface find. Bronze Oil Lamps 1504. I.3559 Megiddo Two-spouted oil lamp; flat base; broad, flat rim with a small hole for suspending(?) next to one spout. Bronze. L: 15.5 cm. Date: Persian Lamon and Shipton, excavated in 1926, Stratum I (4th-3rd centuries BCE), Summit, Square Q 12, Room I/52, No. 1504. See in text Fig. 9.53. 1505. 67-645 Provenance unknown Flattened base; wide, flat, flanged rim departing sharply from saucer wall; pinched folds; projecting, elongated channel-spout. Bronze. H 3.5 cm, W 11.7 cm, L: 14.2 cm. Date: Persian Closely resembles pottery oil lamp in Gjerstad et al., 1934, Cyprus, Fig. 17:1-4. Cf. Tufnell, 1953, Lachish III, Pl. 42:2. Miscellaneous Oil Lamps 1506. 75-17 Provenance unknown Wheelmade; “disk-base” part of attached vessel (Kernos). Miniature: wide, flaring rim, pinched folds nearly touching; wide, teardrop spout. Pink ware. W 4 cm, L: 6.1 cm. Date: Persian—early Hellenistic Lamp #1506a may have been part of the same kernos. See text § 11.1.3. 1506a. 75-18 Provenance unknown Wheelmade; “disk-base” part of attached vessel (Kernos). Miniature: curved, flanged rim; pinched folds nearly touching; wide, teardrop spout. Pink ware. W 5.1 cm, L: 5.5 cm. Date: Persian —early Hellenistic Lamp #1506 may have been part of the same kernos.

394

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS

HELLENISTIC PERIOD Oil Lamps Found in Inhabited Settlements 1507. 67-1304 Jerusalem-Ma`al e’ Romai’m Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; knife-flattened rim for better joint; nearly touching, long folds; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware; gray slip. H 4 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 6.6+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Tzaferis, 1974, Tower and Fortress near Jerusalem, p. 91, from the lower floor of the tower (Hasmonean; 2nd-1st centuries BCE), No. B/1, Fig. 3:11, 12. 1508. 76-1307 Jerusalem-Ma`al e’ Romai’m Type III. Wheelmade; flat base; knife-flattened rim for better joint; large, touching folds, stuck-together with added clay. Light-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 7.9 cm. Date: Hellenistic Tzaferis, 1974, Tower and Fortress near Jerusalem, p. 91, from the lower floor of the tower (Hasmonean; 2nd-1st centuries BCE), No. B/37. 1509. 49-2492 Jerusalem-Sheikh Badr Type III. Wheelmade; flattened base; touching folds; large part of lamp missing. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 8 cm, L: 9 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Avi-Yona, 1949, Sheikh Bader, pp. 19-24. 1510. 68-653 Jerusalem-City of David Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut, slightly concave disk-base; touching folds. Light-pink ware. H 4 cm, W 5 cm, L: 7.1+ cm. Date: late Hellenistic Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, p. 43, Figs. 19:41, 42, 22:6,7, 24:8, 9. The oil lamps were found in deposits dated before 70 CE together with “rayed” and Herodian oil lamps. 1511. 68-944 Jerusalem-City of David Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut, flat base; deep, touching folds in one spot only. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 8.3 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Kenyon, City of David, Area L, Locus 12.18:7234; Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, occupation and destruction deposits, Fig. 24:8; other lamps: Figs. 19:41, 42, 22:6, 7. 1512. 68-843 Jerusalem-City of David Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut base; erect touching rims. Light-pink ware. H 4 cm, W 5 cm, L: 7.1+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Kenyon City of David, 505.36.6567; Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, p. 43, with assemblage antedating 70 CE and destruction deposits. 1513. 68-175 Jerusalem-Western Wall Type III. Wheelmade; flat, string-cut, near-ring-base; elongated, touching folds. Light-pink ware. H 3.5 cm, W 4.4 cm, L: 7 cm. Date: late Hellenistic E. Mazar and B. Mazar, 1989, South of Temple Mount, p. 47, Locus 86/16 (2nd-1st centuries BCE). Found with Hasmonean pottery and a Tyrian coin dated 153 - 94 BCE, Pl. 24:19. Resembles #1526 (Ramat RaΉel); 395

