Morgantina Studies, Volume VI: The Hellenistic and Roman Fine Pottery 9781400845163

Table of contents :
Title
Copyright
Contents
List of Text Figures, Tables, and Charts
List of Plates
Editors’ Preface
Preface
Bibliography and Abbreviations
I. History and Archaeology of Morgantina
1. Introduction
2. Historical Sketch of Morgantina, 340 BCE–ca. 50 CE
3. The Pottery Deposits and Contexts
4. Regional Pottery Production Represented at Morgantina: Fabrics and Gloss
II. The Later 4th and 3rd Centuries BCE
1. Introduction: Fine Pottery in Sicily in the later 4th and 3rd Centuries BCE
2. Black-Gloss Pottery, Including Vases with overpainted Decoration
FABRICS AND GLOSS
SHAPES
Plates and Related Shapes
Downturned-Rim Plates
Outturned-Rim Plates
Plates and Related Shapes with Applied and Stamped Decoration
Phiale
Lekanis
Bowls, Handleless Cups, Pyxides, and Related Shapes
Hemispherical Bowls
Hemispherical Cups
Deep Hemispherical Cup with Molded Foot
Echinus and In-Beveled-Lip Bowls
Flat-Rimmed Cup or Bowl
Bowl or Pyxis with Inturned Lip
Kernos with Inturned Lip
Biconical Bowl
Outturned-Lip Bowl
Hemispherical-Bodied Pyxis
Globular Pyxis
Cylindrical Pyxides
Inkwells
Cups
Stemless Kylix with Horizontal Handles
Stemless Kylix with Horizontal Handles with Upturned Ends
Two-Handled Cup
Attic Type A Skyphos: Tall Conical Skyphos
Attic Type A Skyphos: Squat Conical Skyphos
Corinthian Skyphos
Kantharoi
Plain-Rimmed Kantharos
Molded-Lip Kantharos
Straight-Walled Kantharos
Skyphoid Kantharos
Kantharoid Skyphos
Amphoras, Stamnoi, Ointment Jars, and an Odd Shape
Amphoras
Stamnos (Pyxis)
Ointment Jars
“Candle Holder”
Pitchers and Related Vases
Ovoid and Globular Pitchers
Bulbous Pitcher
Piriform Pitcher
Conical Pitcher
Mug-Pitcher
Biconical Juglet
Biconical Lekythos
Ovoid Lekythos
Ovoid Bottle
Piriform Bottle
Barrel Bottle
Askos
“Teapot”
Feeder Vase
Overpainted Jug Fragment
Lids
Disk Lid
Horizontal-Brimmed Lid
Conical Lid
Vertical-Brimmed Lid
Hemispherical-Domed Lids
ADDED DECORATION ON FINE POTTERY AT HELLENISTIC MORGANTINA
Stamped and Incised Decoration on Plates and Related Shapes
Overpainted Decoration
3. East Sicilian Polychrome Wares
FINDSPOTS
FABRICS AND ORIGINS
CHRONOLOGY
SHAPES
MOLDED DECORATION
PAINTED DECORATION
THE MEANING OF THE FIGURAL SCENES
III. Republican Morgantina: Black- and Red-Gloss Wares after 211 BCE to ca. 35–25 BCE
1. Introduction: The 2nd and 1st Centuries to ca. 35 BCE
CHANGES IN SHAPE TYPES AT MORGANTINA BETWEEN THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PERIODS
2. Fine Wares of the First Half of the 2nd Century BCE
PLATES
BOWLS AND CUPS
3. Campana C Black-Gloss Pottery
THE CHRONOLOGY OF CAMPANA C: EXTERNAL EVIDENCE
DATED FILLS AT MORGANTINA AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF CAMPANA C
THE MANUFACTURE OF CAMPANA C AT MORGANTINA
FABRIC AND GLOSS
BLACK SAND AND MORGANTINA'S CAMPANA C
SHAPES
Platters, Plates, Shallow Bowls (Paterae), and Deep Bowls
Outturned-Rim Plates and Platters
Vertical-Rimmed Plates
Oblique-Rimmed Plate
Shallow Bowls (Paterae)
Forked-Rim Bowls
Outturned-Rim Plate with Split Rim/Lip
Cups (Small Bowls)
Cups with Hemispherical Bodies
Vertical-Rimmed Cups
Cups with Outturned or Flaring Lips
Pyxides
Chalices or Krateriskoi
Pitchers and other Closed Shapes
DECORATION ON COMPANA C
4. Other Black-Gloss and Miscellaneous Fine Wares
FABRIC I VASES (MORGANTINA)
FABRIC III VASES (SYRACUSE)
CAMPANA B (ETRURIA OR NORTHERN CAMPANA)
BLACK-GLOSS WARES IN OTHER FABRICS
Plates with Stamps
Other Vases
5. Republican Red-Gloss Pottery of the 1st Century BCE
FABRICS AND GLOSS
CHRONOLOGY
SHAPES
Plates and Saucers
Plates with Outturned Rims
Plates with Vertical Rims
Plates with Oblique Rims
Plates and Shallow Bowls or Paterae with Beveled Lips
Flat-Bottomed Plates
Shallow Pendant-Rimmed Dishes with Stamped Rim Ornament
Decorated Plates/Platters and Fragments
Cups and Bowls
Hemispherical-Bodied Cups or Bowls
Net-Pattern Cup
Shallow Hemispherical Cups with Grooved Bodies
Inturned-Lip Cups
Outturned-Lip Cups with Hemispherical Bodies
Vertical-Rimmed Cups or Bowls
Cups or Bowls with Outturned Rims
Biconical-Bodied Cups or Bowls with Slightly Flaring Rims
Skyphoi/Kantharoi and a Related Bowl
Chalices
Closed Shapes
Ovoid-Bodied Pitcher
Biconical-Bodied Pitcher
Two-Handled Biconical Pitcher
Tall Mug/Pitcher
Lekythos
Feeder Vase
Pitcher Fragments
Lid
6. Imported eastern Sigillata A
INTRODUCTION AND CHRONOLOGY
SHAPES
Plates/Platters
Plates and Bowls/Cups with Stamped and Molded Rims
Cups
Chalice
7. Decoration on Tablewares, ca. 211–ca. 35 BCE
STAMPED ORNAMENT AFTER BCE
OVERPAINTING AFTER 211 BCE
INCISED ORNAMENT
IV. Imported Early Italian Terra Sigillata and South Italian Regional Sigillatas
1. Introduction: The last Decades of the 1st Century BCE and the First Half of the 1st Century CE
2. Early Italian Terra Sigillata
FABRIC, GLOSS, AND TECHNIQUE
STAMPS
CHRONOLOGY OF EARLY ITALIAN TERRA SIGILLATA
EARLY ITALIAN TERRA SIGILLATA ON SICILY
CHRONOLOGY OF THE TERRA SIGILLATA AT MORGANTINA
SHAPES OF EARLY ITALIAN TERRA SIGILLATA AND “SERVICES”
SHAPES OF ITALIAN TERRA SIGILLATA FOUND AT MORGANTINA
Early Shapes and Fragments
Middle Augustan to early Claudian Wares
Conspectus Form 12
Conspectus Forms 18 and 19
Conspectus Form 20
Conspectus Form 4
Variant Plate Form
Conspectus Form 14
Conspectus Form 22
Conspectus Forms 26, 27, and 28
Conspectus Forms 31, 32, 33, and 36
STAMPS AND FABRICANTS AT MORGANTINA
3. Regional Terra Sigillatas: Campanian orange and Sicilian (?)
IDENTIFICATION OF THE WARES
CHRONOLOGY
SHAPES OF CAMPANIAN ORANGE SIGILLATA
Platters and Plates
Cups
STAMPS ON CAMPANIAN ORANGE SIGILLATA VASES AT MORGANTINA
“SICILIAN” TERRA SIGILLATA
V. Pottery with Moldmade Decoration
1. Introduction: Moldmade Pottery at Morgantina from the Late 4th Century BCE to the First Half of the 1st Century CE
2. Medallion Wares
TECHNIQUE OF MANUFACTURE
FABRICS
FREQUENCY OF MEDALLION CUPS AT MORGANTINA
EARLIER SCHOLARSHIP ON SICILIAN MEDALLION WARES
CHRONOLOGY
THE NORTH SANCTUARY AND MEDALLION WARES
MEDALLION TYPES
Medallion Types 1 and 2: Sarapis and Isis
Medallion Type 3: Bust of Dionysos
Medallion Type 4: Winged Dionysos
Medallion Type 5: Drunken Dionysos and Silenos
Medallion Type 6: Triumphant Dionysos
Medallion Types 7 and 8: Eros Riding a Lion or Pantheress
Medallion Types 9 and 10: Eros with a Bow
Medallion Types 11 and 12: Aphrodite at Her Toilet and Bust of Athena
Medallion Type 13: Herakles
Medallion Types 14 and 15: nike in a Biga
Medallion Types 16–18: Nereid on a Hippocamp
Medallion Types 19–21: Combats
Medallion Type 22: Archaistic Gorgoneion
Medallion Type 23: Beautiful Gorgoneion
Medallion Type 24: Variant of Beautiful Gorgoneion
Medallion Type 25: Comic Mask
Medallion Type 26: Boukranion
Medallion Types 27–32: Florals
OTHER MEDALLION WARES
SUMMARY
3. Vessels with Relief Appliqués and Other Moldmade Ornament
APPLIQUÉS OF THE 3RD CENTURY BCE
APPLIQUÉS OF THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD (211–CA. 35 BCE)
4. Moldmade Hemispherical Relief Cups (“Megarian Bowls”) and Related Relief Wares
SHAPES
MANUFACTURE
CHRONOLOGY
SOURCES
Attic Cup and Long-Petal Cups
Cups with Incurving Vertical Rims (“Delian”/Ionian)
Unidentified Eastern Cups
Apulian and Other South Italian Moldmade Wares
Central Italian and Liburnian (?) Moldmade Wares
Sicilian Cups and Relief Chalices
5. Early Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Wares
TECHNIQUE
SHAPES AND FINDSPOTS
CHRONOLOGY
WORKSHOPS
M. Perennius Bargathes
Publius Cornelius
Caius Annius
Rasinius
OTHER EARLY ITALIAN TERRA SIGILLATA RELIEF VASES
6. Green-Glazed Wares
VI. Thin-Walled Pottery
1. Fabrics and Origins
2. Chronology
3. Shape Typology and Decoration
REPUBLICAN FORMS
Beakers/Jars
Tall Ovoid-Bodied Beakers or Jars
Globular-Bodied Beakers or Jars
Ovoid-Bodied Beakers or Jars with Various Lips
Biconical Jars (or Cups)
Cups or Pitchers
Biconical Cups or Pitchers
Globular Cup
Hemispherical-Bodied Cup
Other Fragments
REPUBLICAN DECORATION OF THIN-WALLED WARES
Barbotine Decoration
Incised Ornament
Rouletting
IMPERIAL FORMS
Ovoid Beaker or Jar
Ovoid Jug or Mug
Vertical-Rimmed Jar or Beaker
Other Fragments
VII. Catalogue
Format and Terminology of the Catalogue
Catalogue
BLACK-GLOSS WARES OF THE LATER 4TH AND 3RD CENTURIES BCE
EAST SICILIAN POLYCHROME WARES
FINE WARES OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 2ND CENTURY BCE
CAMPANA C BLACK-GLOSS POTTERY
OTHER BLACK-GLOSS AND MISCELLANEOUS FINE WARES
REPUBLICAN RED-GLOSS POTTERY OF THE 1ST CENTURY BCE
IMPORTED EASTERN SIGILLATA A
EARLY ITALIAN TERRA SIGILLATA
REGIONAL TERRA SIGILLATAS: CAMPANIAN ORANGE AND SICILIAN (?)
MEDALLION WARES
VESSELS WITH RELIEF APPLIQUÉS AND OTHER MOLDMADE ORNAMENT
MOLDMADE HEMISPHERICAL RELIEF CUPS (“MEGARIAN BOWLS”) AND RELATED RELIEF WARES
EARLY ITALIAN TERRA SIGILLATA RELIEF WARES
GREEN-GLAZED WARES
THIN-WALLED POTTERY
Appendix 1: The evidence for Pottery Manufacture at Morgantina from the Later 4th Century BCE to the 1st Century CE
Appendix 2: The Provenance of Ceramics at Morgantina from the 3rd Century BCE through the 1st Century CE as Defined by Portable EDXRF Analysis
Appendix 3: Concordance of Shapes Found at Morgantina with Those Commonly Found in the Tombs of the 4th and the First Half of the 3rd Century BCE on Lipari
Appendix 4: The Morgantina Silver Treasure
Concordance of Inventory Numbers
Subject Index
Index of Deposits and Contexts
Plates

Citation preview

Morgantina Studies

VI The Hellenistic and Roman Fine Pottery

Morgantina Studies

Volume VI results of the excavations conducted at morgantina by princeton university, the university of illinois, and the university of virginia editors

malcolm bell, iii christopher moss

princeton, new Jersey

•

2014

The Hellenistic and Roman Fine Pottery BY

SHelleY C. STone

department of art and archaeology princeton university in association with princeton university press

published by the department of art and archaeology, princeton university, princeton, new Jersey 08544-1018 in association with princeton university press distributed by princeton university press, 41 william street, princeton, new Jersey 08540-5237 press.princeton.edu copyright © 2014 by the trustees of princeton university In the Nation’s Service and in the Service of All Nations all rights reserved publication is made possible in part by a grant from the barr ferree foundation fund, department of art and archaeology, princeton university. designer and production manager: laury a. egan typesetter: Jane rundell this book was typeset in adobe garamond printed in the united states of america by puritan capital, hollis, new hampshire, on acid-free paper

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Library of Congress Control Number: 80008537 ISBn 978-0-691-15672-9 British library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

Contents list of Text Figures, Tables, and Charts list of Plates editors’ Preface Preface Bibliography and Abbreviations I. History and Archaeology of Morgantina 1. Introduction 2. Historical Sketch of Morgantina, 340 BCe–ca. 50 Ce 3. e Pottery Deposits and Contexts 4. Regional Pottery Production Represented at Morgantina: Fabrics and Gloss II. e Later 4th and 3rd Centuries BCE 1. Introduction: Fine Pottery in Sicily in the later 4th and 3rd Centuries BCe 2. Black-Gloss Pottery, Including Vases with overpainted Decoration Fabrics and Gloss Shapes Plates and Related Shapes Downturned-Rim Plates Outturned-Rim Plates Plates and Related Shapes with Applied and Stamped Decoration Phiale lekanis Bowls, Handleless Cups, Pyxides, and Related Shapes Hemispherical Bowls Hemispherical Cups Deep Hemispherical Cup with Molded Foot Echinus and In-Beveled-Lip Bowls Flat-Rimmed Cup or Bowl Bowl or Pyxis with Inturned Lip Kernos with Inturned Lip

xiv xv xx xxi xxiii

3 6 27 72

81 83 83 84 84 84 85 87 87 88 89 89 89 91 92 94 94 95

vi

ConTenTS

Biconical Bowl Outturned-Lip Bowl Hemispherical-Bodied Pyxis Globular Pyxis Cylindrical Pyxides Inkwells Cups Stemless Kylix with Horizontal Handles Stemless Kylix with Horizontal Handles with Upturned Ends Two-Handled Cup Attic Type A Skyphos: Tall Conical Skyphos Attic Type A Skyphos: Squat Conical Skyphos Corinthian Skyphos Kantharoi Plain-Rimmed Kantharos Molded-Lip Kantharos Straight-Walled Kantharos Skyphoid Kantharos Kantharoid Skyphos Amphoras, Stamnoi, ointment Jars, and an odd Shape Amphoras Stamnos (Pyxis) Ointment Jars “Candle Holder” Pitchers and Related Vases Ovoid and Globular Pitchers Bulbous Pitcher Piriform Pitcher Conical Pitcher Mug-Pitcher Biconical Juglet Biconical Lekythos Ovoid Lekythos Ovoid Bottle Piriform Bottle Barrel Bottle Askos “Teapot” Feeder Vase Overpainted Jug Fragment

96 96 97 98 98 99 100 100 101 101 102 104 105 106 106 106 107 108 109 109 109 110 111 113 113 114 115 115 116 116 117 117 118 118 120 120 121 121 122 122

ConTenTS

lids Disk Lid Horizontal-Brimmed Lid Conical Lid Vertical-Brimmed Lid Hemispherical-Domed Lids Added Decoration on Fine Pottery at Hellenistic Morgantina Stamped and Incised Decoration on Plates and Related Shapes overpainted Decoration

3. east Sicilian Polychrome Wares Findspots Fabrics and origins Chronology Shapes Molded Decoration Painted Decoration The Meaning of the Figural Scenes

III. Republican Morgantina: Black- and Red-Gloss Wares after 211 BCE to ca. 35–25 BCE 1. Introduction: e 2nd and 1st Centuries to ca. 35 BCe Changes in Shape Types at Morgantina between the Hellenistic and Roman Periods

2. Fine Wares of the First Half of the 2nd Century BCe Plates Bowls and Cups

3. Campana C Black-Gloss Pottery The Chronology of Campana C: external evidence Dated Fills at Morgantina and the Chronology of Campana C The Manufacture of Campana C at Morgantina Fabric and Gloss Black Sand and Morgantina’s Campana C Shapes Platters, Plates, Shallow Bowls (Paterae), and Deep Bowls Outturned-Rim Plates and Platters Vertical-Rimmed Plates

vii

123 123 124 125 125 125 126 127 128 132 133 134 135 136 137 137 138

139 139 142 145 145 145 146 147 150 151 152 153 154 155 155 156

viii

ConTenTS

Oblique-Rimmed Plate Shallow Bowls (Paterae) Forked-Rim Bowls Outturned-Rim Plate with Split Rim/Lip Cups (Small Bowls) Cups with Hemispherical Bodies Vertical-Rimmed Cups Cups with Outturned or Flaring Lips Pyxides Chalices or Krateriskoi Pitchers and other Closed Shapes Decoration on Campana C

4. other Black-Gloss and Miscellaneous Fine Wares Fabric I Vases (Morgantina) Fabric III Vases (Syracuse) Campana B (etruria or northern Campania) Black-Gloss Wares in other Fabrics Plates with Stamps other Vases

5. Republican Red-Gloss Pottery of the 1st Century BCe Fabrics and Gloss Chronology Shapes Plates and Saucers Plates with Outturned Rims Plates with Vertical Rims Plates with Oblique Rims Plates and Shallow Bowls or Paterae with Beveled Lips Flat-Bottomed Plates Shallow Pendant-Rimmed Dishes with Stamped Rim Ornament Decorated Plates/Platters and Fragments Cups and Bowls Hemispherical-Bodied Cups or Bowls Net-Pattern Cup Shallow Hemispherical Cups with Grooved Bodies Inturned-Lip Cups Outturned-Lip Cups with Hemispherical Bodies Vertical-Rimmed Cups or Bowls

156 157 158 158 158 159 160 160 161 162 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 168 168 169 170 173 175 175 175 177 178 179 180 182 183 183 184 185 185 185 186 186

ConTenTS

Cups or Bowls with Outturned Rims Biconical-Bodied Cups or Bowls with Slightly Flaring Rims Skyphoi/Kantharoi and a Related Bowl Chalices Closed Shapes Ovoid-Bodied Pitcher Biconical-Bodied Pitcher Two-Handled Biconical Pitcher Tall Mug/Pitcher Lekythos Feeder Vase Pitcher Fragments lid

6. Imported eastern Sigillata A Introduction and Chronology Shapes Plates/Platters Plates and Bowls/Cups with Stamped and Molded Rims Cups Chalice

7. Decoration on Tablewares, ca. 211–ca. 35 BCe Stamped ornament after 211 BCe overpainting after 211 BCe Incised ornament

IV. Imported Early Italian Terra Sigillata and South Italian Regional Sigillatas 1. Introduction: e last Decades of the 1st Century BCe and the First Half of the 1st Century Ce 2. early Italian Terra Sigillata Fabric, Gloss, and Technique Stamps Chronology of early Italian Terra Sigillata early Italian Terra Sigillata on Sicily Chronology of the Terra Sigillata at Morgantina Shapes of early Italian Terra Sigillata and “Services” Shapes of Italian Terra Sigillata Found at Morgantina early Shapes and Fragments

ix

187 188 188 189 190 190 190 190 191 192 192 192 192 193 193 196 196 198 198 200 200 200 204 205

207 209 210 210 211 213 214 215 216 216

x

ConTenTS

Middle Augustan to early Claudian Wares Conspectus Form 12 Conspectus Forms 18 and 19 Conspectus Form 20 Conspectus Form 4 Variant Plate Form Conspectus Form 14 Conspectus Form 22 Conspectus Forms 26, 27, and 28 Conspectus Forms 31, 32, 33, and 36 Stamps and Fabricants at Morgantina

3. Regional Terra Sigillatas: Campanian orange and Sicilian (?) Identification of the Wares Chronology Shapes of Campanian orange Sigillata Platters and Plates Cups Stamps on Campanian orange Sigillata Vases at Morgantina “Sicilian” Terra Sigillata

V. Pottery with Moldmade Decoration 1. Introduction: Moldmade Pottery at Morgantina from the late 4th Century BCe to the First Half of the 1st Century Ce 2. Medallion Wares Technique of Manufacture Fabrics Frequency of Medallion Cups at Morgantina earlier Scholarship on Sicilian Medallion Wares Chronology The north Sanctuary and Medallion Wares Medallion Types Medallion Types 1 and 2: Sarapis and Isis Medallion Type 3: Bust of Dionysos Medallion Type 4: Winged Dionysos Medallion Type 5: Drunken Dionysos and Silenos Medallion Type 6: Triumphant Dionysos Medallion Types 7 and 8: eros Riding a lion or Pantheress

216 216 217 217 219 219 219 219 220 220 221 223 223 225 226 226 227 227 228

229 231 233 235 237 238 239 245 245 246 253 254 255 255 255

ConTenTS

xi

257 257 258 259 261 262 263 264 266 266 266 267 other Medallion Wares 268 Summary 270 3. Vessels with Relief Appliqués and other Moldmade ornament 270 Appliqués of the 3rd Century BCe 270 Appliqués of the Republican Period (211–ca. 35 BCe) 272 4. Moldmade Hemispherical Relief Cups (“Megarian Bowls”) and Related Relief Wares 274 Shapes 275 Manufacture 276 Chronology 276 Sources 278 Attic Cup and long-Petal Cups 278 Cups with Incurving Vertical Rims (“Delian”/Ionian) 279 Unidentified eastern Cups 280 Apulian and other South Italian Moldmade Wares 280 Central Italian and liburnian (?) Moldmade Wares 281 Sicilian Cups and Relief Chalices 281 5. early Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Wares 282 Technique 283 Shapes and Findspots 284 Chronology 284 Workshops 285 M. Perennius Bargathes 286 Publius Cornelius 287 Caius Annius 288 Rasinius 288 Medallion Types 9 and 10: eros with a Bow Medallion Types 11 and 12: Aphrodite at Her Toilet and Bust of Athena Medallion Type 13: Herakles Medallion Types 14 and 15: nike in a Biga Medallion Types 16–18: nereid on a Hippocamp Medallion Types 19–21: Combats Medallion Type 22: Archaistic Gorgoneion Medallion Type 23: Beautiful Gorgoneion Medallion Type 24: Variant of Beautiful Gorgoneion Medallion Type 25: Comic Mask Medallion Type 26: Boukranion Medallion Types 27–32: Florals

xii

ConTenTS

other early Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Vases

6. Green-Glazed Wares VI. in-Walled Pottery 1. Fabrics and origins 2. Chronology 3. Shape Typology and Decoration Republican Forms Beakers/Jars Tall Ovoid-Bodied Beakers or Jars Globular-Bodied Beakers or Jars Ovoid-Bodied Beakers or Jars with Various Lips Biconical Jars (or Cups) Cups or Pitchers Biconical Cups or Pitchers Globular Cup Hemispherical-Bodied Cup other Fragments Republican Decoration of Thin-walled Wares Barbotine Decoration Incised ornament Rouletting Imperial Forms ovoid Beaker or Jar ovoid Jug or Mug Vertical-Rimmed Jar or Beaker other Fragments

VII. Catalogue Format and Terminology of the Catalogue Catalogue Black-Gloss Wares of the later 4th and 3rd Centuries BCe east Sicilian Polychrome Wares Fine Wares of the First Half of the 2nd Century BCe Campana C Black-Gloss Pottery other Black-Gloss and Miscellaneous Fine Wares Republican Red-Gloss Pottery of the 1st Century BCe

288 290 291 292 294 296 296 296 296 297 297 298 299 299 300 300 301 301 301 302 302 302 303 303 304 304

305 310 334 338 339 347 350

ConTenTS

Imported eastern Sigillata A early Italian Terra Sigillata Regional Terra Sigillatas: Campanian orange and Sicilian (?) Medallion Wares Vessels with Relief Appliqués and other Moldmade ornament Moldmade Hemispherical Relief Cups (“Megarian Bowls”) and Related Relief Wares early Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Wares Green-Glazed Wares Thin-Walled Pottery

xiii

363 367 376 378 392 394 399 402 402

Appendix 1: e evidence for Pottery Manufacture at Morgantina from the later 4th Century BCe to the 1st Century Ce

408

Appendix 2: e Provenance of Ceramics at Morgantina from the 3rd Century BCe through the 1st Century Ce as Defined by Portable eDXRF Analysis, by Malia Johnson and Maury Morgenstein

416

Appendix 3: Concordance of Shapes Found at Morgantina with ose Commonly Found in the Tombs of the 4th and the First Half of the 3rd Century BCe on lipari

451

Appendix 4: e Morgantina Silver Treasure

458

Concordance of Inventory numbers Subject Index Index of Deposits and Contexts Plates

462 470 484

list of Text Figures, Tables, and Charts Text Figures Figure 1. Plan of Areas I, II, and IV showing locations of deposits and contexts Figure 2. Plan of north Sanctuary and north Sanctuary Annex, Area IV, after 211 BCe Figure A1. Sediment sample scattergrams for SR, Fe/10, Rb×10 element concentrations Figure A2. Fabric I, II, and III classification with likely sources Figure A3. Sr, Zr, Fe/10 for ceramics and sediment samples Figure A4. Triangular scattergram using Zr, Rb×10, and Fe/10 for ceramic artifacts Figure A5. Triangular scattergram for Sr, Fe/10, and Rb×10 for ceramics and sediment samples Figure A6. Medallion wares for three fabrics scattergram Figure A7. Sr ppm vs. Rb×10 for the figurines (sample nos. 65, 66, 67, 68)

30 42 436 438 439 440 441 442 443

Tables Table 1. Deposits dated ca. 300–200 BCe Table 2. Contexts dated ca. 300–200 BCe Table 3. Deposits dated ca. 200–35 BCe Table 4. Contexts dated ca. 200–15 BCe Table 5. Contexts dated ca. 35 BCe–ca. 50 Ce Table 6. Context dated ca. 100 BCe with early-7th-century Ce overfill Table 7. “Hellenistic” and “Roman” eastern Sigillata ware shapes at Morgantina Table 8. early Italian terra sigillata fabricants and workplaces represented at Morgantina Table A1. Sample data Table A2. eDXRF geochemistry Table A3. Magnetic susceptibility and optical petrography

32 34 49 51 62 70 196 222 418 423 428

Charts Chart 1. Fine wares of the 3rd and very early 2nd centuries BCe at Morgantina Chart 2. Red-gloss fine wares of the 1st century BCe at Morgantina, ca. 100–25 BCe Chart 3. Shapes in the Morgantina deposits/contexts of the 3rd century BCe or that can be conjectured were made in the 3rd century Chart 4. Shapes in the Morgantina deposits/contexts of the 1st century BCe, not including eastern Sigillata A

73 74 143 144

list of Plates Drawings Plate 1. Hellenistic black-gloss: plates Plate 2. Hellenistic black-gloss: plates Plate 3. Hellenistic black-gloss: stamped fragment, omphalos phiale, lekanides, hemispherical bowls, hemispherical cup Plate 4. Hellenistic black-gloss: hemispherical cups, deep hemispherical cups, echinus bowls Plate 5. Hellenistic black-gloss: echinus bowls, hemispherical bowls Plate 6. Hellenistic black-gloss: hemispherical bowls, cup/bowl, bowls/pyxides, kernos Plate 7. Hellenistic black-gloss: biconical bowls, bowls, pyxides Plate 8. Hellenistic black-gloss: pyxis, inkwells, stemless kylikes, two-handled cups, Attic type A skyphoi Plate 9. Hellenistic black-gloss: Attic type A skyphoi Plate 10. Hellenistic black-gloss: Attic type A skyphoi Plate 11. Hellenistic black-gloss: Corinthian-type skyphoi, kantharoi Plate 12. Hellenistic black-gloss: kantharoi, skyphoid kantharoi Plate 13. Hellenistic black-gloss: kantharoid skyphoi, amphoras Plate 14. Hellenistic black-gloss: stamnoi, ointment jars Plate 15. Hellenistic black-gloss: ointment jars, “candle holders” Plate 16. Hellenistic black-gloss: pitchers Plate 17. Hellenistic black-gloss: mug-pitchers, juglet, lekythoi Plate 18. Hellenistic black-gloss: lekythoi, ovoid bottles Plate 19. Hellenistic black-gloss: piriform bottle, barrel bottles Plate 20. Hellenistic black-gloss: askos, “teapot,” feeder vases, lids Plate 21. Hellenistic black-gloss: lids Plate 22. Hellenistic black-gloss: lids Plate 23. Hellenistic black-gloss: lids. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: lekanides Plate 24. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: lekanides, pyxis-krater, cylindrical pyxides Plate 25. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: lebes gamikos with stand Plate 26. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: hydria, stands, lekanis lid Plate 27. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: lekanis lids, domed lid. Deposit IIA (early-2nd-century BCe fill): plate, kantharos, bowl/krater Plate 28. Campana C black-gloss: platters/plates, stemmed plate Plate 29. Campana C black-gloss: plates

xv i

l I S T o F P l AT e S

Plate 30. Campana C black-gloss: plates, shallow bowls/paterae Plate 31. Campana C black-gloss: forked-rim bowl, plate with split rim/lip, hemispherical cups Plate 32. Campana C black-gloss: hemispherical cups, vertical-rimmed cups Plate 33. Campana C black-gloss: vertical-rimmed cups, outturned-lip cups Plate 34. Campana C black-gloss: outturned-lip cups, forked-lip cup, flaring-lip cups Plate 35. Campana C black-gloss: pyxides, pyxis or inkwell, chalices/krateriskoi, pitchers Plate 36. Campana C black-gloss: lekythoi. Sicilian black-gloss, fabric I: deep cups, incurving-lip cups Plate 37. Sicilian black-gloss, fabric I: cups, kantharos, feeder vase, lid. Sicilian black-gloss, fabric III: plate. Campana B black-gloss: plate Plate 38. Sicilian black-gloss, fabric III: hemispherical cups. Campana B black-gloss: pyxis. Miscellaneous imports: Pergamene-style kantharos, pyxis, lid. Republican red-gloss: plates Plate 39. Republican red-gloss: plates Plate 40. Republican red-gloss: platters/plates Plate 41. Republican red-gloss: platters/plates, plates Plate 42. Republican red-gloss: shallow bowls/paterae, plates Plate 43. Republican red-gloss: plates, shallow dishes, cup/bowl Plate 44. Republican red-gloss: cups/bowls, net-pattern cup Plate 45. Republican red-gloss: cups, cups/bowls Plate 46. Republican red-gloss: cups/bowls Plate 47. Republican red-gloss: cups/bowls, skyphoi/kantharoi, kantharos-like bowl, chalices Plate 48. Republican red-gloss: pitchers, tall mugs/pitchers, lekythoi Plate 49. Republican red-gloss: feeder vases, pitcher fragments, lid. eastern Sigillata A: platters/plates Plate 50. eastern Sigillata A: platters/plates, cups/bowls, cups Plate 51. eastern Sigillata A: cups, chalices, plate and cup bases Plate 52. Italian terra sigillata: platters/plates, cups Plate 53. Italian terra sigillata: platters/plates Plate 54. Italian terra sigillata: platters/plates Plate 55. Italian terra sigillata: cups Plate 56. Italian terra sigillata: cups Plate 57. Italian terra sigillata: stamps Plate 58. Italian terra sigillata: cups, plates. Campanian orange Sigillata: platters/plates Plate 59. Campanian orange Sigillata: plates, cup. Hard orange (“Sicilian”) terra sigillata: plates, cup. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups Plate 60. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, long-petal cup, “Ionian” cup Plate 61. Moldmade relief ware: “Ionian” cups, south Italian cup, Italian terra sigillata relief chalices and stamps Plate 62. Italian terra sigillata relief ware: chalices. Green-glazed ware: jug. in-walled ware: beakers/jars Plate 63. in-walled ware: beakers/jars

l I S T o F P l AT e S

xvii

Plate 64. in-walled ware: beakers/jars Plate 65. in-walled ware: beakers/jars, jars/cups Plate 66. in-walled ware: jars/cups, pitchers/cups, cups Plate 67. in-walled ware: cups, deep cups, fragments with decoration Plate 68. Imperial thin-walled ware: beaker/jar, jug/mug, jars/beakers. “African Red Slip ware”: bowl

Photographs Plate 69. Hellenistic black-gloss: plates Plate 70. Hellenistic black-gloss: plates, omphalos phiale Plate 71. Hellenistic black-gloss: lekanides, hemispherical bowls, hemispherical cups Plate 72. Hellenistic black-gloss: hemispherical cups, deep hemispherical cup Plate 73. Hellenistic black-gloss: deep hemispherical cups Plate 74. Hellenistic black-gloss: echinus bowls, bowls/pyxides, kernoi, biconical bowl, hemispherical bowl Plate 75. Hellenistic black-gloss: pyxides, inkwells Plate 76. Hellenistic black-gloss: stemless kylix, two-handled cups, Attic type A skyphoi Plate 77. Hellenistic black-gloss: Attic type A skyphoi, Corinthian-type skyphoi, kantharoi Plate 78. Hellenistic black-gloss: kantharoi, skyphoid kantharoi, kantharoid skyphoi Plate 79. Hellenistic black-gloss: amphoras Plate 80. Hellenistic black-gloss: stamnoi, ointment jars Plate 81. Hellenistic black-gloss: ointment jars, “candle holders,” pitchers Plate 82. Hellenistic black-gloss: pitchers, mug-pitchers, juglet Plate 83. Hellenistic black-gloss: lekythoi, ovoid bottles Plate 84. Hellenistic black-gloss: barrel bottles Plate 85. Hellenistic black-gloss: askos, “teapot,” feeder vase, overpainted jug fragment, lids Plate 86. Hellenistic black-gloss: lids Plate 87. Hellenistic black-gloss: lids Plate 88. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: lekanides Plate 89. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: pyxis-kraters, lebes gamikos with stand Plate 90. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: lebetes gamikoi, lebes gamikos handles Plate 91. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: pyxis-krater, cylindrical pyxides, hydria, stand Plate 92. east Sicilian Polychrome ware: stands, lekanis lids Plate 93. Deposit IIA (early-2nd-century BCe fill): plate fragments, overpainted bowl fragment, kantharos, cups/bowls. Campana C black-gloss: platters/plates Plate 94. Campana C black-gloss: platters/plates, stemmed plate, shallow bowls/paterae Plate 95. Campana C black-gloss: forked-rim bowl, plate bases, hemispherical cup Plate 96. Campana C black-gloss: hemispherical cups, vertical-rimmed cups, outturned-lip cups Plate 97. Campana C black-gloss: outturned-lip cups, flaring-lip cup, pyxides, chalices/krateriskoi

xv i i i

l I S T o F P l AT e S

Plate 98. Campana C black-gloss: chalice/krateriskos, pitchers, lekythoi, feeder vase, pitcher base. Sicilian black-gloss, fabric I: stamped plate, deep cup Plate 99. Sicilian black-gloss, fabric I: deep cups, incurving-lip cups, kantharos, kantharos waster, skyphos/kantharos, feeder vase, lid Plate 100. Sicilian black-gloss, fabric III: plate. Campana C black-gloss: plate, pyxides. Miscellaneous imports: plates with stamps, cup/kantharos. Republican red-gloss: plate Plate 101. Republican red-gloss: plates Plate 102. Republican red-gloss: plates, platters Plate 103. Republican red-gloss: cups/bowls, net-pattern cup, cups Plate 104. Republican red-gloss: cups/bowls, skyphoi/kantharoi, kantharos-like bowl, chalices Plate 105. Republican red-gloss: small pitchers, two-handled pitcher, tall mugs/pitchers Plate 106. Republican red-gloss: lekythoi, feeder vases. eastern Sigillata A: platters/plates Plate 107. eastern Sigillata A: platters/plates/cups/bowls, cups. Italian terra sigillata: platters/plates Plate 108. Italian terra sigillata: platters/plates, cups Plate 109. Italian terra sigillata: cups. Campanian orange Sigillata: platters/plates, cups. Hard orange (“Sicilian”) terra sigillata: plate Plate 110. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups Plate 111. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 1, 2, 2A, 2B, and 2C Plate 112. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 2C, 2D, and 3 Plate 113. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 3 and 4 Plate 114. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 5, 6, and 7 Plate 115. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 7 and 8 Plate 116. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 8 and 9 Plate 117. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 9 and 10 Plate 118. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 Plate 119. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 Plate 120. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 22 and 23 Plate 121. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 23, 24, 25, and 26 Plate 122. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 27, 28, 39, and 30 Plate 123. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, medallion types 30, 31, and 32, and Apulian import Plate 124. Moldmade relief ware: medallion cups, imported types, appliqués Plate 125. Moldmade relief ware: appliqués Plate 126. Moldmade relief ware: appliqués, appliqué molds, Attic moldmade cup, “Ionian” cups Plate 127. Moldmade relief ware: “Ionian” cups Plate 128. Moldmade relief ware: “Ionian” cups, eastern cup with orange fabric, eastern cups with gray fabric Plate 129. Moldmade relief ware: eastern cup with gray fabric, south Italian cups and chalices Plate 130. Moldmade relief ware: central Italian cup, liburnian (?) chalice, relief cup mold, Sicilian (?) cup, Sicilian chalices Plate 131. Italian terra sigillata relief ware: workshops of M. Perennius Bargathes and P. Cornelius

l I S T o F P l AT e S

xix

Plate 132. Italian terra sigillata relief ware: workshop of P. Cornelius Plate 133. Italian terra sigillata relief ware: workshops of P. Cornelius and C. Annius Plate 134. Italian terra sigillata relief ware: workshop of Rasinius and unknown workshops. Green-glazed ware: jug, skyphos Plate 135. in-walled ware: beakers/jars Plate 136. in-walled ware: beakers/jars Plate 137. in-walled ware: beakers/jars Plate 138. in-walled ware: beakers/jars, jar/cup, cups Plate 139. in-walled ware: bowl/cup, cup, fragments with decoration. Imperial thin-walled ware: jug/mug, fragments with decoration Plate 140. Wasters and mold: medallion cup, utilitarian jug, Campana C, utilitarian ring stand, mold for shell foot of tripod bowl Plate 141. Pottery manufacture at Morgantina: roulettes, lamp mold, unguentarium waster, utilitarian jug waster Plate 142. late Roman and medieval wares: medieval amphora, inv. 67-167; “African Red Slip ware” bowl, inv. 80-82; amphoriskos, inv. 80-86. Morgantina silver hoard: medallion cup, Museo Archeologico Regionale di Aidone 3/Metropolitan Museum of Art 1981.11.20; deep cup with tripod feet, Museo Archeologico Regionale di Aidone 15/Metropolitan Museum of Art 1981.11.18

Foldout Plan Plate 143. Site plan of Morgantina showing locations of contexts and deposits

editors’ Preface Since their inception in 1955 the American excavations at Morgantina have brought to light a rich collection of late classical, Hellenistic, and early Roman pottery. These finds provide extensive documentation of the local and imported ceramic styles and forms favored in eastern Sicily over a period of more than three centuries, during which time Morgantina passed from Greek to Roman rule. Many discrete excavated contexts, in the form of floor deposits in houses and sanctuaries, cisterns, and sealed strata, contain valuable chronological, historical, and cultural evidence. The Greek and Roman fine wares from Morgantina were first studied by the late Doris Taylor Bishop. Subsequently, the Roman material became the subject of Shelley C. Stone’s Princeton dissertation, “Roman Pottery from Morgantina in Sicily” (1981). The author has now extended the compass of his work to include the Greek fine wares from ca. 350 BCe through the Hellenistic era. We anticipate that this comprehensive study of the later Greek and Roman pottery from Morgantina will be of use to archaeologists in the central Mediterranean, as well providing a particularly full picture of the tablewares of a Hellenistic and early Roman city in Sicily. A second volume by Professor Stone on ceramic finds from Morgantina will be dedicated to Greek and Roman lamps, and cooking and utilitarian wares. It is our pleasure to express warm thanks to the Sicilian authorities who from the start have generously authorized and supported the research of the American project. In the early period these included the late Professor luigi Bernabò Brea at Syracuse, and, at Agrigento, the late Professor Piero orlandini, Professor ernesto De Miro, and Dr. Graziella Fiorentini. After the creation of the Superintendency of enna in 1987, we have been indebted to Dr. Giuseppe lo Jacono, the late Dr. Gianfilippo Villari, Dr. Beatrice Basile, and Arch. Fulvia Caffo, as well as the staff archaeologists Dr. enza Cilia, Dr. lorenzo Guzzardi, Dr. Caterina Greco, and Dr. Carmela Bonanno. More recently we have also received valued assistance from Arch. enrico Caruso, director of the new Parco Archeologico Regionale di Morgantina. This book has been published with support from the Barr Ferree Fund of Princeton University, for which all concerned parties are deeply grateful. Malcolm Bell, III Christopher Moss

Preface This volume has a long history. In the spring of 1978 I was asked by Professor William A. P. Childs of Princeton University to publish the Hellenistic pottery found at Morgantina. He directed my Princeton dissertation covering part of the material, and he remains my verehrte Lehrer. It was originally proposed that the Hellenistic and Roman pottery be published in one volume of Morgantina Studies, using Agora XII as a model. After my first summer at Morgantina, I realized that the amount of material could hardly be encompassed in one volume, but it was only in 2002, when my manuscript was well over 1,000 pages in length, that the editors of the publication project authorized the division of the material into two volumes. This book covers the fine wares, mostly vases used in dining, that date from the second half of the 4th century BCe through the early 1st century Ce. A subsequent volume will examine the plain pottery and cooking wares, as well as the terracotta lamps of Hellenistic and early Roman date. The text of the present volume was submitted in December of 2004, and a revised text was completed in late 2007. Since then it has been revised only as absolutely necessary; a limited number of references to publications that have appeared after 2007 have been incorporated. Many people have contributed to making this book possible. My first thanks must go to Malcolm Bell III, director of the American excavations at Morgantina, who has helped me inestimably over many years. Carla Antonaccio, currently co-director of the American excavations, has also provided much assistance, as well as needed friendship, especially during long summers in central Sicily. The same can be said of Barbara Tsakirgis. other Morgantinians who have provided boon companionship and expertise at various times include (in alphabetical order): the late Hubert l. Allen, larry Ball, Barbara Barletta, ninina Cuomo di Caprio, Paul Deussen, John Dobbins, Steven Falatko, Thomas Groves, William Hendrix, lars Karlsson, Robert leighton, Adam lindhagen, Sandra lucore, Claire lyons, Jenifer neils, Henry Sharp, Patricia Steccone, Ann Taylor, Stephen Thompson, erik Thorkildsen, D. Alexander Walthall, Justin Walsh, and nancy Winter. In Princeton, Christopher Moss must be singled out for his extraordinary efforts to try to make sense of this manuscript. Shari Kenfield has helped immensely with photographs, and JoAnn Boscarino also deserves many thanks for assistance in that area. Professor Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs was the second reader for my doctoral dissertation and over the years has shared generously her vast knowledge of ancient Italian pottery. other scholars who have offered much-appreciated insights into the material include: the late Howard Comfort, John Hayes, Gerhild Hübner, Philip Kenrick, Paola Porten Palange, Paola Puppo, Susan Rotroff, Ann Scott, Kathleen Slane, and Cristina Troso. Tom loening and laetitia laFollette have been good friends.

xxii

P R e FA C e

In Italy, the Superintendencies of Agrigento and enna have authorized research at Morgantina during my long tenure there. From Agrigento, Professor ernesto DeMiro and Dr. Graziella Fiorentini provided support in the early days. Representing enna, Superintendents Giuseppe lo Jacono and Beatrice Basile, as well as Drs. Caterina Greco and Carmela Bonanno, have rendered particular aid. In Aidone, Angela Incardona and Giovanni Parrino must be singled out for help and friendship in days long gone by. Dr. enrico Caruso, the director of the new Parco Archeologico Regionale di Morgantina, provided permission to photograph vases and the Morgantina silver treasure and has been supportive of this publication. The custodians at the Museo Archeologico Regionale in Aidone have always been cordial and helpful. In addition, Dr. Giuseppe Voza gave me the necessary permission to view material in the Museo Archeologico Regionale “Paolo orsi” at Syracuse, which was very informative. I am indebted to David Connelly and Chris Williams for their excellent photographs; the others were taken by the author, who also made the drawings. JoAnn Boscarino inked a number of difficult drawings, and ernest Hashim produced the charts. This complex volume has benefited greatly from the skilled work of design and production team laury A. egan and Jane Rundell. I also thank Carol Roberts for creating the useful subject index. My wife, Fleur, and two daughters, Rachel and lourdes, helped in ways that cannot be expressed in words. Finally, this book is dedicated to my parents, who raised me with patience and wisdom, and who thus made this book possible. Bakersfield, California January 2013

Bibliography and Abbreviations Adamesteanu 1958

Adamesteanu, D. “Butera: Piano della Fiera, Consi e Fontana Calda.” MonAnt 44 (1958) 205–672.

Agora XII

Sparkes, B. A., and l. Talcott. e Athenian Agora, vol. XII, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th, and 4th Centuries B.C. Princeton, 1970.

Agora XXII

Rotroff, S. I. e Athenian Agora, vol. XXII, Hellenistic Pottery: Athenian and Imported Moldmade Bowls. Princeton, 1982.

Agora XXIX

Rotroff, S. I. e Athenian Agora, vol. XXIX, Hellenistic Pottery: Athenian and Imported Wheelmade Table Ware and Related Material. Princeton, 1997.

Agora XXXII

Hayes, J. W. e Athenian Agora, vol. XXXII, Roman Pottery: Fine-Ware Imports. Princeton, 2008.

Bacci and Tigano 1999

Da Zancle a Messina: Un percorso archeologico attraverso gli scavi, ed. G. M. Bacci and G. Tigano. 3 vols. Palermo, 1999.

Bell 1993

Bell, M. “observations on Western Greek Stoas.” In Eius Virtutis Studiosi: Classical and Postclassical Studies in Memory of Frank Edward Brown, ed. R. T. Scott and A. R. Scott, 327–341. Studies in the History of Art 43. Washington, D.C., 1993.

Bell 2007

Bell, M. “Apronius in the Agora: Hieronian Civil Architecture and the lex Hieronica.” In Sicilia Nutrix Plebis Romanae: Rhetoric, Law, and Taxation in Cicero’s Verrines, ed. J. R. W. Prag, 117–134. BICS suppl. 97. london, 2007.

Beltrán lloris

Beltrán lloris, M. Céramica romana: Tipología y clasificación. Zaragoza, 1978.

Berenice III.1

Kenrick, P. M. Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice), vol. III, pt. 1, e Fine Pottery. Supplements to libya Antiqua 5. Tripoli, 1985.

Bernardini 1961

Bernardini, M. Vasi dello stile di Gnathia, vasi a vernice nera: Museo Provinciale “S. Castromediano,” Lecce. Bari, 1961.

Biondi 2002

Biondi, G. “nuovi materiali di età ellenistica e romana dell’area del Calvenio.” In Scavi e ricerche a Centuripe, ed. G. Rizza, 169–187. Studi e materiali di archeologia mediterranea 1. Catania, 2002.

xxiv

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

Bisi 1967

Bisi, A. M. “la ceramica ellenistica di lilibeo nel Museo nazionale di Palermo.” ArchCl 13 (1967) 269–292.

Bisi 1970

Bisi, A. M. “lilibeo (Marsala): Scavi nella necropoli dei Cappucini.” NSc 24 (1970) 524–559.

Bothmer 1984

Bothmer, D. von. “A Greek and Roman Treasury.” BMMA (summer, 1984), 5–71.

Braun 1970

Braun, K. “Der Dipylon-Brunnen B1: Die Funde.” AM 85 (1970) 129–269.

Brown 1968

Brown, A. C. Catalogue of Italian Terra-Sigillata in the Ashmolean Museum. oxford, 1968.

Carandini 1977

L’instrumentum domesticum di Ercolano e Pompei nella prima età imperiale, ed. A. Carandini. Rome, 1977.

Carpintieri 1930

Carpintieri, T. “Di alcuni vasi siracusani a rilievo.” ArchStorSicOr 26 (1930) 6–32.

Cavalier 1981

Cavalier, M. “Appendice II: le terracotte liparesi di argomento teatrale e la ceramica; I dati di rinvenimento e la cronologia.” In l. Bernabò Brea, Menandro e il teatro greco nelle terracotte liparesi, 259–302. Genoa, 1981.

Chase 1916

Chase, G. H. Catalogue of Arretine Pottery, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Boston and new York, 1916.

Ciurcina and Rizzo 1985

Ciurcina, C., and C. Rizzo. “naxos: le tombe di età ellenistica.” NSc 38–39 (1984–85) 448–469.

Conspectus

ettlinger, e., B. Hedinger, et al. Conspectus Formarum Terrae Sigillatae Italico Modo Confectae. Materialen zur Römisch-germanischen Keramik 10. Bonn, 1990.

Cook 1997

Cook, R. M. Greek Painted Pottery, 3rd edition. london, 1997.

Corinth VII.3

edwards, G. R. Corinth, Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. VII, pt. 3, Corinthian Hellenistic Pottery. Princeton, 1975.

Corinth XVIII.1

Pemberton, e. G. Corinth, Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. XVIII, pt. 1, e Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore: e Greek Pottery. Princeton, 1989.

Courby 1922

Courby, F. Les vases grecs à reliefs. Paris, 1922.

Crawford

Crawford, M. H. Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge, 1974.

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

xxv

De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979

De Boe, G., and M. Vanderhoeven. “Un lot de céramique du troisième quart du 1er siècle avant J.-C.” In Ordona VI: Rapports et études, ed. J. Mertens, 107–127. Institut Historique Belge de Rome, Études de Philologie, d’Archéologie et d’Histoire Anciennes 16. Brussels, 1979.

De Juliis 1984

Gli ori di Taranto in età ellenistica, ed. e. M. De Juliis et al. exh. cat. Milan, 1984.

Délos XXVII

Exploration archéologique de Délos faite par l’École française d’Athènes, vol. XXVII, L’Îlot de la Maison des Comédiens, ed. P. Bruneau. Paris, 1970.

Délos XXXI

laumonier, A. Exploration archéologique de Délos faite par l’École française d’Athènes, vol. XXXI, Céramique hellénistique à reliefs 1: Ateliers “Ioniens.” Paris, 1977.

De Miro 1958

De Miro, e. “Heraclea Minoa: Scavi eseguiti negli anni 1955–56–57.” NSc 12 (1958) 232–287.

Denaro 2008

Denaro, M. La ceramica romana a pareti sottili in Sicilia. Mantua, 2008.

Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948

Dragendorff, H., and C. Watzinger. Arretinische Reliefkeramik mit Beschreibung der Sammlung in Tübingen. Reutlingen, 1948.

Dressel

Dressel, H. CIl XV, vol. 2, pt. 1, Inscriptiones Urbis Romae, chap. 5, 782– 866, pl. III. Berlin, 1899.

Drougou and Touratsoglou 1991

Drougou, S., and I. Touratsoglou. “Hellenistische Keramik aus Makedonien: Chronologische Indizien.” AntK 34 (1991) 13–27.

Early Italian Sigillata

Early Italian Sigillata: e Chronological Framework and Trade Patterns; Proceedings of the First International ROCT-Congress, Leuven, May 7 and 8, 1999, ed. J. Poblome, P. Talloen, R. Brulet, and M. Waelkens. BABesch suppl. 10. Dudley, Mass., 2004.

Ephesos IX.2/2

Mitsopoulou-leon, V. Die Basilika am Staatsmarkt in Ephesos: Kleinfunde, pt. 1, Keramik hellenistischer und römischer Zeit. Fie IX.2/2. 2 vols. Vienna, 1991.

Eraclea I

Pianu, G. La necropoli meridionale di Eraclea, vol. 1, Le tombe di secolo IV e III a.C. Rome, 1990.

ettlinger 1983

ettlinger, e. Novaesium, vol. 9, Die italische Sigillata von Novaesium. limesforschungen 21. Berlin, 1983.

Falco 2000

Falco, G. “la Sicilia ed il Mediterraneo orientale in etá tardo ellenistica: la testimonianza della ceramica ‘Megarese.’” RCRFActa 36 (2000) 379–386.

x xv i

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

Fallico 1971

Fallico, A. M. “Siracusa: Saggi di scavo nell’area della Villa Maria.” NSc 25 (1971) 581–639.

Finley 1979

Finley, M. I. Ancient Sicily to the Arab Conquest, 2nd edition. london, 1979.

Forti 1965

Forti, l. La ceramica di Gnathia. naples, 1965.

Gela I

Adamesteanu, D., and P. orlandini. “Gela: Scavi e scoperte 1951–1956: Fascicolo I.” NSc 10 (1956) 203–401.

Gela II

Adamesteanu, D., and P. orlandini. “Gela: Scavi e scoperte 1951–1956; Fascicolo II.” NSc 14 (1960) 67–246.

Giardino 1980

Giardino, l. “Sulla ceramica a pasta grigia di Metaponto e sulla presenza in essa di alcune bolli iscritti: Studio preliminare.” StAnt 2 (1980) 247–287.

Gilotta 1985

Gilotta, F. Gutti e askoi a rilievo italioti ed etruschi: Teste isolate. Studia archaeologica 36. Rome, 1985.

Goudineau 1968

Goudineau, C. Fouilles de l’École française de Rome à Bolsena (Poggio Moscini), 1962–1967, vol. 4, La céramique arétine lisse. MÉFR suppl. 6. Paris, 1968.

Graepler 1997

Graepler, D. Tonfiguren im Grab: Fundkontexte hellenistischer Terrakotten aus der Nekropole von Tarent. Munich, 1997.

Graue 1974

Graue, J. Die Gräberfelder von Ornavasso. HambBeitrA Beiheft 1. Hamburg, 1974.

Guzzo 2003

Guzzo, P. G. “A Group of Hellenistic Silver objects in the Metropolitan Museum.” Metropolitan Museum Journal 88 (2003) 45–94. Italian edition: P. G. Guzzo, “Argenti a new York.” BdA 121 (2002) 1–46.

Hama III.2

Christensen, A. P., and C. F. Friis Johansen. Hama: Fouilles et recherches, 1931– 1938, vol. III, pt. 2, Les poteries héllenistiques et les terres sigillées orientales. Copenhagen, 1971.

Hayes 1973

Hayes, J. W. “Roman Pottery from the South Stoa at Corinth.” Hesperia 42 (1973) 416–470.

Hayes 1994

Hayes, J. W. “Part III: e Pottery.” In A. M. Small et al., “A Pit Group of c. 80–70 B.C. from Gravina di Puglia.” PBSR 62 (1994) 206–226.

Hayes 1997

Hayes, J. W. Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. london, 1997.

Hayes, Atlante

Hayes, J. W. “Sigillate orientali.” In EAA: Atlante delle forme ceramiche, vol. 2, Ceramica fine romana nel bacino mediterraneo, 1–96. Rome, 1985.

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

xxvii

Hempel 1996

Hempel, K. G. “Taranto: la ceramica a vernice nera ‘HFR’ e a ‘pasta grigia’”; and “Metaponto: Ceramica a ‘pasta grigia.’” In lippolis 1996, 336–345.

Hinz 1998

Hinz, V. Der Kult von Demeter und Kore auf Sikilien und in der Magna Graecia. Wiesbaden, 1998.

Hübner 1993

Hübner, G. Die Applikenkeramik von Pergamon. PF 7. Berlin and new York, 1993.

Jentel 1976

Jentel, M.-o. Les gutti et les askoi à reliefs étrusques et apuliens: Essai de classification et de typologie. leiden, 1976.

Jesi

Brecciaroli Taborelli, l. “Jesi (Ancona): l’officina ceramica di Aesis (III sec. a.C.–I sec. d.C.).” NSc ser. 9, 7–8 (1996–97) 4–264.

Kenfield 1994

Kenfield, J. F. “High Classical and High Baroque in the Architectural Terracottas of Morgantina.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Greek Architectural Terracottas of the Classical and Hellenistic Periods, December 12– 15, 1991, ed. n. A. Winter, 275–281. Hesperia suppl. 37. Princeton, 1994.

lake 1935

lake, A. K. “Campana Supellex: e Pottery Deposit at Minturnae.” Bollettino dell’Associazione internazionale degli studi mediterranei 4–5 (1934–35) 97–114.

lamboglia

lamboglia, n. “Per una classificazione preliminare della ceramica campana.” In Atti del I Congresso Internazionale di Studi Liguri, 139–206. Bordighera, 1952.

lamboglia 1951

lamboglia, n. “Ceramica presigillata a Ventimiglia, a Minorca e in Sicilia.” ArchEspArq 24 (1951) 35–41.

la Torre and Mollo 2006

la Torre, G. F., and F. Mollo, eds. Blanda Julia sul Palecastro di Tortora: Scavi e ricerche (1990–2005). Pelorias 13. Messina, 2006.

lehmler 2005

lehmler, C. Syrakus unter Agathokles und Hieron II: Die Verbindung von Kultur und Macht in einer hellenistischen Metropole. Frankfurt am Main, 2005.

Lilybaeum

Bechtold, B. La necopoli di Lilybaeum. Rome, 1999.

lippolis 1996

I greci in Occidente: Arte e artigianato in Magna Grecia, ed. e. lippolis. exh. cat. naples, 1996.

Locri II

Locri Epizefiri, vol. II, Gli isolati I2 e I3 dell’area di Centocamere, ed. M. Barra Bagnasco. Florence, 1989.

loeschcke 1939

loeschcke, S. “Älteste römische Keramik vom Petrisberg über Trier.” TrZ 14 (1939) 93–112.

x xv i i i

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

Malfitana 2004

Malfitana, D. “Italian Sigillata Imported to Sicily: e evidence of the Stamps.” In Early Italian Sigillata, 309–336.

Malfitana 2011

Malfitana, D. “e View from the Material Culture Assemblage of late Republican Sicily.” In F. Colivicchi, ed., Local Cultures of South Italy and Sicily in the Late Republican Period: Between Hellenism and Rome, 185–201. JRA suppl. 83. Portsmouth, RI, 2011.

Malfitana, Poblome, and lund 2005

Malfitana, D., J. Poblome, and J. lund. “eastern Sigillata A in Italy: A Socio-economic evaluation.” BABesch 80 (2005) 199–212.

Mandruzzato 1988

Mandruzzato, A. “la sigillata italica in Sicilia: Importazione, distribuzione, produzione locale.” ANRW II, Principat, vol. 11, pt. 1, 415–449. Berlin and new York, 1988.

Marabini Moevs

Marabini Moevs, M. T. e Roman in-Walled Pottery from Cosa. MAAR 32 (1973).

Marabini Moevs 1980

Marabini Moevs, M. T. “Italo-Megarian Ware at Cosa.” MAAR 34 (1980) 165–227.

Marabini Moevs 2006

Marabini Moevs, M. T. Cosa: e Italian Sigillata. MAAR suppl. 3. Ann Arbor, 2006.

Marianopoli

Marianopoli: Il Museo archeologico; Catalogo, ed. R. Panvini. Caltanissetta, 2000.

Mayet 1975

Mayet, F. Les céramiques à parois fines dans la péninsule ibérique. Talence and Paris, 1975.

Mayo 1982

e Art of South Italy: Vases from Magna Graecia, ed. M. e. Mayo. exh. cat. Richmond, 1982.

Metaponto

e Chora of Metaponto: e Necropoleis, ed. J. C. Carter. 2 vols. Austin, Texas, 1998.

Midolo 2008

Midolo, D. “Il santuario in età ellenistica: I materiali.” In Il santuario dei Palici: Un centro di culto nella Valle dei Margi, ed. l. Maniscalco, 217–243. Palermo, 2008.

Miller 1974

Miller, S. G. “Menon’s Cistern.” Hesperia 43 (1974) 194–245.

M-L II

Bernabò Brea, l., and M. Cavalier. Meligunìs-Lipára, vol. II, La necropoli greca e romana nella Contrada Diana. Palermo, 1965.

M-L V

Bernabò Brea, l., and M. Cavalier. Meligunìs-Lipára, vol. V, Scavi nella necropoli greca di Lipari. Rome, 1991.

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

xxix

M-L VII

Bernabò Brea, l., and M. Cavalier. Meligunìs-Lipára, vol. VII, Lipari, Contrada Diana: Scavo XXXVI in proprietà Zagami (1975–1984). Palermo, 1994.

M-L IX.2

Bernabò Brea, l., and M. Cavalier. Meligunìs-Lipára, vol. IX, Topografia di Lipari in età greca e romana, pt. 2, La città bassa. Palermo, 1998.

M-L X

Bernabò Brea, l., and M. Cavalier. Meligunìs-Lipára, vol. X, Scoperte e scavi archeologici nell’area urbana e suburbana di Lipari. Rome, 2000.

M-L XI

Bernabò Brea, l., and M. Cavalier. Meligunìs-Lipára, vol. XI, Gli scavi nella necropoli greca e romana di Lipari nell’area del terreno vescovile. 2 vols. Palermo, 2001.

Montagna di Marzo

Gentili, G. V. Piazza Armerina: Le anonime città di Montagna di Marzo e di Monte Navona. NSc 23 (1969), suppl 2. Rome, 1971.

Morel

Morel, J.-P. Céramique campanienne: Les formes. BÉFAR 244. 2 vols. Paris, 1981.

Morel 1965

Morel, J.-P. Céramique à vernis noir du Forum romain et du Palatin. MÉFR suppl. 3 Paris, 1965.

Morel 1966

Morel, J.-P. “Assoro: Scavi nella necropoli.” NSc 20 (1966) 232–287.

Morel 1976

Morel, J.-P. “Céramiques d’Italie et céramiques hellenistiques.” In Hellenismus in Mittelitalien, ed. P. Zanker, 471–501. Göttingen, 1976.

Morel 1985

Morel, J.-P. “la Sicile dans les courants commerciaux de la Méditerranée sudoccidentale, d’après la céramique à vernis noir.” In Charis: Miscellanea di studi classici in onore di Eugenio Manni, vol. 5, 1563–1582. Rome, 1985.

Morel 1986

Morel, J.-P. “Céramiques à vernis noir d’Italie trouvées à Délos.” BCH 110 (1986) 461–493.

Morel 1994

Morel, J.-P. “Caleni, vasi.” In EAA: Secondo supplemento, 1971–1994, vol. 1, 817–819. Rome, 1994.

MS I

Bell, M. Morgantina Studies, vol. I, e Terracottas. Princeton, 1981.

MS II

Buttrey, T. V., K. erim, T. Groves, and R. R. Holloway. Morgantina Studies, vol. II, e Coins. Princeton, 1990.

MS III

Cuomo di Caprio, n. Morgantina Studies, vol. III, Fornaci e officine da vasaio tardo-ellenistiche. Princeton, 1992.

MS IV

leighton, R. Morgantina Studies, vol. IV, e Protohistoric Settlement on the Cittadella. Princeton, 1993.

xxx

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

MS V

lyons, C. l. Morgantina Studies, vol. V, e Archaic Cemeteries. Princeton, 1996.

Munsell

Munsell Soil Color Charts. Baltimore, 1975.

ninou 1978

Treasures of Ancient Macedonia, ed. K. ninou. exh. cat. Athens, 1978.

Nuove prospettive

Nuove prospettive della ricerca sulla Sicilia del III sec. a.C.: Archeologia, numismatica, storia; Atti dell’Incontro di studio (Messina, 4–5 luglio 2002), ed. M. Caccamo Caltabiano, l. Campagna, and A. Pinzone. Pelorias 11. Messina, 2004.

oCK

oxé, A., H. Comfort, and P. Kenrick. Corpus Vasorum Arretinorum: A Catalogue of the Signatures, Shapes and Chronology of Italian Sigillata, 2nd edition. Antiquitas 41. Bonn, 2000.

oliver 1977

oliver, A. Silver for the Gods: 800 Years of Greek and Roman Silver. exh. cat. Toledo, ohio, 1977.

Olynthus XIII

Robinson, D. M. Excavations at Olynthus, pt. XIII, Vases Found in 1934 and 1938. Baltimore, 1950.

orlandini 1957

orlandini, P. “Tipologia e cronologia del materiale archeologico di Gela dalla nuova fondazione di Timoleonte all’età di Ierone II.” ArchCl 9 (1957) 44–75 and 153–173.

orsi 1966

orsi, P. “eloro I: Campagna di scavo del 1899.” MonAnt 47 (1966) 206–287.

oxé 1933

oxé, A. Arretinische Reliefgefässe vom Rhein. Materialien zur römisch-germanischen Keramik 5. Frankfurt am Main, 1933.

Pagenstecher 1909

Pagenstecher, R. Die calenische Reliefkeramik. JdI-EH 8. Berlin, 1909.

Patanè 2006

Patanè, R. “Ceramiche e reti commerciali nella Sicilia repubblicana: Il caso Centuripe.” In Old Pottery in a New Century: Innovating Perspectives on Roman Pottery Studies; Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Catania, 22–24 aprile 2004, ed. D. Malfitana, J. Poblome, and J. lund, 477–486. Catania, 2006.

PECS

Stillwell, R., W. l. MacDonald, and M. McAllister, eds. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton, 1976.

Pelagatti 1969–70

Pelagatti, P. “Stato e prospettive degli studi di ceramica romana in Sicilia.” RCRFActa 11–12 (1969–70) 76–89.

Pelagatti and Curcio 1970

Pelagatti, P., and G. Curcio. “Akrai (Siracusa): Ricerche nel territorio.” NSc 24 (1970) 435–523.

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

xxxi

Peña 2007

Peña, J. T. Roman Pottery in the Archaeological Record. Cambridge, 2007.

Pfrommer 1987

Pfrommer, M. Studien zu alexandrinischer und grossgriechischer Toreutik frühhellenistischer Zeit. AF 16. Berlin, 1987.

Pfrommer 1993

Pfrommer, M. Metalwork from the Hellenized East: Catalogue of the Collections, the J. Paul Getty Museum. Malibu, 1993.

Platz-Horster 2003

Platz-Horster, G. “Der Silberfund von Paternò.” JdI 118 (2003) 205–283.

Polito 2000

Polito, A. “la circolazione della sigillata italica liscia in Sicilia.” QuadMess 7 (2000) 65–99.

Porten Palange 1984

Porten Palange, F. P., et al. Marcus Perennius Bargathes: Tradizione e innovazione nella ceramica aretina. exh. cat. Rome, 1984.

PR I

Stillwell, R., and e. Sjöqvist. “excavations at Serra orlando.” AJA 61 (1957) 151–159.

PR II

Sjöqvist, e. “excavations at Serra orlando (Morgantina): Preliminary Report II.” AJA 62 (1958) 155–164.

PR III

Stillwell, R. “excavations at Serra orlando: Preliminary Report III.” AJA 63 (1959) 167–173.

PR IV

Sjöqvist, e. “excavations at Morgantina (Serra orlando) 1959: Preliminary Report IV.” AJA 64 (1960) 125–135.

PR V

Stillwell, R. “excavations at Morgantina (Serra orlando) 1960: Preliminary Report V.” AJA 65 (1961) 277–281.

PR VI

Sjöqvist, e. “excavations at Morgantina (Serra orlando) 1961: Preliminary Report VI.” AJA 66 (1962) 135–143.

PR VII

Stillwell, R. “excavations at Morgantina (Serra orlando) 1962: Preliminary Report VII.” AJA 67 (1963) 165–171.

PR VIII

Sjöqvist, e. “excavations at Morgantina (Serra orlando) 1963: Preliminary Report VIII.” AJA 68 (1964) 137–147.

PR IX

Stillwell, R. “excavations at Morgantina (Serra orlando) 1966: Preliminary Report IX.” AJA 71 (1967) 245–250.

PR X

Allen, H. “excavations at Morgantina (Serra orlando) 1967–1969: Preliminary Report X.” AJA 74 (1970) 359–383.

xxxii

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

PR XI

Allen, H. “excavations at Morgantina (Serra orlando), 1970–1972: Preliminary Report XI.” AJA 78 (1974) 361–383.

PR XII

Bell, M. “excavations at Morgantina, 1980–1985: Preliminary Report XII.” AJA 92 (1988) 313–342.

Puppo 1995

Puppo, P. Le coppe megaresi in Italia. Studia archaeologica 78. Rome, 1995.

Rauh 1993

Rauh, n. K. e Sacred Bonds of Commerce: Religion, Economy, and Trade Society at Hellenistic Roman Delos, 166–87 B.C. Amsterdam, 1993.

Ricci 1985

Ricci, A. “Ceramica a pareti sottili.” In EAA, vol. 2, 231–357. Rome, 1985.

Rizza 1955

Rizza, G. “leontinoi: Campagne di scavi 1950–1951 e 1951–1952; la necropoli della Valle S. Mauro; le fortificazioni meridionali della città e la porta di Siracusa.” NSc (1955) 281–376.

Roccagloriosa I

Gualtieri, M., and H. Fracchia. Roccagloriosa I: L’abitato, scavo e ricognizione topografica (1976–1986). Bibliothèque de l’Institut français de naples, 2nd ser., 8. Rome, 1990.

Rocco 1959

Rocco, A. “Caleni, vasi.” In EAA, vol. 2, 271–272. Rome, 1959.

Roman Crafts

Roman Crafts, ed. D. Strong and D. Brown. london, 1976.

Rotroff 1991

Rotroff, S. I. “Attic West Slope Vase Painting.” Hesperia 60 (1991) 59–102.

Rudnick 1995

Rudnick, B. P. M. Die verzierte Arretina aus Oberaden und Haltern. Bodensaltertümer Westfalens 31. Mainz, 1995.

RVLCS

Trendall, A. D. e Red-figured Vases of Lucania, Campania and Sicily. oxford, 1967.

Samaria III

Crowfoot, J. W., G. M. Crowfoot, and K. M Kenyon. Samaria-Sebaste, vol. III, e Objects from Samaria. london, 1957.

Sanmartí Grego 1978

Sanmartí Grego, e. La cerámica campaniense de Emporion y Rhode. Barcelona, 1978.

Schäfer 1968

Schäfer, J. Hellenistische Keramik aus Pergamon. PF 2. Berlin, 1968.

Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977

Schindler, M., and S. Scheffenegger. Die glatte rote Terra sigillata vom Magdalensberg. Archäologische Forschungen zu den Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 5; Kärntner Museumsschriften 62. Klagenfurt, 1977.

Schindler-Kaudelka 1975

Schindler-Kaudelka, e. Die dünnwandige Gebrauchskeramik vom Magdalensberg. Archäologische Forschungen zu den Grabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 3; Kärntner Museumsschriften 58. Klagenfurt, 1975.

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

xxxiii

Scott 1993

Scott, R. T. “Pre-Arretine Pottery from the Houses.” In V. J. Bruno and R. T. Scott, Cosa IV: e Houses. MAAR 38, 202–211. University Park, Pa., 1993.

Scott 2008

Scott, A. R. Cosa: e Black-Glaze Pottery 2. MAAR suppl. 5. Ann Arbor, 2008.

Search for Alexander

Yalouris, n., M. Andronikos, K. Rhomiopoulou, A. Herrmann, and C. C. Vermeule. e Search for Alexander: An Exhibition. exh. cat. Boston, 1980.

Sfameni Gasparro 1973

Sfameni Gasparro, G. I culti orientali in Sicilia. leiden, 1973.

Sjöqvist 1960

Sjöqvist, e. “Hellenistic Medicine Bottles.” AJA 64 (1960) 78–83.

Slane 1986

Slane, K. W. “Two Deposits from the early Roman Cellar Building, Corinth.” Hesperia 55 (1986) 271–318.

Slane 1997

Slane, K. W. “e Fine Wares.” In A. Berlin and K. W. Slane, Tel Anafa: Final Report on Ten Years of Excavation at a Hellenistic and Roman Settlement in Northern Israel, vol. 2, pt. 1, e Hellenistic and Roman Pottery, 247–406. JRA suppl. series 10. Ann Arbor, 1997.

Soricelli 2004

Soricelli, G. “la produzione di terra sigillata in Campania.” In Early Italian Sigillata, 299–307.

Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994

Soricelli, G., G. Schneider, and B. Hedinger. “l’origine della ‘Tripolitanian Sigillata’/‘Produzione A’ della Baia di napoli.” In Ceramica romana e archeometria: Lo stato degli studi; Atti delle giornate internazionale di studio, Castello di Montegufoni, 26–27 aprile 1993, ed. G. olcese, 67–88. Florence, 1994.

Stenico 1958

Stenico, A. “Aretina vasi.” In EAA, vol. 1, 608–616. Rome, 1958.

Stenico 1960

Stenico, A. Revisione critica delle pubblicazioni sulla ceramica arretina: Liste di attribuzioni del vasellame decorato con relievi edito fotograficamente. Milan, 1960.

Stenico 1966

Stenico, A. La ceramica arretina, vol. 2, Collezioni diverse: Punzoni, modelli, calchi ecc. Milan, 1966.

Stone 1987

Stone, S. C. “Presigillata from Morgantina.” AJA 91 (1987) 85–103.

Stone 2002

Stone, S. C. “Sextus Pompeius, octavianus, and Sicily.” In Sextus Pompeius, ed. A. Powell and K. Welch, 135–165. Rev. repr. of “Sextus Pompey, octavian, and Sicily,” AJA 87 (1983) 11–22. Swansea and london, 2002.

Strong 1966

Strong, D. e. Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate. london, 1966.

Studia Ietina IV

Caflisch, R. B. Studia Ietina, vol. IV, Die Firniskeramik vom Monte Iato: Funde 1971–1982. Zurich, 1991.

xxxiv

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

Studia Ietina VIII

Hedinger, B. Studia Ietina, vol. VIII, Die frühe Terra sigillata vom Monte Iato, Sizilien (Ausgrabungen 1971–1988) und frühkaiserzeitliche Fundkomplexe aus dem Peristylhaus 1. lausanne, 1999.

Taylor 1957

Taylor, D. M. “Cosa: Black-Glaze Pottery.” MAAR 25 (1957) 68–193.

ompson 1934

ompson, H. A. “Two Centuries of Hellenistic Pottery.” Hesperia 3 (1934) 311–480. Repr. in H. A. ompson and D. B. ompson, Hellenistic Pottery and Terracottas, 11–180, with preface by S. I. Rotroff, 1–8. Princeton, 1987.

Troso 1991

Troso, C. Il ceramista aretino Publius Cornelius: La produzione decorata a rilievo. Florence, 1991.

Tsakirgis 1984

Tsakirgis, B. “e Domestic Architecture of Morgantina in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods.” Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1984.

Tsakirgis 1995

Tsakirgis, B. “Morgantina: A Greek Town in Central Sicily.” In Ancient Sicily, ed. T. Fischer-Hansen, 123–147. Acta Hyperborea 6. Copenhagen, 1995.

Wilson 1988

Wilson, R. J. A. “Trade and Industry in Sicily.” ANRW I, Principat, vol. 9, pt. 1, 207–305. new York and Berlin, 1988.

Wilson 1990

Wilson, R. J. A. Sicily under the Roman Empire: e Archaeology of a Roman Province, 36 B.C.–A.D. 535. Warminster, Wiltshire, 1990.

Wintermeyer 1975

Wintermeyer, U. “Die polychrome Reliefkeramik aus Centuripe.” JdI 90 (1975) 136–241.

Wright 1980

Wright, K. S. “A Tiberian Pottery Deposit.” Hesperia 49 (1980) 135–177.

Wuilleumier 1930

Wuilleumier, P. Le trésor de Tarente. Paris, 1930.

Yntema 1990

Yntema, D. G. “A Specific Group of Black-Gloss Ware excavated at Valesio: e HFR Group and Its Connections.” StAnt 6 (1990) 167–186.

Zimi 2011

Zimi, e. Late Classical and Hellenistic Silver Plate from Macedonia. oxford, 2011.

Abbreviations of Periodicals and Series AA AF AGD AJA AM

Archäologischer Anzeiger: Beiblatt zum Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Archäologische Forschungen Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen American Journal of Archaeology Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

ANRW ANSMN AntAfr AntCl AntK ArchCl ArchEspArq ArchStorSicOr ArchStorSir AvP BAAlger BABesch BAR BCH BdA BÉFAR BICS BJb BMMA BSA BWPr CÉFR CIL CVA EAA ÉPRo Fie GRBS HambBeitrA Hesperia JdI JdI-EH JGS JHS JRA JRS Kokalos LIMC

H. Temporini, ed. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Berlin, 1972– . American Numismatic Society, Museum Notes Antiquités africaines L’antiquité classique Antike Kunst Archeologia classica Archivo español de arqueología Archivio storico per la Sicilia orientale Archivio storico siracusano Altertümer von Pergamon Bulletin d’archéologie algérienne Bulletin antieke beschaving. Annual Papers on Classical Archaeology British Archaeological Reports Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Bollettino d’arte Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London Bonner Jahrbücher des Rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Annual of the British School at Athens Winckelmannsprogramm der Archäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin Collection de l’École française de Rome Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Enciclopedia dell’arte antica classica e orientale. Rome, 1958–1984 Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’empire romain Forschungen in ephesos Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies Hamburger Beiträge zur Archäologie Hesperia: Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Ergänzungsheft Journal of Glass Studies Journal of Hellenic Studies Journal of Roman Archaeology Journal of Roman Studies Kokalos: Studi pubblicati dall’ Istituto di storia antica dell’ Università di Palermo Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. Zurich, 1981–1999

xxxv

x x xv i

MAAR MÉFR MÉFRA MonAnt NSc NumAntCl oF ÖJh ÖJh-EH OpRom OpArch PBSR PF QuadMess RA RCRFActa RE RendLinc RIN RM RM-EH RStLig RStPomp SIMA SNR StAnt TrZ

B I B l I o G R A P H Y A n D A B B R e V I AT I o n S

Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’École française de Rome Mélanges de l’École française de Rome: Antiquité Monumenti antichi Notizie degli scavi di antichità Numismatica e antichità classiche olympische Forschungen Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien. Ergänzungsheft Opuscula romana Opuscula archaeologica Papers of the British School at Rome Pergamenische Forschungen Quaderni dell’Istituto di archeologia della Facoltà di lettere e filosofia della Università di Messina Revue archéologique Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores Acta Pauly, A., Wissowa, F., and Kroll, W., eds. Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, 1894– Atti dell’Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche. Rendiconti Rivista italiana di numismatica e scienze affini Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung. Ergänzungsheft Rivista di studi liguri Rivista di studi pompeiani Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau. Revue suisse de numismatique Studi di antichità: Università di Lecce, Istituto di archeologia e storia antica Trierer Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kunst des Trierer Landes und seiner Nachbargebiete

Morgantina Studies

VI The Hellenistic and Roman Fine Pottery

I History and Archaeology of Morgantina 1. Introduction The ancient city of Morgantina was an important regional center in southeastern central Sicily from the second half of the 4th into the late 1st century BCE, and then survived as a small village into the first half of the 1st century CE. Excavations at the site have recovered an enormous amount of pottery dated between ca. 350 BCE and ca. 50 CE. Given its location fifty miles from the east coast of the island, Morgantina was not exposed to the degree of foreign influence that a port would have seen, and its ceramics give us a picture of the material culture in the interior of Sicily during the Hellenistic and Republican periods, and, to a lesser extent, the early imperial age. e ancient city has been excavated by various American teams from 1955 until the present.1 is volume presents the fine wares and tablewares—defined as vases bearing gloss or molded decoration and often, but not exclusively, used on the table for dining—from the second half of the 4th century BCE through the early Roman imperial period, to around 50 CE, when the city was abandoned. Another volume in this series will present the plain or utilitarian pottery from the same period, as well as the terracotta lamps. ese two monographs will publish around 75% of the inventoried pottery from the period found at Morgantina. Because of the scale of the excavations of Morgantina, it has not been possible to publish all the pottery from the period covered by this volume that has been found at the site. e vases and fragments presented here have been selected mainly on the basis of their findspots in datable fills (“deposits” or “contexts”), which allows an internal assessment of the position of the vases in a chronological sequence.2 All inventoried fine wares that were found in deposits and contexts are presented in the catalogue and are keyed to their findspot. Beyond the material from these datable fills, some vases and fragments from broadly dated fills (e.g., “3rd through 1st century BCE”) have been included because they are interesting either for their shape or their decoration. ese additional vases range from a relatively small number in chapters 2, 3, and 6, which cover the fine wares that bear gloss (and some with subsidiary decoration), to a much larger number in chapters 4 and 5, which presents the pottery with molded decoration. An effort has been made to present all known fragments of certain types of pottery. ese include vases from eastern Sicily with polychrome painted decoration (often called “Centuripe” ware, but 1

Princeton University excavated the site from 1955 to 1967, the University of Illinois from 1968 to 1971, and the University of Virginia from 1980 to the present. Wesleyan

University (1990–2005) and Duke University (2005– present) have also participated in the project. 2 These are discussed in depth below, pp. 27–71.

4

CHAPTER I

here called East Sicilian Polychrome ware), Eastern Sigillata A, Early Italian terra sigillata (including regional southern Italian sigillatas), and all vases with molded decoration. is effort to include all of the examples of these classes has resulted in their numbers seeming to be greater in proportion to the plain fine wares than was the case in antiquity. In fact, all the imported (often luxury) wares presented in this volume were relatively rare. In addition, it should be pointed out that pottery excavated after about 1990 has been presented selectively, with only a few pieces included because they are of extraordinary quality or significance, or to complete the presentation of a class of fine ceramics.

Deposits Analysis of the pottery at Morgantina and its chronology is greatly aided by the large number of datable fills. As mentioned above, these fills can be divided into two types. e first is the deposit, a fill that shows no signs of later disturbance after being closed. ese are most often cisterns or wells that were abandoned due to a catastrophe (deposits Ii.2, IJ.2, and IIE.1) or that were filled during clean-up activities after a catastrophe (deposits IF.1, IF.2, IH, IR.1, IIF, and IIG). In the latter case, the fill is more extensive, since it includes the debris that was deposited in the well or cistern when the building was rebuilt or dismantled. ere are also some destruction fills, which sealed the debris of a building beneath its collapsed walls and the roof, and which then seem never to have been disturbed (deposits IB, IG, IL, IM, IQ, and IID). Other kinds of deposits are associated with building or remodeling. ere are also two sealed fills from the 3rd century that were created when buildings were constructed (deposits IA and IC). In the first quarter of the 1st century BCE, the inner basin of the Fountain House in the Agora was deliberately filled due to a failing water supply (deposit IIB). e value of these deposits is that they seem to provide us with secure dates for their material, and the date at which the fill was closed is assignable to a specific span of years. irteen deposits at Morgantina date to the 3rd century BCE or the earliest years of the 2nd century BCE. Of these, all but two building fills can be associated with the Roman capture of Morgantina in 211 BCE (Livy 26.21.17), which occasioned a great deal of destruction at the site. From the period after 200 BCE there are another six deposits of ceramics, one of which is a small fill created during the early 2nd century BCE (deposit IIA), and another is the early-1st-century BCE deposit in the inner basin of the Fountain House, mentioned above, while the other four date broadly between 40 and 15 BCE (and, as will be argued below, more precisely, around 35–25 BCE), when a fire or series of fires caused another wave of destruction at Morgantina that either ended the life of the houses or necessitated the cleanup of debris before the houses were rebuilt. ere are no deposits of pottery from the last period of habitation at Morgantina (ca. 25/15 BCE–ca. 50 CE), since the site was abandoned peacefully, and there are few signs of destruction. All the fills from the last period of habitation therefore remained open after the last inhabitants left, and, while there is little sign of later disturbances, none of the fills can be considered to have been sealed. e fills from this period are therefore all “contexts” (see below).

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

5

Contexts Contexts of pottery are also useful for evaluating the development of pottery, although they are less conclusive than deposits for chronology. Contexts are fills that appear to have been assembled at a certain date but which may have been disturbed at a later date or preserve evidence for or likelihood of later disturbance. In some cases, the reason for considering a fill to be a context rather than a deposit is slight, usually its proximity to later human habitation or use (i.e., context IIC) that may plausibly have allowed later material to enter the fill, or the fact that the fill was very thin or was not considered by the excavator to have been sealed beneath debris (i.e., contexts Ii, IK.1, IK.2, IP, IIA, IIC, IIH, and IIi). In many contexts, however, there is clear evidence of later material in the fill, such as a later overfill in a cistern that followed the settling of the original fill (see contexts ID, IE.2, IVA) or the presence of a later object in the fill (contexts IJ, IJ.1, IN, IO, IR, IIE).3 But in all contexts the original material is dominant, and the later material sparse. ere are ten contexts from the 3rd century BCE (ID, IE.2, Ii, IJ, IJ.1, IK.1–2, IN, IO, IP, and IR), all of which are fills that seem to have stopped accumulating around 211–200 BCE except for slight evidence of later disturbance. Seven of these fills include some clearly later material or evidence of use, while three others are considered to be contexts because of their thin fill and the likelihood of later visitation from nearby habitation. Four contexts date between ca. 175 and 35 BCE, three of which (IIC, IIH, and IIi) were abandoned, while the other (IIE) was open to later disturbance, although no disturbance can be identified at present. As noted above, all fills after ca. 35 BCE at Morgantina are contexts (IIIA–IIIi, IVA).

Deposits, Contexts, and Chronology e deposits and contexts allow the ceramic history of Morgantina to be divided into three phases: the Hellenistic period, the Roman Republic, and the early Roman Empire. e definition of these periods is the subject of the historical essay that forms the next section of this chapter. After the historical outline are capsule discussions of the archaeological evidence for each deposit and context, 3

It is clear that cisterns and wells were filled in antiquity very soon after they ceased being used as a source of water. Only one well has been found at Morgantina, in the North Baths, apparently because the Serra Orlando ridge has natural springs. Cisterns in houses at Morgantina were often filled even after the houses had been abandoned (see contexts ID, IH, and IID). The well in the North Baths (deposit IR.1) was also filled soon after the baths ceased functioning. The reasons for filling them so precipitously were practical: abandoned cisterns and wells are not only useful receptacles for refuse, but are also deep holes that could present danger to children and animals. See Peña 2007, 283. Two cisterns at Morgantina had large architectural blocks jammed into their mouths to close them off (see contexts ID and IH).

Cistern fills often appear to have settled a considerable amount (up to 3 meters?) over time, creating a dangerous new hole that was then often “overfilled” (contexts IE.2, IIH). The same situation apparently existed in the Athenian Agora, where cisterns and wells often contained superimposed fills of different periods: see Agora XXIX, 434, A 18:1 (cistern), 435, B 13:1 (cistern), 435, B 13:7 (well), 438, B 20:7 (well), 439, B 22:4 (cistern), 441, D 4:1 (cistern), 443, D 17:4 (cistern), 443, D 17:5 (cistern), 443, D 17:11 (well), 445, E 6:1/E6:2 (cistern), 447, E 15:3 (cistern), 448–449, F 9:2 (cistern), 451, F 16:1 (cistern), 453, G 13:4 (well), 461, M 20:1 (cistern), 464, N 20:7 (cistern), 465, N 21:4 (cistern), 466, O 17:7 (cistern), 466, O 18:2 (well).

6

CHAPTER I

followed by a discussion of the major regional fabric types. Chapters 2–6 then present major categories of fine ceramics in order to define the ceramic history of Morgantina. Chapter 7 presents a catalogue of the pottery discussed in the preceding five chapters, along with an outline of the format and terminology used in the catalogue. roughout the text and catalogue, consideration has been limited as much as possible to vases found in deposits and contexts in order to maximize the chronological value of the material. However, to create the fullest possible picture of ceramic typology and decoration at Morgantina during the period under consideration, some vases that were not found in closely dated fills have been included in the catalogue in order to present a fuller picture of the pottery characteristic of the three broad periods studied in this volume. e contexts of these additional vessels are cited briefly in their catalogue entries by location (in Morgantina terminology, “area,” “trench,” and stratum). For most of these additional vases, the date of their fill may be characterized simply as “mixed fill of the 4th through the 1st centuries BCE.” In a few cases, for example, on the West Hill and in the northwestern Agora, the fill may be “mixed fill of the 4th century BCE through the first half of the 1st century CE.” One archaeological note needs to be added. e first stratum of fill in any deposit is likely to have been disturbed by later agriculture. e vases and fragments identified in the catalogue as coming from the first stratum of a deposit should be regarded as having slight chronological significance, and their exact findspot should be viewed as suspect. ey have been included in order to give a complete presentation of the ceramic material found in the deposit or context. A final note: the manuscript of this volume was initially submitted in December of 2004, and the revised text was completed in late 2007; publications that appeared after 2005 have been incorporated into the notes when possible.

2. Historical Sketch of Morgantina, 340 BCE–ca. 50 CE e chronology of pottery at Morgantina in Sicily from the second half of the 4th century BCE through the first half of the 1st century CE is largely defined by the political fortunes of the city. During these four centuries, Morgantina’s history can be divided into three phases. e first embraces the second half of the 4th century and the 3rd century BCE and may be referred to as the Hellenistic period. During these years Morgantina reached its zenith and was closely attached culturally and politically to the Hellenistic Greek kingdom of Syracuse. is phase of Morgantina’s history ended in 211 BCE, when a Roman army captured Morgantina (Livy 26.21.17), with resulting destruction and depopulation. In the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, Morgantina was part of the Roman province of Sicily and was ruled by descendants of the Spanish mercenaries (the “Hispani”) to whom the Republic had given the city and its territory in 211 BCE. is period may be called the Republican period, since the material culture of Morgantina, while retaining many ties to the Hellenistic Greek world of the eastern Mediterranean, also shows closer connections than previously to the culture of the Italian peoples of the mainland. During the Republican period, Morgantina was much smaller than it was

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

7

during its Hellenistic peak in the 3rd century, but it was still a significant city of east central Sicily. is period ended in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE with a series of fires and abandonments. e final phase of occupation at Morgantina began in the last third or last quarter of the 1st century BCE, when only a very small portion of the old city was inhabited. is imperial village lasted until just before the middle of the 1st century CE, when the site was abandoned as an urban area. e following brief historical sketch provides historical and archaeological justification for these chronological divisions.

From the Iron Age to ca. 340 BCE e remains of the ancient city of Morgantina occupy two adjacent groups of hills in southeast central Sicily near the modern town of Aidone.4 e Iron Age and archaic town was mainly located on a steep hill, called the Cittadella, with a conical peak at its west end and two descending saddles to the east (Pl. 143).5 An important agricultural and strategic center, this town was destroyed by the Sikel leader Douketios in 459 BCE, after which the inhabitants moved to the flatter and larger tabletop ridge directly to the west (Fig. 1). is hill, which is now called Serra Orlando, had already been partially occupied during the Archaic period.6 Scattered remains of the 5th-century town have been found under later buildings and indicate that it was configured on the same grid plan used by the Hellenistic city.7 Morgantina was captured by Dionysios of Syracuse in 396 BCE (Diod. Sic. 4 On the location of the town: PR I, 151; E. Sjöqvist, “Gli scavi di Morgantina–Serra Orlando,” in Atti del Settimo Congresso Internazionale di Archeologia Classica (Rome, 1961) vol. 2, 61–67; S. Judson, “Stream Changes during Historic Time in East-Central Sicily,” AJA 67 (1963) 287. For an aerial photograph of the site: MS IV, pl. 1; PR VI, pl. 29, fig. 1. On the identification of the site: K. T. Erim, “Morgantina,” AJA 62 (1958) 88–90, repr. with revisions in MS II, 201–214; E. Sjöqvist, “Perchè Morgantina,” RendLinc, ser. 8, 15 (1960) 291–300; Tsakirgis 1995, 123–124. For doubts about the identification: E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica (Rome, 1981) 204–205, ably refuted in a review by R. J. A. Wilson, JRS 75 (1985) 298. 5 On the Cittadella: MS IV, 127–134. On the Iron Age remains: MS IV; R. Leighton, Prehistoric Houses at Morgantina (London 2012). For the archaic town: PR II, 155–158; PR III, 171–173; PR IV, 133–135; PR V, 280–281; PR VI, 140–142; PR VII, 171; PR VIII, 145–146; PR X, 369–381; PR XI, 367–370; Tsakirgis 1995, 125–126. See also E. Sjöqvist, “I greci a Morgantina,” Kokalos 8 (1962) 52–68. Morgantina was occupied during the Bronze Age, when there were a number of small villages on the Cittadella and Serra Orlando. 6 Diod. Sic. 11.78.1 and 5, who calls the town “noteworthy.” Its wealth is now illustrated by the acrolithic statues of

the late 6th century BCE found in a sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone on the slopes of Serra Orlando facing Cittadella (and now on display in the Morgantina Museum). On the acroliths: C. Marconi, “Gli acroliti da Morgantina,” Prospettiva 130–131 (2008) 2–21. On the sanctuary: S. Raffiotta, Terrecotte figurate dal santuario di San Francesco Bisconti a Morgantina (Assoro, 2007) 22–26 (with earlier bibliography). During the Late Archaic period, there were several sacred areas on Serra Orlando, one of which featured a Doric temple, and another (?) an elaborately decorated Ionic altar: see B. A. Barletta, “Ionic Influence in Western Greek Architecture: Towards a Definition and Explanation,” in F. Krinzinger, ed., Die Ägäis und das westliche Mittelmeer (Vienna, 2000) 203–216; M. Bell, “Continuità e rotture a Morgantina nel V sec. a.C.,” in G. Guzzetta, ed., Morgantina, a cinquant’anni dall’inizio delle ricerche sistematiche (Caltanissetta and Rome, 2009) 9–21, esp. 12–15. 7 On the date of the establishment of the city on Serra Orlando (last quarter of the 5th century): Bell (n. 6 above) 9–12; Bell, “Rapporti urbanistici fra Camarina e Morgantina,” in Camarina: 2600 anni dopo la fondazione, ed. P. Pelagatti, G. Di Stefano, and L. de Lachenal (Ragusa and Rome 2006) 253–258; M. Bell, “Hiera Oikopeda,” in Demetra: La divinità, i santuari, il culto, la leggenda: Atti del I Congresso Internazionale, Enna, 1–4 luglio 2004, ed. C. A. Di Stefano

8

CHAPTER I

14.78.6–7); the site may have remained sparsely inhabited thereafter for around half a century, since remains of the first half of the 4th century are scant (although a coin issue has been attributed to this period).8

From ca. 340 to 214 BCE In the second half of the 4th century BCE, Morgantina was certainly a thriving urban center, and the material remains testify to habitation on both Serra Orlando and the Cittadella. 9 It has been postulated, although without any secure proof, that the city grew significantly after Timoleon’s expedition.10 In 317 BCE, the Syracusan dynast Agathokles took refuge at Morgantina after a failed coup and raised troops there (Diod. Sic. 19.6.2–3). Since Agathokles’s next attempt to control Syracuse succeeded, Morgantina probably received some reward for her support, although archaeological evidence for any beneficence has proven elusive. A public granary in the southern Agora has been dated to the early 3rd century BCE, and the earliest phase of the city walls also dates to those years.11

(Pisa and Rome, 2008) 155–160; PR XII, 314–316; M. Bell, “Recenti scavi nell’Agora di Morgantina,” Kokalos 30– 31 (1984–85) 504–506; Kenfield 1994, 275; Tsakirgis 1995, 126–127. The fullest account of Morgantina in the 5th century BCE is J. B. Walsh, “Ethnicity, Daily Life, and Trade: Domestic Assemblages from Fifth-century BCE Morgantina, Sicily” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 2006), with a summary of his conclusions about the 5th-century town on Serra Orlando on pp. 233–243. For remains of the 5th century BCE from the Serra Orlando ridge: PR II, 161; PR VI, 141; PR VII, 169; PR VIII, 139–140; PR IX, 249; PR X, 362–364; PR XII, 319–321, 338; Tsakirgis 1984, 119–120, 383–386; Kenfield 1994, 276–279; Tsakirgis 1995, 127. The town clearly existed in 424 BCE, when it was ceded to Kamarina (Thuc. 4.65.142). On the Kamarinaian period, see M. Bell, “Camarina e Morgantina al Congresso di Gela,” in Un ponte tra l’Italia e la Grecia: Atti del simposio in onore di Antonino di Vita, Ragusa, 13–15 febbraio 1998 (Palermo, 2000) 291–297. 8 See MS I, 23–24, 34–35; Kenfield 1994, 276. Walsh (n. 7 above) 87–136 examines seven deposits dated after the mid-5th century BCE, all of which were closed by the earliest years of the 4th century BCE. See now J. St.-P. Walsh, “Urbanism and Identity at Classical Morgantina,” MAAR 56/57 (2011–2012) 115–136. Pottery dated to the first half of the 4th century is very rare, and there are no datable deposits from the 4th century at Morgantina. For a similar situation at Iaitas in western Sicily: Studia Ietina IV, 75–76. For the coins issued by Morgantina ca. 370–350 BCE: MS II, 7–8 (only two examples known). On Dionysios’s career: Finley 1979, 74–87. 9 The town issued coinage in the later 4th century BCE:

MS II, 8–33; R. J. A. Talbert, Timoleon and the Revival of Greek Sicily (Cambridge, 1971) 179–180, 181, 203. There is some archaeological evidence for Morgantina in the late 4th century and first quarter of the 3rd century BCE. The Hellenistic tombs begin in the last third of the 4th century BCE and are fairly rich: PR III, 170; PR IV, 128–129. Several sanctuaries contained material of the second half of the 4th century BCE; for the Central Sanctuary: PR VII, 142–143; I. E. M. Edlund-Berry, “The Central Sanctuary at Morgantina (Sicily): Problems of Interpretation and Chronology,” Scienze dell’antichità 3–4 (1989–90) 337; for the North Demeter Sanctuary: E. Sjöqvist, “Timoleonte e Morgantina,” Kokalos 4 (1958) 7–12; PR II, 158–160; PR III, 169; PR IV, 133. Some late-4th-century BCE pottery has been found in the West Hill domestic quarter, but unassociated with any architecture: PR IX, 249; PR X, 362–363. Sicilian red-figure pottery is fairly common in the later fills on Cittadella, and there is some black-gloss pottery of 4thcentury date there, indicating that its Hellenistic settlement surely existed by the last quarter of the 4th century BCE: Kenfield 1994, 275, n. 5. 10 E. Sjöqvist, “Timoleonte e Morgantina,” Kokalos 4 (1958) 3–14, would date Morgantina’s revival ca. 340 BCE, and associate it with Timoleon’s expedition. As Talbert (n. 9 above) 202–203, note J, points out, there is no textual mention of Morgantina in association with Timoleon’s expedition. On Agathokles’s career: Lehmler 2005, 36–48. 11 On the West Granary: PR XII, 321–323, 338. Recent excavations (2011) indicate that the granary was built no earlier than ca. 270 BCE (communication of the excavator, D. A. Walthall). Morgantina’s walls were dated to ca. 340– 330 BCE in PR IV, 125–128, but the late 4th century now

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

9

Despite evidence for prosperity in the later 4th century BCE, it is clear that Morgantina’s acme occurred during the 3rd century BCE. Most of the surviving architectural remains of the city, both public and domestic, were initially constructed during the reign of Hieron II of Syracuse (ca. 274– 215 BCE). Morgantina was clearly a part of Hieron’s kingdom, given the extensive building program at the city, which must have required a royal patron.12 During Hieron’s rule a number of spacious peristyle houses were built on the hills to the east and west of the Agora, attesting to the wealth of Morgantina’s upper classes.13 It is, however, the Agora plan that demonstrates a concerted and expensive building program that must have required royal patronage.14 No fewer than twelve new architectural projects were begun in the Agora between ca. 270 and 220 BCE. ese include three large market stoas that defined the east, north, and west sides of the northern Agora, with a public fountain house in the northeastern corner.15 e northwest Agora was given over to civic administration, since a bouleuterion and two small stoas that likely housed bureaucratic functions were located there.16 A houselike building, the Public Office (once called the “Prytaneion,” then the “East Stoa Annex”), was built against the southern end of the East Stoa during the second half of the 3rd century; it may have served as the city’s bank. e Public Office faced the most monumental feature of Morgantina’s Agora, the great central steps, which have been identified as an ekklesiasterion.17 South of the central steps, a new public granary (the East Granary) was built at the base of the East Hill soon after the middle of the 3rd century, complementing the West Granary across the street.18 appears to be the date of the initial fortifications on Serra Orlando: L. Karlsson, Fortification Towers and Masonry Techniques in the Hegemony of Syracuse, 405–211 BCE (Stockholm, 1992) 86; L. Karlsson, “Some Notes on the Fortifications of Greek Sicily,” OpRom 17 (1989) 88. 12 On Hieron II’s reign: Lehmler 2005, 50–59; G. De Sensi Sestito, Gerone II: Un monarca ellenistico in Sicilia (Palermo, 1977); Finley 1979, 111–121. See also E. Zambon, Tradition and Innovation: Sicily between Hellenism and Rome, Historia Einzelschriften 205 (Stuttgart, 2008) 177– 269, who covers Hieron’s early reign (to 241 BCE). For Morgantina as part of Hieron’s kingdom: M. Bell, “Centro e periferia nel regno siracusano di Ierone II,” in La colonisation grecque en Méditerranée occidentale: Actes de la rencontre scientifique en hommage à Georges Vallet, CÉFR 251 (Rome, 1999) 257–277; Lehmler 2005, 160; Bell 2007, 120. For doubts as to whether Morgantina was part of Hieron’s kingdom: L. Campagna, “Architettura e ideologia della basileia a Siracusa nell’età di Ierone II,” in Nuove prospettive, 155– 156. The fortifications at Morgantina were built in their final form around the middle of the 3rd century BCE: PR XII, 316–318; Karlsson, Fortification Towers (n. 11 above) 86, 112; L. Karlsson, “Did the Romans Allow the Sicilian Greeks to Fortify Their Cities in the 3rd Century BCE?” Acta Hyperborea 5 (1993) 43–44; Tsakirgis 1995, 128. 13 On the houses: Tsakirgis 1984, 51 (House of the Doric Capital), 74 (House of Ganymede), 120 (House of the Arched Cistern), 212 (Pappalardo House) 250–253 (Southwest House), 272–273 (House of the Official), 386–391;

Tsakirgis 1995, 131–138. For the 3rd-century antefixes that decorated the House of the Antefixes on the West Hill, see Tsakirgis 1984, 152–155; Kenfield 1994, 279–280. 14 The most complete account of the 3rd-century building program in the Agora is now M. Bell, “Spazio e istituzioni nell’agora di Morgantina,” in C. Ampolo, ed., Agora greca e agorai di Sicilia (Pisa, 2012) 95–103. 15 See Bell 1993, 327–334; PR XII, 338–339; Tsakirgis 1995, 128–130; Lehmler 2005, 163–166. On the Fountain House: M. Bell, “La fontana ellenistica di Morgantina,” QuadMess 2 (1986–87) 111–124; PR XII, 335–336. 16 See PR XII, 338 under III, 339; Tsakirgis 1995, 129; Bell (n. 14 above) 96–97. On the Bouleuterion: Bell (n. 12 above) 96; Lehmler 2005, 169–172. 17 For the Public Office: Bell (n. 14 above) 97; M. Bell, “Una banca pubblica sull’agora di Morgantina?” in Nuove prospettive, 135–145; Bell 2006, 124–127. On the central steps: Bell (n. 14 above) 96; PR XII, 331, 339; Tsakirgis 1995, 129. Excavations in 1989 and 1992 produced numismatic and ceramic evidence indicating that the shops that preceded the central steps were in use until the middle of the 3rd century: M. Bell, “Monete ieroniche in nuovi contesti di scavo a Morgantina,” in M. Caccamo Caltabiano, ed., La Sicilia tra l’Egitto e Roma: La monetazione siracusana dell’età di Ierone II (Messina, 1993) 290–291; Bell (n. 14 above) 98. 18 On the East Granary: PR XII, 338, III and IV; P. W. Deussen “The Granaries of Morgantina and the Lex Hieronica,” in Le ravitaillement en blé de Rome et des centres urbaines

10

CHAPTER I

To the west of the central steps, the eater featured a stone skene and seats that were probably constructed early in the third quarter of the 3rd century.19 Within the Agora, several sanctuaries document cult activity in the city center.20 In addition to the Agora and the houses on the hills flanking it, rich sanctuaries to the south, north, and the west of the Agora testify to the prosperity of Hellenistic Morgantina, as does an elaborate bath complex (the North and South Baths) at the west end of the city.21 Evidence for a significant pottery industry indicates Morgantina’s importance as a manufacturing center.22

From 214 to 211 BCE e public building program and its attendant prosperity ended before the end of the 3rd century BCE, possibly even before Morgantina’s initial revolt from Rome in 214/13 BCE (Livy 24.36.10), but certainly with the Roman capture and apparent sack of the city in 211 BCE.23 It should be pointed out that, while Livy (26.21.17) says only that Morgantina and the other cities that revolted from Rome were “returned to sovereignty” (in dicionem redegit) in 211, it may be safely assumed that the Romans were deeply dissatisfied with Morgantina and its inhabitants and were inclined to treat them harshly.24 e city revolted against Rome and massacred its Roman garrison in 214/13 BCE. In 213 a Carthaginian army was based at Morgantina.25 e city either remained independent (i.e., in revolt from Roman dominion) from 214/13 to 211 BCE or made some sort of peace agreement with Rome in 213/12 BCE and then revolted for a second time in 211. In either case, beyond des débuts de la République jusqu’au Haut Empire: Actes du colloque international, Naples, 14–16 février 1991, CÉFR 196 (Rome, 1994) 231–235; Tsakirgis 1995, 131; Lehmler 2005, 176–177; Bell (n. 14 above) 97. For grain and other supplies being stored at Morgantina during the Second Punic War, see Livy 24.36.10. 19 On the Theater: PR XII, 338, II and IV; Bell (n. 14 above) 98. Excavations in 2003 and 2005 showed that the stone seats cannot be dated before the middle of the 3rd century BCE, since the fill beneath the seats included squat conical skyphoi (see pp. 104–105 below), which appear around 260–250 BCE, although there were only a few of them. The coins found in the fill of the foundations of the south analemma also date the construction no earlier than 250. The ceramic and numismatic evidence thus now suggest that construction started on the embellished cavea in the decade 250–240. Lehmler 2005, 172–176, believes that the stone seats at Morgantina must postdate the embellishment of Syracuse’s theater in the 230s, but that seems very late for both the evidence and the scope of the project, which must end by 211. 20 MS I, 239, context I D, E 3; 241, context I L; EdlundBerry (n. 9 above); Bell (n. 14 above) 97–98. 21 On the 3rd-century sanctuaries and the North Baths at Morgantina, see deposits/contexts IL–IR below; M. Bell,

“Hiera Oikopeda,” in Di Stefano (n. 7 above) 155–159; S. Lucore, “The Hellenistic Baths at Morgantina,” Kodai 13– 14 (2003–2004) 209–215; S. Lucore, “Archimedes, the North Baths at Morgantina, and Early Developments in Vaulted Construction,” in Kosso and Scott (n. 3 above) 43– 59. The South Baths are located near the North Baths and are similar; they are currently being excavated. 22 On the pottery industry at Morgantina in the 3rd century: pp. 408–410 below. 23 For the fullest reconstruction of Morgantina’s troubled history between 214 and 211 BCE: M. Bell, “A Stamp with the Monogram of Morgantina and the Sign of Tanit,” in Damarato: Studi di antichità offerti à Paola Pelagatti (Milan, 2000) 246–252. See also MS I, 6; Bell 1993, 332; Tsakirgis 1995, 138–139. 24 See the speech by the commander of the Roman garrison at Enna in 213 BCE (Livy 24.38.3–9), in which he urges his troops to attack the people of Enna before the locals massacre them as the citizens of Morgantina had massacred their garrison. The Romans then slaughtered the Ennians the next day in the theater (Livy 24.39.1–7). 25 For the massacred garrison: Livy 24.38.4. For a Carthaginian army based at Morgantina in 213 BCE: Livy 24.36.10, 24.39.10.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

11

Morgantina’s record of opposition to Rome, which suggests that the Romans would have punished the city when they captured it, hostile cities were routinely sacked when taken in this period, since booty was a main means by which soldiers were remunerated and campaigns financed.26 e archaeological evidence for destruction and abandonment at Morgantina in 211 BCE is extensive. Although the Agora experienced only minor damage (and was probably protected by the Roman commanders), every sanctuary on the Serra Orlando ridge except the Central Sanctuary in the Agora ceased functioning in the late 3rd century BCE, and many houses show signs of damage and/or abandonment.27 Shop complexes south and east of the Central Sanctuary in the Agora were abandoned in 211 BCE, and their fill, which included four coin hoards (probably cash boxes) and large amounts of pottery (in the South Shops), suggests destruction.28 Four cistern fills that were comprised of late-3rd-century debris also contained human skeletal remains, presumably individuals who perished in 211 BCE.29 Two skeletons were also found in the South Sanctuary (although one, at least, may be a burial of the early imperial period or later).30 Houses on the East and West Hill overlooking the Agora have cistern fills that date to the late 3rd century BCE.31 A house abandoned in the late 3rd century BCE contained a hoard of gilded silver vessels, while two other houses where occupation ceased in the late 3rd century BCE revealed hoards of coins and of jewelry.32 In addition to these hoards discovered by the American excavations, three other coin hoards that date to the late 3rd century BCE have been found on Serra Orlando.33 e fact that none of these hidden treasures 26 See W. V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 BCE (Oxford, 1979) 58–60, 63–64, 74–77, 102–103. Thus Marcellus, when he arrived at Enna following the massacre (n. 24 above), ordered the Roman garrison to plunder the city (Livy 24.38.7). Megara Hyblaea was sacked and destroyed in 213 BCE (Livy 24.35.2). In both cases Marcellus’s goal was said to be to terrify the Sicilians into obedience. Livy states that before Morgantina was recaptured in 211, the Roman army was dispirited because they had not been allowed to return to their homes that winter. The praetor Cornelius is said by Livy (26.21.17) to have convinced the troops to campaign; no doubt the promise of ample booty would have been a persuasive inducement. Morgantina’s companion in leading the 211 revolt was Echetla, which is often identified with Grammichele: see Manni (n. 1 above) 165. The ancient town located just outside the modern town ceased to exist at the end of the 3rd century BCE: PECS, 364–365, s.v. “Grammichele” (M. Bell). 27 It can be assumed that the Romans followed the same procedures at Morgantina that were used at Syracuse in 212 BCE (Livy 25.31.1–11): the city was given over to the troops to plunder once certain important places/things (most notably the treasury) had been secured and the houses of those who had supported the Romans before the capture of the city were guarded. On the sanctuaries at Morgantina: deposits/contexts IL–IR below; Tsakirgis 1995, 130–131; Hinz 1998, 129–131; Bell (n. 14 above). D. White, “Demeter’s Sicilian Cult as a Political Instrument,” GRBS 5 (1964) 261–

279, provides a possible reason for the destruction of the sanctuaries of Demeter and Kore. On the Central Sanctuary: Edlund-Berry (n. 9 above) 337. On the houses: Tsakirgis 1984; deposits/contexts ID–IH and IJ below. 28 For the South Shops, see p. 31 below, deposit IB. For the Central Shops: MS II, 162–164, deposits 27, 28. For the Central Market by the Central Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in the Agora: Bell (n. 14 above) 97 (“mercato chiuso”). 29 See deposits IG and IL, contexts IE.2 and IJ.1. 30 See context IN. Another skeleton was found just outside the North Baths (context IR), and another in the House of the Official (context IIE). The last seems clearly to be a burial dating to the imperial age, and the skeleton found near the North Baths may also be a later burial. 31 For the East Hill, pp. 31–38 below, deposits/contexts ID–IH. On the West Hill, a cistern excavated in the House of the Antefixes included much 3rd-century pottery (so smashed that none could be mended and nothing was catalogued): Tsakirgis 1984, 152–153. Excavation of the cistern was stopped after five meters due to the uniform character of the fill (and the fragmentary character of its ceramics). Many of the sherds in the cistern fill were burned. For the five coins found in the cistern, all pre-212 BCE: MS II 188, deposit 58. 32 On the silver hoard, see appendix 4. For the two other hoards: deposits IG (MS II, 161–162, deposit 25) and IJ.2 (MS II, 189, deposit 61). 33 For these hoards: M. Puglisi, “La circolazione monetale in Sicilia nell’età di Ierone II,” in Nuove prospettive, 305–

12

CHAPTER I

was reclaimed by the inhabitants following the Roman capture of the city demonstrates that 211 BCE was a year of extreme upheaval for the population of Morgantina. Fifteen deposits and contexts of pottery at Morgantina can be either designated as closed in 211 BCE or assigned to cleanup operations in the years after the Roman capture of the city. A further three deposits of coins with no significant catalogued pottery have been dated to 211 BCE.34 As T.V. Buttrey has pointed out, the destructions and abandonments at Morgantina may have been restricted to those who were known to be opponents of Rome, but they were clearly numerous.35 e catastrophe of the late 3rd century BCE caused a significant reduction of the urban area of Morgantina, suggesting that many of the inhabitants were killed or sold into slavery following the capture of the city (or at least disappeared from the area). In the 3rd century BCE, much of the Serra Orlando ridge seems to have been occupied. Since the ridge is approximately 2 kilometers by onehalf kilometer (i.e., around one square kilometer in total area), various demographic formulas for estimating population suggest that the city may have had between 6,000 and 10,000 inhabitants. e low estimate of the occupied area of Serra Orlando in the 3rd century BCE, however, assumes that the area of domestic housing at the western end of Serra Orlando ended at the North Baths and West Sanctuary (context IR and deposit IQ) and, at the eastern end, beyond the house complex in the Contrada Drago (context IJ). is leaves both the eastern and western ends of the site within the walls uninhabited and establishes the extent of the city as 1000 × 400 meters on Serra Orlando, to which the small settlement on Cittadella (context Ii) should be added as a “suburb.”36 e location of Necropolis I outside the west gate of the city on Serra Orlando, however, suggests that the 3rdcentury city extended past the North Baths, at least north of the baths (which are south of Plateia B on the grid) in the region of the city gate that led to Necropolis I. e “suburb” on Cittadella also suggests that some houses existed beyond the modern Contrada Drago to the east gate of the city. If so, habitation extended over an area of about 57 hectares, and Morgantina possibly had a population as high as 8,500 in the late 3rd century.37 322, esp. table B, 319–320, nos. 12, 13, 15 (see also no. 20, which may also be from Morgantina). 34 For the deposits of pottery, see deposits IB, ID–IR. For deposits of coins: MS II, deposits 27 and 28 (Central Shops in the Agora), and 60 (House of the Official). 35 See T. V. Buttrey, “Morgantina and the Denarius,” NumAntCl 8 (1979) 149–157, reprinted in MS II, 220–226; see also Bell 2007, 121. Buttrey notes that Marcellus’s troops were restricted in their destructions at Syracuse to the property of opponents, and that this may also have been the case at Morgantina, but he concludes from the archaeological evidence of the late 3rd century at Morgantina that “the obvious conclusion to be drawn was that the city had suffered some manner of attack and capture, and that part of it had been intentionally destroyed” (repr. p. 221). One argument in favor of Buttrey’s hypothesis is the lack of evidence for extensive destruction of Morgantina’s public buildings, which were preserved for the use of the Hispani. The sanctuaries and houses seem to have borne the brunt of Roman hostility and rapacity.

36 Bell

(n. 6 above) 9 estimates the area of the city at Serra Orlando as 78 hectares. The adjacent village on the Cittadella adds another two hectares to the inhabited space in the 3rd century: see n. 39 below for an estimate of its population. Using a model that divides this (conservative) estimate of the extent of habitation in the 3rd century into 1,200 standard lots @ five inhabitants per lot, Bell has arrived at a population estimate of 6,000–7,000 for Morgantina in the late 3rd century BCE: Bell 2007, 121 with n. 23. 37 Recent estimates of the density of Greek urban population range from 110 to 150 persons per hectare, not including slaves. Citing 150/ha: N. Cahill, Household and City Organization at Olynthus (New Haven, 2002) 38, with n. 43. Proposing 110/ha at Olynthus: S. Price, “Estimating Greek Populations: The Evidence of Field Survey,” in A. Bowman and A. Wilson, eds., Settlement, Urbanization, and Population (Oxford, 2011) 17–35, esp. 21. These formulae suggest a population between 6,270 and 8,550 in the urbanized area of 57 hectares, within the total walled city of 78 hectares.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

13

After 211 BCE, the densely populated portion of the city consisted only of the Agora and its flanking hills, indicating a huge loss of population. e urban population (within the city walls) in the 2nd and 1st centuries can hardly have exceeded a maximum of 3,500, and was probably lower (2,000–3,000?).38 It would appear, no matter what demographic model one uses, that the population of Morgantina during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE was around one-half to one-third the size of its 3rd-century predecessor. e small “suburb” on Cittadella which had existed since the 4th century BCE was also abandoned around 211 and never reoccupied.39 It must have had roughly two to three hundred inhabitants in the 3rd century. After 211 BCE, a single house on the peak of Farmhouse Hill was the only habitation on Cittadella.40

The 2nd and 1st Centuries BCE Following the events of 211 BCE, the Roman senate gave Morgantina to the Spanish mercenaries who had betrayed Syracuse to the Romans (Livy 26.21.12 and 17). It was the Hispanorum coinage issued by these Iberian rulers of Morgantina that provided the main evidence for identifying the ancient name of the site.41 Although the Hispani probably formed an upper class within the local government and society of the city after 211, the bulk of the population remained Greek-speaking until the end of the Republican town, and was probably made up largely of the old Graeco-Sikel peoples of the surrounding countryside.42 Other than the coinage, signs of a clear break in material culture

38 Diod. Sic. 36.4.5 states that when the city was besieged

in the Second Slave War (104–101 BCE), the free population was able to man the walls only by promising freedom to their slaves in return for military service, suggesting that the population was much reduced from its peak. A generous estimate of the area of Morgantina in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE would place it at around 475 × 375 m, occupying around 37% of the area within the walls; see n. 59 below on the extent of the 2nd-century town, and n. 37 above on the earlier extent. Subtracting the area of the Agora, 143,750 sq. m were available for housing in the later settlement. There are indications, however, especially on the hill east of the Agora, that houses did not cover all of the available terrain in the 2nd and 1st centuries. The population density north of the Agora is also unknown, except just south of the old North Sanctuary and North Sanctuary Annex, where there appear to have been houses. It is also unclear how fully inhabited the small valley between the West Hill and Papa Hill was (south of Plateia B, in the area of the House of the Official). I suspect it would be more accurate to postulate 3,000 inhabitants at most during the 2nd century and into the first half of the 1st century BCE. The abandonment of the pottery factory in the East Granary (context IIC; see p. 52 below) may suggest that Morgantina’s economy took a downturn in the second quarter of the 1st century; if so, there may have been some further decline in population

around that time. 39 The Hellenistic Cittadella settlement is estimated to have had an area of 2.25 hectares (communication of M. Bell and C. Antonaccio). Using the formulae given in note 37, the population of the small settlement would fall between 248 and 338 individuals. 40 See pp. 70–71 below, context IVA. 41 The identification was originally made by K. T. Erim (n. 4 above) 79–90, repr. in MS II, 201–214. See also Tsakirgis 1995, 123–124. On the Hispanorum coinage, see MS II, 34–67, where it is dated (pp. 36–39) as commencing ca. 150 BCE and lasting into the 1st century BCE. Recently there has been growing support for Caccamo Caltabiano’s proposal that the Hispanorum coinage was issued in the last years of the Second Punic War and into the early years of the 2nd century BCE: M. Caccamo Caltabiano, “Sulla cronologia e metrologia della serie Hispanorum,” NumAntCl 14 (1985) 159–169; M. Caccamo Caltabiano, “Nuove prospettive dell’indagine sulla monetazione siciliana di ‘età romana,’” in Nuove prospettive, 55–56; B. Carroccio, “Moneta locale nella Sicilia romana,” in Nuove prospettive, 281 and n. 21. 42 The vast majority of inscriptions and graffiti from Morgantina are in Greek; there are only a few in Latin. For Greek inscriptions from the site: PR II, 162–164; N. Nabers, “Ten Lead Tabellae from Morgantina,” AJA 83 (1979) 463–464.

14

CHAPTER I

with the 3rd century BCE are scanty. It does seem notable, however, than none of the sanctuaries destroyed in 211 BCE were rebuilt; indeed, the ruins of the North Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, which had been the richest sanctuary at Morgantina during the 3rd century BCE, were largely covered by a dump in the course of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.43 After 211 BCE, only the Central Sanctuary in the Agora survived as a center of religion.44 Likewise, the luxurious North Baths in the western area of the site were abandoned by the end of the 3rd century BCE, when the well there was filled with debris (including material from a sanctuary) that dates to the late 3rd century BCE, and there are signs that rooms in the baths were stripped of their furnishings. It seems most likely that this abandonment should be assigned to the catastrophic year of 211. e bath’s vaults finally collapsed in an earthquake, probably during the early 2nd century BCE, at which time parts of it were probably being used to house livestock.45 With the dissolution of Hieron’s kingdom at Syracuse and the end of any Carthaginian threat to eastern Sicily, Morgantina lost its strategic importance, and in the last two centuries BCE the town served only as a local urban center for a rich agricultural region.46 An interesting change can be seen in the shapes of fine ceramics between 211 BCE and the end of the 2nd century. At some point in this period Morgantina transitioned from its old tradition of Greek/Hellenistic pottery shapes to a Republican assemblage that is closely tied to the Italian mainland. is is demonstrated by the proportion of plates to bowls/cups in the surviving tableware. During the 3rd century BCE, bowls/cups predominated, and plates were fairly uncommon, but by the 1st century BCE, when there are again a number of dated fills with pottery at Morgantina (deposits and contexts IIB–IIi), plates are as common as cups.47 is shift presumably reflects changes both in diet and in preferences for Roman versus Greek vase types. e history of Morgantina in the 2nd century BCE is somewhat obscure. Rebuilding of damaged buildings after 211 BCE may have taken decades, perhaps retarded by further damage to the town in the apparent catastrophe (perhaps an earthquake) of the early 2nd century mentioned above. By the second half of the 2nd century, the town can be presumed to have been prosperous again. Local production of fine wares, which had ceased in 211, revived sometime in the last third of the On the Greek population of 2nd- and 1st-century Sicily: Finley 1979, 134; Tsakirgis 1995, 131. For a recent analysis of the government of the Republican province of Sicily: J. Dubouloz and S. Pittia, “La Sicile romaine, de la disparition du royaume de Hiéron II à la réorganisation augustéenne des provinces,” Pallas 80 (2009) 85–125. 43 On the dump, see pp. 58–60 below, context IIH. 44 It is unclear if the Central Sanctuary was damaged in 211; it was clearly not destroyed (see p. 11 above) and was certainly in use after 211 (n. 67 below). 45 See deposit IR.1 (for the well fill) and context IR below. My thanks to Dr. Sandra Lucore for providing this information. 46 Morgantina’s strategic importance was largely was due to its position near the juncture of two major roads, one run-

ning east into the Catania plain, the other running from the northern coast past Enna toward the south coast. For the road to Catania: PR X, 360–361; Judson (n. 4 above) 287– 280; Erim (n. 4 above) 89–90. For the north–south road: PR I, 151; Erim (n. 4 above) 90. This must be the road leading from the area of Agyrion northeast of Enna to Morgantina that is mentioned in Diodorus 14.95.2. On ancient roads, see Wilson 1990, 10–17. On the fame of the wine of Morgantina in the Republic: Cato, De re rust. 6.4; for later notices: Columella, De re rust. 3.2.27; Pliny, HN 14.2.35 and 14.4.46. As late as the second half of the 1st century CE (when the site was abandoned) Silius Italicus could speak of “frondosis Morgentina campis” (14.265). See Strabo 6.2.7 (C273) on the agricultural prosperity of the island. 47 See pp. 142–144 below.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

15

2nd century, apparently due to the immigration of craftsmen from eastern Sicily.48 Despite Morgantina’s position in the area most affected by the two great slave wars which ravaged Sicily in ca. 141–132 BCE and ca. 104–101 BCE, the archaeological remains show little (if any) disturbance dating to this period.49 At the end of the First Slave War (132 BCE), Eunus, the leader of the rebellious slaves, was imprisoned at Morgantina (Diod. Sic. 34/35.2.23), suggesting that it was an important regional center. e northern Agora remained the commercial and administrative focus of the city, since most of the buildings have evidence of reoccupation in the 2nd century, if in somewhat reduced circumstances.50 e only large new building added to the Agora in the 2nd century BCE was a macellum located in the center of the Agora north of the central steps. It dates to the third quarter of the century (or perhaps the early fourth quarter), after the end of the First Slave War.51 In the southern part of the Agora, the record is spottier. e central steps were gradually filled 48 See pp. 410–412 below. Manufacture of fine wares was

probably reestablished no earlier than the end of the First Slave War (132 BCE), although the evidence for this revival would support a date anytime between the last third of the 2nd century and the early 1st century BCE. Manufacture of plain pottery seems to have resumed on a limited basis (one small workshop is known) in the second quarter of the 2nd century. 49 See Tsakirgis 1995, 139. Morgantina is surely mentioned in the scanty accounts of the First Slave War only as the place where Eunus was imprisoned and died unpleasantly (Diod. Sic. 34/35.2.23). Erim (n. 4 above) 86 suggests that Morgantina was “taken by the slaves in the First Slave War,” a conclusion that is based on emending the text of Orosius from “Mamertium” to “Morgantinum.” Orosius 5.9.6 says that a battle took place at “Mamertium,” where the Romans killed 8,000 slaves. The lack of any destruction at Morgantina datable to the 2nd century BCE may argue against the emendation, although Diodorus (34/35.2.48) says that the slaves did not destroy much property, and suggests most of the damage in the war was done to estates in the countryside. K. R. Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World, 140 BCE to 70 BCE (Bloomington, IN, 1989) 46–65, offers a detailed and speculative account of the First Slave War in which Morgantina was a major fortress for the slave armies: “Tauromenium . . . Catina . . . and Morgantina are actually mentioned by name in the sources as bases of servile resistance” (p. 60; again, this is based on emending the text of Orosius). T. Urbainczyk, Slave Revolts in Antiquity (Berkeley, 2008) 39, more prudently retains Orosius’s “Mamertium” in her account of the war. Morgantina came under siege in the Second Slave War but apparently escaped unscathed (Diod. Sic. 36.4.5 and 8) when the inhabitants persuaded their slaves to join the defense by promising them their freedom (later rescinded by the Roman governor). The free and slave male inhabitants of

2nd-century Morgantina (n. 38 above) could not have manned the walls in a siege, and the defenders must have included people (including slaves) from the countryside. See, however, PR XII, 318, n. 24, for the statement that Morgantina was “probably captured in the second [Slave War]”; see also Bradley (above) 75. Urbainczyk (above) 44–45, 55– 57, again simply recounts what Diodorus tells us, without any speculation. A fragment of Diodorus (34/35.3.11) relates the death of Gorgus of Morgantina and his father at the hands of fugitive slaves outside the city; Bradley (above) 71 notes that this event probably took place in the years between the two wars, illustrating the lawless conditions of the countryside in central Sicily in the late 2nd century BCE. 50 For a selective and somewhat idiosyncratic account of Morgantina in the late 2nd and 1st centuries BCE: R. J. A. Wilson, “Ciceronian Sicily: An Archaeological Perspective,” in C. Smith and J. Serrati, eds., Sicily from Aeneas to Augustus (Edinburgh, 2000) 138–139. More balanced assessments appear in Bell 2007; and M. Bell, “An Archaeologist’s Perspective on the Lex Hieronica,” in J. Dubouloz and S. Pittia, eds., La Sicile de Cicéron: Lectures des Verrines (Paris, 2007) 187–203. For the Northwest Stoa: p. 67 below, context IIIH; MS II, 191–196, deposits 66, 67. On the East Stoa: PR VIII, 138; PR XII, 340. Bell (n. 14 above) 96 now believes that the East Stoa was abandoned in the course of the 2nd century, except for its northern rooms, which became a pottery workshop in the second quarter of the century. On the Northwest Stoa: PR XII, 338, no. V. A preliminary treatment of the Fountain House is Bell, “La fontana ellenistica” (n. 15 above); see also PR XII, 336. 51 On the Macellum: PR I, 154–155; C. de Ruyt, Macellum: Marché alimentaire des romains (Louvain, 1983) 109– 114; Wilson 1990, 23; Tsakirgis 1995, 139. See MS II, 171, deposit 41, for coins said to be sealed in the walls of the building during construction, including a denarius of 137 BCE.

16

CHAPTER I

with alluvial deposits during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.52 Farther south, the West Granary to the west of the south gate of the Agora was not reconstructed after 211 BCE, nor was a group of shops situated directly east of and abutting the rock scarp on which the warehouse had been built.53 e northern rooms of the East Granary were remodeled into a pottery workshop in the second half of the 2nd century BCE, probably at the same time that the Macellum was built.54 An enormous kiln was built into the hillside south of the granary; it seems to be part of the same ceramic factory and to have used the southernmost room of the old granary as its preparation room.55 e potter who established this factory appears to have come to Morgantina from the environs of Katane.56 e Central Sanctuary and the eater were both in use in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, and a temenos with a fountain was built in the Agora south of the Central Sanctuary in the first half of the 2nd century BCE.57 On the hills to either side of the Agora, the large peristyle houses were reoccupied or rebuilt, presumably by the Hispani, and new dwellings filled in areas on the West Hill that perhaps had been unoccupied in the 3rd century BCE.58 It seems clear, however, that habitation did not extend much beyond the two hills bordering the Agora and north of the marketplace, except along the main street (Plateia A) that ran east–west across the Serra Orlando ridge.59 Another sign of decreasing population 52

This fill contained much material of the 3rd century BCE intermixed with Campana C black-gloss pottery and other material of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. See PR I, 152; PR II, 161. A drain running south from the terrace of the East Stoa that rested on this dumped fill contained material of the 1st century BCE, notably the spout of a moldmade lamp decorated with plastic birds’ heads. Bell 2007, 131, notes that by the early 1st century BCE the ground level seems to have risen to the top of the ninth step. There is evidence that the ground level of the Agora also rose in its northwest corner: see pp. 67–69 below, contexts IIIH and IIIi. 53 PR XII, 322, 326. On the South Shops and Central Shops, which ran from the east edge of the West Granary past the Central Sanctuary in the 3rd century BCE: PR XII, 324–331. 54 On the pottery factory: pp. 410–412 below, context IIC; MS III, 11–16 (East Granary). On the date: MS III, 68–69. The ceramics made in the factory attached to the East Granary are characteristic of the later 2nd and 1st centuries BCE at Morgantina. 55 See MS III, 35–40 (Great Kiln); p. 52 below, context IIC. 56 See pp. 154 and 411 below. 57 On the Central Sanctuary: PR I, 156; PR III, 168; PR VII, 164–165; Edlund-Berry (n. 9 above) 337; MS III, 20– 23; I. E. M. Edlund-Berry, “Miniature Vases as Votive Gifts: Evidence from the Central Sanctuary at Morgantina (Sicily),” in Ceramics in Context: Proceedings of the Internordic Colloquium on Ancient Pottery, Stockholm, 13–15 June 1997 (Stockholm, 2001) 71–75. On the Theater: R. Stillwell, “The Theater of Morgantina,” Kokalos 10–11 (1962–65)

584–587; PR XII, 338. For the temenos: PR VII, 165–166; PR XII, 338, no. V; deposit IIA (p. 48 below) suggests that this was built in the second quarter of the 2nd century BCE. 58 See Tsakirgis 1995, 139–142; Tsakirgis 1984, 391– 395; see also 189 (House of the Mended Pithos), 198 and 201 (House of the Palmento), 231–232 (House of the Tuscan Capitals). 59 Excavations in 2003 demonstrated that Papa Hill west of the West Hill domestic quarter was covered with houses during the 3rd century BCE, but was unoccupied in the later centuries BCE. The House of the Official west of the West Hill was apparently at the western edge of the town. Some lots along Plateia A west of the Agora appear to have been occupied into the 1st century BCE, since a fill in a house on Stenopos West 9 revealed a complete thin-walled beaker with barbotine decoration (p. 297 below, no. 692). The dump that accumulated over the old North Sanctuary suggests that habitation did not extend north of that point, but this cannot be proven. For the dump: pp. 58–60 below, context IIH. On the East Hill there is no evidence for habitation east of the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), although that cannot be proven conclusively without excavation. For suggestions that the area between the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID) and the House of Ganymede remained open during the 2nd century, see context IE.2 and deposit IF below. East of the East Hill, the areas now referred to as Contrada Drago and Contrada San Francesco were uninhabited (or fields) after 211. The eastern and western areas of the Serra Orlando ridge beyond the city limits and within the city walls were, no doubt, used for farming and herding after the 3rd century BCE (see contexts IJ and IR).

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

17

and wealth is the fact that both the House of Ganymede and the House of the Official were subdivided into smaller units when they were reoccupied after the Roman sack of 211 BCE.60 e relative prosperity of this small city lasted well into the 1st century BCE. e archaeological record does not provide any evidence of Verres’s plundering at Morgantina, although complaints by the city’s inhabitants are recorded by Cicero (Verr. 2.3.18 and 2.3.43); his depredations suggest that the city was still reasonably prosperous.61 By the early 1st century, an extensive ceramic industry certainly existed at the site. Ten kilns associated with the manufacture of ceramic products can be dated to the late 2nd century BCE and the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE, although the largest of these centers of ceramic production, located in the East Granary, seems to have been abandoned by the middle of the 1st century BCE.62 Some houses show signs of augmentation or adornment in the later 2nd and early 1st centuries BCE.63 Reasonably large amounts of imported eastern red-gloss pottery also attest to the prosperity of the inhabitants around the middle of the 1st century; a good amount of central Italian thin-walled ware came to Morgantina during the same years.64 On the other hand, the construction of an extensive system of terracotta conduits in the Agora, and a remodeling of and downsizing of the Fountain House suggests that the water supply may have decreased during the last two centuries BCE.65 Despite these indications of gradual decay, Morgantina was hardly in terminal decline by the middle of the 1st century BCE.

The Destructions of the Third Quarter of the 1st Century BCE is prosperous local center ended in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE in a series of fires and abandonments throughout the occupied areas. Virtually all the structures in the Agora were destroyed or abandoned in the second half of the 1st century BCE. e Macellum and the North Stoa burned 60 The House of Ganymede: Tsakirgis 1984, 74–75, 83. The house now appears to have been abandoned after a natural disaster of the early 2nd century BCE: M. Bell, “Osservazioni sui mosaici greci della Casa di Ganimede a Morgantina,” in G. F. La Torre, and M. Torelli, eds., Pittura ellenistica in Italia e in Sicilia (Rome, 2011) 105–123. House of the Official: Tsakirgis 1984, 211, 225. 61 On Verres, see Finley 1979, 146–147; on Morgantina and Verres, idiosyncratically, Wilson (n. 50 above) and, more reasonably, Bell 2007. The abandonment fill of the pottery factory in the East Granary (context IIC), apparently in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE, is the only fill that could possibly be associated with Verres’s rapacity. 62 See MS III, 9–40, 68–69; contexts IIC and IIH and deposit IIE.1; pp. 410–414 below. 63 For additions to the House of the Doric Capital: Tsakirgis 1984, 50–51. The construction of the House of the Tuscan Capitals can be dated after 150 BCE: Tsakirgis 1984, 231; B. Tsakirgis, “The Decorated Pavements of Morgantina I: The Mosaics,” AJA 93 (1989) 403–405, nos. 10– 12; Tsakirgis 1995, 140–142; see also p. 150 below. The

potters’ kilns at the north end of the House of the Official were probably constructed in the first half of the 1st century BCE: Tsakirgis 1984, 271–272; MS III, 69. A cistern fill associated with the House of Ganymede included material of the late 2nd century or early 1st century: p. 36 below, context IE.2; Tsakirgis 1984, 75. On embellishments to the houses: Tsakirgis 1984, 120–121 (House of the Arched Cistern), 226–227 (paintings in House of the Tuscan Capitals); Tsakirgis, “Mosaics” (above) 403–406, nos. 10–13; Tsakirgis 1995, 140–142. 64 On imported Eastern Sigillata A pottery (sixty-seven catalogued vases): pp. 193–200 below. For thin-walled wares: pp. 291–302 below, esp. 301–302. See also pp. 278– 280 for moldmade hemispherical bowls from the eastern Mediterranean, and pp. 273–274 for imported eastern appliqué wares. Morgantina also imported a large number of Rhodian amphoras during the 2nd century BCE. 65 On the Fountain House: Bell (n. 15 above); PR XII, 334–335. On the pipe and water system: D. P. Crouch, “The Hellenistic Water System of Morgantina, Sicily,” AJA 88 (1984) 353–365; G. Bruno and C. Elsa Renna, “La rete

18

CHAPTER I

in this period.66 e eater was abandoned in these years, as was, probably, the Central Sanctuary in the Agora.67 e most persuasive evidence for a violent destruction of the town in the second half of the 1st century BCE comes from the Southwest Temenos in the Agora, where much ash was found overlying the floors.68 e northern part of the temenos was covered by a dump containing ash, architectural elements, and sculpture, suggesting that some cleanup took place after the destruction. e sculpture was deliberately smashed, an act that indicates that the destructions were not caused by a natural disaster. Numismatic evidence dates the destruction of the temenos after ca. 40 BCE.69 idrica di Morgantina: Tentativo di definizione del livello dell’acqua all’interno delle condotte in terracotta,” in Cura aquarum in Sicilia, Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, Syracuse, 1998, BABesch suppl. 6 (Leiden, 2000) 69–78; D. P. Crouch, Geology and Settlement: Greco-Roman Patterns (Oxford and New york, 2004) 65–67. 66 See Stone 2002, 142. For the date of the destruction of the Macellum, see MS II, 178–181, deposit 47, which contained six asses of Sextus Pompeius, including four half coins. In addition to the coins listed there, a coin of Octavian issued between 38 and 36 BCE was found mixed in with the uppermost tiles sealing the deposit (inv. 55-2185; MS II, 126, no. 700; Crawford 535), and two fragments of Italian terra sigillata were found on top of the roof tiles. Additional body fragments of an Italian terra sigillata platter were found in the courtyard of the building (trench 17G), which was, of course, not sealed by tiles. The terra sigillata appears to have been deposited after the building burned, since no examples of that ware were found below the roof tiles. Much ash was found in the fill, and the Macellum shows no signs of use during the last phase of habitation at Morgantina. It thus seems reasonable to assume that it burned during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and that the terra sigillata in the courtyard and on the tiles represents dumped debris of the 1st century CE. For the North Stoa: MS II, 191–196, deposits 66 and 67; see also 181– 182, deposit 48 (rooms 2–5). Ash was found in many of the rooms. One of the stoa’s westernmost rooms was repaired and/or reoccupied late in the 1st century BCE; the fill contained Early Italian terra sigillata and an imperial coin (MS II, 181 deposit 48, room 1). A trial trench through the last floor level within the Bouleuterion revealed an Early Italian terra sigillata cup base (p. 69 below, no. 458), suggesting that the floor, which is associated with several rooms built within the ruins of the building, dates no earlier than the last decade BCE. An imperial coin was found in the fill above the floor that contained the cup fragment (MS II, 196–197, deposit 72). The thermopolion attached to the Bouleuterion’s south wall also contained imperial coins: MS II, 197–198, deposit 73. 67 See Stone 2002, 142. On the Theater: Stillwell (n. 57

above) 587, who dates the abandonment to the late 1st century BCE. The coins from the area of the skene are as late as Gallienus (inv. 63-205; MS II, 130, no. 753, from the third stratum) and document the activities of stone-robbers. For the Central Sanctuary: PR VII, 165; PR VIII, 143; EdlundBerry (n. 9 above) 337. Eastern Sigillata A pottery of the middle of the 1st century BCE was found in one service room (see p. 199 below, no. 389). The north courtyard of the sanctuary (former Central Market) had on its floor three coins of Sextus Pompeius (inv. 57-3123–3125; MS II, 126, no. 692; Crawford 479). Room II contained a half as of Sextus Pompeius beneath its fallen wall in the fill directly over the floor (inv. 57-1290; MS II, 126, no. 692; Crawford 479). In the south courtyard, the third stratum of fill contained a denarius of ca. 63 BCE (inv. 58-1941; MS II, 125, no. 668; Crawford 414). The second stratum of the same court contained an imperial dupondius (inv. 62-534) and a volute-nozzle lamp of early imperial date (inv. 62-596). The area east of this court contained another volute-nozzle lamp (inv. 63-14) in its second stratum. There is a good amount of evidence for dumping in the area of the sanctuary datable to the last phase of habitation at Morgantina, and it seems likely that the sanctuary would have been subject to some treasure-hunting in the 1st century CE. The actual cultic deposits in the sanctuary seem to stop in the later 1st century BCE, as did the industrial activity of the kiln: PR VII, 165; MS III, 69. This suggests that the late coins and lamps represent intrusions, although a small and localized revival of the cult cannot be excluded. On the Fountain House: Bell (n. 15 above); PR XII, 331–337. 68 Stone 2002, 142–144. For the temenos: PR XII, 316, fig. 1H. PR VII, 166, for mention of the sculpture, which included three different statues. A standing draped female was found in thirty-three pieces (inv. 62-1703A–H) scattered throughout trench 77C, stratum 2, and trench 77D, stratum 1a. Five fragments of a statuette or relief of a hermaphrodite sese ostendens (inv. 62-1662A–E) were found in trench 77B, stratum 2, and trench 77C, stratum 2. A further fragment of a herm (?) (inv. 62-1615) was found in trench 77E, stratum 2. In addition, a possible fragment of a terracotta statue (inv. 62-1710) was found in trench 77C, stratum 2. 69 Inv. 62-1612, issued by Cn. Plancius (ca. 55 BCE; MS

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

19

e destructions extend to the domestic quarters of the town. e House of the Doric Capital on the East Hill burned soon after 40 BCE, based on the numismatic evidence.70 Although there are signs of some cleanup/plundering operations after the fire, the house was never rebuilt. On the West Hill, at least three houses burned in the third quarter or early fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE.71 To the west of the West Hill, the House of the Official, which had been divided into a duplex after 211 BCE, burned during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and was never rebuilt.72 To the north, the latest material in the dump over the North Sanctuary dates to the middle or the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, ending a century or more of accumulation; a small dump located behind the North Stoa also ceased accumulating at this time.73 e reason for these burnings and abandonments is unknown, although, given their archaeological contemporaneity, they seem likely to have occurred at the same time. Consistent numismatic and ceramic evidence suggests that most, if not all, of the destructions took place in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE or perhaps the earliest years of the fourth quarter, within a range of ca. 40– 20 BCE. Six fills containing pottery (deposits/contexts IID–IIi), some of them quite large, date to this period. Of these, four fills (deposits/contexts IID, IIE, IIH, and IIi) apparently ceased accumulating by ca. 40–25 BCE, since they include no coins issued after ca. 40–36 BCE and no Early Italian terra sigillata, which certainly began to be imported to Morgantina and other sites on Sicily no later than the penultimate decade BCE.74 Two cistern fills on the West Hill (deposits IIF, IIG) represent cleanup from fires before their (adjacent) houses were rebuilt in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE; these fills likewise included no Early Italian terra sigillata. In addition, two extensive dumps in the Agora (contexts IIIG, IIIH) contain large amounts of Republican pottery, again presumably cleanup from structures destroyed in the second half of the 1st century BCE, mixed with smaller amounts of imperial ceramics discarded by the last inhabitants of Morgantina after 25/10 BCE and into the first half of the 1st century CE. Confirmation for dating fills IID–IIi in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE comes from the terracotta lamps, which include large numbers of Republican moldmade types, including delphiniform and “bird’s-head” lamps (Dressel 2 and 4), but no lamps with triangular nozzles decorated with volutes (Dressel 9), a type that has been found at Cosa in fills dated to around 25–20 BCE.75 II, 125, no. 677; Crawford 432), was found resting on the tile pavement. A coin of Sextus Pompeius was found in the destruction fill (inv. 62-1117; MS II, 126, no. 692; Crawford 479). 70 See Tsakirgis 1984, 68–69; Stone 2002, 141–142; p. 54 below, deposit IID. 71 Stone 2002, 142; Tsakirgis 1984, 163–164 (House of the Double Cistern), 297 (House in Area II, trench 10A east), 120–122 (House of the Arched Cistern); pp. 48 and 61 below, deposits IIF and IIG, and context IIIA. See also Tsakirgis 1984, 213 (Pappalardo House). 72 Tsakirgis 1984, 214; see also context IIE below. A few scrappy house walls were excavated north of the House of the Official; the house also seems to have been abandoned around the third quarter of the 1st century BCE: Tsakirgis 1984, 300–301.

73

For the dump over the North Sanctuary: pp. 58–60 below, context IIH. For the dump behind the North Stoa: p. 60 below, context IIi. Context IIH had two fragments of terra sigillata in the first stratum of its fill. 74 There are now fairly extensive amounts of Early Italian terra sigillata on Sicily that can be dated before 10 BCE. Malfitana 2004, 314, dates the earliest imports of Italian terra sigillata to 40/20 BCE and states that “imports of the ware continued, steadily and in considerable quantities, at least until the end of the Tiberian age.” 75 See C. R. Fitch and N. W. Goldman, Cosa: The Lamps, MAAR 39 (Ann Arbor, 1994) 84–92. Morgantina has twenty-three catalogued examples of lamps with triangular nozzles decorated with volutes, all from early imperial contexts.

20

CHAPTER I

Recent examinations of the Early Italian terra sigillata found on Sicily indicate that this ware was being imported to the island well before 10 BCE; the Morgantina excavations have recovered eleven fragments of Early Italian terra sigillata that securely date before 10 BCE.76 It seems plausible that quantities of Arretine and other Early Italian terra sigillata began to be imported to Sicily with the establishment of the Augustan colonies on the coast in the 20s BCE. As a parallel, Ordona (Herdonia) in the province of Foggia has produced a good-sized deposit of Italian terra sigillata dated to the late 20s BCE, showing that this pottery was already popular in south-central Italy during that decade; the same deposit included two volute-nozzle lamps (Dressel 9).77 e absence of Early Italian terra sigillata and volute-nozzle lamps at Morgantina thus suggests that the destructions took place before ca. 20 BCE. Among the deposits that appear to date to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, those in the House of the Doric Capital and the House of the Official both contained imported Eastern Sigillata A, and the House of the Doric Capital also had large amounts of imported Italian thin-walled wares, as did the houses that burned on the West Hill.78 It would be reasonable to assume that the owners of those comfortable domiciles would also have purchased Italian terra sigillata, had it been available to them. In addition, Strabo, whose section on Sicily is usually dated to around 20 BCE, mentions Morgantina and comments: povli~ d jh\n au{th nu`n d joujk e[stin (6.2.4 [C270]).79 Although this statement may indicate only that the site was no longer considered a true polis in the Greek sense (governed locally?), Strabo’s passage would make the most sense if the fires in the Agora (i.e., the destruction of the town’s civic center) occurred before the date when he composed his section on Sicily. In the same passage, Strabo (6.2.6 [C272–273]) comments on the sparse population and the prevalence of brigandage in east-central Sicily, noting that Enna is the only town. Both of these observations would make the most sense if Morgantina had ceased to exist as a significant city (for the imperial village there, see below). ese destructions are a historical problem, since there is no obvious reason for such wholesale destruction and abandonment at Morgantina in this period. It seems clear from the evidence of the Republican period that the city was in slow decline, but it should, like Soluntum and Iaitas in western Sicily, have lingered on as a decaying urban entity into the 2nd century CE.80 e destructions of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, however, accelerated that process significantly. It should be pointed out that the reason for the destructions and abandonments at Morgantina in this period have no real bearing on the significance of deposits and contexts IID–IIi for the history of Roman pottery ca. 40–20 BCE. On the other hand, their existence and magnitude begs an explanation. 76

See n. 74 above; p. 216 below, nos. 402–411; and pp. 284–285 below, no. 678. 77 See De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 107–127, esp. 108–111 (terra sigillata), 124 (lamps). 78 For Eastern Sigillata A from the House of the Doric Capital, see nos. 389A, 389B, 390, 401. For Eastern Sigillata A from the House of the Official: nos. 366A, 378, 381, 400, 401A. For thin-walled wares from the House of the Doric Capital: nos. 701, 706C, 708, 708A, 711, 711A, 712, 718C, 719, 723, 724, 728, 731, 734, 735. For thinwalled wares in deposit IIF: nos. 691, 698, 721; in deposit

IIG: nos. 692A, 694, 695, 706B, 709, 710, 718, 718B, 719A, 725, 732. 79 See Tsakirgis 1995, 142. On the date of Strabo’s account of Sicily: E. Pais, Ancient Italy (London and New york, 1908) 380–409=Ricerche storiche e geografiche sull’Italia antica (Turin, 1908) 633–661; Stone 2002, 144, n. 64. 80 On the late history of these sites, see PECS, 849 (Soluntum, abandoned at the end of the 2nd or in the early 3rd century CE); and Studia Ietina VIII, 22–23 (Iaitas, abandoned by the mid-2nd century CE, with a later reoccupation in its eastern quarter).

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

21

ere are two possible dates for these destructions: either the years 36–32 BCE or between 22 and 15 BCE. Two possible explanations would support the earlier dating. e first of these can be disposed of fairly easily. Mount Etna is recorded to have erupted twice in the 30s BCE: in 36 BCE (Appian, B Civ. 5.1.17) and 32 BCE (Dio Cass. 50.8.3). Since Morgantina is only around fifty miles away from the volcano, an earthquake of the type that often precedes a volcanic eruption could have sparked fires at the town.81 But destructions are not mentioned by the sources or attested by the archaeological record at towns located closer to Mount Etna. e extent of destruction at Morgantina (covering an area approximately 300 × 250 meters) and the fact that the structures destroyed are not adjacent to each other suggest a human action rather than an act of nature, as does the failure to rebuild many structures and a major contraction of the populated area in the last period of settlement. e most likely reason for the destructions in the 30s is political in nature. I have speculated that they were associated with the aftermath of the war between Octavianus and Sextus Pompeius in 36 BCE.82 Octavianus is said to have punished cities that supported Pompeius in the years immediately after he took Sicily; the evidence suggests that this included confiscations of land and some depopulations. e punishments must have been completed by 32 BCE, when Sicily took an oath of allegiance to Octavianus.83 Although there is no textual account of Morgantina’s support for Pompey, such support and subsequent punishment could account for the extensive destructions and abandonments in this period. According to this hypothesis, the estates of the residents of Morgantina were confiscated around 35 BCE, and the city was then burned to punish it for its adherence to Pompeius. Since the inhabitants would have had little source of sustenance and income after the confiscations, the bulk of the population would have been forced to relocate after the city’s commercial and domestic buildings had been burned. ere are problems with this hypothesis, most notably the presence of half coins in some of the deposits, since the halving has been dated to the 20s (at the earliest; see below), and because Morgantina is located far from the campaigns of 36 BCE. As noted above, there is no textual evidence linking the city with Pompeius, but punishment of Morgantina for supporting the unsuccessful dynast does provide the most reasonable historical explanation for the extensive destructions and abandonments at Morgantina in this period. e second possibility, suggesting a later date for these destructions (22–15 BCE), involves the 81 The

only earthquake known to have caused damage to Sicily in this period occurred in 17 CE: see E. Guidoboni, Catalogue of Ancient Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Area up to the Tenth Century (Rome, 1994) 179, no. 078. This is too late for the destructions at Morgantina. The city does not appear to have been damaged by this earthquake, which seems to have been centered in the northeastern corner of the island. 82 For the suggestion that the destructions were punishment of the town by Octavianus for support of Sextus Pompeius, see Stone 2002, 142–143 (originally published in 1983). This punishment would have taken place between 35 and 32 BCE. This suggestion has been accepted by M. Bell, “Roman Sicily: Review of R. J. A. Wilson, Sicily under

the Roman Empire,” JRA 7 (1994) 374–375; and A. Pinzone, “Storia e storiografia della Sicilia romana,” Kokalos 30–31 (1984–85) 388–390. In opposition, Wilson 1990, 34, suggests that the destructions may represent depredations by the army of M. Lepidus during its march from western to eastern Sicily in 36 BCE. See Stone 2002, 149, for the observation that Lepidus’s army probably never came near Morgantina. See MS I, 7, for an earlier suggestion that Morgantina may have been punished for adherence to Pompeius’s cause. Tsakirgis 1995, 142, does not speculate on the reason for the destructions and abandonments. 83 See Appian, BCiv. 5.13.124–25; Dio Cass. 49.11.2– 12.1.4; Velleius Paterculus 2.80.

22

CHAPTER I

evidence of coinage. T. V. Buttrey has suggested that asses of Sextus Pompeius and Octavianus issued before 30 BCE were halved as official policy in the 20s BCE as part of the Augustan reform of the bronze coinage.84 e Augustan reform is usually placed in, or shortly after, 23 BCE.85 According to Buttrey’s hypothesis, the bronze coins issued before 36 BCE were heavier than the Augustan aes standard, and thus were revalued in the late 20s BCE as dupondii (if unhalved) and as the equivalent of an as (if halved). e fills of three of the buildings destroyed at Morgantina in this period included half coins of Pompeius and Octavianus, apparently in use contexts.86 Since the fires seem to be contemporaneous, Buttrey’s chronology for the half coins of Pompeius would date the fires and abandonments at Morgantina to no earlier than ca. 22 BCE. While cogently argued, and offering the authority of imperial decree for the coin halving, Buttrey’s argument also has problems. He suggests that the half coins were used as asses (that is, small change) after 23 BCE, but half coins of Pompeius are not common in fills of the early 1st century CE at Morgantina; in fact, none of the five deposits of imperial coins at Morgantina includes a half coin of Pompeius (and one includes two unhalved asses).87 Sixty-four half coins of Pompey have been found at Morgantina, but they turn up consistently in contexts that contain ceramics normally dated to the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE, rather than in areas with imperial pottery. As noted above, twelve of the sixty-four halved asses of Pompeius come from three contexts in which they were the latest coins in the fill.88 Another was found in the Agora’s Central Sanctuary, which appears to have been abandoned in the late 1st century BCE, in a fill that also included three uncut asses. Another half coin was found in the latest floor packing in room 11 of the House of the Arched Cistern, together with an uncut as of Pompeius.89 In all, fourteen of sixty-four half coins of Pompeius were found in contexts in which, if the halving indeed dates to 22 BCE, they are the only evidence suggesting that the fills date after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. As noted above, the half coins do not appear to have been in circulation at Morgantina during the 1st century CE. As Malcolm Bell has pointed out to me, it seems unlikely that the new imperial government would allow Pompeius’s coinage to remain in circulation in an area where he had been popular; it is more likely that its policy would have been to withdraw Pompeius’s coins from circulation (insofar as possible). In support of this “retirement” theory, the bronze coinage issued by the new Roman colonies and municipia in Sicily beginning in the 20s BCE could have been designed to replace the coins of Pompeius.90 It would thus seem reasonable to assume that the half coins were created earlier, perhaps during the years of the conflict between Pompeius and Octavianus, when there may have been a shortage of small denomination coinage on Sicily. Halving coins to produce 84 See T. Buttrey, “Halved Coins, The Augustan Reform, and Horace, Odes I.3,” AJA 76 (1972) 31–48. This article is not listed in the bibliography of MS II (p. xxi), although it discusses Morgantina several times. 85 See, for example, K. W. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 (Baltimore, 1996) 76–77. 86 The fills of the Macellum (MS II, 178–181, deposit 47) and the North Stoa (MS II, 181–182, deposit 48, 191–196, deposits 66 and 67) included halved asses of Pompeius: see n. 66 above. The fill of the House of the Official included

half coins of Pompeius and a half coin of Octavianus (issued 38–36 BCE): see context IIE below. In addition, the fill of the Central Sanctuary in the Agora, where the chronology is more ambiguous, also had half coins of Pompeius: see n. 67 above. 87 See MS II, deposits 48, 49, 72, 73, and 76. Deposit 73 included the two unhalved asses of Pompeius. 88 See n. 86 above. 89 The two coins are inv. 62-466 and 62-467. 90 On these coins, see n. 94 below.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

23

small change was the practice on the Rhine frontier in the early empire and was apparently done there without the fiat of an imperial decree.91 If the halving of Pompeius’s asses occurred between 40 and 35 BCE, it seems likely that the old half coins were retired from circulation no later than the time when the new bronze standard was introduced.92 Dating the destructions at Morgantina after 20 BCE, which would be required by Buttrey’s hypothesis, is difficult. As noted above, none of the fills that date to this period included Early Italian terra sigillata, which began to be imported to Sicily around 40–20 BCE, nor lamps with a triangular nozzle decorated with volutes (attested at Cosa and Ordona by ca. 20 BCE). Of the late Republican deposits, only deposit IIF contained a coin that was issued after 27 BCE, and that deposit is a cistern fill created when the house was cleaned up and rebuilt by its final inhabitants, providing a later opportunity for the coin to be deposited. Perhaps most problematic, however, is the fact that there is no known reason for such widespread destruction at a Sicilian city around 25–15 BCE. If dated then, the fires at Morgantina would have to be attributed to a natural disaster of a magnitude that should have affected other sites in the area, but which is not reported by any surviving historical source and does not appear in the archaeological record at other sites. Following this unrecorded catastrophe, the bulk of Morgantina’s dispirited population would then have had to abandon their ancestral homeland to seek their fortune in parts unknown, rather than rebuilding their property. Dating the destructions at Morgantina as late as the teens BCE also suggests that the date of Strabo’s account of Sicily should be revised down to ca. 10 BCE, which may also pose some problems.93 It thus seems most likely that the widespread destructions and abandonments at Morgantina in this period are associated with the conflict between Octavianus and Pompeius during the 30s BCE. On the basis of archaeological evidence, it is just possible to date this catastrophe as late as ca. 25–20 BCE, although such a dating would provide no motivation for the destructions and would require concluding that the residents of Morgantina had not yet imported any of the newly fashionable Italian tableware or lamps.

Imperial Morgantina to ca. 45 CE Whatever their cause and exact date, the fires and abandonments of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE effectively ended the Republican period at Morgantina. It is difficult to evaluate the years immediately after these catastrophic events. If the fires are dated to ca. 35 BCE, after the war between Octavianus and Sextus Pompeius, the site may have remained little populated and/or in ruins until the last decade of the 1st century. Evidence of material culture is scant between ca. 35 and ca. 10 91

See Buttrey (n. 84 above) 42; Harl (n. 85 above) 89.

92 So Harl (n. 85 above) 76 on the Augustan reform: “The

Republican aes, improvised cut fractions, and worn civic pieces were retired and reminted.” Buttrey himself notes that the freshness of the halved coins of Pompeius at Morgantina suggests that they circulated for only a short time: Buttrey (n. 84 above) 39.

93

Notably in reconciling Strabo’s assertion that Morgantina was no longer a polis and Pliny’s statement (HN 3.8.88– 90) that Morgantina was one of the civitates stipendiariae of the Augustan reconstruction of Sicily’s government, which appears to have been completed before 12 BCE. See n. 106 below.

24

CHAPTER I

BCE. Only 52 of the coins found at Morgantina date between ca. 35 and ca. 8 BCE, as opposed to 237 issued between 45 and 36 BCE (217 of these were issued by Sextus Pompeius), and there are only around ten fragments of Early Italian terra sigillata that can be dated before ca. 10 BCE.94 In contrast to the problematic period between ca. 35 and ca. 10 BCE, there is relatively good evidence for the rebuilding of some houses and buildings by the last decade of the 1st century BCE. Given the paucity of evidence for the previous two decades, it is impossible to determine whether this represents a revival of the city by its remaining inhabitants or the arrival of new settlers. Even if the city was rebuilt by some of the previous inhabitants, many of them must have left the area following the fires, since the last settlement at Morgantina is far smaller than its predecessor: it is doubtful that it had as many as 1,000 inhabitants.95 e last phase of habitation seems to peak in the first quarter of the 1st century CE. Around 180 Italian terra sigillata vases found at Morgantina can be assigned to the late Augustan to early Claudian period (i.e., ca. 10 BCE–40/45 CE).96 ere is only one piece of firm evidence for the date of the reconstruction of the houses on the West Hill. e House of the Double Cistern (deposit IIF) burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. When the house was rebuilt, its eponymous double cistern was filled with debris from that fire that included ceramics of the 1st century BCE, including Republican red-gloss pottery, Campana C black-gloss, thin-walled wares, and Republican lamps (Dressel 1, 2, and 4), but no Early Italian terra sigillata or volute-nozzle lamps (Dressel 9). e floor packing (context IIIC, stratum 3) of a room in the house contained two fragments of the rim of a Conspectus form 18 plate (no. 423B), a shape that can be dated no earlier than the last decade BCE, but this was an earthen floor, and the sherds are probably later intrusions (or possibly part of a later renewal of the floor). e packing of the floor (stratum 4) which covered the cistern in room 1 of the same house contained a coin of Augustus dated to ca. 18 BCE.97 is last piece of evidence was found well down in the floor and seems to date securely to the reconstruction. is coin indicates that the filling of the cistern and the reconstruction of the House of the Double Cistern (context IIIC) dates no earlier than ca. 18 BCE, but the house could have been rebuilt a decade or more later (the date of the sherds). On the other

94 For coins issued between 35 and 8 BCE: MS II, chap. 2, nos. 106, 275–281, 429, 703–724, 735. It should be pointed out that these include eighteen imperial issues of Panormus issued by P. F. Silva that M. Grant, From Imperium to Auctoritas: A Historical Study of Aes Coinage in the Roman Empire, 49 B.C.–A.D. 14 (Cambridge, 1946; repr. 1969) 196–198, suggests should be dated to the reign of Tiberius. Three examples of an imperial issue of Agrigentum dated “post-27 BCE” in MS II, 78, no. 91, have been excluded from this list since there is good reason to believe that its issuer, L. Clodius Rufus, was proconsul between 2 BCE and 7 CE: R. Szramkiewicz, Les gouverneurs de province à l’époque augustéene: Contribution à l’histoire administrative et sociale du principat (Paris, 1976), vol. 2, 390. For coins issued between 45 and 36 BCE: MS II, chap. 2, nos. 690– 702. For the earliest Italian terra sigillata: p. 216 below. For three fragments with relief that could be before 10 BCE, see

pp. 284–285 below. 95 Assuming that the inhabited area of Morgantina in the early 1st century CE included the West Hill and also extended north of Plateia A not quite to the old North Sanctuary, the domestic area of the last settlement would be around 225 × 150 meters. If each inhabitant occupied 40 sq. m, the population of this village was around 850. This estimated area, however, seems large given the very limited evidence for Italian terra sigillata found in the area of context IIH (the North Sanctuary and its annex): n. 73 above. Even assuming that there were a number of farms on Serra Orlando, it is difficult to project a total population of 1,000; half of that number seems more reasonable. 96 For the Early Italian terra sigillata, see pp. 209–228, 282–290 below. 97 See deposit IIF and context IIIC; MS II, 199, deposit 76.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

25

hand, other houses on the West Hill may have been reconstructed earlier than the House of the Double Cistern, which is not an imposing residence and was relatively far from the commercial center of the last town at Morgantina. In this last phase of occupation, Morgantina’s marketplace was located in the northwest corner of the old Agora, where there is additional evidence of renewal at the end of the 1st century BCE and into the early 1st century CE.98 One room remained in use at the west end of the North Stoa, although the rest of that building was evidently abandoned. e northernmost room of the old Northwest Stoa was remodeled into two rooms (shops) that faced north onto the main road through town. An extensive dump covered the southern half of the Northwest Stoa (context IIIH); it contained both ceramics from the destructions of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and debris discarded by the last inhabitants of the town. e shops were built on part of this dump and thus postdate its inception. e dump and the shops apparently marked the effective edge of the last village at Morgantina. North of the Northwest Stoa, the Doric Stoa seems to have been used both for bathing (a terracotta tub was found in room 1A) and as a cult place for the worship of Demeter and Kore.99 e Bouleuterion also remained in ruins in the last phase of habitation, although some small rooms were built within its shell, and the thermopolion that had been built reusing its southern wall sometime in the Republican period remained in use into the 1st century CE.100 e available evidence suggests that the rooms (sheds) in the Bouleuterion date to around the turn of the millennium. Excavations by the Soprintendenza of Agrigento in 1986 showed that this late commercial center extended along the northern edge of the West Hill, which was the domestic center of this little town.101 ere is no sign that any building was used by a civic government in this last phase of the site. Elsewhere in the old Agora, no effort was made to rebuild the Macellum, while the Fountain House may have remained in use until the turn of the millennium.102 In the southern Agora, the area of the eater and the Central Sanctuary shows little sign of use after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, although there was some dumping and exploration there. Elsewhere on the site, there is isolated evidence for dumping and stone robbing, and some evidence for outlying homesteads.103 98

See context IIIi. For the cult: MS I, 240, context I G2. 100 See context IIIH for the dump, context IIIi for the buildings. 101 For the houses, see contexts IIIA–IIIF. The Italian excavations have not been published. 102 The outer basin of the Fountain House contained Early Italian terra sigillata mixed with fallen blocks from the superstructure, implying that the building went out of use by the 1st century CE. A nearby potter’s workshop revealed a coin of ca. 5 BCE (MS II, 128, no. 732), but there are no signs that any potter was working at Morgantina after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE: pp. 414–415 below. If the kiln was in use in the last period, it may have made roof tiles. Italian terra sigillata was found north of the Fountain House and adjacent to the eastern rooms of the North 99

Stoa: chap. 4, nos. 675, 677. These are beside the main street running through Morgantina and are not within a building. For Italian terra sigillata in the ruins of the Macellum, see n. 66 above. 103 There is some evidence suggesting that a house west of the House of the Official may have been occupied in the 1st century CE: Tsakirgis 1995, 305. An Italian terra sigillata plate was found in the first stratum of fill over the dump over the North Demeter Sanctuary, another fragment was excavated just west of the sanctuary, and a terra sigillata plate was found on the surface of the same general area: chap. 3, nos. 404, 413, 414B. A terra sigillata plate fragment was also found in Area VI toward the western end of Serra Orlando. No doubt the areas outside the imperial village of the early 1st century CE included scattered small farms, as does the Serra Orlando ridge today.

26

CHAPTER I

roughout the buildings of this last phase of occupation, the fabric of the walls incorporates much brick and tile, suggesting a hurried reconstruction by people of limited economic means.104 e relative absence of coins associated with this phase of the site likewise does not suggest a high level of wealth, although Morgantina did import a fair amount of Italian terra sigillata, as well as some terracotta figurines, in this period.105 Morgantina is mentioned by Pliny (HN 3.8.88–90) as one of the civitates stipendiariae of early imperial Sicily, a classification that apparently indicates that the city’s inhabitants were tax-paying subjects.106 A telling indicator of Morgantina’s unimportance during the early imperial age is a comparison of the amount of Early Italian terra sigillata found there with the much more extensive amounts of that pottery at Iaitas (modern Monte Iato) in western Sicily. Excavations at Morgantina have produced 192 catalogued pieces of Early Italian terra sigillata, while the recent publication of that ware at Iaitas (which was not a large urban center) presents around 640 vases.107

The Final Abandonment in the 40s CE is small town did not survive for long. e Early Italian terra sigillata stretches a little past the death of Tiberius.108 e houses on the West Hill were certainly abandoned by the middle of the 1st century CE, as shown by a few coins and some ceramics left behind when their inhabitants departed (contexts IIIA–IIIF).109 Neither these fills nor those in the area of the Agora (contexts IIIG–IIIi) can be considered closed, but a terminal date just before the middle of the 1st century CE for the abandonment can hardly be doubted because of the total absence of any later material. e latest coins from the marketplace are early issues of Claudius.110 Morgantina has revealed no Late Italian terra sigillata, no Gallic terra sigillata, nor any early “African Red Slip” ware, fine pottery that is characteristic of the second half of the 1st century CE in fills in southern Italy and Sicily. After the middle of the 1st century CE, Morgantina saw only shepherds and farmers, along 104

See Tsakirgis 1984, 175, 396; Tsakirgis 1995, 143. It seems that the last inhabitants of the site who rebuilt or repaired the burned houses followed their old plans, with a minimum of remodeling. 105 Only fifty-four imperial coins have been found that date between 7 BCE and the reign of Claudius (MS II, 128– 130, nos. 725–734, 736–750), to which can be added three coins (MS II, 78, no. 91) issued after 2 BCE by L. Clodius Rufus as proconsul at Agrigentum: n. 94 above. For the Italian terra sigillata: n. 96 above. For the terracottas: MS I, 76– 79. 106 Pliny’s account of Sicily seems to be based on the Commentaries of M. Agrippa, which were published after his death in 12 BCE: M. Reinhold, Marcus Agrippa (Geneva, Ny, 1933) 142–148. See Pliny, HN 3.8.86, for his use of Agrippa. Wilson 1990, 37, believes that the list of cities in Pliny derives in part from a Hellenistic source (ca. 200 BCE) and thus cannot be wholly trusted as reflecting early imperial Sicily. For speculation about the meaning of civitates stipendiariae: V. M. Scramuzza, “Roman Sicily,” in T. Frank, ed.,

An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome (Baltimore, 1937) 346– 348; M. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1957) 208–209; A. Pinzone, “La cura annonae di Pompeo e l’introduzione dello stipendium in Sicilia,” in A. Pinzone, Provincia Sicilia: Ricerche di storia della Sicilia romana da Gaio Flaminio a Gregorio Magno (Catania, 1999) 173–206 (reprinted from Messana 3 [1990], 169–200); Wilson 1990, 42–43. 107 For the Italian terra sigillata, see chap. 4 and pp. 282– 289 below. For the total at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 216–217. 108 See Tsakirgis 1995, 143; Studia Ietina VIII, 217. 109 See contexts IIIA–IIIF. See MS II, 182–183, deposit 49, for four Tiberian coins of the 20s found outside the House of the Arched Cistern near a drain running from the house. The latest coin found on the West Hill is an issue of Gaius (inv. 60-1439; MS II, 129, no. 745); the latest terra sigillata was a plate rim found in the Southwest House (context IIIF) that surely dates to the second quarter of the 1st century (see p. 218 below, no. 436). 110 See p. 69 below, context IIIi.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

27

with the occasional stone robber and traveler. e latest ancient remains in the greater area of the old city are signs of an early Byzantine dwelling on Farmhouse Hill of the Cittadella in the 5th and 6th centuries CE.111

3. The Pottery Deposits and Contexts The 3rd Century BCE e Hellenistic phase (ca. 350–200/190 BCE) is the best-documented period of Morgantina’s history, but most of the pottery of the 3rd century comes from sanctuaries destroyed or abandoned in 211 BCE (deposits/contexts IL–IQ; see also context IR and deposit IR.1, which are fills in a bath complex that are similar to those in the sanctuaries). e domestic fills from 211 (deposits/contexts ID–IJ) are rather sparse, and some (contexts ID?, IE.2, IJ, and IJ.1) include material dating to the 2nd or 1st century BCE. Some of the pottery from the sanctuaries is clearly of ritual character, and it is sometimes difficult to know whether a vase type that has been found only in sanctuary fill(s) may also have been used in the domestic sphere. e only deposit from 211 BCE from a commercial establishment (deposit IB) includes ceramics analogous to those found in sanctuaries. Deposit IA seems to be the result of a dedicatory ceremony that occurred while a shop building was under construction, while deposit IC is associated with the construction of a house. During the 3rd century BCE, Morgantina possessed a flourishing pottery industry (see appendix 1), and many of the vases from the Hellenistic period were probably made at the site. On the other hand, without technical analysis it is currently impossible to separate the fabric of Morgantina from that or those used at other sites in eastern Sicily, and certainty about the exact source of many vases is often impossible.112 e evaluation of ceramic development during the first half of the 3rd century at Morgantina is largely based on comparanda with the finds at Gela (destroyed ca. 280 BCE) and on Lipari (destroyed 252 BCE). Gela is close to Morgantina, and its material culture was likely quite analogous, while Lipari is relatively far away and, as an island, was much more open to outside influences than inland Morgantina. But these are the only two sites in the area that offer anything other than relative chronology during the earlier 3rd century. e 3rd-century fills presented here include only two small deposits that can be dated before 211 BCE (deposits IA and IC). Of these, only deposit IC seems to date before the second half of the 3rd century BCE, and its date is based on the similarity of its ceramics to those found in fills associated with the destruction of Gela around 280 BCE. Like deposit IC, deposit IA is a sealed fill that can be dated only relatively by the estimated date of the construction of the West Stoa (third quarter of the 3rd century) and the similarity of the pottery forms in the fill to the ceramics found in graves on Lipari dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century. 111 For the early Byzantine farmhouse: context IVA below

(early 7th century CE). Signs of stone robbing include coins of Domitian and Gallienus found in the area of the Theater:

MS II, 130, nos. 751–753. 112 On fabric I, see pp. 72–73 below and appendix 2.

28

CHAPTER I

All other fills used to evaluate the 3rd-century fine wares at Morgantina date to the late 3rd century BCE. Virtually all of these seem to be associated with the Roman capture of Morgantina in 211 BCE, with its attendant destructions and abandonments. ese fills include both those in areas never inhabited after 211 and those created by the cleanup and rebuilding of the town after the sack by its survivors and their new rulers, the Hispani. Cleanup activities may have occurred over a fairly lengthy period of time and can be dated only ca. 211–200 BCE. It is even possible that these cleanup operations continued into the early 2nd century BCE, since, without the testimony of Livy regarding the capture of Morgantina in 211 BCE, the accepted chronology of Sicilian pottery would permit the fills at Morgantina to be dated only to the late 3rd or early 2nd century BCE. Beyond the events of 211 BCE, there is also some evidence from the North Baths (context IR) and the House of Ganymede (context ID) for destruction caused by a natural catastrophe that probably occurred in the early 2nd century BCE. ere are thirteen deposits from this period, some of them quite small. All these fills were closed by the end of the 3rd century and never disturbed. ere are also contexts from this period, fills that seem to date to 211 BCE or soon after but show signs of later disturbance, possibly reconstruction after 211 BCE (see contexts ID?, IE.1, IJ, IJ.1, IO, IR) or, as noted above, damage from a natural catastrophe (contexts ID and IR). Two contexts (Ii and IP) revealed no sign of later disturbance, but the fill was quite thin, and the general area also showed some evidence (however slight) of later activity; there was also no evidence indicating that the fill was sealed. e stratified dump fill IK.1 and IK.2 is also treated as a context, since its 4th- and 3rd-century levels were not sealed from the fill of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. e value of the historical date of the Roman capture of Morgantina, then, is that it provides a fixed date (ca. 211–200 BCE) for fills of ceramic material that would normally be relatively dated to the late 3rd to early 2nd century BCE. is is not only valuable for the dating of pottery at Morgantina, but also confirms the accuracy of the traditional pottery chronology in southern Italy and Sicily, as well as refining that chronology to some extent. e ceramics found in areas affected by the early-2nd-century catastrophe, while limited, indicate that the ceramic traditions of 3rd-century Sicily continued into the early 2nd century, a conclusion bolstered by evidence in a small fill of the second quarter of the 2nd century BCE (deposit IIA). But there are problems. In particular, the material assemblage of the 4th century BCE at Morgantina is very difficult to evaluate. It is clear that Morgantina existed as an urban entity in 317 BCE, when the Syracusan tyrant Agathokles took refuge in the city and raised an army there, but relatively little architecture survives from the second half of the 4th century BCE. Because all the deposits and contexts from this period date to the 3rd century BCE, speculations about the dating of the ceramics of the second half of the 4th century BCE are based completely on comparanda.113 ere are, however, numerous useful comparative pieces, primarily the evidence preserved in tombs at Morgantina and other Sicilian sites. As noted above, Morgantina has only one pottery deposit of the first half of the 3rd century BCE (deposit IC), and it is very small. e development of ceramics presented here 113

Context IK.1 is the only possible dated fill of the 4th century. It has very few catalogued vases and is dated relatively.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

29

seems secure for the 3rd century BCE, but 4th-century forms survive in the deposits only as “heirlooms” and mainly in sanctuary contexts. After 211 BCE, it seems clear that the assemblage of 3rd-century pottery continued into the 2nd century for an indeterminate period of time and was only gradually replaced by the “Republican” ceramics that characterize the fills of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina. It seems that all fine wares between 210 and ca. 130 BCE were imported.114 e only early-2nd-century deposit at Morgantina (deposit IIA) is quite tiny, but its pottery shows some forms that recall those of the 3rd century. It also contained only a few examples in the east-central Sicilian fabric I, and these are all utilitarian vases.115 is and the lack of evidence for production of fine wares at Morgantina in the first half of the 2nd century suggest that most of the fine pottery in fabric I that is similar to vases in the 3rd-century deposits and contexts probably dates before 211 BCE. At other sites (notably Lipari) the appearance of Campana A imported from the Bay of Naples is dated around 190 BCE and indicates a break with the Hellenistic traditions of eastern Sicily of the 3rd century.116 ere seems to be no Campana A at Morgantina, and it is assumed here that the commencement of the Republican period in material culture took place around the end of the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE. In the tables below, the relative date for the latest ceramics indicates the dating for the fill if it could not be associated with a historical event (“ca. 225–175 BCE” is equivalent to “late 3rd to early 2nd century BCE” or “ca. 200 BCE”). Two relative dates indicate that the fill could have been deposited in two distinct phases, rather than being one uninterrupted filling, although in two cases (contexts ID and IE.2) older and newer material may simply have been dumped into an empty cistern on the same occasion.

Deposits and Contexts of ca. 300–200 BCE Domestic and Secular Fills Deposit IA Agora, West Stoa, building fill in shops 2 and 5 (Fig. 1) ird quarter of the 3rd century BCE PR V, 278; Bell 1993, 333. e West Stoa was laid out in the 3rd century BCE against the West Hill between the eater and the Northwest Stoa. Never completed, it was to have been two stories tall and on its ground floor consisted of a series of two-room shops extending eastward from a massive back wall that supported Stenopos West 1 on the lower slope of the West Hill. Nine pairs of shops were constructed in the 114

See pp. 151 and 411 below. See p. 50 below. 116 On the gradual decline of the Hellenistic artistic tra115

ditions in 2nd-century Sicily, see N. Bonacasa, “Riflessioni e proposte sulla ricerca archeologica nella Sicilia de III sec. a.C.,” in Nuove prospettive, 35–48, esp. 36, 44.

30

CHAPTER I

Figure 1. Plan of Areas I, II, and IV showing locations of deposits and contexts

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

31

southern half of the building before work ceased in 211 BCE. In 1960, a trench was dug through the doorway linking the two rooms of the second shop from the south. is trench uncovered a building fill of hard-packed earth containing some ceramics that appear to have been deliberately buried, possibly as some sort of foundation deposit. ere were no coins in the fill, which lay over sterile soil. Given the partial construction of the stoa, it was probably begun in the second half of the 3rd century BCE, and this deposit can reasonably be assigned to the third quarter of the century. Finds: 9, 27A, 40, 53, 53A, 139D. Deposit IB South Shops in the lower Agora (Fig. 1) Abandoned 211 BCE PR XII, 324–325. A series of six shops built against the rock scarp below the east side of the West Granary in the Agora was excavated in 1980. e floors and floor deposits of four of the shops were sealed beneath a layer of roof tiles that collapsed at some time after the shops were abandoned, apparently in 211 BCE. is commercial establishment apparently sold fine pottery and lamps, possibly for dedication in the nearby Central Sanctuary. Notably, an extremely large number of lids were found in the fill. Room 3 contained a hoard of thirty bronze coins of Hieron II (MS II, 187–188, deposit 57), and thirty-three bronze coins of the 3rd century BCE were found sealed beneath the tiles in the other rooms (MS II, 187, deposit 56). Following the end of their commercial functions, the area of the shops was apparently used to prepare meat for dining, since large numbers of animal bones were found in the debris. ere were no objects in the shops dating after the late 3rd century BCE, so the culinary phase of the shops apparently lasted only a brief time. Finds: 8, 19, 23, 26A, 31, 61, 91, 92, 92A, 92B, 97A, 100A, 105, 106, 106A, 112, 134A– D, 135A, 135B, 136D–Z, 137D, 137E, 138, 139, 139A, 139B, 140, 140A–E, 141, 141A–NN, 142, 142A–I, 143, 143A, 144, 144A–G, 145, 145A–C, 148, 148A, 580. Deposit IC e House of Ganymede, pit in room 17 (Fig. 1) First or second quarter of the 3rd century BCE Tsakirgis 1984, 83. e House of Ganymede was built at the southern end of the East Hill overlooking the Agora, probably in the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE. A pit under the floor of room 17 contained a hard-packed fill that included ceramics. e pottery has close parallels with the pre-280 BCE material from Gela, and seems safely assignable to the late 4th century and the first quarter of the 3rd century BCE. e fill of the pit thus constitutes a secure deposit that was possibly closed by ca. 275 BCE and certainly by the middle of the 3rd century. Finds: 10A, 11, 30D, 55A–C, 66, 114A, 134. Context ID House of Ganymede, cistern (2) at north end of the east portico (Fig. 1) Filled ca. 210–175 BCE (perhaps with an overfill in the second half of the 2nd century BCE?)

32

CHAPTER I

Table 1. Deposits Dated ca. 300–200 BCE Deposit Number and Location

Relative Dates of Latest Ceramics

Probable Date of Fill

IA. West Stoa, shops 2 and 5, fill under floor

275–225 BCE

250–225 BCE

IB. Agora, South Shops, destruction fill

ca. 225–175 BCE

211 BCE

IC. House of Ganymede, room 17, fill of pit

300–250 BCE

ca. 275–250 BCE, when the house was initially constructed; could be 300–275 BCE from ceramics.

IE.1. Area north of House of Ganymede (Area I, trench 64), cistern 1

ca. 225–175 BCE

Cleanup after 211, hence initial fill of probably ca. 211–200 BCE; some debris could stem from a catastrophe of the early 2nd century.

IF.1, IF.2. House between House of Ganymede and House of the Doric Capital (Area I, trench 65), cisterns 1 and 2

ca. 225–175 BCE

House apparently destroyed in 211 BCE and never rebuilt; use fills end in 211.

IG. House of the Silver Hoard (Area I, trench 31)

ca. 225–175 BCE

Destroyed in 211 BCE, never rebuilt. e cistern contained human bones and a hoard. e house was dismantled for building materials ca. 211–200 BCE.

Tsakirgis 1984, 83–84; MS II, 169, deposit 37; M. Bell, “Osservazioni sui mosaici greci della Casa di Ganimede a Morgantina,” in G. F. La Torre and M. Torelli, eds., Pittura ellenistica in Italia e in Sicilia (Rome, 2011), 105–123, esp. 108–109. e filling of this cistern undoubtedly dates after the capture of Morgantina in 211 BCE, since it contained an issue of the Hispani (MS II, 169, deposit 37). e ten other coins found in the cistern date to the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. Seven of these coins were found encrusted to its bottom and were thus part of the cistern’s use fill, which was extensive. e lower fill of the cistern also contained human bones, a fairly frequent find at Morgantina as a result of the events of 211 (see deposits IG and IL, context IJ.1). ese bones indicate that the cistern ceased being used in 211 and that its lower fill began to accumulate soon after the sack. e cistern fill above the bones included the coin of the Hispani and architectural fragments from the peristyle of the house, which poses some problems. Unlike the nearby House of the Silver Hoard (deposit IG) and the house with the cistern in Area I, trench 45 (deposit IH), which were

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

33

Table 1. Continued Deposit Number and Location

Relative Dates of Latest Ceramics

IH. House in Area I, trench 45, cistern

ca. 225–175 BCE

Cleanup after 211, hence ca. 211–200, but the house was never rebuilt, so it was probably cannibalized for building materials and its cistern filled with unwanted debris.

Ii.2. Area III, trench 14B (Cittadella), cistern A

ca. 250–175 BCE

Abandoned in 211 BCE. Use fill

IJ.2. Houses in the Contrada Drago (Area V, trench 34), cistern

ca. 225–175 BCE

Abandoned in 211 BCE. Use fill

IL. North Sanctuary

ca. 225–175 BCE

Main sanctuary rooms destroyed and sealed in 211 BCE

IM. North Sanctuary Annex, sealed (?) rooms

ca. 225–175 BCE

ree rooms sealed in 211 BCE destruction

IQ. West Sanctuary

ca. 225–175 BCE

Destroyed or abandoned in 211 BCE

IR.1. North Baths, well in room 3

ca. 225–175 BCE

Filled ca. 211–200 BCE

Probable Date of Fill

dismantled after 211 so their building material could be reused, the House of Ganymede was reoccupied in the late 3rd century BCE, at which time it was divided into two houses. e architectural debris in the cistern could indicate damage to the house in 211 (which would have to have been extensive). ere is also evidence from the North Baths (context IR) for destruction at Morgantina caused by a natural catastrophe in the early 2nd century BCE, and it seems more likely that the collapse of the peristyle resulted from this event, which ended the life of the house. e architectural fragments were probably thrown into the cistern when the house was dismantled to salvage reusable building materials after the catastrophe, perhaps an earthquake. A limited amount of mendable pottery was found in the fill and is listed below. In addition to the vases, the fill included a wheel-made biconical-bodied black-gloss lamp (inv. 59-926). e pottery and lamp are well paralleled by finds from the other deposits and contexts of the late 3rd century BCE at Morgantina. e fill of the cistern and the house contained no Campana C black-gloss (unlike the nearby context IE.2), and the latest pottery in the fill can be conservatively dated as having been made between ca. 225 and ca. 175 BCE. e small amounts of pottery in the house are similar in date (see especially no. 127).

34

CHAPTER I

Table 2. Contexts Dated ca. 300–200 BCE Context Number and Location

Relative Dates of Latest Ceramics

ID. House of Ganymede, cistern 2

ca. 225–175 BCE

ca. 210–175 BCE, with possible overfill of the mid- to later 2nd century BCE

IE.2. Area north of the House of Ganymede (Area I, trench 64), cistern 2

ca. 225–175 BCE and ca. 125–75 BCE

ca. 211–200, with overfill of ca. 125–75 BCE, or filled ca. 125–75 BCE with 3rdcentury debris and contemporary refuse

Ii. Cittadella, Hellenistic habitation abandonment fills

ca. 225–175 BCE

211 BCE, but the area was probably used later for herding and/or farming; the adjacent Farmhouse Hill has evidence of Republican and imperial occupation.

IJ. House fills in Contrada Drago (Area V)

ca. 225–175 BCE

211 BCE, but some evidence for later visitation and agricultural use

IJ.1. Houses in the Contrada Drago (Area V, trench 14), cistern

ca. 225–175 BCE, but also contained a lamp of the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE

211–200 BCE. Use fill and debris from dismantling the house, includes a human skull. (ere is one 2nd-/early-1st-century BCE lamp.)

IK.1, IK.2. Fills over Necropolis III; partly debris from the necropolis, partly dump

IK.1=stratum 5, material of the first three quarters of the 4th century BCE century (relative dating of the stratum is ca. 550–ca. 325 BCE); IK.2=strata 3–4, fill of the last quarter of the 4th and the 3rd century BCE (latest pottery in it would relatively date ca. 225–175 BCE).

Stratum 2 dates to the 2nd–1st century BCE, thus the lower strata must be earlier. Necropolis III was in use during the last third or last quarter of the 4th and the 3rd centuries. e terminal date for stratum 3 is probably 211. Stratum 4 may be fill associated with the burials, which seem mainly pre-250 BCE, but its distinction from stratum 3 is not wholly clear. Stratum 5 predates the necropolis.

IN. South Sanctuary

ca. 225–175 BCE

Destroyed 211 BCE. Some signs of later disturbance (stone robbing associated with a 2nd-/1st-century BCE lamp). Two possible Roman burials were located in the complex, but they could be individuals killed in 211 BCE.

IO. Cittadella Sanctuary

ca. 225–175 BCE

Abandoned in 211 BCE. Medieval wall within building.

Probable Date of Fill

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

35

Table 2. Continued Context Number and Location

Relative Dates of Latest Ceramics

IP. Contrada San Francesco sanctuary

ca. 225–175 BCE

Abandoned or destroyed in 211 BCE, but fill was not sealed; the area no doubt saw later farming and herding.

IR. North Baths, room fills

ca. 225–175 BCE

Complex remained open after abandonment in 211 until the roof collapsed in the early 2nd century BCE (?). ere are signs of pastoral activities in the ruined complex before the collapse of the roof.

Probable Date of Fill

e Hispanorum coin is the main evidence for dating the fill later than the 3rd century BCE. It is a Minerva/horseman type, the earliest issue in the series (MS II, 38–39). e chronology of these issues is disputed, with some scholars asserting that they commenced in the late 3rd century BCE (soon after 211), while others prefer the middle of the 2nd century.117 If the Hispanorum coin was issued around 150 BCE, the cistern would have to have had an initial fill—which included the human skeletal remains, the 3rd-century coins, and the ceramics presented here—soon after 211, followed by an overfill in the second half of the 2nd century that included the architectural debris and the coin of the Hispani but no obvious 2nd-century ceramics. at scenario seems unlikely, and this cistern fill thus supports the chronology which posits that the Hispanorum coinage began to be minted in the last decade of the 3rd century BCE. Until the dispute over the date of the Hispanorum coinage and any questions about the date of the damage to the peristyle of the house are resolved, this cistern fill should be regarded as a context, and the accumulation of the fill probably assigned to the last years of the 3rd century BCE and the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE. A possible later overfill cannot be discounted. As noted above, the ceramic finds (especially nos. 104 and 127) appear to be securely dated to the 3rd century BC, but in some cases (notably no. 22) could of course date to the early 2nd century. Finds: 22, 30H, 99, 104, 127. Deposit IE.1 and Context IE.2 Area I, trench 64, cisterns 1 and 2 (Fig. 1) Deposit IE.1: 211 BCE Context IE.2: initial fill 211–200 BCE, with an overfill around 100 BCE MS I, 244, no. I X (cistern 2); Tsakirgis 1984, 91–92. Trench 64 is located directly north of the House of Ganymede and perhaps served as an open117

See n. 41 above.

36

CHAPTER I

air service area for that house in the 3rd century BCE. ere were two cisterns in this area (deposit IE.1 and context IE.2), both of which were in use in the 3rd century BCE. Deposit IE.1: e first cistern was full of earth and other material but was dug only to a depth of ca. 2.00 meters. e only coin in its fill was a Poseidon/trident issue of Hieron II found between 1.20 and 1.75 meters below the mouth of the cistern (inv. 60-340; MS II, 106, nos. 367–369). e ceramics in the fill were mainly utilitarian wares, but they are closely paralleled in the other deposits of ca. 211 BCE at Morgantina. An ovoid bottle decorated with a reticulate pattern was the only fine pottery in the fill. Given the concordance of the limited ceramic and numismatic evidence, this is a deposit. e cistern must have been filled soon after 211 BCE. Find: 111A. Context IE.2: e dating of the fill of the second cistern is problematic. e coins in the fill were two Poseidon/trident issues of Hieron II, one halved (inv. 60-183 and 60-323; MS II, 107– 108, nos. 377–379). e fill also included human bones, and it seems likely from these and the coins that the lowest portion of the fill should be associated with the cleanup operations following the Roman capture of Morgantina in 211 BCE. However, ceramics of the later 2nd or early 1st century BCE (including Campana C black-gloss ware; see no. 204) were found well down in the cistern (more than 3 meters below the mouth). is may indicate that there was a secondary fill in the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE after the original fill had settled. On the other hand, the houses in nearby trench 65 to the north were not rebuilt after 211 BCE (see deposits IF.1 and IF.2), so this area may have remained desolate for decades after 211 BCE, and the cistern fill may have occurred as part of a late-2nd-century expansion of the adjacent House of Ganymede, at which time it was filled with mixed debris of the 3rd and the 2nd centuries BCE. On the other hand, the House of Ganymede now appears to have ceased being used in the early 2nd century BCE. e apparent secondary fill in this cistern is thus a conundrum, and the exact date of the deposition of the ceramic finds in this context should be regarded as problematic. Finds: 15, 22A, 29A, 65, 204, 531, 531A, 552A, 549, 612. Deposits IF.1 and IF.2 Area I, trench 65, house between House of Ganymede and House of the Doric Capital, cisterns 1 and 2 (Fig. 1) Deposit IF.1: 211 BCE Deposit IF.2: 211 BCE Tsakirgis 1984, 90–91. Trench 65 is located on the East Hill north of the House of Ganymede and south of the House of the Doric Capital. e poorly preserved walls in the trench appear to belong to domestic structures abandoned after 211 BCE. e two cisterns excavated in trench 65 also apparently went out of use in 211 BCE. eir fills are thus both deposits. Deposit IF.1: Two halved Poseidon/trident issues of Hieron II (inv. 60-182, 60-498; MS II, 106, nos. 367–369) were found in the fill of the first cistern, and the few ceramic finds were all typical 3rd-century BCE forms. is is apparently a use fill. Find: 101A.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

37

Deposit IF.2: e second cistern contained no coins, but its ceramics were all typical of the 3rd century BCE. is is another use fill. Finds: 30C, 41, 56A, 59B–E. Deposit IG House of the Silver Hoard (Area I, trench 31) (Fig. 1) Destroyed or abandoned in 211 BCE Tsakirgis 1984, 42–46. e House of the Silver Hoard is located on the East Hill to the northwest of the House of the Doric Capital. It is scantily preserved due to its location on the slope of the hill, and it is clear that much of the original structure and contents of the house have slid down the hill or were robbed out for use elsewhere. Apart from the cistern, the fill within the house was very thin, rarely consisting of two strata. is house was destroyed or abandoned in 211 BCE and never rebuilt. Five coins were found in the destruction debris (MS II, 162, deposit 26), all dated before 211 BCE. A cistern in the courtyard of the house contained a hoard of thirty-six silver coins and a gold twenty-as piece of the 3rd century BCE (MS II, 161–162, deposit 25), as well as jewelry and human bones. Except for the bones perhaps, the fill did not show signs of any cleanup activities dating after 211, although the house was certainly dismantled for its materials after 211. e sparse ceramic finds from the cistern are typical of the 3rd century BCE, as are the few vases found within the walls of the house, and the fill is thus considered a deposit. Finds: 5, 78, 80, 118, 565A. Deposit IH Area I, trench 45, cistern (Fig. 1) Filled ca. 211–200 BCE Tsakirgis 1984, 85–86. is trench was opened in 1956 on the eastern slope of the East (Boscarini) Hill, revealing part of a house that was destroyed or abandoned in 211 BCE. It was backfilled after excavation, and its exact location is not known. e structure included a cistern with a fill comprising ceramics of the 3rd century BCE, terracotta column bricks, worked architectural blocks, bones, and a semilibral uncia of 217–215 BCE (inv. 56-2559; MS II, 119, no. 496). e fine wares in this fill were few; all of the ceramics were found below the architectural material and consisted mainly of a number of large utilitarian vases. e fine wares included fragments of two East Sicilian Polychrome vases (a lid and a lekanis or lebes, neither catalogued) and, most notably, two identical stamps for the production of medallion cups (nos. 578, 578A) and a waster of a medallion cup with a different medallion type (no. 529A). A small black-gloss bowl (no. 25) and two plain kitchen lamps were also in the fill. It may be conjectured from this debris that the house was owned by a potter (see appendix 1, p. 410, n. 14, for a nearby kiln). e only significant ceramic find from the floors of the house (stratum 3) was a black-gloss skyphos (no. 60D) of the later 3rd century BCE. An imported moldmade lamp from Egypt with relief decoration on its upper body (inv. 56-2500, ca. 230–190 BCE) was found in the second

38

CHAPTER I

stratum of fill within the walls of the house.118 It appears that the house was abandoned in 211 BCE and was then dismantled for building materials during the last years of the 3rd century, at which time the architectural elements that were considered unusable were thrown into the cistern. e fill thus constitutes a deposit of ca. 211–200 BCE. Finds: 25, 529A, 578, 578A. Context Ii Cittadella, Hellenistic habitation (Pl. 143) Abandoned 211 BCE MS I, 247, no. III F. By the later 4th century BCE, the site of the archaic settlement on the upper saddle of the Cittadella hill had been reoccupied, to judge from the Sicilian red-figure pottery found there (seven catalogued vases). e Hellenistic settlement on the Cittadella survived until 211 BCE, when its inhabitants probably moved to Serra Orlando upon the approach of the Roman army. e houses on the Cittadella retained few objects, suggesting that the inhabitants had taken their possessions with them when the village was abandoned. is settlement was a fairly humble residential area with its own walls and at least one sanctuary of Demeter and Kore (see context IO), and probably had around 200 to 300 inhabitants. Although the fill in this area was quite thin, the lack of evidence for later occupation in the area makes the Hellenistic vases found there securely datable to the late 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. On the other hand, the conical peak of Cittadella (Farmhouse Hill) directly to the north preserves evidence for habitation in the 2nd century BCE (and later; see context IVA), and it is likely that the Upper Cittadella near that farmhouse was visited and used for farming and herding in the 2nd century BCE and perhaps in the 1st century CE. Hence the shallow layers covering the Cittadella are considered to be a context, despite the absence of any material clearly dated after 211 BCE. One small deposit with fine pottery (Ii.2) was located on the Upper Cittadella. Finds: 18, 27B, 27C, 29, 38A, 56, 83, 84A, 86E, 89, 97, 116, 120, 121A, 128, 143, 147A. Deposit Ii.1 Cittadella, domestic cistern fill Abandoned 211 BCE. Two cisterns in domestic contexts on the Upper Cittadella (deposits Ii.1 and Ii.2) contained small use fills. ese aid in confirming that habitation in this area ceased in 211 BCE, since the few ceramics and other finds in the fills all date before the end of the 3rd century, and the cisterns show no signs of cleanup activities that would indicate that the houses they served were reconstructed. 118

See R. Howland, The Athenian Agora, vol. IV, Greek Lamps and Their Survivals (Princeton, 1958) 143–145, type 45A (pl. 55, Benachi 2, is a near duplicate of this lamp). For the date of the type, see now Agora XXIX, 508; J. Młynarczyk, Alexandrian and Alexandria-Influenced Mould-Made Lamps of the Hellenistic Period, BAR International Series 677 (Oxford, 1977) 34–37, type D, esp. type D.c.2. Młynarczyk (p. 36) notes that this lamp type was manufactured in mul-

tiple locales, including southern Palestine, and is usually dated to the second half of the 3rd century BCE. She also notes that manufacture probably extended into the first half of the 2nd century. The examples found at Delos, however, which are probably 2nd century, have much cruder relief than the Morgantina lamp: P. Bruneau, Exploration archéologique de Délos, vol. 26, Les lampes (Paris, 1965) 87– 88, pl. 21, 3e décor, pl. 21, nos. 4144, 4182, 4197, 4198.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

39

One of these cisterns was located in a small house that was partially excavated in 1957 (Area III, trench 5C, deposit Ii.1). Its fill contained one catalogued find, a utilitarian jug of a shape common in other 3rd-century fills. e other cistern (deposit Ii.2 below) contained fine wares. Deposit Ii.2 Cistern A in Area III, trench 14B Excavated in 1960, this domestic cistern was empty to a depth of 4.00 meters beneath the surface and contained a use fill 1.26 meters in depth that included three dishes with gloss. ere were no coins in the fill. A second nearby cistern (trench 14B, cistern B) was partially excavated; it contained no catalogued ceramic finds but did include a coin of Syracuse dated to 287–278 BCE (inv. 60-1345; MS II, 102–103, nos. 340–343). Finds: 30B, 60B, 60C. Context IJ Early Hellenistic domestic complex in Area V, Contrada Drago (Pl. 143) Abandoned 211 BCE MS I, 248–249, no. V C; PR XI, 362–366. Excavations in 1968–70 in the northeastern sector of the Serra Orlando ridge (Contrada Drago) revealed a domestic complex (comprising four small houses) that was abandoned at the end of the 3rd century BCE, undoubtedly in 211 BCE. e fill in this area was very thin, and the objects that overlay the floors can be only tenuously associated with the floors, although it seems likely that all the ceramics belong to the 3rd century BCE. Chance finds of post-3rd-century material in the first stratum of fill over this domestic complex suggest that there were later visitors, probably herdsmen and farmers, and its fill cannot be considered to be totally free of later intrusive material. e domestic complex had two cisterns closed around 211 BCE that preserved small fills of pottery (context IJ.1 and deposit IJ.2), both apparently use fills, with some later discarding of debris from 211 (such as bones). e fill of context IJ.1, however, included a late lamp (see below). A number of vases were also found in the debris within the walls. Finds: 36A, 38, 47, 81A, 86G, 88B–D, 89A, 89B, 90B, 105B, 106B, 118A, 122, 129, 133B, 136C, 137F, 142J, 155, 155A, 161A, 161C, 165, 584. Context IJ.1 Cistern in houses in the Contrada Drago, Area V, trench 14 Filled 211–200 BCE, with later exploration ca. 100 BCE is typical bottle-shaped domestic cistern excavated in 1968 produced a small use fill with primarily utilitarian vessels, but also a few fine wares and a halved Poseidon/trident issue of Hieron II (inv. 68-140; MS II, 106–107, nos. 367–371). Above the ceramics were many large blocks from the walls of the house, as well as a human skull (found 3.5 meters below the surface). It therefore seems probable that the cistern went out of use as a result of the events of 211 BCE. e wall blocks suggest that there was some later dismantling of the house, although the cistern was not completely filled, and the human skull found in it seems most likely to have been a (severed?) head that was

40

CHAPTER I

thrown into the cistern in or soon after 211 (apparently the rest of the skeleton remained elsewhere). A lamp of the later 2nd or early 1st century BCE (inv. 68-273) was also found in the cistern, attesting either to later exploration or to the disposal of rubbish. e lamp, however, was the only item found in the cistern that was clearly later than the 3rd century BCE. Finds: 45, 60, 60A, 75. Deposit IJ.2 Cistern in houses in the Contrada Drago, Area V, trench 34 Abandoned 211 BCE is large cistern excavated in 1970 contained a hoard of coins of Hieron II (MS II, 189, deposit 61) and a pair of gold earrings. ese were probably hidden in the cistern in 211 BCE and never recovered by their owner. e cistern contained a use fill of predominantly utilitarian vessels as well as one black-gloss bowl. ere was no sign of later disturbance of this fill. Find: 27D. Contexts IK.1 and IK.2 Fill over Necropolis III (Fig. 1) Context IK.1 (stratum 5): ca. 550–ca. 325 BCE Context IK.2 (strata 3–4): 425 to the end of the 3rd century BCE PR III, 170; PR IV, 128f.; PR VI, 143. Necropolis III is located directly outside the city wall of Morgantina south of the House of the Official. irty-eight tombs dating between ca. 325 and ca. 211 BCE were excavated in the necropolis, although one child’s burial could possibly date after the 3rd century BCE. e ceramic finds seem to date most, and perhaps all, of the tombs between ca. 340/330 BCE and the middle of the 3rd century BCE. ere were six strata of fill over and around the tombs. e second stratum contained Campana C black-gloss ware and must represent fill that accumulated in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE over the old necropolis, that is, debris discarded in the area of the old cemetery. e third stratum lay directly over the tombs and represents fill of the 3rd century BCE. It seems to include material from burials and dumped fill. Stratum 4 was directly around the tombs and probably includes much material from the funerary rites. It thus probably dates to the last quarter of the 4th and the first quarter of the 3rd century BCE, but the chronological distinction of strata 3 and 4 is not wholly clear. e fifth stratum contained material dating from the 6th century into the third quarter (?) of the 4th century BCE, while the sixth stratum contained only prehistoric material. e tombs will be published elsewhere; here the stratified material from the third and the fourth layers of fill is presented as IK.2, since the material in those two strata can be safely dated to the later 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE. A few vases from the fifth stratum are presented under the heading IK.1; these appear to date to the third quarter of the 4th century BCE and probably predate the establishment of the cemetery. Since the strata are not clearly separated by destruction debris, these fills are considered contexts. Context IK.1 finds: 27E, 27F, 136.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

41

Context IK.2 finds: 1A, 4A, 4B, 5C, 6B, 12, 13, 14, 21A, 21B, 23A, 23B, 27G, 38B, 44A, 60E, 126, 152.

