Alexandrian and Alexandria-Influenced Mould-Made Lamps of the Hellenistic Period 9780860548669, 9781407349886

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Preface
Bibliography and Abbreviations
List of Illustrations
Introduction
Type A
Type A-Prime (Levantine)
Type B
Type C
Type D
Type D-Prime
Type E
Type E-Prime
Type F
Type G
Type H
Type J
Type J-Prime: Multinozzlers (Polylychnol)
Type K
Type L
Type L-Prime
Type M
Type M-Prime
Type N
Type O
Type O-Prime
Type P
Type P-Prime
Early Roman Period Developments of Hellenistic Types: Types R and S
Examples of Other Roman-Period Developments of Hellenistic Types
Conclusions
Tables
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Appendix IV
Appendix V
Appendix VI
Figures

Citation preview

BAR  S677  1997   MŁYNARCZYK  

Alexandrian and Alexandria-Influenced Mould-Made Lamps of the Hellenistic Period

ALEXANDRIAN AND ALEXANDRIA-INFLUENCED MOULD-MADE LAMPS

Jolanta Młynarczyk

BAR International Series 677 B A R

1997

Alexandrian and Alexandria- Influenced Mould-Made Lamps of the Hellenistic Period Jolanta Mlynarczyl(

BAR International Series 677 1997

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 677 Alexandrian and Alexandria-Influenced Mould-Made Lamps

if the Hellenistic Period

© JMlynarczyk and the Publisher 1997 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9780860548669 paperback ISBN 9781407349886 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548669 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd/ Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1997. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

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CONTENTS

PREFACE 1. Scope of the study 2. Archaeological sources: study groups 3. Acknowledgements BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

4

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Figures 2. Photographs

8

INTRODUCTION 1. Body of research 2. Classification method: a typological approach 3. Alexandrian fabrics: the question of identification 4. The beginnings of lamp-moulding in Alexandria and Egypt: chronology and origin of shapes

11

TYPOLOGY TYPE A 1. Subtype A.a 1.1. Subtype A.a. I 1. 1.1. A.a. I/plain variety 1.1.2. A.a. I/decorated variety 1.2. Subtype A.a.2 1.2.1. A.a.2/plain variety 1.2.2. A.a.2/decorated variety 2. Subtype A.b 3. Subtype A.c 4. Origin and date of Type A 5. Main areas of manufacture 6. Later developments of Type A

17

TYPE A-PRIME (Levantine) 1. Discussion 2. Distribution and relevant dating of Type A-Prime lamps 2.1. Palestinian inland sites 2.2. Palestinian/Phoenician coastal sites 2.3. Northern Syria and Cilicia 2.4. Cyprus 2.5. Delos 2.6. Pella (Macedonia) 2.7. North Africa 3. Conclusions

22

TYPEB 1. Subtype B.a 1.1. Examples 1.2. B.a-Prime (Palestinian version) 1.3. Origin and dating of Subtype B.a 2. Subtype B.b 2.1. B.b.l 2.2. B.b.1-Prime (Palestinian version) 2.3. B.b.2 2.3 .1. Alexandria 2.3.2. Greece and Macedonia 2.3.3. Palestine and Phoenicia

26

Contents 2.3.4. Cilicia and Syria 2.3.5. North Africa 2.4. Fabric in Subtype B.b 2.5. Origin and dating of Subtype B.b 2.6. Developments/influences of Subtype B.b 3. Subtype B.c 3.1. B.c.l 3.2. B.c.2 3 .2.1. B.c.2/plain 3.2.2. B.c.2/decorated 3.3. Origin and dating of Subtype B.c 3.4. Developments/influences of Subtype B.c TYPEC I. Examples 1.1. Alexandria and Palestine 1.2. Syro-Phoenicia 1.3. Cyprus 1.4. Delos 2. Origin and dating