CATALOGUE 1514. 68-1453 Jerusalem-Larson House Type III. Wheelmade; flat base; large, touching folds. Pink ware, traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 4.3 cm, L: 7.2 cm. Date: Hellenistic Tushingham, 1985, Jerusalem, No. 387, Fig. 22:6, 7. 1515. 62-17 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade, slightly-carinated bowl; high, string-cut, disk-base; large, slightly-overlapping folds. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 4.2 cm, L: 6.5+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, 1962, Ramat Rachel, Locus 355, Level 600 dump pit, No. 1634/1, Fig. 21:4. See in text Fig.52:2 1516. 64-1293 Ramat RaΉel Type II. Wheelmade; wide, flattened, disk-base; everted rim; much of upper part of lamp missing. Pink-brown ware. H 3 cm, W 4.1 cm, L: 6.3 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1961/2, No. 4616/1; Aharoni, 1962, Ramat Rachel I, pp. 27-30. The Hellenistic pottery found scattered mainly in the area of the ancient citadel dated to the transition from Persian to Hellenistic periods; Aharoni, 1964, Ramat Rachel II, Period IVB (Persian-Hellenistic), Locus 427, Fig. 11:5, No. 3193/1. 1517. 64-1295 Ramat RaΉel Type I/II. Wheelmade; hand-pared, un-smoothed, rounded base; thick, everted rim; deep folds; half of lamp missing. Red-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 4.2 cm, L: 6.5+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1960, Level 6.40, Locus 329, No. 1706/9. Found with late Iron Age pottery. Resembles #1518 from this site; 1518. 64-1297 Ramat RaΉel Type II. Wheelmade; wide, flattened disk-base; narrow, flat, everted rim; folds missing; spout missing. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 6.2 cm, L: 9 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1961, Locus 484 (refuse pit), No. 4246/35. 1519. 64-1298 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; crude, string-cut disk-base (nearly a ring-base); upper part of lamp missing. Reddish ware. W 3 cm, W 8+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1961/2, No. 4179/2. 1520. 64-1299 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; un-smoothed, low disk-base; touching folds, added patch to secure closing; rear part of lamp missing. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 4.2 cm, L: 9.5+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1961/2, No. 6158. Cf. Graeve, 1993, Millet, Fig. 14, with a horizontal handle inside the bowl. 1521. 64-1300 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base (nearly a ring-base); touching folds, pressed together to overlap rimmed joint; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. 396

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS H 3 cm, W 4.2 cm, L: 7+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962, No. 3142/1. 1522. 64-1301 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; touching folds, pressed together to form an erect-rimmed joint; rear of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 7.6+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 3407/1. 1523. 64-1302 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; elongated folds (mostly missing); large part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 4 cm, L: 6.5+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 7513/2. 1524. 64-1303 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade; un-smoothed, string-cut, flat base; elongated folds (mostly missing); fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, L: 6+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1961/2, No. 8854. 1525. 64-1304 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; thick, everted rim; large folds; large part of lamp missing. Fine, pink ware. H 3 cm, W 5.5 cm, L: 6+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, 1964, Ramat Rachel, Stratum IVB (3rd century BCE), No. 6122, Fig. 11:5. Found with a closed oil lamp of the type known from Beth-Zur. Resembles #1517 from this site; 1526. 64-1305 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade, small, rounded lump in center of bowl; low, string-cut base; upper part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.3 cm, W 4.5+ cm, L: 8 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 6132. Resembles #1519 of this site. 1527. 64-1306 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; upper part of lamp missing. Fine, pink ware. H 4 cm, W 3.5+ cm, L: 7+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 5107. 1528. 64-1307 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; flattened base; thick, slightly everted rim; stuck-together folds; very fragmentary. Pink ware; pale slip; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 8+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 7540/2. 1529. 64-1308 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade; flattened base; smoothed, touching folds; rear and most of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. 397