Sanctuary and Related Fills Deposit IL North Sanctuary (Figs. 1 and 2) Destroyed 211 BCE PR II, 158; E. Sjöqvist, “Timoleonte e Morgantina,” Kokalos 4 (1958), 111–116; PR III, 169; PR IV, 133; MS I, 249–252, context N.S.; Hinz 1998, 127–129. e North Sanctuary is the richest and largest sanctuary excavated at Morgantina. Its fill contained hundreds of votive offerings, including the largest assemblage of terracotta figurines and some of the finest pottery found at the site. Dedicated to Demeter and Kore, its cultic activities may have been shared with a sanctuary directly across Stenopos West 4 to the west. Since this association cannot be proven, the neighboring structure has been called the “North Sanctuary Annex” by Bell and will be considered separately here (see deposit IM). Both the North Sanctuary and the North Sanctuary Annex show signs of later activity in their southern areas, while the street and much of the eastern portion of the annex were covered by a later dump. e later fills are presented as context IIH. e North Sanctuary was similar to a house in plan, and resembled the smaller South Sanctuary (context IN) and the Cittadella Sanctuary (context IO). Room 7 and court 9 contained altars, while room 8 had a raised platform that may have been used for lustral purposes. e southern rooms of the sanctuary, as in the South Sanctuary, seem to have served utilitarian purposes. According to Erik Sjöqvist (Kokalos 4 [1958] 115, n. 7), the North Sanctuary was built in the later 4th century BCE. It was used for approximately a century. e numismatic evidence (MS II, 166, deposits 31 and 32), ceramic finds, and the records of its excavation indicate that it ceased functioning in the late 3rd century BCE, undoubtedly due the events of 211 BCE. e North Sanctuary, like the other sanctuaries of Demeter and Kore at Morgantina (except for the Central Sanctuary in the Agora), was never revived as a cult center after this event. Because of later activity at its southern end (see context IIH below), much of the material found in the North Sanctuary and the North Sanctuary Annex comes from strata contaminated with material of the 2nd and the 1st centuries BCE. Fortunately, the most important cult rooms (see Fig. 2) were not disturbed after 211 BCE and represent a deposit closed ca. 211 BCE. Room 7 had an altar and contained numerous votive objects, including much pottery sealed beneath a tile fall. Other vases were found sealed beneath roof tiles in the adjacent rooms 8 and 11. is material constitutes the most important deposit of ceramics found in a sanctuary at Morgantina. Rooms 1 and 5, which also seem to have preserved undisturbed fills from the 3rd-century destruction, may have served as storerooms for votives. e courtyard (C) and the southern rooms of the sanctuary (rooms 2–4, 6, 9, and 10) contained later material (Campana C pottery) mixed with debris from 211 BCE (see context IIH). e cistern

42

CHAPTER I

Figure 2. Plan of North Sanctuary (N.S.) and North Sanctuary Annex (N.S.A.), Area IV, after 211 BCE. Gray shading indicates rooms with deposits of the 3rd century BC: dark gray=deposit IL; light gray= deposit IM. Other areas=context IIH. Stippling indicates the approximate area of the dump in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. Walls drawn in solid black were in use after 211 BCE (after Morgantina Studies I, 253, fig. d; the numbering of the rooms supersedes that of Morgantina Studies I)

in the courtyard also had two human skeletons near its bottom, likely unfortunates who perished in the events of 211 BCE, and its initial closure must have taken place soon after the abandonment of the sanctuary. e later mate-

rial was probably added in the late 2nd century after the cistern’s contents had settled. Despite the close proximity of these later fills to the sanctuary rooms, the 3rd-century fills are considered a deposit, since they were said by the

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

43

excavator to have been sealed beneath roof tiles and because there is no sign of later disturbance in the fills of rooms 1, 5, 7, 8, and 11. Finds: 10, 16, 19A, 20, 26, 27H, 27I, 30E–G, 33A, 34, 35B, 35C, 39, 46, 51, 54A, 71, 76A, 86A–D, 88A, 90, 95, 100, 107, 115B, 121A, 121B, 122A, 124, 126A, 132, 133, 133A, 135, 136A, 136B, 137, 137B, 137C, 139C, 157, 162, 163, 168, 170, 171, 171A, 537A, 550, 583. Deposit IM North Sanctuary Annex (Figs. 1 and 2) Destroyed 211 BCE PR III, 169; PR IV, 133; MS I, 252–254, context N.S.A.; Hinz 1998, 129–130. e North Sanctuary Annex lies across a street (Stenopos West 4) and to the west of the North Sanctuary. As its votives are virtually indistinguishable from those of the North Sanctuary, the annex, which had an altar in room 5, was undoubtedly dedicated to the same deities. e North Sanctuary Annex seems to have been slightly younger than the North Sanctuary and may have been erected during the first half of the 3rd century BCE (see PR IV, 133). It was sacked in 211 BCE (MS II, 167–168, deposits 33–35), at which time its cult activities ceased. Unfortunately, the 3rd-century fills in the North Sanctuary Annex show even greater disturbance than those in the North Sanctuary. With a few exceptions (rooms 8–10, 14) the eastern rooms of the annex (see Fig. 2) contained dumped material of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE (context IIH). Court 4 at the south had poorly preserved walls from these centuries and a later floor. Both of the cisterns in the court contained late overfills. It is clear, however, that the dump and the western rooms of the annex also contained much material from the later 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE. A few areas at the northern end of the North Sanctuary Annex (rooms 8–10, 14) preserved undisturbed deposits of the 3rd century BCE (MS II, 158–159, deposits 15–18). e third stratum in room 14 contained a number of vases, terracotta figurines, and three Syracusan coins of the first half of the 3rd century BCE (MS II, 159, deposit 18). ree small rooms (8–10) in the northern half of the annex were sealed off after 211 BCE and show no signs of later disturbance (MS II, 159, deposits 15–17). Unfortunately, these small rooms contained only a few vases. Finds: 3, 27, 27J, 41, 62, 93, 98, 147, 593. Context IN South Sanctuary (Fig. 1) Destroyed 211 BCE PR III, 171; PR VII, 169; D. White, “Demeter’s Sicilian Cult as a Political Instrument,” GRBS 5 (1964), 275–277; MS I, 254–56, context S.S. with plan fig. e; Hinz 1998, 130–131. is small sanctuary is located on the southern slope of the West Hill. It is similar in form to the Central Sanctuary in the Agora and the North Sanctuary, with rooms grouped around two courtyards. e terracotta figurines found there included many images of Kore, and two grain measures were found in the southern part of the sanctuary. e main cult rooms were in the back (north), where one room (3) contained an altar. Many fine vases were found in this room, with even more in room 2 to the northwest of the room with the altar. e southern part of the sanctuary seems to

44

CHAPTER I

have been a service area but also contained many vases, especially in rooms 7–9. e coins found in the sanctuary indicate that it was abandoned or destroyed toward the end of the 3rd century BCE (MS II, 164–66, deposits 29, 30), undoubtedly in 211 BCE, and never reoccupied. Although no soundings have been made beneath the floors, it appears from the ceramic and numismatic evidence that the use of the sanctuary was confined to the 3rd century BCE. Two skeletons found in the southern courtyard (10) could suggest that violence was associated with the sanctuary’s demise. In the northern area of the sanctuary there were signs of wall robbing, and a lamp of the 1st century BCE (inv. 62-134) was found in stratum II above a robbed-out wall. Because of these later disturbances, however limited, the South Sanctuary must be considered a context. Finds: 6C, 28, 30, 30A, 35A, 36, 54, 57, 58, 60G, 64, 86, 88, 110, 115, 115A, 117A, 121, 123, 153, 158, 158A, 161, 166, 166A. Context IO Cittadella Sanctuary (Pl. 143) Abandoned 211 BCE MS I, 256, context C.S.; Hinz 1998, 131. A small sanctuary on the Cittadella was apparently dedicated to Demeter and Kore, as indicated by the large number of figurines found there (see MS I, 256). It consisted of four rooms arranged around a courtyard, thus resembling in general form the North and South Sanctuaries on Serra Orlando. ree coins of Hieron II (inv. 57-1771, 57-1772, and 57-1776; MS II, 106–107, nos. 367– 371) and a 3rd-century issue of Rhegion (inv. 57-1743; MS II, 74–75, nos. 50–56) were the latest coins in the ancient fill. e fill of the sanctuary’s cistern contained little pottery other than a fine black-gloss ribbed amphora with overpainted decoration. e pottery types found in the Cittadella Sanctuary resemble those found in the other sanctuaries of Demeter and Kore at Morgantina, including polychrome wares. e fill in this sanctuary was again thin. e only sign of later disturbance is a small spur wall associated with a medieval coin. Finds: 77, 111, 149B, 150, 158B–E, 171B, 172. Context IP Contrada San Francesco sanctuary (Pl. 143) Destroyed or abandoned in 211 BCE PR VI, 142; PR VII, 170; PR VIII, 146; MS I, 248, context V A; Hinz 1998, 131; S. Raffiotta, Terrecotte figurate dal santuario di San Francesco Bisconti a Morgantina (Assoro, 2007) 22–23. Excavations in 1961–63 revealed an archaic naiskos at the eastern end of the Serra Orlando ridge (Contrada San Francesco, named after a church that once existed in that area). is sanctuary burned around 500 BCE (PR VI, 142). In the late 4th century BCE, the area of the old sanctuary was enclosed within the city walls of Morgantina and cultic activities apparently resumed. Although only a few poorly preserved walls can be associated with this phase of the sanctuary, and the fill was extremely thin, large numbers of terracotta figurines and a few vases attest to cult veneration during the 3rd century BCE. is sanctuary probably ended its activity in 211 BCE (see MS II, 169–70, deposit 36), but the remains are too scanty to indicate whether it was destroyed or abandoned. Given

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

45

the fact that it was not closed and the likelihood that the area was used for later farming and herding, it is designated a context. Finds: 5A, 81, 103B, 114, 122B, 125, 161B, 164. Deposit IQ West Sanctuary (Pl. 143) Destroyed or abandoned 211 BCE PR XI, 372–375; MS I, 256, context W.S.; Hinz 1998, 131. is sanctuary southwest of the North Baths and immediately south of the South Baths in the Contrada Agnese (designated Area VI in the Morgantina excavations) was partially excavated in 1971. e sanctuary is separated from the South Baths by a wall, which, in a second period, was given a battered seal of plastered rubble masonry. It thus clearly seems to be demarcated from the bath as a separate complex. Only two rooms of the sanctuary (as well as what may be part of a courtyard) have been excavated, but on the evidence of its terracottas, Bell (MS I, 249) identified it as a shrine of Demeter and Kore and called it the West Sanctuary. One of the rooms contained many vases and terracottas, presumably votives judging by both their number and character. Neither room in the complex contained coins later than 211 BCE (MS II, 190–191, deposit 65), and the West Sanctuary was thus destroyed or abandoned in 211 BCE. ere are no signs that this complex was disturbed after its destruction, and no signs of later material in its environs, so it is here considered a deposit. Finds: 67, 76, 80B, 96, 105A, 142K, 156, 158F, 167, 611. Context IR North Baths (Pl. 143) Plundered and abandoned 211 BCE, with some reuse into the early 2nd century BCE PR XI, 370–382; MS I, 249, context VI B; S. K. Lucore, “The Hellenistic Baths at Morgantina,” Kodai 13–14 (2003–2004) 209–215; S. K. Lucore, “Archimedes, the North Baths at Morgantina, and Early Developments in Vaulted Construction,” in C. Kosso and A. Scott, eds., The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity through the Renaissance (Leiden, 2009) 43–59. N.B.: My account of context IR and deposit IR.1 (below) is heavily indebted to information furnished by Dr. Sandra Lucore, who is publishing the North Baths. An important structure was partially excavated in 1970–71 near the western end of the Hellenistic city, at the northeast corner of Stenopos West 14 and Plateia B in the Contrada Agnese (Area VI). Excavation resumed there in 2003 and continues at the time of writing. Its main northern room (room 5) was a tholos with an interior that was elaborately decorated with stucco moldings and painted walls. is round room, which originally contained terracotta bathtubs, was covered with a dome made of interlocking terracotta tubing which was plastered and painted on its interior face. South of the tholos was a steam room above a hypocaust and two vaulted rooms (8 and 9) with elaborate interior decoration, one with a heated immersion pool. In the northwest corner of the complex, an unroofed plastered room (10) that resembles a Roman piscina may also have served as a reservoir, collecting rainwater from the roofs of the two vaulted rooms 8 and 9.

46

CHAPTER I

e general layout of the North Baths is paralleled by bathing complexes at other Sicilian sites. e ceramic finds consist of only late overpainted wares, with no red-figure, and it thus seems likely that the complex was built in the 3rd century BCE, probably during the second quarter of the century. In the fill below the fallen roofing there were no coins later than the 3rd century BCE (MS II, 189–90, deposits 62–64), although the recent excavations have found a coin issued in the last decade of the 3rd century BCE in an area reused after 211 (my thanks to Sandra Lucore for this information). e ceramic finds are closely comparable to those in the other 3rd-century fills at Morgantina. It appears that the vaulted rooms collapsed during an earthquake or other natural catastrophe; a date for this event in the early 2nd century BCE would accord with the numismatic and ceramic evidence from the North Baths. e North Baths complex appears to have been negatively affected by the events of 211 BCE. In particular, it seems that the fill of the well in room 3 (deposit IR.1) dates to the years soon after 211 BCE. ere are also signs that the bath’s rooms were stripped of furnishings — notably, only fragments of terracotta bathtubs were found in the tholos room — before the final collapse of its vaults. e complex appears to have gone out of use as a bathing establishment after the Roman capture of 211 BCE. Room 9 preserved some evidence suggesting that it may have been used as a barn before its roof collapsed. While the baths may have been visited during the 2nd century, they seem to have been in ruins after the earliest years of the century. A few scraps of wasters found in the fill may attest to later dumping, and two 2nd-century BCE coins were found in the upper strata of fill over the eastern rooms. Other than a large deposit in room 3 (the room with the well fill deposit IR.1, discussed below), relatively few vases were found in the rooms of the bath complex. All the vases also seem to date before ca. 200 BCE, but, given the evidence for some later activity in the area, a later date is also possible (although no later than the first quarter of the 2nd century). e fills over the floors and beneath the roofing in the North Baths are hence considered to be a context. Finds: 5B, 6, 6A, 7, 7A, 24A, 24F, 35, 37, 43, 72A, 86F, 88E, 101, 137A, 158G. Deposit IR.1 Fill in the well in room 3 of the North Baths Filled ca. 211–200 BCE Room 3, a small service room at the western side of the North Baths, contained a 5.5-meterdeep well that was filled with broken pottery and some floor tiles. is debris completely filled the well and extended onto the floor of the room. Forty-one coins were also found scattered throughout the fill (MS II, 190, deposit 63). e latest were issues of Hieron II, including half coins, which provide a terminus post quem of ca. 250 BCE for the fill. ere were no terracotta roof tubes in the fill, which suggests that the well was filled before the bath’s vaulted roofs collapsed, as does the fact that no wall debris from the North Baths was found in the fill. It thus appears that the well was filled while the bath’s structure was intact, but it is unlikely that it would have been filled while the baths were still operating. e ceramics found in the well are closely paralleled by those in the other deposits and contexts of the later 3rd century BCE at Morgantina. Together with the numismatic evidence, these parallels demonstrate clearly that this deposit should be dated either to the late 3rd century or

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

47

the very early 2nd century BCE. e most obvious time for the fill would be soon after 211 BCE, when the North Baths and its neighborhood was plundered and abandoned. e well fill was the main source of ceramics found in the bath complex, but it appears to have been filled with debris from nearby abandoned structures, since it includes much fine cooking ware and many black-gloss cups. ese could not have been used in the baths, which lack spaces suitable for dining. Among the many kantharoi found in the well fill was a rim fragment inscribed Afrodit[h]~ (no. 73), which suggests that some of the vases came from a nearby sanctuary that was sacked in 211. e reason for the filling of the well remains unknown, perhaps simply to close a large and dangerous hole in an area used for grazing. Whatever the rationale for this fill, it is clear that its date can safely be placed between 211 and ca. 200 BCE, and that it should be considered a deposit. Finds: 24, 24E, 27K, 33, 57A, 58A, 58B, 59, 59A, 60F, 70, 72, 73, 74, 90A, 92C, 94, 102, 102A, 103, 103A, 117, 119.

Deposits and Contexts of 211–ca. 35 BCE After the fills of ca. 211–200 BCE, there is a gap in dated fills at Morgantina. e city may have taken a long time to recover from the Roman capture and sack. As noted above, there is also evidence suggesting that a natural catastrophe occurred in the early 2nd century. Morgantina was considerably smaller in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE than it had been in the 3rd century, with perhaps one-half to one-third the population of its 3rd-century acme. It may have lost even more population during the first half of the 1st century BCE and was largely destroyed or abandoned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Only one fill (deposit IIA) can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century BCE, and it is a very small dumped fill that includes only eight fragments of tableware. Since this is the only fill that can be dated to the 2nd century BCE, and it is very small, conclusions about the development of pottery at Morgantina during that century are speculative. e vases in deposit IIA indicate that the old Hellenistic traditions of fine ceramics still survived at Morgantina in the early 2nd century BCE, but also that the tablewares were all imported, i.e., the pottery industry in the city had lapsed in 211. Sometime during the 2nd century (ca. 175–100 BCE) the city (and eastern Sicily in general) began using fine ceramics that were based on traditions developed on the Italian mainland. ese included the fine ware that was dominant in eastern Sicily during the last two centuries BCE, Campana C black-gloss, which exhibits a shape assemblage similar to that used in the Campana B wares of the Italian central coast.119 e picture of the ceramics of 2nd-century BCE Morgantina must be reconstructed, insofar as possible, by evaluating material found in deposits of the 1st century BCE, but this is made more difficult by the fact that there are virtually no dated fills of the 2nd century in Sicily with which to compare Morgantina’s pottery. e extensive series of rich tombs of the 4th and 3rd centuries that 119 On these wares: Morel, 47. Campana B was also made in Etruria, but it is more likely that the small amounts of the ware found at Morgantina came from Campania.

48

CHAPTER I

have been excavated on the island also ends in the 2nd century BCE. e result is that the ceramic history of Sicily in the 2nd century is a cipher. is obscurity clears at Morgantina in the early 1st century BCE. A dumped fill that was deposited in the inner basin of the Fountain House in the Agora (deposit IIB) can be safely dated to around 90–75 BCE, but the deposit, while extensive, contained a relatively small proportion of fine wares and appears to be a secondary dump consisting mainly of late-2nd-century pottery. It does demonstrate trade with the eastern Mediterranean, since it included both eastern hemispherical relief bowls and eastern amphoras. A pottery factory in the East Granary (context IIC) appears to have begun operation in the last third of the 2nd century, only to be abandoned during the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. It is difficult to determine if its fill also includes some material from the quarter century after its abandonment, since the factory is adjacent to buildings that were used until ca. 35 BCE. e possibility that its fill contains some later material is accordingly high. e seven other deposits and contexts (IID–IIi) that provide the chronological basis for defining ceramic developments at Morgantina in the 2nd and the 1st centuries BCE all date to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, when a catastrophe unexplained by the historical sources, but almost certainly caused by the war between Sextus Pompeius and Octavianus (38–36 BCE), caused widespread destructions and abandonment throughout the town.120 Of these deposits and contexts, five are from houses (deposits IID, IIE.1, IIF, IIG, context IIE). Deposits IID, IIF, and IIG document the fiery destructions of houses around 35 BCE. e House of the Official (context IIE), which was divided into two houses by the 1st century BCE, also burned around this time. Its northern half housed a potter who left behind extensive evidence of his craft (notably in his dump, deposit IIE.1). e evidence from the two pottery workshops (context IIC, context IIE with deposit IIE.1) provides extensive information on ceramic production at Morgantina in the 1st century BCE. Two dumps (contexts IIH and IIi) also seem to cease accumulating during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE; one of them (context IIH) also preserved evidence suggesting that ceramics were produced nearby. Again, these fills are divided into two types: securely dated deposits, and contexts that may include later material. Deposit IIA Dumped fill against the outer face of the east terrace wall of the Southwest Temenos in the southern Agora (Fig. 1) Ca. 175–150 BCE In 1981, a small fill containing ash and some bone (Area I, trench 90C, stratum 3A) was excavated outside the eastern terrace wall of the Southwest Temenos in the southern Agora, below the temenos and the terrace of the West Granary on which it rests (see PR XII, 321, fig. 8). e fill is just north of the South Shops complex (deposit IB) in the southern Agora. Use of both the West

120

See pp. 17–23 above.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

49

Table 3. Deposits Dated ca. 200–35 BCE Deposit Number and Location

Relative Dates of Latest Ceramics

IIA. Agora, Southwest Temenos, ashy fill dumped against outer face of east terrace wall

ca. 200–175 BCE?

ca. 175 BCE, when the Southwest Temenos was constructed

IIB. Agora, Fountain House, lower fill of inner basin

ca. 125–75 BCE

Fill dumped into basin ca. 90–75 BCE, based on the pottery and a coin of ca. 90 BCE

IID. House of the Doric Capital

ca. 75–25 BCE

Burned ca. 35 BCE; some cleanup activity and mosaic robbing attest to looting ca. 35– 25 BCE; never rebuilt.

IIE.1. House of the Official, cistern fill

ca. 75–25 BCE

Burned ca. 35 BCE, never rebuilt; contains the potter’s dump that was accumulating when the house burned.

IIF. House of the Double Cistern, cistern fill

ca. 75–15 BCE

House burned ca. 35 BCE, rebuilt ca. 15 BCE, when cistern was filled.

IIG. House in Area II, trench 10A east, cistern fill

ca. 75–25 BCE

House burned ca. 35 BCE, rebuilt ca. 15 BCE (?), when the cistern was filled; next door to the House of the Double Cistern (deposit IIF), so probably has a similar history.

Probable Date of Fill

Granary and the South Shops ceased in 211 BCE. An identical fill (Area I, trench 9A) was found on the western side of the wall, where it was sealed by later use fill. e fills in both trenches 90C and 9A appear to have been deliberately deposited when the Southwest Temenos was constructed as part of the reworking of the Agora by the Hispani during the first half of the 2nd century BCE.121 e fill to the east of the temenos wall, however, is in an area that shows no signs of dumping or use after its deposition. e fill in trench 9A contained few ceramics, but that in trench 90C included vase fragments, notably a fragment of an Attic moldmade relief cup of a series dated by Rotroff to ca. 225–175 BCE (no. 629), and a Rhodian amphora handle (inv. 81-44) signed by the fabricant Dios and dated ca. 200–180 BCE. e fill also had a Mamertine coin dated after 210 BCE (inv. 81-22, Apollo/Nike; MS II, 91, no. 238). ese finds indicate that the fill postdates the late-3rd-century disturbances at Morgantina. It seems not to include debris from the 3rd century BCE, although some of the pottery

121

For the date of the Southwest Temenos: PR XII, 338, no. V.

50

CHAPTER I

fragments have clear analogies to wares found in the deposits and contexts of 211 BCE. All the pottery in this fill appears to have been imported to the site. e Attic relief cup, which comes from a worn mold (and is thus late in the series), can be placed in the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE. e apparent absence of developed Campana C, the dominant black-gloss pottery in eastern Sicily in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, confirms the date suggested by the relief bowl and the Rhodian amphora, since Campana C seems to have originated in the first half of the 2nd century BCE, but only became common at Morgantina in the later 2nd century.122 e plate fragment no. 173 may be early Campana C, but this is not certain. is is the only fill at Morgantina that can be dated to the 2nd century BCE; it was clearly created when the temenos was constructed, probably around 175 BCE, judging by the ceramics in the fill. Unfortunately, it is too small to give any clear picture of the nature of ceramics at the site in that period. Although it cannot be shown that the area of this fill was sealed, it is designated a deposit because no later objects were found in its environs. Finds: 161D, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 629. Deposit IIB Lower fill in the inner basin of the Fountain House in the Agora (Fig. 1) Filled in the first quarter of the 1st century BCE M. Bell, “La fontana ellenistica di Morgantina,” QuadMess 2 (1986–87), 111–124; Stone 1987, 87–88; PR XII, 331–337. A monumental fountain house located at the north end of the East Stoa was excavated in 1982 and 1983. Originally built around the middle of the 3rd century BCE, it consisted of an inner and an outer basin, with the inner basin serving for storage of water. In the early 1st century BCE, the water source for the Fountain House proved insufficient, and the inner basin was no longer needed to store water, so it was filled with earth and large amounts of pottery, apparently brought in from a dump. is fill constitutes the lower of two strata of fill in the inner basin. A smaller upper stratum consisting of dumped material, but few ceramics, made up an upper layer. is stratum had no catalogued ceramics but contained several coins, including an issue of Sextus Pompeius. e upper fill was probably added in the fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE, probably after the original fill of the inner basin settled, and it appears to date to the final period of occupation at Morgantina. During this final period the Fountain House seems to have been unroofed, and its architecture somewhat ruinous. e lower fill was apparently dumped at a single time and was sealed by the upper fill, and it thus constitutes a deposit. e small number of joins of the pottery in the lower fill indicates that it had been broken and discarded before being redeposited in the inner basin. e majority of the fill was made up of fragments of transport amphoras, which may suggest that the fill came mainly from the dump of an industrial establishment that imported wine (and other consumables) and had large amounts of discarded containers available to serve as fill.123 An alternative source for this fill may be the midden over the unfinished West Stoa in the Agora (see context IIIG), but that likely would 122

See pp. 150, 411–413 below.

123

See Peña 2007, 253–254 and 300, who sensibly notes

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

51

Table 4. Contexts Dated ca. 200 –15 BCE Context Number and Location

Relative Dates of Latest Ceramics

IIC. Pottery factory in the East Granary

ca. 75–50 BCE

Established ca. 130 BCE, abandoned ca. 75– 50 BCE; areas around the factory remained inhabited until ca. 35 BCE.

IIE. House of the Official

ca. 50–25 BCE

Duplex burned ca. 35 BCE, but has a later burial inside its walls and is close to later habitation, so intrusive later material is possible.

IIH. Dump and later fills over the (southern end of the) North Sanctuary and North Sanctuary Annex

ca. 75–15 BCE

Apparently abandoned ca. 35–25 BCE; two Early Italian terra sigillata sherds were found in the first stratum of the fill in the area of the dump.

IIi. Dump behind the west end of the North Stoa

ca. 75–25 BCE

Abandoned ca. 35–25 BCE; near the last marketplace, so there is a possibility of later material in the dump.

Probable Date of Fill

have included organic waste. Although the preponderance of the fill consisted of amphoras (and other utilitarian wares), it also contained fragments of five moldmade relief cups from the eastern Mediterranean, a few fragments of Campana C black-gloss ware, the base of a red-gloss krater, and a fragment of a thin-walled vase decorated with a barbotine garland. e latest coin in the fill was an as dated to 90 BCE (inv. 83-377; MS II, 124, no. 630). is evidence dates the filling of the inner basin of the Fountain House to the first quarter of the 1st century BCE, although, as noted above, most of the pottery is somewhat earlier than the date of the fill of the inner basin and is probably assignable to the late 2nd century BCE. Finds: 185, 195A, 263, 353, 546, 579, 631, 632, 633, 651, 652, 727. Context IIC e pottery factory in the East Granary (Fig. 1) Abandoned in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE PR IV, 130–131; PR V, 277–278; MS I, 241, context I M; Stone 1987, 89–90; PR XII, 338; MS III, 11–16, 69. that fills located in water sources probably were made up of discarded materials that were safely free of rotting organic and fecal remains. The dump of an office that imported

liquid shipped in amphoras would be a good source for such material.

52

CHAPTER I

is long warehouse stands in the southern Agora against the East Hill, near the southern gate to the marketplace. Its remains show at least two phases of construction, assignable to the mid- and later 3rd century BCE, respectively (see PR XII, 338). In the first phase, the building consisted of its two southern rooms, comprising about two-thirds of its total length of 92 meters. In the second phase, four smaller rooms were added at the north end. In the later 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BCE, the East Granary was remodeled to serve as a pottery factory. ree kilns were found in the northernmost room of the building (room F), which also had much pottery debris inside and directly outside. e enclosure to the north of this room undoubtedly was used for storage, while the rooms to the south of the kiln room (rooms C–E) possibly contained wheels and were perhaps also used for administration of the business. e majority of the catalogued vases, and also wasters of a vase and of lamps, were found in the northern part of the long central room (room B) that was used as a dump for the factory, although much debris was also found along the long wall facing the East Hill. e southernmost room in the complex (room A) was apparently used as a preparation room for an enormous kiln (called the Great Kiln; MS III, 35–40) built into the hillside about 20 meters to the south. is industrial establishment, which produced roof tiles and other building materials (and perhaps amphoras), was probably constructed and began working soon after the end of the First Slave War (ca. 130 BCE). e pottery factory was abandoned by the end of the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. e coins in and over the latest earthen floor of the northern and central rooms were Roman and Sicilian issues of the 2nd and early 1st centuries BCE (MS II, 175–176, deposit 46), but also included many issues of the 3rd century BCE (which likely continued to circulate into the 1st century BCE). e most recent coin was a denarius issued in 83–82 BCE (inv. 59-1943, issued by C. Antoninus Balbus), but only five of the 105 coins in the fill can be closely dated. As MS II notes (p. 176), the complex may also contain coins that slid down from the adjacent East Hill. us, while the numismatic evidence would suggest that the East Granary was abandoned in the first quarter of the 1st century BCE, the evidence is not conclusive. No bronze issues of Sextus Pompeius were found in the factory, and since those coins are common at Morgantina, their absence in a commercial establishment argues that it ceased operating before ca. 40 BCE.124 e fill in this pottery factory seems clearly to be later than that of deposit IIB, which would suggest that the workshop’s abandonment took place after 75 BCE. e ceramics found in the area of the factory included large amounts of Campana C black-gloss ware (including a waster), many molded lamps (including wasters), utilitarian and cooking wares, and some molded and thin-walled wares, and Republican red-gloss. e factory clearly made the black-gloss pottery and lamps (notably 124 One halved as of Pompeius (inv. 61-1523) was found in the second stratum of fill, as I reported in Stone 1987, 9, n. 33, but it cannot conclusively be said that this was found within the walls of the building, since it came from a dike that had been left between room D and E extending both within and outside the walls. Unfortunately, its exact findspot was not plotted by the excavator (which is why R. R. Holloway did not list it in MS II, 175–178, deposit 46). The

Public Office to the north of the East Granary and the House of the Doric Capital on the East Hill directly above it were in use into the second half of the 1st century BCE. The abandoned pottery factory was also likely to have been entered by casual visitors after its abandonment until ca. 35 BCE. Another halved as of Pompeius (inv. 59-1271) was found outside and west of the East Granary, within a meter of room B.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

53

Dressel 2 “delphiniform” lamps), both in Campana C technique, as well as utilitarian and cooking wares. e paucity of thin-walled and molded pottery would argue that those wares were not manufactured by the workshop. Four red-gloss “birds’-head” lamps with flat disks (Dressel 4) and three red-gloss vases appear to have been made in the factory and are the latest dated pottery in the fill; these actually have brown-red gloss, suggesting that the potter was experimenting with firing under oxidizing conditions at the end of the establishment’s history. All the lamp types found in the pottery are documented at Cosa before 70 BCE. is ceramic assemblage is essentially the same as that of the fills of the third or the early fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina (deposit IID and context IIi), but it lacks the large amounts of red-gloss in those fills. e fill in the East Granary also does not include any Eastern Sigillata A, an imported ware found in many of the fills of the 1st century BCE (but not in deposit IIB, IIF, or IIG). Since the factory’s fill included imported thinwalled ware, an example of Syracusan red-gloss (no. 350), and Campana C molded lamps that appear to be imported, the absence of Eastern Sigillata A appears to be significant. In addition, the relative paucity of Republican red-gloss and thin-walled wares compared to the amounts found in the potter’s dump in the House of the Official (deposit IIE.1) suggests that the pottery workshop in the East Granary ceased its operations about a generation earlier than the potter in the House of the Official. No Early Italian terra sigillata or lamps with pointed nozzles decorated with volutes (Dressel 9) were found in the fill, indicating that the complex was no longer in use by the fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE.125 Unlike the architectural complexes associated with deposits IID–IIG, the pottery factory in the East Granary shows no sign of damage by fire, again suggesting that it was abandoned at a date earlier than the destructions of the third or fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE. While none of this evidence is conclusive, its totality suggests that the final abandonment of the pottery factory in the East Granary occurred during the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. e abandoned commercial establishment remained open until the catastrophic events at Morgantina during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and into the final period of habitation at Morgantina. e fill of the pottery factory must thus be classed as a context, rather than as a deposit, since it was open to later additions, including slides from the adjacent East Hill. Finds: 184A, 184B, 189, 189A, 190A, 192C, 192D, 193I, 196, 197, 207, 208, 209, 209A, 209B, 212, 213, 213A, 215A–E, 217, 219A, 219B, 220C, 221G, 221I, 225, 226, 229, 230B, 230C, 234, 234A, 237A, 238, 238A, 239, 240, 250, 254, 264, 281A, 323, 323A, 350, 528, 536, 549, 579, 663, 665, 700A, 705. 125

Hedinger (Studia Ietina VIII, 224), citing PR IV, 130, which erroneously states that Early Italian terra sigillata was found in the fill, dates the initiation of the pottery to ca. 50 BCE and its demise to the early imperial period. Unfortunately, the excavator of the East Granary in 1959 mistook a Syracusan red-gloss chalice with incised decoration (no. 350) found in room F and a Syracusan red-gloss lamp fragment found outside the building for the later central Italian ware. This information from the excavation notebook was re-

peated by Sjöqvist in PR IV. In that report Sjöqvist also cited a coin deposit of the second half of the 1st century BCE as dating the pottery. However, MS II, 175, deposit 45, correctly notes that these coins were found north of the East Granary (actually outside the northeast corner of room G, the late enclosure), “with no archaeological context.” These coins were most likely originally in a container made of some organic material, and their findspot reflects a later slide from the East Hill or perhaps deliberate burial ca. 35 BCE.

54

CHAPTER I

Deposit IID House of the Doric Capital (Fig. 1) Burned ca. 35 BCE; looted ca. 35–25 BCE? PR II, 161; MS I, 244, no. I V; Tsakirgis 1984, 46–70; Stone 1987, 88–89. e House of the Doric Capital stands on the hill east of the Agora, behind and above the Public Office. e house was first built in the 3rd century BCE, then reoccupied after 211 BCE. At some time in this second period it was extended to the south. e added service quarters are of far less substantial construction than the original parts of the house, but this addition to the house indicates some wealth on the part of the owner. An appendage shop complex built during the 3rd century BCE is located west and directly below the peristyle of the house. is four-room annex comprised at least two shops, one of which appears to have been a bakery. e House of the Doric Capital burned, probably around 35 BCE but possibly as late as early in the fourth quarter of the 1st century, and was never rebuilt. Ash was found over the floors throughout the house, and the coin evidence for the date of the destruction is conclusive. An as of Sextus Pompeius (inv. 57-1387; MS II, no. 692) was found in the deposit over the floor (stratum 3) in room 14. Another as of Pompeius was found in the fill of the cistern in the shop complex (inv. 57757; MS II, no. 692). In room 5 of the house, the stratum directly over the floor (stratum 3) contained a quinarius of Marcus Cato dated to ca. 47/46 BCE (inv. 56-1912; MS II, no. 683). Above this stratum, in the roof tiles and rubble sealing the fill, was a denarius of L. Flaminius Chilo dated to ca. 43 BCE (inv. 56-3118; MS II, no. 693). ese were the latest coins found below the first stratum within the house. e pottery and lamps found in the fill of the House of the Doric Capital bear out the destruction date suggested by the coins. No Early Italian terra sigillata was found in the house, nor any molded lamps with pointed nozzles decorated with volutes (Dressel 9). Large amounts of red-gloss pottery were found in rooms 4–6, especially in room 5. is material was sealed beneath a layer of fallen roof tiles. Both Republican red-gloss and imported Eastern Sigillata A appeared in this fill, which also included large amounts of thin-walled ware of developed late Republican forms and lamp types of the same date. e amount of fine pottery in the destruction debris suggests that the owners rescued little from the conflagration. e cisterns in the house provide evidence for some disturbance postdating the destruction of the house. e cistern in room 18 was filled with ash, rubble, and pottery, including much fine ware. Since the fill was unified throughout, and the cistern was filled to its top, the room must have been cleaned up at some time, and the refuse dumped into the cistern. ere was, however, nothing in the room or cistern that dates later than the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Both of the cisterns in the peristyle contained rubble and some ceramic material, again clearly destruction debris from the house. Since it seems clear that the House of the Doric Capital burned ca. 35–25 BCE and was never rebuilt, the cistern fills are somewhat puzzling. Clearly, someone made attempts to clean up some areas of the house. A number of the floors in rooms around the peristyle had holes, suggesting that they had been robbed out (likely the emblemata of mosaic floors). is suggests that the “cleanup operations” were undertaken to facilitate plundering rather than to prepare the house for rebuilding.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

55

Given the unified date of the material in the cisterns, these activities should be assigned to the period immediately after the destruction of the house. Since there are no signs of material later than the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, the destruction fills (including the cleanup activities) in the House of the Doric Capital should be seen as a deposit of ca. 35–25 BCE. Finds: 181, 187, 192B, 203, 214, 218A, 236, 244, 244A, 245A, 245B, 246, 246A, 248, 248A, 248B, 251, 253, 253A, 259, 266, 267, 269, 273, 278, 280, 282A, 283, 286, 289, 289A, 291A, 298, 303, 307, 313, 316A, 317, 319B, 320, 324, 324A, 324B, 334, 334A, 334B, 339B, 344, 347, 354, 355, 356A, 356B, 357, 358, 358A–E, 360A, 389A, 389B, 390, 401, 537, 545, 585A, 598, 626, 645, 701, 706C, 709, 709A, 711, 711A, 712, 718C, 719, 723, 724, 728, 731, 734, 735. Context IIE House of the Official (Fig. 1) Burned ca. 35 BCE PR III, 170; PR VII, 167–168; PR VIII, 144; MS I, 245, no. II B; Tsakirgis 1984, 210–228; Stone 1987, 89; MS III, 16–20, 69. e House of the Official is a large domestic establishment originally constructed in the 3rd century BCE. At that time, the socles of its walls were built of fine ashlar blocks. Following the Roman capture of Morgantina in 211 BCE, the house was reoccupied and divided into two dwellings. e walls added to the house in this later phase are built of rubble and are easily distinguished from the earlier walls. Still later, probably in the late 2nd century or the first half of the 1st century BCE, a block of rooms in poor rubble masonry was added at the north end of the house. ree kilns were built in the northwestern room of this addition and, together with wasters found in the cisterns of the house, demonstrate that the northern half of the house belonged to a potter. e inhabitants of the house abandoned both homes following a fire, probably in the midthird quarter, but possibly early in the fourth quarter, of the 1st century BCE. e pottery found in the cistern in the peristyle (see deposit IIE.1) included two fragments of Eastern Sigillata A. Several other Eastern Sigillata A vases were found in the fill of the house, but no Early Italian terra sigillata was found, nor were any lamps with pointed nozzles decorated with volutes (Dressel 9).126 e pottery from both the house and the cistern fill closely parallels the pottery found in the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), as well the pottery from the fills of several cisterns on the West Hill (see deposits IIF, IIG), all of which seem to have been filled in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. e fill in the House of the Official seems later than that in the East Granary (context IIC), which was abandoned in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. A date of 35–25 BCE for the abandonment of the House of the Official is clearly indicated by the coins found in the stratum of fill directly above the floors in the house. ese coins included six issues of Sextus Pompeius dated 45–36 BCE (inv. 58-881, 58-882, 62-156, 62-381, 62-405, and

126

PR VII, 168, erroneously states that “Arretine ware” was found in the house.

56

CHAPTER I

62-773; MS II, 126, no. 692, all half coins except 58-882). In the north court of the house, a half coin of Octavianus of ca. 38–36 BCE (inv. 62-721; MS II, 126, no. 699) was found in the second stratum of fill. ese were the latest coins found in the house. No material found in the fill of the house dates after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, but since its ruins remained open into the last phase of habitation at Morgantina and it is located directly south of the main domestic quarter of the last settlement, the House of the Official must be regarded as a context. At some later date an individual was buried over the corner of room 4 without any grave goods that would allow the interment to be dated. Finds: 192A, 198A, 228, 256, 267B, 279, 291, 306, 323B, 339, 339A, 366A, 378, 381, 527, 588, 606, 636, 662. Deposit IIE.1 Cistern in the House of the Official (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 35 BCE PR VII, 168; PR VIII, 144; Tsakirgis 1984, 225–226; Stone 1987, 89; MS III, 85–88. In 1962, a bottle-shaped cistern in the south portico of the south court of the House of the Official was excavated. It was filled with discarded pottery, including a number of wasters, and was thus clearly a potter’s dump. In the following year, potter’s kilns built into the northwest corner room of the house some 15 meters away were uncovered. e cistern was covered by blocks of the peristyle’s entablature, which had either collapsed on top of it or had been placed there to cover the deep hole (it was empty to a depth of 3.40 meters below the mouth). Since it seems likely that the house burned and was abandoned around 35 BCE (see context IIE), the pottery found in the cistern should date to the years immediately preceding that date. e pottery from this cistern shows close affinities to that in other fills of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (notably deposits IID, IIF, and IIG). e potter apparently made Republican red-gloss and Campana C black-gloss wares, thin-walled ware, cooking wares, and various types of utilitarian vessels. Only five molded lamps were found in the fill—four Dressel type 4 and one Dressel type 1— and these provide the only evidence suggesting that the potter made molded products. Eight large loom weights (average weight ca. 4.2 grams) were also found in the cistern’s fill; all of these bear the monogram Pk, which could possibly refer to the (last) potter’s name. e fill of the cistern also included two bases of Eastern Sigillata A cups of a form common in the 1st century BCE (Hayes, Atlante, forms 22 and 22A). No Early Italian terra sigillata or lamps with nozzles decorated with volutes (Dressel 9) were found in the fill. is cistern fill thus furnishes valuable information concerning the types of pottery that were produced at Morgantina during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. ere are two possible explanations for the filling of this cistern. e first is to assume that the potter was using the cistern for his refuse in the years before the house was abandoned. e fact that the cistern was not filled to its top implies that the dump in it was still accumulating when the fire and subsequent abandonment occurred. Some additional confirmation for this hypothesis exists: a second cistern was located in room 17, some 5 meters from the kilns. Although this second cistern had collapsed and could not be excavated, a test of the upper fill revealed that it had also been filled

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

57

with debris from the potter’s workshop. Since it was filled to the top, the potter may have used the nearest receptacle for his refuse, and when that one was filled moved on to the more distant cistern in the peristyle. One basic problem with this explanation for the filling of the cisterns is that the production of pottery requires much water. A spring is located on the hillside directly below the House of the Official, and it seems likely that it was the potter’s source of water. However, it would still have necessitated hauling water some distance. A second possible explanation for the fills in the cisterns in the House of the Official would parallel the contemporary filling of the cisterns in the House of the Doric Capital. In that house the cisterns appear to have been filled following a fire around 35 BCE, and, since the house was never reoccupied, the individuals who filled the cisterns either abandoned their attempts to restore the house or finished plundering it. e same conditions may have existed in the House of the Official; that is, following a fire in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, individuals (presumably the owners of the house) may have filled the cisterns during preliminary cleanup activities, only to abandon the house for unknown reasons. However, unlike the House of the Doric Capital, the House of the Official shows no evidence of cleanup or plundering after its terminal fire. From the available evidence it appears that the most likely explanation is that the potter was filling the cistern with refuse up to the time when the house burned around 35 BCE. e cistern fill is thus a deposit of ca. 35 BCE. Finds: 192, 193E–H, 195, 198, 218, 220A, 220B, 221, 221A–D, 223B, 250A, 250B, 267A, 268, 268A, 279A, 284, 326, 326A, 326B, 329, 329A, 329B, 330A–E, 331, 332, 333, 333A, 333B, 346, 348, 400, 401A, 619, 697, 699F–P, 703, 706, 706A, 707, 717, 718, 718A. Deposit IIF Cistern in room 2 of the House of the Double Cistern (Fig. 1) Filled ca. 15 BCE PR IX, 248–249; Tsakirgis 1984, 160–161, 163–164; Stone 1987, 90. A double cistern with a tunnel connecting the two parts near their bottoms was excavated in the House of the Double Cistern in 1966. One mouth was in the northeast corner room (room 1), the other in the room directly to the west (room 2). Unfortunately, neither part could be excavated in its entirety because of their precarious state of preservation, but it is reasonable to assume that most of the fill was recovered. e northeastern half (in room 1) contained little ceramic material (and no catalogued items), but the fill included an imperial coin dated to the later 1st century BCE (MS II, 199, deposit 75, dated post-27 BCE). e cistern in the room to the west (room 2), however, contained both fine and utilitarian wares. e fill of this half was ashy, with occasional “burnt stones,” according to the excavators. is suggests that the house had burned, and that the cisterns were filled when the house was rebuilt. e ceramic material in the cistern included Republican red-gloss but no Early Italian terra sigillata. ere was also no Eastern Sigillata A, which may suggest that the inhabitants of the house were not as wealthy as those of the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID) or the House of the Official (context IIE). Other types of pottery in the fill included late Campana C black-gloss ware, a thin-walled jar of Marabini Moevs form 1, and molded lamps of late Republican types (but no Dressel 9 lamps with nozzles decorated with volutes). is is essentially the same ceramic

58

CHAPTER I

assemblage found in deposits IID and IIE.1 and in context IIE. Except for the early Augustan bronze coin, there was nothing in the fill of either half of the cistern that appears to date after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Since it seems likely that the house was rebuilt or remodeled sometime during the last two decades of the 1st century BCE (see context IIIC), the coin of Augustus is best explained as having fallen into the cistern while the last inhabitants of the house were filling it with debris prior to rebuilding. e cistern fill is then a deposit datable to the time of the rebuilding of the house, which can be dated no earlier than ca. 15 BCE (see context IIIC). Finds: 191, 193J, 194, 247, 247A–C, 282, 285, 288, 291B, 316, 328A, 364, 630, 691, 698, 721. Deposit IIG Cistern in Area II, trench 10A east, room 3 (Fig. 1) Filled ca. 15 BCE PR IX, 239; MS I, 246, context II E; Tsakirgis 1984, 233–234; Stone 1987, 90–91. is cistern, in a house partially excavated in 1966, lay beneath the level of the last floor of the house. Many of the vases found in the cistern are burned. A room next to the room with the cistern contained ash, as did the House of the Double Cistern directly to the north. It therefore seems likely that this house burned at the same time as its neighbor, during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. e cistern was probably filled when the house was rebuilt during the late 1st century BCE (see context IIID), and the final floor was then created, covering the mouth of the cistern. e ceramic material from the cistern includes Campana C black-gloss ware, Republican red-gloss, late Republican thin-walled wares, and molded lamps of late Republican types, but no Early Italian terra sigillata or lamps with nozzles decorated with volutes (Dressel 9). ere was also no Eastern Sigillata A. e latest item in the fill is the thin-walled vase no. 725, which may have been broken or discarded by the last inhabitants of the house when they filled the cistern in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE. On the other hand, this thin-walled form is dated only stylistically, and it may have been produced slightly earlier than currently thought, perhaps just after the middle of the 1st century BCE. It does seem clear that the cistern was filled deliberately at a single time and then sealed with a floor, making its fill a deposit. e date of the filling of the cistern and the attendant rebuilding of its house is based mainly on the better-established chronology of deposit IIF and should be placed ca. 20–15 BCE. Finds: 182, 182A, 193, 193A–D, 209C, 209D, 214A, 220, 221E, 221F, 223, 223A, 245, 246B, 283A, 323C, 330, 345, 359, 359A, 360, 361, 363, 692A, 692C, 693, 694, 695, 706B, 710, 718, 719A, 725, 730, 732. Context IIH Later fills in the area of the North Sanctuary and North Sanctuary Annex (Figs. 1 and 2) Abandoned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE MS I, 249–254, contexts N.S. and N.S.A.; Stone 1987, 88. Following the abandonment of the North Sanctuary and the North Sanctuary Annex in 211

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

59

BCE, the southern edges of the old sanctuaries seem to have been used for industrial activities. e area between the two complexes became a dump (see Fig. 2). e evidence for dumping was especially abundant in the street that separated the two cult complexes, but the dump extended into the eastern rooms of the North Sanctuary Annex (rooms 1–3, 11, and the northern court with its cistern), as well as over the tile fall of the southwestern rooms of the North Sanctuary. A wall to retain the dump was built across the old street at the southern end of the annex. is dump was clearly initiated with debris of the 4th and 3rd centuries from the sanctuary and its annex, but also contained much Campana C black-gloss ware, as well as other ceramics characteristic of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. Wasters of Campana C were found in this fill, suggesting that there may have been a pottery workshop nearby in the late 2nd century and the first two-thirds of the 1st century BCE. Some sherds of Eastern Sigillata A and Republican red-gloss, along with late Republican molded lamp forms, suggest that the dump continued to be used into the second half of the 1st century BCE. Two fragments of Early Italian terra sigillata (nos. 405, 414B) were found in the first stratum of fill in the area of the sanctuary, but the dump is more likely to have gone out of use during the third or early fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE, at the time of the fires at Morgantina (see above, deposits and contexts IID–IIG). Both nos. 405 and 414B likely date before 10 BCE, and it is possible that they were among the latest items deposited in the dumped fill, although their findspot in the first stratum may also mean that they later found their way into the area after the dump ceased to be used. Two other terra sigillata fragments were found nearby, but not in the fill of the dump, suggesting that there was an early imperial house in the general area (see nos. 413, 494). No early imperial lamps with triangular nozzles decorated with volutes (Dressel 9) were found in the dump or the area of the old sanctuary. During the 2nd century BCE, a building was erected to the south of the North Sanctuary. Large numbers of amphora fragments were found in the fill in this area, and it seems more likely, given the proximity of the dump, that the building served an industrial rather than a domestic function. e thin fill associated with this structure included Campana C black-gloss ware and thinwalled wares. A coin of the Mamertini dated to 200 BCE or after was found in the third stratum of this building (inv. 57-245; MS II, 91, nos. 237–239), and an issue of the Hispani was found in the wall fall (inv. 57-2508; MS II, 93, no. 253). e cistern in the court of the North Sanctuary (court C) seems to have been used for the disposal of rubbish, probably by the owners of the structure to the south. Near the bottom of the cistern were two human skeletons and a considerable number of animal bones. ese should be associated with the destruction of the sanctuary in 211 BCE. Many of the ceramics in the cistern date to the 3rd century BCE, but the fill also contained later ceramics, including Campana C black-gloss ware. e presence of the later ceramics likely indicates that the cistern was initially filled with destruction debris (including the corpses) soon after 211 BCE, and then, after the original fill had settled, a secondary overfill was added. e early nature of the Campana C from the cistern suggests that this secondary fill dates no later than around 100 BCE. e southern rooms of the North Sanctuary (rooms 4, 9, and 10) also show signs of later disturbance, and there were no roof tiles sealing the fill of rooms 2, 3, and 6, or the vestibule/court B.

60

CHAPTER I

In the North Sanctuary Annex the large court 4 at the south has several walls associated with a opus signinum floor at a level higher than the original floor of the court. Stratum 3, the level of the opus signinum floor, contained two coins of the Hispani (inv. 58-148, 58-211; MS II, no. 253), dating the floor after 211 BCE. e two cisterns in the courtyard were probably initially filled soon after 211 BCE, but both also contained Campana C black-gloss pottery, again documenting activity in the later 2nd or 1st century BCE. To the northeast of the structure, in court 4, lay the dump, which extended over parts of rooms 1–3, 11, and the northern court 15. To the northwest, the area of rooms 6, 12, and 13 revealed coins of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE in their second and third strata. Room 5, where there was an altar, had discarded material overlying its floor at the east, but the late walls directly to the south suggest that its fill was disturbed after 211 BCE. Rooms 6, 7, 12, and 13 were probably also disturbed during the 2nd and 1st centuries. roughout the North Sanctuary Annex (with the exceptions of rooms 8–10 and 14; see deposit IM) the fill contained much material of the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE intermixed with smaller (but still considerable) amounts of later material. Finds: 4, 10B, 17, 21, 21C, 21D, 24B, 24C, 24G, 24H, 44, 49, 50, 54B, 55, 55D, 58C, 59F, 63, 68, 69, 74A, 76B, 79, 80A, 82, 85A, 87, 87A–D, 93A, 95A, 108, 114B, 119A, 120B, 120C, 121C, 122C, 130, 137G, 146, 149A, 160, 186, 188, 188A, 189B, 189C, 190, 192E, 201, 205, 210, 211, 216, 220D, 221H, 230A, 232, 234B, 248C, 255, 258, 260, 269A, 269B, 273A, 283B, 290A, 301A, 315, 319, 361A, 399, 405, 414B, 520, 522, 525, 529, 530, 532, 535, 535A, 538, 541, 541A, 542, 543, 544, 547B, 550, 552, 552B, 552D, 553A, 555, 555A, 556A, 556B, 558A, 558B, 559, 559B, 559D, 560, 560A, 562, 564, 564A, 564B, 565, 566A, 569, 570, 576, 581, 585, 587, 589, 590, 591, 591A, 600, 601, 603, 604, 608, 609, 615, 617, 618, 634, 635, 637, 639, 641, 642, 648, 649, 653, 655, 657, 664, 692B, 699, 699A–E, 700, 704, 714A, 714B. Context IIi Dump behind the east end of the North Stoa (Fig. 1) Abandoned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, probably ca. 35–25 BCE In 1967, construction of a road allowed a trench to be opened behind the North Stoa. At the eastern end of this trench, a small shed-like enclosure opening to the west was revealed. To the west of this shed was a fairly deep fill of four strata, presumably dumped debris. e ceramics included many fragments of Campana C black-gloss, some Republican red-gloss, and late Republican lamp forms, but no Early Italian terra sigillata or volute-nozzle lamps (Dressel 9). Two pieces of Eastern Sigillata A were found in the fill. Since the eastern end of the North Stoa ceased commercial operations during the third quarter or early fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE (see pp. 17–18 above; MS II, 191–196, deposits 66 and 67), the dump behind it likely stopped accumulating in the same period. Although the dump remained open during the last years of habitation at Morgantina, it does not seem to contain any ceramic material of the last decades of the 1st century BCE, or the 1st century CE. Unlike the fill over the North Sanctuary, this dump contained few 3rd-century forms, and it probably represents an accumulation of the 1st century BCE. Given its lack of closure, it must be considered a context. Finds: 182B, 193K, 257, 384, 399A, 720.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

61

The Contexts of ca. 35 BCE–ca. 50 CE e last phase of habitation at Morgantina began after the fires of ca. 35 BCE, but there is little firm evidence for the exact date of the reconstruction of the small portion of the city that was reoccupied. ree of the domestic fills that document the end of the Republican phase of Morgantina’s existence present evidence of cleanup (deposits IIF and IIG) and plundering (deposit IID) following fires which probably occurred during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and of the rebuilding of houses on the West Hill. e date of these activities seems to range from ca. 30 to ca. 15 BCE. During the last quarter of the 1st century BCE, a small settlement existed on the West Hill overlooking the Agora, in the northwest Agora, and perhaps north of the Agora (although this area has not been excavated). It seems most likely that the true revival of the town, after a period of some squalor ca. 35–25 BCE, was associated with the Augustan reorganization of the island in the later 20s and teens BCE. Judging from the Early Italian terra sigillata, the acme of this last settlement seems to have occurred during the later years of Augustus’s principate and early in the reign of Tiberius (roughly 5 BCE–25 CE). Acme is a relative term here, since Morgantina was now a small town of around 500 to 800 inhabitants that apparently served as marketplace for the area’s latifundia. e final settlement at Morgantina was abandoned without any signs of destruction, and the inhabitants apparently took their dishes with them. All nine fills of pottery (contexts IIIA–IIIi) from the last period of habitation (ca. 25 BCE–ca. 50 CE) are considered contexts, since all appear to have remained open when the inhabitants departed, although there is no sign that any of them contain later material. ere is little evidence for the manufacture of pottery at Morgantina during these years, and most, if not all, of the pottery seems to have been imported in this period. e final period at Morgantina is documented largely by the Early Italian terra sigillata that was broken during the last period of habitation. is pottery provides the chronology for this period, augmented by a limited number of coins. During the second quarter of the 1st century CE, this town was abandoned for unknown reasons. e House of the Arched Cistern (context IIIA) shows signs of damage by fire, but the other structures occupied during these years appear to have been abandoned for no apparent reason. As noted, all the fills from this period are contexts. e only large fills, contexts IIIG and IIIH, are dumps that contained much material from the cleanup after the fires in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and which were then used for the disposal of refuse until the end of occupation at the site. ere are also six small domestic fills (contexts IIIA–IIIF), each with only a handful of vases. A few vases were found in the last marketplace (context IIIi). Context IIIA House of the Arched Cistern (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 30–40 CE after a fire Tsakirgis 1984, 125–151; MS I, 243, context I R. is house was originally constructed in the second half of the 3rd century BCE and was repaired or remodeled following the Roman conquest of Morgantina in 211 BCE. It appears to have been damaged by fire in the second half of the 1st century BCE. When the house was reoccupied,

62

CHAPTER I

Table 5. Contexts Dated ca. 35 BCE–ca. 50 CE Context Number and Location

Relative Date of Latest Ceramics

IIIA. House of the Arched Cistern (West Hill)

ca. 25 CE

ca. 30–40 CE (damaged by a fire); contains coins of Tiberius.

IIIB. Other houses/walls in the insula of the House of the Arched Cistern (West Hill)

ca. 20–30 CE

ca. 40 CE (coin of Gaius)

IIIC. House of the Double Cistern (West Hill)

ca. 10 CE

ca. 30–45 CE

IIID. Other houses in the insula of the House of the Double Cistern (West Hill)

ca. 20–30 CE

ca. 30–45 CE

IIIE. House of the Tuscan Capitals (West Hill)

ca. 20–30 CE

ca. 30–45 CE

IIIF. Southwest House (West Hill)

ca. 30–50 CE

ca. 40-45 CE

IIIG. Dump along retaining wall at western edge of Agora (Area I, trench 27A–B)

ca. 30–40 CE

ca. 30–45 CE

IIIH. Northwest Stoa, dump over two southern rooms

ca. 30–40 CE

ca. 30–45 CE

IIIi. Northwest Agora

ca. 30–40 CE

ca. 45 CE (early coins of Claudius)

Probable Date of Fill

the new occupants did not reconstruct the northern rooms of the house (rooms 23–25), which were filled with rubble and walled off from the rest of the house. At some point, an infant burial in a jug was placed in the upper fill of room 23 (stratum 2). Below this burial, a hoard of seventeen silver coins was found (MS II, 174–175, deposit 44). e latest coins dates to 56 BCE. Fragments of a silver hinge and a silver fibula were found with the coins; the hinge may be the remnant of a box that contained the hoard. is hoard constitutes a terminus post quem for the date of the fire, which, given the evidence for contemporary fires in the nearby House of the Double Cistern and its neighbor (deposits IIF and IIG), most likely occurred around 35 BCE. Based on the ceramic and numismatic evidence, the last period of occupation of the House of the Arched Cistern extended into the second quarter of the 1st century CE. e fill in the house’s

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

63

eponymous cistern contained developed Early Italian terra sigillata (nos. 426, 447), suggesting that it was filled no earlier than the turn of the millennium, although it may have been used as a rubbish dump during the final period of occupation of the house. In this period a water system of lead pipes was either installed or repaired. e fill of the trench for the piping included sherds of Early Italian terra sigillata shapes common after ca. 10 BCE (nos. 449, 487). A rim fragment of a Conspectus form 22 cup (no. 447A) was found in the uppermost stratum of floor packing in the south peristyle. is shape existed by 10 BCE but was most common after that date. Unfortunately, the peristyle is likely to have been used as a garden during the last period of habitation (and was thus subject to much disturbance), and the sherd cannot be regarded as evidence for dating the reconstruction of the house, e final abandonment of the House of the Arched Cistern occurred after another fire. In room 14, fragments of three Early Italian terra sigillata platters/plates (nos. 419, 431, 437) were found resting on the last floor. Above these sherds, in the destruction debris over the floor (stratum 2), was a coin of Augustus (inv. 61-74; MS II, 127–128, nos. 716–731). Sherds of late Augustan or Tiberian date were found on the floors of room 11 (no. 688) and the north court (no. 471). In the street directly outside the house, four bronze coins of Tiberian date were found in the fill outside a drain (MS II, 182–183, deposit 49). ese seem likely to have been washed out through the drain from within the house, and provide a terminus post quem for the final abandonment. Given this evidence and that of the terra sigillata, the last fire and the subsequent abandonment of the house may be placed around 30–40 CE. Finds: 52, 366B, 374, 419, 426, 430A, 431, 434, 437, 444, 447, 447A, 449, 453, 471, 474, 487, 660, 673, 676, 679, 680, 688. Context IIIB Other houses/walls in the insula of the House of the Arched Cistern (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 40 CE Tsakirgis 1984, 125–151, 235–240. The evidence for late occupation in the other houses of the insula of the House of the Arched Cistern is difficult to evaluate. In many cases these houses were not fully excavated, and the fill was generally quite thin. There is, however some evidence which suggests that the houses to the east and south of the House of the Arched Cistern were occupied into the second quarter of the 1st century CE. e poorly preserved group of walls directly south of the House of the Arched Cistern had four fragments of Early Italian terra sigillata in the second and third strata of their fill (nos. 435A, 442, 475, 517). eir dates of manufacture range from the decade 20–10 BCE to the reign of Tiberius. To the east of these walls, a small shop complex with four rooms was excavated in 1967. e cistern in this complex was closed during the (later?) 1st century BCE, and no coins dating after the first half of the 1st century BCE were found in these shops. e base of a terra sigillata cup signed by a Puteolan fabricant (no. 464) was found beneath the tile fall in the stratum directly over the floor (stratum 3), suggesting that the shop complex was used at least into the early 1st century CE. To the north of the shop complex, the fill in the House of the Antefixes contained some terra

64

CHAPTER I

sigillata sherds. A partially excavated house north of the House of the Antefixes produced a coin of Gaius (inv. 60-1439; MS II, 129, no. 745) in its second stratum, the layer of debris which overlay the latest floor. Finds: 215, 386A, 391A, 435A, 442, 456, 464, 475, 496, 507, 513, 514, 517. Context IIIC House of the Double Cistern (Fig. 1) Rebuilt ca. 15 BCE, abandoned ca. 40 CE Tsakirgis 1984, 155–162. is house was probably built in the 2nd century BCE. It burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, since the fills found in the house’s cisterns (deposit IIF above) contained evidence of burning, as well as ceramic material characteristic of the second and third quarters of the 1st century BCE. One of the cisterns, however, contained a coin dated after ca. 27 BCE (MS II, 199, deposit 75). It thus seems probable that the mouths of the cisterns were built over immediately after the cisterns were filled during the reconstruction of the house. is probably occurred around 15 BCE, since the packing of the floor that covered the cistern in room 1 (stratum 4) contained a coin of Augustus dated to ca. 18 BCE (MS II, 199, deposit 76). is coin was found well down in the floor packing and is likely to have been deposited when the floor was laid. e packing of the floor in room 3 (stratum 3) contained two fragments of the rim of a Conspectus form 18 plate (no. 423B), which could suggest that the floor in that room was created a little earlier than 5 BCE, but, since the floor was earthen, the sherds were probably deposited when the floor was refreshed during the early 1st century CE. Several walls in the house contain burned rubble, and these walls invariably had roof tiles in their fabric. is type of construction is a feature of the last phase of habitation at Morgantina. e house may be presumed to have been abandoned by the 40s CE, on analogy with the other houses on the West Hill. Except for the cistern fills (deposit IIF), very little ceramic material was found in the house; the latest pottery is Augustan. Finds: 252A, 415C, 423B, 424. Context IIID Other houses in the insula of the House of the Double Cistern (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 30–45 CE PR IX, 239; MS I, 245–246, context II D; Tsakirgis 1984, 162–186, 232–235. Although the fill was thin throughout this area, it is clear that these houses were occupied into the 1st century CE. In some cases the evidence suggests that they were repaired or remodeled toward the end of the 1st century CE. ese repairs may be related to the fire that damaged the House of the Double Cistern in the third quarter of the century (see deposit IIF above). e partially excavated house directly to the south of the House of the Double Cistern (Area II, trench 10A east) had a cistern in room 3 (deposit IIG above) that was filled with ceramics of the second and third quarter of the 1st century BCE. e cistern’s mouth was associated with a floor below the level of the latest floor of the room. On the analogy of the House of the Double Cistern

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

65

directly to the north, it seems likely that this house burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and was rebuilt in the last quarter of the century. To the west of this partially excavated house, the House of the Palmento was heavily disturbed by a modern farmhouse. Room 5, however, had sherds of Early Italian terra sigillata pressed into its paving, and a fragment of an Early Italian terra sigillata cup (no. 450) was found in the second stratum of its fill. A fragment of an Early Italian terra sigillata relief chalice (no. 678) was found at the level of the floor in the entrance to room 8, a shop fronting on the north–south street to the west of the house (Stenopos West 4). e House of the Mended Pithos is located north of the House of the Palmento. Dating evidence for this house is scant. e second stratum in a shop attached to it contained a terra sigillata plate fragment (no. 491). In the front room of another shop at the front of the house, a thin-walled jug of Tiberian date (no. 737) was found in the second stratum of fill. e House of the Gold Hoard is directly west of the House of the Double Cistern. Despite its name, which derives from a coin hoard of the 3rd century BCE found beneath a floor (MS II, 188, deposit 59), it is one of the poorest houses uncovered at Morgantina. Many of its walls contained burned rubble and tiles, and the ceramic finds within the house date to the early 1st century CE (notably, no. 427, a Conspectus form 18 plate). ese two facts suggest that its predecessor burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, like the adjacent House of the Double Cistern (deposit IIF and context IIIC), and that the house was reconstructed toward the end of the 1st century BCE. All of these houses were probably abandoned by the early 40s CE, on analogy with the more closely dated houses on the West Hill. Finds: 219, 310, 427, 450, 452, 454, 491, 575, 605, 678, 737. Context IIIE House of the Tuscan Capitals (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 30–45 CE PR II, 160–161; MS I, 246, context II F; Tsakirgis 1984, 186–206. Little evidence has survived to elucidate the history of the House of the Tuscan Capitals. e fill within the house was very thin, and the western parts of the structure have eroded. It seems likely, however, that the house was first built in the 2nd century BCE. ere is some evidence for remodeling in the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE (see nos. 202, 237, and 620). e house may have been damaged in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, since all the cisterns appear to have gone out of use by the last quarter of that century. If the House of the Tuscan Capitals was damaged in the later 1st century BCE, it was clearly repaired. e evidence for occupation of the house into the 1st century CE is conclusive. e second and lowest stratum of fill in room 14 contained two bronze coins of Augustus issued ca. 15 BCE (inv. 57-2982, 57-2985; MS II, 128, no. 720), and room 20 contained an imperial coin issued in Tyndaris after 27 BCE (inv. 57-716; MS II, 112, no. 429). Augustan to Tiberian terra sigillata was also found within the house (nos. 430, 441, 446, 447B, 447C, 457, 469, 472, 484, 485, 489, 670, 681). e latest piece of terra sigillata was no. 472, a Conspectus form 33 cup that is probably Tiberian. e date of the final abandonment of the House of the Tuscan Capitals is not known, but, by

66

CHAPTER I

analogy to the neighboring Southwest House (context IIIF), it was probably in the second quarter of the 1st century CE. Finds: 202, 234C, 237, 390A, 430, 441, 446, 447B, 447C, 457, 469, 472, 484, 485, 489, 620, 670, 681. Context IIIF Southwest House (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 40-45 CE Tsakirgis 1984, 206–210. e Southwest House is located southeast of the House of the Tuscan Capitals. Unfortunately, some of the house had eroded away, and only part of the peristyle and some of the surrounding rooms could be recovered. e fill was quite thin, and there is little evidence for any occupation before the last years of Morgantina’s existence. On the basis of its techniques of construction, it seems likely that the house was first built in the 3rd century BCE and was occupied into the 1st century CE. e evidence for occupation in the latest period of habitation at Morgantina is convincing. An as of Augustus issued ca. 7 BCE was found on the floor of the peristyle (inv. 66-886; MS II, 128, nos. 725, 726), and a good amount of Early Italian terra sigillata was found in the house. Two of these fragments (nos. 436 and 448) bear appliqué decoration on their rims and may be safely dated to the reign of Tiberius. Most notably, one of these vases (no. 436) has a late shape that dates it to the post-Augustan period. is and the form of the appliqué on the rim suggest that the house may have been occupied as late as the reign of Claudius. Finds: 408, 415, 417, 422, 436, 441A, 448, 451, 461, 461A, 465, 466, 674. Context IIIG Dump along the retaining wall at the western edge of the Agora (Area I, trench 27A–B) (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 45 CE Stone 1987, 91. is dump is located midway between the West Stoa and the Northwest Stoa at the base of the great retaining wall that runs along the west side of the Agora. It is located over an area of the West Stoa that was laid out but never built. Test trenches farther to the south revealed the general area occupied by the dump, although it is clear that it was not fully excavated. No coherent stratigraphy could be discerned in the fill, which seems to have accumulated mainly between the second half of the 1st century BCE and the first half of the 1st century CE. e vases were generally in fairly small fragments, with few joins or full profiles, suggesting that the material was fragmentary before it was deposited in the dump. In addition, since it seems clear that the refuse was dumped over the retaining wall from the street above (Stenopos West 1), which is several meters above the level of the dump, the ceramics probably scattered widely on impact. e ceramic material in the dump includes a high percentage of Republican red-gloss, Campana C black-gloss wares, thin-walled wares, and Republican molded lamps. ese types of pottery are characteristic of the fills at Morgantina dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (see deposits

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

67

and contexts IID–IIi). It seems probable that the bulk of this material constitutes cleanup of debris after the fires of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, but it is unclear if the dump predates the fires. Each stratum of the dump also contained Early Italian terra sigillata and other early imperial ceramics, although the earlier ceramic material predominates by a ratio of around 20 to 1 over that associated with the last period of habitation. e terra sigillata sherds range in date from ca. 20–10 BCE to the first quarter of the 1st century CE. No chronologically significant coins were found in the fill, but the dump can be reasonably dated to ca. 50 BCE–ca. 40 CE, with the terminal date deriving from the final habitation on the West Hill above the dump. Finds: 207A, 221J, 224, 226A, 249, 270, 270A, 271, 272, 272A, 277, 277A, 287, 288E, 289B, 290, 291C–E, 297, 298A, 300, 300A, 317B, 318, 318A–C, 319C, 319D, 320A, 320B, 322, 325, 325A, 329C, 333C, 336, 337A, 337B, 338, 338A, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344A, 349A, 349C, 350A, 352, 356, 356C, 358F, 358G, 361B–E, 365, 366C, 367A, 368A, 368B, 369A, 375, 385, 387, 388, 392, 393, 399B, 401B, 409, 416, 425, 440, 459, 464A, 467, 499, 500, 505A, 552E, 628, 669, 683, 690, 696, 696A, 699R–T, 703A, 703B, 706D, 711B, 715, 722, 726B, 739, 740, 741. Context IIIH Dump over the southern end of the Northwest Stoa (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 45 CE PR I, 153; MS I, 239–240, context I G. e Northwest Stoa was originally a four-room building that was probably built to serve the bureaucracy of the 3rd-century polis. Its history after 211 BCE is murky, but it had clearly gone out of use by the last quarter of the 1st century BCE. After that, most of its interior walls were robbed out for reuse, and its northwestern room was remodeled into a shop (see context IIIi) around the last decade of the 1st century BCE. e area once occupied by the two southern rooms of the old stoa, however, was used as a dump during the last phase of habitation at Morgantina. e dumped fill extended in front of the stoa into the area immediately in front of the former portico, but it was most extensive within the walls of the building. e dump was closed off at the north by the back wall of the shop built into the northwestern room of the stoa, and it lay more than a meter below the street (Stenopos West 1) and the Doric Stoa directly to the west. Small amounts of Early Italian terra sigillata were found in all four strata of fill in the dump, including the trenches of the robbed-out walls of the old stoa. e fill also included much Republican red-gloss and Campana C black-gloss wares, as well as other material from the 3rd through the 1st century BCE. As in context IIIG, the earlier material actually constitutes the vast majority of the fill. Given the nature of the fill, and especially the fact that Early Italian terra sigillata was found in all four strata identified by the excavator, it seems probable that the dump began to accumulate with the cleanup of the fires of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE in the northwest Agora and on the West Hill. e Italian terra sigillata (the earliest forms, nos. 410 and 411) securely dates the fill after ca. 25 BCE, although the dump may have been initiated slightly earlier than that date. No.

68

CHAPTER I

410 was found in the lowest stratum of fill, although the stratigraphy is scarcely conclusive since the fill was probably disturbed by stone robbers. e latest Early Italian terra sigillata in the fill is Tiberian to early Claudian (see nos. 462, 462A, 472C, 476, 518), which suggests that the dump was in use until the final abandonment of the last settlement. Since no real chronological development could be charted from the ceramic finds and stratigraphy, and the upper strata of the dump may include material that slid down from the West Hill directly to the west (as Bell noted in MS I, 239–240, context I G) following the final abandonment of Morgantina, the dump can be dated only ca. 30 BCE–45 CE, with the terminal date supplied by the latest evidence for use of the adjacent northwest Agora (see context IIIi) and supported by the date of the latest terra sigillata in the dump’s fill. Finds: 183, 184, 184C, 185A, 194A, 195C, 196A, 199, 200, 208A, 208B, 214B, 216A, 220E, 220F, 222, 233, 234D, 241, 243, 269C, 271, 274, 275, 276, 278A, 281, 283C, 283D, 288F, 289C, 291F–K, 293, 294, 294A, 294B, 295, 296, 296A, 298B, 299, 301, 301C, 302, 302A, 305, 308, 308A, 311, 312, 314, 316B, 317A, 319E–G, 320C–G, 321, 323D, 325B, 327, 328, 332A, 333D–G, 335, 339C–G, 343A, 344B, 344C, 349, 349C, 351, 356D, 358H, 358I, 362, 363A, 366, 366D, 366E, 368, 369, 370, 370A, 370A, 371, 371A, 372, 373, 376, 377, 379, 383, 388A, 393A, 394, 395, 396, 398, 399C, 400A–C, 410, 411, 412, 414, 415B–D, 418A, 423, 423C, 437A, 438, 447C, 448A, 462, 462A, 470, 470A, 470B, 472C, 476, 478, 501, 502, 503, 504, 504A, 505, 506, 508, 511, 512, 512A, 512B, 514A, 515, 518, 524, 539, 547A, 548A, 552C, 556, 559C, 561, 561A, 572, 596A, 622, 644, 647, 654, 661, 686, 689, 692D, 692E, 694B, 699Q, 702, 706E–G, 708, 710A, 713, 713A, 716, 717A, 726A, 729, 733, 736, 737A, 738. Context IIIi Northwest Agora (Fig. 1) Abandoned ca. 45 CE PR I, 153; PR VI, 136; PR VIII, 140; MS I, 239–240, contexts I G and I H. During the last period of habitation at Morgantina, the northwest corner of the Agora served as a commercial center for the small settlement. In the areas excavated by Princeton University, shops occupied the western end of the North Stoa, the ruins of the Bouleuterion, the Doric Stoa, and the northern sector of the Northwest Stoa. e evidence from this area provides some of the best documentation for dating the latest habitation at Morgantina. Excavations by the Soprintendenza of Agrigento in 1990 revealed more of the last Agora along the edge of the West Hill to the west of the Princeton excavations, uncovering a number of rooms that appear to have been shops. When published, these excavations will no doubt add to our knowledge of the last settlement. At the western end of the North Stoa, the fourth stratum contained evidence of burning together with coins of the 2nd century BCE and the first half of the 1st century BCE (MS II, 181– 182, deposit 48). e numismatic evidence from the eastern rooms of the North Stoa suggests that their commercial activities ended during the third quarter (or early fourth quarter) of the 1st century BCE (MS II, 191–196, deposits 66 and 67), when the stoa was damaged by a fire. It is clear, however, that the two westernmost rooms of the stoa were reoccupied toward the end of the 1st century BCE.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

69

e fill in the third and second strata of these rooms contained imperial coins and Early Italian terra sigillata (notably nos. 671 and 672). e latest coins in these shops were issues of Tiberius dated to the 20s and 30s (inv. 55-1684, MS II, 129, nos. 739–741; inv. 55-975, MS II, 129, nos. 739–741; and inv. 55-1807, MS II, 129, nos. 742–744). An as of Claudius (inv. 55-1833; MS II, 130, nos. 748–750) was found outside the shops in the second stratum of fill over the street, suggesting that the shops may have remained in use until close to the middle of the 1st century CE. To the west of the North Stoa, several small sheds were built within the walls of the remains of the old Bouleuterion around the turn of the millennium. e floor packing of these sheds contained Early Italian terra sigillata (no. 458), Republican red-gloss and Campana C black-gloss wares (nos. 243, 288A), and a coin of Octavian (inv. 63-438; MS II, 126, nos. 699, 700). e terra sigillata cup base no. 458 is signed by an Arretine potter who worked from around 15 to 1 BCE. One of the late walls within the ruined building contained a coin of Augustus issued ca. 6 BCE (inv. 63-440; MS II, 128, no. 730). Several lamps with pointed nozzles decorated with volutes (Dressel 9) were found beneath the tile fall of these late structures. ese date after ca. 25 BCE into the early 1st century CE. Two small shops (one a thermopolion) were built up against the south wall of the Bouleuterion sometime after 211 BCE, and they appear to have been used into the 1st century CE, since their fill included imperial coins (MS II, 197–198, deposit 73). To the south of and across the street from the Bouleuterion stands the Doric Stoa. is threeroom stoa faces east onto a street located directly above the Northwest Stoa. Tubs found on the terrace outside the stoa suggest that in its last phase it may have been used for bathing. Late terracottas depicting Persephone were found in the central room of the stoa, suggesting that it was also used for cult activities (see MS I, 240, context G 2). e fill found in the Doric Stoa, especially in the first stratum, included substantial amounts of Early Italian terra sigillata. A coin of Augustus (inv. 56438; MS II, 128, nos. 725, 726, ca. 7 BCE) was found in the second stratum on the terrace in front of the stoa. A certain amount of earlier ceramics was found in the fill (see nos. 301B, 397, 403, 407); these, together with much of the terra sigillata found in the building, probably represent material that slid down from dumps located on the West Hill directly above the stoa. It seems clear, however, that the building remained in use into the 1st century CE. Directly east of and below the Doric Stoa is the Northwest Stoa. At some time after this dump had been created over the south rooms (context IIIH), the northern rooms of the Northwest Stoa were remodeled into a three-room shop that faced north toward Plateia A, rather than east, as it did in its first period. e floor packing of these shops (stratum 3) was originally part of the dump and included Early Italian terra sigillata, which dates its construction to no earlier than the last decade of the 1st century BCE. e floors of the shops (stratum 2) contained a coin of Gaius (inv. 56-897; MS II, 130, nos. 746, 747) and a late issue of Tiberius (inv. 56822; MS II, 129, no. 740, 35–36 CE). ese coins suggest that the shops were used into the 40s CE. Finds: 242, 288A, 301B, 315A, 355A, 386, 391, 397, 402, 403, 407, 416A, 419A, 420, 421, 421A, 421B, 426B, 426C, 428, 429, 432, 432A, 435C, 435D, 439, 441B, 443, 447D, 447E, 455, 458, 460, 463, 472B, 473, 477, 480, 481, 486, 493, 503A, 508A, 666, 671, 672.

70

CHAPTER I

Table 6. Context Dated ca. 100 BCE with Early-7th-Century CE Overfill Context Number and Location

Relative Date of Latest Ceramics

IVA. Early Byzantine cistern fill on Farmhouse Hill, Cittadella

7th century CE

Probable Date of Fill Final closure of the cistern in the early 7th century CE; Republican ceramics were found in the cistern; scraps of Early Italian terra sigillata were found on the hilltop, indicating habitation in the early 1st century CE.

Mixed Hellenistic–Republican/Early Byzantine Cistern Fill Finally, a cistern fill on the Farmhouse Hill of Cittadella (context IVA) includes material that indicates an original fill was deposited around ca. 100 BCE, but was augmented by an overfill in the early 7th century CE. Context IVA Cistern on Farmhouse Hill, Cittadella (Pl. 143) Initial fill at the end of the 1st century BCE (?), final fill in the first half of the 7th century CE (?) PR X, 378; J. F. Kenfield, “An East Greek Master Coroplast at Late Archaic Morgantina,” Hesperia 59 (1990), 265–274. In 1967 a cistern was excavated on Farmhouse Hill, the highest peak of Cittadella. is hill was occupied during the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, when a long naiskos of Sikeliote type occupied the summit. A Sicilian red-figure lid (inv. 67-152A–C) and a medallion cup fragment (no. 592A) suggest that there was habitation there during the second half of the 4th and the 3rd century BCE. Ceramic evidence (nos. 209E, 646) clearly attests to occupation during the Republican period (2nd century BCE), and there was also clearly some sort of habitation there during the early Byzantine period (5th to early 7th century CE). e occupation of the major surviving architectural remains on Farmhouse Hill extended from the Swabian period (13th century CE), when a small monastery was built on the hill, to 1954, when the ruined farmhouse which gives the hill its name was finally abandoned. e only catalogued vase from this period appears to be a small amphora (inv. 67-167; Pl. 142).127 e remains from the cistern and its area document both the Republican and the early Byzantine occupation. Large amounts of glass dating to the 5th and 6th centuries CE were found in the area, and three vases of the same period were found in the fill of the cistern. e Byzantine pottery comprises two “African Red Slip” bowls and an unslipped amphoriskos (Pl. 142). Both of the red127

Inv. 67-167: H. 16.5, Diam. base 6.6, Diam. lip 7.0, clay soft fine pale reddish brown (5yR 7/4). The small amphora has a flat bottom, ovoid body, vertical neck with a collar at the level of upper attachment of handles, and vertical, slightly flaring lip. Vertical handles, round in section, rise

from the shoulder to the upper neck. The body is wheelridged and dented. Compare P. Pensabene and C. Sfameni, eds., Iblatasah Placea Piazza: L’insediamento medievale sulla Villa del Casale; Nuovi e vecchi scavi, exh. cat. (Palermo and Rome, 2006) 146, no. 8 (dated 12th–13th cent.).

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

71

slipped vases seem to have been made on Sicily. e more complete of these is a flanged bowl with feather rouletting on its floor and an unusual rouletted rim (inv. 80-84; Pl. 68).128 Bowls of this type are dated to the 6th and early 7th century CE.129 e other red-slip bowl (inv. 80-86; Pl. 142) is fragmentary and bears a stamped cross monogram at the center of its floor.130 e broad base of this bowl, together with the style of its monogram, again would date it to the late 6th or early 7th century.131 e amphoriskos (a so-called spatheion, inv. 80-82; Pl. 142) is made of a coarse, fairly soft orange clay (5yR 5/8).132 It lacks handles and has a tall, narrow, slightly conical body with a vertical neck flaring concavely to an outturned lip. Its body is roughly decorated with broad, shallow vertical grooves. It is probably of Sicilian manufacture. A number of spatheia found at Piazza Armerina and other sites in the region are on display in the Museo Archeologico in Gela, and this type as made in North Africa has been dated to the 7th century.133 e cistern was sunk into a corner of the archaic naiskos. Although its upper fill was early Byzantine, the date of its construction is probably Hellenistic or Republican. e cistern was not completely excavated, but the bulk of the ceramic material found in the fill was of Republican date and included no red-gloss pottery and only one early piece of Campana C black-gloss (no. 209E). As noted above, the medallion cup fragment (no. 592A) probably dates to the late 3rd century BCE. PR X (p. 378) placed the date of the initial fill of the cistern at the end of the First Slave War (131 BCE), but this seems too early. e presence of fragments of a thin-walled beaker decorated in barbotine technique (inv. 80-81) and a moldmade hemispherical cup (no. 646) suggests that the end of the cistern’s use should probably be placed no earlier than the late 2nd century BCE, perhaps at the time of the Second Slave War (104–101 BCE), when Morgantina was besieged (Diod. Sic. 36.4.5 and 8). Another possible date for the initial filling of the cistern may be provided by a few body sherds of Early Italian terra sigillata found on the hilltop, which likely attest to an early imperial occupation. If the cistern was first filled in the early 1st century BCE or the early 1st century CE, the early Byzantine pottery and glass would represent a secondary fill after some settling of the cistern’s contents. Alternatively, the Republican ceramics may have been dumped into the cistern when the hill was reoccupied in the 5th or 6th century CE. e early Byzantine pottery and glass were the latest objects in the cistern, and they suggest that the early 7th century CE is the most probable date for the final filling of the cistern. Finds: 209E, 246C, 592A, 646. 128

The dimensions of this vase are: H. 5.4, Diam. base 5.0, Diam. lip 15.6. See J. W. Hayes, Late Roman Pottery (London, 1972) 140–144, form 91, esp. type D. For another example on Sicily: J. W. Hayes, “Appendix I: Pottery,” in R. J. A. Wilson, “Funerary Feasting in Early Byzantine Kaukana, Sicily,” AJA 115 (2011) 202, no. 25, fig. 17. 129 See M. Bonifay, Études sur la céramique romaine tardive d’Afrique, BAR International Series 1301 (Oxford, 2004) 179–180, “Hayes 91DF” (Sigillée type 54). 130 It is an example of Hayes, Late Roman Pottery (n. 128 above) 152–155, form 99 (the dimensions are: G.P.H. 3.1,

Diam. foot est. 14.0, Diam. lip est. 20). 131 Bonifay (n. 129 above) 181–182, “variante C” (sigillée type 55 ). 132 Its dimensions are P.H. 26.3, Diam. lip 6.8. 133 Bonifay (n. 129 above) 127–129, “variante D,” and, for the date, 129. For Sicilian examples: R. Panvini, Gela: Il Museo Archeologico, Catalogo (Gela, 1998) 281; R. M. Bonacasa Carra and R. Panvini, La Sicilia centro-meridionale tra il II ed il VI sec. d.C. (Palermo, 1997) 126, no. 36, fig. 14 (from Gela).

72

CHAPTER I

4. Regional Pottery Production Represented at Morgantina: Fabrics and Gloss During the later 4th and 3rd century BCE, fine ceramics at Morgantina are dominated by three fabrics, here called fabrics I, II, and III, in the order of their frequency.134 ese fabrics also appear in the fills of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, although with some changes. In the later period a hard orange fabric appears, which, while not extremely common, is represented by a number of examples. ese fabrics are described below.

Fabric I Fabric I includes Morgantina’s own pottery, as demonstrated by its use in vases made at Morgantina (wasters) and in materials used in ceramic production at the site, and by the fact that it is the most frequently found fabric at the site, comprising around 80% of the vases presented in the catalogue of 4th- and 3rd-century fine wares (Chart 1). It should be noted that fabric I is also used for the majority of the medallion cups found at Morgantina, and these were made primarily during the 3rd century (Chart 2).135 Fabric I also appears earlier, in the Archaic period, and chemical analysis shows that it is local, at least in some manifestations. Unfortunately, fabric I also includes vases manufactured at Sicilian centers other than Morgantina, probably in the Catania valley and Lentini plain, and at present it is not possible to distinguish the products of the various locales that used clay which fires to this color without further chemical analysis.136 A good example can be seen in the case of Sicilian red-figure of the late 4th century BCE, manufactured on the east coast of the island. X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) testing in 2007 of selected samples of pottery found at Morgantina demonstrated that the local clays and that of Sicilian red-figure, which is visually quite similar, are easily distinguished chemically.137 Fabric I is usually fired to a reddish-brown color (approximately 5yR 6/3–4), although at times the color is paler reddish brown (5yR 7/4) or even grayish brown (5yR 6/2). It is usually well purified, with only small inclusions (“fine”), although a few vases show large calcium inclusions that have exploded in firing.138 Fabric I was usually well fired and is quite hard in fracture, although occasional examples are softer. ose that have the softer fabric seem to be earlier in date and often have paler coloring. 134

For further discussion of these fabrics, see pp. 83–84, 164–166, 171–172, 235–237, 292, and 294 below. 135 For the 3rd-century fine wares without relief decoration, see pp. 81–138 below. For medallion cups, see pp. 231–270. 136 For chemical analysis of fabric I vases (EDXRF), see appendix 2. MS I, 116–117 (“pale buff-brown”), noted that the same or similar fabric color can be observed at Grammichele and Centuripe. On clay beds near Morgantina, see MS III, 45, 147–149. The vases analyzed scientifically in MS III unfortunately did not include examples of all three of the

fabrics discussed here: see MS III, 108–180. For the pottery industry at Naxos on the east coast during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE: M. C. Lentini, “Naxos: Necropoli in età ellenistica,” NSc 38–39 (1984–85) 480–481. 137 See p. 446 below. 138 Nos. 25 and 34 show these inclusions, as do a few medallion cups. The calcium inclusions probably indicate that these vases come from a manufacturing center near Catania or Lentini, since vases with this feature are not common at Morgantina.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

73

Chart 1. Fine wares of the 3rd and very early 2nd centuries BCE at Morgantina 1: Fabric I fine ware, glossed and overpainted: 362 vases/fragments (38 marked as fabric 1?), not including medallion cups or polychrome ware 2: Fabric I medallion cups (ca. 250–150 BCE): 83 vases/fragments 3: Fabric II fine ware, glossed and overpainted: 18 vases/fragments 4: Fabric II medallion cups (ca. 250–150 BCE): 29 vases/fragments 5: Fabric III fine ware, glossed and overpainted: 23 vases/fragments 6: Fabric III medallion cups (ca. 250–150 BCE): 24 vases/fragments

e black gloss of fabric I vases varies a good deal in color, from lustrous black to brown to brownish red or even green, but has generally adhered well. e most common color during the 3rd century is grayish black with metallic overtones. e potters who made the vases in this fabric found in 3rd-century fills show a fondness for dipping their products into the gloss once, so that the vases have gloss only to the lower body or the top of the foot (“partially glossed”). A few shapes were double-dipped to cover the entire surface of the vase, but these are clearly the exception. In the Republican era (ca. 200–ca. 30 BCE), the same fabric reappears in some black-gloss found at Morgantina, but most black-gloss vessels manufactured at Morgantina show a grayer fabric that is characteristic of Campana C ware.139 is color shift was deliberate and was presumably effected through variation in the firing conditions (using double reduction). Campana C vases made at Morgantina (found in context IIC, context IIE, and deposit IIE.1, as well as elsewhere) used the same clay as other types of pottery, at times with the addition of volcanic temper brought from eastern Sicily.140 139

See pp. 146–164 below.

140

See pp. 150–154, 411, and 444–447 below.

74

CHAPTER I

Chart 2. Red-gloss fine wares of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, ca. 100–25 BCE 1: Campana C and fabric I black gloss of the 1st century BCE (165 vases/fragments) 2: Red-gloss, fabric I (137 vases/fragments) 3: Red-gloss, fabric II (102 vases/fragments) 4: Red-gloss, fabric III (14 vases/fragments) 5: Red-gloss, Hard Orange fabric (5 vases/fragments) 6: Eastern Sigillata A (Syria and southern Turkey) (40 “Hellenistic” vases/fragments)

Morgantina’s potters also made red-gloss pottery in the 1st century BCE, as documented by finds in the two pottery factories, contexts IIC and IIE.141 ese local red-gloss products show a reddish-brown fabric (usually 5yR 6/4), generally, although not always, fired hard, and including mica and other inclusions (notably quartz). e color and hardness are identical to those of fabric I in the fills of the 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE. Cuomo di Caprio has shown that the fabric used for red-gloss pottery is the same as that used by the potter of the House of the Official to make Campana C and thin-walled wares.142 e same fabric was used by both pottery workshops (contexts IIC and IIE) to make utilitarian pottery. Chemical analysis has shown that the potters of the 1st 141

See pp. 171 and 411–412 below.

142 MS III, 160–161. This was borne out by recent EDXRF testing: see pp. 445–447 below.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

75

century BCE used the same local clay beds as the artisans of the 3rd century. e same preference for partial application of gloss seen in vases of the 3rd century continues in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. e gloss of these local fabric I vases of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE is usually a dull gray or brown-black; again, these vases are partially glossed (including contemporary Campana C blackgloss). e resulting wares are functional but not particularly elegant. When the preference in surface color shifted from black to red during the 1st century BCE, the gloss of the local wares varied from lustrous red to matt dark brown (Chart 2, F1) and is generally adherent. It occasionally appears to be dilute and streaky. is is probably one among a number of signs that firing under oxidizing conditions presented some difficulties to the potters of Morgantina and eastern Sicily, since a number of locally made vases show mottled brown to red gloss. In general, there is a good deal of variation in the color of the red gloss on fabric I vases in red-gloss, which continued to be partially glossed. is red-gloss pottery in fabric I seems intended to compete with imported red-gloss products. Given the high quality of the pottery produced at Morgantina during the later 4th and 3rd century BCE, it is likely that potters conversant with the ceramic traditions of Sicily and southern Italy moved to the site from an established ceramic center, probably in the eastern part of the island, sometime during the second half of the 4th century. It seems probable that the manufacture of ceramics at Morgantina ceased following the Roman sack of the city in 211 BCE but was then reestablished in the 2nd century BCE, again by potters who moved to the city from eastern Sicily.143 e renewed production of fine wares at Morgantina seems to have occurred around 130 BCE (see context IIC). When the site was again largely destroyed and depopulated in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, the production of pottery at Morgantina ended. Catalogued Vases in Fabric I ird-century black-gloss in fabric I (examples with a soft texture or grayish-brown fabric color are marked with a question mark, but seem to be variants of fabric I): nos. 1, 1A?, 1B, 2, 3, 4A, 5, 6, 6A?, 7, 7A, 8, 9, 10?, 10A?, 10B, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18A, 19, 19A, 19B, 20, 21, 21A–E, 23, 23A, 24, 24A–E, 24G–K, 26, 26A, 27, 27A–J, 28, 29?, 29A, 30, 30A–G, 31, 33, 33A, 34, 35, 35A–C, 36, 36A, 37, 38, 38A, 38B, 39?, 40?, 42, 43, 44?, 44A, 45, 46, 48?, 49, 50, 51, 53, 53A, 54, 54A, 55, 55A, 55B, 55C?, 55D?, 56, 56A, 57, 57A, 58, 58A–C, 59, 59B, 59C, 59D?, 59F, 60, 60A–E, 60F?, 61, 66?, 67, 70, 71, 72, 72A, 73, 74, 74A, 77, 78, 79, 80, 80A, 80B?, 81?, 81A, 82, 83?, 84?, 84A, 85, 85A, 86, 86A–G, 87, 87A–D, 88, 88A–E, 89, 89A, 89B, 90, 90A, 91, 92, 92A, 92B?, 92C?, 93, 93A, 94, 95, 95A, 97A, 98, 100, 100A, 102, 102A?, 103, 103A, 103B?, 104, 105, 105A, 106, 106A, 106B, 107, 108, 110?, 111?, 111A, 112, 113, 114, 114B?, 115?, 115A?, 115B, 116?, 116A?, 117?, 117A, 118?, 118A, 119, 120?, 120A, 120B?, 120C, 121, 121A– C, 122, 122A–C, 123?, 125, 126, 126A, 129?, 130, 132, 133, 133A, 133B, 134?, 134A–D, 135, 135A, 135B, 136, 136A, 136B, 136C?, 136D–Z, 137, 137A–G, 138, 139, 139A–C, 139D?, 140, 143

See pp. 150–154 and 411 below.

76

CHAPTER I

140A–E, 141, 141A–NN, 142, 142A–J, 143, 143A, 143B, 144, 144A–G, 145, 145A–C, 147, 147A?, 148, 148A Total fabric I vases: 359 (38 marked as ?) Total catalogued 3rd-century black-gloss: 414 Medallion cups in fabric I (ca. 250–150 BCE): 529, 529A, 529B?, 530, 535, 535A, 537, 537A, 539, 540?, 541, 541A, 542, 543, 544, 545, 545A–C, 547, 547A, 547B?, 549, 549A, 549B, 552, 552A–E, 553?, 553A, 559, 559A–D, 560, 560A, 564, 564A, 564B, 565, 565A, 570?, 572, 574?, 574A?, 574B, 575?, 576, 577, 578, 578A, 579?, 580, 580A, 580B, 582, 582A, 582B, 585, 585A, 588, 588A, 589, 589A, 589B, 590, 591, 591A, 592, 592A, 592B, 593, 596, 596A, 597, 598, 598A?, 599, 600 Total: 83 Campana C black-gloss vases that appear to be in fabric I (ca. 130–35 BCE): 181–242, except 182B, 199, and 220B Total: 154 (total of Campana C vases: 157) Other 2nd- and 1st-century black-gloss vases in fabric I: 243–253 Total: 27 (total of non-Campana C 2nd- and 1st-century black-gloss: 39) Republican red-gloss vases in fabric I (ca. 75–35/25 BCE): 136 (total of red-gloss vases: 243+67 Eastern Sigillata A=310) Red-gloss vases and fragments found in the potter’s dump in the House of the Official (deposit IIE.1): plates: 267A, 268, 268A, 279A, 284, 292; cups/bowls: 326, 329, 329A, 329B, 330A–E, 331, 332, 333, 333A, 333B, 346, 348 Total: 22 Vases and fragments found in the House of the Official (context IIE): plates: 267B, 271, 306; cups/bowls: 323B, 339, 339A Total: 6 Vases and fragments found in the pottery factory in the East Granary (context IIC): plates: 281A; cups/bowls: 323, 323A Total: 3 Vases and fragments from other deposits and contexts: plates: 267, 269, 269C, 273A, 274, 276?, 277, 278, 278A, 282, 282A, 282B, 283, 283A–C, 286, 287, 288?, 288A–D, 290, 290A, 291, 291A–E, 291H–J, 293, 296, 296A, 297, 299, 300A, 301?, 301C; cups/bowls: 315, 316A, 316B, 317?, 317A, 317B?, 318, 318B, 319, 319B, 391C, 319D?, 319E, 320, 320C?, 320D?, 320G,

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

77

322, 323B?, 323C?, 324B, 325, 325B, 328, 328A, 329C, 330?, 333, 333E–G, 334B, 335, 337, 337A, 337B?, 338, 339, 339E, 339F, 340, 344D, 345, 346?, 347, 349, 350A; closed shapes: 355, 355A, 356, 356A–C, 357, 358A?, 358E, 358F, 359, 360, 361, 361A, 361B; lid: 365 Total: 105 in-walled vases found in the potter’s dump in the House of the Official (deposit IIE.1) and hence in fabric I: 697, 699F–P, 703, 706, 706A, 707, 717, 718, 718A Total: 19

Fabric II Fabric II has an orange color that registers at approximately 5yR 6/6–7/6 on the Munsell Soil Color Charts. e clay shows very few large inclusions but often contains many flecks of mica and silica, making a section glitter when placed in bright light. e vases in fabric II are fired rather soft, and as a result they often break easily and tend to splinter. Fabric II now appears from chemical analysis to represent a number of fabrics that were imported to Morgantina.144 e exact location of the manufacturing centers is somewhat conjectural, but they seem to be in Campania and northern Sicily (see below). e gloss of the 4th- and 3rd-century vases in this fabric varies a good deal in color, from black to red, and adheres less well than the gloss of fabric I. Fabric II vases without relief decoration are not particularly common in the 3rd-century deposits at Morgantina, comprising 4.5% of the catalogued fine wares that do not bear relief ornament (see Chart 1). e same fabric and gloss appear in a number of cups with relief medallions at the center of their floors. ese relief cups all appear to date to the 3rd or early 2nd century BCE. Fabric II makes up 18.5% of the catalogued examples of that class. Medallion cups in fabric II were obviously a common import (Chart 1). Fabric II reappears in the deposits of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE in red-gloss pottery only (see Chart 2). ese vases have a fairly lustrous orange surface, which has generally adhered poorly, but at times the same fabric has a firmer dark brown-red surface. e surface color was probably attractive when new, but wore poorly. Fabric II makes up 45% of the catalogued Republican red-gloss vessels, a much higher percentage of that fabric than is found in the deposits of the 3rd century BCE. is suggests that the potters of fabric II began making red-gloss earlier than the potters of fabric I, who then initiated red-gloss production to compete with their northern rivals. roughout the period covered by this volume, fabric II seems to have been brought to Morgantina mainly as a luxury ware, but a few utilitarian vases in this fabric have been found in fills of the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE.

144

See appendix 2, p. 444 below, where it is suggested that there are four different groups within fabric II at Morgantina.

78

CHAPTER I

At least one production center using fabric II seems to have continued to manufacture redgloss pottery into the 1st century CE, when it made a range of shapes imitating those of Early Italian terra sigillata. e center(s) where this imitative terra sigillata was produced has been located in Campania, specifically, in or near Naples.145 Commercial links between these two regions would not be surprising, since some prominent families had extensive landholdings in both Campania and Sicily after the Second Punic War.146 As noted above, fabric II vases were apparently manufactured at a number of sites. Similar fabrics in red-gloss pottery have been reported at Monte Iato, Syracuse, Centuripe, Tyndaris, Kaleacte, Reggio di Calabria, and Lipari. At Lipari, it has been suggested that the clay derived from northern Sicily.147 An orange fabric was used to make utilitarian pottery at Messina in the later 2nd or early 1st century BCE.148 Fabric II was used to make Sicilian-style stamped medallion cups in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE.149 It is likely, then, that a number of manufacturing centers in both Campania and northern Sicily produced wares using this color fabric. Catalogued Vases in Fabric II Black-gloss vases of the 3rd century in fabric II: 5B, 24F, 25, 27K, 30H?, 41, 60G, 62, 63?, 64?, 75?, 76, 101, 109?, 114A?, 120D, 137H, 142K Total: 18 Medallion cups in fabric II (ca. 250–150 BCE. N.B. ese date earlier than the Republican redgloss.): 526, 527, 528, 532, 533, 536, 546, 548, 548A, 551, 554, 554A, 557, 557A, 561, 561A, 562, 563, 566, 566A, 567, 567A, 568, 569, 573, 586, 594, 595, 595A Total: 29 Republican red-gloss vases in fabric II: plates: 270, 270A, 271, 271A, 272, 272A, 275, 277A, 279, 280?, 281, 283D, 288E, 288F, 289, 289A–C, 291F, 291G, 291K, 294, 294A, 294B, 295, 298?, 298A, 298B, 300, 301A, 301B, 302, 302A, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308, 308A, 309, 309A, 309B, 310, 311, 313, 314; cups/bowls: 315A, 316, 318A, 318C, 319A, 319F, 319G, 320A, 320B, 320E, 320F, 321, 323D, 324, 324A, 325A, 327, 327A, 333D, 334, 334A, 336, 338A, 339A–D, 339G, 145 On Campanian Orange Sigillata, see pp. 223–227 below. 146 For families with estates attested in both Campania and Sicily, see Rauh 1993, 48–51. 147 For Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 171 (Campanian Orange). For Syracuse: Fallico 1971, 602, 621 (red-gloss); Pelagatti 1970, 87. For Centuripe: Biondi 2002, 172, fig. 7, nos. 20, 21 (red-gloss). For Tyndaris: N. Lamboglia, “Una fabbricazione di ceramica megarica a Tindari e una terra sigillata siciliana?” ArchCl 11 (1959) 87–90 (red-gloss). For Kaleacte: A. Lindhagen, Caleacte: Production and Exchange in a North Sicilian Town, c. 500 B.C.–A.D. 500 (Lund, 2006) 202–203, nos. 142, 149, 159 (black-gloss), 89, 204, nos. 169, 170

(red-gloss), and 92 (Campanian Orange). For Reggio Calabria: M. Cristofani, “Reggio Calabria: Cisterne ellenistiche con materiale di scarico,” NSc 22 (1968) 232 (red-gloss). For Lipari: M-L IX.2, 395 and 172, for a “micaceous” “roseogiallastro” clay brought from Sicily and used to make amphoras; M-L X, 92–93. See also Puppo 1995, 111–112, no. S9, fig. 13, for a mold for a hemispherical relief bowl and molded fragments at Tyndaris in “argilla rosa mattone pallido.” 148 See L. Sannio, “L’ambiente A: Magazzini di ceramiche communi di produzione locale,” in Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, 177–183. See n. 147 above for the same clay at Lipari. 149 See pp. 236–237 below.

H I S TO Ry A N D A RC H A E O L O G y O F M O RG A N T I N A

79

341, 342, 343, 343A, 344, 344A, 344B, 349A–C, 351, 352; closed shapes: 356D, 358?, 358B–D, 358G–I, 361C?, 361D, 361E, 362, 363A Total: 102

Fabric III Fabric III has pale red clay, approximately 2.5yR 6/6 on the Munsell Soil Color Charts. It is usually fired quite hard and is fine in texture with small inclusions. It was imported to Morgantina from the late 4th or early 3rd century into the 1st century BCE, although in declining amounts in the later years. is is the fabric of Syracuse, the dominant urban center in eastern Sicily during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.150 Fabric III is not very common in plain gloss wares in the 3rd-century deposits at Morgantina, comprising only 6.2% of the catalogued vases (25 examples); it is more common at Morgantina in medallion cups, which also seem to date mostly to the 3rd century: 26 fabric III examples of this class were found at Morgantina, or 16.3% of all medallion cups found at the site. As with fabric II, fabric III is more common in the molded wares, a class of luxury vases. It should be noted that there is no easy transport route from Syracuse to Morgantina. It is difficult at times to distinguish the red fabric III from the reddish-brown fabric I by visual analysis, although EDXRF analysis indicates that they are different fabrics.151 Because of their similarity in color, my visual classification of vases may have erred at times. EDXRF also indicates that several clays were used in fabric III vases. Fabric III is also found in a number of plain black-gloss vases in deposits of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, but again is relatively uncommon in these fills: there are only four fabric III black-gloss vases from the Republican period in the catalogue.152 Fabric III also occurs in some Republican red-gloss pottery found at Morgantina. ese vases are fired hard, possess a lustrous orange-red to red gloss, and are of more uniform quality than the red-gloss vases in fabric I. Fabric III red-gloss (Chart 2) is relatively uncommon at Morgantina (3% of the catalogued vases).153 A few utilitarian vases from the Hellenistic and Republican periods appear to be in fabric III, but their numbers are even fewer than the fine wares in fabric III. Catalogued Vases in Fabric III ird-century gloss vases in fabric III: nos. 4, 4B, 5A, 5C, 6B, 6C, 13, 22, 22A, 41A?, 47, 59A?, 59E, 65, 69, 76A, 76B, 93A, 96, 99, 101A, 105B, 119A, 127, 146 Total: 25 150

MS I, 118, describes Syracusan fabric in terracotta figurines as “hard buff-brown, tending to a smoky red-brown.” Terracotta figurines, however, tend to use a less fine clay than pottery. By my visual analysis in the Museo Nazionale di Siracusa, the vases found at Eloro near Syracuse are in fabric III. See also Studia Ietina VIII, 225, where the fabric of vases produced in a kiln on the Viale Teocrito in Syracuse is de-

scribed as “rosa bis rot.” 151 See p. 437 below. 152 See pp. 166–167 below, nos. 254–257. Three catalogued Campana C vases at Morgantina may be Syracusan: pp. 152–153, 158, 444 below, nos. 182B, 199, 219D. 153 See p. 172 below.

80

CHAPTER I

Medallion cups in fabric III (ca. 250–150 BCE): 520, 521, 522, 522A, 523, 524, 531, 531A, 534, 534A, 550, 550A, 555, 555A, 556, 556A, 556B, 558, 558A–C, 559B?, 581, 583, 584, 587? Total: 26 Black-gloss vases of the 2nd/1st centuries BCE in fabric III: 177, 254, 255, 256, 257 Total: 5 Republican red-gloss vases in fabric III: nos. 269A, 273?, 285?, 332A, 333C?, 348. 350, 359A?, 360A?, 364 Total: 16

Hard Orange Fabric A final fabric that appears in deposits of the 1st century BCE has an orange color (around 5yR 7/6) but lacks the glittering inclusions of fabric II and is fired hard (see Chart 2). is hard orange fabric is not found in black-gloss, and is not common in red-gloss (3% of the catalogued examples), but also appears in a few utilitarian vases in deposits of the 1st century BCE.154 e gloss on these vases is also orange to brown and is adherent. It seems to appear also at Iaitas, where it is more common than it is at Morgantina.155 Its place of manufacture is unknown but may well be on Sicily. e hard orange fabric may also have been used in red-gloss pottery into the 1st century CE, but only three examples of terra sigillata shapes in this fabric have been found at Morgantina.156 Catalogued Vases in Hard Orange Fabric Republican red-gloss vases with a hard orange fabric: 269B, 305, 312, 344C, 354 Italian terra sigillata vases with a hard red-orange fabric: 516, 517, 518 154

See p. 172 below. For Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 185–187. See Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 198–199, on an orange fabric (fab155

ric C) at the Magdalensberg, noting that its early forms are similar to those of Campana C. 156 See pp. 223, 228, and 448 below.

II The Later 4th and 3rd Centuries BCE 1. Introduction: Fine Pottery in Sicily in the Later 4th and 3rd Centuries BCE The fills associated with the capture of Morgantina by the Romans in 211 BCE cast valuable light on the chronology of Hellenistic Sicilian tablewares. e destruction deposits at Gela (ca. 280 BCE) and a vast series of graves on Lipari (sacked by the Romans in 252 BCE, with most of the graves dated before that event and only a few after it), provide a picture of ceramic development on Sicily during the later 4th century and through the first half of the 3rd century. However, the deposits at Gela are limited in size, and one may also conjecture that the funerary assemblages on Lipari are specialized and do not wholly reflect the range of pottery used in domestic contexts.1 is seems to be demonstrated by appendix 3 below, which correlates the black-gloss shapes from the 3rd-century fills at Morgantina with the shapes commonly found in the graves on Lipari. Enormous numbers of some shapes have been found in the graves, a few examples of other shapes, but no examples of a good number of vase types. Taken together, however, the ceramics from the destructions at Gela, the cemeteries on Lipari, and the late-3rd-century BCE fills at Morgantina provide a reasonably full picture of 3rd-century Sicilian ceramics. There are useful contexts from this period at other sites on Sicily. Tomb assemblages at Assoros north of Enna, Butera near Gela, Montagna di Marzo (ancient Herbessos, south of Morgantina), and Morgantina provide information about the pottery used in central Sicily during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.2 A few tombs excavated at Heloros illustrate the ceramics of those centuries in the immediate territory of Syracuse.3 Excavation of a large cemetery at Lentini revealed graves primarily of the 4th and the first half of the 3rd century BCE (and also some late-3rd-century graves), which, together with a few 3rd-century graves at Naxos, provide a picture of Hellenistic ceramics in the Lentini and Catania plains.4 Finally, pottery in western Sicily is elucidated by a number of vases found in a pit at Herakleia Minoa on the southwest coast that is datable to the end of the 4th or the early 3rd century BCE, and by the vases found in late-4th- and 3rd-century tombs at Lilybaeum on 1

For Gela: Orlandini 1957; Gela I; Gela II; see also P. Orlandini and D. Adamesteanu, “Gela: L’acropoli di Gela,” NSc 16 (1962) 340–408. For the Lipari tombs: M-L II; M-L V; M-L VII; M-L X; M-L XI; see also Cavalier 1981. 2 For Assoros: Morel 1966. For Butera: Adamesteanu 1958. For Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo. The tombs at Morgantina are the subject of an unpublished manuscript by the late C. E. Östenberg. They date to the last third of the 4th century BCE and the first half of the 3rd

century BCE (perhaps the first quarter), with two tombs that may be later in date. See n. 284 below. The pottery in the tombs at Morgantina clearly presents a specialized assemblage and does not reflect the full range of ceramics characteristic of the later 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE. I presume that this is also the case at other sites. As noted above, that seems to be demonstrable on Lipari. 3 For Heloros: Orsi 1966. 4 Rizza 1955; Ciurcina and Rizzo 1985.

82

CHAPTER II

the northwest coast.5 In addition, the black-gloss ceramics found in the excavations at Iaitas (modern Monte Iato) southwest of Palermo are well published and useful for comparanda, although the fills there provide little chronological help.6 Further conclusions concerning the date of a particular ceramic form may be cautiously drawn through comparisons with the material from sites outside Sicily, such as tombs and habitation fills in southern Italy and the potter’s dump of around the middle of the 3rd century BCE at Minturnae on the border of Campania and Latium.7 In general, however, the fine ceramics made in eastern Sicily during the later 4th and 3rd centuries BCE seem to form a closed system, with only a few signs of external influence from the ceramics of other areas in the Mediterranean world; the greatest influence during this period seems rather to have come from toreutics.8 There are remarkably few imported vases at Morgantina in this period. On the other hand, the 3rd-century ceramics at Morgantina were part of the general Hellenistic Greek koinē of that century, and for that reason may also often be fruitfully, if cautiously, compared to contemporary ceramics in the eastern Mediterranean, particularly those from the Greek mainland. Throughout the discussion that follows, references will be made to the other sites that provide chronological fixed points, since, of the nineteen deposits and contexts of the 3rd century BCE (or, in at least one case, the early years of the 2nd century) at Morgantina, only two small deposits (IA and IC) were closed before 211 BCE, and they can only be relatively dated.9 It should be noted in passing that, while vases of the later 4th century BCE are often found in the 3rd-century fills at Morgantina (especially the sanctuary fills), they must be regarded as survivals. Sicilian fine wares of the 4th century BCE are very difficult to evaluate, since the evidence comes almost exclusively from graves dated by relative chronology.10 In addition, there is very little material outside of tombs that can be associated with the first half of the 4th century BCE, either at Morgantina or elsewhere on Sicily, and ceramic development during that century is thus difficult to trace. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, fine wares at Morgantina (and Sicily in general) derived from the earlier traditions of the Greek east, particularly Attica. As noted above, by the 3rd century Sicily had developed its own Hellenistic ceramic repertoire which was only sporadically influenced from outside the island. The pottery found at Morgantina indicates that the vase types of fine ceramics in eastern Sicily were mainly developed by the middle of the 3rd century BCE. Only a few new shapes, notably the squat conical skyphos and the medallion cup, seem to be characteristic of the second half of the century. The Hellenistic tradition of Sicilian ceramics continued into the early 2nd century and was gradually replaced by Republican forms that derived from the Italian mainland. At Morgantina, it is difficult to evaluate this transition, because the traumatic events surrounding the Roman capture of the city in 211 BCE created a major caesura in the material culture of the site. 5

For the pit at Herakleia Minoa: De Miro 1958, 265– 270, figs. 34–36. For the vases from the tombs at Lilybaeum: Bisi 1967; Bisi 1970; Lilybaeum. 6 Studia Ietina IV, 75–178. 7 For Minturnae: Lake 1935. For Apulia: De Juliis 1984; Graepler 1997; Yntema 1990. For Herakleia in Lucania: Eraclea I. For Locri: Locri II. See also Roccagloriosa I.

8

Morel has noted the rarity of southern Italian imports in deposits and graves on Sicily dated to the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE: Morel 1985, 1569–1571, 1574, 1581, 1582. 9 See pp. 27–29 above, deposits and contexts IA–IR.1. 10 The fills associated with the capture of Gela in 310 BCE are the only absolutely dated fills on Sicily from the 4th century and are limited in extent: see Orlandini 1957.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

83

The first section of this chapter is devoted to the black-gloss vases found in the 3rd-century fills at Morgantina. This section includes vases decorated with overpainting, since that was a mode for decoration of fine vases in general and was not limited to specific vase types. Overpainting as a technique is discussed later in this chapter, and the reader is referred to that section for a fuller account of overpainting as it appears in the 3rd-century ceramics at Morgantina.11 As throughout this volume, the discussion proceeds from open shapes to closed shapes. The final section of this chapter presents the small number of specialized vases that have polychrome painted decoration and were made in eastern Sicily (traditionally called “Centuripe” ware, but here designated “East Sicilian Polychrome ware”). The catalogue in chapter 7 includes a few vases that come from fills datable only to the 4th century BCE through the 1st century CE. These have been added because they fill out the general picture of ceramics in this period at Morgantina.

2. Black-Gloss Pottery, Including Vases with Overpainted Decoration Fabrics and Gloss During the later 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, fine ceramics at Morgantina are dominated by three fabrics, here called fabrics I, II, and III, in the order of their frequency.12 Fabric I is a hard reddish brown and was used in Morgantina’s own ceramic products, as shown by its appearance in potters’ dumps and wasters found at the site, and by the fact that it is the most common fabric, comprising around 85% of the vases presented in the catalogue of 4th- and 3rd-century fine wares. unfortunately, the characteristics of fabric I also appear in vases manufactured at Sicilian centers other than Morgantina, probably mainly located in the Catania valley and Lentini plain. At present, it is not possible to distinguish visually these similar clays that fired to a reddish-brown color and were made at various locales in eastern Sicily.13 Given the high quality of the fabric I pottery of the later 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE found at Morgantina, and the evidence that much of it was likely produced locally, it is probable that potters conversant with the ceramic traditions of Sicily and southern Italy moved to the site from an established ceramic center in eastern Sicily sometime during the second half of the 4th century. It may be also presumed that Morgantina’s ceramics were exported to other sites in Sicily. The high quality of local pottery would probably have discouraged the importation of pottery from other centers. 11

See pp. 128–132 below. For more detailed description and discussion of these fabrics, see pp. 72–77 above. The exact percentage of fabric I in the fills of the 3rd century is problematic because of the enormous volume of lids (108 in the catalogue, out of a total of 403 vases) found in the shop, deposit IB. This has obviously increased the percentage of fabric I somewhat. 13 See p. 72 above. I include here vases that are marked as questionable. For similar observations about the local fabric, 12

see MS I, 116–117 (“pale buff-brown”), noting that the same or similar fabric color can be observed at Grammichele and Centuripe. On clay beds near Morgantina, see MS III, 45, 147–149. For a chemical analysis of vases in fabrics I–III at Morgantina, see appendix 2. For the pottery industry at Naxos on the east coast during the 3rd and the 2nd centuries BCE: M. C. Lentini, “Naxos: Necropoli in età ellenistica,” NSc 38–39 (1984–85) 480–481.

84

CHAPTER II

Fabrics II and III were imported to Morgantina. Vases in fabric II were apparently produced at a number of centers, with likely locations including Campania and the northern coastal area of Sicily. Fabric III is the clay of pottery made in the region of Syracuse, the dominant urban center in eastern Sicily during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.14 Both of the imported fabrics are more common in hemispherical cups with relief medallions than in plain wares with gloss or those with overpainted decoration.15 Since the cups with moldmade medallions made at Morgantina seem clearly to be derivative from those in fabrics II and III, it is likely that the local potters also imitated other vases in fabrics II and III.16 The potters who worked in all three of the fabrics show similarities of technique, notably a fondness for dipping their products into the gloss once, so that the vase is glossed only to the lower body or top of the foot (“partially glossed”). A few shapes were double-dipped to cover the entire surface of the vase, but these are clearly the exception. The fills at Morgantina contain a few imports from other locales,17 although the ceramic history of the site in the later 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE is dominated by fabrics I–III. Since the local products in fabric I were of high quality, and given the relative isolation of Morgantina in the interior of Sicily, it is likely that less pottery was imported to the site than might have been the case at a coastal town with a less distinguished local ceramic industry.

Shapes e following section of this chapter presents the range of shapes that were in use at Morgantina during the 3rd century. e vases with overpainted, stamped, and applied relief decoration have not been separated from the plain black-gloss examples because it seems clear that these were ornamental options that were used on many shapes, if not on all. A discussion of this added decoration follows this section of the text. Plates and Related Shapes Downturned-Rim Plates The predominantly 3rd-century character of the assemblage of the black-gloss pottery presented in the catalogue is demonstrated by the plate forms. Five examples of plates with downturned rims (or lips) have been found (nos. 1–3; Pls. 1, 69). All of these downturned-rim plates were made at Morgantina or nearby centers, since they are all in fabric I. One of them (no. 3; Pl. 1) is a version of the so-called “fish plate” that was common throughout the Mediterranean in the 4th and 3rd cen14 For later black- and red-gloss examples of fabric II, see pp. 77–79 above. On the fabric of Syracuse: pp. 79–80 above. 15 For more detailed analysis of the fabrics and their frequency, see pp. 72–80 above. On the medallion cups, which

were produced during the second half of the 3rd and the first half of the 2nd century, see chap. 5 below. 16 See p. 236 below. 17 Nos. 14, 23B, 32, 52, 54B, 68, 90B, 97, 124, 128, 131.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

85

turies.18 This plate usually has a downturned rim and a depression at the center of the floor, but among the downturned-rim plates found at Morgantina only no. 3 preserves a central depression. Fish plates are often quite thick-walled, but the Morgantina plates with downturned rims (even no. 3) are relatively thin-walled. Nos. 1, 1A, and 1B could be fish plates, but the centers of their floors are not preserved, and their thin walls argue against that identification. On the other hand, one of the outturned-rim plates discussed below is equally thin-walled and has a central depression (see no. 6B; Pl. 2). No. 2 (Pls. 1, 69), at least, is clearly not a fish plate and must be a downturned-rim plate without a central depression; a similar plate is in the Museo Archeologico Regionale in Palermo.19 Of the downturned-rim plates presented here, nos. 1A and 3 were found in fills dated to the 3rd century BCE, but both of those fills represent accumulations over long periods. No. 1A was found in the area of Necropolis III (context IK.2), where many of the tombs date to the late 4th century BCE, with burials extending well into the 3rd century, while no. 3 was found in the undisturbed rooms of the North Sanctuary Annex (deposit IM). These rooms were destroyed in 211 BCE, but dedications at the sanctuary began to accumulate in the second half of the 4th century. Two other fragments, nos. 1 and 1B, seem safely datable to the 3rd century: they were found deep within the fill of the koilon of the Theater, inside the south analemma, indicating that they were deposited when construction of the monumental theater was begun around 250 BCE. Nos. 1 and 1B were thus made in the late 4th or the early 3rd century BCE; the character of the overpainted decoration of no. 1 also indicates an early dating.20 No. 2 also seems to come from a context that suggests it was made in the late 4th century BCE, but, again, its fill cannot be securely considered closed, and its date remains conjectural. The applied decoration on its rim, which is uncommon at Morgantina, probably indicates that it is an import from the east coastal region. These contexts, along with the total absence of downturned-rim plates in the domestic deposits of 211 BCE, indicate that plates of this type had gone out of use at Morgantina by the second half of the 3rd century BCE. Outturned-Rim Plates Plates with downturned rims were common during the 4th and early 3rd centuries BCE in Italy, but seem to have been gradually supplanted by plates with outturned, mainly horizontal, rims.21 18 On “fish plates,” which were made in Athens beginning at the end of the 5th century BCE: Agora XII, 147–148; Agora XXIX, 146. See also Olynthus XIII, 377–381, nos. 892–905. Most of these examples date before the destruction of Olynthus in 348 BCE, but it has become apparent in recent years that the site was occupied in a limited way into the late 4th century BCE. See S. I. Rotroff in H. A. Thompson and D. B. Thompson, Hellenistic Pottery and Terracottas (Princeton, 1987) 184 and n. 10. The shape appears in deposits in Attica and Corinth into the 2nd century BCE: Agora XXIX, 147–148; Corinth VII.3, 40–41, nos. 132, 133. For a silver plate of this type: Zimi 2011, 92, 262, no. 134. Italic versions began to be made in the 4th century BCE: Morel, 82–85, série 1121. For Sicilian versions: M-L II, 177, tomb 490bis, pl. 206:3–4 (labeled tomb 490), neither with gloss; Studia Ietina IV, 107–108, nos. 461–463; Lilybaeum,

67–68, no. P 3. Morel 1966, 274–275, tomb 55, no. 7, fig. 71:i, is a plain fish plate found in a grave dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE. See also Lake 1935, 102, type 42; Lamboglia, 172, form 23. For red-figured fish plates of the 4th century BCE: I. McPhee and A. D. Trendall, Greek Red-figured Fish Plates, AntK Beiheft 14 (Basel, 1987). Morel, 83, dates the popularity of downturned-rim plates in Italy from “the beginning of the 4th century to the beginning of the 2nd century at least.” The shape survived much longer in the eastern Mediterranean: Agora XXIX, 147–148. 19 Morel, 82, espèce 1116a. 20 On overpainting during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, see pp. 128–132 below. 21 Outturned-rim plates: Morel, 102–108, espèce 1300– 1330, esp. série 1333 (Sicilian examples of the second half of the 3rd century). See also n. 22 below. For Lucanian ex-

86

CHAPTER II

The material from the tombs on Lipari suggests that the shape with the outturned (horizontal) rim (nos. 4–8; Pls. 1, 2, 69) was developed during the second half of the 4th century and perhaps initially featured a short horizontal outturned rim that gradually became broader and frequently has a downturned lip.22 Later contexts show that black-gloss plates with outturned rims continued to be produced at Morgantina into the 1st century BCE.23 The 3rd-century deposits and contexts at Morgantina do not aid much in elucidating the chronological development of the two shapes. As noted above, none of the downturned-rim plates at Morgantina were found in a domestic context of 211 BCE, suggesting that the shape was no longer current by the late 3rd century BCE. The outturned-rim plates were presumably the plate type used during the second half of the 3rd century, but from their contexts can be dated only “pre211 BCE.” All the downturned-rim plates and nine outturned-rim plates in the catalogue were made at Morgantina or nearby, since they are in fabric I. Fabrics II (no. 5B) and III (nos. 4, 4B, 5A, 5C) are also represented in the outturned-rim plates. One of the examples in fabric I is a miniature (no. 8; Pl. 2). It was found in a shop (deposit IB) near the Central Sanctuary in the Agora, and it was no doubt intended for dedication.24 No example of either shape is particularly large, with only one (no. 9) reaching a rim diameter of around 30 cm. The scarcity of plates in the Hellenistic deposits at Morgantina contrasts markedly with their frequency in the Republican deposits of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. Cup forms are much more common than plates in the 3rd-century deposits. The 3rd-century plates with outturned rims often have a groove near the inner edge of the top of the rim, a feature also seen on examples from Syracuse.25 While no. 6B (Pl. 2) is the only catalogued example of an outturned-rim plate with a depression at the center of the floor, other Sicilian examples of the shape have this feature, which is paralleled in fish plates with downturned rims.26

amples: Locri II, 193–203, nos. 212–224. This shape is Lamboglia form 36. The Attic version is less common and does not reach the size of some of the western versions of the shape: Agora XXIX, 149–150 (“saucer: projecting rim”). 22 For examples from Lipari, see appendix 3. See also Orlandini 1957, 69, pl. XXXVI:2, for an outturned-rim plate from a deposit dated before 310 BCE. For Assoros: Morel 1966, 241, no. 1 (tomb 10, dated mid-3rd century BCE), 277, no. 1 (tomb 58, dated late 3rd century BCE); see also 268–269, nos. 2, 3 (tomb 48), for some interesting variants of the form. For Centuripe: Biondi 2002, 170–172, fig. 4:2. For Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 108–110, nos. 469–484, 111– 115, nos. 486–518. For Lilybaeum: Lilybaeum, 66–67, no. P 2. For Apulian versions of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE: Yntema 1990, 173, 178, form 1; De Juliis 1984, 474, no. 17. See also Lake 1935, 102, type 41; Corinth VII.3, 40–41, no. 131 (called a “fish plate”). 23 For examples of the shape at Morgantina dated after 211 BCE: pp. 148, no. 173, 155, nos. 181, 182, 175–176, nos. 267–269. See also Morel 1966, 234–235, nos. 3, 4 (tomb 2, dated early 2nd century BCE); Morel, 103–104, espèce 1310; M-L VII, 90, tomb 2104, pl. 89:1 (dated end

of the 3rd/early 2nd century BCE), 93, tomb 2116, 129– 130, and pls. XC–XCIV. 24 For miniature vases as votives in the Central Sanctuary: I. E. M. Edlund-Berry, “Miniature Vases as Votive Gifts: Evidence from the Central Sanctuary at Morgantina (Sicily),” in Ceramics in Context: Proceedings of the Internordic Colloquium on Ancient Pottery, Stockholm, 13–15 June 1997 (Stockholm, 2001), 71–75. For another small example of the shape (Diam. lip 8 cm), see Ciurcina and Rizzo 1985, 465, tomb 12, no. 3; the tomb dates to around the middle of the 3rd century BCE. 25 Morel, 107–108, séries 1333a, 1333c, 1333e (from Syracuse); see also 1333b (from Megara Hyblaea) and 1333d (from Assoros). From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 91, nos. G and H. For examples from Lentini: Rizza 1955, 301, no. 73, tomb 179, nos. 1–3. 26 See Morel, 107, séries 1333a–1333c, which are outturned-rim plates with depressions at the center of their floors. See also Agora XXIX, 318, no. 736; Corinth VII.3, 40–41, no. 131, pl. 5.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

87

Four examples also survive of a variant of the outturned-rim plate, in which the outturned rim is rouletted (nos. 9, 10; Pls. 2, 70).27 Only one of these is a true plate (no. 9), and it is elaborately decorated on its interior with stamped ornament. The other three examples are small shallow bowls or saucers (nos. 10, 10A, 10B). Interestingly, most of the other examples of this form found on Sicily come from the western part of the island, although it has also been found at Reggio Calabria and in the tombs on Lipari.28 All the examples of this shape from Morgantina are in fabric I and thus appear to have been made locally or nearby, but the soft texture of the clay of some examples (nos. 10, 10A) may indicate that they should be dated to the late 4th century or the first half of the 3rd century. This dating is borne out by the findspot of no. 10A, a fill of the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE (deposit IC). No. 9, on the other hand, comes from a fill that can probably be assigned to the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE (deposit IA). Plates and Related Shapes with Applied and Stamped Decoration A few of the plates and shallow bowls in the 3rd-century fills preserve added decoration (nos. 11–15; Pls. 3, 70). These are discussed in a separate section of this chapter, as is overpainted decoration.29 The rarity of vases with stamped decoration suggests that this type of ornament was little prized at Morgantina during the 3rd century, and this technique was probably not used by local potters. The only plate with applied ornament is no. 2 (Pls. 1, 69), which has a small medallion depicting a head on its pendant rim.30 Given the unique character of its decoration, the plate (which is in fabric I) must have been imported from another city in eastern Sicily. Phiale One of the most interesting 3rd-century vessels at Morgantina is an omphalos phiale (no. 16; Pls. 3, 70). It was found in the North Sanctuary (deposit IL) and was clearly a dedication. This vase was made by taking an impression of a metal phiale to create a mold for the body.31 Clay was pressed into the mold and then turned and smoothed on the wheel, with the lip thrown and shaped by hand. It appears to have been made at Morgantina or its environs, and is unique in black-gloss. This phiale is related to omphalos “egg” phialai, which have twelve egg-shaped depressions framing their central omphalos, but is also clearly different, since its omphalos is framed by a circle 27 See Morel, 108, espèce 1340, esp. série 1341. The Mor-

gantina examples lack the more elaborately decorated rims of 1341b–1341e (Morel, pl. 15). See also série 1334 for a plate from Campania with a rouletted rim, and Lake 1935, 102, type 45, which is the same shape without the rouletted rim. For an example found in Athens: Braun 1970, 135, no. 20. 28 See Morel, 108, espèce 1340, esp. série 1341; Studia Ietina IV, 109–112, nos. 473–485. For examples from the graves on Lipari, see appendix 3 below. The only local parallel to the elaborately stamped plate no. 9 was found at Monte Desusino near Gela on the south coast, where it was

presumably also an import: R. Panvini, Butera dalla preistoria all’età medievale (Palermo, 2003) 109, fig. 23; it is dated to the 4th century BCE. 29 See pp. 127–128 below on stamped decoration, and pp. 128–132 on overpainting in the 4th and 3rd centuries at Morgantina. 30 On the medallion, see pp. 270–271 below. 31 It is thus similar to the earliest moldmade hemispherical bowls, on which see S. I. Rotroff, “Silver, Glass, and Clay: Evidence for the Dating of Hellenistic Luxury Tableware,” Hesperia 51 (1982) 332–333; S. I. Rotroff, “The Introduction of the Moldmade Bowl Revisited,” Hesperia 75 (2006) 368–369.

88

CHAPTER II

of bud-shaped depressions (there were originally around thirty buds, of which seventeen survive).32 Egg phialai are reasonably well known; a similar silver phiale found in a hoard of the 3rd century BCE at Paternò in eastern Sicily preserves the basic type of metal vessel imitated by the ceramic version found at Morgantina.33 Four ceramic egg phialai with molded decoration painted in polychrome tempera over a white slip, like terracotta figurines (or East Sicilian Polychrome ware), were found in a tomb at Egnazia dated to the late 4th or the early 3rd century BCE.34 A somewhat similar metallicizing phiale was found at Volterra in a tomb dated to ca. 300 BCE.35 The silver phiale in the hoard from Morgantina is related but is of a different shape than no. 16.36 From the parallels, particularly in Apulia, it seems likely that the Morgantina phiale is probably to be dated to the first half of the 3rd century BCE. Like several other shapes at Morgantina, it demonstrates clearly that Sicilian potters were interested in imitating the qualities of contemporary metal vases; this is also seen in some votive vases found on Lipari.37 No sure examples of more “ceramic” type of phialai such as those found in 3rd-century fills on the Italian mainland have come to light at Morgantina.38 Lekanis Nos. 17 and 18 (Pls. 3, 71) are examples of the lekanis, a form of shallow lidded bowl popular during the 4th century BCE that gradually died out in Italy during the first half of the 3rd century.39 Only three examples are catalogued here, although fragments of the shape are quite common in fills of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina. This discrepancy suggests that the shape was no longer current by the second half of the 3rd century, when all but one of the deposits and contexts of the 3rd century were closed. Similar lekanides have been found in many Sicilian tombs of the late 4th to early 3rd century BCE, notably on Lipari in graves dating before the Roman destruction of 252 BCE.40 Lekanides are generally decorated like nos. 17 and 18, with a frieze of lozenge-like blobs in

32 It appears to be a variant of Luschey’s “tongue phialai,” although the depressions appear more like “leaves” than “tongues”: H. Luschey, Die Phiale (Bleicherode am Harz, 1939) 76–95. 33 See Platz-Horster 2003, 224–232. See also Strong 1966, 97–98, pl. 26B; Oliver 1977, 59, no. 26; Pfrommer 1987, 180, no. FK 44. Dates for the Paternò phiale vary from the second half of the 4th century to the 3rd century. For the date of the hoard: Platz-Horster 2003, 237. 34 For the ceramic phialai, see De Juliis 1984, 433–434, nos. 20–23; Platz-Horster 2003, 228–229. On the date of the tomb at Egnazia, see De Juliis 1984, 434; Platz-Horster 2003, 228–229. For other ceramic examples: Wuilleumier 1930, 102–103, pl. XIII:3. 35 E. Fiumi, “Volterra: Gli scavi degli anni 1960–1965 nell’area della necropoli di Badia,” NSc 1972, 118, no. 2, from a tomb dated (p.131) to the end of the 4th century BCE. 36 Bothmer 1984, 57, no. 100; Guzzo 2003, 58, no. 9. On the hoard, see appendix 4 below. For silver phialai that have been dated to the 4th century BCE found at Tuch el-

Karmus in Egypt, see Pfrommer 1987, 152–154, and esp. 268, nos. KTK 13–KTK 15, pls. 16, 17, 25. Although not of the same shape as no. 16, their decoration is related to that of the Morgantina vase. 37 For vases found in a votive deposit on Lipari: M-L XI, vol. 1, 625–628, figs. 101–104. Among the vases imitating silver, M-L XI, vol. 1, 626, inv. 13167, figs. 102:7, 103:c, is an omphalos phiale, but considerably less decorated than no. 16. See also De Juliis 1984, 433–434. 38 The ceramic phialai made in Italy during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE do not have feet: Morel, 143–145, espèce 2170. For moldmade Attic phialai (of the 3rd century BCE?): Agora XXIX, 206. 39 See Morel, 327, série 4713. For an example found at Gela (and hence pre-280 BCE): Gela II, 244, no. 11, fig. 33:6. For an example found at Messina: Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, pt. 1, 71, no. VSM/81. For lekanides at Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 84, no. 326. For Tarentum: Graepler 1997, 95, form 427/1. See also Eraclea I, 225. 40 At Morgantina, five examples were found in three tombs of the late 4th century BCE: inv. 58-657, 59-660A–

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

89

gloss on the vertical upper body, which was otherwise reserved. The shape is also found in East Sicilian Polychrome ware in 3rd-century contexts at Morgantina.41 The black-gloss examples were usually paired with red-figure, polychrome, or overpainted lids, as demonstrated by examples found in tombs.42 Bowls, Handleless Cups, Pyxides, and Related Shapes A number of open shapes are catalogued here as bowls, since they do not have handles (as do most “cups”), although they sometimes seem to have been used for drinking. If the vase was meant to be covered with a lid, it is considered to be a “pyxis.” It should be emphasized that these distinctions are ones of convenience and familiarity to the modern reader and do not necessarily reflect the use of the shapes in antiquity. For example, some of the smaller versions of the plates discussed above were probably used as shallow “bowls,” especially if their shape is a deep version of the vase type. Hemispherical Bowls A number of large bowls with deep hemispherical bodies seem likely to have been used for serving wine.43 Nos. 19 and 20 (Pls. 3, 71) have ring feet, and the largest examples of the shape (no. 19, preserved in three examples; Pls. 3, 70) have a ribbed body and a lip diameter of around 22 cm. All three examples have an overpainted vine above the body on the vertical rim beneath a straight lip, which suggests that they were probably used to mix wine and water, that is, as kraters.44 No. 20 (Pl. 71) is slightly smaller (lip diameter 18 to 20 cm) but also had a ribbed body, and presumably was also used as a krater. It was found in the North Sanctuary (deposit IL), and its rim has no overpainting but preserves an incised dedicatory inscription: DAIMONOS.45 Hemispherical Cups The smaller examples of this shape (nos. 21–23; Pls. 3, 4, 71, 72) were probably used as cups for drinking wine, although they have no handles. Their upper bodies often were pinched by the B, 59-781, 59-782, 61-704. All five had elaborately painted lids. Inv. 59-829 was also found in a tomb, but no lid is preserved. For examples from Lipari, see appendix 3. From the cemetery at Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo, 48, trench F, no. 1, 51–52, trench F, no. 12 (with red-figured lid), 57, tomb A, no. 1, 74, tomb 31, no. 6. For examples from Lentini: Rizza 1955, 302, fig. 18, no. 5, 310, no. 95, tomb 3, no. 3, 315, no. 140, tomb 155, 319, no. 160, tomb 52, no. 5 (with a red-figured lid), 321, no. 163, tomb 105, no. 3, 330, no. 229, tomb 282, no. 2 (with a red-figured lid). For Assoros: Morel 1966, 247, no. 1 (tomb 21, dated to the second half of the 4th century), 252, no. 1 (tomb 27, dated ca. 300), 252–254, nos. 1 and 2 (tomb 28, dated ca. 300), 265, no. 1 (tomb 42), 266, no. 1 (tomb 43), 270, no. 1 (tomb 51), 279, no. 1 (tomb 60). From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 85–87, nos. A–H. For an example found at Herakleia Minoa in a pit containing material of the late 4th century: De Miro

1958, 269, no. 12. See also Lilybaeum, 80, no. LEK 1. 41 P. 136 below, nos. 149–151. 42 See the Sicilian examples enumerated in n. 40 above. For Lucanian examples with red-figured lids: Eraclea I, 26, no. 6.2, 35–36, no. 16.2, 36, no. 17.2, 47, no. 27.2, 48, no. 28.3, 48, no. 29.3, 49, no. 30.1. 43 See Morel, 141–142, séries 2151–2154 (which have disk bases), 186–187, séries 2574, 2575, 241–243, séries 2972–2974, 2977, 2978, 191–192, série 2615. See also Lake 1935, 101, type 30. For cups of this shape with disk bases found in Apulia: Yntema 1990, 173, 181–183, form 3. My suggestion that the bowls were used for wine is based on the Dionysiac and/or erotic iconography of much of the overpainted and relief ornament decorating the shape(s). 44 For a similar vase designated a “hemispherical krater,” see Corinth VII.3, 190–191, no. 190, pls. 6, 39, 47. 45 See PR II, 160 (identified as “Gnathia”).

90

CHAPTER II

potter so that the top of the body curves in beneath a flaring lip, creating a graceful curve. unlike the larger examples, these cups have a diameter of around 13 to 16 cm at the lip, with elegantly thin walls, and were usually decorated on the interior. The two shapes differ only in the form of their bases: no. 21 (Pls. 3, 72) has a ring foot, no. 22 (Pl. 4) a disk base. A number of fragments do not preserve the base and are listed under no. 23 (Pl. 72). In the later 3rd century BCE the most common decorative scheme for this shape was overpainted decoration on the wall and floor, and a relief medallion made in a mold or from a moldmade stamp at the center of the floor. The latter was the most common technique in eastern Sicily; stamps for this type of cup (and a waster) testify that medallion cups were made at Morgantina in the late 3rd century.46 This decorative scheme clearly imitates metal cups, and three silver examples were found in the Morgantina hoard.47 Some, if not all, of the fragments presented here as no. 23 may have had relief tondi, although this cannot be stated with certainty due to the loss of their floors. The cups that preserve relief tondi are presented elsewhere (see chapter 5, pp. 231–270, below); most, but not all, of these had a disk base, possibly for technical reasons, since impressing a stamp in wet clay would have created problems if the cup had already been trimmed to create the foot.48 All the examples presented here have overpainted decoration on their interiors, and in four of the six cases in which the center of the floor is preserved (nos. 21, 21A, 21D, 21E; Pls. 3, 4, 71, 72) the exterior is adorned with an overpainted tondo.49 Like the cups with relief tondi, the vases with overpainted tondi imitate the decoration of metal cups, in this case examples with chased ornament.50 Eight of the eleven examples presented in nos. 21–23 were made at Morgantina or in east central Sicily (that is, they are in fabric I), as were many examples of the shape with relief medallions. The only sure examples with disk bases and painted tondi (no. 22, two examples) are in fabric III. A good number of cups with relief medallions have been found at Morgantina in both fabrics II and III.51

46 See pp. 233, 236, 251–252, 263, nos. 529A, 577, 578, 578A; and appendix 1, pp. 409–410. 47 See Rotroff 1991, nos. 22, 53, 57; Agora XXIX, 110– 112. The Attic examples are elaborately overpainted in “West Slope” technique without incision. For the ceramic examples with moldmade medallions, see pp. 231–270 below. For silver bowls of this shape in the Morgantina silver hoard: Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92–94 (with relief medallions), 57, no. 97; Guzzo 2003, 45–50, nos. 1–3; for the provenance of the hoard, see appendix 4 below. The examples from the Hellenistic necropoleis at Morgantina are generally smaller than those found in sanctuaries or domestic contexts: inv. 61-830 (Diam. lip 10.6 cm), 63-1189 (Diam. lip 7.9 cm), 59-971. 48 The tondi were stamped in the wet clay of the vase before it was cut off the wheel. As a result, the bases were not trimmed; rather, the base was defined from the bottom only by a groove at its top, and its outer edge was beveled. If the potter trimmed the bottom into a foot after cutting it off the wheel, he risked cutting through it into the tondo. See pp. 233–235 below.

49 From the Hellenistic necropoleis at Morgantina: inv. 55-2125 (Diam. lip 15.0 cm) has an elaborately overpainted tondo. u. Spigo, “Nota sulla produzione di ceramica a decorazione sovradipinta e sulla coroplastica ellenistica a Messina,” in Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 3, 59–68, discusses a workshop located in either southwestern Italy or northeastern Sicily during the first half of the 3rd century BCE, and which specialized in hemispherical bowls with overpainted floral tondi. See M-L V, 6–7, tomb 1885, fig. 47, for a small hemispherical cup (Diam. lip 9.0 cm) with an overpainted tondo from a tomb of the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE. 50 For silver examples with chased tondi: Pfrommer 1993, 23, figs. 18, 19, 116–117, no. 4, pl. 2, 118–119, no. 5, 120– 121, no. 6, 122–123, no. 7, 124–125, no. 8, 126–127, no. 9. For Attic ceramic examples of this shape with painted interior decoration, see Agora XXIX, 110–117 (Rotroff ’s type 2 is closest to the shape at Morgantina). See also Rotroff 1991, 70–71, no. 22, pl. 19, 80–81, nos. 53, 57, pl. 29. 51 For medallion cups in fabrics II and III at Morgantina, see the list on pp. 78 and 80 above.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

91

Cups of this type with a ring foot and simple interior decoration continued to be made at Morgantina into the 2nd and perhaps the 1st century BCE, but it is clear that the greatest popularity of the shape was in the 3rd century.52 The shape has been found widely throughout Sicily in contexts datable to the late 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE.53 The cups with relief medallions in fabric I present the best evidence for dating the shape; they seem to start around the middle of the 3rd century and to extend down to the sack of Morgantina in 211 BCE, then continue into the first half of the 2nd century, disappearing around mid-century.54 Deep Hemispherical Cup with Molded Foot A related shape (no. 24; Pls. 4, 72, 73) differs from the cups with hemispherical bodies in that its body is a deeper hemisphere, and the “foot” is made up of three moldmade elements that form a tripod base.55 This shape was probably used as a cup or serving bowl, again most likely for wine. Twelve examples are preserved at Morgantina, all approximately the same size, with a lip diameter of around 11 to 14 cm and a height of around 8 to 9 cm.56 These deep cups, unlike the cups with hemispherical bodies, have all been double dipped to cover the entire surface with gloss. It seems clear from this and the relief decoration of the “feet” that these vases were designed to be stored upside down. Because of the depth, the overpainted decoration on the interior was often limited to the rim, and there are no examples with relief medallions, although two examples (no. 24D [Pl. 72] and inv. 61-444, found in a tomb at Morgantina) have overpainted tondi on their floors. 57 The tondi depict floral motifs and are akin to those seen on some hemispherical cups (see above on no. 21). This shape is again a direct imitation of vases in more expensive metal, including two examples found in the Morgantina silver hoard (Pl. 142); ceramic versions were apparently produced throughout the 3rd century BCE, disappearing by the end of the century.58 There is little evidence that 52

See p. 165 below, nos. 244, 245, pp. 184–185, nos. 315–320. Lilybaeum, 61, nos. C12A, C12B, are examples of the shape that Bechtold dates to the early 2nd century BCE. Morel, 142, type 2156a, from Syracuse, is Campana C. 53 Nos. 19, 19A, 20, 21A, 21B, 22, 23, 23A, and 23B were all found in secure contexts of the 3rd century BCE. M-L V, 74, tomb 2010, fig. 92, included a bowl of this shape without an overpainted or relief tondo (dated pre-252 BCE). See Morel 1966, 255, no. 10, for a hemispherical bowl/cup in tomb 28, which he dated ca. 300 BCE; Rizza 1955, 296, no. 51, tomb 178, no. 1, are dated to the 4th and 3rd centuries. For Centuripe: Biondi 2002, 170–172, figs. 4:5, 4:7. For examples from Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 94, no. 383 (see also 123, no. 578); the fragmentary examples, 93–94, nos. 377–382, 99–103, nos. 415–442, are probably also this shape. See also Morel, 141–142, séries 2151–2154, esp. type 2151a, from Lilybaeum. For the Italian mainland: Jesi, 126– 131. For Corinthian bowls similar to this shape see Corinth VII.3, 90–92 (conical bowl). The Attic examples (n. 50 above) are dated mainly to the 3rd century BCE. Rotroff 1991, 70–81, dates the earliest elaborately painted medallion cups at Athens to ca. 275 BCE.

54

See pp. 239–241 below. Some medallion cups found at Morgantina date to the first half of the 2nd century BCE. 55 These are often called “situlae,” or buckets, but rarely seem to have a “bucket” handle. See Morel, 139, espèce 2130; Lake 1935, 101, type 31; Jesi, 124–125, nos. 103, 104; Lippolis 1996, 351, fig. right, nos. 5, 6; Agora XXIX, 107–110. The Attic examples have wider bodies than those at Morgantina. 56 For another probable example that preserves only a moldmade foot, see p. 271 below, no. 615. 57 Inv. 61-444 comes from tomb 32 in Necropolis III. For overpainted tondi, see nn. 49 and 50 above. A polychrome version of the shape was found in a grave on Lipari: M-L II, 93–94, tomb 274, pl. 137:2a. A black-gloss bowl with molded feet and an overpainted tondo came from a cemetery at Lilybaeum, but unfortunately was not associated with a burial: Bisi 1970, 548, no. 77, fig. 38. 58 For the two silver deep cups that were found at Morgantina, see Bothmer 1984, 59–60, nos. 105, 106; Guzzo 2003, 67–69, nos. 14, 15. Both are 26–27 cm in diameter at the lip and 18–19 cm tall, considerably larger than the ceramic imitations. The grave at Lipari that included this

92

CHAPTER II

ceramic examples of this shape were produced or used at Morgantina after 211 BCE.59 All the examples in the catalogue appear to have been made at Morgantina or its environs, and a clamshell mold for a tripod foot has been found at the site (Pl. 140).60 Nos. 24 and 24A–C (Pls. 4, 73) have feet made up of three clamshells, although it is not clear whether any of these were made using the surviving mold. This type of molded foot is paralleled on Lipari and at Iaitas, as well as at nonSicilian sites.61 Nos. 24E and 24F (Pl. 73) have feet in the form of masks of a comic slave, paralleled on two silver vases of this shape (see Pl. 142) found at Morgantina (where, however, the feet comprise three different mask types).62 Nos. 24G–K (Pl. 73) have feet depicting youthful heads, perhaps of Herakles wearing the lion skin; I can find no exact parallel on deep cups, although similar appliqués are known on other 3rd-century BCE Italian vases with moldmade decoration.63 Echinus and In-Beveled-Lip Bowls One of the most common shapes from the 4th century into the Hellenistic period throughout the Mediterranean world is the bowl with a shallow hemispherical body and gently incurving lip (nos. 25–28; Pls. 4, 5, 74). These are usually called “echinus bowls” from their resemblance to that element in a Doric capital, but, given their size and shape, they were probably often used as cups.64 shape (n. 57 above) dates to the second quarter of the 3rd century. The shape was found in the potter’s dump of ca. 250 BCE at Minturnae: Lake 1935, 101, type 31. Three clamshell feet (inv. 89-245, 89-284, 92-1001) from three different vases were found in the use levels of a shop that was buried when the central steps were begun in the Agora at Morgantina around 260 BCE. These were thus in use before the middle of the 3rd century. Agora XXIX, 107–108, notes that the shape was produced before ca. 275 BCE in Athens and suggests that it ceased being produced there before ca. 225 BCE. Drougou and Touratsoglou 1991, 17, “Becher typus B,” date an example to the last quarter of the 3rd century BCE (although that is presumably the date of its burial). Jesi, 124, provides further examples that date to the end of the 3rd century BCE and later; see also Agora XXIX, 411, no. 1672, for examples that could be late Hellenistic. 59 Four of the catalogued examples (nos. 24, 24A, 24E, 24F) come from context IR, the North Baths, which were abandoned in 211 (nos. 24 and 24E are from deposit IR.1, the well fill in the Baths). No. 24D comes from the House of Eupolemos, which was abandoned in 211 and contained the hoard of silver vessels (see appendix 4), including two deep hemispherical cups with tripod feet (n. 58 above). Four more ceramic examples (nos. 24B, 24C, 24G, 24H) come from the dump that was deposited over the North Sanctuary and its annex after the 3rd century BCE (context IIH); the fill there contains much material of the 4th and 3rd centuries. The other examples (nos. 24I–K) come from fills that contain much material of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE (as well as earlier material), but which also include earlier pottery.

60 For the mold (inv. 60-256), see pp. 408–409 below and Pl. 140. See Ephesos IX.2/2, 62–63, 65–66, nos. C 31–C 39, for further examples of this common motif. 61 For Sicilian examples, see M-L II, 94, tomb 274, pl. 137:2a (painted in polychrome); Studia Ietina IV, 92–93, nos. 373–376; H. P. Isler, “Monte Iato: La trentunesima campagna di scavo,” SicArch 35 (2002) 21, fig. 55. Two deep bowls with clamshell feet were found in Hellenistic tombs at Morgantina: inv. 61-165, 61-444. For Minturnae: Lake 1935, 101, type 31. See also Agora XXIX, 107–108. 62 Bothmer 1984, 59–60, nos. 105, 106; Guzzo 2003, 67–70, nos. 14, 15. Bothmer 1984, 57, no. 100, mentions a bowl in the collection of Bowdoin College with three comic masks as feet. For an example found in Rome: P. Bernardini, Museo Nazionale Romano: Le ceramiche, vol. 5, pt. 1, La ceramica a vernice nera dal Tevere (Rome, 1986) 125, no. 413. On the mask type: M-L II, 323. 63 See Jentel 1976, 249–251. Another version of this type (inv. 85-30) was found in the fill predating the construction of the central steps in Morgantina’s Agora, which were begun ca. 260 BCE; see n. 58 above. 64 For earlier examples, see Agora XII, 137–138. The basic shape continued to be popular in Athens throughout the 3rd century BCE and is made later (Agora XXIX, 161–164, 167), but many of the later Attic versions are much larger than the examples of the shape at Morgantina. “Saltcellars” of this shape (small echinus bowls with a lip diameter of 7– 8 cm) seem to have ceased being made in Athens around 250 BCE: Agora XXIX, 167. For Corinthian examples of the shape (which also include large bowls as well as “saltcellars”): Corinth VII.3, 29–33; see also Corinth XVIII.1, 41–42. For Macedonia: Drougou and Touratsoglou 1991, 16, “Napf

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

93

The shape was developed during the 5th century BCE in Athens, where it was apparently used as a dish for condiments (hence it is often called a “saltcellar”). The shape swiftly became popular throughout the Greek world; it was being made on Sicily by the 4th century BCE.65 The echinus bowl had a long history at Morgantina. Two examples (nos. 27E and 27F) were found in a stratum over Hellenistic Necropolis III that dates to the last quarter of the 4th or the early 3rd century (context IK.1), and the other examples of the shape were found in domestic contexts and sanctuary fills of the 3rd century BCE. The same shape reappears in Campana C during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, although it is considerably less common than it was in the 3rd century.66 The large echinus bowls from the later 3rd century BCE found in Athens do not appear to have found favor in Sicily, where echinus bowls remained small.67 With three exceptions (nos. 25, 26, 28), the 4th- and 3rd-century examples at Morgantina (no. 27, twelve examples) are all small and approximately the same size, with rim diameters varying from 7 to 8 cm. These vases are true “saltcellars,” since they seem too small to be useful for serving food or drink and must have been used for condiments. Two examples of the shape (nos. 25, 26) are somewhat larger, with a lip diameter of 9 to 17 cm. These could have been used to serve food, but no. 25 was found in a sanctuary (deposit IL), while no. 26 came from a shop (deposit IB) that probably provided votives for the nearby Central Sanctuary in the Agora. It was apparently for sale in 211 BCE and must have been made shortly before that date. One miniature version (no. 28, lip diameter 4.3 cm) was presumably a votive, since it was found in the South Sanctuary (context IN). All except one (no. 27K, in fabric II) were made at Morgantina or nearby, which is not surprising given the modest character of these vessels.

Typus A,” dated from the early 3rd into the 2nd century BCE. For silver versions of the shape: Zimi 2011, 92–93, 263–264, nos. 137–144. 65 For Sicilian examples of the shape that likely date to the 4th century: Gela I, 127, fig. 7:2, 177, no. 4, fig. 18:a; Morel 1966, 271, no. 5 (tomb 51) (which may be of fabric II), 280, no. 3 (tomb 65); Adamesteanu 1958, 226–227, fig. 10:6, 265–266, fig. 36:5; De Miro 1958, 268–269, nos. 3, 17. For other examples from Gela: Gela I, 94, no. 8, fig. 6:2; Gela II, 177, no. 4, fig. 18:a, 245, nos. 2, 3, fig. 33:2, 33:4. For examples from Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo, 34, tomb 1, no. 3, 36, tomb 6, no. 4, 60–61, tomb C, nos. 9, 10, 69, tomb B2, no. 1, 87, tomb 51, nos. 7, 8. From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 90–91, no. D, 98–99, no. C. For examples from Lentini: Rizza 1955, 293, no. 39, tomb 11, no. 1, 302, fig. 18, no. 4, 315, no. 138, tomb 211, no. 1, 316, no. 144, tomb 217, nos. 1, 2 (illustrated in fig. 27:7–8), 324, no. 168, tomb 113, no. 3, 327, no. 215, tomb 98, no. 1, 329, no. 224, tomb 247, no. 2, 333, no. 244, tomb 111, no. 2, 335, no. 249, tomb 264, no. 6, 337, no. 270, tomb 151, no. 2. For examples from Lipari: appendix 3 below. See also Morel 1966, 269, nos. 4, 5 (tomb 48); Ciurcina and Rizzo 1985, 459, tomb 7, no. 1; Studia Ietina IV, 119–120, nos. 539– 550, 120–121, nos. 552–563; Lilybaeum, 58, nos. C1, C2,

59, nos. C4, C5. A number of examples have been found in the Hellenistic tombs at Morgantina. For other Italic examples of this popular and long-lived shape: Morel, 222–234, espèce 2780 (see also 2760–2770); Lamboglia, forms 21, 24, 25; Lake 1935, 100, types 13, 14; De Juliis 1984, 460, nos. 28–33; Eraclea I, 222, “ciotole tipo 3” and “ciotole tipo 4”; Roccagloriosa I, 240–241, “small hemispherical bowls.” 66 For examples in Campana C: p. 159 below, nos. 206– 210. An example of the shape, Montagna di Marzo, 68, tomb no. 2, was found in a tomb with a Campana C plate, but the bowl is not described as being fired in that technique. For black-gloss inturned-lip bowls/cups that date after 211 BCE, see pp. 165–166 below, nos. 246–248 (in fabric I), and p. 167, nos. 256, 257 (in fabric III). The shape may also appear in the Republican red-gloss pottery of the 1st century BCE: p. 185 below, nos. 322, 323. In Macedonia, echinus bowls are found in contexts datable throughout the 2nd century BCE: Drougou and Touratsoglou 1991, 16, “Napf Typus A.” 67 Corinth VII.3, 30, dates the popularity of the shape into the 2nd century BCE, but at Athens only examples with a rim diameter of more than 9 cm appear after ca. 250 BCE: Agora XXIX, 162. A number of the Greek examples are over 15 cm in diameter: Agora XXIX, 342, nos. 1018–1025; Corinth VII.3, 31, “large bowls.”

94

CHAPTER II

Nos. 29–31 (Pls. 5, 6, 74), in which the lip has been beveled to hook in sharply from the hemispherical body, represent a variation of the echinus bowl that was developed in Sicily during the 4th century BCE and continued to be produced at Morgantina and elsewhere into the 1st century BCE.68 Except for a miniature version (no. 31), which was found in the same shop complex (deposit IB) as the miniature plate no. 8, the other ten examples of this shape (nos. 29, 30) are approximately the same size, with lip diameters varying from 7 to 9 cm. Their small size suggests that they served the same culinary function as the true echinus bowls (to hold condiments?). One example of this shape (no. 30H) may be in fabric II and is the only example of the shape with decoration on the floor (a grooved circle); the others all seem to have been made at Morgantina or in eastern Sicily. From its distorted shape and misfired gloss, no. 30A (Pl. 74) appears to be a waster, although it was found in a sanctuary fill (context IN) and thus presumably was used. Flat-Rimmed Cup or Bowl No. 32 (Pls. 6, 74) is the sole catalogued example found at Morgantina of a bowl with a hemispherical body that increases in diameter as it rises, creating a broad flat-topped rim with a lip that hooks in slightly.69 It should be noted that only half of the vase is preserved, and it thus may have had a handle.70 No. 32 comes from an early, if not closely datable, context and was surely made no later than the second half of the 4th century BCE. This vase was imported to the site and could be an Attic vase of the 5th century BCE, but is more likely to be a southern Italian or Sicilian product of the first two-thirds of the 4th century BCE.71 Since this shape does not appear in the 3rd-century fills at Morgantina, it was clearly confined to the 4th century BCE. It is obviously related in some way to the echinus and in-beveled-lip bowls (see above) and to the inturned-lip bowl/pyxis (see below), but, since versions of all those shapes were its contemporaries, it appears to be the ancestor of neither of those more common and longer-lived bowls. Bowl or Pyxis with Inturned Lip Nos. 33–35 (Pls. 6, 74) are examples of a shape closely related to the echinus and beveled-lip bowls. These feature a hemispherical body in which the lip hooks in horizontally to facilitate closing 68 See Morel, 212–214, séries 2733, 2734, 2737. Morel 1966, 257, nos. 8, 9 (tomb 29, dated ca. 300 BCE), seem to be of this shape, as does M-L II, 183, tomb 501, pl. 140:3a. For examples from Naxos: Ciurcina and Rizzo 1985, 462, tomb 8, no. 7 (dated to the second half of the 3rd century), 465, tomb 12, no. 4 (dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century). From Palike: Midolo 2008, 224, nos. 414, 415 (probably Syracusan but said to be Campana A). From Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 120, no. 551, 121–122, nos. 564– 569. For black-gloss bowls from Morgantina of similar shape that date after 211 BCE: pp. 165–166 below, nos. 246–248 (in fabric I), p. 167, nos. 256, 257 (in fabric III). A single Campana C example has been found: p. 159 below, no. 211. It also appears in Republican red-gloss: p. 185 below, no. 324. At Corinth, a similar shape is restricted to the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE and may be a model for the Sicilian ex-

amples: Corinth VII.3, 27, 34–35; Corinth XVIII.1, 43–45, XV. Rotroff subsumes 3rd-century vases that could be considered to be this shape with the echinus bowls. However, she identifies a similar shape at Athens that appeared in the 2nd century BCE as “beveled bowl”: Agora XXIX, 164. 69 Several other examples of the shape have been found in undated contexts at the site. 70 See Morel, 392–394, espèce 6210–6230, for shallow hemispherical one-handled cups of the 4th century BCE from southern Italy. They imitate Attic versions: Agora XII, 124–127. 71 See Agora XII, 133–134 (“small bowl: broad rim”), 296–297, nos. 848–853. The clay of no. 32 could possibly be Attic, but the unglossed interior is unparalleled there. For the shape on Lipari: M-L II, 52, tomb 149, pl. 75:1c, ill. d.8, from a grave dated (p. 221) to the first two-thirds of the

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

95

tightly with a lid; when found in tombs, examples of this shape seem virtually invariably to have included a lid.72 It is probably reasonable to assume from their lids that these bowls were food containers. This small bowl shape has almost exactly the same range of lip diameters as the echinus bowls (from 6 to 12 cm), although it is deeper (i.e., its height is greater). All the bowls of this shape in the catalogue were found in sanctuary fills (suggesting again that they may have held food offerings), but three other examples were found in Hellenistic tombs at Morgantina.73 All are in fabric I. The three larger versions of the shape (nos. 33 and 34, lip diameter 9 to 12 cm) are decorated with a broad brushed stripe of gloss at the midpoint of the body; the three smaller versions (no. 35, lip diameter 6 to 7 cm) have been partially covered with gloss by dipping. It appears that this shape was popular throughout the 3rd century BCE.74 No examples have been found at Morgantina in contexts dated after 211 BCE. Kernos with Inturned Lip The two examples of a kernos (no. 36; Pls. 6, 74) are made up of multiple joined bowls with inturned lips. Both were made at Morgantina or its environs (i.e., in fabric I), but similar kernoi have been found in tombs at Montagna di Marzo, Lipari, Lentini, and Syracuse.75 The kernoi at Montagna di Marzo and Lipari were accompanied by lids and seem to have the same chronology as the bowls with inturned rims discussed above. No. 36 was found in the South Sanctuary (context IN) and preserves parts of four small bowls and a basket handle. No. 36A is less well preserved, with only two fragmentary bowls, but is exactly the same size as no. 36. No. 36A was found in a domestic context (IJ), which seems odd since this type of vase is generally considered sacral and has usually been found in sanctuaries and graves. Hence one must conclude that the shape could also be used in the home.76

4th century. M-L X, 389, tomb 2573, pl. XV (“pateretta a v.n., pesante, con pareti molto spesse”), looks similar and is from a grave dated to the second half of the 4th century BCE; see also M-L XI, 257–259, tomb 1175, pl. 104:1 (grave dated 350–330 BCE). 72 For examples from Lipari, see appendix 3. With one exception, the tombs containing these vases are dated to the second and third quarters of the 3rd century BCE. See also Cavalier 1981, 291–292, fig. E:e, E:g, dated to ca. 260–250 BCE; Ciurcina and Rizzo 1985, 450, nos. 12, 13 (dated 260–250 BCE); and Morel 1966, 276, no. 1 (tomb 57, dated to the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE), said to have red slip. Morel 1966, 239, no. 7, is a plain example from tomb 7bis and is dated to the end of the 3rd century BCE. For another example: Montagna di Marzo, 51, no. 8. For examples at Heloros: Orsi 1966, 244–245, tomb A 25, fig. 18 (found with a coin of Hieron II), 256–257, tomb B 72, fig. 28. 73 From tomb 13: inv. 59-651, which has decoration similar to no. 33. From tomb 32: inv. 61-443, which had a lid. From epitymbion VIII: inv. 59-824. The first two are approximately the size of no. 33, the last that of no. 34.

74

See n. 72 above. The tombs with bowls of this type at Morgantina (n. 73 above) date to the early 3rd century BCE. No examples of this shape have been found at Gela. 75 See Montagna di Marzo, 41, tomb 3 bis, no. 3, fig. 50:f. For Lentini: Rizza 1955, 301, no. 74, tomb 198, no. 1. Syracuse, Museo Nazionale, inv. 6852, was found in tomb 2 on the via Zapiro; inv. 40030 in tomb 31 in the Canalicchio Necropolis. For examples from Lipari: appendix 3 below. See also Morel, 436, espèce 9310, for a kernos of similar shape from Apulia. On the Italian mainland, kernoi seem to be peculiarly associated with Campania in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. For black-gloss kernoi from Campania with overpainted decoration: E. Gabrici, “Necropoli di età ellenistica a Teano dei Sidicini,” MonAnt 20 (1910) 70, fig. 39, 103, fig. 72:a, 115–116, fig. 85, 130, fig. 101, 137, fig. 106:b; Green in Mayo 1982, 259. For a similar shape: Lake 1935, 101, type 27. For kernoi found in the Athenian Agora: Thompson 1934, 322, no. A40; Agora XXIX, 212, n. 46. 76 For kernoi as sacral: Agora XXIX, 211–212. There have been suspicions that the area of context IJ had a shrine: see M. Bell, “Hiera Oikopeda,” in C. A. Di Stefano, ed., Deme-

96

CHAPTER II

Biconical Bowl Another small bowl shape (nos. 37, 38; Pls. 7, 74) has a horizontal lower body flaring up to a tall vertical upper body that curves in to an in-hooking lip, making the shape basically biconical. All examples of this shape are in fabric I, and all are approximately the same size, although no. 37 has a much broader foot than the other three examples (nearly twice as wide). The reason for this is unclear. The biconical bowl was probably used for much the same function(s) as the echinus and inbeveled-lip bowls, and seems likely to be another southern Italian evolution of the Attic saltcellar. Although the biconical bowl is less common in the 3rd-century fills at Morgantina than the echinus or the in-beveled-lip bowls, its rarity is somewhat misleading. Two further examples of the shape have been found in tombs at Morgantina, and it has also turned up in other, less well-dated fills.77 Similar bowls have been found at Syracuse, Assoros, on Lipari, and in western Sicily.78 The shape has also turned up at Reggio Calabria and in Campania; a related shape has been found at Corinth in contexts dated to the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.79 An example was found at Gela in a context that dates before ca. 280 BCE, and one of the examples at Morgantina was found in tomb 10, which is probably late 4th century in date.80 Two of the examples in the catalogue (nos. 38, 38A) were found in domestic fills that were closed in 211 BCE, and they were thus likely to have been in use at that date. There is no evidence that the shape survived past the 3rd century at Morgantina. The biconical bowl or saltcellar was thus current from the second half of the 4th century BCE until the end of the 3rd century BCE, although it was probably less common in the second half of the century. Outturned-Lip Bowl Four examples (nos. 39–41; Pls. 7, 75) of a hemispherical-bodied bowl with an outturned and flat-topped lip were found in 3rd-century deposits. This shape appears mainly in central and western Sicily, but similar shapes were made on the Italian mainland and in Athens during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE.81 The top of its lip was often grooved during the 3rd century. Cups or bowls with

tra: La divinità, i santuari, il culto, la leggenda; Atti del I Congresso Internazionale, Enna, 1–4 luglio 2004 (Pisa and Rome, 2008) 155–159. 77 In tombs of the late 4th or the early 3rd century BCE at Morgantina: inv. 59-1004, 61-176. A similar bowl (inv. 61-594), found in tomb 36, has a rim and lip decorated with vertical grooves. 78 See Morel, 217, séries 2745b (Syracuse), 2751b (Pa lermo), 2751c (Solunto), and n. 216 (for citations of the shape at Herakleia Minoa and Agrigento). Morel 1966, 269, no. 7, is this shape (from tomb 48, dated second quarter of the 3rd century). Ciurcina and Rizzo 1985, 452, tomb 3, no. 2, may be this shape. For Lipari, see appendix 3 below. For Lilybaeum: Lilybaeum, 60, no. C6. See also Montagna di Marzo, 51, no. 9, 65, tomb 21, nos. 4–6; Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, pt. 1, 70, no. VSM/78.

79 Morel, 217, séries 2751a (Reggio Calabria), 2751f (Pompeii). For the Corinthian shape: Corinth XVIII.1, 43– 45, shape XV, “small bowls with beveled rims.” 80 For the example from Gela: Gela II, 178, fig. 18:c. Inv. 59-1004 comes from tomb 10 at Morgantina, which dates ca. 300 BCE, as does Morel 1966, 259, no. 2 (tomb 30). 81 See Morel, 197, série 2637, for Sicilian versions of this shape (which, however, have a slightly carinated body profile and a less pronounced outturned rim). For examples from Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo, 36, tomb 6, no. 3, 44, fig. 56:c. A bowl of this shape has been found at Lilybaeum: Lilybaeum, 63, no. C 20A. From Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 117, nos. 530, 531. A large bowl (Diam. 27.5 cm) found in a tomb on Lipari may be of this shape: M-L VII, 51–53, tomb 1781, fig. 62:1 (dated first half of the 3rd century BCE). A smaller bowl of this shape was found in another

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

97

outturned lips in both black- and red-gloss appear later at Morgantina, in deposits of the 1st century BCE, but their bodies are much more angular, and they do not appear to be descendants of the shape presented here.82 Nos. 39 and 40 are large, deep vessels (lip diameter ca. 22 to 29 cm) that are similar to no. 19 although less elaborately decorated, and they may have been used for wine. Both are in fabric I and are thus likely to have been made at Morgantina. No. 40 can be dated by its findspot in the West Stoa (deposit IA) to no later than the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE. Two much smaller versions of the shape (nos. 41, 41A; lip diameter ca. 7 cm) were imported to the site. No. 41 is in fabric II; no. 41A has a red fabric, perhaps, but not certainly, fabric III. No. 41 was found in a domestic fill (deposit IF.2), nos. 39 and 41A in sanctuaries. The evidence from Morgantina suggests that this shape was made in the mid- to late 3rd century BCE, but an example found in a tomb at Assoros was dated by Morel to ca. 300 BCE.83 Hemispherical-Bodied Pyxis A number of other open shapes seem to have served as pyxides. There is some difficulty in distinguishing these from bowls, a problem best seen in the hemispherical pyxis (nos. 42–44; Pls. 7, 75). Its shape is similar to the deep hemispherical bowls, but its elaborate decoration is on the exterior, rather than the interior. The most common shape of this type is called a “round pyxis” because when fitted with a domed lid (see nos. 145 and 146) the unit becomes nearly spherical.84 Round pyxides have no handles and have been found in a number of Sicilian graves of the late 4th century and the first half of the 3rd century BCE.85 Other pyxides of this basic shape have opposed horizontal handles beneath the lip and are called skyphoid pyxides.86 These also seem to have been popular from ca. 330 BCE well into the first half of the 3rd century. No. 42 can be identified as a skyphoid pyxis, since part of one of its handles is preserved. No. 43 could be either a round or skyphoid pyxis, since its state of preservation does not allow us to determine whether or not it had handles. Nos. 44 and 44A are relatively small body fragments. Both round and skyphoid pyxides usually bear red-figured or overpainted decoration on their exteriors and accompanying lids; the Morgantina examples presented here are all overpainted.87 No. 42 (Pl. 75) has registers of vegetal and geometric ornament, although all the motifs are quite ordered. No. 43 (Pl. 75) bears overpainted decoration of geometric form, while the two body fragments (nos. 44 and 44A; Pl. 75) have elaborate overpainted vegetal decoration that probably ran over the entire tomb on Lipari dated to the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE: M-L XI, 44–45, tomb 584, pl. 19:1. A bowl of this type found at Messina has gloss only on its interior: Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 1, 202, no. CST/101. For similar bowls found on the Italian mainland: Morel, 203–204, espèce 2670. For the Athenian bowls: Agora XXIX, 167–168, “deep bowl: projecting rim.” 82 See p. 160 below, nos. 219–221, p. 186, no. 325, and p. 187, nos. 331–334. 83 See Morel 1966, 257, no. 7 (tomb 29, dated ca. 300), an example with no grooving on its rim. 84 See RVLCS, appendix 3, 684, nos. 48, 49 (no. 49= Morgantina inv. 59-828), 686, no. 82; Mayo 1982, 276, no.

138. See also Studia Ietina IV, 84–85, nos. 327–329. 85 For examples on Lipari, see appendix 3. See also Montagna di Marzo, 56, figs. 67:f, 69:b; Bisi 1967, 279, no. 38; Morgantina inv. 59-828A–B (from tomb VIII), 59-658A– B (from tomb 14). 86 For Lipari, see appendix 3. Morel 1966, 255, tomb 29, figs. 39:e, 41 (red-figure); Bisi 1967, 280–281, nos. 43, 44. From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 88–90, nos. D–I, 95–96, no. A, 99–100, no. I. 87 Eight red-figured pyxides of these shapes have been found at Morgantina, all from workshops in the eastern coastal region.

98

CHAPTER II

body of the vases. These are types of overpainting characteristic of vases made in eastern Sicily in the second half of the 4th century and the first half of the 3rd century BCE.88 All these pyxides were probably imported to the site, although they are in fabric I. Examples with the same decorative schemes have been found on Lipari, which suggests that these vases came to Morgantina from the east coast of Sicily.89 The only possible local product is no. 43, which could be an imitation of a vase from the east coast, since its decoration is similar to nos. 44 and 44A, but slightly awkward. Globular Pyxis No. 45 (Pls. 7, 75) is a small globular-bodied pyxis with an outturned rim that is upturned at its edge to receive a lid. Its potting is very fine, but its gloss is thin and dull. It is in fabric I and is unparalleled. Cylindrical Pyxides Excavations at Morgantina have produced three versions of the cylindrical-bodied pyxis (sometimes called a “barrel” pyxis), nos. 46–48 (Pls. 7, 75). The vertical, slightly concave, body of no. 46 identifies it as a descendant of the Attic type D pyxis that flourished from the second half of the 5th until the end of the 4th century.90 Its flat lip with a vertical flange at the interior edge, designed to fit a disk lid, is paralleled in the Attic examples.91 The vertical ring foot, however, differs from the flaring feet of most of the Attic pyxides. No. 46 is in fabric I, indicating that it was made either locally or in eastern Sicily. Since it was found in a sanctuary (deposit IL), it could date any time from the second half of the 4th century to 211 BCE. No. 47 (Pls. 7, 75), while unique in black-gloss, is a more common 3rd-century pyxis type in Sicily and again derives from the Attic type D pyxis. This shape has a molded flaring ring foot and a vertical body with no concave flare. When fitted with a disk lid, it resembles a common type of cylindrical altar found in sanctuaries and houses. Similar pyxides appear on the Greek mainland in 4th-century contexts, and examples dated to the 3rd century BCE have been found on Lipari, at Syracuse, and at Herakleia Minoa.92 No. 47 is in fabric III and is likely to be a product of the 3rd century, since it comes from a domestic context (context IJ) that was abandoned in 211 BCE. 88 RVLCS, appendix 3, 681–688 (for pyxides, see nos. 40–

49, 79–82); A. D. Trendall, The Red-figured Vases of Lucania, Campania and Sicily: First Supplement, BICS suppl. 26 (London, 1970) 121–122. 89 See RVLCS, appendix 3, no. 41, and the examples listed in nn. 85 and 86 above. For further examples from Lipari: Cavalier 1981, 284, fig. 471h, from tomb 757; M-L VII, 58–59, tomb 1817, pl. 65:3. Another small fragment of a pyxis of this type (inv. 92-994) was found in the area of the Central Sanctuary in the Agora at Morgantina; its decoration is similar to no. 44. 90 Agora XII, 177–178, type D, esp. no. 1308 (pl. 43); see also n. 92 below. For Hellenistic pyxides in Greece, see Z. Kotitsa, Hellenistische Tonpyxiden (Mainz, 1996). The early versions of her type 1 pyxis are in some ways related to nos. 46 and 47; see Kotitsa, 9–97, esp. nos. HKMA1, A17, A6.

These are late versions of the Agora’s type B pyxis: see also Agora XXIX, 188–190. The Hellenistic versions of the type D pyxis found in the Agora are very small and are probably only tangentially related to the Sicilian pyxides: Agora XXIX, 191. 91 Disk lids: pp. 123–124 below, nos. 128–131. For pyxides with similar lips: Agora XII, 177–178, type D, pl. 43, fig. 11. 92 For Greek examples: Agora XII, 177–178, type D, esp. 328, nos. 1311, 1312, pl. 43, fig. 11; Agora XXIX, 191, type D; Olynthus XIII, 388–389, nos. 928, 932, pl. 238 (the profile drawing of no. 932 on pl. 239 does not match the photograph or description of the vase). For Lipari: M-L II, 44, fig. 9 (tomb 117). Syracuse, Museo Nazionale, inv. 12680– 12682, came from tomb 11 in the Necropoli Scala Greca; Syracuse inv. 12676 was found in tomb 10 in the same ceme-

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

99

More elaborate cylindrical pyxides in the shape of an altar appear in the 3rd-century hoard of silver vases found at Morgantina, as well as in several East Sicilian Polychrome examples from the site.93 It thus appears that this ceramic shape is another direct imitation of a metal form. A somewhat different squat cylindrical pyxis (no. 48; Pls. 8, 75) differs from nos. 46 and 47 in having a squatter body and an outturned lip. This vase was found in the House of Ganymede, which was probably abandoned in the early years of the 2nd century BCE.94 It was found under a large fragment of flooring that was torn up when the house was dismantled for reusable building materials after its abandonment; this findspot suggests that the vase was made after 211 BCE, since the house was clearly reoccupied and remodeled around 210–200 BCE. No. 48 seems to be in the regional fabric I but has a grayish-brown fabric also seen in some other vases of the 3rd century BCE.95 It also has a brownish-gray gloss and, since it appears to date no earlier than the last decade of the 3rd century BCE, it is legitimate to ask if this pyxis is a direct ancestor of Campana C, the characteristic fine ware of eastern Sicily during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. Inkwells Three vessels with a shape similar to pyxides have been identified as inkwells (nos. 49–51; Pls. 8, 75).96 All three were found in the North Sanctuary (deposit IL and context IIH), but other fragments of inkwells at Morgantina were found in the House of Eupolemos and environs, and thus were clearly also used in houses during the 3rd century BCE. All three inkwells have essentially the same shape and size, although no. 49 has a more elaborate foot than nos. 50 and 51, and no. 51 has an inturned, rather than an incurving, lip. The shape is similar to that of echinus and beveled-lip bowls but has a broader and more elaborate foot. The base of no. 50 bears an incised inscription declaring it to be the inkwell of Antallos (Pl. 75).97 All three are of fabric I and were thus were made at Morgantina or nearby in eastern Sicily, although the gloss of nos. 50 and 51 has an unusual greenish cast. Truly similar vases have been found only at Lilybaeum, and at Alba Fucens and Aesis in central 98 Italy. Inkwells of different form have been identified at Athens and Corinth; earlier examples have been found in the Porticello shipwreck of the early 4th century.99 The shape probably imitates metal

tery complex. For an example found at Herakleia Minoa: De Miro 1958, 273, no. 18, fig. 37:b; it is approximately the same size as no. 47. 93 On the hoard, see appendix 4. For its silver arula: Guzzo 2003, 62–64, no. 11; Bothmer 1984, 58, no. 102; for another example, see 49, no. 81. For the polychrome ware examples: nos. 160 and 161 below. 94 On the problem of the late occupation of this house, see pp. 17, 31–35 above, context ID. No. 48 is the latest datable piece of pottery from the house, which contained very few ceramics, except for those in its cisterns. 95 See pp. 72, 75 above. 96 E. Sjöqvist, “Morgantina: Hellenistic Inkstands,” AJA 63 (1959) 275–277, published nos. 49 and 50. For Italian versions of this type, see Morel, 416–418, genre 7700, esp.

7713a, 7731a. An unpublished inkwell of the shape presented here is on display in the Syracuse museum; it was found in the fill around the Apollo temple. 97 On the inscription, see Sjöqvist (n. 96 above) 275–276. See also H. Blanck, Das Buch in der Antike (Munich, 1992) 68, fig. 41. 98 For Lilybaeum: Lilybaeum, 59, no. C3. For the small bowls found at Alba Fucens: Morel, 226, espèce 2790. For Aesis: Jesi, 157, no. 318. 99 For Athens: Agora XXIX, 199–200; for Corinth: Corinth VII.3, 102, no. 604 and n. 99. For the inkwells in the Porticello shipwreck: C. J. Eiseman and B. S. Ridgway, The Porticello Shipwreck: A Mediterranean Merchant Vessel of 415–385 B.C. (College Station, TX, 1987) 60–62.

100

CHAPTER II

versions; a Campana C inkwell or pyxis of similar shape (no. 227) has an even more “metallicizing” profile than its 3rd-century cousins.100 Cups The 3rd-century fills at Morgantina contain approximately the same number of vessels that were used for drinking as those for serving or enhancing food.101 These drinking vessels include stemless kylikes, skyphoi, and kantharoi, as well as the hemispherical kraters/cups discussed above. Many of the cups were found in sanctuary fills, and it is clear that offering a drink to the gods must have been an important aspect of cult practice at Morgantina during the Hellenistic period.102 Stemless Kylix with Horizontal Handles Of the types of drinking vessel, the stemless kylix often called a “bolsal” has a shallow hemispherical lower body that turns up to a vertical rim with a gentle convex flare to a straight lip. The rim has horizontal handles. This shape is the cup type that is least represented in the Hellenistic fills at Morgantina, with only one example (no. 52; Pl. 8). Attic versions of this shape were widely imitated in southern Italy during the 4th century BCE, particularly during the first half of the century.103 The catalogued example is small (lip diameter ca. 10 cm) and does not show the stamped floor decoration characteristic of larger versions of the shape. Given its unusual fabric, no. 52 must be an import; it was found in the floor packing of the main court of the House of the Arched Cistern. It probably dates to the second half of the 4th century BCE, since it has close parallels at Gela.104 100

See p. 161 below. An Apulian inkwell (De Juliis 1984, 494–445, no. 72; Graepler 1997, 99, form 615) has been dated by its context to the third quarter of the 2nd century BCE, but Morel, 416–417, espèce 7712, places the shape in the middle of the 3rd century. 101 The catalogue includes 20 plates (including a miniature, and not counting the fragments nos. 11–15 or the phiale no. 16), 3 saucers, 3 lekanides, and 36 bowls (including two miniatures and discounting the hemispherical bowl/cups nos. 19–24), a total of 62 vessels for serving food. There are 20 examples of hemispherical bowls/cups that were likely used as kraters or cups, 50 cups or kantharoi of various sorts, and a krater, a total of 71 vases for drinking. 102 Cups (or likely drinking vessels) found in sanctuaries (or contexts that appear to include sacral functions, e.g., deposit IR.1): nos. 21, 21C, 21D, 24, 24B, 24E, 24G, 24H, 54, 54A, 54B, 55, 55D, 57, 57A, 58, 58A–C, 59, 59A, 59F, 60F, 60G, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 74A. See especially no. 73, which has an incised dedicatory inscription to Aphrodite. 103 The name “bolsal” is a Beazley coinage, derived from Bol(ogna) and Sal(onika): Agora XII, 107. For Attic bolsals of the 4th century BCE: Agora XII, 107–108; Eiseman and Ridgway (n. 99 above) 26–28; J. W. Hayes, Greek and Italian Black-Gloss Wares and Related Wares in the Royal Ontario Mu-

seum (Toronto, 1984) 37–39, nos. 60–62. Athenian bolsals seem to have ceased being produced in the early 3rd century BCE: Miller 1974, 205, 234, no. 36; Agora XXIX, 97. For other 5th- and 4th-century Greek examples of the shape (including some Attic examples): P. N. ure, Black Glaze Pottery from Rhitsona in Boeotia (Oxford, 1913) 51, no. 3, 52–53, nos. 4–39, pl. XVI, nos. 4, 24; Robinson 1950, 325–333, nos. 641, 654–679; see also Corinth VII.3, 63, n. 54. For Italic versions of the 4th century BCE: Hayes (above), 80– 81, nos. 139–141; F. P. Johnson, The Farwell Collection (Cambridge, MA, 1953) 33, no. Z41; L. Merzagora, I vasi a vernice nera della Collezione H.A. di Milano (Cinisello Balsamo, 1971) 1, no. 4; Locri II, 109–118; Roccagloriosa I, 243, no. 116; Eraclea I, 223–224, “coppette tipo 1”; Metaponto, group II (B6); See Morel, 291, série 4122, which includes 4122c from Assoros (see below), as well as examples from Campania and Apulia; see also 292, série 4124, type 4121a, which comes from Agrigento. A number of the tombs on Lipari contained bolsals (see appendix 3 below); all the graves with bolsals are dated to the late 5th or the first twothirds of the 4th century: see Cavalier 1981, 286. See also Morel 1966, 274, no. 1 (tomb 54, dated to the second half of the 5th century BCE), which may be an Attic import. 104 For an example from Gela dated before 310 BCE: Orlandini 1957, 67, pl. XXXI:2. See also Lilybaeum, 60–61,

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

101

Stemless Kylix with Horizontal Handles with Upturned Ends Stemless kylikes survived into the first half of the 3rd century. A common type of the late 4th and early 3rd centuries on Lipari (and elsewhere) is a kylix with a shallow hemispherical body, straight lip that turns in slightly, and handles that flare out horizontally from the body and then turn up at their outer edges (essentially the bolsal with more delicate handles). This shape also appears at Morgantina. Nos. 53 (Pl. 76) and 53A (Pl. 8), along with five other fragments of the same shape (all apparently from different vases), were found in a foundation deposit in a shop in the West Shops (deposit IA) that seems to date to the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE. It is possible that these vases were heirlooms when they were deposited, but the shape appears in graves on Lipari dated to the years just before the Roman destruction of 252 BCE.105 This cup type was thus probably made into the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE, since it is unlikely that all eight of the Lipari examples were heirlooms when they were deposited. All seven of the Morgantina kylikes are in fabric I. No example of this shape at Morgantina has overpainting, although the examples found on Lipari often feature that type of decoration. The absence of this shape from deposits of 211 BCE at Morgantina suggests that it was no longer current during the last quarter of the 3rd century. Two-Handled Cup The two-handled cup is a shape that is closely related to the stemless kylix or bolsal (no. 54; Pls. 8, 76).106 It has a biconical body that flares out horizontally, then turns up sharply to a tall vertical rim with a straight lip. This may suggest that it is typologically later than the bolsal and developed from that shape. This type is not particularly common at Morgantina, with only three examples presented in the catalogue. Like the bolsal and the stemless kylikes with high-swung handles, these are small (lip diameter ca. 10 cm, H. ca. 5 cm). Nos. 54 and 54A display laurel branches overpainted in white on the rim between their handles. Both nos. 54 and 54A are of fabric I, and thus may have been made locally. No. 54B is an import in a gray fabric and does not have overpainted no. KY 1 (last third of the 4th century). A similar shape at Locri Epizefiri was dated “375–350 circa”: Locri II, 115, A6, no. 73. 105 Similar cups have been found on Lipari in tombs dated mainly to the first half of the 3rd century BCE: see appendix 3. A close parallel is De Miro 1958, 269, no. 14, fig. 35:d (from a pit fill at Herakleia Minoa dated ca. 300 BCE); see also Bisi 1967, 277, no. 26. For an example in a tomb at Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo, 56, tomb 20, no. 8, fig. 67:h. From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 95, no. B, 99, no. E. Silver parallels to the shape have been found at Paternò in eastern Sicily: Platz-Horster 2003, 210–217, nos. 2–4. Others have been found at Montefortino in southeastern Italy: Oliver 1977, 64–65, nos. 31, 32 (see also his ill. 32a for one of the cups found at Paternò). The silver cups are dated to the second half of the 4th and first half of the 3rd century BCE. Platz-Horster and Oliver note that the silver versions were imitated in ceramic, citing the well-known cups made in

Cales from the 3rd into the early 2nd century BCE: on these, see EAA: Secondo supplemento, 1971–1994, vol. 1, s.v. “Caleni, vasi” (J.-P. Morel), 817–819; see also Platz-Horster 2003, 216, pl. 20. 106 At Tarentum, Graepler 1997, 94, form 424, includes shapes I have called “bolsals” and “two-handled cups” and traces the shape from the 5th century into the 1st century BCE. The problems of classifying these are illustrated on Lipari: an example, M-L X, 380, tomb 2426, dates to the last third of the 4th century BCE and looks like a hybrid of a bolsal and a two-handled cup; another, M-L X, 390, tomb 2581, pl. 21, from the first half of the 3rd century, definitely seems to be a two-handled cup; but a third, M-L X, 387, tomb 2559, pl. 21, from the same period, looks like a bolsal. M-L V, 100, tomb 1535, fig. 241, is a two-handled cup. A somewhat similar cup with a flaring lip has been found in a tomb at Messina: G. Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, pt. 1, 67, no. VSM/57.

102

CHAPTER II

decoration. The single example of this shape found in a tomb at Morgantina may be in fabric II, and again has overpainted branches on its rim.107 The tomb should date no later than the first half of the 3rd century. All the examples of two-handled cups in the catalogue were found in sanctuaries, and their findspots thus do not aid in clarifying the dating of this shape. Parallels from the Italian mainland suggest that this vase type dates to the later 4th and the first half of the 3rd century.108 The recent discovery at Morgantina of a similar cup in the House of Eupolemos, where habitation ceased in 211 BCE, suggests that the shape may have continued into the second half of the 3rd century.109 Attic Type A Skyphos: Tall Conical Skyphos Two cup types at Morgantina (nos. 55–61; Pls. 8–10, 76, 77) are late versions of the Attic type A skyphos, which was imitated in southern Italy and Sicily from the second half of the 5th century into the 3rd century BCE.110 Early examples of this type found at Assoros have been dated to the second half of the 5th century.111 The Hellenistic deposits and contexts at Morgantina preserve two shapes which developed from the Attic skyphos in the 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE.

107 Inv. 59-615, from tomb 11. Its clay is described as red-

dish orange (7.5YR 7/6), and it too has overpainted laurel branches on its rim. 108 See Morel, 292–293, séries 4151–4152, dated ca. 300–275 BCE. A large number of cups of this shape have been found in tombs at Taranto which date from the 4th century BCE into the early years of the 3rd: De Juliis 1984, 371, no. 2 (tomb III), 381, no. 6 (tomb XV), 390, no. 10 (tomb XXIII), 393, no. 3 (tomb XXVI), 401, no. 6 (tomb XXXII), 401, no. 6 (tomb XXXIII), 404, nos. 6–8 (tomb XXXVII), 408, no. 4 (tomb XLIII), 413, no. 6 (tomb XLIX), 414, no. 4 (tomb LII), 415, no. 18 (tomb LIII), 421, nos. 4, 5 (tomb LXXV), 423, no. 4 (tomb LXXXV), 426, no. 4 (tomb LXXXVI), 427, nos. 12, 13, 15, 16 (tomb LXXXVII), 435, no. 9 (tomb XCII), 436, no. 7 (tomb XCIII), 437, no. 7 (tomb XCV), 439, no. 5 (tomb XCVIII). A similar shape and chronology have been deduced at Metapontum: Metaponto, 650, group III (B10). Pianu presents a very similar shape at Herakleia in Lucania that he calls “coppette tipo 2” and dates to ca. 310–270 BCE: Eraclea I, 224, 249; two examples are overpainted. Small cups of this basic type continued to be produced at Tarentum into the 2nd century BCE: De Juliis 1984, 440, nos. 7, 8 (third quarter of the 3rd century BCE), 453–454, no. 8 (early 2nd century). See also Graepler 1997, 94, form 424. 109 Inv. 97-97 has vertical ring handles, is slightly smaller than the other cups of this type (Diam. lip 6 cm), and has a pronounced outturn to its lip. It has well-preserved branches decorating both sides of its rim, mottled red to black gloss, and is in fabric III and thus from Syracuse. See De Juliis 1984, 439, no. 5, for an Apulian cup of this shape with the same decoration; Graepler 1997, 94, form 424.8–9 (dated

ca. 275–175 BCE). 110 For Athenian examples: Agora XII, 84–85 (type A: Attic type); Agora XXIX, 94. The shape seems to have died out there in the early 3rd century. For other Greek examples: Corinth VII.3, 66–71; Olynthus XIII, 302–315. For blackgloss Italian versions: Morel, 305–312, séries 4313, 4314, espèces 4320, 4340–4380. For south Italian red-figured skyphoi of Attic type: Mayo 1982, 203–204, nos. 87, 88 (Campanian, second and third quarters of the 4th century); A. D. Trendall, Red Figure Vases of South Italy and Sicily (London, 1989) 10, 21, fig. 22 (Lucanian, late 5th century), 55, figs. 64, 66 (Lucanian, early 4th century), 161, fig. 285 (Campanian, third quarter of the 4th century), 163, fig. 293 (Campanian, third quarter of the 4th century), 235, fig. 423 (Sicilian, third quarter of the 4th century). For overpainted Attic-type skyphoi from Apulia: Bernardini 1961, pl. 17. Black-gloss skyphoi from Apulia generally imitate the Attic type A: Bernardini 1961, pls. 65:3, 66:1–8, 66:13; Morel, 311, séries 4371, 4373, 313, série 4383, 314, série 4385; De Juliis 1984, 393, no. 4; Graepler 1997, 93, form 421.3. See also Metaponto, 677–681. 111 Morel, 305, type 4313b 2, from Assoros, is considered a Sicilian product and dated “around the middle of the 5th century BCE.” Morel, 306, séries 4314–4315, presents southern Italian skyphoi imitating the Attic type and dated to the second half of the 5th century BCE. But see M-L V, 132–133, tomb 1627, fig. 187, for a skyphos similar to the one found at Assoros in a grave of second third of the 4th century. This suggests that the tall conical shape developed after 350 BCE. See also M-L V, 171, tomb 2203, fig. 424; Cavalier 1981, 286.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

103

The earlier of the skyphos shapes based on the Attic type (nos. 55, 56; Pls. 8, 9, 76) has a body with a slight double curvature, bulging out and then curving in as it rises to a flaring lip.112 These are relatively deep cups, with a ratio of lip diameter to height of around 1:1.1. The gloss usually covers almost the entire body. There are no examples at Morgantina of the skyphos with a pronounced convex upper body (“S-shaped” or “Coca-Cola glass” shape) common in Italy and Greece during the 4th century BCE.113 Several skyphoi with tall conical bodies have been found in Sicilian tombs of the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE, a skyphos of this type was found at Gela in a deposit dated between 310 and 280 BCE, and two others were found in a pit at Herakleia Minoa dated to the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE.114 Nos. 55A and 56 feature incised and overpainted ornament between their handles. No. 55A (Pl. 76) comes from a deposit that was closed by 250 BCE (deposit IC). It has extensive and exuberant, if not particularly elegant, decoration, including added red, which can be paralleled on a few other vases at Morgantina and was probably confined to the first half of the 3rd century BCE.115 No. 56 (Pl. 76) also has relatively elaborate overpainted ornament in yellow and white on its upper body. It seems likely that this skyphos shape was confined chronologically to the second half of the 4th and first half of the 3rd century BCE, and at Morgantina was replaced by a more strictly conical and squatter descendant around 250 BCE (or slightly earlier). No. 55B (Pl. 9) is typologically the latest example of the shape and approaches the later form. Similar skyphoi have been found on Lipari in graves dated to just before the Roman capture of that island in 252 BCE.116 112 See Morel, 310–312, espèce 4370, esp. 4375a 1 (from Lipari). From Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 130–132, nos. 617– 632. Other close parallels to the shape at Morgantina are Apulian: Morel, 311, série 4373. A similar shape was made in western Sicily and Campania: Morel, 309–310, espèce 4360. 113 See Agora XII, 84–85, 260, nos. 350–354; Agora XXIX, 153, 257–258, fig. 12, nos. 151, 152; Braun 1970, 140, nos. 83, 84, 144, no. 115. See also Corinth VII.3, 66– 71; Olynthus XIII, 308–311. For Italian examples: Morel, 307–308, espèce 4340 (see also 306, espèce 4320); Locri II, 132–133, nos. 89, 90: Lilybaeum, 66, no. SK 1C; Lippolis 1996, 349, fig. left, no. 2. 114 From the Morgantina necropoleis: inv. 59-775 and 59-780 (tomb 10), 59-725 (tomb 12), 61-841 and 61-842 (tomb 44). Inv. 61-841 may be in fabric II. From Assoros: Morel 1966, 275, no. 3 (tomb 55), 281, no. 1 (tomb 66), both dated to the first half of the 3rd century. From tombs on Lipari, see appendix 3 below. Cavalier 1981, 286, fig. D:a, dates this shape to ca. 300–260 BCE. For examples from Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo, 57, tomb A, no. 2, 36, tomb 6, no. 2, 40–41, tomb 3bis, no. 2, 44, fig. 56:b, 62, tomb E, no.4, 64, fig. 88:b, 71, tomb B2, nos. 4, 6, 74, tomb 31, no. 4, 76, tomb 16, no. 1, 79, tomb 18, no. 1, 80, tomb 24, no. 3, 89, tomb 49, no. 2, 93, tomb 44, no. 3, tomb 45, no. 2, and tomb 46, no. 2. For examples from

Lentini: Rizza 1955, 302, fig. 18, nos. 2, 6, 326, no. 212, tomb 83, no. 2, 329, no. 226, tomb 251, no. 2. See also Orsi 1966, 253–254, tomb B 62, fig. 24. From the necropoleis at Lilybaeum: Lilybaeum, 66, no. SK 1B, 80, no. SK 1A. From Gela and dated pre-282 BCE: Orlandini 1957, 168, pl. 73:3; for another skyphos of this type found at Gela, see P. Orlandini and D. Adamesteanu, “Gela: L’acropoli di Gela,” NSc 16 (1962) 368, no. 5, pl. 36:b. For an example from Messina: Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, pt. 1, 71, no. VSM/80. For the skyphoi from the pit at Herakleia Minoa: De Miro 1958, 268–269, nos. 2, 11. For overpainted examples from Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 85, nos. 336–338, 132– 133, nos. 638–644. For examples from Lucania: Roccagloriosa I, 235, no. 75a, fig. 179, 259, no. 212, fig. 182; Locri II, 234–236, nos. 268–271. 115 Compare Cavalier 1981, fig. 471:l, from a grave of the first half of the 3rd century; p. 130 below. 116 See M-L V, 101, tomb 1537, fig. 278, 103, tomb 1547, fig. 279; M-L X, 390, tomb 2579, pl. 24, 391, tomb 2592, pl. 26, 392, tomb 2606, pl. 23 (all three dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century); M-L XI, vol. 1, 120– 122, tomb 741 (tomb dated just before 252 BCE). For a skyphos that is transitional between the taller and the squatter types, from a tomb dated 260–250 BCE, see Ciurcina and Rizzo 1985, 450, no. 11.

104

CHAPTER II

Attic Type A Skyphos: Squat Conical Skyphos The most common form of skyphos at Morgantina (nos. 57–61; Pls. 10, 76, 77) has a very low beveled ring foot that is usually set off from the body by a groove. The body features elegantly thin walls and rises in a steep vertical cone with a very slight concave curve on the upper body. The lip can be slightly flaring or straight. This shape is fairly broad and squat, generally with a ratio of diameter at the lip to height of 1.1:1 or 1.2:1; only the very large no. 57 has a ratio of 1:1. The most common size is around 7 cm tall, with a lip diameter of 8 to 9 cm (nos. 59, 60, fifteen examples). It is unclear if these truly represent two different sizes of cup, but those listed under no. 59 have a slightly greater capacity than those listed under no. 60. There are also four examples that are around 10.5 cm tall (no. 58; lip dia meter 11–12 cm), and a large version (nos. 57, 57A; lip diameter 15.9 cm, H. 15.9 cm). No. 61 is a miniature skyphos for dedication in a sanctuary. These skyphoi generally have gloss on the interior and on the upper body of the exterior, with the lower body left largely reserved. There is often a brushed stripe of gloss on the lower body, and another brushed circle adorns the undersurface of many examples. The gloss on the interior has often fired a different color than the gloss on the exterior, and it seems clear that this was a deliberately sought-after effect Twenty-two squat conical skyphoi were found in the 3rd-century deposits at Morgantina, and many other examples have been found in mixed fills of the 4th through the 1st century BCE at the site, making it one of the most common shapes in the 3rd-century repertoire. Most of the examples in the catalogue are in fabric I and thus were made at Morgantina or nearby, but there are examples in both fabrics II and III.117 The squat conical skyphos seems to have evolved just before the middle of the 3rd century, probably from the “taller” skyphos type discussed above. Skyphoi of this shape have been found at Syracuse, where they have been dated to the middle of the 3rd century, including one example from a context that suggested pottery manufacture. However, the examples of the shape found on Lipari, with one exception, come from graves dated to the second half of the 3rd century.118 Most of the examples in the catalogue were found in fills associated with 211 BCE, including both sanctuary and domestic contexts. There seems little reason to doubt that the squat conical skyphos continued to be produced at Morgantina until 211 BCE, although its popularity may have been waning after the third quarter of the century. There are no examples in the only context at Morgantina dated to the first half of the 2nd century BCE (deposit IIA), nor is it found in the fills of the 1st century 117

No. 60G is in fabric II; it has the typical fugitive orange gloss of that ware. Nos. 59A and 59E appear to be in fabric III; since these are from Syracuse, they belong with Morel types 4381a, 4383b. 118 For transitional pieces between the tall and squat types: n. 111 above. For the Syracusan examples: Morel, 313, types 4381a 1, 4383b 1 (found with wasters). Of the skyphoi listed above, the closest to the shape at Morgantina is 4383b1. For Lipari: M-L II, fig. H:2, 27, tomb 63, pl. 206:6b, 28, tomb 65, pl. 206:7b, 169–170, tomb 472, pl. 207:5b, 97, tomb 283, pl. 208:2b, 117, tomb 315bis, pl.

208:4b; M-L V, 179–180, tomb 2191, fig. 464, 181, tomb 2172, fig. 466; M-L XI, 246, tomb 623, pl. 109:2. For the only true squat-bodied skyphos from a tomb of the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE: M-L VII, 56, tomb 1803, fig. 68:2; one wonders if this grave should be dated to the third quarter of the century. For examples of the shape at Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo, 34, tomb 1, no. 4, 45, tomb 5bis, no. 2, 90, tomb 41, no. 3. For Centuripe: Biondi 2002, 170–172, fig. 4:1. For skyphoi from Campania and Sicily dated to the third quarter of the 3rd century, see Morel, 313, type 4382a.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

105

BCE. The evidence suggests that the squat conical skyphos developed late in the second quarter of the 3rd century, and that it was introduced to Morgantina at that time. It reached its greatest popularity during the third quarter of the 3rd century but seems to have disappeared after the Second Punic War. The large skyphos no. 57 (Pls. 9, 76) is the only example of this shape with added decoration. It has an incised vine with overpainted white leaves on its upper body between the handles.119 Corinthian Skyphos The final form of skyphos (nos. 62–64; Pls. 11, 10, 77) is represented by three examples, all imported and all showing similar (and peculiar) decoration. They appear to be in fabric II (or a similar fabric or fabrics) and are finely potted, with a delicate convex curvature to their upper bodies and an incurving lip.120 These are late versions of the Corinthian type of skyphos that was produced in Athens well into the 4th century BCE and was much imitated in southern Italy and on Sicily during the 4th century.121 The flaring ring foot of the true Corinthian type skyphos has been replaced with a beveled foot in two of the examples (nos. 63, 64). The only gloss on nos. 62 and 64 (Pl. 77) takes the form of brushed stripes on the body and the undersurface, and garlands between the handles. The gloss has been fired to a reddish color, as on many vases in fabric II. No. 63 (Pl. 11) has no gloss, and overpainted garlands in red between the handles form the only decoration. These unique vases can be dated only roughly, since all three were dedicated in sanctuaries. They can probably be safely assigned to the late 4th or early 3rd century, which seem to be the chronological limits for the manufacture of imitations of the Corinthian type skyphos in southern Italy and Sicily.122 119

For a very similar skyphos dated post-282 BCE at Gela: Orlandini 1957, 171, pl. 76:2. The overpainted vine is paralleled on a number of other shapes at Morgantina: see p. 132 below. Its overpainted technique is close to that found on a number of medallion cups that can be dated to the second half of the 3rd century: pp. 130, 233 below. 120 No. 62 looks to be in fabric II, but the clay of nos. 63 and 64 is less orange than usual for that fabric. Since these examples were clearly made at the same center, it seems possible that all three were made in a workshop of fabric II. On the other hand, skyphoi of the same fabric and type are on display in the Museo Nazionale in Agrigento, which may suggest that they were made in southern Sicily (or in North Africa?). 121 On the Corinthian-type skyphos: Agora XII, 81–83. It continued to be made in Athens into the first quarter of the 3rd century: Agora XXIX, 95. For a silver version: Zimi 2011, 70 (“kotyle”), 214, no. 64. For Italian versions of the shape: Morel, 305, série 4311, esp. 4311a 1, 4311b 1, 4311a 1 (Sicilian). An example (inv. 59-1002) was found at Morgantina in tomb 10, which probably dates to the late 4th century BCE. A red-figured version was found in a 3rd-century fill in Area VI: see PR XI, 371, fig. 11, where it is identified as a skyphoid pyxis; see also A. D. Trendall, The Red-figured Vases of Lucania, Campania and Sicily: Third Supplement, BICS suppl. 41 (London, 1983) 293, no. 369k. For

an example from the late-4th-century pit at Herakleia Minoa: De Miro 1958, 270, no. 20. For examples from Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo, 51, no. 7, 87, tomb 51, no. 9, 90, tomb 42, no. 2; a bronze example was found in tomb 22: Montagna di Marzo, 68, no. 2, fig. 88:a. From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 88–89, no. D, 98–99, no. D. For examples of the shape from Lentini: Rizza 1955, 307–308, no. 90, tomb 299, no. 2, 310–311, no. 102, tomb 149, no. 1, 316, no. 144, tomb 217, no. 3, fig. 27:9, 321, no. 163, tomb 105, no. 2, 329, no. 224, tomb 247, no. 4. For Assoros: Morel 1966, 271, no. 4 (tomb 51), 273, no. 1 (tomb 53). For an example from Heloros: Orsi 1966, 258, tomb B 76, fig. 29. For examples from Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 127–128, nos. 602–605. Apulian red-figure painters seem to have favored the Corinthian-type skyphos: see Trendall (n. 110 above), 74, fig. 101, 92, fig. 222; De Juliis 1984, 372–373, no. 10. For Apulian overpainted skyphoi of Corinthian type: Morel, 305, type 4311b 2; Bernardini 1961, pl. 18; De Juliis 1984, 381, no. 5. For Apulian black-gloss versions of the Corinthian shape: Bernardini 1961, pl. 66:9–12. See also Graepler 1997, 93, form 421.2; Eraclea I, 228–229, type 3. 122 There is little evidence that the Corinthian type was made in Italy after the first half of the 3rd century. On the other hand, the feet of nos. 62 and 63 are borrowed from the Attic type of skyphos produced in southern Italy, which

106

CHAPTER II

Kantharoi The final cup shapes found in the Hellenistic deposits at Morgantina are various forms of kantharos (nos. 65–74; Pls. 11–13, 77, 78). These generally have a stemmed ring foot, a deep body, and a tall vertical rim capped by various forms of lip. Two vertical ring handles are attached to the rim, and these often have horizontal plates attached to their tops. The bodies of kantharoi were often ribbed, and frequently had overpainted decoration on the rim. It is clear that these represent a more elegant tumbler than the skyphoi, and that the ceramists were again imitating metal examples of the shape. There are five different varieties of kantharos in the 3rd-century deposits at Morgantina. Plain-Rimmed Kantharos The Hellenistic deposits at Morgantina contained only a single fragmentary example of a kantharos with a stemmed foot, echinoid body, and tall vertical rim with a flaring lip (no. 65; Pls. 11, 77). This shape is often called a “plain-rimmed” kantharos. Kantharoi of this shape are found in deposits in Greece from the second quarter of the 4th century into the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE.123 No. 65 is in (Syracusan) fabric III and bears a fine incised and overpainted garland on its rim. Although it was found in a domestic fill that accumulated during the cleanup of a house damaged in 211 BCE (context IE.2), it must have been an heirloom when the destruction occurred, since the kantharos probably dates to the later 4th century BCE. A further example of this shape was found in a late-4th-century tomb at Morgantina; it is undoubtedly also an import.124 Molded-Lip Kantharos Nos. 66–69 (Pls. 11, 12, 77, 78) are examples of a kantharos shape closely related to the plainrim shape. This type has a stemmed foot, echinoid body, and tall vertical rim from which a molded lip rises from a projecting molding.125 This form of kantharos is common in deposits on the Greek mainland during the 4th century, notably at Olynthus, and seems to have died out in the early 3rd century BCE.126 It was not a common shape at Morgantina, with only four examples in the catalogue.127 All of these except one come from sanctuary fills, and the one example of the shape from a non-sacral context (no. 66) was found in a fill of the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE suggests that they belong late in the history of the shape. Morel, 305, série 4311, suggests that the shape was confined to the second half of the 4th century. He lists examples from Agrigento, Assoros, and Lipari, and mentions (n. 351) “numerous” red-figured examples at Gela dated between 310 and 280 BCE. For a black-gloss version from Gela: Orlandini 1957, 167, pl. 72:2. However, the tombs at Lipari suggest that the shape was produced throughout the 4th century and until the destructions of 252 BCE (see appendix 3 below). 123 For Greek examples: Agora XII, 122, “plain rim,” pl. 29, nos. 706–714; Agora XXIX, 86–87, “plain rim”; Miller 1974, 200–202, nos. 3–10, pl. 30; Braun 1970, 133–134, nos. 5–8, 139, no. 78, 142, no. 100, 144, no. 113; Corinth VII.3, 73, nos. 373, 374; Drougou and Touratsoglou 1991, 14, 17, “Kantharos Typus A–B.”