32

TYPED 1. Subtype D.a 1.1. Examples 1.2. Origin and dating 2. Subtype D.b 2.1. Examples 2.2. Origin and dating 3. Subtype D.c 3.1. D.c.l 3.2. D.c.2 3 .3. Origin and dating 4. Subtype D.d 4.1. Examples 4.2. Origin and dating

34

TYPED-PRIME I. Examples 1.1. Alexandria(?) 1.2. Syro-Palestine and Phoenicia 1.3. Delos 1.4. Crete 1.5. Macedonia 1.6. Carthage 1.7. Unprovenanced 2. Fabric, manufacturing centres 3. Origin and dating 4. Developments and influences

38

TYPEE I. Subtype E.a 1.1. E.a.l 1.2. E.a.2 1.3. Origin and dating 2. Subtype E.a-Prime 3. Subtype E.b 3.1. E.b.l 3.1.1. Examples 3.1.2. Non-Egyptian counterparts ofE.b. l 3.1.3. Origin and dating ofE.b.l

40

II

Contents

3.2. E.b.1-Prime 3.2.1. Examples 3.2.2. Fabric, manufacturing centres 3.2.3. Dating of Subtype E.b.1-Prime 3.3. E.b.2 3.3.1. Examples 3.3.2. Origin and dating 3.4. E.b.3 3 .4.1. Examples 3.4.2. Origin and dating 3.4.3. Non-Egyptian counterparts ofE.b.3 3.5. E.b.4 3.5.1. Examples 3.5.2. Origin and dating TYPE E-PRIME 1. Subtype E-Prime.a 1.1. E-Prime.a.l. 1.2. E-Prime.a.2 2. Subtype E-Prime.b 3. Subtype E-Prime.c 3.1. E-Prime.c.l 3.2. E-Prime.c.2 3.3. E-Prime.c.3 4. Manufacturingcentres and dating of Type E-Prime 5. Influence/developments

45

TYPEF 1. Subtype F.1 1.1. Shape 1.2. Decoration 1.3. Fabric 1.4.1. Published examples 1.4.2. Unpublished examples 1.5. Multi-nozzled counterparts of Subtype F.1 1.6. Origin and dating 1.7. Further developments 2. Subtype F.2 2.1. Shape and decoration 2.2. Examples 3. Subtype F.2-Prime 4. Origin and dating of Subtypes F.2 and F.2-Prime

48

TYPEG 1. Shape 2. Decoration 3. Fabric 4. Distribution 4.1. Alexandria 4.2. Published lamps from Egypt 4.3. Unpublished lamps from Egypt 5. Origin and dating 6. Non-Alexandrianvariants 7. Developmentsin the chora

54

TYPEH 1. Subtype H.a. 1. 1. H.a.1 1.2. H.a.2 2. Subtype H.b

58

Ill

Contents 3. Origin and dating TYPE I 1. Shape and decoration 2. Fabric 3. Distribution and dating

59

TYPEJ I. Subtype J.a 1.1. Decoration 1.2. Fabric 2. Subtype J.b. 3. Subtype J.c. 3.1. J.c. l. 3.2. J.c.2 3.3. J.c.3 3.4. J.c.4 4. Subtype J.d 5. Distribution of Type J lamps 5.1. Alexandrian sites 5.2. "Alexandria: in general, no site specification 5.3. Finds from outside Alexandria or of unknown provenance 6. Manufacturing centres 7. Origin and dating

60

TYPE J-PRIME (multinozzlers) 1. Subtype J-Prime/a: two-nozzled lamps 2. Subtype J-Prime/b:_three-nozzled lamps

63

TYPEK 1. Subtype K.a 1.1. K.a.l 1.2. K.a.2 1.3. Fabric 1.4. Distribution 1.4.1. Alexandria 1.4.2. Finds from outside Alexandria or ofunknown provenance 1.5. Origin and dating 2. Subtype K.b 2.1. Fabric, manufacturing centres 2.2. Distribution 2.2.1. Alexandria 2.2.2. Finds from outside Alexandria or of unknown provenance 2.2.3. Findspots outside Egypt 3. Greek counterparts of Type K 4. Origin and dating of Type K