CATALOGUE H 4 cm, W 4.4+ cm, L: 7+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 5530/2. 1530. 64-1309 Ramat RaΉel Type II. Wheelmade; flattened base; thick wall; everted rim; half of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 3+ cm, L: 8 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 7094/1. 1531. 64-1310 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; flattened/rounded base; sharp, inverted rim; large, deep, rounded folds; greater part of lamp missing. Light-pink ware. H 3 cm, W 4.5+ cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 6373. 1532. 64-1311 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; wide, curved, string-cut base; large, deep folds; large part of lamp missing. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 5.5+ cm, L: 7+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 6703. 1533. 64-1312 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks in bowl; wide, irregular “disk”-base; thick rim; deeply pressed folds; half of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, L: 8.6 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962, No. 3150. Resembles #1518 and #1525 from this site, the base resemble #1464 from ‘En Gedi of the Iron IIC. 1534. 64-1313 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; wide, string-cut, rounded base; upper part of lamp missing. Gray ware; traces of burning. Fragment. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1959/60, No. 2685. 1535. 64-1314 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, wide, heavy base; very fragmentary. Fine, pink ware. H 3.4 cm, W 7.5 cm, L: 7.5 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 6145. Resembles #1533 1536. 64-1315 Ramat RaΉel Type III(?) Wheelmade; very fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 4297/25. 1537.64-1344 Ramat RaΉel Type II. Wheelmade; hand-smoothed, flattened base; thick wall; everted rim; large folds forming an elongated channel-spout. Grayish ware. H 3.3 cm, W 7.2 cm, L: 20.3 cm. 398

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 8309. 1538. 64-1345 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; disk-base; large folds pinched together to form erect-rimmed joint. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.1 cm, W 5.2 cm, L: 7.8 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1959/60, No. 2692. 1539. 64-1346 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; disk-base; deep, rounded folds touching in one spot only; rear of lamp missing. Brown ware. H 4 cm, W 6 cm, L: 8+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 6161/9. 1540. 64-1353 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; touching folds; rear part of lamp missing. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 6.5 cm, L: 5+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1959/60, No. 1830/1. 1541. 64-1360 Ramat RaΉel Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; inverted rim; large, overlapping folds. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.6 cm, W 5.2 cm, L: 8.2 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 6169. 1542. 64-1363 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; hand-flattened to form a rounded, disk-like base; thick rim; stuck-together folds; fragmentary spout. Crude, reddish ware. H 3.2 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 8.7+ cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 6166. 1543. 64-2684 Ramat RaΉel Type II/III. Wheelmade; pared, thick, flattened base; large folds. Light-reddish ware; traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 7 cm, L: 8.3 cm. Date: Hellenistic Aharoni, excavated in 1962/3, No. 6153. 1544. 31.31 Beth-Zur Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut, flat base; stuck-together folds. Red ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, L: 8.3 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Sellers. 1933, Beth Zur, Room 213 (2nd-1st centuries BCE), No. 862, Fig. 41 second row, left. Eleven oil lamps found together with a Ptolemaic coin and additional oil lamps of this type; Sellers, 1960, Beth Zur, Fig. 29:4, Pl. 32b:3, with overlapping folds (2nd and 1st century BCE). 1545. 31.32 Beth-Zur Type II/III. Wheelmade; string-cut base; touching folds at one point. Red ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, L: 8.9 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Sellers, 1933, Beth Zur, Room 43 (2nd-1st centuries BCE), No. 77, Fig. 41 top, center. 399