124

Inv. 61-177, from tomb 24. The tomb can be dated only relatively but probably belongs in the 3rd century. The kantharos had a broken handle and was probably also an heirloom. For examples of this shape from the deposits at Gela dated pre-280: Orlandini 1957, 165, pl. 68:3=Gela I, 360, fig. 4; Gela II, 207, no. 4. For an example from the pit at Herakleia Minoa dated to the late 4th century BCE: De Miro 1958, 268, no. 1; its fabric is described as “rossiccia.” 125 For Italiote versions: Morel, 264–273, genre 3500, considered kraters and krateriskoi; see especially 271, 3543c, from Assoros (=Morel 1966, 251, no. 1, tomb 25), and, in general, espèces 3530–3540. For examples from Gela: Orlandini 1957, 74, pl. XLIII:1–2 (dated pre-310 BCE), 167, pl. 72 (dated pre-282 BCE); Gela II, 207, no. 5, fig. 7:b, 211, no. 7, fig. 5. For an example from Lentini: Rizza 1955, 315, no. 138, tomb 211, no. 1. From western Sicily: Studia

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

107

(deposit IC). The molded-lip kantharoi at Morgantina thus probably date no later than the first quarter of the 3rd century, although the shape was still being made at Minturnae ca. 250 BCE.128 Nos. 66 and 67 are in fabric I and thus were made at Morgantina or its environs, while no. 69 is in fabric III. The finest example of the shape, however, is the import no. 68 (Pl. 78), which has a finely ribbed body and elegant overpainting in the Campanian style best known at Teano.129 No moldedlip kantharos at Morgantina has handle plates, a mode of decoration found on many Greek and some Italic versions of the shape.130 Straight-Walled Kantharos A single example of a straight-walled kantharos has been found in the deposits of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina (no. 70; Pls. 12, 78). Susan Rotroff has examined this shape in detail and traces its origins back to the Boiotian “Kabeiric” kantharos of the later 5th through the 4th century BCE. It has a deep hemispherical body rising vertically to a straight rim and forming vertical walls on the interior. The straight-walled kantharos appears in Athens in the later 4th century BCE and lasts well into the 3rd century.131 The opposed ring handles of no. 70 are the same type used at the Kabeirion (but not in Athens), but its metallic gloss and the overpainted decoration on the wall suggest a metal prototype.132 Although no exact parallel survives, metal vessels with similarly shaped bodies date to the second half of the 4th century and the 3rd century.133 No. 70 is in fabric I and thus was made in east central Sicily (although probably not, in my opinion, at Morgantina). The shape is paralleled by other examples from Sicily and southern Italy, some with plates on the handles, as in Athens, Ietina IV, nos. 588–590; Lilybaeum, 65, no. K 1. For Apulian examples: Bernardini 1961, pl. 22, pl. 68, nos. 13–15, 17; Graepler 1997, 91, form 323. From Lucania: Locri II, 224–225, nos. 254, 255. 126 For the earlier history of the shape: Agora XII, 117– 124, esp. 122, 285–286, nos. 696–704. For examples of the shape with ring handles at Olynthus: Olynthus XIII, 280– 282, type 10, 288–290, nos. 510–516A, 293, nos. 522, 523 (with ribbed bodies). The shape was much less common at Olympia: J. Schilbach, Elische Keramik des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts, OF 23 (Berlin, 1995) 61, 123–124. Most of the examples at Olynthus date before the destruction of 348 BCE, but some may belong to squatters who inhabited the site into the late 4th century BCE: see S. Rotroff in Thompson and Thompson (n. 18 above), 184 and n. 10. The moldedrim kantharos may have continued to be made at Athens into the early 3rd century, but it was essentially a shape of the 4th century. For late examples of the shape: Agora XXIX, 87 (dated as terminating ca. 300 BCE); Miller 1974, 200– 201, 229, nos. 1, 2, pl. 35, P2552, a molded-lip kantharos from the Demeter Cistern. For the revised dating of that fill: S. Rotroff in Thompson and Thompson (n. 18 above), 184– 185 and n. 13. 127 A molded-lip kantharos was found in a recent (1992) excavation of a cistern in the Central Sanctuary in the Agora. None of the Hellenistic tombs at Morgantina contained a molded-lip kantharos.

128

Lake 1935, 101, type 37=Morel, 272, type 3544c.

129 Compare Mayo 1982, 279, no. 141; Morel 1965, 57–

58, no. 83; Gabrici (n. 75 above), 104, fig. 727; A. D. Trendall, La collezione Astarita nel Museo Gregoriano Etrusco, pt. 3, Vasi italioti ed etruschi a figure rosse e di età ellenistica (Vatican City, 1976) 31–33, pl. XVI. For the date of the workshop there: Mayo 1982, 259 (“about 310–280 BCE, or a decade or so later”); Morel 1965, 58 (pre-268). The clay of Teano is reputedly gray to reddish (Morel 1965, 58). No. 72 may perhaps be Latin or Etruscan: see Morel, 270, type 3533a 1 (from Enserune). 130 See Morel, 267–269, espèce 3520, esp. série 3523 (Campanian). For Greek examples, see, for example, Agora XII, 122, pl. 29, nos. 696–704; Miller 1974, 200–201, nos. 1, 2, pl. 30. For a kantharos with handle plates from Sicily, see Gela II, 207, no. 4, which has a plain rim. For examples from Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 125, nos. 588, 589. 131 Agora XXIX, 97–100. For Peloponnesian relatives of the shape: Schilbach (n. 126 above), 60–65, “Fussbecher.” 132 Agora XXIX, 98. 133 See Zimi 2011, 68–69, 213, nos. 61, 62; Search for Alexander 1980, 160–161, no. 120, 168, no. 132 (Ninou 1978, pl. 28, nos. 188, 189; see also pl. 33, no. 246). These are referred to by Strong 1966, 94. For kylikes with bodies similar to straight-walled kantharoi: Strong 1966, 93, pl. 22b; Bothmer 1984, 48, no. 80, 49, no. 83.

108

CHAPTER II

rather than simple ring handles.134 Similar kantharoi have been found on Lipari and at Assoros in graves of the first half of the 3rd century, providing the best indication of the date of no. 70.135 A late example of this shape, no. 176 (Pl. 93), was found in a deposit of the first half of the 2nd century BCE. The shape disappears after that date, although some kantharoi of the later 2nd and 1st centuries BCE may be descendants.136 Skyphoid Kantharos Two kantharos shapes in the 3rd-century deposits at Morgantina are closely interrelated forms. Both shapes were clearly influenced by the Corinthian skyphos but also have close analogies to the straight-walled kantharos. The first of these forms (nos. 71, 72, 72A; Pls. 12, 78) appears to be a Sicilian development from the one-piece kantharos type found on the Greek mainland in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.137 This kantharos shape is preserved in three examples, all in fabric I. Its body is taller in proportion to its lip diameter than the straight-walled kantharos, and it has a stemmed ring foot and a straight lip set off from the body by a groove. All three of the examples found at Morgantina that preserve their upper portions have handle plates, and the base of the upper handle attachment is enlivened by further grooving. No. 71 (Pl. 78) has an overpainted garland between the sets of grooves on the upper body. In addition to the one-piece kantharos, nos. 71 and 72 also seem to be clearly related to the Corinthian skyphos shape (nos. 62–64). The clearest sign of the interplay between these two types of drinking vessel is a version of this shape with horizontal skyphos handles that was found in a tomb on Lipari dated just before 252 BCE, but a number of other related cups that do not clearly form a group may indicate that lost metal skyphoid kantharoi are the actual source of the ceramic shape.138 No. 71 was found in a sanctuary (deposit IL), which provides little help with the chronology of the shape, but its overpainted decoration is similar to the decoration on vases at Morgantina that date to the second half of the 3rd century BCE.139 Nos. 72 and 72A were found in a well in the North Baths (deposit IR.1) that was filled soon after 211. The parallels, and the hybrid nature of the shape, make it likely that the skyphoid kantharos was developed in the second quarter of the 3rd century, while the examples in the North Baths well fill suggest that the shape continued to be made 134 See Morel, 255–256, espèce 3210; Locri II, 219–224, nos. 246–253; Lippolis 1996, 351, fig. right, no. 1 (from Locri); Lilybaeum, 65, no. K 3; Biondi 2002, 170–172, fig. 4:3. 135 For Lipari: appendix 3 below. Cavalier 1981, 291– 292, fig. E:b, dates these ca. 260–250 BCE. See also Morel 1966, 263, tomb 39, no. 2 (dated to the early 3rd century). From Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 103–104, nos. 443–445, 452, 214–225, nos. 579–586. Agora XXIX, 99–100, nos. 173– 178 (“small”), which correspond to no. 64, are dated to the first quarter of the 3rd century BCE. 136 For the early-2nd-century version: p. 145, no. 177. For later relatives, see pp. 166, 188–189 below. 137 On one-piece kantharoi: Miller 1974, 202–203, 230–

231, nos. 12–15; Agora XII, 124, nos. 722, 723 (“goblet kantharos”); Corinth VII.3, 74–76, nos. 378, 388 (see also the “Acrocorinth” kantharoi, 82–83). See also Agora XXIX, 92–93 (“bowl kantharos”), 95, 258, no. 160, called a variant of a Corinthian skyphos. 138 M-L V, 119, tomb 1594, fig. 293, dated to just before 252 BCE=Cavalier 1981, 291–292, fig. E:d (called a skyphos). Graepler 1997, 93, forms 421/4 and 422/2, are other elaborate late Corinthian skyphoi (dated to the later 4th and first half of the 3rd century BCE). See also Locri II, 225–228, nos. 256–258. Morel, 305, série 4312, is a somewhat similar elaborate skyphos from Etruria. 139 See p. 132 below.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

109

into the second half of the 3rd century. This chronology is confirmed by the recent (2003) discovery of the base of an example of this shape in the fill that was added to the Theater at Morgantina to create a cavea with stone seats. This fill can almost certainly be assigned to the middle decades of the 3rd century BCE, indicating that the skyphoid kantharos was current around the middle of that century. Kantharoid Skyphos If the shape seen in nos. 71 and 72 can be called a skyphoid kantharos, a final shape represents an even clearer conflation of the kantharos with the skyphos, and should be called a kantharoid skyphos. It is preserved in three examples (nos. 73, 74, 74A; Pls. 13, 78), two of which (nos. 73, 74) were found in the fill of a well in the North Baths (deposit IR.1), and one (no. 74A) in the dump over the North Sanctuary (context IIH). Again, all are in fabric I. The foot of this form is not stemmed, and the shape is very similar to that of the Corinthian skyphos (nos. 62–64). unlike those cups, however, the kantharoid skyphos has a body that is “ribbed” by vertical grooves, a type of decoration seen on some 4th-century kantharoi in Athens, some skyphoi in Apulia, and bowl kantharoi of the early 3rd century at some Sicilian sites.140 Like the skyphoid kantharos, the kantharoid skyphos has ring handles that are capped with plates, and grooved decoration in the handle zone. The most interesting example of this shape is the fragment no. 73 (Pl. 78), which preserves an incised dedication to Aphrodite on its rim.141 It and a large number of uncatalogued body fragments of similar vases (both skyphoid kantharoi and kantharoid skyphoi) were found in the fill of the well in the North Baths (deposit IR.1), which is likely to be associated with a nearby sanctuary destroyed in 211 BCE. The kantharoid skyphos is probably a product of the middle and the second half of the 3rd century and is poorly paralleled at other Sicilian sites.142 It disappears at Morgantina after 211 BCE. Amphoras, Stamnoi, Ointment Jars, and an Odd Shape Amphoras A single fragmentary example of an amphora (no. 75; Pls. 13, 79) with a ribbed globular body and a tall vertical rim was found in a domestic fill (context IJ.1) of 211 BCE. It is in fabric II. This shape appears in the late 4th and early 3rd century BCE, and is closely related to the more common biconical amphora described below.143 The findspot of no. 75 suggests that it was made in the 3rd century, although it may well have been an heirloom when the house was destroyed in 211 BCE. 140 See Agora XII, 124, no. 723 (“goblet kantharos”). For Apulia: Graepler 1997, 93, forms 421/4 and 422/2 (both with stemmed bases). See also Eraclea I, 145–146, no. 163.1, pl. LXI:3; Lippolis 1996, 351, fig. right, nos. 7, 8. For the Sicilian bowl kantharos: Morel, 253–254, série 3163. 141 See pp. 45–47 above, deposit IR; PR XI, 381, pl. 75, fig. 23. For a cup-kantharos of similar date from south Russia with the same inscription: Rotroff 1991, 70–71, no. 21,

pl. 18. For another Sicilian vase of this period inscribed to Aphrodite: Studia Ietina IV, 125, no. 588 (a krateriskos). 142 For another example: Studia Ietina IV, 88, no. 349. For various other 3rd-century kantharos-skyphos hybrids, see n. 138 above. 143 See Morel, 275–276, série 3630, esp. 3633; Bernardini 1961, pls. 11–13; Locri II, 237–238, nos. 272, 273.

110

CHAPTER II

The globular-bodied amphora is similar in shape to a more common amphora type (nos. 76– 78, five examples; Pls. 13, 79) that has a biconical body, a tall vertical rim, and an outturned lip. It is one of the largest shapes in Hellenistic black-gloss pottery at Morgantina. This amphora type is found in both Italic versions and in the east, most notably in Attic “West Slope” ware.144 The Italian versions seem to be the earlier of the two, first appearing in the late 4th century BCE. These may be ceramic adaptations of a metal prototype that inspired potters in both the eastern and western Mediterranean. If there was no metal prototype, the Italian Greek ceramic tradition seems to have served as the inspiration for Athenian potters.145 Two uncatalogued examples of this shape were found in tombs at Morgantina that can be dated to the late 4th century.146 Both were probably imported to the site, as were three of the vases in the catalogue (no. 75, which is in fabric II, and nos. 76A and 76B, in fabric III). Nos. 77 and 78 are in fabric I and thus were made at Morgantina or in northeastern Sicily. Four of the examples at Morgantina (nos. 76, 77) were found in sanctuary fills, but no. 78 came from the fill of the House of the Silver Hoard (deposit IG), which was destroyed in 211 BCE. It is the only example of the shape at Morgantina with a ribbed body. This amphora type appears to have been produced in Sicily from the last quarter of the 4th century into the first half of the 3rd century BCE. It is possible that it continued to be made into the second half of the century, given the findspots of nos. 75 and 78 in domestic fills that ended in 211, but it is equally possible that these large and fine vases may have been heirlooms at the end of their lives. This amphora shape is not found at Morgantina after the 3rd century BCE. All the amphoras of this type at Morgantina, except for one example from a tomb, had incised and overpainted florals on their tall vertical rims.147 This style of decoration is also found on the Apulian examples of the shape, which the vases at Morgantina may imitate, and on an example found in a tomb at Assoros.148 Stamnos (Pyxis) Nos. 79–82 (Pls. 14, 80) are examples of a small stamnos (H. 5 to 10 cm) that has a biconical body, with basket handles on its upper body. All but one of the six examples of this shape at Mor144 See Morel, 275–276, série 3633, for examples from Assoros and Agrigento. From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 99, no. G. Another Sicilian version is in Lentini: S. Lagona, La collezione Santapaola nel Museo Archeologico di Lentini (Catania, 1973) 82, no. 170, pl. 29. See also Morel, 275, série 3631; Eraclea I, 112, no. 108.1, 119, no. 122.1. For the similarly shaped amphora in Attic “West Slope” ware: Agora XXIX, 120–124. The earliest datable examples of the West Slope amphora type are in the fill of Agora Group B, which is now dated ca. 240 BCE, although Rotroff notes a possible example in a deposit of ca. 275 BCE: Agora XXIX, 121. 145 The debt of this shape to metal prototypes was originally postulated by Thompson 1934, 444. Agora XXIX, 120, n. 4, doubts this assumption, noting that no metal examples of the shape have ever been found.

146 Inv. 59-1005 was found in tomb 10, which should date no later than the earliest years of the 3rd century BCE. unusually, it has alternating “metopes” of red and white on its upper body. For a similar amphora in a tomb at Lentini, see Rizza 1955, 313, no. 110, tomb 133, no. 2. Inv. 61-596 at Morgantina comes from tomb 36. See Agora XXIX, 121, where the earlier date of the Italian versions is noted. For Apulian amphoras of this shape dated to the late 4th century BCE, see n. 148 below. 147 The only example lacking overpainted decoration (inv. 61-596) was found in tomb 36. 148 For Apulian examples: Morel, 275, espèce 3630; Bernardini 1961, pl. 36. For a Calabrian example: Lippolis 1996, 351, fig. right, no. 10. For Assoros: Morel 1966, 280, no. 1 (tomb 65, ca. 300 BCE).

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

111

gantina bear overpainted decoration on the upper body, and all are in fabric I. Its vertical rim, offset outward and capped by an outturned lip, was clearly intended for a lid, and examples found in tombs have generally been found with lids. This vase type was probably used as a pyxis or for storage of a condiment. Although this exact shape seems unique to Sicily, it is related to the miniature lebes/amphora shape that was popular in southern Italy in the later 4th century BCE.149 A similar vase was found at Olynthus, and Hellenistic versions appear in Macedonia in contexts of the 2nd century BCE.150 Examples of the shape have been found in tombs of the second half of the 4th century BCE at Butera, Assoros, and Lipari, and in the late-4th-century fills at Gela.151 It appears in 3rd-century tombs on Lipari, at Assoros, and at Lentini.152 Two examples of the shape, both similar in size and decoration to no. 80, were found in Hellenistic tombs at Morgantina.153 Although most of the catalogued stamnoi-pyxides came from sanctuary fills, nos. 80 and 80A were found in houses destroyed in 211 BCE. A similar shape appears in Sicilian thin-walled pottery of the later 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.154 There was probably a common prototype in metal, rather than continuity in the ceramic tradition, since there is a gap of around a century between the 3rd-century examples and the thinwalled versions. However its tradition was preserved, this small vase form was clearly popular for many years in eastern and central Sicily. Ointment Jars Nos. 83–90 (Pls. 14, 15, 80, 81) are examples of a vase type similar in shape to the stamnos but much smaller, only 3 to 6 cm in height. There are two variants, determined by the shape of the 149 From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 87–88, nos. A and B, 91–92, no. E, 96, no. E. See Bernardini 1961, pls. 24, 67, for Apulian versions of the shape. Graepler 1997, 99, form 614, is a handleless “lebes-pyxis” that he traces in three variants from the later 4th century into the late 2nd century BCE. For Lucanian versions: Eraclea I, 89, no. 80.1, 100, nos. 94.1–2, 113, no. 109.1, 181, tomb 236.4. 150 For the example from Olynthus: Robinson 1950, 347, no. 742, pl. 219. From Macedonia: Drougou and Touratsoglou 1991, 14, 19 (“stamnos-pyxis”). 151 See Adamesteanu 1958, 226–227, fig. 10, no. 9, for a handleless jar of similar shape with overpainted decoration on its upper body. For similar vessels from Gela dated pre310 BCE: Orlandini 1957, 61, 72, pls. XVII:3, XLI. However, these are decorated only with stripes of gloss and have globular rather than biconical bodies. The shape is quite common in the tombs at Assoros, where it could be glossed or plain. Many of the 4th-century versions have flat bases. Black-gloss examples (most overpainted): Morel, 317–318, espèce 4440, esp. série 4461 (from Assoros); Morel 1966, 252, no. 4 (tomb 27, late 4th century BCE), 255, no. 13 (tomb 28, ca. 300 BCE), 257, nos. 12–14 (tomb 29, ca. 300 BCE), 262, nos. 5, 6 (tomb 35, second half of the 4th century), 273, no. 2 (tomb 53, ca. 300 BCE), 282, no. 2 (tomb 71, ca. 325 BCE), 277. Plain examples: Morel 1966, 252,

no. 5 (tomb 27, late 4th century), 255, nos. 15, 16 (tomb 28, ca. 300 BCE), 258, no. 19 (tomb 29, ca. 300 BCE), 277, no. 2 (tomb 58, late 3rd century). For an example in a tomb on Lipari dated to the end of the 4th century BCE: M-L XI, 250–251, tomb 1139, pl. 101. Similar handleless pyxides have been found at Lilybaeum: Lilybaeum, 80, no. PIS 1 (see also 80–81, no. PIS-STAM). 152 For examples found in tombs on Lipari: appendix 3. The shape appears in a few tombs of the 3rd century BCE at Assoros: Morel 1966, 239, nos. 3–5 (tomb 7bis, late 3rd century), 277, no. 2 (tomb 58, late 3rd century). For examples from Lentini: Rizza 1955, 301, no. 73, tomb 179, no. 4, 311, no. 103, tomb 13, no. 1 (footless), 310, no. 95, tomb 3, no. 2 (no gloss), 310–311, no. 102, tomb 149, nos. 2, 3 (footless?), 320, no. 102, tomb 97, no. 7, 322, no. 166, tomb 108, no. 1. Interestingly, the tombs at Montagna di Marzo did not contain any examples of the shape. For elaborately painted (and large) specimens of the shape at Lilybaeum: Bisi 1967, 280–281, nos. 43, 44, 279–280, nos. 36, 37, 41. 153 Inv. 59-996 came from tomb 10, which dates no later than the earliest years of the 3rd century BCE. Inv. 59-885 was found in tomb 17, which probably dates well into the 3rd century BCE; it has horizontal lug handles on its rim, rather than basket handles. 154 For the thin-walled shape: p. 299 below, nos. 717– 719. It appears to have been used as a cup.

112

CHAPTER II

body. The most common shape (nos. 83–89; Pls. 14, 15, 80, 81) is roughly biconical, with its greatest diameter below the midpoint (squat or pear-shaped). A few examples have an ovoid body (no. 90; Pls. 15, 81).155 Since the biconical body shape is by far more common, the ovoid body shape may merely be a variant of the biconical shape (or perhaps less carefully potted?).156 The lip of both shapes may be either outturned or flaring; this does not seem to indicate any typological difference, since examples from the same workshop (such as, I assume, no. 87) may have either outturned or flaring lips. This variation is probably due to a certain haste or lack of care in creating these small vases.157 The form of the base may also vary slightly. These vases are grouped in the catalogue by size, shape, and decoration. Nos. 83–85 (Pls. 14, 80) have nominal stamps centered on one side, while those catalogued under 87 (Pls. 15, 80) bear a stamp of a bearded male head on one side. Nos. 86, 88, and 89 are biconical jars with no decoration other than gloss; no. 90 presents the examples with ovoid bodies. The biconical shape occasionally has false basket handles at the midpoint of the body, although most examples of both shapes lack “handles.” In this, I follow to some extent the ordering devised by Erik Sjöqvist.158 Some examples of the biconical shapes (nos. 83–85; Pls. 14, 15, 80) bear stamps on their bodies which read Herakleiou lykion. On the basis of the stamped inscription, Sjöqvist identified the vases as “medicine bottles,” since the ointment lykion is prescribed by Greek medical writers for eye inflammations.159 Sjöqvist also noted that some examples of the type bear a figural stamp (apparently derived from gem impressions) of a bearded head in profile (nos. 87–87D; Pls. 15, 80), which he suggested depicts Asklepios, noting that some of the heads seem to wear a diadem.160 It thus seems highly plausible that these small vases were used for medicines, although Susan Rotroff has pointed to evidence suggesting that they were also used for cosmetics.161 The tiny openings of the smaller examples of these jars (e.g., nos. 88, 89) suggest that applicators were used to extract their contents. Certainly most male fingers will not fit into the mouths of these jars. They are thus better termed “ointment jars” than “medicine bottles,” since they could have contained several types of ointments, both medicinal and cosmetic. All the examples of this vase type at Morgantina appear to be in fabric I, which would place their manufacture in eastern Sicily or at Morgantina itself. Many of these ointment jars were found in sanctuaries and thus may have been dedicated to commemorate a healing, but others come from domestic contexts.162 All the jars with stamped heads of Asklepios (?) (nos. 87–87D) were found in the dump over the North Sanctuary Annex (context IIH). 155 Sjöqvist 1960, 78–83, identifies four shapes. Rotroff (Agora XXIX, 198) identifies three variations of the basic shape, based on the form of their bases, and notes both local and imported examples. 156 On Sicily, at least. The Athenian examples of this shape have both ovoid and “squat” or pear-shaped (i.e., roughly biconical) bodies: Agora XXIX, 198. 157 Sjöqvist 1960, 79, suggests that they were moldmade, which I doubt. Agora XXIX, 198, notes that the examples in Athens have string-cut bases, implying that they are wheel-made. The same technique was used at Morgantina to cut these jars off the wheel. 158 Sjöqvist 1960.

159 Sjöqvist 1960, 81–82. For similar stamps: Agora XXIX, 424, nos. 1775, 1776. Lykion is now identified as a medicine produced in Sicily and marketed at times by a pharmacist named Herakleios: L. Taborelli and S. Marengo, “Il medicamento luvkion e i suoi contenitori,” ArchCl 10 (1998) 213–272. 160 Sjöqvist 1960, 80, suggests that the stamps were made from two gems, one with and the other without a diadem. 161 Agora XXIX, 198. 162 From sanctuaries or baths: nos. 85A, 86, 86A–D, 86F, 87, 87A–D, 88, 88A, 88E, 90, 90A. From domestic contexts: nos. 86G, 88B–D, 89A, 89B, 90B. Nos. 84 and 85 were found in Public Office in the Agora. Nos. 83, 84A,

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

113

Interestingly, ointment vases of this type have been found only at Athens, Corinth, and a few other sites.163 The first appearance of the shape has been dated to the third quarter of the 4th century BCE, from its presence in a Corinthian grave of that period, and it lasts at least into the 1st century BCE at both Athens and Morgantina.164 With thirty examples in the catalogue, ointment jars were obviously quite popular during the 3rd century at Morgantina (and similar ointment vases exist in plain pottery of the same period).165 It seems likely that the popularity of these ointment jars in eastern Sicily was largely confined to the 3rd century BCE,166 since only a few examples of the type were found in deposits of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, and these are utilitarian (unglossed) pottery. “Candle Holder” Nos. 91 and 92 (Pls. 15, 81) are examples of a peculiar shape with an unknown function. It has a flaring base, vertical body, and flaring lip, but is hollow inside. It thus looks remarkably like a candle holder, although it is best termed a “support,” since it may have served as a base for a small vase.167 Alternatively, this vase type may have served as a lid, although the relatively large size of the central opening makes it difficult to comprehend how it could close a vessel and seal the contents. Five examples of the shape have been found at Morgantina, all relatively small (they vary from 3 to 4 cm in height). All the extant examples are in fabric I, and the shape is unparalleled at other sites. Four specimens were found in the South Shops near the Central Sanctuary in the Agora (deposit IB) where votive vases were sold, but one was found in the North Baths (context IR). This last findspot makes it difficult to see how the type could have had a religious function. The life of this shape appears to be confined to the 3rd century BCE. Pitchers and Related Vases Morgantina has sixteen black-gloss closed shapes (nos. 93–126; Pls. 16–20, 81–84), most of which are fairly small and were clearly designed for use on the table or for liquid unguents. Beyond

86E, and 89 were found on the Cittadella, and their contexts are probably domestic, but this is not entirely certain. 163 See Agora XXIX, 198; Corinth VII.3, 99–100 (called “ointment pots”). For other sites: Agora XXIX, 198, n. 5. Taborelli and Marengo (n. 159 above) 251–266 provide a catalogue of pots inscribed lykion. 164 For the early ointment vase in a Corinthian grave: C. Blegen, H. Palmer, and R. S. Young, Corinth, vol. XIII, The North Cemetery (Princeton, 1964) 290, no. 487:6. Rotroff (Agora XXIX, 198) traces the Athenian versions of this shape into the early 2nd century BCE at Athens, but no further. Imported ointment bottles seem to last into the 1st century BCE (or even later) at Athens: Agora XXIX, 423–424, nos. 1769–1771, 1773–1776. For later ointment jars at Morgantina, see n. 165 below. Edwards notes in Corinth VII.3, 99– 100, that there is no evidence for the shape’s survival at Corinth after the 3rd century BCE.

165 Two vases of this type were found in securely dated contexts of the later 1st century BCE. In addition, a number of coarse-ware versions of this shape with lykion stamps were found in contexts that are undatable. These seem to be most likely assignable to the 3rd century BCE. 166 From deposits of the 3rd century BCE: nos. 86A–D, 88A, 90, 90A. From contexts of the 3rd century BCE: nos. 83, 84A, 86, 86E–G, 88, 88B–E, 89, 89A, 89B, 90B. The earliest dated example at Morgantina is inv. 85-70, an ovoid jar (the same size as no. 90) found in the fill that predates the construction of the central steps in the Agora (begun ca. 260 BCE). 167 See Agora XII, 179; G. M. A. Richter and M. J. Milne, Shapes and Names of Athenian Vases (New York, 1935) 31. Agora XII, 180, presents several hollow vases, called “rings,” of which no. 1331 (p. 330, dated to the 4th century) appears the closest to the Morgantina vases.

114

CHAPTER II

the shapes discussed below, there is also a fragment (no. 127; Pl. 85) of a large ovoid-bodied pitcher or amphora in fabric III. The top of its body has a band of fine incised and overpainted decoration that attests to the skill of Syracusan ceramists during the 3rd century BCE. Ovoid and Globular Pitchers Nos. 93–96 (Pls. 16, 81, 82) are a pitcher shape with two variant forms, one with a simple outturned lip (nos. 93, 94), the other with a trefoil lip (nos. 95, 96).168 Three catalogued examples of both varieties survive, but the preference for a simple outturned lip is overwhelming in contemporary utilitarian pitchers at Morgantina. Most of the examples have a tall, slim, ovoid body and vary in height from 16 to 20 cm. The smallest pitcher of this shape, no. 94 (H. 6.7 cm), has a disk base rather than a ring foot, probably conditioned by its size. Of the four catalogued examples with an outturned lip, three are in fabric I, while no. 93A is in fabric III. Of the three examples with a trefoil lip, nos. 95 and 95A are in fabric I, while no. 96 is in fabric III. The presence of two examples in fabric III at Morgantina could suggest that the immediate inspiration for the ceramic versions at the site came from Syracuse, although the shape was made widely in the Mediterranean world. A related pitcher shape (nos. 97, 97A; Pls. 16, 82) is smaller (H. ca. 6 cm) and has a globular body. These two pitcher types developed from the Attic chous (type III) shape with a trefoil lip that was much copied throughout southern Italy in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.169 The pitcher with an outturned lip existed in silver from the 4th century BCE,170 and it seems clear from the decoration of the ceramic forms that the Sicilian potters were imitating metal versions. The shoulder of this shape is often treated as if the neck were soldered to the body, with a groove or offset at the point of juncture. Nos. 93, 95, and 95A have ribbed bodies (Pls. 16, 82). From her analysis of the graves on Lipari, Madeleine Cavalier has suggested that ribbing was characteristic of this type of pitcher in the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE.171 The exact duration of this shape in Sicily remains uncertain. It was clearly popular during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. On Lipari, examples with outturned lips were found in graves dated 168 For Italian versions of the pitcher with an outturned lip: Morel, 354–355, série 5340; Studia Ietina IV, 157, no. 788; Lilybaeum, 78, no. BR. From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 96, no. C (miniature). For the version with a trefoil lip: Morel, 375– 376, série 5630; Eraclea I, 226–227; Studia Ietina IV, 157, nos. 785–786; Graepler 1997, 86, form 113. From a house at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 73, no. A. 169 The Athenian examples always have a trefoil lip: Agora XII, 60–63 (“chous, shape 3”), while those with an outturned lip are olpes: for the most similar, see Agora XII, 79 (“olpe, black, footed”); these are smaller than the Morgantina examples. The Hellenistic choes at Athens are parallel to the southern Italian versions and do not seem to reflect any contact with the west: Agora XXIX, 125–126. For an example dated to the late 4th century BCE: Miller 1974,

203, 231, no. 20. See also Corinth XVIII.1, 16–17, no. 386; Drougou and Touratsoglou 1991, 16 (“Kanne typus C”). The examples of this shape at Morgantina are slimmer than the Greek versions. 170 See Ninou 1978, 64, no. 197, pl. 26 (see also the ribbed oinochoe, no. 347, pl. 49). For elaborate metallicizing clay versions from Lipari: M-L II, ill. h.7, 176, tomb 480, 169–170, tomb 472; M-L VII, pl. 67:3, 50, tomb 1770, 55, tomb 1795, 56, tomb 1803, pl. 68:1–3 (pl. 68:1, mislabeled tomb 1799, is actually tomb 1795); M-L XI, 41– 42, tomb 573, pl. 12, 145–146, tomb 790, pl. 66:1, 343, tomb 952, pl. 156:2. 171 M-L VII, 58–59, 106–111, pl. 68; n. 170 above. On the other hand, M-L XI, 181, tomb 856, pl. 76:1, dated late 4th or early 3rd century BCE, included an outturned-lip pitcher with a ribbed body.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

115

from the early 4th to the middle of the 3rd century BCE.172 Trefoil-lipped examples with ribbing were found only in graves dated to the years immediately before the Roman capture of Lipari in 252 BCE, but a pitcher with a trefoil lip was found in a grave of the late 4th century BCE in Necropolis III at Morgantina.173 The basic shape seems to have lasted well into the Hellenistic age. The context of no. 97A (deposit IB) indicates that it was probably for sale in 211 BCE, and simple ovoid pitchers with outturned rims were made in Campana C black-gloss pottery in the later 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.174 Given the lack of fills on Sicily datable to the 2nd century BCE, it is not clear whether the Campana C pitchers with ovoid bodies are direct descendants of the 3rd-century versions, although they appear to be quite similar. Bulbous Pitcher No. 98 (Pls. 16, 82) is the only example at Morgantina of a pitcher with a bulbous body with the greatest diameter below its midpoint and a broad outturned rim with slightly upturned edge. Since the piece is in fabric I, it was made at Morgantina or nearby, and parallel examples indicate that the shape was fairly common in the later 4th century BCE.175 The rarity of this shape in the deposits and contexts at Morgantina probably indicates that it was no longer being made by the later 3rd century. The findspot of no. 98 in a fill in the North Sanctuary (deposit IM) does not allow closer dating than the later 4th or early 3rd century BCE. Piriform Pitcher A fairly large pitcher, no. 99 (Pl. 16) (H. ca. 30 cm), is unique at Morgantina and was imported from Syracuse. It has a swelling ovoid body with its greatest diameter above the midpoint. Above its tall vertical neck is an outturned rim with an upturned lip, forming a resting surface for a lid. This form is found in pitchers from central and south Italy dated to the 4th century, and the metallic form of the lip is paralleled in an example from Lipari, as well as in vases from Etruria.176 No. 99 was found in a domestic context (context ID) that appears to date to the cleanup after the events of 211 BCE or more likely a natural disaster in the early 2nd century BCE. e parallels to the pitcher, however, are all dated to the 4th or the first half of the 3rd century BCE. Given its findspot, it is likely that no. 99 was made in the third or fourth quarter of the 3rd century. ere are no close parallels dating after the 3rd century BCE. 172 For Lipari, see appendix 3 below. See also Bisi 1967, 279, no. 35 (trefoil mouth), 281–282, nos. 45–47. 173 For examples from Lipari: Cavalier 1981, 292, fig. E:a; see also appendix 3 below. From Morgantina, Necropolis III, tomb VIII epitymbion: inv. 59-819. 174 For the Campana C versions, see p. 162 below, nos. 233–235. 175 The shape was very common in Apulia during the 4th and early 3rd centuries BCE: see, for example, Bernardini 1961, pl. 64:4–5. For an early example from Lipari: M-L V, 118, tomb 1591, fig. 59. For an example from Lentini: Rizza

1955, 329, no. 226, tomb 251, no. 3. For bronze oinochoai with similarly shaped bodies: Ninou 1978, 40, no. 35, pl. 9 (see also no. 347, pl. 49); Search for Alexander, 160, no. 117. For central Italian versions of the shape, see Morel, 341– 344, espèce 5220. 176 For the shape, see Morel, 356–357, espèce 5370. The pitcher on Lipari is Morel, 355, série 5344. For the Etruscan pitchers with this lip: Morel, 338–340, espèce 5210. A pitcher found in the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta has this shape, although its neck and lip are largely restored: Marianopoli, 96, no. F.

116

CHAPTER II

Conical Pitcher Another pitcher shape (nos. 100, 100A; Pls. 16, 82) is also fairly rare in the 3rd-century deposits: only two miniature examples have been found, both probably in fabric I. The body is a tall vertical cone that flares out slightly before turning in sharply to a vertical neck. The rim is outturned and has a downturned lip. Its profile, particularly of the rim, indicates that the shape imitates a metal prototype.177 Two larger and more elaborate examples of this shape were found in late-4th-century or early3rd-century tombs at Morgantina, and a sizable hydria decorated in East Sicilian Polychrome style (no. 161) has a similar profile.178 A large number of pitchers of this type were found in the tombs dated before 252 BCE on Lipari, but the shape did not appear in the necropolis at Lentini, and the only example found at Montagna di Marzo was not in a tomb.179 It also appears in southern Italy during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.180 No. 100A comes from the South Shops (deposit IB), which indicates that it was for sale in 211 BCE. This pitcher shape was thus current throughout the later 4th and 3rd century BCE. It does not appear at Morgantina after 211 BCE. Mug-Pitcher A small mug-pitcher shape (nos. 101–103; Pls. 17, 82) was common in fine wares during the 3rd century BCE. It was also a popular shape in utilitarian pottery, with twenty examples preserved in the 3rd-century deposits and contexts. In fine ware, a single vase (no. 101; Pls. 17, 82) has a flat bottom and a hemispherical body that turns in sharply at its top to a short vertical neck with an outturned rim. (No. 101A is the same size but does not preserve its bottom; see Pl. 17). No. 101 may simply be a variant of the more common type discussed below (nos. 102, 103). The most common mug-pitcher (nos. 102, 103; Pls. 17, 82) is similar in shape to the plainrimmed kantharos (no. 65): its body is echinoid and is topped by a tall vertical neck that flares out to a flaring lip. It has, of course, only a single handle, rather than the two handles of the kantharos. One example (no. 102) has a ring foot; the others have either rounded bottoms or flat bases. Most of these pitchers were found in sanctuary fills, but one (no. 101A) came from a domestic cistern fill (deposit IF.1). All three fabrics are represented in this shape, which is paralleled in Apulia and was once again developed from an Attic prototype.181 Several silver versions of the 177

See Morel, 356–358, séries 5370–5380; Roccagloriosa I, 254, no. 187, figs. 182, 184. For metal examples: Search for Alexander, 184, no. 163=Ninou 1978, pl. 23, no. 110. The small silver pitcher in the Morgantina hoard (see pp. 459–460 below) is essentially this shape: Bothmer 1984, 57, no. 96; Guzzo 2003, 52–53, no. 5. 178 Inv. 55-2143 has a body that is “ribbed” by vertical grooving. It came from tomb 3 in Necropolis I. The tomb VI epitymbion in Necropolis III included inv. 59-1006, which is similarly “ribbed” and has an overpainted vine on its neck. For the polychrome hydria (not a common shape in that class), see p. 137 and no. 162 below. 179 For the many examples from the graves on Lipari, see appendix 3. For the example at Montagna di Marzo: Mon-

tagna di Marzo, 51, no. 11. For an example from Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 159, no. 797. For Lilybaeum: Lilybaeum, 81– 82, no. BR 2. 180 See Morel, 356–357, espèce 5370. 181 See Morel, 371 espèce 5570=Bernardini 1961, pl. 66:25 (from Rudiae); Rizza 1955, 329, no. 224, tomb 247, no. 1; Montagna di Marzo, 62, tomb G, no. 4 (miniature and early); M-L II, 169, tomb 469, pl. 139:4, 170, tomb 475, pl. 207:1e. Midolo 2008, 224, no. 413, seems to be this shape. The Attic ancestors of the shape are common from the 6th century BCE into the second half of the 5th century: Agora XII, 72–74, nos. 201–222 (“Pheidias shape”), pl. 11, fig. 8.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

117

shape have been found, including one in a hoard found at Paternò in Sicily; bronze examples are also known.182 Biconical Juglet A variant of this shape is preserved in a single example in fabric I (no. 104; Pls. 17, 82). It differs from the mug-pitchers just discussed in having a biconical body. Biconical mug-pitchers were common in utilitarian ware at Morgantina during the 3rd century; many were found in deposit IB, the shop complex destroyed in 211 BCE. No. 104 was found in a domestic fill (context ID), which implies that it was in use until or just after 211. The preponderance of evidence suggests that the biconical mug-pitchers were made in the second half of the 3rd century BCE. The shape has not been found at Morgantina in a context dated to the 2nd or 1st century BCE. Biconical Lekythos This shape (nos. 105–107; Pls. 17, 18, 83) has a biconical body and a bell-shaped rim with an outturned lip. A vertical handle rises from the upper body to below the rim, making this a lekythos. With seven preserved examples, this shape is reasonably common at Morgantina. Similar, but not identical, biconical-bodied oil vases of the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE are known in Greece. 183 Three of the biconical lekythoi found at Morgantina came from the South Shops (deposit IB) and probably represent vases that were for sale in 211 BCE. An early form of the shape appears in graves dated to the first half of the 3rd century BCE at Assoros and Lipari, while developed examples of the shape were found in graves of the second half of the 3rd century at Lentini and Lipari.184 Examples of the early form also appear in some other Sicilian contexts, and in Tarentine and Lucanian tombs that have been dated to the late 4th century BCE. No biconical lekythoi have been found in the cemeteries at Morgantina or in the tombs at Lentini that date to the late 4th and early 3rd centuries.185 The

182 For a silver example, see the mug-pitcher from Paternò: Oliver 1977, 25–26, no. 25; Platz-Horster 2003, 217–220, no. 5. For bronze versions: A. Mallwitz and W. Schiering, Die Werkstatt des Pheidias in Olympia, OF V (Berlin, 1964) 170, figs. 47, 50. 183 On the “footed aryballos” and the “guttus: Classical type,” see Agora XXIX, 172–174. The former shape appears at Olynthus: Olynthus XIII, pl. 169. 184 The developed biconical lekythos, Morel, 363, type 5432a 1 (from Lilybaeum), has been dated to “the first half of, and more probably the first quarter of the 3rd century B.C.” Some of the earliest forms of this shape have a squashed ovoid body that is not yet fully biconical: M-L II, 94, tomb 276, 93, tomb 273; M-L X, 386, tomb 2552, 387, tomb 2560 (graves dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century); M-L XI, 219, tomb 1502, pl. 87:1. M-L X, 381, tomb 2438, which has been dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE, contained a lekythos of this type with a globular body, but it was the only object in the tomb. See also Lilybaeum, 76, nos. LE 1, LE 2; Morel 1966, 268, tomb

48, no. 1, fig. 60:c, 274–275, tomb 55, no. 1, fig. 71:f. Two developed biconical versions (inv. 89-264, 92-376) were found in the ruins of a building that was buried when the central steps in Morgantina’s Agora were begun ca. 260 BCE. For developed examples in tombs of the second half of the 3rd century: Rizza 1955, 162, tomb 47, no. 1, fig. 12:8; M-L II, 183, tomb 501, pl. 140:3d; M-L XI, 249, tomb 639, pl. 109:3. For other lekythoi of this shape from Lilybaeum: Lilybaeum, 76–77, no. LE 3 AB (dated into the 2nd century BCE). Morel’s date (366, série 5463) of “autour de la fin du IVe s.” for an example of the shape (lacking the bell-shaped rim) found at Syracuse seems early. For an aryballos of similar shape from Palermo: Morel, 366, type 5456b, dated ca. 300 BCE. 185 For Tarentum, see Graepler 1997, 84, form 111 (“lekythos 2. Gruppe typ 4”), dated (p. 82) to “Phase B” or 325–275 BCE. See also Morel, 363, type 5441b 1=Bernardini 1961, pl. 64:8 (from Rudiae). For Lucania: Eraclea, 222 (“lekythos, tipo 3”); Locri II, 173 (“tipo D”), no. 164. See also Morel, 403, série 7135.

118

CHAPTER II

evidence thus suggests that the biconical lekythos appeared in Sicily in the first half (probably the second quarter) of the 3rd century, possibly arriving from south Italy, and was made throughout the second half of the 3rd century BCE. Except for no. 105B, which is of fabric III, all the examples of this shape at Morgantina are in fabric I. Ovoid Lekythos Another type of lekythos at Morgantina, nos. 108 and 109 (Pls. 18, 83), is a small pitcher with an ovoid body, narrow neck, and outturned lip. This vessel often has painted decoration on its body. The most frequent decorative schemes are a red-figure palmette opposite the handle, as seen on no. 108, or a reticulate pattern, as on no. 109. Palmette lekythoi were common perfume vases in Greece and southern Italy during the 4th century BCE.186 Reticulate patterning was a standard type of decoration from the 4th into the first half of the 3rd century BCE.187 This type of small painted lekythos is commonly found in contexts of the 4th century BCE in southern Italy and Sicily, including examples in the fills of pre-280 BCE at Gela.188 No. 108 is in fabric I, while no. 109 seems likely to be in fabric II, although its clay is a bit odd. It seems unlikely that this shape was made after 250 BCE, since examples are rarely found in late-3rd-century fills. Ovoid Bottle The ovoid-bodied lekythos is clearly related to the handleless ovoid-bodied bottle, nos. 110– 115 (Pls. 18, 83), which also often bears painted decoration on its body. Both shapes developed out of the Attic ceramic tradition; ovoid bottles were produced in Athens during the later 5th and 4th centuries BCE.189 Nos. 110–112 are large versions of the shape, all in fabric I. Nos. 113–115 are small perfume vases (H. ca. 5 to 9 cm). One example of the small shape (no. 114A) seems to be in fabric II; the other five are in fabric I. The larger versions of the ovoid bottle are less elaborately decorated. Nos. 110 (Pl. 83) and 112 (Pl. 83) are decorated simply with brushed stripes of gloss on their rims, necks, and upper

186 On palmette lekythoi in Greece: Olynthus XIII, 146– 160. Palmette lekythoi were produced in southern Italy during the 4th century BCE (and likely into the early 3rd century). See, for example, De Juliis 1984, 402–403, tomb XXXV, no. 3, a palmette lekythos in a tomb of the last quarter of the 4th century BCE. For Sicilian examples: Adamesteanu 1958, 266–268, grave 49, fig. 37; M-L II, 121, tomb 329, pl. 60:6; Bisi 1967, 274–275, nos. 10–15; Lilybaeum, 83, nos. LE 1A, LE 1B; Morel 1966, 254, tomb 28, nos. 4, 5 (both overpainted), 256, tomb 29, no. 5 (overpainted), 257, no. 18. See also n. 189 below. 187 On reticulate bottles, see p. 119 below. 188 For examples found at Gela: Gela II, 95, fig. 10; Orlandini 1957, 167, pl. 72 (black-gloss). Two fragments of overpainted bottles of this type (inv. 92-994, 92-1007) were found in the use fills within a shop building that was buried when the central steps were begun in Morgantina’s Agora

ca. 260 BCE. For examples found in Sicilian graves: M-L V, 167, tomb 2196, 170, tomb 2201 (red-figure); Morel 1966, 244, tomb 12, nos. 1, 2 (dated second half of the 4th century BCE), 251, tomb 26, no. (dated ca. 300 BCE); Montagna di Marzo, 51, nos. 5, 6, 56, tomb 20, no. 7, 74, tomb 31, no. 3; Rizza 1955, 327, no. 217, tomb 116, no. 2; Bisi 1967, 273–274, nos. 2–5 (reticulate), 274–276, nos. 6–19 (other types of painted decoration); Lilybaeum, 83, nos. LE 1C, LE 1D. See also P. Orsi, M. T. Currò Pisano, and E. Militello, “Eloro II: Campagna di scavo del 1927, ecc.,” MonAnt 47 (1966) 288–289, no. 1, fig. 45:a. For Apulian examples: Bernardini 1961, pls. 49–51; De Juliis 1984, 389– 390, no. 7, 415, no. 16, 439, no. 4. For Lucanian examples: Eraclea I, chap. 3, “Tombe con lekythoi a reticolo.” See also Morel, 361, série 5416. 189 See Agora XII, 154, nos. 1135–1141 (“small and late”), pl. 38. These are considered squat lekythoi.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

119

bodies, while no. 111 (Pl. 18) was at least partly covered in gloss that has now largely disappeared. Only no. 111A (Pl. 83) has a painted reticulate pattern. The smaller examples of this shape are elaborately decorated. The most elaborate is no. 113 (Pl. 83), which has vertical palmettes and other patterns in gloss on its body; parallels from tombs at Assoros demonstrate that it dates to the later 4th century.190 Reticulate patterning decorates the bodies of nos. 114, 114A, and 114B (Pl. 83). No. 114B also features an overpainted white beadand-reel pattern on its shoulder. Five other small ovoid bottles, found in tombs at Morgantina, have bodies decorated with reticulate patterning; this type of decoration is also found on ovoid-bodied lekythoi and lasts from the 4th into the first half of the 3rd century BCE.191 The final three examples of the shape, nos. 115, 115A, and 115B (Pl. 83), are gilded and were found in sanctuaries. They clearly imitate metal examples of the shape.192 Ovoid-bodied bottles were common in southern Italy by the second half of the 4th century BCE.193 No. 114A supports this chronology; it was found in a deposit closed no later than ca. 250 BCE (deposit IC). Bottles of the larger size with various kinds of decoration have been found in tombs dated to the later 4th and the first half of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina, Montagna di Marzo, Assoros, and on Lipari.194 Most of the examples of this shape at Morgantina were found in sanctuary fills, but no. 110A came from a cistern in a house abandoned in 211 BCE (deposit IE.1). Since no. 110A has reticulate 190 Morel 1966, 247, no. 2 (tomb 21, second half of the 4th century BCE), 252, nos. 2, 6 (tomb 27, late 4th century). For another example: M-L XI, 259, tomb 1167, pl. 107:1–3 (dated second quarter of the 3rd century). Rizza 1955, 323, no. 167, tomb 109, no. 10, has odd florals and seems to be the earliest surviving example of the shape; its body is nearly globular. See also Lilybaeum, 82–83, no. BOT 2 (which is large). A fragment of a similarly decorated bottle (?), inv. 92-994, was found in the Central Sanctuary in the Agora at Morgantina. 191 For reticulate bottles from Morgantina’s necropoleis: inv. 55-2140 (Necropolis I, tomb 3), 59-403 (Necropolis III, epitymbion IV), 59-918 and 59-659 (both Necropolis III, tomb X), and 61-707 (Necropolis III, epitymbion 42). For reticulate bottles from other sites: Morel 1966, 257, tomb 29, no. 15; M-L V, 119, tomb 1595, fig. 260; M-L VII, 70, tomb 1907, pl. 62:2 (dated first half of the 3rd century BCE); M-L XI, 257–259, tomb 1176, pl. 104:1 (dated to the third quarter of the 4th century BCE). From a house at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 72, no. A. For bottles in general: Studia Ietina IV, 81–82, nos. 311–321, 85, no. 330; Lilybaeum, 82, no. BOT 1. See also Morel, 402, type 7112b. For the lekythoi: p. 118 above, no. 108. 192 See Bothmer 1984, 49, no. 85; De Juliis 1984, 54, no. 5; Strong 1966, 103. 193 See nn. 188 and 189 above, and, for Apulian examples, Bernardini 1961, pls. 45–47; De Juliis 1984, 384–385, nos. 14, 15 (both red-figure), 391, no. 3 (overpainted), 401,

no. 5 (ribbed and overpainted), 427, no. 9 (overpainted), 432–433, no. 19 (overpainted); Morel, 402–403, séries 7131, 7134; Graepler 1997, 98–99, form 613, types 2–5. For a bottle from Locri: Lippolis 1996, 349, above right, fig. 1. Graepler 1997, 82, 98, would date the popularity of his types 2–5 from about 325 to 225 BCE. 194 For Morgantina: inv. 55-2138, from Necropolis I, tomb 3; inv. 59-1008 (H. 7.9 cm), from Necropolis III, epitymbion VI. For Montagna di Marzo: Montagna di Marzo, 40, tomb 3, no. 6, fig. 49:d. For Lipari: M-L II, ill. G.2 (=Morel, p. 403, type 7135a)=78, tomb 229, pl. 129:1c, 112–113, tomb 309, pl. 107:1a, b, d (red-figure), 74–75, tomb 223, pl. 112:1–2, 147, tomb 409, pl. 113 (red-figure), 163, tomb 450, pl. 118:1a, 164, tomb 451, pl. 118:5d–e, 136, tomb 378, pl. 127:f–g, 148, tomb 411, pl. 130:3a, 48, tomb 136, pl. 139:3a–b, 184, tomb 503, pl. 140:1c–d, 36, tomb 94, pls. 205:2a–b, 207:6–7; M-L V, 73, tomb 2009, fig. 95, 99, tomb 1532, fig. 229 (painted in polychrome redfigure), 116, tomb 1582, fig. 252 (overpainted), 181, tomb 2172, fig. 466; M-L VII, 54–55, tomb 1788, pl. 64:2 (overpainted), 93, tomb 2119, pl. 69:2 (dated to the late 3rd or early 2nd century BCE); M-L X, 380, tomb 2422 (dated second quarter of the 3rd century), 392, tomb 2604 (dated second quarter of the 3rd century), 392, tomb 2605 (dated second quarter of the 3rd century); M-L XI, 36, tomb 536, pl. 21:1 (overpainted; tomb dated to the late 3rd century), 388, tomb 989, pl. 184:4 (striped). For an example with a striped body found at Messina: Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, pt. 1, 67, no. VSM/55.

120

CHAPTER II

patterning on its body, it was probably an heirloom if it was still in use in the second half of the 3rd century BCE. No. 111 was found in a shop that was destroyed in 211 BCE (deposit IB), suggesting that the shape, at least in its larger versions, remained in production throughout the 3rd century BCE. Ovoid bottles do not appear in the fills dated to the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, and the shape probably ceased being produced by the middle of the 2nd century. Piriform Bottle A single example of an elegant bottle in fabric I was found on the Cittadella. No. 116 (Pl. 19) has a tall, narrow, flaring stand-like foot, but the greatest diameter of its ribbed ovoid body is above its midpoint. The body’s ribbing is very plastic, and the vase appears to have been made in a mold taken directly from a metal vase. Like the barrel bottles discussed below, this vase also has small opposed basket handles on its shoulder. It seems to be a combination of a piriform-bodied pitcher (like no. 99) and the barrel bottles described below (nos. 117–122). Parallels found in northeastern Sicily suggest a date in the second half of the 3rd century BCE.195 Barrel Bottle Another bottle shape (nos. 117–122; Pls. 19, 84) is a common find in 3rd-century fills in eastern Sicily but has not been found elsewhere, although a closely related shape is known from Campania.196 Most of the examples at Morgantina are in fabric I, but single examples exist in both fabric II (no. 120D) and fabric III (no. 119A). This shape has a low ring foot, a barrel-shaped body that is generally “ribbed” with vertical grooving, and a narrow neck with an outturned rim. The top of the body has a horizontal groove, from which usually rise opposed vertical basket handles. On small examples of the shape these handles are basically nonfunctional and may be dabs of clay (“finger rests”). Even when these vases have true handles, they seem too small to be truly functional. This bottle shape may be decorated with applied or overpainted ornament, and clearly seems to imitate a metal prototype, although no examples of the shape in metal are known.197 The largest examples of the shape, nos. 117 and 117A (Pls. 19, 84), rise to a height of 26.3 cm, and both are

195 Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, pt. 1, 65–67, no. VSM/54, from tomb 11 (with beige clay); M-L II, pl. 207:8a, dated second half of the 3rd century. 196 For Sicilian examples: Morel, 403, série 7142 (=Morel 1966, 238, tomb 7bis, no. 6); Montagna di Marzo, 36, tomb 6, no. 1; M-L II, ill. h.10, 35, tomb 89bis; M-L V, 73, tomb 2009; n. 195 above; Orsi 1966, 256–257, tomb B.72, fig. 28; Currò Pisano and Militello (n. 188 above), 289, fig. 45:b; Ciurcina and Rizzo 1984, 450, tomb 1, no. 10; Adamesteanu 1958, 265–266, tomb 48, no. 2, fig. 36; Studia Ietina IV, 161–162, nos. 821, 822. Necropolis III, epitymbion IV, at Morgantina contained an example of the shape (inv. 59-400). Inv. 92-168, an example the size of no. 119, was found in 1992 in a building that was buried when the central steps were begun in Morgantina’s Agora around 260 BCE. That piece, the vase from Morgantina’s epitym-

bion IV, and the examples found in the graves on Lipari indicate that the shape was current in the first half of the 3rd century BCE. There are also some interesting variations on the basic shape: Morgantina inv. 59-401, from Necropolis III, epitymbion IV, is not ribbed and is decorated with stripes; inv. 61-301, from Necropolis III, epitymbion XXVIII, is not ribbed and is undecorated, as is Ciurcina and Rizzo 1955, 457, tomb 5, no. 2. For the Campanian version, see Morel, 402, série 7132 (esp. 7132b 1). 197 Overpainted examples: nos. 119A, 122A, 123; M-L V, 115, tomb 1581, fig. 249. Examples with molded decoration: nos. 117, 117A; see also p. 271 below. Another example of the same size as nos. 117 and 117A is inv. 79-364, found in context IIH but undoubtedly from the 3rd-century fill in the North Demeter Sanctuary. Its body is not ribbed, but it does feature an applied lion’s head on its shoulder.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

121

decorated with an applied disc depicting a lion’s head on the shoulder. Both were found in contexts associated with a sanctuary (deposit IR.1 and context IN), and they may be particularly elaborate versions made for dedication. A number of other examples (nos. 118, 119) are nearly as capacious as no. 117, which suggests that this type of vase might have been used primarily for oil rather than perfume (and hence might be better called a lekythos). While many of the nineteen examples in the catalogue were found in sanctuary fills, others come from domestic contexts.198 Although obviously quite popular in the 3rd century, this vase type did not survive the events of 211 BCE at Morgantina, and died out in Sicily before the middle of the 2nd century. Askos A single example of an askos, no. 123 (Pls. 20, 85), a vase for oil, was found in the South Sanctuary (context IN). It has a ring foot and a “duck-shaped” (or “sway-backed”) oblong body and a vertical neck with an outturned pendant lip at one end. Inside the neck is a strainer. At the other end of the body from the neck is a narrow spout. This shape appeared in plain form in Athens in the 5th century BCE, and became common in the second half of the 4th century.199 These unglossed askoi continued to be produced at Athens into the first half of the 3rd century BCE, with a few glossed versions of the shape appearing after 250 BCE.200 Duck askoi with “tail” spouts were mainly made in Italy; they are often unglossed.201 No. 123 has an elegant overpainted vine at the midpoint of its body; the character of this decoration suggests that it is a product of the middle, or the third quarter, of the 3rd century BCE.202 A similar askos found in a grave at Montagna di Marzo was dated to the middle of the 3rd century BCE.203 Duck askoi have also been found in graves dated to the 3rd century BCE at Taranto.204 “Teapot” No. 124 (Pls. 20, 85) is a unique vessel that looks very much like a large teapot. It has a spout rising diagonally from its upper body, and its lip is treated to receive a lid, so it was clearly used to hold some sort of liquid. The profile of its biconical body and the form of its lip and spout suggest that it imitates a metal vessel, but the shape is unique. This vase was found in the North Sanctuary (deposit IL) and presumably served some cultic function.205 It is of an unusual pale orange fabric, and can be dated only to the 3rd century BCE, pre-211 BCE.

198 From domestic fills: nos. 118A, 122. The examples found on the Cittadella (nos. 120, 120A, 120D) probably also come from houses. 199 For the shape in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE: Agora XII, 210–211. 200 For later askoi found in Athens: Agora XXIX, 171 (“duck askos”). 201 Agora XII, 210. J. D. Beazley, Etruscan Vase Painting (Oxford, 1947) 272–275, type B, collected examples of the shape with “tail-spouts” from Etruria and Latium. For Italian Hellenistic askoi, see Morel, 426–430, genre 8200; and Locri

II, 182–183, no. 181. 202 The vine is similar to that on no. 57; see pp. 105 above, 132 below. 203Montagna di Marzo, 39–40, tomb 3, no. 5. See also ML II, pl. LX:3c. An earlier version of the shape is M-L XI, 220, tomb 1505, pl. LXXXVI:2 (dated mid-4th century). 204 Graepler 1997, 89, no. 117, type 2, dated (p. 82) ca. 275–150 BCE. 205 It was found in a room in the North Sanctuary that included an altar (see deposit IL).

122

CHAPTER II

Feeder Vase Nos. 125 and 126 (Pls. 20, 85) are examples of a common small pitcher with a globular body, vertical neck, and outturned lip. A narrow conical spout projects from the upper body. This type of vase is usually considered to have served as a “feeder” for infants and toddlers.206 The feeder has a long history in Italy, from the early 4th century into the 1st century BCE.207 Both nos. 125 and 126 were found in sanctuaries destroyed in 211 BCE, but three other examples came from tombs at Morgantina that date to the first half of the 3rd century BCE.208 Examples have also been found in tombs of the first half of the 3rd century on Lipari and at Naxos.209 The potter’s dump of ca. 250 BCE at Minturnae also included feeders.210 The closest parallels to the shape of nos. 125 and 126 (notably their compressed globular bodies) were found in Apulian and Lucanian graves dated from the early 4th century into the first quarter of the 3rd century.211 Versions of this shape appear in fills at Morgantina into the second half of the 1st century BCE.212 Overpainted Jug Fragment A pitcher fragment, no. 127 (Pl. 85), is in fabric III. It preserves a well-painted vine with incised stems on its shoulder, and traces of another similar floral band survive at the midpoint of the body. This decoration illustrates the high quality of Syracusan overpainting. No. 127 was quite large, and its shape was probably ovoid (similar to no. 99). The painting style dates it to the first half of the 3rd century, but it was found in a domestic cistern fill (context ID) that places its deposition after 211 BCE. Other fragments of this large vase were not preserved in the fill, which supports the notion that the fill was part of the cleanup after the house and its contents were damaged, rather than a use fill.

206 See Agora XII, 161; Agora XXIX, 183. The shape is reasonably common in the 4th century BCE in Greece, but becomes rare in the eastern Mediterranean after the early 3rd century. 207 Morel, 388–390, genre 5800, places several versions in the 4th century BCE. An example found in a grave on Lipari has been dated to the first two-thirds of the 4th century: M-L II, 29, fig. e:8, pl. 92:2e (tomb 70, dated [p. 221] to the first two-thirds of the 4th century); another is dated to the second half of the 4th century: M-L X, 380, tomb 2426, pl. XVII. The other examples from Sicilian graves cannot be dated before 300 BCE: Morel, 389, type 5816a (=Bernardini 1961, pl. 44:10), looks typologically earlier than nos. 125 and 126, and can be dated by its overpainted decoration and ribbing to ca. 300 BCE. See also Lilybaeum, 72–73, nos. BV 1–4. From the cemetery at Monte Castellazzo near Caltanissetta: Marianopoli, 96, no. D. See also the examples cited in nn. 208 and 209 below. 208 All were found in graves in Necropolis III: inv. 61-178 (tomb 24), 61-370 (tomb 31), 61-537 (tomb 37).

209 For feeders found on Lipari in graves from the 4th through the first half of the 3rd century BCE, see appendix 3. Tomb 2010 (M-L V, 74, fig. 92) is the only tomb there with a feeder dated (p. 66) post-252 BCE. For Naxos: Ciurcina and Rizzo 1984, 457, tomb 5, no. 3 (dated second quarter of the 3rd century BCE). 210 For the shape at Minturnae: Lake 1934, 99, type 3B, pls. I, II (=Morel, 389, type 5814c). 211 See Graepler 1997, 88, form 116. Nos. 125 and 126 closely resemble his form 116, type 2, dated (p. 82) to 375– 275 BCE. Morel, 390, type 5841a, from Ruvo, is another example of this shape. Metaponto, 654–655, presents versions with ovoid bodies. For Lucania: Eraclea I, 51, no. 32.4, 39–40, no. 22.2, 51, no. 32.4, 79–80, no. 65.2, 85, no. 73.2, 102, no. 95.3, 106, no. 101.2, 114, no. 111.1, 119, no. 120.2, 132, no. 135.4, 134, no. 138.3, 149, no. 169.1, 164, no. 202.2, 165, no. 203.2, 165, no. 204.2, 166, no. 205, 178, no. 232.2, 181, no. 237.1, 181, no. 238.1. 212 For feeders at Morgantina dated after 200 BCE, see chap. 3, nos. 240, 252, 361.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

123

Lids An extraordinary number of lids in a number of shapes (nos. 128–148; Pls. 20–23, 85–87) have been found in deposits of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina, but this fact is somewhat accidental. Of the 138 3rd-century lids presented in the catalogue, 108, or 78%, were found in the southern rooms of the South Shops in the Agora (deposit IB), where they were presumably for sale in 211 BCE. Since those shops are immediately adjacent to the Central Sanctuary in the Agora, it may be conjectured that the cult there involved gifts of foodstuffs, and that worshippers purchased lids to cover dishes containing the offerings.213 Of the remaining twenty-seven lids in the catalogue, fourteen were found in the various fills in the North Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore and its annex (deposits IL and IM, context IIH).214 Curiously, only one other lid (no. 142K) was found in the other sanctuary fills of the 3rd century (deposit IQ, in the West Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore). No. 137A was found in the North Baths (context IR). Ten lids were found in domestic contexts of the 3rd century; five of these came from the same group of houses (context IJ).215 Disk Lid The disk lid (nos. 128–131; Pls. 20, 84) has a domed top with a raised flange at its edge. It was probably was used as a lid for a pyxis, since three silver pyxides have similar lids, including one found at Morgantina and now in its museum, and another found at Paternò near Mount Etna.216 All these metal examples date to the later 4th or the 3rd century BCE. A ceramic version of the shape was found at Olynthus, which suggests that it was current in the 4th century BCE.217 Similar disk lids have been found in the Athenian Agora, but in contexts of the 6th century BCE.218 The only known parallel for this shape of lid in the western Mediterranean was found at Enserune and has been called Attic.219 No. 128 (Pl. 84) may also be Attic, judging by its fabric and gloss. Its findspot (context Ii) allows it to be dated either before 459 BCE or after ca. 350 BCE, but if no. 128 and the lid found at Enserune are Attic, they probably should date no later than the early 5th century BCE, given the evidence from the Athenian Agora. If the disk lids at Morgantina and Enserune are of some other red fabric, they should probably date to the later 4th century BCE. One of the other disk lids found at Morgantina came from a house destroyed in 211 BCE (no. 213 For the disposition of the lids in the South Shops and the theory that they could be “offering dishes,” see PR XII, 325. 214 Nos. 130, 132, 133, 133A, 135, 136A, 136B, 137, 137B, 137C, 137G, 139C, 146, 147. 215 From domestic fills: nos. 128, 129, 133B, 136C, 137F, 142J, 143B, 147A. I also count no. 134, which was found in a pit under a wall in the House of Ganymede, as coming from a domestic fill. 216 Metropolitan Museum: Bothmer 1984, 49, no. 81; also Morgantina Museum: Guzzo 2003, 59–60, no. 10; Bothmer 1984, 57, no. 101. From Paternò: Oliver 1977, 60–61, no. 27; Platz-Horster 2003, 220–224, no. 6.

217

See Olynthus XIII, 391–392, nos. 948, 949, pl. 238.

218 Agora XII, 178, 329, nos. 1321–1326. For a very small

3rd-century disk lid found in Athens, see Agora XXIX, 190, 363, no. 1250. 219 Morel, 435, espèce 9210, type 9211a 1 (from Enserune), which he suggests may be Attic and date to ca. 300 BCE. I agree with him that Lamboglia (151, form 15) probably misidentified the fabric as Campana B. On the other hand, Agora XXIX does not cover this shape (but see n. 218 above), and Agora XII indicates that it was current in Attica only in the 6th century BCE. The lid found at Enserune, then, seems more likely to be a fabric other than Attic.

124

CHAPTER II

129); the others are from less securely dated contexts.220 No. 131 (Pl. 85), which also appears to be imported (perhaps from Tarentum), should probably also date to the 4th century.221 Nos. 129 and 130 both seem to be of fabric I and were made at Morgantina or in east central Sicily. They probably represent versions of the shape datable to the later 4th century BCE. It is notable that no examples of this shape were found in the South Shops in the Agora (deposit IB), which suggests that the disk lid was no longer being produced by the late 3rd century. It does not appear in the deposits of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE at Morgantina. No. 129, if it was still in use in 211, must therefore have been an heirloom in the house where it was found. Horizontal-Brimmed Lid This elegant lid form (nos. 132–138; Pls. 20–22, 85, 86) features a projecting horizontal rim or “brim” with a vertical flange at the inner edge of its undersurface, a conical dome, and a knob that was tooled to create moldings. Its profile, especially of the brim and knob, suggests that it copies a metal prototype, although no metal lids of this type have survived. The projecting flange under the horizontal brim indicates that it would have served to cover small bowls and pyxides, a conclusion borne out by the correspondences of the sizes of the lids to the bowls and pyxides.222 The larger examples of this lid (nos. 132–135; Pls. 20, 21, 84, 85) are often decorated with stripes on their domes, occasionally with some additional overpainting (nos. 133A, 134A, 135A). The smaller examples (nos. 136–138) were dipped in gloss, and three (nos. 137, 137H, 138; Pls. 22, 86) have overpainted decoration over the gloss. There are forty-nine examples of this lid in the catalogue, of which thirty-two came from the South Shops (deposit IB), which were destroyed in 211 BCE. One example (no. 136) was found in context IK.1, which dates the origins of the shape to the 4th century BCE; another specimen (no. 134) was found in deposit IC, which dates to the first half of the 3rd century BCE. A lid of this shape was also found in a grave of the late 4th century at Morgantina, and the shape appears in 3rdcentury graves at other Sicilian sites.223 A few examples of plain brimmed lids of the 3rd century BCE are also preserved at Morgantina. This lid type has been found in contexts of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE at other sites in the western Mediterranean.224 An undecorated example came from a fill of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, which suggests that the shape continued to be produced at least into the second half of the 2nd century.225 Its popularity, however, clearly diminished severely after 211 BCE. 220

An example of the shape (no. 130) comes from the dump over the North Sanctuary (context IIH) and may represent a 4th- or 3rd-century votive. No. 128 was found on the Cittadella (context Ii), which was occupied during the 6th century BCE and the later 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. The final example (no. 131) was found in fill of the 3rd through the 1st centuries BCE in the area of the North Stoa. The successive buildings there begin in the second half of the 5th century BCE: PR X, 364; PR XI, 338, I. 221 The fabric looks Apulian to me. See J. R. Green, “More Gnathia Pottery in Bonn,” AA (1977) 559–563, esp. 560 (“fabric 4, from Canosa?”). 222 This is the type of lid used on most of the bowls/pyx-

ides with lids listed in n. 72 above. 223 Two examples from Necropolis III at Morgantina are inv. 59-397 (epitymbion IV, late 4th century) and 59-299 (epitymbion VII, early 3rd century). See n. 224 below for examples from other Sicilian sites; also Lilybaeum, 79, no. CO 1. 224 See Morel, 434–435, série 9132; Lamboglia, 181, form 14; Jesi, 180–181, nos. 436–439; M-L II, 35, tomb 89bis, ill. H.5. For striped lids from Lipari: M-L II, 35, tomb 89bis, 170, tomb 472bis. For an overpainted example: M-L II, 174, tomb 476; see also 136, tomb 378. 225 Inv. 79-231, found in context IIC. See also the imported black-gloss example from deposit IID: p. 169, no. 266 below.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

125

Conical Lid Nos. 139–142 (Pls. 22, 86, 87) are simple conical lids that have a less “metallic” profile than the brimmed lid; the body is largely horizontal but rises slightly toward the knob. This is the most common lid type at Morgantina, with sixty-two examples in the catalogue (fifty-nine of these, however, were found in deposit IB). There are no large examples of this shape (its diameter varies from 3.8 to 8.2 cm), and no examples preserve any decoration other than gloss, which suggests that this was a relatively low-cost shape.226 Plain examples also appear in the 3rd-century fills at Morgantina. Outside of Morgantina, the conical lid has been found at several Sicilian sites, as well as at Minturnae; the examples at Minturnae demonstrate that it was being produced by the middle of the 3rd century BCE.227 No. 139D, the earliest example of the shape at Morgantina, was found in a fill of the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE (deposit IA). Two examples were found in a deposit of the 1st century BCE (deposit IID), demonstrating that this simple shape was long-lived.228 Vertical-Brimmed Lid Nos. 143–145 (Pls. 22, 23, 87) have a vertical brim with an outturned lower edge. The brim rises to a conical body with a central conical knob. All the examples are in fabric I, and all are decorated with brushed stripes. Examples vary in size from approximately 4.5 to 7.5 cm in diameter. They seem to have been used on black-gloss pyxides, such as no. 47, or on pyxides decorated in the polychrome style (see nos. 160, 161; Pl. 87), since these vases have a flange at the inner edge of their flat lip that is suitable for a lid of this type, and they also seem to correspond in size to these lids.229 Lids of this type were found only in the southern rooms of the South Shops (deposit IB) and must be presumed to date to the later 3rd century BCE. Vertical-brimmed lids without the outturned edge have been found at Messina, where they bear overpainted decoration, and a pyxis found in a tomb on Lipari may have been covered with a lid of this shape.230 Hemispherical-Domed Lids The final lids are two shapes with hemispherical domes. The first shape, nos. 146 and 147 (Pls. 23, 87), has a tall knob, a hemispherical dome, and a vertical flange at the inner edge of the undersurface. The flange allows this type of lid to fit onto hemispherical, skyphoid, and globular pyxides (nos. 42–45), which correspond reasonably well in size with these lids.231 This lid type is preserved at Morgantina in a fairly large example (no. 146, flange diameter ca. 12 cm) and two small examples (no. 147, flange diameter ca. 6 cm). All of these have elaborate painted decoration, again matching the elaborate decoration on the pyxides that these lids covered. 226 See, however,

Lilybaeum, 84, no. CO 1, for elaborately overpainted versions of this shape. 227 For Minturnae: Lake 1935, 102, pl. VIII, types 52b, 52d (=Morel, 434, types 9112a, 9112b). For Assoros: Morel, 434, série 9111. For Lipari: M-L II, tomb 115, 43, ill. G.4, fig. 8. For Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 163, no. 829. 228 See p. 166 below, nos. 253 and 253A, both found in the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID). 229 unfortunately, both of these pyxis types are rare, with

only three known examples. They are also quite small, with lip diameters varying from 4 to 5 cm. The only verticalbrimmed lids suitable for this size of vessel are those catalogued as no. 145. For the polychrome altar pyxides, see p. 136 below, nos. 160, 161. 230 Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, pt. 1, 71, nos. VSM/83, VSM/84. For the pyxis that may have a lid of this shape, see M-L II, 136, tomb 378 pl. 127:d–e. 231 On these pyxides, see pp. 97–98 above.

126

CHAPTER II

No. 146 is in fabric III and has a near duplicate from a grave of the later 4th century BCE on Lipari.232 The other two examples of this shape are in fabric I and may have been brought to Morgantina from centers in eastern Sicily. They also are likely to date to the later 4th century or the first half of the 3rd century BCE, although their contexts do not allow precise dating.233 Another form of this lid (no. 148; Pls. 23, 87) is an elaborate shape with a broad outturned brim, a hemispherical dome, and a tall knob with a molded tip. The two examples of this shape are both approximately the same size (diameter of brim ca. 12.5 cm). Both were found in the southern rooms of the South Shops (deposit IB), and both are in fabric I. Given their findspot, it can be assumed that they are products of Morgantina that were made in the late 3rd century BCE. Parallels are scarce for this lid type, which appears to imitate a metal prototype. Domical lids were used in Greece to cover pyxides in the 3rd century, but these rarely have knobs, and never tall ones.234

Added Decoration on Fine Pottery at Hellenistic Morgantina Added decoration on fine pottery at Morgantina is frequent in the deposits and contexts of the 3rd century BCE, but is never extremely common. e added decoration that exists indicates that a major inspiration for pottery decoration in the last four centuries BCE was the decoration of metal vases, notably the delicate chasing that enlivened the interiors of open shapes, but also the relief ornament found on the interiors of cups and around the handles of pouring vessels. Molded decoration was the most common mode of decorating fine wares and is discussed in chapter 5 below. It is clear from several stamps and a waster that Morgantina produced conical/hemispherical cups decorated with relief tondi during the second half of the 3rd century BCE.235 Molds indicate that workshops in the town made hemispherical relief cups and ceramic appliqués during the early 1st century BCE; a mold for a decorated lamp also survives from this period.236 Other types of decoration—such as stamped decoration on plate and bowl floors, overpainted, and incised decoration—are sporadic at Morgantina and do not form any clear groups, suggesting that the vases with these types of decoration were imported. There is, for example, too little Sicilian red-figure pottery to suggest that it was produced by a workshop at Morgantina in the late 4th century BCE. In sum, the evidence suggests that the vases with added decoration at Morgantina were mainly imported, but that the city did make some decorated wares, which seem generally to be derivative of products from larger urban centers.

232

M-L X, 380, tomb 2427f, pl. 17, and, for the date, 397–398 (group II). See also Lilybaeum, 84, no. CO 3. 233 For hemispherical-bodied pyxides with lids, see nn. 85–87 above. For a lid of somewhat similar shape, see Lake 1935, pl. VIII, type 52a (=Morel, 435, série 9133). 234 An Attic pyxis lid of the middle of the 5th century BCE in the collection of the American Academy in Rome

(inv. 8981) has a tall knob rather like these. For pyxides with domed lids of the 3rd century in Greece: Agora XXIX, 188– 190, pls. 90–92 (type B pyxides); Kotitsa (n. 90 above), 9– 97 (type 1 pyxides), pls. 1–33. 235 See pp. 233, 251, 263, 408 below 236 See pp. 273–274, 412–414 below. The lamp mold is inv. 66-560: see p. 414 and Pl. 141.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

127

Stamped and Incised Decoration on Plates and Related Shapes The use of stamped ornament on the floors of open shapes such as plates, bowls, and open drinking vessels like kylikes began in Athens in the 5th century BCE. Its history there in the Classical and Hellenistic ages has been traced by Sparkes and Talcott, and by Rotroff.237 The technique migrated to Italy by the end of the 5th century BCE and was especially common in central Italy and Campania from the 4th into the 2nd century BCE. While stamped ornament appears on Sicily, it does not seem to have been particularly popular with the island’s potters, and it is relatively rare at Morgantina. A few of the plates found in the fills of the 3rd century BCE preserve stamped decoration. One plate with a downturned rim is adorned in this way, as is one plate with an outturned rim. No. 1 (Pls. 1, 69) has an overpainted and incised vine between raised fillets decorating its wall; the raised borders suggest imitation of soldering on a metal prototype.238 No. 9 (Pls. 2, 70) is the most elaborate plate found at Morgantina. Its findspot, deposit IA, suggests that it was manufactured no later than the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE. Its floor has two friezes of radially stamped rosettes and palmettes. It may imitate the elaborately stamped and overpainted plates of the early 3rd century BCE from Teano in Campania, although it is made of fabric I, which indicates that it was made in eastern Sicily.239 Given the fact that it is unique at Morgantina, no. 9 should be considered an import. Three plate bases of indeterminate form (nos. 11–13; Pl. 70) bear stamped decoration on their floors. No. 11, which has ornament in the form of acanthus leaves, is the most interesting of these fragments; its findspot, deposit IC, dates its production no later than the first or early second quarter of the 3rd century BCE.240 Stamped ornament was common on open shapes in Italy from the 4th century on, and a number of plates with this style of decoration have been found in the deposits at Gela, demonstrating that stamped decoration was used in Sicily by the late 4th century.241 Nos. 12 and 13 were found in a stratified fill in a cemetery (context IK.2) that can be dated only to the 3rd century BCE. They both feature radial palmettes on their floors; while this decorative format is common, neither has an exact parallel. No. 13 is in fabric III and thus Syracusan, while the other two are in fabric I and were made at Morgantina or nearby. These three plate fragments, then, are examples of eastern Sicilian work of the later 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE.

237

Agora XII, 22–31; Agora XXIX, 37–38. On the Morgantina hoard of silver vessels, see appendix 4. Note especially the raised horizontal divisions (soldered joints) on the interior of the medallion cups in the hoard (Guzzo 2003, 45–50, nos. 1–3), with chased ornamentation similar to the incised and overpainted vine of the plate. 239 A plate similar to no. 9 was found at Monte Desusino near Gela on the south coast, where it is presumably also an import: R. Panvini, Butera: Dalla preistoria all’età medievale (Palermo, 2003) 109, fig. 23. For dishes from Teano with similar elaborate stamped decoration: E. Gabrici, “Necropoli di età ellenistica a Teano dei Sidicini,” MonAnt 20 238

(1910) 47–48, fig. 27:d, 27:f, 82, fig. 52:b, 96, fig. 65, 104, fig. 73:a, 73: c, 113–114, fig. 84:d, 84:f, 84:g, 116, fig. 85, 139–140, fig. 107; Morel 1965, 57–58, no. 83; Trendall, (n. 129 above) 31–33, pl. XVI; Mayo 1982, 277–278, nos. 139, 140. 240 See M-L V, fig. 73:d, and Studia Ietina IV, 146, no. 719, pl. 10, fig. 22, 165, no. ZD5 (cross-palmette). Both are only “somewhat similar,” and the acanthus stamps of no. 11 are unparalleled, to my knowledge. 241 Gela I, 351, nos. 10, 12, 13; Gela II, 177, nos. 8, 9. See also M-L II, ill. i; M-L V, fig. 54; Studia Ietina IV, 166, no. 680 (no. ZD13), 118, no. 536, 173, nos. R17, R18.

128

CHAPTER II

Bowls at Morgantina do not have the stamped interior decoration that is commonly found in Italic open shapes of the 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE. The only exceptions are two base fragments, which may be from either small plates or bowls. No. 14 (Pls. 3, 70) is likely to be a bowl, and has an eight-petaled rosette stamped in the center of its floor.242 It was found in a context of the 3rd century BCE (context IK.2). No. 15 (Pl. 70) was found in a cistern fill (context IE.2) that allows it to be dated either to the 3rd or 2nd century BCE, although its general character seems more typical of the 3rd century. No. 15, which has stamped palmettes on its floor, may also be a bowl, although it is more likely to be a saucer. From their fabrics, nos. 14 and 15 both appear to be imported to the site. The paucity of vases with stamped decoration in the deposits and contexts at Morgantina suggests that such ornament was not popular with its inhabitants during the 3rd century BCE. From this evidence, it is unlikely that this type of decoration was used by local potters. Overpainted Decoration Overpainted decoration developed in the Greek cities of southern Italy during the first half of the 4th century BCE and achieved widespread popularity in Magna Graecia during the later 4th century.243 Overpainted vases from ancient Italy are traditionally called “Gnathian,” an appellation that derives from the discovery of many vases in this technique at Egnazia (ancient Gnathia) in Apulia around the middle of the 19th century.244 The technique became common in Apulia during the second quarter of the 4th century BCE, where it developed out of earlier traditions of Attic vases decorated with linear or vegetal patterns in white slip over black gloss.245 In southern Italy, an additional influence during the 4th century BCE was the practice of using much added color on ornate red-figured vases. The ultimate inspiration for overpainting, however, was clearly the imitation of vases in precious metals. Overpainted decoration in Apulia seems to have lasted until the end of the 3rd century BCE, but the floruit of the technique was the second half of the 4th century.246 During this period the technique spread to other areas in Italy and to the eastern Mediterranean.247 In overpainting, the motifs were painted over the black-gloss surface before firing, mainly in three colors of slip: red, yellow, and white. Blue also appears at times in Sicily, as does purple.248 This was often combined with incision through the gloss. Since the colored slips are painted on top of another slip (the gloss), they have often not adhered well and may survive only as a “ghostly” out242 For Sicilian vases with stamped central rosettes: Studia Ietina IV, 170–173, nos. R1–R19; Bisi 1970, fig. 4:b, 4:d; pp. 145 and 200 below, no. 174. For the Italian mainland: Jesi, 84. 243 On Italian overpainted wares and their technique: Forti 1965; J. R. Green in Mayo 1982, 252–254; Cook 1997, 191–192. 244 See Forti 1965, 9; J. R. Green in Mayo 1982, 252. 245 On the origins of overpainting: Forti 1965, 9–10, 21– 35; J. R. Green in Mayo 1982, 252; Cook 1997, 191. 246 On the chronology and history of Apulian overpainted wares: Graepler 1997, 58–60. Lippolis 1996, 433–470, provides a recent overview of Apulian overpainting with many

illustrations. For earlier chronologies: Forti 1965, 37–58; J. R. Green in Mayo 1982, 252–258. Spigo (n. 49 above), 59– 68, discusses a workshop that made overpainted wares in either southwestern Italy or northeastern Sicily in the first half of the 3rd century BCE. 247 For Greek wares, especially Attic “West Slope” ware: Rotroff 1991; Agora XXIX, 38–43. For Italian schools of overpainting outside of Apulia: Forti 1965, 13, 129–140; Green in Mayo 1982, 258–259; Cook 1997, 192. 248 J. W. Hayes, “Fine Wares in the Hellenistic World,” in T. Rasmussen and N. Spivey, eds., Looking at Greek Vases (Cambridge, 1991) 183; Cook 1997, 191.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

129

line on the areas where they were applied. It should be pointed out that, while vases with overpainted decoration are generally not large, the technique is delicate, and vases so decorated would probably not have traveled well. This observation is borne out by the vases in the 3rd-century deposits at Morgantina: of the forty-six vases with overpainting, thirty-eight (83%) are in fabric I, that is, made locally or within fifty miles of Morgantina. Although elaborate figural compositions were made in Apulia in this technique in the early years of its use, during the second half of the 4th century the technique was increasingly employed for purely decorative effects, generally in a limited manner. The overall result is often miniaturistic and “pretty.” This is clear at Morgantina, where overpainting is used exclusively as added decoration, mainly in the form of stylized vegetation. Overpainting seems to have appeared on Sicily in the second half of the 4th century BCE and to have been practiced in fairly elaborate form into the first half of the 3rd century.249 A few vases with elaborate overpainted decoration appear in the deposits of the late 3rd century BCE at Morgantina, but these seem to represent survivals. A simpler style of overpainting was practiced during the second half of the 3rd century, and this style continued into the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. The elaborate style of decoration is seen mainly in tomb groups, notably on Lipari, but also at other sites, including Morgantina. It appears mainly on lekanides (actually on their lids) and pyxides, but also at times on skyphoi, amphoras, and a few other shapes. There is no group of vases with elaborate overpainting at Morgantina that can be classified as products of a local workshop; all of the examples with this type of decoration found at the site are clearly imports. Trendall has noted that elaborate overpainting ran parallel to late Sicilian red-figure, which used much added color, and he divided the overpainting into a group characterized by vine fantasies, and a second, larger, group with florals and geometric decoration.250 He believed that these vases were produced at a number of sites, since they are widely diffused: for example, members of the same group appear in tombs on Lipari and at Morgantina. The body fragments of globular or skyphoid pyxides nos. 44 and 44A (Pl. 75) are both examples of Trendall’s Vine Group, in which a swirling vine covers the body of the vase; a complete example of this shape and style was found in a late-4th-century tomb at Morgantina.251 No. 44 was found in the dump over the North Sanctuary Annex (context IIH) and probably represents a dedication of the late 4th century BCE. No. 44A was found in Necropolis III (context IK.2), the site of the tomb that contained the complete pyxis, and probably comes from a burial. Two other examples of the same shape (nos. 42, 43; Pl. 75) have stacked registers of elaborate geometric ornament, paralleled in a pyxis found in a late-4th-century tomb at Morgantina, as well as on Lipari.252 One of these (no. 43) was found in the North Baths (context IR), as was a kantharos with somewhat similar decoration (no. 72A; Pl. 12), while the other pyxis (no. 42; Pl. 75) comes 249

See M-L V, 31, 53–54, 86–92, 157–158; Cavalier 1981, 281–285, fig. 471; M-L VII, 106–110. 250 RVLCS, appendix III, 681–688, supplemented by A. D. Trendall, The Red-figured Vases of Lucania, Campania and Sicily: First Supplement, BICS suppl. 26 (London, 1970) 121–122. See also Trendall in M-L II, 288–289. 251 The funerary example is inv. 59-828 (RVLCS, 684 no.

49), found in epitymbion VIII in Necropolis III. See PR IV, 129, pl. 24, fig. 9, for a photograph of this vase. 252 From tomb 14 in Necropolis III at Morgantina: inv. 59-658. For Lipari, see Cavalier 1981, 292; M-L II, 95–96, tomb 278, pl. 120:1a, 120:2, 126, tomb 348, pl. 125:4, 113, tomb 309, pl. 107:1a.

130

CHAPTER II

from the House of Eupolemos, abandoned in 211 BCE. The use of geometric motifs was less common in Sicilian overpainting than stylized vegetation. Examples of the lids for these elaborately painted pyxides are seen in nos. 146 and 147 (Pl. 87); they are also heavily decorated. None of these vases seem likely to have been made at Morgantina, given their rarity and their elaborate and relatively sophisticated decoration, although it is possible that nos. 42, 43, and 72A are local imitations of products of coastal workshops. A pair of tall conical skyphoi of the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE shows less sophisticated work, but again they are not common. No. 55A (Pl. 76), which was found in a pit predating the House of Ganymede (deposit IC, probably datable to the first quarter of the 3rd century BCE, certainly to the first half of the century), features elaborate, if crude, incision highlighted with overpainted color. No. 56 (Pl. 76) shows lively, if rather crude, florals. It was found on the Cittadella (context Ii). Trendall noted that bottles and lekythoi with reticulate patterns painted on their bodies in gloss, such as nos. 114, 114A, and 114B (Pl. 83), often have additional overpainted decoration.253 The decoration is usually located on the necks of these little perfume vases, which seem to date mainly to the second half of the 4th century BCE (but extending into the first half of the 3rd century).254 The inspiration for the majority of the vases with overpainted decoration at Morgantina derives from metalwork. This is seen most clearly in the similarity of the incised and gilded decoration on vessels from the hoard of silver vases found at Morgantina to the surviving examples of 3rd-century overpainted vases.255 The interior decoration of hemispherical cups, many of which combine incision and overpainted decoration with a moldmade relief tondo, is clearly based on that of vessels like the gilded silver cups in the Morgantina hoard. The ceramic cups, however, are not copies, since they are quite standardized in size, and are slightly smaller than the metal prototypes. The majority of the hemispherical cups are in fabric I and were thus made either at or near Morgantina, or nearby in eastern Sicily.256 Analysis of their moldmade tondi suggests that these cups began to be made around the middle of the 3rd century BCE.257 The overpainted decoration in the hemispherical cups is usually subsidiary to any moldmade ornament, and consists mainly of circles of different colors or cursory incised and overpainted garlands. The finest medallion cups, however, feature elaborate incision in conjunction with overpainting.258 They have medallions that depict a beautiful gorgoneion (medallion type 23) and, since they are made in both fabrics I and III, were made in workshops in Syracuse and at another coastal center in eastern Sicily.259 The high quality of the incision on the rim fragment no. 23 (Pl. 72) demonstrates that it comes from the same workshop that made the cups decorated with medallion type 23. Although the center of its floor does not survive, no. 23 was probably also a medallion cup. The findspot of no. 23 and the best preserved of the beautiful gorgoneion cups (no. 580; Pls. 60, 110, 120), a shop damaged and abandoned in 211 BCE (deposit IB), indicates a probable dating 253 RVLCS, 687–688; pp. 118–119 above. A bottle in this

style (inv. 59-918) was found in a late-4th-century tomb at Morgantina (Necropolis III, tomb 10). 254 See p. 118 above. 255 On the treasure, see appendix 4. 256 See list on p. 76 above, and pp. 235–236 below.

257

See pp. 239–240 below.

258 Similar elaborate overpainting was executed on medal-

lion cups made in the eastern Mediterranean: see, for example, Rotroff 1991, 70–81. 259 See pp. 264–266 below.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

131

in the last quarter of the 3rd century. Production of these lovely medallion cups seems to be limited to the last decades of the 3rd century and the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE.260 Two other hemispherical cups (nos. 21, 21A; Pls. 3, 71) have elaborate white overpainted tondi depicting elaborate geometric fantasies in incision; the white here probably imitates gilding on the tondi of silver cups.261 The two cups appear to have been made by the same workshop, and a third example with the same motif was found at Morgantina in an imprecisely dated context.262 Two other hemispherical cups (nos. 21D, 21E; Pls. 4, 72) have more cursorily painted rosettes decorating the centers of their floors. It is also notable that the interior gloss of these vases is often a metallicizing grayish black, clearly indicating that they were meant to imitate metal prototypes. Deep cups with moldmade tripod feet (no. 24; Pls. 4, 72, 73) also have subsidiary overpainted decoration on their interiors, usually simple colored stripes. However, two examples of this shape have overpainted floral tondi on their interiors that are similar to but more elaborate than the rosettes of nos. 21C and 21D. No. 24D (Pl. 72) was found in the House of Eupolemos, where the gilded silver vessels were buried; the house went out of use in 211 BCE. The other deep bowl with a painted tondo was found in a tomb that can be dated to the first half of the 3rd century BCE.263 Other vases have features of metallic character, notably the downturned-rim plate no. 1 (Pls. 1, 69), which has raised ridges that mirror soldered joints on its floor. Between these raised ridges is incised and overpainted decoration that is very similar to the chased ornament found on surviving contemporary metal vases. It is difficult to date no. 1 very much after 300 BCE.264 The beautiful molded-rim kantharos no. 68 (Pls. 11, 78) appears to be a Campanian import, probably of the second half of the 4th century BCE.265 It has an attractive vine on its rim. An amphora (no. 76; Pl. 13) is the only vase in fabric II with overpainted decoration, and it features the familiar incised vine with painted leaves on its neck.266 Two versions of the same shape are in fabric III (nos. 76A, 76B; Pl. 79), and two others (nos. 77, 78; Pl. 79) are in fabric I. The tall neck of this shape was clearly regarded as an apt place for an overpainted vine, which probably commented on the contents of the amphora. An example of this shape found in a tomb of the late 4th century BCE, however, has metope-like geometric designs painted on its upper body, and no vine on the rim.267 It also seems to be in fabric I. The amphora from the tomb again illustrates the more elaborate character of Sicilian overpainted decoration during the later 4th century BCE, while the amphoras with vines decorating their necks (nos. 75–77; Pls. 13, 79) appear to date to the first half of the 3rd century BCE. A large jug fragment (no. 127; Pl. 85) seems to be Syracusan from its fabric (fabric III); it preserves a well-painted vine with incised stems on its shoulder. Traces of another similar floral band survive at the midpoint of the body. The style of the ornament probably dates it into the first half of 260

See pp. 264–265 below. Compare the gilded tondi of the silver bowls in the Morgantina hoard: Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92–94; Guzzo 2003, 45–50, nos. 1–3. As has been pointed out, silver often tarnished to black in antiquity: M. Vickers and D. Gill, Artful Crafts (Oxford, 1994) 123–129. The workshop discussed by Spigo (n. 49 above), 59–68, was located in northeastern Sicily in the 3rd century BCE and specialized 261

in hemispherical bowls with overpainted floral tondi. 262 Inv. 55-2125, found in the upper Agora. 263 Inv. 61-444, from tomb 32 in Necropolis III. 264 On this shape, see p. 85 above. 265 See p. 107 with n. 129 above. 266 On the amphoras: pp. 109–110 above. 267 Inv. 59-1005, from tomb 10 in Necropolis III.

132

CHAPTER II

the 3rd century. Vines of this type became virtually the only elaborate overpainted decoration on Sicilian vases after roughly the first quarter of the 3rd century BCE, decorating not only the amphoras discussed above, but also a large skyphos (no. 57; Pl. 76), a kantharos (no. 65; Pl. 77), and an occasional pouring vessel (see no. 123; Pl. 85). The vine usually has an incised stem, but at times it is merely painted. This style clearly existed until 211 BCE, since a large hemispherical bowl with an incised and overpainted vine on its upper body (no. 19; Pl. 71) was found in a shop complex (deposit IB) destroyed in that year. But this style of decoration was probably more common earlier, since it disappears at Morgantina in 211. Some vases have a simple form of overpainted decoration that probably indicates local manufacture. Most of the vases listed below were made during the second half of the 3rd century, when overpainting became less elaborate. Two-handled cups usually have a simple and cursorily painted garland with an incised stem on their upper bodies (nos. 54, 54A; Pls. 8, 76). A skyphoid kantharos (no. 71; Pl. 78) has similar decoration. A few other vases, such as the little stamnoi that probably served as pyxides (nos. 79–82; Pl. 80), were decorated with rows of white buds on their upper bodies from the late 4th century BCE well into the 3rd. The same style is seen on a kantharoid skyphos (no. 74A; Pl. 13). Overpainted circles were used to decorate the interior of a straight-walled kantharos in fabric I (no. 70; Pl. 78). Some lids have simple overpainted circles (nos. 132–135; Pls. 20, 21; see also nos. 143, 144, 144B, 145; Pl. 87), often alternating with gloss circles to provide some color variation. Most of these were found in the shop complex destroyed in 211 BCE (deposit IB). Three lids (nos. 137, 137H, 147; Pls. 21, 22, 86) have incised and overpainted vines of the type described above; two were found in the North Sanctuary, the other (no. 137H) in the House of Eupolemos. A simpler form of the garland without incision can be seen decorating lids no. 138 (Pl. 22), which was found in a shop destroyed in 211 BCE (deposit IB), and no. 143B (Pl. 87), which was found on the Cittadella. No. 146 (Pl. 87) is a rare example of a black-gloss lid with polychrome painting at Morgantina. It probably served as the cover for a pyxis with red-figure or polychrome decoration.

3. East Sicilian Polychrome Wares “Centuripe” ware is the conventional name used for a specialized class of vases decorated with scenes painted in polychrome with tempera paint on a white ground after the vase was fired; these vases often also feature relief or plastic ornament.268 Because of the fragility of their decoration, they are scarcely functional and are presumed to have been made for ritual use. e class was named after the site in eastern Sicily where it was first found, unfortunately in illicit excavations of tombs. Only a few pieces of the ware have been scientifically excavated at Centuripe, and those also come from tombs.269 is class of ceramics remains unique to eastern Sicily, although it has close analogies to 268 The fullest treatment of the class is Wintermeyer 1975; see 178–179 on the pigments used (analysis by J. Rederer). See also J. R. Green in Mayo 1982, 282; Cook 1997, 200.

269 See Wintermeyer 1975, 137–138, with earlier bibliography.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

133

the polychrome “Canosa” wares from Apulia and to the polychrome red-figure vases that were made on Lipari; both of these types were made during the first half of the 3rd century BCE.270 A number of large terracotta busts at Morgantina depicting Kore show similar polychrome decoration on the bust and were probably painted in the same workshops as the vases (or perhaps the predecessors of the workshops that painted the vases).271 e busts, which are dated from the second half of the 4th into the early 3rd century BCE, may be one of the sources for the idea of polychrome vase painting. To date, Centuripe and Morgantina are the only two sites in eastern Sicily where large amounts of polychrome pottery have been found, although it seems clear from the variety of fabrics that this class was made at other sites.272 ere is no evidence that vases of this type were made in western Sicily. Given the fact that this class of painted ceramics was made at a number of locales in eastern Sicily, the designation “East Sicilian Polychrome” wares seems more accurate than Centuripe ware and is used here.

Findspots At Morgantina, the majority of the East Sicilian Polychrome vases was found in sanctuaries. All of the shrines dedicated to Demeter and Persephone have produced examples.273 But other findspots suggest that the ware was displayed in a variety of contexts. Fragments of East Sicilian Polychrome ware have also been found in the North Baths (context IR), which seems puzzling.274 None of the fragments found in the baths are large, and they may not be from vases that were used in the building, especially since they were not found directly over the floors. ere may also have been a sanctuary of Aphrodite near the bath (see deposit IR.1). On the other hand, no East Sicilian Polychrome vases were found in deposit IR.1, the well fill that contained the evidence for the possible sanctuary of Aphrodite. Other polychrome vases were found in cemeteries. No. 152 came from the fill over a Hellenistic necropolis (context IK.2) and was probably originally part of a funerary assemblage, although no excavated tomb included the ware. Nos. 151A and 159 were found in another necropolis. These

270 On the polychrome vases from Lipari, see M. Cavalier,

Nouveaux documents sur l’art du peintre de Lipari (Naples, 1976); L. Bernabò Brea and M. Cavalier, La ceramica policroma liparese di età ellenistica (Milan, 1986); M-L V; M-L VII; M-L XI. For “Canosa” ware, which began in the late 4th century BCE: F. van der Wielen-van Ommeren, “Vases with Polychrome and Plastic Decoration from Canosa,” in J. Swaddling, ed., Italian Iron Age Artefacts in the British Museum (London, 1986) 215–221; Cook 1997, 199–200. Similar polychrome wares were found in a tomb at Egnazia: De Juliis 1984, 433, nos. 20–24. For polychrome wares at Taranto: Lippolis 1996, 471–474; Graepler 1997, 60–61. 271 See MS I, 28–33. 272 On the various fabrics of East Sicilian Polychrome wares at Morgantina, see pp. 134–135 below.

273

From the North Sanctuary (deposit IL): nos. 151, 154, 157, 162, 163, 168, 170, 171, 171A. From the later dump over its ruins (context IIH): nos. 149A, 160. From the South Sanctuary (context IN): 153, 158, 158A, 161, 166, 166A. From the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Cittadella (context IO): 149B, 150, 158B–E, 168, 171B. From the West Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore (deposit IQ): 156, 158F, 167. From a sanctuary dedicated to an unidentified deity in Area V (context IP, probably again Demeter and Kore): 161B, 164. 274 No. 157G is the only catalogued example, and it comes from the first stratum of fill, but small fragments of polychrome wares turned up in the recent excavations of 2003 and 2004.

134

CHAPTER II

East Sicilian Polychrome fragments were probably also grave gifts, but, unfortunately, they were recovered from the debris of clandestine excavations. Some houses at Morgantina also contained this polychrome ware. Five pieces were found in a domestic complex at the eastern end of the Serra Orlando ridge (context IJ: nos. 155, 155A, 161A, 161C, 165). Two uncatalogued fragments were found in the cistern of a house on the East Hill (deposit IH) that was abandoned in 211 BCE.275 This house, however, probably belonged to a potter. The location of East Sicilian Polychrome wares in domestic settings is confirmed by recent (2003) trial excavations in Area VII (in the region of the House of Eupolemos), where a few small fragments were found, and in the Contrada Vinci, on Papa Hill to the west of the West Hill, which has produced four fragments.276 The houses in those sectors were abandoned in 211 BCE, as were the homes that made up context IJ. A single lekanis lid (no. 170) was found in a context near the western end of the site that could also be domestic, although the possibility that there was a shrine in the area cannot be discounted.277 The large lekanis no. 149 was found in the basement room of a shop in the central Agora that was abandoned in 211 BCE.278 Another polychrome vase (no. 161D) was found in a dumped fill of the early 2nd century (deposit IIA).

Fabrics and Origins e fabrics of the East Sicilian Polychrome vases found at Morgantina vary a good deal, but the majority have a reddish-brown clay. is fabric is similar to that of the majority of black-gloss vases of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina (fabric I).279 It thus seems likely that most of the East Sicilian Polychrome vases were made at Morgantina or nearby (in east-central Sicily), particularly since many of the shapes are quite unwieldy and fragile (see esp. no. 154; Pls. 25, 89), and it is difficult to see how they could have been transported long distances without breakage. As noted above, a few fragments were found in the house of a potter (deposit IH). It is notable that the largest East Sicilian Polychrome vases found at Morgantina are of the reddish-brown fabric. Some of the vases found at Morgantina may have been imported from Centuripe, although the absence of the molded figural decoration common on the vases of this class found at that site argues against this.280 It is also likely that the ware was made at other urban centers in the general area of the Catania valley and Lentini plain, since a number of other fabrics seem to be represented at Morgantina. The reddish-brown fabric accounts for twenty-four of the forty-two catalogued vases and fragments 275

See p. 37 above. are not included in the catalogue, but included the handle of a lebes gamikos, a lekanis lid, and an altar pyxis/lid. It seems likely that these were commemorations of the marriages of the owners of the houses: see p. 138 below. 277 No. 169 was found in the first stratum of fill in Area VI, complex IA, trench VI, saggio G. This was a trial trench dug on a hilltop in the western part of the Serra Orlando Ridge (Papa Hill) in 1963. The fill was very thin, and the character of the remains difficult to interpret. See PR VIII, 276 These

145; MS I, 249, context VI A. 278 The room, belonging to a shop on the east side of the Central Market, was excavated in 1992 (communication of M. Bell, April 16, 2013). 279 The general color range, 5YR 6/3–7/4, is exactly the same as fabric I at Morgantina, and the general character of the fabric is also identical. For vases in this fabric, see pp. 72–77 above. 280 The fabric at Centuripe is described as red to brown: Cook 1997, 200. For molded ornament on vases made there: Wintermeyer 1975, 145–146, 153–160.

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

135

(although it is likely that the handles catalogued as nos. 158 and 158A come from no more than three vases; see Pl. 90).281 Beyond the dominant reddish-brown fabric, seven vases have a soft orange fabric, two a hard orange.282 Two have a gray fabric, and three have red fabrics, although of different levels of hardness.283 How many of these apparent “fabrics” can be attributed to different conditions of firing is unknown, and this question awaits scientific analysis. It would seem to be a reasonable hypothesis that most of Morgantina’s polychrome ware was made by a workshop that had moved to the city from eastern Sicily sometime around the middle of the 3rd century BCE (probably during the expansion under Hieron II) and which remained active until 211. Given the rarity of polychrome ware, this workshop probably also made black-gloss pottery, but there must have been at least one painter associated with the workshop who created the figural decoration. Other vases were imported from various locations, but not necessarily from Centuripe. The evidence at Morgantina clearly indicates that East Sicilian Polychrome ware was made at a number of centers in eastern Sicily.

Chronology Morgantina also has provided the only archaeological evidence for the chronology of East Sicilian Polychrome ware. No. 152 was found in the fill over and around tombs which date predominantly to the last third of the 4th century BCE and the first half of the 3rd century BCE. It was probably part of a funerary assemblage. is suggests that the ware began to be made no later than the middle of the 3rd century.284 All but one of the contexts in which this class was found at Morgantina went out of use around 211–200 BCE, indicating that the ware was made throughout the second half of the 3rd century.285 A single cylindrical pyxis (no. 161D) was found in a fill of the second quarter of the 2nd century that has no signs of any 3rd-century material (deposit IIA). This suggests that the class continued to be made into the early 2nd century. Its hard red fabric is unique in East Sicilian Polychrome ware at Morgantina, and it was thus clearly imported to the site. The internal evidence from the Morgantina 281 Hard reddish-brown fabric: nos. 149, 149A, 149B, 150, 151A, 152, 153, 154, 158, 158A, 158F, 160, 161F, 164, 166, 168, 169, 171, 171A. Soft reddish-brown fabric: nos. 161C, 170, 171B, 172. 282 Soft orange fabric: nos. 155, 155A, 156, 158G, 161A, 161B, 165. This does not seem to be the same as fabric II in the 3rd-century plain glossed wares: on that fabric, see pp. 78–78 above. For the hard orange fabric: nos. 157, 163. Again, this does not seem to be the same as the documented Republican hard orange fabric (p. 80 above). 283 Gray fabrics: nos. 151, 162; soft red fabric(s): nos. 159, 167; hard red fabric: nos. 158B–E, 161D. 284 Necropolis III seems in part to predate the construction of the city walls soon after 300 BCE: PR III, 170; PR IV, 128–129; PR VI, 143; MS I, 257–258. For its location: MS I, pl. 1. Forty-six graves in this necropolis were investi-

gated (forty-four were excavated). The earliest datable graves (graves 10, 14, 15, 40, 45) date ca. 330–320 BCE. A further twenty-three graves in the cemetery can be assigned on various grounds to the late 4th century BCE or the very earliest years of the 3rd century (archaeologically, before the destruction of Gela ca. 280 BCE). Only six graves can be securely assigned to the 3rd century, and only two of those (one of which appears to be disturbed) to the second half of the century. Ten of the graves can be dated only ca. 330–211 BCE, since they either were not excavated or contained no grave goods. 285 On the provenance of no. 149: n. 278 above. For vases found in sanctuaries destroyed in 211: n. 273 above. From context IJ (abandoned 211 BCE): nos. 155, 155A, 161A, 165. From context IR: 158G.

136

CHAPTER II

excavations suggests that East Sicilian Polychrome ware was certainly being made by the middle of the 3rd century, and that its production continued into the first half of the 2nd century BCE. In her comprehensive treatment of the ware, ulrike Wintermeyer suggested that the class was produced from the late 4th through the early 2nd century BCE.286 Lipari, however, has produced much evidence during the last twenty years of a remarkable school of polychrome red-figure painting which flourished during the first half of the 3rd century BCE, until the destruction of the city by the Romans in 252 BCE. In their publication of this school, Luigi Bernabò Brea and Madeleine Cavalier have suggested that true polychrome painting on white ground did not begin until the middle or the second half of the 3rd century BCE and lasted into the early 2nd century, and that it was dependent on the Lipari school of polychrome vase painting.287 While influence from Lipari is likely, East Sicilian Polychrome wares do not seem compellingly to be based on the Lipari wares, and the Morgantina evidence suggests that polychrome wares were being made at coastal sites by the second quarter of the 3rd century.288 Whatever the relationship between these two schools in the first half of the 3rd century, the polychrome wares of eastern Sicily clearly developed independently after the destruction of Lipari. The polychrome wares of Lipari, eastern Sicily, and Apulia indicate a broadbased interest in colorfully painted vases in Sicily and southern Italy in the 3rd century BCE.

Shapes East Sicilian polychrome pottery occurs in a limited number of shapes, another sign of the specialized function of this class of vessels. Most of the vases are quite large. Only three shapes are common: the lekanis (nos. 149–151; Pls. 23, 24, 88), the pyxis-krater (nos. 152, 153; Pls. 24, 89), and the lebes gamikos (nos. 154–159; Pls. 25, 89–91).289 A few other shapes have the East Sicilian Polychrome style of decoration but are uncommon.290 e common shapes are large and unwieldy, and some of the vases are clearly nonfunctional, since they have holes in their bases (no. 154; see also nos. 163– 167). e vases often have elaborate separately thrown stemmed feet or stands (nos. 152, 153, 163– 167; Pls. 24–26, 89, 91, 92). e lids for the lebetes gamikoi and pyxides-kraters are tall and take the form of elaborate finials shaped like small lebetes (nos. 156, 157; Pls. 24, 90), cylindrical pyxides, or miniature altars (nos. 160, 161; Pls. 24, 91). It is not known whether these lids were used separately as vases in their own right, but there is nothing that precludes that possibility. The lekanis has its own characteristic lid (nos. 168, 169; Pl. 92), which is often taller than the 286

Wintermeyer 1975, 137–138, 152–153. On polychrome painting in southern Italy and Sicily, see n. 270 above. For its chronology and relation to East Sicilian Polychrome wares: Bernabò Brea and Cavalier (n. 270 above), 34. 288 Based on the lekanis, which disappears in black gloss by 250 (see p. 88 above). 289 See Wintermeyer 1975, 138, 152–160. For a polychrome red-figure lebes with applied decoration on the handles: M-L II, 111, tomb 309, pl. 105:1–2; see also M-L V 119, 287

tomb 1595, figs. 260, 261. On red-figured lebetes in south Italy and Sicily: H. Cassimatis, Le lébès à anses dressées italiote à travers la collection du Louvre (Naples, 1993) 33–34. For elaborate black-gloss lebetes from Tarentine graves: Graepler 1997, 92, form 411, type 2, figs. 65, 66. For a polychrome lekanis in a grave at Lipari: M-L XI, 388, tomb 989, pl. 184:4. 290 On the other shapes: Wintermeyer 1975, 137, 140– 144, nos. 209–241. For a black-gloss cylindrical pyxis like nos. 159 and 160, see pp. 98–99 above, no. 47; M-L II, 44, fig. 9 (tomb 117).

T H E L AT E R 4 T H A N D 3 R D C E N T u R I E S B C E

137

bowl it covered. Three other lids (nos. 170–172; Pls. 26, 27, 92) look like the lids used on skyphoid and round pyxides in black-gloss ware, except that they are much larger than those shapes.291 Since round and skyphoid pyxides were not part of the East Sicilian Polychrome repertoire, I assume that nos. 170–172 were used to cover lekanides as well. At Morgantina, the only shape beyond those mentioned above that had polychrome decoration is a single hydria (no. 162; Pls. 26, 91).

Molded Decoration More than its unusual (and unwieldy) shapes, it is the decoration of East Sicilian Polychrome ware that illustrates its specialized character. Many of the vases found at Centuripe have applied moldmade ornament of elaborate nature.292 e examples of this type found at Morgantina show less elaborate molded additions, although, if the vases were brought from other centers, it is possible that the molded additions were omitted due to their fragility. e lebetes gamikoi and the finial lids of similar shape generally had acanthus leaves applied to the bases of their tall basket handles (nos. 154–158; Pls. 24, 25, 89, 90). ese were often gilded as well as painted.293

Painted Decoration e most obvious form of East Sicilian Polychrome decoration is, however, the painting. After the vases were fired, figures were outlined in black on the surface, and the area to be painted was then covered with a chalky white ground.294 e black outline drawings were visible through the white ground, and pastel colors in egg tempera were then painted over the ground to delineate the figures. As has long been noted, the results look similar to the much later wall paintings at Pompeii and Herculaneum. A number of the vases also show signs of gilding, suggesting a specialized and probably ritual function.295 As noted above, some busts of Kore from the later 4th and 3rd centuries preserve similar decoration.296 unfortunately, most of the painted scenes at Morgantina survive only as faint traces of color on just a few of the vessels, but it may be assumed from the close analogies in shapes and decoration with the examples from Centuripe that all the East Sicilian Polychrome vases from Morgantina once bore painted decoration. Generally only one side of the vases found at Centuripe was covered with 291 For round and skyphoid pyxides, see pp. 97–98, 125 above. 292 For molded ornament at Centuripe: Wintermeyer 1975, 145–146, 153–160. 293 These acanthus additions to the handles are the features on the Morgantina polychrome vases that are most often gilded: see nos. 154–158; see also n. 292 above. Acanthus ornament often had funerary connotations, and this fact may reinforce the interpretation of the symbolism pro-

posed below. On additions to the handles of red-figured lebetes: Cassimatis (n. 289 above), 25–26. 294 On the painting technique: Wintermeyer 1975, 139, 151–152, and, for an analysis of the pigments, 178–179. See also Cook 1997, 200. 295 Many of the vases in Wintermeyer’s catalogue (Wintermeyer 1975, 209–241) have gilding, as do nos. 151A, 153, 154, 158, and 166 at Morgantina. 296 See n. 271 above.

138

CHAPTER II

figural scenes, and this was probably also true at Morgantina, although certainty is impossible given the condition of the vases’ surfaces and their painted scenes.297 The only East Sicilian Polychrome vases at Morgantina that preserve part of their figural decoration are nos. 152, 156, and 159. On no. 156 (Pl. 90) one can discern a faint image of a standing draped figure holding a staff (hence probably a man), while no. 159 (Pl. 91) preserves parts of two draped figures, one of which appears to be male. No. 152 (Pl. 89) is better preserved and clearly depicts a standing woman. Its foot has a fine painted egg-and-dart frieze (Pl. 89), and another fragment has florals (Pl. 89). The colors on these fragments are red, yellow, blue, and violet, as well as white. The drawing of the figures is similar to that on Sicilian red-figure. In addition, the lekanis lid no. 169 (Pl. 92) has the faint remains of the head of a woman framed by ornamental motifs (hearts and palmettes). The head of an elegantly coiffed woman is a common motif on Sicilian red-figure lids. Two of the stands (nos. 166, 166A; Pls. 26, 92) have radiating red stripes on their undersurfaces. These survivals indicate that this class at Morgantina was decorated in much the same way as the vases found at Centuripe.

The Meaning of the Figural Scenes e scenes on vases found at Centuripe, which have been examined by Wintermeyer and Deussen, generally have a ritual character that has been explained as depicting aspects of marriage ceremonies.298 e presence of the ware in sanctuaries of female deities at Morgantina supports this hypothesis, while its placement in tombs at Centuripe (and probably at Morgantina) suggests a desire to perpetuate the marriage beyond a lifetime.299 e polychrome fragments found in private houses at Morgantina suggest that vases of this class were also displayed in homes to commemorate the marriage of the owners. Bernabò Brea and Cavalier have explained the similar scenes on the polychrome red-figure vases found on Lipari as depicting a mystical marriage to Dionysos, but, of the findspots of the East Sicilian Polychrome vases at Morgantina, only the North Sanctuary (deposits IL and IM, context IIH) preserves any evidence which may suggest that Dionysos had a cult there.300 It seems likely that the presence of East Sicilian Polychrome ware in the sanctuaries of Demeter and Kore at Morgantina refers to Persephone’s marriage to Hades as a divine paradigm for human nuptials. 297

See Wintermeyer 1975, 136.

298 P. Deussen, “The Nuptial Theme of Centuripe Vases,”

OpRom 9 (1975) 125–133, is probably too rigid in insisting that all of the scenes represent contemporary marriage practices. Wintermeyer 1975, 146–150, 169–173, is more cautious in her analysis of the scenes and points out (p. 169) that three vases seem to present the marriage of Dionysos and Ariadne. She also notes (p. 150) that some of the characteristic compositions seem limited to single shapes. On the meaning, see also Bernabò Brea and Cavalier (n. 270 above), 41–48; Cassimatis (n. 289 above), 77–130. 299 The large number of East Sicilian Polychrome vases

found in sanctuaries associated with Demeter and Kore at Morgantina (n. 273 above) may also support the idea that the marriage was to exist beyond death. This is also suggested by Wintermeyer’s analysis (Wintermeyer 1975, 177) of the meaning of the ornament on the vases from Centuripe. For similar painted scenes on terracotta busts of Kore: MS I, 28–33. 300 See Bernabò Brea and Cavalier (n. 270 above), 41– 45. See also Cassimatis (n. 289 above), 126–130. For evidence for the worship of Dionysos in the North Sanctuary (which is quite speculative, but not improbable), see pp. 245, 254 below.

III Republican Morgantina: Black- and Red-Gloss Wares after 211 BCE to ca. 35–25 BCE 1. Introduction: The 2nd and 1st Centuries to ca. 35 BCE It is difficult to evaluate material culture at Morgantina in the years after the Roman sack of 211 BCE. e 2nd century is essentially a long blank in terms of fills, with only one very small deposit of ceramics (deposit IIA) from the first half of the century (probably datable to the end of the first quarter of the century).1 All the pottery in that deposit seems to have been imported to Morgantina; there is no evidence that any ceramics were made at the city during the first half of the 2nd century, although one may suspect that roof tiles were manufactured on site.2 While too small to be truly informative, deposit IIA suggests that during the early 2nd century BCE fine ceramics in the region of Morgantina continued the traditions of the late 3rd century, a conclusion also reached at Lipari through evaluation of tomb assemblages.3 By the second half of the 2nd century, the old 3rdcentury pottery assemblage had been replaced by ceramic types that owe a strong debt to the Italian mainland. Most notably, Campana C black-gloss, the characteristic fine ware of eastern Sicily during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, seems to have developed during the first half of the 2nd century as a rival to Campanian Campana A and Etrusco-Campanian Campana B. Unfortunately, its origins are cloaked in obscurity. The paucity of evidence at Morgantina is echoed elsewhere on the island: there is no chronological evidence for ceramics in the first half of the 2nd century BCE apart from deposit IIA at Morgantina and a few tombs on Lipari dated to the late 3rd or early 2nd century.4 The evidence for the second half of the century is even poorer: no deposit dating to that period has been published.5 A number of very poor tombs on Lipari have been dated to the 2nd or 1st century BCE, but these had virtually no fine wares. Some tombs at Lilybaeum are similar in date and poverty of contents.6 By the 1st century BCE Morgantina’s ceramics were part of a koinē that had its center on the 1

See pp. 47–48 above. See p. 410 below. 3 ­M-L VII, 129. 4 For these tombs, see ­M-L II, ­M-L V, ­M-L VII, ­M-L X, and ­M-L XI. Some tombs at Lentini also may date to the early 2nd century BCE: see Rizza 1955, 304, on the tombs presented on pp. 292–304. 5 A fill at ancient Palike in the Caltagirone River valley has been mentioned as dating to the period of the Second Slave War (104–101 BCE). See L. Maniscalco and B. E. Mc2

Connell, “The Sanctuary of the Divine Palikoi (Rocchicella di Mineo, Sicily): Fieldwork from 1995 to 2001,” AJA­107 (2003) 169. The recent publication of material from Palike (Midolo 2008), however, does not present any chronologically significant material from this period. 6 See M-L VII, 129–130, where the poverty of the tombs is noted. Tombs from the period 250–36 BCE are published in M-L II, M-L VII, M-L X, M-L XI. For Lilybaeum: Bisi 1970, 551.

140

ChAPTER III

Italian mainland, although there are signs of fairly extensive trade in “luxury” goods with the eastern Mediterranean.7 Fine ceramics imported from the eastern Mediterranean in the second half of the 2nd century BCE appear in the form of moldmade hemispherical cups (“Megarian” bowls) and appliqué vases, mainly from Asia Minor, and then, beginning in the second quarter of the 1st century, in Eastern Sigillata A red-gloss pottery from the Levant.8 The bulk of the fine wares of this period found at Morgantina, however, was black-gloss and later red-gloss wares that are closely paralleled elsewhere on Sicily, as well as on the Italian mainland. While the red-gloss wares seem to show slight influence from contemporary Eastern Sigillata, Sicilian tablewares were predominantly part of the Italian tradition during the Roman Republic. Given this fact, I call this period at Morgantina the “Republican Age.” The first two quarters of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina are defined by one deposit and one context. A deep fill was dumped in the inner basin of the Fountain house in the Agora (deposit IIB) in the early 1st century BCE, but unfortunately contained only small amounts of fine wares.9 Nevertheless, the bulk of the material in this fill can be assumed to be characteristic of the pottery in the late 2nd century BCE, demonstrating that Campana C black-gloss ware was in use at Morgantina and that some red-gloss wares were being imported to the site. The moldmade hemispherical cups and amphoras from the eastern Mediterranean in this fill attest to trade, as do small amounts of thin-walled pottery imported from the Italian mainland. A more extensive fill in the East Granary (context IIC) was associated with the manufacture of pottery. This pottery factory was established between 130 and 120 BCE by a potter conversant with the methods of manufacturing Campana C, which was produced there in large amounts. The factory seems to have ceased production during the second quarter of the 1st century.10 The fill of the East Granary adds to the evidence from the Fountain house which indicates that red-gloss and thin-walled wares were still uncommon at Morgantina in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE and illustrates the dominance of Campana C black-gloss in that period. Six extensive fills at Morgantina (deposits IID–IIG, contexts IIC–IIi) provide information about the pottery that was in use in the second half of the 1st century BCE. All these fills ceased accumulating during the third quarter of the century for reasons which remain hypothetical, but which seem most likely to have occurred around 35 BCE; the circumstances are discussed in chapter 1 above.11 Two potters’ dumps (context IIC and deposit IIE.1) demonstrate that pottery was manufactured at Morgantina in the 1st century BCE. The first dump is in the East Granary (context IIC, mentioned above), where a workshop apparently manufactured Campana C black-gloss pottery, lamps, and cooking and utilitarian pottery.12 A small amount of Republican red-gloss pottery found in the fill suggests that the establishment was experimenting with firing under oxidizing conditions just before its abandonment, but the small number of thin-walled wares in the dump make it unlikely that they 7 For the history of Morgantina in this period, see pp. 13–23 above; on the deposits and contexts, pp. 47–60. See also Morel 1985, 1564–1566. 8 For the hemispherical moldmade cups, see pp. 278–280 below; for eastern appliqué wares, pp. 273–274 below; for Eastern Sigillata A, pp. 193–206 below. See also Wilson

1988, 242–243. 9 See pp. 50–51 above. 10 See pp. 51–52 above. 11 See pp. 17–23, 48–49, 51–60 above. 12 See pp. 51–53 above.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

141

were manufactured there. As mentioned above, this workshop seems to have ceased operating during the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. The second center of pottery manufacture was located in the house of the official (context IIE) and included a cistern that was used as a dump for wasters (deposit IIE.1).13 on the evidence of the coins found there, it is clear that the house burned after 38 BCE, and almost certainly before 20 BCE; after this fire it was never rebuilt. The fill includes more red-gloss pottery (but no Early Italian terra sigillata or volute-nozzle lamps=Dressel 9) and more thin-walled wares than the fill of the East Granary (context IIC). It also had extensive amounts of Campana C, cooking, and utilitarian pottery, all of which were manufactured there. A fair amount of Eastern Sigillata A red-gloss pottery was found in the house (and its cistern); this ware does not appear in the fill in the inner basin of the Fountain house (deposit IIB) or the fill of the pottery workshop in the East Granary (context IIC). Several hundred meters away from house of the official is a second house that burned in the same years, the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID).14 The fill of this rich house contained many imported vases, including much red-gloss pottery. The red-gloss wares again include Eastern Sigillata A but no Early Italian terra sigillata or volute-nozzle lamps. The ceramic assemblage from this house is essentially identical to that found in the house of the official. The numismatic evidence again indicates that the fire took place after 40 BCE and, together with the ceramics, suggests that a date before 20 BCE is again probable. There is also evidence for destructions on the West hill domestic quarter at Morgantina between ca. 40 and 20 BCE. Two extensive cistern fills with ashy fills located in adjacent houses (deposits IIF and IIG) contained ceramic assemblages similar to those found in the house of the official and the house of the Doric Capital.15 Since both of these houses were occupied again by the last decade BCE (contexts IIIC and IIID), it can be assumed that these cistern fills represent the cleanup following fires which can be dated between ca. 50 and 10 BCE, and almost certainly before ca. 20 BCE. A third house, the house of the Arched Cistern (context IIIA), also burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and was reconstructed no later than the turn of the millennium.16 Beyond these domestic fills, two dumps at Morgantina (contexts IIh and IIi) apparently ceased being used sometime in the second half of the 1st century BCE.17 The dating of these fills is based on the similarity of their ceramics to those found in deposits IIB–IIG and contexts IIC and IIE, as well as the absence of Early Italian terra sigillata, other later ceramics (including moldmade lamps with volutes decorating their nozzles), and imperial coins. of the two dumps, context IIh, which is located over the North Sanctuary and its annex, which were abandoned in 211 BCE, is by far the more extensive. It contained many 3rd-century vases, as well as material dated to the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. Context IIi seems to have accumulated during the 1st century BCE. A number of other deposits of pottery in eastern Sicily seem to date to the same general years as the fills at Morgantina mentioned above (that is, ca. 50–20/10 BCE). A cistern fill at Aguglia near ancient Akrai published by Paola Pelagatti and Gaetano Curcio provides parallels to the deposits of 13

16

14

17

See pp. 55–57 above. See pp. 54–55 above. 15 See pp. 57–58 above.

See pp. 61–62 above. See pp. 58–60 above.

142

ChAPTER III

the second half of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina.18 A series of fills at Syracuse published by Anna Maria Fallico date to this period, and two graves at Montagna di Marzo probably date to the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE.19 In addition, recent work by Rosario Patanè presents material found at Centuripe.20 There are also two dated fills on Lipari.21 The first is an extensive dump used in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, the second a fill associated with an earthen fortification built in 38 BCE, when Lipari was attacked as part of octavian’s campaigns against Sextus Pompeius. Unfortunately, this latter fill contained relatively few and fragmentary ceramics. Finally, useful comparanda may be culled from Iaitas (modern Monte Iato) south of Palermo. The black-gloss pottery found there has been well published by Roman Caflisch; unfortunately, this body of ceramics does not provide much aid in defining the chronology of the period.22 R. J. A. Wilson has collected much information on pottery of this period that is presented as part of two lengthy historical studies.23 other comparanda come from the Italian mainland and from the eastern Mediterranean, but should be used cautiously since these wares generally parallel rather than influence Sicilian pottery directly. The most useful of these fills are in Apulia (at Gravina and Metaponto).24

Changes in Shape Types at Morgantina between the hellenistic and Roman Periods one of the interesting features of Morgantina’s shift from a predominantly hellenistic Greek outlook, which the city had during its 3rd-century acme under Syracuse, to the culture of the Republican period of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE was a real change in the numbers and types of pottery shapes that were used on the table. Charts 3 and 4 illustrate this change. (Interestingly, the number of catalogued fine wares during these two periods is about the same). During the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, the inhabitants of Morgantina used a much greater diversity of shapes than are found in the fills of the 1st century. e most interesting feature of the change in fine wares in these centuries is the clear progression to far greater numbers of plates and many fewer handled cups in the fills of the 1st century BCE (the actual number of cups, however, remains about the same). The French scholar Michel Bats has suggested that this change in vessel preference was characteristic of a movement away from a hellenic dominated tableware to a Roman facies that presumably indicates a change in dietary habits, namely, a shift from porridges and soups as the main food to more solid forms such as polenta and meats.25 As Bats notes, this would tend to privilege plates over bowls on the table. While changes in food preferences would explain the greater numbers of plates, 18

Pelagatti and Curcio 1970. Fallico 1971; Montagna­di­Marzo, 41–42, tomb 5bis, 68, tomb 23. 20 Patanè 2006. 21 See M-L IX.2, 379–407, for the dump, and 80–83 on the earthwork and its ceramic contents. 22 Studia­Ietina IV, 179–235. 23 See Wilson 1988, 239–245; Wilson 1990, 251–253. 19

24 See Giardino 1980; Yntema 1990; hayes 1994; hempel 1996, 336–345. I was unable to consult D. Yntema, Conspectus­Formarum­of­Apulian­Grey­Gloss­Wares­(Ceramica a­Pasta­Grigia), 2nd ed. (Amsterdam, 2005). 25 See M. Bats, Vaisselle­et­alimentation­à­Olbia­de­Provence (v.­ 350–v.­ 50­ av.­ J.-C.):­ Modèles­ culturels­ et­ catégories céramiques,­ Revue­ archéologique­ de­ narbonnaise­ suppl. 18 (Paris, 1988) 31–74, 235–236. For a treatment of vase pref-

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

143

Chart 3. Shapes in the Morgantina deposits/contexts of the 3rd century BCE or that can be conjectured were made in the 3rd century 1: Catalogued fine wares bearing gloss (including medallion cups) 2: Plates and other shallow open shapes 3: hemispherical bowls/handleless cups 4: Medallion cups (ca. 250–150 BCE) 5: Bowls/pyxides 6: Cups with handles 7: Amphorae/stamnoi (including “ointment jars”) 8: Pitchers and other closed shapes 9: Lids. N.B. 78% of the lids in the catalogue (108 of 138) come from deposit IB.

diet cannot explain the rarity of handled cups in the later fills at Morgantina, which must reflect a shift in fashion. Jean-Paul Morel has also seen this change in proportions of shape types as a reaction on the part of the growing Italic presence in the western Mediterranean to the earlier dominant Greek cultural models in ceramics of the last two centuries BCE.26 Whatever the reason for the changes in shape preference, the pottery in use at Morgantina after 211 BCE shows a growing debt to Italian traditions and less attention to the hellenistic east.

erences at Morgantina in the Archaic and Classical periods, see now J. St. P. Walsh, “Consumption and Choice in Ancient Sicily,” in F. De Angelis, ed., Regionalism­and­Globalism­in Antiquity:­Exploring­Their­Limits (Leuven, 2013) 229–245.

26 See J.-P. Morel, “Les céramiques d’époque hellénistique

en Italie: hellénisme et anhellénisme,” in Akten­des­XIII.­Internationalen­ Kongresses­ für­ klassische­ Archäologie,­ Berlin, 1988 (Mainz, 1990) 161–171. For a review of both Bats’s

144

ChAPTER III

Chart 4. Shapes in the Morgantina deposits/contexts of the 1st century BCE, not including Eastern Sigillata A 1: Catalogued fine wares bearing gloss 2: Plates 3: Bowls/handleless cups 4: Pyxides 5: Cups with handles (kantharoi) 6: Chalices 7: Pitchers and other closed shapes 8: Lids

The virtual disappearance of handles on deep open shapes after the 3rd century makes designation of the function difficult. Were these shapes used as bowls or as cups? Presumably, deep open shapes with a lip diameter over 20 centimeters were probably used as bowls, but smaller vessels could be used as either a cup or a bowl. only the few vases with added decoration that suggests wine may be reasonably safely considered “cups.” It is, of course, likely that the function of most of the cups/bowls changed as the need arose (i.e., for a “cup of wine” or “bowl of soup”). This problem is insoluble, and handleless vases are called cups and/or bowls throughout this chapter with no intent to specify use.

and Morel’s hypotheses as they apply to ceramics in northeastern Spain in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, see J. Principal, “Late hellenistic Black-Gloss Wares in the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula: Production Traditions and Social

Practices,” in D. Malfitana, J. Poblome, and J. Lund, eds., Old­ Pottery­ in­ a­ New­ Century:­ Innovating­ Perspectives­ on Roman­Pottery­Studies;­Atti­del­Convegno­internazionale­di studi,­Catania,­22–24­aprile­2004 (Catania, 2006) 41–56.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

145

2. Fine Wares of the First Half of the 2nd Century BCE In 1981, a small fill of ceramics and bones (deposit IIA) was excavated at the northern end of the Southwest Temenos.27 is fill seems to represent a small dump that accumulated or was dumped against a wall over a short period of time around 175 BCE and which was not disturbed after its deposition. It appears not to include debris from the 3rd century BCE, although some of the ceramics in the fill illustrate the survival of 3rd-century ceramic traditions into the early 2nd century BCE. e ceramics in the dump included ten fine-ware fragments, none of which appears to have been made at Morgantina and all of which are assumed to have been made and broken between ca. 200 and 175 BCE. one of the fine vases in the fill, an Attic moldmade cup fragment (no. 629; Pl. 125), is discussed in chapter 5.28 An East Sicilian Polychrome cylindrical pyxis (perhaps a lid) (no. 161D; Pls. 24, 90) is discussed in chapter 2 above.29 The other fine-ware fragments are discussed in this chapter.

Plates No. 173 (Pl. 27) is an outturned-rim plate, the dominant form of plate in the 3rd-century BCE fills.30 Its gray fabric, however, is not found in plates of this shape in the 3rd-century fills and resembles the fabric of Campana C, but its gloss is not the grayish-black gloss of developed Campana C.31 No. 173 may be a very early example of that ware. Nos. 174 and 175 (Pl. 93) are plate bases with stamped ornament. Both are imports to Morgantina and will be discussed below in a section on decoration.32 The stamps are similar to those found on plates of the 3rd century BCE, and their appearance in this deposit illustrates the survival of this type of decoration into the early 2nd century.

Bowls and Cups No. 176 (Pl. 93) is a hemispherical cup/bowl, a common form in the 3rd-century BCE deposits.33 e overpainted decoration on the floor is also typical of that period. Its red fabric seems to be fabric III, the fabric of Syracuse, which appears in small but consistent amounts in the fills of the 3rd through the 1st century BCE at Morgantina.34 e kantharos no. 177 (Pls. 27, 93) also seems to be fabric III, and thus to be a Syracusan product. Its shape and overpainted decoration are paralleled in deposits of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina.35 It is not as well potted as the earlier examples and

27

See pp. 48–50 above. See p. 278 below. 29 See pp. 134–136 above. 30 For 3rd-century examples: pp. 85–86 above. For examples of the shape in the deposits of the 1st century BCE, see pp. 155 and 173–174 below. 28

31

For the fabric and gloss of Campana C: p. 146 below. See p. 200 below. 33 See pp. 89–91 above. 34 For examples of fabric III in the later fills at Morgantina, see pp. 79–80 above and pp. 166–167, 172 below. 35 See pp. 107–108 above, no. 70. 32

146

ChAPTER III

has noticeably thicker walls. Both of these vases, then, illustrate the survival of 3rd-century traditions into the 2nd century BCE. Nos. 178 and 179 (Pl. 93) are fragments of cups (or bowls) which have shapes that are unusual at Morgantina, and their fabrics indicate that they were imported to the site. Judging by its fabric, no. 178 may be Attic (as is the hemispherical moldmade cup no. 629), while the gray fabric of no. 179 is also paralleled in the east.36 Both have flat bases and hemispherical bodies, and both bear incised ornament of a type that was later imitated in Campana C and Republican red-gloss vases, and which is discussed below in the section on additional decoration.37 Perhaps the most puzzling vase in this deposit is the fragment of a bowl or chalice (no. 180; Pl. 27) which has a gray fabric and bears no gloss. A series of moldings on its upper body indicates that it should be considered to be fine ware, perhaps an early molded chalice. It may be an example of the hard gray fabric made at Metapontum and other Apulian centers during the 2nd century BCE.38

3. Campana C Black-Gloss Pottery Campana C was a black-gloss ware manufactured in eastern Sicily after the Second Punic War that is characterized by a gray to grayish-brown clay.39 At Morgantina and elsewhere, the earlier examples of the ware may have a gloss with a lustrous black sheen, but the later examples usually have gloss that varies in color and is of low quality, often flaking or peeling, and is dull grayish black in hue, with occasional brown patches.40 Most vases were dipped once, and the gloss usually extends no farther than the midpoint of the body. e shapes of Campana C are roughly similar to those of contemporary Campana A ware made in Campania and of Campana B pottery of the Italian central coast. ese three fabrics are considered the major black-gloss export wares in the western Mediterranean during the last two centuries BCE, although Campana C seems to have been the least widely diffused and is the least sophisticated technically.41 36 No. 178 could also be the “hard-fired red” fabric made at Tarentum in the late 3rd and the first half of the 2nd century BCE: hempel 1996, 337–338. on eastern gray wares, see Agora XXIX, 232–236, esp. 235, nos. 1586, 1587, which seem to have a fabric and decoration similar to no. 180. 37 on incised decoration in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, see pp. 295–296 below. 38 Giardino 1980; hempel 1996, 336–345. See also Yntema 1990, 168–169. 39 For earlier scholarship on Campana C: Lamboglia, 156–163; Morel, 47, 520–521; Wilson 1988, 240; Wilson 1990, 251. 40 See Lamboglia, 140, 156; Pelagatti and Curcio, 470; Morel, 47; Studia­Ietina IV. The gray color of the fabric was achieved through a double-reduction in the firing: Morel, 520; P. Mirti, M. Aceto, and M. C. Preacco Ancona, “Campanian Pottery from Ancient Bruttium (Southern Italy): Scientific Analysis of Local and Imported Products,” Archaeometry 40 (1998) 311–329.

41 For Campana A: Morel, 521; Berenice­ III.1, 9–29; Scott 2008, 7. For Campana B: Morel, 521–522; Scott 2008, 7–8. on the diffusion of Campana A: Lamboglia, 163–164; Morel 1965, 236. on the diffusion of Campana B: Lamboglia, 152; Morel 1965, 235–236. Campana C is rarely found in central Italy: Morel 1965, 235; M. Vegas, “Römische Keramik von Gabii (Latium),” BJb 168 (1968) 16; Jesi, 106. For examples of the ware in Campania: M. Aylwin Cotton, The­Late­Republican­Villa­at­Posto,­­Franco­lise (London, 1979) 89. In northern Italy, Campana C has been found in some quantity at Ventimiglia but is rare elsewhere; see note 51 below. For Campana C in Africa, see note 51 below. For Campana C in Spain, see note 52 below. It is rarely found in the eastern Mediterranean: J. Lund, “Italianmade Fine Wares and Cooking Wares in the Eastern Mediterranean,” in Early­Italian­Sigillata,­6. See also Morel 1985, 1565–1566. on the qualities of Campana A–C: P. Mirti and P. Davit, “Technological Characterization of Campanian Pottery of Type A, B, and C and of Regional

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

147

Campana C was clearly a product of eastern Sicily.42 It is relatively uncommon in the western parts of the island and on Lipari, where Campana A and its imitations dominated. 43 While it is prevalent at sites in northern Sicily, it is less common than Campana A (and its imitations).44 Large deposits of Campana C dating to the second half of the 1st century BCE have been found at Syracuse, Akrai, and Morgantina, while Syracuse, Centuripe, and Morgantina have produced evidence for its manufacture.45 Attempts to limit the area where Campana C was manufactured to the region of Syracuse thus ignore increasing evidence for the manufacture in the Lentini plain and Catania valley, as well as in the east-central hinterland where Morgantina is located. It is generally assumed that the ware was first produced at Syracuse in the first half of the 2nd century BCE, but, while likely correct, there is no chronological evidence for this assumption, and the ware may have initially been developed at another city on the eastern coast before being produced at Syracuse; the origin of the ware is one of its many unanswered questions. By the 1st century BCE, Campana C was apparently manufactured throughout eastern Sicily. one may assume that journeymen trained at the initial production centers had moved to new centers to set up their own businesses.

The Chronology of Campana C: External Evidence As noted, the date of the initiation of Campana C is obscure, since virtually all the preserved examples come from deposits of the 1st century BCE. At one time, its inception was dated to ca. 200 BCE,

Products from Ancient Calabria (Southern Italy),” Archaeometry­43 (2001) 19–33, esp. 32. 42 Morel, 47, seems to regard the production of Campana C as restricted to the area of Syracuse; elsewhere (p. 521) he states that its production was limited “d’une région restreinte centrée sur la Sicile orientale.” 43 For the rarity of Campana C on Lipari: M-L IX.2, 162– 165, 394, 404; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 469. For the dominance of Campana A on Lipari: M-L IX.2, 162–165, 381, 383–392; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 472; M-L II, 249, n. 4. For Campana C from herakleia Minoa on the southwestern coast: Morel, 162, type 2284a, 447–448, form Bd4, pl. 224:19; see also 464, genre 232c.1. The ware has been found at Lilybaeum: Bisi 1970, 537. It has also been recognized on Malta: Taylor 1957, 191. 44 Campana C was reasonably common at Iaitas, south of Palermo: Studia­Ietina IV, 204–215 (Campana C, 54 catalogued examples), 181–196 (Campana A, 83 catalogued examples). Caflisch also presents (Studia­Ietina IV, 196–203) 31 fragments of Campana B. Campana C thus constitutes 32% of the published black-gloss of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE at Iaitas. For halaesa: G. Carettoni, “Tusa: Scavi di halaesa,” NSc 13 (1959) 301. At Caleacte, Campana C is said to have comprised around 40% of the black-gloss of the second half of the 2nd and the 1st centuries BCE: A.

Lindhagen, Caleacte:­Production­and­Exchange­in­a­North­Sicilian­Town,­c.­500­B.C.–A.D.­500­(Lund, 2006) 89. For Tyndaris: Lamboglia, 156, 161; M-L II, 258–259; see also C. Bonanno, Kalè­Akté:­Scavi­in­Contrada­Pantano­di­Caronia­­Marina,­2003–2005 (Rome, 2009) 30, 46, nos. 9bis (vertical-rim plate), 11 (vertical-rim cup). This is 25% of the catalogued black-gloss dated to the 2nd century BCE. 45 For Syracuse: G. V. Gentili, “Siracusa: Scoperte nelle due nuove arterie stradali, la Via di Circonvallazione, ora Viale P. orsi, e la Via Archeologica, ora Viale F. S. Cavallari,” NSc 5 (1951) 269–270; G. V. Gentili, “Siracusa: Contributo alla topografia dell’antica città,” NSc 10 (1956) 151–157; Fallico 1971, 620–626; S. Lagona, “Vasai a Siracusa in età ellenistica-romana,” ArchStorSir 2 (1972–73) 91–98. Campana C wasters are displayed in the Museo Nazionale in Syracuse. For Akrai: Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 470–476, and, for the date, 497. For manufacture of Campana C at Syracuse: S. G. Agnello, “Siracusa: Nuovi ipogei scoperti nel cimitero di Vigna Cassia,” NSc 9 (1955) 242–243; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 78–79; Wilson 1988, 240, n. 154 (full bibliography), 257–258; Wilson 1990, 251. For manufacture at Morgantina: MS III, 89–96, 99–100, 103; pp. 151–152 below. For manufacture at Centuripe: Patanè 2006, 478–481, fig. 3.

148

ChAPTER III

based on a fragment in the problematic “shipwreck” off the island of Grand Congloué near Marseille.46 It is now known that there are actually two superimposed wrecks that were originally identified as one ship, and that, of these two wrecks, only the later (Shipwreck B, dated ca. 110–80 BCE) contained Campana C.47 e fragment of Campana C found at Grand Congloué must thus be discounted as chronological evidence for the beginning of Campana C production. The earliest dated appearance of the ware may now be a plate fragment (no. 173; Pl. 30.1) found in a deposit of the first half of the 2nd century BCE at Morgantina.48 This plate has a gray fabric and grayish-black gloss but is not, however, securely Campana C: a number of other gray fabrics are known in the hellenistic Mediterranean world, making exact identification of the fabric of black-gloss fragments with gray fabric difficult.49 If it is Campana C, this plate does not appear to be in the fabric of Syracuse. Several pieces of pottery with gray fabric found in deposits of the middle of the 2nd century at Cosa were identified as Campana C by Doris Taylor in 1957.50 These fabrics, however, vary in hardness from soft to medium to hard, and their shapes do not correspond closely

46

For the fragment of Campana C found in the shipwreck off the island of Grand Congloué: F. Benoît, Fouilles sous-marines:­L’épave­du­Grand­Congloué­à­Marseille,­Gallia suppl. 14 (Paris, 1961) 75, 94–96, no. 22. For the date of 190 BCE: Morel, 62 (with earlier bibliography, n. 250), who noted that the chronology of this shipwreck is “encore trés imprecise.” The shipwreck was dated to the first half of the 2nd century BCE by Benoît (above) 197–199. See MS­III, 101–104, on other questions concerning Campana C that remain open, such as the originating center and the organization of ceramic factories that produced the ware. 47 For a summary of the problems of the shipwrecks at Grand Congloué: A. J. Parker, Ancient­ Shipwrecks­ of­ the Mediterranean­and­the­Roman­Provinces, BAR International Series 580 (oxford, 1992) 200–201 (wrecks A and B). See also V. Grace, “The Middle Stoa Dated by Amphora Stamps,” Hesperia 54 (1985) 40–41. 48 See p. 145 above. 49 The most obvious candidate for confusion with Campana C is a gray ware made in Apulia (certainly at Metapontum) at approximately the same time as Campana C: Giardino 1980; hempel 1996, 336–345. For a more refined chronology of the ware, see Yntema 1990, 168–169; see also pp. 280–281 below for moldmade cups at Morgantina in this fabric. on the similarities between the Apulian ware and Campana C, see also La Torre and Mollo 2006, 215–219. A gray ware that differs from Campana C has been found in contexts of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE at Ampurias in Spain: Sanmartí Grego 1978, 23 (and 26, for a “pseudocampaniense C”). hayes 1997, 39, lists Campana C as one of a number of “reduction-fired grey-bodied wares” of the 1st century BCE. For gray wares in the eastern Mediterranean, see Wright 1980, 146–149, nos. 31–39, 168; Berenice­III.1, 52–57; I. Bald Romano, “A hellenistic De-

posit from Corinth: Evidence for Interim Period Activity (146–44 B.C.),” Hesperia­63 (1994) 71, nos. 28, 29; hayes 1997, 39; Slane 1997, 364–371; Agora XXIX, 232–236. See also Morel 1986, 485 and n. 50. on the dangers of identifying fabrics from small fragments, see the cautionary note G. C. Duncan, “Roman Republican Pottery from the Vicinity of Sutri,” PBSR 33 (1965) 136. 50 Taylor 1957, 164–173, 191. The problem of the exact identification of black-gloss wares with gray fabrics at Cosa is discussed by Scott 2008, 8–9. It now seems likely that many of the vases identified by Taylor as Campana C (her type III) are not that ware. The date of Cosa deposits B and C is the mid-2nd century BCE or a little afterward (although both seem not to have been securely sealed): Marabini Moevs, 21; Morel, 57; Scott 2008, 111–113. Scott has now removed Taylor’s A24 from consideration as type III (see Scott 2008, 29, no. A24, 41–42, no. AA24, 47–48). Deposit A at Cosa has now been re-dated to the earliest years of the 2nd century BCE, which seems too early for Campana C to have been imported to Tuscany: Scott 2008, 47. The clay of the five “Type III” fragments in deposit B is described as varying from soft to medium to hard gray, and includes one fragment with gray gloss and a “buff” fabric. B36b strikes me as the piece most likely to be Campana C, but it is a common shape that appears throughout Italy. The five fragments identified as “Type III” in deposit C also vary in hardness, and three of the five come from a level that included sherds of Early Italian terra sigillata (see Scott 2008, 112– 113, on the contamination of deposit C with some later forms), leaving only Taylor’s nos. C26c and C28a as secure candidates for early Campana C (both identifications strike me as reasonable, although neither is illustrated). Securely identified Campana C appears at Cosa in fills of the early 1st century BCE; see n. 51 below.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

149

to those of the Campana C at Morgantina. This discrepancy in shapes may simply be due to the century that separates the Cosa fragments from the vases at Morgantina. The differences in hardness could result from the vases being products of different manufacturing centers in eastern Sicily, although the Campana C of both Morgantina and Syracuse is fired to a hard bisque. Altogether, these discrepancies suggest that the Cosa fragments represent a number of fabrics, some or none of which may be Campana C, and it seems best to state only that Campana C may appear at Cosa by the middle of the 2nd century BCE. Campana C clearly was being imported widely in the western Mediterranean by the end of the 2nd century BCE, since it has certainly been found in fills of the early 1st century BCE at Cosa and Ventimiglia, and in North Africa at approximately the same date.51 Black-gloss wares produced in southern France during the 1st century BCE are said to imitate the shapes of Campana C. Since only a few examples of true Campana C have been found in that region and in neighboring northeastern Spain, it seems possible that Sicilian potters familiar with the repertoire of the ware emigrated to southern France in the early 1st century BCE.52 From the available evidence, then, it seems probable that Campana C was developed in eastern Sicily, in or near Syracuse, during the first half of the 2nd century BCE, and its manufacture then spread throughout eastern Sicily during the course of the 2nd century. The ware reached its greatest popularity in the late 2nd century BCE and the first half of the 1st century BCE. It appears that Campana C ceased being produced at most centers by the end of the 1st century BCE; only Syracuse has produced evidence suggesting that manufacture continued into the 1st century CE.53

51

Scott 2008, 204–205, 210; N. Lamboglia, Gli­scavi­di Albintimilium­e­la­cronologia­della­ceramica­romana­(Bordighera, 1950) 66–67, 81, 92, 99, 105, 109. For Campana C at Luna in northwestern Italy: A. Frova, ed., Scavi­di­Luni: Relazione­preliminare­delle­campagne­di­scavo­1970–1971 (Rome, 1973), vol. 1, 269–272, 752–753, 760–761, nos. 45–47. Campana C is rarely found in northeastern Italy: G. Fiorentini, “Prime osservazioni sulla ceramica campana nella Valle del Po,” RStLig 29 (1963) 8. only three vases and one Campana C lamp were found at Iesi near Ancona: Jesi, 106. For Campana C in North Africa: P. M. Kenrick, Excavations at­Sabratha,­1948–1951,­vol. 1, A­Report­on­the­Excavations Conducted­by­Dame­Kathleen­Kenyon­and­John­Ward-Perkins, JRS Monograph 2 (London, 1986) 175–176, nos. 4–9 (with earlier bibliography); N. Keay in Excavations­at­Sabratha, 1948–1951,­vol. 2, pt. 2, The­Finewares­and­Lamps, ed. M. Fulford and R. Tomber (London, 1994) 47–52; Berenice III.1, 50–52. See also Morel 1985, 1565–1566. The small amounts of Campana C found on Delos presumably date before ca. 88 BCE: see Morel 1986, 477, nos. 119, 120; see also 484–486, nos. 147–149. 52 See Morel, 517–518; M. Py, L’oppidum­des­Castels­à Nages­(Gard), Gallia suppl. 35 (Paris, 1978) 231–236, 240– 242; B. Dedet, “La céramique à vernis noir de l’oppidum­de

Vié-Cioutat à Mons-Monteils (Gard),” MÉFRA­86 (1974) 268–269. A migration of east Sicilian workmen to southern France at the end of the 2nd century BCE may be related to the Second Servile War. For a similar movement of workmen in the glass industry to northern Italy during the period of civil wars in the 1st century BCE: D. B. harden, “Ancient Glass I: Pre-Roman,” AntJ­ 125 (1968) 64. See also Py (above), 234–236. For Campana C from Emporion in northeastern Spain (where it is rare): Sanmartí Grego 1978, 23, 87, no. 126 (with bibliography citing other Campana C in Spain), 169, 201, 301, 307, 312, 403–404, 449. Sanmartí Grego dates all the Campana C found at Emporion to the first half of the 1st century BCE. 53 For the manufacture of Campana C at Syracuse continuing into the 1st century CE: S. G. Agnello, “Siracusa: Nuovi ipogei scoperti nel cimitero di Vigna Cassia,” NSc 9 (1955) 242–243; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 78–79; Wilson 1988, 240 n. 154 (full bibliography), 257–258; Wilson 1990, 251. A tomb at Montagna di Marzo had two Campana C plates which seem to imitate shapes in Early Italian terra sigillata: Montagna­di­Marzo, 52, tomb 50, nos. 1 and 3, fig. 114:h, 114:j. The developed piriform unguentaria in this tomb support a dating in the early 1st century CE.

150

ChAPTER III

Dated Fills at Morgantina and the Chronology of Campana C e deposits and contexts of Campana C at Morgantina aid only a little in establishing a chronology for the development of the ware, since all the fills with large amounts of Campana C (except context IIC) were closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Context IIC was abandoned during the second quarter of the 1st century BCE, but the Campana C found there is little different from that in the fills of the next quarter century. As noted above, the only fill at Morgantina dated to the first half of the 2nd century BCE (deposit IIA) contained a single plate fragment (no. 173; Pl. 30.1) that may be very early Campana C.54 The pottery factory in the East Granary (context IIC) probably began production soon after 130 BCE and seems to have manufactured Campana C from its beginning. only two catalogued examples of the ware (nos. 185, 195A) were found in the deposit in the inner basin of the Fountain house (deposit IIB) dated to the first quarter of the 1st century BCE.55 A fragmentary medallion cup (no. 571; Pl. 119) has the fabric color and gloss typical of Campana C, although it is not the fabric of Morgantina.56 It is likely to have been imported to the site during the 2nd century BCE, but cannot be dated more closely. The available evidence thus suggests that examples of Campana C appeared at Morgantina in the first half of the 2nd century BCE, but that the ware became common only in the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE, a hypothesis supported by context IIC. A few scattered finds support this chronology. A plate fragment (no. 202; Pl. 95) was found under an opus­signinum­floor in the house of the Tuscan Capitals which is assumed to have been laid ca. 100 BCE, and a small pitcher (no. 237; Pl. 35) was found in the same house under a mosaic floor that was probably created about the same time.57 Some vases (nos. 190, 205; Pls. 28, 95) were found in a cistern in a courtyard of the North Sanctuary (context IIh), which probably received an overfill around the end of the 2nd century BCE; no. 204 (Pl. 95) is another decorated plate fragment found in a (late?) 2nd-century or early1st-century cistern overfill. These five fragments are the only examples of Campana C dated to the 2nd century BCE by archaeological context. It is worth noting that these early examples seem to show more elaborate decoration and a higher quality gloss than the vases from deposits dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. As mentioned above, potters at Morgantina surely produced Campana C during the first twothirds of the 1st century BCE. There is little evidence that the ware was current at Morgantina after 54 See p. 145 above. on the other hand, a very small deposit of sherds used to fill a pit beneath a wall of the Macellum at Morgantina (constructed after 137 BCE, according to the numismatic evidence: MS II, 171, deposit 41) included no Campana C sherds, suggesting that the ware was not in general use during the third quarter of the 2nd century. Campana C is ubiquitous in fills of the 1st century BCE. 55 other examples of Campana C in the fill were both few and fragmentary, but it should be pointed out that this deposit consisted mainly of fragments of large utilitarian vases, especially amphoras.

56

See pp. 261–262 below. 1984, 226–227, with n. 14, observes that the decorative work in this room (room 22) has parallels in the house of the Griffins at Rome (ca. 90 BCE). Tsakirgis 1984, 231, 241, no. 379, discusses the sherd. In addition, three mosaic floors in two houses in the West hill domestic quarter (house of the Tuscan Capitals and Pappalardo house) had body sherds of Campana C black-gloss pottery in their floor packings: Tsakirgis 1984, 185, 201, 413; B. Tsakirgis, “The Decorative Pavements of Morgantina I: The Mosaics,” AJA 93, 1989, 395–416, esp. 403–404. 57 Tsakirgis

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

151

around 25 BCE, although it is possible that a few examples were in use until the turn of the millennium. The rarity and fragmentary nature of the Campana C found in fills associated with the final abandonment of Morgantina around 40–50 CE indicate that by the imperial period it was no longer in use.

The Manufacture of Campana C at Morgantina e manufacture of Campana C at Morgantina is demonstrated by deposits in the house of the official (context IIE and deposit IIE.1) and the East Granary (context IIC).58 Both of these complexes contained kilns of a size suitable for firing fine wares, as well as large amounts of Campana C, including wasters (see nos. 220B, 223B).59 In addition, a Campana C waster was found in the dump over the North Sanctuary (context IIh), suggesting the existence of yet another workshop in that area, since the dump is located more than 300 meters (uphill) from the two known pottery workshops. A mold for a lamp type (Dressel 2; inv. 66-650; Pl. 141) that appears at Morgantina in Campana C was found in the West hill domestic quarter, possibly indicating the presence of a workshop on the hill.60 While there is no conclusive evidence for the manufacture of Campana C at Morgantina before the 1st century BCE, it seems most likely that manufacture began with the establishment of the pottery factory in the East Granary (context IIC) between the First and Second Slave Wars (ca. 130– 105 BCE). There is no evidence that fine pottery was manufactured at Morgantina in the first half of the 2nd century, and the ceramics from the fill of the East Granary show no signs of experimentation with the Campana C technique (as there are with later Republican red-gloss). It thus appears that a potter or workshop trained in producing Campana C moved to Morgantina sometime in the second half of the 2nd century BCE and established the workshop in the East Granary (context IIC). The importation of volcanic (black) sand from the east coast of the island, near Mount Etna (see below), by this workshop probably indicates its place of origin. The pottery factory in the East Granary appears to have operated for at least two generations (ca. 50 years) before its demise in the second quarter of the 1st century; it may have been succeeded by the pottery workshop in the house of the official.61 Unfortunately, there is no way to distinguish early from later products in the Campana C found in the fill of the East Granary. Pelagatti suggested that Morgantina supplied most of central Sicily with Campana C, but this idea remains hypothetical given the lack of extensive excavation in the region.62 Elsewhere in Italy there was a documented increase in the production of local black-gloss wares in the later 2nd and 58

See MS III, 11–18, 88, on the industrial complexes there. See also appendix I, pp. 410–412 below. 59 For wasters, see appendix I, pp. 410–413 below. 60 See p. 414 below. 61 The activity of the kilns at Morgantina can be dated only by the material found in their environs and the typology of the kiln structures. These factors indicate that the

kilns were certainly operating in the 1st century BCE: MS III, 69. There is also evidence for building at Morgantina in the second half of the 2nd century BCE which could suggest that the pottery industry was re-established at that time: see pp. 15–16 above. 62 Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 471; Pelagatti 1970, 78.

152

ChAPTER III

1st centuries BCE.63 It is now known that Campana C was made at Centuripe, and future excavations will probably locate additional centers of manufacture in the Catania valley and Lentini plain.64 It seems most reasonable to assume that Morgantina’s Campana C represents a local version of the ware that was produced at Syracuse and at other centers on the east coast of Sicily, and that its pottery workshops mainly supplied the city’s immediate territory. Vases found in contexts of pottery manufacture at Morgantina: Context IIC: 184A, 184B, 189, 189A, 190A, 192C, 192D, 193I, 196, 197, 207, 208, 209, 209A, 209B, 212, 213, 213A, 214A–E, 217, 219A, 219B, 220C, 220G, 220I, 225, 226, 229, 230B, 230C, 234, 234A, 238, 238A, 239, 239A, 240 Deposit IIE.1: 192, 193E–H, 195, 198, 206, 218, 220A, 220B, 221, 221A–D, 223B Context IIE: 192A, 198A, 228

Fabric and Gloss In the Campana C vases found at Morgantina, it is currently difficult to distinguish imports made at other centers in eastern Sicily from local products. e vases have a fairly homogenous hard, fine fabric that varies from gray to grayish brown in hue (approximately 5YR 5/1 to 6/2) with some inclusions.65 Ninina Cuomo di Caprio’s technical analysis of the Campana C found in the cistern of the house of the official (deposit IIE.1) indicates that at least two kinds of clay were used, one of which seems to have been imported from some distance.66 e vases produced from these two clays, however, look identical. e fabric of Morgantina’s Campana C differs from the fabric of the Campana C made in Syracuse, which is grittier and brownish red-gray in color.67 ere seems to be little 63 See Lamboglia (n. 51 above) 65, 68–69, 81–82, 92; Taylor 1957, 71–72, 173–174; Fiorentini (n. 51 above) 22– 40; Morel 1965, 16, 236–237; P. Piana, “La ceramica campana della necropoli di S. Bernardo di ornavasso,” RStLig 35 (1969) 141–142; Yntema 1990, 168–169. For local wares in Africa and Gaul: notes 51 and 52 above. on Spanish local wares: Beltrán Lloris, 57–60; Sanmartí Grego 1978, 24–26. For Portugal: J. Alarcão and R. Étienne, Fouilles­de Conimbriga, vol. 6, Céramiques­diverses­et­verres (Paris, 1976) 22, 24–25, nos. 9, 33, pl. 4. See also Morel 1985, 1565– 1566. 64 For manufacture at Centuripe: Patanè 2006, 478–481, fig. 3. See the cogent remarks by R. P. A. Patanè, “Centuripe in età ellenistica: I rapporti con Roma,” in G. Rizza, ed., Scavi­e­ricerche­a­Centuripe­(Catania, 2002) 135, who notes that the ware seems to have started in Syracuse, but was made later at other centers. 65 Patanè (n. 64 above) 135 notes that the ware looks very much alike no matter where it was made. 66 MS III, 92–93; see also 158–160. 67 I noted the visual difference in the clay types of the two manufacturing centers in the summer of 1981 when I ex-

amined the pottery in the Museo Nazionale di Siracusa published by Fallico (also noted by Caflisch in Studia­Ietina IV, 204). Caflisch (Studia­Ietina IV, 205) calls the Campana C at Morgantina “imitation Campana C,” presumably because it was not made at Syracuse. I see no qualitative difference between the Campana C produced at Syracuse and Morgantina, and the shapes made at both sites are very similar. It is reasonable to assume that, like most other export wares of the last centuries BCE and continuing into the empire, Campana C was made in a geographical region, rather than at a specific site (pace­Morel). J.-P. Morel and M. Picon, “Les céramiques étrusco-campaniennes: Recherches en laboratoire,” in G. olcese, ed., Ceramica­romana­e­archeometria: Lo­stato­degli­studi;­Atti­delle­giornate­internazionali­di­studio, Castello­di­Montegufoni­(Firenze),­26–27­aprile­1993­(Florence, 1994) 45–46, state that it is difficult to distinguish the Campana C of Syracuse and Morgantina chemically, and they note that the addition of a volcanic temper at Syracuse differentiates the two. But some vases at Morgantina appear to have volcanic temper, because they are made with the imported clay or because volcanic sand was added to their fabric.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

153

if any Syracusan Campana C at Morgantina (but see nos. 182B, 199, and 220D). Imported Campana C probably came to Morgantina from manufacturing centers in the Catania valley and environs, rather than from more distant Syracuse.68 If so, its fabric was virtually identical to the local clay. The gloss of Morgantina’s Campana C is usually a fairly dull grayish black, and most of the vases have been partially glossed by dipping their upper surface into a vat of the slip while the potter held the foot (often leaving fingerprints in gloss on the foot).69 This technique has often left drips on the lower body because the vase was turned over and set on its foot after it was dipped and before the gloss had dried. Frequently, some of the gloss has flaked or peeled off. In general, the Campana C of Morgantina is not an elegant pottery. Besides the casual application of gloss described above, the vases are generally thick walled, and there is little decoration.70 In evaluating the Campana C, one encounters the same problem as in analyzing the fine wares of the 3rd century BCE, i.e., it is currently impossible to distinguish Morgantina’s products from those of other ceramic centers in the Catania valley or Lentini plain. It is tempting to assume that finer products or those that have been double dipped in gloss (or covered with gloss to the foot) are imports, since most of the Campana C at Morgantina does not show these features, and it can be assumed that the majority of the ware was manufactured locally. on the other hand, it is risky to make conclusions concerning the provenance of individual vases found at Morgantina on the basis of visual analysis, especially since some of the clay used to make the local vases seems to have been brought to the site from some distance. The Campana C found in the areas of pottery manufacture at Morgantina can be dated only to the 1st century BCE, and all the fills containing Campana C were closed in the second or the third quarter of 1st century BCE.71 The bulk of Morgantina’s Campana C thus dates to the end of the ware’s production, when it was in decline and its markets were being taken over by red-gloss pottery. The finer products of the ware found in these deposits may well have been manufactured at Morgantina earlier in the 1st century or in the later 2nd century.

Black Sand and Morgantina’s Campana C A peculiarity in the production of Campana C at Morgantina was discovered by Ninina Cuomo di Caprio in her analysis of the ware.72 e fabric of a number of the larger shapes (primarily large plates) found in the house of the official contained black volcanic sand, particularly in the area of 68

Morel and Picon (n. 67 above) 46 suggest that there were probably many workshops in eastern Sicily that produced Campana C. But the area of the Campana C’s predominance runs along the Sicilian coast from Tyndaris to Syracuse, and only Centuripe (n. 64 above) has been identified as a manufacturing center in eastern Sicily north of Syracuse, although it seems likely that the ware was also produced in other towns on the east coast. See also pp. 147–149 above. Caflisch (Studia­Ietina­IV, 214–215) identified a third Campana C fabric in addition to that of Syracuse and Morgantina. The medallion cup in Campana C no. 571 is in a fabric other than that of Syracuse or Morgantina, and the fabric of Cen-

turipe is a candidate for Caflisch’s third clay type. 69 Ninina Cuomo di Caprio has suggested to me that calling Campana C a “black-gloss” ware is a misnomer, and that its surface covering should be called “gray slip.” As noted above, however, its early examples often do have a lustrous surface. See Morel, 47, who describes the gloss as very black. 70 on decoration (stamped, overpainted, and incised), see pp. 163–164 below. 71 See pp. 150–151 above. Deposit IIB, closed in the first quarter of the 1st century, has only two catalogued vases in Campana C, nos. 185 and 195B. 72 MS III, 88–96, 158–160.

154

ChAPTER III

the feet. It seems clear that the black sand was deliberately added to these vases.73 e reason for the addition of the black sand remains uncertain, but its presence suggests a number of interesting hypotheses concerning Campana C at Morgantina. Since the vases with black sand were found in an area of the city where pottery was manufactured, it is unlikely that they are imported. ere is no volcanic sand near Morgantina, and it must have been brought to the site from eastern Sicily, where it is found near Mount Etna.74 Since the black sand is located in parts of the vases that do not usually bear gloss, it seems likely that it was added either to produce highlights similar to the color of the gloss in the lower regions of the vases or to strengthen the clay in those areas.75 Whatever the reason for its use in these vessels, the probable importing of black sand for use in Campana C suggests that the technique came to Morgantina from eastern Sicily. e manufacture of Campana C was thus likely initiated at Morgantina by potter(s) who moved to the site from eastern Sicily, probably during the last third of the 2nd century. An alternative hypothesis is that the local potters were imitating a technique or fashion that evolved near Mount Etna, but, given the probability that the manufacture of Campana C was introduced to Morgantina by a workshop trained in the technique, it seems more likely that the potters came from near Catania and brought with them a fondness for adding black sand to large shapes.

Shapes Although the deposits at Morgantina provide little aid in reconstructing the chronology of the ware, they do provide the most useful body of Campana C yet excavated in Sicily for illustrating the range of shapes used by its potters.76 Since the majority of the Campana C found at Morgantina dates to the 1st century BCE, three facts about the shapes are worth comment. e first is that the number of shapes used in Campana C is relatively restricted. is suggests that the ware was quite standardized by the date of the fills with large quantities of the ware at Morgantina. The second fact is that the shapes of Campana C are closely related to those of contemporary Republican red-gloss ware found at Morgantina.77 This demonstrates that the Republican red-gloss wares of eastern Sicily developed primarily from the local black-gloss traditions and suggests that the development of a taste for a red surface on fine pottery was the major cause of the demise of Campana C. At the same time, a number of the shapes derive from the repertoire of shapes represented in the deposits of the 3rd century BCE, where the fondness for beveled feet and grooves on the undersurfaces (including the bottoms of the feet) seen in Campana C also appears.78 This demonstrates a basic continuity in the potting traditions in Sicily throughout the hellenistic age. 73

MS III, 93–95. See MS III, 94. 75 MS III, 93. 76 See Lamboglia 1952, 156–163, for an earlier typology, which identifies eleven forms used by Campana C potters. Morel’s typology lists fifteen different shapes (with several variants) in Campana C. The catalogue of Morgantina vases presented here lists thirty-one different shapes. 74

77

For red-gloss, see pp. 169–192 below. Twenty shapes found in Campana C at Morgantina also appear in Republican red-gloss pottery. 78 on the fondness for beveled feet and grooved undersurfaces in Sicilian hellenistic ceramics: Morel, 447–448, nos. 49 and 50, 448, type Bd 4, 454, no. 142a.1, 457–458, nos. 161a–162a, 162d, 465, no. 235. For grooved undersurfaces or resting surfaces in Morgantina’s Campana C: nos.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

155

The third interesting aspect is the new predominance of shallow open shapes—platters, plates, and bowls. These make up around 40% of the catalogued vases. In the deposits of the 3rd century BCE, plates constituted only 5.6% of the total. This may reflect some change in diet, such as fewer soups and porridges.79 A complex interplay of influences is visible in the shapes and decoration of Campana C, illustrating the position of Sicily as a crossroads between the eastern and the western Mediterranean during the hellenistic age. Beyond the local traditions discussed above, Campana C was clearly deeply influenced by the ceramics of the Italian mainland during the 2nd and the 1st centuries BCE. While the ware also exhibits some minor influences from the ceramics of the eastern Mediterranean, its associations with the east are far less obvious than they are in the black-gloss pottery of the 3rd century BCE. Platters, Plates, Shallow Bowls (Paterae), and Deep Bowls Outturned-Rim­Plates­and­Platters A principal variety of serving or eating dish in Campana C has an outturned rim of various forms (nos. 181–188; Pls. 28, 93, 94). These forms clearly represent a development from the plate with an outturned rim that was the most common plate at Morgantina and elsewhere in the 3rd century BCE.80 No. 173, the possible early example of Campana C found in the deposit of the first half of the 2nd century BCE, is just such a plate.81 Although the 3rd-century form, with its simple outturned rim with a downturned lip, survives in Campana C, it is relatively uncommon (nos. 181 and 182, four examples; Pls. 28, 93). No. 183 (Pl. 28), a bowl or platter, seems to be a deeper variation of the outturned-rim plates. By the 1st century BCE, the shape with a simple outturned rim had been largely supplanted by a type with a more elaborate metallicizing outturned rim with a double curve, usually with a raised flange on its top (nos. 184–188, ten examples; Pls. 28, 93, 94). This shape was developed on the Italian mainland during the earlier 2nd century BCE.82 No. 185, from deposit IIB, demonstrates

181, 193, 196, 200, 206, 207A, 208A, 209A, 210, 214 (see Pls. 28–32). Six shapes appear at Morgantina in both 3rd-century fine wares and in Campana C. 79 See pp. 142–144 above. 80 The plate with an outturned rim and downturned lip is Morel série 1300; Lamboglia, 183, form 36. See also Lamboglia (n. 51 above) 149, fig. 5:1; J.-P. Morel, “Céramique à vernis noir du Maroc,” AntAfr 2 (1968) 58–59; Patanè 2006, 481, fig. 4. For Apulian versions dated to the 2nd century BCE: Giardino 1980, 259–260 (“patera ad orlo orizontale”); Yntema 1990, 173, 178, forms 1 and 2; hempel 1996, 338, forms 1 and 2; Graepler 1997, 100, form 622, types 2 and 3. on the shape’s frequent appearance in Sicilian contexts of the 3rd century BCE: pp. 85–86 above; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 468.

81

For this plate from the fill of the first half of the 2nd century BCE (deposit IIA): p. 145 above. The shape was quite common in Campana A: Morel, 102–109, genre 1300, esp. série 1314 and série 1333 for examples found in eastern Sicily. Patanè 2006, 482, mentions imitations of Campana A with this shape at Centuripe. 82 Morel places this shape with série 1440, but some examples of série 1630 (notably 1632a.1, which is Campana C; see also 1633a.1) are quite similar. Morel, 113–115, would date the earliest development of this type of rim to the mid-2nd century BCE: see nos. 1443e–h, 1443m, 1443n; Jesi, 115–117 (Morel spécie 1440), 120–123 (Morel spécies 1620–1630). For other examples of the shape in Campana C: Montagna­di­Marzo, 45, tomb 5bis, no. 6, fig. 54:e; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 470, 474, fig. 51:A, 51:B,

156

ChAPTER III

that this type of rim had arrived at Morgantina by the beginning of the 1st century BCE. Two plates (nos. 188, 188A; Pls. 28, 94) with the same rim type as nos. 184–187 have stemmed feet. These stemmed bowls are unparalleled in Sicily but appear in the Campana B ware of central Italy and in a gray ware made in Apulia.83 Vertical-Rimmed­Plates The most common shape of Campana C at Morgantina is the vertical-rimmed plate or platter (nos. 189–194; Pls. 28–30, 94).84 This shape is not found in the 3rd-century pottery at Morgantina, and probably came to Sicily from central and northern Italy, where it was developed during the first half of the 2nd century BCE.85 At Morgantina, as in central Italy, the development of the shape from a rounded, flowing profile (nos. 189, 190) to a more carinated shape (nos. 191–194) has been postulated and seems logical, although there is no secure chronological evidence for this evolution. The more carinated shape, which had developed in central Italy by the later 2nd century, is very common at Morgantina in the 1st century BCE (twenty-three examples are presented in the catalogue). It should be noted that three of the six examples with rounded vertical rims (nos. 189B, 189C, 190) are possibly early, based on their appearance and find context (context IIh, the dump that was used for nearly two centuries). Plates with rounded and carinated vertical rims were present in equal numbers in the pottery workshop in the East Granary (context IIC), which was active ca. 130–ca. 50 BCE, but all the plates found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1), abandoned ca. 35 BCE, had carinated rims.86 It thus seems that the carinated rim was the longer-lived form. Oblique-Rimmed­Plate A variation of the vertical-rimmed plate (no. 195; Pl. 31) has a vertical rim that projects out obliquely from the body. It is more common at Morgantina in Republican red-gloss pottery than in

454–455, fig. 2; Fallico 1971, 602, nos. A53–A55, 621, nos. D4–D10, 626, nos. F6, F7; Studia­Ietina IV, 207–208, nos. 962–966, figs. 32, 33; M-L IX.2, 162–165, fig. 47:a–c. Morel 1986, 484, no. 147, is a plate rim of this type that he says resembles Campana C. For Apulian examples: Giardino 1980, 256–258 (“patera ad orlo modanato orizzontale”); hempel 1996, 338, form 3. on the metallic character of the rim, see below. 83 Morel, 110–112, espèce 1410; Jesi, 115; Giardino 1980, 259 (“patera su alto piede”); hempel 1996, 343. 84 For other examples in Campana C: Taylor 1957, 167– 168; Montagna­di­Marzo,­68, tomb 23, no. 1, 98, no. o; Morel, 157, type 2266a, 162, type 2284a; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 470 fig. 43:a–c, 464 fig. 36, 473–476, nos. 26, 27; Fallico 1971, 621, nos. D11–D15, 626, nos. F8, F9; Studia­Ietina IV, 208–211, nos. 967–982, figs. 33, 34; ­M-L IX.2, 162–165, fig. 47:d–i; Biondi 2002, 172, fig. 4, no. 17;

Patanè 2006, 481, fig. 3. The fragment of Campana C found in the “shipwreck” off Grand Congloué has the shape with the rounded vertical rim: (n. 46 above). The majority of the Campana C fragments found at Ampurias were of this type: Sanmartí Grego 1978, 253, nos. 736–738, 284, nos. 1017 and 1020, 394, no. 1113, 400–401, no. 1154, 446, no. 1345. Two fragments of this shape were found on Delos: Morel 1986, 477, nos. 119, 120; see also 485, no. 148, for another plate that “resembles” Campana C. 85 See Morel, 152–157, séries 2250–2260 (Sicilian productions are Morel, 161–162, série 2284); Jesi, 134–137, nos. 183–192 (esp. on Morel série 2250). Deposit F at Cosa, dated to the first half of the 2nd century, includes this shape: Scott 2008, 103–109. 86 From the East Granary (context IIC): 189, 189A, 190A (rounded), 192C, 192D, 193I (carinated). From the house of the official’s cistern (deposit IIE.1): 192, 193E–H.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

157

black-gloss (and also appears in Early Italian terra sigillata).87 one of the four Campana C examples of this shape at Morgantina (no. 195A) comes from deposit IIB, and hence was deposited no later than the first quarter of the 1st century BCE. The oblique-rimmed plate was thus made on Sicily beginning in the late 2nd century BCE, but probably became common in the 1st century BCE. A tomb at Montagna di Marzo suggests that manufacture of this shape may have survived into the early 1st century CE.88 Shallow­Bowls­(Paterae) Two shapes of shallow bowls, often called paterae (nos. 196, 197, three examples; Pls. 30, 95) feature outturned rims/lips, and their forms show close parallels with Republican red-gloss. Examples of both shapes were found in context IIC, which was abandoned during the second quarter of the 1st century, and both were thus current no later than the early second quarter of that century. No. 196 has a beveled lip common in several shapes of Republican red-gloss, although it predates the period when red-gloss was common at Morgantina.89 Black-gloss paterae similar to no. 197 found at Cosa feature stamped decoration on their rims.90 This type of decoration also appears on Eastern Sigillata A and Republican red-gloss versions of the shape. No. 197 does not have stamped decoration on its rim, but is otherwise the same shape as the Cosa bowls. The Cosa examples, however, appear to date to the same general period as the vase at Morgantina, so they cannot be securely identified as the source for the shape at Morgantina.91 The plates and cups with this rim form in Eastern Sigillata A appeared at Morgantina no earlier than the second quarter of the 1st century, as well as on Republican red-gloss versions found there which date to the third quarter of the century.92 It is difficult to see the Campana C patera no. 197 as borrowed from the eastern ware or from Italian red-gloss wares, since context IIC, where no. 197 was found, appears to predate the major presence of red-gloss at Morgantina.93 It is worth noting that these

87

The shape is not attested in northern or central Italy until the late 2nd century BCE: Morel, 157–159, séries 2270–2277, dated to the late 2nd century BCE into the 1st century CE. Piana (n. 63 above) 127–128, 139, reports the presence of the shape in northern Italian tombs dated to the late 2nd century BCE. No. 194 is close in shape to Morel 2274b 1. Morel séries 2281–2282 are essentially the same shape. The shape was clearly made at Morgantina, since no. 195 comes from deposit IIE.1; for red-gloss versions of the shape, see pp. 178–179 below, nos. 285–288. For the shape in Early Italian terra sigillata: Conspectus, 52–53, form 1. 88 For the plate in the tomb at Montagna di Marzo: Montagna­di­Marzo,­tomb 52, 50, no. 9, fig. 114:i. on the date, see n. 53 above. For other examples of the shape in Campana C, see Studia­Ietina IV, 212, no. 990, 214, no. 1000, fig. 35, the second identified as originating at Morgantina. For an example of the shape in southern France: Dedet (n. 52 above) 256–257, fig. 1:2. 89 For the red-gloss examples: pp. 179–181 below. A shal-

low bowl similar to no. 196 has been found at Metaponto: Giardino 1980, 260–261 (“patera a bordo espanso” and “coppetta carenata a stretto orlo piatto”). 90 Taylor 1957, 177, type IV, plate (or shallow bowl) with profiled rim. 91 All examples of the shape at Cosa were found in deposit D, a fill dumped after ca. 70 BCE; its ceramics are thought to represent an accumulation from ca. 130/120 to ca. 70 BCE. See Scott 2008, 176–177. 92 For the Eastern Sigillata A vases: p. 198 below, nos. 380–384; hayes, Atlante, form 9. For Republican red-gloss versions: p. 182 below, nos. 304–308. 93 Eastern Sigillata A appears to have arrived in Morgantina during the second quarter of the 1st century BCE, the quarter century when context IIC was abandoned. There was no Eastern Sigillata A in context IIC. There is also a problem with the initial date of the eastern versions of this shape, which may be later than context IIC: see pp. 203–204 below. The Republican red-gloss versions of this shape

158

ChAPTER III

vases ultimately stem from metal examples, which may have inspired potters in both northern and southern Italy and the eastern Mediterranean. Forked-Rim­Bowls Nos. 198 and 198A (Pls. 31, 95) are two large bowls with outturned lips that have a forked termination formed by a deep groove on the outer face of the lip. Both examples of the shape come from the house of the official (no. 198 from deposit IIE.1; no. 198A from context IIE) and are thus securely dated to the third or early fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE. A bowl in orange gloss with this type of rim and a lip of this shape has been found at Centuripe.94 A cup with a lip of this type (no. 222; Pl. 34) has also been found at Morgantina. Outturned-Rim­Plate­with­Split­Rim/Lip A final plate shape (no. 199; Pl. 31) is an interesting hybrid and may be the latest piece of Campana C at Morgantina. Its fabric indicates that it was imported. Found in the commercial center of the last village at Morgantina, it is notable for its rim, which combines the rim forms of the shallow bowl no. 197 and the deep bowls no. 198. Its heavy pendant lip suggests knowledge of Conspectus form 12 in Early Italian terra sigillata, while the raised flange above it recalls the plates with an outturned rim and a vertical flange on top that were common in the 1st century BCE. If no. 199 was influenced by Conspectus form 12, it was made no earlier than the last decade of the 1st century BCE, and it appears to be imported from Syracuse, where Campana C was made into the 1st century CE.95 other imitations of Early Italian terra sigillata in Campana C are known, but they copy the appearance of Conspectus form 18.96 Cups (Small Bowls) Plates, paterae, bowls, and cups in Campana C often have the same basic shapes, varying only in their depth and the diameter of their lips. outturned-rim plates (nos. 181, 182; Pls. 28, 93) and cups (nos. 219–221; Pls. 33, 96, 97) in Campana C may be considered variations of the same basic shape, which developed as a plate during the 3rd century.97 The vertical-rimmed plate shape (nos. 189–194; Pls. 28–30, 94) also has an analogue in cups (nos. 214–218; Pls. 32, 33, 96). Should these related shapes of plates and cups in Campana C be considered as representatives of “services” for the table? The available evidence does not support that conclusion, but the standardization of forms no doubt aided the potters greatly in producing a large number of vases.98 one interesting probably imitate Eastern Sigillata A and are later than no. 197: see p. 182 below. 94 Patanè 2006, 483, fig. 14, MPIII-83a. 95 on stamped decoration on Campana C, see p. 157 above, pp. 163 and 201 below. 96 See Montagna­di­Marzo, 52, tomb 50, nos. 1 and 3, fig. 114:h and j. 97 For these shapes in Campana C elsewhere in Sicily: Lamboglia, 157, 160; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 457, fig.

26, 470, fig. 43:f–h, 473, no. 23, 475, nos. 28, 29; Fallico 1971, 602, nos. A52, A67–A69, 621, nos. D2, D16, D17– D19, 626, no. F5. 98 on the difficulties of identifying services and series in Italian black-gloss pottery, see Morel, 509–510. The domestic assemblages in deposits IID, IIF, and IIG do not support the idea that ancient homemakers thought in terms of a ceramic “pattern” or service for their tables.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

159

feature of the Campana C cups is their lack of handles. This separates the Campana C from the fine wares of the 3rd century BCE, when the majority of the cup forms have handles. The lack of handles also makes it difficult to distinguish a “bowl” from a “cup.” Throughout this section these shapes will be called “cups,” though they may have been used either as cups or as bowls. Cups­with­Hemispherical­Bodies Two cup shapes may represent survivals of shapes that were common in the 3rd century BCE. A small cup with an inturned rim (no. 211; Pl. 32) is a shape more commonly found in the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina and elsewhere, but the same shape also appears in other black-gloss and in Republican red-gloss pottery of the 1st century BCE.99 Thirteen examples of Campana C hemispherical cups, some with gently incurving lips, were found in deposits of the 1st century BCE or later (nos. 206–210; Pls. 31, 32, 95, 96). hemispherical bowls/cups with various types of rims are common in the deposits of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina, although the Campana C examples seem less clearly divided between hemispherical and echinus bowls/cups.100 The hemispherical cups in Campana C are only superficially akin to the 3rd-century forms, since they are generally smaller and have far thicker walls. The true descendants of the 3rd-century hemispherical cups in the deposits of the 1st century BCE are in black-gloss fabrics other than Campana C.101 The closest relatives of the hemispherical cups in Campana C at Morgantina are the same shape in Republican red-gloss. While the Morgantina examples all come from fills that were closed in the 1st century BCE, they do resemble earlier cups in Campana A, so this shape may stem from the Italian mainland and the 2nd century BCE.102 A final hemispherical cup shape (nos. 212, 213; Pls. 32, 96) has a small domed disk base and a tall hemispherical body with a vertical concave rim and an outturned lip. This cup type probably imitates a metal prototype, and there are a number of toreutic parallels. It is related to contemporary ceramic hemispherical moldmade relief cups, and to Campana C chalices or krateriskoi (nos. 228– 232; Pls. 35, 97, 98), both of which are considered to have been derived from metal prototypes.103 This shape of cup usually has incised ornament, as does one chalice.104 The incised decoration on Campana C at Morgantina is discussed below in the section of this chapter that considers additional 99 For 3rd-century examples, see p. 94 above, nos. 29– 31. For similar black-gloss examples in fabric I: pp. 165–166 below, nos. 246–248. For a Republican red-gloss example, see p. 185 below, no. 324. For examples in tombs of the 2nd century BCE at Lilybaeum: Bisi 1970, 536–537, tomb 17, figs. 4:d, 4:f, 23:b, 23:c, 24:f; she calls these “tipo Campana C,” although they clearly are not. The shape was common in tombs of the 2nd century BCE at Ampurias in Spain: M. Almagro, Las­necrópolis­de­Ampurias,­vol. 1, Intro­ducción­y necrópolis­ griegas­ (Barcelona, 1953) 290, no. 6, fig. 241, 296–297, no. 8, fig. 249, 329, no. 4, fig. 296, 330, no. 3, fig. 297, 331, no. 1, fig. 299, 347–348, no. 9, fig. 329. 100 See pp. 89–91 above, nos. 19–23, pp. 92–93 above, nos. 25–28.

101

See pp. 165–166, nos. 246–248. These cups would belong to Morel’s genre 2900 (pp. 238–245), but this is a very broad group. The Campana A cups (Morel, 24–45, séries 2983–2985) are probably the closest parallels to the Morgantina examples. 103 A moldmade relief cup with fabric and gloss that appears to be Campana C has also been found at Morgantina: p. 282 below, no. 664. 104 For the chalice: p. 206 below, no. 229. For a similar krater with incised ornament found in Apulia: hayes 1994, 211, no. 37. For somewhat similar bowls, some with incised ornament, also from Apulia: Giardino 1980, 273–275 (“boccale”); hempel 1996, 338, form 10. 102

160

ChAPTER III

decoration; it likely derives from metal prototypes, although it may also imitate some contemporary pottery from the eastern Mediterranean.105 Vertical-Rimmed­Cups A common form of cup has a horizontal body and a vertical rim with a straight lip (nos. 214– 218, fourteen examples; Pls. 32, 33, 96).106 As noted above, this shape corresponds roughly to the most common plate shape in Campana C, that with a vertical rim (nos. 189–194; Pls. 28–30, 94).107 Like the plate shape, the vertical-rimmed cup appears to have developed on the Italian mainland during the 2nd century BCE, but, as with most ceramic forms developed in Italy during that century, its exact chronology is hazy.108 No. 571 (Pl. 119), the only Campana C vase known on Sicily with a stamped medallion on its floor, although fragmentary, may be a cup of this type; if so, it is probably the earliest example of the shape on Sicily (ca. 150 BCE?). It is less sturdy, with thinner floor and walls, than the other examples of the shape at Morgantina, which may lend credence to the early date implied by its interior relief medallion. The grooving on the upper rim of the larger examples of this shape (nos. 214–217; Pls. 32, 33, 96) was probably added to articulate the tall rim and lip of a large cup (perhaps in these cases best called a bowl), since it does not appear on the smaller versions of the basic shape (no. 218; Pl. 33).109 Cups­with­Outturned­or­Flaring­Lips The most common shape of cup in Campana C at Morgantina has a horizontal body that turns up vertically to an outturned lip (nos. 219–221, twenty-one examples; Pls. 33, 34, 96, 97).110 A similar cup was found in the 3rd-century deposits at Morgantina, but the earlier version has a hemispherical body and a less pronounced lip.111 It is also considerably less common (four catalogued examples) than the later cup. The Campana C cups with outturned rims are probably only tangentially connected (if at all) to the cups of the 3rd century. Instead, their closest parallels are in central Italy, although the shape is found throughout the western Mediterranean in the late 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.112 Campana C cups of this shape were certainly made at Morgantina, since wasters of three cups (nos. 221B–D) were found in the potter’s dump in the cistern of the house of the official (deposit IIE.1). 105

See p. 206 below. See Lamboglia 157; Studia­Ietina IV, 211, nos. 983, 984, fig. 35; M-L IX.2, 162–165, fig. 48:a–e. See also Morel, 166, types 2351b 1 (from Rome), 2352c.1 (from Pollentia); Sanmartí Grego 1980, 263, no. 837, 284, no. 1016, 293, no. 1072. 107 See pp. 156 and 158 above. 108 See Morel, 164–167, séries 2320–2364; Giardino 1980, 261–265 (“coppa con orlo liscio scanalato”; see also “coppa emisferica”); hempel 1996, 338, form 8. The earliest securely dated example of this cup shape is Morel type 2322c 1, from the Spargi shipwreck of ca. 120 BCE. on the date: Morel, 64, n. 254. For a cup/bowl of this type that “resembles” Campana C, see Morel 1986, 485, no. 149. 109 Morel, 164–167, places the examples of this shape 106

within his séries 2320–2360. his espèce 2310 (pp. 163– 164) seems to me to be a different, if related, shape, since it shows an everted lip. Note that the examples of espèce 2310 he cites date to the 1st century BCE, and all come from Gaul or Spain. They should not, therefore, be seen as the shape from which the vertical-rimmed cups developed. For Campana C examples of this shape from Centuripe: Patanè 2006, 481, fig. 7 (MPIII-58 has a hemispherical body). 110 For examples of this shape from Centuripe, see Patanè 2006, 481, figs. 5, 6. 111 See pp. 96–97 above, nos. 39–41. 112 See Morel, 92–94, espèce 1220. For Apulian examples of the shape: Giardino 1980, 266–267 (“coppa con orlo rovescio”); hempel 1996, 343. For Campana C examples on Lipari: M-L IX.2, 162–165, fig. 48:f–j.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

161

Two other cup shapes appear to be developments of this cup type. The peculiar forked edge of the lip of no. 222 (Pl. 34) is paralleled on plates and deep bowls (nos. 197, 198), but otherwise the cup is merely a version of the cup with an outturned rim. Since the forked termination is unique to these Campana C vases at Morgantina, they are probably best seen as experimental forms of more common shapes.113 No. 222 appears to be in the regional fabric and thus probably dates to no later than the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. however, it was found in a fill that remained open into the 1st century CE. Another cup with the same basic form (no. 223; Pls. 34, 97) has a lip that is only slightly turned outward, making it calyx shaped. This seems to reflect a development from the outturnedlip shape. Bowls and cups with strongly outturned lips are more common at Morgantina in Campana C, but similar vases with slightly flaring lips are more frequent in Republican red-gloss of the 1st century BCE.114 This calyx cup type was made at Morgantina, since a waster (no. 223B) was found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1). Pyxides There are three pyxis shapes in Campana C at Morgantina (nos. 224–227; Pls. 35, 97), although one (no. 227) may be an inkwell. With only five examples, pyxides were much less common at Morgantina in the 2nd and 1st centuries than they were in the 3rd century.115 one pyxis shape, preserved in a single example, seems to derive from the 3rd-century traditions at Morgantina. The globular-bodied pyxis no. 224 (Pls. 35, 97) was found in a dump of the 1st century CE in the Agora (context IIIG) but is clearly in the tradition of the 3rd century BCE.116 The concave-bodied pyxis (nos. 225, 226, three examples; Pls. 35, 97) is a shape that clearly seems to be of 2nd-century Italic origin.117 It is extremely common in Etruria, less so in Sicily, and is thus likely to have been borrowed from central Italy by Sicilian potters. Black-gloss imports also appear in 1st-century BCE fills at Morgantina.118 A number of shapes in Campana C probably show influence from contemporary metal vases. The clearest example of a “metallic” shape is the small pyxis (or inkwell?) no. 227 (Pls. 35, 97), with its sharply carinated form.119 113

For the plates and bowls: p. 158 above. A plate with a somewhat similar forked lip was found at Cosa in a deposit of the middle of the 2nd century BCE: Taylor 1957, 176, no. B28. Morel, 126, série 1624, is similar; these are again from Etruria and dated to the early to mid-2nd century BCE. Because the examples at Morgantina are probably more than a century later, it seems most likely that they were developed without knowledge of the Etruscan vases. 114 For the red-gloss examples with slightly flaring lips: p. 188 below, nos. 340–344. In black-gloss, Morel’s closest equivalent to the slightly outturned lip cup seems to be his séries 1233, 1243, and 1244 (but see also type 1236b1). These are mainly from Spain and North Africa. Iaitas’s Campana C shows the same basic proportions as the two shapes at Morgantina: Studia­Ietina IV, 205–207, nos. 952–961

(outturned lip), 211, no. 985 (slightly outturned lip). See also Patanè 2006, 481, fig. 6, where five of the six illustrated cups have an outturned lip, and one has a slightly outturned lip. 115 See pp. 143–144 above. For other 2nd-/1st-century pyxides, see pp. 167–169 below, nos. 259, 260, 265, Pls. 38, 100. 116 See p. 98 above, no. 45. 117 See Morel, 412–415, espèces 7540–7550, esp. 413– 414 on série 7544; Jesi, 179, nos. 422–428; Giardino 1980, 272–273 (“pisside”). 118 See pp. 168–169 below, nos. 259, 260, 265. 119 The shape is basically unparalleled, and its identification as a pyxis is open to question. Compare Agora­XXIX, 166, nos. 1067–1074 (“spool”), identified as a salt cellar.

162

ChAPTER III

Chalices or Krateriskoi Another shape that may show eastern influence is a chalice or small krater, which has been found in two related shapes (nos. 228–232, eight examples; Pls. 35, 97, 98). These show close similarities with chalices or kraters made in the eastern Mediterranean during the late hellenistic period, especially relief-decorated chalices/kraters made in the Ionian (once called “Delian”) workshops.120 Since Morgantina and other Sicilian sites traded extensively with the eastern Mediterranean, this shape in Campana C could possibly have been based on eastern ceramic models.121 Additional evidence supporting this hypothesis is the presence at Morgantina of a relief-decorated krater in Campana C fabric and an appliqué that perhaps adorned a krater, since the eastern versions often bore relief.122 But the shape has been found widely in the Italian world and may directly imitate toreutic models in both the east and the west.123 Pitchers and Other Closed Shapes The closed shapes in Campana C found at Morgantina form the largest known body in the ware.124 Nos. 233–235 (seven examples; Pls. 35, 98) are examples of a common pitcher shape with an ovoid body that is paralleled in contemporary plain wares. The black-gloss examples would have reached a height of around 20–30 cm. Two related small pitcher shapes (nos. 236, 237, two examples; Pl. 35) have globular or biconical bodies, and again are paralleled in plain wares. No. 237 was found under a mosaic floor and may date to the late 2nd century BCE, but the other pitchers were all probably made in the 1st century BCE. A lekythos (nos. 238, 239, 239A; Pls. 36, 98) is preserved in three examples. This shape also appears in contemporary Republican red-gloss pottery.125 A feeder vase (no. 240; Pl. 98) also survives in one example, which is much like earlier examples from the 3rd century BCE. These closed shapes seem to derive directly from the ceramic traditions of the 3rd century on Sicily, with little sign of outside influence.126 120 See Délos XXXI, pl. 14, no. 6000, pl. 22, no. 6201, pl. 23, no. 6005, pl. 108, no. 6002, pl. 111, no. 6082, pl. 131, nos. 6000, 6003, 6201, pl. 134, nos. 6002, 6082. It is perhaps interesting that many of these eastern kraters also have a gray fabric. 121 on the dates of the kraters from Delos: Délos XXXI, 7–12. The majority presumably date before the Mithridatic sack of 88 BCE. on the importance of Sicilian trade with the hellenistic east after the 3rd century: Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 202–205. 122 For the krater with relief decoration: p. 282 below, no. 664 (see also no. 663). For the appliqué: p. 272 below, no. 618. 123 For other examples of this type in Italian pottery: Fiorentini (n. 51 above) 39, figs. 21, 21bis, no. 8; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 461, fig. 32, 471, fig. 44, 474, fig. 50, 475, no. 30, 476, nos. 31–33 (Morel, 328, série 4741, is one of these, but is clearly dated too early); Marabini Moevs

1980, 195, pls. 3, 14, nos. 57, 58. For similar kraters in redgloss: pp. 189–190 below, nos. 349–353. one of the examples found at Morgantina (no. 353) may date to the 2nd century BCE, but otherwise all dated examples are from contexts of the 1st century BCE. Compare Marabini Moevs 1980, 195, on her no. 57. 124 For other examples of closed shapes in Campana C: Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 471, fig. 45, 474, fig. 50, 476, nos. 34, 35; Fallico 1971, 617, no. B20; Studia­Ietina IV, 211, no. 986, 214, nos. 1001, 1002. For Apulian black-gloss closed shapes of similar date: Giardino 1980, 275–277; hempel 1996, 338, forms 16–21. 125 For the Republican red-gloss parallels to the lekythos, see p. 192 below, nos. 359, 360. For a Campana C lekythos at Centuripe, see Patanè 2006, 481, fig. 8. 126 See pp. 114–115, nos. 93–99 (pitchers), 118, nos. 108, 109 (lekythoi), 122, nos. 125, 126 (feeders).

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

163

Some fragments of open shapes also are of interest. No. 241 (Pl. 35) is a fragment of a pitcher or deep jar with a sieve base, while the feeder no. 240 (Pl. 98) has a sieve in its neck. No. 242 (Pl. 98) is a molded foot for a large pitcher (?) that clearly is based on a metal prototype.

Decoration on Campana C Added decoration on Campana C was rare.127 A few plates have stamped decoration, but these seem likely to be early (2nd century BCE).128 roughout the series of platters and plates, the internal decoration remains simple in character, for example, grooving and rouletting (see Pls. 32, 92, 94).129 on plates of the 1st century BCE, decoration of the floors is generally limited to rouletting. e fragmentary plates and platters with stamped decoration on their floors (nos. 190, 200–205; Pls. 28, 95) seem to have been made in the 2nd century or the first half of the 1st century BCE. Nos. 201 and 205 come from the dump over the North Sanctuary and its annex (context IIh), a dump that began to accumulate after 211 BCE and continued in use into the second half of the 1st century BCE. No. 190 was found in the same context, in a cistern overfill probably to be dated to the late 2nd century BCE. No. 204 came from a cistern overfill (context IE.2) that probably again dates to the later 2nd century BCE. No. 200 was found in another dump (context IIIh), and no. 202 was found sealed beneath a floor that probably was laid ca. 100 BCE. only no. 203 comes from a fill associated directly with habitation (deposit IID). e preponderance of evidence thus suggests that the vessels with stamped decoration were no longer in use by the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. No bowl or cup in Campana C bears stamped ornament, apart from a unique early imported cup with a relief medallion.130 one Campana C plate (no. 195B; Pl. 30) preserves overpainted decoration (simple banding on its body).131 It was probably imported to Morgantina, and from its lustrous gloss appears to be early. Seven Campana C vases have incised decoration; these probably imitate metal prototypes.132 A single example of a medallion cup in Campana C technique survives (no. 571; Pl. 119).133 It depicts a Nereid on a hippocamp holding the armor of Achilles. It does not have the usual hemispherical-bodied cup shape, but instead has a horizontal body that turns up vertically.134 This cup is not in Morgantina’s fabric and seems likely to be quite early, probably no later than the middle of the 2nd century BCE. Another molded fragment is an appliqué head of a comic slave that once 127

See pp. 201–206 below. See p. 201 below. 129 on stamped ornament and Campana C, see p. 201 below. Campana C of the 1st century BCE is quite plain: Lamboglia, 163; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 470. A gray ware made in Spain used stamps with initials: N. Lamboglia, “Bolli ampuritani su Campana C,” RStLig 21 (1955) 51– 56; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 470, n. 5; it is now dated to the later 1st century BCE and disassociated from Campana C: Sanmartí Grego 1978, 26, no. 11 (“pseudocampaniense C de Ampurias”). The fragment no. 200 with radial stamps 128

which perhaps reproduce initials remains unique in Campana C insofar as I know, but see pp. 165, 168, 183, and 201–202 below for other vases of this period at Morgantina with nominal stamps. 130 See pp. 150, 160, 261–262, no. 571. 131 See p. 205 below. 132 Nos. 212, 213, 213A, 229, 235, 237A, 239. See p. 206 below. 133 See pp. 150 above and 261–262 below 134 on the shape, see p. 160 above.

164

ChAPTER III

adorned the base of the handle of a Campana C pitcher (no. 618; Pl. 125).135 It too was probably made in the 2nd century BCE and imported to Morgantina from the east coast of Sicily.

4. Other Black-Gloss and Miscellaneous Fine Wares e black-gloss wares presented here come from deposits and contexts of the Republican era at Morgantina (the historical period of ca. 211 through ca. 35–25 BCE). ese are the fine vases found in the fills of the 1st century BCE or CE that are neither Campana C nor red-gloss, but which instead recall the ceramic traditions of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina. Most of the catalogued vases are in fabric I (nos. 243–253; Pls. 36, 37, 98, 99), the fabric of Morgantina as well as the area of the Catania valley and Lentini plain.136 It is possible that these vases are 2nd-century BCE survivals deposited in fills of the 1st century BCE, but that is unlikely, since large numbers come from domestic fills of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, notably the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), which probably burned around 35 BCE.137 It is improbable that heirlooms a century old survived in large numbers in that house (especially since many seem humble products); the vases presented here were undoubtedly made no earlier than the end of the 2nd century BCE. Wasters of one vase form (nos. 250A, 250B; Pl. 99) survive from the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1) and should be dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. The vases catalogued here show a broad variation in the color of their gloss, ranging from black to gray to brown to reddish. These vases seem to demonstrate clearly that the ceramic traditions of the 3rd century BCE survived in a limited way even during the period when Campana C was the dominant ware (ca. 125–35 BCE). Four black-gloss vases found in the contexts of the 1st century BCE (nos. 254–257; Pls. 37, 38, 100) have the red fabric III that comes from Syracuse and its environs.138 Since Campana C was also made at Syracuse, these vases provide testimony of the survival there of the earlier tradition of black-gloss into the 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BCE. There are also three representatives of a pale reddish-brown fabric that appears to be Campana B (nos. 258–260; Pls. 37, 38, 100), a major export fabric in the western Mediterranean after 150 BCE that was made in Etruria (true Campana B) and northern Campania (Campana B-oid).139 It is interesting that the fills at Morgantina dated to the 1st century BCE did not contain any Campana A ware, which was made in the environs of Naples. Campana A was the other great export ware in the west during the period after 200 BCE, but by the 1st century was in decline.140 It is relatively easy to hypothesize the reason that Campana B is so rare and Campana A is nonexistent at Morgantina: the shapes used in those great export fabrics were basically the same as those of Campana C, the dominant local fine ware during the Republican period.141 135

See p. 272 below, no. 618. on fabric I, see pp. 72–77 above. 137 From the house of the Doric Capital: nos. 244, 244A, 245A, 245B, 246, 246A, 248, 248A, 248B, 251, 253, 253A. 138 on fabric III, see pp. 79–80 above. 136

139

See Morel, 521–522; Studia­Ietina IV, 196–198; La Torre and Mollo 2006, 213–215; Scott 2008, 8–9. 140 See Morel, 521; Scott 2008, 7. 141 on the restricted number of fabrics represented in the bulk of the pottery found at Morgantina, see p. 72 above. Similarly, a large dump of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

165

In addition to the vases discussed above, a few other fragments of interest are included in the catalogue (nos. 261–266; Pls. 38, 100). Some of these are imports that illustrate the breadth of contacts between Republican Morgantina and the greater Mediterranean world.

Fabric I Vases (Morgantina) e most interesting late black-gloss fragment in fabric I is the plate base no. 243 (Pl. 98). e center of the floor of this plate bears a stamp, perhaps with the initials TT, and, if this reading is correct, it is the only vase in fabric I with a nominal stamp.142 Like a number of the vases presented in this section, it also bears overpainted decoration in the form of red and white circles surrounding the central stamp. is stamp seems to be part of a trend in Italian ceramics of the 1st century BCE toward the use of nominal stamps, but it is currently unparalleled. The inhabitants of the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID) owned a set of deep hemispherical-bodied cups (nos. 244, 244A, 245A, 245B; Pls. 36, 98, 99). This shape was common during the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina, when it was most commonly decorated with overpainting or with a relief tondo on the interior, and this type of cup continued in use at other sites into the first half of the 2nd century.143 Two of the vases from the house of the Doric Capital (nos. 244, 244A; Pls. 36, 98, 99) have overpainted decoration on their interiors. While following the style of the 3rd century BCE, the overpainting in these late examples is clearly of a debased nature.144 It is tempting to view these cups as heirlooms that were manufactured during the 2nd century BCE and then retained by the descendants of their original owners, but there is no reason to assume that they were particularly prized at the time the house of the Doric Capital burned, around 35 BCE. Another example of the same shape (no. 245; Pl. 36) was found in a cistern in the West hill domestic quarter (deposit IIG) that was filled in the late 1st century. It seems clear that these vases were common well into the 1st century BCE. Similar vases have been found in other deposits of this period in Sicily and southern Italy, and it thus appears that the hemispherical cup had a long history, lasting nearly three centuries, of being used as fine tableware.145 Another 3rd-century shape that survives in the 1st-century BCE deposits at Morgantina is the inturned-lip cup, often called a “salt cellar” in its smaller form (nos. 246–248; Pls. 36, 37, 99), which also appears in Campana C and Republican red-gloss.146 Eleven examples of this shape in fabric I survive in deposits and contexts dating to the third or fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE, while

on Lipari contained much Campana A but only nine fragments of Campana C and four fragments of Campana B (or imitations): M-L IX.2, 383–394. The extensive fill of the late Republican and early imperial cistern at Bolsena likewise contained only the local Campana B: V. Jolivet and D. Tassaux, “La céramique à vernis noir,” in Fouilles­de­l’École­Française de­Rome­à­Bolsena­(Poggio­Moscini), vol. 7, La­citerne­5­et­son mobilier, MÉFR suppl. 6 (Rome, 1995) 63–66. 142 For other initial stamps on contemporary plates, see pp. 168 and 183 below.

143

See pp. 89–90 above, nos. 21–23, and 184–185 below. 144 on overpainting at Morgantina in the 2nd and 1st centuries, see pp. 204–205 below. For hemispherical bowls with overpainted tondi found in deposits of the 3rd century BCE, see pp. 90 and 131 above (no. 21). 145 See Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 479–480, nos. 48, 49; hayes 1994, 210–211, nos. 10–17. 146 See p. 159 above, no. 211 (Campana C), with n. 100, and p. 185 below, no. 324 (Republican red-gloss).

166

ChAPTER III

another (no. 246C) comes from a fill that may date to the late 2nd century BCE (context IVA). None of these vases is large, with lip diameters that vary from 7.5 to 12.5 cm. Two larger examples of the same shape in fabric III (nos. 257, 258) are discussed below. The odd vase in this group is no. 249 (Pl. 37), an outturned-lip cup in brown gloss. This is a common shape in both black and brown gloss at Morgantina during the 1st century BCE, and no. 249 would normally be classed as Republican red-gloss pottery.147 Its gloss, however, does not correspond closely to the gloss on vases of that class of pottery at Morgantina. Its findspot, a dump of the 1st centuries BCE and CE (context IIIG), provides no help in dating the cup, although it is clearly not imperial in date. The cup seems most likely to be an unusually colored example of late2nd-century pottery or perhaps an early-1st-century BCE vase that documents the local transition from black-gloss to Republican red-gloss. A kantharos appears in four similar examples in black-gloss (nos. 250, 251; Pls. 37, 99); the same shape was also made in Republican red-gloss at Morgantina. 148 Two of the kantharoi (nos. 250A, 250B; Pl. 99) are wasters found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1), and the shape was thus clearly made locally. Another example (no. 251; Pl. 99) bears simple overpainted decoration on its rim. This ceramic shape, which first appeared in the 3rd century BCE in Sicily, probably reproduces a metal vase.149 The feeder vases (nos. 252, 252A; Pls. 37, 99) also continue a shape found at Morgantina in the 3rd century BCE, although the later examples show a tendency to modify the originally globular body to biconical.150 The same shape appears in contemporary Republican red-gloss at Morgantina.151 one of the feeder vases (no. 252; Pl. 99) was found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1) and hence was probably made there. The two flat lids (nos. 253, 253A; Pls. 37, 99) are identical to a lid type made in the 3rd century BCE.152 Both were found in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID) and thus document the survival of this simple type of cover into the last century BCE.