65

TYPEL 1. Subtype L.a 1.1. L.a.1 1.2. L.a.2 2. Subtype L.b 2.1.L.b.1 2.2. L.b.2 3. Fabric 4. Distribution 4.1. Alexandria 4.2. Lamps from the chora or of unknown provenance 5. Provincial developments and/or variants of Type L 6. Greek counterparts of Type L

72

IV

Contents 7. Origin and dating TYPE L-PRIME 1. Subtype L-Prime.a 1.1. L-Prime.a.l 1.2. L-Prime.a.2 2. Subtype L-Prime.b 2.1. L-Prime.b. l 2.2. L-Prime.b.2 3. Subtype L-Prime.c 4. Fabric 5. Distribution 5.1. Alexandria 5.2. Lamps from the chora or of unknown provenance 6. Origin and dating

75

TYPEM l. Subtype M.a 1.1. Distribution 2. Subtype M.b 2.1. Distribution 3. Fabric, manufacturing centres of Type M 4. Origin and dating

78

TYPE M-PRIME 1. Subtype M-Prime.a 2. Subtype M-Prime.b 2.1. M-Prime.b. l 2.2. M-Prime.b.2 3. Fabric in Type M-Prime 4. Origin and dating

81

TYPEN 1. Subtype N.a 1.1. N.a.l 1.2. N.a.2 2. Subtype N.b 2.1. N.b.l 2.2. N.b.2 3. Subtype N.c 4. Fabric, manufacturing centres 5. Origin and dating

83

TYPEO 1. Subtype O.a 1.1. O.a.l. 1.2. O.a.2 2. Subtype O.b 3. Fabric, manufacturing centres 4. Origin and dating

86

TYPE O-PRIME 1. Examples 2. Origin and dating

89

TYPEP 1. Subtype P.a I.I. P.a.1 1.2. P.a.2 2. Subtype P.b

90

V

Contents 2.1. P.b.l 2.2. P.b.2 3. Subtype P.c 4. Fabric and distribution 5. Origin and dating TYPE P-PRIME l. Subtype P.Prirne.a 1.1. P-Prirne.a. l 1.2. P-Prirne.a.2 2. Subtype P-Prirne.b 2.1. P-Prirne.b.l 2.2. P-Prirne.b.2 3. Published examples of Type P-Prirne 4. Fabric, manufacturing centres 5. Origin and dating

93

EARLY ROMAN PERIOD DEVELOPMENTS OF HELLENISTIC TYPES

96

TYPER 1. Subtype R.a I.I. R.a.l 1.2. R.a.2 2. Subtype R.b 3. Subtype R.c 3.1. R.c.l 3.2. R.c.2 4. Subtype R.d 5. Fabric, manufacturing centres 6. Origin and dating

96

TYPES 1. Subtype S.a 2. Subtype S.b 3. Subtype S.c 4. Fabric, manufacturing centres 5. Origin and dating

100

EXAMPLES OF OTHER ROMAN-PERIOD DEVELOPMENTS OF HELLENISTIC TYPES I. Developments of Type M 2. Developments of Type K 3. Developments of Type 0

105

CONCLUSIONS

107

APPENDICES

111

APPENDIX I. Marks on lamps of successive Types

111

APPENDIX II. Types appearing together in some presumed Alexandrian contexts I. Hadra (1907 /1908) 2. Mustapha Pasha (Adriani 1936, 149-53, figs. 71-72) 3. Ras el-Tin (cf Adriani 1952b)

116

APPENDIX III. Other Graeco-Roman Museum lamps discussed in the text, arranged after relevant Types

118

APPENDIX IV. Concordance of the "M" collection numbers and register numbers ofthe Graeco-Roman Museum

119

APPENDIX V. Lamps from Korn el-Dikka referred to in the text, arranged after relevant Types