CATALOGUE 1546. 31.109 Beth-Zur Type I. Wheelmade; medium-height to flattened base; flanged , wide, curved rim; deep folds; channel-spout. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 1.9 cm, W 11+ cm, L: 11.5 cm. Date: Persian – Hellenistic ((?)) Sellers, 1933, Beth Zur, p. 39, Fig. 32 (2nd century BCE), Sherd 23. Not all the shards are reproduced. 1547. 81-26 Ben’e Beraq Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut disk base; slightly-inverted rim; large, touching folds. Pink ware. H 3.2 cm, L: 8.9 cm. Date: Hellenistic Kaplan, 1959, Tel Aviv-Jaffa, p. 82. 1548. 76-1246 Gezer Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut, disk-base (nearly a ring-base); large folds; more than half of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 6+ cm, L: 7+ cm. Date: late Hellenistic Gitin, 1990, Gezer III, p. 260, Stratum IIA-A/C (mid-1st centuries BCE), Locus 15011:G 72.15.26.8, Pl. 41:19. Additional oil lamps: Locus 14004P, Pls. 43:14, 48:29, Type 248 (not much earlier than the 2nd century BCE) was found with “dolphin”-shaped oil lamps. Cf. Pritchard, 1985, Tell es-Sa`idiyeh, Stratum II, Fig. 19:21 (2nd century BCE). 1549. 63-1741 Ashdod Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut, flat base; folds touching to form pinched, erect-rimmed joint; rimmed spout; very fragmentary. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.8 cm, W 5.2 cm. L: 7.1 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Dothan, 1971, Ashdod II—III, pp. 59-60, Area A, Stratum 4a (IV) (mid-1st century BCE), Locus E6:A983/1, Fig. 20:12. A single lamp was found. Lamps Found in Tombs 1550. 32.2834 Jerusalem-el-`Issawiyeh Type III. Wheelmade; flat base; stuck-together, patched folds forming two equal openings. Reddish-brown ware; traces of burning. W 4.4 cm, L: 7 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Sukenik, 1935, Slope of Mount Scopus, Burial Cave, p. 72, Fig. 9 (first half of the 2nd century BCE). 1551. 71-193 Jerusalem-el-`Issawiyeh Type III. Wheelmade; smoothed disk-base; touching folds. Orange ware; traces of burning. H 3.7 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 7.7 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Freedman, 1970, HA 34-35:18-19, Burial Cave, No. 28. Cf. Graessner, 1970, Ras el-Jami, IEJ 20. 1970:120. 1552. 73-834 Jerusalem-Botanical Garden Type III. Wheelmade; wide, low, string-cut disk-base; erect touching rim; rear part of lamp missing. Light-buff ware; traces of burning(?) H 3 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 8 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Rahmani, excavated in 1973; 1974 HA 48-49: 68, Burial Cave, Kokh 5:15. See: Kloner, 1980, Necropolis of Jerusalem, p. 16.