Fabric III Vases (Syracuse) Nos. 254–257 (Pls. 37, 38, 100) are a few black-gloss vases in the red fabric III of Syracuse, a fairly common import at Morgantina during the 3rd century BCE.153 Campana C was made at Syracuse, and these vases thus demonstrate that potters in that city (and its region), like those at Morgantina, 147 See p. 160 above, nos. 219–221 (Campana C), and p. 187 below, nos. 331–334 (Republican red-gloss). For examples at Centuripe: Patanè 2006, 481, fig. 12. 148 See pp. 188–189 below, nos. 345–347, for the redgloss examples. For the shape with overpainted decoration at Centruripe: Patanè 2006, 484, fig. 19. 149 For 3rd-century relatives of this shape: pp. 107–108 above, no. 70. For versions of this shape in Athens: Agora XXIX, 94, 257, no. 149, 119, 285, no. 405. For Apulian relatives: Giardino 1980, 265 (“coppa carenata ansata”); Yn-

tema 1990, 173, 179–180, form 7; hempel 1996, 338. 150 For examples of the 3rd century BCE, see p. 122 above, nos. 125, 126. For Apulian examples of the 2nd century BCE: hempel 1996, 338–339, form 21. 151 For Republican red-gloss examples, see p. 192 below, no. 361. 152 See p. 125 above, nos. 139–142. For a similar lid in Republican red-gloss: p. 192 below, no. 365. 153 on fabric III, see pp. 79–80 above.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

167

continued to make vases using their old techniques throughout the 2nd century BCE, and probably into the 1st century BCE.154 one of the Syracusan vases is a vertical-rimmed platter or plate (no. 254; Pl. 37), a shape that developed after the 3rd century BCE and became the most common form of plate in east Sicilian fine ceramics by the 1st century BCE.155 No. 254 was found in the fill of the pottery workshop in the East Granary (context IIC), which was abandoned by 50 BCE. Another plate fragment (no. 255; Pl. 100) has stamped decoration on its floor, which suggests that it dates to the 2nd century, when that style of decoration seems to have been more common than it was during the 1st century.156 No. 255 was found in the dump over the North Sanctuary (context IIh), which contained a significant proportion of 2nd-century material. The metallic bluish-black gloss of no. 255 may also date it to the 2nd century, since black-gloss vases of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina generally have a dull surface coloring.157 The same observation can be made concerning nos. 256 and 257 (Pl. 38), both of which show a lustrous black surface. Both of these are examples of a hemispherical-bodied bowl shape with an incurving lip that was made in Sicily from the late 4th century into the 1st century BCE.158 No. 256 was found in the final use fill of the house of the official (context IIE), which likely burned around 35 BCE. No. 257 was found in a dump that accumulated during the 1st century BCE (context IIi).

Campana B (Etruria or Northern Campania) Campana B is usually characterized by a fine, pale brown fabric (Ann Scott calls it “hazelnut” and describes it as 10–7.5YR 7/3–4). Campana B-oid, from northern Campania/southern Latium, is similar in hue but is said to be pinkish at times.159 e gloss is lustrous black, and the floors of plates are often decorated with stamping as well as rouletting. ese wares were common exports in the western Mediterranean from ca. 150 to ca. 40 BCE. Morgantina seems to have three examples of Campana B in the contexts that were closed around 35–15 BCE (nos. 258–260; Pls. 37, 38, 100); it is not possible to distinguish whether these are B or B-oid. EDXRF analysis suggests that no. 258 may have been produced in Syracuse (and hence should be fabric III), but its fabric looks to the eye like that of Campana B.160 This may suggest that some potters in Syracuse were making imitations of Campana B, but the scientific evidence seems inconclusive since the fabric of the vase appears to differ from that of the main group of fabric III vases. No. 258 (Pls. 37, 100) is a vertical-lipped platter with lustrous black gloss and a floor decorated 154

For Syracusan Campana C: pp. 152–153 above. For Campana C examples, see p 156 above; for Republican red-gloss versions, p. 177 below. 156 See pp. 200–202 below. 157 See pp. 153 and 164 above. 158 For 3rd-century examples, see p. 94 above, nos. 29– 31. For black-gloss examples in fabric I: pp. 165–166 above, 155

nos. 246–248. For Republican red-gloss examples, see p. 185, no. 324. For parallels at other Sicilian and western Mediterranean sites, see note 101 above. 159 on Campana B and B-oid, see n. 139 above. 160 See Studia­Ietina IV, 197, where Caflisch notes the same problem. For the EDXRF analysis of no. 258: appendix 2, p. 429, Table A3, sample no. 41, and p. 448.

168

ChAPTER III

with rouletting and radially stamped lotuses and palmettes. The blurry stamps date it late in the Campana B sequence; parallels were found at Cosa in a fill created after the abandonment of ca. 70 BCE.161 Nos. 259 and 260 (Pls. 38, 100) are concave-bodied pyxides, a shape that did not develop until the 2nd century BCE.162 Both are again high-quality products and show us the likely models for the Campana C examples of this shape.163 It is easy to see why the residents of Morgantina would have imported these fine vases, and why the local ceramics of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina show influence from central Italy.

Black-Gloss Wares in other Fabrics Plates with Stamps As in the other sections of this volume, some vases that were not found in dated fills have been included here if they seem noteworthy. This is the case with two interesting plate fragments that seem to be imports. Nos. 261 and 262 (Pl. 100) were both found in the first stratum of their respective fills, and hence do not have any meaningful archaeological context. No. 262 was found on the East hill, where there are no signs of activity after ca. 35 BCE. The character and technique of both fragments place them in the Republican period, and both have central nominal stamps, as does the fragment in fabric I, no. 243 (Pl. 98).164 The stamp of no. 261 (Pl. 100) is a monogram located at the center of its floor, while no. 262 (Pl. 100) has the stamp MAIoY placed uniquely on its undersurface. No. 262 has an orange fabric that is somewhat different than fabric II.165 The fabric of no. 261 is similar to Morgantina’s own fabric I but is fired soft, and its olive-green gloss does not appear in Morgantina’s black-gloss wares. Both are presented here as interesting oddities, in the hope that they may be elucidated by finds from other sites. Other Vases No. 263 (Pl. 38), a Pergamene-style kantharos, was found in a deposit of the first quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IIB).166 This probably places its manufacture in the second half of the 2nd century. The same deposit produced several fragments of eastern moldmade bowls, and some

161 See Taylor 1957, 123, no. D6b, pl. XIII, assigned to her type II, which is Campana B. She suggests (p. 156) that the Cosa bases come from vertical-rimmed plates, the same shape as no. 258. See also Scott 2008, 197–198, nos. TJ42, TJ43, pl. 63. All these parallels come from fills at Cosa dated to the mid-1st century BCE, with the material dated before ca. 70 BCE. 162 Taylor 1957, 161–162, illustrates Campana B versions of this pyxis at Cosa; for Aesis: Jesi, 179. See also p. 169 below, no. 265. For the date, see p. 161 above.

163 For the Campana C versions of this shape: p. 161 above, nos. 225, 226. 164 See p. 165 above. 165 It is harder, less friable, and less orange than the usual clay of fabric II. 166 For the Pergamene shape: C. Meyer-Schlichtmann, Die­pergamenische­Sigillata­aus­der­Stadtgrabung­von­Pergamon,­PF 6 (Berlin and New York, 1988) 168, no. Kg 2, pl. 33; hübner 1993, 23–27, type II, 195, fig. 12, no. 152.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

169

other vases at Morgantina also exhibit influence from Pergamon.167 These (including no. 263) attest to an interest in imported eastern pottery at Morgantina in the later 2nd century. The Pergamene examples of the shape usually do not have handles and often have applied relief ornament on their bodies. They are usually double dipped in gloss. No. 263, however, had basket handles and has no gloss on its interior, so it may be an imitation, although its clay matches the description of a common fabric at Pergamon.168 Even if it is an imitation, it seems likely to be an eastern import. A related vase is no. 264 (Pl. 100), a cup or kantharos decorated with incised ornament on its body and a delicate incised and overpainted vine on its rim. Its fabric differs from that of no. 263, but the two have a similar character and both are probably imports. No. 264 provides a possible ceramic model for the Campana C vases with incised decoration, since it was found in the pottery workshop in the East Granary (context IIC).169 The concave-bodied pyxis no. 265 (Pl. 38) has a pale reddish-brown fabric, but does not seem to be in fabric I. It may be an example of the imitations of Campana A that were made on the northern coast of Sicily during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE.170 This vase has the same shape as nos. 259 and 260 in Campana B; the same shape is also known in contemporary Campana C.171 The lid no. 266 (Pl. 38) is catalogued here because it was found in a fill of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IID). Its dull grayish-black gloss fits well with the Campana C from the later 1st century BCE, but its fabric is yellowish, which is not seen in Campana C and is very uncommon at Morgantina. The shape, which was common in the deposits of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina, does not appear in Campana C, although there is one example in plain ware of the 1st century BCE.172 No. 266 was clearly an isolated import to Morgantina.

5. Republican Red-Gloss Pottery of the 1st Century BCE Republican red-gloss pottery is often called “presigillata,” a name that has fallen out of favor in some quarters.173 e term was coined by the Italian scholar Nino Lamboglia to refer to the various local red-gloss wares produced in Italy in the period preceding ca. 30–20 BCE, the time when the factories of Arretium gained control of the market for tablewares in Italy.174 Red surface coloring had always existed as an alternative to black in Italian ceramics, but it is only in the course of the 1st century 167

For Pergamene-style appliqués at Morgantina, see pp. 273–274 below, nos. 625, 626; see also nos. 623, 624, 627, 628 for imitations of Pergamene appliqués. on nos. 178 and 179, see pp. 205–206 below. 168 The fabric of no. 263 corresponds to that described by hübner 1993, 30 (“ton a”), which she says is the fabric of the best Pergamene vases of the 2nd century BCE. See also S. I. Rotroff and A. oliver, The­Hellenistic­Pottery­from Sardis:­The­Finds­through­1994,­Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Monograph 12 (Cambridge, MA, 2003) 154. For an Italic version of the shape: Jesi, 164, nos. 360–363 (dated ca. 250–150 BCE). 169 See pp. 206 and 411–412 below.

170

See note 41 above on Campana A. See p. 161 and nos. 225, 226 above. 172 on the gloss of Campana C at Morgantina: pp. 152–153 above. For the 3rd-century BCE lids: pp. 124–125 above, nos. 132–138. 173 For the term “presigillata”: Lamboglia 1951, 35–41; see also Goudineau 1968, 58, 318–322; Stone 1987, 85. It was criticized as confusing and misleading by Wells in Conspectus, 4; see also Studia­Ietina VIII, 24. The term is still commonly used in Italian publications. 174 See Lamboglia 1951, 41; Goudineau 1968, 318; Marabini Moevs, 120–121. 171

170

ChAPTER III

BCE that there is a clear change of preference in surface color in fine pottery, with red-gloss pottery being manufactured at many centers.175 It is now clear, however, that Republican red-gloss pottery in Italy, while perhaps influenced to some degree by the earlier red-gloss pottery of the eastern Mediterranean (Eastern Sigillata A), developed primarily from the older Italic black-gloss pottery traditions.176 e problem with the term “presigillata” is that it implies that all local red-gloss wares made in Italy were the ancestors of Arretine and other Early Italian terra sigillata, a relationship that existed only in the case of a few fabrics. I have thus called the red-gloss fine wares of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina “Republican red-gloss” to indicate that these wares seem largely, if not completely, to predate the introduction of Early Italian terra sigillata at Morgantina, an event that seems to have taken place between 30 and 15 BCE.177

Fabrics and Gloss As befits wares characterized by experimentation, especially in solving the technical problems inherent in switching from reducing to oxidizing conditions in the firing, Republican red-gloss potters had varying success with their products. Since the firmness and the luster of the gloss depends on the chemical properties of the clay slip that forms the surface coating, the quality of these vases tended to vary in accordance with the quality of the clay in the locale where they were produced.178 Because the potters were not in complete control of the oxidizing firing procedure, the color of the surface and the fabric tends to vary more than in black-gloss fine wares. Nevertheless, it is clear that the three major fabrics seen in the deposits of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina reappear in red-gloss, and that there are also examples of a fourth fabric. The shapes represented in the Republican red-gloss found at Morgantina closely parallel the contemporary shapes of Campana C and other Republican black-gloss of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. With some exceptions, the same shapes are found in all of these fabrics, and the different types of clay seem simply to represent different places of manufacture for vases that reflect a common tradition, that of Italic black-gloss wares. Republican red-gloss does appear to show some influence

175 See Morel, 519–520; Morel 1976, 494, n. 84. For 3rd-

century fine wares with reddish gloss at Morgantina: note 195 below. The bibliography on red-gloss pottery of late Republican date is extensive. For red-gloss wares in Sicily, see Lamboglia 1951, 37–40; Carettoni (n. 44 above) 333, 338; Fallico 1971, 602, 621, 626, no. F12, 636; Pelagatti 1969– 70, 78, 87, fig. 3:F, pl. 1; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 454– 455; Stone 1987; Wilson 1990, 252–253; M-L II, pls. i:5–9 (the references to nos. 5 and 9 are reversed; no. 7 may be Eastern Sigillata A), 221.2; M-L­IX.2, 398 (only ten fragments of Republican red-gloss, found in a dump of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE). For Calabria, see M. Cristofani, “Reggio Calabria: Cisterne ellenistiche con materiale di scarico,” NSc 22 (1968) 232, nos. 49, 50. A “red-slipped ware” was found in the pit at Gravina in Puglia dated ca.

80–70 BCE: hayes 1994, 213–214, nos. 63–72; the shapes of nos. 65, 67, 69, and 70 are paralleled in the Republican red-gloss at Morgantina. 176 on the development of Italian red-gloss from earlier black-gloss: Goudineau 1968, 334, 347; Morel 1976, 494– 495; Scott 1993; Marabini Moevs 2006, 7–19. on Eastern Sigillata A and Italian red-gloss: Slane 1997, 273–274; Marabini Moevs 2006, 19–22. For Eastern Sigillata A, see pp. 193–200 below. 177 For the date of the introduction of Italian terra sigillata at Morgantina, see pp. 20 above, 214–215 below. 178 Marabini Moevs, 122; Roman­Crafts, 83. on firing: N. Cuomo di Caprio, “La cottura della ceramica antica,” RCRFActa 19/20 (1979) 238.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

171

from contemporary Eastern Sigillata A in a few of its shapes, and perhaps also in technique. Most of the Republican red-gloss vessels were dipped once into the gloss and partially coated, as was the practice in Campana C and other black-gloss vases at Morgantina, but also in Campana B, one of the well-known black-gloss Italian export fabrics of the last two centuries BCE.179 Some red-gloss vases, however, have been dipped twice (double dipped) and completely covered with gloss. This was characteristic of Eastern Sigillata A, and the “double-dipped” examples thus probably emulate the eastern ware.180 Fabric I Not surprisingly, given the evidence for the local manufacture of other types of pottery, Morgantina’s potters also made red-gloss ware in the 1st century BCE. The majority of this Republican red-gloss has a hard-fired and fine reddish-brown fabric, and it is clear that this is fabric I, the same fabric seen in the bulk of the pottery of the 4th century BCE into the 1st century BCE found at Morgantina, including the gray Campana C, whose color is changed by double-reduction firing.181 As with the black-gloss ware, however, it is clear that versions of this fabric were made at several centers in eastern Sicily and were not confined to Morgantina alone. As with the black-gloss, there is no way to distinguish visually the products of the various manufacturing centers that used fabric I. But since the local pottery workshops were making Republican red-gloss wares, it may be assumed that the bulk of the red-gloss vases in fabric I found at Morgantina was local, especially since the local product was of reasonably good quality and could no doubt be sold at lower prices than imported vessels. The gloss of the fabric I red wares may be lustrous red to matt dark brown and is generally adherent. It occasionally appears to be dilute and streaky. This is probably one among a number of signs that firing under oxidizing conditions presented some challenges to the potters of Morgantina and eastern Sicily, since a number of other examples show mottled brown to red gloss. In general, there is a good deal of variation in the nature of the red gloss in fabric I. The red-gloss pottery in fabric I is the most common Republican red-gloss ware found at Morgantina, although by only a small margin (49% of the examples in the catalogue, as opposed to 45% in fabric II). The fabric I red gloss undoubtedly represents an attempt to compete with imported red-gloss products (both Eastern Sigillata A and Italian). Fabric II The second most common fabric of Republican red-gloss found at Morgantina is fabric II, a soft fine fabric that is orange to pale reddish-brown in color.182 It often contains much glittering mica and quartz that is visible when it is viewed in section, and it was also apparently manufactured 179

on Campana C, see pp. 146 and 153 above. For Campana B, see Scott 2008, 8. 180 See p. 183 below for Eastern Sigillata A. Campana A, however, also usually has gloss on its undersurface: Scott

2008, 7. 181 See pp. 72–77 above. 182 on fabric II, see pp. 77–79 above.

172

ChAPTER III

at a number of centers, presumably in both Campania and Sicily (probably on the northeast coast). Fabric II is probably better characterized as a group of related fabrics, but in the fragments found at Morgantina it is not possible to distinguish visually the products of different manufacturing centers. The Campanian workshops that used this fabric seem to have continued producing red-gloss pottery into the 1st century CE, when they made a range of shapes imitating Early Italian terra sigillata.183 The gloss of the fabric II vases likewise varies a fair amount in character: vases with an orange fabric generally have a fairly lustrous orange surface that has generally adhered poorly, but some have a better adhering dark brown-red surface. The surface color of these vases was probably attractive when new, but has usually worn poorly. Fabric II makes up 45% of the Republican red-gloss vessels in the catalogue, a much higher percentage of that fabric than is found in the deposits of the 3rd century BCE.184 This high percentage of an imported fabric suggests that the Campanian and/or northern Sicilian potters began making red-gloss earlier than those using fabric I, who probably began making red-gloss to compete with their northern rivals. It also seems likely that the potters of fabric II were imitating features of Eastern Sigillata A in some shapes, and that the products in those shapes in fabric I seem to be later than those in fabric II.185 It is also possible that some of the Republican shapes in contexts IIIG and IIIh actually date to the last period of habitation at Morgantina, since some centers where fabric II was used continued to produce pottery into the 1st century CE.186 Fabric III A third fabric is a hard-fired, fine dark reddish-brown to red fabric. The red-gloss vases in this clay type have a lustrous orange-red to red surface. Fabric III is Syracusan and is relatively uncommon in the Republican red-gloss pottery at Morgantina (3% of the red-gloss vases in the catalogue).187 Hard Orange Fabric A final fabric has an orange color but lacks the glittering inclusions seen in fabric II and is fired hard.188 The gloss of these vases is orange to brown and adherent, rather than flaking. This hard orange fabric is uncommon (3% of the catalogued red-gloss) but also turns up in a few utilitarian vases in fills of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, which suggests that it was probably made in Sicily. It seems to also appear at Iaitas, where it is more common than it is at Morgantina. 189 Its place of manufacture is unknown, although northwestern Sicily may be suggested by its prevalence at Iaitas. This fabric may also have continued to be used for red-gloss pottery into the 1st century CE.190 183

See pp. 223–227 below.

184 on fabric II in the 3rd-century deposits, see pp. 77–78

above. 185 See pp. 182 and 203 below. 186 See p. 78 above. 187 on fabric III, see pp. 79–80 above. At Centruripe it is the dominant kind of “presigillata”: Patanè 2006, 482.

188

See p. 80 above. For Iaitas: Studia­Ietina VIII, 185–187. See Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 198–199, on an orange fabric (fabric C) at the Magdalensberg; they note that the early forms of this orange fabric are similar to those of Campana C. 190 See pp. 80 above and 223 below. 189

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

173

Chronology e fills of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina suggest that red-gloss did not become common until the middle of the century. only a few fragments of red-gloss were found in the inner basin of the Fountain house (deposit IIB), a fill of the first quarter of the 1st century BCE, and no. 353 is the only catalogued fragment.191 is corresponds reasonably well with the evidence from Cosa, where Italian red-gloss appeared in the first quarter of the 1st century BCE.192 only four red-gloss fragments—three local products (two cups and a plate) and a Syracusan chalice—were found in the fill of the potter’s workshop in the East Granary (context IIC), which indicates that the establishment was experimenting with red-gloss when its operations ceased, probably in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE.193 Red-gloss wares, however, were well represented in the domestic deposits of the third quarter of the century (deposits IID–IIG), indicating that by that date the inhabitants of Morgantina were using a good amount of red pottery on their tables.194 on the other hand, Republican red-gloss pottery was not very common in either of the dumps that ceased accumulating in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (contexts IIh and IIi), which suggests that little had been broken before the catastrophes of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. The evidence suggests that red-gloss became common at Morgantina around the middle of the 1st century BCE.195 This chronology is bolstered by other evidence. From the evidence associated with the pottery factory in the East Granary (context IIC), it seems that the manufacture of red-gloss began in a limited way in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. Red-gloss wares are much more common in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1); that house burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (context IIE).196 Two Eastern Sigillata A cup bases in the dump may suggest that the potter was imitating that ware.197 There seems to be conclusive evidence, then, that a taste

191

The only catalogued vase from the fill is no. 353, a chalice, although there were three other red-gloss sherds in the fill, but no Eastern Sigillata A. 192 See Marabini Moevs 2006, 7–8, 11–12; Scott 1993. 193 The plate (no. 281) and the cups (nos. 323 and 323A) are in fabric I. A fragment of a red-gloss chalice (no. 350) in fabric III was also in the fill. 194 From domestic fills that were closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE: nos. 267, 267A, 267B, 269, 273, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 283A, 285, 286, 288, 288B, 289, 289A, 291, 291A, 291B, 298, 301A, 303, 306, 307, 313, 316, 316A, 317, 319B, 320, 323B, 323C, 324, 324A, 324B, 327A, 329A, 330, 334, 334A, 334B, 339, 339A, 339B, 344, 345, 347, 354, 355, 356A, 356B, 357, 358, 358A–E, 359, 359A, 360, 360A, 361, 363, 364. 195 From context IIh, a large dump that was closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE: nos. 269A, 269B, 273A, 283B, 290A, 315, 319, 361A. No catalogued redgloss vase was found in context IIi, although it included a

few red-gloss sherds. The dump on Lipari that ceased accumulating in the mid-1st century BCE also included little red-gloss: M-L IX.2, 398. The most interesting fragment from context IIh was no. 315, a cup found in a cistern that may have received a secondary fill in the late 2nd century BCE. If that is the date of the overfill, no. 315 cannot be Republican red-gloss but is rather an example of the sporadic red-gloss seen in the 3rd and 2nd centuries. For red-gloss in 3rd-century fine wares at Morgantina, see chap. 2, nos. 5A, 17, 18, 21B, 22, 22A, 27B, 27K, 30C, 30E, 31H, 33, 34, 41, 44, 57A, 59A, 59D, 59E, 60C, 60 F, 60G, 62, 63, 64, 65, 79, 86D, 87, 87A, 88A, 89A, 90, 94, 96, 102A, 105A, 112, 127, 132, 133, 133, 136F. See also p. 166 above, no. 249. 196 on pottery manufacture at Morgantina in the 1st century BCE, see pp. 411–413 below. 197 For the Eastern Sigillata A cup bases, see p. 194 n. 316 below, nos. 400, 401A. An elegant bowl in fabric III (no. 348) was also found in the fill.

174

ChAPTER III

for red-gloss was introduced to Morgantina in the first quarter of the 1st century BCE, that it gained in popularity in the second quarter, and then became the preferred surface coloring of tablewares around 50 BCE. At least one shape in Republican red-gloss, a pendant-rimmed dish (nos. 304–308), appears to imitate a shape of Eastern Sigillata A. This also suggests that the bulk of the Republican red-gloss dates after ca. 75 BCE, since the evidence for the diffusion of Eastern Sigillata A indicates that it is unlikely that much of the eastern pottery reached Sicily before that date.198 Elsewhere in Italy, the evidence from Cosa, which was apparently sacked and temporarily abandoned around 70 BCE, indicates that pre-Arretine red-gloss had begun being produced in limited amounts by the time of the sack, and that some Eastern Sigillata A had reached the town.199 The relatively few examples of redgloss in the fills at Cosa are similar to the ware found in deposit IIB and context IIC at Morgantina. In Campania, the production of red-gloss pottery in the environs of Naples has been placed around the middle of the 1st century BCE.200 Large amounts of Republican red-gloss wares were found in two later dumps at Morgantina that also included some Early Italian terra sigillata (contexts IIIG and IIIh). These dumps apparently contained much material from the restoration of the West hill domestic quarter toward the end of the 1st century BCE. Most of the Republican red-gloss vases in the dumps probably date before ca. 35 BCE, the apparent date of the fires on the West hill, but the presence of large amounts of Republican red-gloss wares in dumps that were used into the 1st century CE also suggests the possibility that some shapes were produced into the early empire. This contention could be supported by the fact that Campana C black-gloss pottery, a characteristic Republican fabric, continued to be manufactured at Syracuse into the early 1st century CE.201 Few Republican red-gloss shapes, however, were found in the West hill domestic quarter, and the same is true for the areas of the northwest Agora that were used for commerce in the 1st century CE.202 It thus seems most likely that by the last decade of the 1st century BCE, Early Italian terra sigillata and its imitations had replaced Republican red-gloss on the table.203 198

on nos. 304–308, see pp. 182 and 203 below, and, for the chronology of the diffusion of Eastern Sigillata A, pp. 193–194. 199 See Marabini Moevs 2006, 19–21. 200 Wilson 1990, 254; Soricelli 2004, 300–301. 201 For the manufacture of Campana C at Syracuse into the 1st century CE, see p. 149 and note 53 above. The manufacture of Campana C (and pottery in general), however, seems to have stopped at Morgantina during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE: see pp. 412–414 below. 202 only three catalogued vases found on the West hill (nos. 304, 310, 344D) were not in the cistern fills (deposits IIF and IIG). Nos. 304 and 344D were found in alleys behind houses. Thus, only no. 310 was found in a fill within a house that was inhabited into the 1st century CE. The dump in the northwest Agora that was located over the southern rooms of the old Northwest Stoa (context IIIh)

contained virtually all of the Republican red-gloss in that area. This fill began accumulating in the last decades of the 1st century BCE, but the dump continued to be used until the 40s CE. Aside from the dump, the nearby commercial center of the last settlement at Morgantina (context IIIi) contained little Republican red-gloss but did have a fair amount of Early Italian terra sigillata. A piece of Republican red-gloss (no. 288A) was also found in the floor packing of a late shed constructed within the shell of the Bouleuterion. 203 Wilson 1990, 253, maintains that local red-gloss continued to be made into the Augustan period and that some forms imitate Early Italian terra sigillata, but he does not cite any evidence for this statement. For Early Italian terra sigillata at Morgantina, see pp. 209–222 below. For Campanian orange Sigillata, which is a south Italian version of the finer fabrics of Early Italian terra sigillata, see chap, 4, pp. 223–227 below.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

175

The problem of the date of the transition from Republican red-gloss to Early Italian terra sigillata in Sicily cannot be solved by the evidence from Morgantina, since the city was heavily damaged by fires in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and shows clear signs of reconstruction and recovery only in the last decade of the century.204 So it seems unlikely that the inhabitants of Morgantina purchased many fine ceramics between ca. 30 and 10 BCE. Early Italian terra sigillata probably began arriving on the island in bulk in the 20s BCE, the decade when the Augustan veteran colonies were settled as soldiers were discharged following the Battle of Actium. Although a precise dating of the transition is not provided by the evidence at Morgantina, it is clear that Republican red-gloss was very popular at the time of the fires there (ca. 35 BCE) and seems to have been largely or totally replaced by Early Italian terra sigillata by the time of the floruit of the last period of the city, which begins in the last decade BCE.

Shapes Due to its destructions and abandonments of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, it is the fortune of Morgantina to possess the largest amount of dated Republican red-gloss pottery yet known at a single site. e analysis of shapes and development presented below is strictly applicable only to the Republican red-gloss wares found in eastern Sicily, although it may be broadly valid for other sites in the western Mediterranean.205 Plates and Saucers Plates­with­Outturned­Rims The plate shape that is most common in the fills of the 3rd century continued to be made into the 1st century BCE in both black- and red-gloss, although it is not as common as it was earlier (nos. 267–269; Pls. 38, 39, 100, 101).206 This plate has a shallow, spreading body with a broad outturned rim that is often downturned (“pendant”) at the lip. A few similar, but less fine, plates in the deposits of the 1st century BCE appear to be utilitarian versions of the shape, although they may merely be poorly fired red-gloss. The utilitarian versions and a few of the fine plates of this shape sometimes show a flaking beige wash or slip on their exteriors (no. 267A; Pl. 100).207 204

See pp. 17–23 above. For an earlier typology of these wares, see Stone 1987. 206 Stone 1987, 95–96, form II. For 3rd-century examples of the shape, see pp. 85–86 above. For Campana C examples found at Morgantina, see p. 155 above. For examples in redgloss found in Syracuse or its environs: Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 461, fig. 21:D (on p. 454); Fallico 1971, 601, fig. 26, nos. A77, A78. For the shape at Centuripe: Patanè 2006, 483, fig. 14. For some examples on Lipari: ­M-L IX.2, 395. 205

For Early Italian terra sigillata versions: Conspectus, 54, form 2.1.1. A similar red-gloss plate with an outturned rim that is grooved on its top has been found in pre-Arretine fabric in the Capitolium fill at Cosa, which predates the abandonment of around 70 BCE: Marabini Moevs 2006, 9–10, no. Cap. 10. 207 The same or a similar slip appears on utilitarian wares at Palike: Midolo 2008, 227–229, nos. 449, 450, 460, 467– 469, 471.

176

ChAPTER III

Three examples of this shape (nos. 267A, 268, 268A) were found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1) and thus were made at Morgantina. Most of the examples in the catalogue are in fabric I. Two plates, however, show by their fabrics that this shape was manufactured in red-gloss at other centers.208 Nos. 270–272 (Pl. 39) appear to be a late variant of the shape in which the outturned rim with its downturned edge has become a stubby protrusion with a flat top; a flat-bottomed red-gloss plate (no. 294; Pl. 41) has the same rim.209 The rim is usually either rouletted or grooved on top. All the fragments of this shape (and its flat-bottomed relative) were found in contexts that included material of the 1st centuries BCE and CE, and its chronology is thus vexed. All the examples in the catalogue are in fabric II. There is also a single example of this shape in Campana C, which does not appear to have been used at Morgantina in the last period of habitation.210 This plate shape, then, was probably developed in fabric II (or perhaps derived from a central Italian shape) early in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and was then imitated in eastern Sicily by ca. 40 BCE.211 There are four variants in Republican red-gloss of a horizontal-bodied plate with an outturned rim that has molded features on its top (nos. 273–277; Pls. 39, 101). These are distinguished by the forms of their rims. All four again seem to be confined to the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE. Nos. 273 and 274 (Pls. 39, 101) have an outturned pendant rim with a vertical thickening or flange at the lip.212 A similar shape is known in Early Italian terra sigillata, but this plate type is very common in late Italic black-gloss beginning in the second half of the 2nd century BCE (including Campana C), and red-gloss versions of this shape have been found in deposits at Cosa dated before ca. 70 BCE.213 Nos. 273 and 273A were found in fills (deposit IID and context IIh) that contained no and very little Italian terra sigillata, respectively, and which apparently stopped accumulating during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Nos. 273A and 274 are in fabric I, and no. 273 appears to be in fabric III, so this shape was made at several centers on Sicily. Another plate shape appears in a single example in fabric II (no. 275; Pl. 39). This form has an outturned and pendant rim but also has a raised flange on top of the rim at its inner edge and extending up the wall. This form of plate was made widely in Italy from the later 2nd century BCE, including in Campana C.214 No eastern influence is required to explain the appearance of this plate type, but no. 275 is double dipped, which is a feature of Eastern Sigillata A. 208 No. 269A is in fabric III, no. 269B is in the hard orange fabric. Nos. 267, 267B, 268, 269, and 269C are in fabric I. 209 Stone 1987, 97 form VI. For the flat-bottomed plate, see pp. 180–181 below. 210 For the Campana C example, no. 182, see p. 155 above. Unfortunately, this fragment comes from a fill that was closed in the 1st century CE. on the chronology of Campana C at Morgantina, see pp. 150–151 above. 211 For a similar shape in Early Italian terra sigillata: Conspectus, 54, form 2, where it is noted that variants of the terra sigillata form 2 are known in Campania. See Morel série 1281 for a 2nd-century black-gloss form that could be the

ancestor of this shape. A related shape in Eastern Sigillata A (hayes, Atlante,­form 7) does not develop until the Augustan age: see p. 197 below, nos. 374–376. 212 Stone 1987, 95–96, form III. 213 See Conspectus, 68, form 10, for the terra sigillata version, which is dated early and middle Augustan. For Campana C versions of the shape, see pp. 155–156 above, nos. 184–187. For the red-gloss examples at Cosa: Marabini Moevs 2006, 10, nos. Cap. 15 and 16, 11, no. WBh.3 (see also 18, Dump 12–14). 214 See Morel, 126–128, espèce 1630; his série 1633 was found near Syracuse in Campana C.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

177

No. 276 (Pl. 39), a close relative of the plate shape just discussed, has an outturned rim with an upturned termination, a feature that again is closely paralleled in black-gloss of the 1st century BCE.215 The sole example of this shape at Morgantina is probably in fabric I but comes from a fill that remained open into the 1st century CE. Since the shape does not appear in Early Italian terra sigillata, it is probably safe to classify it as a Republican form. The final variation of this basic shape (no. 277; Pl. 40) is preserved in two examples, one each in fabric I and II. Neither was found in a closely datable context. This form has a flat-topped rim with a vertical flange at the edge that forms its lip. The black-gloss versions of this shape have a pendant outturned rim but are otherwise similar.216 Again, there are no parallels for this form of rim and lip in Early Italian terra sigillata, and the shape was probably confined to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Plates­with­Vertical­Rims Plates and platters with tall vertical rims and straight lips occur in two related forms—one with a convex profile, the other more sharply vertical. These were among the most common shapes in Campana C at Morgantina and were also common in Republican red-gloss (nos. 278–284; Pls. 40, 41, 101).217 Red-gloss plates with rims of both types were found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (nos. 279A, 284), and they were thus made at Morgantina. This was clearly a popular product with local ceramicists, since twelve of the sixteen examples of these shapes are in fabric I, with the others in fabric II. Vertical-rimmed plates with red gloss were found in a deposit dated before 70 BCE at Cosa.218 A similar plate/platter with a convex vertical rim (hayes, Atlante, forms 3 and 4) was manufactured in Eastern Sigillata A beginning in the mid-2nd century BCE and has been found in some numbers at Morgantina, but it seems unlikely that the eastern shape influenced a type so rooted in the Italian tradition.219 Likewise, a plate with a convex vertical rim is found in Early Italian terra sigillata (Conspectus form 4) but seems to have no connection with the Republican red-gloss plates at Morgantina.220 Eleven catalogued examples of these shapes were found in fills at Morgantina that ceased accumulating by the end of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and there is no evidence suggesting that this shape was current during the last period of habitation at Morgantina.

215

See Stone 1987, 95–96, form IV. For Campana C examples at Morgantina, see pp. 155–156 above, nos. 184–187. For black-gloss versions in Italy during the Republican age: Morel, 124–130, forms 1600ff. 217 See Stone 1987, 93, 97, forms I and IA. For red-gloss plates with vertical rims elsewhere in the western Mediterranean: Fallico 1971, 601–602, nos. A80, A81; Lamboglia 1987, 36–40, figs. 4:5, 2 (perhaps Eastern Sigillata A); Biondi 2002, 172, n. 20, fig. 7; S. Lancel, “Tipasitana III,” BAAlger 3 (1968) 117, fig. 70. A pre-Arretine plate found at Cosa in a fill dated to ca. 40 BCE is said to imitate the 216

shape in Eastern Sigillata: Scott 1993, 206, no. C71.150, fig. 47:11. Marabini Moevs, however, believes that this is a hayes form 3 plate in Eastern Sigillata A (Marabini Moevs 2006, 20, Dump 27). For Campana C examples: p. 156 above, nos. 189–194. Black-gloss versions of the shape appear in Italy in the early 2nd century BCE: see p. 156 and note 85 above. 218 See Marabini Moevs 2006, 8–9, nos. Cap. 1 and 5. 219 For the Eastern Sigillata A versions: pp. 196–197 below, nos. 366–373. 220 on Conspectus­ form 4 at Morgantina, see p. 219 below, nos. 437–439.

178

ChAPTER III

Plates­with­Oblique­Rims Another popular plate shape in Republican red-gloss has a vertical rim that rises obliquely to a straight lip (285–288; Pls. 41, 102).221 The examples vary from relatively large (no. 285, lip diameter ca. 32 cm) to petite (no. 288, seven examples with lip diameters of around 16.5 cm). Four examples of this shape in Campana C have been found at Morgantina (no. 195), and one of these (no. 195A) can be dated by its findspot (deposit IIB) to the first quarter of the 1st century BCE. This shape was made in northern Italian black-gloss by the late 2nd century BCE, and it is a common shape in preArretine and other Republican red-gloss in northern and central Italy, continuing into very early Italian terra sigillata (Conspectus form 1).222 No Italian terra sigillata version of this shape has been found at Morgantina. The oblique-rimmed plate thus seems to have originally come to Sicily in black-gloss from the mainland. Its greatest popularity, however, dates to the middle of the 1st century BCE, and at Morgantina it was primarily a red-gloss shape. This plate was clearly a favorite of potters in the area of Morgantina: of the nine examples in the catalogue, six are in fabric I, two in fabric II, and one perhaps in fabric III. A similar shape in Eastern Sigillata A (hayes, Atlante,­form 29) did not appear until the mid-1st century BCE and should be seen as a cousin, rather than a precursor, of the Italian plates.223 Nos. 286 and 288B were found in a deposit (IID) that was closed in the third quarter of the 1st century, while nos. 285 and 288 came from a cistern filled around 15 BCE with debris from a fire of the third quarter of the 1st century (deposit IIF). It seems clear that these red-gloss plates date before the arrival of Early Italian terra sigillata in central Sicily. The other examples in the catalogue were found in dumps containing material of both the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE. Since this shape seems to disappear from the Italian terra sigillata repertoire by the last decade BCE, it is likely, given the history of Morgantina, that the Republican red-gloss plates with oblique vertical rims all date before the last quarter of the 1st century.224 A similar plate (no. 289, four examples; Pls. 41, 102) has an oblique vertical rim like the shape just discussed but terminates in an slightly outturned and upturned lip that was usually grooved on its top.225 All the examples of this shape are in fabric II and are of approximately the same size (Diam. ca. 15–16 cm). It thus presumably represents a variant of the small versions of the oblique-rimmed plates (e.g., no. 288). Nos. 289 and 289A were both found in a house that burned in the 30s BCE (deposit IID), but the other examples come from dumps (contexts IIIG and IIIh) that contained much material from the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE, along with ceramics of the late 1st century BCE and the first half of the 1st century CE. Given the findspots of nos. 289B and

221 See Stone 1987, 93–84, 97, form IB. For other Republican red-gloss examples of this shape on Sicily: Lamboglia 1951, 37–40, fig. 3 (?), fig. 4, nos. 2 (?), 3, and 5; ­M-L II, pl. i:8. 222 on black-gloss versions of the shape: pp. 156–157 above, no. 195. For early red-gloss versions from Cosa (dated before ca. 70 BCE): Marabini Moevs 2006, 12, no. hS1 (see also 16–17, Dump 2-2-5); Scott 1993, 206, no. C69.237, fig. 47:1. For other pre-Arretine or early Arretine examples:

Conspectus, 52, form 1; Loeschcke 1939, 95, no. 2, fig. 97:2; Goudineau 1968, 43–44, no. 1, 53–54, no. 17, 79–81, nos. 6–8, 108–111, nos. B-3-20–B-3-38, 124–127, nos. B-2C20–B-2C-39, 165–166, nos. B-2B-17–B-2B-19, 188–189, no. C-3-6, 279–280, type 1, 325–326. 223 on hayes, Atlante,­form 29, see pp. 197–198 below, nos. 378, 379. 224 See Conspectus, 52. 225 Stone 1987, 95, 97, form V.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

179

289C in these dumps, and the fact that the shape appears to be a product made exclusively in fabric II, it is possible that that oblique vertical-rimmed plates continued to be imported to Morgantina during the last period of habitation. A plate of this shape has been reported in Campanian orange Sigillata, although it was not stated whether it was Republican or imperial.226 The Campanian plates may be Republican red-gloss precursors of the terra sigillata in fabric II, since that ware is reported to have appeared in Campania around the middle of the 1st century BCE.227 A similar plate has been found at the Magdalensberg in a level dated 15–10 BCE.228 It is clear that the oblique-rimmed plate was imported to Morgantina before the destructions of ca. 35–25 BCE, but there is no way to ascertain conclusively whether all the examples of the shape arrived before the destructions of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE or if this plate type continued until the end of the 1st century BCE. Plates­and­Shallow­Bowls­or­Paterae­with­Beveled­Lips Nos. 290 and 291 (Pl. 42) are representatives of a common Republican red-gloss form, with seventeen examples catalogued.229 These are usually the same size as the majority of examples of the shapes just discussed (nos. 288, 289), ca. 16 cm in diameter, with only two examples (nos. 290, 290A) having a lip diameter of around 22 cm. This shape has a horizontal body that turns up and flares obliquely to an outturned lip that has been beveled into a trapezoidal wedge. It is a close relative of two plates with similarly beveled lips (nos. 292, 293) but is perhaps best termed a patera, since it seems to have more of a shallow bowl than a plate shape. one of the most common cup shapes in Republican red-gloss also has this type of lip, as does a flat-bottomed plate shape. The beveled lip thus seems to be a favorite of red-gloss potters.230 Beveled-lip shallow bowls also appear in Campana C at Morgantina but are far more common in red-gloss.231 As with the oblique-rimmed plates, paterae with beveled lips are most common in fabric I (eleven examples), but three examples are in fabric II, indicating that the shape was made in both Campania and northern Sicily. Four examples were found in fills that end in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (all in fabric I).232 Although the majority of the examples in the catalogue come from dumps that remained in use during the 1st century CE, no paterae of this shape were found in use contexts of the 1st century CE. A plate with a similar rim in Early Italian terra sigillata has been found at Morgantina; it probably dates to the last decade BCE.233 A pre-Arretine plate with a flat bottom and a beveled lip of this type found at Trier has been dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.234 If that date is correct, it is a contemporary of the Republican red-gloss paterae. 226 For reports that the shape was made in local, i.e., Cam-

panian (“Tripolitanian”) terra sigillata: Conspectus, 54. 227 on Campanian orange Sigillata, see pp. 223–227 below. on the other hand, examples are said to have been found in Pompeii, which would suggest an imperial dating if they were in use fills of 79 CE. 228 See Conspectus, 54, form 2.3. 229 Stone 1987, 95, 97, form VII. 230 For the cups: p. 187 below, nos. 335–339. For the flat-bottomed plate: p. 181, nos. 302, 303.

231

For the Campana C examples (only two): pp. 157–158 above, no. 196. one comes from context IIC, abandoned in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE and thus pre-dates most Republican red gloss at Morgantina. 232 From context IIE: no. 291. From deposit IID: no. 291A. From deposit IIF: no. 291B. From context IIh (stratum 1): no. 290A. 233 See p. 219 below, no. 440. 234 Loeschcke 1939, 95, no. 3; see also Goudineau 1968, 36, no. 1.

180

ChAPTER III

A related plate (no. 292; Pl. 42) appears in one example from the potter’s dump of the house of the official (deposit IIE.1). It is essentially the same shape as the paterae nos. 290 and 291, but it has a short outturned rim, grooved on its top and terminating in a lip that is beveled to a point. Given that it is unique and was found in a potter’s dump, no. 292 seems to be an experiment by a local potter around 40–35 BCE. There is also a single example of a very small plate, diameter 14.5 cm (no. 293; Pl. 42), with a stubby outturned lip that is beveled to a point.235 This probably also represents a variant of nos. 290 and 291. Interestingly, it was double dipped, a technique uncommon in Italy but standard in Eastern Sigillata A. This saucer was found in a dump that was closed around the middle of the 1st century CE (context IIIh), but, again, it is in fabric I, which does not appear to have been used for fine wares after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Flat-Bottomed­Plates one of the new developments in Republican red-gloss is a flat-bottomed plate that has a varied array of lip types (nos. 294–303; Pls. 42, 43, 102). Small flat-bottomed plates with red gloss appeared in the early 2nd century BCE in Etruria,236 but the shape was most often used for cooking wares. “Pompeian Red Ware” baking pans in cooking wares have a slightly lustrous red slip on their interiors.237 These began to be made in Italy by the early 2nd century BCE and were quite common and broadly diffused. The cooking-ware plates seem more likely than the Etruscan saucers to have inspired the Republican red-gloss dishes with flat bottoms. “Flat-bottomed” saucers with a very low foot have been found in Campana C black-gloss at Syracuse, and an example in red-gloss has also been found there.238 This plate type is unknown in the Campana C found at Morgantina, suggesting that, since the Syracusan Campana C plates with flat bottoms are late (last quarter of the 1st century BCE?), they may imitate red-gloss prototypes.239 Flat-bottomed plates in Republican red-gloss have been found at Ventimiglia and Trier in contexts dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.240 The latter, at least, is very early Arretine (or “pre-Arretine”); flat-bottomed plates are known early in that ware but soon die out.241 A “flat-bottomed” plate in Eastern Sigillata A (hayes, Atlante,­form 235

See Stone 1987, 97, form VI. For the Etruscan red-gloss plates: M. Cristofani and M. Cristofani Martelli, “Ceramica presigillata da Volterra,” MÉFRA­ 84 (1972) 499–506, 511–512; Morel, 92, série 1211; Jesi,­213–214, nos. 617, 618. They seem mainly to have been found in sanctuaries and to be merely variants of contemporary black-gloss. See Conspectus, 4; Morel, 519– 520. For 3rd-century fine wares with red gloss at Morgantina, see n. 195 above. 237 For “Pompeian Red Ware”: C. Goudineau, “Note sur la céramique à engobe interne rouge-pompéien (Pompejanisch-roten Platten),” MÉFRA 82 (1970) 159–186; Jesi, 216–218. For the suggestion that this type of cooking ware influenced Republican red-gloss: N. Lamboglia, “La nave romana di Albenga,” RivStLig­18 (1952) 170. 238 G. V. Gentili, “Siracusa: Contrada S. Giuliano, area sepocrale con ipogei ellenistici e tombe tardo-romane,” NSc 236

10 (1956) 157, fig. 8; Pelagatti 1970, 87, figs. 3:C–E (for the Campana C examples), 3:F (for the same shape in redgloss), and pl. 1. The bowl M-L II, pls. i:7 and 221:2, may be this shape, although it looks very similar to Eastern Sigillata A (hayes, Atlante, form 12). A flat-bottomed plate appears in black-gloss at Tarentum in the 1st century BCE: S. Prazzoli, “Taranto: La documentazione dal pozzo di via C. Nitti,” in Lippolis 1996, 333–335, esp. 334, “tipo 16.” 239 on production of Campana C at Syracuse, which extended into the 1st century CE, see p. 149 and note 53 above. For a Campana C plate that may imitate an Italian terra sigillata shape: p. 158 above, no. 199. 240 Ventimiglia: Lamboglia 1951, 35–36, fig. 1:1. Trier: Loeschcke 1939, 95, no. 3; see also Goudineau 1968, 36, no. 1. 241 For other red-gloss plates of Late Republican date in central and northern Italy: Goudineau 1968, 287–288, type

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

181

12) actually has a recessed undersurface that creates a disk base.242 In any case, the eastern shape developed no earlier than the second half of the 1st century BCE and thus is at best a contemporary of the Italian red-gloss plates with flat bottoms, rather than a precursor. The concept of a flat-bottomed plate in red-gloss tableware, then, probably developed in northern and central Italy during the 1st century BCE, possibly inspired by the success of the flat-bottomed “Pompeian Red Ware” cooking pans. The shape was likely imported to Sicily around the middle of the 1st century, where it was then imitated. While the original source of the flat-bottomed plates may be central Italy, the immediate inspiration at Morgantina appears to come from Campania. Thirteen of the twenty catalogued examples are in fabric II, the remaining seven in fabric I. The flat-bottomed plates at Morgantina are all rather small (rim diameters 14–22 cm, with most around 14–16 cm) and, like the beveled-lip dishes just discussed, may be best seen as paterae (shallow bowls). They can be divided into six variants according to the forms of the lip, which, not surprisingly, are those of several other plate types in Republican red-gloss. No. 294 (three examples; Pl. 42) has an outturned and flat-topped rim like nos. 270–272. In nos. 295–297 (Pl. 42) body and lip are actually a form of the vertical rim with a slight convex flare and the straight lip seen in the footed plates nos. 278–280.243 No. 298 (three examples; Pl. 42) has an outturned and beveled lip that forms a wedge shape. The same lip type is seen on the paterae nos. 291 and 292. The remaining three rim forms seen on flat-bottomed plates are variants of the beveled lips seen on nos. 291 and 292. As noted above, a flat-bottomed pre-Arretine plate with this form of lip was found at Trier in a fill of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.244 The lip of no. 299 (Pl. 42) is beveled in three places—above, below, and at its end—to create a rounded profile; this type of lip is seen on contemporary cooking ware pans. No. 300 (two examples; Pl. 43) features a stubby outturned lip that is flat-topped and beveled flat at the end. No. 301 (Pl. 43) has an outturned rim with a groove on top, like some plates and bowls in Campana C black-gloss (but see also no. 293, Pl. 42).245 It should be pointed out that two of the examples of this last variant are in fabric II and were thus imports that are unlikely to have been influenced by Campana C, since fabric II ware was probably made in northern Sicily and Campania. Finally, nos. 302 and 303 (Pls. 43, 102) have an outturned rim with a vertical flange on its top, like the plates nos. 273–277.246 The rim/lip forms of these plates testify to the inventiveness of the early red-gloss potters before the standardization seen in Early Italian terra sigillata. The flat-bottomed plates at Morgantina were all probably made before the turn of the millennium, and possibly before 25 BCE. Three examples (nos. 298, 301A, 303), all in fabric II, were found in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), which burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. of the remaining plates, only no. 301B was found in a possible use context of the 1st century CE, while the rest were found in dumps 11, no. 1, 248–249, 80–81, no. A-3-14, 92, 94, no. A-2A48. The only flat-bottomed dishes in the Conspectus are the form 9 cups (p. 66), dated middle Augustan and Tiberian. 242 For the eastern plate, see p. 197 below, no. 377. 243 See Stone 1987, 95, 97, form VIIIA. on nos. 278– 280, see pp. 156 and 177 above. The terra sigillata version, Conspectus, 66, form 9, is later and is a cup rather than a

plate; nos. 295 and 296 also lack the grooves beneath their rims that are seen on the terra sigillata dishes. 244 Stone 1987, 95–97, form VIIIC. For the plate at Trier: Loeschcke 1939, 95, no. 3. 245 See p. 155, nos. 182, 182B. 246 Stone 1987, 95 and 97, form VIIIB. For the footed versions: pp. 176–177 above.

182

ChAPTER III

containing a mixture of material of the 1st centuries BCE and CE. As mentioned above, seven flatbottomed plates at Morgantina are in fabric I, which seems to disappear, at least in fine wares, by the last quarter of the 1st century BCE.247 The parallels to the rim forms of flat-bottomed plates are overwhelmingly Republican. on the other hand, the flat-bottomed dishes in both Campana C and red-gloss at Syracuse seem relatively late, probably dating after the inauguration of the Roman colony in 22/21 BCE.248 It thus seems likely that flat-bottomed plates were a largely late Republican development that died out during the early Augustan period. Shallow­Pendant-Rimmed­Dishes­with­Stamped­Rim­Ornament The final plate shape in Republican red-gloss at Morgantina (nos. 304–308; Pl. 43), may copy a shape in contemporary Eastern Sigillata A that usually bears stamped ornament on its overhanging rim and lip (hayes, Atlante, forms 9–11).249 This form of rim was used on both plates and platters (nos. 304–307, four examples) and bowls or cups (no. 308, two examples), both with stamped ornament on the rim (although only one of the cups, no. 308A, has this decoration). Except for one example in the hard orange fabric (no. 305), this shape is found only in fabric II and was thus probably produced in Campania or northern Sicily. All the red-gloss examples of these shapes were imported to Morgantina. Two Republican red-gloss vases of this form (nos. 306, 307) were found in fills closed during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and five fragments were found in dumps with mixed fills of the 1st centuries BCE and CE. only no. 304 was found in a context that suggests that it might have been in use in the 1st century CE, and that findspot (an alley behind a house) is ambiguous. There is little sign that this shape was in use after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and it had certainly disappeared by the turn of the millennium. In the examination of the decoration of these vases below, it is noted that their shape and decoration derive ultimately from metal vessels.250 Black-gloss versions of this shape, with its characteristic decoration, have been found in contexts of the early 1st century BCE in Etruria, and they presumably imitate the same metal prototypes that inspired the eastern potters. A Campana C version of the shape without the stamped decoration found in context IIC at Morgantina appears to show no influence from Eastern Sigillata.251 In general, the question of direct eastern influence on south Italian red-gloss pottery of Republican date must be considered cautiously. It seems to me, however, that, while the Campana C version of the shape could derive from Etruscan prototypes, the redgloss versions of the shape (all of the red-gloss examples at Morgantina, it will be recalled, are imports) were probably a response to the market demand created by the importing of Eastern Sigillata A versions. If so, this is the only Republican red-gloss vase shape that shows direct influence from the eastern wares. 247

on the demise of fabric I tableware around 25 BCE, see pp. 414–415 below. The flat-bottomed plates in fabric I are nos. 296, 296A, 297, 299, 300A, 301, 301C. 248 on the late years of Campana C manufacture at Syracuse, see n. 53 above. on the Roman colony at Syracuse: Wilson 1990, 38–83.

249

Stone 1987, 96–97, form IX. For the eastern shape, which was perhaps developed in the first half of the 1st century BCE, see p. 198 below, nos. 380–384. 250 See p. 203 below. 251 See pp. 157–158 above, no. 197.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

183

Decorated­Plates/Platters­and­Fragments In general, the Republican red-gloss platters and plates in both fabrics I and II show a paucity of decoration, similar to that of contemporary Campana C black-gloss, primarily grooving and rouletting on their floors (see nos. 313 and 314; Pl. 43), but even rouletting is rare.252 Several platter and plate fragments that cannot be assigned to specific shapes (nos. 309–312; Pls. 43, 102) show that stamped decoration was employed on the floors of Republican red-gloss platters. Nos. 309–311 are in fabric II, no. 312 in a hard orange fabric; all were thus imported to Morgantina. The most interesting among these plate/platter fragments are nos. 309, 309A, and 309B (Pl. 102). All three fragments have a recessed central medallion perhaps stamped with the initials YE (?).253 Unfortunately, the worn condition of these pieces makes a certain reading of the stamp impossible, and they do not come from datable fills. Judging by their fabrics and the fact that the stamps do not give full names, as is common in later Italian terra sigillata, these plates should date around the middle of the 1st century BCE. No. 310 (Pl. 43) bore radially stamped impressions from a gem (one survives) that depicts an eagle with wings spread, an unusual but not unparalleled technique.254 No. 311 (Pl. 43) has a stamped rosette on its floor, no. 312 (Pl. 43) a stamped palmette. Both motifs are well attested in the Italian black-gloss tradition, but stamped ornament on Italian black-gloss wares was rare in the 1st century BCE, and these fragments may show some influence from contemporary Eastern Sigillata A plates.255 As noted above, nos. 313 and 314 (Pl. 43), both in fabric II, show the more limited and typical decoration of Republican red-gloss plates: only rouletting and grooving. of these fabric II plate fragments, only no. 313 comes from a context that dates it before ca. 35 BCE, and, given their fabric, it is possible that some are early examples of Campanian orange Sigillata of the imperial period. In general, however, they seem to fit best with the Republican red-gloss and should probably be seen as precursors of the imperial wares. Cups and Bowls The cups and bowls in Republican red-gloss are clearly part of the same series as the plates, that is, they show an obvious derivation from the earlier black-gloss pottery of Sicily and Italy, with some influence from contemporary Eastern Sigillata A. Again, their chronology is ambiguous. These shapes were clearly current by the third quarter of the 1st century BCE but are rarely found in use contexts of the 1st century CE, and it is thus doubtful that any of these vases was in use in the last period of habitation at Morgantina. on the other hand, it is possible that Republican red-gloss had been gradually replaced as fine tableware by developed Early Italian terra sigillata by ca. 10 BCE, and that this transition does not appear in the archaeological record at Morgantina because of the 252 Stone 1987, 102–103. See pp. 200–206 below on pot-

tery decoration in the Republican period, p. 163 above on the decoration of Campana C plates. Fabric I red-gloss platters/plates with rouletted decoration on their floors: nos. 262A, 283B, 288, 288A, 288D; examples in fabric II: nos.

310, 311, 313; example in fabric III: no. 285. 253 See p. 202 below. 254 Stone 1987, 102–103, no. 48; p. 202 below. 255 See p. 203 below.

184

ChAPTER III

destructions of the third quarter of the 1st century. Evidence for the end of Republican red-gloss wares in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE will have to be sought elsewhere. These vases are referred to below as cups, although they could have served as either bowls or cups. Hemispherical-Bodied­Cups­or­Bowls The basic shape of nos. 315–320 (Pls. 43, 44, 103), a hemispherical-bodied cup with a ring foot and a straight or slightly flaring lip, was common in black-gloss during the 3rd century BCE and continued to be produced in black throughout the 2nd and into the 1st century BCE.256 This long-lived shape was very common in Republican red-gloss (twenty-eight examples) and appears both in fabric I (eleven certain examples, five likely) and in fabric II (eleven examples); the same shape also occurs in both fabrics in black-gloss. It comes in a variety of sizes, with lip diameters ranging from 18 to ca. 8 cm. This is a difficult shape to evaluate in red-gloss. The larger examples (nos. 315, 316; Pls. 43, 44) are the same size and shape as the very common medallion cups of the later 3rd and the first half of the 2nd century BCE.257 The medallion cups clearly imitate metal prototypes, and one aspect of this imitation is the reddish gloss.258 As noted above, this shape continued to be made, although probably without relief medallions, in the late 2nd century and the first half of the 1st century BCE.259 Some of the “Republican red-gloss” examples of this shape may well date earlier than the 1st century BCE. No. 315, for example, comes from a cistern fill in the North Demeter Sanctuary (context IIh) that included Campana C black-gloss pottery that seems to date to the late 2nd century BCE.260 The hemispherical cups, then, may simply be an Italic shape that was often made earlier in red, and which transitioned seamlessly into Republican red-gloss in the 1st century BCE. A similar shape also appears at Cosa in pre-Arretine ware.261 on the other hand, hemispherical cups were common in Eastern Sigillata A from the mid-2nd century BCE on (hayes, Atlante, form 22), and the success of the eastern cups with Italian consumers may have influenced the decision by Italian potters to make the shape more consistently in redgloss.262 however, while one Republican red-gloss shape has been noted above as a probable reflection of eastern influence, in general it seems that influence on Republican red-gloss from the east lay primarily in the change in surface color, rather than in shapes and decoration.263 The question of the 256 See Stone 1987, 97–100, form XV. For 3rd-century examples without relief decoration, see pp. 89–91 above, nos. 21–23 (n. 252 above for those with relief decoration). For examples of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, see p. 167 above, nos. 256 and 257. For a similar shape in Campana C, see pp. 159–160 above, nos. 206–210. 257 See pp. 231–270 below for the medallion cups. The overpainted decoration on the interior of these cups parallels the interior decoration of vases in precious metal: p. 233 below. 258 To make the cups look like “ruddy gold” (?): see M. Vickers and D. Gill, Artful­Crafts:­Ancient­Greek­Silverware and­Pottery­(oxford, 1994) 177–180. 259 For examples of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, see p. 167 above, nos. 256 and 257.

260

on context IIh and the cistern fill, see p. 59 above. Scott 1993, 209, no. C71.207, fig. 47:4, found in the construction fill of the house of the Birds, built ca. 40 BCE; see also 208, fig. 47:5, from the house of the Skeleton. Similar cups/bowls were found in the fill south and west of the Capitolium at Cosa. These cups are similar to the examples at Morgantina but are more carinated. Another, shallower, hemispherical red-gloss bowl at Cosa is Scott 1993, 206, fig. 47:7, from a context datable to after 40 BCE. 262 For the Eastern Sigillata A shape, see p. 199 below, nos. 387–390. 263 See Slane 1997, 273–274; Marabini Moevs 2006, 21, both of whom suggest that eastern red wares had slight influence in the western Mediterranean. 261

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

185

nature and extent of eastern influence on the evolution of Republican red-gloss will, however, no doubt continue to be debated in the future. Most of the hemispherical-bodied cups come from dumps containing mixed fills of the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE (contexts IIIG and IIIh), but seven examples (nos. 315, 316, 316A, 317, 319, 319B, 320) were found in fills closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. While some of the fragments in the mixed fills may have been made in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE, no hemispherical cups were found in a use context of the last period of habitation, and it thus seems that the shape ceased being produced in Sicily by the early years of the imperial age. Net-Pattern­Cup No. 321 (Pls. 44, 103), in fabric II, preserves the upper body and rim of a hemispherical cup with a reticulate pattern incised on its rim. This decoration has also been called a “football” pattern, after the characteristic decoration of a soccer ball. Examples with similar decoration and format suggest that this piece probably had a disk base. Its shape and the style of its decoration are paralleled at Morgantina in other wares of the early 2nd century BCE in both black- and red-gloss; they derive ultimately from metal prototypes, but may imitate roughly contemporary ceramic vases from the eastern Mediterranean.264 No. 321 was found in a fill that includes material from the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE (context IIIh), but the parallels suggest that it belongs in the 1st century BCE. Shallow­Hemispherical­Cups­with­Grooved­Bodies Six other cups (nos. 322, 323; Pls. 44, 103) have a hemispherical body and a straight or slightly incurving lip set off from the body by grooving. These seem to be late descendants of the long-lived “salt cellar” or “echinus bowl” that also survives in Campana C.265 Three of the red-gloss versions (nos. 323, 323A, 323B) were found in deposits that were closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and five examples are in fabric I. There is also a very similar shape with a body that flares horizontally and then turns up vertically to a straight lip.266 Inturned-Lip­Cups Three examples of a small hemispherical-bodied dish with a sharply inturned lip (no. 324; Pls. 45, 103), two in fabric II, were found in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), a secure deposit of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. This shape was made in both 2nd/1st- and 3rdcentury black-gloss, and clearly shows the derivation of Republican red-gloss in Sicily from the Italic black-gloss tradition.267 Versions of this shape have been found at Centuripe in what the excavator calls “orange gloss,” possibly fabric III.268 264

See p. 206 below.

265 For Campana C examples, see p. 159 above, nos.

206– 210. only some of the Campana C versions have the grooving beneath the lip that seems invariable on the Republican red-gloss.

266

See p. 186 below, nos. 329, 330. For other examples of this shape, see p. 94 above, nos. 29–31, pp. 159, no. 211 (Campana C), 165–167, nos. 246–248, 256, 257 (other black-gloss). 268 Patanè 2006, 484, fig. 16. 267

186

ChAPTER III

Outturned-Lip­Cups­with­Hemispherical­Bodies A cup (no. 325; Pl. 43) has a hemispherical body and an outturned, flat-topped lip. It is a variant of more common shapes with bodies that flare out horizontally before turning up vertically (nos. 331–339). There seems to have been a general shift in taste in the Republican age away from more rounded forms toward more angular profiles. A similar shape was made at Morgantina in the 3rd century BCE, and two plate shapes in Republican red-gloss use the same lip.269 Two of the three examples of no. 325 are in fabric I, the other (no. 325A) is in fabric II; all are approximately the same size (lip diameter ca. 16 cm). No example of this shape was found in a fill that can be dated to the 1st century BCE, and the shape was not made in contemporary Campana C. however, since its lip type is paralleled in Republican red-gloss plates, as well as in the related cup shapes discussed below (nos. 331–339), all of which can be assigned to the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE, the examples of the hemispherical-bodied variant also seem likely to date to the 1st century BCE. Vertical-Rimmed­Cups­or­Bowls Nos. 326–330 (Pls. 45, 46, 103) are another common cup/bowl shape in Republican red-gloss, with fifteen catalogued examples.270 This shape has a horizontal lower body that turns up to a tall vertical rim with a straight lip. The lip is not defined from the rim in nos. 329 and 330 (Pls. 45, 46, 103), which are relatively small (lip diameter 8.0–9.5 cm), but in the larger examples, nos. 326– 328 (Pls. 45, 103), which have lip diameters of 10–22 cm, the lip is set off from the rim by one or two grooves. This shape is obviously a more common relative of the hemispherical-bodied cups with straight lips (nos. 322 and 323); here again the Republican age seems to have favored more angular, biconical shapes. This cup is equally common in contemporary Campana C, and the red-gloss form thus clearly derives from the Italic black-gloss tradition.271 Two of the five examples of the larger shape (nos. 327, 327A) are in fabric II; all of the others are in fabric I. one example of this shape (no. 326) was found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1), suggesting that it was made locally. Two other examples (nos. 327A, 328A) also come from deposits of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposits IID and IIF). All ten examples of nos. 329 and 330 are in fabric I, and eight (nos. 329, 329A, 329B, 330A– E) come from the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1), indicating that these cups were made locally; this is confirmed by the fact that nos. 329A and 329B (Pls. 45, 103) appear to be wasters. Besides the cups found in the house of the official, which burned ca. 35 BCE, no. 330 was found in deposit IIG, which was closed in the early fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE. Although three examples (nos. 326C, 329, 330) were found in late dumps, the available evidence suggests that these shapes were not produced in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE.

269

Stone 1987, 100, form XVI. For 3rd-century cups with outturned lips, see pp. 96–97 above, nos. 39–41. For the plates: p. 176 below, nos. 270–272, p. 181, no. 294.

270

Stone 1987, 97, 99, forms XIII (grooves beneath the lip) and XIII (no grooves). 271 See p. 160 above, nos. 214–218.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

187

Cups­or­Bowls­with­Outturned­Rims Two other cup/bowl shapes (nos. 331–339; Pls. 46, 47, 103, 104), which are again variants of each other, are the most common Republican red-gloss shapes at Morgantina, with twenty-nine catalogued examples. The basic shape once again has a body that flares out horizontally before turning up and rising to two related types of rims/lips. These two variant cup shapes have approximately the same range of sizes, with lip diameters varying from around 18 to 9 cm. The first type (nos. 331–334, fifteen examples; Pls. 46, 103, 104) has a simple outturned rim, often with a pendant lip, and appears in contemporary Campana C black-gloss.272 The lip diameters of the red-gloss examples vary from 18 to 10 cm, and the rims are often decorated by grooving on their tops.273 Republican red-gloss versions of this cup were clearly made at Morgantina, since five examples (nos. 331, 332, 333, 333A, 333B) were found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1), and three of them are wasters. Ten catalogued examples of the shape are in fabric I, but three (nos. 333D, 334, 334A) are in fabric II, and two (nos. 332A, 333C) appear to be in fabric III, demonstrating that this shape had a broad popularity in south Italian and Sicilian red-gloss. It also appears in pre-Arretine red-gloss and/or very early Italian terra sigillata.274 In addition to the examples from the cistern in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1) mentioned above, three examples (nos. 334, 334A, 334B) were found in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID). Both of these houses burned and were abandoned around 35 BCE. No examples of the shape were found in use contexts of the 1st century CE, and this seems to be conclusive evidence that this shape was made only in red-gloss in the mid-1st century BCE. The other variant of this basic shape has an outturned lip that is beveled to a trapezoidal wedge (nos. 335–339, fifteen examples; Pls. 46, 47, 104).275 This lip type appears in contemporary redgloss plates, but not in Campana C.276 Two examples (nos. 339, 339A) were found in the house of the official (context IIE), and another (no. 339B) in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), again indicating that the shape was popular in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. While the other cups of this shape were found in dumps that remained open into the 1st century CE, no example was found in an imperial use context, and the shape thus seems to have died out during the last quarter of the 1st century BCE. While eight examples are in fabric I, it is unclear whether this shape was made at Morgantina, given the lack of Campana C versions and its absence from the two potters’ dumps. Two cups of this shape were found in the house of the official (but not in the potter’s dump, deposit IIE.1): one (no. 339) was in fabric I, the other (no. 339A) in fabric II. Fabric I was used for eight cups of this shape, fabric II for the remaining seven examples. 272

Stone 1987, 97, 99, form XI. See pp. 158–159 above, nos. 219–221, for the Campana C examples of the shape. For orange-gloss versions of this shape at Centuripe (possibly in fabric III): Patanè 2006, 484, fig. 15 (called paterae). 273 With grooved rims: nos. 331, 332A, 333, 333B, 333C, 333E, 333F, 334A, 334B. 274 See Marabini Moevs 2006, 8–9, nos. Cap. 4, Cap. 7; Scott 1993, 209, no. 71.45, fig. 47:3. These date no earlier

than ca. 40 BCE. For Early Italian terra sigillata versions: Conspectus, 66, form 8.1; De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 108, nos. 9, 10. The vases in De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979 date to the 20s BCE. 275 Stone 1987, 98–99, form XIA. 276 For the plates, see pp. 179 and 181 above, nos. 290, 291, and 298.

188

ChAPTER III

Biconical-Bodied­Cups­or­Bowls­with­Slightly­Flaring­Rims Nos. 340–344 (Pl. 47) are cups with essentially the same shape as nos. 331–334, except that they have slightly flaring lips instead of pronounced outturned lips.277 This shape is less common than the cups with an outturned lip (ten and fourteen examples, respectively), but the examples are approximately the same size (lip diameter ca. 9–20 cm), although one large bowl of this type is preserved (no. 340, estimated lip diameter 28 cm). Like the outturned-rim cups, these cups are often decorated with a groove on the top of the lip. Seven of the ten Republican red-gloss examples of this shape are in fabric II, suggesting that the shape was imported to central Sicily in the 1st century BCE.278 Two examples in fabric I (nos. 340, 344D) indicate that it was copied by local potters.279 An analogous shape existed in pre-Arretine and/or in the very earliest Early Italian terra sigillata. The pre-Arretine and Arretine shapes seem broadly assignable to the second and third quarters of the 1st century BCE.280 Two examples of this cup in Campana C black-gloss have been found at Morgantina.281 It seems most likely that the cup with a slightly flaring lip is a development from the cup with an outturned rim. Two of the Campana C cups of this shape (nos. 223, 223A) were found in a house that burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IIF), and the final example Campana C example (no. 223B) consists of two wasters fused together that were found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1). An example in red-gloss (no. 344) was found in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), which shows that the shape was certainly being produced in red-gloss by ca. 40 BCE. The other examples come mainly from mixed fills of the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, although no. 344D was found in a context that could suggest that it was in use in the last period of habitation at Morgantina. It is, however, in fabric I, which no longer seems to be used for fine wares by the 1st century CE. In general, this appears to be another vase type that ceased being produced in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE. Skyphoi/Kantharoi­and­a­Related­Bowl The potters of Morgantina made two related types of skyphos/kantharos (nos. 345–347; Pls. 47, 104). No. 345, which has a rounded ovoid body, looks back to the “baggy” and “straight-wall” (or “one-piece”) kantharoi of the 3rd century on the Greek mainland.282 The more biconical bodies of nos. 346 and 347 reflect the Republican taste for more angular shapes and recall kantharoi in Pergamene ceramics.283 The type probably shares a common metal prototype with the Pergamene 277

Stone 1987, 97, 99, form XII. In fabric II: nos. 341, 342, 343, 343A, 344, 344A, 344B. 279 In fabric I: nos. 340, 344D. No. 344C is in the hard orange fabric. 280 See Marabini Moevs 2006, 11, no. WBh.4; Scott 1993, 204–205, no. C72.131, fig. 47:2, pl. 110, a cup that was found in a cesspool in the West Block house, which was destroyed around 70 BCE. See also Marabini Moevs 2006, 17, Dump 7; Conspectus, 64, form 7.2; De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 108, nos. 6, 7. 278

281

See p. 161 above, no. 222. See Agora XXIX, 97–100 (straight-wall), 103–105 (baggy); Corinth­VII.3, 74–76 (one-piece). 283 Stone 1987, 97, 99, form X. For a possible Pergamene vase at Morgantina: p. 169 above, no. 265 and n. 135; hübner 1993, 22–28, form 1, figs. 4–7; Schäfer 1968, 37, no. C21, pls. 5 and 6, 47–48, no. D31, pls. 10 and 11, 67–68. The Pergamene kantharoi were often glossed reddish brown. Another possible source for this shape is the “articulated kantharos” of the 3rd century BCE on the Greek mainland: Agora­XXIX, 100–103; Corinth­VII.3, 83–86. 282

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

189

vases, rather than reflecting direct influence.284 Similar shapes were made in local and other Sicilian black-gloss going back to the 3rd century BCE, and Republican red-gloss versions of the shape have been found at several Italian sites.285 All three red-gloss examples of the shape at Morgantina are in fabric I and were thus made in eastern Sicily. No. 346 was found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1) and can be presumed to be local; black-gloss wasters of the shape were also found in that dump.286 Nos. 345 (deposit IIG) and 347 (deposit IID) were also found in fills datable to the third quarter or early fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE. There is no sign that this shape survived into the early imperial period. The elegant handleless bowl no. 348 (Pls. 47, 104) is very similar to the kantharoi and probably represents a variant of that shape.287 It is in fabric III and was thus made in Syracuse. Interestingly, no. 348 was found in the potter’s dump in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1), where it may have served as a model for the potter’s experiments with red-gloss; two Eastern Sigillata A cup bases (nos. 400, 401A) were found in the same fill. Another version of this shape has been found on Lipari.288 Chalices A small chalice or krateriskos (nos. 349–353; Pls. 47, 104) also appears in Campana C and in vases decorated in relief.289 This shape is again based on metal vases. There are two variant forms of rim in this shape: nos. 349 and 350 (Pls. 47, 104) have outturned rims, while no. 351 (Pl. 47) has an outturned rim with a vertical flange on its top. Nos. 352 and 353 (Pls. 47, 104) are molded bases that could terminate in either rim type. one chalice base, no. 353 (Pls. 47, 104), was found in deposit IIB, which was closed in the first quarter of the 1st century BCE but which seems to consist primarily of redeposited debris of the late 2nd century. Its fabric is unusual at Morgantina, and it is clearly an import. It could be considered the earliest dated example of Republican red-gloss at Morgantina, but it may also come from the eastern Mediterranean. For the moment, its origin remains a mystery. Another fragment (no. 350), which is in fabric III and is enlivened with incised decoration, was found in a fill (context IIC) that was closed in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE; it appears to be Syracusan. Four fragments (nos. 349A–C, 351) are in fabric II, and two (nos. 349, 350A) in fabric I, suggesting that the shape was made widely in southern Italy. All the fabric I and II fragments come from dumps that remained open into the 1st century CE (contexts IIIG and IIIh), but none were found in use fills 284 Schäfer 1968, 37, 48–49, 67, favors a metallic source for the shape. hübner 1993, 22–28, does not agree. on the general derivation of late hellenistic ceramic shapes from metal vases: Morel 1976, 490–492; Schäfer 1968, 9–10. 285 For other Sicilian versions of the shape: p. 166 above, nos. 250, 251. See also Lamboglia, 195, form 49; G. V. Gentili, “Siracusa: Ara di Ierone, campagna di scavo 1950– 1951,” NSc 8 (1954) 356, fig. 19, forms 9 and 10; ­M-L II, 32, pl. 223:6. For other Republican red-gloss versions found in Italy: Cristofani (n. 175 above) 232, no. 49, fig. 14; Graue

1974, pl. 1:8; Marabini Moevs 2006, 10, no. Cap. 12. 286 See p. 166 above, nos. 250A, 250B. 287 Stone 1987, 97, 99, form XA. For a possible version of this shape at Centuripe: Patanè 2006, 484, fig. 19, MPIII207. 288 M-L II, pl. i:6. 289 Stone 1987, 98–100, form XVIII. For the Campana C versions of the shape, see p. 162 above, nos. 228–232. For the shape with relief decoration: pp. 281–282 below, nos. 657, 658, 661, 664, 665.

190

ChAPTER III

of the imperial age. By the penultimate decade BCE, the inhabitants of Morgantina were importing Early Italian terra sigillata chalices decorated with reliefs, so the Republican red-gloss versions were probably made no later than ca. 25 BCE.290 Closed Shapes The closed shapes in Republican red-gloss again derive primarily from the western black-gloss tradition, although there are some possible signs of limited influence from the east. Ovoid-Bodied­Pitcher An ovoid-bodied pitcher (no. 354; Pl. 48) appears to be a later version of a shape found in 3rdcentury fine wares; similar simple shapes exist in contemporary utilitarian wares at Morgantina and have been found at other Sicilian sites.291 No. 354 was found in a secure fill of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IID). It is in hard orange fabric and was thus imported. Biconical-Bodied­Pitcher The more common small biconical pitcher, nos. 355 and 356 (Pls. 48, 105), also appears in contemporary Campana C black-gloss.292 Similar pitchers were made in the eastern Mediterranean in the Late hellenistic period, although they are said to be uncommon. This shape appears to have been a common form of metal pitcher, which was probably the model for the ceramic versions in both the east and the west.293 Four of the red-gloss examples (nos. 356A–D; Pls. 48, 105) are decorated with fairly elaborate incision, which again suggests a metal prototype.294 All but one (no. 356D) of the extant fragments of this shape are in fabric I, and thus were made in eastern Sicily. Three of these (nos. 355, 356A, 356B) were found in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), which burned around 35 BCE. Two-Handled­Biconical­Pitcher A single example of a large biconical-bodied pitcher with two handles (no. 357; Pls. 48, 105) was also found in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID). It is a descendant of the so-called Corinth oinochoe (apparently used for wine), which was made at that city from the 6th century into 290

See pp. 282–289 below. Stone 1987, 101, form XIX. For the Campana C pitchers: p. 162 above, nos. 233-235. The red-gloss examples are larger. For an orange-glossed example at Centuripe: Patanè 2006, 484, fig. 17, MPIII-132. For 3rd-century ovoid-bodied pitchers: pp. 114–115 above, nos. 93–96; see also nos. 97, 98. 292 Stone 1987, 101–102, form XX. For a miniature example at Palike: Midolo 2008, 226, no. 437. For the Campana C pitchers: p. 162 above, no. 237. 293 For eastern ceramic versions: Agora XXIX, 129–130 291

(“biconical jug”). See also Thompson 1934, 373, nos. D20, D21, fig. 58, 397–398, no. E55, fig. 86; h. S. Robinson, The­ Athenian­ Agora,­ vol. V, Pottery­ of­ the­ Roman­ Period, Chronology (Princeton, 1959) 14–15, no. F44, pl. 1, 30, no. G88, pl. 5; Délos XXVII, 261, no. D230, pl. 49. Dr. J. W. hayes informs me that this shape is common on Cyprus. on the metal shape: Thompson 1934, 434; Graue 1974, 27–28; Agora XXIX, 129. 294 on incised decoration, see p. 206 below. For a redgloss pitcher with incised decoration found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina­VIII, 231, 484, no. 1440.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

191

the 3rd century BCE.295 While these decanters featured two handles, they are never as biconical as no. 357, nor do their lips take the form of the lip of the Morgantina pitcher. The tableware pitchers at Corinth were also decorated with stripes, rather than covered with gloss like no. 357. The “Corinth oinochoe,” then, can be seen only as an ancestor of this shape. The popularity of the Corinthian ceramic tradition in Sicily is attested by a long history of two-handled pitchers, occasionally biconical, although these rarely bore gloss.296 The compressed biconical body of no. 357 may show the influence of contemporary lagynoi from the eastern Mediterranean, which have a similar body form.297 The lip of no. 357 is also similar to that of lagynoi, although wider. The eastern shape, however, has only a single handle, and no. 357 thus seems to be a sort of hybrid. The shape is not unique in redgloss, since a single-handled version has been found at Iaitas in western Sicily. 298 The raised molding on the base of the neck of no. 357 again suggests a metal prototype, although it is here likely to be merely “metalicizing decoration.” This pitcher is in fabric I and was found in a house that burned around 35 BCE (deposit IID). Tall­Mug/Pitcher The most interesting Republican red-gloss pitcher is the tall, vertical-bodied mug/pitcher no. 358 (Pls. 48, 105).299 This pitcher type is unparalleled, and its antecedents are unclear. It seems to have been made in a single size and was fairly common, with ten examples in the catalogue. It was made in both fabric I and II but is much more common in the latter fabric (seven examples, versus three in fabric I), suggesting that the examples in fabric I are imitations. As with the biconical pitchers (nos. 355, 356), these mug/pitchers frequently had incised ornament. This mode of decoration may originally have come from the east, where it was used as early as the second half of the 3rd century BCE, but it is also found on some Campana C vases at Morgantina.300 Incised decoration probably indicates that a metal prototype was the model for the shape. Six examples of this shape were found in the fill of the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID, ca. 35 BCE). Four other examples came from dump fills that were open into the 1st century CE. There is, however, no sign that this shape was in use during the imperial age. 295

For the hellenistic versions of this shape at Corinth, see Corinth­VII.3, 57–62 (“decanter”). The full history of this vase type at Corinth is now traced by I. McPhee, “The Corinth oinochoe: one- and Two-handled Jugs in Ancient Corinth,” Hesperia 74 (2005) 41–94. 296 For examples of the 3rd century BCE: Montagna­di Marzo, 56, fig. 76:A; M-L II, pls. 136:1A, 205:4B, 208:3A, 209:1C, 210:1A, 211:3A, and 7. For a two-handled pitcher of the 1st century BCE: M-L II, pl. 220:11. 297 Stone 1987, 100, 102, form XXII. on lagynoi: Agora XXIX, 127, 225–230. For a red-glossed example in a deposit of the 1st century BCE: N. Vogeikoff-Brogan, “Late hellenistic Pottery in Athens,” Hesperia 69 (2000) 302, 304, no. 26. For plain versions of the shape in the east: Slane 1997, 42–43. For plain lagynoi at Tarentum: Graepler 1997, 87,

form 114. For a large, plain, biconical-bodied (one-handled) pitcher found in northern Italy and similar in date to no. 357: Graue 1974, 214, pl. 8:4. 298 Studia­Ietina IV, 213–214, no. 1001. Caflisch suggests that the fabric of the vase is similar to the fabric of Morgantina. The vase has a sieve in its neck, like no. 241’s base. 299 Stone 1987, 101–102, form XXI. 300 For Campana C vases and other Republican blackgloss fine wares with incision, see pp. 206 below and 159–163 above, no. 356. For vases from the first half of the 2nd century with this type of decoration: pp. 146 above, 205–206 below, nos. 178, 179. Two red-gloss cups with incision have been found at Iaitas: Studia­Ietina VIII, 229, 516, nos. 1620, 1621. For a red-gloss pitcher at Iaitas with incision: n. 294 above.

192

ChAPTER III

Lekythos The globular or biconical-bodied lekythos (nos. 359, 360; Pls. 48, 106) is a new development in Republican red-gloss, since lekythoi of different shapes appear in the 3rd-century fills at Morgantina, and in contemporary Campana C.301 Similar lekythoi were made in Athens throughout the hellenistic period, suggesting that this vessel type had broad currency in the Mediterranean.302 The appearance of this shape in red-gloss in the 1st century BCE, then, may represent a concept imported from the eastern Mediterranean. Two of the examples of this shape (nos. 359, 360) are in fabric I, but two others (nos. 359A, 360A) may be in fabric III. All were found in deposits that date to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Feeder­Vase The feeder vase (no. 361; Pls. 49, 106), which survives in six examples, reproduces a shape found in black-gloss at Morgantina beginning in the late 4th century BCE.303 It continued to be produced in black-gloss into the 1st century BCE, but is not known in Eastern Sigillata A or in Early Italian terra sigillata.304 of the six fragments of this shape, three (nos. 361C–E) are in fabric II and three (nos. 361, 361A, 361B) are in fabric I. Although fragmentary, all appear to be the same size. Nos. 361 and 361A were found in fills of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, the others came from dumps that were open into the 1st century CE. No feeder vases were found in a use context of the 1st century CE. Pitcher­Fragments A number of unclassifiable pitcher shapes (nos. 362–364; Pl. 49) are included in the catalogue to illustrate the fact that closed shapes were relatively common in red-gloss. It is difficult to say more about these fragmentary pieces. They all seem most likely to date to the mid-1st century BCE. All appear to be imports to Morgantina: two (nos. 362, 363A) are in fabric II, one (no. 364) is in fabric III, and one (no. 363) is in a pale reddish-brown fabric. Lid A small red-gloss lid (no. 365; Pl. 49) seems to be in fabric I and reproduces a simple form that was common in black-gloss at Morgantina during the 3rd century BCE but also appears in a few black-gloss examples from fills of the 1st century BCE.305 It was found in a late dump, but, given its black-gloss parallels, probably dates to the 1st century BCE. 301

Stone 1987, 101–102, form XXIII. For orange-gloss versions at Centuripe: Patanè 2006, 484, fig. 17. For 3rdcentury lekythoi: pp. 117–118 above, nos. 105–109; for Campana C lekythoi: p. 162 above, nos. 238, 239. Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 476, no. 34, fig. 45:A, may be a vase of this shape in Campana C. For a plain example of comparable date: M-L II, pl. 214:4. For a red-gloss lekythoid jug of similar date: Loeschcke 1939, 101, no. 22, figs. 2, 3.

302

Agora XXIX, 169–171. Stone 1987, 102, form XXIV, called a “lamp filler.” For the examples in the 3rd-century deposits: p. 122 above, nos. 125, 126. 304 For other black-gloss examples dated after 211 BCE: p. 166 above, no. 252. 305 See p. 125 above, nos. 139–142. For later examples: pp. 166, 169, nos. 253, 266. 303

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

193

6. Imported Eastern Sigillata A Introduction and Chronology e earliest red-gloss ware created during the late hellenistic period and the early Roman Empire was the ware that was once called “Pergamene” (later “Samian”) and is now conventionally known as Eastern Sigillata A.306 It seems to have been made at several locations in southern Asia Minor, and perhaps also in northern Syria.307 Eastern Sigillata A has a fine yellow to pale reddish-brown fabric (7/4–7/6 7.5YR to 10YR) with few inclusions. e gloss is usually a lustrous dark brownish red, and the vases were generally dipped twice into the gloss to assure that the entire vessel was covered. is leaves a “double-dipping” streak halfway down the body where the two immersions overlap; the later examples of the ware are less carefully dipped than the earlier ones and often have sloppy overlapping (see Pl. 106).308 Eastern Sigillata A was developed during the 2nd century BCE; it has been found at Tel Anafa in Israel in contexts dated ca. 150 BCE.309 The ware began to be exported throughout the eastern Mediterranean by the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE, although it was not common there until the mid-1st century BCE.310 Eastern Sigillata A does not seem to have reached Morgantina until the second quarter of the 1st century, and probably became relatively common only around the middle of the century. Deposit IIB (dated to the first quarter of the 1st century BCE) contained no Eastern Sigillata A, although eastern moldmade cups and eastern amphoras were found in the fill.

306

on Eastern red-gloss pottery in general: hayes, Atlante, with earlier scholarship; hayes 1997, 52–59, for a brief overview. on Eastern Sigillata A: hayes, Atlante,­9–48; M. Zelle, Die­Terra­Sigillata­aus­der­Westtor-Nekropole­in Assos,­Asia Minor Studien 27 (Bonn, 1997) 10–12 For an outline of some critical issues in the study of red-gloss ceramics in the last two centuries BCE and into the 1st century CE: J. Poblome, R. Brulet, and o. Bounegru, “The Concept of Sigillata: Regionalism or Integration?” RCRFActa­ 36 (2000) 279–283. 307 See Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 199, nos. 13, 14. See also hayes, Atlante, 9–11; Slane 1997, 272; Studia­Ietina­VIII, 164. 308 The best discussion of the fabric and the technique of Eastern Sigillata A is Slane 1997, 269–271. See also Agora XXXII, 11; hayes 1997, 18–22. 309 Slane 1997, 257–261, esp. 258–259; hayes, Atlante, 12–13. 310 See hayes, Atlante, 13. Agora XXXII, 19, notes Eastern Sigillata A seems to have been widely exported only after ca. 50 BCE. Two plates were found in a cistern fill in the Athenian Agora (Group E) that is dated to the late 2nd century BCE: Thompson 1934, 471–472, nos. E151, E152; Agora­XXIX, 450, no. F 15:2 (for the date); Agora­XXXII, 19 (refined date). For other Eastern Sigillata A in Athens: Vogeikoff-Brogan (n. 297 above) 296–298 (deposit dated to

75–50 BCE). A plate of hayes, Atlante, forms 3 and 4, was found at Corinth, apparently in a fill dated (mainly) to the middle of the 2nd century BCE (if it is that early, this would be the earliest Eastern Sigillata A in Greece): h. S. Robinson, “A Sanctuary and Cemetery in Western Corinth,” Hesperia 38 (1969) 11 (“Manhole 8, fill IV”) and 18, no. 29. Eastern Sigillata A has also been found on Delos in contexts that can certainly be dated as closed in 69 BCE, and more likely by the sack of 88 BCE: Délos XXVII, 245–246, 424–425. Two shipwrecks of the first half of the 1st century BCE in the eastern Mediterranean contained Eastern Sigillata A: G. D. Weinberg et al., “The Antikythera Shipwreck Reconsidered,” TAPS,­ n.s., 55, pt. 3 (1965) 4 (for the date), 28–29; V. Mitsopoulou-Leon, “Gefässe der ostsigillata A von einem gesunkenen Schiff aus dem Golf von Antalya,” Germania­53 (1975) 101–112. For Eastern Sigillata A in the Cyrenaika: P. M. Kenrick, “hellenistic and Roman Fine Wares,” in D. White, ed., The­Extramural­Sanctuary­of­Demeter­and­Persephone­at­Cyrene,­Libya:­Final­Reports,­vol. 3 (Philadelphia, 1987) pt. 3, 8; Berenice III.1, 223–243 (dated mainly to the second half of the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE). For Eastern Sigillata A found at Sabratha in Libya: P. M. Kenrick, Excavations­at­Sabratha,­1948–1951,­JRS Monograph 2 (London, 1986) 178–179 (from a deposit of the end of the 1st century BCE).

194

ChAPTER III

Likewise, there was no Eastern Sigillata A in context IIC, which appears to have been abandoned sometime in the second quarter of the 1st century,311 but the ware is relatively common in the fills of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina.312 Eastern Sigillata A has now been identified at many sites in Sicily, and may well have reached the cities of the island’s east coast at a slightly earlier date than it arrived at Morgantina, which is well inland. Cicero speaks of extensive merchant trade from the east at Sicilian ports during Verres’s proconsulate (73–71 BCE), and the evidence of the eastern pottery confirms this testimony.313 The ware has been found at Cosa on the northern Etruscan coast in contexts dated before ca. 70 BCE, and it seems probable that it would also have appeared on Sicily by that date.314 By the second half of the 1st century BCE, it was fairly frequent in Italy.315 Most of the Eastern Sigillata A found at Morgantina seems to have been imported to the site during the second and third quarters of the 1st century BCE. Several examples were found in fills that were closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and at least one of the forms in the Republican red-gloss dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE seems to imitate a shape common in Eastern Sigillata A.316 The majority of the Eastern Sigillata A, however, was found in dumps established during the late 1st century BCE but which remained open during the 1st century CE (contexts IIIG and IIIh).317 Since a few fragments at Morgantina clearly date to the imperial period, it is difficult to establish an exact date for many fragments of the ware.318 It seems likely that most of the Eastern Sigillata A found at Morgantina was brought to the site before the destructions of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and before the commercial success of Early Italian terra sigillata, 311 one might argue that the fill of context IIC, which is a pottery workshop, would not include non-local pottery, but it did have a vase in fabric III (no. 350) as well as several imported lamps. Deposit IIE.1, the potter’s dump in the house of the official, which burned ca. 35–30 BCE, included two Eastern Sigillata A cup bases (nos. 400, 401A). It seems that local potters studied their competitors’ work. 312 See n. 316 below for a list of the Eastern Sigillata A vases found in the fills dated to ca. 35 BCE. 313 Verrines 5.56.145, 2.2.83. See Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 202–205, on the importance of Sicily for trade between Republican Italy and the eastern Mediterranean, and the nature of that trade in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. For eastern moldmade bowls at Morgantina, see pp. 279–280 below. See also Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201–202 and 205, “Provincia Sicilia.” Wilson 1990, 251, dates the arrival of Eastern Sigillata A in Sicily to the first half of the 1st century BCE. For the Eastern Sigillata A at Iaitas, see Studia­Ietina­VIII, 164–170. Studia­Ietina­VIII, 170–171; Wilson 1988, 240–242; and Stone 2002, 12, n. 16, all list further Eastern Sigillata A from Sicilian sites. See now La Torre and Mollo 2006, 243–248. For Lipari, see Morel 1976, 492, nos. 70, 71. Sicilian black-gloss has been found on Delos: Morel 1986, 477, nos. 119, 120; see also 484–486, nos. 147–149. For Italian pottery in Athens in the 2nd century BCE: Agora­XXIX, 221.

314

Marabini Moevs 2006, 19–21. Good amounts of the ware have been found in Apulia and Calabria, some in Campania, Latium, and Etruria: Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 205. only three vases were found in the area of the pottery factory (which they postdate) at Aesis near the Adriatic coast: Jesi, 187–189, nos. 492–494. 316 Nos. 366A, 378, 381, 400, and 401A were found in the house of the official (deposit IIE.1 and context IIE); nos. 389A, 389B, 390, and 401 were found in the house of the Doric Capital (deposit IID); nos. 384 and 399A came from the dump behind the east end of the North Stoa (context IIi); no. 399 came from the dump over the North Sanctuary Annex (context IIh). For the Republican red-gloss shape: p. 182 above, nos. 304–308. 317 From context IIIG: nos. 366C, 367A, 368A, 368B, 369A, 375, 385, 387, 388, 392, 393, 399B, 401B. From context IIIh: nos. 366, 366D, 366E, 368, 369, 370, 370A, 370A, 371, 371A, 372, 373, 376, 377, 379, 383, 388A, 393A, 394, 395, 396, 398, 399C, 400A–C. From context IIIi (the northwest Agora): 391, 397. 318 John hayes, during a visit to Morgantina in June of 1986, identified nos. 385, 389C, and 394 as belonging to the late 1st century BCE and/or the early 1st century CE. of these, no. 385 comes from context IIIG, and it is quite possible that some of the other Eastern Sigillata A from that 315

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

195

which directly competed with Eastern Sigillata A and which seems to have appeared in Sicily’s interior no later than the decade 20–10 BCE.319 This conclusion is also supported by the fact that little Eastern Sigillata A has been found in clearly domestic contexts of the last period of habitation, and by the total absence at Morgantina of Eastern Sigillata B, a common early imperial eastern fabric.320 In general, then, it seems that the bulk of the Eastern Sigillata A at Morgantina should date to the second and third quarters of the 1st century BCE, with scattered imports dating to the last quarter of the century. however, at least one vase (no. 394) was probably brought to the site in the first half of the 1st century CE. The shapes of the Eastern Sigillata bear out this chronology, since most correspond to the “hellenistic” phase of the ware, with only a relatively few examples of “Roman” shapes. only one shape (no. 394) is characteristic of the 1st century CE. The distribution is summarized in Table 7 (typology from hayes, Atlante). This analysis does not include hayes, Atlante,­forms 29 (two examples) and 26 (two examples), since the chronology of both forms is disputed (see below). In their analysis of Eastern Sigillata A in Italy, Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund (2005) consider form 26 to be “hellenistic,” but form 29 to be “Early Roman”; they also regard forms 7, 12, and 13 as “hellenistic.”321 If the last three forms are not considered early imperial, Morgantina has only one certain imperial import of Eastern Sigillata A (no. 394), to which one could potentially add the two examples of form 29 (nos. 378, 379). The unclassifiable plate bases (nos. 397–399, six examples, two found in fills dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE) and cup bases (nos. 400, 401, eight examples, three found in fills dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE) are also not included in this analysis. Most of the former, however, are probably forms 3 and 4 plates, while the bulk of the latter are form 22 and 22A cups. In other words, the majority of these bases seem to be “hellenistic,” a hypothesis that is bolstered by the findspots of five of the fragments. In any case, it seems clear that the importing of Eastern Sigillata A to Morgantina declined markedly in the late 1st century BCE and the first half of the 1st century

fill is late. No. 389C was found in a fill of inconclusive date. No. 394 comes from the first stratum of context IIIh. 319 See pp. 20 above and 213–214 below. 320 Nos. 366B, 367, 367B, 375, 380, 386A, 389D, 390A, and 391A were found on the West hill. No. 366A came from a trench for a drain pipe which also contained Early Italian terra sigillata. No. 375 was found in a cistern fill that included Early Italian terra sigillata. No. 386A was found in a cistern fill that included ceramics of the 1st century BCE and an Early Italian terra sigillata cup base. Nos. 367B and 381 were in street fills (with another fragment of no. 380 in the second stratum of fill in an adjacent house), and no. 389D was found in the area of some walls of inconclusive date (see Tsakirgis 1984, 241, who dates the fill to the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE). All of these are fragments, and since a good amount of ceramic material of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE was found in the fills associated with them, it is difficult to associate them conclusively with the

last period of habitation at Morgantina (ca. 30 BCE–ca. 50 CE). No. 391A, which was found in a room of the house of the Tuscan Capitals (context IIIE) seems likely to date to the last period of habitation, and nos. 366A and 367B may also belong in that period, although the findspot does not provide conclusive evidence. on Eastern Sigillata B, which seems to begin in the early 1st century CE: hayes, Atlante, 49–70; J. Lund, “Eastern Sigillata B: A Ceramic Fine Ware Industry in the Political and Commercial Landscape of the Eastern Mediterranean,” in C. Abadie-Reynal, ed., Les céramiques­en­Anatolie­aux­époques­hellénistiques­et­romaines: Actes­de­la­table­ronde­d’Istanbul,­22–24­mai­1996 (Istanbul, 2003) 125–136. It has been found in some amounts at Syracuse but is rare elsewhere, so its absence at Morgantina is hardly conclusive: Wilson 1988, 243–244, fig. 209:3; Studia Ietina­VIII, 171. 321 See Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201. No. 391, however, is form 22A and is dated to 35 BCE.

196

ChAPTER III

Table 7. “hellenistic” and “Roman” Eastern Sigillata Ware Shapes at Morgantina hellenistic Shape

No. of Examples

Early Imperial Shape

No. of Examples

Forms 3 and 4 20 Form 7 3 Forms 9 and 11 5 Form 12 1 Form 22 11 Form 13A 3 Form 22A 4 Form 45 1 Total­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­40 ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Total­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­8

CE. Interestingly, but not surprisingly, the Eastern Sigillata found at Pompeii and herculaneum reverses this distribution, with a marked bias toward “Roman” shapes.322

Shapes Plates/Platters The most common shape of Eastern Sigillata A at Morgantina (twenty examples) is a plate or platter (very large plate) with a convex vertical rim/lip (hayes, Atlante, forms 3 and 4: nos. 366– 373; Pls. 49, 106).323 As noted above, at least some of the six bases listed in nos. 397–399 (Pl. 51) are also likely to come from this shape. The convex-rimmed plate was a popular vessel that first appeared in the 2nd century BCE and continued to be manufactured into the early 1st century CE.324 The broad range of sizes of the Morgantina examples (lip diameters approximately 14 to 44 cm) is paralleled at other sites.325 Most of the fragments of this shape were found in dumps used until the middle of the 1st century CE.326 only one example (no. 366A, context IIE) was found in a fill of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Three fragments were found in the West hill domestic quarter, but only no. 366B was found in a domestic context that suggests that it could have been in use during the last period of habitation.327 This shape, however, was most popular before the imperial period, and the other 322 See G. Pucci, “Le terre sigillate italiche, galliche e orientale,” in Carandini 1977, 9–21, esp. 19–21. The vases found there were mostly from domestic contexts and thus date mainly to the second half of the 1st century CE. 323 See hayes, Atlante, 14–16, forms 3 and 4, pl. 1:7–12; Slane 1997, 285–297, type TA 13; Samaria III, 312–316; Agora­XXXII, 21–24; Hama III.2, 57–76. For the examples found at Iaitas: Studia­Ietina VIII, 166–167, no. At4, 450, nos. 1163–1166. 324 hayes, Atlante, 14–16; Samaria III, 334; Slane 1997, 285–295. For examples of Augustan or later date: hayes

1973, 451–452, no. 123; Wright 1980, 143, no. 18, 167. 325 See hayes, Atlante, 14–15. A similar range of sizes was noted at Samaria and Tel Anafa: Samaria­III, 315; Slane 1997, 287–297. At hama the range was from 14 to 40 cm in diameter: Hama­III.2, 58–65. 326 From context IIIG: 366C, 367A, 368A, 368B, 369A. From context IIIh: 366, 366D, 366E, 368, 369, 370, 370A, 371, 371A, 372, 373. 327 See n. 320 above. No. 367 was found in the first stratum, while 367B was found in a street fill. Both of these fills contained material of the 1st centuries BCE and CE. No.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

197

examples at Morgantina seem clearly to date before the last quarter of the 1st century BCE. No. 368, a platter, was mended in antiquity with lead clamps, which indicates that it was a valued possession.328 only two of the fragments of hayes, Atlante, forms 3 and 4 bear stamped ornament on their floors.329 No. 372 (Pls. 49, 106) has the common radial voluted palmettes between two groups of rouletted circles. The second example with this type of decoration (no. 373; Pls. 49, 106) preserves an indistinct radial bud framed by a rouletted band toward the rim and by three grooves toward the center of the vase. Several other forms of plates have been found at Morgantina, although they are relatively uncommon. There are three fragments (nos. 374–376; Pl. 50) of plates with oblique walls flaring out to flat-topped, outturned lips (hayes, Atlante, form 7).330 This shape developed after the middle of the 1st century BCE and was common during the Augustan age.331 The findspots of the three fragments at Morgantina support this chronology. No. 374 was found in a context that suggests that it was used during the last period of habitation (context IIIA), while nos. 375 and 376 were found in dumps used into the 1st century CE. A single example of a plate with a false flat bottom (hayes, Atlante, form 12) was found (no. 377; Pl. 50).332 This shape seems to have developed soon after the middle of the 1st century BCE. No. 377 was probably made in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE, and thus was imported to Morgantina during the last period of habitation. The bases of two saucers (small plates) with low ring feet, horizontal bodies, and flaring vertical rims (hayes, Atlante, form 29: nos. 378 and 379; Pl. 50) are typologically the latest shape of Eastern Sigillata A to appear in a context of ca. 35 BCE at Morgantina.333 While the rims of these examples are not preserved, the standardization of shapes in Eastern Sigillata A makes their attribution to this form highly likely. No. 378 was found in the fill of the house of the official (context IIE), which 366B was found in the house of the Arched Cistern (context IIIA), but in the fill of a drain; the fill also contained Early Italian terra sigillata and several coins of Tiberius. It remains conjectural, however, whether no. 366B was used into the early 1st century CE. 328 For repair of vases with the “hole and clamp” method used on no. 368, see Peña 2007, 232–249. 329 on the stamped decoration, see p. 202 below. Neither of these fragments preserves a rim, but stamped decoration is found only on this shape in Eastern Sigillata A: hayes, Atlante, 11–12; Samaria­III, 316–324; Hama­III.2, 65–76, figs. 29–32. 330 hayes, Atlante, 18, pl. 2:5, form 7; Samaria­III, 326– 327; Hama­III.2, 84. The hooked termination of the interior of the rim of no. 375 is paralleled at hama: Hama­III.2, 84, nos. 1 and 2, fig. 33:5, nos. 1 and 2. For examples at Iaitas: Studia­Ietina­VIII, 167, 450, nos. 1167, 1168 (and the bases 1168–1172, although it is not clear to me how hedinger distinguishes these from the bases of other plate forms). For unknown reasons, the shape is considered “hellenistic” in Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201. 331 hayes, Atlante,­18, has suggested that the shape dates

to 50–1 BCE, but Slane 1997, 301–302, argues compellingly that it is more likely to date to 25 BCE–10/20 CE. It has been found in many deposits of the 1st century CE: hayes 1973, 451, no. 126; Wright 1980, 143–145, no. 19; Slane 1986, 277, no. 3. 332 hayes, Atlante, 19–20, form 12, pl. 2:10; Samaria­III, 329, form 10; Hama­ III.2, 88–91; F. Burkhalter, “La céramique hellénistique et romaine du sanctuaire d’Aphrodite à Amathonte (fouilles 1976 à 1982),” BCH 111 (1987) 383–384, nos. 150–156; Slane 1997, 302–304, type TA 19. hayes, Atlante, 20, dates his form 12 to 40–1 BCE. A single example of this shape has been found at Iaitas: Studia­Ietina VIII, 167, 452–453, no. 1178. Again, this shape is considered “hellenistic” in Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201. 333 See hayes, Atlante, 17, form 29; Samaria­III, 329– 331; Hama­III.2, 92–94; Slane 1997, 304, type TA 20. For hayes’s very similar form 8, see hayes, Atlante, 18, form 8, pl. 2:6; Burkhalter (n. 332 above) 383, no. 147. This shape is considered “Early Roman” in Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201.

198

ChAPTER III

contained no material after ca. 35–30 BCE and included a relatively large number of Eastern Sigillata vases.334 It was also the domicile of a potter who made red-gloss pottery and who presumably could have been interested in collecting contemporary versions of a popular imported pottery. Form 29 has a cousin in Republican red-gloss that can be safely dated before the last quarter of the 1st century BCE.335 The evidence from Morgantina, then, suggests that the eastern version of this shape developed in the east around the middle of the 1st century BCE, although its origin has generally been dated to around 30 BCE. The other fragment of this shape, no. 379, which was found in a dump (context IIIh), may well date to the imperial age. Plates and Bowls/Cups with Stamped and Molded Rims Five fragments of plates/platters or bowls/cups with stamped and molded decoration on their outturned pendant lips were found at Morgantina, two of which are platters (hayes, Atlante, form 9: nos. 380, 381; Pls. 50, 107) and three cups or bowls (hayes, Atlante, form 11: nos. 382–384; Pls. 50, 107).336 These closely related shapes are clearly derived from metal prototypes and are discussed in the section of this chapter that considers stamped decoration, since they may have been directly imitated in Sicilian Republican red-gloss found at Morgantina in fills of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.337 one of the eastern platters (no. 381, from context IIE) and one of the cups (no. 384, from context IIi) were found in contexts that were closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. From this evidence, hayes, Atlante, forms 9–11 seem to have been developed in the east before the middle of the 1st century BCE, although most scholars have dated the inception of these vessel types after ca. 50 BCE.338 Their appearance at Morgantina around or soon after that date demonstrates the rapid spread of new ceramic types across the Mediterranean in the 1st century BCE. Cups Three examples of hayes, Atlante, form 13A have been found at Morgantina (nos. 385, 386; Pls. 50, 107). This is a cup shape which seems to be midway between hayes, Atlante, forms 3/4 and 22, with a more vertical rim than those forms.339 An earlier version of this shape seems to have been

334 Context IIE, the house of the official, burned around

35–30 BCE (latest coins: 38–36 BCE) but presumably remained open during the last phase of habitation at Morgantina. No. 378 may have been deposited there during the last quarter of the century; if so, it is the latest object in the fill. other Eastern Sigillata A vases from the same fill: nos. 366A, 381. From deposit IIE.1 (a cistern fill in the house): nos. 400, 401A. All the other Eastern Sigillata vases from the house are safely “hellenistic.” 335 For its Republican red-gloss “cousin”: p. 178 above, nos. 285–288. 336 hayes, Atlante,­18–19, pl. 2:7–9, forms 9, 11 (form 10 is a small plate); Samaria­III, 327–328, form 8; Hama III.2, 84–88; Slane 1997, 301, TA type 17; Agora­XXXII,

26. No examples of these shapes were found at Iaitas. 337 on the Eastern Sigillata vase type: hayes, Atlante, 18; Hama­III.2, 217; Slane 1997, 301. on the decoration and its possible imitation in Republican red-gloss wares: pp. 203–204 below. 338 Slane 1997, 301, dates these forms before ca. 40 BCE and suggests that they were developed in the first half of the 1st century. hayes, Atlante, 18–19, dates his forms 9–11 to ca. 50–20/1 BCE. Burkhalter (n. 332 above) 383, nos. 148 and 149, dates the shape “env. 50–25 av. J.-C.” Form 11 is typed as “hellenistic” by Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201. 339 hayes, Atlante,­20, form 13A, pl. 2:11; Samaria­III, 315, form 2; Hama­III.2, 76–78; Slane 1997, 297–298, TA

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

199

developed in the later 2nd century BCE.340 The later version of the shape is found at Morgantina, however, and has also turned up in contexts of the late 1st century BCE at Tel Anafa. The findspots of the three fragments at Morgantina support this dating.341 After the convex-rimmed plates (hayes, Atlante, forms 3 and 4), the most common Eastern Sigillata A vases at Morgantina are hemispherical-bodied cups without handles (hayes, Atlante, form 22: nos. 387–390; Pls. 51, 107).342 There are eleven certain examples of this cup, but eight bases (nos. 400, 401; Pl. 51) are also likely to be this shape. The hemispherical cup appeared in the 2nd century BCE and lasted into the early 1st century CE.343 occasionally, as in two examples (nos. 388A, 390A; Pls. 51, 107), a groove sets off the lip from the body.344 The diameters of the lips of this shape vary from about 8 to 14 cm, with a single example at about 20 cm, which is the standard range of sizes for this shape.345 Three examples of this cup (nos. 389A, 389B, 390) were found in a closed deposit of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IID).346 one fragment was found in a context that suggests that it was used during the last period of habitation (no. 390A, from context IIIE), an assumption borne out by its sloppy gloss (Pl. 107). No. 389C (Pl. 107) has a similar appearance and may also be late. A variant of the simple hemispherical cup has an outturned or projecting or slightly outturned lip (hayes, Atlante, form 22A).347 The four examples of this form (nos. 391–393; Pls. 51, 107) seem to be slightly larger than the plain hemispherical cup; three are bases with the characteristic rouletting on their floors that allows them to be identified as form 22A.348 All versions of this shape were found either in dumps or in contexts which cannot be dated, but the shape was most common during the 1st century BCE. type 14B. The form is considered “hellenistic” by Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201, which suggests that they date it before 30 BCE. 340 on the earlier shape: Slane 1997, 297–298, TA type 14A. 341 See Slane 1997, 298, for the date. No. 385 was found in a dump that remained open into the early 1st century CE. No. 386 came from the first stratum of fill over the last marketplace at Morgantina. No. 386A was found in a cistern on the West hill in a fill that included much ceramic material of the 1st century CE, but also an Early Italian terra sigillata cup base. 342 hayes, Atlante, 23–24, form 22, pl. 3, nos. 10–13; Samaria­III, 332–334, form 16; Slane 1997, 309–314, TA type 25; Studia­Ietina­VIII, 168; Agora XXXII, 27. 343 See hayes, Atlante, 23, on the chronology of the shape. The evidence from Tel Anafa dates the first appearance of the form securely to the 2nd century BCE: Slane 1997, 258–260, 310. See also Samaria­III, 291–295, figs. 65:1–2, 67:10; Robinson (n. 293 above) 10–11, nos. F6– F11, 22–23, no. G1; Weinberg et al. (n. 310 above) 29, fig. 7. For examples of the 1st century CE: hayes 1973, 451– 452, nos. 117, 118; Slane 1986, 278, nos. 5, 6. Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201, note that fifty-six examples of this shape have been found in Italy, and they consider the form “hellenistic.”

344

See R. A. S. Macalister and F. J. Bliss, Excavations­in Palestine (London, 1902) pl. 61:8; F. o. Waage, Antioch-onthe-Orontes,­vol. 4, pt.1, Ceramics­and­Islamic­Coins­(Princeton, 1948) 24, type 164; h. Goldman, ed., Excavations­at Gözlü­ Kule,­ Tarsus­ I:­ The­ Hellenistic­ and­ Roman­ Periods (Princeton, 1950) 234, fig. 188:D; hayes 1973, pl. 85, no. 118; Slane 1997, pl. 19, nos. FW 197, FW 200. 345 hayes, Atlante, 23, lists the diameter as varying between 7.7 and 14.0 cm. Slane 1997, 310–314, lists a similar range of sizes. The diameters of examples of form 16 found at hama vary from 8.4 to ca. 20.0 cm: Hama­III.2, 113– 114. A similar size range was noted at Tarsus and the Athenian Agora: Goldman (n. 344 above) 233, nos. 271, 272, 275, 279; Robinson (n. 293 above) 10–11, nos. F6–F11, 22–23, no. G1. 346 No. 389, a complete vase, was found in a room in the Central Sanctuary which contained no material that can be dated after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. The other examples of this shape come either from dumps (nos. 387, 388, 388A) or contexts which cannot be accurately dated (nos. 389C–E). 347 hayes, Atlante, 23–24, form 22A, pl. 3, nos. 10, 11; Samaria­III, 334–335; Hama­III.2, 114–116. Slane 1997, 309–310, subsumes this variant into her type TA 25a. 348 Compare Hama­III.2, 114–116, esp. nos. 13A and 18.

200

ChAPTER III

A fragment of a cup of hayes, Atlante, form 45 (no. 394; Pl. 51) is the only securely early imperial shape of Eastern Sigillata A found at Morgantina. It was found in the dump and slide material over the Northwest Stoa (context IIIh) and features a conical body and a vertical concave rim with a slightly outturned lip. It thus looks very much like the common Conspectus form 22 cup in Early Italian terra sigillata, which it is considered to imitate. It is accordingly dated to the 1st century CE.349 Technically, this cup stands apart from the other Eastern Sigillata found at Morgantina. Its clay contains occasional large inclusions and is redder than the clays of the other Eastern Sigillata; its gloss is likewise not as fine, with streaky orange discolorations. It should be dated to the first half of the 1st century CE. Chalice Two small fragments of chalices (hayes, Atlante,­form 26?) are preserved (nos. 395, 396; Pl. These may once have had either incised or molded relief decoration on their bodies. Both were found in the dump context IIIh, which would allow them to be dated to either the 1st century BCE or the first half of the 1st century CE.351 51).350

7. Decoration on Tablewares, ca. 211–ca. 35 BCE Fine pottery after 211 BCE was occasionally embellished, although this ornamentation was never common. Added decoration could be stamped, overpainted, or incised. Molded decoration of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE is discussed in chapter 5.

Stamped ornament after 211 BCE e majority of the later vases with stamped ornament also seems to be imported to Morgantina. Two stamped plate fragments (nos. 174, 175; Pl. 93) were found in the only context at Morgantina that can be assigned to the second quarter of the 2nd century BCE (deposit IIA). Neither is in a fabric that is common at Morgantina. No. 174 is a plate base with four stamped palmettes adorning the center of its floor. It has parallels at Iaitas and may have come from western Sicily.352 No. 175 is

349 hayes, Atlante 34, form 45, dated ca. 1/10–50/60 CE;

Slane 1997, 324–328, TA type 34. Samaria­III, 338, fig. 81:5–16, dates the shape to 30 BCE; Agora XXXII, 27– 28 (?). See also Hama­III.2, 166–170, fig. 64; Wright 1980, 145, nos. 22, 23. For Conspectus form 22, see pp. 219–220 below. Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201, consider the form “Early Roman.” 350 It is difficult to type these small fragments. on the shape: hayes, Atlante, 26, form 26; Hama­III.2, 188–191, 194–204.

351

Slane 1997, 320–321, TA type 30A–B, describes two similar chalice shapes, both with incised decoration, that were current in the early 1st century BCE. hayes, Atlante, 26, form 26, is dated late 1st century BCE into the 1st century CE. Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund 2005, 201, consider the form “hellenistic.” In the 1st century CE, Eastern Sigillata A chalices imitated Early Italian terra sigillata relief kraters: Wright 1980, 143, no. 17, 167; see also Burkhalter (n. 332 above) 385, no. 167. 352 Studia­Ietina IV, 173–174.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

201

probably a plate base, although it could be from a shallow bowl. It has a stamped rosette at the center of its floor, like the earlier no. 14, and again is paralleled at Iaitas.353 is stamped ornament harks back to the decoration seen on the stamped fragments from the 3rd-century fills, and the appearance of stamped decoration in this deposit documents its survival into the early 2nd century. Campana C became the dominant form of black-gloss at Morgantina by the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE, and it was made at the site until the disasters of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. on platters and plates, internal decoration usually remains simple in character, such as grooving and rouletting.354 A few plates have radially stamped decoration on their floors (nos. 190, 200–205; Pls. 28, 95). of these Campana C plates, nos. 190 and 202–205 have only stamped palmettes on their floors, while no. 201 alternates palmettes and rosettes. The most interesting Campana C stamped plate is no. 200 (Pl. 95), which may have initials (unfortunately, its floor is worn). This would be unique in Campana C, but a fair number of vases of this period found at other sites have stamps of this type.355 Most of the fragments of Campana C plates and platters with stamped decoration on their floors seem to have gone out of use and been discarded by the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, when the Republican town was destroyed. If this is so, they would have been made in the 2nd century or the first half of the 1st century BCE.356 There are also two bases of imported black-gloss plates with stamps that appear to be nominal (nos. 243, 261; Pls. 98, 100). Both come from fills that cannot be dated precisely but end around the middle of the 1st century CE, and both bases should probably be dated to the 1st century BCE. No. 243 (Pl. 98) is in fabric I and has a circular stamp at the center of its floor with the initials TT surrounded by dots. This is framed by three overpainted circles in red and white. Since this plate is unique, it must have been brought to Morgantina from another city in eastern Sicily where fabric I was used. No. 261 (Pl. 100) is in an unusual fabric for Morgantina and has a large rectangular stamp at the center of its floor that appears to read KRB. Neither stamp can be paralleled, although the use of stamps of these types became common in the later 2nd century and the 1st century BCE in Italy and are the logical precursors of the nominal stamps used in Early Italian terra sigillata.357 In addition, one plate base (no. 262; Pl. 100) in an orange fabric that is not fabric II has a nominal stamp (MAIoY) on its undersurface. It was found in the house of Ganymede, which shows no signs of habitation after the first half of the 2nd century BCE.358 Unfortunately, it came from the first stratum of fill, but the general area of the house (the East hill domestic quarter) shows no signs of activity after ca. 35 BCE. This plate, then, should probably be dated in the 1st century BCE. It is unparalleled. 353

Studia­Ietina IV, 170–173. Campana C of the 1st century BCE is quite plain: Lamboglia 163; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 470. 355 A gray ware made in Spain used stamps with initials: Lamboglia (n. 129 above) 51–56; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 470, n. 5. It is now dated to the later 1st century BCE and disassociated from Campana C: Sanmartí Grego 1978, 26, no. 11 (“pseudocampaniense C de Ampurias”). For other initial stamps at Morgantina, see p. 202 below. 356 See p. 163 above. 354

357

For earlier nominal stamps on the Italian mainland: CVA,­Capua 3 [Italy 29], IV Eg, p. 40, pl. 29:1–2 (from Cales). For nominally stamped black-gloss vases in Apulia (probably contemporary with early terra sigillata): Giardino 1980, 280–281. For nominal stamps on Italian terra sigillata and its direct precursors in Etruria: pp. 210–211 below. For vases with nominal stamps made in Spain: Sanmartí Grego 1978, 24, pl. 110, no. 206, pl. 113, no. 1513. 358 on the chronology of this house, see pp. 31–36 above, contexts ID, IE.2.

202

ChAPTER III

Stamped decoration also appears on a few Republican red-gloss vases and fragments at Morgantina. None of the Republican red-gloss fragments with stamped decoration comes from a context that terminates before the middle of the 1st century CE, and, given their fabric, it is possible that some of these are early examples of Italian regional sigillata of the early imperial age.359 In general, however, they seem to fit best with the Republican red-gloss and should probably be seen as precursors of the imperial wares. The most interesting of these plate/platter fragments are three identical red-gloss platter fragments, nos. 309, 309A, and 309B (Pl. 102). All three have a recessed circular medallion at the center of the floor stamped perhaps with the initials YE (?).360 Unfortunately, the worn condition of all three examples precludes a certain reading of the stamp, and they do not come from datable fills. Based on the fact that the stamps do not give a full name, as is common in later Italian terra sigillata, these plates should belong around the middle of the 1st century BCE. They are in fabric II, which means that they were imported to Morgantina, possibly from Campania. Several other plate/platter fragments (nos. 310–314; Pl. 43) show that elaborate decoration was at times employed on the floor of Republican red-gloss platters. Nos. 310 and 311 are in fabric II, no. 312 in the hard orange fabric; all were thus imported to Morgantina. No. 310 bears a radially stamped gem impression of an eagle with wings spread, which is unusual, but not unparalleled.361 No. 311 has a stamped rosette on its floor, no. 312 a stamped palmette. Both motifs are well attested in the Italian black-gloss tradition, but their use on red-gloss vases may also reflect the influence of contemporary Eastern Sigillata A plates, which used similar stamped decoration.362 Stamped ornament on Campana C and other Italian black-gloss wares was rare by the 1st century BCE. Stamped ornament is, however, common on the floors of Eastern Sigillata A platters of hayes, Atlante, forms 3 and 4, and Morgantina has produced two of these. No. 372 (Pls. 49, 106) has the common radial palmettes with volutes between two groups of rouletted circles.363 Platters with this type of palmette were found at Samaria in deposits dated before 30 BCE, and parallels at Delos can be dated before 69 BCE.364 The second example with stamped decoration (no. 373; Pls. 49, 106) preserves an indistinct radial bud framed by a rouletted band toward the rim. Eastern imported plates like these could have inspired the local potters of nos. 311 and 312 to decorate the floors of their plates with stamps. 359

See p. 183 above. For similar stamped black-gloss fragments at Morgantina in this period, see nos. 243, 261, 262. For stamped initials in pre-Arretine and late Etruscan black-gloss: Scott 1993, 205–206; Marabini Moevs 2006, 10, 13. 361 Stone 1987, 102–103, no. 48. For other gem impressions on Italian ceramics: Pagenstecher 1909, 17, n. 1; Lake 1935, 112, pl. 22:3. oCK, no. 1740A, pl. 4, appears to bear a gem impression. Spread-winged eagles were common on gems from the end of the 4th century BCE, when the motif appeared on the reverse of Ptolemaic coins: see J. N. Svoronos, Ta­nomismata­tou­kratous­tōn­Ptolemaiōn­(Athens, 1904–1908) plates, passim; J. Boardman, Greek­Gems­and 360

Finger­Rings:­Early­Bronze­Age­to­Late­Classical, rev. ed. (New York, 2000) 359, fig. 996. For Roman imperial gems with this motif: E. Brandt, A. Krug, W. Gercke, and E. Schmidt, AGD,­ vol. 1, pt. 3, Staatliche­ Münzsammlung­ München: Gemmen­ und­ Glaspasten­ der­ römischen­ Kaiserzeit,­ sowie Nachträge (Munich, 1972) nos. 3405–3409 (with bibliography), pl. 22. 362 For such decoration on Eastern Sigillata A, see p. 197 above, nos. 372, 373. 363 Samaria­III, 316–317, fig. 74:1; Hama­III.2, 65–76, fig. 29:7c. 364 See Samaria­III, 319; n. 310 above (for Delos).

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

203

A final shape in Republican red-gloss at Morgantina with stamped ornament can be either a shallow bowl (patera, nos. 304–307; Pl. 43) or a handleless cup (no. 308; Pl. 43). This vase type has an outturned rim with a raised flange at its inner edge and a pendant lip. on the patera versions of the shape, the flange is decorated with a molded bead-and-reel pattern, and the outer face of the lip has a stamped egg-and-dart frieze. The cups have only the molded beading on the flange. Except for one example in a hard orange fabric (no. 305), this shape is found only in fabric II and was thus probably produced in Campania or northern Sicily. This shape appears to copy a plate and cup shape in contemporary Eastern Sigillata A (hayes, Atlante, forms 9–11) which usually bears stamped ornament on its rim and lip.365 Five fragments of Eastern Sigillata A plates/platters or bowls/cups with stamped and molded decoration on their outturned lips have been found at Morgantina, two of which are plates (hayes, Atlante, form 9: nos. 380, 381; Pls. 50, 107), and three are cups or bowls (hayes, Atlante, form 11: nos. 382–384; Pls. 50, 107).366 one of the plates (no. 381, from context IIE) and one of the cups (no. 384, from context IIi) were found in fills that appear to have been closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. The evidence at Morgantina suggests that hayes, Atlante, forms 9–11 were developed in the east before the middle of the 1st century BCE, although most scholars have thought that the eastern vase type was developed around 50 BCE.367 It seems probable that the eastern vases were brought to Morgantina and other sites in southern Italy during the late first or the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. The potters of fabric II must have begun making imitations of the eastern vases by the middle of the century, demonstrating the rapid spread of new ceramic types across the Mediterranean in the 1st century BCE. But the story of these vases is more complex and tangled. From their decoration, it would seem that both plate and cup/shallow bowl are clearly derived from metal prototypes. 368 The shallow bowl or cup type, with its characteristic stamped ornament on the lip, appears in black-gloss at Cosa in the late 2nd century BCE.369 These paterae are identical to the red-gloss Eastern Sigillata A versions but seem unlikely to be connected in any way. The shape, without any stamped or molded ornament, was found in Campana C black-gloss at Morgantina (no. 197; Pls. 30, 94) in a fill dated to the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. This seems to be around the time that the first Eastern Sigillata A appeared at the site. In addition, there is a red-gloss cup (no. 307; Pl. 43) that, like the Campana C patera, has no stamped ornament but does have a molded flange on its rim. This shape was clearly current before the stamped and molded red-gloss vases, whether eastern or Republican, began to be made, which suggests a metal model. It seems probable to me, however, that the Republican red-gloss vases with stamped and molded decoration, all of which were imported to Morgantina from Campania or northern Sicily, imitate the eastern versions of the shape. These 365

Stone 1987, 96–97, form IX. See p. 198 above. 367 Thus validating the observations of Slane 1997, 301. She dates these forms before ca. 40 BCE and suggests that they were developed in the first half of the 1st century. For other bibliography, see note 336 above. 366

368

See hayes, Atlante, 18; Slane 1997, 301; Hama­III.2,

217. 369 See pp. 157–158 above; Taylor 1957, 177, type IV (plate [or shallow bowl] with profiled rim).

204

ChAPTER III

imitations, then, would date to the middle and third quarter of the 1st century BCE. They do not continue into the last period at Morgantina (ca. 20/10 BCE–40 CE).

overpainting after 211 BCE overpainting continued to be used in eastern Sicily after the cataclysmic events of the Second Punic War but became far less common after 200 BCE. Two fragments in a small deposit of the first half of the 2nd century BCE preserve overpainted decoration. No. 176 (Pl. 93) appears to be a hemispherical bowl with a floor decorated with a frieze of white dots between yellow stripes. It is an unusual red fabric and was clearly imported to the site. No. 177 (Pls. 27, 93) is a late straight-walled kantharos from Syracuse. Like its older cousin, no. 70 (Pls. 12, 78), its interior has simple circles painted in white and red. overpainting of a limited sort is still found on black-gloss pottery from the fills of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, and the overpainted vases in those deposits do not seem to be survivals. So it seems clear that this technique, which is often considered characteristic of pottery of the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, continued to be used as a mode of decoration at Morgantina into the 1st century BCE. This can also be documented at other sites in both the eastern and western Mediterranean.370 The use of overpainting in this period was, however, much less common than it was in the 3rd century. It was also confined to black-gloss wares; no Republican red-gloss vase at Morgantina has overpainted decoration. overpainted decoration appears on an imported vase, as well as on several Campana C and other black-gloss vases that continued the ceramic traditions of the 3rd century BCE. The motifs and character of overpainting at Morgantina during the last two centuries BCE were usually of the simplest sorts and represent a debasement of the more elaborate work of the 3rd century BCE. The most common motif was a vine wreath comprised of opposed white leaves, usually with an incised stem of varying naturalism (nos. 244A, 251; Pls. 98, 99). No. 264 (Pl. 100) is a hemispherical-bodied cup or kantharos rather similar to the familiar moldmade “Megarian” cups of the Republican period, and, like those cups, probably reflects a metal prototype.371 It has a well-executed incised vine with white overpainted berries on its rim, probably imitating chased decoration on metal bowls. Although no. 264 was found in the East Granary (context IIC), the location of pottery manufacture, its fabric, lustrous black gloss, and unusual decoration, combining overpainting and incision, suggest that it is an import from the eastern Mediterranean. It may have been used as a model for locally produced versions of the same shape (nos. 212, 213, 370

See hayes 1997, 191–192; Cook 1997, 193, 196; Agora XXIX, 43–45, 122–124; Thompson 1934, 438–447. “Gnathia” ware in Apulia is now known to have been produced into the 2nd century BCE: J. Lund, “Italian-Made Fine Wares and Cooking Wares in the Eastern Mediterranean,” in Early­Italian­Sigillata,­3. At Corinth, overpainting is attested until the destruction of the city in 146 BCE:

Corinth VII.3, 20. For overpainted wares of the 2nd century BCE from Knossos: P. J. Callaghan, “KRS 1976: Excavations at a Shrine of Glaukos, Knossos,” BSA 73 (1978) 19–20. See also Cook 1997, 193, 196. 371 For moldmade hemispherical relief cups at Morgantina, see pp. 274–282 below.

R E P U B L I C A N M o RG A N T I N A

205

213A; Pls. 32, 96). These show a duller grayish-black gloss and are in the local fabric I. They have only incised decoration (see below). Another motif of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE at Morgantina is simple red or white circles (nos. 244, 244A; Pls. 36, 98). These were used to set off the lip from the wall or to frame the center of the floor. occasionally, vaguely floral motifs are attached to the circles (nos. 244A, 251; Pls. 36, 99), but elaborations of this sort seem to have been uncommon. In Campana C, a plate fragment (no. 195B; Pl. 30) preserves two stripes on its body near the carination of the rim. It is likely to be an early import form the east coast, since it is the only vase in that ware with overpainted decoration. overpainting at Morgantina after the 3rd century BCE used no more than three colors (white, red, and yellow) and was generally of low quality. It seems odd that only open shapes were decorated in this manner at Morgantina during the last two centuries BCE. In the related “West Slope” workshops of overpainting in Athens, some of the most common shapes were closed.372

Incised ornament Incised ornament without overpainting appears on vases after 211 BCE. e same decorative schemes appear on all fine wares, black-gloss that recalls the 3rd-century tradition, Campana C black-gloss, and Republican red-gloss. It again seems clear that this decoration is based on chased and molded decoration on metal vases, although the incision on ceramic vessels is rarely elegant and seems more to recall metal decoration than to copy it. e use of this style of decoration in ceramics may also be due to eastern influence, since Pergamene and other wares from the eastern Mediterranean have incised decoration of this type beginning in the early 2nd century. Several vases from the eastern Mediterranean decorated with appliqués have been found at Morgantina, in addition to some appliqués on relief-decorated vessels and two molds that copy Pergamene appliqués.373 e hemispherical-bodied cup no. 264 (Pl. 100), which is decorated with incised and overpainted ornament, may be an eastern vase. Vases with incised ornament but no overpainting first appear at Morgantina in a small fill dated to the first half of the 2nd century BCE (deposit IIA). Nos. 178 and 179 (Pl. 93) are fragments of cups with shapes that are unusual at Morgantina, and their fabrics indicate that they were imported to the site. No. 178 may be Attic, judging by its fabric, while the gray fabric of no. 179 is also paralleled in the east.374 Both have disk bases and hemispherical bodies, and bear incised ornament of a type that was later imitated in Campana C and Republican red-gloss vases.375 372 See Agora XXIX, 45–46; hayes 1997, 191; Thompson 1934, 444. 373 For the Pergamene-style appliqués: pp. 273–274 below, nos. 622–628. For incised vases from Syria: Samaria III, 335–336, form 18B, 342, form 19, 344, no. 2; Hama III.2, 118–124, forms 18B and 19, 185, fig. 71, form 27B, nos. 1, 4, and 11, form 27C, no. 1. on the dating of the Syrian examples (2nd century BCE): Hama III.2, 118, 121.

For Eastern Sigillata A pottery at Morgantina, see pp. 193–200 above. 374 on eastern gray wares, see Agora XXIX, 232–236, esp. 235, nos. 1586 and 1587, which seem to have a fabric similar to no. 179, as well as similar decoration. 375 on incised Campana C and Republican red-gloss wares, see pp. 159, 163, 185, and 190–191 above, 206 below.

206

ChAPTER III

No. 178 (Pl. 93) is based on metal cups that feature an incised net pattern of interlocking pentagons, sometimes called a “football” pattern, since it looks like the pattern decorating a soccer ball. Metal vases with this style of ornament appear in the 4th century BCE, and one of the silver bowls in the Morgantina hoard has this type of decoration.376 Ceramic imitations appear in Athens in the 3rd century and continue into the 2nd century BCE.377 In the 2nd century, this type of decoration had broad currency in the eastern Mediterranean.378 The same decoration appears on a Republican red-gloss vase of the mid-1st century BCE at Morgantina (no. 321; Pls. 44, 103). This style of decoration seems to be based directly on metal prototypes. No. 179 has groups of incised vertical grooves, a scheme of decoration seen on several Campana C vases of the later 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, and also on some vases in Apulia.379 The Campana C vases decorated with incised vertical grooves include a small pitcher (no. 235; Pl. 98) and a lekythos (no. 239; Pl. 98). Three small biconical red-gloss pitchers (nos. 356A–C; Pls. 48, 105) also show this scheme of decoration. In addition, the bodies of other Campana C hemispherical cups have alternating groups of three vertical grooves and leaves (no. 213; Pl. 96) or two undulating vertical grooves (no. 213A; Pl. 96). More complicated incision is seen on the Campana C chalice fragment no. 229 (Pl. 96), where the body is decorated with alternating groups of three vertical and three wavy grooves. The most complex incised ornament in Campana C is on a round-bottomed cup, no. 213 (Pl. 96), where the decoration of incised grooves on the body forms an abstract vegetal pattern. Some red-gloss pitchers also have more complicated incised decoration. The body of no. 356D (Pl. 105), a small biconical-bodied pitcher, has the groups of vertical grooves also seen on three other examples of the shape at Morgantina (nos. 356A–C; Pl. 105), but above the vertical grooves are incised horizontal palmettes. It is also the only example of this pitcher in fabric II (the others are in fabric I). The most interesting Republican red-gloss pitcher with incised ornament, however, is a tall vertical-bodied mug/pitcher (no. 358; Pl. 105).380 This pitcher type is unique to Morgantina, although examples of the shape occur in both fabrics I and II, with the latter fabric dominant. Examples in both fabrics preserve incision. No. 358A (Pl. 105, fabric I?) has roughly incised florals between groups of four vertical grooves. No. 358E (fabric I) also has incised florals. No. 358I (Pl. 105) has incised Vs between groups of four vertical grooves. The decoration of these pitchers is not elegant but is fairly elaborate. It seems likely that it recalls the decoration of metal vases, rather than directly copying it. 376

Bothmer 1984, 57, no. 97; Guzzo 2003, 53–54, no. 6. For the earliest metal example, see I. Marazov, ed., Ancient Gold:­The­Wealth­of­the­Thracians (New York, 1998) 103, no. 14, dated to the 4th century BCE. 377 See Agora XXIX, 108–109, for ceramic vases with incised net patterning that date to the 3rd century BCE. For another example from Athens: C. Watzinger, “Vasenfunde aus Athen,” AthMitt 26 (1901) 70, no. 6. See also Agora XXIX, 235, for vases with “gouged decoration.” 378 For vases from Pergamon with incised decoration: Schäfer 1968, 117, nos. G3, G4, pl. 51, 154, nos. Z132–

Z137A, fig. 20, 100, pl. 38, nos. E99, E100, E102, E103; T.-M. Schmidt, “Der späte Beginn und der vorzeitige Abbruch der Arbeiten am Pergamonaltar,” in B. Andreae, ed., Phyromachos-Probleme,­RM-EH 31 (Berlin, 1990) 142, pl. 94:1. These began to be produced in the 2nd century BCE. For examples from Syria: n. 373 above. 379 For Apulian black-gloss vases of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE with similar incision: Giardino 1980, 273–275 (“boccale”); hempel 1996, 338, form 10. 380 See p. 191 above.

IV Imported Early Italian Terra Sigillata and South Italian Regional Sigillatas 1. Introduction: The Last Decades of the 1st Century BCE and the First Half of the 1st Century CE The last settlement at Morgantina was small, with a population of fewer than a thousand inhabitants. Its commercial center was located in the northwest corner of the Agora (context IIIi), and its main domestic quarter was on the West Hill (contexts IIIA–IIIF). ere is slight evidence that isolated buildings (probably farmhouses) may have dotted the Serra Orlando ridge outside the central inhabited area. e early imperial village succeeded the Republican city that was largely destroyed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. e period between ca. 35 and ca. 10 BCE is difficult to evaluate; one house on the West Hill (context IIIC) seems to have been rebuilt only after 18 BCE. Imperial Morgantina was certainly in existence by the last decade of the 1st century BCE, and the numismatic and ceramic evidence clearly demonstrates that the village was gradually abandoned between ca. 30 and 50 CE.1 Evaluating the last period of Morgantina (ca. 10–50 CE) is difficult because of its small population and short duration, as well as the lack of any closed deposits of ceramics resulting from destruction at its end. The Early Italian terra sigillata, together with a few coins, provide the chronology for this period. The most securely dated pottery from this period comes from abandonment strata on the West Hill, but the major source of ceramics from this melancholy coda to the history of Morgantina are two extensive dumps, contexts IIIG and IIIH. The pottery in these dumps seem to derive mainly from the Republican period and probably represent debris from the cleanup operations when houses on the West Hill that had burned around 35 BCE were rebuilt sometime before 10 BCE. There is evidence for rebuilding in the marketplace (context IIIi), which may also have added material to these dumps. Contexts IIIG and IIIH also contained Early Italian terra sigillata and some late thin-walled wares, indicating that these dumps remained in use into the 1st century CE.2 Beyond the Early Italian terra sigillata, which has a well-established chronology, the other types of pottery 1 See pp. 26–27 above. Malfitana 2004, 315, notes that the Early Italian terra sigillata stamps at Morgantina date between 40/20 BCE and 40/50 CE. 2 For the Italian terra sigillata, see pp. 209–228 and 282–290 below; for the thin-walled wares, pp. 291–295,

302–304. Only six thin-walled fragments can be conclusively assigned to the 1st century CE, but some other thinwalled fragments in these dumps may represent Republican forms of that class of ceramics that had continued to be produced on Sicily into the 1st century CE.

208

CHAPTER IV

used by the last residents of Morgantina are virtually indistinguishable from Republican forms, and are accordingly very difficult to evaluate. This is most noticeable in the utilitarian pottery but also affects the evaluation of thin-walled wares and imported Eastern Sigillata A. While these two large dumps mix pottery from two periods and are closely aligned chronologically, the more narrowly dated abandonment fills on the West Hill are quite small. The result is that the ceramic history of the period ca. 10 BCE–20 CE, which appears to be the acme (a relative term) of the last settlement, is obscure because the bulk of the pottery broken during that period is mixed with earlier wares in the dumps, and contemporaries are often difficult to distinguish from ancestors. One fact that does seem clear is that fine wares were no longer made at Morgantina during the last period of occupation. It is also doubtful, given the excavated evidence and the small size of the village, that any utilitarian wares were made at the site.3 The small and scrappy nature of the evidence for the early imperial period at Morgantina is echoed elsewhere on Sicily. The best picture of this period comes from a house at Iaitas that seems to have been destroyed around the middle of the 1st century CE.4 The fill from that house has been well published by Hedinger, and its ceramic assemblage is similar to what has been found at Morgantina, confirming that the last settlement on Serra Orlando existed into the second quarter of the 1st century. Beyond this fill, little else on the island has been systematically published.5 There are some graves on Lipari from the 1st century CE, but these appear to date from the second quarter into the second half of the century.6 Like most tombs, they provide parallels but lack absolute chronology. Four examinations of the Early Italian terra sigillata found on Sicily have been published in the last twenty years, providing much useful information, and, finally, Wilson’s magisterial study of Roman Sicily includes information on ceramics in this period.7 In general, however, the early imperial period on Sicily remains murky, especially as regards the pottery that was in use, other than terra sigillata.

3

See pp. 414–415 below. See Studia Ietina VIII, 221–297. 5 A recent conference at Catania included a session on Sicily, with several calls for more attention to Roman ceramics on the island. See especially D. Malfitana, “Metodologie, problemi e prospettive di ricerca negli studi di ceramologia ellenistica e romana in Sicilia: Un planning per future ricerche tra archeologia e archeometria,” in D. Malfitana, J. Poblome, and J. Lund, eds., Old Pottery in a New Century: Innovating Perspectives on Roman Pottery Studies; Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Catania, 22–24 aprile 2004 (Rome, 2006) 399–423. Publication of the imperial material found at Solunto (and presented in outline form in OCK) would be useful. The recent publication of the Italian terra sigillata found at Agrigento, A. Polito, La 4

terra sigillata italica liscia dal quartiere ellenistico-romano di Agrigento (Rome, 2009), is beautifully presented and a welcome addition. 6 See M-L II; M-L VII, esp. 130–138; M-L XI. A grave at Montagna di Marzo near Piazza Armerina seems to date to the late 1st century BCE or the early 1st century CE but is difficult to evaluate due to its isolation: Gentili 1969, 81–84, tomb 50. This grave contained no Early Italian terra sigillata but included what appears to be very late Campana C. 7 On Early Italian terra sigillata on Sicily: Mandruzzato 1987; Studia Ietina VIII, 17–218; Polito 2000; and Malfitana 2004. See also Wilson 1988, 245–252; Wilson 1990, 251–258; and note 5 above on Agrigento.

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

209

2. Early Italian Terra Sigillata One of the economic success stories of the principate of Augustus was the rise of the Italian terra sigillata industry.8 Having spread throughout Italy by ca. 30–20 BCE, the red-gloss wares that were initially produced at Arretium, and soon afterward at other Italian sites, succeeded in capturing a large part of the Mediterranean market; they have been found as far afield as India, Arabia, Britain, and Scandinavia.9 is success was of relatively brief duration, perhaps thirty years. By 10 CE, the Italian potters had lost much of the Gallic and German markets to northern competitors, while in the eastern Mediterranean a group of wares imitating Italian terra sigillata shapes dominated the field after the first quarter of the 1st century CE.10 Within Italy, manufacturing centers were established during the last two decades BCE at Puteoli, at Pisa, in the Po valley, and in central Italy (probably at and in the environs of Rome).11 Because of these diverse centers of production, the fine red-gloss wares produced in Italy between ca. 20 BCE and ca. 50/75 CE that were once called “Arretine” are now referred to as Early Italian terra sigillata. e various Italian centers of manufacture achieved a remarkable homogeneity of fabric and gloss in their best products, and it is generally not possible to distinguish the source of individual Italian terra sigillata vases by visual examination.12 Beyond the high-quality Early Italian terra sigillata, however, there also appear to have been regional versions of this ware that did not achieve as uniform or as high-quality a product. e examples of regional Italian terra sigillata found at Morgantina are discussed in the final section of this chapter.13 8

For the history of Arretine and other Italian terra sigillata, see, most recently, Conspectus, 3–13; Ettlinger 1983, 13–113 and plates; Studia Ietina VIII, 33–40; Hayes 1997, 41–52. For a recent survey of some critical issues in the study of red-gloss ceramics of the last two centuries BCE and into the 1st century CE: J. Poblome, O. Bounegru, and P. Degryse, “The Concept of Sigillata,” RCRFActa 30 (2000) 279– 283. 9 On the diffusion of Early Italian terra sigillata: OCK, 38–48. 10 On the institution of workshops in the north: Ettlinger 1983, 35, 102. On the eastern wares, see pp. 193–200 above; Hayes, Atlante, 1–96. Several papers in Early Italian Sigillata deal with Italian terra sigillata in the eastern Medi terranean. 11 On production centers of Early Italian terra sigillata: OCK, 25–35 (with bibliography); P. M. Kenrick, “Signatures on Italian Sigillata: A New Perspective,” in Early Italian Sigillata, 253–262. On the factories of Puteoli: Conspectus, 11–12; Soricelli 2004, 302–304. The beginning of production there is dated by the Conspectus around 10 BCE, by Soricelli (p. 302) “nel corso del penultimo decennio del I sec. a.C.” Kenrick, in “Signatures” (above) 254 and OCK, 32, thinks production at Puteoli began no earlier than 10 BCE, and perhaps later; but Pucci, in Carandini 1977, 12 and n. 23, notes that some examples have been found at Oberaden (abandoned 8 BCE). For Puteolan sigillata in Sicily: Wilson 1988, 246, n. 180; Studia Ietina VIII, 85–86,

137, 216, 296; Polito 2000, 87–88; Malfitana 2004, 313; Soricelli 2004, 303; see also p. 221 below. Soricelli 2004, 302, dates the end of production in Puteoli to the decade 30–40 CE; OCK, 33, by 50 CE. For the terra sigillata industry of the Po valley: Conspectus, 5, 8–10. The industry there seems to have started during the middle of the reign of Augustus, but is insufficiently known. For the production of terra sigillata in the city of Rome (perhaps better termed Latium): Conspectus, 10; G. Olcese, “Italian Terra Sigillata in Rome and the Rome Area: Production, Distribution and Laboratory Analysis,” in Early Italian Sigillata, 279–298. On manufacture in the area of Pisa, which commenced around 5 BCE: Ettlinger 1983, 18, 104; Conspectus, 7–8; S. Menchelli, “Ateian Sigillata and Import-Export Activities in North Etruria,” in Early Italian Sigillata, 271–278; Studia Ietina VIII, 137. 12 See Wilson 1988, 245; Studia Ietina VIII, 41–42. On the problems of distinguishing the products of different manufacturing centers of Early Italian terra sigillata, see most recently A. Klynne, “Consumption of Italian Sigillata: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow,” in Malfitana, Poblome, and Lund (n. 5 above) 167–174. Conspectus, 27–35, provides a summary of chemical analyses of the wares. An exception to this rule are regional sigillatas like Campanian Orange Sigillata, which are less homogenous. On Campanian Orange and “Sicilian” sigillatas, see pp. 223–228 below; on the fabric and gloss, n. 16 below. 13 See pp. 223–228 below.

210

CHAPTER IV

Fabric, Gloss, and Technique e shapes of Italian terra sigillata were based on the traditions of metal vases and thus were likely to have served as relatively cheap substitutes for expensive silver and bronze vessels.14 Plain Italian terra sigillata vases were wheelmade (possibly with the aid of molds), with the decoration of their rims and floors executed with (wooden?) tools.15 e clay tends to be a finely levigated hard red fabric with very few inclusions; together with the generally lustrous red surface of the gloss, it made a handsome and durable product.16 e vases were double dipped in the gloss in order to cover the surface completely. Given the fine potting and the uniform and attractive red gloss of Augustan Italian terra sigillata, it is not surprising that most local Republican red-gloss fabrics seem to have ceased being produced by the turn of the millennium (a few of these workshops turned to the production of terra sigillata). e quality of the surface coloring and the delicacy of the potting of Early Italian terra sigillata seem to have declined after the turn of the millennium, probably due to the pressure of mass production.17 Beginning around 10 CE (though first appearing perhaps a bit earlier), applied ornament on the rims replaced an earlier emphasis on decorative moldings; this becomes very common after ca. 30 CE.18

Stamps e custom of stamping the floors of terra sigillata vases with the names of the fabricants demonstrates the pride of the makers in their product and no doubt aided in separating the work of one potter from others in large manufacturing units and/or in marketing lots, as well as decorating the vases.19 e stamp usually provides the name of the owner of the manufacturing unit which produced the vessel, but often gives the name of the actual potter (usually a slave or freedman), either in con14

On the metallic character of Arretine shapes: Stenico 1958, 611–612; Ettlinger 1983, 15, 28–29; Studia Ietina VIII, 25–26; Hayes 1997, 42. Most of the shapes, however, are unparalleled in metal and should probably be regarded as “metallicizing.” Ettlinger 1983, 31, would see only Haltern service II (Conspectus forms 18–23; see pp. 217–220 below) as truly deriving from metal prototypes. See Conspectus, 149, for rouletting on the exterior of vases as showing the influence of contemporary metal vases. 15 On the technique of Italian terra sigillata: Roman Crafts, 77–78; Ettlinger 1983, 15–17; Conspectus, 26–27; Studia Ietina VIII, 25–27. For the possible use of molds to make open shapes: Hayes 1997, 18–21; Agora XXXII, 10. 16 The Italian terra sigillata found at Morgantina (with the exception of the Campanian Orange Sigillata and other local fabrics, on which see p. 223 below) has a fine hard red fabric varying from 2.5YR 6/4 to 2.5YR 6/8. For a technical analysis of several fragments of Italian terra sigillata from Morgantina: N. Cuomo di Caprio, “Analisi mineralogiche di terra sigillata italica ritrovata a Morgantina (Sicilia),” RCRFActa 31–32 (1992) 105–118. See also Wilson 1988, 245;

Conspectus, 37–35; Studia Ietina VIII, 41–42. On the gloss: Roman Crafts, 83–84; Marabini Moevs 1980, 119, n. 1 (with bibliography); Conspectus, 26. See also Ettlinger 1983, 17– 21, and frontispiece. 17 On the organization of the manufacturing units, see OCK, 15–24; G. Fülle, “The Internal Organization of the Arretine Terra Sigillata Industry: Problems of Evidence and Interpretation,” JRS 87 (1997) 111–155; Kenrick (n. 11 above) 257–258. 18 On appliqués: Studia Ietina VIII, 87–113; E. SchindlerKaudelka, U. Fastner, and M. Gruber, Italische Terra Sigillata mit Appliken im Noricum (Vienna, 2001), esp. 151–154 on dating. On the method of applying the appliqués: Stenico 1958, 609; Roman Crafts, 81. On their dating: Goudineau 1968, 306; Hayes 1973, 444–445; Conspectus, 149–150; Studia Ietina VIII, 101; OCK, 9. 19 On the stamps: RE suppl. 7 (1940), s.v. “Terra sigillata,” 1314, 1345 (H. Comfort); Goudineau 1968, 352–357; S. von Schnurbein, Die unverzierte Terra Sigillata aus Haltern (Münster, 1982) 65–67; Fülle (n. 17 above) 111–155; OCK, 10–24; Studia Ietina VIII, 114.

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

211

junction with the name of the owner or alone. e earliest stamps on Arretine vases provide initials, but by the decade 30–20 BCE these had been abandoned in favor of more complete nominal signatures.20 At first these nominal stamps were arranged radially in multiples on the floors of larger vessels, while smaller vases had a single stamp at the center of the floor.21 On relief vases the stamped signatures were usually placed in the relief field. By 10 BCE, radial stamping on plain vases had largely been replaced by one stamp, usually rectangular, at the center of the floor of all shapes, except those with relief decoration.22 Around 10 CE, more fanciful styles of stamps became common, most notably a type where the names or initials were placed in a foot-shaped stamp (in planta pedis). No foot-shaped stamps can be dated before 9 CE, and they became common by the later reign of Tiberius; thus a stamp in planta pedis can generally be assumed to date after ca. 15 CE.23 e style of the stamp is hence a primary means of evaluating the date at which a potter worked. Potters who sign radially worked during the earlier period of terra sigillata production (ca. 30–10 BCE). ose who sign in planta pedis worked into the late period of Early Italian terra sigillata (ca. 10 CE to the third quarter of the 1st century). e highpoint of Early Italian terra sigillata was the middle Augustan period (ca. 10 BCE–10 CE), when central rectangular stamps were the norm. Generalizations such as this can be dangerous, however, because a number of workshops had long careers which commenced during the early period and extended well into the later years of Early Italian terra sigillata.24

Chronology of Early Italian Terra Sigillata e chronology of Early Italian terra sigillata in its finest period (ca. 10 BCE–ca. 10 CE) is secure because there are a number of chronological fixed points. Unfortunately, the dates of both the beginning and the end of production of the ware remains more conjectural.25 e recent publication of the Early Italian terra sigillata found at Cosa has clarified the early years of red-gloss pottery in northern Etruria. At Cosa, pre-Arretine red-gloss pottery appears in the deposits dated before the 20 A potter’s dump excavated just outside Arezzo in 1886 contained both red- and black-glaze pottery with linear decoration, as well as the nominal stamps characteristic of developed Arretine, clearly representing the period just before the rise of the export trade: G. F. Gamurrini, “Di una nuova figulina di vasi neri e rossi, scoperta all’Orciolana presso Arezzo,” NSc 1890, 63–72. See also Conspectus, 3–4; OCK, 25–28. On the signatures in that fill: Goudineau 1968, 353– 354; Conspectus, 147; Scott 1993, 205–206; OCK, 10–12. 21 On radial stamps: Goudineau 1968, 352–353; Ettlinger 1983, 44; Conspectus, 147; Studia Ietina VIII, 115; OCK, 9–12. P. Kenrick, “Cn. Ateius: The Inside Story,” RCRFActa 35 (1999) 179–190, examines dumps of this important manufacturing unit and concludes that the Ateius workshop (at Arezzo and Pisa) was still using radial stamps into the last decade of the 1st century BCE. 22 For stamps on molded vases (which were usually in the relief field on the exterior), see pp. 283–284 below. 23 On stamps in planta pedis: Goudineau 1968, 312, 353;

Conspectus, 147–148; Studia Ietina VIII, 115; OCK, 9. Hayes 1973, 441–442, would date the general adoption of the in planta pedis stamp form to late in the reign of Tiberius, but Kenrick in Conspectus notes that the form appeared by the decade 10–20 CE. There is one disputed stamp in planta pedis at Haltern: Schnurbein (n. 19 above) 69, 236, no. 889, pl. 82. It is now lost and is known only through a drawing. As von Schnurbein notes, it is not a true pediform stamp, but rather an early variant. 24 See, for example, Rasinius and L. Titius (n. 84 below); Studia Ietina VIII, 131–132. For a full examination of the chronology of the potters of Early Italian terra sigillata, see OCK, esp. 8–9, for the principles for dating potters’ activity. Some of the workshops/manufacturing units were family operations that lasted several generations. On the workshops whose products have been found on Sicily to date, see Malfitana 2004, 313–316. 25 See Goudineau 1968, 18–37; Ettlinger 1983, 99–101, 102–103; Conspectus, 3–4; OCK, 36–38.

212

CHAPTER IV

destructions of ca. 70 BCE, while the houses rebuilt between 40 and 20 BCE have developed Early Italian terra sigillata in their fills.26 Arretine thus seems to have achieved its early maturity around 30 BCE, at which time it was already being exported widely throughout Italy. The benchmarks for the chronology of Early Italian terra sigillata are the Roman army camps at Oberaden and Haltern on the Lippe River. Oberaden was occupied from no earlier than 12 BCE until 8 BCE, when it was abandoned following the death of the elder Drusus.27 Haltern was occupied from around 10 BCE until 9 CE, when it was abandoned after Varus’s disastrous defeat.28 The ceramics from these two camps thus provide groups with termini ante quem of 8 BCE and 9 CE, respectively, and the development of Italian terra sigillata for the period ca. 15 BCE–10 CE is thus clear. Additional evidence for Early Italian terra sigillata comes from various sites on the German border and in Gaul, of which Novaesium (modern Neuss) is the most important.29 While they provide good dates for the general history of Italian terra sigillata in this period, the ceramic assemblages of the German camps are not large and probably do not provide the best parallels to the assemblage at an urban site in the Mediterranean.30 After the abandonment of Haltern (9 CE), the chronology of Arretine and other Italian terra sigillata becomes hazier. An army base was established at Vindonissa in Switzerland around 16/17 CE; the majority of the terra sigillata found there is of Gallic production.31 “Branch factories” of Italian terra sigillata workshops were established in the area of Lyon (Lugdunum) around 5 BCE. By the end of the first decade CE, manufacture of the ware had spread throughout Gaul and the Rhine frontier, and imported Italian terra sigillata became rare in those areas.32 Small deposits at Corinth and Mainz can be dated to the 20s CE and provide limited evidence on the period after the abandonment of Haltern.33 A series of three building fills at Corinth date to the 70s, again furnishing useful information on shapes of Early Italian terra sigillata that were developed after the abandonment of Haltern.34 The terra sigillata found at Pompeii and Herculaneum indicates that 26

See Marabini Moevs 2006, 7–29. For Oberaden: S. Loeschcke and C. Albrecht, eds., Das Römerlager in Oberaden und das Uferkastell in Beckinghausen an der Lippe, vol. 2, Die römische und die belgische Keramik; Die Gegenstände aus Metall (Dortmund, 1942) 13–31; Goudineau 1968, 26–35; C. M. Wells, The German Policy of Augustus (Oxford, 1972) 211–219; Ettlinger 1983, 101– 102; Conspectus, 40; Studia Ietina VIII, 34. The evidence from Oberaden is now bolstered by finds from the camp at Dangstetten, which has a similar history and was abandoned in 9 BCE; see Studia Ietina VIII, 34; L. Roth-Rubi, “La sigillée de Dangstetten: Question de chronologie,” RCRF Acta 37 (2001) 211–215. 28 For a review of the evidence for the dating of the camp at Haltern: K. Kraft, “Das Enddatum des Legionslagers Haltern,” BJ 155/156 (1955–56) 95–111; Wells (n. 27 above) 163–211; Conspectus, 40; Studia Ietina VIII, 35. Wells’s discussion disposed of the arguments for a final abandonment in 16 CE, a dating espoused most recently by Goudineau 1968, 310–315. For the ceramics: S. Loeschcke, “Kerami sche Funde in Haltern,” Mitteilungen der Altertumskomission für Westfalen 5 (1909) 101–322 (101–190 on the terra si27

gillata); Schnurbein (n. 19 above). See also Goudineau 1968, 18–25; Ettlinger 1983, 102. 29 For Neuss: Wells (n. 27 above), 127–134; Ettlinger 1983. For other sites: Conspectus, 39–41. 30 See the cogent observations in Studia Ietina VIII, 33, 115–116, 136. See Kenrick, in OCK, 38–50, for an analysis of what is currently known of the distribution of Early Italian terra sigillata, as well as problems and unanswered questions. 31 PECS, 983–984, s.v. “Vindonissa” (V. von Gonzenbach); E. Ettlinger and R. Fellmann, “Ein Sigillata-Depotfund aus dem Legionslager Vindonissa,” Germania 33 (1955) 364–373, with addendum in Germania 34 (1956) 273–275; Wells (n. 27 above) 49–53; Conspectus, 41. 32 See Conspectus, 17–25. 33 For the Italian terra sigillata in the deposits at Corinth: Wright 1980, 140–143, 165–167. For the deposit at Mainz: W. von Pfeffer, “Ein kleines Sigillata-Depot aus Mainz,” Mainzer Zeitschrift 56/57 (1961–62) 208–212. See also Conspectus, 41–42; Studia Ietina VIII, 35–36. 34 Hayes 1973, 425–449, presents two deposits of pottery from the South Stoa. He dates these (p. 417) to the reign of

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

213

Early Italian terra sigillata had certainly been superseded by Late Italian terra sigillata by 79 CE.35 Three other sites provide interesting information. Terra sigillata began to be imported to the Magdalensberg, near the Danube in Austria, before 20 BCE and continued until the abandonment of the site ca. 45 CE.36 Although the chronology at the Magdalensberg is relative rather than absolute, the terra sigillata found there provides much information on the shapes in use until around the middle of the 1st century CE (and is particularly interesting for Morgantina given the similar chronology of the two sites). At Ordona (ancient Herdonia), in the modern province of Foggia, the Belgian excavations have provided a picture of the Early Italian terra sigillata at a central Italian city site; this is particularly useful since so much evidence for Early Italian terra sigillata comes from the provinces. Ordona provides confirmation that Early Italian terra sigillata was being imported in quantities from Etruria to the interior of south central Italy by the 20s BCE.37 Finally, the fills excavated at Bolsena and published by Christian Goudineau furnish a useful comparative sequence of vessel types from the beginnings of Arretine production into the third quarter of the 1st century CE; however, almost all the terra sigillata found there was made at nearby Arretium.38

Early Italian Terra Sigillata on Sicily e Early Italian terra sigillata found at various sites in Sicily was surveyed by Mandruzzato in the 1980s. e Sicilian evidence has recently been updated and examined anew by Polito and Malfitana. 39 Publication of the Early Italian terra sigillata found at Iaitas, west of Palermo, has made known the largest amount of these wares to come from a single Sicilian site, including some found in a house

Nero. Slane 1986, 283–303, 307–315, publishes a third deposit and argues persuasively (pp. 315–317) that all three resulted from an earthquake during the 70s. On the chronology of the late period of Early Italian terra sigillata (ca. 30– 75), see also Studia Ietina VIII, 37–40. G. Rizzo, “Samia etiamnunc in esculentis laudantur (Pl., N.H. XXXV, 160– 161): I vasi ‘aretini’ a Roma,” MÉFRA 110 (1990), 799–848, provides a detailed examination of the transition from Early to Late Italian terra siglllata in the period from Claudius to Domitian. 35 See G. Pucci in Carandini 1977, 9–21, esp. 13, where he notes that only 19% of the Italian terra sigillata found at Pompeii and Herculaneum is Early Italian terra sigillata. 36 See Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, which includes a summary of the chronology of the Magdalensberg (pp. 14– 15). See also Conspectus, 43. 37 For an early (ca. 25–20 BCE) fill at Ordona with Italian terra sigillata: De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 107–127. For other Early Italian terra sigillata at Ordona: M. Vanderhoeven, “La terre sigillée lisse: Campagnes de fouilles de 1963 à 1974,” in Ordona, vol. 5, Rapports et études (Rome and Brussels, 1976) 79–182; M. Vanderhoeven, “La terre sigillée: Campagnes de fouilles de 1976 à 1986,” in Ordona, vol. 8, Rapports et études (Rome, 1988) 85–218. On the cur-

rent problems of analyzing the distribution of Italian terra sigillata: OCK, 38. 38 See Goudineau 1968. His chronology seems compressed, since he believes that all the fills date before the middle of the 1st century CE. It is clear that the production of Early Italian terra sigillata in Italy continued well into the third quarter of the 1st century CE, and that it developed into Late Italian terra sigillata in the course of the second and third quarters of that century. See Conspectus, 14; Rizzo (n. 34 above). See also Hayes 1973, 439–449; K. W. Slane, “Italian Sigillata Imported to Corinth,” RCRFActa 25–26 (1987) 189–205, esp. 197, n. 19, 199–200. On the compressed nature of Goudineau’s chronology: Wright 1980, 175. The material in zone C at Bolsena can probably be dated roughly from ca. 25 to ca. 75 CE; on the terminal date of these strata, see Goudineau 1968, 186, and Hayes 1973, 448. Excavations at Bolsena have also revealed a cistern fill dated as closed between ca. 40 and 70 CE which included much Italian terra sigillata: M.-H. Santrot, J. Santrot, and D. Tassaux, “Céramiques sigillées arétines,” in Fouilles de l’École Française de Rome à Bolsena (Poggio Moscini), vol. 7, La citerne 5 et son mobilier, MÉFR suppl. 6 (Rome, 1995) 4, 101–118. 39 Mandruzzato 1988; Polito 2000; Malfitana 2004.

214

CHAPTER IV

that was destroyed around the middle of the 1st century CE.40 ese publications, together with the work of Roger Wilson on Roman Sicily, have helped to remedy our lack of knowledge about this ware, but further study will be required to fully clarify the scope of Italian terra sigillata in early imperial Sicily.41

Chronology of the Terra Sigillata at Morgantina Judging by the internal chronology of its shapes and stamps, the Early Italian terra sigillata found at Morgantina was imported to the site between ca. 30 BCE and ca. 50 CE.42 It can now be stated with some confidence that importation of Italian terra sigillata to Sicily commenced by the 20s BCE (and certainly by the penultimate decade of the 1st century BCE), no doubt encouraged by the establishment of Augustus’s colonies of veterans in the northern and eastern coastal regions of the island in the years following Actium. ese colonies were officially inaugurated during Augustus’s tour of the island in 21 BCE.43 Early examples of Early Italian terra sigillata are, however, fairly rare at Morgantina, possibly because of the apparent poverty of the town after the destructions of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. But this scarcity of Early Italian terra sigillata is not unique to 40 Studia Ietina VIII, 17–164. Some of the terra sigillata there was found in a house destroyed around 50 CE (Studia Ietina VIII, 221–295), and it provides good parallels for the assemblage at Morgantina. As Hedinger points out (Studia Ietina VIII, 139–140, 217), the terra sigillata at Morgantina does not extend as late as that found at Iaitas, confirming that Morgantina was abandoned by the 40s. 41 For Wilson’s work: Wilson 1988, 245–246; Wilson 1990, 253. For pertinent observations on future work on Italian terra sigillata on Sicily: Studia Ietina VIII, 138. For some Italian terra sigillata found in graves on Lipari: M-L VII, 130–138; M-L XI, 331, tomb 881, pl. 159:5. The terra sigillata in these graves appears to be Tiberian and later (see p. 208 above). For Early Italian terra sigillata found at Palike in eastern Sicily: C. Cirelli, “La terra sigillata italica,” in L. Maniscalco, ed., Il santuario dei Palici: Un centro di culto nella Valle del Margi (Palermo, 2008) 245–253. For Italian terra sigillata at Blanda Julia on the northeast cost of Sicily: La Torre and Mollo 2006, 249–263. A recent addition to this corpus is A. Polito, La terra sigillata italica liscia dal quartiere ellenistico-romano di Agrigento (Rome, 2009). 42 The Italian terra sigillata at Morgantina in the main presents an assemblage similar to that found at Haltern (see n. 28 above). A few pieces date to the period 30–10 BCE (see pp. 216, 284–285 below), and a number of vases date after 20 CE (see pp. 217–218 and 220–221 below, and nos. 434–436, 468–472, 493–497). In general, the assemblage is similar to the larger assemblages of vessels found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 24–164, 200–218, although some of the vases at Iaitas (abandoned in the 2nd century CE) are later

than any found at Morgantina: see n. 40 above. Malfitana 2004, 315 (list of stamps, 23–25), dates the earliest Italian terra sigillata at Morgantina to 40–20/10 BCE, and the latest to 40/50 CE, noting the complete absence of signatures from the Late Italian workshops. 43 Malfitana 2004, 314–315, suggests that the importing of Italian terra sigillata “began in the region from 40/20 BCE, and continued, steadily, and in considerable quantities, at least until the end of the Tiberian age.” It seems reasonable to tie the real beginnings of importation to the colonies that were officially inaugurated by Augustus’s visit in 21 BCE but were no doubt set up earlier in the 20s to deal with the enormous number of veterans demobilized after the defeat of Anthony and Cleopatra. On the colonies: Wilson 1990, 38–40. Radially stamped (hence pre-10 BCE) Italian terra sigillata has been found at Agrigento, Iaitas, Morgantina, Lipari, Segesta, and Solunto: Polito 2000, 79– 80. While none of these were colonies, it seems plausible, given the popularity of Early Italian terra sigillata with the Roman legions, that the establishment of colonies of veterans who were familiar with fashions on the mainland, together with the attendant rise in prosperity on the island in the 20s and 10s BCE, marked the real initiation of the importation of the ware to Sicily. The Early Italian terra sigillata found at Ordona in Foggia demonstrates that the ware was being imported there by the 20s BCE. This is particularly clear in the early deposit of ca. 25–20 BCE published in De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979 (esp. 108–110 for the terra sigillata); see also Vanderhoeven in Ordona, vol. 8 (n. 37 above) 85–218, esp. 86, 90, 95.

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

215

Morgantina, and it is clear that it became widely disseminated on the island only after 10 BCE.44 Most of the Early Italian terra sigillata at Morgantina dates between the last decade of the 1st century BCE and the third decade of the 1st century CE, and includes vases with molded decoration as well as plain shapes.45 This chronology fits well with what little is known of the history of the last settlement at Morgantina.46

Shapes of Early Italian Terra Sigillata and “Services” In 1909, Siegfried Loeschcke divided the shapes of the Italian terra sigillata plain wares found at Haltern into four basic “services based on the similarities of rim types in plates, cups, and chalices.” 47 ese “services” are used to classify the shapes of Italian terra sigillata in older publications (before the late 1980s). As August Oxé later pointed out, these services seemed to possess standardized sizes of platters, plates, and cups.48 According to Oxé, platters were made in diameters of 47, 37, 30, and 20 cm (although it is hard to see the difference between the smallest platters and the plates), plates varied from 17 to 18 cm in diameter, and saucers were approximately 10 cm in diameter. Cups ranged from 8 to 14 cm in diameter. e sizes of Italian terra sigillata vases were thus quite standardized. Although Loeschcke’s services have been useful for classification and were used for many years to classify terra sigillata shapes (as was Goudineau’s Bolsena IV typology in the 1970s and 1980s), certain vessel forms within each “service” were more common than others, and they appear to have been mixed indiscriminately on the table. The platter/plate and cup shapes of Loeschcke’s two series Haltern I and II, for example, are extremely common, but the cup shapes of his services III and IV are far more common than the platters/plates in those services.49 Oxé’s vessel sizes do not clearly delineate the functions of the shapes, although their general validity for sizes of tableware seems clear. The Conspectus Formarum Terrae Sigillatae Italico Modo Confectae, published in 1990, has now replaced these early attempts at classification and allows a more accurate evaluation of the shapes of Early Italian terra sigillata. The typology presented in the Conspectus is used here in the catalogue and discussion. 44 This mirrors the apparent situation at the Italian colony of Corinth: Slane (n. 38 above) 192–193, where Early Italian terra sigillata is not common until the last decade BCE. See also K. S. Slane, “Corinth: Italian Sigillata and Other Italian Imports to the Early Colony,” in Early Italian Si gillata, 31–42. 45 For the undecorated terra sigillata at Morgantina, see below. For the molded Italian terra sigillata found at Morgantina: pp. 282–289 below. 46 See pp. 23–26 above. In general, however, the chronology of the last town at Morgantina is determined by the dating of the Italian terra sigillata, confirmed by the evidence of the coins, lamps, and thin-walled ware. 47 Loeschcke (n. 28 above) 101–190, esp. 137; see also

Schnurbein (n. 19 above). 48 Oxé in C. Albrecht, ed., Das Römerlager in Oberaden und das Uferkastell in Beckinghausen an der Lippe, vol. 1, Bodenbefond, Münzen, Sigillaten und Inschriften (Dortmund, 1938) 37–39; Goudineau 1968, 27–28. On bowls: Stenico 1958, 611. See also Hayes 1997, 25–26. 49 Service III was a particular problem: Goudineau 1968, 266–271; Wells (n. 27 above) 262; Ettlinger 1983, 31; Schnurbein (n. 19 above) 24. According to Loeschcke (n. 28 above), Haltern service III developed from service I, with its plain convex rim/lip simply having replaced the beveled protrusion of service IC. Loeschcke’s Haltern plate form 4 (Conspectus form 4), however, has appeared at Oberaden (Oberaden types 2 and 3) and is thus contemporary with

216

CHAPTER IV

Shapes of Italian Terra Sigillata Found at Morgantina Early Shapes and Fragments Only ten fragments of plain Italian terra sigillata that can be dated before ca. 10 BCE have been found at Morgantina. Five fragments of platters bearing radial stamps (nos. 404–408; Pls. 52, 57) should be dated to around 25–10 BCE.50 Two fragments of platters with broad outturned rims with pendant lips (nos. 402, 403, Conspectus form 10; Pl. 52) and three fragments of cups with similar profiles (nos. 409–411, Conspectus form 13; Pl.52) make up the remainder of the early vases. Conspectus form 10 appeared by the early Augustan period and continued into the middle years of his reign, while form 13 is common at Oberaden but does not appear in the finds at Haltern.51 Both shapes, then, were made during the twenties and teens BCE, but had probably disappeared from the potters’ repertoire by the turn of the millennium. The form of rim and lip seen on these shapes is the likely ancestor of the stubby outturned and sharply down-beveled lips of Conspectus forms 12 and 14, which developed just before 10 BCE and which swiftly superseded earlier forms (nos. 412– 416).52 Middle Augustan to Early Claudian Wares Conspectus Form 12 Twelve examples of Conspectus form 12 are preserved at Morgantina (nos. 412–416; Pls. 52, 107; see also no. 440). This shape is the earliest truly popular platter/plate in Early Italian terra sigillata, dating to approximately the last decade of the 1st century BCE and the first decade of the 1st century CE.53 Its cup equivalent is Conspectus form 14. Both shapes are characterized by their stubby outturned and sharply down-beveled lips. These shapes appear in developed form at Oberaden

service IB (Conspectus form 11) and early service IC (Conspectus form 12). Haltern 4 is similar to a common shape in black-gloss and Republican red-gloss (nos. 189–194, 281– 284 above) and to Hayes, Atlante, forms 3 and 4 in Eastern Sigillata A (nos. 366–373 above). The plate characteristic of the third service, then, did not derive from service I, but rather evolved on its own. Service IV likewise is problematic, since the plate type Haltern 5 (Conspectus form 20.1) probably derives from black-gloss plates with vertical rims/lips (Lamboglia form 5/7, Morel forms 2250–2260; see pp. 156 and 177 above): Goudineau 1968, 293–294, type 20; Ettlinger 1983, 31, 146. 50 On radial stamps: n. 21 above. Ten radial stamps were found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 47, 114–115, 310. For the most recent accounting of radial stamps found on Sicily, see Polito 2000 and Malfitana 2004. 51 See Conspectus, 68, form 10, 74, form 13. An early

form of Conspectus form 10 appears at Cosa before ca. 67 BCE: Marabini Moevs 2006, 11, WBH.3; another example (p. 24, AB16.7) is dated 40–20 BCE. For Conspectus forms 10 and 11 at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 45–46, 304, nos. 9– 11. A shape similar to form 13 appears in a fill at Cosa dated 40–20 BCE: Marabini Moevs 2006, 24, AB16.9. For Conspectus form 13 at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 61–62, 378, nos. 527–529. For a parallel to no. 410, see M. Delgado, F. Mayet, and A. Alarcão, Fouilles de Conimbriga, vol. 4, Les sigillées (Paris, 1975) pl. 2, no. 36. 52 In publications before 1990 these forms are referred to as Haltern service IC; for the Haltern classification system, see p. 215 above. 53 Ettlinger 1983, 21–28, 32–33; Goudineau 1968, 45– 49, 261–265; Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 77–103; Conspectus, 72, form 12, 76, form 14; Studia Ietina VIII, 46–47, 62, 306–309, nos. 12–35, 378, nos. 530–536.

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

217

and thus were developed by 10 BCE. Both forms 12 and 14 seem not to have been made after the second decade CE.54 Beyond the twelve examples of Conspectus form 12 that preserve their rim/lip profiles, two plate bases (nos. 417, 418; Pls. 52, 57) can be tentatively identified as form 12 by the step up from their floor at the base of the wall.55 Both are signed by L. Tettius, the owner of a prolific workshop at Arretium during the last quarter of the 1st century BCE, and were probably made in the last decade of the century.56 Conspectus Forms 18 and 19 As at other sites of this period in the Roman world, the most common Italian terra sigillata shapes at Morgantina are the plate and cups characterized by their finely molded concave vertical rims (Conspectus forms 18 and 22).57 These were the most common Italian terra sigillata shapes at Haltern, but only a few early examples were found at Oberaden.58 Both forms thus initially developed around 10 BCE and achieved their greatest popularity during the last decade BCE and the first decade CE. Fragments of twenty form 18 platters or plates have been found at Morgantina (nos. 419–428; Pls. 52, 53, 107, 108). There are an additional three fragments of Conspectus form 19 platters/plates (nos. 429, 430; Pls. 53, 108), a shape closely related to form 18 and of similar date.59 Terra sigillata shapes with molded vertical lips (forms 18, 19, and 22: forty-four probable examples) are more than twice as common at Morgantina as shapes with outturned pendant lips (forms 12 and 14: twenty-one probable examples), which demonstrates the essentially late Augustan (and, with the vases discussed below, Tiberian) dating of the last period of habitation at Morgantina. Conspectus Form 20 Beyond the plates of mid-Augustan to early Tiberian date with vertical rims, the Morgantina excavations have revealed eleven examples of Conspectus forms 20.3 and 20.4 (nos. 432–436; Pls. 54, 108), the simpler descendant of form 18. Forms 20.3 and 20.4 were current from the reign of 54

See the publications cited in note 51 above. For late forms of these shapes: Hayes 1973, 443; Wright 1980, 175; Ettlinger 1983, 105, fig. 8. 55 These could possibly be Conspectus form 3 or 4.3, but neither of those shapes is particularly common (and neither been found at Morgantina). 56 Ettlinger 1983, 62, St. 453, notes that Tettius’s later career extends into the “Halterner Horizont.” See also Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 250. For other vases signed by Tettius found on Sicily: Mandruzzato 1988, 418 (three examples); Studia Ietina VIII, 47, 131, 159, 310, no. 37, 312, no. 44. OCK does not list Tettius as making any vases that need be later than Augustan. 57 On Conspectus 18 (Haltern 2): Loeschcke (n. 28 above) 136, 142–144, 147–149 (type 2); Goudineau 1968, 8, 19, 256–257, 297; Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 104–120; Ettlinger 1983, 28–31, 33–34; Hayes 1973, 443; Conspectus,

82, form 18; Studia Ietina VIII, 48–51. On form 22 (Haltern 8): Goudineau 1968, 298, type 27; Hayes 1973, 430, form 16; Conspectus, 90, form 22; Studia Ietina VIII, 63– 65. 58 See Ettlinger 1983, 105, fig. 8; Studia Ietina VIII, 49, 64. On the popularity of these shapes: Goudineau 1968, 31; Hayes 1973, 443. 59 Conspectus, 84, form 19 (Haltern 3); Goudineau 1968, 299, type 28; Ettlinger 1983, 31; Hayes 1973, 428, form 11A, 443; Studia Ietina VIII, 51. The Morgantina examples are all Conspectus form 19.2. M. F. Zuccala, “Gropello Cairoli (Pavia): La necropolis romana,” NSc 33 (1979) 30, no. 1 (tomb XIV), publishes a form 19 plate with appliqués on its rim and signed in planta pedis that was found in conjunction with a coin of 11/12 CE. See also Conspectus, 84– 85, no. 19.2.1, where the shape is dated late Augustan and Tiberian.

218

CHAPTER IV

Tiberius into the second half of the 1st century CE; the archaeological evidence suggests that the examples of these shapes found at Morgantina should date before the middle of the 1st century.60 The history of Conspectus form 20 is complicated somewhat by the existence of similar vertical-rimmed plates (form 20.1) from the early years of the production of Italian terra sigillata.61 Only one example of form 20.1 (no. 431; Pl. 54) has been found at Morgantina. Conspectus forms 20.3 and 20.4 appear to be only tangentially related to form 20.1, and instead represent a gradual simplification of the more complex molded lips of form 18. In platter/plate form 20.3 (nos. 432–434; Pls. 54, 108), the central concave molding of form 18’s lip has become a flat fillet with a slight concave curve between projecting moldings. No. 433 (Pls. 54, 57), which is signed in planta pedis by a fabricant who worked in the Po valley, appears to be a variant of this plate form which developed during the late years of Augustus’s reign. Another version can be seen in no. 434 (Pls. 54, 57), also signed in planta pedis. Of the examples of form 20.3, only nos. 432 and 432A (Pl. 54) preserve the applied ornament characteristically found on the rims of later Italian terra sigillata.62 Both have the common spiraliform “handles” or spectacles. This type of appliqué was common during the late Augustan and the Tiberian periods, and survived into the reign of Claudius.63 It also appears on two cup fragments (nos. 448, 448A; Pls. 55, 108), both of form 22 and hence probably assignable to the second or the third decade CE. In form 20.4 (nos. 435, 436; Pls. 54, 108) the central scotia of the lip of the Augustan form 18 has been replaced by a flat vertical fillet which facilitates the application of ornament. 64 This shape is common in fills of the second and third quarter of the 1st century CE and represents the final evolution of Early Italian terra sigillata before its mutation into Late Italian terra sigillata. 65 One of these fragments (no. 436; Pls. 54, 108) preserves a complex appliqué (a thunderbolt) characteristic of Early Italian terra sigillata after ca. 30 CE.66 60

See Conspectus, 86, form 20, 92, form 23; Studia Ietina VIII, 53–55 (Conspectus forms 20.3 and 20.4), 65–66 (Conspectus form 23). The latest coins found in the northwest Agora at Morgantina (context IIIH) date to the reign of Claudius. The latest coin from the West Hill domestic quarter is an issue of Caligula: see p. 64, context IIIB above. 61 See Conspectus, 86. Form 20.1 (Haltern 5) probably derives from black-gloss plates with vertical rims (see n. 49 above): Goudineau 1968, 293–294, type 20; Ettlinger 1983, 31, 146; Studia Ietina VIII, 51–53. Hayes 1973, 444, suggests that Conspectus form 20.1 may be “an early variant” of Conspectus form 4. Conspectus form 20.2 does not appear at Morgantina; Studia Ietina VIII, 53, notes that it is uncommon and probably Tiberian or later. 62 See p. 210 above and n. 18. On appliqués found in Sicily: Studia Ietina VIII, 100–101. 63 See Conspectus, 149; Studia Ietina VIII, 87–88, 102, A1; Schindler-Kaudelka, Fastner, and Gruber (n. 18 above) 77. This is the only type of appliqué to appear on plain shapes at Haltern, in the Tiberian floor deposit at Corinth, and in the early deposit at Vindonissa: A. Oxé, “Die Halterner Sigillatafunde seit 1925,” in A. Stieren, “Die Funde von Haltern seit 1925,” Bodenaltertümer Westfalens 6 (1944) 74; Ettlinger and Fellmann (n. 31 above) 367, no. 3; Wright

1980, 166; Schnurbein (n. 19 above) 49–50, 62, 63–64, pls. 55, 67–69. Hayes 1973, 444–445, and Zuccala (n. 59 above), 33, no. 1 (tomb XV), present evidence suggesting that this type of appliqué remained popular until at least the middle of the 1st century. See also Goudineau 1968, 258– 259. In Sicily, spiraliform appliqués are attested at Palike in eastern Sicily: Cirelli (n. 41 above) 249–250, nos. 597–599, figs. 154, 157. 64 Conspectus, 86; J. Baradez, “Tombe d’un sacrificateur,” Libyca 5 (1957) 221–275, esp. 233–236, pls. 13, 14; Goudineau 1968, 257–261, 306, type 39c, 359–360; Hayes 1973, 428–429, form 12, nos. 34–43, 444–445; J. W. Hayes, Roman Pottery in the Royal Ontario Museum (To ronto, 1976) 8; Slane 1986, 284, nos. 39 and 40, 308; Studia Ietina VIII, 54; Cirelli (n. 41 above) 246 (“piatto”), no. 4 (four examples), 253, fig. 154, no. 629. For other examples of this type of plate on Sicily: Mandruzzato 1988, figs. A:a, C:b, C:d, C:e, and D:h; Studia Ietina VIII, 336–345, nos. 197–261. Conspectus form 20.5 is rarer and does not appear at Morgantina; for that shape, see Studia Ietina VIII, 54–55. 65 On Late Italian terra sigillata: Conspectus, 13–16. 66 Conspectus, 149–150. For the motif: Hayes (n. 64 above) 8, no. 24; Studia Ietina VIII, 90, 96–97, 113, A62.

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

219

Conspectus Form 4 Four examples of Conspectus form 4 plates, a popular shape with a long history, have been found at Morgantina (nos. 437–439; Pl. 54). Three of these (nos. 437, 437A, 438; Conspectus form 4.4) can be dated only to the period between Oberaden and Haltern, i.e., 10 BCE–10 CE, but no. 439 (Pl. 54), which has appliqué spiraliform “handles” on its rim, is probably Tiberian (Conspectus form 4.6.1).67 The number of Conspectus form 4.6 plates found at Morgantina and Iaitas illustrates the chronological differences between the two sites in the Roman period: Morgantina has only one example of this popular shape in later Early Italian terra sigillata, while Iaitas has twenty-six.68 Variant Plate Form A final plate (no. 440; Pls. 54, 57) seems to be a variant of Conspectus form 12. The lip of this plate is an outward-thickened beveled protrusion. This feature has parallels in Republican red-gloss and in early Arretine.69 The developed form of the stamp, however, suggests that the plate was made after 10 BCE. It should probably be dated before the standardization of shapes that occurred by the turn of the millennium, and is probably best seen as an interesting shape produced during the last decade BCE. Conspectus Form 14 There are three Conspectus form 14 cups with preserved lips at Morgantina (nos. 441, 441A, 441B; Pls. 55, 108). This shape has the same outturned and beveled lip as the platter/plate Conspectus form 12, and it is the earliest standardized cup shape in Early Italian terra sigillata. It dates to approximately the last decade of the 1st century BCE and the first decade of the 1st century CE, and it disappears after the second decade.70 The Morgantina excavations have also revealed four signed base fragments of cups that can be identified as either Conspectus form 14 or 15 by the step at the base of the wall (nos. 442–445; Pls. 55, 57). Form 15 differs from form 14 in that its lip curves in, rather than being outturned, but both shapes have the same chronological range, from the second decade BCE into the second decade CE.71 Form 15 was less common than form 14, so these bases are more likely the latter form. Conspectus Form 22 The most common Italian terra sigillata cup shape at Morgantina is Conspectus form 22, which is characterized by its finely molded vertical rim and lip. Fragments of ten of these cups have been found at Morgantina (nos. 446–448; Pls. 55, 57, 108).This is the cup that corresponds to the

67

Conspectus, 58; Goudineau 1968, 292–293, type 19, 300–301, type 30; Hayes 1973, 427, form 6; Ettlinger 1983, pl. 7:12–16. On spiraliform appliqués: p. 218 and n. 63 above. 68 See Studia Ietina VIII, 57–58; Conspectus, 4; OCK 9. 69 Similar: Goudineau 1968, 161–162, no. B2-B′-2 (fill dated ca. 10–15 CE); Mandruzzato 1988, fig. D:g (from Lipara). For similar rims on earlier black- and red-gloss vases:

nos. 196, 292, 293, 335–339. 70 Conspectus, 76, form 14; Goudineau 1968, 45–49, 261–265; Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 77–103; Ettlinger 1983, 21–28, 32–33; Studia Ietina VIII, 46–47, 62, 306–309, nos. 12–35, 378, nos. 530–536. 71 Conspectus, 76, form 14, 78, form 15. No sure fragments of Conspectus form 15 have been found at Morgantina. For the shape at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 62–63.

220

CHAPTER IV

Conspectus form 18 platter/plate, which was initially developed around 10 BCE but reached its greatest popularity during the last decade BCE and first decade CE.72 During the reign of Tiberius form 22 gradually developed into Conspectus form 23, which has a simpler lip. Interestingly, no certain example of a Conspectus form 23 cup has been found at Morgantina. This shape corresponds to Conspectus form 20.3/20.4 in platters/plates and represents the Tiberian/Claudian simplification of form 22.73 Eleven base fragments (nos. 449–459; Pls. 55, 56) can be classified only as either Conspectus form 22 or 23 (see above), but they are probably from the more common form 22. Conspectus Forms 26, 27, and 28 There are five examples of Conspectus form 26 cups (nos. 460–462; Pls. 56, 108) and three fragments that could be either Conspectus form 26 or 27 (nos. 463, 464, 464A; Pls. 56, 57).74 Forms 26 and 27 both have tall vertical rims and are distinguished by their lips: the lip of form 26 is straight, that of form 27 outturned. Form 26 appeared around the turn of the millennium and continued to be produced throughout the first half of the century, while form 27 is a Tiberian to Neronian development of form 26. Two Conspectus form 28 cups have been found (nos. 465, 466; Pls. 56, 57, 108). This is a rather uncommon shape that is similar to form 26 (and, in its latest examples, to form 27) but with a flatter body profile.75 No. 466 is somewhat unusual and is probably early in the series of this shape. If so, it probably dates to the first quarter of the 1st century CE. Conspectus Forms 31, 32, 33, and 36 A single example of Conspectus form 31 (no. 467; Pl. 56) and five examples of Conspectus form 32 (nos. 468–470; Pls. 56, 109) have been found at Morgantina. These are cup forms with a double-convex profile. Form 31 has a straight lip, while form 32 has an outturned or flaring lip.76 Form 31 appeared in the later years of Augustus and seems to have been produced for only a brief period, while form 32 was first developed under Tiberius and continued to be made into the second half of the 1st century. There are five fragments of Conspectus form 33 cups (nos. 471, 472; Pls. 56, 109), a shape which appeared soon after the turn of the millennium and lasted into the late 1st or early 2nd century 72 On Conspectus 18 (Haltern 2): Conspectus, 82, form 18; Loeschcke (n. 28 above) 136, 142–144, 147–149 (type 2); Goudineau 1968, 8, 19, 256–257, 297; Hayes 1973, 443; Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 104–120; Ettlinger 1983, 28–31, 33–34; Studia Ietina VIII, 48–51. On form 22 (Haltern 8): Conspectus, 90, form 22; Goudineau 1968, 298, type 27; Hayes 1973, 430, form 16; Studia Ietina VIII, 63–65. 73 Conspectus, 92; Hayes 1973, 431–432, 444–445, form 23; Studia Ietina VIII, 65–66. 74 Conspectus form 26=Haltern 15. See Conspectus, 98, form 26, 100, form 27; Goudineau 1968, 293, type 20b, 307, type 41; Hayes 1973, 431, forms 19, 20, 22, 444; Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 151–154; Ettlinger

1983, 35, pl. 53:1–10; Schnurbein (n. 19 above) 63–64. For other examples of these shapes on Sicily: Mandruzzato 1988, figs. B:b, D:c; Studia Ietina VIII, 67–68. 75 Conspectus, 102; Goudineau 1968, 302, form 33 (?); Hayes 1973, 432, form 25, no. 83 (with a stamp in planta pedis); Wright 1980, l66; Ettlinger 1983, pl. 53:14. 76 Conspectus forms 31 and 32=Haltern 11. Conspectus form 31: Conspectus, 106. On form 32: Conspectus, 108; Goudineau 1968, 308, type 42; Hayes 1973, 430, 445, form 17; Ettlinger 1983, pl. 52:1–16. For other examples of this shape on Sicily: Mandruzzato 1988, figs. A:b, D:d; Studia Ietina VIII, 69–70.

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

221

CE.77 Of the examples at Morgantina, no. 472A should be post-10 CE because of its pediform stamp, while no. 472 has a rectangular stamp that probably places it earlier than ca. 20 CE. The other examples (nos. 471, 472B, 472C) can be placed only in the first half of the 1st century CE. Four stamped bases (nos. 473–476; Pls. 56, 57, 58) could be form 31, but are probably either form 32 or 33, since those shapes are reasonably common at Morgantina, while no example of form 31 has been found; they probably all date to the first quarter of the 1st century CE. Finally, a single fragment of a hemispherical cup, Conspectus form 36 (no. 477; Pl. 58), can again be dated only to the first half of the 1st century CE.78

Stamps and Fabricants at Morgantina e signed fragments of Italian terra sigillata found at Morgantina comprise a surprisingly significant body of material for a small Sicilian village of the last decade of the 1st century BCE and the first half of the 1st century CE (see Table 8 and Pls. 57, 58).79 It is interesting that one signed vase came from the Po valley (no. 433; Pls. 54, 57). As would be expected at a Sicilian site, the factories of Puteoli are well represented, with six or seven fabricants, although the greatest number of fabricants (fourteen or fifteen) worked at Arretium, with two others at Pisa.80 As noted above, the Morgantina excavations have produced five radial stamps that probably date prior to 10 BCE (nos. 404–408; Pls. 52, 57).81 These include the first quatrefoil stamp and only the second radial stamp known by Crispinus (no. 408; Pls. 52, 57).82 Ten fabricants signing vases found at Morgantina can be shown to have worked before 10 BCE.83 Nine stamps found at Morgantina are in planta pedis and thus are likely to date after the reign of Augustus, while six other fabricants who signed vases probably worked at least into the reign of Tiberius.84 Although other sites in Sicily continued to import Early Italian terra sigillata throughout 77 Conspectus form 33=Haltern 12. See Conspectus, 110; Goudineau 1968, 305–306, type 38a; see also Hayes 1973, 431, 445, form 21; Ettlinger 1983, pl. 51; Schnurbein (n. 19 above) 62. For other examples of this shape in Sicily: Mandruzzato 1988, fig. A:c; Studia Ietina VIII, 70–71. 78 See Conspectus 114 (no. 477 appears to be form 36.2): Ettlinger 1983, pl. 52:17–24; Delgado, Mayet, and Alarcão (n. 51 above) pl. 8, no. 152. Thirteen examples of this shape were found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 71–72. 79 For the most recent examinations of Early Italian terra sigillata stamps found on Sicily, see Polito 2000; Malfitana 2004. 80 Acording to Polito 2000, 87–88, around 11% of the Early Italian terra sigillata found on Sicily can be assigned to Puteolan factories. Malifitana 2004, 213, puts the percentage of Puteolan products at around 6.6–7.6%. 81 See p. 216 above; Polito 2000, 79–80. Kenrick, in OCK, 9, notes that some workshops may have continued to use radial stamps on platters into the last decade BCE; see also P. M. Kenrick, “Gn. Ateius: The Inside Story,” RCRF -

Acta 35 (1999) 184–185. 82 The only other radial stamp of Crispinus known is Ettlinger 1983, 55, St. 314. 83 Sex. Annius, Cn. Ateius, Crispinus, M. Perennius Tigranus, Rasinius, A. Sestius, L. Tettius Samia, and L.Titius Iusculus are all attested as signing radially in OCK or at Morgantina. A relief vase at Morgantina (no. 678) is signed by Pantagathus, who worked for C. Annius and is attested before 10 BCE. On Pantagathus: Malfitana 2004, 315. A radial stamp of Cornelius has been found on Lipari: Polito 2000, 69. 84 Stamps in planta pedis: nos. 433 (Acutus), 434, 463 (Gellius), 472A, 493 (Ateius), 494 (Ingenuus), 495 (CA), 496, 497. Judging by the forms of stamps they used or by the shapes that they made, the following fabricants seem to have worked at least into the early years of Tiberius’s principate: C. Arvius (444), P. Cornelius (422, 483, 484), Rasinius (407, 428, 478), T. Rufrenus Rufio (480), L. Titius (486), and Zoilus (476). Rasinius, Titius, and P. Cornelius had very long careers, signing radially and in planta pedis:

222

CHAPTER IV

Table 8. Early Italian Terra Sigillata Fabricants and Workplaces Represented at Morgantina Arretium

Puteoli

SEX. ANNIVS: 404 (Salvius), 456?, 479

CIPIVS: 475

C. ARVIVS: 444

HERACLIDA: 464, 487, 488

CN. ATEIVS: 405

MARI: 481, 482

L. AVILLIVS SVRA: 453

N. NAEVIVS HILARVS: 452 (Cocco), 491 (Favor)

P. CORNELIVS: 422, 483, 484

Q. POMPEIVS SERENVS: 455

HERM: 458

RVMA: 489

M. PERENNIVS TIGRANVS: 442 PVBLIVS: 466 (Arch.) RASINIVS: 407, 428, 478

Puteoli? INGENVVS: 494

T. RVFRENVS RVFIO: 480

Campanian Orange Sigillata

A. SESTIVS: 440?, 445

L. PULLIVS CARPVS: 510 (Demetrius)

L. TETTIVS SAMIA: 406, 417 (Meren), 418 (Hilarus), 457 L. TITIVS: 486

Possibly Arretium GELLIVS: 463

Pisa ATEIVS: 493 ZOILVS: 476

Po Valley ACVTVS: 433

Sicily? DOMEITILLES?: 518 CN. DOMITIVS: 516

Uncertain ANTEROS: 443 ARRETINVM: 465

Central Italy

P. ATTICI: 425

PRIMVS: 450

CA: 495

L. TITIVS IVSCVLVS: 485

CRISPINIVS: 408

Central Italy? DECIMVS FELIX: 446

HILARVS: 473 L. MARVS RVFVS: 420

M. TVLLIVS: 451

the 1st century CE, there are no stamps at Morgantina that can be dated to the second half of the 1st century.85 The latest potter at Morgantina is CA (no. 495; Pls. 57, 58), dated by OCK

to the middle of the 1st century. The evidence for Morgantina’s final abandonment suggests that this potter should be dated slightly earlier.

see Studia Ietina VIII, 131. One additional note: another stamp by the fabricant of no. 476 (Zoilus, working at Pisa) has been found in the Contrada Feudo Nuovo, approxi-

mately three km south of Morgantina. On the latest stamps at Morgantina (ca. 40–50): Malfitana 2004, 315. 85 None of the legible stamps from Morgantina are in tria

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

223

3. Regional Terra Sigillatas: Campanian Orange and Sicilian (?) e domination of the Mediterranean market by Italian terra sigillata at the end of the 1st century BCE spawned a number of local fabrics throughout the Roman Empire that were inspired by its character and shapes.86 ese were generally decorated with red gloss, but could also be black-gloss; they were often of lower quality and had profiles that differed somewhat from those of the vases they imitated. ese products were mainly marketed in the regions where they were produced, where they could undercut the cost of their more elegant models. Morgantina possesses representatives of two regional wares in orange fabrics. The first, and much more common (twenty-five catalogued examples, nos. 498–515; Pls. 58, 59, 109), has a soft and friable fine pale reddish-brown to orange fabric (the usual hue) that contains much mica and other reflective inclusions.87 It is probably closely related to a fabric in Republican red-gloss found at Morgantina.88 The gloss of these vases also retains the orange, frequently fugitive, character of some earlier red-gloss pottery. While no clear relationship can be demonstrated at Morgantina, it seems likely that the potters who produced Republican red-gloss vessels in soft orange fabric shifted their production to shapes characteristic of developed terra sigillata during the last quarter of the 1st century BCE. The second fabric is harder, with a darker orange to pale reddish-yellow hue. Only three examples (nos. 516–518; Pls. 58, 59, 109) have been found at Morgantina. A similar fabric may be represented in a few Republican red-gloss vases.89

Identification of the Wares e soft orange fabric (nos. 498–515) has been found at other Sicilian sites, notably at Iaitas, where it is reasonably common.90 e same fabric appears in North Africa, where it was originally called “Tripolitanian” terra sigillata, on the assumption that it was manufactured in that region.91 Recent

nomina. This type of signature became common during the reign of Claudius: Conspectus, 148. See also Schindler and Scheffenegger 1977, 279–283. For examples of this type of stamp on Sicily: Mandruzzato 1988, 418, 423–424, 427, 429–430, 434; Wilson 1988, 247; Studia Ietina VIII, 129, C.P.P. 86 For imitations of Italian terra sigillata: Conspectus, 22– 25; EAA suppl. (1973), s.v. “Terra sigillata,” 815 (H. Comfort); RE, suppl. 7 (1973), s.v. “Terra sigillata,” 1325–1326 (H. Comfort). For eastern sigillata that imitates the forms of Italian terra sigillata: p. 200 above. 87 The color of the clay of the examples found at Morgantina varies from 7.5YR 6/4 to 7.5YR 7/8. See Berenice III.1, 283, for a description of this fabric. For this fabric at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 171. 88 See p. 78 above. Campanian Orange or “produzione

A” in the area of Naples is now said to go back to the middle of the 1st century BCE; if so, the early examples of the ware are probably what I call “Republican red-gloss.” See Soricelli 2004, 300. 89 See p. 172 above. 90 For Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 171–183. For other sites: Wilson 1988, 251–252; Wilson 1990, 254; Soricelli 2004, 300, n. 26. The “presigillata cup imitating Haltern 8” of M-L XI, 342, tomb 950, pl. 159:4, seems likely to be Campanian Orange. Polito 2000 does not include this ware in her discussion, but Studia Ietina VIII includes it as Italian terra sigillata, as does Malfitana 2004. 91 See H. Comfort, “Notes on Sigillata from Sabratha and Ampurias, and at Vienne,” RCRFActa 7 (1965) 19; J. W. Hayes in J. H. Humphrey, ed., Excavations at Carthage 1975 Conducted by the University of Michigan, vol. 1 (Tunis, 1976)

224

CHAPTER IV

archeometric analysis of the “Tripolitanian” terra sigillata fabric indicates that it was produced in Campania, with at least one manufacturing center located on the Bay of Naples.92 is ware has now been dubbed “produzione A,” because it is not known if the Bay of Naples was the only center where it was produced. Another center that manufactured a local terra sigillata was located at Cales, and there were probably other centers in Campania that produced regional terra sigillata during the early 1st century CE.93 Kenrick has recently proposed calling the “produzione A” wares and others of the same family Campanian Orange Sigillata.94 at term is used here because it seems less arcane and easier to understand than “produzione A.” It is also possible that a workshop producing this type of sigillata operated on Sicily, since orange wares were apparently made on the island during the Hellenistic and Republican periods.95 Campanian (and other) regional sigillata appears to have been exported throughout southern Italy, Sicily, and North Africa in the late 1st century BCE and well into the 1st century CE.96 The hard orange fabric (nos. 516–518) is more difficult to identify. Terra sigillata shapes using an orange fabric have been found at the Magdalensberg in southern Austria, but it does not seem to be “Tripolitanian/produzione A.”97 It was noted there that the early forms in that fabric are similar to the shapes of Campana C, which may suggest that the wares in this orange fabric found at the Magdalensberg could have a connection to eastern Sicily. On the other hand, if this second orange ware was made on Sicily, its rarity at Morgantina and apparent absence at Iaitas would argue that its

75–77; Berenice III.1, 283–302; P. M. Kenrick, Excavations at Sabratha 1948–1951, JRS Monograph 2 (London, 1986) 179; Wilson 1988, 251–252; Conspectus, 12–13; Wilson 1990, 254; Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 84–85. A couple of pieces were found in the Athenian Agora: Agora XXXII, 45–47, nos. 726, 727. 92 See Conspectus, 13; Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 67–88; Studia Ietina VIII, 171–172; Soricelli 2004, 300–303. For earlier studies: G. Soricelli, “‘Tripolitanian Sigillata’: North African or Campanian?” Libyan Studies 18 (1987) 73–87 (with a reply by Kenrick, p. 88); Wilson 1988, 246, n. 180, 251. Kenrick ultimately accepted the Campanian origin of the ware: P. M. Kenrick, “The Importation of Italian Sigillata to Algeria,” AntAfr 32 (1996) 37–44. 93 On the workshops at Cales, which also used an orange fabric: L. Pedroni and G. Soricelli, “Terra sigillata da Cales,” ArchCl 48 (1996) 169–191; Soricelli 2004, 299–300. The fabric of this ware at Morgantina does not correspond very closely to Kenrick’s description in Berenice III.1, 283, but the shapes are quite similar. 94 OCK, 4; see also n. 92 above. This designation is also used by Malfitana 2004. 95 See Wilson 1990, 254; Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 68. An orange fabric has been reported on Lipari, where it was used to make amphoras; the clay is said to have been imported from the mainland: M-L IX.2, 398

and 172. On the other hand, Malfitana notes that less than 3% of the Italian terra sigillata found on Sicily is Campanian Orange, which suggests that manufacture of the ware on Sicily is unlikely. 96 Besides the references listed in notes 90 and 91 above (Sicily and North Africa), Campanian Orange Sigillata has probably also been found at Ordona in Puglia (where it was identified as “technique C”): M. Vanderhoeven, in Ordona, vol. 5 (n. 37 above), 79–182; De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 108, n. 8; M. Vanderhoeven, in Ordona, vol. 8 (n. 37 above), 85–218; Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 82. For other sites: Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 82.A single fragment is reported at Aesis: Jesi, 191 no. 502. For the ware in Spain: Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 85; Soricelli 2004, 300. On the question of Sicilian production of a type of terra sigillata: Mandruzzato 1988, 442–445; Conspectus, 12; p. 228 below. See also Wilson 1988, 248–249; Wilson 1990, 254. 97 See Schindler and Scheffeneger 1977, 97–100, pls. 28 and 29, 121–123, pls. 41 and 42, 198–199. For an earlier discussion of this ware: M. Schindler, “Service I und II Formen eines auf dem Magdalensberg importierten italischen Sigillata-Fabrikates,” RCRFActa 16 (1976) 127–137. Hedinger (Studia Ietina VIII, 31) comments on the similarity of some shapes in Campana C and terra sigillata, especially “Tripolitanian.”

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

225

production was either limited in scope or of short duration. Kenrick has suggested that Cnaeus Domitius, who signed no. 516 (Pl. 58), was based in Sicily, and I have kept that designation with a question mark.98

Chronology ere are relatively few fragments of Campanian Orange Sigillata at Morgantina, although it must be noted that it is difficult to distinguish Campanian Orange Sigillata sherds that do not preserve the rim/lip profile from Republican red-gloss vases in fabric II. It is also unclear whether the production of some Republican red-gloss shapes continued into the last quarter of the 1st century BCE: the latest Republican red-gloss may have overlapped with the earliest Campanian Orange Sigillata.99 ere is no archaeological evidence at Morgantina for either the origins or the duration of Campanian Orange Sigillata, other than a hypothetical association with the fabric of Republican red-gloss vases in fabric II. All the imitative terra sigillata was found either in contexts in which the fill can be dated between the last quarter of the 1st century BCE and the middle of the 1st century CE (contexts IIIA–IIIH) or in the first stratum of fills. The chronology of this ware at Morgantina must thus be deduced from external evidence, which, however, is scanty. Hedinger, who published the terra sigillata found at Iaitas, dates the vases in the soft orange fabric found there Augustan–Tiberian, noting that they may have continued to be produced even later. The Conspectus suggested that “Tripolitanian” ware began to be made around the turn of the millennium and continued until ca. 40 CE, but cited no evidence for that chronology.100 Recent research in Campania suggests that orange sigillata may have continued to be made into the early third quarter of the 1st century CE.101 Scholars working in the Bay of Naples now date the appearance of the ware around the middle of the 1st century BCE, based on its presence in a fill dated ca. 40 BCE at Pompeii; this dating is supported by the presence of an example of the ware in a deposit of ca. 25/20 BCE at Ordona.102 This evidence seems to agree with my suggestion that some of the Republican red-gloss vases in fabric II at Morgantina have the same fabric as Campanian Orange Sigillata. Some Campanian Orange Sigillata has radially stamped signatures; however, no examples with radial stamps have been found at Morgantina.103 The available evidence at Morgantina, then, suggests only that the production of terra sigillata in Campania, whether Puteolan or Campanian Orange Sigillata, began by the turn of the millennium, and that Puteolan and Campanian Orange Sigillata were contemporaries that continued to 98 See p. 228 below. Polito’s recent publication of the terra sigillata found at Agrigento (n. 5 above) does not include any vases by Domitius. EDXRF analysis of vases of this fabric at Morgantina suggests they are not Sicilian: Appendix 2, p. 448. 99 On this question, see pp. 173–175 above. There is little evidence from the domestic quarter on the West Hill suggesting that Republican red-gloss shapes were in use during

the last years of habitation at Morgantina. 100 Conspectus, 12; Studia Ietina VIII, 173. See also Berenice III.1, 285. 101 See Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 79–82; Soricelli 2004, 300–301. 102 De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 108, no. 8; Wilson 1990, 254; Soricelli 2004, 300. 103 See Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 79.

226

CHAPTER IV

be imported to Morgantina until the city was abandoned in the decade before the middle of the 1st century CE.104 It is also assumed here that the Republican red-gloss vases of fabric II ware the ancestors of Campanian Orange Sigillata, and that the early forms mentioned by Wilson and others are what is presented here as Republican red-gloss in fabric II. The hard orange fabric has a murkier chronology. At the Magdalensberg, true imitations of Italian terra sigillata in a hard orange fabric (fabric C) appear in strata dated to the last decade of the 1st century BCE; whether this is the same as the hard orange fabric at Morgantina is, of course, unknown.105 If nos. 516–518 are of this fabric, it would be of approximately the same date as Campanian Orange Sigillata. The profile of no. 516 dates it into the second quarter of the 1st century CE.