123

VI

Contents APPENDIX VI. Lamps from Tell Atrib referred to in the text, arranged after relevant Types

125

ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Photographs

127

VII

PREFACE The aim of this study is to present and examine the available data on mould-made terracotta lamps manufactured and/or used in Alexandria in the Hellenistic period (3rd to 1st century B.C.). I believe there is urgent need of such a study in view of the fact that Alexandria constitutes a reference point for many students of Graeco-Roman Egypt in their discussions of the archaeological material (lamps included), while some of the generally accepted statements often turn out to be unfounded. 1. Scope of the study

The body of lamps under discussion will be confined to products of two-part moulds. While wheel-made lamps obviously belong with other vessels fashioned on the potter's wheel, the manufacturing process of mould-made lamps (see Introduction below) is paralleled by that of terracotta figurines or relief bowls. The identification of lamps which were manufactured and/or used in Alexandria in the Hellenistic period is often a difficult matter. Reliable archaeological data concerning the activity of Alexandrian workshops pertain to a period not earlier than the 3rd to 8th centuries A.D. (Mlynarczyk 1995a, 1995b). Some of the earlier objects could be identified as Alexandrian products by petrographical examination, but it is not always possible to determine the lamp's place of manufacture on the grounds of fabric alone. Sandy calcareous marl clay (sources of which might have been available on the el-Mex and Gebel Maryut bars in the vicinity of Alexandria) was basically the same in the entire coastal belt from Alexandria in the east to Marsa Matruh in the west. On the other hand, Nile silt, which was omnipresent in the Delta, was also found at lake Mareotis (Strabo XVII, I,7). Besides, a review of lamps with assuredly Alexandrian provenance provides grounds for the belief that in most periods the local workshops might have simultaneously used and/or mixed two or more different clays. Better clays, when needed, might have been brought to Alexandria (by the more renowned workshops at least) even from distant sources, as still happens today (Zaza 1967, 39).

recorded). It denotes "shapes which were developed during the Hellenistic period, but which sometimes survived into the period of the Roman empire" (Waage 1941, 56). 2. Archaeological sources: study groups 2.1. KD (Korn el-Dikka): lamps discovered during excavations by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, carried out at the site of Korn el-Dikka in the centre of modem Alexandria from 1960 until the present day. The period covered by the finds is comprised between the 3rd century B.C. and the 7th/8th century A.D. However, nearly all the Hellenistic-period lamps (mostly wheel-made in any case), as well as many of the Roman-period objects fail to have a good stratigraphy, most original contexts having been profoundly disturbed in later times. It is only after 1988 that excavations at Korn el-Dikka have yielded some stratified deposits of the Late Hellenistic into Early Roman period. 2.2. MGR (Musee Greco-Romain): lamps from the GraecoRoman Museum in Alexandria. Found (or purchased) on various occasions in Alexandria itself, they cover all the periods in the history of the ancient town. The museum's register books usually give the lamps' provenance, but quite frequently in very broad terms indeed. While using some of this material for the present study, I was not always able to examine particular objects in person. I was able to do so for a few dozen Hellenistic lamps from Alexandrian necropolises (Shatby, Hadra, Ras el-Tin, see appendices), especially when register book entries suggested assemblages possibly indicating a chronological context. Interesting small groups have been recorded from the Great Sarapeum ("Pompey's Pillar") area, too.

Another criterion for local production - peculiarities of form and decoration - is rendered somewhat less reliable by the facility with which overall copies of lamps (surmoulages) could have been made. The third criterion, finally, is the frequency of a given type in Alexandria as compared to other sites. It is true that in some periods mass imports from workshops situated somewhere in the chora might have reached Alexandria, but such lamps in "non-Alexandrian fabrics", when present in Alexandria in considerable quantities, should also be considered as "Alexandrian".