400

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1553. 45.224 Jerusalem-Mount of Olives Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; folds stuck-together to form erect-rimmed joint. Buff ware; traces of burning. W 4 cm, L: 7.7 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Tomb cleared in 1942 by Husseini, Dhilet el-Fakhouri, pit at NW corner of chamber, 50 cm. below bench, Lamp No. 8. The tomb was used also in the 1st-3rd centuries CE and contained ossuaries. See: Kloner, 1980, Necropolis of Jerusalem, p. 31. 1554. 71-747 Jerusalem-Giv`at Shapira Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; thick rim; touching folds (now parted); part of lamp missing. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 4.2 cm, L: 8 cm. Date; late Hellenistic Oren and A. Mazar, 1971, HA 38:16, Burial Cave, No. 21. 1555. 71-754 Jerusalem-Giv`at Shapira Type III. Wheelmade, wheel-turning marks in- and outside; small, string-cut, flat disk-base; folds pinched together to form erect, sharp-rimmed joint. Pink-cream delicate ware; no traces of burning. H 3.3 cm, W 5.5 cm, L: 8.1 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Oren, 1971, HA 38:18-19, Burial Cave, Kokh 5:15 (1st century BCE). 1556. 75-555 Jerusalem-Giv`at Shapira Type III. Wheelmade; concave disk-base; touching folds; rear part of lamp missing. Light-orange ware. H 3 cm, W 4.4 cm.. L: 7.2+ cm. Date: late Hellenistic Kloner, 1980, Tomb, French Hill, p. 104, Fig. 2:1, No. 24/2. 1557. 56-1927 Jerusalem-Sheikh Badr Type II. Wheelmade; rounded base; deep folds; large part of lamp missing. Pink ware; red slip. H 3.5 cm, W 3.5 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Negbi, excavated in 1956, Burial 8. 1558. I.2198 Jerusalem-City of David Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut base; touching folds, leaving relatively equal-size , small openings at both ends. Poor quality, reddish ware. W 3 cm, L: 6.1 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Crowfoot, excavated in 1928, Cistern 211, Excavation No. 262. Found with closed oil lamps having radial decoration. Cf. Magen, 1984, Qalandia, p. 70 (Hellenistic period, 2nd-1st centuries BCE). 1559. 70-3 Jerusalem-Yirmiyahu Street Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; thick wall; touching folds, pinched to form long, erect-rimmed joint. Pink ware. H 3.6 cm, W 4 cm, L: 7.5 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Negbi, excavated in 1966, Burial Cave, Excavation No. 12. Resembles #1558 (Jerusalem–City of David) 1560.70-4 Jerusalem-Yirmiyahu Street Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; thick wall; touching folds, pinched to form erect-rimmed joint. Pink ware. H 4 cm, W 4 cm, L: 8 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Negbi, excavated in 1966, Burial Cave, No. 13. 401

CATALOGUE 1561. 80-1090 Jerusalem-Ketef Hinnom Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; deeply, down-pressed, stuck-together folds. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 5 cm, L: 8.5 cm. Date: Hellenistic Barkai, 1986, Ketef Hinnom, p. 19. The burials began in the First Temple period and lasted throughout the Hellenistic, Roman, and late Roman periods. 1562. 56-1096 Jerusalem-Jason’s Tomb Type III. Wheelmade; small, flat base; thin wall; stuck-together folds. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 4 cm, W 4 cm, L: 8 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Rahmani, 1964, Jason’s Tomb, p. 12, Fig. 9:1-3, No. 25, Pl. XIII:2 upper row (2nd half of 2nd century BCE). Found with closed oil lamps of Beth-Zur type. Cf. Grant, 1932, Ain Shems II, Pl. L:24,26 and 1939, Ain Shems V, pp. 85, 146, Figs. 11, 14:5; Wampler, 1947, Tell en - Nasbeh II, p. 46:S20, No. 1643, 4, Pl. 71:1643, 1644 (four oil lamps were found); Crowfoot and Fitzgerald, 1929. Tyropoeon, Pl. XVII:2; Rahmani, 1958, Shahin Hill, p. 214; Johns, 1950. The Citadel, Jerusalem, pp. 103 - 104, Fig. 14:5 (1st century BCE). 1563. 56-1100 Jerusalem-Jason’s Tomb Type III. Wheelmade; small, disk-base; touching folds. Pink ware. H 3.4 cm.. W 3.4 cm, L: 7 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Rahmani, 1964, Jason’s Tomb, Pl. 2:13, No. 206 (2nd half of 2nd century BCE). See notes to #1562, above. Resembles #1564. 1564. 56-1101 Jerusalem-Jason’s Tomb Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; touching folds. Cream ware; traces of burning. H 3.4 cm, W 3.9 cm, L: 7.8 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Rahmani, 1964, Jason’s Tomb, p. 13, Fig. 9, No. 156 (2nd half of 2nd century BCE). See notes to #1562, above. 1565. 56-1490 Jerusalem-Jason’s Tomb Type III. Wheelmade; low disk-base; stuck-together folds. Gray ware. H 4 cm, L: 8 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Rahmani, 1964, Jason’s Tomb, Pl. 2:9, No. 253 (2nd half of 2nd century BCE). See notes to #1562, above. 1566. 73-752 Jerusalem-Valley of the Cross Type III. Wheelmade, wheel marks on inner saucer wall; smoothed, string-cut base; folds pinched together to form erect-rimmed joint; spout slightly broken. Light-pink ware; traces of burning(?) H 3.5 cm, W 4.3 cm, L: 7.5 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Sussman, 1972, Valley of the Cross, Rock-cut burial cave, Pl XXII:7 (mid-2nd-mid-1st centuries BCE). 1567. 56-1496 Jerusalem-Giv`at Oranim Wheelmade; flat base; inverted wall; fragmentary. Brown-pink ware. H 3 cm. Date: Hellenistic Rahmani, 1958, Shahin Hill, burial cave, Fig. 2:5, No. 40.