Shapes of Campanian Orange Sigillata e shapes of Campanian Orange Sigillata follow those of Early Italian terra sigillata selectively, imitating mainly the most popular vase forms. ey differ from the shapes of Early Italian terra sigillata sufficiently that the catalogue here follows the typology developed by Kenrick at Berenice. 106 It should be noted that the potting seems less standardized in Campanian Orange Sigillata than in mainstream Early Italian terra sigillata. Some of the vases, notably nos. 507 and 514 (Pls. 58, 59), are very thin-walled; no. 513 (Pls. 59, 109) is quite refined in its potting. e majority of the vases in this fabric, however, are thicker walled and less elegant than mainstream Early Italian terra sigillata. In general, these variations suggest that the Campanian Orange Sigillata vases found at Morgantina were produced by a number of centers. Platters and Plates Typologically, the earliest shape of platter/plate seems to be the platter no. 498 (Pl. 58), which is similar to an Italian terra sigillata shape (Conspectus form 12.1.1–2) that was popular during the last decade of the 1st century BCE.107 Nos. 499 and 500 (Pl. 58) have no exact parallels at Berenice but are similar to several forms dated by Kenrick to the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius (Berenice III.1 forms 402–405).108 Their elaborate rim profiles suggest to me that they are early and date to the last decade BCE. The saucer no. 501 (Pl. 58) is probably an example of Berenice III.1 form 402, but is closer to Conspectus form 12.4, which was current in the first decades CE.109 Three plates and platters (nos. 502, 503, 503A; Pls. 58. 109) are Berenice III.1 form 407, which Kenrick suggests is late Augustan and after.110 Six examples of Berenice III.1 form 408 have been found at Morgantina 104 Production of true Italian terra sigillata at Puteoli or its environs can be dated from ca. 15–10 BCE into the third quarter of the 1st century CE: see n. 11 above. 105 Schindler and Scheffeneger 1977, 97–100, pls. 28 and 29, 121–123, pls. 41 and 42, 198–199. 106 See Berenice III.1, 285–299. On the shapes used in “Tripolitanian” terra sigillata, see also Conspectus, 12; Studia

Ietina VIII, 173–183. 107 Conspectus, 72. 108 Berenice III.1, 287–289. For examples of Berenice III.1 forms 402 and 405 at Iaitas, see Studia Ietina VIII, 174– 175. 109 Conspectus, 72. 110 Berenice III.1, 289–290; Studia Ietina VIII, 175.

I TA L I A N S I G I L L ATA S

227

(nos. 504–507; Pls. 58, 109). The profile of the body and rim of this shape seems to combine elements of Conspectus forms 12, 18, and 19; Kenrick suggests that the shape cannot have been developed before the first decade of the 1st century CE.111 Two examples of Berenice form 410 (nos. 508, 508A; Pl. 58) have been found at Morgantina; the shape imitates Conspectus form 18.112 None of these plate forms need be later than the first decade of the 1st century CE. Cups Cups (nos. 510–515; Pls. 58, 59, 109) are less common than plates in Campanian Orange Sigillata at Morgantina, with nine examples, as opposed to sixteen platters and plates. There are two examples of Berenice III.1 forms 423–426 (nos. 510, 511; Pl. 59), which appear to represent later versions of a Republican red-gloss cup shape.113 The most common cup shape in the Campanian fabric at Morgantina is Berenice III.1 form 427 (seven examples, nos. 512–515; Pls. 59, 109).114 These represent Campanian versions of Conspectus form 22; most show a simplification of the molding of the vertical rim/lip that can also be seen on the platters and plates imitating Conspectus form 18 (notably no. 505).115 The most interesting of these cups is no. 513 (Pls. 59, 109). Here the rim/lip has become a complex sequence of offset moldings, and its delicate workmanship shows that the potters of Campanian terra sigillata could create competent and attractive works, but the almost totally fugitive character of the gloss demonstrates the limitations of the ware. Typologically, the latest fragments of Campanian Orange Sigillata at Morgantina are two cups of Berenice III.1 form 427 (nos. 514, 514A; Pl. 59). These have a profile similar to that of Conspectus form 23.2, notably, a simple concave vertical rim, which suggests that they should be dated to the second quarter of the 1st century CE.116

Stamps on Campanian Orange Sigillata Vases at Morgantina Stamped fragments of this ware have been found at other sites, and it has been noted that no surviving examples have a stamp in planta pedis.117 One of the plate fragments (no. 509; Pl. 58) has traces of a rectangular nominal stamp on its floor, but it is illegible. e cup no. 514 (Pl. 59) preserves traces of a circular stamp at the center of its floor. e only piece with a legible stamp is no. 510 (Pls. 58, 59), which has a stamped signature of Demetrius, the slave of L. Pullius Carpus, a Campanian Orange Sigillata potter.118

111 112

Berenice III.1, 290. See Conspectus, 72–73, 82–85. Berenice III.1, 291; Conspectus, 82; Studia Ietina VIII,

176. 113 See Berenice III.1, 295–297; Studia Ietina VIII, 177– 178. For the Republican red-gloss shapes (cups with biconical bodies and either outturned beveled lips or slightly flaring lips), see pp. 187–188 above, nos. 335–344. 114 Berenice III.1, 297–298; Studia Ietina VIII, 178.

115

For form 22: Conspectus, 90. For form 23, see Conspectus, 92. 117 See Berenice III.1, 299–301; Wilson 1988, 251–252; Conspectus, 12; Soricelli, Schneider, and Hedinger 1994, 68, 79–80; Studia Ietina VIII, 380–382. For another stamped vase which may be of Sicilian manufacture: Wilson 1988, 244. 118 For Pullius, see Berenice III.1, 301, X164; OCK, 4; Studia Ietina VIII, 181. Soricelli (n. 92 above) 82 states that 116

228

CHAPTER IV

“Sicilian” Terra Sigillata As mentioned above, there are three vase fragments in a hard orange fabric. One of these (no. 516; Pls. 58, 59, 109) is signed by a fabricant named Cnaeus Domitius. Its circular stamp form is interesting, since it seems to include a relief impression (gem impression?) inside the signature. Because examples of Domitius’s work have been found only on Sicily, Kenrick has suggested that this potter was located on the island. However, the rarity of the workshop’s products does not speak strongly for a Sicilian location, and it also seems possible that it could have been located in southern Italy; EDXRF analysis suggests it is not made of Sicilian clay. 119 Among the regional terra sigillata at Morgantina, this is typologically the latest plate; it is an example of Conspectus form 20.4, which would date it well into the reign of Tiberius or even later, although it shows no signs of being decorated with appliqués on its rim, a common mode of decoration for that shape.120 In any case, the location of the workshop that produced sigillata in the hard orange fabric clearly needs clarification. The other plate fragment in a hard orange fabric (no. 517; Pl. 59) has a graffito in Latin (M. Sar[ ) on its undersurface. This presumably records the name of the owner of the plate.121 The final example of this ware is a cup base (no. 518; Pls. 58, 59) with a circular stamp that seems to identify its fabricant as Domeitilles. If this reading of the stamp is correct, it represents a new addition to the corpus of Italian terra sigillata fabricants.

the gentilicium Pullius or Pollius is typical of Campania, but Studia Ietina VIII, 180–181, notes that there are Pullii in Carthage. 119 OCK 213, no. 748. This fabricant’s work has also been found at Halaesa, but not at Iaitas or Agrigento. See appendix 2, p. 448 below, for the EDXRF. 120 See Conspectus, 86. 121 Inscriptions in Latin are very rare at Morgantina. For

the possible name of an owner in Latin in a graffito on the base of a Campana C plate: no. 193. A small fragment of a stone inscription in Latin was found in the northwest Agora. This may have been set up during the latest years of habitation. The earliest Latin inscription at Morgantina is published by M. Bell, “A Stamp with the Monogram of Morgantina and the Sign of Tanit,” in Damarato: Studi di antichità offerti a Paola Pelagatti (Milan, 2000) 246–252.

V Pottery with Moldmade Decoration 1. Introduction: Moldmade Pottery at Morgantina from the Late 4th Century BCE to the First Half of the 1st Century CE Moldmade wares constitute a specialized category of fine pottery with decoration in relief. More than any other fine Hellenistic or early Roman ceramics, vases with moldmade relief decoration recall the appearance of contemporary vases in metal. is chapter examines the classes of vases that have moldmade ornament as their primary decoration. In addition, a brief section on appliqués presents the fragments of applied moldmade decoration that in most cases are disiecta membra and cannot be associated with a specific vase type. Many of these appliqués were subsidiary ornament on jugs or cups;1 they are presented here because, like the decoration of the other vases in this chapter, they were made in molds. A fragment of a red-gloss Pergamene kantharos with moldmade decoration (no. 626; Pl. 126) is also included; it joins another eastern relief vase (no. 625; Pl. 126) as exempla of Morgantina’s contacts with the Greek east during the last two centuries BCE. The other vase types presented in this chapter include the major categories of moldmade vases that were current at Morgantina during the last three centuries BCE and into the early 1st century CE. Virtually all of the moldmade pottery found at Morgantina is presented here, unlike the plain gloss wares, where the catalogue is limited primarily to vases and fragments found in datable fills (with the exception of the sections on terra sigillata and East Sicilian polychrome wares, which include all of the significant fragments). This complete presentation of the moldmade fragments is justified by the interesting nature of their decoration and their usefulness as parallels to pieces at other sites and in museum collections, but it has the unfortunate effect of making the moldmade fragments appear more common than they were in antiquity. As an illustration of the actual percentage that a molded ware might comprise of the total ceramic assemblage of a period, the Early Italian terra sigillata with moldmade decoration at Morgantina makes up around 12% of the catalogued examples of that ware.2 This sample is particularly valid because, with the exception of body sherds, all fragments of the ware found at Morgantina are presented in the catalogue. This suggests that vases with moldmade decoration probably comprised around 10 to 15% of the total fine wares in the period covered by this study. Beyond the appliqués, the ceramic classes presented in this chapter include a large and important 1

See p. 85 above, no. 2, pp. 120–121 no. 117. The figure is 10.6% if one includes the early imperial red wares that I call “regional terra sigillatas,” i.e., “Campan2

ian Orange Sigillata” and “Sicilian terra sigillata”; see pp. 209–228 above, 282–289 below.

230

CHAPTER V

group of medallion wares—deep conical or hemispherical-bodied cups decorated with stamped relief tondi at the center of their floors. These seem to date mainly to the second half of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina, although a few examples can be assigned to the 2nd century. The Morgantina silver treasure includes three gilded silver cups with relief tondi (see Pl. 142) that illustrate the toreutic models on which the ceramic versions were based.3 Ceramic medallion cups were certainly made at Morgantina, since two stamps for tondi and a waster were found in a fill dated soon after 211 BCE, and another stamp was also found at the site.4 The stamps and waster represent two medallion types. By the second half of the 2nd century BCE, medallion cups seem to have been replaced in the public’s fancy by hemispherical cups with elaborate moldmade decoration on their exteriors, the socalled Megarian bowls; the catalogue of this type also includes some molded krateriskoi/chalices of similar date and technique.5 These 2nd-century cups are considerably less common at Morgantina than cups with relief medallions of the second half of the 3rd century BCE, although this may be due in part to the considerable reduction in the city’s population after the events of 211 BCE.6 While a mold for the manufacture of this type of bowl (no. 662; Pl. 129) has been found at Morgantina, the bulk of the moldmade hemispherical bowls and chalices appear to be imports, mainly from the eastern Mediterranean, but also from Apulia and central Italy. After the destructions and abandonments of the later 1st century BCE, the last inhabitants of Morgantina imported a fair number of Early Italian terra sigillata relief vases.7 Beyond these redgloss wares, there are also a few fragments of green-glazed wares with relief decoration from the final period of habitation.8 The chronology of all the classes of relief wares at Morgantina is not as well established as it is for plain tablewares with gloss, because they were less common and have rarely been found in dated fills. For example, only a few of the medallion cups can be dated by their archaeological contexts to before 211 BCE, and while study of the mold series used in the manufacture of the stamps and the resulting sequences of relief tondi aid in establishing that most of these belong in the 3rd century, the fact remains that the bulk of the medallion wares was found in fills that can be dated only to the last three centuries BCE. The same is true of the other molded wares. The appliqué wares have virtually no meaningful archaeological contexts and must be dated through parallels.9 The dating of the moldmade hemispherical cups is somewhat more secure. An Attic cup was found in a context dated to the first half of the 2nd century (deposit IIA, no. 629), and a number of examples imported from the Aegean were found in a deposit of the first quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IIB, nos. 631, 632, 633, 3 On the treasure, see appendix 4 below. For the cups: Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92–94; Guzzo 2003, 45–50, 79. 4 For the stamps, p. 263 below, nos. 577, 578, 578A; for the waster: p. 251 below, no. 529A. See also appendix 1, p. 408 below. 5 See pp. 276, 281–282 below. 6 See p. 13 above. 7 See pp. 282–289 below. 8 See p. 290 below.

9 Of the fragments assigned to the 3rd century, no. 611 comes from a context that was abandoned in 211 BCE (deposit IQ), and nos. 612 and 614 can reasonably be assumed from their findspots to date to the 3rd century. Of the later examples, no. 618 is Campana C, which only began to be made after 211 BCE, and no. 620 was found under a mosaic floor that can be dated with some assurance to around 100 BCE. No. 626 was found in the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), which clearly burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

231

651, 652). Two other fragments came from a pottery workshop that was abandoned in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE (context IIC, nos. 663, 665). A mold for this type of cup (no. 662) was found in a house where the manufacture of pottery took place and that burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (context IIE), although the findspot was some distance from the workshop. A final fragment was found in a fill that was created following another fire which can be dated to ca. 35 BCE (deposit IIF, no. 630). This evidence suggests that hemispherical moldmade cups arrived at Morgantina soon after ca. 200 BCE but only became popular at the site in the second half of the 2nd century, then continued to be made until early in the second half of the 1st century BCE. This confirms the standard chronology of this ceramic type in Italy. The final group of moldmade relief wares, Early Italian terra sigillata, is well dated by external evidence, and at Morgantina tends to provide the chronology for the fills in which it was found, which date to the first half of the 1st century CE. Three fragments of green-glazed pottery belong to the same period; this ware normally bears relief ornament, but only one fragment at Morgantina preserves any relief.

2. Medallion Wares e most common vessels bearing relief ornamentation at Morgantina are cups decorated with circular relief medallions at the centers of their floors.10 ese medallions are usually around 4 to 5 cm in diameter, although a few types are smaller.11 Medallion cups, which have been found throughout the Mediterranean, derived their inspiration from examples in metal, but it must be emphasized that the ceramic examples did not directly copy the metal cups, but rather formed an independent craft tradition.12 It is now generally believed that medallion cups developed both in metal and ceramics 10

On this class: Pagenstecher 1909, esp. 173–174 on Sicily; Courby 1922, 220–267. Both are now very outdated. For a concise review of the problems in Pagenstecher: Jentel 1976, 13–17; see also Morel 1994, 818. Jentel 1976 considers the gutti and askoi with relief medallions made in Etruria and Apulia. This series begins in the 4th century and lasts through the 3rd century BCE. For further bibliography on medallion wares on the Italian mainland, see Jentel 1976, vol. 1, xi–xvi, 3–20; CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 21– 22; Gilotta 1985. For the industry at Cales (and Teano), see Rocco 1959 and Morel 1994, 817–819. As Morel notes, many vases not made at Cales and nearby Teano are often called “Calenian.” For an earlier examination of medallion wares at Morgantina: S. C. Stone, “Medallion Bowls from Morgantina,” AJA 96 (1992) 367–368. For medallion wares from sites in eastern Sicily that were in the archaeological museum in Syracuse as of 1930: Carpintieri 1930, 6–32. For other medallion wares found in Sicily: G. E. Rizzo, “Forme fittili agrigentine,” RM 12 (1897) 253–300; Studia Ietina IV, 164, stamp types F1–F3.On medallion wares in Sicily in general: B. Pace, Arte e civiltà della Sicilia antica,

vol. 2, Arte ingegneria e artigianato (Milan, ca. 1936) 483– 485. Following Pagenstecher, Pace suggested that the industry on Sicily was closely tied to and derivative of the medallion wares of Cales. For Alexandria as the most probable source for the class, see n. 13 below. For medallion cups in Greece: M. B. Hobling, “Excavations at Sparta, 1924–25, 5. Greek Relief-Ware from Sparta,” BSA 26 (1923–25) 277– 310, esp. 294–296; Corinth VII.3, 90–92, nos. 542, 543, 547–549; Agora XXIX, 110–112. For medallion wares in Spain: Beltrán Lloris 1978, 56–57; Sanmartí Grego 1978, 47–48, no. 4, 77–78, no. 92, 105, no. 190, 129, no. 289, 192, no. 488, 416–417, no. 1232, 494, no. 1470. 11 Medallion types 23 and 24 (nos. 580–586) have small medallions, with diameters of 2.1–2.8 cm. No. 603 has a small medallion, with a diameter of 2.2 cm. All the others are 4–6 cm. 12 See Pace (n. 10 above) 485. The silver medallion cups found in the Morgantina hoard are the best illustrations of the metal prototypes for the ceramic versions: see appendix 4 and Pl. 142; Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92–94; Guzzo 2003, 45–50, 79; pp. 90 and 130 above. Other close parallels

232

CHAPTER V

in Ptolemaic Egypt in the early 3rd century BCE and diffused throughout the Mediterranean after ca. 275 BCE.13 At Morgantina, medallions decorated deep handleless cups (often called bowls) that usually have a disk base set off from the body by a groove, a conical to hemispherical body, and a straight or slightly flaring lip (Pls. 59, 60, 110). The basic shape also appears in plain or overpainted gloss wares, but usually with a ring foot.14 Only one cup of this shape with a disk base but no central relief medallion is preserved at Morgantina (no. 22). The cups with medallions are generally ca. 10–15 cm in depth, with a lip diameter of roughly 14–20 cm (usually around 16 cm). Relief medallions appear on a few other shapes at Morgantina, but they were never applied to the range of shapes that are decorated with relief in southern and central Italy.15 The medallion cups of eastern Sicily have few direct points of comparison with the medallion wares of southern Italy, and they appear to represent an independent development from the Alexandrian prototype. Medallion cups seem to have been a popular luxury ware in eastern Sicily for a relatively short period lasting from the second half of the 3rd century into the first half of the 2nd century BCE.16 The cups found at Morgantina may have black, brown, or red gloss, and often show a mottled surface coloration. A deliberate metallic sheen often seems to have been desired. The varying surface coloration does not seem to reflect chronological differences, although this is difficult to assess due to the small number of examples that preserve their profile (Pls. 59, 60, 110). It does seem that black was the favored color for the exterior, although brown and reddish examples also occur. At times,

were found at Bolsena: P. Mingazzini, ed., Vasi della collezione Augusto Castellani, vol. 2 (Rome, 1971) 257–265, nos. 833–835. For other metal examples: A. Ippel, “Guss und Treiarbeit in Silber,” BWPr 97 (1937) 15–24; Strong 1966, 95, pl. 30:A, 111–112, 151–152, pl. 36; Pfrommer 1987, 163–164. See also Pagenstecher 1909, 159–164; Courby 1922, 252–254; I. Marazov, ed., Ancient Gold: The Wealth of the Thracians (New York, 1998) 220, nos. 170, 171. G. M. A. Richter, “Calenian Pottery and Classical Greek Metalware,” AJA 63 (1959) 241–249, maintains that most ceramic relief wares derive from molds taken directly from metal originals, but this seems to have occurred only in isolated instances. 13 Pagenstecher 1909, 160, suggested that the metal prototype of the medallion bowl was developed in Alexandria; this view has been reiterated by Pfrommer 1987, 163; see also Guzzo 2003, 79. That conclusion, and the Egyptian deities seen on Morgantina’s medallion types 1 and 2, suggest that the ceramic medallion cup type also originated in Alexandria, as also suggested by Forti 1965, 84–85. J. R. Green, Gnathia Pottery in the Akademisches Kunstmuseum Bonn (Mainz, 1976) 29, n. 58, thought that Athens was a more likely source for the type, but Rotroff (Agora XXIX, 112) notes that both Athens and south Italy had strong influence from Alexandria around 275 BCE, and she opts for an origin of the type in Egypt. 14 For the plain and overpainted examples: pp. 89–91 and

165 above. For examples that have relief medallions and preserve their profiles, see Pls. 59, 60, and 110, nos. 524, 528, 530, 533, 549B, 554, 559, 580, 592. This type of hemispherical cup is Pagenstecher 1909, pl. 27:22. See also CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], IVE, pl. 3:3–5. The medallion wares made at Cales have ring feet. For undecorated hemispherical black-gloss cups with disk bases made in Apulia in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE: Yntema 1990, 173, 181– 183, form 3. 15 See nos. 571, 607; also 606, 608. All of these seem to be imported to Morgantina (although the technique of no. 571 indicates that it was made in eastern Sicily), and nos. 571 and 607 date to the 2nd or 1st century BCE. One fragment of an Apulian guttus with a relief medallion (no. 601) was found in context IIH; it dates to the second half of the 4th century BCE. On this type of vessel, see Jentel 1976. For other shapes from Italy that were decorated with interior reliefs: Pagenstecher 1909, pl. 22, updated by Jentel 1976, 13–14. Small medallions depicting animal or human heads sometimes decorated the handles of pitchers and other closed shapes, as well as some other vases: see pp. 270–273 below (appliqués). These were not common at Morgantina. 16 On the chronology of the wares, see pp. 239–244 below. Medallion cups were more popular in eastern Sicily than elsewhere in the Mediterranean: Morel 1985, espèce 1567.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

233

the medallion (with parts of the interior) was fired to a different color than the rest of the vase.17 This careful variation of coloring may represent an effort to reproduce the effect of silver cups with inlaid gilded medallions.18 The medallions are often framed by incised grooves and/or overpainted stripes, and the walls of these cups frequently have incised and overpainted garlands and overpainted stripes (see Pls. 59, 60, 122).19 Medallion cups are among the most elaborately decorated fine wares found at Morgantina and must have been relatively expensive.

Technique of Manufacture e method by which the medallions were usually made in eastern Sicily is illustrated by two stamps (nos. 578, 578A; Pl. 120) found in a cistern which was filled after the capture of Morgantina by the Romans in 211 BCE (deposit IH).20 Another medallion of the same type (no. 577; Pl. 120) was recently found at Morgantina (although in a fill of indeterminate date); this example has a larger image than the two stamps from the cistern and is therefore earlier in the series.21 Stamps were made by pressing a patrix into a circular disk of clay.22 Further details were added to the resulting negative depiction with a graver. For ease of application to the bowls, clay was added to the back of the stamp to form a rough handle (Pl. 120, no. 578 back). e stamp was then coated with a heavy white slip and fired, and was ready to begin producing medallions. e fact that two virtually identical stamps were found in the cistern demonstrates that multiples were produced from the same patrix. It is accordingly difficult to distinguish the exact stamp that was used for a particular bowl, although multiple stamps made at the same time are effectively the same generation, since the medallions made from all of the multiples are virtually the same size. After a cup was thrown, the stamp was pressed into the wet clay at the center of the floor, probably while the vase was still attached to the wheel. Given the depth of the cups, this was a delicate operation, and the resulting impression was often smeared, even though the heavy white slip added to the stamp presumably served to facilitate the detachment process.23 Following the creation of the 17 See nos. 532, 542, 554, 568?, 574. This tendency is difficult to assess, since so many cups survive only as medallion and base. See Pagenstecher 1909, 174, for a cup in Syracuse with a red medallion, black floor and wall, and red exterior. On the metallic character of the gloss of medallion cups, see Pagenstecher 1909, 129; Carpintieri 1930, 7, 17, 19–20. 18 On these cups, see Strong 1966, 12–13. Since medallion cups in metal had tondi that were fabricated separately, inlaying or gilding them was not a daunting process: see Strong 1966, 111. For gilded tondi in the Morgantina silver treasure: Bothmer 1984, 54–55; Guzzo 2003, 45–50; (on the treasure, see appendix 4 below). For a tondo in the Morgantina hoard that is now detached from its vase, see Guzzo 2003, 51–52. 19 On overpainted decoration at Morgantina in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, see pp. 128–132 above. See also Carpintieri 1930, 18–19. Examples that preserve this type

of decoration: nos. 520, 522, 522A, 524, 529, 529A, 529B, 530, 531, 533, 537, 540, 541, 542–544, 547, 549B, 554, 555A, 556, 558, 559A, 565, 567, 568, 580, 581, 582, 582A, 583–585, 587, 588, 588A, 589, 590, 591, 592, 592A, 596, 597, 598, 599, 603, 605. 20 The two stamps found in deposit IH have slight differences in details and preserve traces of the heavy white slip used to coat molds: see p. 263 and n. 203 below; and D. B. Thompson, “Three Centuries of Hellenistic Terracottas, I A,” Hesperia 21 (1952) 124–125, repr. in H. A. Thompson and D. B. Thompson, Hellenistic Pottery and Terracottas (Princeton, 1987) 206–207. 21 On stamp series, see pp. 234–235 and 240 below. 22 See Pagenstecher 1909, 129–135; Carpintieri 1930, 19–20. 23 For smeared medallions, see nos. 522, 530, 537, 541, 544, 552, 559A, 560, 595, 598.

234

CHAPTER V

medallion, the vase was cut from the wheel with a piece of string. After the vase had dried leatherhard, it was trimmed and dipped in gloss. When the gloss had dried, any incised and overpainted decoration was added to the interior, and the vase was then fired. A few vases at Morgantina have relief medallions that were made separately and attached, a practice that was less likely to create a smeared image.24 In these cases, the medallion was manufactured as a disk in the mold and was removed when it had dried to leather-hard consistency; in the process of drying the clay shrank, facilitating removal of the mold without smearing the image. The medallion was then glued to the floor of the vase with wet slip, which bonded the medallion to the cup when the vase was fired. Medallion cups with separately made medallions are rarely found at Morgantina; they were apparently utilized only for special types of medallions or by certain manufacturing centers on Sicily.25 This method was universally employed in southern Italy for closed shapes that have relief medallions, such as gutti and askoi, for the small medallions that decorated some pitcher handles, and on cups with medallions manufactured at Cales (and other locales on the Italian mainland), as well as in Greece.26 The use of stamped medallions is one sign that the eastern Sicilian cups form a local tradition. When a stamp became worn, a new stamp was often made by taking an impression of the old stamp and using it as the patrix after touching up the impression.27 Since clay shrinks when it dries, the new stamps (e.g., nos. 578, 578A) were inevitably smaller than their predecessors (e.g., no. 577), as well as somewhat less distinct (since the new generation was generally derived from a worn stamp), necessitating some touching up of the image. When the resulting depiction had become quite indistinct, the fabricant might rework the image heavily, at times creating a variant version of the stamp. It should also be noted that the fabricants sometimes increased the diameter of late generation stamps artificially in order to keep them approximately the same size as the original. In such cases the relief depiction is quite small in relation to the size of the medallion (see no. 523, for example). The series of stamps created in this way can be followed for up to three generations at Morgan28 tina. As an example, medallion type 2C at Morgantina is preserved in three generations in fabric I (the fabric of east central Sicily); it derives from medallion type 2, which is the earliest version of the series and was made only in fabric III (and thus at Syracuse).29 Since one example of the third 24 Nos. 563, 580–586, 590, 601–608. See, however, Jen-

27 The production of series of terracotta figurines used the

tel 1976, 26, on smeared medallions made in molds. The use of molds slowed down production, since the mold could not be used again until the medallion had been removed, and the potters often attempted to “accelerate” the removal from the molds. 25 All the medallions of types 23 and 24 were made separately and attached: see pp. 264–266 below. Nos. 602–605 have separately made medallions and may have been manufactured at the same center: pp. 268–269 below. Carpintieri 1930, 19–20, published two ceramic medallions in Syracuse which were attached to the bowls after they had been fired. 26 On the technique of gutti and askoi with relief medallions, see Jentel 1976, 24–26. For Cales: Rocco 1959, 271– 272; Morel 1994, 817–819. For the Greek mainland: Agora XXIX, 110–112. On appliqués that decorated closed shapes, particularly pitcher handles: n. 15 above.

same process. On the methodology of evaluating mold series of figurines: R. V. Nicholls, “Type, Group and Series: A Reconsideration of Some Coroplastic Fundamentals,” BSA 47 (1952) 217–226; E. Jastrow, “Abformung und Typenwandel in der antiken Tonplastik,” OpArch 2 (1941) 1–28. See also MS I, 116–120; M. Bell, “Tanagras and the Idea of Type,” Harvard University Art Museum Bulletin 1 (1993) 43. 28 See the discussion of fabrics below. Medallion type 3 shows three (or possibly four) generations of stamps. Medallion type 7 has three generations of stamps. Medallion type 22 may have three generations. There are three generations of medallion type 23 stamps in fabric I, and three in fabric III. Medallion type 30 has three generations of stamps. Medallion types 5, 9, 15, and 28 all have two generations of stamps. 29 See pp. 248–249 below.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

235

generation of medallion type 2C (no. 529A) was found in deposit IH, a cistern filled soon after 211 BCE, two generations of that medallion type must have been in use before no. 529A was made (ca. 212 BCE). It is unlikely that medallion cups were manufactured in Sicily before ca. 250 BCE (see Chronology, below). If medallion type 2, the “first generation” of medallion type 2C, evolved at Syracuse around 250–240 BCE, and if one estimates the life of a stamp or mold generation at ten, or, at most, fifteen, years, then medallion type 2C could have originated no earlier than ca. 240 BCE. This would date the second generation of medallion type 2C to ca. 230–215, and the third generation (including no. 529A) would have been developed between 220 and 205, exactly when deposit IH suggests it would date. The life of a series of stamps or molds with three generations would thus last around thirty to forty-five years. Since a number of the common medallion types with multiple generations are represented in fills of 211 BCE, analysis of the medallion series suggests that medallion cups arrived in Morgantina during the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE. A number of conclusions that bear on the chronology of individual medallion types can be drawn from the method of manufacture described above. It should be clear that if a cup with a particular medallion comes from a fill of 211 BCE, all the medallions of an earlier generation should predate it. Using this methodology, six of the thirty-one medallion types found at Morgantina can be safely assigned to the later 3rd century BCE.30 But, since the entire class appears to be quite uniform technically, it is also reasonable to suspect that medallion types similar to those archaeologically dated to the 3rd century BCE were probably created during the same general period, unless there is some clear evidence that they were made at a later date. The longest sequence of medallion types at Morgantina is four generations, which would suggest that medallion cups were produced in eastern Sicily for around fifty years. However, Morgantina’s radical decline in population obviously decreased its market for fine pottery after 211 BCE, and it is likely that many more medallion cups were sold there before the Roman capture of the city than after. As will be shown, the popularity of medallion cups in eastern Sicily probably lasted for around seventy-five years (ca. 250–175 BCE), after which the class lingered on for some decades.

Fabrics Analysis of the fabrics of the medallion cups demonstrates that the majority correspond to the three major fabric types represented in the other fine-gloss wares of the 3rd through the 1st century BCE at Morgantina. Fabric I The fabric type that was used for most of the ceramics produced at Morgantina and in east central Sicily during the 3rd century BCE is also the fabric of the majority of medallion cups and 30

Medallion types 2C, 3, 7, 22, 23, and 28. Because of their relationship to medallion type 2C, medallion types 1 and 2 (and probably type 2A) also seem assignable to the

3rd century. There is some archaeological evidence suggesting that medallion type 9 also dates to the 3rd century BCE.

236

CHAPTER V

the manufacturing stamps (nos. 577, 578, 578A) found at Morgantina.31 Medallion cups in fabric I comprise 83 out of the 157 catalogued examples, or 53% of the total. As noted above, the stamps (nos. 578, 578A) and the waster (no. 529A) found in deposit IH demonstrate that the city produced medallion cups before 211 BCE. Since another stamp found at the site (no. 577) is of the same type as nos. 578 and 578A (medallion type 22) but is an earlier generation, it appears that medallion cups were made at Morgantina for a period of perhaps fifteen or twenty years (from ca. 230/225 through 211 BCE).32 Only two medallion types can be safely ascribed to local manufacture: the archaistic gorgoneion (type 22), seen in nos. 577 and 578, and the Sarapis and Isis (type 2C), seen in the waster no. 529A. Fabric I continued to be used during the last two centuries BCE for much fine pottery found at Morgantina, although the manufacture of fine wares at Morgantina itself ceased between 211 and the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE.33 It is probable that other centers of production that used fabric I continued to make medallion wares into the first half of the 2nd century BCE, but it is difficult to evaluate that possibility from the very limited evidence at Morgantina. As noted below, the Morgantina fills provide little evidence that this class was still being produced by the 1st century BCE. Fabrics II and III Fabric II is an orange clay that includes much quartz or mica and is fired to soft fracture. Examples in this fabric dating from the 3rd century BCE into the 1st century CE have been found at Morgantina. It seems likely that the wares in this fabric were made in northern Sicily and southern Italy (including Campania).34 It is perhaps worth noting that the medallion wares in fabric II are not closely comparable to those made in Teano (on the northern border of Campania) but belong to the series of medallions made on Sicily. This observation bolsters the theory that at least some centers that manufactured vases in fabric II were located on the north coast of Sicily. Fabric III is red in color, finely levigated, and fired hard. It was made at Syracuse and environs. 35 Vases in this fabric began to be imported to Morgantina in the 4th century BCE and continued to be brought to the site in small amounts into the 1st century BCE. Twenty-nine catalogued medallion cups at Morgantina, or 18.5% of the catalogued examples of the class, are in fabric II. Twenty-six examples, or 16.6%, are in fabric III.36 Medallion cups are thus the most common imported shape in both fabrics II and III in the 3rd century BCE. The popularity of imported medallion cups in these two fabrics and the ease of creating molds from imported medallions suggest that the local products imitated the medallion types of these imports (probably the examples imported from east central Sicilian manufacturing centers that used fabric I). The 31 On fabric I, see pp. 72–77 above. A waster, no. 529A (Pls. 112, 140), was found in the same fill as the stamps 578 and 578A (deposit IH); it is also in fabric I. 32 On medallion type 22, see pp. 263–264 below. Two generations of stamps that were made at the site have been found. 33 See pp. 410–411 below.

34

See pp. 77–79 above. See pp. 79–80 above. 36 See pp. 78–80 above, Chart 1. The percentage of other fine wares in these fabrics imported to Morgantina in the 3rd century is much lower; there are only fourteen examples of fabric II, and twelve examples of fabric III, comprising 35

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

237

locally produced vases with Sarapis and Isis medallions (type 2C) prove this supposition, since it seems clear that Sarapis and Isis medallions were originally created in Syracuse (see below). Medallion cups likely continued to be manufactured in both fabrics II and III into the first half of the 2nd century BCE, although analysis of the decoration and imagery suggests that all cups in fabric II that survive at Morgantina could have been made before 200 BCE.37 Other Fabrics One dish (not a conical- to hemispherical-bodied cup) with a medallion (no. 571) has a fabric that is fired in the double-reduction Campana C technique. Five other bowls have gray fabrics but are not Campana C.38 These seem likely to be several different fabrics, rather than the product of one locale, although three of them may form a group, and the fabric is similar to that of the Campana C medallion dish no. 571. A few other fabrics are represented in the medallion cups at Morgantina. Some other imported fabrics are included in the miscellaneous section of the catalogue (nos. 601–605, 607, 608). A single vase in an unusual hard orange fabric (no. 538) is probably Sicilian, given that it is part of a series that was popular on the island (type 3, bust of Dionysos).39

Frequency of Medallion Cups at Morgantina It needs to be pointed out that even in the period of their greatest popularity medallion cups were not common but constituted luxury vessels that appear to have been used in a few homes and dedicated to a few gods. e number of these cups in the catalogue makes it appear that they were more common than they actually were because all examples of medallion ware found at Morgantina have been included, including many small fragments of bases and floors that often have little archaeological context and were catalogued only because of their relief decoration. In contrast, for example, the catalogue of the vases discussed in chapter 2, with only a few exceptions (such as vases with polychrome decoration, which have also been comprehensively presented), includes only fine wares that preserve their profile and come from contexts datable to the 3rd century. Approximately 400 vases from fills dated to the 3rd century are presented there, but only 13 examples of medallion wares can be placed in that century on archaeological grounds (using the best-case scenario that includes fragments found in the first stratum of fill in a 3rd-century context). Medallion cups thus constitute 13

4% and 3.5%, respectively, of the catalogued fine-gloss wares. On problems of evaluating the frequency of medallion cups, see pp. 237–238 below. 37 See pp. 260–261 below, nos. 567, 568; also nos. 562, 563 for the only medallions in this fabric that may have been created after the late 3rd century BCE. 38 The three vases with similar fabric are nos. 519, 609, and 610. No. 606 also has a gray fabric but seems to have

been imported from the east during the 1st century BCE: p. 269 below. Nos. 525 and 529B have a grayish-brown fabric, but are almost certainly fabric I: see p. 72 above. A cup with medallion type 10 found at Morgantina and now in the Syracuse Museum has a gray fabric: Carpintieri 1930, 15, no. 15f. 39 See pp. 253–254 below.

238

CHAPTER V

examples in a corpus of around 400 vases, or 3.25% of the catalogued material from the second half of the 4th through the end of the 3rd century BCE. e deposits and contexts contained material from the period before medallion cups were in use (they commence in Sicily around 250 BCE; see below) but, with the exception of deposit IC and, possibly, deposit IA, were closed during the period when the molded cups were most popular at Morgantina. It is reasonable to assume that the bulk of the pottery in the 3rd-century fills was made no more than fifty to seventy-five years before it was discarded or buried. e city was at the peak of its prosperity and population in the second half of the 3rd century. From all this, it may be conjectured that medallion cups constituted around 5% of the fine pottery in use in 211 BCE.

Earlier Scholarship on Sicilian Medallion Wares When Rudolf Pagenstecher published his 1909 examination of the medallion wares produced at Cales, he included a brief account of the related wares produced on Sicily, noting that they were manufactured mainly in the area of Syracuse’s cultural hegemony (that is, eastern Sicily).40 He also observed that the majority of these cups were red-gloss, and he thought that they were first manufactured in the late 3rd century BCE, inspired by the cups made at Cales, and continued to be produced on Sicily throughout the last two centuries BCE until they were supplanted by Italian terra sigillata. is chronology was not based on any archaeological evidence. Today it is difficult to see a close relation between the wares from Cales and those of eastern Sicily, since the techniques of creating the medallions in the two regions differ, and the medallion types do not share many similarities. Pagenstecher, while outdated, nevertheless preserves much material that cannot be found elsewhere. The most important early examination of east Sicilian medallion wares is an article published in 1930 by Teresa Carpintieri, who discussed the medallions and other relief wares from a number of sites in eastern Sicily, including Morgantina, that were in the Museo Archeologico Regionale “Paolo Orsi” in Syracuse.41 She dated these as beginning in the late 4th century, concluding that they were inspired by examples from Greece rather than Cales, and continuing through the 2nd century BCE. Carpintieri thought that the latest medallions were those depicting Sarapis and Isis, which she placed at the end of the 2nd century BCE, based on her belief that the cults of the Egyptian deities arrived in Sicily only in the late 2nd century (which is now known to be erroneous).42 She distinguished three different fabrics in the cups decorated with medallions.43 Her rossastra seems to be fabric III, and her marrone is undoubtedly fabric I. A third fabric at Syracuse is grigia, which is probably represented by a few examples at Morgantina.44 Unfortunately, since Carpintieri thought that the majority of the medallions had been made at Syracuse, and that all three fabrics were manufactured there, she often did not identify the fabric type of the individual medallions in her cata40

See Pagenstecher 1909, 173–174. Carpintieri 1930, 6–32, presents the medallion cups; 10, no. 7a, 14, no. 14c, 15, no. 15f, and 16, no. 16h are all from Serra Orlando, i.e., Morgantina. 42 Carpintieri 1930, 28–32. On Sarapis and Isis cups in 41

Sicily, see pp. 246–253 below. 43 Carpintieri 1930, 7. 44 See n. 35 above. For speculation that this manufacturing center may have been located south of Syracuse, see p. 248 below.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

239

logue. It is interesting, however, that the orange fabric II is apparently absent at Syracuse. This is one of the strands of evidence suggesting that fabric II came to Morgantina via the northern coast of Sicily, and was either made there or was imported from centers in southern Italy.45 More recently, G. Sfameni Gasparro has published a number of medallions depicting the Egyptian gods Sarapis and Isis.46 She noted that these began to be produced in the late 3rd century and continued into the 2nd century BCE.

Chronology External Evidence The chronology of medallion cups on Sicily is murky because so few examples have been found in dated fills. They appear to be roughly contemporary with the products of the more famous medallion ware industry at Cales on the border of Campania and Latium, and the other Early Hellenistic relief wares of Italy. It is generally agreed that production of medallion wares began at Cales and in northern Campania around 250 and that they became rare after ca. 180 BCE, and that the relief wares of the so-called Calenian type still need more study.47 In her careful study of an analogous class of vessels, the gutti and askoi decorated with relief medallions in Magna Graecia, Jentel suggested that they all date from the second half of the 4th through the 3rd century BCE.48 Rotroff, studying the tablewares found in the Athenian Agora, concluded that hemispherical cups with relief tondi appeared on the Greek mainland around 275 BCE, remained popular until the early 2nd century, and largely disappeared by 150 BCE.49 Given the general scholarly opinion that this class originated in Ptolemaic Egypt around 275, and because it seems clear that the east Sicilian cup type developed in Syracuse, production of medallion cups in eastern Sicily can be assumed to have begun no earlier than Hieron II’s peace treaty with Rome in the First Punic War (263/2 BCE). The production of medallion cups at Syracuse was probably sparked by contacts between Hieron II’s kingdom and the Greek east, especially Ptolemaic Egypt.50 Positing the development of this class in east Sicily after the First Punic War (i.e., around 45

See pp. 77–78 above. Carpintieri does mention one medallion with an orange fabric that was found at Morgantina: Carpintieri 1930, 15–17, no. 16. 46 Sfameni Gasparro 1973, esp. 22–26; G. Sfameni Gasparro, “Le attestazioni dei culti egiziani in Sicilia nei documenti monetali,” in M. Caccamo Caltabiano, ed., La Sicilia tra l’Egitto e Roma: La monetazione siracusana dell’età di Ierone II (Messina, 1995) 86–88. 47 Rocco 1959, 272. Morel 1994, 819, was less certain of the dating. Morel, 46, 241, types 2972b–c, dates production of medallion cups at Cales to the second half of the 3rd and the early 2nd century BCE. Pagenstecher 1909, 165–166, dated the floruit of the medallion cup industry at Cales to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, lingering on until the later 1st century BCE. This dating was based primarily on analy-

sis of the decoration. The earliest medallion cup from a Sicilian site is a cup with wishbone handles found in a grave on Lipari dated before the Roman sack of 252 BCE: M-L V, 6–7, 31 (tomb 1885), figs. 46, 48. It appears to be an import and has a separately made tondo of a youthful Herakles, a type that is not found at Morgantina in medallion cups but which occurs as an appliqué. The same grave had a hemispherical cup with an overpainted tondo. This grave demonstrates that medallion cups were known in the region of Sicily by 260–250 BCE. 48 Jentel 1976, 30–33, provides a summary of the archaeological contexts of these gutti and askoi. 49 See Agora XXIX, 110–114, 116–117. 50 On Hieron II’s relations with the eastern Mediterranean: Lehmler 2005, 189–209. His relations with Egypt

240

CHAPTER V

250 BCE) seems reasonable on historical grounds and is confirmed by analysis of the medallion sequences at Morgantina.51 Medallion cups are less common in western Sicily, and it seems that their popularity was largely restricted to eastern Sicily, especially those areas ruled from Syracuse.52 Unfortunately, medallion cups have rarely been found in dated contexts at other Sicilian sites. Cups with beautiful gorgoneion medallions imported from eastern Sicily were found in two graves at Lilybaeum that have been dated to the second half of the 3rd century BCE.53 In 1914, excavating at the southern entrance to the amphitheater at Syracuse, Orsi found “una bella serie di coppe coralline o brune con ‘emblemata’ in rilievo” in a fill that he identified as refuse from Hellenistic shops of the late 3rd to the beginning of the 2nd century BCE.54 In addition, a medallion in the Syracuse museum was found at Grammichele (ancient Echetla?), which was little populated in antiquity after the 3rd century BCE.55 The hypothesis that medallion cups began to be produced in Sicily around or shortly after the middle of the 3rd century is strengthened by the observation that the destruction fills at Gela (ca. 280 BCE) have revealed no medallion cups, and only the imported cup mentioned above has been found in the large number of graves at Lipari dated before the Roman destruction of 252 BCE. There is no evidence for the end of the class on Sicily, but the cups have little in common with Campana C, the common black-gloss ware of eastern Sicily during the later 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. Only one vase in Campana C with a medallion is known (no. 571), and it probably dates to the early years of the ware (ca. 190–150 BCE).56 As noted above, no surviving medallion series at Morgantina lasts for more than three generations, which probably indicates less than fifty years of production overall. Even assuming that the class was seldom imported to Morgantina after 211, it is difficult to view medallion cups as a popular ceramic product in eastern Sicily for more than roughly seventy-five to a hundred years (i.e., ca. 250–150 BCE), since there is little stylistic change in the image series. This observation is bolstered by the fact that, on technical grounds, the medallion cups fit comfortably with vases found in the

are most famously seen in the gift of the luxury grain ship, the Syrakousia, to Ptolemy IV, having renamed it the Alexandris: Lehmler 2005, 210–232. This sumptuous gift suggests close relations between the two kingdoms. For Syracuse as the place of origin of the Sicilian cups: Carpintieri 1930, 6– 26; Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 24. 51 See pp. 234–235 above. 52 There is evidence that medallion cups were made in Agrigento: Rizzo (n. 10 above) 253–300. Only three medallions have been found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 164, nos. F1–F3. 53 Bisi 1967, 277–279, nos. 27, 30. The dating of these, however, is only relative. On the medallion type, which seems to have been produced into the early 2nd century: pp. 264–266 below, medallion type 23. One of the Sarapis-Isis medallion cups (medallion type 2?) published by Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 178, no. 39, was found in a grave at Syracuse dated 3rd–2nd century, but again without any absolute

indication of the date. 54 See P. Orsi, “Scoperte nella Sicilia orientale,” NSc 40 (1915) 190; Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 24. Carpintieri 1930, 24, states that this debris confirmed Syracusan manufacture of the class. The other ceramic material found in this fill included large numbers of fragments of Rhodian amphorae. Only one medallion that was surely found in this fill has been published: see p. 250 below. Based on this piece, a very late Sarapis and Isis medallion, the fill seems likely to date to the early 2nd century BCE. 55 For the example from Grammichele: Carpintieri 1930, 14–15, pl. 1:2. On the chronology of that site: PECS, 364– 365, s.v. “Grammichele” (M. Bell). 56 See pp. 150 and 163 above, 261–262 below. Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 26, suggested that the manufacture of medallion cups in Sicily ended in the early 1st century BCE, although she admitted that there are no archaeological grounds for that chronology.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

241

fills of 211 BCE at Morgantina but do not accord well with the technique of fine pottery from fills of the 1st century BCE. The external evidence, while hardly compelling, would thus place the production of medallion cups in eastern Sicily between ca. 250 and 150 BCE. Comparative support for this chronology also comes from the Athenian Agora, where Rotroff found that that hemispherical moldmade cups with figural relief decoration (“Megarian” bowls) began to be produced in the last quarter of the 3rd century and were quite popular for around seventy-five years.57 She found that the motifs and quality of the cups declined in quality after about 175 BCE. Soon after 150 BCE, the figural, floral, and imbricate bowls were replaced by the simpler and repetitive long-petal bowl type. Morgantina’s medallion cups exhibit the same pattern: the industry seems to have reached its peak in the second half of the 3rd century and then largely disappeared by the middle of the 2nd century BCE. Internal Evidence Unfortunately, only 8 of the 157 medallion cup fragments catalogued here were found in fills that can be securely assigned to the 3rd century BCE; they have five different medallion types. As noted above, the cups appear to have been a class of luxury vessel that may have been used by a few wealthy families and in dedications at one or, at most, a very few sanctuaries.58 A nearly complete bowl (no. 580) was found in the South Shops (deposit IB), where activity ceased after 211 BCE. Two medallions (nos. 537A and 583) were found in areas of the North Sanctuary that were not disturbed after the destruction of 211 BCE (deposit IL), and another (no. 593) was found in a room of the adjacent North Sanctuary Annex (deposit IM) that also remained undisturbed after 211.59 Large numbers of medallion cups were found in the extensive fill that accumulated over the areas of both sanctuaries between 211 and ca. 35 BCE (context IIH).60 Most of these were probably dedications to the deities honored in the sanctuaries. A fragment of a cup with a stamped tondo whose type could not be identified was found in 2010 in the wall fall of room 8 in the North Baths.61 The bath (context IR) was damaged and/or 57

Agora XXII, 33–34.

58 No medallion wares were found in the South Sanctuary

(deposit IN), the San Francesco Sanctuary (context IP), the Cittadella Sanctuary (context IO), or the partially excavated West Sanctuary (deposit IQ), all of which seem to have been dedicated to the cult of Demeter and Kore. The well fill in the North Baths (deposit IR.1), which also seems to include cultic materials, also did not include any examples of the class. The few medallion cup fragments found in the Central Sanctuary and the Southwest Temenos in the Agora are small and probably found their way into the fills after the abandonment of both sanctuaries in the later 1st century BCE; see n. 63 below (vases) and pp. 18–19 above (for date of abandonments). 59 No. 583 was found on the floor of the main sanctuary room (room 7). No. 537A was found in room 11 under the fallen roof tiles. This is the room directly to the east of the

main sanctuary room. No. 593 was found in room 10 of the North Sanctuary Annex, again, a room that was sealed in 211 BCE. See the plan of the sanctuary complex on p. 42 above, Fig. 2. None of these rooms included any material dated after the late 3rd century BCE. 60 From context IIH, the dump over the North Sanctuary: nos. 520, 522, 525, 529, 530, 532, 535, 535A, 538, 541, 541A, 542, 543, 544, 547B, 550, 552, 552B, 552D, 553A, 555, 555A, 556A, 556B, 558A, 558B, 559, 559B, 559D, 560, 560A, 562, 564, 564A, 564B, 565, 566A, 569, 570, 576, 581, 585, 587, 589, 590, 591, 591A, 600, 601, 603, 604, 608, 609. On the medallion wares found in the area of the North Sanctuary and North Sanctuary Annex, see p. 245 below. 61 Inv. 2010-02. Unfortunately, the fragment is broken away at the edge of the tondo, and its subject cannot be identified. On the North Baths, see pp. 45–47 above.

242

CHAPTER V

looted in 211 BCE and ceased being used as a bathing establishment, but the building survived for a number of decades after that date before it collapsed in a natural disaster that can be dated to the very early 2nd century BCE. The cup fragment thus probably dates before 211, but may have been made in the last decade of the 3rd century BCE. At the very latest, it should probably not be dated after ca. 190 BCE. Large numbers of medallion cups were also found in the fill that accumulated around the central steps in the Agora after 211 BCE.62 These may have come from sanctuaries in the Agora that were damaged in 211. A medallion (no. 528) was found in the floor packing of the last floor in the southernmost room of the East Granary (room A). This floor appears to have been created around 130 BCE, when the room was remodeled to serve as a preparation room for the nearby Great Kiln. Only two fragments with medallions (nos. 565A and 584) were found in domestic contexts of the 3rd century BCE (deposit IG and context IJ), and both came from the first stratum of fill, although the large number of fragments found around the bases of the East and West Hills suggest that residents of the sumptuous houses overlooking the Agora may have possessed medallion cups. 63 Four medallions were found in the fill of a cistern immediately outside the House of Ganymede (context IE.2) that was apparently initially filled after 211. Unfortunately, an overfill was deposited sometime in the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE (after the initial fill settled?), making it difficult to date individual vases from the cistern.64 That Morgantina was making medallion cups in the 3rd century seems undeniable from the presence of two stamps and a waster found in the cistern of a house on the East Hill that was filled after 211 BCE (deposit IH).65 These fills, however, constitute industrial rather than domestic use debris. The hypothesis that the manufacture of medallion wares commenced in Syracuse around 250 BCE and then moved to other centers in eastern Sicily is further confirmed by the negative evidence that no vases decorated with a relief medallion were found in Necropolis III at Morgantina, where the tombs seem to date mainly to the last third of the 4th century and the first half of the 3rd century BCE.66 The “dedication” fill of the West Stoa (deposit IA, ca. 250–225 BCE) and the pit in the 62

In the fill in the area of the central steps in the Agora: nos. 519, 533, 540, 544A, 545A, 545B, 547, 557, 567A, 573 (stratum 1), 574A, 594, 599 (stratum 1). The similar fill in front of the Public Office contained nos. 554A, 566, 567, 568, 589A, and 589B. On the depth of this fill, see Bell 2007, 132. On the nearby sanctuaries in the Agora: M. Bell, “Spazio e istituzioni nell’agora greca di Morgantina,” in C. Ampolo, ed., Agora greca e agorai di Sicilia (Pisa, 2012) 113. 63 Nine fragments found within the scrappy house walls north of the House of the Official (nos. 548, 551, 559A, 571, 586, 592, 592B, 595A, 597) are probably best seen as debris that slid down from the West Hill domestic quarter. Those found in the cavea and paradoi of the Theater, the West Stoa, trench 27 in the Agora, and contexts IIIH and IIIi probably also represent debris from the West Hill domestic quarter: nos. 521, 522A, 523, 524, 529B, 534, 545C, 547A, 548A, 549B, 552C, 552E, 558C, 559C, 561,

561A, 572, 574, 582, 582A, 595, 596A. Nos. 575 and 605 were found in the fill of houses on the West Hill that were abandoned by the middle of the 1st century CE (context IIID). Medallion wares found in the fills of the East Stoa, the Public Office, and the East Granary probably represent slide from the East Hill domestic quarter: nos. 526, 536, 549, 550A, 553, 563, 582B, 607 (on no. 528, see note 69 below). 64 Nos. 531, 531A, 552A, 558. The medallion type of the first two is dated to the late 3rd century BCE: pp. 253–254 below. On the fill, see p. 36 above, context IE.2. 65 Nos. 529A, 578, 578A. On this fill, see p. 37 above. 66 On the date of the burials in Necropolis III, see p. 81 above, n. 284. For fragmentary cups of this shape found in the area of Necropolis III, see pp. 89–91 above, nos. 21A, 21B, 23A, and 23B. These often do not preserve the centers of their floors, although one (no. 21A) has an overprinted tondo. Since the area was used as a dump (after the middle

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

243

House of Ganymede (deposit IC, ca. 275 BCE) did not include any medallions, nor did the levels that predate the construction of the central steps in the Agora, which commenced around 260 BCE. 67 No medallion cups were found in the fills underlying the stone seats in the cavea of the Theater, which were installed late in the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE. The absence of the ware from these fills, which were not large, does not constitute compelling evidence but does add to the general picture that medallion wares did not appear on Sicily until the middle of the 3rd century and became (relatively) common only in the last third of that century. The rarity of medallion cups in the dated fills at Morgantina makes it difficult to distinguish cups produced before and after 211 BCE. The majority of fragments with relief medallions came either from fills containing material from the last three centuries BCE or from general fills of the Hellenistic through the early imperial period. These fills provide no chronological aid on the class. Regrettably, as discussed above, the meager evidence from the excavations at Morgantina is the best archaeological evidence for dating Sicilian medallion cups. It seems likely, as noted above, that the cups were popular at Morgantina for a fairly short period, probably lasting from ca. 230 to roughly 175 BCE. After the early 2nd century, their production appears to have declined. Medallion cups were certainly not made at Morgantina after the late 3rd century, since ceramic production appears to have completely lapsed at the site between 211 and the last third of the 2nd century BCE.68 Only a few medallion wares were found in use fills of the later 1st century BCE, and none of those fragments preserves its profile.69 The medallion cups from fills of the 1st century BCE also differ technically from the bulk of the other ceramics in those fills, suggesting that they are earlier vases that found their way into the fills. There is no sign that the Republican ceramic workshops of the late 2nd and 1st centuries BCE at Morgantina made medallion wares. The only fill from the first half of the 2nd century (deposit IIA) included no medallion wares, but did have a fragmentary moldmade hemispherical relief cup (no. 629). Deposit IIB, the fill of of the 3rd century?), their association with the tombs is insecure. One vase with a painted tondo, although not a hemispherical cup, was found in Necropolis III: p. 91 above. Elsewhere in eastern Sicily, none of the tombs excavated at Assoros, Naxos, or Lentini contained medallion cups. In western Sicily, two tombs at Lilybaeum contained medallion cups: p. 240 and n. 53 above. 67 PR XII, 331, 339. 68 See pp. 400–411 below. 69 From the fill of the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID, ca. 35–25 BCE): nos. 537, 545, 585A, 596, 598. The medallion types of nos. 537 and 585A are dated archaeologically to the 3rd century BCE. Nos. 596 and 598 are examples of a medallion type that was popular in the late 3rd century, but come from “tired” stamps and may well date to the first half of the 2nd century BCE. From the House of the Official (context IIE, ca. 35 BCE): nos. 527, 588, 606. This house is sited against the flank of the West Hill, and some of its fill may have slid down into it, as the vases found in the house walls north of the House of the Official (n. 63 above). No. 606, however, seems to be an eastern import of

the 1st century BCE: p. 269 below. Found in the East Granary (context IIC, abandoned in the second quarter of the 1st century BCE): nos. 528, 536, 549. The building is located on the flank of the East Hill, and some of the fill may have slid down from above, like the vases in the fills of the East Stoa and the Public Office (n. 63 above), but no. 528 was found in a floor packing: p. 242 above. All three of the medallion types in this fill can be archaeologically dated to the 3rd century BCE, and two are in fabric II, which was imported to Morgantina. From the Central Sanctuary: no. 554 (see also no. 556). From the Southwest Temenos in the Agora, constructed in the 2nd century BCE and abandoned or destroyed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE: no. 534A. The type of the medallion in this fill can be dated archaeologically to the 3rd century BCE. From a cistern on Farmhouse Hill (context IVA, final fill in the 7th century CE): no. 592A. This fill also contained much earlier material dating from the 6th century BCE into the 2nd century BCE. From the eastern end of the North Stoa (burned in the second half of the 1st century BCE: pp. 17–18, n. 66 above): no. 602.

244

CHAPTER V

the inner basin of the Fountain House in the Agora, which constitutes a fill dumped during the first quarter of the 1st century BCE (and thus consists largely of pottery of the second half of the 2nd century), contained two medallions, but also five fragments of moldmade hemispherical relief cups.70 The two medallions in deposit IIB are types represented in 3rd-century fills at Morgantina and thus seem to be fragments from the late 3rd or early 2nd century BCE that made their way into the fill. As noted above, only one vase with a relief medallion (no. 571) is in the Campana C technique, the most popular form of black-gloss pottery at Morgantina in the later 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. Tellingly, it is also not the standard shape used by that class, and its fabric shows that it was imported.71 The shape—a cup with a horizontal body that turns up to a tall vertical rim—is common in Campana C black-gloss (Morel espèce 2350; Lamboglia form 1), suggesting that this vase dates little earlier than the middle of the 2nd century BCE.72 It is the only known Campana C vase with a stamped medallion. The evidence from the later fills thus suggests that vases decorated with medallions were rare at Morgantina by the second half of the 2nd century BCE. The city of Morgantina reached its zenith in the years 250–211 BCE.73 It is hence plausible that its residents could and would have bought luxury pottery in the years between 240 and 211 BCE, and it is far less likely that much relatively expensive pottery was imported to the site after 211 BCE, especially since the city seems to have declined radically in population after the 3rd century. This historical reality, and the fact that medallion cups seem to have become less popular in the first half of the 2nd century BCE, make one suspect that most of Morgantina’s medallion wares should date before 211, with a few examples imported during the first half of the 2nd century. A chronology of ca. 250–ca. 150 BCE for the manufacture of this class on Sicily thus seems to be supported by the evidence at Morgantina. This coincides well with the technique seen in the cups, since both the potting and the gloss of the cups have close analogies with plain gloss wares from the late-3rd-century BCE fills at Morgantina. A few hemispherical cups were found in the House of the Doric Capital, which burned ca. 35 BCE (deposit IID), and these clearly seem to be late and somewhat degenerate survivors of the general shape, with thicker walls and duller gloss than the earlier versions.74 These late cups have ring feet but no relief tondi and are best seen as late descendants of the 3rd-century hemispherical cups without medallions. There is no evidence that Morgantina’s Campana C production, which seems to have begun during the last quarter of the 2nd century BCE, included medallion wares: the locally manufactured vases not only have very different coloration than the cups, but also much thicker walls. By the second half of the 2nd century BCE, it seems that medallion cups had been replaced in the public’s taste at Morgantina (as elsewhere in the Mediterranean) by the hemispherical-bodied moldmade relief cups commonly known as “Megarian” bowls.75 70

The two medallion cups: nos. 546, 579. The moldmade hemispherical cups: nos. 631, 632, 633, 651, 652. 71 See pp. 160 above, 261–262 below. 72 See Morel 1981, 163–166, genre 2300, esp. 166, espèce 2350, where the shape is dated to the late 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. It is, however, hardly well dated and may have commenced earlier than Morel thought. This cup has thinner walls than the examples of the shape dated to the 1st century

BCE at Morgantina, which argues for the early date. 73 See pp. 9–10 above. 74 See pp. 164–165 above, nos. 244, 244A, 245A, and 245B. No. 245, from another house that burned around 35 BCE (deposit IIG), shows that the owner of the House of the Doric Capital was not alone in collecting this long-lived shape in the 1st century BCE. 75 See p. 230 above. For moldmade hemispherical relief

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

245

The North Sanctuary and Medallion Wares Although the medallion wares found at Morgantina come largely from secondary fills (dumps), it does seem likely from one findspot that they were a favored votive to certain deities in the 3rd century BCE. Fifty catalogued examples of the class were found in the dump which accumulated over the North Sanctuary and its annex beginning with the destruction of the cultic centers in 211 BCE (context IIH).76 is dump contained much material from the earlier sanctuary intermixed with later ceramic refuse of the 2nd and the 1st centuries BCE. e vast majority of the medallion cups found in this fill appear to come from the area dubbed the “North Sanctuary Annex ” by Bell.77 is complex of rooms lay across the street from a large sanctuary dedicated to Demeter and Kore, and may have been either another sanctuary or additional cultic rooms that were assigned to deities associated with Demeter and Kore in the cult. As noted above, only two medallion cups were found sealed beneath the tile fall in the rooms that can be securely assigned to the cult of Demeter and Kore in the North Sanctuary, and a single cup was found in an undisturbed room in the North Sanctuary Annex.78 Given the large numbers of medallion wares found in the fill of context IIH, and their tendency to depict male deities, it may be tentatively suggested that they were a favored dedication to the gods worshipped in the North Sanctuary Annex during the 3rd century BCE. 79 Unfortunately, while analysis of the medallion types found in the fill may suggest that certain deities had cults in the North Sanctuary and North Sanctuary Annex, this suggestion remains hypothetical without evidence that a medallion type dates to the 3rd century BCE, since some of the medallions in the fill may date after 211 BCE.

Medallion Types e medallions of the cups found at Morgantina can be divided into thirty-one types. ese medallions appear in the three fabrics discussed above, and some types were produced in all three.80 e typology presented here corresponds in only a few instances with Pagenstecher’s of 1909, since he was most interested in vases found on the Italian mainland, and very few of his types appear at Morgantina.81 e east Sicilian series was thus clearly an internal development, a characteristic of the 3rd century BCE on the island. cups at Morgantina, pp. 274–282 below. A mold for a hemispherical relief cup (no. 662), a relief cup in Campana C (no. 663), and a fragmentary relief chalice or krateriskos perhaps in Campana C (no. 664) have been found at Morgantina: see pp. 281–282 below. There are no surviving positives from the mold, and neither the cup nor the chalice seems to have been made at Morgantina. 76 For the medallions found in context IIH, see n. 60 above. 77 MS I, 252–254. 78 From deposit IL: nos. 537A, 583. From deposit IM: no. 593.

79 Significant numbers of medallion types 2 (Sarapis and Isis), 3 (Dionysos), 5 (drunken Dionysos), 7 and 8 (Eros on a lion or a pantheress), 9 and 10 (Eros with a bow), 13 (Herakles), and 27–29 (florals) were found in the fill. See pp. 253, 254, 256, 257, 258 below for observations on the types of medallions found in the fill. 80 Examples of medallion types 3, 7, and 8 are preserved in all three fabrics. 81 See Pagenstecher 1909. His typology is difficult to follow due to the paucity of illustrations. See also Jentel 1976, 13–14, who presents (pp. 26–28) a typology for the medal-

246

CHAPTER V

Medallion types 1–18 depict gods and goddesses, sometimes engaged in activities; types 19– 21 depict scenes of (mythological?) combat; types 22–25 depict mask-like frontal faces; and type 26 shows a boukranion. Medallion types 27–31 are floral tondi (rosettes). Ten additional catalogued vases (nos. 601–610) were not made by the centers that used the three major fabrics, and hence they have not been included in the classification of medallion types. Medallion Types 1 and 2: Sarapis and Isis Medallion types 1 and 2 (nos. 519–530; Pls. 111, 112) demonstrate some of the problems in evaluating the medallions. These two types clearly originated at Syracuse. Both depict the bust of a bearded male with rays emanating from his head, and the bust of a female to his right and behind him. The two figures are clearly deities, given his rays, and their heads are also crowned with a horizontal object that has upward-curving ends and is surmounted by other objects.82 The rays could suggest that the male figure is Helios, which would make it likely that the female is Selene (the curved crown would then be a crescent moon). The problem with this identification is that Helios is beardless in the Hellenistic period, and a crescent moon crown makes little sense on Helios.83 It has also been suggested that the pair is Zeus and Aphrodite, although there is even less justification for that identification.84 It is more likely that the divine couple is Sarapis and Isis, whose cult probably arrived in eastern Sicily from Egypt during the reign of Hieron II.85 The radiate head suggests that Sarapis must have been syncretized with Helios in Sicily, making these medallions the earliest appearance of SarapisHelios, an image type that was popular during the Roman Empire but which also appears on coins issued by Katane in the early 2nd century BCE.86 Isis is probably syncretized here with Selene. Sarapis and Isis are associated with the underworld, which might condition the combination of solar and nocturnal symbolism. These Sarapis and Isis medallions were clearly quite popular: they have been lions that decorated the gutti and askoi produced on the Italian mainland during the 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE. Again, this typology has few correspondences with the medallions at Morgantina. 82 The curved object has been variously identified as cow’s horns (Hathor’s?), a lunate moon, or simply a “croissant.” The objects atop it are various forms of a disk, flowers, and plumes. 83 Pagenstecher 1909, 65, no. 84, and 173–174, describes a medallion in Syracuse as depicting “Helios, bärtig mit Strahlenkranz” and a woman behind, whom Pagenstecher believed was also crowned with rays (although she is not). On this type, which is an example of medallion type 1, see pp. 247–248 and n. 89 below. Pagenstecher identified a cup in the Louvre as the best-preserved example of this type, but also mentioned examples of the same medallion type in Munich and Syracuse, and published a photograph of the cast of a medallion in Leipzig (pl. 11). It is difficult to see the god on this medallion as Helios, who is invariably beardless in the Hellenistic age (and is often misidentified as Alexan-

der the Great): LIMC, s.v. “Helios,” 1005–1034, esp. 1033– 1034 (N. Yalouris and T. Visser-Choitz). Selene often has a lunate crescent on her head: LIMC VII, s.v. “Selene/Luna,” 706–713 (F. Gury). 84 Carpintieri 1930, 10, reports this identification, although she opts for Sarapis and Isis. 85 On the difficult question of the date of the introduction of the cults of Sarapis and Isis to Sicily, see Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 2–6, 19–26. The medallions can now be safely dated to the 3rd century, providing the chronological basis for the introduction of the cult to Syracuse under Hieron, and confirming Sfameni Gasparro; see p. 239 with n. 46 and 240 nn. 53 and 54 above. Carpintieri 1930, 31–32, dates the medallions to the end of the 2nd century BCE. 86 See LIMC VII, s.v. “Sarapis,” 687–689 (III. SarapisHélios), nos. 212–231, 692 (G. Clerc and J. Leclant). For the medallion cups, see pp. 246–253 below. The coins with Sarapis and Isis are carefully examined by G. Sfameni Gasparro, “Le attestazioni dei culti egiziani in Sicilia nei documenti monetali,” in M. Caccamo Caltabiano, ed., La Sicilia

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

247

found at a number of other locations in eastern Sicily in addition to Syracuse (and Morgantina), testifying to the widespread popularity of the Egyptian savior gods in eastern Sicily during the second half of the 3rd century BCE and into the early 2nd.87 Despite their iconographical similarity, the medallions depicting Sarapis and Isis are separated into two types here because they have different image formats. It appears that both types were developed at Syracuse around the middle of the 3rd century BCE. Medallion type 1 depicts the two deities to just above the waist, while medallion type 2 (in its early form) shows them only to the base of the chest. Medallion type 1 appears to have been produced only in Syracuse, while manufacture of type 2 spread into the hinterland of Hieron’s kingdom. Medallion type 2, at least, probably continued to be produced in some of its variants into the first half of the 2nd century BCE. Both medallion types went through a number of generations before their production ceased. Medallion Type 1: Sarapis and Isis to the Waist Medallion type 1 (nos. 519, 520; Pl. 111) shows Sarapis to the waist, with Isis to his right and behind him. Both wear the horizontal crescent on top of their heads, and it is surmounted by a disk (which has an open center on the Sarapis of no. 520).88 Sarapis also appears to have a flower rising above the disk and snakes waving above a himation draped over his left shoulder. His hair is arranged in ring curls below rays and includes an anastole over his forehead. Isis is not preserved on either of the medallions at Morgantina, but survives on a number of examples, notably medallions in Leipzig and Paris, where she is dressed in chiton and himation and tra l’Egitto e Roma: La monetazione siracusana dell’età di Ierone II (Messina, 1995) 79–156. For a critique of this paper, see H. Mattingly, “Methodology and History in Third Century Sicilian Numismatics,” SNR 79 (2000) 36-41, with conclusions that I do not accept. The coins with Sarapis and Isis issued by Menaenum, Katane, and Syracuse have all been dated to the last years of the Second Punic War by M. Caccamo Caltabiano, B. Carroccio, and E. Oteri, Siracusa ellenistica: Le monete ‘regali’ di Ierone II, della sua famiglia e dei siracusani (Messina, 1997) 118–120. The absence of these issues in the abandonment and cleanup fills of ca. 211–200 BCE suggests that their initiation was probably closer to the end of the Second Punic War (201 BCE). The most recent study of the coinage of Katane in the late 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE is M. Casabona, “Le monete di Catana ellenistica fra Roma e le influenze orientali,” RIN 99 (1999) 13–46. She dates all the coins with Egyptian deities to between 215 and 187 BCE, followed by M. Caccamo Caltabiano, “Nuove prospettive dell’indagine sulla monetazione siciliana di ‘età romana,’” in Nuove prospettive, 71–72. Again, the evidence from the 211–200 fills at Morgantina suggests that the beginning of minting seems more likely to be “ca. 200 BCE.” The number of Apollo/Isis issues in the 2nd-century (and later) fills at Morgantina indicates to me that Casabona’s chronology for those coins is probably too compressed. MS II, 82–83, nos. 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, dates the coins with Egyptian deities only “3rd and 2nd

centuries B.C.” For other treatments: Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 205–206, no. 129; BMC Sicily 54, nos. 87–90; LIMC VII, 688, no. 224 (which sensibly dates their issue ca. 200 BCE). 87 Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 177–179, nos. 37–42, published six medallions of this type in the Museo Archeologico of Syracuse (all apparently Syracusan, since their clay is described as “rossastra”). CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 31–32, nos. 6 and 7, pl. 9, presents two more, identified as “Hélios et Séléné”; Sfameni Gasparro (n. 86 above) 87, n. 31, recognized that these were Sarapis and Isis medallions. Pagenstecher 1909, 174 (pl. 11), lists two more medallions of this type, all apparently found in Syracuse (and thus probably identical with two of the group published by Sfameni Gasparro). The American excavations at Morgantina recovered sixteen examples of medallion types 1 and 2 (nos. 519– 530). Also from Morgantina: Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 201, no. 118=Carpintieri 1930, 10, no. 7a, pl. I:1. From Katane: Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 217, no. 172. From Centuripe: Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 222, nos. 188, 189; Carpintieri 1930, 10–11, nos. 7g–7n. From Licodia Euboea: Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 25, 200–201, no. 117=Carpintieri 1930, 11, no. 7i. All of Sfameni Gasparro’s and one of Jentel’s medallions are cited in LIMC VII, 688, nos. 220c–220j. 88 This may be a knotted loop at the center of the crescent. Later versions of Sarapis, however, clearly have a solid disk atop their horns/crescent (see no. 523).

248

CHAPTER V

what appears to be a veil. She is adorned with a necklace and earrings.89 Her hair is simply pulled back, without any curls below the ears, and she is crowned with a crescent topped by a disk (?). Since she appears to be veiled, she is presumably to be seen as Sarapis’s bride. The medallions of this type published by Pagenstecher were found in Syracuse, and one of the two examples found at Morgantina (no. 520; Pl. 111) is surely in fabric III. No. 520, however, is from a different stamp than the cups in Leipzig and Paris, both of which have an additional ray on the left side of Sarapis’s face.90 The other example of this medallion type at Morgantina (no. 519) is larger than no. 520, and thus probably earlier, and has a fine pale gray fabric. It will be remembered that Carpintieri identified a gray fabric in the medallions in the Syracuse Museum. This clay type appears rarely at Morgantina, and was perhaps manufactured at a center south of Syracuse.91 In any case, all known examples of this medallion type (nos. 519, 520, and the medallions identified by Pagenstecher) seem likely to come from the general region of Syracuse. Despite its incomplete preservation, no. 519’s Sarapis appears to have a coiffure similar to that of no. 520 and also apparently has the same “looped” disk atop its crowning crescent. If the stamp of no. 520 was derived from a medallion or stamp of the generation of no. 519, it must have been reworked, since the rays of Sarapis’s nimbus on no. 520 are much longer.92 The medallions in Leipzig and Paris may represent a third generation of stamps or may simply be variants of this medallion type. None of the Morgantina medallions of this type comes from a closely dated context, but their fine workmanship and similarity to the early examples of medallion type 2 suggest that they should be assigned to the 3rd century. Medallion Type 2: Sarapis and Isis to the Chest I Medallion type 2 (nos. 521–530; Pls. 111, 112) and its four variants 2A–2D depict Sarapis and Isis, with the goddess to the left of (i.e., on the right side of ) and slightly behind the god. The two are shown only to the base of their pectorals (or chests), but the images are otherwise generally similar to those of medallion type 1. There are fourteen examples of the various versions of medallion type 2, attesting to its popularity. Unlike medallion type 1, versions of this stamp were produced not only in the region of Syracuse (types 2, 2A, and 2B), but also in east central and northeast Sicily (types 2C and 2D). The earliest version, medallion type 2 (no. 521; Pl. 111), is in fabric III and exists in only one example at Morgantina. In this type, a radiate Sarapis again looks outward and wears a crescent on 89

Pagenstecher 1909, 65, no. 84, pl. 11:84, 173–174, mentions at least four examples of the medallion type (identified as “Helios und Selene”; see p. 174, where he explains that Welcker identified the subject as Sarapis and Isis); see also G. J. F. Kater-Sibbes, Preliminary Catalogue of Sarapis Monuments, ÉPRO 36 (Leiden, 1973) 205–206, addenda, no. 586a=LIMC VII, s.v. “Sarapis,” 688, no. 220K. One of the examples listed by Pagenstecher 1909, 65, is in Munich (Antiquarium, no. 880, also from Syracuse?), but he does not illustrate it. Since it preserves only Sarapis, it could be an example of either medallion type 1 or type 2, but Pagen-

stecher identified only one medallion type with this imagery. 90 Pagenstecher 1909, 65, no. 84, 174, pl. 11:84; CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 32, no. 7, pl. 9 (H 276). 91 For the examples with gray fabric, see p. 237, n. 38 above. CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 32, no. 7, describes a medallion in the Louvre (H276) as having mottled orange to gray clay. 92 Such a modification is not unreasonable, since the second generation image was smaller, and the artist who reworked the image may have extended the rays in order to make the new stamp fill a tondo of the same size.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

249

his head, but it is now surmounted by a solid disk; above (behind?) the crescent may be a double lotus (this is not preserved on no. 521 but appears on medallion types 2A and 2B). Sarapis’s hair is arranged in flowing locks rather than the ring curls of medallion type 1, although he still has the anastole. Unlike medallion type 1, where the rays surrounding Sarapis’s head extend from between the ring curls, in medallion type 2 a ray springs from the midpoint of each lock of hair. The Sarapis of no. 521 has six rays on the left side of his head, the same number as in the examples of medallion type 1, and this may be regarded as the number of rays on the prototype for both these medallion types (i.e., there were a total of twelve rays around Sarapis’s head). The number of rays increases in the later generations of medallion type 2. The Sarapis of no. 521 is larger than that of either medallion type 2A or 2B and is quite crisp in its relief, presumably showing a close affinity to a metal prototype. Unfortunately, Isis is not preserved on no. 521, and her appearance on the original form of this medallion type is not wholly certain. A medallion in Syracuse described by Sfameni Gasparro may represent this type, since it is considerably larger than the others she lists; on that example Isis is said have long curls to the right side of her neck and to be crowned with a half moon and disk.93 A medallion in the Louvre that also appears to be of this type preserves Isis and the right side of Sarapis’s torso.94 Its fabric is described as “rouge orange,” and it thus may be in fabric III. This medallion shows Isis turning her head toward Sarapis. Her hair is gathered at her ears, with two spiraling braids extending down to her right shoulder. The top of her head is unfortunately not preserved. Medallion Type 2A: Sarapis and Isis to the Chest II A variant of medallion type 2 is preserved in two examples at Morgantina (nos. 522, 522A; Pl. 111). In these, the tondo has been reduced in size (from ca. 5 cm to 4.2 cm), and the lower bodies of the deities are slightly truncated (extending only to the upper chest). The blurry character of these images suggests an advanced generation in the medallion series, although the size of the figures suggests that this stamp was not as late as medallion type 2B. Since both nos. 522 and 522A are in fabric III, one can confidently conclude that they are Syracusan. Certain reworkings of the crisp original image seen on no. 521 are visible in the restyling of Sarapis’s hair into an additional lock, necessitating the addition of a ray to each side of his head. He is crowned with a crescent and solid disk, with traces of two small lotuses above; these may be assumed to have existed in medallion type 2. Isis is preserved (at least in part) on both nos. 522 and 522A, and she is also crowned with the crescent and disk. There appear to be traces of a flower above the disk on her head, but she does not have the two tall plumes or the horns to either side of the crescent seen on the Isis of medallion type 2B (no. 523; Pl. 111). Like the Isis of medallion type 2 (described above), her coiffure is simply pulled back, but it does not have the spiral curls extending to the neck (which are seen again on the 93 Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 178, no. 40 (diameter of disk 7.9 cm; the others listed, nos. 37–41, vary from 4.8 to 5.4 cm). This type of coiffure first appeared on coins of Ptolemy II (285–247/46 BCE): A. Adriani, Testimonianze e momenti di scultura alessandrina (Rome, 1948) 9.

94 CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 31, no. 6 (H 283), pl. 9 (misidentified as Helios and Selene). See Sfameni Gasparro (n. 86 above) 87, n. 31, for the correct identification of the deities.

250

CHAPTER V

Isis of medallion type 2B, no. 523). Given the evidence of change in both deities’ coiffures, this stamp seems to have been heavily modified from medallion type 2. The examples of this medallion type were not found in closely datable contexts, but, given the evidence for modification of the image, it must date no earlier than the last quarter of the 3rd century BCE, with the early years of the 2nd century also a possibility. Medallion Type 2B: Sarapis and Isis to the Chest III The best-preserved Syracusan medallion at Morgantina is also the latest (no. 523; Pl. 111). It appears to be based on medallion type 2, rather than 2A, since the two gods are depicted to the lower chest. Their small size within the tondo, however, indicates that this medallion is late in the series and that the image is much reworked. The depiction of Sarapis is similar to that of medallion types 2 and 2A, although his hair has been reworked from flowing locks into rounded masses. This reworking has necessitated increasing the number of rays around his head: its left side now has nine rays, rather than the six of no. 521. From the sizes of their figures, no. 521 seems to be at least two generations earlier than no. 523. In this medallion type, Isis clearly looks toward Sarapis, unlike types 1 or 2/2A, where she turns her head slightly toward the god but also looks outward. She has a coiffure that features two long braids falling from beneath her ears to her shoulders on both sides of her head. Isis is crowned by the crescent surmounted by a disk with two tall plumes behind it; there are also conical horns to the sides of the crescent. As on medallion types 1 and 2A, she wears chiton and himation, necklace and earrings. A medallion of the same generation as no. 523 was found at Centuripe, although it appears to be from another stamp.95 Sfameni Gasparro describes five more stamps that appear to be of this type, and, from the size of the medallions, from this generation.96 Given that medallion type 2 was probably developed in Syracuse around 250–240 BCE, and that medallion type 2B seems to be at least two generations later, it is reasonable to conclude that medallion type 2B was developed no earlier than 230–220 BCE, and it could well be later. A final example of type 2B was found in the fill at the south entrance to the amphitheater at Syracuse, which Orsi dated to the late 3rd or early 2nd century BCE.97 The medallion appears to be one generation after no. 523. If this is so, this late Syracusan Sarapis-Isis medallion would then be a contemporary of the early-2nd-century coins of Katane depicting those deities.98 It would also date the fill excavated by Orsi at Syracuse to the early 2nd century (after the sack of the city in 212). Medallion Type 2C: Sarapis and Isis to the Chest IV The exact relationship of medallion types 2B and 2C is unclear, but they were probably rough contemporaries that seem to have medallion type 2 as a common prototype (medallion types 2A 95

For Centuripe: Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 222, no. 189, fig. 43 and frontispiece. 96 Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 22–23, 178–179, nos. 39, 41, 42 (all found in Syracuse), 23 n. 1, 193, no. 87 (Akrai), 200–201, no. 117 (Licodia Euboea).

97

Found at the south entrance of the amphitheater: Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 177–178, no. 37, pl. XI, fig. 14. For the context: Orsi (n. 54 above). 98 For the coins, see n. 86 above.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

251

and 2B could also be contemporaries). Medallion type 2C (nos. 524–529; Pls. 111, 112) appears to be another reworking of type 2, in which the deities are preserved to the midpoint of their chests; the image of Isis in medallion type 2B is quite similar to that of type 2C. It is the most common version of medallion type 2 at Morgantina (nine examples) and was manufactured at a variety of centers in eastern and northeastern (?) Sicily, since it appears in both fabrics I and II. Morgantina was one of the centers that produced this medallion type, since a waster was found there (no. 529A). None of the examples of this type are surely in fabric III (but see no. 524), so it is not clear if it was made at Syracuse. In type 2C, Sarapis cants his head toward Isis, and his flowing locks are now crowned with the crescent and a tall, plumelike flower (a lotus?) but no disk. The sides of the crescent may now be read as the leaves of the flower rather than as a half moon. Isis turns her head sharply to look at Sarapis, and she has three spiral locks that fall onto her shoulders on each side of her head. She is crowned with the crescent, disk, and twin plumes that extend to the sides of the crescent. The earliest form of this variant appears to be no. 524 (Pl. 111), which is possibly in fabric III, but could be an import from the east coast in a reddish version of fabric I. Its fragmentary tondo preserves Sarapis’s chest and enough of Isis to confirm that she had three braids on the left side of her head. The modeling of Sarapis’s torso is quite crisp, suggesting it is early in the series; it actually looks quite similar to the examples of medallion type 2. No. 525 (Pl. 111) preserves only the top of Sarapis’s head, which, however, is enough to show that he is crowned with a crescent and flower but not a disk. He seems to be about the same size as the god on no. 524, which suggests that they are probably of the same stamp generation. The fabric of no. 525 is grayish brown, a fairly common variant of fabric I in the 3rd century BCE.99 Nos. 526 and 527 (Pl. 112) are less crisp than no. 524 in their modeling and do not fill the medallion. Differences in scale and the drapery over Sarapis’s left shoulder indicate that no. 527 is from a stamp a generation after no. 526. Both of these vases are in fabric II, which indicates that this medallion type was produced on the northeastern coast (?) of Sicily. A third generation of the type in fabric II is represented by no. 528 (Pls. 110, 112, two examples), in which the images of the deities have been reduced to busts. Sarapis’s headdress (with a tall flower but no disk) indicates that no. 528 is part of the type 2C series. By the time no. 528 was made, the stamp had been reworked to move the two deities’ faces together, eliminating Isis’s braids on her left side (although the hazy character of these late versions may obscure any residual traces of the braids). No. 529 is preserved in three examples in fabric I (Pls. 112, 140). Given the lack of detail, these all appear to be the third generation of medallion type 2C and, again, to have been reworked so that Isis has lost her left braids (see esp. no. 529B). Of the three examples, nos. 529A and 529B are likely to derive from the same stamp, while no. 529 is from a different stamp of the same generation. The blurry images present a composition nearing dissolution. One of these medallions, no. 529A (Pls. 112, 140), is a waster which was found in the cistern fill (deposit IH) that included two stamps for tondi (nos. 578, 578A), demonstrating that Morgantina manufactured this medallion type. This fill dates the third generation of type 2C in fabric I to 99

See p. 72 above.

252

CHAPTER V

before 211 BCE (but probably not long before). Since medallion type 2C is clearly a reworking of type 2, it confirms that type 2 was also produced before 211 BCE. For the third generation to have been produced by 211, medallion type 2C (i.e., nos. 524 and 525) must have been developed no later than the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE. Medallion type 2C may have continued to be produced into the early 2nd century BCE at centers other than Morgantina (both those that used fabric I and those using fabric II). It is particularly tempting to see the latest examples of this medallion type in fabric II (no. 528) as post-211 BCE. On the other hand, since the blurry character of nos. 528 and 529 show that type 2C was near dissolution, it is doubtful that it lasted long into the 2nd century. Medallion Type 2D: Sarapis and Isis to the Chest V Medallion type 2D (no. 530; Pls. 59, 110, 112) is a reworking of type 2A or 2C that shows Sarapis turning his head to look toward Isis, who continues to look toward him. The two gods are depicted only to the upper chest, and their faces are cheek to cheek, as in the later examples of type 2C. Sarapis again is radiate and crowned by a crescent and plume, but no disk, while Isis has plumes at the sides of her half-moon and disk headdress. Plumes also appear in Isis’s headdress in medallion type 2B (no. 523), but no. 530 is larger than that stamp, which thus cannot be its model. A single example of medallion type 2D has been found in the Morgantina excavations; it was made in east central Sicily, as indicated both by its fabric (fabric I) and by the bulges beneath its gloss, which were formed by calcium inclusions that expanded (or, in some cases, exploded) during firing, a phenomenon seen in some other black-gloss vases of the 3rd century BCE found at Morgantina (including no. 522, from Syracuse).100 The inclusions in the fabric of no. 530 indicate that it was not made at Morgantina. A medallion found at Morgantina and published by Carpintieri appears to be of this type, although her illustration is too small to allow accurate identification.101 She describes its clay as “argilla marrone molto chiaro,” a reasonable description of the clay of fabric I, and its gloss as “vernice nera lucida,” which could describe the gloss of no. 530. Medallion type 2D may be a contemporary of types 2B and 2C and could have been created after ca. 225 BCE, or in the last years of the late 3rd century, or the early years of the 2nd century BCE. Conclusions on Medallion Types 1 and 2 Types 1 and 2 pose more problems than the other medallions found at Morgantina, in part due to their associations with the introduction of Egyptian cults into Sicily, but also because of their complex history. Chronologically, the vases with these medallions must appear in Syracuse around the middle of the 3rd century BCE, thus providing (one assumes) the date for the introduction of the Egyptian gods to Sicily. The popularity of these medallions indicates that the new deities were enthusiastically received in the second half of the 3rd century and into the 2nd century. The waster of medallion type 2C (no. 529A) found at Morgantina in a fill dated to the cleanup after 211 BCE 100 See p. 72 above. This is not common at Morgantina, which implies that the vases with this feature were not local products.

101 Carpintieri 1930, 10, no. 7a, pl. I:1 (center)=Sfameni Gasparro 1973, 201, no. 118.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

253

provides the chronology for the entire series. Since it appears to be a third-generation image worked off a derivative of a Syracusan stamp (type 2?), it is ultimately part of the fourth generation of stamps in the evolution of the motif in ceramics. If Sarapis and Isis were introduced to Sicily around 250 BCE, and assuming that a medallion generation might last ten years (using a patrix to produce multiple stamps for each generation), the evolution of medallion type 2C would have occurred around 240–230 BCE. This would place the creation of the third generation of this type around 220–210 BCE, which fits the date suggested by the findspot of no. 529A. This chronology would indicate that nos. 519 and 521, the earliest examples of medallion types 1 and 2, date to around 250 BCE, while nos. 520, 522, 524–527, and 529 would date to the second half of that century. Nos. 523, 528, and 530, which are typologically the latest examples of medallion type 2, may have been in production as late as the first half of the 2nd century, but, since these cups were imported to Morgantina, there is no way to establish that they are later than (rather than contemporaries of ) no. 529. Accordingly, the late stamps could also date to the last quarter of the 3rd century BCE. The appearance of Isis and Sarapis on coins of three eastern Sicilian cities at the end of the 3rd century BCE suggests that those two Egyptian deities had become popular during the Second Punic War and its aftermath.102 The salvation they offered was presumably alluring in those troubled years, but probably diminished with peace and growing prosperity during the first half of the 2nd century. Both the coin types and the medallion cups appear to have ceased being produced by 150 BCE. Five of the sixteen examples of types 1 and 2 were found in the dump over the North Sanctuary and its annex (context IIH), which may suggest that the Egyptian deities were honored somewhere in the sanctuary complex. Medallion Type 3: Bust of Dionysos Medallion type 3 (nos. 531–539; Pls. 112, 113) depicts a frontal bust of Dionysos wearing a nebris and a leafy crown with grape clusters.103 A similar medallion in silver was found in the Tarentum treasure of the late 3rd century BCE.104 Medallion type 3 includes examples in both fabric II and III. The earliest stamps of this type stylistically are those of nos. 531 (fabric III, Pl. 112) and 532 (fabric II, Pl. 112). Two similar medallions have been found at Gela; one of them appears to come from the same stamp as no. 531.105 The Gela examples come from fills which date after the 102

See n. 86 above for the coins. For examples from Syracuse: Carpintieri 1930, 7, no. 1, pl. I:1 top right (her no. 2 may also be a medallion of this type, although she identifies it as a maenad); Fallico 1971, 617, B11. Pagenstecher 1909, 173–174, mentions four medallions in Syracuse depicting a “Bacchantin.” Pagenstecher 1909, 67, no. 95, also mentions two additional medallions with this motif, both probably from Campania. For examples from Greece: Courby 1922, 229, no. 9. For the motif, see also E. Brandt and E. Schmidt, AGD I.2: Staatliche Munzsammlung München (Munich, 1970) 47, no. 122; M. Schlüter, G. Platz-Horster, and P. Zazoff, AGD IV, 103

Hannover, Kestner-Museum, Hamburg Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe (Wiesbaden, 1975) vol. 1, 134, nos. 610–611, vol. 2, pl. 80. 104 Wuilleumier 1930, 61–62, pl. X:1. See Pfrommer 1987, 160–167, who stresses the Alexandrian nature of the metalwork. He notes that the treasure may have been assembled over two generations and dates its burial to the second half of the 3rd century. The hoard was considered unified and dated to the late 3rd century by L. Byvanck-Quarles van Ufford, “Le trésor de Tarente,” BABesch 33 (1958) 43–52. 105 Gela II, 109–110, no. 2, figs. 29:1, 29:2; Orlandini 1957, 170–171, pl. 78:1, 2.

254

CHAPTER V

destruction of that city ca. 280 BCE, and most of the medallions found at Morgantina are from contexts with mixed fills of the 3rd through the 1st centuries BCE.106 No. 537A (Pl. 113), however, was found in a deposit sealed in 211 BCE (deposit IL, in room 11; see Fig. 2, p. 42). It is a secondgeneration medallion made in eastern Sicily (since it is in fabric I), demonstrating that medallions of this type date to the 3rd century.107 On the other hand, no. 535 (two examples known; Pl. 113) has a plastic molding around the edge of the medallion. This is paralleled at Morgantina only by no. 568 (Pl. 118), which may date to the 2nd century BCE.108 No. 535 also has a different nebris than the other examples of this medallion type. It is in fabric I and of a late generation, possibly suggesting that medallion wares were made in fabric I into the 2nd century BCE.109 Alternatively, however, it is possible that no. 535 belongs in the 3rd century, and that the raised border imitates a metal prototype. Of the medallions of type 3 made at Morgantina or nearby, nos. 535 and 537 (Pl. 113) reflect two successive generations of images derived from the Syracusan stamp seen in nos. 534 and 534A (Pl. 112). The relationship of no. 534 to the stylistically finer Syracusan medallion no. 531 is unclear. There may in fact be another local version of the medallion type represented in nos. 534, 535, and 537, since no. 539 (Pl. 113) also appears to be based on no. 534 but shows an interesting alteration in Dionysos’s clothing. Apparently, while taking the impression of the archetype, the potter smeared the nebris and then altered the garment into a crude himation. It is notable that no. 537A was found in the cult rooms of Demeter in the North Sanctuary (deposit IL), while seven additional examples of medallion types 3 and 4 were found in the dump over the sanctuary.110 From this evidence, we can assume that Dionysos was honored in the North Sanctuary, together with the grain goddess Demeter. Medallion Type 4: Winged Dionysos Medallion type 4 (nos. 540, 541; Pl. 113), which depicts a winged deity, is a curious derivative of medallion type 3.111 He seems to be an amalgam of Dionysos and Eros, and was modeled after a medallion type 3 model, such as no. 534. A similar medallion in the Syracuse museum was identified 106

One of the medallions found at Gela came from a pit that contained a coin of the 1st century BCE and a moldmade hemispherical relief cup of “Delian” type: Gela II, 108, no. 8 (coin), 110, no. 6, fig. 30:2 (cup). Moldmade hemispherical cups in Sicily date to the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE: pp. 274–278 below. The other medallion was a sporadic find. A late example of this type has been found at Syracuse and is on display in the Museo Nazionale (inv. 36709). 107 Nos. 531 and 531A were found in a cistern (context IE.2) in which the bulk of the fill appears to be debris from the sack of Morgantina in 211 BCE. Unfortunately, the cistern apparently received a secondary fill toward the end of the 2nd century BCE, and, although it is probable that the medallions were part of the initial fill, this cannot be stated with complete confidence. In 2003, a medallion identical to

those listed under no. 534 was found in stratum 1 over the North Baths complex (inv. 03-08). While a location in the first stratum of fill is rarely significant, the area of the baths shows little sign of occupation after the early 2nd century BCE. 108 See pp. 260–261 below. 109 For the lack of evidence for ceramic production at Morgantina in the early 2nd century BCE, see appendix 1, pp. 410–411 below. 110 From context IIH: nos. 532, 535, 535A, 538, 541, 541A. 111 For a “winged satyr” on a medallion cup, see R. Pagenstecher, “Calena,” JdI 27 (1912) 154, no. 98A. The vase is now at Yale: P. V. C. Baur, Catalogue of the Rebecca Darlington Stoddard Collection of Greek and Italian Vases in Yale University (New Haven, 1922) 192, no. 326, fig. 85.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

255

by Carpintieri as “Bacchic Eros.”112 That identification may be correct, although the image is closer to the Morgantina medallions depicting Dionysos than to any of those with Eros. The provenience of the medallion in Syracuse is unknown, and all three of the surviving Morgantina examples of medallion type 4 are in the local fabric I. Medallion Type 5: Drunken Dionysos and Silenos A less common stamp found in the dump over the North Sanctuary also has a Dionysiac image. Medallion type 5 (nos. 542, 543; Pl. 114) depicts a drunken Dionysos being supported by a Silenos. The two surviving examples of this type appear to represent two successive generations of stamps (both are in fabric I); given the crisp relief of the depiction in no. 542, the prototype may well have been toreutic. A medallion of this type was found in the amphitheater at Syracuse and is on display in the Museo Archeologico there.113 It is smaller than the medallions at Morgantina (diameter 4.0 cm; the Morgantina medallions are ca. 4.5 cm) and appears to be from a stamp of a late generation, suggesting that it dates to the first half of the 2nd century. This provenance suggests that it was made in Syracuse, indicating that this medallion type occurred in fabric III. Both medallions at Morgantina seem to be earlier than the example in Syracuse, so if the Syracusan medallion dates to the early 2nd century, the prototype of this stamp must have been created no later than the last quarter of the 3rd century BCE. Medallion Type 6: Triumphant Dionysos Medallion type 6 (no. 544; Pl. 114) depicts a standing male deity with a lance (or perhaps a thyrsus) and a crown; it survives at Morgantina in two fragmentary examples, both in fabric I. A more complete example of this medallion, found at Lentini and on display in the Museo Nazionale Archeologico in Syracuse, demonstrates that it depicts Dionysos wearing his familiar crown of grape leaves. His stance is similar to the type of Alexander with a lance created by Lysippos around 330–320 BCE and may refer to the Indian triumph of Dionysos, a Hellenistic addition to the deeds of the god.114 There is no archaeological evidence for the date of medallion type 5, but its character is similar to type 4, and it is likely to have the same general date (ca. 225–175 BCE). The medallion found at Lentini probably indicates that the Morgantina examples were imported from east central Sicily. Medallion Types 7 and 8: Eros Riding a Lion or Pantheress The syncretism of Dionysos and Eros noted in medallion type 4 can also be seen in medallion types 7 and 8 (nos. 545–555; Pls. 114–116), an extremely popular series which depicts Eros riding 112

Carpintieri 1930, 9, no. 6. On the close association of Dionysos and Eros in the Hellenistic period: pp. 255–256 below. 113 Inv. 35213. It was published by Carpintieri 1930, 12– 13, no. 11, pl. 2:1. A complete version of the tondo with a type 5 medallion was published by Pace (n. 10 above) 485,

fig. 355, unfortunately without provenance. It may be from Orsi’s excavations of 1914: p. 240 and n. 54 above. 114 For Alexander with the lance: A. Stewart, Faces of Power: Alexander’s Image and Hellenistic Politics (Berkeley, 1993) 161–171. On the Indian triumph of Dionysos: LIMC II, 418 (connected with the campaigns of Alexander and

256

CHAPTER V

either a lion (type 7) or a pantheress (type 8).115 The motif probably represents the allegorical conquest of savagery by love (or perhaps illustrates the savagery of love). Dionysos on a pantheress was a popular motif from the 4th century BCE on, and the medallion stamp closely follows the schema of the Dionysiac scene in other media.116 Gems of Republican date depict the drunken Dionysos supported by Eros, and the two gods were closely associated in Hellenistic and Latin literature.117 There is no archeological evidence for the dating of either of these medallion types; given their similarity to medallions dated to the late 3rd century and the evidence that both have multiple generations, one assumes that they were developed in the second half of the 3rd century BCE and were produced into the first half of the 2nd century BCE. Medallion Type 7: Eros Riding a Lion The earliest stamps of these two related types seem to be those of no. 545–550 (Pls. 110, 114, 115), with Eros riding a lion. Three generations of this medallion type were found in fabric I (nos. 545, 547, 549). Two examples (nos. 546, 548) show that this type was also made in fabric II, while no. 550 is in fabric III. Medallion Type 8: Eros Riding a Pantheress The type of Eros on a pantheress seen in type 8 (nos. 551–555; Pls. 114, 115) may be based on the composition of medallion type 7, although it clearly had a long history of its own.118 It was made in all three fabrics, and the examples in fabric II show at least two generations of stamps (nos. 551 and 554). Seven examples of medallion type 8 were found in the dump over the North Sanctuary, but only two examples of medallion type 7. Several terracotta figurines depicting Eros were found in the sanctuary’s fill, and it seems possible that he had a cult there.119

Ptolemy Philadelphos); see also Caccamo Caltabiano, Carroccio, and Oteri (n. 86 above) 118, n. 22. 115 See Pagenstecher 1909, 58, no. 67, pl. 9 (Eros on a lion, not Sicilian); Pagenstecher (n. 112 above) 158, nos. 165 and 170; CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 35, IVE, pl. 2:1–3; LIMC III, s.v. “Eros,” 874–875, nos. 257–269 (H. Hermann). Jentel 1976, 51–53, catalogues seven Etruscan medallions of the 3rd century BCE (?) with Eros on a lion. See also M.-L. Vollenweider, Die Steinschneidekunst und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und Augusteischer Zeit (Baden-Baden, 1966) 23–24 with n. 5. Pagenstecher 1909, 174, mentions three medallions of Eros on a panther in Syracuse; two of these are presumably identical to Carpintieri 1930, 15–17, nos. 16, 17, pl. 1:2 (Eros on a “griffin”). Her no. 16 is a type 8 medallion, and includes an example (h) from Morgantina with orange clay (i.e., fabric II?). Her no. 17 is medallion type 7. An example of either type 7 or 8 was found in the nymphaeum of Aphrodite in Syracuse (once on display in the Museo Nazionale). For another example of the stamp: Adamesteanu 1958, 254–256, fig. 29.

116

See LIMC III, s.v. “Dionysos,” 415, 461, nos. 430– 434 (C. Gasparri); E. Zweierlein-Diehl, AGD II: Staatliche Museen, Preussischer Kulturbesitz Antikenabteilung Berlin (Munich, 1969) 148, no. 378, pl. 68. For medallions of the 4th and the 3rd centuries BCE from the Italian mainland with this motif: Jentel 1976, 110–119. 117 See LIMC III, s.v. “Dionysos/Bacchus,” 549 (C. Gasparri); E. Brandt, A. Krug, W. Gercke, and E. Schmidt, AGD I.3: Staatliche Münzsammlung, München (Munich, 1972) 219–220, nos. 3568–3572, pl. 335. On the association of Eros and Dionysos: W. F. Otto, Dionysos: Myth and Cult (Bloomington, IN, 1965) 176. 118 For a medallion of this type, said to come from Syracuse: CVA, The Hague, Musée Scheurleer 2 [Netherlands (Pays Bas) 2], IV, E c 6, no. 5, pl. 4. It is described as Dionysos on a griffin but appears to be similar to no. 551 (which, however, is in fabric II). Pagenstecher 1909, 174, notes six examples of this medallion type from Syracuse, which he notes come from three different stamps. 119 On the North Sanctuary and the North Sanctuary

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

257

Medallion Types 9 and 10: Eros with a Bow These two medallion types depict Eros extracting an arrow from his quiver in order to shoot a victim (nos. 556–561; Pls. 116, 117). Two variants of this medallion type survive, rather like the variant images of Sarapis and Isis seen in medallion types 1 and 2. Medallion type 9 (nos. 556–558; Pls. 116, 117) depicts Eros to mid-thigh; type 10 (nos. 559–561; Pl. 117) depicts the god only to his waist.120 Medallions of these two types were very popular at Morgantina, with eighteen examples preserved (nine each of type 9 and type 10). Medallion Type 9: Eros with a Bow to Mid-Thigh Type 9 (nos. 556–558; Pls. 116, 117) survives through two generations in fabric III (nos. 556 and 558). There is a single example of this medallion type in fabric II (no. 557); from the size of its medallion, it seems likely to have been based on a stamp like that of no. 556. This medallion type was apparently not made at Morgantina or in east central Sicily, since no examples in fabric I have been found. No. 558 was found in a context that can be assigned with some probability to the end of the 3rd century BCE (context IE.2), and a medallion of this type has been found at Grammichele (ancient Echetla?), where Hellenistic habitation ceased at the end of the 3rd century.121 Medallion Type 10: Eros with a Bow to the Waist The type 10 medallion (nos. 559–561; Pl. 117), which depicts the god only to his waist, does not seem to have been derived directly from medallions of type 9, since Eros is larger than on type 9. The god’s spiraling wings are paralleled by the winged Dionysos/Eros of medallion type 4 (nos. 540, 541).122 This medallion type was made in fabrics I and II, with a single stamp that could be in fabric III (no. 559B). The chronology of medallion type 10 is problematic, since all of the surviving examples were found in fills dated only between the late 3rd century and the late 1st century BCE or the 1st century CE. The metallic gloss of certain examples of medallion type 10, as well as the frequency of its manufacture in fabric I, would suggest that this type began to be produced in the later 3rd century BCE. Eight examples of this medallion type and four of type 9 were found in the dump over the North Sanctuary, again suggesting that Eros had a cult there.123 Medallion Types 11 and 12: Aphrodite at Her Toilet and Bust of Athena Types 11 (no. 562; Pl. 118) and 12 (no. 563; Pl. 118) both survive in single examples. Neither can be dated by its find context. Both seem to be in fabric II, and both have parallels in the medallion Annex, see MS I, 249–253; on Eros statuettes, MS I, 93– 94. Six figurines of Eros were found in the North Sanctuary and its environs, ten in the annex and its environs. These statuettes, however, include at least one identified by Bell as post-3rd century (MS I, 173, no. 345; see also nos. 323, 337, 347). 120 For Eros as archer: LIMC III, 878–881, nos. 332–361. 121 On context IE.2: p. 242 above. For the example from

Grammichele: Carpintieri 1930, 14–15, pl. 12. She also lists examples from Morgantina and Syracuse. For the chronology of Grammichele: p. 240 and n. 55 above. An example was found at Syracuse in the Nymphaeum of Aphrodite. See also Pagenstecher 1909, 174, who mentions a medallion of either type 9 or 10. 122 See pp. 254–255 above. 123 See p. 245 above.

258

CHAPTER V

wares of the Italian mainland.124 The motif of type 11 (no. 562), Aphrodite at her toilet attended by Erotes, is common in the later Hellenistic period; a similar composition in silver was found in the Tarentum treasure of the later 3rd century BCE.125 Medallion type 12 (no. 563) may be the only medallion in fabric II that was separately manufactured and attached to its vase. Its fabric is a little paler than is the norm, but the flaking, mostly fugitive, orange gloss is characteristic of the wares in fabric II. Because of these traits, the identification of fabric II may be incorrect, and the technique of the vase indicates that was imported. The type 12 medallion depicts a head of Athena that clearly reflects the Athena Parthenos, and the best parallels are in precious metals. Similar but somewhat larger disk appliqués in silver with similar depictions of Athena have been found in Asia Minor and Thrace and have been dated to the 2nd century BCE.126 While the correspondences with these silver appliqués are hardly compelling, it is tempting to see no. 563 as also dating to the 2nd century BCE. A medallion in silver found at Centuripe depicts an Artemis quite similar to the Athena of medallion type 12, but again it is much larger.127 Medallion Type 13: Herakles Medallion type 13 (no. 564; Pl. 118) depicts the bust of a bearded Herakles moving left while looking back over his shoulder to the right. Three examples are preserved, all from the same stamp and all found in the dump over the North Sanctuary (context IIH). Herakles was linked with Demeter and Persephone in Sicilian cult, so the presence of these medallions in the sanctuary is not surprising.128 The medallions appear to be in fabric I, although no. 564B has a soft grayish-brown fabric. This is probably the result of some variation in firing, since all three medallions appear to be from the same stamp. The fabric and the character of the gloss suggest that they date to the later 3rd century BCE. Earlier Apulian gutti depict the head of a bearded Herakles but without the pseudonarrative aspect of the stamp at Morgantina.129 It is probably reasonable to place the development 124

For the Aphrodite (medallion type 11): Pagenstecher 1909, 56–57, no. 61; CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 24–25, IVE, pl. 6:1. For the Athena (medallion type 12): Pagenstecher 1909, 23–24, no. 5; see also 91–92, nos. 165– 167. Pagenstecher 1909, 174, mentions a medallion in Leipzig with a head of Athena that may come from Sicily, and he knew of two similar reliefs in Syracuse. For medallions of the later 4th and early 3rd centuries BCE with Athena: Jentel 1976, 193–195, 207–210, 383; Gilotta 1985, 49–57. These, however, do not closely resemble medallion type 12. 125 For the example in the Tarentum treasure: Wuilleumier 1930, 62–66, pl. X:2. For statuettes and medallions with similar themes: J. Marcadé, Au Musée de Délos (Paris, 1969) 225–246. They generally date to the 2nd or 1st century BCE. For a gem: Vollenweider (n. 115 above) 24, pl. 13:1. For a terracotta figurine of Aphrodite with a similar stance, see MS I, 158, no. 226; it is dated to the 3rd century BCE. In most of the other medallions depicting Eros at

Morgantina he appears as an adolescent (see, however, nos. 603 and 604, where he appears as a pre-teen), but in terracotta figurines of the 3rd century BCE he is often an infant: MS I, 168–173, nos. 300–347. 126 For an Athena medallion on a lid (?) said to be from Asia Minor: Oliver 1977, 89, no. 52. For gold disk appliqués of Athena from a horse’s harness found in Thrace: Marazov (n. 12 above), 133, no. 56. 127 For the Artemis medallion: NSc 72 (1947) 272–273, fig. 7. It adorns a small lid similar to the silver lid with a medallion of a goddess holding a cornucopia from the Morgantina silver treasure: Guzzo 2003, 60, no. 10. 128 See Rauh 1993, 178, who points out that Herakles sacrifices to and receives the protection of Demeter and Persephone in Diod. Sic. 4.13.4, 14.3, 22.1, 23.4, 25.1, 26.1. At Syracuse (Diod. Sic. 4.23.4) Herakles established a festival to Kore. 129 Medallions with a head of Herakles were common in southern Italy during the second half of the 4th and the 3rd

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

259

of medallion type 13 in the second half of the 3rd century BCE, while admitting that it could have been produced in the early 2nd century. Medallion Types 14 and 15: Nike in a Biga In medallion types 14 and 15 (nos. 565–568; Pl. 118), Nike drives a biga to the left. As an example of the difficulties posed by the archaeological contexts of the medallion cups, the latest example of type 15 (no. 568) was found in the same stratum of fill as an example of type 14 (no. 566), yet it is suggested below that medallion type 14 belongs to the 3rd century BCE, while type 15 may be a product of the 2nd century BCE. Since both nos. 566 and 568 are in fabric II, this could indicate that the production of cups with type 14 medallions extended from the 3rd into the 2nd century BCE (at least in fabric II). If so, medallion types 14 and 15 could be contemporaries in the same fabric, but made at different manufacturing centers.130 Medallion Type 14: Nike in a Biga Medallion type 14 (nos. 565, 566; Pl. 118), depicting Nike with both wings behind her while her team of horses raises its front legs, seems likely to be the earlier of the two stamps. Examples survive in both fabric I and II. One example of this stamp, no. 565A, was found in the first stratum of fill over a house destroyed at the end the 3rd century BCE and never rebuilt (deposit IG). Although they are hardly compelling parallels, the motif is also extremely common on south Italian relief wares of the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE and is found on coins produced on Sicily in the 3rd century BCE, especially issues of Syracuse during the Second Punic War.131 It is therefore reasonable to assume that this medallion type dates to the later years of the 3rd century. centuries BCE, but generally show him beardless. For bearded heads of Herakles on Apulian medallions: Jentel 1976, 199, 205–206, 361–364; Gilotta 1985, 67–68, nos. T61–T64, 70; LIMC IV, s.v. “Herakles,” 742, nos. 211–215. These do not show Herakles’s torso and are typologically unrelated to medallion type 10. For other medallion bowls depicting Herakles: Pagenstecher 1909, 15–16, 29–30, nos. 11–13; Pagenstecher (n. 112 above) 151, no. 11; Courby 1922, 229, no. 8, 238, nos. 19, 20; CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], pl. 28. LIMC IV, s.v. “Herakles,” 741, no. 191, a silver stater from Metapontum (ca. 300 BCE), is actually the closest parallel to the Morgantina medallions; but see also 741, no. 172 (a gem impression dated to the 1st century BCE), and 742, nos. 202, 203 (bronze coins of Perinthos, 50–150 CE). The closest ceramic parallel to the examples from Morgantina is Pagenstecher 1909, 177, no. 7 (purchased in Rome, but identified by him as coming from Asia Minor), where the pose seems to be identical, but the Herakles is beardless. Pagenstecher dates this medallion to the Augustan period. 130 Technical analysis of fabric II vases suggests that they were manufactured at a number of sites: see pp. 77–78 above, 437–444 below.

131 The

motif appears in an Apulian medallion of the late 4th (?) century BCE: Jentel 1976, 328–329; she notes (p. 328, n. 1) that it also occurs on a late-4th-century BCE mirror. The direction of the biga on the Apulian medallion is reversed from that on medallion type 14 and is typologically unrelated. For another similar medallion found on the mainland of Italy: CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 29, pl. 8:1. Carpintieri 1930, 13–14, no. 14, mentions several examples of medallion type 14; her 14c was found at Morgantina. An example was found in excavations at Syracuse and is on display in the Museo Nazionale (inv. 42871). Coins of the Sikeliotan series (perhaps struck at Morgantina ca. 212 BCE) have the reverse type of Nike in a biga: MS II, 31–34, pls. 4:6–8. For coins of Hiketas (287–278 BCE) with this motif: MS II, 102, no. 340; for coins of Hieron II: MS II, 105, nos. 365, 366. For Syracusan coins issued during the Second Punic War with racing chariots driven by Nike: Caccamo Caltabiano, Carroccio, and Oteri (n. 86 above) 62–63, 66– 70, 70–71, 78–80. For the motif on carved gems: E. Zweierlein-Diehl, Die antiken Gemmen des Kunsthistorisches Museums in Wien (Munich, 1973) 90–91, nos. 215–218, pl. 37; Schlüter, Platz-Horster, and Zazoff (n. 103 above) 78– 79, nos. 298, 299, pl. 46.

260

CHAPTER V

Medallion Type 15: Nike in a Biga with Monogram In medallion type 15 (nos. 567, 568; Pl. 118), Nike’s left (or back) wing is extended forward over the biga.132 The Nike is larger and more plastic than the goddess of medallion type 14 and now leans forward and whips her team, which no longer rears. Given these differences in scale and pose, it is unlikely that type 15 is based in any way on type 14. It was made only in fabric II and appears to show two generations of stamps. Interestingly, the two generations of medallions show variations in the pose. On no. 567 Nike leans forward, holding the reins in her left hand while raising her right arm to whip her team. On no. 568 she holds the reins in her right hand and raises her left arm to whip the horses. It is not clear why the whip hands were reversed; presumably this occurred when the medallion was reworked (since 568 seems later than 567). No. 568 also has an added plastic bead-and-reel border. Both nos. 567 and 568 have a monogram beneath the team. This is similar to the monograms on moldmade relief bowls of “Delian” type dating to the 2nd and early 1st centuries BCE.133 Although a somewhat similar monogram appears on Sikeliotan coins of the late 3rd century BCE, and the concept of signing vessels with monograms may have originated in metal vases, there are no parallel instances at Morgantina of a monogram on pottery dated to the 3rd century BCE.134 A molded lamp type that is signed with a monogram on its base has been dated to the late 3rd century at Iaitas, and the pose of the Nike on medallion type 15 is similar to her pose on a bronze coin issued by Syracuse after 212 BCE.135 The lamp monogram and coin parallels suggest that this 132 The

Nike of this medallion type is similar to the goddess on the Calenian phialai which depict the apotheosis of Herakles and are closely based on Greek metal vases of Classical date: Richter (n. 12 above) 244, pl. 56, figs. 32, 33. The medallions from the mainland (Pagenstecher 1909, 24– 25, no. 6) also are similar to this medallion. For similar Nikai on moldmade relief bowls of the 2nd century BCE from the Peloponnese: G. Siebert, Recherches sur les ateliers de bols à reliefs du Péloponnèse à l’époque hellénistique, BÉFAR 233 (Paris, 1978) 56–57. For examples from Italy: Siebert (above) 260–262. For other versions: LIMC VI, s.v. “Nike,” 866 and 899, nos. 173–181 (“Nike as Wagenlenkerin”), 893–894 and 903, nos. 688–712 (“Nike einen Wagen lenkend”) (A. Goulaki-Voutira and U. Grote). 133 See Courby 1922, 393–394; Délos XXXI, 3, 6–7, 131, 275, 403–412. See also p. 279 below. 134 For the monogram on the Sikeliotan coinage: MS II, 31–34, 112, no. 430. Many coins issued in Sicily and southern Italy from the 4th through the 2nd century BCE have monograms in their fields. Coins issued during the reign of Hieron II have reverses with Nike in a biga and a letter beneath the team: MS II, 105, nos. 365, 366. Coins issued at Syracuse after 212 BCE use a similar reverse: MS II, 108, nos. 384, 385. The 2nd-century BCE coins of Menaenum have the reverse type Nike in a biga, at times with a letter beneath the team of horses: MS II, 88, no. 209b. The coins issued at Katane ca. 200–180 BCE with Sarapis and Isis type

have on their reverses monograms similar to the ones on these medallions: n. 84 above. Casabona (n. 86 above) 23– 25 notes that monograms (similar to that on medallion type 15) were particularly common on coins issued between ca. 201/200 and ca. 187 BCE. A number of the vases in the Morgantina silver treasure have monograms, but they are punch-dotted or incised on their bodies and are not an original part of the decoration: Guzzo 2003, 70–78. Otherwise, monograms on metal vases with relief decoration are unknown in the 3rd century BCE: Strong 1966, 19–21. Nominally signed or monogrammed ceramic vases at Morgantina generally date to the later 2nd or 1st century BCE: pp. 200–201 above. Bell (MS I, 120) notes that local coroplasts also did not sign their wares. 135 For the lamp type: D. Käch, Die Öllampen vom Monte Iato, Grabungskampagnen 1971–1992, Studia Ietina IX (Lausanne, 2006) 93. The technique of these lamps, however, is very similar to that of Campana C, and they may well date to the 2nd century, although Käch (pp. 94–95) suggests that they date to the 3rd century and were made in western Sicily. Only one lamp signed with this monogram (HP) has been found at Morgantina (inv. 57-1147); unfortunately, it came from a fill containing material from the 3rd through the 1st century BCE. It looks very similar to Campana C. The coin is LIMC VI, s.v. “Nike,” 894, no. 710 (illustrated); MS II, 108, no. 384, pl. 37. See also n. 134 above.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

261

medallion type can be tentatively dated to the last years of the 3rd century or the first half of the 2nd century BCE, although the dating criteria and parallels are scarcely conclusive. Medallion Types 16–18: Nereid on a Hippocamp Similar problems arise in considering medallion types 16–18 (nos. 569–571; Pl. 119), which depict a Nereid on a hippocamp in three variants. A single example of each type has been found at Morgantina, and any relationship among the three is unclear. One of these (no. 571) clearly dates to the 2nd century BCE. Medallion Type 16: Nereid on a Hippocamp with a Cuirass Medallion type 16 (no. 569; Pl. 119) depicts a Nereid riding a hippocamp while holding a cuirass, a reference to the bearing of new arms to Achilles.136 This medallion is in fabric II and hence was imported to the site. It was found in the dump over the North Sanctuary (context IIH) and thus cannot be securely dated, although it seems reasonable to place it in the later 3rd or the first half of the 2nd century BCE. Medallion Type 17: Nereid on a Hippocamp Binding Her Brow The reference to the arms of Achilles does not appear on medallion type 17 (no. 570; Pl. 119), where the Nereid binds a taenia to her brow, and the reference is rather to a sea thiasos. It is doubtful that the relationship of the two medallion types extends beyond depicting the same divinity. Both types 16 and 17 are more staid and modest than some medallions from the Italian mainland (?) that show a bare-breasted Nereid riding a snorting hippocamp.137 No. 570 was also found in context IIH, and seems likely to be of fabric I, although the color of the clay is a somewhat unusual grayish brown. Its findspot again allows no more precise dating than the later 3rd or the first half of the 2nd century BCE. Medallion Type 18: Nereid on a Hippocamp Binding Her Brow and Carrying a Shield Medallion type 18 (no. 571; Pl. 119), on which a Nereid carries a shield and binds a taenia to her brow, is similar to both types 16 and 17, but its shape, fabric, and gloss indicate that it is Campana C black-gloss of the 2nd century BCE.138 The shape is a broad bowl with a horizontal body that 136 For an example

in fabric III: Carpintieri 1930, 13, no. 12, pl. I:1. It seems to be a more advanced generation than no. 569, since it is only 4.4 cm in diameter, while no. 569 is 5.0 cm. On the motif: LIMC III, s.v. “Nereides,” 785– 824, esp. 812–813, nos. 371–403 (N. Icard-Gianolio and A.-V. Szabados). 137 Pagenstecher 1909, 42, no. 37, with related compositions 42–43, nos. 38, 39; CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 29–30, nos. 3, 4, IVE, pl. 8; Richter (n. 12 above) 244, pl. 54, fig. 26, pl. 55, figs. 28, 29. A Nereid on a hippocamp was a popular motif in Apulian medallion wares: Jentel

1976, 284, 286–290, n. 23, 318, 325–327, 332, 338–340, 366, 369; the example closest to the medallions at Morgantina is 369, no. AP XI, 2b, fig. 195. Carpintieri 1930, 13, no. 12, fig. 1:1, illustrates another Sicilian variant of this medallion type, in which the Nereid carries a helmet and a sword. For a related composition on a silver dish, see De Juliis 1984, 59–62. 138 On Campana C, see pp. 146–164 above. For a Campana C relief chalice that may be in the same fabric: p. 282 below, no. 664.

262

CHAPTER V

turns up vertically, a common shape in Campana C.139 No. 571 probably dates early in the manufacture of Campana C, since it is the only known vase in that ware decorated with a medallion. This would place it in the second or third quarter of the 2nd century BCE; the current chronology for the (probable) shape suggests that it belongs after ca. 150 BCE, while the medallion would indicate a dating before the middle of the 2nd century. The fine, fairly soft gray fabric of no. 571 is not that of the developed Campana C of Syracuse or Morgantina and thus documents that another center manufactured that ware.140 On the other hand, a ceramic center near Syracuse produced medallion wares in a fine gray fabric during the 3rd century, and this vase may have been created there.141 Medallion Types 19–21: Combats Medallion types 19–21 (nos. 572–575; Pl. 119) depict scenes of combat, presumably mythological, since one of the combatants in each depiction is nude. These types are not very common and are poorly dated, as their findspots do not provide evidence for the chronology of their stamps. On the basis of their similarity to the other medallion cups, they are dated here to the second half of the 3rd to the middle of the 2nd century BCE. Medallion Type 19: Amazonomachy Medallion type 19 (nos. 572, 573; Pl. 119) survives in two examples, one in fabric I, the other in fabric II. It depicts an Amazon being slain by a Greek, a popular subject during the Hellenistic period.142 It probably derives from depictions in metal: a similar scene appears on a bronze mirror now in Saint Petersburg.143 Medallion Type 20: Cavalryman Spearing Foe No. 574 (Pl. 119) shows a cavalryman riding down and spearing a nude opponent. The surviving examples of this stamp are in fabric I; their findspots do not provide a date for this medallion type.144 139 The shape is probably a vertical-rimmed bowl or cup, a common shape in Campana C: p. 160 above, nos. 214– 217. This shape does not appear in the ceramics of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina. 140 The fabric of Centuripe, where Campana C was also produced, has not been described. On Centuripe’s Campana C: Patanè 2006. 141 On this fabric, see p. 237 above. 142 The group on the medallion is similar to the group to the left side of the front and the back of the late-4th-century BCE Amazon sarcophagus in Vienna: M. Bieber, The Sculpture of the Hellenistic Age, 2nd ed. (New York, 1960) 73–74, fig. 252; B. S. Ridgway, Hellenistic Sculpture I: The Styles of ca. 331–200 B.C. (Madison, WI, 1990) 45–46, pls. 18, 19. A similar group is on the frieze of the Temple of Artemis at Magnesia on the Maeander, probably of the 2nd century BCE: Bieber (above) 164–165, fig. 702; Ridgway (above)

155–156, pl. 73. For the motif on the Monument of the Julii at St.-Remy: LIMC I, s.v. “Amazones,” 619, no. 490. For medallion cups with Amazons fighting Greeks: Pagenstecher 1909, 50, no. 47; Pagenstecher (n. 111 above) 160– 161, nos. 210A, 213A, 215A; Courby 1922, 249, no. 42; Richter (n. 12 above) 242, pl. 51:1. 143 See LIMC I, s.v. “Amazones,” 618, no. 480; see also the Pompeian wall painting: 618, no. 483. 144 No. 574 has a dark gray fabric but seems to be the same stamp as 574A, which is probably in fabric I. The gray color can probably be explained as an accident in the firing. The pale reddish-brown hue and soft texture of no. 574A is paralleled in other fine pottery made at Morgantina or nearby during the 3rd century BCE: p. 72 above. See Pagenstecher 1909, 52, no. 52, for a similar medallion. A disk lid (diameter 5.2 cm) found on Lipari has a medallion with a similar composition: M-L VII, 123, pl. L32:5; regrettably,

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

263

Medallion Type 21: Fight Only a single example (no. 575; Pl. 119) survives of this medallion type, which shows a warrior attacking another warrior who wears only a helmet. It seems to be in fabric I and was found in a late context (context IIID, 1st century CE). This composition is closely paralleled in Apulian medallion wares of the 3rd century BCE, and a medallion from a similar stamp has been found at Agrigento.145 On the basis of the Apulian parallels, this type can tentatively be assigned to the 3rd century BCE. Medallion Type 22: Archaistic Gorgoneion Medallion type 22 (nos. 576–579; Pl. 120) depicts an archaistic gorgoneion with bared fangs and protruding tongue. The four surviving examples include three stamps in fabric I (nos. 577, 578, 578A; Pl. 120), which demonstrate conclusively that medallion wares were made at Morgantina. An archaistic gorgoneion medallion that differs from nos. 576–579 is in the Syracuse museum, and other medallions depicting archaistic gorgoneia are known from the Italian mainland.146 The gorgoneion medallions of this type are notable for their accurate rendering of the archaic type, and it is possible that local artists had seen some of the antefixes with this motif that decorated a Late Archaic naiskos at Morgantina.147 This medallion, then, seems to be a local creation and shows that the stamps used at Morgantina were not simply mechanical imitations of cups made at Syracuse and other coastal centers. Two of the stamps (nos. 578 and 578A; Pl. 120) were found in the fill of a cistern (deposit IH) which was filled soon after 211 BCE, and the type can thus be safely dated to the second half of the 3rd century BCE. The other stamp, no. 577 (Pl. 120), was not found in a closely dated context but is larger, and hence earlier: the height of the gorgon’s face on no. 577 is 3.7 cm, while the faces in both nos. 578 and 578A are only 3.5 cm. The backs of all the stamps are worked into a rough handle (see Pl. 120 for the back of no. 578), which would have facilitated the stamping process. it was a sporadic find. The armor won by the rider has parallels on the coffers from the Mausoleum at Belevi, probably datable to the early 3rd century BCE: Ridgway (n. 142 above) 187–192, 195–196, pls. 90–94. 145 For the Apulian medallions: Jentel 1976, 343, 348– 349, nos. AP IX:3a–e, fig. 181. For the medallion found at Agrigento: Rizzo (n. 10 above) 280, no. 10, fig. 10. Another example of this medallion type is in the Louvre: CVA, Paris, Louvre 15 [France 23], 28, pl. 7:4. Also very similar is Pagenstecher 1909, 51–52, no. 49, pl. 8. For related compositions: Pagenstecher 1909, 51–52, nos. 48, 50, 51. 146 For the Syracusan example: Carpintieri 1930, 9, no. 3, pl. 1:2 (diameter of medallion 3 cm), presumably the same archaistic gorgoneion mentioned by Pagenstecher 1909, 174. It is not the same stamp as nos. 577 and 578 (it is much smaller, as well as different in appearance), although apparently in fabric I. It may be the medallion on display in the Museo Nazionale that was found in the Nymphaeum of Aphrodite. For medallions of this type from the Italian

mainland: Pagenstecher 1909, 66, no. 87, 68, no. 97; Jentel 1976, 295, 404, 432–434; Gilotta 1985, 9–10, nos. T1– T6, 16–19. The fabric of no. 579 is similar to that of some vases made in Apulia: Yntema 1990, 172. For archaizing gorgoneia on gold disks found in a Scythian grave of the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE in the Ukraine: J. Chochorowski and S. Skoryi, “Prince of the Great Kurgan,” Archaeology 50, no. 5 (1997) 33–39 and fig. on p. 33. 147 See PR V, pl. 93:11; J. F. Kenfield, “An East Greek Master Coroplast at Late Archaic Morgantina,” Hesperia 59 (1990) 265–274, pls. 43:c, 44:b, 44:d, 45:c, 45:e. Archaistic gorgoneion antefixes dated to the second half of the 4th century BCE are known at Herakleia Minoa: De Miro 1958, 273–274, fig. 43; see also 272, no. 9, fig. 41:f, and 276, no. 9, fig. 41:e, for Hellenistic terracotta disks (diameter 7 cm) with relief depictions of archaistic gorgoneia. For 3rd-century archaistic gorgoneion antefixes at Morgantina: Kenfield 1994, 279–280.

264

CHAPTER V

The earliest stamp in this series at Morgantina is represented by a positive (no. 576; Pl. 120) which has a face height of 3.9 cm and is again in fabric I. A final medallion, no. 579 (Pl. 120), does not appear to be from the same stamp as any of the other archaistic gorgoneion medallions at Morgantina, although it is clearly closely related. Too little of it survives to assign it a place in the series (since the height of the face of its image cannot be measured), and its fabric is odd, so it is probably an import, although it could be misfired fabric I. Its findspot, deposit IIB, provides a terminus ante quem of ca. 90–75 BCE, and it is likely that it was made in the 2nd century, although, given its similarity to the 3rd-century gorgoneion medallions, it is difficult to move it too far from nos. 576– 578 either in date or in location of production. A dating in the first half of the 2nd century is thus reasonable, and it seems safe to assume that it is of east Sicilian manufacture. Medallion Type 23: Beautiful Gorgoneion Medallion type 23 (nos. 580–585; Pls. 120, 121) depicts the Hellenistic beautiful gorgoneion. Depictions of this sort are often called “Medusa” to distinguish them from the monstrous archaistic image. Some black-gloss pitchers of the 3rd century BCE bear appliqués of Medusa, and she appears in a series of Hellenistic antefixes from a 3rd-century house at Morgantina.148 The medallions of type 23 are quite small, varying from 2.1 to 2.8 cm in diameter, and all were manufactured separately and attached to the floors of the cups, so that they appear in high relief. This is the standard mode of manufacture for medallions except in eastern Sicily; these cups, however, seem to have been made in eastern Sicily, and this unusual mode of manufacture for the region could have been conditioned in part by the small scale of the medallions. On the whole, it is more likely that they copy a prototype with a medallion in high relief (and probably in metal).149 The medallions produced with a mold have preserved the delicacy of their modeling better than the medallions made with stamp-molds, where details have often been smeared by dragging the stamp. The beautiful gorgoneion medallion type is firmly anchored in the 3rd century BCE, since three examples were found in fills associated with the capture of Morgantina in 211 BCE: no. 580 (deposit IB) is in fabric I, while nos. 583 (deposit IL) and 584 (context IJ, although in the first stratum of fill) are fabric III, illustrating that this type was made in both east central Sicily and Syracuse. There appear to be three generations of stamps represented in both fabrics I and III.150 The latest examples of the type in fabric III (nos. 583, 584) were found in 3rd-century fills, demonstrating that all three generations of the Syracusan version of this type were made before 211, but the earliest medallion in fabric I is no. 580, which was found in a shop destroyed during the Roman capture of

148 On the beautiful gorgoneion: S. R. Wilk, Medusa (Ox-

ford, 2000) 33–35, 41–42, 46, who notes that coins of Seleukos I dated between 312 and 280 BCE are the earliest datable examples of this type, although it may appear as early as the first quarter of the 5th century BCE. See also LIMC IV, s.v. “Gorgo, Gorgones,” 296–299, nos. 107–126, and esp. nos. 134–143, 327–328 (I. Krauskopf ). For appliqués from pitchers of the 3rd century BCE: p. 271 below. For the

antefixes: PR X, 361–363; Tsakirgis 1984, 152–155; Kenfield 1994, 279–280, pl. 85:e, 85:f. 149 For metal vases with medallions in high relief: Strong 1966, 111, pl. 36; Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92–95, 57, no. 101; Guzzo 2003, 45–52, nos. 1–4, 59–61, no. 10. 150 In fabric I the sequence is 580, 582, 585. In fabric III the sequence is 581, 583, 584.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

265

the city. This suggests that the next two generations of this medallion type in fabric I (nos. 582, 585) probably date to the last decades of the 3rd century BCE and into the early 2nd century. Two virtually identical medallion cups of this type were found in tombs at Lilybaeum on the west coast of Sicily; similar medallions have been found on the Italian mainland; and a related series of cups with beautiful gorgoneion medallions was produced on Crete in the last third of the 3rd century BCE and the first half of the 2nd century.151 This broad-based production of the general type suggests again that this medallion type recalls metal prototypes. The size and the mode of manufacture of the beautiful gorgoneion medallions recall cups found on the Greek mainland, and this medallion type may have been directly inspired by examples from the east. Although there is only one relatively complete cup in this group (no. 580; Pls. 60, 110, 120), it and the fragmentary examples indicate that the floors and walls of the cups with beautiful gorgoneion medallions were much more elaborately decorated than the other cups at Morgantina, a peculiarity that must be related to their prototype. No. 580 clearly imitates a silver vessel. Its shape is an unusually wide and shallow cone, which is closely paralleled by a number of silver dishes in the Getty Museum.152 These are all later than no. 580, but they reproduce a shape that was apparently common in precious metals during the Hellenistic age. The interior of no. 580 (Pls. 110, 120) has a lovely incised garland on its wall, and an incised and overpainted star pattern frames the medallion on the floor. Similar garlands adorn the walls of a few surviving silver vessels that date earlier than the Morgantina cup.153 In addition, the carefully executed wave pattern beneath the lip suggests that the potter was imitating the decoration of silver vessels, on which the interior wall is usually adorned with several chased friezes.154 The other cups with this type of medallion (nos. 580A–585; Pls. 120, 121) are less well preserved, but several show the same carefully incised star pattern around the medallion. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the missing parts of the interiors were once as elaborately decorated as no. 580. The incised and overpainted decoration of these cups is similar to the chased ornament seen in the interiors of the three gilded silver cups in the hoard found at Morgantina.155 151

For the Lilybaeum examples: E. Gabrici, “Rinvenimenti nelle zone archeologiche di Panormo e di Lilibeo,” NSc 66 (1941) 292–293; Bisi 1967, 277–279, nos. 27 and 30. Carpintieri 1930, 12, no. 10, mentions a medallion of “Medusa,” which is not illustrated but may be this type; see also Rizzo (n. 10 above) 281, no. 1. Pagenstecher 1909, 66, no. 88 (in Bari), is also probably similar. See also Pagenstecher 1909, 67–68, no. 96 (pl. 20), 117, no. 266 (pl. 25). Jentel 1976, 88, 92, no. GP II:3, 178, 190, no. AP I:17a, 201, 221–222, nos. AP I:33a–e, 435–439, no. AP XIX, 9, are analogous. See also Gilotta 1985, 14–15, nos. T26–T30, 28–33. M-L V, 132, tomb 1616, fig. 208, is a guttus with the head of a Gorgon, probably an import from the mainland. For an example of the late 3rd century from Athens: Search for Alexander, 175, no. 146, color plate 23. The Cretan bowls are discussed by P. Callaghan, “The Medusa Rondanini and Antiochus III,” BSA 76 (1981) 59–70, esp. 61–65; he dates a prototype to pre-220 BCE, with the main series of bowls, featuring a beautiful gorgoneion relief tondo and elaborate overpainting, between ca. 210 and ca. 150

BCE. Unlike the Morgantina beautiful gorgoneion medallions, the Cretan versions have wings atop the Gorgon’s head. 152 Pfrommer 1993, 21–22 (calotte type); see also his n. 203, 110–141, nos. 1–16 (for profiles, 223–226); see also 182–183, no. 68, 188–189, no. 72. 153 See Pfrommer 1993, 26–30, esp. fig. 26. 154 For silver vases with a small subsidiary incised frieze beneath the lip on the interior: Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92–94, 57, no. 97; Pfrommer 1993, 22–23, figs. 16–19, 41, fig. 39, 112–122, 126–141, 223–226; Guzzo 2003, 45–50, nos. 1–3, 53–54, no. 6. Note especially the friezes beneath the lips of Pfrommer 1993, 132–135, nos. 12 and 13, 151, no. 24, 225, no. 12, 226, no. 13, and 228, no. 24. 155 Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92–94; see also 57, no. 97; Guzzo 2003, 45–50, nos. 1–3. See also Pfrommer 1993, 22, fig. 16, and 41, fig. 39, for illustrations of two of the bowls from the Morgantina hoard. On the treasure and its provenance, see appendix 4 below.

266

CHAPTER V

While the fabric of no. 580 indicates that it was made in east central Sicily, it is unlikely that it was made at Morgantina, where few medallion cups show its elaborate decoration, and the available evidence shows that stamps, rather than molds, were used to create tondi. Since representatives of the type have been found at Lilybaeum on the west coast of Sicily, as well as at Morgantina, the facts indicate that medallion type 23 was made at coastal centers in eastern Sicily, both at Syracuse and at a site north of Syracuse. This supposition is supported by the fact that the closest parallels to the elaborate interior floral decoration of no. 580 at Morgantina are overpainted vases in fabric I that also seem to have been imported from one of the eastern coastal cities.156 Medallion Type 24: Variant of Beautiful Gorgoneion Type 24 is a variant form of the beautiful gorgoneion medallion (type 23). The example of this type in fabric II (no. 586; Pl. 121) is unique and perhaps depicts the gorgoneion as a shield device. Its findspot offers little help in establishing its date, although, by analogy to medallion type 23, it could be placed in the late 3rd century BCE. Medallion Type 25: Comic Mask Medallion type 25 (no. 587; Pl. 121) depicts the mask of a comic slave. The motif was popular on Sicily, and examples from the Italian mainland are also known.157 The closest parallels at Morgantina are comic masks that function as tripod feet on deep hemispherical cups that were manufactured locally (or at least in the area), but no. 587 appears to be in fabric III and, if so, was imported from Syracuse.158 The deep cups date to the 3rd century BCE, and this medallion should perhaps be dated similarly. Medallion Type 26: Boukranion Medallion type 26 (no. 588; Pl. 121) depicts a boukranion, a motif unparalleled elsewhere in medallion wares. The elaborate incised and overpainted decoration on the floors and walls of the two surviving examples of this type link them to the cups with beautiful gorgoneion medallions (type 23), although the boukranion images were stamped into the floors rather than manufactured separately and attached. Like some examples of the beautiful gorgoneion cups, these are both in fabric I, suggesting that they were made in the coastal region of east central Sicily. Because of the 156 For hemispherical cups of the 3rd century BCE that do not have relief medallions but show similar overpainted and incised interior decoration, see pp. 89–91, 130–131 above. 157 See Pagenstecher 1909, 66, no. 89; Jentel 1976, 76, no. ET II:2a, fig. 60; Gilotta 1985, 105–106. For terracottas and masks of this type found on Lipari: L. Bernabò Brea, Menandro e il teatro greco nelle terracotte liparesi (Genoa, 1981) 52–53, nos. C4 (old slave) and C5 (identified as a cook), 84, nos. E35–E37 (cook), 79–82, nos. E23–E30

(main slave), 200–206, masks 22–25; M-L II, pls. 185–187. See also Pagenstecher 1909, 117, no. 270, and compare the gem depiction in Brandt and Schmidt (n. 103 above) 190, no. 1846, pl. 167. 158 For bowls with moldmade tripod feet, some in the form of comic masks, see pp. 91–92 above. See also p. 271 below, no. 613. No. 588 has calcium inclusions, paralleled in fabric I in no. 530 and in fabric III in no. 522.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

267

similarity of the decoration of cups of this type to the beautiful gorgoneion cups, as well as a silver parallel in the Tarentum treasure, medallion type 26 can be tentatively assigned to the late 3rd century BCE, even though no. 588 was found in a fill of the late 1st century BCE (context IIE).159 Medallion Types 27–32: Florals The final group of Sicilian medallions depict floral motifs (types 27–32, nos. 589–600; Pls. 121–123); they are among the most common medallions found at Morgantina, with twenty-one catalogued examples.160 All six floral medallion types depict various kinds of rosettes, a composition well suited to a circular medallion. Three gilded silver cups with floral medallions in the Morgantina silver hoard illustrate the inspiration for the ceramic types, some of which are quite similar to the toreutic medallions.161 None of the ceramic examples, however, copies the silver vases directly. The majority of the ceramic floral medallions are in fabric I and were made at Morgantina or in eastern Sicily, although four examples in fabric II have also been found (nos. 594, 595). One of the examples in fabric I was found in a sealed deposit of the 3rd century BCE (no. 593, deposit IM); this is a reworked version of an earlier stamp of medallion type 30 (no. 592), thus dating both nos. 592 and 593 to before 211 BCE. Given their analogies to the silver cups, which were buried in 211, and the findspot of no. 593, the majority of the floral medallions seem datable to the 3rd century BCE.162 Medallion type 28 (no. 590; Pl. 122), a variant of type 27 (no. 589, three examples; Pls. 121, 122), is particularly close in its decoration to the toreutic medallions.163 It features water lily (Nymphaea nelumbo) leaves alternating with acanthus leaves around a central rosette, just as in the tondi of the silver bowls. Medallion type 29, which survives in two examples (no. 591; Pl. 122), is also quite similar to the metalwork medallions in the Morgantina treasure, while type 30 (nos. 592, 593; Pls. 122, 123), which probably reflects either another metallic model or a simplification of a 159

For similar boukrania on a silver thymiaterion dated to the 3rd century BCE, see Wuilleumier 1930, 48–55, pl. VII. 160 For other floral medallions: Carpintieri 1930, 12, no. 9, pl. 1:2. One of these was found at Syracuse. All the medallions found at Ampurias have floral decoration, and most are in the fabric of Campana A: Sanmartí Grego 1978, 47– 48, no. 4, 77–78, no. 92, 105, no. 190, 129, no. 289, 192, no. 488, 416–417, no. 1232, 494, no. 1470. The ornamental medallions on Pagenstecher 1909, 118, no. 275 (palmettes), 179, nos. 20 and 21, do not appear to be rosettes. From its description, Pagenstecher’s no. 21 may in fact be a fragment of a moldmade relief bowl. See also Pagenstecher 1909, 119, no. 281; Wuilleumier 1930, 26–33, pl. II:2. 161 For the silver cups from Morgantina, see Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92–94; Guzzo 2003, 45–50, nos. 1–3. On the dating of the treasure, see p. 458 below. 162 Nos. 596 and 598 (medallion type 32) were found in the fill of the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), which may suggest that this medallion type was made after

211 BCE; ceramics of the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE were found within the house, which burned ca. 35 BCE. The examples of medallion type 32, however, have no features that differentiate them from the other floral medallions, suggesting that their production did not extend past ca. 150 BCE. The floral stamps at other sites have been dated to the second half of the 3rd and the early 2nd centuries BCE: J.-P. Morel, “Céramique à vernis noir du Maroc,” AntAfr 2 (1968) 59; Sanmartí Grego 1978, 48, no. 4, 77–78, no. 92, 105, no. 190, 129, no. 289, 92, no. 488, 416–417, no. 1232, 494, no. 1470. A tondo of this type (called a “stella”) was found at Palike, where it was dated to the 1st century BCE, apparently because of its red gloss: Midolo 2008, 226, no. 439, fig. 150. 163 Compare Bothmer 1984, 54–55, nos. 92, 93; Guzzo 2003, 45–50, nos. 1, 2. There is a very similar floral tondo on the inner surface of a pyxis lid in the Tarentum treasure: see Wuilleumier 1930, 26–33, pl. II. Byvanck-Quarles van Ufford (n. 104 above) 46–47, fig. 8, dates the lid to the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE.

268

CHAPTER V

metal tondo, is preserved in four examples. All the examples of types 27–30 are in fabric I, and, as noted above, one example of type 30 (no. 593) was found in a deposit closed in 211 BCE. Medallion type 31 (no. 594; Pl. 123) was made only in fabric II and is also quite similar to a silver example in the Morgantina treasure.164 The most common type of floral stamp is a simple twelve-petaled rosette (medallion type 32, nos. 595–600; Pl. 123), which was made in both fabrics I and II. This type was produced in fabric I for at least three generations, with the latest examples (nos. 598–600; Pl. 123) showing heavy reworking and varying numbers of petals. This medallion type is a simplified version of the toreutic tondi and illustrates how ceramic medallions evolved away from their models to forms that were more appropriate to clay. This medallion type can be dated only to the later 3rd century and the first half of the 2nd century BCE.

Other Medallion Wares Beyond the medallion types discussed above, which reflect manufacture in the three main fine ceramic fabric types at Morgantina, an additional ten vases with relief medallions found at Morgantina (nos. 601–610) do not form a coherent series; they represent production over three centuries. No. 601 (Pl. 123) is a fragmentary Apulian guttus which depicts Bellerophon slaying the chimaera.165 It is the only example of this shape found at Morgantina, and was perhaps used to hold perfumed oil.166 Its findspot, the dump over the North Sanctuary (context IIH), which was abandoned ca. 35–25 BCE, illustrates the problems of dealing with the material from that fill, since the manufacture of the vase can be accurately dated to soon after the middle of the 4th century BCE. It is thus the oldest vase decorated with a medallion found at Morgantina. Four other medallions (nos. 602–605; Pl. 124) show a similar fabric, as well as a similar technique: all four were made separately and attached. The similarity of the motifs of these four medallions also suggests that they were made at the same locale. No. 602 (Pl. 124), while worn, seems to depict a drunken Dionysos supported by flanking figures; this differs from the Sicilian version, medallion type 4. Similar medallions have been found on the Italian mainland.167 No. 603 (Pl. 124) has a small bust of Eros in high relief. A comparable medallion in the Syracuse museum has been identified as a maenad; similar busts of Eros survive in silver and gold.168 The two other medallions in this group (nos. 604, 605; Pl. 124) depict Erotes engaged in various activities. Nos. 603 and 604 were found in the dump over the North Sanctuary (context IIH). As noted above, there is some evidence for the presence of Eros in the cult of Persephone in the 3rd century BCE.169 Otherwise,

164 Compare Bothmer 1984, 54–55, no. 93; Guzzo 2003,

47–50, no. 2. 165 See Jentel 1976, 385–387, no. AP XV:1b, fig. 210. 166 See Jentel 1976, 28–30. 167 Pagenstecher 1909, 35–36, nos. 23, 24. For the composition on moldmade relief bowls from the Peloponnese: Siebert (n. 132 above) 51–54, nos. M11, M12, M28, pl. 24. 168 For the ceramic medallion: Carpintieri 1930, 12, no.

8, pl. 1. The example on display in Syracuse, which may be the piece published by Carpintieri, is much larger than no. 603. For a similar Eros from a silver cup: Oliver 1977, 73, no. 37 (dated 2nd century BCE); on a medallion on a gold chain: H. Hoffmann and P. F. Davidson, Greek Gold Jewelry from the Age of Alexander (Boston, 1965) 228, no. 93 (dated late 4th century BCE). 169 See pp. 256–257 above.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

269

there is little evidence for the date of these medallions, although the metallic or lustrous black gloss of nos. 602–605 suggests that they date before the late 2nd century BCE. Another three medallions (nos. 606–608; Pl. 124) exhibit both technique and fabric that are unusual for medallion wares at Morgantina. All three have separately made medallions in high relief depicting heads of women, but the images are all different. The most interesting is no. 606 (Pl. 124), which depicts a goddess with a leafy crown in high relief (Tellus/Ge?) and is in an extremely thin fabric. The shape appears to be a shallow dish, perhaps a patera, and the vase seems to have no gloss. The image has parallels in the eastern Mediterranean, and the shape with this type of decoration seems most closely related to a class of vessels usually dated to the first half of the 1st century CE.170 The findspot of no. 606 (context IIE) suggests that it dates before the last third of the 1st century BCE. A silver medallion bowl from the Boscoreale treasure with a bust of Africa (?) similar in character to no. 606 has been dated to the mid-1st century BCE.171 Molds for medallions of this format found at Ephesos have been called Hellenistic.172 Nos. 607 and 608 (Pl. 124) may both date to the 2nd century, given their unusual technique and subject matter. Two other medallions (nos. 609, 610; Pl. 124) have a soft gray fabric but do not seem to be Campana C.173 No. 609 (Pl. 124) depicts an erotic scene of a draped male fondling the breast of a draped woman. The scene has parallels both on the Italian mainland and elsewhere.174 Those examples, however, depict scantily clad satyrs and maenads at play. The drapery of the male figure on no. 609 looks like a chiton, while the woman seems veiled, and her garb appears to be that of Isis. The scene may therefore depict a hieros gamos between Isis and another deity (Osiris? Sarapis?).175 No. 610 (Pl. 124) depicts two kissing heads in high relief (Eros and Psyche?). The motif was popular in the Greek east, but also appears in the Tarentum treasure, while the incised leaves framing the heads derive directly from metal vases.176 An example of this type has also been found at Messina.177 170

See G. Zahn in T. Wiegand and H. Schrader, eds., Priene: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1895–1898 (Berlin, 1904) 438–440; Pagenstecher 1909, 176–180; Ephesos IX.2/2, 58–60. For the dating: Pagenstecher 1909, 176, no. 1, 179. See also Courby 1922, 225–230, nos. 1–9. 171 See Strong 1966, pl. 36:B; F. Baratte, Le trésor d’orfèvrerie romaine de Boscoreale (Paris, 1986) 77–81. Another high-relief medallion (of a bearded man) in a cup dated to the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE is Marazov (n. 12 above) no. 200. 172 For the mold at Ephesos: Ephesos IX.2/2, 58–59, 64, no. C13. A female head antefix found at Morgantina and dated to the 3rd century BCE is somewhat similar to no. 600: Kenfield 1994, 279, pl. 85:c. 173 See pp. 280–281 below and nos. 653–656 for moldmade relief cups with gray fabrics. These were made in Apulia, where a gray-gloss fine ware was also made during the last two centuries BCE: Giardino 1980. For a more refined chronology of the ware, see Yntema 1990, 168–169. A gray ware has been found at Ampurias in Spain in contexts of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE: Sanmartí Grego 1978, 23 (and

26 for a “pseudocampaniense C”). For gray wares in the eastern Mediterranean, see, for example, Wright 1980, 146– 149, nos. 31–39, 168; I. Bald Romano, “A Hellenistic Deposit from Corinth: Evidence for Interim Period Activity (146–44 B.C.),” Hesperia 63 (1994) 71, nos. 28, 29; Rotroff 1997, 232–236. 174 See Pagenstecher 1909, 39, no. 28; Courby 1922, 234, nos. 15Eff. 175 On the concept: A. Klinz, Hieros Gamos (Halle, 1933). For the gesture: K. Schefold, Die Griechen und ihre Nachbarn, Propyläen Kunstgeschichte 1 (Berlin, 1967) 163, fig. 18:B. 176 Pagenstecher 1909, 9; Courby 1922, 234–235, no. 15; Wuilleumier 1930, 34–40, pls. III, IV; Strong 1966, 99, 111–112. The gray ware made at Metapontum during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE is, however, fired quite hard (Yntema 1990, 168), making an attribution of no. 604 to Apulia difficult. 177 U. Spigo, “Nota sulle produzioni di ceramica a decorazione sovradipinta e sulla coroplastica ellenistica a Messina,” in Bacci and Tigano 1999, vol. 2, 62.

270

CHAPTER V

Summary e medallion cups found at Morgantina both significantly increase our knowledge of Sicilian molded pottery in the Hellenistic period and clarify the chronology of the class and its types. To summarize, medallion types 1–10, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 19–32 all seem to have been produced during the second half of the 3rd century BCE, although it is likely that some medallions of these types were manufactured into the early 2nd century BCE. Only medallion type 18 can be confidently dated to post-211 BCE, while type 15 may be assigned to the 2nd century with less confidence. A single medallion on a guttus dating to the later 4th century BCE (no. 601) was imported from Apulia, and one medallion (no. 606) dates to the 1st century BCE and was probably imported from the eastern Mediterranean. The production of medallion cups in eastern Sicily seems to have begun a little before the middle of the 3rd century BCE and flourished during the second half of that century. Production of the class probably continued in eastern Sicily during the first half of the 2nd century, but the deposits of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina indicate that other relief wares had captured the public’s fancy by that date. The production of medallion wares in Sicily thus seems to have paralleled the production of pottery decorated with medallions in Apulia, at Cales, and in other locations in Italy.

3. Vessels with Relief Appliqués and Other Moldmade Ornament e excavations at Morgantina have revealed a number of fragments of pottery decorated with relief appliqués. ese were most often used as subsidiary ornament and were commonly used to adorn handles, particularly the bases of pitcher handles, although they can also decorate the top of a handle. ere are also a few moldmade spouts and appliqués on the exterior of vessels. Moldmade feet were applied to the base of a type of deep cup in the 3rd century BCE. Some imported vases decorated with applied relief were imported from the eastern Mediterranean during the last two centuries BCE. Applied adornment, which first appeared on ceramics in the 4th century BCE, imitated the decoration of metal vases.178

Appliqués of the 3rd Century BCE A number of appliqués attached to vases were found in fills of the 3rd century BCE. No. 2 (Pls. 1, 69) has a small applied head on the exterior of its downturned rim, but unfortunately the head is so

178 See Agora XII, 62, 245, pl. 7, no. 137, 121–122, 285, pl. 28, nos. 693–695, 159–160, 319, pl. 39, no. 1189, where the earliest such work is dated to the late 5th century BCE. For a gilded silver pitcher with an applied theatrical

mask under the handle, from a hoard of the second half of the 3rd century found at Morgantina, see Bothmer 1984, 57, no. 96; Guzzo 2003, 52–53, no. 5. For metal examples of this type of decoration from the 4th century BCE: Search

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

271

battered that its subject cannot be accurately identified.179 e figure wears a Phrygian cap and may depict a theatrical mask. A deep hemispherical-bodied cup shape (no. 24; Pls. 4, 73) has tripod feet made up of moldmade elements depicting clamshells, comic masks, or heads of a youthful male, perhaps the young Herakles. All examples except one are in the local fabric I, and a clamshell mold for a tripod support has also been found at Morgantina (Pl. 140).180 Two identical large barrel bottles (no. 117, H. 26 cm; Pls. 19, 84) are decorated with an applied lion’s head on the shoulder equidistant from two small basket handles.181 A few other appliqués found in contexts of the 3rd century BCE at Morgantina cannot be securely associated with any particular vase form; they are presented here as disiecta membra in order to fill out the ceramic history of Morgantina. Two of these relief appliqués (nos. 611, 612; Pl. 124) depict a beautiful gorgoneion, a motif also found in contemporary medallion cups.182 Nos. 611 and 612, however, are larger than the medallions and decorated the base of handles of fairly large closed shapes, probably pitchers. Both are in fabric I. No. 611 was found in a context that indicates it was probably made in the 3rd century (deposit IQ, abandoned in 211 BCE), no. 612 in a fill that is less secure (context IE.2) but which still probably dates its deposition to just after 211 BCE. Another type of appliqué found in the 3rd-century deposits depicts a grinning comic slave’s mask (nos. 613, 614; Pl. 124), a motif again paralleled in medallion cups in the 3rd century BCE.183 These two appliqués were used to decorate the exteriors of both open (no. 613) and closed (no. 614) shapes, and were also used for the tripod feet of deep cups.184 No. 613 is in fabric III, no. 614 in fabric I, but with a lustrous gloss that is uncommon at Morgantina. Both of these appliqués, then, were imports to the site. A number of the cups with tripod feet depicting the mask of a comic slave have been found in deposits securely dated to the late 3rd century BCE, while no. 614 comes from an area of the Serra Orlando hill that shows no sign of urban habitation after 211 BCE.185 A final vase with applied decoration preserves one leg of a tripod-footed bowl adorned on its exterior with a lion’s head (no. 615; Pl. 125). It is unique and was imported to the site.186 It is dated to the 3rd century only by its style.

for Alexander, 159, no. 116, pl. 18, 161, no. 122, pl. 18, 169, no. 134, pl. 18, 184, no. 163, pl. 31, 184, no. 165, pl. 32, 166, no. 166, pl. 33. Many of the same vases, as well as others, are illustrated in Ninou 1978, pl. 1, no. 1, pl. 23, no. 110, pl. 24, no. 159, pl. 35, no. 205, pl. 40, nos. 270 and 271, pl. 48, no. 338, pl. 56, no. 406. On appliqué wares in Sicily: Morel 1985, 1567. 179 See pp. 85, 126 above. 180 See pp. 91–92 above for the vases. For the mold that depicts a shell (inv. 60-256): pp. 408–409 below. For further examples of this common motif, see Ephesos IX.2/2, 62–63, 65–66, nos. C31–C39; Jesi, 124–125. 181 See pp. 120–121 above, nos. 117, 117A.

182

See pp. 264–266 above, medallion types 23 and 24.

183 See p. 266 above, medallion type 25. For a comic slave

appliqué found at Herakleia Minoa (but with no context), see De Miro 1958, 276, no. 8, fig. 38:c. The appliqué Agora XII, 285, pl. 28, no. 695, is close to this type but is identified as a satyr. 184 See p. 92 above. 185 Area V (Contrada San Francesco and Contrada Drago), however, was undoubtedly used for farming and grazing in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. See contexts IJ, IJ.1, and IP. 186 For 3rd-century barrel lekythoi with a lion’s head spout, see pp. 120–121 above, nos. 117, 117A.

272

CHAPTER V

Appliqués of the Republican Period (211–ca. 35 BCE) e Morgantina excavations have revealed a number of fragments of vases bearing applied decoration and dating between 211 and the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (nos. 616–628; Pls. 125, 126). Most of these later vases with applied decoration were imported to the site, and many of them may be from the eastern Mediterranean. While contemporary metal vases were again probably the major influence that encouraged ceramists to use this form of decoration, ceramic appliqués were also common in Asia Minor during the Hellenistic period, especially in the region of Pergamon, and from Asia Minor the type diffused throughout the Aegean.187 Numerous vases with appliqués have been found on Delos, where Greeks and Italians intermingled in the 2nd century BCE.188 Pergamene appliqué wares developed in the first half of the 2nd century BCE, although probably toward the middle of the century, and any imports to Morgantina could thus date no earlier than the late 2nd century.189 A number of the appliqués from the Republican age seem to have been produced in Sicily, although most were probably not made at Morgantina. No. 616 (Pl. 125) continues the earlier motif of the beautiful gorgoneion seen in nos. 611 and 612, and it appears to be in fabric I. If it is Sicilian, its orange gloss may place it in the 1st century BCE, when such a surface coloration becomes common at Morgantina (although it exists earlier).190 It could also have been imported from the eastern Mediterranean, where similar gorgoneia have been found (which would mean that it is not fabric I).191 On the whole, it seems likeliest to be an eastern Sicilian imitation of a type from the eastern Mediterranean, and should date to the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE. No. 617 (Pl. 125) may also be Sicilian, since it seems to depict a youthful Dionysos with a grape leaf wreath, a common stamp type in medallion cups.192 Its findspot (context IIH) is inconclusive as to date, but the piece appears likely to be in fabric I. Its matt grayish-black gloss recalls Campana C, and it may be an early example of that ware.193 If so, it dates to the first half of the 2nd century BCE. No. 618 (Pl. 125) is surely in the Campana C technique.194 It depicts a grinning comic slave in the tradition of nos. 613 and 614, and may have adorned the base of the handle of a pitcher or 187 For Pergamon: Schäfer 1968, 117, 154, nos. Z 132– Z 137a, fig. 20, pl. 51; Hübner 1993; S. I. Rotroff and A. Oliver, The Hellenistic Pottery from Sardis: The Finds through 1994, Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Monograph 12 (Cambridge, MA, 2003) 152–166. For Athens: Rotroff 1984, 39. For Pergamene influence on the “Megarian” wares of Sparta: Hobling (n. 10 above) 285, 292–293. 188 F. Courby, “Vases avec reliefs appliqués du Musée de Délos,” BCH 37 (1913) 418–442; Délos XXXI, 242–244, nos. D31–D38. For Italians on Delos: M. I. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World (Oxford, 1941) 702, 778, 787–790, 795–798, 870, 920–923, 941– 944, 1254; J.-P. Morel, “Céramiques à vernis noir d’Italie trouvée à Délos,” BCH 110 (1986) 461–493. On the social makeup of Delos after 167 BCE: Rauh 1993. 189 On the chronology of Pergamene appliqué wares, see

Rotroff’s critique of Hübner’s chronology in Rotroff and Oliver (n. 187 above) 53–54. 190 On Republican red-gloss, see pp. 169–192 above. 191 See Hobling (n. 10 above) 295, fig. 7:g, 7:l; E. Buschor, Medusa Rondanini (Stuttgart, 1958) 17–21; Search for Alexander, 145, no. 146, color pl. 23; Hübner 1993, 187, no. 21, pl. 3. There are many Italic and south Italian Greek examples. 192 See pp. 253–255 above, medallion types 3 and 4, nos. 531–541. 193 For a possible early Campana C saucer with similar gloss, see p. 145 above, no. 173. 194 On Campana C, see pp. 146–164 above. For a 2ndcentury medallion cup in this ware, pp. 261–262 above, no. 571.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

273

perhaps the exterior of a krater. It may well be a local product of the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE. No. 619 (Pl. 125), which also depicts a comic slave, is also almost certainly local, since it was found in the potter’s dump in the House of the Official (deposit IIE.1). Its gloss shows that it is Republican red-gloss of the 1st century BCE, either locally produced or imported from east central Sicily; it adorned a closed shape (probably a pitcher). A spout in the shape of a monkey’s head, no. 620 (Pl. 125), seems safely datable to the 2nd century BCE from its context: it was found under a mosaic floor in the House of the Tuscan Capitals (context IIIE) that dates around 100 BCE.195 The most common motif of these later appliqués is various manifestations of a satyr’s or a Silenos’s head (nos. 621–624; Pls. 125, 126). None of the fragments came from a datable context, and no. 621 (Pl. 125), which is fine work and appears to be an import, could date to the 3rd century BCE.196 The Silenos of no. 622 (Pl. 125) has pronounced mule’s ears, as do those of no. 623 (Pl. 125), which is preserved in two examples. All three of these are in red-gloss. No. 624 (Pl. 126) shows a similar conception, but has black gloss. All these fragments appear to have been imported to Sicily, probably from the eastern Mediterranean. They are paralleled at Pergamon.197 No. 625 (Pl. 126) depicts a comic erotic scene and is probably a Pergamene import of the early 1st century BCE.198 The figure of the ithyphallic flute player has exact parallels on Delos, where the pieces depict the subject clearly.199 The figure on one fragment found on Delos is larger and is clearly from an earlier mold in the series. The incised ornament on no. 625 is also paralleled at Pergamon.200 No. 626 (Pl. 126) is probably from a high-rimmed kantharos, a shape characteristic of Pergamene appliqué vessels, and it may therefore come from Asia Minor. It should thus also date to the first half of the 1st century BCE. The iconography of the worn figure that survives on the fragment is not completely clear; it seems to depict a dumpy comic Herakles seated on a rock.201 Perhaps the most interesting appliqués that exhibit eastern influence on Sicilian ceramics in this period are the two molds nos. 627 and 627A (Pl. 126) and an appliqué from a similar mold, no. 628 (Pl. 126). All of these reproduce a motif common in Pergamene appliqué ceramics—a palmette flanked by leaves and fruit—and the presence of the molds at Morgantina shows that the potters there were directly imitating eastern appliqué wares.202 Nos. 627 and 627, which were found near a kiln in the Central Sanctuary, were treated with a heavy white slip like that used on molds for 195

Tsakirgis 1984, 194, 201.

196 It is close to a 4th-century Macedonian example in sil-

ver: Search for Alexander, 163, no. 163, color pl. 31. However, similar appliqués have been found at Pergamon. My thanks to Dr. Gerhild Hübner for this information. 197 See Hübner 1993, 187, esp. nos. 32 and 34, pls. 4 and 5; Rotroff and Oliver (n. 187 above) 165, no. 712, pl. 124. 198 Gerhild Hübner (letter, February 17, 1988) informs me that comic motifs entered the Pergamene repertoire around the beginning of the 1st century BCE. See also Cook 1997, 195–196; J. W. Hayes, “Fine Wares in the Hellenistic World,” in T. Rasmussen and N. Spivey, eds., Looking at Greek Vases (Cambridge, 1991) 191–192. 199 See Courby (n. 188 above), fig. 5 facing p. 424, no.

716B; Délos XXVII, 244, no. D 7, pl. 42. The latter seems to be a parody of a komos. 200 Schäfer 1968, 100, pl. 38, nos. E 99–E 103. 201 See Schäfer 1968, 68–69, esp. pl. 33, no. E 64; Hübner 1993, 22–29. See also Ephesos IX.2/2, 60–61, 64–65. Courby 1922, 452, noted a few appliqués in a “jaune clair” clay. This could describe the fabric of nos. 624 and 626. In 1988, Dr. Hübner suggested that much of the material with applied decoration found on Delos is of an imitative fabric rather than true Pergamene. 202 See Courby 1922, 457–458, 462, and fig. 98 on p. 454; Hobling (n. 10 above) 297–309; O. Deubner, “Archäologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin,” AA 54 (1939) 342– 347, fig. 5; Courby (n. 188 above) fig. 1 facing p. 420, no.

274

CHAPTER V

terracotta figurines.203 A similar mold was found at Sparta,204 and this find, together with the examples from Morgantina, shows that “Pergamene” appliqué wares were being imitated by local potters in both Greece and Sicily in the Republican period. The positive of this type found at Morgantina (no. 628) seems to have come from neither of the surviving molds, since it is larger, and its lack of gloss probably suggests that it was a trial piece rather than adornment for a utilitarian shape. The appliqué wares of the later 2nd and 1st century BCE found at Morgantina thus provide useful evidence on the crosscurrents of trade and production between the eastern and western Mediterranean.

4. Moldmade Hemispherical Relief Cups (“Megarian Bowls”) and Related Relief Wares Handleless, moldmade hemispherical cups bearing relief decoration were a common class of Hellenistic ceramic drinking vessel during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. ey were once conventionally called “Megarian” bowls, but since they were not specifically associated with Megara in antiquity, they are now designated simply moldmade relief bowls (or, better, “cups,” since they were used for beverages).205 ese cups may have been called hemitomoi by the Greeks, a designation which obviously described their shape.206 Ceramic moldmade relief cups appeared in the second half of the 3rd century BCE and seem to have been developed in Athens.207 By the 2nd century they had become

687; Schäfer 1968, 81–82, 85–89, nos. E 67–E 82, especially nos. E 67–E 74; Délos XXVII, 243, no. D 32, pl. 42; Hübner 1993, 64–68. A Pergamene skyphos with a later version of this type of appliqué has been found at Kaleacte on the north coast of Sicily: A. Lindhagen, Caleacte: Production and Exchange in a North Sicilian Town, c. 500 B.C.–A.D. 500 (Lund, 2006) 93, no. 177, pl. 27. 203 The molds do not have “handles” for stamping like those found on some molds for the tondos of medallion cups; see p. 263 above, nos. 577, 578, 578A. The clay for the appliqué must have been pressed into the mold and the excess trimmed off around the edge of the mold. The finished appliqué was then removed after the clay had dried. On the kiln in the Central Sanctuary and its problems: MS III, 22–23, 44–45. 204 Hobling (n. 10 above), 282, fig. 1:b; Schäfer 1968, 89. 205 On the name “Megarian,” see Agora XXII, 2. The basic sources for moldmade relief cups are: EAA IV (1961), s.v. “Megaresi, vasi,” 970–974 (M. Del Chiaro); Rotroff 1982 (with earlier bibliography, pp. xiii–xvii); Délos XXXI; P. Guldager Bilde, “Mouldmade Bowls, Centres and Peripheries in the Hellenistic World,” in Centre and Periphery in the Hellenistic World, ed. P. Guldager Bilde et al. (Aarhus, 1993) 192–209. The most comprehensive study, now outdated, is Courby 1922, 277–437. Beyond Morgantina, the

only published body of moldmade relief cups excavated on Sicily are nineteen fragments found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina IV, 227–229, pl. 8, fig. 38 (reiterated by Puppo 1995, 113– 114, nos. S11a–S11s). For some fragments found on Lipari, see M-L IX.2, 172, pl. CCVI.2:395. Moldmade cups found at other Sicilian sites or housed in Sicilian museums have been preliminarily collected by Puppo 1995, 107–112. For examples at Palike, see Midolo 2008, 227, nos. 443–447. For “Italo-Megarian” cups: Mingazzini (n. 12 above) 300– 316; Marabini Moevs 1980; Puppo 1995, 31–88, 127–146. For the class in Spain: Beltrán Lloris, 63–64. 206 On the ancient nomenclature for these wares: Agora XXII, 2–3. See also Corinth VII.3, 151; Puppo 1995, 17. 207 The origin of the “Megarian” bowl has frequently been sought in Egypt: see, most recently, G. Günay Tuluk, “Hellenistische Reliefbecher im Museum von Ephesos,” in F. Krinzinger, ed., Studien zur hellenistischen Keramik in Ephesos, ÖJh-EH 2 (Vienna, 2001) 51; see also B. Segall, “Tradition und Neuschöpfung in der frühalexandrinischen Kleinkunst,” BWPr 119/120 (1966) 6–18. K. Parlasca, “Das Verhältnis der megarischen Becher zum alexandrinischen Kunsthandwerk,” JdI 70 (1955) 129–154, noted that cups of this type have rarely been found in Egypt, and he ultimately espoused an origin on the Greek mainland. The arguments for their origin in Athens are made convincingly

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

275

widely popular, and the class was made throughout the eastern Mediterranean.208 e popularity of moldmade cups lasted into the 1st century BCE, although the class had largely stopped being produced by the reign of Augustus. Similar relief cups appeared in Italy early in the 2nd century, but they never achieved great popularity in the western Mediterranean, although the manufacture of moldmade hemispherical cups and small kraters continued at various locales in Italy into the second half of the 1st century BCE.209

Shapes Moldmade relief cups imitated metal vases, which must have been quite popular, although only a few examples survive.210 e ceramic versions are broadly divisible into two varieties: the “Attic” type (nos. 629, 630) has a vertical, concave flaring rim and flaring lip, while the “Ionian” type (nos. 631–656) has a vertical rim that often curves in slightly.211 e type with concave vertical rim and flaring lip was characteristic of the cups produced on the Greek mainland, while the center of “Ionian” manufacture seems to have been the southwestern coast of Asia Minor, although the exact location of the workshops is still unclear.212 e molded relief cups in northern Asia Minor, the coastal regions of the Black Sea, and Italy also had vertical rims with flaring lips, but these may be direct imitations of metal prototypes rather than following ceramic models from the Greek mainland.213

by S. I. Rotroff, “The Introduction of the Moldmade Bowl Revisited,” Hesperia 75 (2006) 357–378, expanding on arguments presented in Agora XXII, 6–13. Rotroff notes that the earliest molds in Athens seem to be impressions of metal vases. 208 See Délos XXXI, 9–13; Agora XXII, 6–13; Rotroff (n. 207 above) 368–370. 209 On the chronology of “Italo-Megarian” bowls: Marabini Moevs 1980, 171–172, 183–191, 210; Puppo 1995, 31–32 and passim. For production in Apulia: E. Lippolis, “La ceramica italo-megaresi,” in Lippolis 1996, 475–479. 210 For metal examples of the shape: Wuilleumier 1930, 70–72, pl. 10:3, 5, 11, 12; T. Kraus, Megarische Becher im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz (Mainz, 1951) 18–20, pls. 4:5, 5; L. Byvanck-Quarles van Ufford, “Les bols megariens,” BABesch 28 (1953) 15–20; Strong 1966, 96–97, 109–111, pl. 31:A; L. Byvanck-Quarles van Ufford, “Bols ‘déliens’ et bols de Popilius,” BABesch 49 (1974) 264. For undecorated examples: Graue 1974, 29– 30, no. 4; Oliver 1977, 78–79, no. 45; Bothmer 1984, 51, no. 87; Pfrommer 1987, 111–112, 264–265, nos. KBk 123–KBk 126, KBk 128, pls. 56–58; Pfrommer 1993, 31, fig. 27, 34, figs. 30 and 31, 54, fig. 42, 55, fig. 43, 180–181, no. 67, 196–197, no. 76. For ancient testimonia on the value of molded metal vases: Athenaeus, Deip. 5.199e, 11.781e and 782b; Pliny, HN 33.154–57; Livy 37.59. For hemispherical glass bowls: Wuilleumier 1930, 29–31, pls.

XI, XII; L. Byvanck-Quarles van Ufford, “Les bols héllenistiques en verre doré,” BABesch 45 (1970) 138–141; A. Oliver, “Persian Export Glass,” JGS 12 (1979) 9–13; S. I. Rotroff, “The Dating of Hellenistic Luxury Tableware,” Hesperia 51 (1982) 333–335, pl. 84; see also Yntema 1990, 182–183. 211 On the shapes of moldmade relief cups: Courby 1922, 279–280; EAA IV (1961), s.v. “Megaresi, vasi,” 971 (M. Del Chiaro); Puppo 1995, 18–20. For the distinctions “Attic” and “Delian,” see Thompson 1934, 454; Puppo 1995, 18. For the true home of the “Delian” vases: p. 279 below. For the “Attic” type on the Greek mainland: Hobling (n. 10 above) 277–294; Thompson 1934, 451–459; Corinth VII.3, 151–187; Siebert (n. 132 above); C. M. Edwards, “Corinth 1980: Molded Relief Bowls,” Hesperia 50 (1981) 189–210; Agora XXII, 14–15, 42; Romano (n. 173 above) 64–67, nos. 1–10. 212 See the comments of Kenrick in Berenice III.1, 105– 106. 213 For examples from the region of Pergamon and the region of the Black Sea: R. Zahn, “Hellenistische Reliefgefässe aus Südrussland,” JdI 23 (1908) 45–77; A. Conze, Stadt und Landschaft, AvP I, vol. 2 (Berlin, 1913) 274–275, Beiblatt 40–43; Courby 1922, 404–413; Schäfer 1968, figs. 19, 20; O. Ziegenaus and G. de Luca, Das Asklepieion, AvP XI, vol. 1, Der südliche Temenosbezirk in hellenistischer und frühromischer Zeit (Berlin, 1969) 124, no. 158, 130–131, nos. 192–

276

CHAPTER V

A variety of other shapes with moldmade relief decoration similar to that seen on moldmade relief cups survives.214 All of these are associated with drinking, and they seem likely to have been produced for use with the cups. A number of chalices or krateriskoi with moldmade decoration have also been found at Morgantina (nos. 657, 658, 664, 665).

Manufacture e bodies of the cups were made with a bowl-shaped mold that had the decoration stamped into its interior (see no. 662; Pl. 130), with further details added to the mold with a graver.215 e clay was pressed into the mold and then turned on the wheel to smooth the interior of the “jolly” (as a wheel-mounted mold is called). e rim and lip of the cup were then thrown atop the mold. After the clay had dried and shrunk (which took several days), the cup was removed from the mold, dried, usually dipped into gloss, and then fired. e bodies and rims of small kraters (or chalices) were made in the same way as hemispherical cups, except their feet were thrown separately and attached. In the eastern Mediterranean, moldmade vessels with moldmade decoration commonly bore black, brown, or red gloss.216 In the northern and central regions of Italy, gloss was not used to decorate moldmade cups (nos. 660, 661; Pl. 130), but in southern Italy and on Sicily, where the Hellenistic tradition was stronger than on the Italian mainland, moldmade vessels were glossed (nos. 652–659, 663–665; Pls. 128–130).217

Chronology Morgantina offers only small chronological aid for the history of moldmade relief cups in Italy. Susan Rotroff has argued convincingly that the class was developed in Athens soon after 224 BCE and quickly spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean.218 It is of some significance that no fragments of the class have been found in fills at Morgantina dated to 211 BCE.219 is supports both

200, 138–139, nos. 254–265, 143–144, nos. 285–296, 160, nos. 401, 401A, 165–166, nos. 431–440; O. Ziegenaus and G. de Luca, Das Asklepieion, AvP XI, vol. 2, Der nördliche Temenosbezirk und angrenzende Anlagen in hellenistischer und frühromischer Zeit (Berlin, 1975) 73–76, 79–80, 90, 99, 101–102, pls. 45–48, 52:5, 54. Marabini Moevs 1980, 186, suggests that the source for the shapes of Italo-Megarian wares was metalware (from the region of Pergamon). 214 See C. Watzinger, “Vasenfunde aus Athen,” AM 26 (1901) 69–70, no. 5; Zahn (n. 213 above) 67–72, figs. 27– 32; Courby 1922, 278, 330–331, fig. 62; Thompson 1934, 411, no. E 86; Délos XXXI, 13, pl. 92, no. 2785, pl. 109, no. 61721; Agora XXII, 39, pls. 69–71, 89–91, 97; Puppo 1995, 18–20. 215 On the technique of the manufacture of moldmade

cups: G. R. Edwards in Small Objects from the Pnyx, Hesperia suppl. 10 (Princeton, 1956) 85–89; Corinth VII.3, 153– 154; Délos XXXI, 13–14; Agora XXII, 4–5; Guldager Bilde (n. 205 above) 195; Rotroff and Oliver (n. 187 above), 91– 92; Rotroff (n. 207 above) 371–372. 216 Courby 1922, 279; Délos XXXI, 14; Agora XXII, 14. 217 See Marabini Moevs 1980, 185–186; Puppo 1995, 18. 218 Her precise date is 224/3: see Agora XXII, 6–13; Rotroff (n. 207 above), 357–378. For other theories: n. 207 above. 219 Rotroff 1982, 10, n. 42, cites the evidence from the North Sanctuary at Morgantina. Her conclusions should be stressed in light of the fuller information presented here under context IIH (pp. 58–60 above). Twelve moldmade relief cups and two moldmade relief kraters from the dump

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

277

Rotroff’s proposed date for the beginning of the class and Marabini Moevs’s chronology for its introduction into Italy soon after 200 BCE.220 Marabini Moevs’s chronology has also been supported by the detailed study by Paola Puppo of ceramics of “Megarian” type found in Italy.221 Giulia Falco has recently further clarified the history of this ceramic class on Sicily, noting especially the large number of Ionian cups that were imported to the island, which probably testifies to Sicilian negotiatores and mercatores at the free port of Delos after 166 BCE (and particularly between 146 and 88 BCE).222 The earliest datable moldmade cup at Morgantina is the only Attic bowl found at the site (no. 629; Pl. 126), which came from a context of the first half of the 2nd century BCE (deposit IIA).223 This Attic cup seems to have been an isolated import of the early 2nd century; the other fragments of moldmade hemispherical cups and small kraters with relief decoration date to the second half of the 2nd century or the first half of the 1st century BCE. Many were found in fills that ceased accumulating in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.224 One nearly complete Ionian cup (no. 631; Pls. 60, 127) and four fragments (nos. 632, 633, 651, 652; Pls. 126, 128) were found in the deposit in the inner basin of the Fountain House in the Agora (deposit IIB), which was closed during the first quarter of the 1st century BCE. Only no. 630 (Pls. 60, 126) was clearly found in a domestic context of the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE (deposit IIF).225 Three fragments came from contexts of pottery manufacture; clearly the most important of these is the half mold no. 662 (which was found with two small fragments of the other half ). This mold (Pl. 129) was in the destruction debris in the House of the Official (context IIE), which burned around 35 BCE. Unfortunately, it was quite a distance from the kilns (more than 15 meters), and it is not clear that the potter made molded wares. Nos. 663 and 665 were found in the pottery workshop context IIC, which was abandoned by 50 BCE. No. 663 does not appear to be in the local fabric, but the krateriskos no. 665 could have been made by that workshop, since it also produced moldmade lamps. However, it is not similar to the bulk of the vases made in that establishment. All the pottery workshops at Morgantina ceased operating by the fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE, which gives a terminus ante quem for the moldmade wares of this type at Morgantina.226

over the North Sanctuary and the adjacent North Sanctuary Annex are catalogued here: nos. 634, 635, 637, 639, 641, 642, 648, 649, 653, 655, 657, 664. All come from areas that contained material postdating the destruction of the sanctuaries in 211 BCE, and all are securely dated to the 2nd or 1st century BCE by stylistic comparisons. The dump ceased being used in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. 220 Marabini Moevs 1980, 183–184. 221 Puppo 1995, esp. 29–30, 32, 115. 222 Falco 2000, esp. 385. For a Sicilian presence on Delos: Rauh 1993, 34, 48–51. 223 For the date of the fill (deposit IIA): pp. 48–50 above. See also Puppo 1995, 115. 224 For the examples from the dump over the North Sanc-

tuary and the North Sanctuary Annex (context IIH), see n. 219 above. Other examples from contexts dated to the second or third quarter of the 1st century BCE: nos. 630, 636, 645, 662, 663, 665. From areas which had mixed fills, with material dating to the last three centuries BCE but no material from the early imperial period: nos. 638, 641, 642, 648, 653, 657, 658. A single example, no. 646, was found in a cistern on the Farmhouse Hill of Cittadella (context IVA, final fill 7th cent. CE). 225 No. 645 was found in deposit IID (House of the Doric Capital), but it is tiny and may be intrusive, since it was found in the first stratum. 226 See pp. 16–17, 61, 140–141 above, context IIB and deposit IIE.1; pp. 412–415 below.

278

CHAPTER V

A few fragments were also found in a dump (context IIIH) that contained much material from the last two centuries BCE, as well as some material dating to the first half of the 1st century CE.227 Moldmade relief cups ceased being manufactured in most regions of the east and in Italy during the course of the 1st century BCE, and all the examples of the class found at Morgantina (both cups and chalices/krateriskoi) seem safely assignable to the period ca. 200–ca. 35/25 BCE, with the bulk brought to the site between ca. 150 and 50 BCE. No. 662, the mold from the House of the Official (context IIE), may document the end of manufacture of moldmade wares in Sicily, since it appears to have been discarded or stored before the house burned around 35 BCE.

Sources e moldmade hemispherical relief cups at Morgantina fall into four groups. Twenty-six fragments of cups imported from the eastern Mediterranean have been found (nos. 629–652; Pls. 60, 61, 126–128). ese include both types with a concave flaring vertical rim with a flaring lip, and those with a slightly incurving vertical rim and straight lip, although the latter type is considerably more common. Seven fragments of cups and kraters (nos. 653–659; Pls. 61, 129) can be assigned to southern Italian workshops. Only four fragments of moldmade vases seem to have been manufactured on Sicily (nos. 662–665; Pl. 130), which suggests that the class may have remained predominantly an imported curiosity, although the mold no. 662 indicates that at least one local potter manufactured molded wares in the 1st century BCE. Two vases with moldmade decoration found at Morgantina were made in northern Italy and, perhaps, somewhere on the Adriatic coast (nos. 660, 661; Pl. 130). Attic Cup and Long-Petal Cups The Attic fragment no. 629 (Pl. 126) depicts rampant goats flanking kraters, with Erotes sporting amid vegetation beneath. This composition is well paralleled at Athens on cups dated to the late 3rd century and the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE.228 The image on no. 629 comes from a worn mold, suggesting that it is late in the series. Beyond this early Attic cup, only the long-petal cup no. 630 (Pls. 60, 126) has a flaring lip. Attic long-petal cups have been assigned by Rotroff to the second half of the 2nd century BCE, but the gray fabric of no. 630 indicates that it was not made at Athens.229

227

Nos. 647, 654, 661. Rotroff 1982, 19, 56–59, nos. 104–123, dated ca. 225–175 BCE. No. 629 is from Rotroff ’s Workshop A (Agora XXII, no. 122). An Attic cup (by Bion) of the same period was found at Syracuse: Falco 2000, 381. 229 On long-petal cups: Rotroff 1982, 35–36. On gray 228

fabrics: Rotroff 1982, 42. For gray fabrics in moldmade bowls from the eastern Mediterranean: Hobling (n. 10 above), 281–285; Zahn (n. 213 above), 49. Vases made in the “Tarentine” workshop also have a gray fabric (pp. 280– 281 below), but no. 630 does not seem to be “Tarentine.”

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

279

Cups with Incurving Vertical Rims (“Delian”/Ionian) Moldmade cups with vertical rims and straight lips are much more common than eastern cups with concave vertical rims and flaring lips at Morgantina, as in the rest of Sicily.230 The vases of this type (nos. 631–646; Pls. 60, 61, 126–128) include not only examples that preserve their rim/lip, but also fragments that can be assigned to these workshops on the basis of their relief decoration. The straight-lipped cups were once considered to be part of what were called the “Delian” workshops, since large numbers of their products were found in the great Middle Hellenistic emporion of Delos. It is now known that these ateliers were located in southwestern Asia Minor (notably in Ephesos) and the adjacent islands, and they are better termed Ionian.231 It is of interest that some of these straight-lipped cups (nos. 632, 633, 636, 640, 643) also have a gray fabric, while others (nos. 631, 634, 635, 637, 638, 639, 641) have a red to orange fabric (see also the reddish-brown fabrics of nos. 642, 644, and 645). Laumonier has demonstrated that Ionian molded cups made by the same workshop can have different fabric colors, and suggests that these differences are attributable to differing colors of gloss (and hence different conditions of firing).232 A number of the cups of this shape found at Morgantina (nos. 631–634; Pls. 60, 126) either come from or show close affinities to the Workshop of the Monogram, whose owner worked at Ephesos in the second half of the 2nd century BCE and whose wares were exported widely.233 These include examples in both gray and red fabrics. Fourteen other fragments at Morgantina (nos. 635–646; Pls. 61, 128) show motifs characteristic of Ionian manufacture.234 Several Ionian cups preserve figural decoration, although the full nature of the compositions is often unclear due to the small size of the fragments. Two of them have been attributed by Falco to Ephesian workshops.235 No. 639 (Pl. 127), which Falco assigns to the Workshop of Menemachos,

230

Falco 2000, 385, counted 161 Ionian bowls on the is-

land. 231

See A. Laumonier, “Bols héllenistiques à reliefs: Un batard greco-italien,” in Études déliennes, BCH suppl. 1 (Paris, 1973) 253–254; Günay Tuluk (n. 207 above) 51–69: C. Rogl, “Eine Vorshau zu den reliefverzierten Trinkbechern der Ephesischen Monogramm-Werkstätte,” in Krinzinger (n. 207 above) 99–111; Délos XXXI, 1–3; Ephesos IX.2/2, 67– 70. See also Berenice III.1, 105–115; Guldager Bilde (n. 205 above) 197–199; Puppo 1995, 18. 232 Délos XXXI, 14. Laumonier notes that cups with a gray fabric always have a gray to black gloss, and those with orange fabric a red gloss, while those with a reddish-brown fabric have a brown to black gloss, often with metallic tones. On variations of clay color, see also Günay Tuluk (n. 207 above) 53. 233 On this prolific workshop: Rogl (n. 231 above); Ephesos IX.2/2, 69; Guldager Bilde (n. 205 above) 197–201. For the most complete earlier treatment: Délos XXXI, 10–11, 129–213. On the dating of the workshop: Délos XXXI, 131–

132. For his work at Berenice in Libya: Berenice III.1, 105– 111 (the “Square Monogram Potter”). For examples in Sicily: Puppo 1995, 114, no. S11 (m), 118, no. M5, 119, no. M7, 120–121, nos. M12, M15. 234 Compare, for example, no. 637 and Délos XXXI, pl. 2, nos. 9717, 1540–2242, pl. 20, no. 5914, pl. 38, no. 5563-538, pl. 39, nos. 4576, 8904, 4769, 5066, 1268. For parallels to no. 644, which has the low ring foot characteristic of many Ionian cups, see Délos XXXI, pls. 64–67. The registers of imbricate leaves on its lower body are a common decorative motif in the east: compare, for example, M. Massa, La ceramica ellenistica con decorazione a rilievo della bottega di Efestia (Rome, 1992) 60, no. 357, pl. 172, 149, no. 196, pl. 34, 151, no. 206, pl. 35, 154, no. 234, pl. 40, 162, no. 290, pl. 49. For another example on Sicily, see Falco 2000, fig. 3:4, from Herakleia Minoa (see also fig. 3:5). For other “Delian”/Ionian bowls found on Sicily: Studia Ietina IV, 228, no. 1071, pl. 8 (see also nos. 1068–1070); Puppo 1995, 107–114. 235 Falco 2000, 381.

280

CHAPTER V

may depict the Judgment of Paris. No. 640 (Pl. 128), from the Workshop of the Gray Vases, has an Amazonomachy.236 Unidentified Eastern Cups Six additional fragments of molded cups (nos. 647–652; Pl. 128) were imported from unidentified centers, and it is assumed that they are from the eastern Mediterranean. Five of these fragments (nos. 648–652) have a gray or grayish-brown fabric. It is possible that some of these are products of the “Tarentine” workshop discussed below, which have a gray fabric, but no. 630, which probably comes from the east, is of a gray fabric, as are other eastern moldmade cups (nos. 632, 633, 636, 640, 643). Apulian and Other South Italian Moldmade Wares Puppo assigned a number of fragments with a gray fabric at Morgantina (nos. 653–656; Pls. 61, 129) to an Apulian workshop that Wuilleumier postulated was located in Tarentum.237 Finds of molds now confirm that there were workshops in Tarentum, but also that a workshop manufacturing moldmade hemispherical cups was located in Metapontum; both cities made fine ware in a gray fabric like that of the cups in the last two centuries BCE.238 The activity of these workshops seems largely confined to the 2nd century BCE, probably extending into the first half of the 1st century.239 Puppo has retained the designation “Tarentine,” but it seems better to call these moldmade cups Apulian unless the source of individual vases is certain. Unlike moldmade relief cups manufactured in central Italy, Apulian moldmade relief wares bear gloss. Like the wares in central Italy, they have a vertical rim with a flaring lip, which is also seen in the moldmade cups of the Greek mainland and northern Asia Minor. This feature, however, was more likely to have been derived from metal models than from ceramic cups imported from those regions of the eastern Mediterranean. As noted above, they have a gray fabric, and some of the unassigned eastern fragments in gray fabric mentioned above (nos. 648–652) may prove to be from this workshop. The Hellenistic character of this south Italian 236

For other Amazonomachies on relief bowls: Courby 1922, 345, no. 28, fig. 71, 383, fig. 78, no. 28; U. Hausmann, Hellenistische Reliefbecher aus attischen und boötischen Werkstätten (Stuttgart, 1959) pls. 2, 3, and 103, n. 35, 108, n. 107, nos. 2–6; Délos XXXI, 416, nos. 3357, 3372, 3373; Rotroff 1982, 20, 27. For Amazons on medallion cups at Morgantina, see p. 262 above. 237 See Puppo 1995, 89–106; E. Lippolis, “La ceramica italo-megarese,” in Lippolis 1996, 475–479. For the original identification of the workshop: Wuilleumier 1930, 101; P. Wuilleumier, “Bol mégarien de Tarente,” BCH 56 (1932) 399–402. Siebert (n. 132 above) 137–138, notes that the workshop has close affinities to workshops in the Peloponnesus. See also Studia Ietina IV, 227. 238 Puppo 1995, 90, notes that a mold and moldmade

fragments were found at Metapontum in a context associated with pottery production, while Lippolis (n. 237 above) 476–477, 479, publishes several molds found at Tarentum. For the gray-fabric tablewares of Tarentum and Metapontum during the last two centuries BCE: Giardino 1980, updated by Yntema 1990, 169, 174–177, 181–184; Hempel 1996, 336–345. Its latest representatives use nominal stamps in Latin similar to Italian terra sigillata. Molds for hemispherical relief cups are said by Guldager Bilde (n. 205 above) to have been found at Monte Sannace and Heraclea/Policoro in southern Italy, but Lippolis 1996 (see n. 237 above) 476 states that the Monte Sannace fragment now seems to be from a phiale. 239 Puppo 1995, 91, considers the workshop to have been active only in the 2nd century BCE, but Lippolis (n. 237

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

281

workshop suggests that the area remained culturally tied to the Greek east during the 2nd century BCE. No. 653 (Pls. 61, 129) is well preserved and has a delicate vine in its main frieze. Besides five fragments of cups, Puppo has also suggested that two fragments of molded krateriskoi (chalices) (nos. 657, 658; Pl. 129) may be from Apulian workshops.240 In addition, a small fragment of a cup in a soft gray fabric (no. 659; Pl. 129) with a crude depiction of a battle seems likely to come from southern Italy, although it does not seem to be from the workshops at Tarentum or Metapontum.241 Central Italian and Liburnian (?) Moldmade Wares Only one moldmade cup at Morgantina (no. 660; Pl. 130) bears no gloss or slip, which is characteristic of moldmade wares from central Italy. No. 660 is possibly from the workshop of Popilius, which was active in the early 1st century BCE, although the cup was found in an early imperial context (context IIIA).242 A related vase is the krateriskos no. 661 (Pl. 130), which from its style and fabric appears to be from Liburnia (present-day Bosnia and Croatia).243 It is decorated with a fairly crude frieze of alternating lotus leaves and stemmed rosettes (?), and it bears no gloss, as is typical of the kraters made on the east Adriatic coast. It also probably dates to the early 1st century BCE.244 If no. 661 was not made in an east Adriatic workshop, it probably came from a northern or central Italian workshop. Sicilian Cups and Relief Chalices The final group of moldmade cups and related vessels, nos. 662–665 (Pl. 130), was manufactured on Sicily. Like the products of the “Tarentine” workshop, these bear gloss and have concave vertical rims with flaring lips. The mold no. 662 (Pl. 130) was found in the House of the Official (context IIE), where a potter was active during the 1st century BCE. However, it was found more than 15 meters from the kilns, in a courtyard and in a stratum of debris from the collapse of the house’s roof and walls (stratum 2), rather than in the floor fill. There is little evidence from the potter’s dump (deposit IIE.1) that the potter made molded pottery (although he may have produced moldmade lamps).245 It seems

above) 476 argues cogently that production probably continued into the 1st century BCE. For “Tarentine” moldmade wares at Iaitas: Puppo 1995, 114, nos. S11q, S11r. 240 Puppo 1995, 124–125, nos. M32, M33. 241 See Puppo 1995, 123, no. M25, who notes that the warriors’ garb seems very Latin and suggests that the vase belongs in the 1st century BCE. For the motif, see Puppo 1995, 133, no. IT9a, a krateriskos/chalice at Populonia with dueling gladiators. 242 Puppo does not think this vase is from the workshop of Popilius. See Puppo 1995, 39–52, who places Popilius’s activity in the late 2nd and early 1st century BCE. Marabini

Moevs 1980, 177, 195, 225, nos. 57, 58, pls. 3, 14, dates him to the mid-2nd century, which seems too early. 243 See Z. Brusić, Hellenistic and Roman Relief Pottery in Liburnia, BAR International Series 817 (Oxford, 1999) 11– 14, and, for a close parallel, 143, fig. 11, nos. 48, 49. Puppo 1995, 124, no. M29, suggests that no. 661 could be a Sicilian product. 244 On the difficult question of dating the Adriatic workshops, see Brusić (n. 243 above) 14–17. 245 See pp. 56–57 above. The only molded fragment found in the potter’s dump was the appliqué no. 619, although the potter may have made the molded lamps found

282

CHAPTER V

likely that the potter in the House of the Official experimented with the mold and discarded it some years before the final destruction of the house, but it could also have been dumped in the ruins of the house toward the end of the 1st century BCE, since there is evidence that a workshop that made molded lamps was located somewhere on the West Hill above the House of the Official. Another mold for relief cups has been found at Tyndaris, but it probably belongs to the dawn of the imperial age.246 These two molds demonstrate that Sicilian potters were making relief cups during the 1st century BCE. Unfortunately, no positive of no. 662 has been found anywhere on the site. The arrangement of its decoration in stacked horizontal bands and the paratactic ornamental character of the motifs recall the later work of the “Delian” workshops, and the mold was thus probably made in the first half of the 1st century BCE.247 In addition to the mold no. 662, one fragment of a cup (no. 663; Pl. 130) and two fragments of chalices or krateriskoi (nos. 664, 665; Pl. 130) may be of Sicilian manufacture.248 As noted above, nos. 663 and 665 were found in a context of pottery manufacture at Morgantina (context IIC). These moldmade fragments are not of high quality and probably date to the end of the 2nd century or the first half of the 1st century BCE. Nos. 664 and 665 are closely related to contemporary Campana C chalices and related vessels found at Morgantina.249 No. 664 appears to be in Campana C fabric and technique but was not made at Morgantina. Its fabric appears to be the same as that of a cup with a relief medallion (no. 571) which probably dates to the middle of the 2nd century.250 No. 663 may also be Campana C, but if it is, it is probably early (mid- to late 2nd century BCE). From its fabric, it also seems to be an import, despite having been found in a deposit associated with pottery manufacture (context IIC). Nos. 663 and 664 were both presumably imported from another city in east central Sicily. No. 665 (Pl. 130) is not Campana C, and its assignment to Sicily is based solely on its provenance on the island and its lack of quality. It may indeed be from elsewhere.

5. Early Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Wares e earliest Italian terra sigillata relief-decorated vessels were produced ca. 40–20 BCE.251 After a period of great popularity, their foreign markets were lost to local potters, and, after the middle of

in the cistern. Falco 2000, 381, n. 23, is confident that the potter of the House of the Official used the hemispherical bowl mold. 246 See N. Lamboglia, “Una fabbricazione di ceramica megarica a Tindari e una terra sigillata siciliana?” ArchCl 11 (1959) 87–89; Wilson 1988, 247–248; Wilson 1990, 253; Puppo 1995, 112, no. S9; Falco 2000, 381–384. 247 On the interrelationships of Italian cups and those from the Ionian workshops, see Laumonier (n. 231 above) 253–262. The majority of the moldmade relief wares found on Sicily are “Delian”: Puppo 1995, 107, 116; Falco 2000, 385. Puppo 1995, 116, however, compares the Morgantina mold to “Tarentine” work.

248

Puppo 1995, 124, no. M31, however, tentatively assigns no. 662 to her “Tarentine” workshop. 249 See pp. 159, 162 above. 250 See pp. 261–262, no. 571 above. Falco 2000, 381, n. 19, attributes no. 664 to an Argive-Peloponnesian workshop, but it seems to me more likely to imitate a Peloponnesian cup than to be one. For one thing, it is too thick-walled to be a cup. 251 On these relief wares in general, see RE suppl. VII (1940), s.v. “Terra sigillata,” 1309 (H. Comfort); Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 15–16; Stenico 1958, 612–613. On the problem of the beginning of Italian terra sigillata relief wares, see G. Pucci, “La ceramica aretina: ‘Imagerie’ e

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

283

the 1st century CE, the ware was replaced by the Late Italian terra sigillata relief wares.252 As is the case with earlier relief wares in Italian black-gloss and the Hellenistic wares made in the eastern Mediterranean, Italian terra sigillata relief wares imitated the qualities of metal vases, using a variety of motifs derived from a combination of Neo-Attic and Hellenistic sources to present primarily decorative motifs.253 e shapes decorated with relief ornament were limited, primarily chalices (often called kraters), but less commonly beakers and cups of various kinds.254

Technique Italian terra sigillata relief vases (see Pls. 61, 62) were made by pressing clay into a mold with depressions created by punches to form compositions that then appeared in relief on the finished vase.255 After the clay was pressed into the mold, the mold and vase were turned on the wheel to seat the clay firmly in the mold and smooth the interior. e rim and lip were then thrown atop the body. When the clay had dried and shrunk, the vase was removed from the mold, and a separately thrown foot was attached with slip. When the clay had dried to leather-hard, the vase was (double) dipped in gloss and then fired. e gloss and the clay are the same as those of the plain vessels in Italian terra sigillata and the rims and feet feature complex moldings.256 Just as in the plain shapes, many of the relief vases were signed by their makers. ese generally took the form of separate signatures of the potter (usually a slave) and the workshop owner on the exterior; the stamps may be either closely aligned or separated, and they were placed in the same field as the relief to serve as calligraphic correnti artistiche,” in L’art décoratif à Rome à la fin de la république et au début du principat, CÉFR 55 (Rome, 1981) 101–107; Marabini Moevs 2006, 77–88. In this section I am greatly indebted to Drs. F. P. Porten Palange and C. Troso for helpful advice and friendly criticism. All errors that remain are, of course, my own. 252 There has been some dispute about the end date of Arretine relief wares. Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 17, proposed 25 CE, while RE suppl. VII (1940), s.v. “Terra sigillata,” 1310 (H. Comfort), and Stenico 1958, 613, both espouse a date of ca. 40 CE. See Brown 1968, xviii, for a summary of the dispute. More recently, the trend has been toward a later end date for Early Italian terra sigillata relief work. Although the Conspectus does not treat relief wares in depth, in its analysis of shapes, the chalice shape R9 is considered Tiberian-Claudian (p. 178), while R4 is stated to “extend throughout the reign of Tiberius at least, and possibly even later” (p. 172), and R10 is also dated Tiberian (p. 180). Since the workshop of M. Perennius Bargathes is now considered to have worked into the 20s CE (Conspectus, 178), the last two fabricants of the workshop of Perennius, Crescens and Saturninus, are pushed into the later Tiberian and the Claudian period. On these: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 54. The beginnings of Late Italian terra sigillata are now placed in the third quarter of the 1st century

CE. See Conspectus, 15; C. Rossetti Tella, La terra sigillata tardo-italica decorata del Museo Nazionale Romano (Rome, 1996) 401–405, esp. 405. For the interconnections of late Arretine (Early Italian terra sigillata) relief wares with Late Italian terra sigillata: A. Stenico, “Ceramica arretina e terra sigillata tardo-italica,” RCRFActa 2 (1959) 51–61; EAA suppl. (1973), s.v. “Terra sigillata,” 812–814 (H. Comfort); Rossetti Tella (above) 228–229. 253 For Hellenistic black-gloss and red-gloss relief wares: pp. 231–282 above. On the sources of the motifs on Italian terra sigillata relief wares: Pucci (n. 251 above) 107–119. See also R. J. Charleston, Roman Pottery (London, 1955) 13, 15; Stenico 1958, 611–612. 254 On the shapes of Arretine relief vessels: Conspectus, 165–187, which supplants Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 20–29. See also Studia Ietina VIII, 75. 255 On the technique of relief vases: Oxé 1933, 7–8; Charleston (n. 253 above) 12–14; Stenico 1958, 609–610; Stenico 1966; Roman Crafts, 78–80. 256 The clay of the Arretine relief vessels found at Morgantina is the same as that of the plain shapes: a fine hard red to reddish brown with occasional small inclusions. The color varies from 2.5YR 5/6 to 2.5YR 6/8. The usual gloss is an adherent lustrous dark red. Variations to this rule are noted in the catalogue.

284

CHAPTER V

elements of the decoration.257 Italian terra sigillata relief vases were occasionally signed on the interior, although this is less common than signatures on the exterior.258

Shapes and Findspots e excavations at Morgantina have produced twenty-two fragments of Italian terra sigillata relief vases. Nineteen of these are chalices, and three are fragments of cups or beakers. ey were presumably purchased for use on the table with plain shapes of terra sigillata. e findspots of the relief vessels support this conclusion, since the majority came from the West Hill, which was the domestic quarter of the last settlement at Morgantina.259

Chronology e Italian terra sigillata relief wares found at Morgantina date primarily to the later years of the reign of Augustus and the reign of Tiberius. Only three fragments may have been made before 10 BCE. One (no. 678; Pls. 61, 132) depicts a thiasos and is signed by the fabricant Pantagathus together with C. Annius (Pls. 61, 133).260 An example of the work of these two has been found at Oberaden (abandoned 8 BCE), and they were thus working before ca. 10 BCE.261 It is likely, however, that Pantagathus was active into the last decade BCE, and that C. Annius continued to make relief wares into the early 1st century CE.262 e shape of no. 678 is a chalice (Conspectus form R2.1) that was popular during the middle to late Augustan periods, and its findspot (the lowest stratum of fill over a beaten earth

257 On signatures: Oxé 1933, 12–13. For examples of sep-

arated signatures, see nos. 670 (P. Cornelius) and 674 (Primus). For the names of the fabricant and workshop owner placed together, see no. 678 (Pantagathus/C. Annius). 258 Oxé 1933, 12, and, for examples at Morgantina, nos. 679 and 681. The latter is signed by Ateius, who usually signed on the interior: OCK 290. 259 Nos. 667, 670, 673, 674, 676, 678, 679, 680, 681, 684, 687, and 688 come from the West Hill domestic quarter. The other fragments (nos. 669, 683, 686) come mainly from contexts that are associated with dumping (contexts IIIG and IIIH). Nos. 671 and 672 were found in a shop in the northwestern Agora, no. 666 in the last marketplace. No. 668 was found on street pavement at the base of the West Hill. Nos. 675 and 677 were found adjacent to the main street through the city. No. 685 was found in the cavea of the Theater, which revealed evidence of dumping in the 1st century CE. 260 The pendant pinecones on no. 678 have no exact parallels. For similar border motifs: Oxé 1933, pl. 8, no. 27, pl.

9, no. 30; Stenico 1966, pl. 31, nos. 155, 156. For the satyr: A. M. Alarcão, “Cálice de terra sigillata da oficina de C. Annius (filiado na obra de Rasinius),” Conimbriga 9 (1970) 1– 6, pls. IV:b–V; I am indebted to Paola Porten Palange for this reference. For the maenad: Chase 1916, pl. 9:3 (=Stenico 1960, 26, no. 190); Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, Beil. 7, no. 55. For other Dionysiac scenes from the workshop of the Annii, see Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 148–149. For works by Pantagathus-Rasini Memmi, see also n. 286 below. 261 See OCK 127 and 1373 (dated approximately 15–1 BCE); Rudnick 1995, 67, 159, OaNr. 1. 262 Numerous plain vases signed by C. Annius were found at Haltern (abandoned 9 CE): CVArr, 83c5, 83f7–8, 83h7, 83hh6. On the date of Haltern, see p. 212 above. For possible relief wares by C. Annius at Haltern: Rudnick 1995, 73. For other relief wares from the workshop of C. Annius at Morgantina: nos. 679, 680; the former is dated to the 1st century CE: see p. 288 below.

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

285

floor in context IIID) suggests that it was broken when the last inhabitants abandoned the house in the second quarter of the 1st century CE.263 is would indicate that it was an heirloom when it was broken, but, given its shape, the date of its manufacture was most likely after 10 BCE. A chalice base (no. 681; Pl. 61) is signed by Cn. Ateius and his fabricant Eros.264 OCK dates this partnership to the period 15 BCE–15 CE, so while no. 681 could date before 10 BCE, it could also easily be late Augustan. Its archaeological context was inconclusive for its dating. In addition, a fragment of a beaker or cup (no. 683; Pl. 134) was found in the lowest level of the dump context IIIG, which may suggest that it was discarded as early as the penultimate decade BCE. Regrettably, the stratigraphy of the dump is not clearly significant. While no. 683 may have been made before 10 BCE, there is no reason that it could not belong in the last decade BCE, since it is attributed to the workshop of Rasinius, who worked from ca. 15 BCE into the reign of Tiberius.265 The rest of the relief vessels surely date between the last decade BCE and the final abandonment of the site around 40–50 CE.