2.3. The "M" collection. At the Graeco-Roman Museum I was granted permission to examine some five hundred hitherto unregistered mould-made lamps, most of them dating to the Hellenistic period, some being a continuation of Hellenistic types in the Roman imperial period. While the lamps have been accumulating in museum stores for years, the process of their registration has only started in 1986. They are said to come mainly from Hadra and Tabied Saleh, but in truth they must have originated from various sites in Alexandria, including Mustapha Pasha, since some of these lamps have already been illustrated by Adriani (1936, figs. 71-2), as well as from the chora and even outside Egypt (Syro-Palestine, Cyprus, Cyrenaica?), for they represent fabrics that are certainly not Alexandrian. This study collection with serial numbers followed by the letter "M" has been helpful in further distinguishing between the lamps manufactured in Alexandria and those made in the chora or outside Egypt.

All through this work "Hellenistic" has been used as a term descriptive of lamp shape, regardless of specific context dating (in the infrequent case when contexts have been

2.4. A good deal of material for discussion is furnished by published lamps excavated in Alexandria (Adriani 1936, 1952a, 1952b) or of allegedly Alexandrian origin in the

Preface collections of the British Museum (Bailey 1975), Tiibingen University (Cahn-Klaiber 1977), Royal Ontario Museum (Hayes 1980) and Liebighaus Museum, Frankfurt (Selesnow 1988), as well as in a number of other collections. Some doubtlessly Alexandrian objects are found in, for example, Museo Egizio in Florence and the Schloessinger collection in Jerusalem; among the lamps published by Petrie (1905) some are also said to be from the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria. It is evident that publications of material from Egyptian sites other than Alexandria should also be taken into consideration, i.e. lamps published with the material from Ehnasya-Herakleopolis Magna (Petrie 1905), lamps from Karanis in the Fayoum (Shier 1978).

stays in Alexandria in 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993; it also granted stipends in 1989, 1991 and 1993, enabling me to complete the research. I am particularly grateful to Dr. Grzegorz Majcherek, the head of the Polish Archaeological Mission in Alexandria, for permission to publish the Korn elDikka lamps, and for sharing with me his wide field experience. To him I owe the dating of relevant contexts based on the pottery finds. Both he and Dr. Eng. Wojciech Koll\taj, director of the Polish-Egyptian Mission at Korn elDikka, have greatly contributed to the amicable and scholarly atmosphere that is so appreciated by all who have ever had the opportunity to work in Alexandria. I would not have been able to undertake the study without the kindness of Madam Dorreya el-Said, then Director of the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria, who gave her permission for me to study a part of the lamp collection held at the Museum. My warm thanks go to my dear friend Dr. Mervat Seif el-Din from the same Museum for her unfailing help and encouragement over the years, as well as to the other curators, Ms Samia Saad Rachwan and Ms Nadia Taya, who patiently assisted me in recording the lamps.

2.5. Apart from a few Late Hellenistic objects from recent Korn el-Dikka excavations (in 1988 and later), there is no stratified evidence on mould-made Hellenistic lamps from Alexandria. Their chronology, therefore, must be based on presumed funerary contexts (more precisely, the simultaneous occurrence, presence or absence of particular lamp types in a given tomb or group of tombs) or on parallels from stratified sites outside Alexandria. Tell Atrib (TA) in the southern Delta has been most important in this respect. Most of the Ptolemaic-period lamps discovered by a Polish-Egyptian expedition working at the site come from well-dated contexts located in the part of the Ptolemaic town of Athribis that had housed for many decades the workshops producing pottery, terracotta figurines and undoubtedly lamps (Mysliwiec and Abu Senna 1995). Stratified lamp finds contribute not only toward the dating of their Alexandrian counterparts, but also to a better understanding of the early stages in the development of the lamp-moulding technique. As far as the Karanis lamps mentioned above are concerned, they can be considered only in terms of their relative chronology, because the absolute dates presented by Shier do not seem quite reliable (Proovost 1984, 164-166).