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OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1568. 64-1978 Jerusalem-Talpiot Type III. Wheelmade; string-cut base; folds do not touch (one fold restored(?)). Reddish ware. H 3 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Bahat, 1965, HA, Burial Cave 13:10 (2nd century-first half of 1st centuries BCE). 1569. 37.303 el-`Eizariya Type III. Wheelmade; slightly concave, flat base; touching folds; small, closed spout; lamp is cracked. Grayish ware; traces of burning. W 5.4 cm., L: 9.3 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Saller, excavated in 1937, Burial Cave; Saller, 1957, Bethany, pp. 164-166. Additional oil lamps from this cave are excavator’s Nos. 37.298-302 and 38.1296-1951. And see: Fig. 33:2, 3 , Pls. 109 1a & b, 110a:2, 3. 1570. 38.1945 el-`Eizariya Type III. Wheelmade; bulging, flattened base; touching folds. Reddish ware; traces of burning. W 5.4 cm, L: 8.2 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Saller (1957) Bethany, Burial Cave, p. 160. Additional oil lamps from this cave are excavator’s Nos. 37.298-302 and 38.1296-1951. And see: Fig. 33:2, 3, Pls. 109 1a & b, 110a:2, 3. 1571. 33.10 Jerusalem-Hebron Road Type I. Wheelmade; wide saucer, flat base(?); rim missing; deep, triangular folds; narrow short, channel/U-shaped spout; back of lamp missing. Reddish-brown ware. W 14 cm. Date; Iron Age/Persian-Hellenistic(?) Cave-burial at Km. 13. Resembles #1546 (Bet Zur) 1572. 33.11 Jerusalem-Hebron Road Type IIa. Wheelmade; flat base; heavy rim; slightly-everted folds do not touch; part of lamp missing. Light-brown ware; traces of burning. W 7 cm, L: 9.5 cm. Date: early Hellenistic Cave-burial at Km. 13. Resembles #1580 and #1581 (provenance unknown) and #1518 and #1525 (Ramat RaΉel). 1573. 61-1343 `En Gedi Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; folded rim pinched to form erect-rimmed joint. Light-pink ware. H 2.3 cm, W 4.9 cm, L: 7.3 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Avigad, 1962, Judean Desert, Nahal David tomb, p. 156, 61/3/17 (2nd-1st centuries BCE, before Herod the Great). Cf. Vesseberg and Westholm, 1956, Cyprus, IV:3, Fig. 37:5,6 (our Type I), Tomb 11 (until 1st century BCE). 1574. 61-1344 `En Gedi Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; folded rim pinched to form erect-rimmed joint. Gray ware. H 2.3 cm, W 4.9 cm, L: 7.3 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Avigad, 1962, Judean Desert, Nahal David tomb, p. 156, 61/2/3 (2nd-1st centuries BCE, before Herod the Great). 1575. 61-1345 `En Gedi Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; folds joined and stuck together. 403