Workshops A number of terra sigillata relief vases found at Morgantina can either be assigned on the basis of surviving signatures or attributed by the style of their reliefs to workshops located at Arretium, including the ateliers of M. Perennius, P. Cornelius, C. Annius, and Rasinius. In addition, no. 681, a chalice base with no preserved relief, comes from the workshop of Cn. Ateius (Pl. 61), who had workshops at Arretium and Pisa. Most of the owners of the workshops to which relief vessels can be assigned on the basis of signatures or attribution also signed plain shapes of Early Italian terra sigillata found at Morgantina, and the date of the relief wares is similar to that of the plain shapes.266 e absence of any relief-decorated vases made in Puteoli is somewhat surprising, since plain shapes from that center have been found at Morgantina.267

263 On the shape: Conspectus, 168. On the findspot: Tsa kirgis 1984, 201. 264 For Cn. Ateius/Eros signatures: OCK 290. On Ateius: RE, suppl. VII, s.v. “Terra sigillata” (H. Comfort) cols. 1318–1319; Ettlinger 1983, 35, 73–75, 242–246. His workshop shows interconnections with that of M. Perennius Bargathes, who began working in the last decade BCE (see n. 268 below): Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 171–172; Rudnick 1995, 70–72, 77. 265 No. 683 is attributed to Rasinius, who is represented at Oberaden (abandoned ca. 8 BCE): A. Stenico, La ceramica arretina, vol. 1, Museo archeologico di Arezzo: Rasinius, I (Milan and Varese, 1960) 20; Rudnick 1995, 74. Rasinius’s

relief work was also found at Haltern (abandoned in 9 CE): Rudnick 1995, 74–75. His workshop continued to produce plain wares well into the 1st century CE: see p. 221 and nn. 83–84 above; see also p. 288 below. 266 For Cornelius: nos. 422, 483, 484. For Perennius: no. 442. For Rasinius: nos. 407, 428, 477. For Ateius: no. 405. 267 Puteolan Sigillata at Morgantina: nos. 452, 455, 464, 475, 481, 482, 487–489, 491, 494 (?). For relief work from Puteoli at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 85–86. On Puteolan relief vases, see also Brown 1968, 34. H. Comfort, “Puteolan Sigillata in the Louvre,” RCRFActa 5–6 (1963–64) 7–28, notes (p. 11) that the distribution of Puteolan decorated wares was limited.

286

CHAPTER V

M. Perennius Bargathes The relief work of the long-lived workshop of M. Perennius is represented at Morgantina only by M. Perennius Bargathes (nos. 666–669; Pls. 61, 131), who was active from the last decade of the 1st century BCE into the reign of Tiberius.268 There are no examples by M. Perennius Tigranus, which is somewhat surprising since his relief vases have frequently been found at other sites, and he signed a plain cup found at Morgantina.269 Of the examples by Bargathes, no. 666 (Pls. 61, 131) is a chalice shape that first appeared (or became common) during the reign of Tiberius.270 It has appliqué decoration on the rim, a mode of decoration that appeared in the first decade of the 1st century CE and became popular under Tiberius.271 Another interesting piece is no. 667 (Pl. 131), a chalice whose only decoration is a narrow band of repetitive floral crosses above a course of leaves and tongues. The floral crosses on the vase have parallels in developed South Gaulish terra sigillata.272 The gloss of no. 667 is a dull brown-red, darker and less lustrous than that of the other pieces of moldmade Italian terra sigillata from Morgantina. This is a sign of late date, and the vase should be among the final products of Bargathes’s workshop. Of the two other vases assigned here to Bargathes, no. 668 is a standard product of his workshop, but no. 669 is peculiar and may be by another workshop.273 268

On the workshop of Perennius: H. Dragendorff, “Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefässen,” in Festschrift für August Oxé (Darmstadt, ca. 1938) 1–8; Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 33–54 (for Bargathes, 44–54); Brown 1968, 3. For Bargathes: Porten Palange 1984. He must have begun working no later than the turn of the millennium, since vases from his workshop were found at Haltern (abandoned 9 CE), and he worked into the reign of Tiberius (Conspectus, 178). A dating of the activity of Bargathes from ca. 5 BCE to ca. 25/30 CE seems reasonable. For his relief work found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 83. 269 On Tigranus: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 37– 44; Brown 1968, 3. For his relief work at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 83. The latest work of Tigranus may be a cup at Neuss: Ettlinger 1983, 42–43, pl. 60:1, which she would date after ca. 5 CE. For the cup at Morgantina with his signature: no. 442. 270 For the shape, see Conspectus, 178–179. For the relief, see Oxé 1933, pl. 45, no. 159; R. Egger, “Die Ausgrabungen auf dem Magdalensberg 1958 und 1959,” Carinthia I: Mitteilungen des Geschichtsvereins für Kärnten 151 (1961) 79– 80, fig. 6; Stenico 1966, 432–433, no. 40, pl. 2; C. Goudineau, “Céramique arétine à reliefs de Bolsena,” MÉFRA 80 (1968) 180, no. 28, pl. 11. Cornelius uses a similar motif of snakes knotted around a lancet leaf: Brown 1968, 29, no. 80. 271 At least on plain terra sigillata vessels (see p. 210 above), but the same chronology also seems valid for relief vessels. The importation of true Arretine wares to the area of the Rhine had virtually ceased by the end of the reign of Augustus; the majority of terra sigillata dating after that time

found north of the Alps was made in Gaul. See Ettlinger 1983, 42–43. Of the relief vessels found on the Rhine, only those belonging to the provincial workshops of Ateius show appliqué ornamentation on their rims: Oxé 1933, nos. 2 (pl. 3), 83 (pl. 19), 138 (pl. 37); the last example, however, shows that such adornment had begun to be used by 9 CE, since it comes from Haltern. The decorated terra sigillata found at Neuss bears out this chronology, since only one example has appliqué decoration on its rim: Ettlinger 1983, 244 on pl. 56:3. 272 F. Oswald and T. D. Pryce, An Introduction to the Study of Terra Sigillata (London, 1920) 69, pl. VI:12; F. Hermet, La Graufesenque (Condatomago) (Paris, 1934) vol. 1, 14, pl. 15, nos. 100, 106–110. The motif should possibly be added to the others borrowed from Arretine by early South Gaulish potters. On the borrowing of motifs: F. Oswald, “Arretine and Early South Gaulish Potters,” JRS 46 (1956) 107–114. The shape of no. 667 is the ancestor of the Dragendorff 29 bowl favored by the potters of La Graufesenque: Conspectus, 174–175. 273 For pieces by Bargathes similar to no. 668: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 196, 206, pl. 19, nos. 214, 326, 329, pl. 20, no. 215. For the rosettes: Porten Palange 1984, 19, no. 24. For a similar piece by Cornelius: Stenico 1966, 455, pl. 7, no. 153. Cornelius generally placed his rosettes horizontally above or below the pictorial field: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 163; Brown 1968, 31, pl. 21, no. 89. On that basis, this cup seems more likely to be by Bargathes. Most of the motifs of no. 669 can be paralleled in the work of Bargathes, but this piece may be, as Porten Palange suggests, an imitation by another workshop, probably located

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

287

Publius Cornelius The terra sigillata relief workshop whose vases are most frequently found at Morgantina is that of P. Cornelius (nos. 670–677; Pls. 61, 131–133), a later Augustan and Tiberian potter who also signed several plain terra sigillata vases found at the site.274 His work is closely tied to that of his contemporary, M. Perennius Bargathes.275 Three of the fragments found at Morgantina (nos. 670, 671, 673; Pl. 61) bear stamps of Cornelius, and a fourth (no. 674; Pl. 61) preserves the signature of one of his slaves, Primus. Three of the relief vases by Cornelius are of interest. Based on the signature, no. 670 (Pls. 61, 131) is the earliest example of Cornelius’s relief work at Morgantina and probably dates to the last decade BCE.276 Its vegetal ornament shows the fine decorative qualities which predominate in Cornelius’s work. No. 671 (Pls. 61, 132) is a mid- to late Augustan chalice which depicts maenads standing between plants, a good example of the predilection for paratactic and decorative compositions in terra sigillata relief wares.277 No. 672 (Pl. 132) shows a similar maenad, but the figure is larger than those on no. 671, and it probably comes from a different vase (while nos. 671 and 672 were found in the same area, they came from widely separated findspots).278 Both of these and the two other signed fragments from his workshop (nos. 673, 674; Pls. 61, 132, 133) probably date to the first decade of the 1st century CE.279 The other fragments (nos. 675–677; Pl. 133) are too small to date but seem to be products of Cornelius’s prolific workshop.280

elsewhere than Arretium. For the vegetal cross: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 47, fig. 6, no. 21. For examples of the vegetal cross: Oxé 1933, pl. 47, no. 170; Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 27, no. 393. For the pelta: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 47, fig. 6, no. 2, and pl. 37, nos. 387, 388; Porten Palange 1984, 19, no. 16. For similar floral compositions by Bargathes: Chase 1916, pl. 1, no. 128 (=Stenico 1960, 33, no. 322); Oxé 1933, pl. 47, no. 169; F. P. Porten Palange La ceramica arretina a rilievo nell’Antiquarium del Museo Nazionale in Roma (Florence, 1966) pl. 9, no. 55. 274 Relief work of Cornelius was found at Haltern (abandoned 9 CE). Troso 1991, 66, dates his career to the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, and perhaps even later. See also Dragendorf and Watzinger 1948, 163. For relief vases by Cornelius at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 84–85. 275 On Cornelius and Bargathes: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 162–163; Brown 1968, 29. On the dating of Bargathes, see n. 268 above. 276 For the reliefs, see C. Troso, “La fase iniziale della produzione decorata a rilievo di P. Cornelius: Testimonianze inedite,” Athenaeum 82 (1994) 526, n. 41, pl. D. For the leaf: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 34, no. 549 (Cornelius), fig. 23:211, pls. 1:8, 2:13a–b. The signature is Troso 1991, 18, fig. 1:A. 277 For the maenads: Troso 1991, 77–78, fig. 3, no. 16, pl. 6, nos. 34, 35. They are similar to Dragendorff and Watz-

inger 1948, 167, III, 43, described as Artemis. For the florals: Oxé 1933, pl. 19, no. 90; Stenico 1966, 456, nos. 159, 160, pl. 7. For the eggs: Troso 1991, fig. 19:147. The signature is Troso 1991, 20, fig. 1:b. 278 See C. Troso, “Una coppa inedita del ceramista Aretino P. Cornelius: Considerazioni sulla produzione della II fase dell’officina,” Rivista archeologica dell’antica provincia e diocesi di Como 189 (2007) 44–83, esp. 66, fig. 3, nos. 23, 24, for the two sizes of maenads. 279 For the peltae on no. 673: Troso 1991, fig. 20:162– 164; the signature is Troso 1991, 20, fig. 1:b. For the palmettes on no. 674: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 37, no. 550; Troso 1991, 52, fig. 26:236; see also Rudnick 1995, 211, no. 60. For the rosettes: Troso 1991, fig. 21:181. For rosettes with palmettes: Brown 1968, pl. 21, no. 90. For the tongue-and-leaf frieze: G. H. Chase, The Loeb Collection of Arretine Pottery (New York, 1908) pl. 23, nos. 417, 423 (=Stenico 1960, 33, nos. 316, 317); Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 37, no. 552; Porten Palange (n. 273 above) pl. 18, no. 88. For the signature of Primus: Troso 1991, 24, fig. 1:F. 280 For the vertical lancet leaves of no. 675: Troso 1991, fig. 25:228. For parallels to no. 677, see Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 37, no. 559; Stenico 1966, pl. 3, no. 57, pl. 7, no. 164. For the rosette: Troso 1991, fig. 21:181. For the arc: Troso 1991, fig. 27:252.

288

CHAPTER V

Caius Annius Three vases at Morgantina (nos. 678–680; Pls. 61, 133) are the work of Caius Annius; no vases by the younger L. Annius have been found at Morgantina.281 No. 678 (Pls. 61, 133), signed by Pantagathus and C. Annius, is discussed above. The other vase of interest from this workshop is no. 679 (Pls. 61, 133), which depicts Herakles. The presence of appliqués on its rim indicates that it was made in the 1st century CE, and probably after 10 CE.282 No. 680 (Pl. 133) preserves a signature, but only small traces of relief decoration. Rasinius The workshop of Rasinius, represented at Morgantina by two small fragments (nos. 682, 683; Pl. 134), was closely associated with the workshop of the Annii.283 From his plain shapes, Rasinius appears to have had a long career that lasted from ca. 20 BCE into the reign of Tiberius.284 No. 682 is a cup or beaker with a gorgoneion.285 No. 683 (Pl. 134) preserves the arm of a Nike sacrificing a bull.286

Other Early Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Vases e remaining relief vessels (nos. 684–688; Pls. 62, 134) cannot be assigned to workshops, but some are noteworthy. No. 684 (Pls. 62, 134) depicts a hunt and is one of only two vases found at Morgantina that show the continuous compositions popular on Early Italian terra sigillata relief vessels.287 However, it seems to be not particularly early, since the tree has analogies to those in the work of Cornelius. Regrettably, the signature on it is fragmentary and does not identify the maker. 281

The Annii were closely tied to the workshop of Rasinius and C. Tellius: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 143. For a possible vase by C. Annius at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 85. 282 On the dating of appliqués on rims of plain Italian terra sigillata, see p. 210 above. For the Herakles: Chase 1916, pl. 10:90 (signed by Acoristus); Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 146, no. 2; EAA I, s.v. “Annius,” 61, fig. 44. For the ovuli: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 18, fig. 1, no. 17a. For an appliqué of a frontal lion’s head: Brown 1968, pl. 47, no. 7. For a similar Herakles by Cornelius: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 165, no. 19; Brown 1968, pl. 20, no. 84. 283 On Rasinius: Stenico (n. 265 above). His work has been found at Oberaden, and he seems to have begun working around 20 BCE or soon after: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 119; Stenico (above n. 265) 20. On Pantagathus’s connections with Rasinius: Dragendorff and Watz inger 1948, 119. For possible vases by him found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 85. 284 See p. 285 and n. 265 above, and, for his plain work

at Morgantina, nos. 407, 428, 478. His work was found in the Neronian or early Flavian deposits at Corinth: Hayes 1973, 445–446, including examples that Hayes would date “very late Augustan or Tiberian.” 285 See Stenico (n. 265 above) type 152; Brown 1968, pl. 14, no. 60; Hayes 1973, no. 95. 286 See CVA, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 1 [USA 9], pl. 42, no. 6; Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 125–126; N. Kunisch, Die stiertötende Nike: Typengeschichte und mythologische Untersuchungen (Diss. Munich, 1964) 64, type IIB, nos. 57–60. Two of the three surviving examples of the scene are attributed to Rasinius: Stenico 1960, 62, no. 877, and 66, no. 955. They are particularly associated with his collaboration with C. Memmius: see Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 119; Stenico 1960, 877, 955; Rudnick 1995, 68. 287 On Arretine relief composition: Charleston (n. 253 above) 13–15; Stenico 1958, 614–615. For a specific case: M. T. Marabini Moevs, “Le muse di Ambracia,” BdA 12 (1981) 15–16. For hunts on Arretine relief vases: Dragen-

P OT T E RY W I T H M O L D M A D E D E C O R AT I O N

289

Another interesting piece that cannot be attributed to a known workshop is no. 685 (Pls. 62, 134), a late chalice of Tiberian or even Claudian date with an appliqué figure of a musician on its rim. Early Italian terra sigillata relief style tended to evolve from continuous or sequential “narrative” compositions to those where purely decorative motifs predominated. The figure on the rim of no. 685 was originally part of a continuous composition, but by the time the vase was manufactured, the composition to which it belonged was apparently no longer in use, and the motif was reused as an appliqué.288 The original composition is associated with the workshop of M. Perennius, but its reuse is probably to be associated with a workshop located outside Arretium.289 No. 687 (Pl. 134) is a small fragment that shows the hands of a person driving a chariot. Such compositions are associated with the workshop of Perennius, but the fragment is too small to be accurately attributed and has no exact parallel.290 Another late chalice (no. 688; Pl. 134) has an applied garland on its vertical rim.291 It is late Tiberian or Claudian and hence among the latest pottery found at Morgantina.292 dorff and Watzinger 1948, 91–96, esp. 92, XVII:4. The scene on the vase from Morgantina is unparalleled. For trees similar to those on no. 684: Chase 1916, pl. 17, no. 76 (=Stenico 1960, 34, no. 339), pl. 26, no. 79 (=Stenico 1960, 35, no. 370); Stenico 1966, 63, nos. 134, 135. For analogous figures: Chase 1916, pl. 26, nos. 78–80 (=Stenico 1960, 35, nos. 369–371); Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 9, no. 116. Insofar as I can ascertain, the javelin is unparalleled on Arretine relief wares. It appears occasionally on “Megarian” bowls: W. Schwabacher, “Hellenistische Reliefkeramik im Kerameikos,” AJA 45 (1941) 211, nos. 5A, 5B, pl. VIA:1, VIA:2; Corinth VII.3, pl. 74, no. 844. The drapery seems best paralleled in the early work of the workshop of Perennius: Chase 1916, pl. 26, nos. 78, 79 (=Stenico 1960, 35, nos. 369, 370, “fase pretigranea”); Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 9, nos. 116, 119; CVA, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 1 [USA 9], pl. 40, no. 2. 288 The applied figure on the lip was used earlier in Perennius’s workshop for friezes of musicians on the bodies of vases: Oxé 1933, pl. 40, nos. 141, 144; Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 11, nos. 144–147. A quite similar musician is Rudnick 1995, 180, HaNr 62 (pls. 28, 57), which he attributes to the workshop of Ateius. For a matrix of this figure: A. Stenico, “Matrici a placca per applicazioni di vasi arretini del Museo Civico di Arezzo,” ArchCl 6 (1954) 54– 55, no. 7, pl. 9. The figural type is discussed by Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 103–105, no. 5. A number of the examples with this figure in museums are forgeries: F. P. Porten Palange, “Fälschungen in der arretinischen Reliefkeramik,” Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 19 (1989) 97, nos. 45, 93. For the nautili: Chase 1916, pl. 30, no. 133 (=Stenico 1966, 36, no. 400); Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 20, nos. 330, 334, 335, 212, 208, 332, 338, pl. 21, no. 337; Stenico 1966, 436, pl. 3, no. 54; Goudineau (n. 270 above) 196, pl. 10, no. 24. The nautili were used into the last phase of the workshop of Perennius by Saturninus: Dragendorff and

Watzinger 1948, pl. 26, no. 375. See also Rudnick 1995, 177, HaNr 46, HaNr 49, 190, HaNr 130 (all with the nautili reversed). For the tongues: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 19, no. 214, as well as nos. 329 and 326. For tongues with nautili, note especially Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 19, no. 326. 289 Dr. Porten Palange has pointed out to me that the motifs are characteristic of Bargathes’s work, except for the division of the reliefs on the body into rectangles by saw-teeth. She suggests that the vase is an imitation of Bargathes’s style made at a center other than Arretium. The rosettes and florals are akin to those used by Cornelius: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 36, nos. 537, 540; Oxé 1933, pl. 50, no. 195. The last is attributed to Cornelius: Stenico 1960, 49, no. 635, but Troso points out that the double rosettes differ from those of Cornelius: see Troso 1991, motives 177–179, for rosettes by Cornelius. See also CVA, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 1 [USA 9], pl. 22, no. 37; Chase (n. 276 above) 104, pl. 28, no. 124 (=Stenico 1960, 36, no. 382); Stenico 1966, 452, pl. 6, nos. 136, 138, and esp. 456, pl. 7, no. 159. 290 For figures in chariots: Chase 1916, 84, pl. 27, no. 83 (=Stenico 1960, 35, no. 374); Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, 111–112, pl. 16. All are from the workshop of M. Perennius. 291 For similar garlands on Arretine vases: Dragendorff and Watzinger 1948, pl. 13, nos. 176–180; Stenico 1966, nos. 178, 179 (p. 64); M. Vanderhoeven, “La terre sigillée lisse: Campagnes de fouilles de 1963 à 1974,” in Ordona, vol. 5, Rapports et études (Rome and Brussels, 1976) 85, no. 6, pl. XXXV=148, no. 301; M. Vanderhoeven, “La terre sigillée: Campagnes de fouilles de 1976 à 1986,” in Ordona, vol. 8, Rapports et études (Rome, 1988) 91=no. 17, fig. 20=158, no. 240; Rudnick 1995, 213, nos. 127, 128. 292 See Conspectus, 178, on the shape (form R9.3) and its date.

290

CHAPTER V

6. Green-Glazed Wares ree fragments of Roman green-glazed pottery have been found at Morgantina. Green-glazed wares were first developed in the east in the 1st century BCE,293 and a number of workshops were established on the Italian mainland, probably in northern Italy and Campania, by the first half of the 1st century CE.294 All the examples at Morgantina appear to come from Italy and must have been imported in the last years of habitation at the site. e most significant green-glazed fragment is the shoulder and body of a jug (no. 689; Pls. 62, 134).295 e shoulder bears a garland with a central frontal head.296 On the body, a woman with a bun coiffure faces left.297 She holds an object, perhaps a sheaf of wheat, in one hand. As is characteristic of the relief work of Italian workshops, the closest parallels to both motifs come from Italian terra sigillata relief wares, although the work is coarser and approaches the relief work on Late Italian terra sigillata.298 The only other green-glazed fragments found at Morgantina are a ring handle (no. 690; Pl. 134) and a body fragment (inv. 61-1827). Both come from skyphoi, the most common shape of green-glazed wares.299 293

On green-glazed wares: Roman Crafts, 86–87; A. Hochuli-Gysel, Kleinasiatische glasierte Reliefkeramik (50 v. Chr. bis 50 n. Chr.) und ihre oberitalienischen Nachahmungen (Bern, 1977); C. Maccabruni, “Ceramica romana con invetriatura al piombo,” in P. Lévêque and J.-P. Morel, eds., Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines, vol. 2 (Paris, 1987) 167–189; Hayes 1997, 64–66; E. Di Gioia, La ceramica invetriata in area vesuviana, Studi della soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei 19 (Rome, 2006); K. Greene, “Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Invention and Innovation: The Case of Lead-Glazed Pottery,” AJA 111 (2007) 653–671. On the glaze and technique: A. Hochuli-Gysel, “La céramique à glaçure plombifère d’Asie Mineure et du bassin méditerranéen oriental (du Ier s. av. J.-C. au Ier s. ap. J.-C.),” in F. Blondé, P. Ballet, and J.-F. Salles, eds., Céramiques héllenistiques et romaines: Productions et diffusion en Méditerranée orientale (Chypre, Égypte et côte syro-palestinienne) (Lyon, 2002) 303–319. L. Campagna, “Uno skyphos in ceramica invetriata dalla necropoli di Lipari,” in U. Spigo and M. C. Martinelli, eds., Nuovi studi di archeologia eoliana (Messina, 2000) 78–82, has identified a skyphos found in a tomb on Lipari as a green-glazed import from Asia Minor. 294 Hochuli-Gysel, Reliefkeramik (n. 293 above) 137–142, first proposed workshops in northern Italy. These have been further discussed by Maccabruni (n. 293 above) 171–172. The Italian workshops were initiated under Augustus. For the Campanian workshop dated to the first half of the 1st century CE: G. Soricelli, “Osservazioni intorno ad un cratere

in ceramica invetriata da Pompei,” RStPomp 2 (1988) 248– 254. Workshops have also been placed in Rome and Latium, but they seem to date to the second half of the 1st century or early 2nd century CE: see Sorricelli (above) 248; A. Martin, “Central Italian Lead-Glazed Ware,” RCRFActa 34 (1995) 63–68. 295 It appears to be Hochuli-Gysel’s pitcher type 3: Hochuli-Gysel, Reliefkeramik (n. 293 above), 46; see pl. 65:I34 for another pitcher from the Italian workshops. 296 For garlands on green-glazed wares: Hochuli-Gysel, Reliefkeramik (n. 293 above), 98 and pl. 37. For garlands on Italian terra sigillata relief vases: n. 291 above. 297 For similarly coiffed women: Stenico 1966, 57, no. 43, pl. 5, no. 15. 298 See Hochuli-Gysel, Reliefkeramik (n. 293 above), 138. For Late Italian terra sigillata: n. 252 above. 299 Hochuli-Gysel, Reliefkeramik (n. 293 above), 21–32. Both may be from her type 2 skyphos, but too little survives for certainty. Nos. 689 and 690 come from dumps closed ca. 40 CE (contexts IIIG, IIIH). Inv. 61-1827 is a body fragment that preserves on its exterior an applied leaf with stem beneath a raised molding. It was found in the first stratum of fill in the theater’s cavea. Their fabric and glaze are similar to that of the skyphos handle no. 690. See Campagna (n. 293 above) for a skyphos of this type found on Lipari. For others: M-L XI, 532, tomb 1261, pl. 254. An example found in excavations on the grounds of the Ospedale Civile in Syracuse (1971) is on display in the Museo Nazionale there.

VI Thin-Walled Pottery Thin-walled vases make up a class of Republican and early imperial ceramics characterized primarily by sharply articulated, fragile forms.1 ese wares seem to have been derived initially mainly from shapes current in the Late La Tène pottery of northern Italy and northern Europe, but they swiftly came under the influence of the southern Mediterranean “Hellenistic” tradition.2 ey were essentially fine pottery, and their forms often are elegant, but they also have many similarities to utilitarian wares. in-walled wares tend to be fairly small, and their shapes are limited to small cups, beakers, jars, and small pitchers or mugs.3 Some were thrown, others probably made with the aid of molds.4 eir functions seem to have been more to complement, rather than to substitute for, glossed wares on the table. It has been suggested that the beaker and cup shapes were used for hot beverages, while other shapes seem more suitable for storing condiments.5 This class first appeared in northern and central Italy in the early 2nd century BCE and began to be exported to the eastern Mediterranean and Spain as early as the second half of that century.6 In Sicily, thin-walled wares have been found at a variety of sites in contexts of the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE. Manufacture of thin-walled pottery is documented at Syracuse, Morgantina, and Segesta, and probably commenced at Syracuse and Morgantina around the middle of the 1st century BCE.7 1

On this class of pottery: Marabini Moevs; Mayet 1975; Schindler-Kaudelka 1975; Ricci 1985; M.-H. Santrot and J. Santrot, “Les céramiques à parois fines,” in Fouilles de l’École Française de Rome à Bolsena (Poggio Moscini), vol. VII, La citerne 5 et son mobilier, MÉFR suppl. 6 (Rome, 1995) 119–144; Hayes 1997, 67–71; Agora XXXII, 95–104; Denaro 2008. Denaro notes (p. 12) that the thickness of the walls of thin-walled vases is usually around 2 mm. 2 Marabini Moevs, 35–45; Mayet 1975, 17–19; Morel 1976, 482–486. 3 For typologies of the shapes used in southern Europe: Marabini Moevs, 49–257; Mayet 1975, 23–119. SchindlerKaudelka 1975 and Ricci 1985 also offer typologies. On these, see Agora XXXII, 94, n. 2. 4 Hayes 1997, 23, 67–68. 5 M. Vegas, “Römische Keramik von Gabii (Latium),” BJ 168 (1968) 27, noted that many of the thin-walled vases found at Gabii were burned, and suggested that they were used for heating beverages. See also Wright 1980, 171; Santrot and Santrot (n. 1 above) 119; Denaro 2008, 19. Many of the forms have lips created to hold lids. This suggests that the vases could have been used for the storage of

condiments, as well as for hot beverages. Not all the shapes seem suitable for beverages. 6 For northern and central Italy: Marabini Moevs, 22–23, 35, 50–52, with revisions in Marabini Moevs 1980, 171– 172. See Vegas (n. 5 above) 28 for doubts about the specifically northern character of thin-walled vases; see also Morel 1976, 486. For Spain: Mayet 1975; F. Mayet in Fouilles de Conimbriga, vol. 6, Céramiques diverses et verres (Paris, 1976) 27–37. For thin-walled wares in the eastern Mediterranean during the 1st century BCE: Thompson 1934, 370, no. D79, fig. 78; H. S. Robinson, The Athenian Agora, vol. V, Pottery of the Roman Period, Chronology (Princeton, 1959) 13, pl. 39, F24; Agora XXXII, 95–104. See also Marabini Moevs, 52, nn. 56, 57. For additional bibliography, see Ricci 1985. 7 For thin-walled wares in Sicily: Denaro 2008. Earlier bibliography of importance includes: Pelagatti 1969–70, 78, figs. 4 and 5, pls. 2 and 3; Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 480–486; Fallico 1971, 602–604, 636; A. Ricci, “I vasi potori a pareti sottili,” in A. Giardina and A. Schiavone, eds., Società romana e produzione schiavistica II: Merci, mercati e scambi nel Mediterraneo (Rome, 1981) 127, 133; Wilson

292

CHAPTER VI

Because of the nature of the vases from which they developed, as well as their function, thinwalled shapes made in northern and central Italy were not decorated with gloss until the Augustan period.8 The plain character of the Iron Age tradition predominated in those regions, but in Sicily the strong Hellenistic tradition influenced the decoration of thin-walled shapes earlier. At Morgantina and Syracuse, the decoration of thin-walled vases with dilute gloss decoration began by the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.9

1. Fabrics and Origins It is not possible at present to separate the thin-walled vases made at Morgantina from imported vessels by comparing fabric types. A number of fabric colors can be distinguished, but, as the name implies, the fabric of this class of vessel is very thin, usually no more than several millimeters, and usually fired quite hard. e clay is necessarily always finely levigated to achieve the desired thinness of fabric. e fabric of the bulk of the thin-walled vases found at Morgantina is a reddish-brown clay containing small inclusions.10 is fabric is here called TW1. Unfortunately, reddish-brown or grayish-brown fabrics were common at Morgantina in the last two centuries BCE and can represent either local production or an origin at another site in east central Sicily.11 All the thin-walled vases found in the potter’s dump in the House of the Official (deposit IIE.1) have a reddish-brown fabric and are grouped here under fabric TW1.1, since they were certainly made at Morgantina. Some of the vases with this fabric color, however, were clearly imported from the Italian mainland, given their fine potting and sophisticated decoration, such as barbotine and incision. e fabric TW1.1 vases from the potter’s dump (deposit IIE.1), by contrast, have thicker walls and only gloss decoration. A fair number of vases have a grayish-brown or grayish biscuit, but this may in some cases be the same fabric as TW1 with a slightly different color due to variations in the temperature and conditions of the firing.12 Again, there is a broad range of quality in the vases with gray fabrics, but they are grouped together here as fabric TW2. This fabric color does not appear in the vases at Morgantina that can be dated to the imperial period.

1988, 257–258; Wilson 1990, 255–256; Studia Ietina VIII, 226–228; La Torre and Mollo 2006, 234–242. For production at Syracuse: S. L. Agnello, “Nuovi ipogei scoperti nel cimitero di Vigna Cassia,” NSc 1955, 227–228, 242–244; Pelagatti 1969–70, 78 pls. 4 and 5, fig. 5; Fallico 1971, 636; S. Lagona, “Vasai a Siracusa in età ellenistico-romana,” ArchStorSir 2 (1972/73) 91–98; Wilson 1988, 257–258; Studia Ietina VIII, 224–225; Denaro 2008, 13. For Morgantina, see pp. 412 below and 56–57 above, deposit IIE.1. For Segesta: Denaro 2008, 19–20; he dates the beginning of production there in the late 2nd century BCE. 8 Marabini Moevs, 36, 119–123, 141–143. 9 The following vases found in deposits that were closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE were decorated with dilute gloss: nos. 691, 697, 706, 706A, 706B, 706G,

711A, 714B, 717, 718, 718B, 720, 725, 732. Gloss seems to be a form of decoration, since these vases are not otherwise decorated, except for no. 725. See Fallico 1971, 603, for similar observations about the use of gloss on Syracusan thin-walled wares, which she compares to contemporary “presigillata.” See also Denaro 2008, 12–13. 10 For vases in this fabric group, see pp. 293–294 below. The color of the fabric varies from 5YR 7/4 to 5YR 6/6, with most examples classified as 5YR 6/3–6/4, the same range of hues as fabric I in black and utilitarian pottery. For the similarity to the fabric of black-gloss vases made at Morgantina, see p. 74 above. Denaro 2008, 12–13, notes that many thinwalled fabrics are reddish brown. 11 See p. 294 below. 12 The color of the fabric varies from 5YR 6/2 to 5YR 6/1.

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

293

A few vases of this class have an orange fabric, although these vary in hardness and are likely to come from several centers of production.13 The orange vases are designated TW3. Again, no vase with an orange fabric clearly dates to the 1st century CE. Finally, ten vases have a red fabric that is hard fired. They are grouped here as TW4.14 Two date to the 1st century CE, but the varying colors of the red fabrics again suggest multiple production centers. Some of the thin-walled vases found at Morgantina were probably manufactured at Syracuse, but it is difficult to determine exactly which vases come from Syracuse.15 Transporting pottery from Syracuse to Morgantina was difficult due to the lack of a direct route, and thin-walled vases were not only fragile but also probably relatively low cost; these two facts make it unlikely that there was large-scale importing of pottery from Syracuse. None of the vases made at Morgantina or Syracuse bear any kind of decoration other than dilute gloss, and Morgantina’s thin-walled ware thus likely responds to the decoration of vases from Syracuse and other east Sicilian cities. All of the thin-walled vases with barbotine (relief-slip) ornament at Morgantina were probably imported from the Italian mainland, where that type of ornament originated.16 A few examples may have come from Spain. Whether from Sicily, the Italian mainland, or Spain, thin-walled vases generally have some type of reddish-brown to grayish biscuit, and the fabric classifications used here should be considered tentative.

Fabric Groups of Thin-Walled Pottery Fabric group TW1, hard fine reddish brown, usually 5YR 6/3–5YR 6/4: nos. 692?, 692D, 694, 695, 696, 696A, 698, 699B, 699D, 699E, 699S, 699T, 701, 702, 703, 703A, 705, 706B, 706C, 706D, 706F, 706G, 709, 709A, 710, 710A, 711, 711A, 711B, 712, 713, 713A, 714, 714A, 718B?, 718D, 719, 719A, 720, 723, 725, 726A, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 734, 735, 737, 737A, 739, 740, 741, 742.

For grayish-brown fabrics during the 3rd century BCE and their equation with the reddish-brown fabric I, see p. 72 above. For the color of contemporary Campana C blackgloss fabric: p. 152 above. Campana C vases made at Morgantina used the same clay as other black-gloss ware made at the site: see p. 73 above. 13 On orange fabrics, see Denaro 2008, 12–13. The fabric colors are usually around 5YR 7/6. For vases in this fabric group, see p. 294 below. For other orange fabrics at Morgantina in the period of thin-walled wares, see p. 80 above. 14 For other red fabrics at Morgantina after 211 BCE: pp. 79–80 above. For thin-walled wares with red fabrics at Iaitas, see Studia Ietina VIII, 226. Schindler-Kaudelka distinguished ten different thin-walled fabrics at the Magdalensberg: Schindler-Kaudelka 1975, 29–36. At Aesis, there were three major fabrics of thin-walled: Jesi, 200–203, “classe 1–3.” Denaro 2008, 51–54, identified forty fabrics at

Segesta, of which thirty-five are local. He believes (pp. 27– 28, 52) that vases of his impasto 9, described as “light red” (2.5YR 6/8) and containing glauconite, are from Morgantina. 15 Fallico 1971, 603, notes that the fabrics of thin-walled vases at Syracuse are reddish, beige, orange, or gray. Wilson 1988, 257, states that Syracusan thin-walled wares have a red or gray fabric. Denaro 2008, 13, agrees with Wilson. As a comparison, Denaro 2008, 19, estimates that around 80% of the thin-walled wares found at Segesta was made locally. 16 On these types of decoration, see pp. 301–302 below. For vases made at Syracuse: p. 291, n. 7 above. A number of the vases with a reddish-brown fabric have barbotine decoration and appear to be imports (nos. 692, 701, 709, 727– 731). Only no. 732 combines gloss and barbotine decoration, and that vase is probably Augustan in date.

294

CHAPTER VI

Fabric group TW1.1, reddish brown, from potter’s dump in the cistern of the House of the Official (deposit IIE.1): nos. 697, 699F–P, 706, 706A, 707, 717, 718, 718A. Fabric group TW2, soft or hard fine gray to grayish brown, usually 5YR 6/1–5YR 8/2: nos. 691, 692A, 692C, 694A, 699R?, 700, 700A, 703B?, 708, 715, 726B. Fabric group TW3, orange fabrics, usually around 5YR 7/6, soft orange: nos. 692B, 704, 718C, 722, 724; hard orange: nos. 694B, 706E, 714B, 717A. Fabric group TW4, hard red fabrics, varying colors as noted in the catalogue: nos. 692E, 693, 699?, 699A, 699C, 699Q, 726, 733, 736, 738.

2. Chronology Many of the thin-walled wares at Morgantina were found in fills created by the destructions and abandonments of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposits and contexts IID–IIi). e thinwalled vases in these fills are closely paralleled by smaller amounts of the ware found in contemporary fills at Akrai and Syracuse.17 ere are few earlier fills with thin-walled vessels. Some fragments of (imported) thin-walled wares were found in a deposit of the first quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IIB).18 e fill of the pottery factory in the East Granary (context IIC), abandoned during the second quarter of the 1st century BCE, contained only two catalogued thin-walled vases (nos. 700A, 705), in different fabrics.19 at establishment apparently did not manufacture thin-walled pottery. ese two fills suggest that the class was rare at Morgantina into the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. The potter’s dump in the cistern of the House of the Official (deposit IIE.1), however, included a fairly large number of thin-walled wares (although only three shapes), indicating that the potter made these wares up to the time of the destruction of his house and shop in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. As noted above, none of the vases found in the cistern have the barbotine or incised decoration characteristic of the finest Italian thin-walled wares. The potter did use dilute gloss to decorate his thin-walled products. The evidence from the pottery factory in the House of the Official thus suggests that the production of thin-walled vases began at Morgantina around or soon after the middle of the 1st century BCE, and that the finest examples of the class found at the site were imported. This hypothesis is supported by two domestic fills: deposit IID, a house that burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and deposit IIG, a cistern in a house destroyed at the same

17 See Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 480–486; Fallico 1971, 602–604, 636. 18 The only catalogued piece from deposit IIB is no. 727, but there were other small fragments of thin-walled wares

in the fill. 19 Additional fragments, although not many, have been retained in the sherd boxes from the excavations of the building.

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

295

time as IID but probably filled in the early fourth quarter of the 1st century. Both contained significant amounts of thin-walled wares of Late Republican type, both local and imported.20 Three other fills that seem to have been closed in the third or early fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IIF, contexts IIH and IIi) also contained thin-walled wares.21 A final piece of chronological evidence is a cautious comparison of the thin-walled wares of Republican date at Morgantina with those found in a deposit of ca. 25–20 BCE at Ordona in the province of Foggia.22 Many similar vases were found at both sites, but some of the thin-walled vases from the deposit at Ordona are clearly later than those found in the fills of ca. 35 BCE at Morgantina. The chronology of the thin-walled shapes in use at Morgantina before ca. 35 BCE presents few problems because of the relatively large number of well-dated fills. The types used during the last period of habitation at Morgantina are more problematic, because the inhabitants left behind relatively few vases when they abandoned their houses on the hill west of the Agora, and few of these were thin-walled.23 Only two vases were found in the northwest Agora (context IIIi), the commercial center of the town in the last decade of the 1st century BCE and the early 1st century CE.24 The fill there, however, is quite thin and was not securely sealed. Some vases from Morgantina’s last period may have been found in the dump over the Northwest Stoa (context IIIH) and the dump immediately to the south of the northwest area of the Agora (context IIIG). Both of these areas, however, also contained much earlier ceramic material, including some material that probably came from houses on the West Hill that had been destroyed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE and which were rebuilt in the late 1st century BCE.25 It is hence very difficult to determine which shapes of thin-walled wares survived from the 1st century BCE into the 1st century CE; it may be hoped that future excavations of sites in Sicily will produce fills of the 1st century CE that will clarify this period.26 From the evidence of the datable fills at Morgantina and external chronology derived from other sites (primarily Cosa), 101 thin-walled vases and fragments are classified here as dating to roughly the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE, while only eight fragments are assigned to the last decades BCE and the first half of the 1st century CE.27

20

Deposit IID: nos. 701, 706C, 709, 709A, 711, 711A, 712, 718C, 719, 723, 724, 728, 731, 734, 735. Deposit IIG: nos. 692A, 692C, 693–695, 706B, 709, 710, 718B, 719A, 725, 730, 732. 21 Deposit IIF: 691, 698, 721. Context IIH: 692B, 699, 699A–E, 700, 704, 714A, 714B. Context IIi: 720. 22 De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 111–117. 23 No. 737 was the only catalogued thin-walled fragment found in a house on the West Hill (context IIID). No. 742 was found in the fill of a street on the West Hill. 24 Nos. 694A, 726. 25 From context IIIG: nos. 696, 696A, 699R–T, 703A, 703B, 706D, 711B, 715, 722, 726B, 739, 740, 741. From context IIIH: nos. 692D, 692E, 694B, 699Q, 702, 706E– G, 708, 710A, 713, 713A, 716, 717A, 718D, 726A, 729,

733, 736, 737A, 738. 26 Small amounts of thin-walled wares were found in a house at Iaitas in western Sicily that was abandoned around the middle of the 1st century CE (although they probably include survivals from the 1st century BCE): Studia Ietina VIII, 226–228. A few thin-walled vases were buried in tombs of the second half of the 1st century CE on Lipari: M-L II, 261–263, pls. 220:4, 221:4–13, 222:3, 222:5–6, 224:4 (see also pl. 223 for shapes similar to those seen in thin-walled wares). See now Denaro 2008, 41–50, 69–70, for more thin-walled ware found on Lipari, all of which appears to be imperial. 27 No. 725 is excluded from this count, since that vase could be dated to either the third or the fourth quarter of the 1st century BCE: p. 300 below.

296

CHAPTER VI

3. Shape Typology and Decoration e shapes of the thin-walled vases found at Morgantina do not correspond exactly to the forms established by Marabini Moevs at Cosa or those identified by Mayet for Spain.28 e system presented by Andreina Ricci in the Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, Atlante delle forme ceramiche, which is extraordinarily complex, is not used here.29 In general, the forms used for the Cosa material correspond better to the shapes found at Morgantina than does the classification developed by Mayet for Spain; this suggests that thin-walled pottery was introduced to Sicily from northern and central Italy. Since Cosa also offers better chronological aids for evaluating the historical development of thin-walled wares, the catalogue refers to the closest form established by Marabini Moevs.30 Occasional reference is also made to Mayet’s forms when they correspond more closely to a particular shape, but it is important to recognize that only certain shapes made in other geographic areas were imported to and/or copied in Sicily. Some thin-walled shapes found elsewhere appear to have been modified on the island, while others were created there. in-walled vases were not native to Sicily, and local potters were apt to resort to shapes and modes of decoration that they found more congenial to their ceramic heritage. In addition, although some of the thin-walled vases and fragments from Morgantina have a very fine fabric, others are coarser and closer to utilitarian ware.31

Republican Forms Beakers/Jars Tall Ovoid-Bodied Beakers or Jars The most common shapes within the thin-walled wares found at Morgantina were tall ovoidbodied beakers or jars, Marabini Moevs forms I–IV (nos. 691–702; Pls. 62–64, 135, 136).32 It seems that beaker and jar shapes were not distinguished as carefully in Sicily as they were in northern Italy, as it is often difficult to establish whether the Morgantina jars have the vertical lower body charac28

See Marabini Moevs, 49–257; Mayet 1975, 23–119. Ricci 1985. On this see Agora XXXII, 94, n. 2; Studia Ietina VIII, 226. Denaro 2008, 11–12, however, praises Ricci’s classification system. 30 Marabini Moevs, 22–31, with revisions in Marabini Moevs 1980, 171–177. 31 See the observations of Fallico 1971, 603. The analysis of thin-walled wares in Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 480–486, includes some vases (nos. 55–58) that I would consider utilitarian, although they are closely related to the thin-walled tradition. Wilson 1990, 256, has also noted the close relationship of thin-walled and utilitarian wares. 32 Marabini Moevs, 49–62, 68, 94–95; Mayet 1975, 24– 29

34, forms I–III; Schindler-Kaudelka 1975, 37–39, 42–43; De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 111, nos. 15–19; Jesi, 203, nos. 536–548; Denaro 2008, 75 (Mo1–2=nos. 691, 697), 76 (Mo6=no. 695). The most common thin-walled shape at Iaitas was Marabini Moevs form III: Studia Ietina VIII, 226. For an example of Marabini Moevs form IV at Syracuse: Fallico 1971, 627–628, no. G3. For other examples of Marbini Moevs forms I–IV, apparently found at Syracuse: Pelagatti 1969–70, 89, fig. 5. For Marabini Moevs form I at Lilybaeum: Bisi 1970, 533, tomb 12, fig. 21:b. For Marabini Moevs form IV at Lilybaeum: Bisi 1970, 529, tomb 5, fig. 18:a. Neither of the Lilybaeum vases has gloss.

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

297

teristic of Marabini Moevs forms I and II. The forms of the lip may also differ from those seen at Cosa. Like many of the thin-walled vases at Morgantina, three of these jars have a dilute coat of gloss on their upper bodies and rims.33 This is uncharacteristic of thin-walled wares in central Italy before the imperial age and probably indicates manufacture in Republican Sicily. Eight ovoid-bodied beakers/jars were found in the area of the North Sanctuary (context IIH), where a dump existed in the 2nd century and the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE.34 Six other examples of these shapes were found in domestic fills closed during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.35 The potter in the House of the Official made beakers of these basic types, since twelve examples were found in his dump (deposit IIE.1).36 The late character of Republican thin-walled ware in Sicily is reflected in the comparative rarity of beakers and other fragments with dotted festoons in barbotine technique, although one example (no. 692; Pls. 62, 135) is nearly complete.37 This form of ornament first appeared in the early 2nd century BCE in northern and central Italy, and was very common in those regions through the first half of the 1st century BCE, especially on beakers.38 At Morgantina it is less common than decoration with raised thorns in barbotine, which is characteristic of the mid- and later 1st century BCE.39 Globular-Bodied Beakers or Jars Another common type of thin-walled vessel at Morgantina is a beaker or jar with a globular body (Marabini Moevs forms V and VI, nos. 703–708; Pls. 64, 65, 137).40 These occasionally have ovoid bodies but are squatter than the beaker/jar shapes discussed above. Beakers of this sort were manufactured by the potter in the House of the Official and often have gloss on the upper parts of their exteriors.41 One example (no. 704; Pl. 64), an import from central Italy, has barbotine decoration. Ovoid-Bodied Beakers or Jars with Various Lips These shapes are presumably a slightly different version of the shapes with globular bodies that were just discussed. An ovoid-bodied beaker with a tall vertical lip (Marabini Moevs form VII) is preserved in four examples (nos. 709, 710; Pls. 65, 137, 138).42 Three of these come from fills of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, the other three from the late dumps, where they could 33

Nos. 691, 694B, 697. Nos. 692B, 699, 699A–E, 700. 35 Nos. 691, 692A, 694, 695, 698, 701. 36 Nos. 697, 699F–P. The latter group consists of eleven bases. All twelve are probably the same shape. 37 Only two beakers of Marabini Moevs forms I–IV at Morgantina are decorated with dotted festoons: nos. 692, 700. Fragments with this type of decoration: nos. 728, 729. 38 On barbotine dotting: Marabini Moevs, 38, 50–52; Schindler-Kaudelka 1975, 54–55; De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 11, nos. 15, 16; Santrot and Santrot (n. 1 above), 127–129, nos. 321–324; Jesi, 200, 203, nos. 536– 543. 34

39 Thorn decoration at Morgantina: nos. 693, 695, 698, 701, 730–732. On this type of decoration, see p. 301 below with note 60. See also Denaro 2008, 75 (Mo3=no. 701), 76 (Mo6=no. 695). 40 Marabini Moevs, 68–69; Vegas (n. 5 above) 63–65; Jesi, 203, nos. 549–556; Denaro 2008, 706 (Mo4). See also Marabini Moevs, 62–66, forms V, VI; Mayet 1975, 34–35, form IV. 41 From the potter’s dump (deposit IIE.1): nos. 703, 706, 706A. With gloss: nos. 706, 706A, 706B, 707. 42 Marabini Moevs, 66–68; see also De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 111–114, nos. 20–32.

298

CHAPTER VI

date to the 1st century CE but are more likely to be debris from houses destroyed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. No. 709 (Pls. 65, 137), found in the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), has a lovely barbotine garland decorating its rim. This type of decoration appeared at Cosa by the end of the 1st century BCE, but no. 709 was apparently brought to Sicily not much later than 40 BCE, since the House of the Doric Capital burned in the early to mid-30s BCE.43 It thus seems that this style of barbotine floral decoration was borrowed from eastern wares by Italian potters of thin-walled vases in the late Republican period, certainly no later than early in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.44 A final ovoid-bodied beaker shape at Morgantina has a projecting molding at the base of a tall vertical rim with a concave flair (nos. 711, 712; Pl. 65). The top of the rim is often beveled. This shape is similar to, but not identical with, Marabini Moevs form X in central Italy, a common shape of the mid-1st century BCE.45 Three examples at Morgantina were found in the House of the Doric Capital (deposit IID), which burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, and two of these vases have incised decoration. No. 711 (Pl. 65) has broad scooped grooves on its body, as does 711A (Pls. 65, 138). No. 712 has registers of rouletting, a characteristic style of ornamentation on this shape at Cosa.46 It is worth noting that one example of this shape (no. 711A) is also decorated with dilute orange gloss, which again appears earlier at Morgantina than at Cosa. Biconical Jars (or Cups) A common thin-walled shape of the later 1st century BCE in Sicily was a biconical-bodied jar/beaker (or perhaps a cup) that survives at Morgantina in five examples (nos. 713, 714; Pls. 65, 66, 138). Only one of these (no. 714; Pl. 138) preserves a horizontal handle that was once clearly half of a pair, while another example (no. 713; Pl. 65) clearly had no handles. The exact use of this shape is thus unclear, although it would be suitable for the storage of condiments. Two examples of this shape (nos. 714A, 714B) were found in a fill closed in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (context IIH); examples of this shape were also found at Akrai in a cistern fill of the second half of the 1st century BCE.47 A pitcher or mug of essentially the same shape (no. 715; Pl. 66) has a vertical strap handle.

43

See Marabini Moevs, 127–131, on form XLII, for similar decoration dated to the Augustan period. Cosa was probably abandoned between ca. 70 and 30 BCE: PECS, s.v. “Cosa,” 246 (F. E. Brown), and it is possible that the new style was introduced earlier elsewhere. The vases at Cosa are glossed, while no. 709 has no gloss. Denaro 2008, 77 (Mo13), hints this may be a Spanish product. A cup or jar with a similar garland was found at the sanctuary at Palike in eastern Sicily: Midolo 2008, 227, no. 442, fig. 148. 44 See Marabini Moevs, 128–131, who notes that these naturalistic and impressionistic florals differ from the earlier tight barbotine patterns of the Republican age. She attributes

the new style to eastern influence. On eastern barbotine wares: H. Goldman, ed., Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus, vol. 1, The Hellenistic and Roman Periods (Princeton, 1950) 188–189 and fig. 149. 45 Marabini Moevs, 71–73. Denaro 2008, 77 (Mo11, Mo12=nos. 712, 711), suggests that these are Spanish products. 46 See Marabini Moevs, 72–73, Group C, for rouletted decoration on her form X. 47 See Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 480–484, nos. 52, 53, figs. 62:b, 65:a, b. An example has also been found at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 226, 499, no. 1539.

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

299

Cups or Pitchers A good number of the thin-walled shapes at Morgantina were clearly used for liquids and have two handles. These can be classified as cups. Other similar shapes have a single handle. From their size, these could be identified either as mugs or small pitchers (juglets). Biconical Cups or Pitchers A shape very similar to the biconical jars/cups discussed above is a small mug or pitcher (nos. 715, 716; Pl. 66). Although both examples were found in contexts that contained material of the 1st century CE (contexts IIIG and IIIH), very similar utilitarian jugs were found in the deposits of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina. Biconical jugs were also made in fine gloss wares in the 1st century BCE.48 No. 715 has rouletted decoration on its upper body. One of the most common thin-walled cup forms at Morgantina (nos. 717–719; Pls. 66, 138) has a biconical body and a vertical convex flaring lip (Marabini Moevs form XXV). The carination at the midpoint of the cup’s body is joined to the lip by opposed vertical handles. The rim is well suited to hold a lid, and one example at Morgantina was found with a lid of the size of its mouth.49 This shape was common in central Italy during the 1st century BCE, especially during the second half of the century.50 Three examples (nos. 717, 718, 718A) were found in the potter’s dump in the House of the Official (deposit IIE.1), indicating that the shape was manufactured at Morgantina. All but two of the examples at Morgantina come from deposits that were closed during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, although the shape continued to be manufactured in Italy into the 1st century CE.51 None of the examples of this shape found at Morgantina are elaborately decorated, although their upper portions often have reddish gloss, which of course suggests that they were manufactured in Sicily. A related cup shape differs from the preceding only in that its vertical rim does not have a convex flare (nos. 720–722; Pls. 67, 138).52 All three examples of this shape come from deposits closed during the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. No. 720 appears to be a local product (as is also probably no. 721). No. 722 is more elaborate and has an unusual fabric; it is thus an import. 48

For small glossed biconical jugs, see p. 162, no. 237 (Campana C), and p. 190, nos. 355, 356 (Republican redgloss). 49 No. 718 was found with a lid (inv. 63-873B). This supports the contention that these vessels were used for storage (of condiments) or for heated food or drink: see n. 5 above. 50 Marabini Moevs, 81–85, form XXV. See also Mayet 1975, 44–47, form X, 298; De Boe and Vanderhoeven 1979, 116–117, nos. 41–46; Denaro 2008, 76 (Mo7– Mo9=nos. 718, 718B, 719A). 51 Ricci 1985, 298, suggests that the popularity of the shape appears to have peaked under Augustus. For 1st-century CE examples of the shape: Marabini Moevs, 163, 222– 223, 256–257, who notes that it survived at least until the reign of Claudius.

52

Ricci 1985, 298, considers this to be a version of the preceding shape, which is quite likely the case. The closest parallels seem to be in Spain: see Mayet 1975, 44–47, form XB, nos. 136 and 138, 48–49, form XIA, no. 154. For a similar shape which apparently did not have handles, see Pelagatti and Curcio 1970, 480–485, no. 54, fig. 65:c; it was found at Akrai in a cistern fill of the second half of the 1st century BCE. Also somewhat similar is the handleless (and deeper) central Italian beaker shape Marabini Moevs form XXXIII: Marabini Moevs, 102–104 (dated to the Augustan period). Denaro 2008, 77, Mo10, discusses no. 721 and suggests that it is Ricci’s shape 2/240 (p. 306), citing early imperial parallels. The context of 721 is clearly before 15 BCE (deposit IIF).

300

CHAPTER VI

Two examples of Marabini Moevs form XIX have been found (nos. 723, 724; Pls. 67, 139). This is a handleless bowl or cup with a tall vertical rim and a straight or slightly flaring lip. Both came from deposit IID, which is securely dated to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. This agrees with the dating of the shape at Cosa.53 Both of these vases were undoubtedly imports. Globular Cup Another cup shape (no. 725; Pls. 67, 129) has a globular body decorated with barbotine thorns. It also has reddish-brown gloss on its lip and upper body. No. 725 is fine work and was probably imported to Morgantina from Spain, where such vases were common.54 The dating of this vase is somewhat problematic. In Spain examples of the shape are dated to the reign of Augustus, but the vase at Morgantina appeared in a deposit containing no other material later than the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IIG). The fill of deposit IIG was found in a cistern within a house that probably burned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE but appears not to have been rebuilt until early in the last quarter of the century.55 Since the cistern was no doubt filled during the reconstruction, no. 725 may be a vase that was broken when the new inhabitants moved into the reconstructed house and was discarded together with material from the earlier destruction of the house. But the shape could also have been made in Spain somewhat earlier than previously thought (beginning around the middle of the 1st century BCE), since its Augustan dating is based primarily on stylistic criteria. The exact dating of this shape awaits further evidence from other sites. Hemispherical-Bodied Cup A final cup shape appears to be represented by three examples (nos. 726, 726A, 726B; Pl. 67). Its tall vertical lip flows from a hemispherical body. These examples appear to be representatives of a round-bottomed and highly metallic-looking cup shape found in Spain and northern Italy.56 One of the examples (no. 726) has black gloss on its rim and lip (as does the fragment no. 732). The only parallels for the black gloss are late Republican vases at Cosa (“black lacquer ware”), but the black gloss of no. 726 seems to be a variant of the dark reddish-brown gloss seen on no. 725.57 The contexts of all the fragments would support a dating either in the Republican or imperial period, but, given the history of thin-walled wares at Morgantina, they were most likely imported to the town in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.

53

Marabini Moevs, 79. For a similar cup/bowl fragment at Syracuse, see Fallico 1971, 603, no. A85. 54 See Mayet 1975, 55–56, form XX, esp. no. 192. 55 On deposit IIG, see p. 58 above. The adjacent House of the Double Cistern (deposit IIF) was clearly rebuilt during the last quarter of the 1st century BCE (post-18 BCE; see context IIIC, p. 64 above), at which time its cisterns were filled with destruction debris from a fire of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. For the later history of the house containing deposit IIG, see pp. 64–65 above (context IIID). 56 Mayet 1975, 57, form 22, preserved in one example, dated Augustan. M. T. Marabini Moevs informed me that

the shape has turned up at Cosa. She has suggested that the examples there may date to the first half of the 1st century BCE, since the decoration has analogies to the Sovana class (see n. 63 below). For a metal example found in northern Italy: Graue 1974, 29–30, no. 4. 57 Marabini Moevs, 93–96. However, she divorces these from the Hellenistic black-gloss tradition. Besides no. 726B, no. 732 preserves traces of blackish gloss, but this coloration seems likely to be an accident of firing (i.e., the gloss was probably meant to be fired reddish brown) and is poorly preserved.

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

301

Other Fragments A number of other fragments of thin-walled vases that were found in deposits of the 1st century BCE are included in the catalogue (nos. 727–735; Pls. 67, 139). Their shapes cannot be identified, and they are most notable for their decoration, which is discussed below. The most important of these fragments is no. 727 (Pl. 139), which was found in a deposit of the first quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IIB); it is thus the earliest dated thin-walled vase found at Morgantina. It is worth pointing out that it has a reddish-brown fabric like locally produced thin-walled vases but was clearly imported to Sicily from central Italy.

Republican Decoration of Thin-Walled Wares e various types of decoration which appeared on Sicilian thin-walled vases dated to the 1st century BCE have already been mentioned. Local thin-walled wares seem to have been decorated only with gloss beginning in (the middle of?) the 1st century BCE.58 Other types of decoration came to the island from central Italy. Barbotine Decoration Relief decoration in barbotine (wet-slip) technique was a central Italian specialty that began in the early 2nd century BCE.59 “Thorn ware” was the most common kind of barbotine decoration at Morgantina.60 Since thorn ware appears in central Italy around the second quarter of the 1st century BCE, its frequency at Morgantina probably indicates that the thin-walled ware in the fills of the third quarter of the century was relatively new when discarded. The earliest type of barbotine decoration to appear at Morgantina is dotted festoons, a popular style of decoration on central Italian beakers from the middle of the 2nd century BCE on.61 Only one complete vessel with this style of decoration survives (no. 692; Pls. 62, 135); three fragments have also been catalogued (nos. 700, 728, 729; Pls. 136, 139). Vegetal or floral barbotine motifs also appear at Morgantina. The early fragment no. 727 (Pl. 139) is decorated with a palmette beneath a cord. This decoration is paralleled at Cosa and Rome. The Cosa material dates between 150 and 75 BCE, and the context of no. 727 would place it in the late 2nd or very early 1st century BCE.62

58

For gloss decoration on thin-walled ware at Morgantina: pp. 292–294, 297, 299 above. 59 On barbotine technique: Roman Crafts, 80–81; Marabini Moevs, 38–39. 60 For examples with barbotine thorn decoration, see n. 39 above. On the chronology of thorn decoration, which was popular from the 1st century BCE into the 1st century CE: Marabini Moevs, 68–69, 66, 114, 154–155. For thorn ware in cistern fills of the second half of the 1st century BCE at Syracuse, see Fallico 1971, 622–623, nos. D43–D47,

827–828, no. G2. For a thorn-ware vase in western Sicily: Bisi 1970, 543–544, tomb 25, fig. 32 (dated on p. 551 to the 1st century BCE). 61 On dotted festoons: p. 297 above, n. 37. For dotted festoons on vases from a cistern fill of the second half of the 1st century BCE at Syracuse, see Fallico 1971, 622–623, nos. D41, D42. 62 Marabini Moevs, 57, Group D, 263, nos. 20, 21, pl. 100:1.

302

CHAPTER VI

The barbotine lozenges of no. 704 (Pl. 64) are similar to the decoration of several vases close to the Sovana class, which dates to the first half of the 1st century BCE.63 The decoration of these vases has the stiff, geometric character that Marabini Moevs observed is characteristic of central Italian products before the middle of the 1st century BCE.64 As noted above, the free and relatively naturalistic barbotine vine of no. 709 (Pls. 65, 137) represents Hellenistic influence.65 The findspot of no. 709 (deposit IID) dates it to the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, making it the earliest dated example of this style of decoration in the western Mediterranean. Incised Ornament Incised ornament also appears on some thin-walled vases at Morgantina, including grooving and, in one case, crude vertical flowers (no. 734; Pl. 67).66 Incision of this type appears to derive from Sicilian ceramic traditions, since incised decoration appears on thin-walled vases at Syracuse and is also seen at Morgantina on black- and red-gloss wares of the mid-1st century BCE.67 Rouletting Three thin-walled vases found at Morgantina have rouletted decoration.68 This style of ornamentation appears on thin-walled vases in central Italy from the second half of the 1st century BCE through the middle of the 1st century CE.69 One of the rouletted vases at Morgantina, no. 712 (Pls. 65, 138) was found in a deposit of the third quarter of the 1st century BCE (deposit IID). No. 715 (Pl. 66) appears to be a local Sicilian shape.70 Both of these seem safely assignable to the Republican period. No. 736 (Pl. 68) is probably imperial in date.71

Imperial Forms In contrast to the rich evidence for the period before ca. 35–25 BCE, the thin-walled wares that were in use at Morgantina during the last phase of occupation (ca. 35/15 BCE–ca. 40s CE) remain somewhat obscure. Only eight thin-walled vases and fragments can be associated with the latest

63

Several examples with decoration of similar character have been found at Cosa. I thank Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs for showing me photographs of these pieces. For the “Sovana class”: Marabini Moevs, 81–82, pls. 98, 99 (dated to the first half of the 1st century BCE). 64 Marabini Moevs, 128. 65 See p. 298 and n. 44 above. 66 Grooving: nos. 691, 692B, 693, 702, 705, 709A, 711, 711A, 713A, 715, 719, 720, 722, 725, 726, 726A, 726B, 732, 733, 735. Nos. 702, 709A, 711, 711A, and 733 have vertical grooving, probably representing reeds; no. 735 has diagonal grooves. The remainder have horizontal grooving.

67 For incised thin-walled wares at Syracuse:

Fallico 1971, 603, nos. A87 and A101. For incised fine wares of the 1st century BCE at Morgantina, see pp. 185, 190, and 206 above. For incised wares of the 2nd century BCE, see pp. 205–206 above. 68 Nos. 712, 712A, 715, 735. 69 See Marabini Moevs, 85, 107–109, 160, 182–184, 193, 203–204, 239, 249–250. Denaro 2008, 14, regards it as primarily an Augustan decoration. 70 On nos. 712 and 715, see p. 298 above. 71 See p. 303 below.

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

303

period of habitation (nos. 736–742; Pls. 68, 139). After the third quarter of the 1st century BCE, there is no evidence for production of thin-walled wares at Morgantina, although at Syracuse manufacture apparently continued until the middle of the 1st century CE.72 Some of the vases catalogued here as Republican (i.e., ending in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE) were found in deposits containing material of the 1st century CE, and some may thus belong to the last period of occupation at the site, particularly its earlier years, although nothing distinguishes them from the earlier wares. In general, during the last phase of occupation the population of Morgantina seems to have been sparse and not very wealthy.73 When the site was abandoned late in the second quarter of the 1st century CE, the final inhabitants apparently took their pottery with them. All of this suggests that the ceramic remains should be less prevalent than those of earlier periods, and the excavated material bears this out, although the relatively large amounts of Italian terra sigillata may suggest that other wares of the early imperial age may be hidden amid their Republican ancestors.74 It is significant, however, that only one vase at Morgantina (no. 742; Pl. 139) combines gloss and barbotine decoration, a feature of imperial thin-walled wares in central Italy.75 ere are no examples at Morgantina of sand decoration or comb decoration, features of thin-walled wares of imperial date. Ovoid Beaker or Jar An ovoid-bodied vase found in the northwest Agora (no. 736; Pl. 68) preserves a vertical handle but probably originally had two. This is the only example of the shape at Morgantina. Its body is decorated with stacked registers of rouletting, a type of decoration that remained popular into the 1st century CE.76 It has a red fabric which is attested at Iaitas in the imperial period.77 This shape appears in central Italy in the 1st century BCE (Marabini Moevs form XVI), disappearing during the reign of Augustus; similar shapes are also found in Spain.78 I am inclined to place no. 736 around the turn of the millennium, while admitting that it could have been made as early as the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Ovoid Jug or Mug The vases which mostly clearly belong to the last occupation are two small jugs or mugs (nos. 737, 737A; Pls. 68, 139). These are essentially Marabini Moevs form LI, a shape that developed during the reign of Augustus but was most common during the reign of Tiberius. 79 These years 72

On the production of thin-walled wares at Syracuse: p. 291 and note 7 above. 73 See p. 26 above. 74 For Early Italian terra sigillata: pp. 209–228, 282–290 above. Relatively small amounts of cooking and utilitarian wares can be associated with the last period of occupation. On the other hand, only small amounts of thin-walled wares were found in the peristyle house at Iaitas, along with a fair amount of Early Italian terra sigillata: Studia Ietina VIII, 18– 20, 225–228. 75 See Marabini Moevs, 38, 130, 133, 148, 179, 181– 184, 193–194, 198–201, 203, 250, 254. 76 For rouletting on thin-walled vases of early imperial

date: Marabini Moevs, 107–109, 160, 182–184, 193, 203– 204, 239, 249–250. 77 For red fabrics at Iaitas: Studia Ietina VIII, 226. On red fabrics in Spain: Mayet 1975, 4. For red fabrics in Syracuse, see pp. 79 and 293 with n. 14 above. 78 Marabini Moevs, 76–77, dated “1st century BCE.” None of these wares from central Italy preserve rouletted decoration. A related shape is Marabini Moevs form LXXI, which appears in Claudian to Flavian contexts: Marabini Moevs, 251. A similar shape made in Spain is Mayet 1975, 34–35, form IV. 79 Marabini Moevs, 154–155, 192, 227; Denaro 2008, 76, Mo5. The shape was found in a dump of the 1st century

304

CHAPTER VI

coincide with the floruit of the last settlement at Morgantina. The jugs do not correspond exactly to the shape as it is known in northern Italy, and, in contrast to the majority of their northern cousins, they are undecorated.80 They were probably made in Sicily.81 One of these, no. 737, was found on the floor of a house on the West Hill (context IIID, the House of the Mended Pithos) and was probably dropped or discarded during the final abandonment of the town. The other example, no. 737A, was found in a dump (context IIIH); it is decorated with dilute orange gloss, showing that that style of decoration continued into the early empire in Sicily.82 Vertical-Rimmed Jar or Beaker Two fragments (nos. 738, 739; Pl. 68) seem to be from jars with short horizontal bodies and tall vertical rims (Marabini Moevs form XXXIII).83 This shape evolved during the Augustan period. Both fragments were found in dumps that were used into the 1st century CE. Other Fragments A few fragments of thin-walled vases can be associated with the last period of habitation at Morgantina. Two fragments of biconical vases are decorated with garlands in barbotine technique at the point of greatest diameter of their bodies (nos. 740, 741; Pl. 139). They were both found in a dump that remained open until the final abandonment of the site just before the middle of the 1st century CE (context IIIG). The best parallels to the ordered, tectonic qualities of the barbotine decoration on these two fragments are dated to the reign of Tiberius, as is the probable shape.84 A small fragment decorated with barbotine florals, possibly from a cup (no. 742; Pl. 139), was found on the West Hill. It is probably Spanish work and Augustan or Tiberian in date.85 CE on Lipari: M-L X, 311. It was also found in some 1stcentury graves on the island: M-L XI, 336, tomb 913, pls. 160:1, 186:2–3. The shape is common at the pottery factory near Sutri (ca. 60–70 CE): G. C. Duncan, “A Roman Pottery Near Sutri,” PBSR 32 (1964) 54–55, form 1, fig. 7. For an example of early imperial date at Corinth, see Wright 1980, 158, no. 92. For production of thin-walled wares at Syracuse, which continued until the mid-1st century CE, see p. 291 and n. 7 above. 80 No. 737 is close to the shape known at Cosa but has a disk base. The examples from Cosa are generally decorated in barbotine: Marabini Moevs, pls. 70, 71, nos. 249–258. 81 Compare the jugs M-L II, pls. 222:11, 223:1–4, 224:1 (utilitarian ware). Similar vases in utilitarian wares have been found at Morgantina in contexts of the 1st century CE. 82 On the use of gloss to decorate Sicilian thin-walled wares of the 1st century BCE, see pp. 292–293 and n. 58 above; on the evolution of gloss decoration on central Italian

thin-walled wares of the early Augustan period, Marabini Moevs, 119–123. 83 See Marabini Moevs, 102–104; Schindler-Kaudelka 1975, 67–69 (form 35); Jesi, 206–207, nos. 565–568. 84 Both of these come from biconical-bodied beakers, probably similar in shape to Mayet 1975, 73, form XL, esp. 92, no. 450 (which, however, has orange gloss). The closest parallels to the stiff barbotine garlands are Tiberian: Mayet 1975, 87, décor E, pls. LIV–LVI; F. Mayet in Fouilles de Conimbriga, vol. 6, Céramiques diverses et verres (Paris, 1976) pl. 8, no. 74; Marabini Moevs, 185–186, 299, no. 367, pl. 80. For other examples from Sicily with similar barbotine garlands (dated to the middle of the 1st century or later): M-L II, pl. 221:4–5 (pl. 221:5 is cited as pl. 221:9 on p. 33, tomb 80). 85 Dr. J. W. Hayes suggested in 1986 that it is a Spanish import of the 1st century CE. See Mayet 1975, 87, décor B, pls. LI–LIII, LXXXII, no. 448.

VII Catalogue Format and Terminology of the Catalogue Each catalogue entry begins with the catalogue number (in bold), followed by the Morgantina inventory number (two digits indicating the year when the piece was catalogued, followed by the piece’s number in that year’s sequence of catalogued objects). Findspot then follows on the same line, usually given by deposit or context number, and then reference to illustrations. The next line gives the measurements of the piece; all measurements are given in centimeters. Dimensions measured with a rule include the round number of centimeter(s) and one unit of the fraction of a centimeter. Estimated measurements are given in a round number of centimeters only, since the actual dimension of the measurement may vary from the estimate, unless the estimate is below 10 centimeters, in which case the estimate may include a half centimeter (i.e., Diam. foot est. 7.5). The preservation of the vase is then briefly described, followed by the fabric and gloss. Shape is described from the bottom to the top, beginning with the lowest element preserved. Decoration is then described, from the top to the bottom. The fabric and gloss of a vase are discussed in the entry only if unusual. If described, a reference is given to a hue in the Munsell Soil Color Charts (i.e., 2.5YR 6/6). Recurrent or common fabrics (including Munsell designations) and gloss are described in the text above, and also in the text in each chapter. The presence of gloss and its hue is described briefly. I do not provide a Munsell designation for the coloration of gloss, because it often varies on a vase. A technical analysis of the fabrics is included in appendix II (see also MS III). Hardness of fabrics is approximate. If it can be scratched with a fingernail, the fabric is called “soft.” I was not trained as a geologist, and hence inclusions in the fabrics are noted but are rarely described. “Micaceous” and “sandy” indicate that the fabric has many glittering inclusions. These particles in the fabric may be mica or something else, such as quartz. “Calcium” inclusions are large and white, and often exploded in the firing. The dates for the various vessel types are given in the text of each chapter.

Layout of the Catalogue Entries Because of the enormous amount of pottery excavated at Morgantina, vases of the same shape and size are presented in group catalogue entries. The entries provide a full description of a single example of each shape and size; other vases of the same shape and size are then listed below in lettered subentries, with information on findspot, fabric, and any interesting features of decoration or gloss. The

306

C ATA L O G U E

vases in the lettered subentries differ in size from the fully described example by no more than a centimeter in any dimension (except in a few examples, where the variant dimension is provided). It is my assumption that these vases of identical size were deliberately created by potters as table sets. The order of the placement of a vase in a group catalogue entry is usually governed by fabric (beginning with fabric I, then proceeding to fabrics II and III, etc.). The exception is that vases with the same provenance are grouped together, usually arranged by the significance of their provenance for chronology. In addition, an effort has been made to list the best-preserved example of a shape as the main entry, depending on findspot. The shape descriptions provide cross-references to the typology developed by Jean-Paul Morel in his Céramique campanienne: Les formes (1981). I do not, however, use his typology because it seems to apply only fitfully to Sicilian fine wares of the last three centuries BCE.1 Many of the vase shapes presented here do not appear in Morel.

Illustrations An effort has been made to illustrate virtually every fragment. Given the large amount of material covered in this volume and limits on the number of plates, it was decided that only sections of many fragments would be provided, as long as a complete drawing of the shape (or of a very similar vase) was provided on the same or an adjacent plate. This seems reasonable since vases with the same catalogue number (distinguished by the letters A, B, C, etc.) have the same shape and virtually identical dimensions, as noted above. Elimination of the projected reconstruction of many fragments (and the center line in many cases) made it possible not only to illustrate many more vases, but also to provide most at larger scale (1:2 instead of 1:3).

Terms and Abbreviations Area I: The region of the Agora and the East Hill (the hill directly east of the Agora) Area II: The region that includes the hill directly west of the Agora (the West Hill) and the valley to its west Area III: The hill east of the Serra Orlando ridge called the Cittadella, site of the archaic city and a settlement in the 3rd century BCE Area IV: The region north of the Agora and the West Hill, site of the North Demeter Sanctuary and the North Sanctuary Annex Area V: The eastern end of the Serra Orlando ridge, east of the East Hill; Contrada San Francesco and Contrada Drago 1

As also in southern Italy; see the comments of K. G. Hempel, “La ceramica a vernice nera,” in Lippolis 1996, 337.

F O R M AT A N D T E R M I N O L O G Y

307

Area VI: The Contrada Agnese, west of Areas II and VII, site of the North Baths and West Demeter Sanctuary Area VII: The region west of the Agora and east of Area VI, site of the House of Eupolemos Barbotine decoration: Decoration consisting of added clay slip used to create ornament in relief Base (in measurements): Disk base Basket handle or handles: Handles applied to either side of the rim or lip of a vase, in the form either of opposed handles or a single handle that is attached to both sides of the rim Brim: A projecting horizontal termination of a lid at the outer edge of the dome Calcium inclusion: A few vases in fabric 1 include large (1–2 mm in diameter) gray-white inclusions in their fabric. These have often exploded during the firing, creating holes in the gloss. The inclusions are some form of calcium, probably lime (calcium oxide or hydroxide), but have never been chemically tested. Diam. lip: Diameter of the vase at its uppermost point Dipinto: An inscription painted in gloss Disk base: A type of round base that is articulated from the body of the vessel on the exterior and is flat or slightly domed on the undersurface Dome: The “body” of a lid which rises domically to the knob Double dipped: Completely covered with gloss. The vase was immersed in the gloss twice, once while held by its foot and again while held by its lip, generally leaving a dark stripe around the midsection of the pot where the two immersions overlapped. Est.: Estimated Flaring: Slightly outturned, generally of the lip of a vase that turns from vertical toward horizontal at its tip without achieving a horizontal position (usually reaching around 60 degrees). See also “Outturned.” Flat bottom: A base that is unarticulated inside or outside from the resting surface and body, i.e., one that has neither foot nor base Floor: The horizontal portion of the interior of an open shape, where stamped decoration is usually applied Glaze: In the Greco-Roman world, an added surface coloring made up of a slip containing lead that vitrifies when fired to form a lustrous and glassy appearance

308

C ATA L O G U E

Gloss: An added surface color consisting of liquid clay (slip) with silica and fluxes. After firing, the vessel’s surface generally appears lustrous and of a different color than the ground of the vessel. Often called a “glaze,” but not a true glaze, which vitrifies when fired. G.P.D.: Greatest preserved dimension Graffito: An incised inscription on a vase, usually on the underside of the foot Grooving: Incised lines made by a graver (apparently using a compass) while the pot was turned on the wheel H.: Height Handle plate: Horizontal rectangular plate at the arch of the handle (i.e., its top) Inclusion: A bit of alien material in the clay. These sometimes explode in firing and create a small hole in the fabric, but more often survive as specks of different color in the biscuit. Lip: The upper or outer termination of the vase (its uppermost opening). Also used of the uppermost articulated element of the vase Neck: On a jug, the vertical and cylindrical element between the body and the lip Nipple: A raised, pointed protrusion at the center of the undersurface or the center of the floor that has been left deliberately during the trimming process Offset: An inset or outset articulation between two parts of a vase Outturned: Turning from vertical to horizontal, usually of the lip of a vase Partially glossed: The gloss on the exterior is limited to the upper part of the vase, i.e., the vessel has been dipped once while held by its foot. The resulting color generally reaches to the midpoint of the body on open shapes, but occasionally to the top of the foot or base. On open shapes, the gloss covers the vase to the lower body, sometimes again to the top of the base. P.H.: Preserved height Platter: A large plate, usually more than 35 cm in diameter, possibly used for serving food Ridged handle: A strap handle with vertical grooves and ridges Rim: The upper element of a vase, above the body and articulated from it if so designated. The tip of the rim is the lip, which is the term used most frequently here. Ring foot: A type of base articulated from the body on the exterior of the vessel and forming an articulated depression on the interior. A ring foot is usually created by trimming the vessel after it is leather hard and before firing, but it may be thrown and trimmed separately and attached to the body of the vessel.

F O R M AT A N D T E R M I N O L O G Y

309

Rouletting: A decoration of nicks formed by vibrating a graver against the surface of a vase while it was turned on the wheel Saucer: A small plate, usually less than 14 cm diameter Slip: A coating of thinned clay applied to the surface of the vase, generally only on vessels without gloss; the term is used here only when the color differs from that of the ground of the vase. See “Wash.” Stamp: Letters or images in relief created by stamping a mold or punch into the clay while it is still wet Strap handle: Handle in the form of a strap, oval in section Wall: The vertical portion of the interior of an open shape Wash: A coating of thinned clay of the same fabric as the vessel, applied to create a smooth surface on a coarse fabric; a type of slip

310

C ATA L O G U E

Catalogue

Black-Gloss Wares of the Later 4th and 3rd Centuries BCE Plates and Related Shapes

Outturned-Rim Plates

Downturned-Rim Plates

Plate has a ring foot, usually with a nippled undersurface. e body flares up horizontally, sometimes with a short vertical transition, to an outturned rim, often with a pendant lip. e center of the floor may have a depression. Morel genre 1300ff.; Lamboglia form 36.

Plate has a ring foot; the horizontal body rises to a downturned rim/lip. 1. Inv. 57-3198. Area I, trench 36E (foundation trench of south analemma of eater) Pls. 1, 69 P.H. 2.0; Diam. lip est. 24. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric I. Gloss matt grayish black. e rim is grooved on top. e wall preserves two raised fillets with grooves above. Between these are incised vines with white overpainted leaves. A. Inv. 59-2238A–C. Context IK.2 Pl. 1 Fabric I? Gloss metallic black. No overpainted decoration. B. Inv. 57-3199. Area I, trench 36E (foundation trench of south analemma of eater) Pl. 1 Fabric I. Gloss metallic to matt grayish black. No overpainted decoration. e rim is grooved on top. 2. Inv. 55-2750. Area I, trench 17L, “pit in virgin soil” (outside the Macellum) Pls. 1, 69 H. 4.4; Diam. foot 9.0; Diam. lip 17.0. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss fugitive metallic grayish black on interior and on exterior of the lip. Broad ring foot. e rim is beveled in near its inner edge, where there is a raised flange. e outer surface of the lip has a worn appliqué of a frontal head (wearing a Phrygian cap?) looking left. 3. Inv. 80-43. Deposit IM Pl. 1 H. 2.9; Diam. foot est. 6.0; Diam. lip 16.7. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous metallic grayish black on interior. Brownish-gray gloss on upper body, with drips on lower body. Fingerprints on foot. e underside of the foot has a groove. e center of the floor has a depression framed by a broad groove.

4. Inv. 58-1869. Context IIH Pl. 1 H. 6.4; Diam. foot 8.2; Diam. lip 27.8. Preserves profile. Fabric III. Gloss matt to metallic gray. A. Inv. 59-2229. Context IK.2 Pl. 1 Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish brown on interior. Grayish-black gloss on lip and upper body. e rim is strongly pendant, with a broad groove at its inner edge. B. Inv. 59-2236. Context IK.2 Pl. 1 Fabric III. Gloss metallic brownish gray. e lip has a vertical flange at the inner edge, beyond which is a broad groove. 5. Inv. 56-158. Deposit IG Pls. 1, 69 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 7.2; Diam. lip 23.7. Preserves around two-thirds, with profile. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous grayish black on interior, matt on exterior to the middle of the body. A. Inv. 79-290. Context IP Pl. 69 Fabric III. Gloss mottled red to grayish brown. Floor has a stacking ring. B. Inv. 70-575. Context IR Pl. 69 Fabric II. Gloss orange. C. Inv. 59-2237. Context IK.2 Pl. 2 Fabric III. Gloss metallic black. Floor has a stacking ring. 6. Inv. 71-509. Context IR Pls. 2, 69 H. 4.6; Diam. foot 6.5; Diam. lip 19.7. Preserves profile. Worn. Fabric I. Gloss silvery, metallic grayish black to base of foot. e center of the floor is framed by a black circle of gloss (a stacking ring?).

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

A. Inv. 79-291. Context IR Pl. 69 Fabric I? Gloss mottled metallic black to red to grayish. B. Inv. 59-2251. Context IK.2 Pl. 2 Fabric III. Gloss metallic grayish black at center of floor. Gloss on interior wall lustrous to matt black. Gloss on exterior matt gray to olive, with orange-red fingerprints around foot. e center of the floor is recessed. C. Inv. 79-411. Context IN Pl. 69 Fabric III. Gloss dark brown to base of foot. e center of the floor has brushed red circles. 7. Inv. 71-552A–B. Context IR Pl. 2 H. 3.6; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 14.4. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Burnt. Fabric I. Gloss flaking metallic black to underside of lip. A. Inv. 71-554. Context IR Pl. 2 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous metallic black. 8. Inv. 80-806. Deposit IB Pl. 2 H. 1.9; Diam. base 2.0; Diam. lip 5.7. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss fairly lustrous metallic grayish black to underside of lip. Smears on body. Disk base rather than ring foot. e center of the floor is recessed. Plate or saucer has a beveled ring foot and a hemispherical body with a short vertical transition to an outturned rim with a straight or slightly pendant lip. e rim is rouletted on top. Morel espèce 1340. 9. Inv. 60-1542. Deposit IA Pls. 2, 70 H. 6.5; Diam. foot 7.2; Diam. lip 24.2. Preserves around one-half, with profile. Worn. Fabric I. Gloss matt brown to base of foot. Undersurface smeared. e bottom of the foot is grooved on its resting surface. e top of the rim is rouletted, with a groove at its inner edge. e center of the floor is nippled and framed by two grooved circles. Surrounding these are two registers of radial stamps separated by a grooved circle: a band composed of four sets of two rosettes and a palmette, beyond which is a second band consisting of five rosettes and two palmettes, four rosettes and a palmette, and six rosettes and a palmette. 10. Inv. 57-2533. Deposit IL Pl. 2 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 4.5; Diam. lip 9.3. Preserves

311

profile. Worn. Fabric I? Clay soft fine grayish brown (5YR 6/3). Gloss fugitive black to base of foot; dilute gloss on undersurface. e center of the floor has a depression. A. Inv. 79-69. Deposit IC Pls. 2, 70 Fabric I? Gloss lustrous black. Groove at inner edge of rim. B. Inv. 57-500. Context IIH Pl. 2 Fabric I. Gloss fugitive black. e center of the floor is depressed. Plates and Related Shapes with Applied and Stamped Decoration Plate, bowl, or cup fragments with stamped decoration 11. Inv. 79-68. Deposit IC Pl. 70 P.H. 1.9; Diam. foot 7.9. Fragment of foot and center of floor. Fabric I. Gloss grayish black to foot. Plate has beveled ring foot and nippled undersurface. e undersurface of the foot is grooved. e body flared up horizontally. e center of the floor is dotted, framed by three grooved circles; five stamped acanthus leaves extend from the outermost circle to form a rosette. 12. Inv. 59-2225. Context IK.2 Pl. 70 P.H. 3.1; Diam. foot est. 8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Fabric I. Gloss dark brown to foot, which has smeared fingerprints. Plate has ring foot and nippled undersurface. e body flared up horizontally. e center of the floor has a stamped seven-pointed star with a dotted center. is is framed by five stamped palmettes joined by curving incised grooves to form a rosette. 13. Inv. 59-2232. Context IK.2 Pl. 70 P.H. 2.4; Diam. foot est. 12. Fragment of foot and lower body. Fabric III. Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 6/6). Gloss metallic grayish black. Plate had a ring foot and a horizontal body. On the floor are radially stamped palmettes. 14. Inv. 59-2231. Context IK.2 Pls. 3, 70 P.H. 3.0; Diam. foot 4.8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Clay fairly hard fine reddish brown (7.5YR 6/2). Gloss metallic grayish brown to black

312

C ATA L O G U E

all over. Red fingerprints on foot. Plate or bowl had a beveled ring foot and hemispherical body. Undersurface nippled. e center of the floor has a stamped eight-petaled rosette and a stacking ring.

attachment marks. Fabric I. Gloss dilute matt reddish brown on interior, lip, body, and outer face of foot. Rim is reserved and decorated with brushed vertical blobs of gloss. e floor has a graffito: CC.

15. Inv. 79-745. Context IE.2 Pl. 70 P.H. 2.3; Diam. foot 7.0. Fragment of foot and floor. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black to undersurface. Fragment of saucer or cup (?) has a spreading ring foot. e body spread horizontally. e center of the floor has a groove, outside of which are four radially stamped palmettes. Beyond these are two grooves.

18. Inv. 95-73. Context Ii Pls. 3, 71 H. 5.4; Diam. foot 5.7; Diam. lip 11.1. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss reddish brown on interior, lip and body, handles, and exterior edge of foot. e lip is reserved and has brushed vertical blobs of gloss between the handles. e stem is largely reserved. A. Inv. 66-774. Context IIIE Pl. 71 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black.

Phiale Omphalos phiale has a domed disk base, a hemispherical body that turns up to a vertical cavetto transition to an outturned rim/lip. e center of the floor has a central raised omphalos framed by a deep groove, beyond which is a raised flange. Clearly based on a metal prototype. See Morel espèce 2170. 16. Inv. 79-363A–B. Deposit IL Pls. 3, 70 H. 4.7; Diam. base 4.2; Diam. lip 20.0; Diam. tondo 7.2. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Fabric I. Gloss grayish brown to black all over. Red smears on body around base. e base has two grooved circles at its outer edge. e lip has deep vertical impressed depressions (0.8 wide, separated by 5.5), making the lip rippled. ere is another groove on the upper edge of the lip. On the floor outside the omphalos are radiating stamped tongues (0.9 wide at their outer ends, separated by 0.3 at their outer ends). ere are five stamped tongues for each vertical ripple in the rim.

Bowls, Handleless Cups, Pyxides, and Related Shapes Hemispherical Bowls Bowl has a ring foot, hemispherical body, vertical rim, and straight lip. e body is ribbed, with overpainted decoration or incision on the rim. See Morel espèce 2570, série 2615, espèce 2970.

Lekanis has a stemmed ring foot, hemispherical body, and vertical cavetto rim. e lip is outturned, with a vertical flange for a lid at its inner edge. On the rim, opposed horizontal strap handles. Morel série 4713.

19. Inv. 80-337. Deposit IB Pls. 3, 71 H. 14.9; Diam. foot 9.1; Diam. lip 21.8. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss metallic, fairly lustrous, brown to the lower body. Dilute brushed stripes on lower body. Brushed stripes on exterior and interior faces of foot. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed circle of dilute gloss. e beveled foot is grooved on its outer edge. e body is ribbed, with incised grooves rising from a brushed stripe on its lower body to two grooves on the upper body. Above these is an incised vine with overpainted white leaves and groups of three berries. e interior of the lip is thickened and has a groove at its bottom. PR XII, 325, fig. 13 (as inv. 80-739). A. Inv. 57-2557. Deposit IL Pls. 3, 71 H. 15.8; Diam. lip 22.9. Fabric I. B. Inv. 85-231. Area I, trench 101, stratum 2 (West Granary) Pl. 71 Fabric I.

17. Inv. 59-650. Context IIH Pl. 3 H. 8.9; Diam. foot 8.6; Diam. lip 18.8 (across flange). Preserves profile. Handles survive only as

20. Inv. 57-1802. Deposit IL Pl. 71 P.H. 4.2; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous grayish black on

Lekanis

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

exterior, matt gray on interior. e body is ribbed, with incised grooves set off from the rim by a vertical groove. Another vertical groove is beneath the outward-thickened lip. On the rim is an incised inscription: DAIMONOS.

313

E. Inv. 79-654. Area I, West Stoa, stratum 1 Pls. 4, 72 Fabric I. Gloss mottled black to reddish brown on interior and upper body. Very low ring foot. e lip is slightly outturned. e center of the floor has an overpainted white rosette.

Hemispherical Cups Cup has a ring foot, hemispherical body, and straight or flaring lip. e interior has overpainted decoration. See Morel espèce 2570, série 2615, espèce 2970. 21. Inv. 58-975. Context IIH Pls. 3, 71 H. 6.2; Diam. foot 4.6; Diam. lip 16.0. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss metallic bluish black on the interior. Exterior gloss is matt black to the upper body. e ring foot is molded in a torus and fillet as it rises. e undersurface is nippled. e upper body has two grooves. e lip is slightly flaring. On the interior beneath the lip is a groove. e center of the floor has overpainted white circles, with an incised eight-pointed star pattern above. Beyond each point of the star are three white overpainted dots in a triangle. Beyond those is a white overpainted circle, a red circle, and triangular groups of three white dots. A. Inv. 59-2220. Context IK.2 Pl. 71 Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black inside and to lower body, beneath which is a brushed dilute brown stripe. Exterior of foot has brushed brown gloss. Center of floor has red circle around an overpainted white tondo with an incised rosette. Outside the painted circle, groups of three white dots radiate from the points of the rosette. B. Inv. 59-2219. Context IK.2 Pl. 72 Fabric I. Gloss brownish red on upper body of exterior, dilute brushed reddish brown on interior. e wall and floor have overpainted white circles. C. Inv. 59-1294. Context IIH Pls. 4, 72 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black to the lower body. Center of floor has a broad overpainted red circle. Lower wall has red and white circles. Upper wall has red and white circles. D. Inv. 79-368. Context IIH Pl. 72 Fabric I. Gloss matt grayish black. Center of floor has broad overpainted white circle around central white dot surrounded by eight petals.

Cup has a disk base, hemispherical body, straight or flaring lip. e interior has overpainted and/or molded decoration. Morel séries 2152–2154. 22. Inv. 79-59. Context ID Pl. 4 H. 5.6; Diam. foot 3.3; Diam. lip 12.9. Preserves profile. Fabric III. Gloss dilute and fugitive red to red all over. e disk base merges with the body on the exterior; the undersurface is recessed and domed. e lip flares. A. Inv. 79-83. Context IE.2 Pl. 4 Fabric III. Gloss red. Grooved at the top of the base. e lip flares. Fragments of hemispherical cups which could be either of the preceding two shapes 23. Inv. 80-338A–C. Deposit IB Pl. 72 P.H. (A) 4.6, (B) 2.0, (C) 3.7; Diam. lip est. 16–18. Nonjoining fragments of upper body to lip. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous metallic black. e wall has an incised running-dog pattern between grooves beneath the rim. Below that pattern are overpainted red and white stripes, with incised vertical palmettes beneath. A. Inv. 59-2226. Context IK.2 Pl. 72 Fabric I. Gloss metallic gray on exterior, brown on interior. On the wall beneath the lip is an incised vine with overpainted white leaves, below which is a broad red stripe flanked by thinner white stripes. e lower wall has a broad white stripe, then a red stripe below. B. Inv. 59-2216+59-2228 (nonjoining fragments). Context IK.2 Pl. 72 Clay hard fine dark reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4). Gloss grayish black on exterior, matt metallic brown on interior. On the wall beneath the rim are an overpainted white and a red stripe, below which are an incised vine with white leaves, a red stripe, and a white stripe.

314

C ATA L O G U E

Deep Hemispherical Cup with Molded Foot Deep cup has a foot made up of three attached moldmade elements. e body is a deep hemisphere; the lip is straight or flaring. Morel espèce 2130. 24. Inv. 71-511. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 4 H. 8.6; Diam. lip 11.8. Preserves profile. Worn. Fabric I. Gloss metallic black to grayish all over. e foot is made up of three clamshells. Inside this, on the undersurface, is a grooved circle. Grooved on the wall beneath the lip. A. Inv. 71-356. Context IR Pl. 73 Fabric I. Gloss black. e foot was three clamshells (one survives). B. Inv. 58-949. Context IIH Pls. 4, 73 H. 8.7; Diam. lip 13.4. Fabric I. e foot is three clamshells. C. Inv. 58-971. Context IIH Pl. 73 H. 8.2; Diam. lip 14.2. Fabric I. e foot was three clamshells. D. Inv. 97-33. Area VII, trench, 1, stratum 1 (fill of the House of Eupolemos) Pl. 72 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous dark brown. e foot was three clamshells. e center of the floor has incised and overpainted decoration: a large white circle (Diam. ca. 1.6) within a red circle. Outside this is a register of incised eggs with white buds inside. Between the eggs are white darts. Beyond this are a red circle and a white circle. E. Inv. 71-559. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 73 Fabric I. e foot was three comic masks. F. Inv. 71-61. Context IR Pl. 73 Fabric II. Gloss matt and fugitive black. Of the foot, a single comic mask is preserved. G. Inv. 58-951. Context IIH Pl. 73 Fabric I. Gloss metallic black. e foot was three hooded male heads (Herakles wearing the lion skin? Lovesick young man from New Comedy?). H. Inv. 59-549. Context IIH Pl. 73 Fabric I. e foot was three heads of a beardless Herakles wearing the lion skin (two survive). I. Inv. 58-572. Area I, trench 15G, strata 1–2 (Public Office) Pl. 73 Fabric I. e foot is three heads of a beardless Herakles wearing the lion skin. J. Inv. 60-512. Area I, East Hill, trench 64, stratum 2 (house walls) Pl. 73

Fabric I. e foot was three heads of a beardless Herakles wearing the lion skin (one survives). K. Inv. 63-725. Area I, zone B, room 6, stratum 2 (North Stoa) Pl. 73 Fabric I. e foot was three heads of a beardless Herakles wearing the lion skin (one and part of a second survive). Echinus and In-Beveled-Lip Bowls Echinus bowl (“salt cellar”) has a ring foot and a hemispherical body with a gently incurving lip. Morel espèce 2780 (série 2700 in general). 25. Inv. 79-496. Deposit IH Pl. 4 H. 4.3; Diam. foot 5.4; Diam. lip 17.4. Complete. Fabric II. Gloss silvery gray to reddish brown to the base of the foot. 26. Inv. 57-909. Deposit IL Pls. 4, 74 H. 4.7; Diam. foot 4.6; Diam. lip 11.1. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss matt and fugitive grayish black to lip on exterior. A. Inv. 80-486. Deposit IB Pl. 5 Diam. lip 9.3. Fabric I. Gloss matt gray. 27. Inv. 59-1437. Deposit IM Pls. 5, 74 H. 3.6; Diam. foot 3.9; Diam. lip 7.7. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous blue-black on interior, matt gray to foot on exterior. A. Inv. 60-1539. Deposit IA Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black. Grooved on the interior beneath the rim. B. Inv. 61-369. Context Ii Pls. 5, 74 Fabric I. Gloss brownish red on exterior, lustrous black inside. C. Inv. 61-435. Context Ii Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss matt gray. Disk base. D. Inv. 70-285. Deposit IJ.2 Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss matt black. E. Inv. 59-2247. Context IK.1 Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black on interior, metallic black on rim, matt black on body. F. Inv. 59-2243. Context IK.1 Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss matt metallic gray. G. Inv. 59-2223. Context IK.2 Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss metallic black. H. Inv. 57-3173. Deposit IL Pl. 5

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

Fabric I. Gloss metallic black to middle of body. e center of the floor is nippled. I. Inv. 57-2531. Deposit IL Pls. 5, 74 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black. Disk base. e center of the floor is nippled. J. Inv. 59-1438. Deposit IM Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black to the lower body. K. Inv. 71-517. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 5 Fabric II. Gloss fugitive orange. Badly burned and worn. 28. Inv. 58-1605. Context IN Pl. 5 H. 2.3; Diam. base 3.2; Diam. lip 4.3. Complete, worn. Fabric I. Gloss black to base. Miniature bowl has a disk base. Bowl has a ring foot, hemispherical body, and incurving beveled lip. e undersurface is generally nippled. Morel séries 2733–2734. 29. Inv. 61-1046. Context Ii Pl. 5 H. 3.2–3.5; Diam. foot 4.5; Diam. lip 8.9. Complete. Fabric I? Clay soft fine pale reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Gloss dilute matt gray to base of foot. Undersurface smeared. A. Inv. 79-746. Context IE.2 Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss reddish brown. 30. Inv. 58-1705. Context IN Pl. 5 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 3.8; Diam. lip 7.3. Complete except for chips. Fabric I. Gloss metallic black. A. Inv. 62-1088. Context IN Pl. 74 Fabric I. Gloss matt red brown. Disk base. e rim and the body are deformed into ovals, and the gloss looks misfired (a waster?). B. Inv. 60-1153. Deposit Ii.2 Pl. 5 Fabric I. Gloss metallic black. C. Inv. 79-84. Deposit IF.2 Pl. 6 Fabric I? Gloss matt reddish brown. D. Inv. 79-63. Deposit IC Pls. 6, 74 Fabric I? Gloss black and fugitive. E. Inv. 57-3178. Deposit IL Pl. 6 Fabric I? Gloss lustrous metallic reddish brown to grayish black. F. Inv. 57-3180. Deposit IL Fabric I? Gloss metallic to matt black.

315

G. Inv. 57-3188. Deposit IL Pl. 6 Fabric I. Gloss metallic black. H. Inv. 79-57. Context ID Pl. 6 Fabric II? Gloss lustrous red to upper body. On floor, grooved circle approximately at diameter of foot. 31. Inv. 80-801. Deposit IB Pl. 6 H. 2.0; Diam. base 1.7; Diam. lip 3.0. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous brownish black on interior; mottled red to black on exterior, with a “reserved” patch on one side. Undersurface has smears. Miniature bowl has a disk base. Flat-Rimmed Cup or Bowl Cup or bowl has a straight ring foot and hemispherical body. e width of the body increases as it rises, creating a large flat-topped lip that hooks in slightly at its inner edge. 32. Inv. 66-120. Area II, West Hill, trench 69-B1, street saggio B, stratum 5 Pls. 6, 74 H. 4.0; Diam. foot 5.6; Diam. lip 9.0. Preserves one-half, with profile. Clay fairly hard fine pale reddish brown (7.5YR 7/4) with small inclusions. Gloss lustrous, often fugitive black on rim and exterior to base of foot. Base of body has reserved line. Circle of brushed gloss on the undersurface. e interior is reserved except for a thin brushed circle on the floor. e undersurface has a graffito: E. Bowl or Pyxis with Inturned Lip Bowl or pyxis has a beveled ring foot, hemispherical body, and sharply inturned lip forming a flat top. 33. Inv. 71-458. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 74 H. 6.3; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 11.8. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss on the interior brown to reddish, applied with a brush. e body has a broad brushed red stripe at its midpoint. A. Inv. 57-2529. Deposit IL Pl. 6 Fabric I. 34. Inv. 57-2666. Deposit IL Pl. 6 H. 5.0; Diam. foot 4.0; Diam. lip 9.1. Preserves

316

C ATA L O G U E

profile. Fabric I. Gloss on interior brown to reddish, applied with a brush. e body has a broad brushed reddish-brown stripe at its midpoint. 35. Inv. 71-134. Context IR Pl. 74 H. 3.4; Diam. foot 3.6; Diam. lip 6.4. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous and metallic silvery black, often fugitive. A. Inv. 58-1894. Context IN Pl. 6 Fabric I. Gloss grayish black. B. Inv. 57-1781. Deposit IL Pl. 6 Fabric I. C. Inv. 57-2534. Deposit IL Pl. 6 Fabric I. Disk base. Kernos with Inturned Lip Kernos made up of small bowls with ring feet, nippled undersurfaces, hemispherical bodies, and inturned lips. e bowls are connected at the lips by a short bridge. 36. Inv. 58-2353. Context IN Pls. 6, 74 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 3.0; Diam. lip 6.2. Fabric I. Fragments of at least four bowls survive. Gloss metallic lustrous black all over. Had a vertical basket handle made up of two rolls of clay. A. Inv. 68-70. Context IJ Pl. 74 Preserves part of one bowl with profile, connecting bridge, and rim of another bowl. Fabric I. Gloss fairly lustrous black to the lower body. Biconical Bowl Bowl has a ring foot, biconical body that flares out horizontally, then rises vertically and turns inward to a straight or slightly incurving lip. Morel espèces 2740–2750. 37. Inv. 71-303. Context IR Pls. 7, 74 H. 4.0; Diam. foot 5.2; Diam. lip 7.5. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss fairly lustrous brown to foot. 38. Inv. 69-49. Context IJ Pl. 7 H. 3.0; Diam. foot 3.7; Diam. lip 6.0. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous reddish black and matt gray to the lower body, where there are fingerprints. e center of the floor is recessed.

A. Inv. 61-344. Context Ii Pl. 7 Fabric I. B. Inv. 59-273. Context IK.2 Pl. 74 Fabric I. Outturned-Lip Bowl Bowl has a ring foot, hemispherical body, and outturned lip. Morel espèces 2630 and 2670. 39. Inv. 57-1974. Deposit IL Pls. 7, 74 H. 10.2; Diam. foot 9.0; Diam. lip 29.2. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Clay soft pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4) with occasional large inclusions that exploded in firing, leaving large raised blisters in the gloss. Gloss lustrous, slightly metallic black to just above foot. e lower body has an orange fingerprint. e lip has two grooves on its top and a raised flange at its inner edge. 40. Inv. 60-1770A–B. Deposit IA Pl. 7 P.H. (A) 6.3, (B) 4.3; Diam. lip est. 22. Nonjoining fragments of body to lip. Worn. Fabric I? Clay fairly soft fine reddish brown (5YR 6/3) with small inclusions. Gloss metallic black to grayish to the lower body. Groove around the body beneath the lip. e lip has a groove on its top near the inner edge. 41. Inv. 79-84. Deposit IF.2 Pl. 7 H. 4.5; Diam. foot 5.2; Diam. lip 13.5. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Gloss lustrous orange on interior, dilute orange on exterior. Double-dipped. Groove around the top of body beneath the lip. e lip is slightly upturned. e center of the floor has a stacking ring. A. Inv. 80-57. Deposit IM Pl. 7 Diam. lip 12.5. Fabric III? Gloss lustrous metallic black inside, matt grayish black on lip and upper body. e lip has two grooves on its top. Hemispherical-Bodied Pyxis Pyxis has a beveled ring foot, hemispherical body, and slightly inturned lip. Has either no handles or opposed horizontal handles beneath the lip. 42. Inv. 97-113. Area VII, trench 1, stratum 1 (House of Eupolemos) Pl. 75 P.H. 7.3; Diam. lip est. 14. Fragment of body to lip.

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

Worn. Fabric I. Gloss somewhat lustrous brown on exterior, brushed on interior. Body preserves four registers of white overpainted decoration separated by stripes; stacked above the foot are a vinescroll, bead-and-reel, Lesbian leaf (?), and bead-and-reel. 43. Inv. 71-76. Context IR Pls. 7, 75 H. 6.7; Diam. foot 3.7; Diam. lip 7.4. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss grayish black on interior, lustrous black to base of foot on exterior. Fingerprint on foot. Groove beneath the lip on the interior. e upper body has painted white decoration in three registers: beneath the lip is a frieze of triangles alternating with inverted triangles separated by a painted band. Below that is a groove, then a frieze of painted dotted circles. Beneath the circles is another groove, then painted vertical blobs. PR XI, 371–372, pl. 73, fig. 12. 44. Inv. 59-1425. Context IIH Pl. 75 P.H. 3.7; Preserved width 9.2. Fragment of body. Fabric I? Clay fairly hard fine grayish brown (7.5YR 6/3). Gloss fairly lustrous brownish red on interior, matt brown on exterior. e body has two registers of white painted decoration: a vine with palmettelike flowers below eggs and beads. A. Inv. 59-2241. Context IK.2 Pl. 75 P.H. 3.1. Fabric I. Gloss black with red and reddish-brown mottling. e body has an incised vine with painted white rosettes growing out of a larger white stem (?). Globular Pyxis Pyxis has a ring foot and a globular body. e rim is vertical, has a thickened lip, and steps outward to create a resting surface for a lid on the inner edge. 45. Inv. 68-124. Context IJ.1 Pls. 7, 75 H. 5.2; Diam. foot 3.1; Diam. lip 5.1. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss dilute mottled gray to red to the lower body. Undersurface has a raised central disk on its domed undersurface. Cylindrical Pyxides Pyxis has a tall vertical ring foot, cylindrical concave body, and a flat-topped lip with a vertical flange at its inner edge (to retain a lid).

317

46. Inv. 57-1647. Deposit IL Pl. 75 H. 4.2. Diam. foot est. 6–7; Diam. lip est. 4. Preserves around one-third, with profile. Fabric I. Gloss metallic gray black to base of foot. e undersurface has a grooved circle at the edge of the foot, and an incised graffito: A. e outer edge of the foot has a groove at its bottom and a raised flange at its top. e body rises vertically from the foot, then becomes concave. Pyxis has a flaring molded ring foot, cylindrical body, and a flat-topped lip with a vertical flange at its inner edge (to retain a lid). 47. Inv. 69-990. Context IJ Pls. 7, 75 H. 6.4; Diam. foot 6.7; Diam. lip 4.7. Preserves profile. Fabric III. Gloss matt and metallic grayish black to base of foot. e undersurface is nippled. e foot has a groove on its outer edge, and a torus and a step up as it rises. e body steps in from the foot. Pyxis has a flaring ring foot that is offset outward from a slightly concave vertical body. e lip is outturned and beveled, with a vertical flange for a lid at its inner edge. 48. Inv. 59-733. Area I, trench 35F (House of Ganymede, room 7, beneath large chunk of opus signinum pavement) Pls. 8, 75 H. 4.1; Diam. foot 8.0; Diam. lip 6.2. Complete except for chips. Fabric I? Clay reddish gray (5YR 6/2). Partially glossed brownish gray. e undersurface is nippled. Inkwells Inkwell has a broad flaring ring foot, hemispherical body, and incurving lip. Morel séries 7700, esp. types 7713a and 7731a. 49. Inv. 58-547. Context IIH Pls. 8, 75 H. 2.8; Diam. foot 6.5; Diam. lip 4.2. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black to base of foot. Broad ring foot with beveled edge. ere are four grooved circles on the resting surface. E. Sjöqvist, “Morgantina: Hellenistic Inkstands,” AJA 63 (1959) 275, pl. 71, figs. 3, 4.

318

C ATA L O G U E

50. Inv. 58-536. Context IIH Pls. 8, 75 H. 3.8; Diam. base 7.6; Diam. lip 4.8. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss greenish brown to the foot, where there are fingerprints. e center of the floor is reserved. e domed undersurface has a graffito: ANTALLO/UTOMEL/ANOBAF/ON. E. Sjö qvist, “Morgantina: Hellenistic Inkstands,” AJA 63 (1959) 275–276, pl. 71, figs. 1, 2; H. Blanck, Das Buch in der Antike (Munich, 1992) 68, fig. 41.

53. Inv. 60-1771. Deposit IA Pl. 76 P.H. to lip 4.2; Diam. lip est. 10. Fabric I. Fragment of lower body to lip. One handle preserved. Gloss lustrous metallic grayish black. A. Inv. 60-1772. Deposit IA Pl. 8 P.H. to rim 3.6; P.H. to handle 3.9. Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black.

Inkwell has a broad flaring ring foot, hemispherical body, and inturned lip. Morel séries 7700, esp. types 7713a and 7731a.

Two-handled cup has a ring foot, biconical body that flares out horizontally, vertical rim, often with a slight concave curve, and slightly flaring lip. On the rim are opposed horizontal handles, which may be upturned at their ends. Morel espèce 4150.

51. Inv. 57-3193. Deposit IL Pl. 8 H. 3.0; Diam. foot 5.6; Diam. lip 4.0. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss metallic greenish gray to base of foot. Smears on undersurface. Ring foot has a broad groove on its outer face. ere is a step down to the undersurface.

Cups Stemless Kylikes Stemless kylix has a ring foot. e body is horizontal, turning up to a vertical and convex rim with a straight lip that hooks in. At the top of the rim are opposed horizontal handles. Morel espèce 4120.

Two-Handled Cup

54. Inv. 79-409. Context IN Pls. 8, 76 H. 4.9; Diam. foot 4.0; Diam. lip 10.2. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss black. Horizontal ring handles. On the rim between the handles on both sides is an overpainted white branch. A. Inv. 80-130. Deposit IL Pl. 8 Fabric I. Gloss metallic greenish gray. On the upper body between the handles on both sides is an overpainted white branch. B. Inv. 80-94. Context IIH Pl. 76 Clay hard fine gray (7.5YR 6/2) with small inclusions. Gloss metallic grayish black. One handle has been restored in plaster. No painted decoration. Attic Type A Skyphos: Tall Conical Skyphos

52. Inv. 79-121A–B. Context IIIA (from the south court, 30–60 cm beneath the floor) Pl. 8 H. 4.1; Diam. foot 5.1; Diam. lip 9.2. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Only one handle is preserved. Clay fairly hard fine micaceous orange (5YR 7/6). Gloss olive green to black on interior and exterior to base of foot. Inner surface of foot has brown gloss. ere is a step down from the foot to the undersurface. Stemless kylix has a horizontal body that turns up to a vertical convex rim with a slightly in-hooking lip. Opposed high-swung horizontal handles rise from the upper body to above the height of the lip. Morel espèce 4240.

Skyphos has beveled ring foot, tall conical body with concave curve on its upper half, and a flaring lip. Beneath the rim are opposed horizontal strap handles. Morel espèces 4360–4370. 55. Inv. 58-308. Context IIH Pl. 8 H. 10.9; Diam. foot 5.2; Diam. lip 10.0. Preserves profile; handles preserved only at attachments. Fabric I, with large exploded calcium inclusions. Double dipped in lustrous metallic bluish-black gloss. e rim is outward thickened. A. Inv. 79-71A–B. Deposit IC Pl. 76 Fabric I. Gloss mottled brown to black on interior, black to grayish on interior of lip and exterior. On the body between the handles is an incised panel made up of five surviving sets of double horizontal

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

grooves with single vertical grooves to the sides. In the topmost register are roughly incised eggs. e other three registers have crudely painted red circles. B. Inv. 79-74. Deposit IC Pl. 9 Fabric I. Gloss red to grayish black on interior, dark gray on upper body. Brushed reddish stripes on the lower body. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed brown circle. C. Inv. 79-72. Deposit IC Pl. 8 Fabric I? Gloss gray on the interior, grayish black on the exterior. D. Inv. 59-603. Context IIH Pls. 8, 76 Fabric I? 56. Inv. 60-1313. Context Ii Pl. 76 H. 7.9; Diam. foot 4.5; Diam. lip 7.1. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss matt black on interior, metallic black on exterior to base of foot. e upper body between the handles has painted decoration: two white palmettes with a yellow central flower alternating with two vertical yellow flowers with white stems. e yellow flowers are surrounded by flowing white horseshoe-shaped lines with curling tips. Below is a ground line that is yellow on one side of the vase, white on the other. A. Inv. 79-80. Deposit IF.2 Pl. 9 Fabric I. No overpainted decoration. Attic Type A Skyphos: Squat Conical Skyphos Skyphos has a low beveled ring foot, conical body with a slight concave curve, and a flaring or straight lip. Opposed horizontal strap handles attached at the top of the body and the lip generally rise to slightly above the height of the lip. Morel espèce 4380. 57. Inv. 62-1452. Context IN Pls. 9, 76 H. 15.9; Diam. foot 8.6; Diam. lip 15.9. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss on interior is matt reddish brown to gray. e gloss on the exterior is metallic grayish black with reddish mottling to the middle of the body, where there are fingerprints. e lower body has a reddish-brown brushed stripe. e center of the undersurface is framed by a dilute grayishbrown brushed circle. Between the handles is an incised vine with overpainted white leaves. A. Inv. 71-424. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 76 Fabric I. Gloss mottled red to black on upper

319

body and interior. e lower body has a brushed red stripe. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed red circle with a fingerprint. 58. Inv. 62-1395. Context IN Pls. 9, 76 H. 10.6; Diam. foot 6.2; Diam. lip 11.5. Preserves profile; the handles survive only as attachment points. Fabric I. Gloss metallic silvery grayish black on exterior of upper body and interior of rim. e rest of the interior has matt reddish-brown gloss. A. Inv. 71-426. Deposit IR.1 Pls. 9, 76 Fabric I. e gloss on the upper body is metallic to matt silvery black to black; the gloss on the interior is reddish brown. On the lower body is a brushed reddish-brown stripe. e undersurface has reddish-brown gloss. B. Inv. 71-427. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 9 Fabric I. e gloss on the upper body is metallic black to silvery green; the interior gloss is dilute gray. Two brushed brown stripes at midpoint of body. Brushed circle of gloss at center of undersurface. Groove on undersurface of the body at juncture with foot. C. Inv. 59-548. Context IIH Pl. 9 Fabric I. Gloss matt gray to midpoint of the body. e lower body has a brushed stripe. e undersurface has a brushed red circle. 59. Inv. 71-425. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 9 H. 7.2; Diam. foot 6.4; Diam. lip 9.2. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss fugitive matt to metallic grayish black on interior and upper body. Brushed stripes on lower body and outer and inner faces of foot. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed circle. A. Inv. 71-428. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 76 Fabric III? Gloss dilute matt orange on interior and upper body. Brushed red stripe on the lower body. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed orange circle. B. Inv. 79-85. Deposit IF.2 Pl. 9 Fabric I. Gloss brown on interior, black to gray on upper body. e lower body has a brushed stripe. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed circle. C. Inv. 79-88. Deposit IF.2 Pl. 10 Fabric I. Gloss fugitive grayish black on interior and upper body. e lower body has brushed stripes.

320

C ATA L O G U E

e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed gray circle. D. Inv. 79-81. Deposit IF.2 Pl. 10 Fabric I? Gloss dilute reddish brown on interior, lustrous black on upper body. e lower body has brushed red and black stripes. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed circle. E. Inv. 79-86. Deposit IF.2 Pl. 10 Fabric III. Gloss matt reddish brown on interior and upper body. e lower body has a brushed red stripe. F. Inv. 57-1049. Context IIH Pls. 10, 77 Fabric I. Gloss brownish black on interior and upper body. 60. Inv. 68-361. Context IJ.1 Pl. 77 H. 7.2; Diam. foot 4.9; Diam. lip 8.3. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss grayish black on interior and upper body. A. Inv. 68-364. Context IJ.1 Pl. 10 Fabric I. Gloss matt gray on interior and upper body. B. Inv. 60-1152. Deposit Ii.2 Pls. 10, 77 Fabric I. Gloss grayish brown on interior, metallic blue-black on upper body. C. Inv. 90-204. Deposit Ii.2 Pl. 10 Fabric I. Gloss reddish brown on interior, pale reddish brown on interior of rim and exterior of upper body. D. Inv. 56-2501. Area I, trench 45, house, stratum 3 (associated with deposit IH) Pl. 10 H. 6.6; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 7.5. Fabric I. Gloss grayish brown on interior, matt grayish black on upper body. E. Inv. 59-153. Context IK.2 Pl. 10 Fabric I. Gloss grayish brown. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed circle. F. Inv. 71-135. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 10 Fabric I? Gloss on interior red to brownish. Gloss on body mottled red to brown to the foot. G. Inv. 58-1703. Context IN Pl. 77 Fabric II. Gloss almost totally fugitive; was originally red. 61. Inv. 80-743. Deposit IB Pl. 10 H. 4.1; Diam. base 2.4; Diam. lip 4.4. Preserves profile; much of the rim is missing. Fabric I. Gloss

matt metallic grayish black on interior and upper body. e lower body has a large red fingerprint. Disk base. Corinthian Skyphos Skyphos has a ring foot, conical body with convex flare in upper portion, and slightly curving lip. ere are opposed horizontal strap handles at the top of the rim, generally rising to slightly above the rim. Morel espèce 4310. 62. Inv. 58-1818. Deposit IM Pls. 11, 77 H. 12.3; Diam. foot 7.4; Diam. lip 10.4. Complete. Fabric II. No gloss on interior. e handles have registers of vertical blobs of reddish-brown gloss. On the upper body is a garland of leaves with a central stem in dilute reddish-brown gloss. ere is a narrow brushed stripe of dilute gloss beneath the handles. e center of the body has a broad brushed band of reddish-brown gloss. ere is a narrow brushed stripe of reddish gloss at the base of the body. e undersurface has a brushed reddishbrown stripe at the edge of the foot. e flaring ring foot is grooved on its outer face and on the resting surface. 63. Inv. 58-926. Context IIH Pl. 11 H. 10.1; Diam. foot 4.2; Diam. lip 9.1. Complete except for center of floor. Fabric II? Clay soft fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4) with small inclusions. No gloss. Beveled ring foot. Between the handles is a painted red garland. 64. Inv. 62-1519A–B. Context IN Pls. 11, 77 H. 11.2; Diam. foot 5.2; Diam. lip 8.5. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Fabric II? Clay soft fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). ere are vertical blobs of reddish gloss on the exterior face of the handles. Between the handles is a garland in red gloss. At the midpoint of the body are small brushed stripes of reddish gloss framing a broad stripe. e exterior of the foot has a brushed red stripe. e center of the undersurface is framed by a brushed brown circle. Beveled ring foot.

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

Kantharoi

321

white leaves and trefoil clusters of berries. Campanian import?

Plain-Rimmed Kantharos Plain-rimmed kantharos has stemmed ring foot and echinus body that turns into a concave vertical rim with flaring lip. Opposed vertical handles rise from body to top of rim. See Morel espèce 4630. 65. Inv. 79-757A–B. Context IE.2 Pls. 11, 77 P.H. (A) 4.0; Diam. lip 5.3. Nonjoining fragments of upper body to rim. Fabric III. Gloss lustrous reddish brown. e rim has an overpainted red garland with white leaves. Molded-Lip Kantharos Molded-lip kantharos has a stemmed ring foot and hemispherical body that turns into a concave vertical rim. e lip flares and has a large projecting horizontal or slightly pendant molding at its base. Opposed vertical handles made up of two joined coils rise from the top of the body to the base of the lip. Morel espèces 3530–3540, esp. série 3533. 66. Inv. 59-1045. Deposit IC Pls. 12, 77 H. 12.4; Diam. foot 5.8; Diam. lip 11.2. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Clay fairly soft reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Gloss occasionally lustrous black to the base of the foot, where there are reddish fingerprints. e exterior of the foot has a vertical flange at its midpoint. 67. Inv. 71-74. Deposit IQ Pl. 77 H. 10.0; Diam. foot 5.6; Diam. lip 9.9. Preserves profile. e handles are restored in plaster. Fabric I. Gloss black to gray to the foot. e foot and undersurface have brushed stripes in dilute gloss. e foot rises in two steps to the body, and the resting surface has a grooved circle. e undersurface is nippled. 68. Inv. 80-603. Context IIH Pls. 11, 78 P.H. 5.4; Diam. lip 9.0. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay hard fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4) with small inclusions. Gloss lustrous black. e body has molded tongue-like ribbing. On the rim, which is offset inward, is an incised vine with overpainted

69. Inv. 59-1179. Context IIH Pl. 12 H. (restored) 9.9; Diam. foot est. 4.4; Diam. lip 8.3. Complete except for foot, which is mended in plaster, as is one handle. Fabric III. Gloss lustrous black to the base of the body. Groove beneath the rim. PR IV, pl. 28, fig. 29. Straight-Walled Kantharos Straight-walled kantharos has a slightly stemmed ring foot and a hemispherical body rising vertically to a straight lip. e upper body has opposed vertical ring handles. Morel espèce 3210 (see also espèce 3154). 70. Inv. 71-423. Deposit IR.1 Pls. 12, 78 H. 7.8; Diam. foot 4.4; Diam. lip 10.0. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss metallic black to the lower body. e tall ring foot has a groove at the midpoint of the exterior. e undersurface is nippled. e ring handle is alternately ridged and grooved on its exterior. e wall has overpainted decoration: beneath the lip, white circles above red circles; at the base of the wall, white circles above red circles. Skyphoid Kantharos Skyphoid kantharos has a stemmed ring foot, tall hemispherical body, and a vertical rim with a straight or slightly flaring lip. Opposed vertical handles rise from the upper body to the top of the lip and have horizontal handle plates attached to their tops. See Morel espèces 3130–3150. 71. Inv. 57-1787. Deposit IL Pl. 78 P.H. 5.5; Diam. lip est. 9. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric I. Dilute gray gloss on interior except rim. Lustrous bluish-black gloss on the interior of rim and the body. e rim is set off from the body by two grooves. ere is another groove beneath the straight rim and the lip. Between the handles is an overpainted “garland” of white dots and dashes. 72. Inv. 71-510. Deposit IR.1 Pls. 12, 78 H. 11.3; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 8.4. Preserves

322

C ATA L O G U E

profile. Fabric I. Gloss metallic silvery grayish black to the lower body. Brushed dilute brown stripes on lower body and outer face of foot. e undersurface has brushed brown gloss. e foot has a groove on its outer face. ere is step up on the resting surface and the stem. e undersurface is nippled. e rim is set off from the body by two grooves. e slightly flaring lip is set off from the rim by a groove. e center of the floor is recessed. A. Inv. 71-172. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 12 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous metallic grayish black to the lower body, with brushed dilute brown stripes beneath. e foot has brushed brown stripes; the undersurface is brushed with brown gloss. Horizontal lugs at the top of the body, above which are two grooves.

Fabric I. Gloss matt gray. e body is ribbed, with vertical grooving. Beneath the rim is a groove, above which are overpainted leaves on the rim.

Kantharoid Skyphos

75. Inv. 68-457. Context IJ.1 Pls. 13, 79 P.H. 17.8; Diam. foot 14.2. Fragment of foot to rim. Fabric II? Gloss matt gray to base of body. e body is ribbed, with vertical grooving.

Kantharoid skyphos has a flaring ring foot, slightly convex conical body, and a vertical rim with a straight lip. Opposed vertical ring handles rise from upper body to top of lip and have horizontal handle plates attached to their tops. 73. Inv. 71-505. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 78 P.H. 9.8; Diam. lip est. 10. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric I. Gloss metallic lustrous black to brownish black on exterior, matt black on interior. e body has vertical grooving rising to a horizontal groove ca. 8 cm below the lip, which creates the vertical rim. e outward-thickened lip is set off by a groove. On the rim is an incised inscription: AFRODITªHºS. PR XI, 381, pl. 75, fig. 23. 74. Inv. 71-422. Deposit IR.1 Pls. 13, 78 H. 9.3; Diam. foot 5.6; Diam. lip 8.1. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss is fugitive matt greenish gray to the base of the body. e foot has a brushed stripe on the exterior and the interior. e foot has a horizontal groove on its outer face; another groove runs around the base of the body. e undersurface is nippled. e body has two horizontal grooves just above the foot; the body above is ribbed with vertical grooving. e rim is set off from the body by two grooves; the lip is set off from the body by a groove. A. Inv. 80-595. Context IIH Pl. 13

Amphoras, Stamnoi, Ointment Jars, and an Odd Shape Amphoras Amphora has a broad stemmed ring foot. e body is globular and is set off from the foot by a step out. e rim turns in from the body, then rises vertically with a concave curve. e lip was probably outturned. Opposed vertical strap handles rise from the upper body. See Morel 3630.

Amphora has a broad, spreading ring foot. e body is biconical, with a concave vertical rim. e lip is outturned and has a pendant end. Opposed vertical strap handles rise from the midpoint of the body to the upper rim. Morel série 3632. 76. Inv. 79-402. Deposit IQ Pl. 13 H. 21.1; Diam. foot 11.2; Diam. lip 16.0. Preserves profile. Handles survive only as attachment marks. Fabric II. Metallic black to dilute reddish-brown gloss on the upper wall with brush marks. Metallic black gloss on the interior and from the exterior of the lip to the lower body. e foot has a dilute reddish-brown brushed stripe. e foot is forked at its edge. e undersurface is domed. e lower body has a groove. Another groove sets the upper body off from the rim. e lip has a projecting horizontal flange at its edge. ere are traces of an overpainted white garland on the rim between the handles. A. Inv. 57-2002. Deposit IL Pl. 79 Fabric III. Gloss metallic black. e lip is grooved on its outer face and has a resting surface on the top. On the rim at the level of the upper handle attachment is incised and overpainted decoration: one side has a vine fret; the other, a garland.

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

B. Inv. 59-882. Context IIH Pl. 79 Fabric III. On the rim is an incised and overpainted vine. 77. Inv. 57-3122. Context IO Pl. 79 P.H. 19.4; Diam. foot 10.6. Fragment: foot to base of lip. Fabric I. Gloss is dull black to the lower body. e foot has dilute grayish-black brushed stripes. e foot is grooved on its resting surface and on its edge. e undersurface is domed. e lower body has a projecting flange and a groove. At the carination of the body are two grooves, with a register of incised vertical reeds above, and another groove above. e rim has an incised vine, but no overpainted decoration survives. 78. Inv. 56-2493A–C. Deposit IG Pl. 79 P.H. 14.0. Nonjoining fragments of upper body and rim. Fabric I. Dilute brown gloss on interior to the lower rim. Metallic grayish-black gloss on exterior. e lower body is ribbed. ere is a groove at the carination of the body. e body is set off from the rim by a step in, beneath which are white leaves. e rim has an incised vine, with white leaves with red centers alternating with clusters of three white berries. Stamnos (Pyxis) Small stamnos that was probably used as a pyxis has a ring foot, biconical body, and vertical, slightly flaring rim which usually has a resting surface for a lid inside. e lip is straight and flat-topped. At the midpoint of the body are opposed vertical basket handles. See Morel espèce 4460. 79. Inv. 57-1979. Context IIH Pl. 80 P.H. 10.2; Diam. foot 6.2. Fragment: foot to base of lip. Fabric I. Gloss reddish brown. On the upper body, between the handles, is an incised vine with white leaves and berries. 80. Inv. 56-166. Deposit IG Pl. 14 H. 7.8; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 9.2. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss grayish black to base of foot. ere are overpainted vertical white leaves on the upper body.

323

A. Inv. 57-2524. Context IIH Pl. 14 Fabric I. B. Inv. 71-269. Deposit IQ Pl. 80 Fabric I? 81. Inv. 62-959. Context IP Pl. 14 P.H. 5.2; Diam. lip 7.4. Fragment: lower body to lip. Fabric I? Clay fairly soft pale reddish brown (7.5YR 6/4). Gloss dull fugitive gray to the lower body. On the upper body, between the handles, is a register of vertical white leaves. A. Inv. 68-315. Context IJ Pl. 80 Fabric I. Gloss matt gray. ere is no painted decoration. 82. Inv. 59-811. Context IIH Pls. 14, 80 H. 4.8; Diam. foot 3.3; Diam. lip est. 4. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous brown-black to the lower body. On the upper body, between the handles, is a register of white vertical leaves. Ointment Jars Ointment jar (medicine pot) takes the form of a small biconical vase with a disk base, a squat horizontal lower body rising to a vertical upper body, often with a cyma reversa profile, and an outturned or flaring lip. 83. Inv. 61-431. Context Ii Pl. 80 H. 6.2; Diam. base 4.1; Diam. lip 3.0. Complete except for one handle. Fabric I? Clay fairly soft fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4) with small inclusions. Gloss grayish brown on upper body and lip. Opposed upturning basket handles on the upper body. Between the handles on both sides is a stamp: HRAKLEIOU LUKION in retrograde. 84. Inv. 58-695. Area I, trench 15G, stratum 2 (Public Office) Pls. 14, 80 H. 3.7; Diam. base 2.6; Diam. lip est. 3. Preserves profile; worn. Fabric I? Clay soft fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Gloss fugitive gray on rim and upper body. Opposed diagonal, slightly upturning handles just above the midpoint of the body. Between the handles is a stamp: HRAKLEIOU LUKION. A. Inv. 56-3092. Context Ii Pl. 80

324

C ATA L O G U E

Fabric I. Complete except for one handle. Between the handles is a stamp: HRAKLEIOU LUKION. Sjöqvist 1960, 80, pl. 19, fig. 5. 85. Inv. 58-498. Area I, trench 15F, stratum 2 (Public Office) Pls. 14, 80 H. 3.8; Diam. base 2.4; Diam. lip 2.4. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black on body to top of base. e exterior edge of the rim is reserved. e top of the rim and the interior have dilute grayishbrown gloss. e base and the undersurface have smears. e upper body has opposed vertical basket “handles” made of dabs of applied clay. Between the handles is a stamp: HRAKLEIOU LUKION. Sjöqvist 1960, 80, pl. 19, fig. 6, pl. 20, fig. II:4. A. Inv. 58-423. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 14 Fabric I. Preserves profile. Gloss black to gray to the lower body. On the lower rim are opposed vertical basket “handles.” ere is a stamp on one side of the upper body: HRAKLEIOU LUKION. 86. Inv. 58-1683. Context IN Pls. 15, 80 H. 2.8; Diam. base 2.3; Diam. lip 3.0–3.8. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss mottled brown to reddish gray to the upper body. ere is a drip on the foot. e rim is oval, distorting the shape of the body. A. Inv. 57-2004. Deposit IL Pl. 15 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss metallic gray to the lower rim. e base is so distorted by an impressed fingerprint that the vase can barely stand. B. Inv. 57-3184. Deposit IL Pl. 15 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss mottled black to red. C. Inv. 57-2537. Deposit IL Pl. 15 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss fugitive gray to reddish brown. D. Inv. 57-2019. Deposit IL Pl. 15 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss fugitive matt reddish brown. E. Inv. 60-1322. Context Ii Pl. 15 Fabric I? Preserves profile. Traces of gloss on up per body and rim. F. Inv. 70-613. Context IR Pl. 15 Fabric I. Preserves profile. Gloss gray. G. Inv. 68-383. Context IJ Pls. 15, 80 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss matt grayish black.

87. Inv. 58-322. Context IIH Pls. 15, 80 H. 2.5; Diam. base 2.4; Diam. lip 3.6. Fabric I. Complete. Gloss reddish brown. On the lower body is a circular stamp depicting a male head in profile left, possibly wearing a diadem (Asklepios?). A. Inv. 58-323. Context IIH Pl. 15 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss reddish brown. On the lower body is a circular stamp depicting a male head in profile left, possibly wearing a diadem (Asklepios?). B. Inv. 80-166. Context IIH Pl. 15 Fabric I. Preserves profile. Gloss metallic gray. On the lower body is a circular stamp depicting a male head in profile left, possibly wearing a diadem (Asklepios?). C. Inv. 59-270. Context IIH Pl. 80 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss black. On the lower body is a circular stamp depicting a male head in profile left, possibly wearing a diadem (Asklepios?). D. Inv. 58-929. Context IIH Pl. 80 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss black. On the lower body is a circular stamp depicting a male head in profile left, possibly wearing a diadem (Asklepios?). 88. Inv. 58-1837. Context IN Pls. 15, 80 H. 3.0; Diam. base 1.7; Diam. lip 2.5. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous to matt black. Sjöqvist 1960, 80, pl. 19, fig. 9. A. Inv. 57-3187. Deposit IL Pl. 15 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss dilute red. B. Inv. 68-51. Context IJ Pls. 15, 81 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss brown. C. Inv. 70-276. Context IJ Pl. 81 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss brown on lip and upper body. D. Inv. 70-330. Context IJ Pl. 15 Fabric I. Preserves profile. Gloss brown. E. Inv. 71-101. Context IR Pl. 15 Fabric I. Complete. Gloss brownish gray. 89. Inv. 60-1107. Context Ii Pl. 81 H. 2.0; Diam. base 1.7; Diam. lip 1.9. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss matt black to the lower body. A. Inv. 69-272. Context IJ Pl. 15 Fabric I. Gloss matt reddish brown. B. Inv. 70-594. Context IJ Pl. 15 Fabric I. Complete. Traces of gloss on the body.

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

Ointment jar (medicine pot) takes the form of a small bowl with a disk base, ovoid body, and flaring lip. 90. Inv. 57-3177. Deposit IL Pl. 15 H. 3.6; Diam. base 1.8; Diam. lip 2.1. Complete. Fabric I. Clay hard reddish brown (5YR 6/4) with inclusions. Gloss matt dilute red around the rim. A. Inv. 71-173. Preserves profile. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 15 Fabric I. Gloss brown to metallic black. B. Inv. 68-50. Context IJ Pl. 81 Clay fine hard gray (5YR 6/1). Complete; lip chipped. Burned. Traces of grayish-black gloss on the body. “Candle Holder” “Candle holder” has a flaring disk base with a step up to the vertical body. e lip flares out and is flattopped. e interior is hollow. 91. Inv. 80-459. Deposit IB Pl. 15 H. 3.8; Diam. base 8.9; Diam. lip 4.1. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss metallic gray with red patches on the interior and exterior. e undersurface has fingerprints and smears. e base has two grooved circles on its top. e lower body has an outward ripple. e body has horizontal grooves at its midpoint and beneath the lip. 92. Inv. 80-805. Deposit IB H. 2.9; Diam. base 6.9; Diam. lip 3.0. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss grayish black on interior and exterior. Undersurface has smears. e base has a beveled edge and a groove at its top. e rim is set off from the body by a broad groove. A. Inv. 80-756. Deposit IB Pls. 15, 81 Fabric I. Gloss metallic gray. B. Inv. 80-757. Deposit IB Pl. 81 Fabric I? Gloss matt metallic grayish black. e body has a concave curve. C. Inv. 71-513. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 81 Fabric I? Gloss metallic grayish brown on exterior.

325

Pitchers and Related Vases Ovoid and Globular Pitchers Pitcher has a ring foot or a disk base and an ovoid body. e bodies of the larger examples are often ribbed. e vertical concave neck is stepped in from the body and rises to an outturned lip. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to the lip. See Morel espèce 5340. 93. Inv. 58-1630. Deposit IM Pl. 81 H. 16.1; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 4.2. Complete except for handle. Fabric I. Gloss matt brownish gray to the lower body. Has a ring foot. e lip steps down on the interior. A. Inv. 57-2601. Context IIH Pls. 16, 81 H. 14.1. Fabric III. Gloss metallic black. 94. Inv. 70-595. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 81 H. 6.7; Diam. base 3.3; Diam. lip 3.3. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Gloss fugitive pale brownish red. Small pitcher has a disk base and an ovoid body. Pitcher, as the preceding but with a trefoil rim/lip. See Morel genre 5600. 95. Inv. 57-2558. Deposit IL Pls. 16, 82 H. 19.4; Diam. foot 6.0; Diam. lip 3.1–4.5. Preserves profile. Handle survives only at base and is restored in plaster; lip also partly restored. Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black to the lower body. Above the foot is a brushed reddish stripe. e foot and the lowest part of the body have brown gloss. e undersurface is nippled. e body is ribbed, with grooves rising from a reddish stripe to a wheelrun groove located above the point where the handle is attached to the body. A. Inv. 59-1347. Context IIH Pl. 82 Fabric I. Gloss grayish black. e body is ribbed. 96. Inv. 71-491. Deposit IQ Pls. 16, 82 H. 15.5; Diam. foot 6.2; Diam. lip 22.0–28.0. Fabric III. Reddish-brown gloss to the lower body. e handle is ridged. Grooved at the top of the body.

326

C ATA L O G U E

Pitcher has a ring foot or flat bottom, globular body, and vertical concave neck that rises to an outturned lip. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to the lip. See Morel espèce 5210. 97. Inv. 60-1276. Context Ii Pls. 16, 82 H. 5.9; Diam. base 4.0; Diam. lip 4.3. Preserves profile. e handle survives only as attachment marks. Clay fine hard grayish brown (5YR 6/2). Gloss mottled matt black and reddish brown to the lower body. Flat bottom. Grooved at the base of the body. A. Inv. 80-397. Deposit IB Pl. 16 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous metallic grayish brown to the lower body. Beveled ring foot. e neck steps in from the body. Bulbous Pitcher Pitcher has a beveled ring foot and a nippled undersurface. e body is bulb shaped, with a bulging lower body tapering in to a vertical neck. e lip is broad and outturned, with an upturned edge. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to beneath the lip. Morel espèce 5220. 98. Inv. 58-1701. Deposit IM Pls. 16, 82 H. 11.2; Diam. foot 4.6; Diam. lip 6.8. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black with occasional grayish-green patches all over. Piriform Pitcher Pitcher has a ring foot and ovoid body that flares out slightly as it rises and reaches its greatest diameter above the midpoint, then turns in sharply to a vertical neck. e lip is outturned, with an upturned edge. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to beneath the lip. See Morel espèce 5370 and série 5344. 99. Inv. 79-60A–B. Context ID Pl. 16 P.H. (A) 10.7, (B) 10.8; H. (restored) 19.8; Diam. foot 6.8; Diam. lip 9.0. Nonjoining fragments preserve: (A) base and lower body; (B) upper body to rim. Encrusted. Fabric III. Dilute red gloss on rim and upper body. Beveled ring foot. e neck and rim are separately thrown and attached to the body.

Conical Pitcher Pitcher has a low ring foot or disk base and an ovoid body that flares out slightly as it rises and achieves its greatest diameter above the midpoint, then turns in sharply to a vertical neck. e lip is outturned, with a downturned edge. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to beneath the lip. Morel types 5371a 1, 5385a 1. 100. Inv. 57-1000. Deposit IL Pls. 16, 82 H. 5.9–6.2; Diam. base 2.8; Diam. lip 2.2. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss matt metallic grayish black to just above the base. Miniature pitcher has flat bottom; the rim is outturned and pendant at the edge. A. Inv. 80-790. Deposit IB Pl. 16 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black to midpoint of body. Mug-Pitcher Mug-pitcher has a ring foot, flat or rounded bottom, and hemispherical body that curves in at its top to create an echinus shape. Above is a short vertical neck with a flaring lip. A vertical handle rises from the top of the body to the lip. Morel espèce 5310. 101. Inv. 71-260. Context IR Pls. 17, 82 H. 9.1; Diam. base 5.0; Diam. lip 8.1. Complete. Fabric II. Gloss matt to lustrous black on exterior, matt brownish gray on interior. Flat bottom. e handle is made up of two joined coils. A. Inv. 79-740. Deposit IF.1 Pl. 17 Fabric III. Gloss brownish red. Brushed stripe of black gloss at base of rim. e lip is set off from the neck by a groove. 102. Inv. 71-538. Deposit IR.1 Pls. 17, 82 H. 8.0; Diam. foot 3.9; Diam. lip 5.9. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss mottled red to brownish gray to the lower body. Ring foot; nippled undersurface. e lip is outward thickened and is set off from the neck by a groove. A. Inv. 71-512. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 17 e base is not preserved. Fabric I? Gloss dilute pale orange on interior and on exterior of rim and neck; applied with a brush on the interior.

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

103. Inv. 71-539. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 17 H. 6.2; Diam. lip 6.6. Preserves profile. Burnt. Fabric I. Glossed all over mottled reddish brown to black. Rounded bottom. e lip is set off from the neck by a groove. e handle has three ridges. A. Inv. 71-553A–B. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 17 Fabric I. Gloss metallic black on the exterior, matt gray on the interior. Rounded bottom. e neck is set off from the lip by a groove. B. Inv. 62-942. Context IP Pl. 17 Fabric I? Gloss metallic brownish black. Flat bottom. Biconical Juglet Small jug has a flat bottom, biconical body, vertical neck, and flaring lip. A vertical strap handle rises from the carination of the body to beneath the lip. 104. Inv. 79-61. Context ID Pls. 17, 82 H. 6.1; Diam. base 3.1; Diam. lip est. 4.0. Preserves profile. Missing most of the rim and the handle. Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black on the upper body, with red fingerprints at the carination. e interior has drips.

327

106. Inv. 80-449. Deposit IB Pl. 17 P.H. 5.2; Diam. foot 4.6. Fragment of foot to upper neck. Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black to the lower body, where there are smears. e undersurface is domed. A. Inv. 80-458. Deposit IB Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black. B. Inv. 70-286. Context IJ Pl. 18 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black to brown to the lower body. 107. Inv. 57-2664. Deposit IL Pls. 18, 83 H. 6.4; Diam. foot 3.2; Diam. lip 2.6. Complete except for handle. Worn. Fabric I. Gloss matt fugitive black to midpoint of body. Ovoid Lekythos Lekythos has a ring foot, ovoid body, vertical neck, and outturned lip. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to beneath the rim. See Morel série 5416. 108. Inv. 57-2357. Context IIH Pl. 83 P.H. 3.4; Diam. foot est. 4. Fabric I. e body has a painted red-figure palmette.

Biconical Lekythos Bell-mouthed lekythos has a beveled ring foot, biconical body, and vertical neck. e lip steps out from the neck, flares as it rises vertically with an outturned upper edge. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to beneath the lip. Morel série 5432; see also Morel série 5463. 105. Inv. 80-429. Deposit IB Pl. 83 P.H. 6.6; Diam. foot 6.6. Fragment of foot to top of neck. Handle preserved only as attachment mark. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous brownish gray to midpoint of body. e neck is set off from the body by a groove. e handle is thickened at its edges. A. Inv. 71-490. Deposit IQ Pls. 17, 83 Fabric I. Gloss matt and fugitive reddish brown. e neck is set off from the body by a groove. B. Inv. 68-126. Context IJ Pl. 17 Fabric III. Gloss matt grayish black. e undersurface is nippled. e neck is set off from the body by a groove.

109. Inv. 63-811. Area I, trench 3NA, stratum 2B (Central Sanctuary) Pls. 18, 83 H. 7.9; Diam. foot 2.8; Diam. lip 3.3. Preserves profile. Fabric II? Gloss brown. Globular body. e center of the body has a broad reserved band with a reticulate pattern painted in gloss. e neck has tongues painted in gloss. Ovoid Bottle Bottle has a beveled ring foot, disk base or flat bottom. e body is ovoid, rising to a vertical, concave neck. e rim is outturned. Morel série 7135. 110. Inv. 58-1627. Context IN Pls. 18, 83 H. 15.1; Diam. foot 6.0; Diam. lip 4.2. Complete. Fabric I? Brushed gloss stripes on rim, neck, and upper body. e rim is grooved on its outer edge. 111. Inv. 57-1780. Context IO Pl. 18 H. 14.2; Diam. foot 4.6; Diam. lip 2.5. Complete.

328

C ATA L O G U E

Fabric I? Dilute and fugitive gray gloss to the lower body. A. Inv. 60-318. Deposit IE.1 Pls. 18, 83 Fabric I. e body has a reticulate pattern in reddish gloss. 112. Inv. 80-495. Deposit IB Pls. 18, 83 H. 10.2; Diam. foot 4.2; Diam. lip est. 2.5. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Brushed stripes of dilute orange-brown gloss on rim, neck, and body. e lip is grooved on its outer edge. At the top of the body is a step in to the neck. 113. Inv. 61-157. Area II, West Hill, trench 71, stratum 2 (east of northeast corner of the House of the Arched Cistern) Pl. 83 H. 9.2; Diam. base 3.5; Diam. lip 3.6. Complete. Fabric I. Lip has matt black gloss. Neck and upper body have brownish-black gloss, with the upper neck reserved. Domed flat bottom. e lip has a pendant end. On the upper body, in reddish-brown gloss, is a register of vertical palmettes flanked by vertical tongues with groups of four dots to their right. Beneath is a broad brushed band of reddishbrown gloss. On the lower body, in reddish-brown gloss, is a register of horizontal Vs running left, with a band of brushed reddish-brown gloss beneath. 114. Inv. 63-1055. Context IP Pl. 83 P.H. 6.6; Diam. foot 2.9. Fabric I. Gloss matt brownish red. Ring foot. e body has a reticulate pattern painted in gloss. e shoulder has an overpainted white bead-and-reel register framed by broad horizontal brushed stripes of gloss. e top of the body is reserved. A. Inv. 79-73. Deposit IC Pl. 83 Fabric II? Gloss matt black. e center of the body has a broad reserved band with a reticulate pattern of diagonal brushed gloss stripes. B. Inv. 58-977. Context IIH Pls. 18, 83 Fragment: foot to base of neck. Fabric I? Ring foot. Body has a reticulate pattern. e shoulder has an overpainted white bead-and-reel over brown gloss. 115. Inv. 58-2371. Context IN Pl. 83 P.H. 5.8; Diam. base 3.0. Fragment of foot to lower

neck. Fabric I? Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Gilded. Disk base. A. Inv. 58-2372. Context IN Pl. 83 Fabric I? Gilded. Disk base with rough hole bored through it. e neck has no opening. B. Inv. 57-978. Deposit IL Pls. 18, 83 Diam. lip 1.7. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric I. Gilded. Piriform Bottle Bottle or lekythos has a tall ring foot set off from the body by a groove. e body is vertical with a slight outward flare to create an inverted “pear” shape and is ribbed by vertical grooving. Grooved at the top of the body. e shoulder curves in to a vertical neck with an outturned and pendant rim. At the top of the body are opposed vertical basket handles that are round in section. See Morel espèce 7130. 116. Inv. 61-342. Context Ii Pl. 19 P.H. 11.7; Diam. foot 3.8. Fragment of foot and body. Fabric I. Gloss black with reddish-brown patches to the base of the ring foot. Body ribbing is molded. Barrel Bottle Bottle or lekythos has a low beveled ring foot set off from the body by a groove. e body is vertical with a slight outward flare and is ribbed by incised vertical grooving. Grooved at the top of the body. e shoulder curves in to a vertical neck with an outturned and pendant lip. At the top of the body are opposed vertical basket handles that are round in section. Morel spécie 7142a 1. 117. Inv. 71-507. Deposit IR.1 Pls. 19, 84 H. 26.3; Diam. foot 11.3; Diam. lip 5.3. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Clay soft fine reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Gloss lustrous to matt black to the lower body, where it terminates with two brushed stripes of dilute gloss. e foot has traces of another brushed stripe. Centered between the handles is a moldmade lion’s head with protruding tongue. PR XI, 373, pl. 74, fig. 18.

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

A. Inv. 58-1606. Context IN Pl. 84 Fabric I. Gloss brownish black. Moldmade lion’s head centered between handles. 118. Inv. 57-888. Deposit IG Pl. 84 P.H. 12.4; Diam. foot est. 8.0. Fragment of body from just above the base to the shoulder. Fabric I? Clay soft fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Gloss slightly lustrous black to brown to the lower body; beneath this is a brushed stripe in dilute gloss. A. Inv. 68-128. Context IJ Pl. 19 Fabric I. Gloss matt black. 119. Inv. 71-578. Deposit IR.1 Pl. 19 P.H. 11.4; Diam. foot 6.2. Complete except for lip and handles. Fabric I. Gloss matt black to the lower body. A. Inv. 58-1247. Context IIH Pl. 19 Fabric III. Gloss lustrous black. Overpainted white stripe above a red stripe on neck; white stripe above a red stripe at top of body; white stripe at base of body. 120. Inv. 61-533. Context Ii Pl. 19 H. 11.8; Diam. foot 5.0; Diam. lip 2.2. Fragment of body from base to base of neck. Fabric I? Gloss dilute brown to grayish black. Grooved at top of body. e handles are made up of impressed ovals of clay. A. Inv. 61-371. Context Ii Pl. 84 Fabric I? Gloss fugitive matt black. True basket handles. B. Inv. 58-1246. Context IIH Pl. 84 Fabric I? Gloss black. True basket handles. C. Inv. 58-939. Context IIH Pl. 84 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black with olive patches. Two grooves at top of body. D. Inv. 57-1799. Context Ii Pl. 19 Fabric II. Gloss fugitive grayish black to the lower body. e handles are made up of impressed ovals of clay. 121. Inv. 58-1897. Context IN Pl. 84 H. 8.5; Diam. foot 3.2; Diam. lip 2.8. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss matt and metallic grayish black to the lower body. e handles are made up of impressed ovals of clay.

329

A. Inv. 57-1001. Deposit IL Pl. 84 Fabric I. Gloss fairly lustrous reddish brown. e handles are made up of impressed ovals of clay. B. Inv. 57-974. Deposit IL Pl. 19 Fabric I. Gloss grayish black. e handles are made up of impressed ovals of clay. C. Inv. 59-979. Context IIH Pl. 19 Fabric I. 122. Inv. 68-35. Context IJ Pl. 19 H. 6.0; Diam. foot 2.8; Diam. lip 1.8. Complete. Worn. Fabric I. Gloss matt black to the lower body. Does not have a groove above the foot. e body is not ribbed. e handles are made up of impressed ovals of clay. A. Inv. 57-1858. Deposit IL Pl. 84 P.H. 3.1; Diam. base 2.3. Fabric I. Gloss black to green to the base of the foot. Above the foot is a white painted stripe instead of the usual groove. Another white stripe instead of the usual groove at the shoulder. e shoulder and neck have a dotted white garland with red flowers. ere is a white stripe on the neck. B. Inv. 63-1161. Context IP Pl. 19 Fabric I. C. Inv. 58-478. Context IIH Fabric I. Gloss brown to black. e foot is grooved on its outer face and top. Askos Askos has a ring foot and a sagging globular body. At one side of the body a vertical neck rises to an outturned pendant lip. e inside of the neck has a strainer with five holes at its base. At the other side the body rises to a point. A strap handle rises from the point to the lip. Beyond the point, a spout protrudes at a 30-degree angle. Morel genre 8200. 123. Inv. 58-1816. Context IN Pls. 20, 85 H. 13.9; Diam. foot 8.8; Diam. lip 4.3. Complete. Fabric I? Clay fairly soft reddish brown with inclusions (5YR 6/4). Gloss black with red patches to the lower body. e upper body is splattered with white paint. e center of the body has an incised vine with painted white leaves alternating with groups of three white berries. is is framed by painted white and red stripes above and below.

330

C ATA L O G U E

“Teapot” “Teapot” probably had ring foot. e body is biconical, rising to a short vertical neck, with an outturned lip that turns up at the edge to form a resting surface for a lid. e spout projects up diagonally. e spout terminates in a lip made up of a flat surface with a flange at its outer edge, with downturned ends. 124. Inv. 80-129A–B. Deposit IL Pls. 19, 85 P.H. 11.0; Diam. lip 14.0 Fragment of the body from just above the foot to the lip. e spout is preserved in two nonjoining fragments. Clay hard fine pale orange (7.5YR 7/6) with inclusions. Gloss metallic gray-green to just above the foot.

large ovoid-bodied jug with a vertical neck. At the top of the body is a band of brownish-red gloss with an incised X pattern, with overpainted pendant white grape clusters. Beneath this is an incised vine with white leaves and clusters of three berries. At the bottom of the fragment are traces of a larger band of incised and painted white decoration.

Lids Disk Lid Disk lid has a ring foot. e dome is very shallow and has no knob. e edge has a raised flange at its upper edge. See Morel espèce 9210.

Feeder Vase Feeder vase has a beveled ring foot, compressed globular body, vertical neck, and outturned lip. A conical spout projects from the upper body at a 45-degree angle. At 90 degrees around the body from the spout is a single vertical strap handle, oval in section, that rises from the upper body to the lip. Morel espèce 5840. 125. Inv. 63-969. Context IP Pl. 20 H. 8.0; Diam. foot 5.8; Diam. lip 4.5. Complete except for much of rim. Fabric I. Gloss matt grayish brown to the lower body. Fingerprints around foot. e undersurface is domed. ere is a step down on the top of the rim. 126. Inv. 61-537. Context IK.2 Pl. 20 H. to rim 6.8; Diam. foot 4.4; Diam. lip 4.0. Complete except for handle, which is restored in plaster. Fabric I. Gray to metallic black gloss to the lower body. A. Inv. 57-811. Deposit IL Pl. 85 P.H. 6.7; Diam. foot 4.5. Preserves profile to top of neck. Handle and lip not preserved. Fabric I. Gloss mottled brown to red to the lower body. Fingerprints around foot.

128. Inv. 90-71. Context Ii Pl. 85 H. 1.7; Diam. foot 5.2; Diam. brim 7.3. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 6/6). Gloss lustrous dark brown to foot. e dome is set off from the brim by two grooves. ere are two more grooves at the middle of the dome. Probably Attic. 129. Inv. 70-278. Context IJ Pls. 20, 85 H. 1.6; Diam. foot 7.2; Diam. brim 7.0. Complete. Fabric I? Clay fairly soft fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Gloss matt black all over, except the undersurface, where there are smears. e foot has a groove on its resting surface. 130. Inv. 58-790. Context IIH Pl. 20 H. 1.5; Diam. foot 6.8; Diam. brim 6.6. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous grayish black to foot. e undersurface is domed and has no flange at its edge. 131. Inv. 63-1063. Area I, zone B, room L, stratum 3 (North Stoa) Pl. 85 H. 1.2; Diam. foot 6.5; Diam. brim 5.8. Clay fine hard reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4). Gloss lustrous black on body and foot. Reserved stripe between body and foot. e undersurface is domed. Perhaps an import from Apulia?

Overpainted Jug Fragment Horizontal-Brimmed Lid 127. Inv. 79-58. Context ID Pl. 85 P.H. 11.9. Fragment of upper body to base of neck. Fabric III. Red slip on interior and exterior. From a

Lid has a conical dome with a projecting, sometimes up-flaring, brim. e undersurface has a vertical

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

flange projecting downward. e brim is often set off from the dome by a step. e dome rises to a molded knob with a central depression on its top, often framed by a groove. Morel série 9132. 132. Inv. 57-2525. Deposit IL Pl. 20 H. 4.7; Diam. brim 14.9; Diam. knob 2.2. Preserves profile. Mended in plaster. Fabric I. Red gloss on the top of the knob. Brownish-red stripe around knob at the top of the dome, beneath which is a broad reddish-brown band. e brim is red. ere is a broad groove on the dome at the diameter of the undersurface flange. At the inner edge of the brim there is a vertical flange next to a groove. 133. Inv. 57-3172. Deposit IL Pls. 21, 85 H. 5.7; Diam. brim 13.5. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss brown. e exterior face of the knob has two stripes. On the body, two small stripes frame a larger band. e brim has a stripe on its outer edge. A. Inv. 57-519. Deposit IL Fabric I. Top of knob has matt grayish-brown gloss; brim has brown gloss. e dome has a broad gloss stripe framed on both sides by a narrower stripe and a painted white stripe. B. Inv. 69-932. Context IJ Pls. 21, 86 Fabric I. e knob is restored in plaster. Two gloss stripes on body. 134. Inv. 79-67. Deposit IC Pl. 86 H. 3.0; Diam. brim 12.0. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Clay soft fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Gloss grayish black all over, except undersurface. A. Inv. 80-456. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss brown. e body has a broad stripe of gloss framed on both sides by a narrower stripe and a painted white stripe. B. Inv. 80-457. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss brown. e dome has stripes. C. Inv. 80-697. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss metallic black all over, except undersurface. D. Inv. 80-804. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Stripes of dilute brown gloss on brim, upper dome, and upper knob. 135. Inv. 57-520. Deposit IL Pl. 86 H. 3.4; Diam. brim 10.2. Complete except for part

331

of brim. Fabric I. Gloss reddish brown. Top of knob and lip glossed; the dome has stripes. A. Inv. 80-693. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss brown. e knob is glossed except for the central depression on its top. e rim is glossed. e dome has a broad gloss stripe framed on both sides by a narrower stripe and a painted white stripe. B. Inv. 80-699. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss brown. e knob is glossed except for the central depression on its top. e brim has gloss. e dome has a broad gloss stripe framed on both sides by a smaller stripe and a painted white stripe. 136. Inv. 59-2224. Context IK.1 Pl. 86 H. 3.9; Diam. brim 7.2. Complete except for chips. Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black to olive green. A. Inv. 57-3197. Deposit IL Pls. 21, 86 Fabric I. Gloss dull black. e brim is set off from the dome by a vertical flange and a step. e knob has a central raised cylinder instead of a depression. B. Inv. 57-3181. Deposit IL Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous metallic black. e lip is set off from the body by a vertical flange rather than a step. C. Inv. 69-879. Context IJ Pl. 86 Fabric I? Gloss fugitive matt brown to black. D. Inv. 80-733. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss brownish gray. E. Inv. 80-768. Deposit IB Pl. 86 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous metallic black. F. Inv. 80-695. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous reddish brown. G. Inv. 80-690. Deposit IB Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss black. H–Z. Inv. 80-330, 80-472, 80-481, 80-483, 80686, 80-688, 80-689, 80-691, 80-692, 80694, 80-696, 80-763, 80-764, 80-766, 80767, 80-734, 80-798, 80-799, 80-800. Deposit IB Fabric I. Gloss varies on individual lids, as indicated above. 137. Inv. 57-2526. Deposit IL Pls. 21, 86 H. 3.1; Diam. brim 6.5. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous brownish black all over, except undersurface. e brim has a small semicircular notch. e

332

C ATA L O G U E

dome has overpainted decoration: white stripes frame an incised vine with white leaves. A. Inv. 71-179. Context IR Pl. 21 Fabric I. Gloss metallic black all over, except undersurface. e edge of the rim is beveled. e rim is set off from the body by a step up. B. Inv. 57-3182. Deposit IL Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black. C. Inv. 57-2527. Deposit IL Pls. 22, 86 Fabric I. Gloss slightly metallic brownish gray. D. Inv. 80-324. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss metallic gray. E. Inv. 80-687. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss metallic gray. F. Inv. 70-277. Context IJ Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous and slightly metallic black. G. Inv. 58-1036. Context IIH Pl. 86 Fabric I. Gloss mottled black to red. e dome has an incised graffito: A^V V. H. Inv. 97-35. Area VII, trench 1, stratum 1 (fill of the House of Eupolemos) Pl. 86 Fabric II. Diam. brim 5.5. Gloss brown to olive. e dome has an elaborate incised twining vine with overpainted white leaves/blossoms. 138. Inv. 80-735. Deposit IB Pl. 22 H. 0.8; Diam. brim 4.3. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous brownish gray all over, except undersurface. e dome has painted decoration: white stripes frame a white and red garland. Conical Lid Lid has a conical dome that often has beveled edges; no brim. e dome rises to a knob that is often beveled on its top edge. Morel série 9112. 139. Inv. 80-499. Deposit IB Pl. 22 H. 1.8; Diam. 8.2. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss matt grayish black to edges of dome, with smears on undersurface. A. Inv. 80-730. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss matt grayish black. B. Inv. 80-717. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss fugitive black.

C. Inv. 57-3179. Deposit IL Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss mottled red to black. e top of the knob is recessed. D. Inv. 60-1538. Deposit IA Pls. 22, 86 Fabric I? Gloss olive gray. 140. Inv. 80-667. Deposit IB Pl. 22 H. 2.4; Diam. 6.8. Fabric I. Gloss black to edges of dome, with smears on undersurface. A–E. Inv. 80-722, 80-666, 80-670, 80-716, 80729. Deposit IB Fabric I. Gloss as no. 140. 141. Inv. 80-681. Deposit IB Pls. 22, 86 H. 1.9; Diam. 5.8. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss matt to lustrous brown to edges of dome, with smears on undersurface. A. Inv. 80-665. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss black. B. Inv. 80-713. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss metallic grayish black to lip, with smears on undersurface. e top of the knob is not beveled. C. Inv. 80-662. Deposit IB Pl. 86 Fabric I. D. Inv. 80-727. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. E. Inv. 80-795. Deposit IB Pl. 87 Fabric I. Gloss metallic gray. F–NN. Inv. 80-460, 80-465, 80-470, 80-497, 80-500, 80-663, 80-664, 80-668, 80-671, 80672, 80-673, 80-677, 80-678, 80-679, 80680, 80-685, 80-705, 80-706, 80-707, 80709, 80-710, 80-711, 80-714, 80-715, 80719, 80-720, 80-721, 80-724, 80-725, 80726, 80-728, 80-791, 80-792, 80-796, 80797. Deposit IB Fabric I. 142. Inv. 80-327. Deposit IB Pl. 22 H. 1.4; Diam. 4.4. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss mottled red to matt black to the edges of the dome, with smears on the undersurface. A. Inv. 80-794. Deposit IB Pl. 87 Fabric I. B. Inv. 80-674. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I.

B L A C K - G L O S S WA R E S

C–I. Inv. 80-345, 80-493, 80-676, 80-675, 80708, 80-718, 80-793. Deposit IB Fabric I. J. Inv. 69-1016. Context IJ Pl. 87 Fabric I. K. Inv. 71-420. Deposit IQ Pl. 22 Fabric II. Gloss dark brown to edges of dome. Vertical-Brimmed Lid Lid has a vertical brim, usually with a slightly outturned lip. Above the brim, the conical dome rises to a conical knob. e knob is beveled on the outer edges of its top and often has a central depression on top. 143. Inv. 80-700. Deposit IB Pls. 22, 87 H. 4.2; Diam. brim 7.6. Complete. Cracked in firing. Fabric I. Gloss brown to reddish brown on upper part of knob. e central depression is reserved. e body has a broad brushed stripe framed by narrower stripes. At the top of the rim is another brushed stripe. e knob is grooved at its midpoint. A. Inv. 80-731. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss matt brown on upper part of knob. e body has a broad brushed brown stripe framed by narrower stripes. e knob does not have a central depression. B. Inv. 90-203. Context Ii Pl. 87 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous brown. e brim has a wave pattern in brown gloss. On the dome, moving down from the knob, are tongues in brown gloss within a reserved circle, overpainted white dots, and a white vine with white leaves and three dots at the tip of each leaf. 144. Inv. 80-770. Deposit IB Pl. 87 H. 3.2; Diam. brim 6.5. Complete. Encrusted. Fabric I. e gloss at the top of the knob is reddish brown. ere is a broad painted stripe of the same gloss around the center of the dome, framed by narrow overpainted white and reddish-brown gloss stripes e knob has a grooved circle on its top and a groove beneath its top. A. Inv. 80-466. Deposit IB Pl. 22 Fabric I. Gloss dilute orange on body, brown on knob.

333

B. Inv. 80-488. Deposit IB Pls. 22, 87 Fabric I. Gloss dilute reddish brown on upper knob. e body has a broad brushed reddish-brown stripe framed by narrower ones. Brushed reddishbrown stripe at the juncture of brim and body. C. Inv. 80-494. Deposit IB Pl. 23 Fabric I. D–G. Inv. 80-490, 80-491, 80-492, 80-732. Deposit IB Fabric I. 145. Inv. 80-473. Deposit IB Pl. 87 H. 2.9; Diam. brim 4.8. Complete. Encrusted. Fabric I. e gloss on the upper knob is dilute reddish brown to gray. e body has a broad central brown stripe framed by narrower stripes. No central depression on the top of the knob. A. Inv. 80-323. Deposit IB Pl. 23 Fabric I. B. Inv. 80-487. Deposit IB Pl. 23 Fabric I. C. Inv. 80-803. Deposit IB Pl. 23 Fabric I. Hemispherical-Domed Lids Flanged lid has no brim. e hemispherical dome steps up to a tall knob. e resting surface has a flange at its inner edge. See Morel série 9133. 146. Inv. 79-450. Context IIH Pls. 23, 87 P.H. 5.0; Diam. flange 7.8. Preserves about onethird to base of knob. Fabric III? Lustrous black gloss on exterior to edge of brim, which is reserved and decorated with dots of gloss. On the brim is an incised vine with yellow rosettes and heart-shaped leaves outlined in white. 147. Inv. 58-861. Deposit IM Pl. 87 P.H. 2.5; Diam. flange 5.2. Fragment of lip, body, and lower portion of knob. Fabric I. Gloss matt to lustrous grayish black on the knob. e upper body is reserved except for a dilute reddish-brown brushed stripe. Grayish-black gloss on the lower body. e dome has an incised vine with overpainted white leaves.

334

C ATA L O G U E

A. Inv. 61-551. Context Ii Fabric I?

Pls. 23, 87

Lid has a broad horizontal brim and a hemispherical dome. ere is a step up from the dome to a tall knob with an outturned and beveled top.

148. Inv. 80-747. Deposit IB Pls. 23, 87 H. 8.2; H. knob 4.1; Diam. brim 12.6. Complete. Fabric I. Gloss metallic gray to the brim. e top of the brim has a groove. A. Inv. 80-443. Deposit IB Pl. 23 Fabric I.

East Sicilian Polychrome Wares Lekanis 149. Inv. 92-662. Area I, trench 3P, buckets 29/35/39/44 (Central Market, basement room) Pls. 23, 88 H. 20.4; Diam. foot 19.4; Diam. lip 41.2. Complete except for handles and chips. Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/6). Slipped grayish white with traces of overpainted color. Lekanis has a stemmed ring foot. e hemispherical lower body flares out to a vertical upper body that rises to an outturned lip with a vertical flange on its inner edge to retain a lid. e upper body had opposed ridged horizontal handles. A. Inv. 79-860. Context IIH Pl. 23 Fragment of stemmed ring foot. Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/6). B. Inv. 80-442. Context IO Pl. 23 Fragment of stemmed ring foot. Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/6). 150. Inv. 57-3196. Context IO Pl. 24 H. 13.2; Diam. foot est. 8.0; Diam. lip est. 40.0. Preserves profile. Clay hard reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) with inclusions. Slipped beige, with traces of paint. Lekanis has a ring foot with a series of grooves on the undersurface. e lower body is hemispherical; the upper body turns up vertically to an outturned lip with a vertical flange at its inner edge to retain a lid. On the upper body are opposed ridged horizontal handles. 151. Inv. 57-2556. Deposit IL Pls. 24, 88 H. 10.2–11.4; Diam. base 4.6; Diam. lip 26.7. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine gray (5YR 6/1).

Slipped grayish white, with traces of paint. Lekanis has a recessed flat bottom. e lower body is hemispherical, while the upper body turns up vertically to an outturned lip with a vertical flange at its inner edge to retain a lid. On the upper body are opposed horizontal handles. At the points of attachment the handles have an added plate on their sides. A. Inv. 97-39. Necropolis in Contrada Gesalino, surface (clandestine excavation) Pl. 88 Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/3). On the handle vertical red stripes frame a broad gilded band. e center of the handle has a raised triangular protrusion.

Pyxis-Krater 152. Inv. 59-1766A–E. Context IK.2 Pl. 89 P.H. (A) 17.6, (B) 7.1, (C) 3.1; (D) 5.2, (E) 2.6; Diam. lip (B) est. 30; Diam. foot (C) 10.1. Nonjoining fragments of foot (C), body (B, D, E), and body to lip (A). Clay fairly hard gritty reddish brown (5YR 6/3). Slipped white, over which is red, violet, blue, white, and yellow (?) paint. Pyxis-krater has a separately thrown ring foot with a raised fillet at its top. On the foot is a painted frieze of eggs in red, yellow (?), and blue. e body is hemispherical, with opposed handles of raised ridges framing horizontal rings (?). On the body beneath the handles are white florals. Next to the handle of fragment A is a standing woman facing right. She wears a chiton and a violet himation, and extends her right arm before her. Her hair is pulled back into a bun, and on her right wrist is a red bracelet.

E A S T S I C I L I A N P O LYC H RO M E WA R E S

153. Inv. 58-2369. Context IN Pls. 24, 89 P.H. 30.5; Diam. foot 13.9. Fragment of foot and lower body. Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Slipped white, with traces of pastel paint on the body. e foot was gilded. Pyxis-krater (or lebes gamikos?) has a separately attached flaring ring foot with a tall stem and a projecting molding. Above the molding, the foot is outturned and downturned at the point of attachment to the ovoid body.

Lebes Gamikos 154. Inv. 57-830. Deposit IL Pls. 25, 89 H. stand and vase 71.0 (including handles); H. stand 19.8; Diam. foot of stand 19.9; H. lebes 32.0; H. with handles 51.2; Diam. base of lebes 14.4; Diam. lip 8.5. Preserves profile. Clay fairly hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Slipped beige, with traces of pink and blue paint. Lebes gamikos and stand. e stand has a flaring ring foot and a tall stem with a projecting molding beneath an outturned resting surface for the vase. e resting surface has a central raised knob corresponding to a hole in the vase’s undersurface. e lebes has beveled ring foot, tall ovoid body, inturned rim, and short vertical lip to retain a lid. At the base of the rim are two tall vertical basket handles with separately made and attached molded acanthus leaves at their base. e leaves preserve traces of gilding. 155. Inv. 70-259. Context IJ Pl. 90 P.H. 6.2. Small fragment of upper body, rim, and handle. Clay fairly soft fine orange (2.5YR 6/6). Slipped white. From a lebes gamikos similar to no. 154. e handle preserves part of a separately made and attached molded acanthus leaf at its base. A. Inv. 68-36. Context IJ Pl. 90 Clay soft fine orange (5YR 7/6). Traces of white slip. Handle has an acanthus leaf at its base. 156. Inv. 79-400. Deposit IQ Pl. 90 P.H. 22.2; Diam. lip 5.7. Fragment from just above the base of the foot to the rim. Worn and encrusted. Clay soft fine orange-red (2.5YR 6/8). Slipped white, with traces of paint. Small lebes gamikos or finial lid has a stemmed ring foot that flared out at

335

its base. Midway up the stem is a projecting molding that is grooved on its outer face. Another projecting molding is at the top of the stem, beneath the body. e body is ovoid, with its greatest diameter above its midpoint. Above the point of greatest diameter, the body curves in sharply to a short vertical rim with an outturned lip that is slightly beveled at its edge. At the point where the body begins to curve in are two low plastic protrusions. Above these protrusions, the bases of two vertical basket handles with applied acanthus leaves survive. e body preserves traces of pink paint, including the silhouette of a standing draped figure with its right arm back and the left holding a staff. 157. Inv. 57-2523. Deposit IL Pl. 90 P.H. 6.5; Diam. lip est. 12. Fragment of upper body to lip. Preserves base of handle. Clay fairly hard orange (5YR 7/6) with small inclusions. Overcleaned; all traces of slip and paint removed. Upper part of a small lebes gamikos or finial lid that had an ovoid body with a short vertical rim. Near the top of the body are traces of a basket handle with an acanthus leaf attached to its base. To one side of this is a mushroom-shaped protrusion attached by means of indented clay at its base. 158. Inv. 58-1875. Context IN Pl. 90 P.H. 17.2. Fragment of handle. Clay hard pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Slipped beige with traces of paint. Basket handle from a lebes gamikos has three ridges and a molded acanthus leaf applied to its base. e leaf has traces of blue paint and gilding; the handle has traces of red paint. At the base of the handle is a plastic knob for attachment to the vase. A. Inv. 58-1903. Context IN Pl. 90 Possibly from the same vase as no. 158. Clay hard pale reddish brown (5YR 7/6). B. Inv. 57-3157. Context IO Pl. 90 Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 5/4). From same vases as nos. 158C–E. C. Inv. 57-3156A. Context IO Pl. 90 Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 5/4). D. Inv. 57-3156B. Context IO Pl. 90 Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 5/4). E. Inv. 57-3156C. Context IO Pl. 90 Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 5/4).

336

C ATA L O G U E

F. Inv. 70-619. Deposit IQ Clay hard reddish brown (5YR 6/4). G. Inv. 71-344. Context IR (stratum 1) Clay soft fine orange (2.5YR 6/8).

Pl. 90

Pyxis-Krater or Lebes Gamikos 159. Inv. 97-38. Necropolis in Contrada Gesalino, surface (clandestine excavation) Pl. 91 P.H. 10.5; Preserved width 10.2. Fragment of body. Clay fairly soft fine red (2.5YR 6/6). Preserves traces of white slip and paint. From a pyxis-krater? Had a hemispherical body. Traces of two figures survive: to the right is the back of a man draped in a himation; to the left are traces of a second figure.

P.H. 10.4; Diam. base 6.0. Fragment of foot to mid-body. Clay soft fine orange (5YR 6/6). Slipped white. Pyxis or lid in the form of an altar has a ring foot with a protruding horizontal molding at the base of the vertical body. is molding curves in to the body in two steps. At the midpoint of the body is a groove. ere is a hole in the floor. B. Inv. 62-1240. Context IP Pl. 91 Clay soft fine orange (5YR 6/6.) No hole in floor. C. Inv. 70-440. Context IJ Pl. 24 Clay soft pale reddish brown (5YR 7/6). D. Inv. 81-127. Deposit IIA Pls. 24, 91 Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 6/6). E. Inv. 97-46. Area VII, trench 4, stratum 17 (western end of Serra Orlando, near the House of Eupolemos) Clay hard, fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/3).

Cylindrical (Altar) Pyxis Hydria 160. Inv. 57-3102. Context IIH Pls. 24, 91 P.H. 9.6; Diam. base 9.9; Diam. lip 6.7. Preserves profile. Clay hard pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Slipped white. Cylindrical pyxis or lid in the form of an altar has a ring foot that curves in as it rises to a protruding horizontal molding with a groove on its outer edge. e body is vertical with a slight concave curve, and has an offset-outward cyma reversa molding at its base, and a double molding offset outward at its top. Above this molding there is a step in to a vertical and flaring lip. On the interior, there is a step in from the rim to the wall. 161. Inv. 62-1127. Context IN Pl. 24 H. 7.8; Diam. base (at the protruding molding) 7.6; Diam. lip 6.8. Preserves profile. Encrusted. Clay pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Slipped beige. Cylindrical pyxis or lid in the form of an altar has a ring foot that flares out as it rises to a protruding horizontal molding with a groove on its outer edge. e body is vertical with a slight concave curve, has an offset-outward cyma reversa molding at its base, and an offset-outward double molding at its top. Above this molding is a step in to a vertical and flared lip. On the interior, there is a step in from the rim to the wall. A. Inv. 68-376. Context IJ Pl. 91

162. Inv. 57-2519. Deposit IL Pls. 26, 91 H. 24.4; Diam. base 6.5; Diam. lip 8.3. Preserves profile; handles preserved only as attachment marks. Clay fairly hard pale grayish brown (5YR 6/2). Slipped grayish white. Hydria has a stemmed ring foot that flares and is grooved on its outer edge. e body is ovoid, with a sharp curve in to a vertical, concave neck with two grooves at the point where it is offset from the body. e rim is outturned and grooved into a fork at its outer edge. A vertical strap handle rose from the base of the neck to the rim. At 90 degrees around vase from the vertical handle are two opposed horizontal wishbone handles that are attached to the top of the body.

Stemmed Feet/Stands 163. Inv. 57-524. Deposit IL Pl. 26 H. 6.6; Diam. foot 13.5; Diam. lip 16.9. Complete. Clay hard fine orange (5YR 7/6). Overcleaned; all traces of slip and color removed. Stand or bowl has a low ring foot that is grooved on its resting surface. e body is a low hemisphere, with an echinus rim and an inward-thickened lip. e center of the floor has a raised spike.

E A S T S I C I L I A N P O LYC H RO M E WA R E S

164. Inv. 62-943. Context IP Pl. 26 H. 14.7; Diam. foot 15.8; Diam. top 8.7. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Slipped white. Stand has a flaring stemmed ring foot with molded exterior. On the undersurface, the foot steps in at its top. At the base of the vertical body is a projecting horizontal flange with a grooved edge. e rim is inturned and horizontal, with a hole at the center for insertion of another vase or object. e rim has five grooves on its top. 165. Inv. 69-976. Context IJ Pl. 91 P.H. 6.4; Diam. foot 9.0. Fragment of foot to lower part of rim. Clay soft fine pale reddish brown to orange (5YR 7/3). Slipped white. Stand has a stemmed ring foot that flares to a beveled edge with a projecting vertical flange at its top. Near the top of the stem are two projecting horizontal moldings separated by a deep groove. e rim was inturned, with a central hole for the insertion of another vase or object. 166. Inv. 58-2137. Context IN Pl. 26 H. 3.7; Diam. foot 21.0; Diam. lip 15.9. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine reddish brown (7.5YR 6/4). Slipped white, with traces of color and gilding. Stand has a flaring ring foot and a vertical body flaring out to a flaring lip. e center of the floor has a large (Diam. ca. 3.0 cm) raised spike for inserting a vase. e undersurface (?) has a series of red stripes radiating from its center. A. Inv. 58-2138. Context IN Pl. 92 Clay fine hard reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Slipped white with traces of paint. e undersurface has red stripes radiating from its center. 167. Inv. 79-401. Deposit IQ Pl. 92 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 10.5. Complete. Encrusted. Clay soft fine red (5YR 6/6). Slipped beige. e undersurface has brown gloss. Low stand has a flaring ring foot that is beveled on its edge. At the upper edge of the foot is a vertical flange to retain the foot of another vase. e body curves in horizontally to a central vertical spike for insertion into another vase.

337

Lekanis Lids 168. Inv. 57-2257. Deposit IL Pl. 92 H. 24.8; Diam. brim est. 3.6; Diam. knob 6.6. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (7.5YR 7/2) with inclusions. Slipped beige, with traces of paint. e lid has a vertical rim that flares out as it rises to a conical dome. e dome rises to a tall stemmed knob. e knob has a hollow center and an outturned end with a downward-thickened edge. e body has traces of figures or florals drawn in black and blue paint. 169. Inv. 63-656. Area VI, complex IA, trench VI, saggio G, stratum 1 (fill in structure on hill east of North Baths, context IR) Pl. 92 H. 12.4; Diam. brim 22.4; Diam. knob 12.0. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Slipped white. Lid for a lekanis has a vertical brim that rises to a conical dome. e dome rises to a conical knob with an outturned top. e top of the knob is flat, nippled at its center, and has three grooves. At the outer edge of the knob is a downward flange that is offset inward. e outer face of the rim has a frieze of painted horizontal hearts. e body has black florals, predominantly palmettes. Traces of a large head of a woman, perhaps wearing a sakkos, remain on one side.

Other Lids (Lekanis?) 170. Inv. 57-2567. Deposit IL Pls. 26, 92 H. 19.2; Diam. brim 23.7; Diam. knob 12.1. Preserves profile. Clay fairly soft fine reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) with small inclusions. Overcleaned; all traces of slip and paint removed. Lid has a vertical brim that steps out to the dome. e dome rises hemispherically to a tall stemmed knob with a hollow center. e top of the knob is outturned, with a vertical flange on top, beyond which the edge turns down. 171. Inv. 57-523. Deposit IL Pl. 27 H. 20.8; Diam. brim 26.0; Diam. knob 6.3. Complete. Clay hard fine reddish brown (5YR 7/6). Overcleaned; all traces of slip removed. Lid has a

338

C ATA L O G U E

vertical brim that steps out to the dome. e dome rises hemispherically to a vertical flange, above which is a tall stemmed knob. e knob has a hollow center and an outturned end with a downwardthickened edge. A. Inv. 79-354. Deposit IL Pl. 92 Clay fairly hard fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Traces of beige slip and blue paint. B. Inv. 57-3195. Context IO Pl. 27 Clay fairly soft fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Traces of beige slip.

172. Inv. 57-2336. Context IO Pl. 27 H. 7.2; Diam. brim 9.1; Diam. knob 3.9. Preserves profile. Clay fairly soft fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Traces of white slip. e lid has a vertical brim that steps out to a conical dome. e dome rises to a flat-topped knob with a central depression. e knob is outturned, with a downturned edge, and has a vertical flange on its top.

Fine Wares of the First Half of the 2nd Century BCE Plates

Bowls and Cups

173. Inv. 81-115. Deposit IIA Pl. 27 H. 2.5; Diam. foot 5.1; Diam. lip 15.0. Preserves profile. Burned. Clay hard fine gray (7.5YR N6/) with small inclusions. Gloss matt grayish black, occasionally flaking, to midpoint of body, with one mottled reddish-brown patch. Outturned-rim plate. e floor has a stacking ring.

176. Inv. 81-120. Deposit IIA Pl. 93 P.H. 1.5; Diam. base 3.6. Fragment of base and lower body. Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 6/6), probably fabric III. Gloss lustrous black all over, occasionally flaking. Cup or bowl has a disk base set off from the body by a groove. e center of the floor is framed by overpainted decoration: a frieze of white dots around two yellow brushed stripes.

174. Inv. 81-117. Deposit IIA Pl. 93 P.H. 2.7; Diam. foot 6.4. Fragment of foot and lower body. Worn. Clay fairly hard reddish brown (2.5YR 6/3) with small inclusions. Lustrous black gloss all over. Fingerprints on foot. Plate has a beveled ring foot and a nippled undersurface. e body was horizontal. e center of the floor is framed by four radial stamped palmettes within a rouletted band. 175. Inv. 81-121. Deposit IIA Pl. 93 P.H. 3.0; Diam. foot 7.0. Fragment of foot, center of floor, and lower body. Clay hard pale reddish brown (7.5YR 7/4) with inclusions. Gloss matt brownish red on interior and probably on upper body, since lower body has drips. e gloss is flaking. Plate (?) has a beveled ring foot, nippled undersurface. e horizontal body flares up. e center of the floor has a stamped rosette.

177. Inv. 81-38. Deposit IIA Pls. 27, 93 H. 7.4; Diam. foot 4.5; Diam. lip 9.6. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine red (2.5YR 6/6), probably fabric III, with small inclusions. Gloss lustrous black on exterior to lower body. Gloss on interior mottled brown to black. Undersurface has fingerprint. Kantharos has nippled undersurface. e tall beveled ring foot is grooved at its midpoint and has a step in at its top to the hemispherical body. e lip is flaring. Had opposed ring handles beneath the lip. Center of floor is recessed and framed by concentric white, red, and white overpainted stripes. Beneath the rim on the wall are white and red overpainted stripes. 178. Inv. 81-116. Deposit IIA Pl. 93 P.H. 2.4; Diam. base 3.9. Fragment of base and lower body. Clay hard fine dark red (2.5YR 6/6) with small inclusions. Gloss lustrous black on exte-

C A M PA N A C B L A C K - G L O S S P OT T E RY

rior, grayish black on interior. Cup has disk base, domed undersurface. e base is set off from the hemispherical body by a groove. On the body, a carefully incised pattern creates a hexagon around the base. Attic? 179. Inv. 81-119. Deposit IIA Pl. 93 P.H. 1.3; Diam. base ca. 1.8. Fragment of part of base and lower body. Clay soft fine pale gray (7.5YR 7/2). Gloss flaking lustrous brown with black mottling all over. Small cup has round bottom set off from hemispherical body by two grooves. e body

339

has incised vertical grooves. e center of the bottom has a rough depression. 180. Inv. 81-118. Deposit IIA Pl. 27 P.H. 4.5; Diam. lip est. 14.0. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay hard fine gray (5YR 5/1). No gloss. Bowl or chalice (small krater?) had ovoid or hemispherical body. e upper body has a series of raised moldings above a groove. e rim is vertical and concave, and the lip is outturned, grooved on top, and thickened at its edge. e outer face of the lip’s edge is beveled flat.

Campana C Black-Gloss Pottery Platters, Plates, Shallow Bowls (Paterae), and Deep Bowls Outturned-Rim Plates and Platters

Grooved on top of lip. Clay hard gritty reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4). Perhaps a Syracusan import. Platter or large bowl has a flaring body which turns up vertically to an outturned, flat-topped rim.

Plate or platter has a beveled ring foot, frequently grooved on its underside. e body is horizontal, turning up to a vertical and slightly flaring rim. e lip is outturned and frequently grooved on top. Morel genre 1300; Lamboglia form 6/36.

183. Inv. 80-590. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 28 P.H. 2.1; Diam. lip est. 32. Fragment of upper body to lip.

181. Inv. 56-2597. Deposit IID Pl. 93 H. 3.2–5.1; Diam. foot 13.6; Diam. lip 31.8. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. Grooved beneath rim and on resting surface. e center of the floor is recessed. At the approximate diameter of the foot on the floor is a rouletted band.

Plate or platter has a beveled ring foot, frequently grooved on its resting surface. e body is horizontal, turning up vertically to an outturned pendant lip with undulating profile and often with a raised flange on top. Morel genre 1440 (see also espèce 1630); Lamboglia form 6.

182. Inv. 66-905. Deposit IIG Pls. 28, 93 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 7.1; Diam. lip 17.0. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e undersurface is nippled. e top of the lip is grooved. e center of the floor is nippled and framed by two sets of two grooves inside the diameter of foot. Beyond the diameter of the foot on the floor are three grooves. A. Inv. 66-842. Deposit IIG Pl. 28 No groove on top of lip. B. Inv. 80-555. Context IIi Pl. 28

184. Inv. 80-2. Context IIIH Pls. 28, 93 P.H. 3.2; Diam. lip est. 36. Fragment of outer body to lip. Partially glossed. e top of the lip has a central raised flange with rouletting to both sides. A. Inv. 59-2204. Context IIC Pl. 28 B. Inv. 59-2190. Context IIC Pl. 28 C. Inv. 80-538. Context IIIH Pl. 28 e top of the lip is rouletted on both sides of the vertical flange.

340

C ATA L O G U E

185. Inv. 83-40. Deposit IIB Pl. 28 P.H. 2.6; Diam. lip est. 24. Fragment of outer body to lip. e lip has a beveled vertical flange at its outer edge. A. Inv. 80-5. Context IIIH e lip turns up and is outward and inward thickened at the tip. 186. Inv. 80-137. Context IIH Pls. 28, 93 H. 4.4; Diam. foot est. 9; Diam. lip est. 18. Preserves about one-third with profile. Undersurface not glossed; lower body has fingerprints. e lip has a raised flange at its inner edge that slopes down to the tip. e center of the floor is framed by three grooves, the outermost approximately at the diameter of foot. 187. Inv. 56-2598. Deposit IID Pls. 28, 94 H. 2.8; Diam. foot 7.9; Diam. lip 18.7. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. Raised flange at center of lip, rouletted on both sides. e center of the floor is nippled and framed by a groove. Stemmed plate or saucer has a flaring ring foot with a tall stem. e body is horizontal, then turns up vertically to an outturned lip with a raised flange near its outer edge. Morel espèce 1410; Lamboglia form 4. 188. Inv. 59-1297. Context IIH Pl. 28 H. 6.1; Diam. foot 6.5; Diam. lip 12.8. Preserves profile. Glossed to the base of the foot. e stemmed ring foot flares out at its base and is thickened at the ends. e lip has a groove near its outer edge, which is beveled down at the tip. e center of the floor is framed by a groove. ere are two grooves on the floor approximately at the diameter of the foot. A. Inv. 59-1296. Context IIH Pl. 94 Vertical-Rimmed Plates Plate has beveled ring foot. e body is horizontal; the tall vertical lip turns up gently from the body and has a convex flare. Morel espèce 2250; Lamboglia form 5. 189. Inv. 59-2193. Context IIC Pl. 28 P.H. 2.4; Diam. lip est. 32. Fragment of outer body to lip.

A. Inv. 59-2195. Context IIC Pl. 28 B. Inv. 80-51A–C. Context IIH Pl. 28 Gloss lustrous black. C. Inv. 57-1973. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 28 190. Inv. 80-89. Context IIH Pl. 28 H. 4.2; Diam. foot 6.2; Diam. lip 23.3. Preserves profile. Undersurface not glossed. e ring foot is not beveled. e undersurface is nippled. e vertical lip turns up gently from the body. e center of the floor is recessed and framed by a groove. ere are two grooves on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot, inside of which are stamped radial palmettes (three survive). Outside the diameter of the foot there are two grooves on the floor. A. Inv. 59-2194. Context IIC Pl. 28 Plate has a beveled ring foot and a horizontal body that is set off from a vertical lip by a sharp carination. Morel espèces 2260 and 2280; Lamboglia form 7; Beltrán Lloris, pl. l, no. 7. 191. Inv. 66-501. Deposit IIF Pl. 29 H. 7.2; Diam. foot 13.8; Diam. lip 43.0. Preserves profile. Undersurface not glossed. e undersurface is domed and has a graffito: X. e floor has a central groove and two rouletted bands. 192. Inv. 63-844. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 29 H. 2.9; Diam. foot 10.8; Diam. lip 25.8. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e body has a slight downward curve near the offset of the rim. e undersurface is nippled. e floor has a central groove framed by two additional grooves. On the floor, at approximately the diameter of the foot, is a sloppy rouletted band between (and partially overlying) grooves. A. Inv. 66-839. Context IIE Pl. 29 B. Inv. 79-223. Deposit IID Pls. 29, 94 C. Inv. 59-2202. Context IIC Pl. 29 D. Inv. 59-2191. Context IIC Pl. 94 e floor has an incised graffito near the rim: M(A?). Inside this are three grooves and a rouletted band. E. Inv. 80-52. Context IIH Pl. 29 Gloss lustrous black.

C A M PA N A C B L A C K - G L O S S P OT T E RY

193. Inv. 66-841. Deposit IIG Pls. 29, 94 H. 3.7; Diam. foot 10.1; Diam. lip 20.9. Partially glossed. e foot is grooved on the resting surface. e undersurface is nippled and has a graffito: A. ANTIO. e center of the floor is framed by a groove. On the floor, just inside the diameter of the foot, is a rouletted band framed to either side by two grooves. A. Inv. 66-840. Deposit IIG Pl. 29 e floor has three sets of two grooves; no rouletting. B. Inv. 66-844. Deposit IIG Pl. 29 C. Inv. 66-915. Deposit IIG Pl. 29 No rouletting on floor. Undersurface has graffito: QROU. D. Inv. 66-638. Deposit IIG Pl. 29 E. Inv. 63-854. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 94 No rouletting on floor. F. Inv. 63-884. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 29 G. Inv. 63-841. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 30 H. Inv. 79-54. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 30 I. Inv. 59-2192. Context IIC Pl. 30 No rouletting on the floor. J. Inv. 79-193. Deposit IIF Pls. 30, 94 K. Inv. 80-591. Context IIi Pl. 30 No rouletting on the floor, which has two grooves. Lustrous black gloss. 194. Inv. 79-187. Deposit IIF Pl. 94 H. 2.9; Diam. foot 5.3; Diam. lip 16.8. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e lip flares out slightly. e center of the floor is recessed and framed by two sets of two grooves. A. Inv. 79-644. Context IIIH Pl. 30 e undersurface is nippled. ere is a groove on the body by the offset of the lip. e center of the floor is nippled and is framed by two grooves.

341

framed by a groove. ere are two more grooves on the floor at the inner diameter of the foot. A. Inv. 83-151. Deposit IIB Pl. 30 e rim is outward thickened at the lip. Lustrous black gloss. B. Inv. 83-296. Area I, trench 101, context 8 (eater, top of cavea) Pl. 30 Lustrous black gloss. Two overpainted stripes at top of body. C. Inv. 80-194. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 30 e lip is outward thickened at the tip and has a groove on the inside. Shallow Bowls (Paterae) Patera or shallow bowl has a ring foot and a horizontal body turning up vertically to an outturned beveled lip. See Morel type 1621a 1. 196. Inv. 80-642. Context IIC Pls. 30, 94 H. 5.1; Diam. lip est. 14. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e foot is grooved on the resting surface. Two grooves on floor approximately at diameter of foot. A. Inv. 56-3163. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 30 Double dipped. Patera or shallow bowl has a beveled ring foot and a horizontal body turning up vertically to an outturned pendant lip with a raised flange on top. 197. Inv. 80-645. Context IIC Pls. 30, 94 H. 2.8; Diam. foot est. 6; Diam. lip est. 11. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. Groove at base of wall.

Oblique-Rimmed Plate

Forked-Rim Bowls

Plate has a ring foot, horizontal body, and vertical lip flaring out obliquely from the body. Morel espèce 2270.

Large bowl has a beveled ring foot. e horizontal body turns up vertically to an outturned lip grooved on its top and tip. For the lip, see Morel type 1624c 1.

195. Inv. 63-842. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 30 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 8.2; Diam. lip 20.0. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e center of the floor is

198. Inv. 63-843. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 31 H. 8.8; Diam. foot 11.5; Diam. lip 33.3. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e undersurface has a

342

C ATA L O G U E

groove near the foot. e center of the floor is framed by two sloppy grooves. ere are two stacked rouletted bands on the floor approximately at the diameter of the foot, beyond which is another groove. A. Inv. 62-1083. Context IIE Pl. 95 e floor has a single rouletted band framed by two grooves to either side. Outturned-Rim Plate with Split Rim/Lip Plate has a beveled ring foot and a horizontal body turning up vertically to an outturned rim with a deep groove on its top, which creates a raised flange, and a pendant lip. 199. Inv. 56-2699. Context IIIH Pl. 31 H. 4.4; Diam. foot 12.8; Diam. lip 30.6. Preserves profile. Clay fine pale gray (5YR 6/1). Partially glossed. ere is a recess on the undersurface at the base of the foot. e foot is grooved on the resting surface. Below the flange on the outer face of the lip is a groove. e floor has a groove inside the diameter of the foot. ere is a rouletted band approximately at the diameter of the foot. Syracusan import? Plate Bases 200. Inv. 80-165. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 95 P.H. 2.8; Diam. foot 13.2. Fragment of foot and body. Partially glossed. Plate has a low beveled ring foot that is grooved on its resting surface. e body is horizontal. Inside the diameter of the foot is a rouletted band framed by two grooves to either side. Inside these, three radial stamps survive, perhaps with initials, but illegible. Inside the stamps are two more grooves. e center of the floor is framed by a groove. 201. Inv. 80-62. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 95 P.H. 1.4; Diam. foot est. 10. Fragment of foot and body. Undersurface not glossed. Plate has a ring foot falling in one step to the undersurface. e body is horizontal. e center of the floor is dotted and is framed by a groove. Farther out are two grooves to either side of alternating radial stamps of palmettes and starlike rosettes.

202. Inv. 80-606. Context IIIE (in floor packing of room 22) Pl. 95 P.H. 2.2; Diam. foot est. 10. Fragment of foot and lower body. Partially glossed. Plate has ring foot, horizontal body. On the floor outside the diameter of the foot is a rouletted band. Inside the band, a radially stamped palmette survives. 203. Inv. 80-138. Deposit IID Pl. 95 P.H. 1.4; Diam. foot est. 8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Partially glossed. Plate has a beveled ring foot, horizontal body. On the floor inside the diameter of the foot are two grooves. Outside the grooves are radially stamped palmettes. 204. Inv. 79-747. Context IE.2 Pl. 95 P.H. 2.2; Diam. foot est. 6.8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Partially glossed mottled brown-red to olive to grayish. Small plate has beveled ring foot, horizontal body. On the floor, between pairs of grooves, are radially stamped palmettes. 205. Inv. 80-592. Context IIH Pl. 95 P.H. 2.3; Diam. foot est. 5.5. Fragment of foot and lower body. Small plate has beveled ring foot, grooved on the resting surface. e center of the floor is dotted and is framed by three sets of two grooves. Inside the outermost groove are three radially stamped palmettes.

Cups (Small Bowls) Cups with Hemispherical Bodies Cup has a beveled ring foot, hemispherical body, and straight or gently incurving lip. Morel espèces 2760– 2780; Lamboglia forms 21, 24–27. 206. Inv. 63-835. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 31, 95 H. 5.9; Diam. foot 6.2; Diam. lip 12.8. Preserves profile. Restored in plaster. Partially glossed. Foot grooved on the resting surface. e undersurface is nippled. e interior of the lip is beveled. Grooved on the exterior of the lip.

C A M PA N A C B L A C K - G L O S S P OT T E RY

207. Inv. 59-2207. Context IIC Pl. 31 H. 4.5; Diam. foot 5.9; Diam. lip 10.5. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. A. Inv. 80-173. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 31 Grooved on the resting surface. 208. Inv. 80-653. Context IIC Pl. 31 H. 4.7; Diam. foot 6.1; Diam. lip 9.8. Preserves profile. Double dipped. A. Inv. 79-642. Context IIIH Pl. 31 Grooved on the resting surface. B. Inv. 56-3212. Context IIIH Pl. 31 209. Inv. 79-360. Context IIC Pl. 31 H. 3.9; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 8.0. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. A. Inv. 59-2205. Context IIC Pl. 31 Grooved on the resting surface. B. Inv. 59-2206. Context IIC Pl. 31 e center of the floor is raised. C. Inv. 66-889. Deposit IIG Pls. 31, 96 D. Inv. 79-11. Deposit IIG Pls. 32, 96 Grooved beneath the lip. Graffito on the undersurface: NB. E. Inv. 68-2. Context IVA Pl. 32 Gloss lustrous black. 210. Inv. 80-134. Context IIH Pls. 32, 96 H. 3.7; Diam. foot 5.6; Diam. lip 5.9. Preserves profile. Undersurface not glossed. Grooved on the resting surface. Undersurface and center of floor domed. Groove beneath the lip. Cup has a ring foot, hemispherical body, and diagonal inturned lip. 211. Inv. 80-117. Context IIH Pl. 32 H. 3.5; Diam. foot 4.4; Diam. lip 7.0. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e center of the floor is recessed. Cup has a domed disk base and a hemispherical body with an inset vertical rim that rises with a concave curve to an outturned lip. 212. Inv. 79-358. Context IIC Pl. 96 P.H. 5.4; Diam. lip est. 12–14. Fragment of upper

343

body to lip. Grooved at top of the body. e lip is thickened at its tip and grooved on its top. On the body are groups of three vertical grooves. 213. Inv. 80-620. Context IIC Pls. 32, 96 P.H. 3.4; Diam. base est. 3. Fragment of base and lower body. Double dipped. Body decorated with pattern of groups of three vertical grooves; the groups of grooves are connected by incised spiked leaves. A. Inv. 79-355B. Context IIC (stratum 1) Pl. 96 On the body are groups of three vertical grooves alternating with two undulating vertical grooves. Vertical-Rimmed Cups Cup or bowl has a beveled ring foot, short horizontal body, and tall vertical rim with a straight lip. e rim has one or two grooves. Morel espèce 2350; Lamboglia form 1. 214. Inv. 79-218. Deposit IID Pls. 32, 96 H. 5.7; Diam. foot 14.1; Diam. lip 19.9. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. Grooved on the resting surface. Two grooves on the rim. A groove survives on the floor (the center of the floor is not preserved). A. Inv. 66-843. Deposit IIG Pl. 32 One groove on the rim. e center of the floor is framed by a groove. B. Inv. 80-6. Context IIIH Pl. 32 Two grooves on the floor. e rim is grooved. 215. Inv. 67-160. Context IIIB Pl. 32 H. 4.4; Diam. foot 9.4; Diam. lip 14.6. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. Two grooves on the rim. e center of the floor is framed by a groove, with two more grooved circles toward the wall. A. Inv. 59-2197. Context IIC Pl. 32 Two grooves on the rim; two grooves on the floor. B. Inv. 59-2198. Context IIC Pl. 32 Two grooves on the rim; two grooves on the floor. C. Inv. 59-2199. Context IIC Pl. 32 e foot is not beveled. D. Inv. 80-648. Context IIC Pl. 32 E. Inv. 80-637. Context IIC

344

C ATA L O G U E

216. Inv. 80-35. Context IIH Pls. 33, 96 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 7.2; Diam. lip 10.0. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. Two grooves beneath the lip; two grooves on the floor. Rounded ring foot. A. Inv. 79-643. Context IIIH Pl. 33 One groove beneath the lip. e center of the floor has a groove. e undersurface is nippled. 217. Inv. 80-650. Context IIC Pls. 33, 96 H. 3.7; Diam. foot 5.1; Diam. lip 8.6. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e foot is not beveled. Two grooves beneath the lip. Stone 2002, 143, fig. 5=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 2. Cup has a ring foot, horizontal body, and tall vertical rim with a straight lip. Morel espèce 2850, série 2932; Lamboglia form 20. 218. Inv. 79-56. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 33 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 4.5; Diam. lip 8.6. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e lip is slightly flaring. A. Inv. 79-224. Deposit IID Pl. 33 Cups with Outturned or Flaring Lips Bowl or cup has a ring foot and a horizontal body that turns up vertically to an outturned lip. e lip is frequently grooved on top. Morel espèces 1220–1250; Lamboglia forms 2, 17–20. 219. Inv. 66-257. Context IIID Pl. 33 H. 3.8; Diam. foot 12.2; Diam. lip 24.4. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e undersurface is domed, with a recess at the center. e lip is grooved on top. A. Inv. 59-2203A–B. Context IIC Pl. 33 Diam. lip 20.8. e floor has a rouletted band between sets of grooves. e lip is grooved on top. B. Inv. 59-2208. Context IIC Pl. 33 Diam. lip 20.1. e floor has two grooves. e undersurface has a graffito: X. 220. Inv. 66-628. Deposit IIG Pls. 33, 96 H. 3.7; Diam. foot 8.0; Diam. lip 14.9. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e undersurface is nippled. e lip is grooved on top. e center of the floor is marked by a punched dot and framed by two grooves.

A. Inv. 79-55. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 33 e lip is grooved on top. e floor has two overpainted white circles between sets of two grooves. B. Inv. 62-554. Deposit IIE.1 Waster. MS III, pl. 39b. C. Inv. 59-2200. Context IIC Pl. 33 e lip is grooved on top. e floor has a groove. D. Inv. 80-594. Context IIH Pl. 33 Clay hard gritty reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4). Early import, perhaps Syracusan? E. Inv. 80-3. Context IIIH Pl. 33 e lip is grooved on top. e floor has two grooves. F. Inv. 80-23. Context IIIH Pl. 34 e lip is grooved on top. 221. Inv. 63-840. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 34, 96 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 4.5; Diam. lip 9.9. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e undersurface is nippled. e lip is grooved on top. A. Inv. 63-837. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 34, 97 e gloss is mottled black to red. B–D. Inv. 62-585, 62-597, 62-598. Deposit IIE.1 Wasters. MS III, 47–48, pl. 38. E. Inv. 66-845. Deposit IIG Pls. 34, 97 e lip is grooved on top. e undersurface and center of floor are nippled. F. Inv. 66-633. Deposit IIG Pl. 34 e molded foot has a central recess. e undersurface is nippled. e floor has a recessed center framed by three grooves. ere is no groove on the lip. G. Inv. 80-651. Context IIC Pl. 34 e lip has a partial groove on top. H. Inv. 80-54. Context IIH Pl. 34 e undersurface is nippled; the center of the floor is raised. ere is no groove on the lip. I. Inv. 80-652. Context IIC Pl. 34 ree grooves on the floor. No groove on the lip. J. Inv. 56-3028. Context IIIG Pl. 34 Cup has a ring foot and a horizontal body which turns up vertically to an outturned rim and a forked lip with a deep groove on its outer edge. 222. Inv. 56-3031. Context IIIH Pl. 34 H. 4.8; Diam. foot 4.0; Diam. lip 9.0. Preserves

C A M PA N A C B L A C K - G L O S S P OT T E RY

profile. Partially glossed. e center of the floor is nippled. Cup with a beveled ring foot and a horizontal body that turns up vertically to a slightly flaring lip. e lip is grooved on its top. Lamboglia forms 2, 16; see Morel séries 1222, 1224.

345

227. Inv. 79-406. Area I, trench 27, stratum 2 (West Stoa) Pls. 35, 97 H. 3.0; Diam. foot 6.0; Diam. lip 6.5. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. Step down to undersurface from foot. e center of the floor is recessed.

Chalices or Krateriskoi 223. Inv. 66-846. Deposit IIG Pl. 34 H. 4.3; Diam. foot 5.6; Diam. lip 10.1. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e center of the floor is recessed and nippled. A. Inv. 66-891. Deposit IIG Pls. 34, 97 B. Inv. 62-486. Deposit IIE.1 Wasters of two cups. MS III, 47–48, pl. 39a.

Pyxides Pyxis (or lidded bowl) has a ring foot, globular body, and flaring and thickened flat-topped lip. 224. Inv. 56-3186. Context IIIG Pls. 35, 97 H. 5.6; Diam. foot 5.0; Diam. lip 7.3. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. e foot falls to the undersurface in one step. e undersurface has a groove. Pyxis has a ring foot, a concave vertical body, and a flaring lip. Morel espèces 7540–7550; Lamboglia form 3. 225. Inv. 80-633. Context IIC Pl. 97 P.H. 7.5; Diam. foot 10.5. Fragment of foot and lower body. Partially glossed. 226. Inv. 79-356. Context IIC Pl. 35 H. 5.8; Diam. foot 8.7; Diam. lip 7.3. Preserves profile. Undersurface not glossed. e undersurface is nippled. e center of the floor is nippled. Stone 2002, 143, fig. 5=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 2. A. Inv. 80-174. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pls. 35, 97 Pyxis or inkwell has a ring foot offset outward from the vertical body. e foot is grooved on its edge. e lip is outturned and pendant, with a flange projecting in at the top of the wall.

Chalice or krateriskos has a stemmed ring foot which is grooved on its edge. e body is hemispherical, turning up vertically with a concave flare to an outturned lip. Two horizontal handles protrude from the top of the body. Morel espèce 4740. 228. Inv. 59-2212. Context IIE Pl. 35 P.H. 5.6; Diam. lip est. 24. Fragment of upper body to lip. ere are two grooves at the top of the body. e outer face of the lip is grooved. 229. Inv. 79-355A. Context IIC (stratum 1) Pls. 35, 97 P.H. 7.8; Diam. lip est. 22. Fragment of upper body to lip. Partially glossed. e body has incised decoration of three wavy lines alternating with three vertical lines. e top of the body has a groove. e rim has a heavy downward flange and a shorter upward flange. 230. Inv. 55-2768. Area I, trench 24, stratum 2D (fill in area of central steps) Pls. 35, 97 H. 14.8; Diam. foot 11.0; Diam. lip 18.9. Preserves profile except handles. Partially glossed. ere are two grooves at the top of the body. e foot falls to the undersurface in one step. A. Inv. 80-46. Context IIH Pl. 97 No grooving at the top of the body. B. Inv. 80-649. Context IIC Pl. 97 Two grooves at the top of the body. e outer face of the lip is grooved. C. Inv. 80-622. Context IIC Pls. 35, 97 No grooving at the top of the body. e outer face of the lip is grooved. 231. Inv. 80-541. Area I, trench 3X, stratum 3 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 98 P.H. 5.2; Diam. lip est. 14. Fragment of upper body

346

C ATA L O G U E

to lip. Preserves part of a wishbone handle at the top of the body. e lip is grooved. Chalice or krateriskos has a concave vertical upper body and a concave vertical rim offset outward from the body by a horizontal flange. 232. Inv. 80-127. Context IIH Pl. 35 P.H. 4.5; Diam. lip est. 13. Fragment of lip.

Small pitcher has a flat bottom, biconical body, vertical neck, and flaring lip. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to the upper neck. 237. Inv. 58-1801. Context IIIE (in the floor packing of room 29, beneath a mosaic) Pl. 35 H. 6.2; Diam. base 3.2; Diam. lip 4.0. Complete except for handle, but worn. Lekythos

Pitchers and Other Closed Shapes Pitchers Pitcher has a beveled ring foot and ovoid body. e neck is vertical, with an outturned lip. 233. Inv. 80-28. Context IIIH Pl. 35 P.H. 3.2; Diam. lip est. 10. Fragment of neck and lip. Gloss ends inside rim. Vertical flange at inner edge of lip. 234. Inv. 80-626. Context IIC Pl. 98 P.H. 6.5; Diam. foot est. 7. Fragment of foot and lower body. Partially glossed. A. Inv. 80-627. Context IIC Pl. 35 B. Inv. 80-56. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 35 C. Inv. 80-628. Context IIIE Pl. 98 D. Inv. 80-530. Context IIIH Pl. 35 e flaring ring foot rises in two steps to the body. e underside of the foot has a step. 235. Inv. 80-542. Area I, trench 3X, stratum 2 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 98 P.H. 5.5; Diam. foot est. 6.0. Fragment of foot and lower body. Completely glossed except for the undersurface. e body is decorated with groups of four vertical incised grooves. Small pitcher has a disk base, globular body, and vertical neck. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to the neck. 236. Inv. 57-1766. Deposit IID Pl. 35 P.H. 4.5; Diam. base 2.2. Fragment of base and body. Double dipped.