Prof. Karol Mysliwiec, the head of the Polish-Egyptian mission to Tell Atrib, made it possible for me to study and publish numerous parallels and counterparts of Alexandrian lamps from the ancient Athribis. I am deeply grateful to him and to Prof. Zsolt Kiss, both from the Research Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology of the Polish Academy of Sciences of which I, too, am part, for their constant support and encouragement all through the project. I would like to thank Dr. Aleksandra Krzyzanowska and Dr. Barbara Lichocka for providing identification of the coins found in context with some Hellenistic lamps in Tell Atrib and Alexandria respectively. Work on the present study was facilitated by one-month research fellowships from the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the British Academy. During my visit to Israel in July 1993 I consulted with a number of scholars and I am grateful to them for being so generous with their time and knowledge: Ms Varda Sussman, Prof. Dan Barag and Prof. Ehud Netzer in Jerusalem, Dr. Yael Oleinik in Tel Aviv, Prof. Arthur Segal in Haifa, Dr. Moshe Fischer at his excavations at Yavneh Yam. Special thanks are due to Ms Tikva Levin, Jerusalem, in charge of publishing the lamps from Mareshah, for having kindly shown me this body of material, and to Dr. Amos Kloner, Mareshah expedition director, for permission to refer to it. During a visit to Tel Dor, it was a great pleasure to meet Dr. Renate RosenthalHeginbottom who worked on the lamps from that site and agreed to show me a good number of them.

A body of material of so unequal a cognitive value cannot help but limit our capacity to provide a complete picture of Alexandrian Hellenistic lamp-making. No overall statistics can be given, and any estimates, where quoted, should be referred to individual study groups. For the same reason, we have obviously to abandon any attempt at applying a stiff typological system to the body of material under discussion. My goal instead is to build an "open typology" (in Adams' words, Bulletin de Liaison du GIECE XII, 1987, 38) which will serve as a guide to Alexandrian mould-made lamps: hardly answering all the questions - an impossible task for the time being - but assembling the evidence and conclusions in a way that will facilitate reference to them in further research on Alexandrian lamps. 3. Acknowledgements

My stay in the United Kingdom in February 1995 provided excellent opportunities to visit a number of important lamp collections and to benefit from the kind help of distinguished scholars and friends. I am deeply grateful to Dr. Donald M. Bailey of the British Museum, London, and Dr John W. Hayes of the Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, who were the first to read a draft of the present work and

I owe the idea for the present study to Prof. Wiktor A. Daszewski (University at Trier) whom I would like to thank in this place for his constant encouragement and concern, as well as for permission to refer to the Nea Paphos lamps. The Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of Warsaw University most kindly provided facilities for my successive 2

Preface to her Athenian Agora volume XXIX in which she revises the chronology of Hellenistic lamps in the light of newly established context dates. Special thanks are also due to Prof. John J. Dobbins, University of Virginia, for having provided me with the typescript of his recent study of lamps from Tel Anafa, Israel, and allowing me to refer to it in advance of its publication.

made many invaluable suggestions and comments. Dr Bailey also kindly agreed to revise the final version of the text. Obviously, however, neither one of them is responsible for any mistakes that I might have made. I would like to thank Dr. Rosalind Janssen from the Petrie Museum, University College, London, and Dr. Eleni Vassilika from the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, for making it possible for me to see the rich collections of Egyptian lamps in their respective museums; Dr. Janine Bourriau and Dr. Peter French, from Macdonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, as well as Dr Roberta Tomber from the Museum of London, for their expert opinions on Egyptian fabrics; Dr. Arthur Mc Gregor, Dr. Helen Whitehouse, Dr. Michael Vickers from the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, for their concern and kindness in allowing me to study Egyptian lamps from the museum and to publish some of them eventually.

Financial assistance in the form of a six-month grant, provided by the Foundation of John Paul II, Rome, is most gratefully acknowledged; in particular, the constant concern and encouragement offered by Rev. Marian Radwan SCJ has been outstanding. For revising the English of the present work I am grateful to a longtime friend, Ms Iwona Zych, as well as to Mr. Alex Jastrzebski and Mr. Steve Owad. Last but not least, I would like to thank my husband, Mariusz Burdajewicz, who assisted in countless ways, above all in preparing the figures and the camera-ready form of the text.