CATALOGUE Reddish ware. H 2.8 cm, W 5.9 cm, L: 7.3 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Avigad, 1962, Judean Desert, Nahal David tomb, p. 156, No. 62/2 (2nd-1st centuries BCE, before Herod the Great). 1576. 61-1346 `En Gedi Type III. Wheelmade; disk-base; folds touching and stuck together. Reddish ware; traces of burning. H 2.8 cm, W 5 cm, L: 7.9 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Avigad, 1962, Judean Desert, Nahal David tomb, p. 156, No. 61/3/16 (2nd-1st centuries BCE, before Herod the Great). 1577. 67-721 `En Gedi Type II/III. Wheelmade; flattened base; thick wall; narrow, everted rim; stuck-together folds. Crude, pink ware; traces of burning. H 3.2 cm, W 6 cm, L: 9 cm. Date: Hellenistic Mazar, 1966, En Gedi, Stratum III, Locus 243, No. 2126, Fig. 25:9. Typical of the 3rd-end 1st centuries BCE. 1578. 67-722 `En Gedi Type II/III. Wheelmade; concave disk-base; everted rim; large folds pinched to form erect-rimmed joint; rounded wick-hole. Gray ware; traces of burning. H 3.5 cm, W 5.2 cm, L: 9 cm. Date: Hellenistic Mazar, 1966. En Gedi, Stratum III, Fig. 25:9, No. 116/1. Typical of the 3rd-end 1st centuries BCE. Cf. Sinclair, 1954-56, Tell el- Ful, p. 44, Pl. 17:2-3, oil lamp of Type II, found with a local version of an Attic oil lamp of the 3rd /4th century BCE. 1579. 60-926 Kh. Deir Shubeib Type III. Wheelmade; very fragmentary. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 5 cm. Date: late Hellenistic Surface find. 1580. 73-18 Provenance unknown Type II. Wheelmade; wide saucer, flat-disk base; thick wall; flattened rim; large folds forming an elongated channel-spout. Light-pink ware; traces of burning. H 3 cm, W 7.2 cm, L: 9.4 cm. Date: Hellenistic Purchased; said to be from a burial near Jerusalem. Cf. Saller, 1967, Bethany, Pl. 110a:2. See in text Fig.58:1. 1581. 73-23 Provenance unknown Type II. Wheelmade; wide saucer, smoothed, thick base; large folds forming narrow channel-spout. Pink-brown ware; traces of burning. H 2.7 cm, W 6.5 cm, L: 9.1 cm. Date: Hellenistic Purchased, said to be from a burial near Jerusalem. Cf. Saller. 1967, Bethany, Pl. 110a:2. Special Oil Lamps 1582. 76-1466 Jerusalem. Har-Zion A narrow cylindrical foot, base is missing ending in a small pinched “Hasmonean” lamp, erect Rim Type III. Light pink ware H.7.5+ cm, W. 8 cm. Margovski, excavated in 1971. 404

OIL-LAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND: SAUCER LAMPS 1583. (?) Ashdod Wheelmade; concave disk-base; folds touching at center forming two identical spouts; a loop-handle between the spouts. Pink ware. H5 cm (to top of handle: 7 cm, W 4.5 cm, L: 10 cm. Date: Hellenistic Dothan and Porath, 1982, Ashdod IV, Area M, Fig.33:4. Plain Saucers Used Oil Lamps 1584. 71-926 `Akko Wheelmade; ring base; inverted rim. Pink ware; red-brown slip; traces of burning. H 4.5 cm, W 11 cm. Date: Hellenistic Oren, excavated in 1971, Locus 157, 311/1. 1585. 80-15 Tel Yin`am Wheelmade; string-cut disk-base; inverted rim. Pink ware; traces of burning. H 2.5 cm, W 4 cm. Date: Hellenistic Leibowitz, excavated in 1980, No. 9.180657, 18010.1.

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