Lekythos has a ring foot, globular or ovoid body, vertical neck, and offset-outward vertical rim with a flaring tip. e handle rises from the shoulder to the top of the neck. 238. Inv. 80-625. Context IIC Pl. 36, 98 P.H. 8.1; Diam. lip 4.6. Fragment of upper body to lip. ere is a step up at the top of the globular body. e handle has three ridges and is oval in section. A. Inv. 80-629. Context IIC Pl. 36 239. Inv. 79-357. Context IIC (stratum 1) Pl. 98 P.H. 7.7; Diam. foot 4.6. Fragment of foot and body to base of neck. Partially glossed. e high ring foot is offset outward from body. e undersurface is nippled. e ovoid body has a groove at the shoulder just above the lower attachment of the handle. Beneath the groove and extending to just above the foot are groups of four vertical incised grooves. A. Inv. 80-634. Context IIC Pl. 98 P.H. 3.1. Fragment of lower body. e body is decorated with groups of three incised vertical grooves. Feeder Vase Feeder has an ovoid or biconical body, vertical neck, and outturned lip. A conical spout protruded from the upper body at a 45-degree angle. At 90 degrees around the body from the spout, a single vertical strap handle, oval in section, rose from the upper body to the lip. 240. Inv. 80-623. Context IIC Pl. 98 P.H. 7.1; Diam. lip 7.0. Fragment of upper body to lip. Gloss lustrous black to inner rim. e rim is thickened at its edge. At the base of the neck on the

OT H E R B L A C K - G L O S S A N D F I N E WA R E S

347

interior is a sieve insert with four holes. e upper body has traces of the hole where the spout was attached.

survive), approximately 0.3 cm in diameter, are punched through the floor. ere is another, smaller, hole near the center.

Pitcher Fragments

242. Inv. 61-1453. Context IIIi (in the packing of the last floor level in the Bouleuterion) Pl. 98 P.H. 3.0; Diam. foot 13.4. Fragment of base and lowest edge of body. Elaborate molded foot for a large ovoid-bodied (?) jug.

241. Inv. 80-4. Context IIIH Pl. 35 P.H. 2.4; Diam. foot 9.5. Fragment of foot and lower body. Pitcher has a sieve bottom. Ring foot with domed undersurface. Eleven (?) holes (eight

Other Black-Gloss and Miscellaneous Fine Wares Fabric I Hard fine reddish brown (approximate range 5YR 6/3–7/4) fabric with small inclusions (the fabric of Morgantina and east central Sicily) 243. Inv. 56-2326. Context IIIH Pl. 98 P.H. 2.2; Diam. foot 7.8. Fragment of foot and floor. Partially glossed matt grayish black. Plate fragment has beveled ring foot that is grooved on its underside. e undersurface is nippled. e center of the floor has a recessed circular stamp: initials (?) TT framed by raised dots. e stamp is framed by red, white, red overpainted circles. 244. Inv. 79-216. Deposit IID Pls. 36, 98 H. 5.9; Diam. foot 4.9; Diam. lip 17.1. Preserves profile. Partially glossed grayish black to brown on exterior. Gloss matt black to grayish inside. Deep cup has a low ring foot with a groove at its top, a hemispherical body, and a flaring lip. On the wall beneath the rim is a white overpainted circle. e center of the floor is framed by two overpainted white circles; crude vertical white buds spring from the outermost circle. A. Inv. 57-2592. Deposit IID Pls. 36, 99 H. (restored) 10.8. Partially glossed matt mottled black and red. On the wall, an incised undulating horizontal stem is flanked above and below by small overpainted white semicircles representing leaves.

245. Inv. 66-847. Deposit IIG Pl. 36 H. 7.7; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 14.0. Preserves profile. Partially glossed matt mottled brown to yellowish on exterior. Interior gloss red. Smears on lower body. Deep cup has a ring foot, hemispherical body, and slightly flaring lip. e undersurface is nippled. e center of the floor is recessed. A. Inv. 79-211. Deposit IID Pl. 36 B. Inv. 79-203. Deposit IID Pls. 36, 99 246. Inv. 56-1753. Deposit IID Pl. 36 H. 4.3; Diam. foot 4.6; Diam. lip 12.4. Preserves profile. Partially glossed mottled grayish brown on exterior. Gloss red on interior. Cup has a beveled ring foot with a nippled undersurface, and a hemispherical body with an incurving lip. e center of the floor is recessed. A. Inv. 79-212. Deposit IID Pls. 36, 99 Beveled ring foot. B. Inv. 66-912. Deposit IIG Pl. 36 C. Inv. 80-79. Context IVA Pl. 36 247. Inv. 79-189. Deposit IIF Pl. 36 H. 4.5; Diam. foot 4.3; Diam. lip 9.7. Preserves profile. Partially glossed mottled brown to reddish brown. Cup has a ring foot and a hemispherical body with an incurving lip. e undersurface is nippled. At the top of the body is a graffito: ALL. e center of the floor is recessed. A. Inv. 79-297. Deposit IIF Pl. 36 B. Inv. 79-214. Deposit IIF Pl. 37

348

C ATA L O G U E

C. Inv. 66-890. Deposit IIF Pls. 37, 99 Disk base, grooved on the undersurface. 248. Inv. 79-125. Deposit IID Pls. 37, 99 H. 3.6; Diam. foot 4.3; Diam. lip 7.6. Preserves profile. Partially glossed lustrous brownish black on interior and upper body. Gloss is dilute gray on lower body. Cup has a ring foot and a hemispherical body with a gently incurving lip. e undersurface is nippled. A. Inv. 57-1826. Deposit IID Pl. 37 Diam. lip 6.2. B. Inv. 66-276. Deposit IID Pl. 37 C. Inv. 80-101. Context IIH Pl. 37 249. Inv. 56-3185. Context IIIG Pl. 37 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 4.2; Diam. lip 10.4. Preserves profile. Partially glossed brown. Cup has a beveled ring foot, horizontal body, and outturned lip that is grooved on its top. 250. Inv. 80-646. Context IIC Pls. 37, 99 H. 7.5; Diam. foot 7.2; Diam. lip 9.6. Preserves profile. Partially glossed brown. Kantharos has a ring foot with a groove at the point where the foot meets the body. e undersurface is domed. e body rises in a low cone then turns up vertically with a slight convex flare to a flaring rim. One ridged vertical strap handle, oval in section, survives; it rises from the midpoint of the body to below the rim. e center of the floor is recessed. A. Inv. 79-250A. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 99 Waster fired green-gray. Five grooves at the level of the handles. B. Inv. 79-250B–C. Deposit IIE.1 Waster. 251. Inv. 57-1803. Deposit IID Pl. 99 H. 7.0; Diam. foot 5.1; Diam. lip 10.1. Complete except for chips. Clay fine pale reddish brown (10YR 7/4) with small inclusions. Partially glossed dilute matt brown to gray. Skyphos/kantharos has a ring foot. e body rises conically, then turns up vertically with a slight convex flare to an outturned rolled lip. Two opposed ridged vertical strap handles rise from the midpoint of the body to just below the

rim. Grooved at the upper termination of the handle. e center of the floor is recessed. On either side of the groove are two rows of opposed overpainted white leaves. 252. Inv. 63-879. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 99 H. 8.3; Diam. foot 4.2; Diam. lip 5.0. Preserves profile. Clay pale reddish brown (7.5YR 6/4) with small inclusions. Partially glossed matt gray to reddish brown. Feeder vase has a beveled ring foot, biconical body, vertical neck, and outturned lip. A conical spout protrudes from the upper body at a 45-degree angle. At 90 degrees around the body from the spout, a single vertical strap handle, oval in section, rises from the upper body to the rim. A. Inv. 66-278. Context IIIC (in packing of last earth floor) Pl. 37 H. 7.4; Diam. foot 3.5; Diam. lip 4.2. Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4) with small inclusions. Globular body. Lids 253. Inv. 79-222. Deposit IID Pl. 99 H. 2.2; Diam. brim 6.8. Complete. Greenish-brown to black gloss on the exterior. Lid has horizontal brim and conical knob. e knob is grooved on top. A. Inv. 79-221. Deposit IID Pl. 37 e knob is not grooved on top.

Fabric III Hard fine red (2.5YR 6/6) fabric with small inclusions (the fabric of Syracuse) 254. Inv. 59-2196. Context IIC Pl. 37 P.H. 2.8; Diam. lip est. 30. Fragment of outer body and rim. Metallic bluish-black gloss, flaking in places. Plate has a horizontal body and a vertical rim. 255. Inv. 80-41. Context IIH Pl. 100 G.P.D. 5.0. Small fragment of foot and lower body. Worn. Gloss is flaking black with bluish tones. e floor of a plate has a rouletted band between grooves. Inside these is a palmette.

OT H E R B L A C K - G L O S S A N D F I N E WA R E S

256. Inv. 63-382. Context IIE Pl. 38 H. 6.7; Diam. foot 5.7; Diam. lip 14.7. Preserves profile. Lustrous black gloss to just above foot. Cup has a beveled ring foot and a hemispherical body with an incurving lip. e top of the lip is beveled. e undersurface is domed. 257. Inv. 80-549. Context IIi Pl. 38 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 5.2; Diam. lip 13.2. Preserves profile. Partially glossed lustrous black. Cup has a beveled ring foot and a hemispherical body with an incurving lip. Grooved on the undersurface and on the floor. e center of the floor is nippled.

Campana B Hard fine pale reddish-brown to brown fabric (10YR 6/3–6/4). 258. Inv. 80-133. Context IIH Pls. 37, 100 H. 4.3; Diam. foot 7.4; Diam. lip 23.8. Preserves profile. Glossed black all over except undersurface, which has fingerprints. Undersurface of foot has gloss stripe. Plate has a ring foot, horizontal body, and vertical rim. e undersurface is nippled. On the floor, approximately at the diameter of the foot, is a rouletted band framed by two grooves to either side. Inside these are alternating stamped radial lotuses and palmettes. e center of the floor is framed by a groove. 259. Inv. 79-204. Deposit IID Pls. 38, 100 H. 5.1; Diam. foot est. 9.5; Diam. lip est. 9. Preserves about one-fifth with profile. Double dipped lustrous black gloss. Pyxis has a ring foot, concave vertical body, and flaring lip. 260. Inv. 80-50. Context IIH Pl. 100 H. 3.6; Diam. foot est. 6; Diam. lip est. 5. Preserves around one-fifth, with profile. Double dipped lustrous black gloss. Pyxis has a ring foot, concave vertical body, and flaring lip.

349

Black-Gloss Wares in Other Fabrics 261. Inv. 55-280. Area I, trench 2B, stratum 1 (fill over central steps) Pl. 100 P.H. 0.8; Diam. foot 5.4. Fragment of foot and lower body. Clay soft fine red-brown (5YR 6/4). Gloss olive brown, slightly metallic inside. Plate has a beveled ring foot, nippled undersurface. e center of the floor has a large rectangular central stamp (monogram): KRB? 262. Inv. 59-1184. Area I, trench 35I, stratum 1 (House of Ganymede) Pl. 100 P.H. 2.0; Diam. foot 7.9. Fragment of foot and floor. Clay soft fine orange with inclusions (5YR 6/6). Partially glossed matt black. Plate or bowl has a ring foot, nippled undersurface. e undersurface has a central stamp: MAIOY. 263. Inv. 83-326. Deposit IIB Pl. 38 H. 7.9; Diam. foot 3.9; Diam. lip 7.8. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4). Gloss occasionally lustrous brown on lip and upper body, orange-red to brown on inner rim. Pergamenestyle kantharos has a beveled ring foot and ovoid body that turns up vertically to a concave vertical rim that is slightly offset inward. e lip is flaring. Just below the midpoint of the body are two grooves, above which were opposed basket handles (one is preserved). Eastern import? 264. Inv. 80-619. Context IIC Pl. 100 P.H. 3.5; Diam. lip est. 8. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay fine hard grayish brown (7.5YR 6/2). Gloss black. Cup has an ovoid body that is grooved at the top, with a vertical rim that is offset inward and has a concave curvature. e rim has a groove at its top beneath a short outturned lip. e rim is decorated with an incised vine with white berries; the body has groups of three vertical grooves. 265. Inv. 59-2284. Area of context IK, stratum 2 (fill of 2nd and 1st centuries BCE) Pl. 38 H. 4.6; Diam. base 9.6; Diam. lip 7.6. Preserves profile. Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/3). Partially glossed black. Pyxis has a ring foot, concave vertical body, and flaring lip.

350

C ATA L O G U E

266. Inv. 79-213. Deposit IID Pl. 38 H. 3.0; Diam. brim 8.6. Complete. Clay fairly hard pale yellowish (7/3 10YR). Fugitive matt grayishblack gloss on exterior. Lid has a conical dome with a projecting brim that is set off from the dome by a

step. e dome is crowned by a molded knob with a central depression on its top, framed by a partial grooved circle. e undersurface has a downward vertical flange at the inner edge of the brim.

Republican Red-Gloss Pottery of the 1st Century BCE Plates and Saucers Plates with Outturned Rims Plate has a ring foot. e body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned rim with a pendant lip. Morel genre 1300; Lamboglia forms 6/36. 267. Inv. 57-1922. Deposit IID Pl. 38 H. 4.2; Diam. foot 8.8; Diam. lip 34.9. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed mottled red to brownish gray. e center of the floor is recessed. A. Inv. 63-857. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 38, 100 H. 7.5. Fabric I. Body has beige slip or wash. B. Inv. 63-858. Context IIE Pls. 38, 101 H. 7.0. Fabric I. 268. Inv. 63-860. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 39 H. 5.9; Diam. foot 8.6; Diam. lip 32.6. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. A. Inv. 63-859. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 101 Fabric I. 269. Inv. 79-226. Deposit IID Pl. 39 H. 4.2; Diam. foot 7.0; Diam. lip 22.4. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. Grooved on the body just above the foot. e center of the floor is recessed. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 7, fig. 6. A. Inv. 80-90. Context IIH Pl. 39 Fabric III. B. Inv. 80-68. Context IIH Pl. 39 Hard orange fabric. Gloss mottled reddish-brown to grayish black. C. Inv. 79-645A–D. Context IIIH Pl. 39 Fabric I.

Plate has a body that flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned rim that is flat on top. 270. Inv. 79-519. Context IIIG Pl. 39 P.H. 2.9; Diam. lip est. 40. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric II. Two grooves on top of lip. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 12, fig. 6. A. Inv. 79-527. Context IIIG Pl. 39 Fabric II. No grooves on lip. 271. Inv. 79-492. Context IIIG Pl. 39 P.H. 2.4; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric II. e lip is rouletted on its top. A. Inv. 79-667. Context IIIH Pl. 39 Fabric II. e top of the rim is rouletted. 272. Inv. 79-430. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 39 P.H. 1.6; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric II. Broad groove beneath lip at the point where it meets the body. e top of the lip has three grooves. A. Inv. 79-438. Context IIIG Pl. 39 Fabric II. Plate has a ring foot. e body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned and pendant rim with a vertical flange or thickening at the lip. Morel espèce 1440. 273. Inv. 57-2047. Deposit IID Pl. 39 H. 4.0; Diam. foot 6.6; Diam. lip 23.4. Preserves profile. Fabric III? e undersurface has a graffito: f. e rim turns up at its outer edge. A. Inv. 80-125. Context IIH Pls. 39, 101 Fabric I. e rim turns up at its outer edge. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 8, fig. 6.

R E P U B L I C A N R E D - G L O S S P OT T E RY

274. Inv. 80-159. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 39 P.H. 1.6; Diam. lip est. 18.0. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric I. e rim is downward thickened, with a raised protrusion on its top at the lip. Plate has a ring foot. e body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned and pendant rim with a vertical flange or thickening at the top of the wall. See Morel espèce 1630. 275. Inv. 79-641. Context IIIH Pl. 39 H. 2.5; Diam. foot 7.0; Diam. lip 16.1. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Double-dipped gloss mottled fugitive red to brown. e undersurface is nippled. e rim has a raised flange at the inner edge of its top. e center of the floor is recessed and is framed by three grooves. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 9, fig. 6. Plate has ring foot. e body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned rim with an upturned lip. Morel espèces 1640ff.; Lamboglia form 6. 276. Inv. 79-285. Context IIIH Pl. 39 H. 2.9; Diam. foot 6.8; Diam. lip 16.4. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Double dipped. e undersurface is nippled and has a graffito: N. ere is a groove beneath the lip. e floor has a central dot framed by two grooves. ere are three more grooves on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 10, fig. 6. Plate has a body that flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned, flat-topped rim with a vertical flange at the lip. 277. Inv. 79-428. Context IIIG Pl. 40 P.H. 2.3; Diam. lip est. 32. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric I. A. Inv. 79-425. Context IIIG Pl. 40 Fabric II. Plates with Vertical Rims Platter or plate has a beveled ring foot, horizontal body. e vertical rim turns up gently from the body

351

and has a convex flare to a straight lip. Morel espèce 2250; Lamboglia form 5. 278. Inv. 79-416. Deposit IID Pl. 40 P.H. 2.0; Diam. lip est. 22. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric I. A. Inv. 79-676. Context IIIH Pl. 40 Fabric I. 279. Inv. 79-267. Context IIE Pls. 40, 101 H. 3.0–3.4; Diam. foot 7.8; Diam. lip 17.9. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Partially glossed. Foot grooved on underside. Undersurface nippled. Floor has three groups of two grooves. Stone 1987, 95– 96, no. 3, fig. 6. A. Inv. 79-531. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 40 Fabric I. 280. Inv. 56-2596. Deposit IID Pls. 40, 101 H. 2.8; Diam. foot 7.7; Diam. lip 15.7. Preserves profile. Fabric II? Double dipped. Floor has a recessed center framed by three grooves. Stone 2002, 141, fig. 3=AJA 87 (1983) 17, ill. 3=Malfitana 2011, 197, fig. 10.8, captioned “Sample of Eastern Sigillata A from Morgantina (after Stone 1983).” Platter or plate has a beveled ring foot, horizontal body. e vertical rim is set off from the body by a sharp carination and rises to a straight lip. Morel espèce 2260; Lamboglia form 7. 281. Inv. 79-176. Context IIIH Pl. 40 P.H. 2.8; Diam. lip est. 36. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric II. Platter has a groove at the point where the floor meets the wall. A. Inv. 61-1552. Context IIC Pl. 40 Fabric I. Gloss dull brownish red. 282. Inv. 66-498. Deposit IIF Pl. 40 H. 5.6; Diam. foot 8.9; Diam. lip 28.6. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. Low ring foot. e undersurface is nippled. e center of the floor is recessed and nippled. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 1, fig. 6. A. Inv. 79-127. Deposit IID Pl. 40 Fabric I. e floor has two registers of rouletting. B. Inv. 79-659. Context IIIH Pl. 40 Fabric I. e outer body has two steps.

352

C ATA L O G U E

283. Inv. 79-210. Deposit IID Pl. 40 H. 4.1; Diam. foot 7.3; Diam. lip 18.1. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e center of the floor is recessed. A. Inv. 79-536. Deposit IIG Pl. 40 Fabric I. Broad groove on floor where it meets the wall. B. Inv. 80-91. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 101 Fabric I. Gloss mottled brownish red to black. e foot is grooved on its resting surface. e floor has a rouletted band framed by two grooves. C. Inv. 79-178. Context IIIH Pl. 40 Fabric I. D. Inv. 79-628. Context IIIH Pl. 40 Fabric II. 284. Inv. 63-845. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 41 H. 2.0; Diam. foot 6.8; Diam. lip 13.3. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Glossed all over except undersurface. e undersurface has a central groove. e center of the floor is raised. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 2, fig. 6. Plates with Oblique Rims Plate or platter has a ring foot, horizontal body, and vertical rim that flares out obliquely from the body to a straight lip. Morel espèce 2270. 285. Inv. 66-1009. Deposit IIF Pl. 41 P.H. 2.0; Diam. lip est. 32. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric III? Clay fine hard red (6/6 2.5YR). Sloppy rouletted band on floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. is band is framed by two grooves inside and one outside. 286. Inv. 79-108. Deposit IID Pl. 41 P.H. 2.5; Diam. lip est. 24. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric I. Two grooves on interior of lip. ere is a step down to the floor from the wall. 287. Inv. 79-481. Context IIIG Pl. 41 H. 2.6; Diam. foot 7.5; Diam. lip 16.6. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e undersurface is nippled. e body has a step down near the juncture with the wall. e floor has three grooves inside the diameter of the foot; another groove frames the center of the floor. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 4, fig. 6.

288. Inv. 66-485. Deposit IIF Pls. 41, 102 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 7.5; Diam. lip 16.4. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Double dipped. e interior of the lip has a groove. Rouletted band on the floor outside the diameter of the foot. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 6, fig. 7. A. Inv. 79-391. Context IIIi (in the packing of the last floor in the Bouleuterion) Pl. 41 Fabric I. ere is a step down from the foot to the nippled undersurface. e lip has a groove near its top. e interior of the lip has a groove, then falls to the floor in one step. Small rouletted band on the floor outside the diameter of the foot. Stone 1987, 95–96, no. 5, fig. 6. B. Inv. 79-117. Deposit IID Pl. 41 Fabric I. C. Inv. 79-444. Context IIIG Pl. 41 Fabric I. D. Inv. 79-464. Area II, West Hill, trench 10, stratum 1 Pl. 41 Fabric I. ere is a small rouletted band on the floor outside the diameter of the foot. E. Inv. 79-440. Context IIIG Pl. 41 Fabric II. F. Inv. 79-706. Context IIIH Pl. 41 Fabric II. Plate has a ring foot. e body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned lip that is at a 60-degree angle to the ground and is usually grooved on top. 289. Inv. 56-2595. Deposit IID Pls. 41, 102 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 6.8; Diam. lip 15.6. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Double dipped. e foot is beveled inside and outside. e undersurface is nippled. e lip is grooved on top. ree grooves on the floor inside the diameter of the foot. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 11, figs. 8, 9; Stone 2002, 141, fig. 3=AJA 87 (1983) 17, ill. 3=Malfitana 2011, 197, fig. 10.8, captioned “Sample of Eastern Sigillata A from Morgantina (after Stone 1983).” A. Inv. 79-114. Deposit IID Pl. 41 Fabric II. e lip has a slight vertical flange at its top. B. Inv. 79-515. Context IIIG Pl. 41 Fabric II. e lip is grooved on top and has a slight vertical flange at its top.

R E P U B L I C A N R E D - G L O S S P OT T E RY

C. Inv. 79-670. Context IIIH Pl. 41 Fabric II. e lip is grooved on top. e midpoint of the body has a projecting fillet. Plates and Shallow Bowls or Paterae with Beveled Lips Shallow bowl or patera has a ring foot. e body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned beveled lip. See Morel type 1621a 1. 290. Inv. 79-521. Context IIIG Pl. 42 P.H. 2.2; Diam. lip est. 22. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e upper body has a broad groove beneath the lip. A. Inv. 80-40. Context IIH (stratum 1) Fabric I. 291. Inv. 79-94A–C. Context IIE Pl. 42 H. 4.6; Diam. foot 7.5; Diam. lip 15.6. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. Low beveled ring foot. e outer edge of the lip is grooved. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 14, fig. 6. A. Inv. 79-417. Deposit IID Pl. 42 Fabric I. B. Inv. 79-303. Deposit IIF Pl. 42 Fabric I. C. Inv. 79-502A–B. Context IIIG Pl. 42 Fabric I. D. Inv. 79-526. Context IIIG Pl. 42 Fabric I. e lip is grooved beneath its top. E. Inv. 79-435. Context IIIG Pl. 42 Fabric I. e top of the lip is rouletted. F. Inv. 79-172. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric II. G. Inv. 79-281A–C. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric II. H. Inv. 79-282. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric I. I. Inv. 79-630. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric I. J. Inv. 79-393. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric I. K. Inv. 79-139. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 42 Fabric II.

353

Small plate has a ring foot. e body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically and flares out to an outturned rim with a lip beveled obliquely to a point. e lip has a broad groove on its top. See Morel série 1621a1. 292. Inv. 63-846. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 42 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 8.7; Diam. lip 17.9. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed dilute orange. Stacking ring on floor. Plate has a ring foot. e body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to a short outturned lip which is beveled to a point. See Morel série 2612; Conspectus form 2. 293. Inv. 79-308. Context IIIH Pl. 42 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 6.6; Diam. lip 14.5. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Double dipped. e beveled ring foot falls in one step to a nippled undersurface. e wall falls in one step to the floor. Two grooves on the floor inside the diameter of the foot. Flat-Bottomed Plates Flat-bottomed plate has a vertical body that flares out slightly to a broad outturned and flat-topped rim. 294. Inv. 79-668. Context IIIH Pl. 42 H. 1.1; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of outer base to lip. Fabric II. A. Inv. 79-633. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric II. B. Inv. 79-627. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric II. Flat-bottomed plate has a vertical body that flares out slightly to a straight rim. 295. Inv. 79-671. Context IIIH Pl. 42 H. 2.4; Diam. lip est. 22. Fragment of outer base to lip. Fabric II. e rim is beveled slightly on the exterior. 296. Inv. 79-669. Context IIIH Pl. 42 H. 2.5; Diam. base 11.6; Diam. lip 16.3. Fragment of outer base to lip. Fabric I. Undersurface not glossed. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 15, fig. 6.

354

C ATA L O G U E

A. Inv. 79-661. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric I. e lip is beveled slightly on the exterior.

Flat-bottomed plate has a vertical body that flares out slightly to an outturned and beveled lip which is grooved on top.

297. Inv. 79-523. Context IIIG Pl. 42 H. 1.9; Diam. lip est. 14. Fragment of outer base to lip. Fabric I. e lip is slightly inward thickened.

301. Inv. 79-274. Context IIIH Pl. 43 H. 1.8; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of outer base to lip. Fabric I? Partially glossed dilute lustrous orange. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 18, fig. 6. A. Inv. 80-39. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 43 Diam. lip 17.0; Diam. base 13.8. Fabric II. B. Inv. 79-729. Context IIIi Pl. 43 Fabric II. C. Inv. 79-636. Context IIIH Pl. 43 Fabric I.

Flat-bottomed plate has a vertical body that flares out slightly to an outturned lip that is beveled to a wedge and often flat on the end. 298. Inv. 79-109A–B+79-120. Deposit IID Pl. 42 H. 1.5; Diam. lip 16.0. Nonjoining fragments of outer edge of base to lip. Fabric II? Beneath the lip on the exterior is a groove. e floor preserves traces of grooves. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 17, fig. 6. A. Inv. 79-503. Context IIIG Pl. 42 Fabric II. e floor preserves two sets of three grooves. ere is a step down on the floor at the base of the wall. B. Inv. 79-175A–B. Context IIIH Pl. 42 Fabric II. ere is a step up from the floor to the wall. Flat-bottomed plate has a vertical body that flares out slightly to an outturned lip beveled above and below to create a rounded surface. 299. Inv. 79-551. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 42 H. 2.1; Diam. base est. 12; Diam. lip est. 16. Preserves about one-third of base to lip. Fabric I. Not glossed on undersurface. e floor preserves four sets of two grooves. Flat-bottomed plate has vertical body that flares out slightly to a short outturned and beveled flat-topped lip. 300. Inv. 79-516. Context IIIG Pl. 43 H. 2.1; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of outer base to lip. Fabric II. Undersurface not glossed. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 16, fig. 6. A. Inv. 79-511. Context IIIG Pl. 43 Fabric I.

Flat-bottomed plate has a vertical body that flares out slightly to an outturned beveled lip with a vertical flange at the inner edge of its top. 302. Inv. 79-330. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 43 H. 1.9; Diam. base est. 14; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of ca. one-third of base to lip. Fabric II. Partially glossed. e undersurface has fingerprints and brush marks. Vertical flange at inner edge of lip. e floor preserves three sets of three circles. A. Inv. 79-328+79-692. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 43 Fabric II. ere is a step down from the wall to the floor. Vertical flange at inner edge of lip. 303. Inv. 56-1754. Deposit IID Pls. 43, 102 H. 2.6; Diam. base 11.9; Diam. lip 15.1. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Undersurface not glossed. e center of the floor is framed by three grooves. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 19, fig. 10; Stone 2002, 141, fig. 3=AJA 87 (1983) 17, ill. 3=Malfitana, 2011, 197, fig. 10.8, captioned “Sample of Eastern Sigillata A from Morgantina (after Stone 1983).” Shallow Pendant-Rimmed Dishes with Stamped Rim Ornament Plate, platter, or cup/bowl has a ring foot; the body flares out horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned rim with a pendant lip. e rim has a raised flange at the point where it meets the body.

R E P U B L I C A N R E D - G L O S S P OT T E RY

Very similar to Hayes, Atlante, form 9 (in Eastern Sigillata A). e rim and lip are frequently decorated with stamped and/or molded decoration. 304. Inv. 80-572. Area II, West Hill, trench 10, saggio 1980-3, stratum 1 (alley behind the Pappalardo House) Pl. 43 P.H. 0.8; Diam. lip est. 36. Fragment of outer body and lip. Fabric II. Platter. e raised flange on the rim has molded beading. e outer face of the lip has stamped eggs and darts. 305. Inv. 79-736. Context IIIH Pl. 43 P.H. 3.0; Diam. lip est. 30. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric hard orange. Platter. e raised flange on the rim is rouletted; the outer face of the lip has stamped eggs and darts. Stone 1987, 96–97, no. 20, fig. 6. 306. Inv. 79-259+79-266. Context IIE Pl. 43 H. 2.8; Diam. foot 9.6; Diam. lip 22.2. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Plate. Glossed all over except undersurface. e lip has molded beading on its raised flange, inside of which is a horizontal scotia with indistinct stamped decoration (eggs or buds). e outer face of the lip has stamped eggs and darts. e center of the floor is framed by two grooves. Stone 1987, 96–97, no. 21, fig. 6. 307. Inv. 80-106. Deposit IID Pl. 43 P.H. 1.1; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric II. Partially glossed. Plate. e rim has a scotia on top but no raised flange. 308. Inv. 79-287. Context IIIH Pl. 43 H. 3.1; Diam. foot 7.9; Diam. lip est. 16. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Double dipped. Cup or bowl? e raised flange on the lip has molded beading. Stone 1987, 97, no. 22, fig. 6. A. Inv. 79-342. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 43 Fabric II. Beading on the raised flange of the rim. e interior of the rim has a scotia. Decorated Plate/Platter Fragments 309. Inv. 56-2498. Area I, trench 44, stratum 1 (fill over West Stoa) Pl. 102

355

P.H. 2.6; Diam. foot est. 10. Fragment of foot and floor. Fabric II. Partially glossed. Platter has a ring foot and a horizontal body. Undersurface has groove. e center of the floor has a recessed medallion framed by a raised flange. At the center of the floor is a circular stamp: YE (?). Stone 1987, 102– 103, no. 47, fig. 19. A. Inv. 55-459. Area I, trench 13A (Agora, between Macellum and North Stoa), surface Pl. 102 Fabric II. Only traces of the recessed stamp are preserved. Very worn. B. Inv. 55-2647. Area I, surface Pl. 102 Fabric II. Central recess fired blackish. 310. Inv. 80-32. Context IIID Pl. 43 P.H. 2.5; Diam. foot 12.1. Fragment of foot and body. Fabric II. Partially glossed. Platter has beveled ring foot, nippled undersurface with groove at base of foot. Body is horizontal. ere is a rouletted band on the floor at approximately the outer diameter of foot. At the inner diameter of the foot is another rouletted band on the floor that is flanked toward the center of the floor by a groove. Overlying the inner rouletted band is a radially stamped gem impression depicting an eagle with wings spread facing left and looking right. e center of the floor is nippled and framed by a groove. Stone 1987, 103, no. 48, fig. 16. 311. Inv. 79-655. Context IIIH Pl. 43 P.H. 1.9; Diam. foot est. 12. Fragment of foot and body. Fabric II. Partially glossed. Platter has a beveled ring foot and is grooved twice on the underside of the foot. e foot falls in one step to the undersurface. e body flares horizontally. On the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot is a herringbone rouletted band, flanked by two grooves toward the center of the floor. Inside these grooves is a radially stamped rosette. Stone 1987, 103, no. 49, fig. 16. 312. Inv. 79-332. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 43 P.H. 1.3; Diam. foot est. 6.5. Fragment of foot and body. Fabric hard orange. Partially glossed. Plate has a beveled ring foot and a horizontal body. On the floor approximately at the diameter of the foot are

356

C ATA L O G U E

two grooves. Inside these is a radially stamped palmette. e center of the floor is framed by a groove. Stone 1987, no. 50, fig. 16. 313. Inv. 79-98+79-107A–B. Deposit IID Pl. 43 P.H. 1.6; Diam. foot 14.0. Fragment of foot and body. Fabric II. Double dipped. Platter has a beveled ring foot and a horizontal body. On the floor approximately at the diameter of the foot are two stacked rouletted bands framed by two grooves to either side. 314. Inv. 80-163A–B. Context IIIH Pl. 43 P.H. 2.3; Diam. foot est. 12. Nonjoining fragments of foot and body. Fabric II. Double dipped. Platter has a low ring foot and a horizontal body. e undersurface has a step down near its center. e center of the floor is recessed and framed by two broad rippled grooves.

Cups and Bowls Hemispherical-Bodied Cups or Bowls Cup or bowl has a ring foot, hemispherical body, and straight or flaring lip. Morel série 2615. 315. Inv. 80-132. Context IIH Pl. 43 H. 8.4; Diam. foot 5.8; Diam. lip 18.0. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e undersurface is nippled. e center of the floor is recessed and nippled. A. Inv. 79-678. Context IIIi Pl. 44 Fabric II. 316. Inv. 79-301. Deposit IIF Pl. 44 P.H. 2.6; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of upper body and lip. Fabric II. Grooved on top of the outwardthickened rim. A. Inv. 79-100. Deposit IID Pl. 44 Fabric I. e lip is outward thickened, with a groove beneath. On the interior, beneath the lip, is a groove. B. Inv. 79-662. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric I. Grooved beneath the rim, which is beveled.

317. Inv. 56-2601. Deposit IID Pls. 44, 103 H. 7.4–7.8; Diam. foot 5.8; Diam. lip 13.2. Preserves profile. Fabric I? No gloss on the undersurface. e rim is grooved on top. Stone 1987, 97–98, 100, no. 33, fig. 6; Stone 2002, 143, fig. 4=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 1. A. Inv. 79-626. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric I. ree grooves on the upper body. B. Inv. 79-568. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 44 Fabric I? ere is a broad groove beneath the outward-thickened lip. 318. Inv. 79-520. Context IIIG Pl. 44 P.H. 4.0; Diam. foot 5.0; Diam. lip 9.4. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric I. Grooved beneath the rim. A. Inv. 79-583. Context IIIG Pl. 44 Fabric II. B. Inv. 79-493. Context IIIG Pl. 44 Fabric I. Grooved beneath the outward-thickened lip and on the wall beneath the lip. C. Inv. 79-577. Context IIIG Pl. 44 Fabric II. Grooved beneath the outward-thickened lip. 319. Inv. 80-124. Context IIH Pl. 44 P.H. 4.4; Diam. foot 5.0; Diam. lip 9.4. Preserves profile. Fabric I. e undersurface is domed. A. Inv. 79-279+79-629. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric II. B. Inv. 79-101. Deposit IID Pl. 44 Fabric I. C. Inv. 79-508. Context IIIG Pl. 44 Fabric I. Stone 1987, 95–97, no. 13, fig. 6. D. Inv. 79-615. Context IIIG Pl. 44 Fabric I? E. Inv. 79-660. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric I. F. Inv. 79-675. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric II. G. Inv. 79-136. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 44 Fabric II. 320. Inv. 56-2600. Deposit IID Pls. 44, 103 H. 4.0; Diam. foot 3.7; Diam. lip 7.8. Preserves

R E P U B L I C A N R E D - G L O S S P OT T E RY

profile. Fabric I. Double dipped. Gloss dilute at the center of the floor. Stone 1987, 97–98, 100, no. 34, fig. 11; Stone 2002, 143, fig. 4=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 1. A. Inv. 79-505. Context IIIG Pl. 44 Fabric II. B. Inv. 79-582. Context IIIG Pl. 44 Fabric II. C. Inv. 79-273. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric I? e rim is slightly flaring. D. Inv. 79-647. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric I? E. Inv. 79-277. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric II. e lip is slightly flaring. F. Inv. 79-306. Context IIIH Pl. 44 Fabric II. Diam. lip 8.1. e undersurface is nippled. G. Inv. 79-347A–B. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 44 Fabric I. e lip is beveled. Net-Pattern Cup Cup has a disk base (?), hemispherical body, and straight or flaring lip that is set off from the body by grooves. e body has an incised net or “football” pattern. 321. Inv. 80-170. Context IIIH Pls. 44, 103 P.H. 6.4; Diam. lip 14.2. Fabric II. Two grooves beneath the lip.

357

ere is one groove beneath an incurving lip. e center of the floor is raised. A. Inv. 80-641. Context IIC Pl. 103 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous red. One groove beneath the lip. Stone 2002, 143, fig. 5=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 2 (mislabeled 80-642). B. Inv. 79-268. Context IIE Pl. 45 Fabric I? One groove beneath the lip. Stone 1987, 98–99, no. 30, fig. 11. C. Inv. 66-887. Deposit IIG Pl. 45 Fabric I? D. Inv. 79-131. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 45 H. 3.0; Diam. lip 9.6. Fabric II. Inturned-Lip Cups Cup has a ring foot, hemispherical body, and sharply inturned lip. 324. Inv. 79-181. Deposit IID Pl. 45 H. 3.4; Diam. foot 4.4; Diam. lip 9.6. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Partially glossed. e undersurface is nippled. e center of the floor is recessed and framed by a groove. A. Inv. 79-182. Deposit IID Pl. 45 Fabric II. Grooved beneath the lip. B. Inv. 79-232. Deposit IID Pls. 45, 103 Diam. lip 10.3. Fabric I. Gloss fugitive and mottled brownish red. e center of the floor is reserved. Outturned-Lip Cups with Hemispherical Bodies

Shallow Hemispherical Cups with Grooved Bodies Cup has a ring foot, hemispherical body, and straight or gently inturned lip that is usually set off from the body by one or more grooves. 322. Inv. 79-423. Context IIIG Pl. 45 H. 5.2; Diam. lip est. 12. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. One groove beneath the lip. 323. Inv. 80-647. Context IIC Pl. 45 H. 3.7; Diam. foot 6.4; Diam. lip 8.2. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed mottled red to brown. e undersurface has a raised central disk.

Cup has a hemispherical body and an outturned flattopped lip. Morel espèce 2670. 325. Inv. 79-445. Context IIIG Pl. 45 P.H. 2.5; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric I. ere is a broad groove on the body. A. Inv. 79-589. Context IIIG Pl. 45 Fabric II. B. Inv. 79-336. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 45 Fabric I. Two grooves on the top of the rim.

358

C ATA L O G U E

Vertical-Rimmed Cups or Bowls Cup or bowl has a ring foot. e body flares horizontally, then turns up vertically to a tall rim. e rim is set off from the straight lip by one or two grooves. Morel espèce 2350; Lamboglia form 1. 326. Inv. 79-53. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 45, 103 P.H. 4.7; Diam. lip est. 22. Fragment of body to lip. Fabric I. Partially glossed. Two grooves beneath the outward-thickened lip. Stone 1987, 98–99, no. 29, fig. 15. 327. Inv. 79-672. Context IIIH Pl. 45 P.H. 3.3; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric II. One groove beneath the lip. e lip is beveled on the interior. A. Inv. 79-119. Deposit IID Pl. 45 Fabric II. One groove beneath the lip. 328. Inv. 79-168. Context IIIH Pl. 45 H. 4.6; Diam. foot 4.5; Diam. lip 9.8. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e undersurface and the center of the floor are nippled. One groove beneath the outward-thickened lip. A. Inv. 80-632. Deposit IIF Pl. 103 Fabric I. One groove beneath the lip. Cup or small bowl has a ring foot. e body flares horizontally, then turns up vertically to a tall rim with a straight lip. Morel séries 2362, 2364 (?); Lamboglia form 20. 329. Inv. 63-827. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 45, 103 H. 3.4; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 9.4. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Waster: partially glossed fugitive matt brownish black to reddish brown. Cup or small bowl has a ring foot, horizontal body, and tall vertical rim. e rim is inward thickened. A. Inv. 63-830. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 45, 103 Fabric I. Perhaps a waster. B. Inv. 63-828. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 103 Fabric I. Waster: the lip is distorted into an oval. C. Inv. 79-468. Context IIIG Pl. 45 Fabric I. e undersurface is domed. e exterior of the foot has a groove. Grooved midway up the body.

330. Inv. 66-888. Deposit IIG Pl. 45 H. 2.5; Diam. foot 4.9; Diam. lip 7.9. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Double dipped. Stone 1987, 98– 99, no. 31, fig. 11. A. Inv. 63-831. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 45 Fabric I. B. Inv. 63-832. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 45 Fabric I. C. Inv. 63-829. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 46 Fabric I. D. Inv. 63-833. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 103 Fabric I. Stone 2002, 143, fig. 6=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 3. E. Inv. 79-532. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 46 Fabric I. Cups or Bowls with Outturned Rims Cup or bowl has a ring foot. e body flares horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned rim with a straight or slightly pendant lip. Morel série 2646 (see also 1624); Lamboglia forms 2, 17–20. 331. Inv. 63-852. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 46 H. 6.9; Diam. foot 8.2; Diam. lip 22.8. Preserves profile, restored in plaster. Fabric I. Gloss dilute orange. Probably a waster. ere is a broad groove on the top of the rim. 332. Inv. 63-851. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 103 H. 5.5; Diam. foot 7.3; Diam. lip 21.5. Preserves profile, restored in plaster. Fabric I. Waster? Gloss misfired to a pale orange-brown. e rim is warped. A. Inv. 80-589. Context IIIH Pl. 46 Fabric III. Gloss is mottled orange-brown. e rim is grooved on top. ere are two grooves on the floor. 333. Inv. 63-838. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 46 P.H. 4.0; Diam. foot est. 4.5; Diam. lip 11.2. Fragment of body from just above the foot to the lip. Restored in plaster. Fabric I. Partially glossed. Perhaps a waster: the gloss is misfired to a pale orangebrown. e rim has three grooves on its top. A. Inv. 63-836. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 104 Fabric I. Waster? Gloss misfired to a pale orangebrown. Stone 1987, 98–99, no. 25, fig. 12. B. Inv. 63-839. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 104

R E P U B L I C A N R E D - G L O S S P OT T E RY

Fabric I. Matt brown gloss on interior. Grooved at the base of foot on the undersurface. Grooved on top of the lip. Stone 2002, 143, fig. 6=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 3. C. Inv. 79-397. Context IIIG Pl. 46 Fabric III? e rim is grooved on top. D. Inv. 79-726. Context IIIH Pl. 46 Fabric II. e lip is downward thickened. E. Inv. 79-286. Context IIIH Pl. 46 Fabric I. Grooved on the rim. F. Inv. 79-663. Context IIIH Pl. 46 Fabric I. Grooved on the rim. G. Inv. 79-552. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 46 Fabric I. e lip is downward thickened. Stone 1987, 98–99, no. 26, fig. 11. 334. Inv. 79-102. Deposit IID Pl. 46 H. 3.6; Diam. foot 4.4; Diam. lip 9.6. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Partially glossed to just above the foot. A. Inv. 79-118. Deposit IID Pl. 46 Fabric II. e lip is grooved on top. B. Inv. 79-217. Deposit IID Pl. 46 Fabric I. e lip is thickened. e rim is grooved on the top and beneath. Cup or bowl has a ring foot. e body flares horizontally, then turns up vertically, flaring out to an outturned beveled lip. 335. Inv. 79-739. Context IIIH Pl. 46 P.H. 2.5; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of body to lip. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e lower body has a fingerprint. 336. Inv. 79-488. Context IIIG Pl. 46 P.H. 3.7; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of outer body and lip. Fabric II. e body has a step out. 337. Inv. 79-375. Area I, trench 15D, zone 2, stratum 3 (Public Office) Pl. 46 H. 5.1; Diam. foot 6.0; Diam. lip 14.2. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Double dipped. e undersurface is nippled. A. Inv. 79-510. Context IIIG Pl. 46 Fabric I. Grooved beneath the lip. B. Inv. 79-443. Context IIIG Pl. 46 Fabric I?

359

338. Inv. 79-514. Context IIIG Pl. 46 P.H. 2.8; Diam. lip est. 12. Fragment of outer body and lip. Fabric I. A. Inv. 79-524. Context IIIG Pl. 46 Fabric II. Grooved on the lip. 339. Inv. 79-264. Context IIE Pl. 46 H. 2.7; Diam. foot 5.0; Diam. lip 9.4. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. Stone 1987, 98– 99, no. 27, fig. 11. A. Inv. 79-262. Context IIE Pl. 46 Fabric II. Grooved beneath the lip. B. Inv. 56-2599. Deposit IID Pl. 104 Fabric II. C. Inv. 79-317. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 46 Fabric II. D. Inv. 79-547. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 46 Fabric II. E. Inv. 79-673. Context IIIH Pl. 47 Fabric I. F. Inv. 79-169A–B. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 47 Fabric I. G. Inv. 79-170. Context IIIH Pl. 47 Fabric II. Biconical-Bodied Cups or Bowls with Slightly Flaring Rims Cup or bowl has ring foot. e body flares horizontally, then turns up vertically and flares out to a flaring lip. e interior is often grooved on top of the lip or at the top of the wall. Morel espèce 1220; Lamboglia forms 2, 16. 340. Inv. 79-473. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 47 P.H. 4.5; Diam. lip est. 28. Fragment of outer body and lip. Fabric I. Partially glossed. Grooved on the wall beneath the lip and at the base of the wall. e lip steps out from the body. 341. Inv. 79-475. Context IIIG Pl. 47 P.H. 4.2; Diam. lip est. 22. Fragment of outer body and lip. Fabric II. Grooved on the wall beneath the lip. e wall has a step out.

360

C ATA L O G U E

342. Inv. 79-463. Context IIIG Pl. 47 P.H. 4.0; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of outer body to lip. Fabric II. e wall is grooved beneath the lip. 343. Inv. 79-469. Context IIIG Pl. 47 H. 3.6; Diam. foot 5.4; Diam. lip 9.9. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Double dipped. e lip is beveled at its tip. A. Inv. 79-275+79-310. Context IIIH Pl. 47 Fabric II. e lip is grooved on top. 344. Inv. 79-103. Deposit IID Pl. 47 H. 3.5; Diam. foot 4.4; Diam. lip 8.8. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Partially glossed. e undersurface is nippled. ere are two grooves on the wall beneath the lip. Stone 1987, 98–99, no. 28, fig. 11. A. Inv. 79-522. Context IIIG Pl. 47 Fabric II. e upper body has two steps out. e wall has a groove beneath the lip. B. Inv. 79-723A–B. Context IIIH Pl. 47 Fabric II. e lip is grooved on top. C. Inv. 79-272. Context IIIH Pl. 47 Fabric hard orange. D. Inv. 66-712. Area II, West Hill, trench 10B, alley Pl. 47 Fabric I. e gloss is mottled red to brown. e undersurface is domed; the center of the floor is nippled.

body to just below the lip. See Morel série 3341a 1; Lamboglia form 49. 346. Inv. 63-871. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 47, 104 H. 10.7; Diam. foot 6.1; Diam. lip 13.9. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e handle zone has four grooves. e lip is inward thickened to form a resting surface for a lid. Stone 1987, 98–99, no. 23, fig. 11. 347. Inv. 57-2928. Deposit IID Pl. 104 H. 8.5; Diam. foot 4.2; Diam. lip 12.6. Preserves profile. Partially glossed. Fabric I? Beveled ring foot is grooved on its resting surface. e base of the lip has two grooves. ere is another groove beneath the lip. e center of the floor is recessed. Bowl similar to the preceding shape has a ring foot. e body rises conically, then turns up vertically with a slight convex flare to an outturned rolled lip. No handles. 348. Inv. 63-834. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 47, 104 H. 7.5; Diam. foot 6.6; Diam. lip 10.3. Preserves profile. Fabric III. Double dipped. e foot falls in two steps to the undersurface, which has a raised central disk. Stone 1987, 98–99, no. 24, fig. 11. Chalices

Skyphoi/Kantharoi and a Related Bowl Skyphos/kantharos has a ring foot. e body is open and ovoid, rising to an outturned rolled lip. Two opposed ridged vertical strap handles rise from the midpoint of the body to just below the lip. See Morel série 3341a 1; Lamboglia form 49. 345. Inv. 66-911. Deposit IIG Pls. 47, 104 H. 8.9; Diam. foot 5.6; Diam. lip 9.5. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e undersurface is domed and has a central groove. Skyphos/kantharos has a ring foot. e body flares conically, then rises vertically with a slight convex flare to an outturned rolled lip. Two opposed ridged vertical strap handles rise from the midpoint of the

Chalice (or krateriskos) has a molded ring foot. e body rises horizontally, then turns up vertically to an outturned pendant lip with a vertical flange on its inner edge. Morel espèce 4740. 349. Inv. 79-309. Context IIIH Pl. 47 P.H. 2.5; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of upper body and lip. Fabric I. e wall descends in two steps. A. Inv. 79-563. Context IIIG Pl. 47 Diam. lip 15.9. Fabric II. B. Inv. 79-737. Context IIIH Pl. 47 Fabric II. C. Inv. 80-175. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 47 Fabric II. Gloss orange-red.

R E P U B L I C A N R E D - G L O S S P OT T E RY

350. Inv. 80-631. Context IIC Pl. 104 P.H. 5.6; Diam. lip est. 14. Fragment of upper body and lip. Fabric III. e gloss terminates on the interior of the lip. e upper body has two grooves. Above and beneath the grooves are crude incised florals. A. Inv. 79-518. Context IIIG Pl. 47 Diam. lip 13.5. Fabric I. Stone 1987, 99–100, no. 38, fig. 11. Chalice has a molded ring foot. e body rises horizontally, then turns up vertically to a short outturned and beveled pendant lip with a slight vertical flange on its inner edge. 351. Inv. 79-312. Context IIIH Pl. 47 P.H. 4.0; Diam. lip 12.6. Fabric II. Fragment of upper body and lip. Chalice bases with molded ring feet 352. Inv. 79-507. Context IIIG Pl. 47 P.H. 2.7; Diam. foot 8.2. Fabric II. Fragment of foot and lower body. 353. Inv. 83-38. Deposit IIB Pls. 47, 104 P.H. 4.6; Diam. foot 9.1. Fragment of foot and lower body. Clay hard fine salmon brown (7.5 R 8/4). Glossed all over except undersurface. The undersurface has a central recess. The foot has a vertical flange at its outer edge. Stone 1987, 100, no. 37, fig. 3.

361

Biconical-Bodied Pitcher Small pitcher has a disk base and a biconical body. e lip is outturned and may be upturned at the edge to form a resting surface on the interior. A ridged vertical strap handle rises from just above the carination of the body to just below the lip. 355. Inv. 57-2048. Deposit IID Pls. 48, 105 H. 9.4; Diam. base 3.7; Diam. lip 5.8. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Double dipped. Two grooves on the upper body. Stone 1987, 100–101, no. 40, fig. 16. A. Inv. 79-185. Context IIIi Pl. 48 Fabric I. 356. Inv. 56-3106. Context IIIG Pl. 48 H. 5.3; Diam. base 2.2; Diam. lip 3.7. Fragment preserves profile to just beneath the lip. Fabric I. Double dipped. Disk base. A. Inv. 79-106. Deposit IID Pl. 105 Fabric I. e upper body has broad incised vertical grooves between horizontal grooves. Grooved at the base of the neck. B. Inv. 79-116. Deposit IID Pl. 105 Fabric I. Decoration as the preceding. C. Inv. 79-442. Context IIIG Pl. 48 Fabric I. Vertical grooves beneath the neck. ere is a step up to the neck. D. Inv. 79-682. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 105 Fabric II. e body has broad vertical grooves below horizontal incised palmettes. Two-Handled Biconical Pitcher

Closed Shapes Ovoid-Bodied Pitcher Pitcher (if there was a handle) or jar has an ovoid body, concave vertical neck, and outturned lip. 354. Inv. 79-419. Deposit IID Pl. 48 P.H. 4.7; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric hard orange. Partially glossed. ere are three grooves at the top of the body. e neck steps in from the body.

Two-handled pitcher has a ring foot, biconical body, vertical neck, and outturned lip. 357. Inv. 57-1839. Deposit IID Pls. 48, 105 H. 18.2; Diam. foot 10.4; Diam. lip 7.8. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. Raised fillet at the base of the neck. Two lightly ridged vertical strap handles placed at 30 degrees around the vase from each other rise from the upper body to the lip. Grooved at the top of the neck. Stone 1987, 101– 102, no. 43, fig. 15.

362

C ATA L O G U E

Tall Mug/Pitcher Pitcher has a disk base or ring foot and a tall vertical body with an outturned lip. At one side, a vertical strap handle, oval in section, rises from the middle of the body to below the lip. 358. Inv. 56-2602. Deposit IID Pls. 48, 105 H. 13.2; Diam. base 8.9; Diam. lip 13.7. Preserves profile. Fabric II? Glossed outside, with drips on the interior. Disk base, grooved at the base of the body. e handle has four ridges. Stone 1987, 101–102, no. 41, fig. 16; Stone 2002, 143, fig. 4=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 1. A. Inv. 56-2603A–B. Deposit IID Pl. 105 Fabric I? Raised fillet above the base of the handle. Above this are panel-like groups of rough incised florals between groups of four vertical grooves. e outer face of the rim is rouletted. Stone 1987, 101–102, no. 42, fig. 18. B. Inv. 79-95. Deposit IID Pl. 48 Fabric II. Ring foot. C. Inv. 79-112. Deposit IID Pl. 48 Fabric II. e rim is grooved on its outer face. D. Inv. 79-104. Deposit IID Pl. 48 Fabric II. Rouletted on the upper body. E. Inv. 79-113. Deposit IID Fabric I. Body fragment with incised florals. F. Inv. 79-513. Context IIIG Pl. 48 Fabric I. G. Inv. 79-584. Context IIIG Pl. 48 Fabric II. Disk base. H. Inv. 79-315. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 48 Fabric II. Ring foot, grooved on the resting surface. e undersurface and the center of the floor are nippled. I. Inv. 79-316. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 105 Fabric II. Disk base grooved at the base of the body. e body has incised Vs between groups of four vertical grooves.

A ridged vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to just below the lip. 359. Inv. 66-1001. Deposit IIG Pl. 48 P.H. 6.5; Diam. lip 5.9. Fragment of neck and lip with upper attachment of handle. Fabric I. A. Inv. 66-535. Deposit IIG Pl. 48 Fabric III? 360. Inv. 66-897. Deposit IIG Pls. 48, 106 H. 13.1; Diam. foot 6.1; Diam. lip 4.1. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed. e neck is set off from the body by a raised vertical fillet. e body is globular. Stone 1987, 101–102, no. 44, fig. 17. A. Inv. 79-208. Deposit IID Pls. 48, 106 Fabric III? e body is biconical. Feeder Vase Feeder vase has a ring foot, globular body. e neck rises vertically with a slight concave flare to a flaring lip. At one side of the upper body a spout projects at a 60-degree angle. At 180 degrees around the vase from the spout, a vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to just below the lip. 361. Inv. 66-898. Deposit IIG Pls. 49, 106 H. 10.6; Diam. foot 4.9; Diam. lip 4.1. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Gloss mottled red to brown with black patches on upper body to neck. Two grooves on the body at the level of the spout. e neck is offset by a raised fillet. Stone 1987, 101–102, no. 45, fig. 16. A. Inv. 80-55A–B. Context IIH Fabric I. Two raised fillets at the base of the neck. B. Inv. 79-572. Context IIIG Pl. 106 Fabric I. Spout only. C. Inv. 79-573. Context IIIG Pl. 49 Fabric II? D. Inv. 79-571A. Context IIIG Pl. 106 Fabric II. Spout only. E. Inv. 79-571B. Context IIIG Pl. 106 Fabric II. Spout only.

Lekythos Pitcher Fragments Lekythos has a ring foot, globular or biconical body. e neck rises vertically with a slight concave flare to an offset-outward and vertical lip with a flaring edge.

362. Inv. 79-135. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 49

I M P O RT E D E A S T E R N S I G I L L ATA A

P.H. 2.2; Diam. lip est. 9.5. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric II. Gloss fugitive orange inside and outside. Pitcher or jar had an ovoid body and a vertical neck. e lip is offset outward, and is upward and downward thickened at its edge. 363. Inv. 79-534. Deposit IIG Pl. 49 P.H. 3.7; Diam. lip est. 14–16. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay hard fine pale reddish brown (2.5YR 7/4). Gloss fugitive red on exterior and on interior of rim. Pitcher or large jar had a biconical body and an offset-inward vertical neck with a slight concave flare. e rim is outturned and pendant, with a vertical flange at the top of its inner edge. A. Inv. 79-721. Context IIIH Pl. 49 Fabric II. Grooved inside the vertical flange on the neck.

363

364. Inv. 79-302. Deposit IIF Pl. 49 P.H. 3.2; Diam. lip est. 11. Fragment of neck and rim. Fabric III. Glossed on the exterior, with drips on the interior. Pitcher has a concave vertical neck. e lip is outturned and grooved on its top. Had a vertical handle beneath the lip.

Lid Lid has a conical body flaring in to a cylindrical knob. 365. Inv. 79-472. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 49 H. 1.9; Diam. 4.9. Preserves profile. Fabric I? Undersurface not glossed except for smears. Stone 1987, 101–102, no. 46, fig. 16.

Imported Eastern Sigillata A Plates/Platters Hayes, Atlante, Forms 3 and 4 Plate or platter has a ring foot and a horizontal body that turns up and has a convex flare up to a straight rim. 366. Inv. 79-307A–B. Context IIIH Pl. 49 P.H. 3.9; Diam. lip est. 44. Nonjoining fragments of body to lip. A. Inv. 79-270. Context IIE Pl. 49 Double-dipping streak. Mended in antiquity with a dovetail clamp. B. Inv. 60-1766. Context IIIA Pl. 49 C. Inv. 79-465. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 49 D. Inv. 79-177. Context IIIH Pl. 49 E. Inv. 80-156. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 49 367. Inv. 61-1535. Area II, West Hill, trench 69, stratum 1 Pl. 49 H. 5.6; Diam. foot 13.2; Diam. lip 35.6. Preserves

profile. Extremely worn. Double dipped; smears only on underside of foot. A. Inv. 79-512A–C. Context IIIG Pl. 49 B. Inv. 80-95. Area II, West Hill, trench 69A-4, stratum 2 (street) Pl. 49 368. Inv. 79-320A–C. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pls. 49, 106 P.H. 4.0; Diam. foot 10.8; Diam. lip est. 30. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Double-dipping streak. Floor has rouletted band and two grooves. Mended in antiquity with dovetail clamps. A. Inv. 79-422+79-437. Context IIIG Pl. 49 B. Inv. 79-482. Context IIIG Pl. 49 369. Inv. 79-158. Context IIIH Pl. 49 P.H. 3.6; Diam. lip est. 28. Fragment of body to lip. A. Inv. 79-562. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 49 370. Inv. 79-725+79-730. Context IIIH Pl. 49 P.H. 2.6; Diam. lip est. 20. Nonjoining fragments of outer body to lip. Double-dipping streak. A. Inv. 79-698. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 49

364

C ATA L O G U E

371. Inv. 79-304. Context IIIH Pls. 49, 106 H. 3.8; Diam. foot est. 8; Diam. lip est. 14. Preserves profile. A. Inv. 79-271. Context IIIH Pl. 49 372. Inv. 79-325. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pls. 49, 106 P.H. 1.5; Diam. foot 16. Fragment of foot and body. Floor preserves four radially stamped palmettes with volutes framed on either side by two rouletted bands. 373. Inv. 79-324. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pls. 49, 106 P.H. 1.6; Diam. foot est. 14. Fragment of foot and body to base of rim. Double-dipping streak; traces of fingerprints at foot. Floor preserves a radially stamped bud framed by a rouletted band toward the rim, and by three grooves toward the raised center of the floor.

377. Inv. 79-350. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 50 P.H. 2.9; Diam. foot 18.8. Fragment of foot and body to base of lip. e floor has a rouletted band and two grooves. ere is a deep groove beneath the rim on the exterior. Hayes, Atlante, Form 29 Plate has a low ring foot and a horizontal body that turns up to vertical and flares out to a straight rim. 378. Inv. 79-543. Context IIE Pl. 50 P.H. 1.1; Diam. foot 7.2. Fragment of foot and body. Floor has three grooves; another groove on floor by wall. Undersurface has a step down.

Hayes, Atlante, Form 7

379. Inv. 79-731. Context IIIH Pl. 50 P.H. 0.7; Diam. foot est. 7. Fragment of foot and body to edge of rim. Double-dipping streak. e floor has two grooves. ere is a step up from the floor to the wall.

Plate or platter has a ring foot and a horizontal body that turns up vertically and flares out to a flat-topped outturned lip.

Plates and Bowls/Cups with Stamped and Molded Rims

374. Inv. 60-1765. Context IIIA Pl. 50 P.H. 2.0; Diam. lip est. 38. Fragment of outer body to lip. 375. Inv. 79-484+79-509. Context IIIG Pl. 50 P.H. 3.4; Diam. lip 29.7. Nonjoining fragments of outer body to lip. Lip has short horizontal flange on interior. 376. Inv. 79-313. Context IIIH Pl. 50 P.H. 2.8; Diam. foot est. 16. Fragment of foot and body to carination of rim. e floor has two rouletted bands. Hayes, Atlante, Form 12 Plate or platter has a low, broad disk base (creating a false flat bottom) and a vertical body flaring up to an outturned lip.

Hayes, Atlante, Forms 9–11 Plate, platter, bowl, or cup has ring foot, horizontal body flaring up to vertical rim with outturned pendant lip decorated with stamped ornament. 380. Inv. 79-379A–B+79-381. Area II, West Hill, trench 10B west, stratum 2 (inv. 79-379A–B), and trench 69A south, street, stratum 1 (inv. 79381) Pls. 50, 107 P.H. 2.4; Diam. lip est. 40. Nonjoining fragments of body to lip. e outer face of the lip has a stamped egg-and-dart frieze. At the top of the exterior face of the rim is molded beading. Stone 1987, 93, fig. 5 (inv. 79-381). 381. Inv. 79-265. Context IIE Pl. 50 P.H. 1.8; Diam. lip est. 26.8. Fragment of rim and lip. Stamped egg-and-dart frieze on exterior face of lip; molded beading at top of exterior face of lip.

I M P O RT E D E A S T E R N S I G I L L ATA A

e upper face of the lip has a stamped frieze of vertical Lesbian leaves. 382. Inv. 82-122. Area I, trench 95.1, stratum 1 (fill over Fountain House) Pl. 107 P.H. 2.4; Diam. lip est. 12. Small fragment of upper body to lip. e exterior face of the lip has a stamped egg-and-dart frieze. e top of the exterior face of the lip has molded beading. 383. Inv. 79-620. Context IIIH Pl. 50 P.H. 2.5; Diam. foot est. 7.5. Fragment of floor and body. Double-dipping streak. Undersurface has step. 384. Inv. 80-546. Context IIi Pl. 50 P.H. 2.5; Diam. foot est. 6.5. Fragment of foot and body. Double-dipping streak; orange fingerprints around foot. Undersurface has step.

Cups Hayes, Atlante, Form 13A Shallow cup has a ring foot, horizontal body, vertical rim, and straight lip. 385. Inv. 79-436. Context IIIG Pl. 50 P.H. 2.2; Diam. foot 6.0. Fragment of foot, body, and lower rim. Undersurface is nippled and has step down. Center of floor nippled and framed by three grooves.

365

388. Inv. 79-441. Context IIIG Pl. 51 P.H. 4.1; Diam. lip est. 12. Fragment of upper body to lip. A. Inv. 79-134. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 51 Lip is set off by groove on exterior. 389. Inv. 56-907. Area I, trench 3J, stratum 2 (Central Sanctuary, kiln room) Pl. 107 H. 4.9; Diam. foot 5.1; Diam. lip 10.2. Preserves profile. Double-dipping streak. Undersurface nippled. A. Inv. 79-110. Deposit IID Pl. 51 B. Inv. 79-115. Deposit IID Pl. 51 C. Inv. 79-405. Area I, trench 27, stratum 1 (West Stoa) Pls. 51, 107 Double-dipping streak. Undersurface and center of floor nippled. D. Inv. 62-1730. Area II, West Hill, trench 78, section 3, stratum 2 Pl. 51 E. Inv. 59-2211. Area I, trench 60 extension, zone D, stratum 1 (fill in eater cavea) Pl. 51 390. Inv. 79-3. Deposit IID Pl. 51 H. 3.5; Diam. foot 3.9; Diam. lip 7.8. Preserves profile. Undersurface nippled. A. Inv. 79-389. Context IIIE Pls. 51, 107 Double-dipping streak. Groove at the midpoint of the body; another groove beneath lip. Floor has groove. Hayes, Atlante, Form 22A

386. Inv. 79-553. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pls. 50, 107 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 4.3; Diam. lip 9.0. Preserves profile. Double-dipping streak. Center of floor nippled. A. Inv. 67-973. Context IIIB Pl. 50 Hayes, Atlante, Form 22

Hemispherical-bodied cup has ring foot and outturned or projecting lip. 391. Inv. 79-186. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 51 P.H. 2.3; Diam. lip 10.2. Fragment of body to lip. e lip is projecting, with a groove beneath. A. Inv. 80-92. Context IIIB Pl. 51 Lip outturned. e lower lip is rouletted.

Hemispherical-bodied cup with ring foot 387. Inv. 79-485. Context IIIG Pl. 51 P.H. 6.1; Diam. lip est. 21. Fragment of body to lip.

392. Inv. 79-491. Context IIIG Pl. 51 P.H. 3.9. Fragment of body from just above foot. Rouletted band at base of wall on floor.

366

C ATA L O G U E

393. Inv. 79-447. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 51 P.H. 2.0; Diam. foot 5.9. Fragment of foot and center of floor. Undersurface and center of floor nippled. On floor, a rouletted band of two registers of stacked triangles. A. Inv. 80-34. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 107 On the floor is a single rouletted band.

Plate Bases 397. Inv. 79-183. Context IIIi (stratum 1) P.H. 1.9; Diam. foot est. 20. Fragment of foot and lower body. 398. Inv. 79-622. Context IIIH P.H. 3.0; Diam. foot est. 16. Fragment of foot and body.

Hayes, Atlante, Form 45 Cup has ring foot, conical body, and vertical rim with concave curve to an everted lip. 394. Inv. 79-700. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 51 P.H. 2.5; Diam. foot 3.6. Fragment of foot and lower body. Clay fairly fine hard pale pinkish brown (7.5YR 7/6) with occasional large inclusions. Doubledipping streak. Center of floor nippled. Foot has step down to undersurface.

Chalice Hayes, Atlante, Form 26 (See Also Form 24) Chalice has molded ring foot, hemispherical body, concave vertical rim, and outturned pendant lip. Body has incised or molded decoration. 395. Inv. 79-171. Context IIIH Pl. 51 P.H. 2.1; Diam. lip est. 22. Fragment of lip. e interior of the lip has a step out. 396. Inv. 79-344+79-346. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 51 P.H. 3.1; Diam. lip 12.0. Nonjoining fragments of lip. Double-dipping streak. e lip has a vertical flange on top.

399. Inv. 80-47. Context IIH Pl. 51 P.H. 1.9; Diam. foot est. 10. Fragment of foot and body. Floor has two rouletted bands. A. Inv. 80-548. Context IIi Pl. 51 Double-dipping streak. Foot has fingerprints. B. Inv. 79-439. Context IIIG C. Inv. 79-320D. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Double-dipping streak.

Cup Bases 400. Inv. 79-530. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 51 P.H. 2.7; Diam. foot 4.8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Undersurface and center of floor nippled. Groove at base of body. Stone 2002, 143, fig. 6=AJA 87 (1983) pl. 7, fig. 3. A. Inv. 79-634. Context IIIH Center of floor recessed. B. Inv. 79-637. Context IIIH Pl. 51 Undersurface nippled, center of floor recessed. C. Inv. 79-348. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 51 401. Inv. 79-97. Deposit IID Pl. 51 P.H. 1.4; Diam. foot 4.0. Fragment of foot and floor. Undersurface and center of floor nippled. A. Inv. 80-154. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 51 B. Inv. 79-483. Context IIIG Center of floor recessed and nippled. C. Inv. 56-3228. Area I, trench 28, stratum 1 (Agora, east of central steps) Pl. 51

E A R LY I TA L I A N T E R R A S I G I L L ATA

367

Early Italian Terra Sigillata Shape descriptions are from Conspectus, 52–145. Gloss is lustrous red unless otherwise noted. Stamps are in rectangles unless otherwise noted. Early Forms (ca. 25–10 BCE) Conspectus Form 10 Platter or plate with broad, variously articulated rims 402. Inv. 79-24. Context IIIi Pl. 52 P.H. 2.7; Diam. lip 45.6. Fragment of outer body to lip. Gloss orange. Horizontal body flares out then turns up vertically with a short horizontal element at its edge. e outturned pendant lip has a vertical flange where it meets the horizontal element. See Conspectus form 10.1. 403. Inv. 79-37. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 52 P.H. 2.7; Diam. lip 41.1. Fragment of outer body to lip. Gloss orange. Horizontal body flares out, then turns up vertically to an outturned pendant lip with a vertical flange at its outer edge. See Conspectus form 10.3. Platter/Plate Fragments with Radial Stamps 404. Inv. 61-1531. Area II, West Hill, area south of context IIIA, stratum 1 Pls. 52, 57 P.H. 2.1; Diam. foot 20.4. Fragment of foot and body. No gloss on undersurface. Early foot profile (Conspectus B 1.2). Rouletted band on floor approximately at diameter of foot, framed by two grooves on either side. Toward the center of the floor is a graffito: NOPE. Inside the inner set of grooves, two radial stamps survive: SALVI/SEXAN. OCK 186. 405. Inv. 57-730. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pls. 52, 57 P.H. 2.6; Diam. foot 14.4. Fragment of foot and body. No gloss on undersurface. Early foot profile (Conspectus B 1.2). Rouletted band on floor approximately at diameter of foot. Inside the band is a radial stamp: CN A^TEI. OCK 275.

406. Inv. 66-971. Area II, West Hill, street fill, stratum 1 Pls. 52, 57 P.H. 3.3; Diam. foot 20.4. Fragment of foot and body. Broad ring foot (Conspectus B 1.8) with groove at base near the undersurface. Undersurface is recessed at center. Rouletted band on the floor outside the diameter of the foot. Inside this is a radial stamp: L. TETTI/SA^MIA. OCK 2109.36. 407. Inv. 56-3158. Context IIIi Pls. 52, 57 P.H. 2.2; Diam. foot 9.0. Fragment of foot and body. No gloss on undersurface. Low ring foot with multiple bevels and one step down to the undersurface. e wall has a step down to the floor. Rouletted band on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. Inside the band is a radial stamp: RASI^N^I. OCK 623.25. 408. Inv. 90-75. Context IIIF (surface) Pls. 52, 57 P.H. 2.3; Diam. foot est. 20. Fragment of foot and lower body. Early foot profile (Conspectus B 1.4). Two grooves on the floor at the outer diameter of the foot, outside of which is a radial stamp: CRIS/PINI in quatrefoil. OCK 702.24. Conspectus Form 13 Cup with sharp angle between wall and floor, flaring wall, and pronounced hanging lip 409. Inv. 79-594. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 52 P.H. 0.6; Diam. lip 14.2. Fragment of lip. Conspectus form 13.1.1. See Ettlinger 1983, pl. 29:1. 410. Inv. 79-47. Context IIIH Pl. 52 P.H. 1.7; Diam. lip 14.4. Fragment of lip. Gloss orangish. e lip has an outward step and is pendant, with an offset-downward torus at its edge and a short beak projecting downward. Grooved on the exterior at the base of the lip.

368

C ATA L O G U E

411. Inv. 79-619. Context IIIH Pl. 52 P.H. 3.1; Diam. lip 14.7. Fragment of outer body and lip. Conspectus form 13.3.1.

Middle Augustan to Early Claudian Wares Conspectus Form 12 Platter or plate with sharply down-beveled lip 412. Inv. 79-48. Context IIIH Pl. 52 P.H. 2.9; Diam. lip est. 38. Fragment of outer body to lip. Grooved on the lip. e wall has an offsetoutward fascia framed by grooves. 413. Inv. 80-64. Area IV, West Hill, area west of context IIH, stratum 2 Pl. 52 P.H. 2.9; Diam. lip est. 30–32. Fragment of outer body to lip. e wall has a convex bulge between grooves. 414. Inv. 79-735. Context IIIH Pl. 52 P.H. 3.2; Diam. lip est. 28. Fragment of outer body to lip. Grooved at the base of the lip. A. Inv. 80-571. Area II, street fill, stratum 1 Pl. 52 B. Inv. 80-37. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 52 415. Inv. 79-387. Context IIIF Pl. 52 H. 3.1; Diam. foot 10.8; Diam. lip 18.4. Fragment of foot to lip. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.4. e wall has a scotia and a fascia above a groove. Two grooves on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. A. Inv. 66-258. Context IIIC Pl. 52 B. Inv. 79-695. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 52 C. Inv. 79-697. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 52 D. Inv. 83-307. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 107 Rouletted on the body beneath the rim. 416. Inv. 79-399. Context IIIG Pl. 52 P.H. 1.7; Diam. lip est. 14–16. Fragment of lip. Vertical flange at the top of the beveled lip. On the interior of the lip is an offset-outward scotia. A. Inv. 79-32. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 52

Plate Bases, Probably Conspectus Form 12 417. Inv. 86-7. Context IIIF (surface) Pls. 52, 57 P.H. 1.7; Diam. foot 9.6. Fragment of foot to base of lip. Gloss has orange fingerprints on lower body and undersurface. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.4. Juncture of the floor and wall has a step up. At the diameter of the foot on the floor are two grooves. e center of the floor is framed by two grooves and has a stamp: MEREN/L.TETTI. OCK 2099.1. 418. Inv. 66-787. Area II, West Hill, trench 10C, street fill, stratum 1 Pls. 52, 57 P.H. 1.8; Diam. foot 10.1. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile variant of Conspectus B 2.4 (?). Step up at juncture of floor and wall. Rouletted band on the floor inside the diameter of the foot. e center of the floor is framed by a groove and has a stamp: HILARI/L.TETTI. OCK 2113.2. Conspectus Form 18 Platter or plate with concave vertical rim 419. Inv. 79-10A–C. Context IIIA Pl. 52 P.H. 2.5; Diam. lip est. 44. Nonjoining fragments of body to lip. e interior of the lip has a scotia. A. Inv. 79-51A–B. Context IIIH Pl. 52 B. Inv. 79-40. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 52 420. Inv. 56-908. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pls. 53, 57, 107 H. 5.2; Diam. foot 18.5; Diam. lip 39.2. Preserves profile. No gloss on undersurface. Unusual foot profile, with a broad groove halfway up the foot and a bevel on the interior of the base. Rouletted band on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. e center of the floor is framed by two grooves and has a stamp: LYM^ARI/RVFI with branch. OCK 1128 (see no. 2). 421. Inv. 79-39. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 52 P.H. 3.7; Diam. lip est. 30. Fragment of outer body to lip. Grooved on the body near its outer edge. e outer body has a projecting molding at its base and a central recess. ere is a step out to the projecting beveled lip. e wall has a scotia between grooves.

E A R LY I TA L I A N T E R R A S I G I L L ATA

A. Inv. 79-38. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 52 B. Inv. 79-41. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 53 422. Inv. 66-937. Context IIIF Pls. 53, 57 H. 3.0; Diam. foot 10.0; Diam. lip 18.1. Preserves profile. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.4. Two grooves on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. e center of the floor is framed by a groove and has a stamp: P]COR^N in double-framed rectangle. OCK 624.37. 423. Inv. 79-709. Context IIIH Pl. 53 P.H. 2.0; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of outer body and lip. A. Inv. 62-1092. Area I, trench 77A, stratum 5 (eater, south parodos, under altar) Pl. 53 B. Inv. 80-613A–B. Context IIIC Pl. 53 C. Inv. 79-19. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 53

369

427. Inv. 66-148. Context IIID Pl. 53 P.H. 2.1; Diam. lip 16.5. Preserves profile except for foot (much of center of floor missing). Stacking ring on the floor. ere are two grooves on the floor at approximately the outer diameter of the foot. e center of the floor preserves part of an illegible stamp. 428. Inv. 56-909. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pls. 53, 57 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 9.3; Diam. lip 15.1. Preserves profile. Conspectus form 18.3.1 with foot profile Conspectus B 2.5. Scratch or groove on the upper foot. e undersurface is nippled. ere is a groove on the body halfway to the rim. e lip has a central scotia; the tip is a torus. e floor has two grooves and a central stamp: RASINI. OCK 1623.6. Conspectus Form 19

424. Inv. 80-618A–B. Context IIIC Pl. 53 P.H. 2.0; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of outer body and lip. e central concave scotia of the lip has a large central convex torus. 425. Inv. 56-3027. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pls. 53, 57, 107 H. 3.4; Diam. foot 10.5; Diam. lip 17.9. Preserves profile. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.4. Nippled undersurface has graffito: X. Two grooves on floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. Another groove frames a central stamp: P.AT^TICI in double-framed rectangle. OCK 342.2. 426. Inv. 79-1. Context IIIA Pls. 53, 108 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 9.2; Diam. lip 17.3. Preserves profile; around one half preserved. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.5. e undersurface has an illegible partially preserved graffito. e outer body has a rouletted central scotia below a groove. e lip is a torus. e wall has a central scotia between grooves. e floor has two grooves. e stamp is broken away. A. Inv. 58-1357. Area I, trench 51, stratum 1 (eater cavea) Pl. 53 B. Inv. 79-31. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 53 e rim has two bands of rouletting. C. Inv. 79-28. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 53

Platter or plate with concave vertical rim and quarter-round molding or step between rim and floor 429. Inv. 56-3178. Context IIIi Pls. 53, 108 H. 5.4; Diam. foot 12.1; Diam. lip 23.4. Preserves profile. Foot profile Conspectus B 1.8. e rim has a projecting lower molding and an offset-outward central scotia. Grooved at the base of the beveled lip. e wall has a scotia between grooves; the floor has two sets of grooves. e center of the floor is broken away. 430. Inv. 79-162. Context IIIE Pl. 53 P.H. 2.1; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of outer body to lip. Gloss matt. e rim has a central scotia between grooves. e interior of the rim has a scotia with a groove at its base. A. Inv. 61-1580. Context IIIA Pl. 53 Conspectus Form 20 Platter or plate with smooth or finely molded vertical rim 431. Inv. 79-8A–B. Context IIIA Pl. 54 P.H. 2.9; Diam. lip est. 44. Nonjoining fragments of body to lip. Gloss matt. Conspectus form 20.1.

370

C ATA L O G U E

432. Inv. 79-35. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 54 P.H. 2.0; Diam. lip 18.1. Fragment of outer edge of body to lip. Conspectus form 20.3 e central rim has a broad rouletted band between grooves with an appliqué spiraliform “handle.” Below the rouletted band is a narrower rouletted band. A. Inv. 79-21. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 54 Central rim has large rouletted band with appliqué spiraliform “handle.” 433. Inv. 60-1059. Area II, West Hill, trench 75, stratum 1 Pls. 54, 57 H. 4.6; Diam. foot 8.4; Diam. lip 17.5. Preserves profile. Conspectus form 20.3. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.5. Grooved on the undersurface. e rim has a central scotia with two projecting moldings at its base. ere are two grooves on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. Another groove frames a central stamp: ACVTI in planta pedis. OCK 36.2. 434. Inv. 60-1744. Context IIIA (stratum 1) Pls. 54, 57 H. 3.8; Diam. foot 8.7; Diam. lip 16.6. Preserves profile. Gloss has orange fingerprints by the foot. Conspectus form 20.3 has recessed center on undersurface. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.5. e upper rim steps out twice from a central scotia. ere is a rouletted band on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. Inside the band is a groove. e center of the floor has an illegible stamp in planta pedis. 435. Inv. 79-194. Area II, trench 4B extension (outside city walls), stratum 1 Pls. 54, 108 H. 3.8; Diam. foot 9.8; Diam. lip 16.5. Preserves profile. Gloss matt. Conspectus form 20.4.3 has a vertical concave rim with projecting beveled moldings below. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.5. e lip is beveled in. e floor has two grooves. A. Inv. 80-110. Context IIIB Pl. 54 Foot profile variant of Conspectus B 2.7–8. Two grooves on the floor. B. Inv. 80-569. Area II, West Hill, street fill, stratum 3 Pl. 54 e center of the rim is rouletted. C. Inv. 79-34. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 54 Rouletted at top and bottom of rim. D. Inv. 79-36. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 54

436. Inv. 79-385. Context IIIF Pls. 54, 108 P.H. 1.9; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of outer body to lip. Conspectus form 20.4 has a rouletted band on the rim, above which is a “thunderbolt” appliqué. Conspectus Form 4 Platter or plate with curving wall and plain rim 437. Inv. 79-9A–C. Context IIIA Pl. 54 P.H. 2.2; Diam. lip 18.0. Nonjoining fragments of outer body to lip. Conspectus form 4.4.1 has a step up at the juncture of the floor and the wall. Grooved on the interior beneath the rim. A. Inv. 79-17. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 54 438. Inv. 79-727. Context IIIH Pl. 54 P.H. 1.8; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of outer body to lip. Conspectus form 4.4.1. 439. Inv. 79-12. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 54 P.H. 1.8; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of rim and lip. Conspectus form 4.6.1. Rim has appliqué spiraliform “handle.” Variant Plate Form 440. Inv. 56-513. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pls. 54, 57 H. 3.0; Diam. foot 8.7; Diam. lip 16.5. Preserves profile. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.3. e undersurface is nippled and has two grooves near the foot. e body flares up horizontally in one step to a vertical flaring rim with an outward-thickened beveled lip. ere is a step up from the floor to the wall. e floor has a rouletted band at approximately the diameter of the foot. e center of the floor has a stamp: AVS/SER. Kenrick reads as OCK 1926 (A. Sestius), but it is not one of the listed stamps. Conspectus Form 14 Campanulate cup with narrow hanging lip 441. Inv. 79-160. Context IIIE Pls. 55, 108 H. 6.3; Diam. foot 7.4; Diam. lip 14.0. Fragment of foot to lip, preserving profile. Floor has stacking ring. Grooved on the interior of the foot where it

E A R LY I TA L I A N T E R R A S I G I L L ATA

meets the undersurface. Grooved on the exterior where the body meets the rim. On the interior, the wall falls to the floor in two steps. A. Inv. 66-572J. Context IIIF (stratum 1) Pl. 55 B. Inv. 79-696. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 55 Conspectus Form 14 or 15 Bases 442. Inv. 79-166. Context IIIB Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 2.1; Diam. foot 6.7. Fragment of foot to lower rim. e fabric is very soft. Foot profile Conspectus B 3.3. Floor has stacking ring. e foot falls in one step to the undersurface. e undersurface has a graffito: X. e center of the floor is raised, framed by two grooves, and has a stamp: M PER/TIGR. OCK 1415.16. 443. Inv. 56-3160. Context IIIi Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 2.9; Diam. foot 6.6. Fragment of foot and body. Fabric soft; gloss flaking. Foot profile Conspectus B 3.7. ere is a step up from the floor to the wall. e floor has a central stamp: ANT/EROS in rectangle. OCK 199.3. 444. Inv. 61-320. Context IIIA (stratum 1) Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 1.7; Diam. foot 5.3. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile Conspectus B 3.1. e undersurface has a graffito. ere is a step up from the floor to the wall. ere are two grooves on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. e floor has a central stamp: C.ARVI in rectangle. OCK 254.5. 445. Inv. 66-778. Area II, West Hill, trench 10C, street fill, stratum 2 Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 1.8; Diam. foot 4.7. Fragment of foot and floor. Foot profile Conspectus B 3.11. Nippled undersurface has graffito: AT. e center of the floor is framed by two grooves and has a stamp: A.SES in rectangle. OCK 1926. Conspectus Form 22 Conical cup with concave and usually finely molded vertical rim

371

446. Inv. 57-745. Context IIIE (stratum 1) Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 3.0; Diam. foot 4.1. Fragment of foot, body, and lower rim. Gloss has orange discolorations. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.1. Grooved midway up the foot and at the base of the body. e center of the floor is raised and has a stamp: ]ECIM/ . . . LIX? OCK727.2 (Decimus/Felix). 447. Inv. 61-200. Context IIIA Pls. 55, 108 H. 4.8; Diam. foot 4.1; Diam. lip 9.2. Complete except for chips. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.7? e nippled undersurface has a graffito: A. e lip has a rouletted molding at its base, above a scotia between grooves. e wall has a scotia below a groove. e center of the floor is nippled and framed by a groove. No stamp. A. Inv. 79-546. Context IIIA Pl. 55 No rouletting on lip. B. Inv. 79-376. Context IIIE Pls. 55, 108 No rouletting on lip. C. Inv. 79-377. Context IIIE Pl. 55 Grooved on body. ere is another groove beneath a projecting molding at the base of the lip. e lip has two grooves and is beveled at its top but has no rouletting. D. Inv. 79-30. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 55 E. Inv. 79-33. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 55 F. Inv. 79-13. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 55 448. Inv. 79-384. Context IIIF Pls. 55, 108 P.H. 3.6; Diam. lip 10.2. Fragment of upper body to lip. Applied spiraliform “handle” on the central scotia of the rim. e wall has a recessed fillet. A. Inv. 79-23. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 55 e spiraliform “handle” is framed by rouletted bands. Conspectus Form 22 or 23 Bases 449. Inv. 61-1315. Context IIIA Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 5.2; Diam. foot 6.8. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.7? e undersurface is nippled and has a groove. e center of the floor preserves part of a stamp: ]EN.

372

C ATA L O G U E

450. Inv. 79-378. Context IIID Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 3.5; Diam. foot 5.9. Fragment of foot and body. e ring foot is grooved on its bevel. e foot descends to the undersurface in one step. Foot profile Conspectus B 4? e floor is set off from the wall by a groove and has a central stamp: PRI/MV. OCK 1532.13. 451. Inv. 79-382. Context IIIF Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 4.3; Diam. foot 5.6. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.10? e undersurface is nippled. e floor has a central stamp: MTV^LIV/FECIT*. OCK 2267.1. 452. Inv. 66-879. Context IIID (stratum 1) Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 3.1; Diam. foot 5.2. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.2. e undersurface is nippled and has a graffito. e body has a groove. e floor has a groove and a central stamp: COCCO/NAEVI (with reversed N). OCK 1237.1. 453. Inv. 60-1732. Context IIIA Pls. 55, 57 P.H. 2.4; Diam. foot 5.1. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.6? e undersurface is nippled. ere is a groove on the floor at the base of the wall. e floor has a central stamp: SVRA (with reversed S). OCK 2012.4.

e center of the floor slopes up and has a stamp: - EX/- - - in circle. Probably Sex. Annius. See OCK 189.8. 457. Inv. 57-729. Context IIIE (stratum 1) Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 2.4; Diam. foot 4.1. Fragment of foot and body. e ring foot has a step in at its base (foot profile Conspectus B 4.4). e undersurface is nippled. ere is a groove at the base of the body. e center of the floor slopes upward and has a stamp: L·TETTI/SA^MIA. OCK 2109.56. 458. Inv. 62-1432. Context IIIi Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 2.1; Diam. foot 3.4. Fragment of foot and lower body. Foot profile Conspectus B 4 (?). e nippled undersurface has a graffito: B. e floor has a central stamp: HERM in oval. OCK 924.3. 459. Inv. 79-395. Context IIIG Pl. 56 P.H. 2.2; Diam. foot 4.0. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.2. e undersurface is nippled. e center of the floor is framed by a groove and has an illegible partially preserved stamp. OCK stamp type 129. Conspectus Form 26 Carinated cylindrical cup with vertical rim

454. Inv. 66-995. Context IIID Pl. 55 P.H. 3.2; Diam. foot 4.8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.7. e center of the floor has an illegible circular stamp framed by a groove. 455. Inv. 56-617. Context IIIi Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 2.4; Diam. foot 4.4. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.3. e undersurface is nippled. e center of the floor slopes upward and has a circular stamp: Q./POMPEI/SERE in wreath. OCK 1500.5. 456. Inv. 66-870. Context IIIB Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 1.9; Diam. foot 4.3. Fragment of foot and body. Cup has a flaring ring foot (foot profile Conspectus B 4.5?). e undersurface is nippled. ere are two grooves on the floor at the base of the wall.

460. Inv. 79-27A–C. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pls. 56, 108 P.H. 6.1; Diam. lip 14.2. Nonjoining fragments of upper body to rim. Grooved on the upper part of the flaring body. e vertical rim has a rouletted projecting lower molding below a scotia, then a rouletted half-round between grooves. Grooved below the straight rim. e wall has a small scotia between grooves. 461. Inv. 79-383A. Context IIIF Pl. 56 P.H. 3.2; Diam. lip est. 11. Fragment of outer tip of body to lip. Rouletted band at the base of the rim. At the top of the rim is an offset-inward rouletted torus. e interior of the rim has a scotia between grooves. A. Inv. 79-383B. Context IIIF Pl. 56

E A R LY I TA L I A N T E R R A S I G I L L ATA

Possibly the same vase as no. 461, but has minor differences in the rouletting and the treatment of the rim. 462. Inv. 79-44. Context IIIH Pl. 56 P.H. 4.4; Diam. lip est. 10. Fragment of upper body and lip. e vertical rim has a central scotia between grooves. e base and the top of the rim have rouletted bands. A. Inv. 79-734. Context IIIH Pl. 56

373

Conspectus Form 31 Cup with restricted wall 467. Inv. 79-578. Context IIIG Pl. 56 P.H. 1.4. Small fragment of rim. Two rouletted bands between grooves on the rim, and another small rouletted band at its top. e wall has a groove at its top. Conspectus Form 32

Conspectus Forms 26 and 27 463. Inv. 95-72. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 2.0; Diam. foot 5.2. Fragment of foot and floor to base of rim. Gloss reddish orange. Grooved on the undersurface at the base of the foot. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.16. e center of the floor is framed by a groove and has a stamp in planta pedis: GELLI. OCK 878 (stamp 23?). 464. Inv. 79-449. Context IIIB Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 2.1; Diam. foot 4.0. Fragment of foot, body, and lower rim. Flaring ring foot. Foot profile Conspectus B 4.17. e undersurface has a step down to a recessed center. e floor has two grooves. e center of the floor is framed by two grooves and has a stamp: H^ERA[C]LI in rectangle. OCK 779C. A. Inv. 79-592. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 56 Conspectus Form 28 Cylindrical cup, usually with small ring foot 465. Inv. 66-537. Context IIIF (stratum 1) Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 1.6; Diam. foot 6.4. Fragment of foot, body, and lower rim. e undersurface has a groove near its center. e floor has two sets of two grooves and a central stamp: ARIE/TI^NV (with reversed N) in rectangle. OCK 244.2. 466. Inv. 66-938. Context IIIF Pls. 56, 57, 108 H. 4.3; Diam. foot 4.6; Diam. lip 7.8. Preserves profile. e floor has three grooves and a central stamp: ARC/PVB in rectangle. OCK 1557.2.

Cup with restricted wall and variously articulated rim forms 468. Inv. 80-567. Area II, West Hill, street fill, stratum 3 Pls. 56, 109 P.H. 3.2; Diam. lip 16.0. Fragment of upper body to lip. Rouletted on the upper half of the doubleconvex shape. e lip is outturned and beveled. e upper wall has a groove. 469. Inv. 79-163. Context IIIE (stratum 1) Pl. 56 P.H. 3.6; Diam. lip est. 14. Fragment of upper body to lip. Grooved at the base of a broad rouletted band on the rim. e lip is outturned and beveled. e wall has two grooves. 470. Inv. 79-529. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 56 P.H. 3.1; Diam. lip 12.0. Fragment of upper body to rim. Scotia between grooves below a rouletted band on the upper half of the double-convex shape. e rim steps out and is outturned, beveled, and rouletted at its top. e wall has a broad scotia with a groove above and two grooves below. A. Inv. 79-46. Context IIIH Pl. 56 B. Inv. 79-14. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 56 Conspectus Form 33 Hemispherical cup with narrow flange on wall 471. Inv. 79-2A–C. Context IIIA Pl. 56 P.H. 4.4; Diam. lip est. 12–14. Fragment of body to lip. e rim has a groove near its top, beneath which are five bands of rouletting.

374

C ATA L O G U E

472. Inv. 79-388. Context IIIE Pl. 56 H. 3.6; Diam. foot 4.4; Diam. lip 8.8. Preserves profile. e rim is rouletted and has a projecting molding at its base. ere are two grooves beneath the lip. Grooved at the base of the wall. e center of the floor has a groove around traces of a central rectangular stamp. A. Inv. 60-1767. Area II, West Hill, trench 70, room 41, strata 1–2 Pl. 56 e rim has a rouletted band between grooves. e center of the floor is framed by a groove and has a non-nominal stamp in planta pedis. B. Inv. 79-392. Context IIIi Pl. 109 C. Inv. 79-45A–D. Context IIIH Pl. 56 Conspectus Form 31–38 Cup Bases (Probably Form 32 or 33) 473. Inv. 56-3162. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 2.3; Diam. foot 6.8. Fragment of foot and body. Conspectus form 33.3? Foot profile Conspectus B 3.14. e undersurface has a groove. ere is a groove on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. e floor has a central stamp: HIL[A]/R[VS]. OCK 953.4. 474. Inv. 62-1731. Context IIIA Pls. 56, 57 P.H. 3.4; Diam. foot 6.8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Foot profile Conspectus B 3.15. Grooved on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. e center of the floor has an oval stamp: F.VV. 475. Inv. 66-823. Context IIIB Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 2.3; Diam. foot 4.2. Fragment of foot and body. Gloss has orange fingerprints around the foot. Foot profile Conspectus B 3.13. e floor has a groove around a central stamp: CIPI. OCK 559.2. 476. Inv. 56-3159. Context IIIH Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 1.3; Diam. foot 3.8. Fragment of foot and body. Foot profile Conspectus B 3.17. e center of the floor is framed by a groove and has an oval stamp: ZOII. OCK 2544.28.

Conspectus Form 36 Hemispherical cup 477. Inv. 79-29. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 58 P.H. 3.4; Diam. lip 13.4. Fragment of body to lip. e upper body has ten registers of rouletting. Grooved beneath the rim.

Other Italian Terra Sigillata Fragments 478. Inv. 56-3157. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 57 P.H. 2.2; Diam. foot est. 14. Fragment of foot and body of platter. Undersurface not glossed. Nippled undersurface with groove at base of foot. Center of floor slopes upward and has a central stamp: RASI^N. OCK 1623.25. 479. Inv. 61-1365. Area I, trench 53, stratum 3 (eater skene) Pl. 57 P.H. 2.5; Diam. foot 10.8. Fragment of foot and body of plate. Nippled undersurface with incised graffito; illegible. e floor has two sets of two grooves and a central stamp: SEXA^NN. OCK 183.55. 480. Inv. 55-2739. Context IIIi Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 2.0; Diam. foot 9.9. Fragment of foot and body of plate. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.7. Undersurface has a graffito in Greek: LOU inside large X. e floor has two sets of two grooves and a central stamp: T.RV^F(R?)E/RV^FIO. OCK 1735.17. 481. Inv. 56-1577. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 2.6; Diam. foot 8.9. Fragment of foot, body, and lower rim of plate. Late foot profile (Conspectus B 2.8). e floor has two sets of two grooves and a central stamp: M]ARI. OCK 1124.4. 482. Inv. 55-556. Area I, zone 14, west corner, stratum 1 (west end of North Stoa terrace) Pl. 57 P.H. 2.7; Diam. foot 9.2. Fragment of foot and body of plate. Floor has two sets of two grooves and a central stamp: M^ARI. OCK 1124.2.

E A R LY I TA L I A N T E R R A S I G I L L ATA

375

483. Inv. 61-1538. Area I, trench 60A, stratum 2 (eater cavea) Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 2.3; Diam. foot 7.6. Fragment of foot and floor of plate. Two grooves on the floor beyond the diameter of the foot. e center of the floor has a stamp in the form of a long double-framed triangle: P*COR. OCK 624.65 (new stamp type?).

491. Inv. 66-653. Context IIID Pl. 57 P.H. 1.7; Diam. foot est. 8. Fragment of foot and body of plate has nippled undersurface. e floor has a step up to the wall. ere are two grooves on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. Another groove frames a central stamp: FAVO[R in oval. OCK 813.1.

484. Inv. 57-1648. Context IIIE Pl. 57 Fragment of center of floor of cup. Nippled undersurface with incised graffito. At the recessed center of the floor is a stamp: P.COR. OCK 624.39.

492. Inv. 57-466. Area II, area west of the West Hill, surface Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 2.4; Diam. foot 7.7. Fragment of foot and body of plate. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.5. Groove on the upper foot. e center of the floor is framed by a groove and has a stamp: ]EI.A^M in oval? Kenrick reads ]LA^R and suggests OCK 1444.2?

485. Inv. 57-1650. Context IIIE (stratum 1) Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 1.5; Diam. foot 7.6. Plate has foot profile Conspectus B 2.4. ere is a groove on the floor at approximately the diameter of the foot. Another groove frames a central stamp: LTITI/IVSC. OCK 2242.6. 486. Inv. 56-3165. Context IIIi Pl. 57 Fragment of center of floor. Central stamp: L.TITI. OCK 2203. 487. Inv. 61-1295. Context IIIA Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 1.4; Diam. foot est. 8. Fragment of foot and body of plate has groove at the top of the foot. Foot profile Conspectus B 2.4? e floor has two grooves beyond the diameter of the foot; another groove frames a central stamp: HER]ACLI. OCK 920.4. 488. Inv. 80-172. Area II, West Hill, surface Pl. 57 Fragment of center of floor. e undersurface has traces of a graffito. e center of the floor has a stamp: ERACLI. OCK 920.4. 489. Inv. 79-159. Context IIIE Pl. 57 Fragment of center of floor. e center of the floor is framed by two grooves and has a stamp: RVN (reversed M?) below a garland in a rectangle. OCK 1740 (Ruma). 490. Inv. 66-2. Area II, West Hill, trench 69A-1, street fill, stratum 3 Pl. 57 Fragment of center of floor. e center of the floor has a stamp: EPIGON/C-----I. OCK 2052.1 (Epi gonus/C. Tellius).

493. Inv. 55-1185. Context IIIi Pl. 57 Fragment of center of floor. e center of the floor slopes up, is framed by two grooves, and has a stamp: ATEI in planta pedis. Kenrick reads as OCK 268.142? 494. Inv. 57-470. Area IV, near context IIH but outside the area, surface Pl. 57 P.H. 2.4; Diam. foot est. 7. Fragment of foot and body of plate to lower rim. Nippled undersurface. e floor has three grooves and a central stamp: INGE in planta pedis. OCK 980.2. 495. Inv. 80-566. Area II, West Hill, street fill, stratum 3 Pls. 57, 58 P.H. 1.5; Diam. foot 6.6. Fragment of foot and body of cup. Nippled undersurface. e center of the floor slopes up and has a central stamp: CA in planta pedis. OCK 470.1. 496. Inv. 79-394. Context IIIB (stratum 1) Pl. 58 P.H. 1.2; Diam. foot 6.7. Fragment of foot and body of cup. Flaring ring foot; nippled undersurface. e center of the floor has a groove framing and partially overlying a non-nominal stamp in planta pedis. 497. Inv. 80-570. Area II, West Hill, street fill, stratum 3 Pl. 57 Fragment of center of floor. Center of floor has a stamp: ]NIE in oval or in planta pedis.

376

C ATA L O G U E

Regional Terra Sigillatas: Campanian Orange and Sicilian (?) Campanian Orange Fabric Platters and Plates

below a deep scotia. e lip projects and is beveled. e wall has a groove beneath the lip and a halfround at its base.

498. Inv. 80-559. Area I, zone 16 NW, section 3, stratum 2 (North Stoa, terrace at east end) Pl. 58 H. 4.4; Diam. foot 13.4; Diam. lip 33.3. Preserves profile. Gloss very fugitive. Platter similar to Berenice III.1 forms 402–405 has a low straight ring foot and a horizontal body that turns up vertically to an outturned beveled lip. e wall has a scotia and a step down to the floor.

503. Inv. 79-340+79-680. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pls. 58, 109 P.H. 3.3; Diam. lip est. 30. Nonjoining fragments of outer body to lip. Berenice III.1 form 407 platter has a horizontal body and a concave vertical rim with a projecting molding at its base. e lip is outward thickened. e wall has a scotia between grooves. A. Inv. 79-327. Context IIIi (stratum 1) Pl. 58

499. Inv. 79-591. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 58 P.H. 2.5; Diam. lip est. 24. Fragment of rim and lip. Plate similar to Berenice III.1 forms 404 and 405 has a vertical, slightly flaring rim. ere is a step out to a groove beneath the pendant lip. e wall has a half-round over a step out.

504. Inv. 79-314. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pls. 58, 109 P.H. 2.5; Diam. lip est. 36. Fragment of outer body to lip. Berenice III.1 form 408 platter had a horizontal body that turned up vertically at its outer edge. e outer edge of the body has a beveled projecting molding its base. e lip is outturned and beveled. e wall has a groove over a half-round, with a step out. A. Inv. 79-724. Context IIIH Pl. 58

500. Inv. 79-593. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 58 P.H. 2.2; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of outer body to lip. Plate similar to Berenice III.1 forms 404 and 405 had an outer body that flared obliquely up to an outturned rim that is offset outward. e lip is beveled and grooved on its outer face. e wall has a groove and a step out. 501. Inv. 79-16. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 58 P.H. 2.0; Diam. lip est. 8–10. Preserves outer body to lip. Saucer similar to Berenice III.1 form 402 has a horizontal body that turns up vertically with a convex profile to an outturned beveled lip. e lip is rouletted over a groove on its outer face. e wall has a recessed half-round with a groove at its base, and a step down to its floor. 502. Inv. 79-137. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 58 P.H. 2.7; Diam. lip 20.6. Fragment of outer body to lip. Berenice III.1 form 407 plate has a horizontal body that turns up vertically at its outer edge. e outer body has a projecting molding at its base

505. Inv. 79-283. Context IIIH Pls. 58, 109 P.H. 2.8; Diam. lip 27.9. Fragment of outer body to lip. Berenice III.1 form 408 plate had a vertical and flaring outer body and an outturned beveled lip. e wall has a half-round between grooves. ere is a step down from the wall to the floor. A. Inv. 79-506. Context IIIG Pl. 58 506. Inv. 79-319. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pls. 58, 109 P.H. 3.1; Diam. lip est. 20. Preserves outer body to lip. Plate similar to Berenice III.1 form 408 has a projecting beveled molding at the base of a vertical outer body with a concave flare. e rim steps out from the outer body. e wall has a scotia. 507. Inv. 66-998. Context IIIB (stratum 1) Pl. 58 P.H. 2.3; Diam. lip 21.2. Fragment of outer body to lip. Gloss is orange. Plate similar to Berenice III.1

R E G I O N A L T E R R A S I G I L L ATA S

form 408 has a horizontal body that turns up vertically to a large outturned and downturned beveled lip. e lip is grooved on top. e wall has a scotia and a step down to the body. 508. Inv. 79-184. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 58 H. 3.2; Diam. foot 7.6; Diam. lip 15.6. Fragment of outer body to lip. Berenice III.1 form 410 plate has a horizontal body that turns up vertically with a concave flare to a projecting lip. e wall is convex. A. Inv. 79-157. Context IIIi Pl. 58 509. Inv. 61-1536. Area I, trench 53A, stratum 3 (eater cavea) Pl. 58 P.H. 2.3; Diam. foot 7.8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Very worn plate base has a beveled ring foot and a horizontal body. e center of the floor has an illegible rectangular stamp. Cups

377

lip is outward thickened. e convex wall has a groove at its base. e floor has no stamp. A. Inv. 79-133. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 59 B. Inv. 79-599. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 59 513. Inv. 79-390. Context IIIB (surface) Pls. 59, 109 H. 4.5; Diam. foot 4.5; Diam. lip 7.8. Complete except for chips. e gloss is almost totally fugitive. Berenice III.1 form 427 cup has a beveled ring foot and a conical body that has a vertical upper end with a projecting molding at its base below a scotia. Above the scotia, the upper body has a cyma recta that steps out from the scotia. e lip is beveled and set off from the rim by a groove. e wall has a scotia above a half-round. e center of the floor is nippled and has no stamp.

510. Inv. 60-662. Area I, trench 44D, stratum 1 (West Stoa) Pls. 58, 59 P.H. 2.4; Diam. foot 6.3. Fragment of foot and body. Gloss matt reddish orange. Berenice III.1 form 425.2 (?) cup has a beveled ring foot and a horizontal body that is grooved at the base near the foot. e undersurface has a groove. e center of the floor is framed by a groove and has a stamp: DEME/TRIO/PVLLI in rectangle. OCK 2154.

514. Inv. 66-996A–C. Context IIIB (stratum 1) Pl. 59 H. est. 5.2; Diam. foot 4.2; Diam. lip 8.7. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Gloss fugitive orange. Berenice III.1 form 427 cup has a low ring foot, a conical body, and a stubby vertical and concave rim. ere are traces of rouletting at the juncture of the body and the lip. e floor has traces of a central circular stamp. A. Inv. 79-280. Context IIIH Pl. 59 Grooved on the top of the lip.

511. Inv. 79-311. Context IIIH Pl. 59 P.H. 4.1; Diam. lip 13.4. Fragment of outer body and lip. Cup had a conical body with an outturned beveled lip with a vertical flange at its outer edge. Grooved on the wall. See Berenice III.1 forms 425 and 426.

515. Inv. 79-130. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 59 P.H. 3.1; Diam. foot 4.0. Fragment of foot and body to base of rim. Cup (Berenice III.1, form 427) has a beveled ring foot. e body is conical; the rim was vertical.

512. Inv. 79-349. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pls. 59, 109 H. 4.9; Diam. foot 4.9; Diam. lip 8.6. Preserves profile. Berenice III.1 form 427 cup has a beveled ring foot with a groove on its interior. e undersurface is nippled and framed by two grooves. e body is conical, with a vertical upper end that has a projecting molding at its base below a scotia. e

Hard Orange Fabric (Sicilian Terra Sigillata?) Plates 516. Inv. 62-1718. Area I, trench 77D, stratum 2 (Southwest Temenos) Pls. 58, 59, 109 H. 3.3; Diam. foot 7.5; Diam. lip 15.7. Preserves

378

C ATA L O G U E

profile. Clay fine hard pale orange-brown (2.5YR 6/8). Gloss orange and flaking. Conspectus form 20.4.1? Step up on body near foot. e rim has a projecting molding at its base and a slightly outward-thickened lip; it preserves no applied decoration. e center of the floor is framed by two grooves and has the circular stamp CN.DOMITI, inside of which are traces of a design based on a gem impression (Nike right with a palm branch?). OCK 718. 517. Inv. 79-167. Context IIIB Pl. 59 P.H. 1.4; Diam. foot est. 10. Fragments of foot and floor. Clay hard fine pale orange (5YR 6/6). Orange

smears on undersurface. e floor of the plate has a broad beveled ring foot. ere is no stamp. e undersurface has a graffito: M SAR[. Cup 518. Inv. 56-3104. Context IIIH Pls. 58, 59 P.H. 1.8. Diam. foot 3.2. Fragment of foot and floor. Clay hard fine orange (2.5YR 6/8). Gloss orangered. Cup base (Conspectus 31 or 32?) has a beveled ring foot, grooved on its outer surface, and a hemispherical body. e center of the floor has a circular stamp: DOMEITILLES (?) around wreath (?).

Medallion Wares Note on fabric types: All examples listed under a main entry are the same fabric, and their medallions are presumed to have been made from the same stamp (mold) or from a stamp (mold) of the same generation. The vases in fabrics I–III are listed on pp. 76, 78, and 80 above. Medallion Type 1: Sarapis and Isis to the Waist Frontal busts of Isis left and Sarapis right, shown to just above the waist. Both have cow’s horns and an open-centered disk on their heads. Sarapis’s head is radiate, and he also has a stylized lotus (?) rising above the disk. He has long hair, with an anastole above his forehead and locks ending in hook curls, bushy eyebrows, and a beard. His chest is bare, but he has a fold of drapery over his left shoulder, with snakes waving above it. Isis is behind Sarapis, has long hair pulled back over her ears, and wears earrings, necklace, chiton, himation, and veil. 519. Inv. 55-1558. Area I, trench 20A, stratum 6 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 111 Diam. medallion est. 4.5. Fragment of tondo. Clay fine pale gray (5YR 7/2). Gloss dilute pale red on interior. e medallion is framed by grayish-black circles. 520. Inv. 59-1063. Context IIH Pl. 111 P.H. 2.9; Diam. base 4.5; Diam. medallion 4.8; H.

face 1.3. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Gloss lustrous red inside. e medallion is framed by an overpainted white circle and a groove.

Medallion Type 2: Sarapis and Isis to the Chest Frontal busts of Isis left and Sarapis right, shown to the base of the chest. Sarapis’s head is radiate, he has long hair, and wears a half moon/horns and disk on his head. Two stylized lotuses (?) rise from the half moon/horns, and he has an anastole over his forehead. His eyebrows and beard are bushy, and his chest is bare, but there is a fold of drapery over his left shoulder, with snakes waving above it. Isis is not well preserved on the medallions of this type at Morgantina but is behind Sarapis, wears a chiton and necklace, and turns her head toward him. Based on a medallion from Syracuse now in the Louvre (see p. 248, n. 91 above), she probably had her hair gathered below the ears, with two long locks falling onto her shoulders.

M E D A L L I O N WA R E S

521. Inv. 57-548. Area I, trench 36E (fill around south analemma of eater) Pl. 111 P.H. 1.2; Diam. base est. 5; H. face 1.8. Fragment of tondo and lower body. Fabric III. Gloss matt red with darker mottling on interior, lustrous black on exterior. e medallion is framed by two grooves. Exceptionally fine work. Medallion Type 2A Frontal busts of Isis left and Sarapis right, shown to the upper chest; Sarapis’s head is radiate, he has an anastole at the front of his long curly hair, bushy eyebrows, and a beard. Isis has long hair that is drawn back over her ears and ends in corkscrew curls; she wears earrings, necklace, chiton, and himation with a knot at her bosom. Both have half moon/horns and disks on their heads. Sarapis also has two stylized lotuses rising from the disk. He has a fold of drapery over his left shoulder, perhaps with snakes waving above it. 522. Inv. 58-1034. Context IIH Pl. 111 P.H. 2.1; Diam. base 4.5; Diam. medallion 4.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III (with calcium inclusions). Partially glossed metallic gray with matt red patches. e medallion is framed by five overpainted white and red circles inside a groove. e impression is smeared. A. Inv. 56-2685. Area I, trench 39, stratum 3 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 111 Lustrous to metallic black gloss. e wall has an incised and overpainted red garland. e medallion is framed by overpainted red and white circles. Medallion Type 2B Frontal busts of Isis left and Sarapis right, shown to the base of the chest. Sarapis’s head is radiate, and he wears a horizontal crescent (half moon/horns) surmounted by a disk. His long curly hair has an anastole. Two stylized lotuses (?) rise from the half moon/horns. His eyebrows and beard are bushy, and his chest is bare, but he has a fold of drapery over his left shoulder, with snakes waving above it. Isis is behind Sarapis, has long hair pulled back over her ears, and wears earrings, necklace, chiton, and hi-

379

mation. On top of her head is the half moon/horns with a disk above it; behind the disk are two plumes. Her hair is drawn back over her ears and falls down onto her shoulders in corkscrew ringlets. 523. Inv. 59-2133. Area I, trench 60 extension, zone D, stratum 1 (eater, fill in cavea) Pl. 111 P.H. 1.2; Diam. base 4.9; Diam. medallion 4.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. No gloss? e image has been much reworked and is much smaller than the tondo. Isis has two hornlike protrusions rising from her hair to the sides of the half moon/horns. She now looks toward Sarapis. e medallion is framed by overpainted circles and three grooves. Medallion Type 2C As in medallion type 2A, a frontal Sarapis is at the right with snakes on his left (draped) shoulder. His head is radiate, and he wears a half moon/horns (but no disk) on his head; a stylized lotus (?) rises from the half moon/horns. He has long hair, with an anastole over his forehead. Isis is behind him to the left, wearing a necklace and a chiton. She looks frontally and slightly toward him. Her hair is drawn back over her ears and falls onto her shoulders in corkscrew ringlets. On top of her head is the half moon/horns with a disk above. 524. Inv. 56-3025A–B. Context IIIH Pl. 111 P.H. 6.2; Diam. lip est. 16; Diam. base est. 5; Diam. medallion est. 4.8. Nonjoining fragments of (A) base and lower body, and (B) base to lip. Fabric I or fabric III? Clay fine hard red to reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4). Gloss lustrous red on the interior, red to metallic grayish black on the exterior. Wall of inv. 56-3025B preserves incised and overpainted vine. Undersurface has red smears. e medallion is framed by three grooves. 525. Inv. 80-102. Context IIH Pl. 111 P.H. 1.7; Diam. base est. 5.0. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I? Clay fine hard grayish brown (5YR 5/2). Gloss brownish black. e medallion is framed by multiple grooves.

380

C ATA L O G U E

526. Inv. 61-659. Area I, trench 15I, strata 1–2 (fill over East Stoa) Pl. 112 P.H. 1.3; Diam. base est. 5.0. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss lustrous black. e medallion is framed by two grooves. 527. Inv. 63-388. Context IIE Pl. 112 P.H. 1.4; Diam. base est. 5.0. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss lustrous red. e medallion is framed by at least four grooves. Locks of hair rest on Sarapis’s shoulder. Reworked from no. 526? 528. Inv. 59-2065. Context IIC Pls. 110, 112 H. 6.4; Diam. base 5.3; Diam. lip 16.6; Diam. medallion 5.0. Complete except for chips, worn. Fabric II. Partially glossed matt orange with brown patches. e body has a groove. e medallion is recessed and framed by a groove. A. Inv. 88-11. Area II, Stenopos West 1, street above the West Stoa, surface Pl. 112 Gloss reddish orange. 529. Inv. 58-974. Context IIH Pl. 112 H. 6.6; Diam. base 4.9; Diam. lip 15.8; Diam. medallion 4.8. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Matt slightly metallic grayish-black gloss all over except undersurface, where smears. e interior of the lip has a groove, beneath which are overpainted red and white lines. e wall has an incised and overpainted garland with overpainted red flowers. e medallion is framed by a groove and overpainted white and red circles. e stamp is very worn. A. Inv. 56-2938. Deposit IH Pls. 112, 140 Diam. medallion 4.5. Fabric I. Gloss black. Waster: cracked and warped. An overpainted garland frames the tondo. B. Inv. 57-2731. Area I, trench 39A, platform (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 112 Fabric I?: clay soft pale grayish brown (7.5YR 7/2). Matt grayish-black gloss. e medallion is framed by a groove and red and white overpainted circles. Medallion Type 2D As medallion type 2C, but Sarapis turns to look toward Isis. His head is radiate, and he wears a half

moon/horns (but no disk); a stylized lotus (?) rises above the half moon/horns. He has long hair, with an anastole over his forehead. Isis is behind Sarapis to the left. She looks frontally and toward him, and wears a necklace and a chiton. Her hair is drawn back over her ears and falls down onto her shoulders in corkscrew ringlets. On top of her head is the half moon/horns with a disk above and plumes to either side. 530. Inv. 59-1062. Context IIH Pls. 59, 110, 112 H. 6.6; Diam. base 5.1; Diam. lip 15.7; Diam. medallion 5.0. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Lustrous black gloss all over except undersurface, where smears. Fabric has calcium inclusions. Some reddish-brown fingerprints on body. e wall has overpainted red and white bands framing an overpainted white garland. e medallion is framed by overpainted red and white circles and three grooves. e impression is smeared. Perhaps reworked from a stamp of the generation of no. 526?

Medallion Type 3: Bust of Dionysos Frontal bust of beardless Dionysos wearing a leafy crown with grape clusters at his ears. He has a taenia across his forehead, with the ends fluttering above his shoulders. In his hair above his forehead are circular grape clusters; his curling locks rest on both shoulders. His nebris is fastened at his right shoulder. 531. Inv. 60-1354. Context IE.2 Pl. 112 P.H. 3.6; Diam. base 5.4; Diam. medallion 5.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Partially glossed slightly metallic orangish red. e medallion is framed by white and red overpainted circles and two grooves. e nebris is speckled. A. Inv. 60-981. Context IE.2 Pl. 112 532. Inv. 80-59. Context IIH Pl. 112 P.H. 1.8; Diam. base est. 4.8; Diam. medallion est. 4.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss orange on tondo, mottled red to black on walls. ere are smears on the lower body. e medallion is framed by three grooves. Dionysos

M E D A L L I O N WA R E S

381

looks slightly left and wears a leafy crown that extends to his shoulders. He does not wear a nebris, but a vine grows down over his left breast.

A. Inv. 80-167. Deposit IL Pl. 113 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous reddish brown on interior. e medallion is framed by three grooves.

533. Inv. 55-117+55-164. Area I, trench 2A, stratum 1 (fill over central steps) (inv. 55-117); and Area I, trench 2, extension south, stratum 2 (fill over central steps) (inv. 55-164) Pls. 59, 113 H. 6.7; Diam. base 5.4; Diam. lip est. 17.9; Diam. medallion 5.5. Preserves profile, but worn. Fabric II. Gloss matt black with red mottling on the interior. e wall has an incised vine with overpainted red leaves.

538. Inv. 58-1079. Context IIH Pl. 113 P.H. 3.8; Diam. base 4.5; Diam. medallion 3.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Clay fine hard dark orange (2.5YR 5/8) with a gray core. Gloss matt orange on interior. Exterior has smears. e medallion is framed by multiple grooves. e stamp was very worn.

534. Inv. 80-153. Area I, trench 44F, stratum 2 (area of West Stoa) Pl. 113 P.H. 1.6; Diam. foot est. 5; Diam. medallion est. 5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Gloss lustrous red on interior. Smear of gloss on exterior of lower body. Dionysos has leaves rather than grape clusters over his forehead? A. Inv. 62-1303. Area I, trench 77D, stratum 2 (Southwest Temenos) Pl. 113 Gloss lustrous black. 535. Inv. 59-550. Context IIH Pl. 113 P.H. 3.3; Diam. base 5.4; Diam. medallion 3.7. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed matt black with red patches. e medallion is framed by three grooves and plastic beading. e nebris has checkerboard speckles. A. Inv. 58-748. Context IIH Pl. 113 Gloss brownish black. 536. Inv. 59-1182. Context IIC Pl. 113 P.H. 1.9; Diam. base 5.5; Diam. medallion 5.3. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Flaking orange gloss. e medallion is framed by three grooves. 537. Inv. 57-1896. Deposit IID Pl. 113 P.H. 2.4; Diam. base 5.8; Diam. medallion 4.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed lustrous red. Smears and drips on lower body. e medallion is framed by two sets of overpainted white and red lines, and three grooves. e nebris has crinkly folds. e impression is smeared.

539. Inv. 57-2015. Context IIIH Pl. 113 P.H. 1.7; Diam. base 5.5; Diam. medallion 4.4. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Flaking matt grayish gloss on interior. e medallion is framed by two grooves. Reworked stamp: the nebris has been replaced with horizontal arcs of drapery.

Medallion Type 4: Winged Dionysos Winged Dionysos/Eros amalgam similar to medallion type 3 wears a leafy crown with grape clusters. He has a taenia across his forehead, with its ends extending down onto his chest, and looks slightly right. He appears to be nude, and wings grow out of his shoulders. 540. Inv. 55-166. Area I, trench 4A, stratum 3 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 113 P.H. 1.9; Diam. base est. 6. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I? Clay soft fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Gloss dull metallic gray all over. e medallion is framed by broad and narrow red circles. At the base of the wings are two additional leaves. 541. Inv. 59-1289. Context IIH Pl. 113 P.H. 3.4; Diam. base 5.0; Diam. medallion 5.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed brownish red, dilute on exterior. e wall has an overpainted white line. e medallion is framed by two grooves. e image is smeared on the forehead. A. Inv. 59-1290. Context IIH Pl. 113 Gloss lustrous dark red.

382

C ATA L O G U E

Medallion Type 5: Drunken Dionysos and Silenos Drunken Dionysos with drapery slipping off his right arm moves left and looks back to the right. His left hip is supported by a stooping Silenos wearing a hairy loincloth. Dionysos’s left arm rests on the Silenos’s shoulder, while he leans on a staff with his right arm. 542. Inv. 58-1243. Context IIH Pl. 114 P.H. 2.0; Diam. base est. 4.5; Diam. medallion est. 4.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Black gloss inside and outside to the base, which has red and gray mottling. Gloss on medallion is metallic grayish black. e wall has red and white overpainted circles. 543. Inv. 57-2598. Context IIH Pl. 114 P.H. 2.8; Diam. base 4.8; Diam. medallion est. 4.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Lustrous metallic black gloss inside and outside, including base. Reworked version of no. 542? e wall has overpainted circles.

Medallion Type 6: Triumphant Dionysos Dionysos stands frontally and looks right. He wears a leafy crown on his head, holds an upright lance or thyrsus in his right hand, and has his left hand at his side. He has drapery around his hips, rising over his left shoulder, and falling down his left arm. 544. Inv. 57-2595. Context IIH Pl. 114 P.H. 2.3; Diam. base 4.9; Diam. medallion 5.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed mottled brown-red to black. e wall has an incised garland and overpainted circle. e medallion is framed by broad and narrow grooves. Preserves the figure above the hips. e face is smeared. A. Inv. 55-181. Area I, trench 4A, stratum 4 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 114 Fabric I. Gloss dark red. Preserves the torso and left arm of the figure.

Medallion Type 7: Eros Riding a Lion Eros rides a lion right on a ground line. He has long hair falling to his shoulders and is nude except for the drapery that billows behind him. He holds the reins in his left hand and rides sidesaddle, with his left leg drawn up behind his right leg. e lion raises its left foreleg, and its tail arches out and down to rest between its hind legs. 545. Inv. 57-1476. Deposit IID Pl. 114 P.H. 2.6; Diam. base 4.7; Diam. medallion 6.4. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed lustrous brownish red. Smear on exterior by base. e medallion is framed by three grooves. e lion has a distinct mane. A. Inv. 55-165. Area I, trench 4A, stratum 3 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 114 Gloss orange. B. Inv. 55-706. Area I, trench 4, stratum 2 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 114 Gloss fugitive orange. C. Inv. 57-334. Area I, trench 36E, stratum 2 (eater parodos) Pl. 114 Gloss lustrous red. 546. Inv. 83-164. Deposit IIB Pl. 114 P.H. 3.6; Diam. base 5.2; Diam. medallion 5.9. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss flaking orange on interior. e medallion is framed by a groove. Very worn: the image is virtually illegible except for the lion’s legs. 547. Inv. 55-2712. Area I, trench 3E, stratum 5 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 114 P.H. 1.8; Diam. base 5.3; Diam. medallion 5.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed matt grayish brown. Smear on exterior by base. e medallion is framed by an overpainted red circle and a groove. e stamp is indistinct and is a reworked version of no. 545. A. Inv. 56-2876. Context IIIH Pl. 114 Gloss lustrous brownish red. e image is virtually illegible. B. Inv. 58-928. Context IIH Pl. 114 Fabric I? Clay fine hard gray. Gloss dark brown red.

M E D A L L I O N WA R E S

548. Inv. 58-1316. Area II, trench 5, stratum 1 (walls north of House of the Official) Pl. 115 P.H. 1.2; Diam. base 4.7; Diam. medallion 4.9. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss mottled red to black inside. e medallion is framed by three grooves. Eros appears to have female breasts. e poor impression comes from a worn stamp. A. Inv. 56-2700. Context IIIH Pl. 115 e tondo is framed by a groove. 549. Inv. 61-1447. Context IIC Pl. 115 P.H. 1.3; Diam. base 5.2; Diam. medallion 4.7. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous orangish red. A. Inv. 58-2053. Area I, trench 51 west (street between eater and Central Sanctuary), stratum 3 Pl. 115 Matt black gloss. B. Inv. 56-517. Area I, trench 27, stratum 2 Pls. 110, 115 Mottled black to red gloss. Wall has overpainted and incised florals. 550. Inv. 57-2455. Context IIH Pl. 115 Diam. base 4.0; Diam. medallion 3.5. Fragment of base. Fabric III. Partially glossed lustrous brownish black; has smears on undersurface. e medallion is framed by a groove. e impression is indistinct. A. Inv. 61-727. Area I, trench 15I, strata 1–2 (fill over East Stoa) Pl. 115 Gloss brownish black.

Medallion Type 8: Eros Riding a Pantheress Eros rides a pantheress sidesaddle right on a groundline. e pantheress has a looped tail held out horizontally behind her. 551. Inv. 58-1206. Area II, trench 5, stratum 2 (walls north of the House of the Official) Pl. 115 P.H. 1.4; Diam. base 4.4; Diam. medallion 5.0. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Partially glossed orange-red. e medallion is framed by three grooves.

383

552. Inv. 58-981. Context IIH Pl. 115 P.H. 2.7; Diam. base 5.4; Diam. medallion 4.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed lustrous orange. e medallion is framed by two grooves. e impression is smeared. A. Inv. 60-979. Context IE.2 Pl. 115 Gloss lustrous orange-red. B. Inv. 57-2602. Context IIH Pl. 115 Partially glossed fugitive lustrous orange. e medallion is framed by groups of alternating broad and narrow grooves. e impression is indistinct. C. Inv. 79-652. Context IIIH Gloss lustrous orange red. D. Inv. 58-476. Context IIH Pl. 115 Gloss orange. e image is very faint. E. Inv. 80-58. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 115 Gloss metallic black. e tondo is framed by a groove. 553. Inv. 61-1033. Area I, trench 15I, stratum 1 (fill over East Stoa) Pl. 116 Diam. base est. 4.5; Diam. medallion est. 4.6. Fragment of base. Fabric I? Clay fine hard pale pinkish gray (5YR 7/2). Partially glossed red. e medallion is framed by two grooves. Two pieces of drapery billow behind Eros. e head of the pantheress is oddly shaped. A. Inv. 59-1291. Context IIH Pl. 116 Fabric I. Gloss lustrous orange-red. e tondo is framed by three grooves and an overpainted white stripe. 554. Inv. 63-1028. Area I, trench 3M, stratum 2 (Central Sanctuary) Pl. 116 H. 5.8; Diam. base 4.9; Diam. medallion 4.4. Preserves profile. Fabric II. Partially glossed red on tondo, brown on interior, mottled brown to black on rim and upper body. Drips on the lower body; fingerprints on the undersurface. e drapery is reworked and elaborated (from a stamp similar to no. 551?). e wall has an incised and overpainted red garland. e medallion is framed by an overpainted white circle and three grooves. A. Inv. 56-1725. Area I, trench 28, stratum 2 (fill in front of Public Office) Pl. 116 Gloss flaking orange.

384

C ATA L O G U E

555. Inv. 59-1065. Context IIH Pl. 116 P.H. 1.5; Diam. base est. 5.0; Diam. medallion est. 5.0. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Gloss brownish red. Drapery reworked (from stamp similar to no. 551?). A. Inv. 59-1644. Context IIH Pl. 116 Gloss lustrous black. e medallion is framed by white and red overpainted circles.

Medallion Type 9: Eros with a Bow to Mid-igh Nude Eros stands frontally, turning slightly to the right and holding a bow in his left hand. He extracts an arrow from the quiver on his right shoulder with his right hand and looks down at his bow. His long hair is pulled back over his ears and he has an anastole over his forehead. His body is depicted to just above the knees, and his wings fall vertically to the level of his thighs. 556. Inv. 56-3094+56-3048. Area I, trench 3G, stratum 3 (fill in Central Sanctuary) (inv. 563094); and context IIIH (inv. 56-3048) Pl. 116 P.H. 2.9; Diam. base 4.9; Diam. medallion 5.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Gloss metallic brownish black. ere is a fingerprint at the base of the body. e medallion is framed by white and red overpainted circles and a groove. Eros wears a bracelet on his right wrist. A. Inv. 59-1064. Context IIH Pl. 116 Gloss metallic black. B. Inv. 59-1292. Context IIH Pl. 116 Gloss matt red inside. Wall has an overpainted white stripe and traces of incision. 557. Inv. 55-2300. Area I, trench 2C, stratum 3 (fill over central steps) Pl. 116 P.H. 1.8; Diam. base 4.7; Diam. medallion 4.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss orange. A. Inv. 61-2. Area I, surface Pl. 116 Gloss brownish red. 558. Inv. 60-1295. Context IE.2 Pl. 116 P.H. 1.8; Diam. base 4.8; Diam. medallion 4.6.

Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Partially glossed orange-red. ere is a smear of gloss on the lower body and a fingerprint on the undersurface. e medallion is framed by an overpainted white circle and two narrow grooves framing a central broad groove. From a worn stamp. A. Inv. 59-971. Context IIH Pl. 117 Gloss lustrous black inside. B. Inv. 58-61. Context IIH Pl. 117 Gloss dark brownish red. C. Inv. 56-3020. Area I, trench 44A, stratum 1 (fill over West Stoa) Pl. 117 Gloss brown.

Medallion Type 10: Eros with a Bow to the Waist Nude Eros, as medallion type 9, but depicted only to the waist. He has a quiver strap across his chest, and his wings are horizontal and have spiraling tips. e figure is larger than the Eros of medallion type 9. 559. Inv. 58-225. Context IIH Pls. 59, 110, 117 H. 5.2; Diam. base 4.7; Diam. lip 14.4; Diam. medallion 4.8. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Orangered gloss all over except undersurface, where there are smears. e medallion is framed by broad and narrow grooves. A. Inv. 58-1410. Area II, trench 5, stratum 3 (walls north of the House of the Official) Pl. 117 Gloss mottled black to red. e medallion is blurred by a dragged stamp and framed by a groove. e wall has an overpainted white circle. B. Inv. 57-1897. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 117 Possibly fabric III. Gloss metallic grayish black. Very thin-walled. C. Inv. 56-2725. Context IIIH Pl. 117 Gloss mottled black to red. D. Inv. 59-1067. Context IIH Pl. 117 Gloss reddish brown. 560. Inv. 59-1252. Context IIH Pl. 117 P.H. 2.1; Diam. base 4.0; Diam. medallion 4.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Gloss

M E D A L L I O N WA R E S

metallic black with red patches near base. Medallion blurred by dragged stamp. A. Inv. 59-1066. Context IIH Pl. 117 Gloss metallic black. 561. Inv. 56-504. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 117 P.H. 1.8; Diam. base 4.1; Diam. medallion 4.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Exterior gloss red, interior gloss red with yellowish-brown mottling. A. Inv. 56-615. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 117 Gloss lustrous to matt grayish black. e stamp was worn.

Medallion Type 11: Aphrodite at Her Toilet Aphrodite stands frontally, nude to the waist and leaning on a post with her left arm. She has drapery around her hips, lower body, and wrapped around her right arm. She looks over a herm to the right and rests her right hand on the head of an Eros who arranges the drapery over her right knee. To either side, a floating Eros tends to her coiffure. She may wear a diadem. 562. Inv. 59-612. Context IIH Pl. 118 Diam. base 4.6; Diam. medallion 4.2. Fragment of base. Fabric II. Matt reddish-brown gloss all over. e medallion is framed by a raised molding, then a broad, shallow groove.

Medallion Type 12: Bust of Athena Frontal bust of Athena with wavy hair looks to the right. She wears a winged helmet and an aegis with the gorgoneion centered at its top. 563. Inv. 61-772. Area I, trench 15I, stratum 2 (East Stoa) Pl. 118 Diam. medallion 4.3. Fragment of base. Fabric II. Traces of fugitive orange gloss. e medallion was made separately and attached.

385

Medallion Type 13: Herakles Bust of a bearded Herakles moving left and looking back to the right. He holds a club over his right shoulder with his right hand and has his left arm down at his side. He wears a lion skin on his right breast, with a paw looped around his neck and diagonally across his breast, and has an armband on his left bicep. 564. Inv. 59-1718. Context IIH Pl. 118 P.H. 1.0; Diam. medallion est. 5. Fragment of base. Fabric I. Lustrous red gloss all over except undersurface, where there are diluted smears. e medallion is framed by a groove. A. Inv. 59-413. Context IIH Pl. 118 Gloss lustrous to metallic black. e medallion is framed by two narrow grooves framing a broad central groove. B. Inv. 59-1643. Context IIH Pl. 118 Clay fairly soft fine grayish brown (5YR 6/2). Gloss lustrous black.

Medallion Type 14: Nike in a Biga Nike drives a biga right on a ground line. She wears a high-girded chiton and leans forward, holding the reins in her left hand and whipping the rearing horses with a branch held in her upraised right hand. Both of her wings are behind her. 565. Inv. 59-293. Context IIH Pl. 118 P.H. 2.9; Diam. base 4.5; Diam. medallion 4.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Grayishblack gloss with olive discolorations all over except undersurface, where smears. e medallion is framed by overpainted red and white circles. A. Inv. 56-514. Deposit IG (stratum 1) Pl. 118 Gloss black. 566. Inv. 56-1773. Area I, trench 28, stratum 2 (fill in front of Public Office) Pl. 118 P.H. 3.2; Diam. base 4.8; Diam. medallion 4.7. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss flaking orange. A. Inv. 80-73. Context IIH Clay fine hard orange (5YR 6/6). Gloss orange.

386

C ATA L O G U E

Medallion Type 15: Nike in a Biga with Monogram Nike drives a biga right on a ground line. She wears a high-girded chiton and leans forward, holding the reins in one hand and whipping the horses with a branch held in the other hand. Her right wing is behind her; the left extends out over the horses. e horses do not rear. 567. Inv. 56-788. Area I, trench 28, stratum 1 (fill in front of Public Office) Pl. 118 P.H. 1.7; Diam. base 5.4; Diam. medallion 5.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss matt brown to grayish black to base of foot. Nike holds the reins in her left hand and whips the horses with a branch in her raised right hand. e medallion is framed by two overpainted white circles. Beneath the horses is a monogram. A. Inv. 55-2298. Area I, trench 2A, stratum 2 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 118 Gloss matt black. 568. Inv. 56-1727. Area I, trench 28, stratum 2 (fill in front of Public Office) Pl. 118 P.H. 2.4; Diam. base 4.9; Diam. medallion 5.7. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss fugitive orange on tondo, mottled black to orange on wall. Mottled black to red gloss on exterior of lower body, with orange fingerprints. e medallion is framed by two overpainted white circles and a groove. e stamp has a relief bead-and-reel border. e stamp was reworked from no. 567. Nike now holds the reins in her right hand and whips the horses with the branch in her raised left hand. Beneath the horses is the same monogram as on no. 567. Impression is indistinct.

Fragment of base. Fabric II. Gloss grayish black all over except on undersurface. e medallion is framed by a groove.

Medallion Type 17: Nereid on a Hippocamp Binding Her Brow Nereid rides a hippocamp right, binding a taenia to her brow with both hands. 570. Inv. 57-1306. Context IIH Pl. 119 Diam. base 4.2; Diam. medallion 4.8. Fragment of base. Fabric I? Clay fine hard grayish brown (5YR 7/2). Very dilute matt red to gray gloss all over. e impression is blurred, probably by a dragged stamp.

Medallion Type 18: Nereid on a Hippocamp Binding Her Brow and Carrying a Shield Nereid rides a hippocamp sidesaddle to the right. She looks right, binds a taenia to her brow with her left hand, and holds a shield in her right hand. She wears a high-girded chiton and himation. e hippocamp’s tail is looped, and it lifts both forelegs. 571. Inv. 59-1300. Area II, trench 7, stratum 2 (fill to north of House of the Official) Pl. 119 P.H. 4.0; Diam. base 6.3; Diam. medallion 4.8. Fragment of foot to rim. Clay soft fine sandy gray (5YR 6/2). Partially glossed lustrous grayish black. Fingerprints on foot. Low dish in Campana C technique (Morel espèce 2350?) has a beveled ring foot. e body flares up horizontally, then turns up vertically. e upper body has two grooves. e wall has series of fine grooves at its base. e medallion is framed by three grooves. e Nereid’s face is blurred by a dragged stamp.

Medallion Type 16: Nereid on a Hippocamp with a Cuirass Medallion Type 19: Amazonomachy Nereid rides a hippocamp right and holds a muscle cuirass behind her with both hands. 569. Inv. 59-1068. Context IIH Pl. 119 P.H. 1.4; Diam. base 5.0; Diam. medallion 5.0.

Amazon wearing a high-girded chiton rides right. She raises a sword over her head with her right hand and looks back to the left at a helmeted and cuirassed warrior moving right who spears her from behind.

M E D A L L I O N WA R E S

572. Inv. 56-618. Context IIIH Pl. 119 P.H. 1.3; Diam. base 5.0; Diam. medallion 5.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Red gloss on interior, black gloss on exterior. e medallion is framed by a groove. 573. Inv. 55-2288. Area I, trench 2, stratum 1 (fill over central steps) Pl. 119 P.H. 2.1; Diam. base est. 4.6; Diam. medallion est. 5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Gloss red.

Medallion Type 20: Cavalryman Spearing Foe A warrior on horseback rides to the right. He wears a short chiton and a skirt with lappets. In his right hand he holds a spear, with which he impales a nude helmeted warrior lying beneath the horse. 574. Inv. 60-778. Area I, trench 44E, stratum 2 (fill over West Stoa) Pl. 119 P.H. 3.2; Diam. base 4.3; Diam. medallion 4.6. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I? Clay hard gray (5YR 6/1) with inclusions. Red gloss on tondo; metallic black gloss on rest of vase to foot. Gloss is mottled reddish brown just above the foot. A. Inv. 55-2299. Area I, trench 2B, stratum 2 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 119 Fabric I? Clay soft fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Gloss matt black. B. Inv. 60-680. Area I, trench 44F, stratum 2 (fill over West Stoa) Pl. 119 Fabric I. Gloss metallic black.

Medallion Type 21: Fight Warrior moves left and attacks a helmeted (nude?) warrior who kneels facing left, looks right, and holds up a shield. e standing figure wears a chiton and a billowing chlamys; the kneeling figure is helmeted. Both have swords in their right hands. 575. Inv. 60-1088. Context IIID Pl. 119 Diam. base 4.5; Diam. medallion 4.8. Fragment of base. Fabric I (?): clay soft fine sandy pinkish gray (5YR 7/2). Gloss flaking black all over except undersurface. Badly worn.

387

Medallion Type 22: Archaistic Gorgoneion Frontal archaistic gorgoneion with a round face, grinning mouth with bared fangs, and outthrust tongue. Her eyes stare beneath a furrowed brow with stylized eyebrows. e face is framed by snaky locks. 576. Inv. 57-2460. Context IIH Pl. 120 Diam. medallion 3.0; H. face 3.9. Fragment of base. Fabric I. Gloss matt grayish black. 577. Inv. 03-7. Area VII, trench 1, stratum 106 (fill near the House of Eupolemos) Pl. 120 Diam. mold 4.0; H. face 3.7. Fabric I. Stamp mold for a medallion. e back is worked into a knob. 578. Inv. 56-2614. Deposit IH Pl. 120 Diam. mold 4.8; H. face 3.5. Complete. Fabric I. Stamp mold for a medallion. e back is worked into a knob. Traces of white engobe on the face. A. Inv. 56-2615. Deposit IH Pl. 120 Stamp mold for a medallion. Traces of white engobe on the face. 579. Inv. 83-175. Deposit IIB Pl. 120 Diam. base 4.5; Diam. medallion 4.8. Fragment of base and center of floor. Fabric I? Clay fine gray mottled red (5YR 6/2) at core. Gloss brown.

Medallion Type 23: Beautiful Gorgoneion Frontal beautiful gorgoneion with pathetic expression looks slightly left. She has flowing locks that are knotted at the center of her forehead and bound under her chin with a bow of snakes that extends out and up to both sides. 580. Inv. 80-737. Deposit IB Pls. 60, 110, 120 H. 6.0; Diam. base 3.6; Diam. lip 20.0; Diam. medallion 2.8. Complete except for chips. Fabric I. Gloss metallic black all over. e medallion is separately made and attached, and is framed by overpainted white and red circles, beyond which is an incised nine-pointed rosette with three overpainted white dots extending off each point. e wall has an incised garland framed on either side by overpainted

388

C ATA L O G U E

white and red circles. Beneath the rim on the interior is an incised wave pattern between grooves. A. Inv. 56-2134. Area I, trench 28, stratum 2 (fill in front of Public Office) Pl. 120 Gloss matt and metallic grayish black. B. Inv. 56-624. Area I, trench 28, stratum 1 (fill in front of Public Office) Pl. 120 Gloss black. 581. Inv. 59-379. Context IIH Pl. 120 P.H. 1.6; Diam. base 3.3; Diam. medallion 2.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Gloss lustrous metallic black inside and outside with red mottling near base. e medallion is separately made and attached, and is framed by an overpainted red circle, beyond which is an incised ten-pointed (?) rosette with three overpainted white dots extending off each point. 582. Inv. 60-670. Area I, trench 44E, room 1, stratum 2 (fill over West Stoa) Pl. 121 P.H. 1.3; Diam. base 3.5; Diam. medallion 2.4. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Gloss metallic black. e medallion, made separately and attached, is framed by an incised rosette with overpainted white dots extending off each point, inside of which are overpainted white and red circles. A. Inv. 60-678. Area I, trench 44E, room 1, stratum 2 (fill over West Stoa) Pl. 121 Gloss metallic black. e medallion is framed by overpainted white and red circles, outside of which are overpainted white leaves. B. Inv. 61-922. Area I, trench 15I, stratum 1 (fill over East Stoa) Pl. 121 Gloss black. 583. Inv. 57-1857. Deposit IL Pl. 121 P.H. 0.8; Diam. base 3.5; Diam. medallion 2.6. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Gloss brownish red all over. e medallion, made separately and attached, is framed by overpainted red and white circles, beyond which are traces of small overpainted white buds. 584. Inv. 70-298. Context IJ (stratum 1) Pl. 121 P.H. 0.9; Diam. base 3.2; Diam. medallion 2.3. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III. Gloss matt black all over. e medallion is made separately

and attached, and is framed by overpainted red and white circles, beyond which are incised leaves. 585. Inv. 58-750. Context IIH Pl. 121 Diam. medallion 2.1. Fragment of base. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black all over. e medallion is made separately and attached, and is framed by overpainted red and white circles. A. Inv. 57-480. Deposit IID Pl. 121 Gloss black all over.

Medallion Type 24: Variant of Beautiful Gorgoneion Frontal head of a beautiful gorgoneion. 586. Inv. 58-1463. Area II, trench 6, section 3, stratum 1 (walls north of House of the Official) Pl. 121 Diam. medallion 2.3. Fragment of base. Fabric II. Gloss lustrous black all over.

Medallion Type 25: Comic Mask Frontal mask of a comic slave. 587. Inv. 59-1070. Context IIH Pl. 121 P.H. 1.7; Diam. base est. 5; Diam. medallion est. 4.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric III? Lustrous orange gloss all over. e medallion is framed by a broad groove and an overpainted white circle. e fragment preserves only the grinning mouth.

Medallion Type 26: Boukranion Boukranion with a string of beads hanging from both horns. Holes are bored between the ears and horns for insertion of additional ornament. 588. Inv. 58-16A+58-16C. Context IIE Pl. 121 P.H. 2.9; Diam. base 5.5; Diam. medallion 4.5. Nonjoining fragments: base and lower body (inv. 58-16A) and upper body and lip (inv. 58-16C). Fabric I. Gloss is lustrous to metallic black inside and

M E D A L L I O N WA R E S

outside to base, where fingerprints. Grooved beneath the lip on the interior, beneath which white and red overpainted stripes frame an incised vine with white overpainted leaves. e medallion is framed by overpainted red and white circles, beyond which is a broad band of incised C shapes with an overpainted white dot inside each C. Outside this, at the base of the wall, is an overpainted red circle, then a groove with white overpainting. A. Inv. 55-1984. Area I, trench 23A, surface Pl. 121 Gloss matt to lustrous black. e incised and overpainted decoration is similar to no. 588.

Medallion Type 27: Flower with Central Rosette and Tendrils Flower with a central rosette surrounded by small petals, behind which are alternating straight petals with a central rib (water lilies?) and pairs of wavy fronds. Behind each frond or petal is a tendril with a blossom. 589. Inv. 59-455. Context IIH Pl. 122 P.H. 2.9; Diam. base est. 5.0; Diam. medallion est. 4.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed matt to lustrous red. e wall has an overpainted white circle. e medallion is framed by an overpainted white circle and groove. A. Inv. 55-1995. Area I, trench 26, stratum 2 (fill in front of Public Office) Pl. 122 Gloss brown. Worn. Has a calcium inclusion that exploded in firing. B. Inv. 57-379. Area I, trench 26, drain Pl. 122 Gloss metallic black.

Medallion Type 28: Flower with Central Blossom, No Tendrils Central rosette has four large leaves. Beneath these, four acanthus leaves alternate with four water lily leaves. ere are no tendrils. 590. Inv. 57-3108. Context IIH Pl. 122 P.H. 1.1; Diam. base 4.5; Diam. medallion 4.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Glossed

389

lustrous metallic black all over except undersurface. e medallion is raised and was separately made and attached. It is framed by a broad groove and overpainted white and red circles, beyond which are traces of incised decoration. e central blossom has added white.

Medallion Type 29: Flower with Alternating Straight Leaves and Acanthus Central rosette surrounded by small petals and six projecting water lily leaves with central ribs and raised borders. Superimposed above these and alternating with them are six acanthus leaves. 591. Inv. 58-151. Context IIH Pl. 122 P.H. 3.3; Diam. base 6.0; Diam. medallion 5.6. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed lustrous to metallic black. Drips on lower body. e medallion is framed by overpainted white and red circles. A. Inv. 59-969. Context IIH Pl. 122 Gloss red.

Medallion Type 30: Flower with Alternating Straight Petals and Stalks of Wheat Flower with a central rosette; six straight projecting petals with a central rib and a raised border alternate with six ears of wheat. 592. Inv. 58-1865. Area II, trench 6, section 1, stratum 2 (walls north of the House of the Official) Pls. 60, 122 H. 6.2; Diam. base 4.8; Diam. lip est. 16.0; Diam. medallion 4.1. Preserves profile. Fabric I. Partially glossed brownish red, with smears on the lower body. Medallion framed by two grooves, beyond which are overpainted red and white circles. A. Inv. 80-80A–B. Context IVA Pl. 122 Gloss matt grayish black. Incised and overpainted garland on wall. B. Inv. 58-1345. Area II, trench 5, section 4, stratum 2 (walls north of the House of the Official) Pl. 122 Gloss mottled red and black.

390

C ATA L O G U E

593. Inv. 80-42. Deposit IM Pl. 123 P.H. 3.0; Diam. base est. 4.0; Diam. medallion est. 4.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Lustrous black gloss all over. Reworked version of no. 592.

Medallion Type 31: Flower with Central Rosette and Bulblike Leaves Flower has a central rosette with projecting bulblike leaves made up of large and small ovals. e small ovals are against the rosette and at the outer edges of the leaves. 594. Inv. 55-647. Area I, trench 4, stratum 2 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 123 P.H. 1.8; Diam. base 4.5; Diam. medallion 4.0. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Partially glossed flaking matt orange. Drips on lower body and base. A. Inv. 55-707. Area I, trench 4, surface (area of central steps) Pl. 123 Gloss flaking orange.

Medallion Type 32: Flower with Raised Center and Projecting Petals Flower has a raised central boss with twelve projecting ridged and pointed petals with raised borders. 595. Inv. 61-1268. Area I, trench 60E, stratum 4 (fill over eater cavea) Pl. 123 P.H. 1.3; Diam. base 4.4; Diam. medallion 5.0. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric II. Partially glossed matt orange. e medallion is framed by a groove. e medallion is smeared by a dragged stamp. A. Inv. 58-1292. Area II, trench 5, stratum 1 (walls north of the House of the Official) Pl. 123 Gloss flaking orange. 596. Inv. 79-205. Deposit IID Pl. 123 P.H. 2.5; Diam. base est. 5.0; Diam. medallion est. 4.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Lus-

trous red gloss. e floor has an overpainted white circle, beyond which are traces of incision. A. Inv. 79-651. Context IIIH Pl. 123 Gloss red. 597. Inv. 58-1462. Area II, trench 6, stratum 2 (walls north of the House of the Official) Pl. 123 P.H. 2.0; Diam. base est. 4.8; Diam. medallion est. 4.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous red. Wall has an incised and overpainted garland. 598. Inv. 57-2017. Deposit IID Pl. 123 P.H. 2.7; Diam. base 4.1; Diam. medallion 4.9. Fragment of base. Fabric I. Partially glossed dark reddish brown. e medallion is framed by overpainted red and white circles, and then a broad groove. e floral image is smeared and off center, and is from a worn and reworked stamp (based on no. 597?). A. Inv. 60-1509. Area I, trench 66-3, stratum 2 (walls north of the House of Ganymede) Pl. 123 Fabric I? Clay soft fine pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Partially glossed fugitive orange. e medallion is framed by a groove. 599. Inv. 55-424. Area I, trench 2C, stratum 1 (fill over central steps) Pl. 123 P.H. 3.8; Diam. base 4.9; Diam. medallion 4.4. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Partially glossed brownish black on interior, red on exterior. e wall has overpainted circles. e flower has only eight petals, as opposed to twelve on nos. 595–598. From a heavily reworked stamp. 600. Inv. 80-122. Context IIH Pl. 123 P.H. 2.3; Diam. base 5.0; Diam. medallion 4.4. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous red on interior, extends to lower body on exterior. e medallion is framed by rough grooves. ere were approximately sixteen petals, with alternating narrow petals superimposed on broader petals. From a heavily reworked stamp.

M E D A L L I O N WA R E S

Other Medallions (Sicilian/Italiote?) 601. Inv. 58-814. Context IIH Pl. 123 P.H. 2.8; Diam. medallion 4.2. Fragment of upper part of body. Clay fine hard reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Gloss olive green outside with a single orange fingerprint. Guttus has a grooved circle on its shoulder, a step up to the top of the vase, and another step up to the separately made medallion at the center of the top. e medallion depicts Bellerophon wearing a chlamys draped over his left shoulder and riding right on Pegasos. He raises a spear in his right hand, presumably to skewer the chimaera, and grasps the reins with his left hand. Apulian. 602. Inv. 61-1165. Area I, trench 18F, stratum 3 (North Stoa) Pl. 124 Diam. base 4.0; Diam. medallion 3.8. Fragment of base. Clay soft fine pale red brown (5YR 7/4). Matt black gloss on the interior. ere are smears on the undersurface. e medallion, made separately and attached, depicts a drunken male (Dionysos?) supported by a draped woman to his right and by another figure to his left. Very worn. 603. Inv. 59-970. Context IIH Pl. 124 P.H. 1.9; Diam. base 3.4; Diam. medallion 2.2. Fragment of base and lower body. Clay fine hard pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Gloss metallic grayish black all over. Wall had an incised and overpainted garland. e center of the floor is framed by overpainted red and white circles. e medallion, made separately and attached, is set off by a raised flange enclosing a broad depression. It depicts a frontal bust of Eros, apparently depicted as a child, in high relief. 604. Inv. 57-1307. Context IIH Pl. 124 P.H. 1.3; Diam. base 5.0; Diam. medallion 4.6. Preserves half of the base. Clay fine hard pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Gloss lustrous black all over. e medallion was made separately and attached, and is framed by a broad groove. It depicts a child Eros looking slightly left and leaning on a downturned loutrophoros with his right arm. 605. Inv. 67-102. Context IIID Pl. 124 P.H. 1.1; Diam. base est. 5. Fragment of base and

391

lower body. Clay fine hard pale reddish brown (7.5YR 7/4). Gloss lustrous black all over. e medallion is separately made, and is raised. It is framed by a raised flange, beyond which are an overpainted white circle and broad grooves. Beyond these are traces of an incised vine. e medallion depicts two nude boys (Eroti?) running left and carrying a pail between them. 606. Inv. 63-157. Context IIE Pl. 124 P.H. 1.2; Diam. foot 4.6; H. figure 4.5. Fragment of foot and lower body. Clay hard gritty grayish brown (5YR 5/2). e fabric of this vase is very fine and thin. No gloss. Plate or shallow bowl has a low ring foot with a step down on the undersurface. At the center of the floor is a separately made medallion with a high-relief bust of a woman looking slightly left and wearing a chiton, with a himation draped over her left shoulder. She wears a leafy crown and a fillet with its ends falling onto her shoulders. Her hair is pulled back over her ears. Eastern import? 607. Inv. 58-499. Area I, trench 15F, stratum 1 (fill over Public Office) Pl. 124 P.H. 1.7; Diam. foot 3.3; Diam. medallion 3.4. Fragment of foot and center of floor. Clay fairly soft orange (5YR 7/6). Gloss matt orange inside. Bowl has a ring foot. e medallion is separately made and depicts a frontal woman’s head looking upward and turning sharply to her right. Her hair is in a rough “melon” coiffure. Over her hair is a headdress with thirteen ripples, each with an impressed central circle. 608. Inv. 59-1069. Context IIH Pl. 124 Diam. base 4.0; Diam. medallion 5.0. Fragment of base. Clay soft fine reddish brown (10YR 8/3). Gloss fugitive gray all over. e medallion, which is separately made, depicts a bust of a woman in high relief looking left. She wears a chiton and has a lampadion coiffure. 609. Inv. 59-1288. Context IIH Pl. 124 P.H. 2.1; Diam. base est. 4.0; Diam. medallion est. 4.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Clay soft fine gray (5YR 7/3). Fugitive grayish-black gloss all over. e medallion, framed by a groove, depicts a frontal male (?) in a long-sleeved garment at the right; with

392

C ATA L O G U E

his left hand he clutches the left breast of a draped and veiled female. e female wears a necklace and has an Isis knot (?) between her breasts. Only the bodies below the neck are preserved. 610. Inv. 55-554. Area I, trench 13A, stratum 2 (Agora, between Macellum and North Stoa) Pl. 124

P.H. 1.2; Diam. base 3.6. Fragment of base and lower body. Clay soft fine gray (5YR 6/1). Fugitive grayish-black gloss all over. Bowl has a disk base and a groove at the base of the body. At the center of the floor is a high-relief depiction of the heads of a man and a woman kissing, framed by incised registers of imbricate leaves.

Vessels with Relief Appliqués and Other Moldmade Ornament e 3rd Century BCE 611. Inv. 71-62. Deposit IQ Pl. 124 Diam. appliqué 3.5; H. face 2.5. Fragment of appliqué. Fabric I? Black gloss on exterior. Probably adorned the base of the handle of a closed shape. Frontal gorgoneion with snaky locks and knot under chin.

615. Inv. 58-477. Context IIH Pl. 125 P.H. 4.4; H. face 3.5. Fragment of tripod foot. Worn. Clay fine hard pale reddish brown (7/4 2.5YR). Gloss fugitive lustrous black on exterior; interior has drips. Tripod foot of an imported bowl (?). e exterior is adorned with a frontal lion’s head.

e Republican Period (211–ca. 35 BCE) 612. Inv. 60-703. Context IE.2 Pl. 124 P.H. 4.3; Diam. appliqué 3.2–3.5; H. face 2.3. Fragment of appliqué and base of handle. Fabric I. Fugitive lustrous black gloss. Adorned the base of the vertical handle of a closed shape. Frontal gorgoneion (?) with long hair and knot under chin. e latter feature is smeared. 613. Inv. 56-2959. Area I, trench 3X, stratum 3 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 124 P.H. 4.0; H. face 3.2. Fragment of body and appliqué. Worn. Fabric III. Gloss slightly metallic black on interior and exterior. Adorned a krater or bowl. Comic mask of grinning slave with flat nose and furrowed brow has taenia across forehead. Above the appliqué is a bored hole. 614. Inv. 61-836. Area V, trench 3, stratum 2 (fill near context IJ) Pl. 124 H. face 2.9. Fragment of appliqué. Fabric I. Gloss lustrous black. Adorned the base of the vertical handle of a closed shape. Comic mask of grinning slave with bulging eyes and incised hair.

616. Inv. 61-638. Area I, trench 15I, strata 1–2 (fill over East Stoa) Pl. 125 H. 3.1. Fragment of appliqué and body. Fabric I? Clay hard reddish brown (5YR 6/4) with inclusions. Gloss fugitive orange inside and outside. Appliqué from a bowl. Frontal beautiful gorgoneion with long tresses looks slightly left. ere are impressed finger marks on top of the head and on the neck. 617. Inv. 58-1131. Context IIH Pl. 125 G.P.D. 3.9. Fragment of appliqué and body. Fabric I? Clay fine hard reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Gloss grayish matt black, only on exterior. From a jug (?). Mask of nymph or youthful Dionysos with grape wreath with clusters at the ears. 618. Inv. 57-2325. Context IIH Pl. 125 P.H. 7.3; H. face 2.0. Fragment of appliqué. Worn. Clay fine hard gray (5YR 6/2). Gloss fugitive lustrous gray to blackish. Comic mask of grinning slave with squinting eyes; he wears a band (?) on his head. Campana C ware.

VESSELS WITH MOLDMADE ORNAMENT

619. Inv. 62-458. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 125 P.H. 3.4; H. face 1.9. Fragment of body and appliqué. Worn. Fabric I. Exterior has red gloss. Adorned the exterior of a closed shape. Comic mask of slave in high relief. ere is a hole on the top of the head. 620. Inv. 58-1968. Context IIIE (room 29, under mosaic floor) Pl. 125 P.H. 3.5; H. face 1.8. Fragment of upper body to rim and appliqué. Clay fine hard dark red (2.5YR 5/4). Gloss brownish black. Spouted bowl had a hemispherical body curving in to a flaring lip with its upper surface beveled inward. On the upper body beneath the lip is a moldmade spout in the shape of a monkey’s head with an open mouth. e ears were made by impressed fingertips. 621. Inv. 56-934. Area I, trench 28, stratum 1 (fill in front of Public Office) Pl. 125 H. 7.0; H. appliqué 6.5; H. face 3.7. Fragment of body and appliqué. Worn. Clay fairly soft fine reddish brown (7.5YR 6/4). Matt brown gloss on exterior and interior. Adorned a krater or deep bowl. Papposilenos with a long forked beard and a leafy crown. Eastern import. 622. Inv. 56-2556. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 125 P.H. 3.9. Fragment of appliqué. Clay fine hard pale reddish brown (2.5YR 6/6). Gloss red-brown. Appliqué from a handle. Frontal bearded Silenos head wearing a wreath. Eastern import. 623. Inv. 63-193A. Area II, trench 4Y, stratum 1 (north of the north side of the House of the Official) Pl. 125 P.H. 4.1. Fragment of lower part of handle. Clay soft fine pinkish brown (5YR 7/6). Gloss matt fugitive orange preserving brushstrokes. Vertical strap handle, lightly grooved at its center. At its base is an appliqué depicting a frontal bearded head of Silenos with broad drooping ears and staring eyes. He wears a taenia on his brow. e right side of the head was slightly crushed by the attachment process. Eastern import.

393

A. Inv. 61-1257. Area I, surface Pl. 125 Clay as no. 623. Gloss orange. Adorned the interior rim and lip of a large oinochoe at the point where the handle was attached. Eastern import. 624. Inv. 59-506. Area I, trench 58B, stratum 1 (fill over eater) Pl. 126 P.H. 4.7; H. face 3.7. Fragment of appliqué; broken on right side. Clay fine hard yellowish brown (10YR 7/4). Gloss lustrous black on exterior. Bearded Silenos with piglike features and mule ears. Eastern import. 625. Inv. 56-628. Area I, trench 3J, stratum 2 (Central Sanctuary) Pl. 126 P.H. 6.8. Fragment of upper body. Clay fine hard reddish brown (10 R 6/6). Gloss matt brown-red to orange. Fragment of cup preserves appliqué of comic figure running left. He has a distended belly and dangling phallus, wears a stephanos on his head, and holds an erect phallus to his mouth with both hands, as if playing a flute. e head of the figure partially overlies three grooves which probably set off the upper body from the rim. Below the figure’s left foot is a neatly bored hole. To the left of the figure are traces of incised ornament. Eastern import. 626. Inv. 56-2373. Deposit IID Pl. 126 P.H. 6.2. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay soft fine yellowish brown (5YR 8/4). Gloss fugitive orange-red. Kantharos had a vertical upper body and an outturned and inward-thickened lip. On the upper body is an appliqué figure of a comic Herakles (?) facing right and seated on a rock. He wears a short chiton with a lion skin pulled over his head and falling down his back. His right hand clutches a club that extends before him and rests on the ground. His left hand seems to hold an object on his right shoulder. Eastern import. 627. Inv. 56-546. Area I, trench 3J, stratum 2 (Central Sanctuary) Pl. 126 Diam. ca. 4.5; H. impression 3.4. Complete. Clay hard reddish brown (7.5YR 7/4) with inclusions. Traces of white engobe. e back has fingerprints.

394

C ATA L O G U E

e mold for an appliqué has a central palmette flanked by leaves below, clusters of fruit above. A. Inv. 56-631. Area I, trench 3J, stratum 2 (Central Sanctuary) Pl. 126

P.H. 5.1; H. appliqué 3.5. Clay hard reddish brown (5YR 6/6). Appliqué from the shoulder of a pitcher; preserves no signs of gloss. Central palmette flanked by leaves below, clusters of fruit above. e leaves are broken away.

628. Inv. 56-2911. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 126

Moldmade Hemispherical Relief Cups (“Megarian Bowls”) and Related Relief Wares Attic Cup 629. Inv. 81-70. Deposit IIA Pl. 126 P.H. 5.1. Fragment of body. Clay fine hard reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Lustrous black gloss. Fragment of the lower body preserves three bands of relief: palmettes at the base, with opposed Erotes emerging from the upper fronds. Above these are opposed rampant goats flanking ribbed kraters on stands. From a worn mold. Attic Workshop A (Agora XXII, no. 122). Puppo 1995, 117, no. M1, pl. 50.

Long-Petal Cup 630. Inv. 66-318. Deposit IIF Pls. 60, 126 P.H. 6.6; Diam. lip est. 12. Clay fairly soft gray (7.5YR 7/2) with small inclusions. Matt black gloss. Flaring-lip cup has long vertical leaves between vertical courses of dots. Above a raised border, eggs and darts hang beneath a projecting molding. Puppo 1995, 119, no. M9, pl. 51.

Cups with Incurving Vertical Rims (“Delian”/Ionian) 631. Inv. 83-167. Deposit IIB Pls. 60, 127 H. 6.6; Diam. base 3.5; Diam. lip 13.0. Preserves profile. Clay fine hard pale red (2.5YR 6/8) with small inclusions. Gloss mottled red to black all over. e vertical rim has a slightly flaring lip. Cup has a

rosette base, then three friezes: at the bottom are alternating fronds and acanthus leaves, above which is a vine scroll with birds perching on the foliage. At the top of the body, beneath the rim, is an egg-anddart frieze. e friezes are separated by raised moldings. Workshop of the Monogram. PR XII, 336, fig. 31; Stone 1987, 87, n. 13, fig. 2; Puppo 1995, 117– 118, no. M4, pl. 50. 632. Inv. 83-250A–B. Deposit IIB Pl. 126 P.H. (A) 5.0, (B) 5.7; Diam. lip est. 14. Nonjoining fragments of upper body to lip. Clay soft fine gray (5YR 6/1) with small inclusions. Gloss dull fugitive gray to black, greenish-brown mottling on the rim. e rim has a slightly flaring lip. ree friezes separated by raised moldings are preserved on the body. e lowest has imbricate leaves, with an egg-anddart frieze above. At the top of the body, beneath the rim, is a key meander with saltire squares in the interstices. Workshop of the Monogram. Stone 1987, 87, n. 13; Puppo 1995, 119, no. M7. 633. Inv. 83-249A–B. Deposit IIB Pl. 126 P.H. (A) 1.7, (B) 2.8; Diam. base 3.4. Nonjoining fragments of base and body. Clay fine hard pale gray (5YR 6/2). Gloss lustrous black. e base has a rosette; on the body above are spiky ribbed diamond-shaped leaves alternating with acanthus leaves with drooping tops. Above this frieze is a garland, then an egg-and-dart frieze. Workshop of the Monogram. Stone 1987, 87, n. 13; Puppo 1995, 120–121, no. M15.

M O L D M A D E R E L I E F C U P S A N D R E L AT E D WA R E S

634. Inv. 79-542. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 127 P.H. 4.6. Fragment of upper body and lower rim. Clay soft fine orange (5YR 7/6). Gloss matt orange. e rim has a slightly raised molding at its base, perhaps decorated with a guilloche. Beneath the molding is a frieze with a meander alternating with saltire squares. Beneath this is an egg-and-dart frieze with a raised border below. e lowest preserved frieze has alternating short and tall vertical leaves, probably the upper edge of a frieze of imbricate leaves. Workshop of the Monogram? Puppo 1995, 119, no. M8. 635. Inv. 59-616. Context IIH Pls. 61, 127 P.H. 4.1; Diam. lip est. 14. Fragment of body to rim. Clay fine hard orangish brown (5YR 6/6) with small inclusions. Gloss red on the interior and on the lower body; metallic brownish-black gloss on the exterior of the rim and the upper body. e lip is slightly flaring. e rim is set off from the body by a groove above a raised molding. Beneath this is a frieze of Lesbian leaves, with a raised molding below. Below this are tendrils. Puppo 1995, 120, no. M12. 636. Inv. 79-408. Context IIE (stratum 1) Pl. 127 P.H. 4.8; Diam. lip est. 14. Fragment of upper body to rim. Clay soft fine gray (5YR 6/2). Fugitive black gloss on the body and wall; mottled red and black gloss on the interior and exterior of the rim. e rim has an outward-thickened tip and is set off from the body by a raised band. Beneath this band is a frieze of uncertain character, probably a vine scroll. Beneath this is an egg-and-dart frieze framed by raised moldings. Below the egg-and-dart frieze are alternating short and tall vertical leaves, probably the upper edge of a frieze of imbricate leaves. Puppo 1995, 118, no. M5. 637. Inv. 59-1255. Context IIH Pl. 127 P.H. 2.6. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay hard pale red (2.5YR 6/8) with small inclusions. Matt brown gloss on the exterior, mottled red to brown gloss on the interior. e inturned rim is set off from the body by a raised molding. Beneath this is a frieze of star-shaped flowers, with a raised band below. Puppo 1995, 117, no. M2.

395

638. Inv. 58-2390. Area II, trench 6, stratum 4, section 1, burned deposit (walls north of House of the Official) Pl. 127 P.H. 3.4; Diam. lip est. 12. Fragment of upper body to rim. Clay fairly hard orange (2.5YR 6/6). Gloss matt red with darker brownish-black mottling. Two friezes separated by raised moldings are preserved: the upper is an egg-and-dart frieze, beneath which are tendrils and grape clusters. Puppo 1995, 117, no. M3, pl. 50. 639. Inv. 59-1293. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 127 P.H. 3.0; Diam. base est. 4. Fragment of base and lower body. Clay fine hard red (5YR 5/4) with small inclusions. Lustrous orange-red gloss all over. e medallion is framed by a half-round molding. e frieze depicts a frontal draped standing woman at the right with her left hand on her hip. To her left, Eros flies right over an altar or tree, perhaps pouring a libation. A taenia (?) floats in the air before him. At the left, a dog runs left. Behind and above are traces of another object. Judgment of Paris? From a worn mold. Puppo 1995, 121–122, no. M20, pl. 52; Falco 2000, 381, fig. 2.1 (attributed to the Workshop of Menemachos). 640. Inv. 56-3019. Area I, trench 44A, stratum 1 (fill over West Stoa) Pl. 128 P.H. 4.9. Fragment of upper body. Clay fairly fine hard gray (5YR 5/1). Lustrous, slightly metallic black gloss all over. On the body, beneath a border of raised beading, a nude warrior charges right. He wears a helmet, bears a shield on his left arm before him, and raises his right arm to throw a weapon (javelin?). Before him an Amazon with fluttering drapery falls headfirst from a plunging horse. She clutches her head with her left hand. Puppo 1995, 122, no. M23, pl. 53; Falco 2000, 381, fig. 2.2 (attributed to the Workshop of the Gray Vases). 641. Inv. 59-1645. Context IIH Pl. 61 P.H. 3.5; Diam. lip est. 14. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay hard gritty orange (2.5YR 6/6). Metallic silvery black gloss on exterior; interior gloss mottled red. Beneath the rim is an egg-and-dart frieze. On the body, an Amazon with a shield on her left arm

396

C ATA L O G U E

and a spear raised in her right hand faces left toward a helmeted female figure. is second figure holds a shield with a ribbon at the top fluttering back toward her. To her right is another figure, perhaps holding a bow. 642. Inv. 59-1256. Context IIH Pl. 128 P.H. 4.1; Diam. lip est. 14 (?). Fragment of upper body to rim. Clay fine hard reddish brown (5YR 6/4) with small inclusions. Metallic grayish-black gloss. e rim is set off from the body by a groove, beneath which is an egg-and-dart frieze. Beneath this is a raised molding, beneath which a dog leaps left toward another figure or object. Puppo 1995, 119, no. M10, pl. 51. 643. Inv. 80-545. Area I, trench 3X, stratum 2 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 128 P.H. 3.4. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay fine hard gray (7.5YR 5/2). Matt black gloss. e base of the rim has a small projecting molding. Beneath this molding is a horizontal garland with a raised border at its base. Below the molding are traces of another frieze. Puppo 1995, 118, no. M6. 644. Inv. 57-182. Context IIIH (surface) Pl. 128 P.H. 1.6; Diam. foot 3.5. Fragment of foot and lower body. Clay soft pale reddish brown (5YR 6/3) with small inclusions. Dilute matt orangish-red gloss all over. Very low ring foot. e center of the floor is domed. On the body are pointed imbricate leaves. Puppo 1995, 119–120, no. M11. 645. Inv. 79-209. Deposit IID (stratum 1) Pl. 128 P.H. 2.1. Fragment of body. Clay hard reddish brown (5YR 6/3) with small inclusions. Matt dark reddish-brown gloss. Small fragment preserves a ribbed diamond-shaped leaf and an acanthus leaf. Puppo 1995, 121, no. M17. 646. Inv. 80-78. Context IVA Pl. 128 P.H. 2.1. Fragment of base and lower body. Clay fine hard gray (5YR N7/). Matt grayish-black gloss all over, slightly olive on floor. e center of the floor is nippled. e medallion is a rosette, above which are imbricate leaves with central ribs. Puppo 1995, 120, no. M13, pl. 51.

646bis. Inv. 97-117. Area VII, trench 4 Pl. 129 P.H. 4.6. Fragment of body. Clay red (10R 6/6). Reddish-brown gloss. Small fragment preserves a vine below an egg-and-dart frieze. 646ter. Inv. 97-125. Area VII, trench 4 Pl. 129 P.H. 3.4. Fragment of body. Clay red (10R 6/6). Lustrous red gloss. Small fragment preserves a frieze of rosettes above other relief.

Eastern Cup with Orange Fabric 647. Inv. 79-528. Context IIIH Pl. 128 P.H. 3.0. Fragment of lower body. Clay fairly hard orange (5YR 7/4) with small inclusions. Lustrous metallic red to brown gloss all over, occasionally fugitive. On the body are vertical leaves with central long leaves (?) growing out of acanthus and sunflowers. Puppo 1995, 122, no. M21.

Eastern Cups with Gray Fabric 648. Inv. 59-1253. Context IIH Pl. 128 P.H. 2.5. Fragment of lower body and base. Clay hard grayish brown (5YR 6/2) with small inclusions. Matt to lustrous black to brownish gloss all over. Only the raised frame of the medallion base survives. e lowest frieze on the body has vertical stacked palmettes rising from groups of three dots. Between the second and third palmette of each group is a rosette. Above a half-round border, a second frieze preserves traces of florals. Puppo 1995, 121, no. M16. 649. Inv. 58-62. Context IIH Pl. 128 P.H. 4.2. Fragment of body. Clay fine hard grayish brown (5YR 6/2). Gloss lustrous black. Body fragment preserves a winged Gorgon (?) moving right and holding a pyramidal object. She looks to the front and has snaky locks. Above is a raised border, above which are traces of another object in relief. Puppo 1995, 121, no. M19, pl. 52. 650. Inv. 80-543. Area I, trench 3X, stratum 2 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 128

M O L D M A D E R E L I E F C U P S A N D R E L AT E D WA R E S

P.H. 1.1. Fragment of lower body. Clay fine gray (5YR 5/1). Lustrous black gloss all over. e lower body has acanthus and other florals. Puppo, 1995, 121, no. M18, pl. 52. 651. Inv. 83-94A–B. Deposit IIB Pl. 128 P.H. (A) 3.0, (B) 2.4. Nonjoining fragments of body. Clay soft fine gray (5YR 6/2). Gloss dull to lustrous gray. Depicts complicated florals, including a vine scroll and rosettes. Puppo 1995, 120, no. M14. 652. Inv. 83-109. Deposit IIB Pl. 128 P.H. 3.9. Small fragment of upper body and lower rim. Clay soft fine gray (7.5YR 6/2) with small inclusions. Gloss dull gray. e rim is offset inward by a small step. On the body is an egg-and-dart frieze beneath the rim, with rosettes beneath. ere are traces of another frieze beneath the rosettes.

Apulian and Other South Italian Moldmade Wares 653. Inv. 59-1254+59-1646A–B. Context IIH Pls. 61, 129 P.H. 7.2; Diam. lip 11.5. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile except base. Clay fine hard gray (5YR 6/1) with small inclusions. Lustrous black gloss all over. Cup has a vertical rim with a concave curve. ree friezes are preserved on the body. e lowest has vertical leaves alternating with stemmed rosettes; the tip of the leaves are flanked by three dots to either side. e central frieze depicts a flowing vine with tendrils and rosettes, and is framed by bead-and-reel moldings above and below. e uppermost frieze is an egg and dart below a projecting molding at the base of the rim. Puppo 1995, 123, no. M26, pl. 53. 654. Inv. 79-650. Context IIIH Pl. 129 P.H. 3.1. Fragment of body. Clay fine hard gray (5YR 6/1). Lustrous brownish-black gloss all over. Two friezes are preserved on the body. e lower frieze has imbricate leaves below papyrus-like leaves, which alternate with palmettes. Between the leaves and palmettes are groups of four dots. Above is a raised molding, then a frieze with a vine scroll and a rosette. Puppo 1995, 123, no. M27, pl. 54.

397

655. Inv. 58-226. Context IIH Pl. 129 P.H. 3.2. Fragment of body. Clay fine hard gray (5YR 6/2). Gloss fairly lustrous greenish black. On the body, a draped female (?) faces right and looks back left (?) toward foliage, while raising her left arm to her right shoulder. Above her head is a raised beaded border. From a worn mold. Puppo 1995, 122, no. M24, pl. 52. 656. Inv. 58-2391. Area II, trench 5, sections 1 and 4, stratum 2 (walls north of House of the Official) Pl. 129 P.H. 3.4. Fragment of body. Clay fairly hard grayish brown (5YR 6/2). Gloss black. e body preserves parts of two friezes separated by a raised molding. In the upper frieze, vertical fronds frame a stemmed krater (?). e lower frieze features florals, including a palmette. From a worn mold. Puppo 1995, 122, no. M22, pl. 52. 657. Inv. 58-154. Context IIH Pl. 129 P.H. 6.2; Diam. lip est. 18. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay fine hard gray (5YR 6/1). Matt black gloss. Chalice or krateriskos had a hemispherical body and a vertical rim with a concave curve rising to a straight lip. On the body beneath the rim is an egg-and-dart frieze above two grooves. Beneath these grooves a swan flies left between hanging garlands. Puppo 1995, 124–125, no. M32, pl. 54. 658. Inv. 55-1728A–B. Area I, trench 20A, stratum 6 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 129 P.H. 7.1. Joining fragments of body to lower rim. Worn. Clay hard gray (5YR 6/1) with inclusions. Matt grayish-black gloss on exterior, with smears on interior. Chalice or krateriskos had hemispherical body. Parts of three stacked friezes are preserved. Beneath the raised molding at the base of the rim are alternating tragic and comic masks. Below that is another raised molding, then a frieze of grape clusters tied with a taenia at the left, followed by a krater beneath an indistinct object, then by another, unidentifiable, object. Beneath is a raised molding, then traces of another frieze. Puppo 1995, 125, no. M33. 659. Inv. 55-1559. Area I, trench 20A, stratum 6 (fill in area of central steps) Pl. 129

398

C ATA L O G U E

P.H. 5.6. Fragment of body and rim. Clay soft fine gray (5YR 6/2). Gloss fugitive gray on exterior, olive green and less fugitive on interior. Cup had a vertical rim, probably with a concave curve. At the base of the rim is a raised and grooved molding. Beneath this on the body is a battle of small warriors with round shields. ey wear short chitons, breastplates, and crested helmets. ere is also a goatlike animal (?) in the field. Puppo 1995, 123, no. M25, pl. 53.

Central Italian and Liburnian (?) Moldmade Wares 660. Inv. 61-1254A. Context IIIA Pl. 130 P.H. 4.0; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of body to lip. Clay soft fine pale orange (5YR 7/6). No gloss. Hemispherical-bodied cup has a vertical rim with a flaring lip. e body is grooved on the exterior and interior beneath the base and on the top of the rim. On the body is relief foliage terminating in rosettes, with opposed birds perching in the upper branches. Puppo 1995, 123–124, no. M28. 661. Inv. 56-3023. Context IIIH Pl. 130 P.H. 5.7. Fragment of lower body to just above the foot. Clay fairly soft gritty reddish brown (5YR 6/4) with inclusions. No gloss. Chalice or krateriskos had a stemmed foot and a hemispherical body. On the body, above a register of dots and raised border, are ribbed vertical lotus leaves alternating with paired undulating lines with leaves (that probably once ended in flowers). Perhaps Liburnian. Puppo 1995, 124, no. M29, pl. 54.

Sicilian Cups and Relief Chalices 662. Inv. 58-2347A–B. Context IIE Pl. 130 H. 4.4; Diam. lip est. 13. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Clay soft fine reddish brown (5YR 6/4) with inclusions. Fragment A, half of a mold, has a ring foot and a hemispherical body. e interior has three friezes in intaglio. e uppermost frieze depicts isolated beads between reels, the cen-

tral frieze boukrania alternating with lozenge-shaped leaves, and the lowest vertical leaves between sunflowers. Each register is framed by a groove on both sides. Fragment B preserves a small portion of the other half of the body of the mold. Puppo 1995, 124, no. M30, pl. 54; Falco 2000, 382, fig. 2:5 (includes two small fragments, one of which is inv. 582347B, the other an uncatalogued fragment). 663. Inv. 80-644. Context IIC Pl. 130 P.H. 4.9; Diam. lip est. 16. Fragment of upper body to lip. Clay fine hard grayish brown (7.5YR N6). Lustrous black gloss. Cup has a hemispherical body with a vertical, slightly concave rim. ere are three grooves on the exterior of the top of the rim area. At the base of the rim on the exterior is a series of raised ridges, below which are traces of crude florals. Appears to be Campana C. Puppo 1995, 124, no. M31, pl. 54. 664. Inv. 57-2411. Context IIH (stratum 1) Pl. 130 P.H. 2.7. Fragment of lower body from just above the foot. Clay fairly soft gray (5YR 7/1) with small inclusions. Matt grayish-black gloss all over. Campana C (?) chalice or krateriskos had a stemmed foot and a hemispherical body. On the body is an indistinct figure (Pan or Satyr? rampant goat?) flanked to the left by a palmette and to the right by a rosette. Beneath the rosette are traces of additional florals. Puppo 1995, 125, no. M34; Falco 2000, 381, fig. 2.4 (who believes it is Argive-Peloponnesian). 665. Inv. 80-643. Context IIC Pl. 130 P.H. 6.4. Fragment of upper body to rim. Clay fairly soft pale brown (7.5YR 7/4) with small inclusions. Matt black gloss; red-brown mottling on exterior. Chalice or krateriskos has a hemispherical body. e top of the rim is set off by two grooves on the exterior. At the top of the body is an indistinct beadand-reel molding framed by raised borders. Beneath this is foliage. Puppo 1995, 125, no. M35, pl. 54.

E A R LY I TA L I A N T E R R A S I G I L L ATA

399

Early Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Wares M. Perennius Bargathes

Publius Cornelius

666. Inv. 56-2129. Context IIIi Pls. 61, 131 P.H. 6.2. Fragment of upper tip of body to lip. Chalice of Conspectus form R9 has a row of points at the top of the body. At the base of the rim are three grooves, above which is an appliqué of two snakes wrapped around a (Herakles) club. e outturned lip is set off from the rim by a groove. Attributed to M. Perennius Bargathes on the basis of the appliqué.

670. Inv. 79-164A–C. Context IIIE (stratum 1) Pls. 61, 131 P.H. (A) 9.2, (B) 6.9, (C) 5.0; Diam. lip est. 16. Nonjoining fragments of upper body to lip. Chalice of Conspectus form R2.1. On the body below the rim is a register of horizontal sawteeth. Beneath these are pendant leaves. Below the leaves is another register of horizontal sawteeth, then pendant buds. At the center of fragment B, traces of a fragmentary signature survive: [COR]NE. Publius Cornelius; probably OCK 623.

667. Inv. 80-561. Area II, north base of the West Hill, trench 12, street, stratum 3, on pavement Pl. 131 P.H. 4.2. Fragment of body to base of rim. Gloss dull brown-red. Chalice similar to Conspectus form R5.1. On the body is a relief frieze of thick, spiraling spiky leaves between tongues with raised borders. Below this frieze is a groove, and above it a halfround (unrouletted) molding between smaller beaded half-rounds and grooves. Above this is a frieze of floral crosses with seven-pointed stars in the voids between the petals. Above that frieze are indistinct traces of a groove. Attributed to M. Perennius Bargathes on the basis of the ornament. 668. Inv. 80-560. Area II, West Hill, trench 12A, stratum 1 (street) Pl. 131 P.H. 1.9. Small fragment of body. Cup or beaker (Dragendorff and Watzinger form 13?) has vertical blistered tongues with raised borders between vertical registers of dot rosettes. Probably from the workshop of M. Perennius Bargathes. 669. Inv. 56-3184. Context IIIG Pls. 61, 131 P.H. 4.2. Fragment of lower body. Gloss matt in places. Chalice fragment preserves the lower part of a register of vegetal crosses separated by a round shield below a pelta. Above the pelta are traces of another object. e impression is poor and blurred, but on the basis of its ornament, the vase may be from the workshop of M. Perennius Bargathes.

671. Inv. 55-2767A–K. Context IIIi Pls. 61, 132 H. 13.4; Diam. foot 9.9; Diam. lip 19.4; H. figures ca. 5.5. Nonjoining fragments preserve profile. Chalice of Conspectus form R2 has a moldmade ring foot with two projecting fillets. Inside the foot are two grooves. e rim is molded at its base, with two bands of rouletting. e outturned molded lip has two bands of rouletting. On the body, maenads stand between fantastic plants. eir hair is pulled back over their ears into a bun, and they wear short chitons girded beneath their breasts, with an overfold to the waist. Parts of three maenads are preserved, each on a different fragment. Two stand looking right: one holding a thyrsus decorated with ribbons in her lowered left hand, the other holding a thyrsus (?) in her raised right hand. e face of a third maenad is preserved on another fragment. e floral motifs on the body consist of a stalked central leaf with spiky spiral calyxes, flanked on both sides by a smaller leaf on a stalk of vertical teeth. is unit is flanked on both sides by a large spiky calyx with a smaller drooping leaf at its base. ese complex floral motifs apparently separated the maenads. Fragment H preserves a fragmentary signature with a snakelike object to the right: P·COR[NELI. Pu blius Cornelius, OCK 623. C. Troso, “Una coppa inedita del ceramista aretino P. Cornelius: Considerazioni sulla produzione della II fase dell’officina,” Rivista archeologica dell’antica provincia e diocesi di

400

C ATA L O G U E

Como 189 (2007) 74, pl. 2 (erroneously attributed to the House of the Tuscan Capitals, context IIIE). 672. Inv. 61-1374A. Context IIIi Pl. 132 P.H. 7.0; H. figure ca. 6.3. Fragment of body. Chalice preserves a maenad wearing a short chiton and dancing right. Her right arm is held behind her; her left holds a thyrsus pointed downward. Attributed to Publius Cornelius on the basis of the figure.

677. Inv. 55-553. Area I, zone 14, stratum 1 (terrace of the North Stoa) Pl. 133 G.P.D. 4.0. Fragment of body. Chalice (?) fragment preserves a relief rosette enclosed within and tied to a two-stranded bowlike arc. To the right are traces of another rosette. Perhaps attributable on the basis of the ornament to P. Cornelius.

Caius Annius 673. Inv. 62-1762. Context IIIA Pls. 61, 132 P.H. 3.8. Fragment of body. Chalice fragment has a register of horizontal peltae at the top of the body overlaying a half-round. Beneath this is a register of rosettes, and beneath that a register of vertical, double-framed blistered tongues with traces of raised dots at their bases. Between the tongues and the rosettes is a rectangular stamp: P. CORNELI. OCK 623. 674. Inv. 66-572A–H. Context IIIF (stratum 1) Pls. 61, 133 P.H. 9.3. Diam. lip est. 20. Nonjoining fragments of body to rim. Chalice of Conspectus form R2.1 has a rouletted band at the base of its offset-outward vertical rim. e tip of the rim is outturned and molded, and decorated with two rouletted bands. At the top of the body is a row of dots. Below this are horizontal palmettes between rosettes. Below these is another row of dots, then a register of alternating tongues and spiky leaves. Below the tongues and leaves is another row of dots. In the band of palmettes and rosettes is a rectangular stamp: PRIMV[S=PRIMVS/P. CORNELI. OCK 1529. 675. Inv. 83-199. Area I, fill north of the Fountain House Pl. 133 P.H. 3.4. Fragment of body. Chalice fragment preserves a register of vertical lancet leaves separated by small tufts at their bases. Attributed to P. Cornelius on the basis of the ornament. 676. Inv. 61-1528. Context IIIA Pl. 133 P.H. 2.6. Fragment of body. Chalice fragment has a horizontal palmette at the left, with a rosette to the right, beneath which is a vine scroll. Perhaps attributable to P. Cornelius on the basis of the ornament.

678. Inv. 66-383. Context IIID Pls. 61, 133 P.H. 8.5. Diam. lip est. 20. Fragment of lower body to rim. Gloss has orange discolorations. Chalice of Conspectus form R2.1 has a rim set off from the body by two grooves. e rim is outturned and upturned at its tip and is rouletted on its outer surface. e interior of the rim falls in one step out. On the body, below the rim, is a row of rosettes, between which hang pendant pinecones. Below these is a fragmentary thiasos. A bearded satyr with a bulging belly extends a thyrsus in his right hand before him. To his left are traces of the upraised face of a dancing maenad. Above her face are two joined rectangular stamps: PANTAGATHVS C. ANNI. OCK 83bb, no. 9. 679. Inv. 60-1265A–B. Context IIIA (stratum 1) Pls. 61, 133 P.H. 8.6; Diam. lip est. 20. Nonjoining fragments of upper body to rim. Chalice of Conspectus form R9.3. On the body is a beardless Herakles looking right. His chest is frontal, and his right arm points right in the direction of his gaze. He holds his club in the crook of his left arm. ere are traces of a lion skin wrapped around his lower left arm. At the base of the rim is a register of eggs, and above these is a cavetto molding, then a projecting molding, above which are two grooves. Above the grooves are appliqué lions’ heads with open mouths. Above the lions’ heads, two grooves frame a cavetto below the top of the rim, which is beveled in. Attributed to C. Annius. 680. Inv. 60-1568. Context IIIA (stratum 1) Pl. 61 P.H. 1.8. Fragment of foot and lower body. Chalice

E A R LY I TA L I A N T E R R A S I G I L L ATA

401

fragment preserves traces of relief on the body, above a step out. e center of the floor has a rectangular stamp: ANNI/·REF? See OCK 139 (?).

the tree is a boukranion and the border of a rectangular signature: ]E or ]L. Above the hunt are traces of a register of eggs. From an unknown Italian workshop.

Ateius

685. Inv. 79-380A–I. Area I, trench 60C, strata 2– 4 (bottom of cavea of eater) Pls. 62, 134 P.H. (A) 7.5, (B) 6.2, (C) 5.4, (D) 3.7, (E) 1.5, (F) 3.0, (G) 3.1, (H) 3.0, (I) 1.5; Diam. foot est. 9.0. Fragments of foot and body to rim; missing the stem. Chalice of Conspectus form R9 has a ring foot that rises in five steps. e undersurface of the foot has two grooves. On the body are metopal groups of paired vertical tongues and nautili separated by rows of vertical sawteeth. Above these and below the rim is a horizontal row of sawteeth. e rim is offset outward from body and has a rouletted projecting molding at its base. Above this, an appliqué figure of a musician in a short chiton strides right and looks back left with his hands over his head. e outturned lip is set off from the rim by a groove and is rouletted on top.

681. Inv. 57-1027. Context IIIE (stratum 1) Pl. 61 P.H. 2.0; Diam. foot 9.0. Fragment of foot. Chalice base preserves a rectangular stamp at the center of the floor: ATEI ERO. Ateius/Eros. OCK 290.

Rasinius 682. Inv. 66-770. Area II, West Hill, trench 10-BW, saggio S, stratum 2 (street) Pl. 134 P.H. 2.4. Fragment of body. Cup or beaker fragment preserves a gorgoneion in a milled roundel. To the right is a palmette. Attributed to the workshop of Rasinius. 683. Inv. 79-398. Context IIIG Pl. 134 G.P.D. 3.0. Small fragment of body. Cup or beaker fragment preserves part of a draped figure grasping an animal’s muzzle (?) with the left hand and raising a knife held vertically in the right hand, presumably Nike sacrificing a bull. Attributed to the workshop of Rasinius (or of Rasinius and C. Memmius).

686. Inv. 80-1+79-22. Context IIIH Pl. 134 P.H. 4.5. Fragment of body to base of rim. Chalice fragment preserves flowers with spiky leaves on the body beneath a frieze of three-quarter rosettes hanging from a groove. At the base of the rim is a projecting molding that is rouletted at its lower edge, with a groove below. e wall has a concave molding between grooves at the base of the rim.

Other Early Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Vases

687. Inv. 80-196. Area II, West Hill, trench 69A, strata 3–4 (street) Pl. 134 P.H. 2.4. Small fragment of body. Cup or beaker fragment preserves hands holding the reins of a chariot (?).

684. Inv. 66-780. Area II, West Hill, trench 10C north, stratum 2 (street) Pls. 62, 134 P.H. 6.2. Fragment of body. Gloss orange-red. Chalice preserves a hunt scene on its body. Before a gnarled tree, a muscular youth clad in a billowing chlamys strides left and raises a javelin in his right hand. In front of him is a rock, then traces of the right leg of another hunter. On the ground behind

688. Inv. 61-1254B. Context IIIA Pl. 134 P.H. 3.1. Fragment of rim and lip. Chalice of Conspectus form R9.3 has a vertical rim and an outturned lip that is beveled at the edge. On the rim is an appliqué garland.

402

C ATA L O G U E

Green-Glazed Wares Jug 689. Inv. 56-363. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pls. 62, 134 P.H. 5.3. Fragment of upper body and shoulder to the base of the neck. Clay hard red-brown (5YR 6/6) with inclusions. Glaze vitreous green on exterior. Jug had a vertical-walled body with inturned shoulder rising to a vertical neck. e upper and lower terminations of the shoulder are set off by moldmade dentils. On the body, a woman’s head in relief looks left. Above her ears is a coiffure of a bun with braids wrapped around its base. She holds an object, perhaps a sheaf of wheat, in one hand. To

her left, traces of another object survive. On the shoulder is a molded horizontal appliqué of a garland of fruit and a central frontal head.

Skyphos 690. Inv. 79-431. Context IIIG Pl. 134 P.H. 3.9. Fragment of handle and rim. Clay fine hard reddish brown (5YR 5/4) with inclusions. Glaze vitreous green outside. Skyphos fragment has a vertical ring handle with two vertical grooves. On its top is a plastic roll. e upper body was vertical, with a straight rim.

Thin-Walled Pottery Republican Forms and Fragments Tall Ovoid-Bodied Beakers or Jars Vertical-bodied beaker or jar has disk base, tall ovoid body rising vertically, then with convex flare. e rim is outturned and upturned. Marabini Moevs form I. 691. Inv. 79-188. Deposit IIF Pls. 62, 135 H. 13.3; Diam. base 4.0; Diam. lip 8.5. Preserves profile. Fabric TW2. Dilute grayish gloss on rim and upper body. Grooved at top of body. Denaro 2008, 75, pl. XXXIV, Mo1. 692. Inv. 98-103. Area VII, trench 1, sporadic, in Building B (fill near the House of Eupolemos) Pls. 62, 135 H. 15.3; Diam. base 3.6; Diam. lip 7.9. Complete except for chips. Fabric TW1? Body has four horizontal registers of dotted barbotine festoons. e lip is offset outward and upturned, and flares at its tip. A. Inv. 80-145. Deposit IIG Pl. 135 Fabric TW2. B. Inv. 80-119. Context IIH Pl. 62

Fabric TW3: soft orange (5YR 7/6). Upper body has two grooves. C. Inv. 80-115. Deposit IIG Pl. 62 Fabric TW2. D. Inv. 56-3200. Context IIIH Pl. 62 Fabric TW1. E. Inv. 56-3221. Context IIIH Fabric TW4 (2.5YR 4/2). e lip is grooved on its outer face. 693. Inv. 80-53. Deposit IIG Pl. 135 P.H. 5.9; Diam. lip est. 7. Fabric TW4 (2.5YR 6/6). Fragment of upper body to lip. e rim is offset outward from the body and is grooved at the top and bottom of its vertical face. On the body are vertical registers of diagonal thorns between raised vertical lines. Ovoid-bodied beaker or jar has disk base, tall ovoid body rising to a flaring rolled rim. Marabini Moevs form II. 694. Inv. 80-149A–B. Deposit IIG Pls. 63, 136 P.H. (A) 4.8, (B) 4.2; Diam. lip 8.8. Fabric TW1.

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

A. Inv. 56-3220. Context IIIi Pl. 63 Fabric TW2. B. Inv. 80-15. Context IIIH Pl. 63 Fabric TW3: hard orange (5YR 7/6). Matt orangebrown gloss on lip and upper body. 695. Inv. 79-539+80-152A–B. Deposit IIG Pls. 63, 136 P.H. 5.0; Diam. lip. 7.4. Fragments of lower body to lip (inv. 79-539 and 80-152A join). Both 79-539 and 80-152A have nonjoining fragments. Fabric TW1. e body preserves four horizontal registers of vertical thorns. Denaro 2008, 76, pl. XXXIV, Mo6. Beaker or jar has a disk base and an ovoid body with outturned and upturned rim. Marabini Moevs form IV. 696. Inv. 80-190. Context IIIG Pl. 63 P.H. 3.5; Diam. lip 7.8. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW1. A. Inv. 80-183. Context IIIG Pl. 63 Fabric TW1. 697. Inv. 63-826. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 63 H. 7.2; Diam. base 2.8; Diam. lip 4.8. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1.1. Reddish-brown dilute gloss on the rim and upper body. Denaro 2008, 75, pl. XXXIV, Mo2.

403

Fabric TW4 (2.5YR 5/4). D. Inv. 80-120. Context IIH Pl. 64 Fabric TW1. E. Inv. 80-113. Context IIH Pl. 64 Fabric TW1. F. Inv. 79-533A. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 136 Fabric TW1.1. G. Inv. 79-533B. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 64, 136 Fabric TW1.1. H–P. Inv. 79-533C–K. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 136 Fabric TW1.1. Q. Inv. 80-27. Context IIIH Pl. 64 Fabric TW4 (2.5YR 5/4). R. Inv. 80-521. Context IIIG Pl. 64 Fabric TW2? Low ring foot. S. Inv. 80-424. Context IIIG Pl. 64 Fabric TW1. T. Inv. 80-505. Context IIIG Pl. 64 Fabric TW1. 700. Inv. 80-105. Context IIH Pl. 136 P.H. 5.0; Diam. base 3.6. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric TW2. Body has dotted barbotine festoons. A. Inv. 59-2189. Context IIC Pl. 136 Fabric TW2.

Beaker/Jar Bases (Marabini Moevs Forms I–IV)

701. Inv. 79-252. Deposit IID Pl. 64 P.H. 2.6; Diam. foot 4.0. Fragment of foot and lower body. Fabric TW1. Low ring foot. Body has vertical barbotine thorns. Denaro 2008, 75, pl. XXXIV, Mo3.

698. Inv. 80-151. Deposit IIF Pls. 63, 136 P.H. 4.0; Diam. base 3.8. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric TW1. Beaker/jar has a disk base and an ovoid body with vertical thorn decoration.

702. Inv. 80-534. Context IIIH Pl. 64 P.H. 2.5; Diam. base 3.5. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric TW1. Body has vertical grooving.

699. Inv. 80-135. Context IIH Pls. 63, 136 P.H. 7.6; Diam. base 3.5. Fabric TW4? Clay hard red (2.5YR 6/6) with a gray core. Fragment of base and lower body. Beaker/jar has a disk base and a tall body rising vertically, then with an ovoid flare. A. Inv. 80-49. Context IIH Pl. 63 Fabric TW4 (2.5YR 5/4). B. Inv. 80-74. Context IIH Pl. 63 Fabric TW1. C. Inv. 80-114. Context IIH Pl. 63

Globular-Bodied Beakers or Jars Beaker or jar has flat bottom or disk base, ovoid or globular body with an outturned or flaring lip with an upturned tip. Marabini Moevs form V. 703. Inv. 63-886. Deposit IE.1 Pls. 64, 137 H. 16.2–17.5; Diam. base 5.9; Diam. lip 9.7. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1. Very uneven. A. Inv. 80-503. Context IIIG Pl. 64

404

Diam. lip 12.0. B. Inv. 80-506. Context IIIG Fabric TW2?

C ATA L O G U E

Pl. 137

704. Inv. 80-147. Context IIH Pl. 64 P.H. 3.8; Diam. lip 12.0. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW3: soft orange (5YR 6/6). e body has barbotine vertical lozenges alternating with vertical acanthus leaves. 705. Inv. 92-133. Context IIC Pls. 64, 137 H. 9.9; Diam. base 6.5; Diam. lip 8.4. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1. Domed disk base. e body has six horizontal grooves. 706. Inv. 62-483. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 137 H. 7.2; Diam. base 3.2; Diam. lip 8.0. Complete except for chips. Fabric TW1.1. Dilute matt brown gloss on lip and upper body. Cracked (waster). Domed disk base. Body is globular. A. Inv. 62-587. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 137 Fabric TW1.1. Dilute brownish gloss on upper body. B. Inv. 66-916. Deposit IIG Pl. 64 Fabric TW1. Dilute reddish gloss on upper body. Restored in plaster as mug. Denaro 2008, 76, pl. XXXIV, Mo4. C. Inv. 79-243+79-244. Deposit IID Pl. 64 Fabric TW1. D. Inv. 80-520. Context IIIG Pl. 64 Fabric TW1. E. Inv. 80-9. Context IIIH Pl. 65 Fabric TW3: hard orange (5YR 7/6). F. Inv. 80-13. Context IIIH Pls. 65, 137 Fabric TW1. G. Inv. 56-3204. Context IIIH Pl. 65 Fabric TW1. Dilute orange gloss on exterior and interior of upper rim. 707. Inv. 62-481. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 137 H. 7.2–7.5; Diam. base 5.0; Diam. lip 6.7. Complete except for chips. Fabric TW1.1. Matt reddishbrown gloss on interior rim and wall, exterior rim, and upper body. Beaker or jar has globular body with a flaring lip hooked in at its outer edge. Marabini Moevs form VI.

708. Inv. 56-3218. Context IIIH Pl. 65 P.H. 3.1; Diam. lip 7.9. Fabric TW2. Dilute red gloss on interior, perhaps also on lip and upper body. Ovoid-Bodied Beakers or Jars with Various Lips Beaker or jar has ovoid body and tall flaring vertical rim. Rim is often beveled in. Marabini Moevs form VII. 709. Inv. 79-247. Deposit IID Pls. 65, 137 P.H. 7.6; Diam. lip 11.9. Nonjoining fragments of upper tip of body to lip. Fabric TW1. Barbotine vine and dots on lip. Denaro 2008, 77, pl. XXXV, Mo13. A. Inv. 79-241. Deposit IID Pl. 137 Fabric TW1. e body has vertical grooving. 710. Inv. 80-146. Deposit IIG Pl. 138 P.H. 2.4; Diam. lip 6.8. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW1. Groove at top of lip. A. Inv. 56-3198. Context IIIH Pl. 65 Fabric TW1. Beaker or jar has ovoid body. At the top of the body is a projecting fillet at the base of a tall vertical and concave rim with a beveled lip. See Marabini Moevs form X. 711. Inv. 79-248. Deposit IID Pl. 65 P.H. 8.1; Diam. lip 12.0. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW1. Body has vertical grooving. Denaro 2008, 77, pl. XXXV, Mo12. A. Inv. 79-242A–B. Deposit IID Pls. 65, 138 Fabric TW1. Dilute orange gloss on exterior of the body and interior of rim. Body has vertical grooving. B. Inv. 80-517. Context IIIG Pl. 65 Fabric TW1. 712. Inv. 79-257. Deposit IID Pls. 65, 138 P.H. 7.2; Diam. lip 11.8. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW1. Projecting molding at base of lip is beveled to a point. e lip is beveled on its interior. e body has decoration of horizontal registers of rouletted nicks. Denaro 2008, 77, pl. XXXV, Mo11.

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

Biconical Jars (or Cups) Jar (or cup, if with handles) has a disk base, domed undersurface. e body is biconical and has an offsetoutward flaring rim. 713. Inv. 79-604. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 65 H. 5.9; Diam. base 4.4; Diam. lip 11.4. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1. Dark reddish-brown gloss on interior of rim and wall, and on exterior of rim and upper body. Drips on lower body. A. Inv. 80-529. Context IIIH Pl. 65 Fabric TW1. Low ring foot. ree grooves above the carination of the body. 714. Inv. 80-551. Area I, trench 16, room 5, stratum 3 (North Stoa, east end) Pl. 138 P.H. 5.8; Diam. lip est. 9. Fragment of lower body to rim. Fabric TW1. Surface color mottled. e rim has an outward-thickened edge. A horizontal strap handle, round in section and with an upturned outer edge, rises from the upper body. A. Inv. 80-118. Context IIH Pl. 66 Fabric TW1. B. Inv. 80-38. Context IIH Pl. 66 Fabric TW3: hard orange. Dilute orange gloss on the rim. Biconical Cups or Pitchers Small pitcher or cup has a disk base, domed undersurface. e body is biconical, with an offset-outward flaring lip. A vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to the base of the lip. 715. Inv. 80-502. Context IIIG Pl. 66 P.H. 4.2; Diam. base 6.7. Fragment of base to bottom of lip. Fabric TW2. Domed undersurface has a groove. e base is beveled on its outer face and has a groove at the base of the body. e upper body is rouletted and preserves traces of a vertical strap handle. 716. Inv. 80-585. Context IIIH Pl. 66 P.H. 5.5; Diam. lip 9.8. Fragment of lower body to lip. Fabric TW4: clay fine hard red (10R 6/4). Dull brown gloss on upper body and ridged handle.

405

Cup has a low ring foot, biconical body, and a convex vertical rim with a straight lip. Two opposed ridged vertical strap handles rise from the carination of the body to the base of the lip. Marabini Moevs form XXV. 717. Inv. 63-872. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 138 H. 11.4; Diam. base 6.3; Diam. lip 14.8. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1.1. Dilute red gloss on lip, upper body, and handle. A. Inv. 80-19. Context IIIH Pls. 66, 138 Fabric TW3: hard orange (5YR 7/6). 718. Inv. 63-873A. Deposit IIE.1 Pls. 66, 138 H. 7.0; Diam. base 4.8; Diam. lip 10.7. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1.1. Dilute red gloss on lip, upper body, and handle. e lid inv. 63-873B fits this vase and was found in the same deposit. Denaro 2008, 76, pl. XXXV, Mo7. A. Inv. 62-484. Deposit IIE.1 Pl. 66 Fabric TW1.1. B. Inv. 66-848. Deposit IIG Pl. 138 Fabric TW1? Matt, dark reddish-brown gloss. Denaro 2008, 76, pl. XXXV, Mo8. C. Inv. 79-240. Deposit IID Pl. 66 Fabric TW3: fairly soft orange (7.5YR 7/6). A ridged vertical strap handle rises from the upper body to just below the lip. D. Inv. 80-11. Context IIIH Pl. 66 Fabric TW1. 719. Inv. 79-200. Deposit IID Pl. 138 H. 8.3; Diam. base 5.0; Diam. lip 8.9. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1. Grooved on lower body. A. Inv. 66-914. Deposit IIG Pl. 66 Fabric TW1. Denaro 2008, 76, pl. XXXV, Mo9. Cup has ring foot or disk base, biconical body flaring obliquely up to a vertical rim with an outward-thickened lip. Two opposed vertical strap handles rise from the upper body to the rim. Similar: Marabini Moevs form XXV. 720. Inv. 80-144. Context IIi Pls. 67, 138 H. 6.0; Diam. foot 4.8; Diam. lip 9.0. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1. Mottled red to black gloss on interior of rim, exterior of lip, and upper body. Beveled ring foot. e lip has an outturned, rolled

406

C ATA L O G U E

tip. e rim has two grooves. Traces of a vertical strap handle survive at the midpoint of the body and below the top of the rim. 721. Inv. 66-909. Deposit IIF Pls. 67, 138 H. 4.9; Diam. base 3.5; Diam. lip 8.9. Preserves profile; both handles restored in plaster. Fabric unknown (clay not visible). Denaro 2008, 77, pl. XXXV, Mo10. 722. Inv. 56-3205. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 67 P.H. 3.4; Diam. lip 8.8. Fragment of lip. Fabric TW3: soft orange. ree grooves on rim. Traces of a handle survive on the lip. Bowl or handleless cup has a horizontal body flaring up to a tall vertical rim with a straight or slightly flaring lip. Marabini Moevs form XIX. 723. Inv. 79-258. Deposit IID Pl. 139 P.H. 5.8; Diam. lip est. 9.5. Fragment of lower body to lip. Fabric TW1. 724. Inv. 79-246. Deposit IID Pl. 67 P.H. 3.3; Diam. lip 8.8. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW3: soft orange (7.5YR 7/6).

726. Inv. 80-574. Context IIIi Pl. 67 P.H. 3.9; Diam. lip 7.8. Fragment of rim and lip. Fabric TW4: fine hard red (2.5YR 5/6). Matt black gloss on the interior and exterior of the rim and lip. e lip is set off from the body by a raised molding. e rim has two grooves. A. Inv. 80-579. Context IIIH Pl. 67 Fabric TW1. No gloss. Indentation on one side. e body has two horizontal grooves beneath the rim. B. Inv. 80-155. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 67 Fabric TW2: hard dark gray (5YR 5/1). No gloss. Two grooves at the base of the rim.

Other Fragments 727. Inv. 83-146. Deposit IIB Pl. 139 P.H. 4.6. Fabric TW1. Clay fine hard reddish brown (5YR 6/3). Had a conical body (hence from a beaker?) decorated in barbotine technique: horizontal palmette with large incised leaves beneath a cord. 728. Inv. 79-219. Deposit IID Pl. 139 P.H. 5.1. Fragment of body. Fabric TW1 (5YR 5/5). From a beaker. Decoration of raised dots in barbotine forming festoons.

Globular Cup Cup has a globular body with an outturned lip. Opposed vertical strap handles rise from the midpoint of the body to the base of the rim. Mayet form XX.

729. Inv. 80-26. Context IIIH Pl. 139 P.H. 3.4; Diam. lip est. 10. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW1. Ovoid body with offset-inward vertical rim that turns out and is thickened at the lip. Barbotine dotted festoons on the body.