Dr. David P. Davison and Dr. Rajka Makjanic, whom I had the pleasure to meet during my stay in Oxford, honored me with the suggestion to publish the present study as a volume in the British Archaeological Reports series; I deeply appreciate their generosity and I am proud indeed to contribute to this renowned series.

All the drawings of lamps from the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria (both "M" and "MGR" objects) and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford are my own, while the lamps from Tell Atrib were drawn by Dr. Tomasz Herbich (Fig. 80), Dr. Adam ~ajtar (Fig. 49) and Mr. Piotr Mieliwodzki (Figs. 25, 27, 46, 50, 62). The drawings were then inked by Ms Dorota Bielinska and Dr. Mariusz Burdajewicz. Photographs nos. 8, 9, 19, 23-25 are the property of the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria and are used with its express consent. The other photographs (nos. 1-7, 10-18, 2022, 26, 27) come from the archives of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology.

I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Roland Etienne, director of the Ecole Franyaise d'Athenes, for having most kindly hosted me at the Ecole for two weeks in October 1994. During my stay in Athens, I benefited from discussions with Prof. Francine Blonde of the Ecole Franyaise and Dr. Judith Binder of the American School of Classical Studies, where I had the opportunity to personally examine some Hellenistic lamps from the Athenian Agora. I am most grateful to Prof. Susan Rotroff, Washington University, for kindly sending me the proofs of an appendix

¢Q~ArA0ON!

3

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Blonde 1988: F. Blonde, "Les lampes tournees hellenistiques au Musee d' Alexandrie", in Commerce et Industrie 1988 (in print) Bourriau 1981: J. Bourriau, Umm el-Ga'ab. Pottery from the Nile Valley before the Arab Conquest. Exhibition Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 6 October to 11 December 1981, Cambridge Brants 1913: J. Brants, De Antieke Terra-Cotta Lampen uit het Rijksmuseum van Outheden te Leiden, Leiden Breccia 1926: E.Breccia, Monuments de l' Egypte grecoromaine II, Bergamo Bresciani 1968: E. Bresciani, Missione di scavo a Medinet Madi (Fayum). Rapporto preliminare de/le campagne di scavo 1966 e 1967, Milano - Varese Briend and Humbert 1980: J. Briend and J.-B. Humbert (eds.), Tell Keisan (1971-1976), une cite phenicienne en Galilee, Fribourg - G;::.J: );:./:~.(-:

~.

~

185 186

187

I/

189

188

---·-·····-·-..-••-

190

-·····

d

191

. 185-187 . Type S·, 188-192. Developments ofType M Fig.

149

192

.

193 194

196

195

197

198

Fig. 193-195. Developments ofType M; 196-197. Developments ofType K 198. Development ofType O

150

A 144 M (G)

398 M (P.a)

163 M (J.a)

98 M (F.I)

266M (K.a)

136 M (G)

356 M (K.a)

A MGR 8436 (J.a)

446 M (M.a)

A MGR 6636 (M.b)

108 M (M-Prime.b)

406 M (K.a)

MGR 8444 (M.a)

-

~ 812 L (M.b)

423 M(K.b)

-

MGR 20.788 (M.b)

217 M (M-Prime.b) MGR 8428 (M-Prime.b)

,

I~ 361 M (M-Prime.a)

~

MGR 20.744 (M-Prime.a)

MGR 8938 (M-Prime.b)

Fig. 199. Facsimile of the lamp marks: letters, in relief and incuse.

151

448 M (M.b)

447M(M.b)

213 M(M.b)

,~/',

320 M (M.a)

265 M (M.a)

212 M (N.b)

A

AA MGR 20.747 (N.b)

249 M (R.a)

MGR 9939 (R.b)

MGR 5600 (R.a)

MGR 8906 (S.a)

822 L (R.a)

244 M (R.b)

MGR 16.546 (S.a)

MGR 20. 782 (S.a)

G 940.b L (S.a)

MGR 21.215 (S.a)

4

r 59 L (A)

432 M (M-Prime.b)

l 416 M (K.b)

417 M (K.b)

43 I M (M-Prime.b)

449 M (M.b)

241 M (R.a)

I

418 M (K.b)

MGR 8913 (K.b)

X

MGR 6575 (K.b)

412 M (K.b)

415 M (K.b)

422 M (K.b)

1

f

T -

t-[

420 M (K.b)

-

1., MGR 8939 (S.b)

MGR 8437 (R.a)

Fig. 200. Facsimile of the lamp marks: letters, incuse. 152

150 M (G)

.,., .. @

•

I,

'

:

'

474 Mand 253 M (K.a)

105 M (B.b)

357 M (J-Prime.b)

MGR 16.407 (B.b)

:

•

MGR 20.745 (K.a)

427 M (K.b)

407 M (K.b)

264 M (P-Prime.a)

.·.:,·-;.~.~~ ... ,t~~.:~,

~~\

~

=~ , ........- .·.:,:..

425 Mand 426 M (K.b)

414 M (K.b)

428 M (K.b)

763 L(K.b)

429 M (K.b)

413M(K.b)

430 M (K.b)

354 M (L-Prime.a)

3~5 M (L-Prime.b)

·t~•

tf 'I.

•

•

~

~-.

242 M (R.a)

892 L (R.c)

243 M (R.b)

Fig. 201.Facsimileofthe

lamp marks: symbols.

153

411 M(K.b)

Photo 1 a-b. Wheel-made lamp 96 L (KD 1648): HT 25 A with long nozzle.

Photo 2. Wheel-made lamp 97 L (KD 1649): HT 25 A with short nozzle.

154

Photo 3 a-b. Wheel-made lamp 801 (KD 1626): a variant of HT 25 B with long nozzle.

Photo 4a-b. Wheel-made lamp 50L (KD 1343).

!55

Photo 5 a-b. Wheel-made lamp 54 L (KD 1355).

Photo 6. Lamp 57 M: Fayoum development of A.a.1/decorated variety. 156

Photo 7. Lamp TA 95/24: Subtype B.a.

Photo 9. MGR lamp 16.548 from Hadra: Subtype B.b.2.

..

Photo 8. MGR lamp 16.407 from Shatby: Subtype B.b.2 .

L

Photo 11. Lamp TA 90/159: Subtype B.c. l

Photo 10. Lamp TA 95/68: Subtype B.b.2.

]57

Photo 12. Lamp TA 89/177: Subtype B.c.2/plain variety.

Photo 13. Lamp TA 95/66p: Subtype D.a.

1111 1111 -

Photo 14. Lamp TA 88/128: Subtype D.a(?)

Photo 15. Lamp 245 M: Subtype F.2.

!58

Photo 16. Lamp TA 89/30p: Subtype F.2-Prime.

Photo 17. Lamp TA 88/38: Type G/variant.

Photo 19. MGR lamp 5025: Subtype I-Prime/a.

Photo 18. Lamp 937 L (KD 4335): Subtype J.a.

159

Photo 21. Lamp TA 88/65: Subtype Lb/variant.

Photo 20. Lamp 783 L (KD 4155): Subtype L.b.2.

Photo 23. MGR lamp 8428 from Alexandria: Subtype M-Prime b.1.

Photo 22. Lamp 812 L (KD 4248): Subtype M.b.

Photo 24. MGR lamp 8938 from Moharrem Bey: Subtype M-Prime b.2. 60

a

Photo 25. MGR lamp P 4530 from Korn es-Shougapha: Subtype N.a.1.

Photo 26. Lamp 814 L (KD 4249): Subtype O.a.1.

Photo 27 a-b. Lamp 892 L (KO 4274): Subtype R.c.

161