725. Inv. 79-538. Deposit IIG Pls. 67, 139 P.H. 6.6; Diam. lip 10.0. Fragment of lower body to lip. Fabric TW1. Dilute dark reddish-brown gloss on upper body and lip. Upper body has a groove, beneath which six horizontal registers of vertical thorns survive. Probably a Spanish import.

730. Inv. 80-148. Deposit IIG Pl. 67 P.H. 2.1; Diam. base 3.7. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric TW1. Flat bottom, globular body. Vertical thorns in barbotine on the body.

Hemispherical-Bodied Cup

731. Inv. 79-245. Deposit IID Pl. 139 P.H. 3.5. Fragment of body. Fabric TW1. Probably from a beaker. Body has thorns in barbotine.

Deep handleless cup has a round bottom, hemispherical body. A tall vertical rim with a concave flare rises from the top of the body to a flaring lip. Mayet form XXII.

732. Inv. 80-150A–B. Deposit IIG Pl. 139 P.H. (A) 2.5, (B) 2.3. Nonjoining fragments of upper body. Fabric TW1. Traces of blackish gloss on

T H I N - WA L L E D P OT T E RY

the upper body. Ovoid or globular body decorated with shallow grooves and small vertical thorns in barbotine. 733. Inv. 80-584. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Pl. 67 P.H. 3.8; Diam. base 4.4. Fragment of base and lower body. Fabric TW4: hard red (2.5YR 6/6). Groups of two or three vertical incised grooves at intervals on the body. 734. Inv. 79-251. Deposit IID Pl. 67 P.H. 3.9; Diam. foot 3.7. Fragment of foot and lower body. Fabric TW1. Low ring foot, ovoid body with incised decoration of vertical flowers. 735. Inv. 79-255. Deposit IID Pls. 67, 139 P.H. 4.0. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW1. Conical body (?) decorated with diagonal grooves. Straight lip has three horizontal grooves.

Imperial Forms Ovoid Beaker or Jar Beaker or jar has ovoid body with a flaring vertical lip with convex curve. Lightly ridged opposed vertical strap handles (?) rise from midpoint of body to below offset of lip. Similar: Marabini Moevs form XVI; Mayet form IV. 736. Inv. 80-580. Context IIIH Pl. 68 P.H. 5.9; Diam. lip 9.0. Fragment of upper body to lip. Fabric TW4: hard red (2.5YR 6/6). On body, horizontal registers of rouletted nicks. Ovoid Jug or Mug Jug or mug has disk base and domed undersurface. e body is ovoid, with an outturned and upturned lip. Ridged vertical strap handle rises from point of greatest diameter on body to base of lip. Marabini Moevs form LI.

407

737. Inv. 66-614. Context IIID Pls. 68, 139 H. 9.8; Diam. base 4.0; Diam. lip 7.8. Preserves profile. Fabric TW1. Groove on upper body, three grooves on lip. Denaro 2008, 76, pl. XXXIV, Mo5. A. Inv. 79-605. Context IIIH (stratum 1) Fabric TW1. Dilute orange gloss. Vertical-Rimmed Jar or Beaker Jar or beaker has a low ring foot. e body flares horizontally, then turns up to a tall vertical rim with a straight or slightly flaring lip. Marabini Moevs form XXXIII. 738. Inv. 56-3209. Context IIIH Pl. 68 P.H. 4.1; Diam. base 8.1. Fragment of base to lower lip. Fabric TW4: hard red (10R 5/8). Grooved be low the lower lip. 739. Inv. 80-587A–B. Context IIIG (stratum 1) Pl. 68 P.H. (A) 4.9, (B) 4.7; Diam. lip 9.9. Fragments preserve upper body to lip. Fabric TW1. e rim has two grooves at its midpoint, another groove beneath its edge. Other Fragments 740. Inv. 80-501. Context IIIG Pl. 139 P.H. 4.3. Fragment of body from top of foot to lower rim. Fabric TW1. Body (of a beaker or jar?) was biconical, with its greatest diameter above the midpoint. On the body, barbotine garland with opposed and stemmed teardrop leaves and a central dotted vine. 741. Inv. 80-518. Context IIIG Pl. 139 P.H. 2.1. Fabric TW1. Shape and decoration similar to no. 740. Barbotine garland on upper body. 742. Inv. 80-568. Area II, West Hill, trench 12, stratum 3 (street) Pl. 139 G.P.D. 3.0. Fragment of body. Fabric TW1?: soft pale reddish brown (5YR 7/4). Gloss dilute mottled orange to red inside and outside. Decorated with barbotine leafy frond and sickle-shaped leaf.

Appendix 1

The Evidence for Pottery Manufacture at Morgantina from the Later 4th Century BCE to the 1st Century CE Morgantina preserves much evidence for the manufacture of pottery in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. This material was presented by Ninina Cuomo di Caprio in Morgantina Studies III and needs little expansion, except to note that the evidence for pottery manufacture at Morgantina is more extensive than the excavated kilns and is earlier than the 1st century BCE. There is also much peripheral evidence documenting pottery manufacture in the 3rd and probably the later 4th century BCE. Some evidence indicates that pottery was made at Morgantina in the 5th century BCE, and perhaps earlier. No evidence for pottery manufacture can be associated with the archaic city on the Cittadella, but a kiln found in the area of the southern Agora on Serra Orlando appears to date to the second half of the 5th century BCE.1 It was apparently used to make Sikelo-Geometric pottery, which served locally as both fine and utilitarian pottery during the 6th and 5th centuries BCE. This type of pottery is ubiquitous in archaic contexts on Cittadella, and, since its fabric is visually identical to the “local” fabric I of the Hellenistic period, it can be assumed that Sikelo-Geometric was made at Morgantina earlier than the period of the kiln.2 Beyond this ware, it is likely that other common ceramic products such as pithoi and roof tiles were made at Morgantina in 6th and 5th centuries BCE. It is uncertain whether terracotta antefixes and figurines were made at the site during the Archaic and Classical periods.3

From the Later 4th Century to 211 BCE Pottery was clearly made at Morgantina in the 3rd century BCE, since two stamps for medallion cup tondi were found in a cistern filled after the Roman sack of 211 BCE (deposit IH). A third example of the same stamp type (no. 577), which presumably also dates to the 3rd century, has now turned up elsewhere on the site.4 An apparent waster of another type of medallion cup (no. 529A; Pls. 112, 140) appeared in the same deposit as the two stamps, and a mold for shell feet for tripod-

1

PR XII, 319–321; MS III, 5; MS V, 74. See MS V, 73–91. Portable X-ray fluorescence testing in 2007 established that the clay of a number of samples of this ware was local. 3 The evidence for the manufacture of terracotta figurines at Morgantina during these centuries is ambiguous: MS I, 2

9–10. 4 See pp. 233 and 263 above, nos. 578, 578A. The context of no. 577 is less closely dated, although it was found near the House of Eupolemos, which was abandoned in 211 BCE. It is larger than nos. 578 and 578A and hence earlier in the stamp series.

P OT T E RY M A N U FA C T U R E AT M O RG A N T I N A

409

footed cups of 3rd-century date has also been found (inv. 60-256; Pl. 140).5 Several other wasters appear to date to the 3rd century BCE. A probable waster of a black-gloss bowl was found in the South Sanctuary (context IN), which went out of use in 211 BCE.6 A waster of a large utilitarian jug (inv. 68-462; Pl. 140) was found in a cistern in a house complex that shows few signs of activity after 211 BCE, and a waster of a fusiform unguentarium (inv. 59-1569), a shape common in the 3rd century, was excavated in the Agora.7 In general, the enormous amount of black-gloss and utilitarian pottery in fabric I found in the deposits of the 3rd century BCE suggests that the majority of the wares in this fabric type were made at Morgantina.8 Chemical analysis (X-ray fluorescence testing) has demonstrated that fabric I was the clay of the vases made at Morgantina (see appendix 2). Given its fragile nature and the difficulty of transporting it, some of the East Sicilian Polychrome ware found at Morgantina may also have been made in the city.9 Given this evidence from the 3rd century BCE, it is likely that pottery was produced at Morgantina in the second half of the 4th century BCE, although proving this hypothesis is difficult. There is also some evidence for other kinds of ceramic production at Morgantina in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. Malcolm Bell has published molds and other evidence indicating that terracotta figurines and busts were made at Morgantina in the later 4th and 3rd centuries.10 Two types of terracotta antefixes can be dated to the 3rd century BCE, and were probably made in or near the city.11 One can also assume that the terracotta building materials needed for the massive construction campaigns of the 3rd century BCE were made at the site.12 Establishments associated with pottery production that can be dated before 211 BCE remain elusive. Scanty remains of two kilns found in a group of walls on the East Hill show little sign of use after 211 BCE and may have been used in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.13 The cistern in which the two medallion cup stamps and the medallion cup waster were found (deposit IH) was also located 5 For the medallion cup waster, see p. 251 above, no. 529A. The shell mold is complete, has a rounded back, and is in fabric I, with traces of white slip inside. Its diameter is 2.4–2.6 cm; the width of the shell impression is 1.8 cm, its height 1.6 cm. While it was found in the fill over the West Stoa (Area I, trench 44E, stratum 2), which includes material ranging from the 4th to the 1st century BCE, it should date to the 3rd century BCE, since tripod-footed cups disappear at Morgantina after 211 BCE: see pp. 91–92 above, no. 24. 6 See p. 94 above, no. 30A. Since it seems functional, it was likely used, although probably not as tableware. It was found in the South Sanctuary (context IN), where dining may have been part of the activities, given the amount of cooking wares found in the fill. 7 Although it is barely functional, the plain jug was probably used: it was found in a cistern (context IJ.1). If it was used, it indicates that even badly misfired vases were sold (or at least used). 8 See pp. 74–76 above and appendix 2 below. 9 See p. 134 above. 10 MS I, 3–4, 118–119. The evidence for production of terracottas at Morgantina in the first half of the 4th century

is inconclusive and is based on one mold: MS I, 24, no. 203. Its appearance at Morgantina is somewhat of a mystery, since Bell does not believe that a coroplast was active at the site at that time. On the second half of the century, which is much better represented, see MS I, 24–27; a figurine mold from that period has been found (MS I, 165, no. 274). The evidence for the production of terracottas at Morgantina during the 3rd century is extensive and conclusive, although no workshops have been found: MS I, 41–73. 11 See Kenfield 1994, 279–280 (archaistic Medusa and beautiful gorgoneion types), both dated to the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE. 12 On the building campaigns of the 3rd century, see pp. 9–10 above. For scientific analysis proving that bricks, roof tiles, and terracotta tubes were made at the site, see MS III, 112–158, and appendix 2 below. 13 Area I, trench 66, between the House of the Doric Capital and the House of Ganymede. On these kilns, see PR V, 280; MS III, 4–5. They no longer survive but were apparently round, and thus different than the Republican kilns discussed below.

410

APPENDIX 1

on the East Hill, which bolsters the hypothesis that pottery was manufactured in that area before 211. In addition, kilns have been found by various excavations, both sanctioned and clandestine, one near the East Hill and two others in the western areas of Serra Orlando. Although these lack datable material, their location in areas that were not occupied after 211 BCE suggests that they probably belong to the 3rd-century city.14

From the 2nd Century BCE to 35–15 BCE Little evidence is preserved for the manufacture of pottery in the first half of the 2nd century BCE, a period in which Bell has suggested that Morgantina made no terracotta figurines.15 In the second half of that century and in the 1st century BCE, the evidence for pottery manufacture is much fuller. Nine kilns have been found that can be conclusively associated with the later 2nd century BCE and the first three quarters of the 1st century BCE. These kilns, which are all of the same type, have been published by Cuomo di Caprio.16 They are oval (or roundish), with a vaulted combustion chamber supporting a floor on which the greenware to be fired was stacked. The firing chamber of the large kiln in the southern Agora could be stoked from openings at either side; the smaller kilns had only a single stoking hole. These kilns were best suited for firing under reducing conditions, since the smoke must have escaped through the chamber containing the pots, but some were also apparently modified for firing under oxidizing conditions during the second and third quarters of the 1st century BCE. These kilns seem to have belonged to four or five establishments. A small ceramic shop was installed in the two-room suite at the north end of the East Stoa (formerly a dikasterion!) adjacent to the Fountain House in the Agora.17 Sometime after a remodeling of the Fountain House in the early 1st century BCE, the potter began to use the narrow space to the south of the fountain and north of the stoa as an open-air working area.18 This establishment had a single small kiln, and seems to have made only utilitarian pottery. The East Stoa to the south of the shop continued to be used during the 2nd century, but its commercial use was curtailed, and it may have become a stable at the end of its life in the early 1st century BCE. The Fountain House seems to have gone out of use during the last quarter of the 1st century BCE.19 A coin of Sextus Pompeius (along with coins issued in the 2nd century BCE) was found in the back room of the pottery factory, and it seems likely that, like many establishments at Morgantina, it ceased operating in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.20 An early imperial coin was found in the outer room of the two-room suite (discussed below).

14 On these kilns, see MS III, 5. Malcolm Bell kindly informed me (e-mail message, January 13, 2010) that “three large but unexcavated kilns of the IV–III c. are known — one in Area VII (northwest of the House of Eupolemos), one in Area VI (south of Papa Hill), and one in Area I (near the city wall northeast of the House of Ganymede). These are all on the periphery of the city, unlike the kilns of the II–I c.”

15

MS I, 74–75. MS III, 9–104. 17 MS III, 26–28; PR XII, 337. 18 PR XII, 335 (date of remodeling of the Fountain House), 337 (potter’s activity dated to the 1st century BCE). 19 See p. 25, deposit IIB above. 20 The coin of Pompeius is inv. 58-1478 (MS II, no. 692). 16

P OT T E RY M A N U FA C T U R E AT M O RG A N T I N A

411

In the later 2nd and 1st century BCE, major pottery factories were located at the north end of the East Granary (context IIC) and the northern half of the House of the Official (context IIE and deposit IIE.1, a potter’s dump in an abandoned cistern in the house). Both of these establishments made Campana C black-gloss. Cuomo di Caprio’s discovery that the Campana C black-gloss pottery produced at Morgantina includes black volcanic sand from eastern Sicily suggests that the artisans who introduced that ware to Morgantina had moved from the environs of Mount Etna, where such sand would have been readily available.21 The suggestion that potters moved to Morgantina in the late 2nd or early 1st century BCE seems corroborated by Bell’s observation that production of terracotta figurines appears not to have taken place at Morgantina between 211 BCE and the early 1st century BCE.22 Of the pottery establishments dating to this period, the large factory in the East Granary (context IIC) seems likely to have begun operating in the second half of the 2nd century BCE, probably after the end of the First Slave War (i.e., ca. 130–120 BCE), and to have continued until its abandonment ca. 75–50 BCE.23 It had three small kilns that were built into a northern room of an old granary on the southeastern side of the Agora, and may also have included the large kiln built into the hillside to the south end of the warehouse.24 The production area of this pottery factory was probably located in the three rooms south of the room with the kilns; a fifth room at the extreme north end of the complex may have functioned as a shed. These rooms seem to provide ample space for the production of both fine and utilitarian wares. The pottery fragments dumped in and around the northern rooms of the East Granary, in the large central room that once served for storage of grain, and along the back (east) wall of the complex suggest that the workshop made Campana C black-gloss wares and molded lamps (most of them also fired in the Campana C technique).25 Several Campana C wasters (notably inv. 80-638; Pl. 140) were found in the dumps associated with this complex. A few fragments with red gloss suggest that there was some experimentation with firing under oxidizing conditions at the end of the factory’s life. While a few examples of thin-walled and molded pottery were found in the fill, it seems unlikely that those classes of pottery were made

21

MS III, 89–96; see also pp. 151 and 153–154 above. MS I, 75–76. MS III, 68–69, dates the kilns from the second half of the 2nd century BCE to the second half of the 1st century BCE. 23 See pp. 16, 51–53 above, context IIC; MS III, 1–16. As noted in the discussion of context IIC above, the evidence for the date of the demise of the pottery factory in the East Granary is not completely conclusive. The latest dated coin in the floor deposit was issued in 83 BCE. Given the lack of Early Italian terra sigillata in the fill, the workshop does not seem to have been in operation in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE. The coins suggest an abandonment in the late first quarter of the 1st century BCE, while the lack of Eastern Sigillata A and the rarity of thin-walled and Republican red-gloss in the fill suggests that the factory ceased operating during the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. The numismatic and ceramic evidence thus places its abandonment 22

between ca. 75 and 50 BCE. 24 MS III, 35–40. While the association of this large kiln with the East Granary is conjectural, there is no other commercial establishment nearby, and the proximity (ca. 10 meters south of the south wall of the granary) of the large kiln of an establishment engaged in ceramic production makes the association probable. Cuomo di Caprio believes that this large kiln was built to fire bricks, pipes, and tiles, and that it was probably abandoned with the end of major construction at Morgantina in the early 1st century BCE: MS III, 68–69, 79–84. It may have been built to facilitate the construction of the Macellum in the Agora, which was begun around 130 BCE: pp. 151–152 above. 25 For the Campana C, see pp. 52–53 above. Some fifty moldmade lamps from this pottery factory have been catalogued, and some of them are wasters.

412

APPENDIX 1

there.26 Large amounts of coarse wares were said by the excavators to have been found in this factory, but most were discarded. The examples of these types of pottery that remain in the sherd trays (and which, in a few cases, have been catalogued) indicate that the factory made both cooking and utilitarian wares. Fragments of Campana C and molded lamps mixed with ash were also found around the large kiln to the south of the old warehouse, although that kiln is so large that it could only have made low-fired ceramic products like pithoi and roof tiles.27 The Campana C and lamp fragments found there are more likely to be refuse dumped from the northern rooms of the factory or material that fell from the residences on the East Hill above the kiln. A smaller pottery workshop was located in the northern half of the House of the Official (context IIE) after the house was divided sometime in the 2nd century BCE.28 In the later 2nd century or the early 1st century BCE, a row of rooms was added onto the northern end of the house. Three small kilns were built into the westernmost room of this addition. A cistern near the kilns had collapsed and could not be excavated, but test excavations indicated that it contained the potter’s discards. A cistern in the peristyle of the house (deposit IIE.1) also contained obvious discards that provide good evidence for the potter’s activities. Judging from the material found in the cistern, he seems to have made a varied assortment of products: Campana C black-gloss, thin-walled wares, and utilitarian wares.29 Wasters found in the cistern included Campana C cups/bowls with outturned lip (nos. 221B–D; Pl. 140), black-gloss kantharoi (nos. 250A, 250B; Pl. 99), and utilitarian ring stands (inv. 62-530; Pl. 140). From the many broken examples found in the cistern, it is also evident that the potter made three thin-walled shapes.30 One of these, no. 706 (Pl. 137), is certainly a waster, since its base was cracked in firing. A few molded lamps were found in the cistern, but none were obviously misfired, so it cannot be definitely concluded that the potter made them (especially since two fragments of Eastern Sigillata A cups were also in the cistern).31 The cistern also contained some Republican red-gloss vases, which suggests that the potter was experimenting with firing under oxidizing conditions, as does the fact that their gloss coloration is often not successful. A few of the red-gloss cups found in the cistern may be wasters (nos. 329A, 329B; Pls. 45, 103).32 The upper levels of the cistern fill contained a higher proportion of thin-walled fragments, while Campana C predominated in the lower levels. This may suggest that the potter was shifting the focus of his production away from the old-fashioned black-gloss to thin-walled wares and Republican red-gloss when pottery manufacture ceased in the house following a fire around 35 BCE. On the other hand, this “stratigraphy” may merely represent successive unsuccessful firings of different types of pottery over the course of a few months or years. Half of a mold for a relief bowl, along with two small fragments of its other half, were found in the second stratum of fill in a courtyard within the House of the Official, but more than 15 meters 26

There are only four catalogued pieces of Republican red-gloss from context IIC: nos. 281A, 323, 323A in fabric I, and no. 350, an imported chalice in fabric III. Four redgloss lamps (Dressel 4) were also found in the fill. For the thin-walled vases: p. 294 above, nos. 700A, 705. 27 PR I, 158. See also MS III, 79–85. 28 MS III, 16–20, 85–96.

29

MS III, 85–96; pp. 56–57 above. See pp. 294 (list), 297, and 299 above. 31 For the Eastern Sigillata cups: p. 199 above, nos. 400, 401A. 32 See p. 187 above, nos. 331, 332, 333, 333A, 333B. 30

P OT T E RY M A N U FA C T U R E AT M O RG A N T I N A

413

from the room with the kilns.33 Stratum 2 is the layer of debris (including roof tiles) that overlay the fill directly over the floor, which is stratum 3. No fragments of hemispherical moldmade bowls were found in the potter’s dump in the cistern or elsewhere in the house. The presence of the mold may indicate that the potter in the house experimented with manufacturing molded wares at some point in the 1st century BCE. On the other hand, a mold for a lamp was found on the adjacent West Hill (see below), demonstrating that molded wares were manufactured there, and it is possible that the bowl mold does not belong to the potter’s assemblage but rather found its way into the House of the Official from the West Hill directly above the house after the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. Another small kiln was built into one of the eastern rooms of the Central Sanctuary in the Agora sometime after 211 BCE.34 These rooms seem to have functioned as service areas for the sanctuary. Enormous numbers of small plain lamps and paterae were found around this kiln. The same types of vessels were present in the votive deposits in the western parts of the sanctuary, and the kiln thus seems to have manufactured dedications for the cults housed in the complex. Its operations ceased when the sanctuary was abandoned around 35–15 BCE.35 Another kiln was located in room 14 at the eastern end of the North Stoa.36 Large numbers of water pipes were found stacked in the adjacent room 13, and these were presumably the product manufactured in the shop. This kiln went out of use when the east end of the stoa was abandoned ca. 35–15 BCE.37 A waster for a Campana C bowl (Pl. 140) found in the southern section of the North Sanctuary (Fig. 2) associated with some late walls (context IIH) suggests that another pottery workshop was located in this area, which showed other signs of industrial production in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. The dump is too far from the potteries known to have made Campana C (more than 300 meters and uphill) to have been used for their refuse. The same general area produced two roulettes that were used to adorn the mouths of pithoi and cistern heads with running ornament. One of these (inv. 58-1249; Pl. 141) is a waster decorated with a garland;38 the other (inv. 58-413; Pl. 141) has a wave pattern.39 Interestingly, the first is in intaglio, the other in relief. It is difficult, however, to know whether these roulettes belong before or after 211 BCE, since their archaeological contexts contained material from the later 4th into the third quarter of the 1st century BCE. While the Campana C waster suggests production of pottery in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, Bell reports evidence indicating that there was a coroplastic workshop in the area in the 3rd century.40 Two other roulettes found at Morgantina may aid in dating the roulettes from the dump over the North Sanctuary. A roulette depicting palmettes (inv. 58-1340; Pl. 141) was excavated north of the House of the Official in an area that was probably abandoned in the third quarter of the 1st century BCE.41 The final example (inv. 61-388; Pl. 141), which depicts girls (or perhaps women) 33 See

pp. 281–282 above, no. 662. MS III, 20–23. 35 See p. 16, n. 57 above. 36 MS III, 26–28. 37 See pp. 17–18, n. 66 above. 38 The waster was found in context IIH: H. 4.8 cm, 34

Diam. 3.4–4.0 cm, clay hard gritty dark gray (5YR 3/1). 39 From deposit IIG: H. 2.1 cm, Diam. 3.2 cm, clay fairly hard fine greenish brown (5YR 7/3) with inclusions. 40 MS I, 252. 41 Found in Area II, trench 5, section 4, stratum 1 (house walls north of the House of the Official): H. 4.0 cm, Diam.

414

APPENDIX 1

holding hands while dancing, was found on the West Hill.42 It appears to be in fabric II, so it is an import. Its findspot, the House of the Arched Cistern (context IIIA) is puzzling, since that house was occupied into the 1st century CE. It is possible that the roulette, which is complete, represents a curiosity from an earlier period that was collected by one of the last inhabitants of Morgantinians. From all of this evidence, it seems probable that the roulettes belong after 211 BCE and probably before the last period of habitation at Morgantina. In addition to the roulette, a large utilitarian jug waster (inv. 66-149; Pl. 141) and a mold for a delphiniform (Dressel 2) lamp (inv. 66-560; Pl. 141) were also found on the West Hill, probably attesting to another ceramic workshop of the Republican Age somewhere in that domestic quarter. 43

The Late 1st Century BCE and the 1st Century CE There is little evidence for the manufacture of pottery at Morgantina in the last period of its occupation (ca. 35/15 BCE–50 CE). Given its small size (500 inhabitants?), the last settlement at Morgantina seems likely to have imported all of its ceramics. The evidence from the late houses (contexts IIIA–IIIF) suggests that by the 1st century CE the local fabric I was no longer used for fine wares.44 Only one piece of utilitarian pottery that appears to be in fabric I was found in a domestic context of the last period; it was presumably imported from a workshop located in the Catania valley or Lentini plain.45 The fine pottery in this period seems to have been exclusively terra sigillata, mainly Italian, but also including a little Eastern Sigillata.46 There is only a small amount of evidence that may suggest that pottery was made at Morgantina in the 1st century CE. The outer room of the small pottery factory at the north end of the East Stoa contained an imperial coin of ca. 5 BCE (MS II, 128, no. 732). This may suggest that the establishment was operating up to or even into the 1st century CE. The coin was the only late item in the shop, although small fragments of Augustan Early Italian terra sigillata were found in front of the Fountain House and in its outer basin. This pottery workshop was located only 15 meters from the main road through the town (Plateia A), and that street no doubt saw a fair amount of traffic in the last period of habitation. The coin, then, may well be a chance loss by a visitor examining the ruins of the shop. Judging by the debris found in the shop, the potter seems to have made utilitarian wares, but, as noted above, only one vase from the last period appears to be in the local (i.e., of the general area) fabric I. It thus appears likely that the workshop had gone out of use by the last quarter of the 3.2 cm, clay fairly soft fine reddish brown (5YR 7/4). 42 Found in context IIIA: H. 4.0 cm, Diam. 6.0 cm, clay soft fine orange (5YR 7/6). 43 Unsurprisingly, the lamp mold is in fabric I. It is a double convex type that was made widely on Sicily and dates to the later 2nd and the first half of the 1st century BCE: see C. R. Fitch and N. W. Goldman, Cosa: The Lamps, MAAR 39 (Ann Arbor, 1994), 47–51. 44 Few fragments of fabric I were found in those houses. See p. 174 and n. 202 above.

45 Five utilitarian vases that seem to belong to the last period of habitation are in fabric II, and only a large pitcher found in context IIIi (inv. 56-3183) may be in fabric I; since this seems to be the fabric of east central Sicily, the pitcher may well have been made at a city other than Morgantina. The fabrics of three fragments of cooking wares found in a late house fill show that they were clearly not made at Morgantina. 46 See pp. 194–196 and 200 above.

P OT T E RY M A N U FA C T U R E AT M O RG A N T I N A

415

1st century BCE. On the other hand, it is also possible that the kiln in the shop was used again in the late 1st century BCE to make ceramic products other than vases (such as roof tiles?). As mentioned above, there is some also evidence suggesting that pottery was produced on the West Hill, which was the domestic center of the last settlement at Morgantina. Again, this material seems to fit best before 25 BCE. In addition, several wasters of utilitarian vases (e.g., inv. 56-3164; Pl. 141) were found in the fill of the northwest Agora (context IIIi), where the commercial center of the last village at the site was located.47 These wasters, however, seem likely to have been washed down into the northwest Agora from dumps located higher up on the West Hill, and they cannot be associated with kilns. All of these wasters are of types of pottery manufactured in the 1st century BCE, and they probably belong to that period.

47 Inv. 80-164A, a fragment of a jug that appears to be a waster, was found in the first stratum of fill in context IIIH.

Inv. 56-3164, a waster of a piriform unguentarium, was also found in context IIIH, but in the second stratum.

Appendix 2

e Provenance of Ceramics at Morgantina from the 3rd Century BCE through the 1st Century CE as Defined by Portable EDXRF Analysis By Malia Johnson1 and Maury Morgenstein1

A portable Niton 592Y EDXRF spectrometer was utilized to obtain geochemical characterization of 3rd-century BCE through 1st-century CE ceramics from Morgantina. This nondestructive technology allows ceramic artifacts to be studied without compromising their state of preservation. In addition to EDXRF, optical petrography and magnetic susceptibility were obtained for most materials that were investigated geochemically. Various materials were studied to acquire a baseline geochemical and petrographic library of the site and its environs. These materials included local and non-local outcroppings of sedimentary and igneous rocks, unconsolidated sediments, known production site materials, slag, kiln wasters, kiln construction materials such as mortar and brick, roof tiles, house bricks, ceramic water pipe, and ceramics. Representative collections of ceramics from excavations at Morgantina, along with comparative imported ceramics, were studied to determine provenance. Compelling evidence for the Morgantina fabric type and place of manufacture was revealed when the data were plotted in triangular and cross-plot scattergrams using elemental data in parts per million. Keywords: Pottery provenance, portable EDXRF, Morgantina, Sicilian pottery, Sr-Fe-Zr-Rb scattergrams, ceramic sourcing, ceramic petrography

Introduction The central purposes of the EDXRF study were to compare ceramics found at the site of Morgantina with samples that included ceramic artifacts known to be of local origin, to assess the compatibility of the visual fabric classification system used at Morgantina with the geochemical and petrographic data collected, and to acquire a baseline library of portable (nondestructive) EDXRF data for Morgantina, including local and imported fabrics in addition to local and island-wide potential source sediments. This library is useful for other archaeological sites in the region and for ceramic provenance studies of different time spans. In fact, the effort here is part of a ceramic study of Morgantina dealing with a broader time span, from the Archaic through the Hellenistic/Republican periods. Shelley C. 1

Geosciences Management International, Inc., 450 South Walnut Drive, Monmouth, OR 97361.

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

417

Stone provided guidance on the archaeology of Morgantina, and it is under his direction that this study was carried out.

Analytical Methods A total of 93 ceramic samples were chosen by Shelley Stone from the Morgantina excavation field collection and museum display artifacts, and a total of 39 geologic samples were collected by the authors in a variety of locations around Sicily (Table A1). Both ceramic artifacts and potential source samples were studied by noninvasive means. Reflective optical petrography was accomplished by examining previously broken ceramic surfaces with a stereoscopic microscope. This method was useful for ceramic classification, and many of the most common constituents correlated with the geochemical data collected. Magnetic susceptibility in SI units (Kappameter model KT-5TM) was obtained to quantify the iron oxide and oxyhydroxide contents plus firing characteristics of the ceramics. The major component of the analytical activity utilized a portable Niton 592Y energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF). Previous studies using a portable EDXRF spectrometer for provenance analysis have described the methodology and benefits of its use.2 All geochemical analyses, including those done with the portable spectrometer, were carried out in the museum laboratory or in the field. In order to determine optimal exposure times for the EDXRF study samples, powdered standards and test pottery sherds were first subjected to analysis by the unit for exposure times ranging from 60 to 400 seconds. Detection-limit data then were plotted against time of exposure to determine where the detection-limit curves changed slope. Past this inflection point, which was found to be at 240 seconds, additional exposure time did not markedly improve detection limits. All EDXRF samples in this study were therefore exposed for a minimum of 240 seconds. All tested samples were larger than the Niton exposure window, which measures 1 cm × 2 cm. The flattest portion of each sample was placed next to the exposure window for analysis. Calibration standards were used prior to analysis. In this study, the ceramic materials were classified geochemically by using four elements: iron (Fe), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), and zirconium (Zr). Geochemical data were collected for the elements Fe, Ca, V, Zn, Rb, Sr, and Zr, and are reported in Table A2. Petrographic and magnetic susceptibility data are presented in Table A3. All geochemical data were studied by use of triangular scattergrams (Figs. A1–A7) produced in DeltaGraph 5, following the example presented in Morgenstein and Redmount 2005. The relationship of rubidium, strontium, zirconium, and iron is significant in almost all environments. Zirconium is a product of heavy mineral concentration from primary igneous and secondary sedimentary sources. Rubidium was selected to represent volcanics and illitic mud, strontium to express the carbonate content, and iron and zirconium to reflect transition metals common to heavy minerals. To plot three elements on the same graph at a reasonable scale, they were modified as follows: Rb (ppm) was multiplied by 10; Zr (ppm) and Sr (ppm) were left unchanged; and Fe (ppm) was divided by 10. Several different triangular scattergram plots were constructed to assess the classification of the ceramics. 2

Morgenstein et al. 2005; Emery et al. 2007; and Wolff et al. (in prep.).

418

APPENDIX 2

Table A1. Sample Data

Inv. No.

Lab No.

Fabric

Time Period

Type

62-481

1

I

50–25 BCE

in-walled jar

79-533E

2

I

50–25 BCE

in-walled jar

79-533C

3

I

50–25 BCE

in-walled jar

56-2615

4

I

211 BCE

Medallion bowl stamp mold

59-1569

5

I

3rd cent. BCE

Fusiform unguentarium waster

63-863

6

I

50–25 BCE

Utilitarian lid

56-2938

7

I

211 BCE

Medallion bowl waster

62-482

8

I

50–25 BCE

Two-handled utilitarian pitcher

63-870

9

I

50–25 BCE

Biconical utilitarian bowl

79-54

10

I

50–25 BCE

Campana C black-gloss plate

56-2614

11

I

211 BCE

Medallion bowl stamp mold

63-830

12

I

50–25 BCE

Red-gloss cup

79-53

14

I

50–25 BCE

Red-gloss broad bowl

79-497A

15

I

2nd–1st cent. BCE

Pitcher waster

68-462

16

I

211 BCE

Pitcher waster

80-164

17

I

2nd–1st cent. BCE

Pitcher waster

61-1542

18

I

85–50 BCE

Utilitarian mug-pitcher

59-1762

19

I

85–50 BCE

Utilitarian patera

80-641

20

I

85–50 BCE

Red-gloss cup

61-1545

21

I

85–50 BCE

Utilitarian basin sherd

80-620

22

I

85–50 BCE

Campana C incised cup

59-2194

23

I

85–50 BCE

Campana C plate

59-2203A

24

I

85–50 BCE

Campana C cup

60-107

25

I

85–50 BCE

Campana C “bird’s-head” lamp

60-528

26

I

85–50 BCE

Campana C lamp

60-215

27

I

85–50 BCE

Campana C “bird’s-head” lamp

70-516

28

I

211 BCE

Big pitcher base

71-571

29

II?

211 BCE

Utilitarian

71-575

30

I

211 BCE

Utilitarian

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

419

Table A1. Continued

Inv. No.

Lab No.

Fabric

Time Period

Type

80-322

31

I

211 BCE

Utilitarian pitcher

80-741

32

I

211 BCE

Mug-pitcher

80-752

33

I

211 BCE

Utilitarian lid

62-1164

34

III?

211 BCE

Utilitarian

57-2190

35

Sicilian red figure

340–280 BCE

Lid with handle

79-452

36

Sicilian red figure

340–280 BCE

Lid with vine, House of the Doric Capital

59-378

37

Sicilian red figure

340–280 BCE

Amphora with woman’s head

81-38

38

Red fabric III

150 BCE

Kantharos

59-2229

39

Red fabric III

211 BCE

Outturned-rim plate

57-2202

40

Red fabric III

211 BCE

Amphora

80-133

41

“Campana B”

2nd–1st cent. BCE

Black-gloss plate

80-90

42

Red fabric III

2nd–1st cent. BCE

Republican red-gloss plate

79-411

43

Red fabric III

211 BCE

Outturned-rim plate

79-86

44

Red fabric III

211 BCE

Red-gloss skyphos

79-651

45

Red fabric III

3rd–2nd cent. BCE

Medallion bowl: flower

60-678

46

Red fabric III

3rd–1st cent. BCE

Medallion bowl: beautiful gorgoneion

56-3048

47

Red fabric III

3rd–2nd cent. BCE

Medallion bowl: Eros with bow

62-530

48

I

50–25 BCE

Hollow ring stand waster

62-486

49

I

50–25 BCE

Campana C cup waster

58-2347A

50

I

35 BCE

“Megarian” bowl mold

63-852

51

I

50–25 BCE

Red-gloss broad cup, prob. waster

71-422

52

II

211 BCE

Kantharoid skyphos

80-32

53

II

1st cent. BCE

Republican red-gloss plate

66-1009

54

Hard orange

1st cent. BCE

Republican red-gloss plate

79-332

55

Hard orange

1st cent. BCE

Republican red-gloss plate

56-3104

56

Hard orange

1st cent. CE

“Sicilian” terra sigillata cup

56-3160

57

Hard red

1–50 CE

Italian terra sigillata cup

79-680

58

Campanian Orange (II?)

1–50 CE

Campanian Orange Sigillata platter

420

APPENDIX 2

Table A1. continued

Inv. No.

Lab No.

79-283

Fabric

Time Period

Type

59

Campanian Orange (II?)

1–50 CE

Campanian Orange Sigillata plate

79-267

60

II

50–25 BCE

Red-gloss plate

79-516

61

II

50–25 BCE

Flat-bottomed plate

56-1773

62

II

3rd–2nd cent. BCE

Medallion bowl: Nike in biga

59-1182

63

II

3rd–2nd cent. BCE

Medallion bowl: Dionysos bust

79-84

64

I?

211 BCE

Black-gloss bowl

03-76

65

68-473

66

No. inv. (North Sanct.)

67

Figurine, large

No. inv. (North Sanct.)

68

Figurine, large

TT1

69

Tube tile

71-427

70

I

pre-211 BCE

Skyphos

62-1718

71

Hard orange

1st cent. CE

Sicilian? terra sigillata plate

79-349

72

II

1–50 CE

Campanian Orange Sigillata cup

79-390

73

II

1–50 CE

Campanian Orange Sigillata cup

62-1519B

74

II?

211 BCE

Skyphos

79-375

75

I

2nd–1st cent. BCE

Red-gloss cup

79-259

76

II

50–25 BCE

Red-gloss plate

58-981

77

I

3rd–1st cent. BCE

Medallion bowl: Eros on pantheress

79-221

78

I

2nd–1st cent. BCE

Lid

04-368

79

3rd cent. BCE

Statuette mold

71-578

80

pre-211 BCE

Barrel bottle

TT2

81

57-2017

82

I

50–25 BCE

Medallion bowl: flower

80-457

83

I

pre-211 BCE

Lid

57-2533

84

I

211 BCE

Plate or saucer

Figurine, small frag. 3rd cent. BCE

I

Figurine, small frag.

Tube tile

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

Table A1. continued

Inv. No.

Lab No.

Fabric

Time Period

Type

79-63

85

I

pre-211 BCE

Inturned-rim bowl

63-1055

86

I

pre-211 BCE

Reticulate bottle

79-211

87

I

2nd–1st cent. BCE

Deep cup

56-514

88

I

3rd–1st cent. BCE

Medallion bowl: Nike in chariot

58-423

89

I

pre-211 BCE

Ointment jar

59-812

90

I

pre-211 BCE

Ointment jar

BG-1

91

RT-1

92

66-879

93

66-823

Basalt grindstone, Morgantina Archaic, 6th cent. BCE

Roof tile

Hard pale red

10 BCE–30/50 CE

Puteolan terra sigillata

94

Hard pale red

10 BCE–30/50 CE

Puteolan terra sigillata

Lab No.

Findspot

Material

Location of Findspot

F1

Fountain House

Sandstone block

Morgantina

F2

Rubble near entrance

Quartz sandstone

Morgantina, Fountain House

F3

East Granary kiln

Kiln wall plaster

Morgantina

F4

East Granary kiln

Mud-daub wall cement

Morgantina

F5

East Granary kiln

Pottery kiln floor mortar

Morgantina

F6

East Granary kiln

Ceramic sherd: roof flue

Morgantina

F7

East Granary kiln

Limestone in wall

Morgantina

F8

Great Kiln

Kiln brick

Morgantina

F9

Great Kiln

Mortar, between bricks

Morgantina

F10

Edge of site

B horizon, main sed. on site

Morgantina

F11

Base of Cittadella

Silty marl clay

Clay source: historic tile

F12

Hwy. 288, below site

Silty mud

F13

Road to Valguarnera

Dark brown clay

F14

Road to Valguarnera

Light brown clay

F15

Near Morgantina spring

B-horizon clay

421

422

APPENDIX 2

Table A1. continued Lab No.

Findspot

Material

F16

Morgantina spring

Quartz sand

F17

Historic tile site

Ceramic slag

F18

Historic tile site

in orange tile

F19

Historic tile site

Dark orange tile

F20

Historic tile site

ick light tan tile

F21

Eraclea Minoa

Marl clay

F22

Eraclea Minoa

Marl clay

F23

Vulcano island

Scorea ejecta

F24

Vulcano island

Black beach sand

F25

Vulcano island

Vapor phase deposit with sulfur

F26

Vulcanilli di Macalube

Dark gray clay

F27

Vulcanilli di Macalube

Brown clay

F28

Vulcanilli di Macalube

Gray clay, Area 2

F29

Tyndaris beach

Pink granite

F30

Tyndaris beach

Limestone, recrystallized

F31

Tyndaris beach

Gneiss

F32

Tyndaris beach

Gray granite

F33

Tyndaris beach

Sand

F34

Tyndaris beach

Volcanic conglomerate

F35

Tyndaris beach

Mica schist

F36

Strat. above F12 & F13

B-horizon silty mud

F37

Near Gornalunga River

Alluvium

F38

Highway 288

B horizon near green clay bed

Strat. above F37

F39

Caltagirone

Modern

Modern whistle, no wash or glaze

Location of Findspot

Agricultural field

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

423

Table A2. EDXRF Geochemistry Lab No.

Zr (ppm)

Sr (ppm)

Rb (ppm)

Fe (ppm)

Zn (ppm)

V (ppm)

Ca (ppm)

1

374.8±13.2

444.7±9.9

93.0±4.9

34100±400

86.9±14.1

68.6±9.9

65600±500

2

293.2±11.7

446.5±9.4

71.8±4.2

31000±400

73.7±12.6

74.4±10.0

55800±500

3

314.9±12.3

434.7±9.7

85.3±4.7

34400±400

89.4±14.0

67.5±15.0

60900±500

4

268.0±13.5

629.1±12.6

67.7±4.6

25700±400

225.9±21.2

40.8±7.4

82900±500

5

445.1±13.6

469.6±9.9

66.9±4.1

29700±400

54.6±11.8

57.7±9.3

74600±600

6

266.3±12.2

605.7±11.3

68.3±4.2

25700±400

115.8±14.9

61.1±8.5

103600±600

7

246.4±13.2

785.2±13.5

71.1±4.6

40900±500

57.9±13.3

68.7±10.6

117400±700

8

295.2±12.4

557.8±10.8

94.2±4.9

32600±400

143.9±16.3

60.5±9.6

90400±600

9

314.8±11.4

461.3±9.1

79.7±4.1

30400±400

94.1±12.9

70.5±8.9

83000±500

10

259.1±15.2

749.3±13.2

66.7±4.4

52200±500

125.3±17.1

77.5±11.2

37300±500

11

284.8±13.3

619.9±12.1

70.3±4.6

26500±400

284.5±22.7

47.5±7.9

67700±500

12

280.2±12.3

509.4±10.6

79.9±4.6

31500±400

77.4±13.5

62.5±9.8

93400±600

14

276.4±10.9

618.4±10.1

61.9±3.6

32800±400

95.8±12.6

103.3±8.7

38800±400

15

204.4±12.2

517.0±11.3

73.5±4.7

33500±400

90.4±15.2

37.9±8.4

140600±500

16

315.3±12.5

348.2±8.9

42.2±8.9

29700±400

117.8±15.7

38.7±8.0

58300±500

17

328.1±12.9

380.4±9.5

76.4±4.6

29900±400

38.2±11.6

43.9±8.1

122000±100

18

292.0±16.5

357.2±12.1

33.4±4.3

18500±400

68.5±17.8

8.9±4.5

82200±500

19

355.4±13.3

317.6±8.9

83.3±4.9

42100±500

114.6±16.5

65.9±9.7

20800±300

20

267.9±13.0

413.5±10.4

60.7±4.4

17300±300

80.3±14.5

20.9±6.6

230700±900

21

348.8±12.9

486.2±10.3

63.1±4.1

24700±400

67.2±12.7

47.3±8.3

162000±800

22

143.7±11.7

599.9±12.2

66.7±4.5

41700±500

114.5±16.6

85.1±9.4

19800±300

23

213.4±10.9

393.0±9.1

61.5±4.0

32600±400

110.6±14.9

84.0±9.7

107300±700

24

273.1±11.7

323.2±8.5

71.3±4.4

46500±500

110.1±15.7

154.1±12.2

32800±400

25

192.5±14.6

484.7±13.3

76.0±5.8

44800±600

78.7±18.5

40.7±7.1

23200±300

26

323.0±13.1

446.7±10.3

76.0±4.7

29500±400

85.8±14.5

49.8±8.7

79700±600

27

240.1±11.9

452.8±10.2

84.5±4.8

40100±500

164.3±18.2

66.8±9.8

72500±500

28

296.0±13.4

949.7±14.0

43.3±3.6

33900±400

100.3±14.4

52.7±10.0

77500±600

29

327.3±13.5

273.8±8.7

46.8±4.0

25600±400

80.0±15.0

43.7±6.5

28800±300

30

329.3±13.0

380.3±9.5

60.1±4.2

30700±400

86.6±14.6

42.2±8.1

48300±400

424

APPENDIX 2

Table A2. continued Lab No.

Zr (ppm)

Sr (ppm)

Rb (ppm)

Fe (ppm)

Zn (ppm)

V (ppm)

Ca (ppm)

31

262.4±12.1

438.0±10.0

70.3±4.4

23300±300

87.0±14.0

37.8±7.2

153100±700

32

258.4±13.2

443.7±10.9

77.0±5.0

28400±400

78.1±15.0

32.6±7.3

129100±700

33

225.3±12.8

384.7±10.4

61.0±4.6

27600±400

126.2±17.9

48.5±7.3

32900±300

34

339.9±11.9

268.0±7.5

64.1±4.0

37400±400

91.6±13.8

98.1±11.1

22400±300

35

351.4±13.2

307.2±8.7

70.0±4.5

28100±400

56.7±12.9

42.8±7.9

43200±400

36

326.6±12.5

339.0±8.8

83.0±4.7

32100±400

123.1±16.0

34.8±8.0

59700±500

37

389.7±13.8

409.7±9.9

73.4±4.6

28400±400

70.9±13.6

40.3±8.1

46700±400

38

173.6±13.3

412.1±11.7

94.4±6.1

36600±500

86.3±17.8

29.3±6.3

38200±300

39

237.913.0

682.2±12.8

83.1±4.9

38400±500

73.9±14.3

62.5±10.0

118800±700

40

238.6±13.0

527.2±11.7

76.6±4.9

36400±500

65.2±14.3

49.9±8.7

27600±300

41

119.0±11.0

532.4±11.4

89.7±5.1

29000±400

94.2±15.2

33.4±7.8

187200±900

42

213.4±10.9

343.8±8.7

102.9±8.7

44900±500

96.2±14.7

74.5±11.9

58600±500

43

314.6±12.4

297.3±8.4

66.0±4.3

33000±400

61.3±13.1

46.9±9.0

72600±500

44

267.6±12.8

355.4±9.7

64.1±4.5

28400±400

58.1±13.6

75.5±8.5

64100±500

45

271.2±11.4

330.6±8.4

94.1±4.8

44600±500

192.7±18.4

85.4±11.0

43500±500

46

280.8±12.7

434.7±10.3

83.9±4.9

47700±500

215.4±20.8

70.2±9.8

24600±400

47

308.0±12.3

321.4±8.6

82.0±4.7

39700±500

81.2±14.2

62.3±10.2

47800±500

48

304.9±12.4

349.9±9.0

71.9±4.5

31800±400

48.6±12.2

43.6±8.4

66000±500

49

284.0±12.6

334.3±9.2

77.9±4.8

34300±400

51.2±13.0

45.3±8.0

60800±500

50

307.4±10.9

220.0±6.6

73.2±4.0

45900±400

144.7±15.7

53.3±11.2

35800±400

51

312.3±12.3

447.5±9.7

73.1±4.3

30400±400

150.4±16.7

57.0±9.1

78600±600

52

266.7±14.0

611.4±13.0

66.1±4.8

34300±500

80.0±15.6

38.0±7.5

59500±400

53

256.7±10.1

322.7±7.5

52.9±3.4

28800±300

98.5±12.7

52.1±7.9

132300±600

54

340.4±13.6

544.5±11.4

161.9±6.6

42000±500

69.6±14.1

69.7±11.0

35700±400

55

232.3±11.4

247.9±7.8

107.3±5.4

55200±500

98.8±15.9

74.7±11.6

24400±400

56

183.7±11.7

256.6±8.6

103.2±5.8

44600±500

67.5±15.2

44.6±9.6

12600±300

57

342.7±12.9

392.4±9.5

148.9±6.2

32500±400

67.5±13.3

68.7±8.7

26100±300

58

362.4±12.8

404.2±9.4

153.2±6.1

41400±500

85.6±14.2

105.9±12.6

51900±500

59

187.4±10.9

281.±38.3

96.1±5.1

41900±500

103.4±15.7

72.3±10.6

24500±300

60

349.6±13.1

356.9±9.2

64.8±4.3

37100±400

76.4±14.1

60.7±9.6

34800±400

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

425

Table A2. continued Lab No.

Zr (ppm)

Sr (ppm)

Rb (ppm)

Fe (ppm)

Zn (ppm)

V (ppm)

Ca (ppm)

61

292.1±10.5

413.4±8.2

79.3±3.9

36400±400

102.8±12.8

117.1±10.4

17900±300

62

330.7±15.1

292.4±10.0

74.7±5.4

37000±500

55.4±15.8

20.8±7.4

28300±300

63

346.1±11.3

317.6±7.6

81.3±4.1

42800±400

70.4±12.1

57.0±10.4

45500±400

64

379.4±13.2

349.3±9.0

73.1±4.5

36300±400

52.1±13.7

72.8±9.6

81900±600

65

381.8±12.3

273.8±7.6

49.9±3.6

34000±400

55.2±11.9

59.6±9.9

51100±500

66

364.3±11.7

265.0±7.2

42.6±3.2

36600±400

155.9±16.1

69.6±10.8

90400±600

67

258.5±11.4

378.1±8.9

41.6±3.5

10400±200

50.9±10.9

23.9±6.3

364100±1200

68

272.6±13.4

422.5±10.8

46.0±4.0

10900±300

53.1±12.1

bd

215100±800

69

314.5±12.1

317.9±8.4

41.1±3.4

23100±300

48.1±11.4

58.1±8.0

110100±600

70

352.0±12.5

272.9±7.9

77.9±4.5

35100±400

91.1±14.4

60.1±9.5

31600±400

71

212.2±10.5

210.6±6.9

108.6±5.2

50100±500

62.5±13.2

65.6±12.9

23200±400

72

339.8±13.9

400.9±10.3

138.0±6.4

31600±400

94.7±15.9

47.9±7.9

27500±300

73

195.6±12.9

584.8±12.6

75.5±5.0

40300±500

96.7±16.5

44.4±8.9

56400±500

74

343.2±14.1

401.7±10.4

68.9±4.7

30700±400

83.2±15.4

45.5±8.0

27300±300

75

251.5±13.0

579.7±12.0

65.8±4.5

29400±400

94.6±15.4

44.9±8.5

124600±700

76

321.3±12.0

311.3±8.2

66.4±4.1

31700±400

70.9±12.9

59.8±9.4

67800±500

77

348.3±12.5

311.5±8.3

78.7±4.5

33100±400

78.7±13.5

61.9±9.8

61300±500

78

291.1±13.1

535.8±11.3

81.5±4.8

29400±400

75.6±14.0

37.1±8.3

116100±700

79

269.3±13.7

452.4±11.3

57.4±4.5

24000±400

68.0±14.6

26.1±6.2

70900±500

80

316.1±12.7

399.7±9.7

58.8±4.1

44600±500

75.4±14.2

63.3±10.4

64700±500

81

318.7±12.5

317.1±8.6

38.1±3.4

22400±300

49.5±11.9

49.2±7.5

120600±600

82

354.0±13.9

600.8±11.9

57.0±4.2

24000±400

51.3±12.3

30.1±7.4

115300±600

83

268.0±12.6

464.7±10.6

78.8±4.8

29400±400

84.0±14.5

53.5±8.4

116400±700

84

335.7±12.5

322.9±8.5

77.1±4.5

33700±400

83.4±13.9

59.7±9.3

48500±500

85

374.8±12.2

289.4±7.7

62.4±3.9

32500±400

113.2±14.6

53.5±7.5

34100±300

86

350.5±12.3

316.5±8.2

88.6±4.7

45700±500

156.4±17.1

79.8±11.0

40100±500

87

310.9±12.3

475.5±10.0

72.1±4.3

33000±400

99.6±14.4

52.0±8.7

99100±600

88

381.5±12.7

295.4±8.1

79.7±4.5

34900±400

138.0±16.3

56.5±10.2

61700±500

89

238.8±11.4

381.8±9.1

87.4±4.7

42800±500

120.3±15.8

70.5±11.2

50200±500

90

311.8±11.8

417.2±9.2

72.5±4.2

34500±400

107.0±14.3

64.3±10.2

29100±400

426

APPENDIX 2

Table A2. continued Lab No.

Zr (ppm)

Sr (ppm)

Rb (ppm)

Fe (ppm)

Zn (ppm)

V (ppm)

Ca (ppm)

91

259.5±16.7

1200±0.0

25.2±3.7

49100±600

78.6±17.1

74.7±8.9

36600±400

92

414.8±13.1

368.3±8.9

64.5±4.1

30000±400

62.0±12.3

43.3±8.7

50400±400

93

150.7±13.2

379.1±11.6

112.4±6.8

41300±600

88.9±18.6

41.7±7.0

22400±300

94

166.8±11.6

376.2±10.1

107.1±5.8

46200±500

100.5±16.8

69.3±9.5

40300±400

F1

43.5±10.3

333.9±10.3

18.9±3.1

29000±500

58.5±15.1

17.6±6.2

206500±900

F2

20.0±7.1

177.2±6.2

19.3±2.4

2900±100

13.7±7.6

12.7±4.5

181800±700

F3

293.5±12.6

333.5±9.1

57.2±4.2

19600±300

976.1±40.1

34.4±6.7

43500±400

F4

279.4±11.8

209.8±7.1

36.0±3.3

15400±300

76.1±13.4

23.1±5.1

54700±400

F5

335.1±13.8

354.0±9.8

42.8±3.9

20300±400

141.1±18.0

26.2±6.1

70500±500

F6

315.0±13.5

526.4±11.3

55.9±4.2

26200±400

100.2±15.4

51.2±8.0

80500±500

F7

bd

201.8±7.8

1.9±1.8

874.1±87.7

22.7±10.4

bd

474300±1300

F8

275.9±13.5

819.7±13.6

43.5±3.7

15400±300

42.4±11.2

20.9±5.6

150100±700

F9

232.8±13.1

790.0±13.6

25.2±3.1

10300±200

26.8±10.1

19.9±5.3

61400±400

F10

273.2±10.1

177.9±5.8

32.2±2.8

11400±200

38.4±9.3

19.1±5.4

53400±400

F11

264.9±13.3

618.3±124

43.8±3.8

20300±300

37.5±11.6

21.4±5.9

95700±500

F12

290.2±13.3

344.3±9.7

32.3±3.5

13900±300

28.8±11.2

10.6±5.0

83600±500

F13

120.5±11.4

935.3±13.8

71.7±4.3

25700±400

59.6±12.0

41.1±7.9

81100±500

F14

106.5±14.1

1600±0.0

73.1±4.9

31500±400

67.6±13.9

37.4±8.0

86800±600

F15

310.8±13.7

257.7±8.8

30.5±3.5

12600±300

14.5±10.4

10.9±4.5

56500±400

F16

57.8±6.8

192.2±5.6

21.6±2.2

3700±100

11.0±6.3

18.7±4.8

10400±500

F17

351.3±15.3

554.1±12.7

44.9±4.2

36100±500

bd

19.4±6.8

56900±500

F18

356.4±13.4

502.4±10.7

46.1±3.7

18000±300

89.6±14.0

23.5±6.0

111600±600

F19

326.4±12.1

775.7±11.5

52.1±3.4

18000±300

68.5±11.2

32.6±5.6

119600±500

F20

349.6±13.6

509.8±11.0

45.4±3.8

17900±300

52.9±12.2

30.0±6.6

12200±600

F21

25.3±11.6

1100±0.0

28.0±3.3

8700±200

34.7±10.7

17.7±5.4

26400±900

F22

32.9±12.0

1000±0.0

24.4±3.3

86000±200

35.4±11.4

bd

304100±900

F23

308.9±13.2

581.9±11.6

210.8±7.4

28600±400

50.0±11.4

57.2±6.8

17300±300

F24

204.6±12.7

996.8±14.4

119.2±5.5

43800±500

50.1±12.4

67.47±.3

33300±300

F25

93.7±12.1

781.5±14.4

55.5±4.4

55200±600

bd

56.6±8.0

16200±300

F26

241.8±11.4

301.6±8.4

54.8±3.9

38800±500

61.9±13.1

37.7±8.1

75700±500

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

427

Table A2. continued Lab No.

Zr (ppm)

Sr (ppm)

Rb (ppm)

Fe (ppm)

Zn (ppm)

V (ppm)

Ca (ppm)

F27

218.8±12.7

288.5±9.4

66.2±4.9

35000±500

70.2±15.6

32.6±6.2

19600±300

F28

187.1±9.6

350.2±7.9

83.0±4.2

34900±400

47.4±10.7

58.1±8.2

26700±300

F29

bd

14.1±2.2

113.9±4.7

13000±100

bd

10.8±3.4

4300±100

F30

bd

4400±0.0

bd

42000±200

19.3±11.3

bd

428600±1200

F31

224.1±9.0

182.6±5.5

43.8±3.0

14700±200

21.3±7.7

47.6±8.0

15700±300

F32

70.3±6.5

104.7±4.2

99.6±4.1

9000±200

9.7±6.3

28.1±5.1

9100±200

F33

64.6±6.2

95.5±3.9

69.6±3.4

21300±300

31.3±8.0

36.9±6.2

9100±200

F34

153.8±8.5

60.7±3.8

64.6±3.8

22000±300

18.2±8.6

32.7±6.6

5100±200

F35

117.3±8.0

111.5±4.8

108.9±4.8

34500±400

79.5±12.3

99.3±10.5

6300±200

F36

310.6±12.7

310.1±8.8

50.2±3.9

18500±300

37.3±11.3

15.5±5.5

45800±400

F37

232.2±11.9

441.2±10.2

65.4±4.3

38100±500

68.5±13.7

59.5±8.7

57900±500

F38

136.1±12.8

554.0±13.1

67.3±5.1

28800±500

67.6±15.6

27.9±6.1

57200±400

F39

154.3±10.9

434.5±10.1

105.1±5.3

31100±400

121.3±16.2

48.7±7.6

120600±600

Note: bd = below detection

Sediment Sampling When trying to distinguish local from imported ceramics, it is advantageous to know the geochemical fingerprint for both the potential local source materials and the potential trade wares that came to the site. Consequently, soil sampling was required to develop an understanding of the local environment around the site of Morgantina. Most of the 39 soil samples were from the immediate area around the site, and they were run in situ with the portable EDXRF spectrometer (Table A2). A few sediment samples, however, were analyzed in the laboratory. Several locations around the island were tested so that we could gain an understanding of the diversity of the chemical compositions in Sicily. The primary reason for soil sampling is to establish a good understanding of the local and nonlocal soil types, and what paste and temper ingredients are and were available around various ceramic-manufacturing centers. With this knowledge it is easier to “fingerprint” finished ceramics to the geologic environment from which they were initially extracted. It would be most beneficial for provenance studies to sample all major ceramic production centers on the island of Sicily, in order to accurately distinguish the chemical differences in the ceramics found at archaeological sites. Unfortunately, we were unable to accomplish this in the time allocated for this study. The data that were collected provide a compelling spread and clusters when plotted in triangular plots or in simple two-element scattergrams.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

79-533E

79-533C

56-2615

59-1569

63-863

56-2938

62-482

63-870

79-54

56-2614

63-830

79-53

79-497A

68-462

80-164

61-1542

59-1762

80-641

61-1545

80-620

1.44

2.68

5.43

4.97

1.11

0.34

0.34

0.37

0.39

6.19

3.36

5.26

5.1

3.73

0.92

5.12

0.54

2.00

1.56

3.84

3.42

26

244

60

103

96

148

1586

237

95

89

26

246

254

830

25

326

147

21

24

17

75

0.06

0.01

0.09

0.05

0.01

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.07

0.13

0.02

0.02

0.00

0.04

0.02

0.00

0.10

0.07

0.23

0.05

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

NormalLab SI ized SI/ No. Units Grams Grams Marl

62-481

Inv. No.

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

x

x

Quartz Quartz Sand Silt

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Volcanic Ash

x

x

Mudstone SRF

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

LimePyroFeld- stone xene Mica spar SRF

Optical Petrography Data*

Table A3. Magnetic Susceptibility and Optical Petrography

x

x

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Carbonate Blows

Volcanic VRF

x

x

x

x

Reducing

x

x

Highly Vitrified

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

60-107

60-528

60-215

70-516

71-571

71-575

80-322

80-741

80-752

62-1164

57-2190

79-452

59-378

81-38

59-2229

57-2202

80-133

80-90

79-411

6.19

1.80

10.0

1.23

1.15

4.13

5.00

4.70

5.43

3.24

3.42

4.78

6.31

3.46

3.91

2.18

2.71

1.79

1.78

2.10

256

278

278

177

26

81

24

49

46

55

23

147

124

101

230

1503

67

67

60

178

0.02

0.01

0.04

0.01

0.04

0.05

0.21

0.10

0.12

0.06

0.15

0.03

0.05

0.03

0.02

0.00

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.01

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

24

0.04

592203A

94

23

59-2194

3.92

NormalLab SI ized SI/ No. Units Grams Grams Marl

Inv. No.

x

x**

x

Quartz Sand

x

r

x

x

x

x

x**

x

x

Quartz Silt

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

x

Volcanic Ash

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Mudstone SRF

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

x x

PyroFeldxene Mica spar

Optical Petrography Data* Limestone SRF

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

Carbo- Volnate canic Blows VRF

x

Reducing

Highly Vitrified

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

60-678

56-3048

62-530

62-486

582347A

63-852

71-422

80-32

66-1009

79-332

56-3104

56-3160

79-680

79-283

79-267

79-516

56-1773

0.38

0.19

5.56

0.52

0.79

1.15

0.32

0.89

2.00

1.36

3.60

5.55

7.12

0.42

0.28

3.86

2.20

0.67

65

20

59

82

31

68

14

23

259

425

135

nd

nd

nd

nd

48

22

17

0.01

0.01

0.09

0.01

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.01

0.00

0.03

nd

nd

nd

nd

0.08

0.10

0.04

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

45

0.05

79-651

79

44

79-86

4.22

NormalLab SI ized SI/ No. Units Grams Grams Marl

Inv. No.

x

x

x

x

x**

x

x

Quartz Sand

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Quartz Silt

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

r

x

x

x

x

Volcanic Ash

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Mudstone SRF

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

r

x

x

x

x

x

PyroFeldxene Mica spar

Optical Petrography Data*

Table A3. continued

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Limestone SRF

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

Carbo- Volnate canic Blows VRF

x

Reducing

x

x

x

Highly Vitrified

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

03-76

68-473

No inv.

No inv.

TT1

71-427

62-1718

79-349

79-390

621519B

79-375

79-259

58-981

79-221

04-368

71-578

TT2

57-2017

80-457

3.58

1.91

9.78

5.62

2.30

4.74

7.64

nd

nd

1.34

2.09

0.54

0.86

4.29

5.64

3.43

3.65

3.12

2.39

2.89

100

49

1666

102

59

22

49

nd

nd

12

68

58

294

146

1215

119

184

50

19

58

0.04

0.04

0.01

0.06

0.04

0.22

0.16

nd

nd

0.11

0.03

0.01

0.00

0.03

0.01

0.03

0.02

0.06

0.13

0.05

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

64

0.01

79-84

62

63

59-1182

0.68

NormalLab SI ized SI/ No. Units Grams Grams Marl

Inv. No.

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

r

r

Quartz Sand

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x**

x**

x

x

Quartz Silt

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

Volcanic Ash

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Mudstone SRF

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

x

PyroFeldxene Mica spar

Optical Petrography Data*

x

x

x

x

x

x

Limestone SRF

x

x

x

x

r

x

r

r

x

r

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Carbo- Volnate canic Blows VRF Reducing

Highly Vitrified

86

87

88

89

90 nd

91 nd

92

93 nd

63-1055

79-211

56-514

58-423

59-812

BG-1

RT-1

66-879

nd

nd

nd

nd

32

49

88

60

58

nd

nd

nd

nd

0.03

0.09

0.08

0.09

0.09

66-823 94 nd nd nd Notes: * Presence/absence data: x = present r = rare **rounded grains from sedimentary source

6.00

0.98

4.40

6.64

5.69

5.31

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

85

0.09

79-63

61

84

57-2533

5.40

NormalLab SI ized SI/ No. Units Grams Grams Marl

Inv. No.

x

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

r

x

x

Volcanic Ash

x

x

x

Mudstone SRF

x**

r

r

x

basalt grindstone VolcanicVolcanic basalt grindstone

x

x

x

x

x

Quartz Quartz Sand Silt

r

r

x

r

x

x

x

r

x

x

x

x

LimePyroFeld- stone xene Mica spar SRF

Optical Petrography Data*

Table A3. continued

x

x

x

x

x

r

x

Carbonate Blows

Volcanic VRF

Reducing

Highly Vitrified

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

433

The geology of Sicily is mountainous, and Mount Etna on the east coast is the largest active volcano in Europe. The southeast of the island consists primarily of eroding calcareous rock. The interior is hilly and contains many sulfur-bearing plateaus. Clay mineral production on Sicily is ultimately a function of weathering of mafic volcanic feldspars and volcanic glass. These clays have worked their way into limestone, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone around the island. Sicilian soils are formed in areas of rapid uplift and are highly weathered A-B-R complexes. In many cases they are dominated by lagged clay and silt fractions from the acidic weathering of underlying limestone. This is especially true for the soils near and around Morgantina. The coarse fractions of the soils are dominated by reworked quartz silts and sands derived from the weathering of common local sandstone and siltstone. The source materials for the manufacture of ceramics consist of locally lagged and alluvial clay and silty clay deposits ultimately derived directly from the weathering of the local sedimentary rocks (especially associated with springs and other very wet areas) and as reworked alluvial deposits associated with overbank flooding and ponding. Coarse fractions such as might be seen naturally as paste inclusions consist of quartz sands and silts (ultimately from granitic sources on the island), volcanic tephra and ashes (intermediate and mafic in composition), heavy mafic minerals associated with the tephra and weathering basalts (such as pyroxenes and magnetite), and feldspars from mafic volcanics (calcic plagioclase), such as basalt, or from acid igneous rocks (microcline and orthoclase), such as foliated granites. Mica, primarily as muscovite, is also present in some deposits. Several trips were taken to collect sediment data, primarily with the aim of finding both clay and temper sources in the vicinity of the site of Morgantina. In the process of field sampling, a known historic site that produced roof tiles at the eastern base of the Cittadella was examined. A house up the slope from this manufacturing center was vacated in the 1950s. Among the scattered debris at this tile manufacturing site (Table A1) three distinct types of tiles were apparent (samples F18, F19, and F20). We analyzed these three types along with some ceramic slag (sample F17) also found there. A total of 10 samples were taken at the site of Morgantina (Table A1, samples (F1–F10). Two major kilns are still visible, and were probably in use from the 2nd to the 1st century BCE. The Great Kiln at the edge of the south Agora was constructed of made-to-order bricks (see MS III, 28– 40). It is one of the largest kilns known from antiquity and was made for firing heavy-duty ceramics, such as roof tiles. The construction materials were so uniform that only two samples were needed to accurately describe the composition of the bricks and mortar. In the East Granary kiln area, the largest of the three kilns (see MS III, 9–15, kiln no. 1) was sampled. This kiln was built using methods typical for the time, primarily reusing materials such as roof tiles. Due to the good preservation of this kiln, many samples could be taken. A total of five samples were run from this locality (samples F3, F4, F5, F6, and F7, the last sample being a chunk of limestone in the wall). Sample F10 is a sample of B-horizon soil and is indicative of the main soil found throughout the site. This particular sample was taken near the city walls and just below the Great Kiln. A number of other soil samples from fields and soil outcrops along local roads were analyzed (Table A1). These samples were chosen based on properties that make them a potential clay source. A sample of B-horizon clay was taken at the Merenda Spring on the slope of the Serra Orlando ridge below the Agora. The clay (sample F15) was analyzed, along with quartz sand found at the spring (sample F16). Samples F12, F13, F14, and F36 were from different strata just below the site, along

434

APPENDIX 2

Highway 288, and represent various colors and consistencies of the local soil. Sample F11 came from the base of the Cittadella area and is silty marl clay. Samples F37 and F38 were found near the Gornalunga River in an agricultural field located on the north-northwest side of the Morgantina hill. The samples are of alluvial mud and proved to be quite important for our larger study of clay sources through time. These were the only local soils that contained significant volcanic sediment, which is due to the river’s sedimentary mixing zone. Limited sampling was done elsewhere on the island. Samples were run near the sites of Herakleia Minoa and Tyndaris because they were major coastal sites and are located in different parts of the island. Sampling sediments at these locations helped give us an understanding of the chemical fingerprint of different regions on the island. The city of Tyndaris is perched on a cliff overlooking an impressive beach and the Tyrrhenian Sea on the northeastern coast of the island. Our seven samples came from the beach directly beneath this cliff and represent an assortment of the large mineral debris strewn about the beach (Table A1). Some of this debris most likely fell from the site and cliff above, while much was washed ashore. The site of Herakleia Minoa is located in the province of Agrigento in southwest Sicily and is situated on limestone cliffs above the Mediterranean. Two samples of marl clay were taken just before the entrance to the site. We were unable to sample the environs of Catania, but a stop was made at the inland city of Caltagirone in the province of Catania. Caltagirone has been a major pottery production center from prehistoric times to the present day. Sample F39 is a modern vessel made of the rich local clay that is unglazed and unpainted. The samples from the island of Vulcano in the Aeolian archipelago were taken because of the unique geologic structure of the island. These islands have been important stops on trade routes since ancient times and are known for their deposits of obsidian, which was exported throughout the Mediterranean. The sediments here could have provided fine igneous temper for ceramic production. The final out-of-area sampling locality is the Vulcanelli di Macalube, another site of great geologic interest located inland in the province of Agrigento. Three samples were taken of the various rich clays spread across the site (Table A1). Some of these clays looked ideal for ceramic manufacture. Results Fingerprinting (classifying) the ceramics to the source of manufacture can be accomplished when there is a sufficient geochemical library of known potential source materials (Table A2). In order to actually acquire the classification, chemical elements chosen for provenance classification must be elements that are common to that material. The term “common” is defined as not being rare in distribution. A common element should be one that is normally found in some unique fingerprinting concentration. Rare elements tend to provide a “nugget effect” which is not reproducible in two samples taken from the same locality. Thus, they are unique but not consistent and are not reproducible. Therefore, each of the four elements chosen (Sr, Zr, Rb, and Fe) represents a specific fraction of the paste or temper (or both) that is common to the sediments in the northern Mediterranean. Their individual concentrations and the ratios of their concentrations are unique to that sampling locality, and they are not rare.

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

435

Geochemical Library Samples Figure A1 shows two separate plots: a simple scattergram with rubidium and strontium, and a triangular diagram with rubidium, strontium, and iron. Both plots show only the potential source material data. In both plots the site sediments congregate in the center, surrounded by clusters of samples taken from the various localities around Sicily. The historic tiles and slag (samples F17, F18, F19, and F20) all group closely together, regardless of appearance. It is not surprising that sample F11, the silty marl clay found right below the tile site at the base of the Cittadella hill, groups with the tiles in both diagrams. The proximity to usable clays may have been the justification for choosing this as a manufacturing location. Samples F24 (black beach sand) and F25 (vapor phase deposit with sulfur from the island of Vulcano) consistently plot near a few of the local sediments. This may indicate that these local sediments contain more igneous derived sedimentary debris. It is interesting to note that sample F10, the main soil on the site, always plots close to samples F3 and F4, which are the wall plaster and mud-daub wall cement in the East Granary kiln. It seems likely that these cohesion materials were simply taken from the soil beneath the potter’s feet. In the case of the Great Kiln, both mortar and brick may have been brought in through a more professional process and from a more remote area, though still local. The Great Kiln samples of brick and mortar (F9 and F8) plot very closely together and are separated from the East Granary Kiln samples, even though they date to the same period.

Ceramic Artifact Samples To analyze the ceramic sample data, several triangular scattergram plots were created, as well as a few two-element scattergrams. As is common with Mediterranean ceramics, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, and iron proved to be the most useful elements. Among the 93 ceramic samples dating from the early 3rd century BCE to the end of the 1st century BCE were several wasters, which can usually be assumed to have been vessels manufactured locally but defectively fired. The soil samples were also included in many of these plots, since they provide a good range of local chemical signatures. Occasionally these sediment samples are omitted to keep the diagrams from becoming too cluttered. Due to the wealth of information, there are a number of ways to analyze the data.

1. Scattergram Analysis for Fabric Type One reason for conducting this study was to confirm or refute previously held ideas regarding fabric types at Morgantina and which of these fabrics appears to be local. A detailed classification system has been used at the site, qualifying ceramics based on criteria such as how they were fired and the number and types of inclusions. Based on this classification, three different fabric types stand out (called fabrics I, II, and III by Stone), as well as an assortment of other widely known types found elsewhere on Sicily or mainland Italy (including a hard orange fabric). When examples of these more

Figure A1. Sediment sample scattergrams for SR, Fe/10, Rb×10 element concentrations

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

437

widely distributed clay types are found at the site, they are categorized either as imported (if fabric II or III) or locally made (if fabric I). The local/regional products often imitate the shapes of imported vases, and to the naked eye these imitations would have the look of an imported vessel, although made of local material. To test this hypothesis, we looked into groupings based broadly upon the pre-existing fabric type distinctions, with less emphasis on date or provenance. For the most part, the fabric types, when looked at from a chemical viewpoint, match nicely with their visual classification. Petrographic analysis supported much of the geochemical data, although in some cases it was obvious that the geochemical signal was coming mostly from the paste rather than inclusions or temper, and visual observations therefore differ from the geochemical signals. More vases classified visually as fabric I were sampled for this analysis, because it is highly likely that this fabric type was manufactured not only at Morgantina but also in its geographical region, which runs eastward toward Mount Etna and includes the Catania valley and Lentini plain. Fabric I thus should include the local products of Morgantina and regional products, but the fabrics of regional productions should show chemical differences from the local fabric. Fabric II appears at Morgantina in pottery dating over four centuries but is thought to have been manufactured elsewhere, perhaps in southern Campania or on the northern coast of Sicily. Fabric III is also common at Morgantina and has been identified by Stone as the fabric of Syracuse. When plotted based on their chemistry, the grouping of three different fabric types is apparent. A triangular scattergram with Fe, Sr, and Zr was chosen to represent the relative groupings of the three fabric types (Fig. A2). The only modification made was dividing iron by 10. This diagram also displays some sediment samples and omits all samples that are not one of the three main fabrics. The plot illustrates how the clays around the island of Sicily are similar, since they are formed of similar quantities of the same elements, yet each locality possesses enough slight variation to cause groups to form when its clay is analyzed chemically. Many diverse groups appear to conform quite closely to other unrelated groups. Of course there are many clay sources in areas such as Syracuse, so it is not surprising to see fabric III break into two distinct groups. These could both easily be Syracusan and simply have come from different clay beds. A triangular scattergram with Fe, Sr, and Rb is also included (Fig. A5), since these three elements are the ones typically used by the authors when analyzing Mediterranean ceramics. This plot shows the same basic results and is not described here to avoid redundancy. The local samples, primarily fabric I, plot in the lower section of the diagram (Fig. A2), through the middle of the other samples, and curve around some of the red fabric III samples. The fabric III samples group in two major areas, and this distribution seems to have little to do with vessel type or time period. Sample 44 is thought to be fabric III but plots firmly with the fabric I samples. There is no readily apparent reason for this. Petrography proved to provide some clarification when applied to this diagram. Petrographically, samples 40 and 44 are very similar, both without sedimentary rock fragments (SRFs). The other observed major inclusions (and possibly temper) correlate with the rest of the fabric III samples, which are all similar except for sample 34 (utilitarian ware, fabric III?), which does not correlate with any sample in the fabric III class. Sample 34 illustrates a problem in classifying fabrics by visual analysis, that is, it is probably a fabric other than III. Fabric II forms one major group, with many samples interspersed throughout the diagram.

Figure A2. Fabric I, II, and III classification with likely sources

Figure A3. Sr, Zr, Fe/10 for ceramics and sediment samples

Figure A4. Triangular scattergram using Zr, Rb×10, and Fe/10 for ceramic artifacts

Figure A5. Triangular scattergram for Sr, Fe/10, and Rb×10 for ceramics and sediment samples

Figure A6. Medallion wares for three fabrics scattergram

Figure A7. Sr ppm vs. Rb×10 for the figurines (sample nos. 65, 66, 67, 68)

444

APPENDIX 2

Samples 62 and 63 form a small group just above the major fabric II group. This makes sense, since they are both medallion cups from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. These were definitely manufactured in about the same time and from the same raw material sources. The large group of fabric II contains three samples of Campanian Orange Sigillata dating from 1 to 50 CE (samples 57, 58, and 72). At least one center that manufactured Campanian Orange Sigillata has been located in Naples. The other two Campanian Orange Sigillata samples (numbers 73 and 59) from the same time period plot sporadically, which may indicate that they come from other manufacturing centers. In the Fe, Rb, Zr diagram (Fig. A4), all of these Campanian Orange Sigillata samples group together and by themselves on the far side of the plot. The other fabric II samples in the major group bear little relation to each other aside from visual and chemical fabric type. They are different vessels from a wide chronological range (211–25 BCE), suggesting that Morgantina was importing a variety of vessels from the same area(s) manufacturing pottery during that period. Petrographically, fabric II can be divided into four groups (Table A3): (1) samples 57 and 58; (2) samples 59, 60, and 61 (although sample 59 contains SRFs); (3) samples 64 and 29, except in quartz; and (4) samples 64 and 62, except for concentrations. This division probably supports Stone’s contention that this ware was manufactured at a number of different places. The majority of the Fe, Rb, Zr diagram (Fig. A4) is fabric I. Within the fabric I main group are several smaller groupings. This further validates the homogeneity of the fabric I classification, while providing an example of how the smallest differences in chemistry can signal slight differences in local production. Three local sediment samples are included, and they plot in the middle of the main fabric I group, including sample F17, which is ceramic slag from the historic tile site. Sample F11 was taken from the base of the Cittadella and is a silty marl clay near the historic tile site. These two samples represent the boundaries of one of the major potential clay sources around the site of Morgantina. The fact that so many of the fabric I samples plot in between these samples indicates that the same clay source or similar clays may have been used at the site from ancient to recent times. The other local sample is F37, which plots firmly in the main Campana C group. It is of interest to note that all of the Campana C group contains differing coarse fraction contents, except for samples 22 and 24, which are alike. Sample 26, a Campana C lamp, plots in the middle of the lower major fabric I group. Two other Campana C lamps (samples 25 and 27) plot at the high end of the fabric I samples with the majority of the other Campana C samples and the local sample number F37. Sample 24 is a Campana C bowl that also plots away from the others, with another small group of fabric I samples at the top of the diagram. It is possible that these are imports from eastern Sicily. The last group of fabric I (samples 70, 88, 85, 77, and 84) all come from fills closed around 211 BCE, and represent a restricted number of shapes, mainly bowls.

2. Scattergram Analysis for Locality Distribution No kiln dating to the 3rd century BCE has been excavated at Morgantina, but it is believed that pottery was produced at the site during this time. We tested a number of samples that are categorized

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

445

as wasters, stamps for pottery manufacture, or utilitarian vessels that were not usually imported. These are listed as the local fabric of the 3rd century BCE (fabric I). Pottery production at Morgantina is documented in the last two centuries BCE; several kilns dated to those centuries have been excavated at the site (see appendix 1 above). We looked specifically at two pottery dumps. The House of the Official cistern is dated to the end of the 1st century BCE, and a room in the north end of the house included three kilns (see MS III, 16–20; pp. 51–53, 140–141 above, context IIE). The second site is the East Granary, where a pottery factory was in operation between the later 2nd century and the middle of the 1st century BCE (MS III, 11–16; pp. 411–412 above, context IIC). Similar types of pottery were found in both dumps. Besides defining the chemical makeup of local pottery, we also hoped to extrapolate from these dump sites which clays the potters were using in manufacture: were they from the same source, or were visually similar vessels made with different clays? When the data were grouped according to these dump sites, interesting results were produced. We plotted these samples in triangular diagrams to decipher whether two potters were simultaneously producing similar wares from different clay sources, and if both of those sources were local, or if vessels from all over Morgantina were just thrown randomly into these dumps. These results were then compared to the 3rd-century samples. Two different triangular scattergram plots show a good distribution of these dump sites, one using Fe, Zr, and Sr (Fig. A3), and the other utilizing Fe, Zr, and Rb (Fig. A4). In both cases, the Rb values were multiplied by 10, and the Fe values were divided by 10 to produce a more centralized plot. In both plots, the Campana C samples from the East Granary group together for the most part. In the Fe, Zr, Sr plot (Fig. A3), samples 24 and 26 group away from the others. Also in this plot the Campana C samples from the House of the Official (numbers 10 and 49) group very closely to the East Granary Campana C wares. In the Fe, Rb, Zr plot (Fig. A4), sample 24 groups with the other Campana C samples from the East Granary, but sample 26, which would be expected to group with the others, actually plots much closer to the majority of the House of the Official samples, including sample 49 (Campana C from the East Granary). Sample 10, the other Campana C sample, plots at the top of the diagram with two other House of the Official samples and very close to the East Granary Campana C cluster. Sample 19 consistently plots away from most groups. Campana C wares are classified visually as fabric I, but the chemistry of these wares suggest that they are a different fabric. These samples consistently plot away from all other fabric I samples and are much closer to the fabric III of Syracuse and the Hard Orange fabrics, which are certainly not local. When plotted with our local sediment samples, one alluvial sample (number F37) is in the center of the Campana C cluster. This indicates either that the Campana C fabrics were made from a different clay source somewhere around the site and are still local, or that they came from heavily mixed alluvial zones elsewhere on the island. The Fe, Sr, Zr triangular scattergram plot (Fig. A3) includes some local sediment samples, including sample F37, which in a brief physical survey appeared to be the best clay in the vicinity, requiring far less temper than any other clay source around Morgantina. This also seems to be the clay of choice for pottery manufacture at Morgantina before 300 BCE (as indicated by samples taken of earlier wares). Because this sample plots directly with the Campana C wares, and we are certain that it is local, Campana C is also likely to be local. While visually it may have the appearance of fabric

446

APPENDIX 2

I, it is chemically distinct. This makes it likely that all the Campana C samples which plot away from the major group are just fabric I that has the appearance of Campana C, since particular local clays seem to have been selected only for Campana C production (possibly because they fired darker gray?). More petrographic and chemical work will be required on a larger quantity of Campana C samples before anything conclusive can be said. In both diagrams the majority of the Campana C samples are separated from fabric I by both fabric II and fabric III, which are assumed to be imports. In the Fe, Sr, Zr diagram (Fig. A3), which contains local sediment samples, one of the soils, number F38 (a B-horizon deposit near a greenish clay bed, stratigraphically situated above sample F37) plots near the red fabric III group. In the Fe, Rb, Zr plot (Fig. A4), three of the other East Granary samples (numbers 18, 20, and 21) plot at the low end of the diagram. They do not form a tight group when these three elements are employed, but they are connected due to their location relative to the rest of the samples. There is also an assortment of interesting samples at the lower end of the diagram. To the far right, the two small figurines sit with sample 16, a pitcher waster and one of the four most indicatively local samples from the 3rd century. Below those samples are the two terracotta tube tiles (the tube tiles are petrographically similar) and sample 29, a utilitarian vessel dating before 211 BCE and identified as fabric II. Sample 5, another 3rd-century waster of fabric I, clusters near 29. The roof tile, number 92, sits near sample 5 but is dated to the 6th century BCE. These samples are of local origin. A group of three medallion bowls in fabric I but of different dates (numbers 77, 82, and 88) is also in the lower portion of the diagram. Medallion bowls and their relative significance are discussed below (pp. 447–448). Sample 19, which is described as a coarse-ware patera, is the only East Granary sample (besides sample 26) whose position makes little sense; it is probably an isolated import in the complex (or slid down into the complex from the houses on the hill to the east). The other East Granary samples form two groups in different areas of the diagram, indicating that the potter used at least two separate clay beds, and perhaps that clays were selected based on properties that were conducive to the intended style of the pottery, rather than the ultimate function of the vessel. East Granary samples 20 and 21 are similar to each other petrographically (Table A3). The largest Morgantina fabric I group in the Fe, Zr, Rb plot (Fig. A4) is centralized and contains the majority of the House of the Official samples. The three Sicilian red-figure samples included in this study are adjacent to this cluster, illustrating the regional nature of the fabric(s) defined visually as fabric I. Sicilian red-figure vases were commonly made in coastal centers on the island, and these three are attributed to Lentini. Visually, they look quite similar to the Morgantina fabric I. They also are very similar chemically, but have a slightly different chemistry makeup. Grouping slightly below these three samples are two of the major 3rd-century samples (numbers 4 and 11, both medallion stamps) and a number of samples dating to the late 1st century BCE. Some of these are from the House of the Official pottery dump (samples 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 48, 49, 51), with sample 49 being fired in the Campana C double-reduction technique but of the same fabric as the others in the group. Sample 17, which plots next to this group, is a pitcher waster found in the area of the dumps and dating to the 2nd to 1st century BCE. Its proximity and similar date indicate that it was manufactured by the same potter as the other House of the Official ceramics. Sample number 78 is a fabric I lid which dates to the same time period but is fine ware and was found in a different build-

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

447

ing. Once again, the proximity and similar date indicate that this sample was probably also made by the House of the Official potter. Sample 75, a red-gloss cup, is also the same fabric type and time period as the large group, but found in a different location on the site. The other samples surrounding the House of the Official cluster are 32, 33, and 38, which date far earlier than the House of the Official dump but are utilitarian vases in fabric I. The last three House of the Official ceramics (samples 10, 14, and 50) group vertically near the Campana C samples. Number 10 is also Campana C, and number 50 is a “Megarian” bowl mold. Sample 29 is interesting, since it is listed as possibly fabric II and pre-211 BCE, but it fails to group well with any major type. There are three major petrographic correlations for House of the Official ceramics: (1) samples 1, 2, and 3; (2) samples 8, 9, and 12; and (3) samples 48 and 49. The other House of the Official samples (numbers 6, 10, 14, 50, and 51) all differ. Petrographic correlations for the 3rd-century Morgantina samples are fairly impressive, falling into the following groups: (1) 4, 7, 11, 16, 33, 83, and 85; (2) 86 and 90; (3) 30 and 31; and (4) 84 and 89. Samples 28, 70, and 74 do not correlate with those groups based upon inclusions or temper. Samples 86 and 90 are actually quite similar to the large group (numbers 4 through 85).

3. Medallion Cups/Bowls and Figurines In the course of this study we analyzed a number of medallion cups/bowls of various fabric types and dates, as well as a few stamps and a medallion bowl waster. From a petrographic standpoint the medallion wares break up into four distinct groups (Table A3): (1) samples 4, 7, 11, and 82; (2) samples 45 and 47; (3) samples 62 and 63; and (4) samples 77 and 88. An interesting correlation that becomes apparent in the Fe, Sr, Zr diagram (Fig. A3), as well as in all other plots, is the loose grouping of the medallion cups. For clarification, ure A6 shows only the medallion cups. Samples 45, 47, 62, 63, 77, and 88 all group closely enough to have some possible significance [Cluster 2]. They also group into very separate groups, as samples 45 and 47 are supposedly red fabric III imported from Syracuse, samples 62 and 63 are classified as fabric II, and samples 77 and 88 are fabric I. The two medallion cup stamps (numbers 4 and 11), along with the medallion cup waster (number 7) and the medallion cup number 82, group on the exact opposite side of the diagram (cluster 1). The medallion cup stamps and waster were probably manufactured at Morgantina before 211 BCE. The medallion cup number 82, however, was found in a fill dated to ca. 35 BCE, although it is likely to be much earlier. Further analysis of a larger number of medallion cups could provide a compelling study in the future. Another question concerning local production is how figurines were made. Completed statuettes may have been imported, or terracotta molds may have been manufactured elsewhere and imported for use in local production. Another possibility is that the molds and figurines were produced onsite. We analyzed one statuette mold and four figurines that were found at Morgantina. Petrographically, the figurines divide into two groups: 65 and 66, and 67 and 68. In the Rb, Sr scattergram (Fig. A7), the statuette mold number 79 plots at the lower end of the fabric I group. We have no source data for this sample, nor for the two large figurines (samples 67 and 68), but their proximity

448

APPENDIX 2

in the scattergram makes it possible that they are related. The two large figurines always group closely together, which suggests that they were made at the same time and from the same clay source (and perhaps even in the statuette mold, sample number 79). All three seem to be made of local clay. The small figurines, samples 65 and 66, plot together and near the large figurines in the Rb, Sr scattergram (Fig. A7) and are separated only by a couple of local samples, a waster, and the tube tiles. This strongly suggests that they were also made at the same time and at the same time as the large figurines and from a local clay source. In the triangular scattergram plots, the small figurines appear to plot away from the large figurines and the mold (sample number 79). This is occasionally a problem when three elements in ratios, rather than actual values, are used.

4. Other Imported Samples To clarify the local “universe” we ran a few samples thought to have come from elsewhere on Sicily or from mainland Italy. These included two samples of Puteolan terra sigillata (numbers 93 and 94), which have a hard orangish to red fabric and come from just north of Naples. In all of the plots these two samples group slightly away from all the other samples we ran, indicating that they likely came from another source. Samples 56 and 71, which are both a hard orange terra sigillata that has been identified by Kenrick as possibly Sicilian, group together far above the rest of the samples in the Fe, Zr, Sr triangular scattergram plot (Fig. A3), along with sample 55, which also has a hard orange fabric. Oddly, in this plot the two other hard orange Republican red-gloss plates (samples 53 and 54) group together and much closer to the Morgantina fabric I samples than the other vases with hard orange fabrics. The dates of these five hard orange samples are much the same (ca. 50 BCE to ca. 30 CE). Petrographically, the hard orange and hard pale red fabrics broke into two groups: a hard pale red fabric for samples 93 and 94 (Puteolan terra sigillata) and hard orange fabric samples 55, 56, and 71 (Sicilian red-gloss/terra sigillata), with two other samples, 53 and 54, that do not correlate with each other or the other group members. All of the red fabric samples (numbers 38–47) are identified by Stone as having been manufactured in Syracuse or its environs. In the Fe, Zr, Sr triangular scattergram (Fig. A3), samples 39 and 40 plot together, directly between the Campania C wares and fabric I. Both samples date to 211 BCE. Samples 41 and 38, which date later, also plot close by. All the other samples, except number 44, group together above all the samples considered to have been made at Morgantina. Sample 44 clusters with the major red fabric III group in the Fe, Zr, Rb plot (Fig. A4). Chemically, this appears to be a distinct fabric type which is not local. The only other “foreign” samples we ran for this study were samples 35, 36, and 37, which are Sicilian red-figure vases and have the same visual characteristics as fabric I but were probably imported from Lentini near the eastern coast of the island. The three samples are clearly similar in form and distinct chemically, since they group together in the Fe, Zr, Sr plot (Fig. A3) but are different petrographically. They also plot right alongside the Morgantina fabric I samples and are surrounded by the local tube tile samples (numbers 69 and 81) and the roof tile (number 92). This may suggest

P ROV E N A N C E A N A LY S I S B Y E D X R F

449

that they were manufactured locally, rather than imported. The fabric is similar to fabric I, but it also contains chemical components similar to three very coarse locally made samples.

Conclusions The geochemical analysis of a selection of 3rd-century BCE to 1st-century CE ceramics from Morgantina largely confirmed the visual classification system already in use at the site. This study thus accomplished the goal set for the project and revealed some intriguing information about the statuettes and medallion cups/bowls for future investigation. The sediment data provided a solid although limited library needed to establish a local signature. The “local” range proved to be quite broad, and the proximity of imported materials to the local samples indicates that the clays and tempers at many of the sites of ceramic manufacture around the island are somewhat similar. In conclusion, the rough grouping of most fabric I samples, regardless of time period and form and function of the vessel, indicates that one or more local clay sources existed and were exploited throughout the period from the 3rd to the 1st century BCE. During the 2nd and 1st centuries, the clay source that was used seems to have depended upon who was manufacturing the vessel, rather than the type of vessel being manufactured. It is interesting that two different potters were apparently making the same pottery at the same site but using different clay sources. The visual distinctions used to classify fabric I seem entirely valid, as the majority of these samples also have similar chemical characteristics. The main exception to this are the Campana C wares. They are certainly different from the rest of fabric I from a geochemical viewpoint. The samples that were identified as Campana C but consistently plot away from the main group (samples 26 and 24) may not actually be Campana C, but rather simply fabric I. Sample 24 could still be Campana C, as it is not too far from the major group. Another interesting revelation is that the same clay beds seem to have been used throughout the time span, since the roof tile from the 6th century BCE (number 92) plots with samples from the 4th, 3rd, and 1st centuries BCE, as well as several site and sediment samples. This is also revealed by the analysis of material from the pottery dumps in the House of the Official and the East Granary, which indicates that two potters were operating at similar times but were using two separate clay sources. The 3rd-century fabric I samples are spread out among these clusters, suggesting that these clay beds were also used previously. This gives further credence to the view that pottery was produced at Morgantina in the 3rd century BCE. The classification of fabrics II and III also seems to be legitimate chemically. It seems apparent that there were multiple clay sources at each of these localities. The only sample that consistently plots away from the others is number 61, a sample of fabric II, which always plots in a central position but not with any other groups, and relatively far from the other fabric II samples. Sample 29, previously identified as a possible fabric II, is close enough to both scattergrams that it probably belongs to that group. Sample 34 is the only other questionable sample and is listed as a possible example of fabric III. While it fails to plot within a fabric III group in any of the three scattergrams, it is always

450

APPENDIX 2

close enough to be legitimately considered fabric III. The hard orange fabrics always group together, except for samples 55 and 54. Two unexpected correlations were revealed when the figurines and medallion bowls were analyzed. It is hoped that this information will be further clarified by future studies. Overall, the visual classification system currently in use at the site seems valid. Those fabrics that Stone assumed to be local appear to be local from their chemical composition, and the fabrics that he suggested are imports appear chemically to be from elsewhere. The main exceptions to this include sample 19, which is described as a coarse-ware patera in fabric I and was thus assumed to be local. In all of the plots, sample 19 groups closer to the fabric II and III groups than it does to fabric I. This illustrates again the problems inherent in using purely visual analysis to define fabrics. Finally, the nondestructive portable geochemical and reflective petrography technology used in this study proved to be sufficient to deal with the questions and issues raised and at the same time allowed us to analyze museum artifacts without compromising their state of preservation. References Emery, V. L., and M. Morgenstein 2007. “Portable EDXRF Analysis of a Mud Brick Necropolis Enclosure: Evidence of Work Organization, El Hibeh, Middle Egypt.” Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 111–122. Morgenstein, M., and C. Redmount 2005. “Using Portable Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Analysis for On-site Study of Ceramic Sherds at El Hibeh, Egypt.” Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 1613–1623. Wolff, S., M. Johnson, and M. Morgenstein. “Using Portable and Laboratory Based EDXRF with Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) for Provenance of Bronze Age and Persian Period Ceramics from Tel Megadim, Israel.” (In prep.).

Appendix 3

Concordance of Shapes Found at Morgantina with Those Commonly Found in the Tombs of the 4th and the First Half of the 3rd Century BCE on Lipari Outturned-Rim Plates (nos. 4–8) (Some Perhaps Downturned-Rim/Lip Plates, nos. 1–3) It is virtually impossible to distinguish which version of this shape is depicted in the small photographs of the tomb groups in the Meligunìs-Lipára volumes. Meligunìs-Lipára II, ill. f:9–10, dates the outturned-rim plate 335–280 BCE. Meligunìs-Lipára II, 20, tomb 38, pl. 205:1f; 30, tomb 72, pl. 131:1d; 36, tomb 91, pl. 139:2c (dated 280–251 and after); 36, tomb 94, pl. 205:2e; 37, tomb 95, pl. 205:4d; 47, tomb 132bis, pl. 205:3c; 49, tomb 143, pl. 134:d–e; 49, tomb 144, pl. 130:2a–b; 51 tomb 145, pl. 128:2f; 54, tomb 157, pl. 136:2e; 64, tomb 196, pl. 128:1d–f; 78, tomb 229, pl. 129:1f; 101–102, tomb 291, pl. 137:4c and f; 102, tomb 292, pl. 132:2d; 103, tomb 297, pl. 136:3d; 103, tomb 296, pl. 129:4f; 109, tomb 305, pl. 137:1c; 119, tomb 322, pl. 209:1e–f; 124, tomb 339, pl. 129:2b; 125, tomb 344, pl. 208:5d–e; 136–137, tomb 378, pl. 127p–r; 144, tomb 403, pl. 134:3e–g; 149, tomb 411, pl. 133:3f; 150, tomb 413, pl. 132:1e; 161, tomb 442, pl. 210:1d; 162, tomb 447, pl. 210:2c; 166, tomb 459, pl. 210:5c; 167, tomb 465, pl. 130c–e; 170, tomb 472, pl. 207:5d–f; 170, tomb 474, pl. 207:2d; 170, tomb 475, pl. 207:1h. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 7–8, tombs 1886 and 1884bis, figs. 49, 50; 43–44, tomb 1982, fig. 64; 71, tomb 2002, fig. 94; 72, tomb 2005, fig. 93; 73, tomb 2008, fig. 99; 74, tomb 2010, fig. 92; 98, tomb 1532; 99– 100, tomb 1533; 100, tomb 1535; 102, tomb 1544; 103, tomb 1547; 110, tomb 1560; 111, tomb 1564; 113, tomb 1573; 116, tomb 1582; 118, tomb 1592, fig. 256; 119, tomb 1594, fig. 293; 128, tomb 1610, fig. 226; 138, tomb 1632, fig. 295. Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 50, tomb 1770, pl. 68:3; 51, tomb 1776, pl. 68:4; 51–53, tomb 1781, pl. 61:2; 54–55, tomb 1788, pl. 64:2; 55, tomb 1795; 56, tomb 1803, pl. 68:2; 58–59, tomb 1817, pl. 65:3; 60, tomb 1822, pl. 64:3; 70, tomb 1907, pl. 62:2; 72, tomb 1921, pl. 62:3; 94, tomb 2122, pl. 65:1. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 381, tomb 2435, pl. 18; 384, tomb 2546, pl. 18; 387, tomb 2559, pl. 23; 387, tomb 2567, pl. 21; 388, tomb 2565, pl. 23; 390, tomb 2581, pl. 25; 391, tomb 2591, pl. 21; 391, tomb 2597, pl. 24; 392, tomb 2605, pl. 23; 395, tomb 2631, pl. 22. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 38–39, tomb 558, pl. 11:1–2; 39, tomb 560, pl. 9:1; 40, tomb 569, pl. 10:1–2; 41, tomb 571, pl. 9:2; 43–44, tomb 576, pl. 15; 44–45, tomb 584, pl. 19:1; 119, tomb 734, pl. 48:1; 119, tomb 737, pl. 48:2; 143, tomb 765, pl. 62:1–2; 145–146, tomb 790, pl. 66:1; 181, tomb 856, pl. 76:1; 247, tomb 628, pl. 106:5; 249, tomb 638, pl. 108:2; 259, tomb 1167, pl. 107:1–3; 285, tomb 1637, pl. 128:5; 339, tomb 928, pl. 158:1; 343, tomb 952, pl. 156:2; 343, tomb 953, pl. 146:1; 386–387, tomb 984, pl. 182:2; 387, tomb 985, pl. 184:2; 389–390, tomb 998, pl. 183; 390, tomb 1000, pl. 184:1; 471, tomb 1117,

452

APPENDIX 3

pl. 217:1; 471, tomb 1116, fig. 73; 472, tomb 1121, pl. 217:2; 528, tomb 1240, pl. 251; 603, tomb 2053, pl. 264:3; 606, tomb 2056, pl. 264:4; 605, tomb 2058, pl. 269:3.

Plates or Saucers with Outturned Rouletted Rims (nos. 9, 10) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 36, tomb 91, pl. 139:2d; 54, tomb 157, pl. 136:2d; 106, tomb 298, pl. 129d–f; 109, tomb 305, pl. 137:1d; 113, tomb 309, pl. 107:4d; 137, tomb 378, pl. 127s, t. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 7–8, tombs 1886 and 1884bis, figs. 49, 50, 182; tomb 2178, fig. 468 (dated to second half of 3rd cent.). Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 72, tomb 1921, pl. 62:3 (tomb dated to first half of 3rd cent.). Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 38–39, tomb 558, pl. 11:1, 2 (tomb dated to first half of 3rd cent.); 259, tomb 1167, pl. 107:1–3 (floor has three stamped palmettes around a central stamped rosette; tomb dated to second quarter of 3rd cent.).

Lekanides (nos. 17, 18) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 17, tomb 27, pl. 79:5, 79:7; 17, tomb 28, pls. 77:3–4, 78; 29, tomb 70, pl. 93:2f; 46, tomb 127, pl. 79:429; 51, tomb 145, pl. 128:2b; 52, tomb 149, pl. 75:1b; 74, tomb 223, pl. 112:2a. 112:3c; 80–81, tomb 232, pl. 110; 95, tomb 278, pl. 120:1–2; 101, tomb 291, pl. 137:4d; 102, tomb 292, pl. 132:2e; 111–112, tomb 305, pl. 107; 114–116, tomb 313, pl. 95:1; 117, tomb 314, pl. 119:1a–b; 124, tomb 340, pl. 121; 130, tomb 366, pl. 76; 143, tomb 403, pl. 111:1d, 2a; 144, tomb 406, pl. 135:3e–f; 147, tomb 409, pl. 113:1c; 149, tomb 411, pl. 133:3g; 150, tomb 413, pl. 132:1a–b; 159, tomb 441, pl. 118:3b, 118:4e; 163, tomb 450, pl. 118:1b; 164, tomb 451, pl. 118:5a–c,118:e; 164, tomb 452, pl. 131:3a; 183, tomb 502, pl. 120:3–4; 186, tomb 511, pl. 140:2b; 191, tomb 525, pl. 118:2. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 5, tomb 1883; 6, tomb 1884; 6–7, tomb 1885, figs. 29–33, 43, 44 (on the painters: 9–23, 27–30, pls. A–F, figs. 11–15, 21–25); 44, tomb 1982 (on the painter: 49–51, pls. I, J); 44, 53, tomb 1983, fig. 74; 95–96, tomb 1527, figs. 165–167; 98–99, tomb 1532, figs. 229, 233–235; 100, tomb 1535, figs. 242, 243–245; 102, tomb 1544, fig. 283; 113, tomb 1572, figs. 220–222; 115, tomb 1579, figs. 246– 248; 115–116, tomb 1581, figs. 249–251; 116, tomb 1582, figs. 252, 253; 116, tomb 1584, fig. 255 (no lid); 136, tomb 1623, figs. 273–275; 165–166, tomb 2187, figs. 383–387, 390; 166, tomb 2190, figs. 391, 392; 168, tomb 2195, figs. 402, 403; 172, tomb 2206, figs. 436–440. Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 51, tomb 1776, pl. 68:4; 58–59, tomb 1817, pl. 65:3; 94, tomb 2122, pl. 65:1–2. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 380, tomb 2426, pl. 17; 389, tomb 2573, pl. 16; 392, tomb 2605, pl. 23; 393– 394, tomb 2620, pl. 15; 395, tomb 2631, pl. 22. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 39–40, tomb 562, pl. 17:1–2b; 41–42, tomb 573, pl. 12; 77, tomb 651, pl. 37:1, 37:3; 140–141, tomb 753, pl. 64; 141, tomb 757, pl. 65:1; 247, tomb 629, pl. 106:1–2; 250–251, tomb 1139, pl. 102:1–2; 257, tomb 1164, pls. 98, 99; 257–259, tomb 1175, pl. 104:2; 332, tomb 886, pl. 145:3, 145:6; 333, tomb 889, pl. 149; 336, tomb 909, fig. 55; 388, tomb 989, pl. 184:4; 389–390, tomb 998, pl. 183. No examples of the shape were found in the tombs dated after the Roman destruction of 252.

C O N C O R D A N C E O F S H A P E S AT L I PA R I

453

Echinus and In-Beveled-Lip Bowls (nos. 25–31) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 93, tomb 273, pl. 135:1d; 94, tomb 276, pl. 131:4b–c; 114, tomb 311bis, pl. 132:3h–I; 126, tomb 348, pl. 134f; 162, tomb 447, pl. 210d; 183, tomb 501, pl. 140:3. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 98, tomb 1532, fig. 227; 101, tomb 1537, fig. 278 (three examples); 113, tomb 1572, fig. 224; 115, tomb 1579, fig. 246; 115, tomb 1581, fig. 249 (two examples); 110, tomb 1562, fig. 297 (two examples). Meligunìs-Lipára X, 380, tomb 2427, pl. 17; 381, tomb 2428, pl. 25; 381, tomb 2429, pl. 21; 381, tomb 2435, pl. 18; 382, tomb 2443, pl. 24; 386, tomb 2552, pl. 27; 389, tomb 2577, pl. 24; 390, tomb 2581, pl. 25; 390, tomb 2583, pl. 17; 391, tomb 2591, pl. 21; 391, tomb 2597, pl. 24; 392, tomb 2598; 392, tomb 2600, pl. 24; 392, tomb 2603, pl. 17; 394, tomb 2629, pl. 23; 395, tomb 2630, pl. 23; 395, tomb 2631, pl. 22; 396, tomb 2637, pl. 23. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 41–42, tomb 573, pl. 12; 181, tomb 856, pl. 76:1.

Inturned-Lip Bowls or Pyxides (nos. 33–35) The examples listed here seem to be this shape, but it is difficult to distinguish these from echinus bowls in the small photographs in the Meligunìs-Lipára volumes. Meligunìs-Lipára II, 29, tomb 72, pl. 131:1b; 35, tomb 89bis, pl. 206:1c–d; 174, tomb 475, pl. 207:1d; 174, tomb 476, pls. 207:4c, 206:9. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 107, tomb 1555, fig. 280; 111, tomb 1562, fig. 297; 112, tomb 1567, fig. 298; 115, tomb 1581, fig. 249; 119, tomb 1595, fig. 257; 181, tomb 2172, figs. 466, 467. Lidded bowls that appear to be of this shape: Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 70, tomb 1907, fig. 62:2.

Kernoi (no. 36) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 170, tomb 472bis, pl. 206:2. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 125, tomb 1602, fig. 300 (tomb dated to second half of 3rd cent.). Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 36, tomb 536, pl. 19:2 (tomb dated to late 3rd cent.); 294, tomb 1684, pl. 131:1 (dated to second half of 3rd cent.); 342, tomb 950.

Biconical Bowls (nos. 37, 38) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 147, tomb 409, pl. 133:2d. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 380, tomb 2422, pl. 17; 380, tomb 2427, pl. 17; 383, tomb 245; 389, tomb 2575, pl. 24; 393, tomb 2616.

454

APPENDIX 3

Hemispherical-Bodied (Skyphoid) Pyxides (nos. 42–44) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 74, tomb 223, pl. 112:3b, 112:4b (red-figure); 80, tomb 232, pl. 110:1a, 110:2a; 143, tomb 403, pl. 111:1c, 111:2b (red-figure); 147, tomb 409, pl. 113:1a, 113:2b (red-figure). Meligunìs-Lipára V, 99, tomb 1532; 121, tomb 1595. Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 54–55, tomb 1788; 70, tomb 1907. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 41–42, tomb 573, pl. 12 (red-figure); 43–44, tomb 576, pl. 15 (red-figure); 80– 83, tomb 663, pl. 33:1; 120–122, tomb 741, pl. 45; 247, tomb 629, pl. 106:304, 106:306; 250–251, tomb 1139, pl. 101:1–3 (red-figure); 332, tomb 886, pl. 145:2–4; 333, tomb 889, pl. 149 (red-figure).

Globular Pyxides (no. 45) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 117, tomb 314, pl. 119:2c; 159, tomb 441, pl. 118:3a, 118:4f (red-figure). Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 58–59, tomb 1817, fig. 65:3. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 388, tomb 2566, pl. 22. Morel 1966, 255, tomb 28, figs. 36h, 41; 255–256, tomb 29, figs. 39b, 42 (red-figure); 264, tomb 51, figs. 63b, 69b.

Stemless Kylikes with Horizontal Handles (Bolsals) (no. 52) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 22, tomb 45, pl. 63:7; 35, tomb 86, pl. 93:1; 139–140, tomb 394, pl. 63:6. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 83–84, 101, tomb 1540, fig. 156; 102, tomb 1541, fig. 156; 107, tomb 1556, fig. 158; 154, 168–169, tomb 2196, fig. 406. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 222, tomb 1519, pl. 86:1.

Stemless Kylikes with Horizontal Handles with Upturned Ends (no. 53) Meligunìs-Lipára V, 135, tomb 1621, fig. 160. Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 54–55, tomb 1788, pls. 63, 64 (dated to second quarter of 3rd cent.); 72, tomb 1921, pl. 62:3 (dated to first half of 3rd cent.); see also pl. 65:2. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 388, tomb 2567, pl. 21; 391, tomb 2591, pl. 21. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 41, tomb 571, pl. 9:2 (late 4th cent.); 78, tomb 654, pl. 32:1 (third quarter of 4th cent.); 80, tomb 661, pl. 39:1 (dated 260–252); 119, tomb 737, pl. 48:2 (dated to first quarter of 3rd cent.); 141, tomb 754, pl. 63:1 (second quarter of 3rd cent.); 247, tomb 628, pl. 106:5–9 (first third of 3rd cent.); 343, tomb 953, pl. 146:1; 386–387, tomb 984, pl. 182:2; 389, tomb 992, pl. 182:4; 389–390, tomb 998, pl. 183:1.

C O N C O R D A N C E O F S H A P E S AT L I PA R I

455

Tall Conical Skyphoi (Attic Type) (nos. 55, 56) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 36, tomb 91, fig. f:1; 48, tomb 136, pl. 139:2b; 49, tomb 143, pl. 126:3; 101, tomb 291, pl. 137:4b; 137, tomb 382, pl. 209:7d (also pl. 126:3); 138, tomb 385, pl. 136:4b; 165, tomb 454, pl. 136:6b. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 98, fig. 227 (tomb of the first half of 3rd cent.). Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 70, tomb 1907. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 380, tomb 2426, pl. 17; 386, tomb 2549, pl. 27; 387, tomb 2561, pl. 25; 388, tomb 2565, pl. 23; 389, tomb 2575, pl. 24; 392, tomb 2598; 392, tomb 2605, pl. 23; 394, tomb 2626, pl. 17; 395, tomb 2631, pl. 22.

Corinthian-Type Skyphoi (nos. 62–64) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 78, tomb 229, pl. 129:1a; 93, tomb 273, pl. 135:1b; 94, tomb 275, pl. 132:4b; 103, tomb 297, pl. 136:3b; 109, tomb 305, pl. 126:2; 117, tomb 313, pl. 95:2b; 136, tomb 378, pl. 127l; 144, tomb 406, pl. 135:3g; 165, tomb 453, pl. 137:3b; 235, 12–13, tomb 15, fig. f:3, pl. 130:4a. Meligunìs-Lipara V, 45, tomb 1985, figs. 69–71; 45–46, tomb 1987, fig. 81; 72, tomb 2004, fig. 91 (late 5th cent.); 99–100, tomb 1533, fig. 239 (first half of 3rd cent.); 116, tomb 1582, fig. 252 (first half of 3rd cent.); 118, tomb 1592, fig. 256 (first half of 3rd cent.); 135, tomb 1622, fig. 161 (first third of 4th cent.); 135–136, tomb 1623, fig. 272 (first half of 3rd cent.); 168, tomb 2194, fig. 401 (mid-4th cent.); 165– 166, tomb 2187, fig. 383 (mid-4th cent.); 172, tomb 2205, figs. 429, 431, 432 (second half of 4th cent.). Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 60, tomb 1822, pl. 64:3 (dated to second quarter of 3rd cent.); 51–53, tomb 1781, pl. 62:1 (dated to first half of 3rd cent.). Meligunìs-Lipára X, 380, tomb 2422, pl. 25; 387, tomb 2563, pl. 13; 394, tomb 2626, pl. 17; 395, tomb 2631, pl. 22. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 39, tomb 560, pl. 9:1; 150, tomb 824, pl. 60; 251, tomb 1144, fig. 37; 259, tomb 1167, pl. 107:1–3; 286, tomb 1636, pl. 122:3. Cavalier 1981, 286 and figs. B:a, D:b, 471:I, 471:m.

Straight-Walled Kantharoi (no. 70) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 137, tomb 382, pl. 209:7c; 161, tomb 445, pl. 210:3. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 8, tomb 1884, fig. 49 (has skyphos handles); 105, tomb 1551, fig. 277; 112, tomb 1569, fig. 277; 125, tomb 1602, fig. 277. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 386, tomb 2548, pl. 22; 392, tomb 2599, pl. 25. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 145–146, tomb 790, pl. 66:1 (dated 260–252); 387, tomb 985, pl. 184:2.

Stamnoi (Pyxides) (nos. 79–82) Meligunìs-Lipára II, fig. G:4; 36, tomb 94, pl. 205:2f; 136, tomb 378, pl. 127:1a; 143, tomb 403, pl. 111:1e.

456

APPENDIX 3

Meligunìs-Lipára V, 125, tomb 1602, fig. 301 (dated to second half of 3rd cent.); 171, tomb 2202, figs. 420–422 (first half of 3rd cent.?); see also 134, tomb 1619, for a handleless example of the shape. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 386, tomb 2554, pl. 27 (tomb dated to second quarter of 3rd cent.). Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 389–390, tomb 998, pl. 183 (tomb dated to second quarter of 3rd cent.).

Ovoid Pitchers (Bodies Not Ribbed) (nos. 93, 94, 96, 97) Early examples: Meligunìs-Lipára V, 168–169, tomb 2196 (dated early 4th cent.); 117, tomb 1586 (second third of 4th cent.). Examples of the second half of the 4th century: Meligunìs-Lipára V, 103–104, tomb 1548; 111, tomb 1564; 114, tomb 1576; 128, tomb 1610; 172–173, tomb 2206. Examples of the first half of the 3rd century: Meligunìs-Lipára II, 12, tomb 15, pl. 130:4; 37, tomb 95, pl. 205:4; 43, tomb 116, pl. 130:1; 47, tomb 132bis, pl. 205:3; 94, tomb 275, pl. 132:4; 103, tomb 296, pl. 129:4; 124, tomb 339, pl. 129:2; 143, tomb 403, pl. 134:1; 147, tomb 409, pl. 133:2; 148, tomb 411, pl. 133:3; 165, tomb 453, pl. 137:3. Other examples: Meligunìs-Lipára V, 99–100, tomb 1533, fig. 239b; 135–136, tomb 1623, fig. 272b. Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 58–59, tomb 1817, pl. 65:3; 60, tomb 1822, pl. 64:3; 94, tomb 2122, pl. 65:1. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 380, tomb 2426; 381, tomb 2435; 384, tomb 2534; 384, tomb 2546; 387, tomb 2558; 387, tomb 2559; 390, tomb 2581; 391, tomb 2592. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 37, tomb 547; 119, tomb 734, pl. 48:1; 150, tomb 824, pl. 60; 181, tomb 856, pl. 76:1; 389–390, tomb 998, pl. 183.

Ovoid-Bodied Pitchers (Ribbed Bodies) (no. 95) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 54, tomb 158, pl. 206:8a, ill. h:9. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 8, tomb 1884bis, fig. 50; 101, tomb 1537; 107, tomb 1555; 110, tomb 1561; 119, tomb 1594. Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 55, tomb 1795, pl. 68:1; 56, tomb 1803, pls. 67:3, 68:2. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 386, tomb 2548. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, tomb 952, pl. 156:2.

Conical Pitchers (no. 100) Meligunìs-Lipára II, ill. g:6, 19, tomb 38, pl. 205:1b; 29, tomb 72, pl. 131:1a; 36, tomb 91, pl. 139:2a; 36, tomb 94, pl. 205:2d; 48, tomb 136, pl. 139:3c; 48, tomb 137, pl. 135:2a; 49, tomb 143, pl. 134:2b; 50, tomb 144, pl. 130:2c; 51, tomb 145, pl. 128:2a; 54, tomb 157, pl. 136:1b; 61, tomb 184, pl. 128:3b; 64, tomb 196, pl. 128:1a; 78, tomb 229, pl. 129:1a; 84, tomb 246, pl. 131:5d; 93, tomb 273, pl. 135:1a; 100– 101, tomb 288, pl. 138:2; 103, tomb 297, pl. 136:3a; 109, tomb 305, pl. 137:1a; 113, tomb 309, pl. 107:4a; 114, tomb 311bis, pl. 132:3c; 119, tomb 322, pl. 209:1b; 125, tomb 344, pl. 208:5a; 136, tomb 378, pls. 112:7j, 127:b; 137, tomb 379, pl. 134:5; 138, tomb 385, pl. 136:4a; 149, tomb 412, pl. 136:5b; 165, tomb

C O N C O R D A N C E O F S H A P E S AT L I PA R I

457

454, pl. 136:6a; 165, tomb 458, pl. 210:4a; 166, tomb 460, pl. 208:3b; 167, tomb 465, pl. 130:3b; 183, tomb 502, pl. 120:4a; 184, tomb 503, pl. 140:1a; 186, tomb 511, pl. 140:2a. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 7, tomb 1885, figs. 45a, 51b; 7, tomb 1886, figs. 49a, 51a; 44, tomb 1982, fig. 63; 44, tomb 1984, fig. 72; 72, tomb 2005, fig. 93; 73, tomb 2009, fig. 94; 74, tomb 2010, fig. 92; 98, tomb 1532, figs. 227, 228; 100, tomb 1535, fig. 241; 102, tomb 1544, fig. 282; 110, tomb 1561, fig. 285; 115, tomb 1580, fig. 254; 116, tomb 1582, fig. 252; 118, tomb 1592, fig. 256; 119, tomb 1595, fig. 257; 135, tomb 1620, fig. 210; 171–172, tomb 2204 (two examples), fig. 426. Meligunìs-Lipára VII, 51, tomb 1776, pl. 68:4; 54–55, tomb 1788, pl. 64:2; 55, tomb 1795, pl. 68:1 (mislabeled tomb 1799); 70, tomb 1907, pl. 62:2. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 38–39, tomb 558, pl. 11:1–2; 39, tomb 560, pl. 9:1; 40, tomb 568, pl. 10:4; 40, tomb 569, pl. 10:1, 10:2; 41, tomb 571, pl. 9:2; 84, tomb 672, pl. 32:3, 32:4; 119, tomb 737, pl. 48:1; 122, tomb 747, pl. 47:3; 143, tomb 765, pl. 62:1, 62:2; 146, tomb 792, pl. 59:1; 219, tomb 1502, pl. 87:1; 247, tomb 628, pl. 106:5; 259, tomb 1167, pls. 1071–1073; 260, tomb 1170, pl. 107:5; 286, tomb 1636, pl. 122:3; 343, tomb 953, pl. 146:1; 386–387, tomb 984, pl. 182:2; 389, tomb 992, pl. 182:4; 388, tomb 989, pl. 184:4; 390, tomb 1000, pl. 184:1.

Feeder Vases (nos. 125, 126) Meligunìs-Lipára II, 29, fig. e:8 (tomb 70, dated [p. 221] to first two-thirds of 4th cent.); 97, tomb 283, pl. 208:2c; 137, tomb 382, pl. 209:7e. Meligunìs-Lipára V, 74, tomb 2010, fig. 92; 100, tomb 1534, fig. 240; 101, tomb 1537, fig. 278; 110, tomb 1560, fig. 296. Meligunìs-Lipára X, 380, tomb 2426, pl. 17; 386, tomb 2554, pl. 27. Meligunìs-Lipára XI, 38–39, tomb 558; 43–44, tomb 576; 119, tomb 737.

Appendix 4

The Morgantina Silver Treasure

Since the Hellenistic and Republican pottery at Morgantina frequently evokes metal vases, it is of some interest that a major hoard of ancient metal vessels was found at the site. Following many years in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, it is now on display in the Museo Archeologico Regionale di Aidone. This hoard’s history is of some interest and is summarized here. An affidavit attests that in 1980 or 1981, an illegal excavation on Serra Orlando, the site of the classical and Hellenistic city of Morgantina, uncovered a hoard of gilded silver vessels. This treasure had been secreted in two different locations within a house in or shortly before 211 BCE to avoid being confiscated by the Romans when they captured the city (Livy 26.21.17), apparently because it was known that the Romans would sack Morgantina upon taking the city.1 Contemporaries of the person who hid these silver vessels secreted a hoard of coins and jewelry in a cistern in the Contrada Drago (in the eastern area of the Serra Orlando ridge that forms classical and Hellenistic Morgantina) and a cache of silver jewelry and coins in a cistern in the House of the Silver Hoard on the East Hill; three large coin hoards of the late 3rd century have also been found within the confines of ancient Morgantina.2 As was the case with these other hoards, the owner of the gilded silver vessels never returned to reclaim them. It can be assumed that he either perished or was sold into slavery in 211. The hoard of metal vessels was purchased in two lots by a dealer in antiquities who spirited both to Switzerland and then sold them to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1981 and 1982. When Dietrich von Bothmer published the treasure in the Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1984, he noted that the two lots of vases clearly were part of a single hoard, that the vases appeared to be from Magna Graecia or eastern Sicily, and that they dated to the second half of the 3rd century BCE.3 This attribution was emphasized in the definitive publication of the hoard by Pietro Giovanni Guzzo in 2002, although he concluded that the attribution of the hoard to Morgantina was possible but unproven.4 1 The best source on the events and legal proceedings that

led to the return of the hoard is S. Raffiotta, Caccia ai tesori di Morgantina (Assoro, 2010) 65–102. See also R. Wertime, “Morgantina Memoir,” Archaeology 47 (1994) 52; A. L. Slayman, “The Morgantina Hoard,” Archaeology 51 (1998 ) 40– 41; M. Bell, “La provenienza ritrovata: Cercando il contesto di antichità trafugate,” in Antichità senza provenienza II: Atti del colloquio internazionale, 17–18 ottobre, 1997, supplement to BdA 101–102 (Rome, 2000) 31–41; P. Watson and C. Todeschini, The Medici Conspiracy (New York, 2007) 103– 106. 2 For the two hoards that included coins and silver jewelry, see deposits IG (=MS II, 161–162, deposit 25) and IJ.2

(=MS II, 189, deposit 61). For the House of the Silver Hoard and its jewelry: Tsakirgis 1984, 42–46. The jewelry found in the cistern comprised two gold earrings (inv. 561669 and 56-1670), a silver finger ring (inv. 56-1674), and a gold finger ring (inv. 56-1675). For three coin hoards of 211 BCE found on Serra Orlando: M. Pugliesi, “La circolazione monetale in Sicilia nell’età di Ierone II,” in Nuove prospettive, 305–322, esp. table B, 319–320, nos. 12, 13, 15 (see also no. 20, which may be from Morgantina). 3 Bothmer 1984, 54–60. 4 P. G. Guzzo, “Argenti a New York,” BdA 121 (2002) 1– 46; English translation: Guzzo 2003.

T H E M O RG A N T I N A S I LV E R T R E A S U R E

459

The forensic evidence for its provenance seems virtually incontrovertible. After the Metropolitan Museum of Art had purchased the hoard, Judge Silvio Raffiotta and the Carabinieri (State Police) collected affidavits from a number of inhabitants of the modern town of Aidone who had seen the objects found in the illegal excavations immediately after their discovery in 1980–1981. These depositions described a hoard of silver objects in some detail and specified a findspot on the Serra Orlando ridge. From this testimony, it seems clear that the vases found at Morgantina were the silver vessels purchased by the Metropolitan Museum in 1981 and 1982.5 In 1998 and 1999, Professor Malcolm Bell of the University of Virginia excavated the site where the two caches of silver vessels were reported to have been found, uncovering a house that had two pits in its floors. He identified these as the probable hiding places for the vases. In the course of the excavation of the pits in the House of Eupolomos two coins were found. One is a 3rd-century BCE issue of the Mamertini (MS II, no. 233) that dates the burial of the hoard, while the other is a 100lire piece issued in 1978 that corresponds to the date of the illegal excavation. This house is now called the House of Eupolemos because that name in the genitive case is incised on two of the vessels.6 The name Eupolemos was previously known at Morgantina (although that name is hardly exclusive to the city), and these inscriptions added to the growing accumulation of evidence indicating that the hoard was from the site.7 In 2006, the Metropolitan Museum of Art agreed to return the silver treasure to Aidone in 2010, and that it would then be exhibited alternately in the Museo Archeologico Regionale di Aidone and at the Metropolitan Museum for four-year periods over forty years until 2050, when ownership will revert totally to Italy.8 On November 29, 2010, a room in the Museo Archeologico Regionale di Aidone that displays the silver was officially opened with great fanfare. The Morgantina silver treasure consists of fifteen objects, eleven of which are vases. Two of the vases are deep hemispherical-bodied cups with tripod feet made up of theatrical masks (Pl. 142), a type mirrored in ceramic vessels.9 Three conical or hemispherical cups with incised decoration on their interiors and floral tondi (Pl. 142) illustrate the metal vases that inspired the many ceramic medallion cups found at Morgantina.10 A smaller hemispherical cup with molded and incised decoration is similar to ceramic hemispherical cups with overpainted decoration, as well as to vases with incised net or pentagon patterning.11 A small silver pitcher is related in shape to a ceramic example

5 For the saga of the hoard and its eventual attribution to Morgantina: Raffiotta (n. 1 above); Bell (n. 1 above) 31–41; C. D. Steele, “The Morgantina Treasure: Italy’s Quest for Repatriation of Looted Artifacts,” Suffolk Transectional Law Review 23 (2000) 1–46; M. Bell, “Recontextualizing Stolen Antiquities,” AJA 106 (2002) 283; Guzzo 2003, 85–86. The other proposed source of the hoard, Arpi in Daunia, still cannot be wholly discounted due to the lack of precise documentation that surrounds illicit excavation: Guzzo 2003, 77, 85–86. 6 Bell (n. 1 above); L. Guzzardi, “L’attività della Soprin tendenza ai Beni Culturali e Ambientali di Enna nel settore archeologico: 1996–1997,” Kokalos 43–44 (1997–98) 298;

Raffiotta (n. 1 above) 87–92. 7 For Eupolemos at Morgantina: G. Manganaro, “Case e terra a Kamarina e Morgantina nel III–II sec. a.C.,” La parola del passato 44 (1989) 203. 8 See Watson and Todeschini (n. 1 above) 353; E. BonnMuller and E. A. Powell, “A Tangled Journey Home,” Archaeology 60 (2007) 34–35. 9 Guzzo 2003, 67–68, nos. 14, 15. See pp. 91–92 above, no. 24. 10 Guzzo 2003. See pp. 231 n. 12, 267–268 above. 11 Guzzo 2003, 53–54, no. 6. For the ceramic versions, see pp. 89–91 above, no. 21, 146, no. 178, 185, no. 321.

460

APPENDIX 4

of the 3rd century BCE, while a phiale is analogous to a pottery phiale found at Morgantina.12 The hoard also includes two pyxides, a disk lid, and skyphos. None of these is found in a ceramic version at Morgantina, although the shape of one of the pyxides seems to be reflected in simpler form in some black-gloss inkwells, and the disk lid is related to ceramic examples, while the silver skyphos is a deeper form of some shallow ceramic kylikes.13 A final silver object that seems to be related to a vessel is a small cylindrical altar which mirrors the shape of much larger terracotta arulae found at Morgantina (and at other sites on Sicily).14 Two black-gloss altar pyxides have been found at Morgantina, as have a number of small altar pyxides (or pyxis-shaped lids) decorated in the Centuripe fashion, although the ceramic examples do not have the plastic decoration seen on the silver altar.15 A silver disk lid has parallels in 3rd-century fine ceramics.16 Besides the vases, the hoard includes an emblema depicting Scylla that has been detached from one of the conical-bodied bowls (where it covered a floral tondo), a kyathos or ladle with a handle in the shape of a dog’s head, and a pair of horns that may once have decorated a (ceremonial) helmet.17 There are several other interesting aspects of the Morgantina silver hoard. The objects preserve a large number of inscriptions (fifty-two) of two types, one punched and the other incised.18 The incised inscriptions are later than the punched group and indicate that the silver vases were made in multiple periods. As Guzzo notes, the parallels to the metalwork and the indications of weight inscribed on them indicate that the objects were made at a number of different locations, presumably in Magna Graecia and Sicily; he also suggests that some of the vases may have been influenced by Ptolemaic metalwork.19 The two types of inscriptions and the disparate character of the vases suggest that they were accumulated over a period of time, possibly up to a half a century, before being buried in 211 BCE. Both types of inscriptions indicate that two of the silver objects were once dedicated.20 This may suggest that at least some of the objects in the hoard were brought to the house in which they were buried from a sanctuary around 211 BCE. Another possibility is that they were once dedicated at another city, but made their way into private hands, possibly as booty or as payment for mercenary service.21 The role of Eupolemos as owner of two of the vases is obscure, since both of those vases bear dedicatory inscriptions, although it has been suggested that he was a mercenary.22 If so, the

12 For the silver pitcher: Guzzo 2003, 52–53, no. 5. For the ceramic pitchers: p. 116 above, no. 100. The phiale is Guzzo 2003, 58, no. 9. For the metalicizing ceramic phiale, see pp. 87–88 above, no. 16. 13 Guzzo 2003, 54–55, no. 7, 59–60, no. 10. For the inkwells, see pp. 99–100 above, nos. 49, 50 (see also the pyxis no. 48); for the kylikes, p. 100, no. 52. 14 Guzzo 2003, 62–64, no. 11. For large-scale terracotta parallels to the silver altar: PR XII, 336–337, fig. 32. As Guzzo 2003, 81, notes, this type of altar has also been found outside of Sicily. 15 For the shape in 3rd-century black-gloss, see p. 98 above, no. 47. For the Centuripe-style pyxis lids, p. 136

above, nos. 160, 161. 16 For the fine-ware disk lids, see pp. 123–124 above, nos. 128–131. 17 Four bronze ladles of the same form have been found at Morgantina: inv. 59-1226, 60-295, 60-630, and 60-848; see Guzzo 2003, 80, n. 105. 18 Guzzo 2003, 70–79. 19 Guzzo 2003, 79–82. 20 For the dedicatory inscriptions, see Guzzo 2003, 60, 64, 71, 74, nos. 10, 11. 21 See Guzzo 2003, 86. 22 Guzzo 2003, 86.

T H E M O RG A N T I N A S I LV E R T R E A S U R E

461

house on Stenopos West 9 where the treasure was buried could have been his family home, and the silver booty acquired during campaigns. As noted above, the House of the Silver Hoard at Morgantina, another nonpalatial house that was destroyed in 211 BCE, contained silver jewelry, although not in the volume of the silver hoard.23 The Morgantina silver hoard is of great importance in evaluating an obvious source of influence on the fine ceramics of the 3rd century BCE in Sicily. It also gives a good picture of the types of metal vases and other goods that existed at a moderately wealthy Sicilian site in the 3rd century. 23

See n. 2 above and p. 37, deposit IG.

Concordance of Inventory Numbers Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

55-117 55-164 55-165 55-166 55-181 55-280 55-424 55-459 55-553 55-554 55-556 55-647 55-706 55-707 55-1185 55-1558 55-1559 55-1728A–B 55-1984 55-1995 55-2288 55-2298 55-2299 55-2300 55-2647 55-2712 55-2739 55-2750 55-2767A–K 55-2768 56-158 56-166 56-363 56-504 56-513 56-514 56-517 56-546 56-615 56-617 56-618

533 533 545A 540 544A 261 599 309A 677 610 482 594 545B 594A 493 519 659 658 588A 589A 573 567A 574A 557 309B 547 480 2 671 230 5 80 689 561 440 565A 549B 627 561A 455 572

56-624 56-628 56-631 56-788 56-907 56-908 56-909 56-934 56-1577 56-1725 56-1727 56-1753 56-1754 56-1773 56-2129 56-2134 56-2326 56-2373 56-2493A–C 56-2498 56-2501 56-2556 56-2595 56-2596 56-2597 56-2598 56-2599 56-2600 56-2601 56-2602 56-2603A–B 56-2614 56-2615 56-2685 56-2699 56-2700 56-2725 56-2876 56-2911 56-2938 56-2959

580B 625 627A 567 389 420 428 621 481 554A 568 246 303 566 666 580A 243 626 78 309 60D 622 289 280 181 187 339B 320 317 358 358A 578 578A 522A 199 548A 559C 547A 628 529A 613

56-3019 56-3020 56-3023 56-3025A–B 56-3027 56-3028 56-3031 56-3048 56-3092 56-3094 56-3104 56-3106 56-3157 56-3158 56-3159 56-3160 56-3162 56-3163 56-3165 56-3178 56-3184 56-3185 56-3186 56-3198 56-3200 56-3204 56-3205 56-3209 56-3218 56-3220 56-3221 56-3228 57-182 57-334 57-379 57-466 57-470 57-480 57-500 57-519 57-520

640 558C 661 524 425 221J 222 556 84A 556 518 356 478 407 476 443 473 196A 486 429 669 249 224 710A 692D 706G 722 738 708 694A 692E 401C 644 545C 589B 492 494 585A 10B 133A 135

57-523 57-524 57-548 57-729 57-730 57-745 57-811 57-830 57-888 57-909 57-974 57-978 57-1000 57-1001 57-1027 57-1049 57-1306 57-1307 57-1476 57-1647 57-1648 57-1650 57-1766 57-1780 57-1781 57-1787 57-1799 57-1802 57-1803 57-1826 57-1839 57-1857 57-1858 57-1896 57-1897 57-1922 57-1973 57-1974 57-1979 57-2002 57-2004

171 163 521 457 405 446 126A 154 118 26 121B 115B 100 121A 681 59F 570 604 545 46 484 485 236 111 35B 71 120D 20 251 248A 357 583 122A 537 559B 267 189C 39 79 76A 86A

C O N C O R D A N C E O F I N V E N TO RY N U M B E R S

463

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

57-2015 57-2017 57-2019 57-2047 57-2048 57-2257 57-2325 57-2336 57-2357 57-2411 57-2455 57-2460 57-2519 57-2523 57-2524 57-2525 57-2526 57-2527 57-2529 57-2531 57-2533 57-2534 57-2537 57-2556 57-2557 57-2558 57-2567 57-2592 57-2595 57-2598 57-2601 57-2602 57-2664 57-2666 57-2731 57-2928 57-3102 57-3108 57-3122 57-3156A 57-3156B 57-3156C 57-3157 57-3172 57-3173

539 598 86D 273 355 168 618 172 108 664 550 576 162 157 80A 132 137 137C 33A 27I 10 35C 86C 151 19A 95 170 244A 544 543 93A 552B 107 34 529B 347 160 590 77 158C 158D 158E 158B 133 27H

57-3177 57-3178 57-3179 57-3180 57-3181 57-3182 57-3184 57-3187 57-3188 57-3193 57-3195 57-3196 57-3197 57-3198 57-3199 58-16A 58-16C 58-61 58-62 58-151 58-154 58-225 58-226 58-308 58-322 58-323 58-423 58-476 58-477 58-478 58-498 58-499 58-536 58-547 58-572 58-695 58-748 58-750 58-790 58-814 58-861 58-926 58-928 58-929 58-939

90 30E 139C 30F 136B 137B 86B 88A 30G 51 171B 150 136A 1 1B 588 588 558B 649 591 657 559 655 55 87 87A 85A 552D 615 122C 85 607 50 49 24I 84 535A 585 130 601 147 63 547B 87D 120C

58-949 58-951 58-971 58-974 58-975 58-977 58-981 58-1034 58-1036 58-1079 58-1131 58-1206 58-1243 58-1246 58-1247 58-1292 58-1316 58-1345 58-1357 58-1410 58-1462 58-1463 58-1605 58-1606 58-1627 58-1630 58-1683 58-1701 58-1703 58-1705 58-1801 58-1816 58-1818 58-1837 58-1865 58-1869 58-1875 58-1894 58-1897 58-1903 58-1968 58-2053 58-2137 58-2138 58-2347A–B

24B 24G 24C 529 21 114B 552 522 137G 538 617 551 542 120B 119A 595A 548 592B 426A 559A 597 586 28 117A 110 93 86 98 60G 30 237 123 62 88 592 4 158 35A 121 158A 620 549A 166 166A 662

58-2353 58-2369 58-2371 58-2372 58-2390 58-2391 59-153 59-270 59-273 59-293 59-379 59-413 59-455 59-506 59-548 59-549 59-550 59-603 59-612 59-616 59-650 59-733 59-811 59-882 59-969 59-970 59-971 59-979 59-1045 59-1062 59-1063 59-1064 59-1065 59-1066 59-1067 59-1068 59-1069 59-1070 59-1179 59-1182 59-1184 59-1252 59-1253 59-1254 59-1255

36 153 115 115A 638 656 60E 87C 38B 565 581 564A 589 624 58C 24H 535 55D 562 635 17 48 82 76B 591A 603 558A 121C 66 530 520 556A 555 560A 559D 569 608 587 69 536 262 560 648 653 637

464

C O N C O R D A N C E O F I N V E N TO RY N U M B E R S

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

59-1256 59-1288 59-1289 59-1290 59-1291 59-1292 59-1293 59-1294 59-1296 59-1297 59-1300 59-1347 59-1425 59-1437 59-1438 59-1643 59-1644 59-1645 59-1646A–B 59-1718 59-1766A–E 59-2065 59-2133 59-2189 59-2193 59-2194 59-2195 59-2196 59-2197 59-2198 59-2199 59-2200 59-2202 59-2203A–B 59-2204 59-2205 59-2207 59-2208 59-2212 59-2216 59-2219 59-2220 59-2223 59-2224 59-2225

642 609 541 541A 553A 556B 639 21C 188A 188 571 95A 44 27 27J 564B 555A 641 653 564 152 528 523 700A 189 190A 189A 254 215A 215B 215C 220C 192C 219A 184A 209A 207 219B 228 23B 21B 21A 27G 136 12

59-2226 59-2228 59-2229 59-2231 59-2232 59-2236 59-2237 59-2238A–C 59-2241 59-2243 59-2247 59-2251 59-2284 60-318 60-512 60-662 60-670 60-678 60-680 60-703 60-778 60-979 60-981 60-1059 60-1088 60-1107 60-1152 60-1153 60-1265A–B 60-1276 60-1295 60-1313 60-1322 60-1354 60-1509 60-1538 60-1539 60-1542 60-1568 60-1732 60-1744 60-1765 60-1766 60-1767 60-1770A–B

23A 23B 4A 14 13 4B 5C 1A 44A 27F 27E 6B 265 111A 24J 510 582 582A 574B 612 574 552A 531A 433 575 89 60B 30B 679 97 558 56 86E 531 598A 139D 27A 9 680 453 434 374 366B 472A 40

60-1771 60-1772 61-2 61-157 61-200 61-320 61-342 61-344 61-369 61-371 61-431 61-435 61-533 61-537 61-551 61-638 61-659 61-727 61-772 61-836 61-922 61-1033 61-1046 61-1165 61-1254A 61-1254B 61-1257 61-1268 61-1295 61-1315 61-1365 61-1374A 61-1447 61-1453 61-1528 61-1531 61-1535 61-1536 61-1538 61-1552 61-1580 62-458 62-481 62-483 62-484

53 53A 557A 113 447 444 116 38A 27B 120A 83 27C 120 126 147A 616 526 550A 563 614 582B 553 29 602 660 688 623A 595 487 449 479 672 549 242 676 404 367 509 483 281A 430A 619 707 706 718A

62-554 62-585 62-587 62-598 62-942 62-943 62-959 62-1083 62-1088 62-1092 62-1127 62-1240 62-1303 62-1395 62-1432 62-1452 62-1519A–B 62-1718 62-1730 62-1731 62-1762 63-157 63-193A 63-382 63-388 63-656 63-725 63-811 63-826 63-827 63-828 63-829 63-830 63-831 63-832 63-833 63-834 63-835 63-836 63-837 63-838 63-839 63-840 63-842 63-843

220B 221B 706A 221D 103B 164 81 198A 30A 423A 161 161B 534A 58 458 57 64 516 389D 474 673 606 623 256 527 169 24K 109 697 329 329B 330C 329A 330A 330B 330D 348 206 333A 221A 333 333B 221 195 198

C O N C O R D A N C E O F I N V E N TO RY N U M B E R S

465

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

63-844 63-845 63-846 63-851 63-852 63-857 63-858 63-859 63-860 63-871 63-872 63-873A 63-879 63-884 63-886 63-969 63-1028 63-1055 63-1063 63-1161 66-2 66-120 66-148 66-257 66-258 66-276 66-278 66-318 66-383 66-485 66-498 66-501 66-535 66-537 66-572A–H 66-572J 66-614 66-628 66-633 66-638 66-653 66-712 66-770 66-774 66-778

192 284 292 332 331 267A 267B 268A 268 346 717 718 252 193F 703 125 554 114 131 122B 490 32 427 219 415A 248B 252A 630 678 288 282 191 359A 465 674 441A 737 220 221F 193D 491 344D 682 18A 445

66-780 66-787 66-823 66-839 66-840 66-841 66-842 66-843 66-844 66-845 66-846 66-847 66-848 66-870 66-879 66-887 66-888 66-889 66-890 66-891 66-897 66-898 66-905 66-909 66-911 66-912 66-914 66-916 66-937 66-938 66-971 66-995 66-996A–C 66-998 66-1001 66-1009 67-102 67-160 67-973 68-2 68-35 68-36 68-50 68-51 68-70

684 418 475 192A 193A 193 182A 214A 193B 221E 223 245 718B 456 452 323C 330 209C 247C 223A 360 361 182 721 345 246B 719A 706B 422 466 406 454 514 507 359 285 605 215 386A 209E 122 155A 90B 88B 36A

68-124 68-126 68-128 68-315 68-361 68-364 68-376 68-383 68-457 69-49 69-272 69-879 69-932 69-976 69-990 69-1016 70-259 70-276 70-277 70-278 70-285 70-286 70-298 70-330 70-440 70-575 70-594 70-595 70-613 70-619 71-61 71-62 71-74 71-76 71-101 71-134 71-135 71-172 71-173 71-179 71-260 71-269 71-303 71-344 71-356

45 105B 118A 81A 60 60A 161A 86G 75 38 89A 136C 133B 165 47 142J 155 88C 137F 129 27D 106B 584 88D 161C 5B 89B 94 86F 158F 24F 611 67 43 88E 35 60F 72A 90A 137A 101 80B 37 158G 24A

71-420 71-422 71-423 71-424 71-425 71-426 71-427 71-428 71-458 71-490 71-491 71-505 71-507 71-509 71-510 71-511 71-512 71-513 71-517 71-538 71-539 71-552A–B 71-553A–B 71-554 71-559 71-578 79-1 79-2A–C 79-3 79-8A–B 79-9A–C 79-10A–C 79-12 79-13 79-16 79-17 79-19 79-21 79-22 79-23 79-24 79-27A–C 79-28 79-29 79-30

142K 74 70 57A 59 58A 58B 59A 33 105A 96 73 117 6 72 24 102A 92C 27K 102 103 7 103A 7A 24E 119 426 471 390 431 437 419 439 447F 501 437A 423C 432A 686 448A 402 460 426C 477 447D

466

C O N C O R D A N C E O F I N V E N TO RY N U M B E R S

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

79-32 79-34 79-35 79-36 79-37 79-38 79-39 79-44 79-46 79-47 79-48 79-51A–B 79-53 79-54 79-55 79-56 79-57 79-58 79-59 79-60A–B 79-61 79-63 79-67 79-68 79-69 79-71A–B 79-72 79-73 79-74 79-80 79-81 79-83 79-84 79-84 79-85 79-86 79-88 79-94A–C 79-95 79-97 79-98 79-100 79-101 79-102 79-103

416A 435C 432 435D 403 421A 421 462 470A 410 412 419A 326 193H 220A 218 30H 127 22 99 104 30D 134 11 10A 55A 55C 114A 55B 56A 59D 22A 30C 41 59B 59E 59C 291 358B 401 313 316A 319B 334 344

79-104 79-106 79-107A–B 79-108 79-109A–B 79-110 79-112 79-113 79-114 79-116 79-117 79-118 79-119 79-120 79-121A–B 79-125 79-127 79-130 79-131 79-133 79-134 79-135 79-136 79-137 79-139 79-157 79-158 79-159 79-160 79-162 79-163 79-164A–C 79-166 79-167 79-168 79-169A–B 79-170 79-171 79-172 79-175A–B 79-176 79-177 79-178 79-181 79-182

358D 356A 313 286 298 389A 358C 358E 289A 356B 288B 334A 327A 298 52 248 282A 515 323D 512A 388A 362 319G 502 291K 508A 369 489 441 430 469 670 442 517 328 339F 339G 395 291F 298B 281 366D 283C 324 324A

79-183 79-184 79-185 79-186 79-187 79-188 79-189 79-193 79-194 79-200 79-204 79-205 79-208 79-209 79-210 79-211 79-212 79-213 79-216 79-217 79-218 79-219 79-221 79-222 79-224 79-226 79-232 79-240 79-241 79-242A–B 79-243 79-244 79-245 79-246 79-247 79-248 79-250A 79-250B–C 79-251 79-252 79-255 79-257 79-258 79-259 79-262

397 508 355A 391 194 691 247 193J 435 719 259 596 360A 645 283 245A 246A 266 244 334B 214 728 253A 253 218A 269 324B 718C 709A 711A 706C 706C 731 724 709 711 250A 250B 734 701 735 712 723 306 339A

79-264 79-265 79-266 79-267 79-268 79-270 79-271 79-272 79-273 79-274 79-275 79-277 79-279 79-280 79-281A–C 79-282 79-283 79-285 79-286 79-287 79-290 79-291 79-297 79-301 79-302 79-303 79-304 79-306 79-307A–B 79-308 79-309 79-310 79-311 79-312 79-313 79-314 79-315 79-316 79-317 79-319 79-320A–C 79-324 79-325 79-327 79-328

339 381 306 279 323B 366A 371A 344C 320C 301 343A 320E 319A 514A 291G 291H 505 276 333E 308 5A 6A 247A 316 364 291B 371 320F 366 293 349 343A 511 351 376 504 358H 358I 339C 506 368 373 372 503A 302A

C O N C O R D A N C E O F I N V E N TO RY N U M B E R S

467

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

79-330 79-332 79-336 79-340 79-342 79-344 79-346 79-347A–B 79-348 79-349 79-350 79-354 79-355A 79-355B 79-356 79-357 79-358 79-360 79-363A–B 79-368 79-375 79-376 79-377 79-378 79-379A–B 79-380A–I 79-381 79-382 79-383A 79-383B 79-384 79-385 79-387 79-388 79-389 79-390 79-391 79-392 79-393 79-394 79-395 79-397 79-398 79-399 79-400

302 312 325B 503 308A 396 396 320G 400C 512 377 171A 229 213A 226 239 212 209 16 21D 337 447B 447C 450 380 685 380 451 461 461A 448 436 415 472 390A 513 288A 472B 291J 496 459 333C 683 416 156

79-401 79-402 79-405 79-406 79-408 79-409 79-411 79-416 79-417 79-419 79-422 79-423 79-425 79-428 79-430 79-431 79-435 79-436 79-437 79-438 79-439 79-440 79-441 79-442 79-443 79-444 79-445 79-447 79-449 79-450 79-463 79-464 79-468 79-469 79-472 79-473 79-475 79-481 79-484 79-485 79-488 79-491 79-492 79-493 79-496

167 76 389C 227 636 54 6C 278 291A 354 368A 322 277A 277 272 690 291E 385 368A 272A 399B 288E 388 356C 337B 288C 325 393 464 146 342 288D 329C 343 365 340 341 287 375 387 336 392 271 318B 25

79-502A–B 79-503 79-505 79-506 79-507 79-508 79-509 79-510 79-511 79-512A–C 79-513 79-514 79-515 79-516 79-518 79-519 79-520 79-521 79-522 79-523 79-524 79-526 79-527 79-528 79-529 79-530 79-531 79-532 79-533A 79-533B 79-533C 79-533D 79-533E 79-533F 79-533G 79-533H 79-533I 79-533J 79-533K 79-534 79-536 79-538 79-539 79-542 79-543

291C 298A 320A 505A 352 319C 375 337A 300A 367A 358F 338 289B 300 350A 270 318 290 344A 297 338A 291D 270A 647 470 400 279A 330E 699F 699G 699H 699I 699J 699K 699L 699M 699N 699O 699P 363 283A 725 695 634 378

79-546 79-547 79-551 79-552 79-553 79-562 79-563 79-568 79-571A 79-571B 79-572 79-573 79-577 79-578 79-582 79-583 79-584 79-589 79-591 79-592 79-593 79-594 79-604 79-605 79-615 79-619 79-620 79-622 79-626 79-627 79-628 79-629 79-630 79-633 79-634 79-636 79-637 79-641 79-642 79-643 79-644 79-645A–D 79-647 79-650 79-651

447A 339D 299 333G 386 369A 349A 317B 361D 361E 361B 361C 318C 467 320B 318A 358G 325A 499 464A 500 409 713 737A 319D 411 383 398 317A 294B 283D 319A 291I 294A 400A 301C 400B 275 208A 216A 194A 269C 320D 654 596A

468

C O N C O R D A N C E O F I N V E N TO RY N U M B E R S

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

79-652 79-654 79-655 79-659 79-660 79-661 79-662 79-663 79-667 79-668 79-669 79-670 79-671 79-672 79-673 79-675 79-676 79-678 79-680 79-682 79-692 79-697 79-698 79-700 79-706 79-709 79-721 79-723A–B 79-724 79-725 79-726 79-727 79-729 79-730 79-731 79-734 79-735 79-736 79-737 79-739 79-740 79-745 79-746 79-747 79-757A–B

552C 21E 311 282B 319E 296A 316B 333F 271A 294 296 289C 295 327 339E 319F 278A 315A 503 356D 302A 415C 370A 394 288F 423 363A 344B 504A 370 333D 438 301B 370 379 462A 414 305 349B 335 101A 15 29A 204 65

79-860 80-1 80-2 80-3 80-4 80-5 80-6 80-9 80-11 80-13 80-15 80-19 80-23 80-26 80-27 80-28 80-32 80-34 80-35 80-38 80-39 80-40 80-41 80-42 80-43 80-46 80-47 80-49 80-50 80-52 80-53 80-54 80-55A–B 80-57 80-58 80-59 80-62 80-64 80-68 80-73 80-74 80-78 80-80A–B 80-89 80-90

149A 686 184 220E 241 185A 214B 706E 718D 706F 694B 717A 220F 729 699Q 233 310 393A 216 714B 301A 290A 255 593 3 230A 399 699A 260 192E 693 221H 361A 41A 552E 532 201 413 269B 566A 699B 646 592A 190 269A

80-91 80-92 80-94 80-102 80-105 80-106 80-110 80-113 80-114 80-115 80-117 80-118 80-119 80-120 80-122 80-124 80-125 80-127 80-129A–B 80-130 80-132 80-133 80-134 80-135 80-137 80-138 80-144 80-145 80-146 80-147 80-148 80-149A–B 80-150A–B 80-151 80-152A–B 80-153 80-154 80-155 80-159 80-163A–B 80-165 80-166 80-167 80-170 80-172

283B 391A 54B 525 700 307 435A 699E 699C 692C 211 714A 692B 699D 600 319 273A 232 124 54A 315 258 210 699 186 203 720 692A 710 704 730 694 732 698 695 534 401A 726B 274 314 200 87B 537A 321 488

80-173 80-174 80-175 80-183 80-190 80-194 80-196 80-323 80-324 80-327 80-330 80-337 80-338A–C 80-345 80-397 80-424 80-429 80-442 80-443 80-449 80-456 80-457 80-458 80-459 80-460 80-466 80-470 80-473 80-481 80-486 80-487 80-488 80-490 80-492 80-494 80-495 80-499 80-500 80-501 80-502 80-503 80-505 80-517 80-518 80-520

207A 226A 349C 696A 696 195C 687 145A 137D 142 136H 19 23 142C 97A 699S 105 149B 148A 106 134A 134B 106A 91 141F 144A 141H 145 136J 26A 145B 144B 144D 144F 144C 112 139 141J 740 715 703A 699T 711B 741 706D

C O N C O R D A N C E O F I N V E N TO RY N U M B E R S

469

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

80-521 80-529 80-534 80-538 80-541 80-542 80-543 80-545 80-546 80-548 80-549 80-551 80-555 80-559 80-560 80-561 80-566 80-567 80-568 80-569 80-570 80-571 80-572 80-574 80-579 80-580 80-584 80-585 80-587A–B 80-589 80-590 80-592 80-594 80-595 80-603 80-606 80-618A–B 80-619 80-620 80-622 80-623 80-625 80-626

699R 713A 702 184C 231 235 650 643 384 399A 257 714 182B 498 668 667 495 468 742 435B 497 414A 304 726 726A 736 733 716 739 332A 183 205 220D 74A 68 202 424 264 213 230C 240 238 234

80-627 80-628 80-629 80-631 80-632 80-633 80-634 80-641 80-642 80-643 80-644 80-645 80-646 80-647 80-648 80-649 80-650 80-651 80-652 80-653 80-662 80-664 80-665 80-667 80-670 80-671 80-673 80-674 80-676 80-678 80-680 80-681 80-686 80-687 80-689 80-690 80-692 80-693 80-695 80-696 80-697 80-699 80-700

234A 234C 238A 350 328A 225 239A 323A 196 665 663 197 250 323 215D 230B 217 221G 221I 208 141C 141L 141A 140 140C 141N 141P 142B 142E 141R 141T 141 136L 137E 136N 136G 136P 135A 136F 136R 134C 135B 143

80-705 80-707 80-708 80-710 80-713 80-714 80-717 80-719 80-721 80-722 80-725 80-727 80-728 80-729 80-730 80-731 80-733 80-735 80-737 80-743 80-747 80-756 80-757 80-764 80-767 80-768 80-770 80-790 80-792 80-793 80-794 80-795 80-797 80-798 80-800 80-801 80-803 80-804 80-805 80-806 81-38 81-70 81-115

141V 141X 142G 141Z 141B 141BB 139B 141DD 141FF 140A 141HH 141D 141JJ 140E 139A 143A 136D 138 580 61 148 92A 92B 136T 136V 136E 144 100A 141LL 142I 142A 141E 141NN 136X 136Z 31 145C 134D 92 8 177 629 173

81-116 81-117 81-118 81-119 81-120 81-121 81-127 82-122 83-38 83-40 83-94A–B 83-109 83-146 83-151 83-164 83-167 83-175 83-199 83-249A–B 83-250A–B 83-296 83-326 85-231 86-7 88-11 90-71 90-75 90-203 90-204 92-133 92-662 95-72 95-73 97-33 97-35 97-38 97-39 97-46 97-113 97-117 97-125 98-103 03-7

178 174 180 179 176 175 161D 382 353 185 651 652 727 195A 546 631 579 675 633 632 195B 263 19B 417 528A 128 408 143B 60C 705 149 463 18 24D 137H 159 151A 161E 42 646bis 646ter 692 577

Subject Index Note: Page references in italics indicate illustrations. For deposits and contexts, consult the separate Index of Deposits and Contexts. 4th to 3rd century: East Sicilian Polychrome wares, 3–4, 132–38; overview of, 81–83. See also black-gloss pottery 2nd century to ca. 35–25 BCE (Republican Age): Campana C black-gloss pottery (see Campana C); early 2nd-century bowls/cups, 145–46; early 2nd-century plates, 145; Hellenistic–Roman shift in shape type, 142–44, 143–44 (charts); overview of, 139–42; redgloss pottery (see Eastern Sigillata A; Republican redgloss pottery); trade routes, 194 —decoration on tablewares: incised ornament, 146, 169, 205–6; overpainting (after 211 BCE), 204– 5; stamped ornament (after 211 BCE), 200–204 —other black-gloss/misc. fine wares: bowls, 167, 338–39; cups, 165, 338–39; fabric III vases (Syracuse), 164, 166–67, 348–49; fabric I vases (Morgantina), 165–66, 347–48; feeder vases, 166; incised decoration on, 169; kantharoi, 166, 168; lids, 166, 348; other vases, 168–69; outturned-lip cups, 166; overpainted, 165; overview of, 164–65; plates, 168, 338; salt cellars, 165–66; stamped, 165, 167–68; vertical-rimmed plate, 167. See also Campana A; Campana B Aesis (Jesi), 92n58, 99, 293n14 African Red Slip wares, 26, 70–71 Agathokles, 8, 28 Agora (Athens): disk lids at, 123; Eastern Sigillata A at, 193n310; hemispherical moldmade cups at, 241; medallion cups at, 239; overfills in cisterns/wells at, 5; regional terra sigillata at, 224n91 Agora (Morgantina): building program for, 9; central steps, 9, 15–16; dump along retaining wall, 66–67; Great kiln, 16, 52, 242, 433, 435; last marketplace, 25; northern area as commercial/administrative focus of Morgantina, 15; terracotta conduits, 17 —areas and structures: Bouleuterion, 9, 18n66, 25, 68–69; Central Sanctuary, 8n9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 22, 25; Doric Stoa, 25, 67–68; East Granary (see Index of De-

posits and Contexts, context IIC); East Stoa, 9, 15n50, 16n52; Fountain House (see Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposit IIB); Macellum, 15–18, 22n86, 25; North Sanctuary (see Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIH; deposits IL–M); North Stoa, 17–18, 22n86, 25, 60, 68–69; northwest (see Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIi); Northwest Stoa (see Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIH); Public Office, 9, 52n124; shops in central Agora, 11; South Shops (see Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposit IB); Southwest Temenos, 18 (see also Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposit IIA); eater, 10, 16, 18, 25, 85, 109; West Granary, 8n11, 9, 16, 31; West Stoa (see Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIG; deposit IA) Agrigento, 214n43, 240n52, 263 Agrippa, Marcus, 26n106 Aidone, 459 Akrai (also Aguglia near Akrai), 141–42, 147, 294, 298, 299n52 Alba Fucens, 99 amphoras: Attic “West Slope,” 110; black-gloss, 109–10, 322–23; in building south of North Sanctuary, 59; eastern, 48; globular, 109–10; overpainted, 131–32; Rhodian, 17n64, 49–50, 240n54; Swabian, 70; for transport, 50 amphoriskos, 70–71 Ampurias, 148n49, 156n84, 159n99, 267n160, 269n173 Annius, Caius, 221n83, 284–85, 288, 400–401 Annius, L., 288 Annius, Sex., 221n83, 222 (table) Anthony, Mark, 214n43 Apulia, 142; black-gloss skyphoi from, 102n110; bulbous pitchers at, 115n175; Eastern Sigillata A at, 194n315; feeder vases, 122; gray wares from, 148n49, 156, 269n173; Herakles gutti from, 258; medallion wares at, 259n131, 261n137, 268, 270; overpainted decoration (Gnathia wares) in, 128–29, 204n370; poly-

SUBJECT INDEX

chrome “Canosa” wares from, 132–33 Arezzo. See Arretium Arretine to Early Italian terra sigillata: biconical cups with slightly flaring rims, 188; latest imports of, 286n271; terra sigillata cup base, 69 Arretium, 169, 209, 211n20, 213, 221, 222 (table) Arvius, C., 221n84, 222 (table) Asklepios, 112 askos, black-gloss, 121, 329 Assoros: biconical bowls at, 96; biconical lekythoi at, 117; conical skyphoi at, 102; molded-lip kantharoi at, 108; outturned-lip bowl at, 97; ovoid bottles at, 119; stamnoi at, 111; tombs at, 81 Ateius, Cn., 211n21, 221nn83–84, 222 (table), 284n258, 285, 286n271, 289n288, 401 Athens, 82; askos at, 121; bolsals at, 100n103; Corinthian skyphoi at, 105; deep hemispherical cups in, 92n58; Eastern Sigillata A at, 193n310; echinus bowls in, 92n64, 93; fish plates at, 85n18; inkwells at, 99; lekythoi at, 192; molded-lip kantharoi at, 107n126; moldmade relief cups from, 274; net-pattern cups at, 206; ointment jars at, 112nn156–57, 113; outturnedlip bowls at, 96; overpainting in, 205; ovoid bottles from, 118; ovoid pitchers at, 114n169; stamped ornament at, 127; straight-walled kantharoi at, 107–8. See also Agora (Athens) Augustus. See Octavian/Octavianus barbotine (wet-slip) decoration, 293, 297–98, 300–304 Bats, Michel, 142 Bell, Malcolm, 12n36, 15n50, 21n82, 22, 41, 45, 68, 245, 257n119, 260n134, 409–11, 413, 459 Bellerophon, 268 Benoît, F., 148n46 Berenice, 226–27 Bernabò Brea, Luigi, 136, 138 Bishop, Doris Taylor, xx, 148, 168n161 black-gloss/misc. fine wares (2nd cent. to ca. 35–25 BCE; Republican Age): bowls, 167, 168–69, 338–39 (see also moldmade pottery); cups, 165, 338–39; fabric I vases (Morgantina), 165–66, 347–48; fabric III vases (Syracuse), 164, 166–67, 348–49; feeder vases, 166; incised decoration on, 169; kantharoi, 166, 168; lids, 166; in other fabrics, 349–50; outturned-lip cups, 166; overpainted, 165; plates, 168, 338; salt cellars, 165–66; stamped, 165, 167–68; vertical-rimmed plate, 167 black-gloss pottery (4th to 3rd cent. BCE), 83–132; amphoras, 109–10, 322–23; askos, 121, 329; “candle holders,” 113, 325; double-dipped, 84; of fabric I, 73, 73–74 (charts), 75–76, 83; of fabric II, 78, 83–84; of fabric III, 79–80, 83–84; feeder vase, 122, 330;

471

inkwells, 99–100, 317–18; kernoi, inturned-lip, 95, 316; lekanis, 88–89, 312, 334; lekanis lids, 337–38; ointment jars, 111–13, 323–25; partially glossed, 84; phialai, 87–88, 312; stamnoi, 110–11, 323; teapot, 121, 330 —bottles: barrel, 120–21, 328–29; medicine, 112; overpainted, 130; ovoid, 118–20, 327–28; piriform, 120, 328 —bowls: with applied/stamped/incised decoration, 87, 128; biconical, 96, 316; echinus and in-beveled-lip, 92–94, 185, 314–15; flat-rimmed, 94, 315; hemispherical, 89, 312–13; inturned-lip, 94–95, 315–16; lids for, 124; outturned-lip, 87, 96–97, 316; salt cellars, 92–93, 96, 185 —cups: flat-rimmed, 94, 315; hemispherical, 89–91, 313; hemispherical, deep, with molded foot, 91–92, 314; hemispherical, overpainted, 130–31; two-handled, 101–2, 132, 318 —decoration: applied/stamped/incised, 87, 90, 120– 21, 126–28; bead-and-reel pattern, 119; lion’s head, 120–21; molded, 126; overpainted, 83, 90, 97–98, 105, 122, 128–32; overpainted, Teano style, 107; overview of, 126–28; palmette pattern, 119; reticulate pattern, 118–20, 130; tondi, overpainted, 90–91; tondi, relief, 90, 126, 130; tondi, white overpainted, 131 —kantharoi: molded-lip, 106–7, 131, 321; overpainted, 132; plain-rimmed, 106, 116, 321; skyphoid, 108–9, 132, 321–22; straight-walled, 107–8, 132, 321 —kylikes: stemless (bolsals), with horizontal handles, 100, 318; stemless (bolsals), with horizontal handles with upturned ends, 101, 318 —lekythoi: biconical, 117–18, 327; overpainted, 130; ovoid, 118, 327 —lids: conical, 125, 332–33; decorated, 130, 132; disk, 123–24, 330; hemispherical-domed, 125–26, 333; horizontal-brimmed, 124, 330–32; overview of, 123; with polychrome painting, 132; vertical-brimmed, 125, 333 —pitchers: biconical juglets, 117, 327; bulbous, 115, 326; conical, 116, 326; globular, 114–15, 326; mugpitchers, 116–17, 326–27; overpainted jug fragment, 122, 131–32, 330; overview of, 113–14; ovoid, 113– 15, 325; piriform, 115, 326 —plates: with applied/stamped/incised decoration, 87, 127–28, 311–12; downturned-rim, 84–86, 131, 310; fish plates, 84–86; outturned-rim, 85–87, 310–11 —pyxides: cylindrical/barrel, 98–99, 317, 336; globular, 98, 129, 317; hemispherical, 97–98, 316–17; inturned-lip, 94–95, 315–16; lids for, 123–26, 130; overpainted, 97–98, 129–30; pyxis-krater, 136, 334–

472

SUBJECT INDEX

36; round, 97; skyphoid, 97, 129; stemmed feet/ stands, 336–37 —skyphoi, 37; Attic type A (squat conical), 82, 104–5, 319–20; Attic type A (tall conical), 102–3, 130, 318– 19; Corinthian, 105, 108, 320; kantharoid, 109, 132, 322; overpainted, 132 black-gloss pottery, Republican. See under 2nd century to ca. 35–25 BCE bolsal, 100 Bolsena, 165n141, 213 Boscoreale, 269 Bothmer, Dietrich von, 458 bottles, black-gloss: barrel, 120–21, 328–29; ointment jars, called medicine bottles, 112; overpainted, 130; ovoid, 118–20, 327–28; piriform, 120, 328 bowls: African Red Slip, 70–71; Dionysiac/erotic decoration on, 89n43; Eastern Sigillata A, 157, 198; of fabric I, 76–77; of fabric II, 78–79; handleless (see cups); hemispherical (1st half of 2nd cent. BCE), 145–46; hemispherical relief, eastern, 48; Megarian (see under moldmade pottery); at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 453. See also moldmade pottery —black-gloss: with stamped/incised decoration, 128; biconical, 96, 316; echinus and in-beveled-lip, 92–94, 185, 314–15; flat-rimmed, 94, 315; hemispherical, 89, 312–13; inturned-lip, 94–95, 315–16; lids for, 124; outturned-lip, 87, 96–97, 316; salt cellars, 92–93, 96, 185 —campana c: forked-rim, 158, 341–42; shallow (paterae), 157–58, 341 —republican red-gloss: biconical with slightly flaring rims, 188, 359–60; hemispherical, 184–85, 356– 57; outturned-rim, 187, 358–59; overview of, 183–84; shallow (paterae), with beveled lips, 179–80; verticalrimmed, 186, 358 Bradley, K. R., 15n49 burials. See tombs/burials Butera, 81, 111 Buttrey, T. V., 11, 22–23 Byvanck-Quarles van Ufford, L., 267n163 Caccamo Caltabiano, M., 13n41, 247n86 Caflisch, Roman, 142, 152–53nn67–68, 191n298 Calabria, 194n315 Cales, 101n105, 224, 231n10, 232n14, 234, 238–39, 270 Caltagirone, 434 Campagna, L., 290n293 Campana A, 155n81, 171n180; vs. Campana C, 47, 139, 146, 164; export of, 164; hemispherical cups, 159; imitations of, 169; on Lipari, 29, 147, 164–

65n141; plates with outturned rims, 155n81 Campana B, 349; vs. Campana C, 47, 139, 146, 164; from Etruria and norther Campania, 47n, 164; fabric/gloss, 167; stamped/rouletted, 167–68; stemmed plates, 156; vertical-lipped platter, 167–68 Campana C: black volcanic sand in, 151, 152n67, 153– 54, 411; in the Bouleuterion, 69; in building south of North Sanctuary, 59; vs. Campana A and B, 47, 139, 146, 164; chalices/krateriskoi, 159, 162, 282, 345–46; chronology, and dated fills at Morgantina, 140, 150– 51; chronology, external evidence of, 147–49; color of, 73; decoration on, 159–60, 163; dominance of (200– 1 BCE), 50, 140, 164, 201; in the dump along Agora retaining wall, 66; in the East Granary, 151; fabric/gloss, 73–74, 146, 148–49, 152–53; in fabric I, 74–76; on Farmhouse Hill, 71; feeder vase, 346–47; in the fill over the central steps in the Agora, 16n52; at Grand Congloué, 147–48; in the House of the Official, 141, 151–54; inkwells, 100, 161; lekythoi, 162, 346; manufacture at Morgantina, 151–52; in the North Sanctuary court cistern, 59, 150; in the Northwest Stoa, 67; overview of, 146–47; pitchers, 115, 162–63, 190, 346–47; pyxides, 100, 161, 345; Republican-period appliqués of, 272–73; vs. Republican redgloss pottery, 154; salt cellars/echinus bowls, 185; shapes, overview of, 154–55; in stratum 2 over contexts IK.1–2, 40; Syracusan, 147–49, 152–53, 158, 166–67, 174. See also EDXRF provenance analysis; Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposits/contexts IIA– IIi —bowls: forked-rim, 158, 341–42; outturned-rim, stemmed, 156; shallow (paterae), 157–58, 341 —cups: biconical, with slightly flaring rims, 188; calyx, 161; with forked lip, 161; hemispherical, 159–60, 342–43; medallion, 163, 237, 240, 244, 246, 261–62; outturned-/flaring-lip, 160–61, 344–45; outturnedrim with pendant lip, 187; overview of, 158–59; vertical-rimmed, 160, 186, 246, 261–62, 343–44; without handles, 158–59 —plates and platters: bases, 342; flat-bottomed, 180; oblique-rimmed, 156–57, 178, 341; outturnedrim, 155–56, 158, 176, 339–40; outturned-rim with split rim/lip, 158, 342; stamped, 201–2; verticalrimmed, 156, 158, 160, 177, 340–41 Campania: barrel bottles from, 120; biconical bowls in, 96; Eastern Sigillata A in, 194n315; fabric II vases from, 22, 78, 84, 172; kernoi associated with, 95n75; red-gloss pottery produced at, 174; and Sicily, 78; stamped ornament in, 127 Campanian Orange Sigillata: chronology of, 223n88, 225–26; fabric/gloss, 209n12, 223; identification of,

SUBJECT INDEX

223–24; relationship with Republican red-gloss pottery in fabric II, 78, 171–72, 223, 225–26; shapes, 226–27, 376–77; stamps, at Morgantina, 227 “candle holders,” black-gloss, 113, 325 Carabinieri, 459 Carpintieri, Teresa: on Eros medallions, 254–55, 256n115, 257n121; on medallions attached after firing, 234n25; on medallions in gray fabric, 248; on Nereid medallions, 261n137; on Nike medallions, 259n131; on Sarapis and Isis medallions, 238, 246nn84–85, 252; on Syracusan medallions, 238–39, 240n54 Carroccio, B., 247n86 Casabona, M., 247n86 catalogue format/terminology, 305–9 Catania valley, 72, 83, 134, 147, 152–53, 164, 414, 437 Cavalier, Madeleine, 103n114, 108n135, 114, 136, 138 cemeteries. See tombs/burials Centuripe, 142; Campana C at, 147, 152, 153n68; fabric color at, 72n136, 83n13; forked rim bowl at, 158; inturned-lip cups at, 185; medallion cup at, 250; polychrome pottery at, 132–35, 138 (see also East Sicilian Polychrome wares); red-gloss, fabric II pottery at, 78; silver medallion found at, 258 chalices/krateriskoi: Apulian, 281, 397; Campana C, 159, 162, 282, 345–46; early 2nd-century, 146; Early Italian terra sigillata, 285–89, 399–401; Eastern Sigillata A, 195, 200, 366; with moldmade decoration, 230, 276; Republican red-gloss, 189–90, 360–61; Sicilian relief, 282, 398 Cicero, 17, 194 cisterns, 5n Cittadella, 7–8, 12–13, 27 Cittadella, Upper (Hellenistic habitation). See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context Ii Cittadella Sanctuary (of Demeter and Kore). See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IO Claudius, 26 clays. See fabrics Cleopatra, 214n43 Clodius Rufus, L., 24n94, 26n105 coins: Agora hoards of, 11, 31; Augustan, in sheds built within the walls of Bouleuterion, 69; Augustan, in the Doric Stoa, 69; Augustan, in the House of the Double Cistern, 58, 64; Augustan, in the House of the Tuscan Capitals, 65; Augustan reform of bronze coinage, 22– 23; bronze, in the House of the Arched Cistern, 63; Contrada Drago hoard of, 40; and the destruction of Morgantina, 18, 21–22; in the East Granary, 52; of final period at Morgantina, 61; in the Fountain House, 50; half, 21–23; Hispanorum, 13, 32, 35, 59–60;

473

hoards dated to 211 BCE, 11nn32–33; in the House of the Doric Capital, 54, 141; in the House of the Gold Hoard, 65; in the House of the Official, 55–56, 141; imperial, 18nn66–67, 21–22, 24, 26; issued by Morgantina, 8; in the Macellum, 15n51, 18n66; of Mamertini, 59; monograms on, 260–61; Nike on, 259n131, 260n134; in the North Stoa, 68–69; in the Northwest Stoa, 69; Poseidon/trident, 36; of Ptolemy II, 249n93; of Seleukos I, 264n148; Sikeliotan, 260– 61; silver hoard, in the House of the Arched Cistern, 62; in the Southwest House, 66; eater construction dated by, 10n19; in the well in the North Baths, 46 Comfort, H., 283n252, 285n267 Conspectus Formarum Terrae Sigillatae Italico Modo Confectae, 215, 225, 283n252. See also under Early Italian terra sigillata Contrada Drago, 16n59, 306 Contrada San Francesco, 16n59, 44, 306 Contrada San Francesco Sanctuary. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IP Contrada Vinci, 134 Corinth: biconical bowls at, 96; Early Italian terra sigillata at, 212, 215n44; Eastern Sigillata A at, 193n310; echinus bowls at, 92n64; fish plates at, 85n18; hemispherical cups at, 91n53; inhooked lip cups at, 94n68; inkwells at, 99; oinochoe at, 190–91; ointment jars at, 113; overpainting in, 204n370; popularity of ceramics from, 191 Cornelius, Publius, 11n26, 221–22nn83–84, 222 (table), 285, 286n270, 286n273, 287–88, 289n289, 369, 375, 399–400 Cosa: abandonment of, 298n43; barbotine decoration at, 298, 301, 302n63, 304n80; Campana C at, 148–49, 156n84; Early Italian terra sigillata at, 211–12, 216n51; Eastern Sigillata A at, 174, 194; forked-lip plate at, 161n113; hemispherical cups at, 184; Italian red-gloss pottery at, 173–74, 211–12; lamp types at, 19, 23, 53; outturned-rim plates at, 175n206, 176; paterae with stamped decoration at, 157; rouletting at, 298; thin-walled black lacquer ware at, 300; thinwalled pottery at, 295–98, 300, 304n80; verticalrimmed plates at, 177 Crispinus, 221, 222 (table) Cuomo di Caprio, Ninina, 74, 152–53, 410–11 cups: Campanian Orange Sigillata, 227, 377; in cult practice, 100; for drinking, vs. food-serving vessels, 100; Eastern Sigillata A, 198–200, 365–66; of fabric I, 76–77; of fabric II, 77–79, 84; of fabric III, 84; hemispherical, 70–71, 145–46, 159, 274–82 (see also under Early Italian terra sigillata); Ionian, 275, 277, 279–80; moldmade hemispherical relief cups (“Megarian bowls”) (see under moldmade pottery); thin-walled,

474

SUBJECT INDEX

299–300, 405–6. See also kantharoi; kylikes; medallion cups; skyphoi —black-gloss: flat-rimmed, 94, 315; hemispherical, 89–91, 313; hemispherical, deep, with molded foot, 91–92, 314; hemispherical, overpainted, 130–31; twohandled, 101–2, 132, 318 —campana c: biconical, with slightly flaring rims, 188; calyx, 161; with forked lip, 161; hemispherical, 159– 60, 342–43; medallion, 163, 237, 240, 244; outturned-/flaring-lip, 160–61, 344–45; outturned-rim with pendant lip, 187; overview of, 158–59; verticalrimmed, 160, 186, 246, 261–62, 343–44; without handles, 158–59 —republican red-gloss: biconical with slightly flaring rims, 188, 359–60; hemispherical, 159, 184–85, 356–57; hemispherical, shallow, with grooved bodies, 185, 357; hemispherical with outturned lips, 186, 357; inturned-lip, 185, 357; net-pattern (football pattern), 185, 357; outturned-rim, 187, 358–59; overview of, 183–84; vertical-rimmed, 186, 358 Curcio, Gaetano, 141–42 Cyprus, 190n293 Dangstetten, 212n27 decoration: acanthus leaves, 127; barbotine (wet-slip), 292–93, 297–98, 300–304; on Campana C, 159–60, 163; eagles, 202; on hemispherical cups, 90 (see also medallion cups); incised, on medallion cups, 130–31; incised, on thin-walled pottery, 302; molded, 3–4; rouletting, 167–68, 298, 302; stamped, on Eastern Sigillata A, 197–98, 202–3; tondi, gilded, 131; tondi of Herakles, 239n47; toreutics, 82. See also moldmade pottery —black-gloss: applied/stamped/incised, 87, 90, 120– 21, 126–28, 169, 311–12; bead-and-reel pattern, 119; lion’s head, 120–21; molded, 126; overpainted, 83, 90, 97–98, 105, 122, 128–32; overpainted, Teano style, 107; overview of, 126–28; palmette pattern, 119; reticulate pattern, 118–20, 130; tondi, overpainted, 90– 91; tondi, relief, 90, 126, 130; tondi, white overpainted, 131 —early italian terra sigillata: spiraliform handle appliqués, 218–19; thunderbolt appliqués, 218 —east sicilian polychrome: molded, 137; painted, 137–38 —on tablewares, 2nd century to ca. 35–25 bce: incised ornament, 146, 205–6; overpainting (after 211 BCE), 204–5; stamped ornament (after 211 BCE), 200–204 Delos, 149n51, 156n84, 162, 193n310, 202, 272–73, 277

Demeter, 24, 138, 258 Demetrius, 222 (table), 227 Denaro, M., 291n1, 292n7, 293nn14–15, 296n29, 298n45, 299n52, 302n69 Deussen, P., 138 Diodorus Siculus, 13n38, 15n49 Dionysios of Syracuse, 7–8 Dionysos, 138, 237, 253–55, 272. See also under medallion cups Dios, 49 Domeitilles, 222 (table), 228 Domitius, Cnaeus, 222 (table), 225, 228 Douketios, 7 Dragendorff, H., 283n252 Drougou, S., 92n58 Drusus, 212 Duke University, 3n1 Early Italian terra sigillata, 3–4, 24, 170, 207–22, 401; 35 BCE–50 CE, 207–8; with appliqué decoration, 66 (see also under decoration; moldmade pottery); biconical cups with slightly flaring rims, 188; chronology at Morgantina, 214–15; chronology of, 211–13; in the Doric Stoa, 69; in the dump along Agora retaining wall, 67; earliest imports of, 20, 282–83nn251–252, 283n256; earliest imports to Sicily, 19n74, 20, 23, 282–83nn251–252, 283n256; early shapes and fragments, 216, 374–75; fabric, gloss, and technique, 210; of final period at Morgantina, 61; of Hard Orange fabric, 80; in the House of the Arched Cistern, 62–63; in the House of the Palmento, 65; initiation/demise of, 53n; vs. Late Italian terra sigillata, 212–13, 218, 282– 83; latest imports of, 286n271; in the Macellum (Agora), 18n66; middle Augustan to early Claudian, 216–21 (see also Conspectus forms below); at Morgantina vs. Iaitas, 26; in the North Sanctuary/North Sanctuary Annex dump, 59; in the North Stoa, 69; in the North Stoa dump, 19n73, 60; in the Northwest Stoa, 67–69; overview of, 207–9; relief wares (see under moldmade pottery); vs. Republican red-gloss, 170, 174–75, 183–84; shapes and services, overview of, 215; in sheds west of North Stoa (old Bouleuterion), 69; on Sicily, 213–14; in the Southwest House, 66; stamps/fabricants at Morgantina, 207n1, 221–22, 222 (table); stamps/stamped, 210–11, 214n43, 216; terra sigillata cup base, 69. See also Arretine wares; regional terra sigillata —conspectus forms: form 1 (plate with oblique rim), 178; form 2 (plate with outturned rim), 176n211; form 3 (dish with sloping wall and bead rim), 217n55; form 4 (plate with convex vertical rim), 177, 218–19,

SUBJECT INDEX

370; form 4.3 (plate with curving wall and plain rim), 217n55; form 9 (flat-bottomed cup), 181n241, 181n243; form 10 (plate with outturned pendant rim and flanged lip), 176n213, 216, 367; form 11 (plate with vertical hanging lip), 215–16n49; form 12 (plate with outturned and sharply down-beveled lip), 158, 216–19, 227, 368; form 13 (cup with outturned rim and pendant lip), 216, 367–68; form 14 (cup with outturned and sharply down-beveled lip), 216–17, 219, 370–71; form 15 (cup with incurved and sharply down-beveled lip), 219, 371; form 18 (plate with concave vertical rim), 24, 64, 158, 217, 219–20, 227, 368–69; form 19 (plate with molded vertical lip), 217, 227, 369; form 20 (plate with vertical rim), 216n49, 217–18, 228, 369–70; form 22 (conical cup with concave vertical rim), 63, 200, 217–20, 227, 300n56, 371–72; form 23 (conical cup with simple lip), 220, 227, 371–72; form 26 (cup with tall vertical rim and straight lip), 220, 372–73; form 27 (cup with tall vertical rim and outturned lip), 220, 373; form 28 (cup, flatter-bodied, with tall vertical rim), 220, 373; form 31 (double-convex cup with straight lip), 220–21, 373; form 32 (double-convex cup with outturned/ flared lip), 220–21, 373; form 33 (hemispherical cup with narrow flange on wall), 65, 220–21, 373–74; form 36 (hemispherical cup), 221, 374; variant plate form, 219, 370 earthquake, 14, 21 Eastern Sigillata A, 3–4, 140; arrival in Morgantina, 157n93, 193; bowls, 157, 198; in the Central Sanctuary (Agora), 18n67; chalices, 195, 200, 366; chronology of, 193–96, 196 (table); comparative amount of, 74 (chart); cups, 198–200, 365–66; double-dipped, 171, 176, 193; fabric/gloss, 193; Hellenistic vs. Roman, 195–96, 196 (table), 197n330; in the House of the Official, 54, 56, 141; mending of, 197; in the North Sanctuary/North Sanctuary Annex dump, 59; paterae with stamped decoration, 157, 182; plates and platters, 196–98, 363–64, 366; vs. Republican redgloss, 170–71, 182–83 —hayes, atlante, forms: forms 3 and 4 (plate with ring foot, horizontal body, and convex flare to straight rim), 177, 193n310, 195–97, 202, 216n49, 363–64; form 7 (plate with ring foot, horizontal body, and flattopped, outturned lip), 195, 197, 364; forms 9–11 (plate/bowl/cup with ring foot, horizontal body, vertical rim, and outturned, stamped pendant lip), 182, 198, 203, 364–65; form 12 (plate with low disk base and outturned lip), 180–81, 195, 197, 364; form 13 (plate with low disk base and outturned lip), 195; form 13A (cup with ring foot, horizontal body, vertical rim,

475

and straight lip), 198–99, 365; form 22 (hemispherical cup without handles), 184, 195, 199, 365; form 22A (hemispherical cup with outturned lip), 195, 199, 365–66; form 26 (chalice), 195, 200, 366; form 29 (plate with ring foot, horizontal body, and straight rim), 178, 195, 197–98, 364; form 45 (conical cup with vertical concave rim and outturned lip), 200, 366 Eastern Sigillata B, 195 East Granary. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIC East Hill, 16n59, 19, 306, 409–10 East Hill domestic quarter. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, contexts ID, IE.2; deposits IC, IE.1, IF.1–2, IG, IH, IID East Sicilian Polychrome (“Centuripe”) wares, 3–4, 334– 38; chronology of, 135–36; fabrics/origins of, 134–35; figural scenes on, 137–38; findspots of, 133–34; molded decoration on, 137; overview of, 132–33; painted decoration on, 137–38; shapes of, 136–37 Echetla, 11n26 EDXRF provenance analysis, 416–50; analytical methods, 417; conclusions, 449–50; geochemistry, 423–27 (table), 435; magnetic susceptibility/optical petrography, 428–32 (table); of medallion cups/bowls and figurines, 447–48; of other imported samples, 448–49; overview of, 416–17; results, 434–35; sample data, 418–22 (table); scattergram analysis for fabric type, 435, 436, 437, 438–43, 444; scattergram analysis for locality distribution, 444–47; sediment sampling, 427, 433–34 Egnazia, 88, 128, 133n270 Egyptian moldmade relief cups, 274n207 Emporion, 149n52 Enciclopedia dell’arte antica (Ricci), 296 Enna, 10n24, 11n26, 20 Enserune, 123 Ephesos, 269, 279 Erim, K. T., 13n41, 15n49 Eros (fabricant), 285 Eros (god), 255–56, 268. See also under medallion cups Etna, Mount, 21, 151, 154, 411, 433 Etruria, 115, 194n315, 211 Ettlinger, E. B., 210n14, 217n56, 286n269 Eunus, 15 fabrics: fabric I, 28, 72–77, 73–74 (charts), 83; fabric II, 72, 73–74 (charts), 77–79, 83–84; fabric III, 72, 73– 74 (charts), 79–80, 83–84; hard-fired red, 146n36; Hard Orange fabric, 74 (chart), 80, 377–78. See also EDXRF provenance analysis; medallion cups; Republican red-gloss pottery

476

SUBJECT INDEX

Falco, Giulia, 277, 279–80 Fallico, Anna Maria, 142, 292n10, 293n15 Farmhouse Hill. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IVA feeder vases: black-gloss, 122, 166, 330; Campana C, 346–47; at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 457; Republican red-gloss, 166, 192, 362 fills (deposits and contexts), 4–6. See also the Index of Deposits and Contexts First Punic War (264–241 BCE), 239–40 First Slave War (141–132 BCE), 15 Forti, L., 232n13 Fountain House. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposit IIB Gabii, 291n1 Gaius, 26n109 Gela, 31, 111; Attic type A (tall conical) skyphoi at, 103; biconical bowl at, 96; conical skyphos at, 103; Corinthian skyphoi at, 106n122; destruction fills at, 27, 81, 82n10, 240; medallions from, 253–54; ovoid lekythoi at, 118; plain-rimmed kantharoi at, 106n124; stamnoi at, 111n151; stamped decoration used on plates at, 127; stemless kylix at, 100 gorgoneia, 271–72, 288, 385, 392, 396, 401, 409n11. See also under medallion cups Goudineau, Christian, 212n28, 213, 215 Graepler, D., 101n106, 111n149, 119n193 Grammichele, 83n13, 240, 257 Grand Congloué shipwrecks, 147–48, 156n84 Grant, M., 24n94 Green, J. R., 232n13 green-glazed pottery, 230–31, 290, 402 Guldager Bilde, P., 280n238 Guzzo, Pietro Giovanni, 458, 460

Herakleia Lucania, 102n108 Herakleia Minoa, 81, 98, 106n124, 434 Herakles, 258. See also under medallion cups Herculaneum, 137, 196, 212–13 Herdonia. See Ordona Hieron II, 9, 14, 31, 239, 246 Hispanorum coinage, 13, 32–34, 59–60 Hochuli-Gysel, A., 290n294 House of Eupolemos, 92n59, 99, 102, 129–30, 459 House of Ganymede. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, contexts ID, IE.2; deposit IC House of the Antefixes, 63–64 House of the Arched Cistern. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIA House of the Doric Capital. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposit IID House of the Double Cistern. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIC; deposit IIF House of the Gold Hoard, 65 House of the Griffins (Rome), 150n57 House of the Mended Pithos, 65 House of the Official. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIE; deposit IIE.1 House of the Palmento, 65 House of the Silver Hoard. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposit IG House of the Tuscan Capitals. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIE Houses in Area V (Contrada Drago). See Index of Deposits and Contexts, contexts IJ, IJ.1; deposit IJ.2 Hübner, Gerhild, 169n168, 189n284, 273n198, 273n201 human remains. See skeletal remains, human; tombs/ burials hydria, East Sicilian Polychrome, 137, 336

Hades, 138 Haltern, 212, 214n42, 215, 217, 284n262 Hama, 196n325, 197n330 Harl, K. W., 23n92 Hayes, J. W.: on biconical pitchers, 190n293; on Campana C, 148n49; on Eastern Sigillata A, 194–95n315; on Eastern Sigillata A cups, 199n345; on Eastern Sigillata A plates, 197nn331–32; on the in planta pedis stamp, 211n23; on Rasinius, 288n284; on South Stoa deposits, 212–13n34; on thin-walled pottery, 304n85. See also under Eastern Sigillata A Hedinger, B., 53n, 197n330, 208, 214n40, 224n97, 225 Helios, 246 Heloros, 81 Heraclea/Policoro, 280n238

Iaitas, 20; biconical pitcher at, 191; black-gloss pottery at, 82, 142; Campana C at, 147n44, 161n114; Early Italian terra sigillata at, 26, 213–14, 216n50, 219; Eastern Sigillata A at, 197n332, 201; hard orange fabric at, 80; imperial period house at, 208; medallion cups at, 240n52; molded-foot type at, 92; moldmade relief cups at, 274n205; radial stamps at, 216n50; redgloss pottery at, 78, 191n300; regional terra sigillata at, 223; thin-walled pottery at, 295n26, 296n32, 298n47, 303n74 inkwells: Apulian, 100n100; black-gloss, 99–100, 317– 18; Campana C, 100, 161 Ionia, 162 Ionian (moldmade hemispherical) cups, 275, 277, 279–80 Isis, 253. See also under medallion cups

SUBJECT INDEX

Jentel, M.-O., 231n10, 239, 245n81, 256n115, 259n131 Jesi. See Aesis Käch, D., 260n135 Kaleacte, 78, 274n202 kantharoi: Boiotian “Kabeiric,” 107; at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 455; one-piece, 108; overpainted (1st half of 2nd cent. BCE), 145–46; overview of, 106; Republican red-gloss, 166, 188–89, 360 —black-gloss: molded-lip, 106–7, 131, 321; overpainted, 132; plain-rimmed, 106, 116, 321; skyphoid, 108–9, 132, 321–22; straight-walled, 107–8, 132, 321 Katane, 246, 247n86, 250, 260n134 Kenrick, P. M., 209n11, 211n21, 211n23, 221n81, 224– 28, 448 kernoi; inturned-lip, black-gloss, 95, 316; at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 453 koinē, Hellenistic Greek, 82, 139–40 Kore, 24, 138 krateriskoi. See chalices/krateriskoi kraters, definition of, 89 kylikes: stemless, with horizontal handles, Attic, 100, 454 —black-gloss: stemless (bolsals), with horizontal handles, 100, 318; stemless (bolsals), with horizontal handles with upturned ends, 101, 318, 454 lagynoi, 191 Lamboglia, Nino, 123n219, 154n76, 169 lamps: bird’s-head (Dressel 4), 16n52, 19, 53, 56, 412n26; Campana C, 52–53, 412; delphiniform (Dressel 2), 19, 52–53, 414; Dressel 1, 24, 56, 151; kitchen, 37; moldmade Egyptian, 37–38; monograms on, 260–61; Republican molded, 24, 66; with triangular nozzles and volutes (Dressel 9), 18n67, 20, 23, 69; wheel-made biconical-bodied black-gloss, 33 Late La Tène pottery, 291 Latium, 194n315, 290n294 Laumonier, A., 279 lebes gamikoi, East Sicilian Polychrome, 136, 335–36 lekanis: black-gloss, 88–89, 312, 334; East Sicilian Polychrome, 136–37; lids, black-gloss, 337–38; at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 452 lekythoi: Campana C, 162, 346; East Sicilian Polychrome, 134; palmette, 118; Republican red-gloss, 192, 362 —black-gloss: biconical, 117–18, 327; overpainted, 130; ovoid, 118, 327 Lentini, 81, 95, 111, 139n4, 255 Lentini plain, 72, 83, 134, 147, 152–53, 164, 414, 437 Lepidus, M., 21n82

477

Liburnia, 281 lids: East Sicilian Polychrome, 136–37; for lebes gamikoi, 136; for lekanides, 136–37; for pyxides-kraters, 136; Republican red-gloss, 192, 363 —black-gloss: conical, 125, 166, 332–33, 348; decorated, 130, 132; disk, 123–24, 330; hemisphericaldomed, 125–26, 333; horizontal-brimmed, 124, 330–32; overview of, 123; with polychrome painting, 132; vertical-brimmed, 125, 333 Lilybaeum, 81–82, 96n81, 99, 139, 240, 243n66 Lipari: Attic type A (squat conical) skyphoi on, 104; Attic type A (tall conical) skyphoi on, 103; barrel bottles on, 120n196; biconical bowls on, 96; biconical lekythoi on, 117; Campana A black-gloss wares at, 29, 147, 164–65n141; and Campana C, 160n112, 164n141; conical pitcher on, 116; cups with molded feet on, 92; deep hemispherical cups on, 91–92n58; disk lids on, 162–63n144, 262n144; dump on, 142; Early Italian terra sigillata on, 214n43; earthen fortification on, 142; Eastern Sigillata A on, 193n313; echinus bowls on, 93n65; feeder vases on, 122; graves/tombs/funerary assemblages on, 81, 86–87, 101, 139, 208, 314n41, 451–57; green-glazed skyphos on, 290n293; hemispherical-domed lids on, 125–26; hemispherical moldmade cups on, 274n205; in-beveled lip bowls on, 94n71; Italian terra sigillata on, 214n83, 314n41; kernoi on, 95; lekanides on, 88; lids on, 124n224, 126; medallion cup on, 239n47, 240; orange fabric on, 78, 224n95; outside influences on, 27; outturned-lip bowls on, 96–97n81; outturned-rim plates on, 86–87; overpainted decoration on, 129; ovoid bottles on, 119; ovoid pitchers on, 114–15; piriform pitchers on, 115; polychrome red-figure vases from, 132–33, 136, 138; pyxides on, 97n85, 98, 125; red gloss vases on, 175n206, 189; Roman destruction of (252 BCE), 27, 81, 136; and Sextus Pompeius, 142; Sicilian fabrics on, 78; skyphoid kantharoi on, 108; stamnoi on, 111; stemless kylikes (bolsals) on, 100n103, 101; straightwalled kantharoi on, 108; thin-walled pottery on, 295n26, 303–4n79; two-handled cups on, 101n106; votive dishes on, 88 Lippolis, E., 280–81nn238–239 Livy, 10, 11n26, 28 Locri Epizefiri, 101n104 Loeschcke, Siegfried, 215 Lucore, Sandra, 45 Lund, J., 195, 197n330, 197n332, 199n339, 199n343, 200n349, 200n351 Luschey, H., 88n32 Lyon (Lugdunum), 212 Lysippos, 255

478

SUBJECT INDEX

Macedonia, 93, 111 Magdalensberg, 179, 213, 224, 226 Magna Graecia, 128, 239 Mainz, 212 Malfitana, D.: on Campanian Orange Sigillata, 223n90, 224n95; on Eastern Sigillata A, 195, 197n330, 197n332, 199n339, 199n343, 200n349, 200n351; on Italian terra sigillata, 207n1, 213, 214nn42–43; on Puteolan pottery, 221n80 Mandruzzato, A., 213 Marabini Moevs, M. T.: on barbotine decoration, 298n44, 302; on eastern red wares, 184n263; on Eastern Sigillata A, 177n217; on moldmade pottery’s chronology, 276–77; on Popilius, 281n242; on thinwalled cups, 299n51, 300nn56–57; on thin-walled vases at Cosa, 296 Marcellus, 11n26, 12n35 marriage ceremonies, 138 Mayet, F., 296 medallion cups, 82, 84, 90, 229–70; in Campana C, 163, 237, 240, 244; chronology of, 235, 239–44; earlier scholarship on, 238–39; EDXRF analysis of, 447–48; of fabric I, 72, 73 (chart), 76, 235–36, 238; of fabric II, 78, 84, 90, 235–37; of fabric III, 79–80, 84, 90, 235–38; on Farmhouse Hill, 70–71; frequency at Morgantina, 237–38; in gray fabrics, 237; incised and overpainted, 130–31; manufacturing technique for, 233–35; metal prototypes of, 184, 231–32nn12–13; in the North Sanctuary/North Sanctuary Annex, 245; overview of, 229–33, 270; painted, Attic, 90n47; painted, earliest, 91n53; popularity of, 235, 237, 244; Ptolemaic Egyptian, 231–32, 239; silver, 231n12, 233; with stamped decoration, 127n238, 229–30, 234 —medallion types: overview of, 245–46; type 1 (Sarapis and Isis to the waist), 235n, 246–49, 252–53, 270, 378; type 2 (Sarapis and Isis to the chest), 234–35, 245n79, 246, 248–50, 252–53, 270, 378–79; type 2A (Sarapis and Isis to the chest II), 235n, 248–50, 379; type 2B (Sarapis and Isis to the chest III), 248–51, 379; type 2C (Sarapis and Isis to the chest IV), 234– 39, 240n53, 248, 250–53, 379–80; type 2D (Sarapis and Isis to the chest V), 248, 252, 380; type 3 (bust of Dionysos), 234n28, 235n, 237, 245nn79–80, 246, 253–54, 270, 380–81; type 4 (winged Dionysos), 246, 254–55, 257, 270, 381; type 5 (drunken Dionysos and Silenos), 234n28, 245n79, 246, 255, 270, 382; type 6 (triumphant Dionysos), 246, 255, 270, 382; type 7 (Eros on a lion), 234n28, 235n, 245nn79–80, 246, 255–56, 270, 382–83; type 8 (Eros on a pantheress), 245nn79–80, 246, 270, 383–84; type 9 (Eros with a bow to mid-thigh), 234n28, 235n, 245n79, 246, 257,

270, 384; type 10 (Eros with a bow to the waist), 237n38, 245n79, 246, 257, 270, 384–85; type 11 (Aphrodite at her toilet), 246, 257–58, 385; type 12 (bust of Athena), 246, 257–58, 385; type 13 (Herakles), 245n79, 246, 258–59, 270, 385; type 14 (Nike in a biga), 246, 259, 270, 385; type 15 (Nike in a biga with monogram), 234n28, 246, 259–61, 270, 386; type 16 (Nereid on a hippocamp, holding a cuirass), 246, 261, 270, 386; type 17 (Nereid on a hippocamp, binding her brow), 246, 261, 270, 386; type 18 (Nereid on a hippocamp, binding her brow, carrying a shield), 246, 261–62, 270, 386; type 19 (Amazonomachy), 246, 262, 270, 386–87; type 20 (cavalryman spearing a foe), 246, 262, 270, 387; type 21 (fight), 246, 263, 270, 387; type 22 (archaistic gorgoneion), 234n28, 235n, 236, 246, 263–64, 270, 387; type 23 (beautiful gorgoneion; Medusa), 130–31, 231n11, 234n25, 234n28, 235n, 240, 246, 264–67, 270, 387– 88; type 24 (variant of beautiful gorgoneion), 231n11, 234n25, 246, 266, 270, 388; type 25 (comic mask), 246, 266, 270, 388; type 26 (boukranion), 246, 266– 67, 270, 388–89; type 27 (flower with central rosette and tendrils), 245n79, 246, 267, 270, 389; type 28 (flower with central blossom, no tendrils), 234n28, 235n, 245n79, 246, 267, 270, 389; type 29 (flower with alternating straight leaves and acanthus), 245n79, 246, 267–68, 270, 389; type 30 (flower with alternating straight petals and stalks of wheat), 234n28, 246, 267–68, 270, 389–90; type 31 (flower with central rosette and bulblike leaves), 246, 268, 270, 390; type 32 (flower with raised center and projecting petals), 267–68, 270, 390 medallion vases, various, 268–69, 391–92 Medusa. See medallion cups, medallion type 23 Megara Hyblaea, 11n26 Megarian bowls. See under moldmade pottery Memmius, C., 288n286 Messina, 78, 97n81, 101n106, 269 Metapontum, 102n108, 269n176, 280 Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), 458–59 Minturnae, 82, 92n58, 107, 122, 125 Młynarczyk, J., 38n moldmade pottery, 229–90; appliqués, Republican period (211–ca. 35 BCE), 272–74, 392–94; greenglazed, 230–31, 290, 402; overview of, 229–31; relief appliqués (3rd cent. BCE), 270–71, 392. See also medallion cups —early italian terra sigillata relief wares: chronology, 284–85; manufacturing technique for/signatures on, 283–84; other vases, 288–89; overview of, 229–31, 282–83; shapes/findspots, 284; workshops, 285–88

SUBJECT INDEX

—hemispherical relief cups (megarian bowls): Apulian/south Italian, 280–81, 397–98; at the Athenian Agora, 241; Attic- vs. Ionian-type, 275, 277; central Italian and Liburnian, 281, 398; chalices, relief, 281–82, 398; chronology of, 276–78; cups, Attic/ long-petal, 278, 394; cups, eastern, 396–97; cups, Sicilian, 281–82, 398; cups with incurving vertical rims (Delian/Ionian), 279–80, 394–96; eastern, unidentified, 280; manufacturing technique for, 276; overview of, 230, 274–75; popularity of, 244, 275; shapes, 275– 76; sources, overview of, 278 Montagna di Marzo: Campana C at, 149n53, 157n87; conical pitcher at, 116; kernoi at, 95; outturned-lip bowls at, 96n81; ovoid bottles at, 119; tombs/graves at, 81, 142, 149n53, 157n87, 208n6 Monte Castellazzo, 101n105, 115n176 Monte Desusino, 127n239 Montefortino, 101n105 Monte Iato. See Iaitas Monte Sannace, 280n238 Morel, Jean-Paul: on Calenian vases, 231n10; on Campana C, 147n42, 152–53nn67–69, 154n76, 155– 56n82; on changes in pottery-shape preferences, 143; on Corinthian skyphoi, 106n122; on disk lids, 123n219; on downturned-rim plates, 85n18; on feeder vases, 122n207; on a hemispherical bowl/cup, 91n53; on inkwells, 100n100; on Italian imports in Sicily, 82n8; on medallion cups, 239n47, 244n72; on outturned-lip bowls, 97; typology developed by, 306; on vertical-rimmed cups, 160n109 Morgantina, history/archaeology of, 3–80; chronology of deposits/contexts, overview of, 4–6; contexts, overview of, 4; deposits, overview of, 4; excavations, 3; Greekspeaking population, 13; under Hispani rule, 13; identification of Morgantina name, 13; imported pottery, 17, 19, 26, 168–69, 272–74 (see also Campana B; Early Italian terra sigillata; Eastern Sigillata A); location, 7; overview of, 3–4; plan of central Morgantina, 30; population/size, 12–13, 24n95, 207; under Roman rule, 4, 6, 10–13, 28; strategic importance of Morgantina, 14–15. See also Agora (Morgantina) —historical sketch (340 bce–ca. 50 ce), 6–27; Iron Age to ca. 340 BCE, 7–8; ca. 340–214 BCE (Hellenistic period), 8–10; 214–211 BCE (Hellenistic period), 10–13; 211–1 BCE (Republican period), 6–7, 13–17; destructions of ca. 35–1 BCE (Republican period), 17–23; imperial age to 45 CE, 23–26; final abandonment in 40s CE, 4, 26–27, 61 —pottery deposits and contexts: 350–200/190 BCE (Hellenistic period), 27–29; 300–200 BCE, domestic/secular fills, 29, 30–41, 32–35 (tables); 300–

479

200 BCE, sanctuary and related fills, 32–35 (tables), 41–47, 42; 200–ca. 35 BCE, 47–60, 49 (table), 51 (table); ca. 35 BCE–ca. 50 CE, 61–70, 62 (table); Hellenistic–Republican/early Byzantine, 70–71, 70 (table). See also Index of Deposits and Contexts Munsell Soil Color Charts, 72, 77, 79 Museo Archeologico Regionale di Aidone, 459 naiskoi, archaic, 44, 70–71, 263 Naxos, 81, 122 Necropolis I (Serra Orlando), 12 Necropolis III, 135n284. See also Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IK.1–2 Neuss, 286n271 North Baths. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IR; deposit IR.1 North Sanctuary (of Demeter and Kore). See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIH; deposit Il North Sanctuary Annex. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIH; deposit IM northwest Agora. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIi Northwest Stoa. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIH Novaesium (Neuss), 212 Oberaden, 212, 215–16n49, 216–17, 284 Octavian/Octavianus, 18n66, 21–23, 48, 61, 214 oil vases, 117, 121 ointment jars, black-gloss, 111–13, 323–25 Oliver, A., 101n105 Olynthus, 85n18, 106, 111, 123 Ordona (Herdonia), 20, 213, 214n43, 224n96, 225, 295 Orosius, 15n49 Orsi, P., 240, 250 Oteri, E., 247n86 Oxé, August, 215 Pace, B., 231n10, 255n113 Pagenstecher, Rudolf: on Athena medallions, 258n124; on Dionysos medallions, 253n103; on Eros medallions, 256n118; on Helios medallions, 246n83; on Herakles medallions, 259n129; medallion typology of, 245; on medallion wares of Cales, 238, 239n47; on metal prototypes of medallion wares, 232n13; on Sarapis and Isis medallions, 247n87, 248; on Sicilian medallion wares, 231n10 Palike, 139n4, 175n207, 267n162, 298n43 Panormus, 24n94 Pantagathus, 221n83, 284, 288, 400 Papa Hill, 16n59

480

SUBJECT INDEX

Parlasca, K., 274n207 Patanè, Rosario, 142, 152n64, 155n81 Paternò, 88, 101n105, 116–17 Pelagatti, Paola, 141–42, 151 Peloponnesus, 280n237, 282n250 Peña, J. T., 50–51n123 Perennius Bargathes, M., 222 (table), 283n252, 285–87, 289, 399 Perennius Tigranus, M., 221n83, 286 Pergamene wares, 168–69, 188–89, 272–74. See also Eastern Sigillata A Persephone, 138, 258, 268 Pfrommer, M., 232n13, 253n104 phialai, 87–88, 312 Piana, P., 157n87 Pianu, G., 102n108 Picon, M., 152–53nn67–68 Pinzone, A., 21n82 Pisa, 209, 221, 222 (table) pitchers; Campana C, 115, 162–63, 190, 346–47; at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 456–57; thin-walled, 299–300, 405–6 —black-gloss: biconical juglets, 117, 327; bulbous, 115, 326; conical, 116, 326; globular, 114–15, 326; mug-pitchers, 116–17, 326–27; overpainted jug fragment, 122, 131–32, 330; overview of, 113–14; ovoid, 113–15, 325; piriform, 115, 326 —republican red-gloss: biconical, 190, 361; biconical, two-handled, 190–91, 361; fragments, 192, 362– 63; ovoid, 190, 361; tall mug, 191–92, 206, 362 plates, platters, and saucers: Campanian Orange Sigillata, 226–27, 376–77; Conspectus forms (see under Early Italian terra sigillata); Eastern Sigillata A, 196–98, 363–64, 366 (see also under Eastern Sigillata A); of fabric I, 76; of fabric II, 78; at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 451–52; outturned-rim (1st half of 2nd cent. BCE), 145; stamped (1st half of 2nd cent. BCE), 145, 338 —black-gloss: with applied/stamped/incised decoration, 87, 127–28, 311–12; downturned-rim, 84–86, 131, 310; fish plates, 84–86; outturned-rim, 85–87, 310–11 —campana c: bases, 342; flat-bottomed, 180; obliquerimmed, 156–57, 178, 341; outturned-rim, 155–56, 158, 176, 339–40; outturned-rim, stemmed, 156, 340; outturned-rim with split rim/lip, 158, 342; stamped, 201–2; vertical-rimmed, 156, 158, 160, 177, 340–41 —republican red-gloss: beveled-lip, 179–80, 353; decorated fragments, 183, 355–56; flat-bottomed, 180–82, 353–54; oblique-rimmed, 178–79, 352–53; outturned-rim, 175–77, 350–51; shallow pendantrimmed, with stamped rim, 182, 354–55; verticalrimmed, 177, 351–52

Platz-Horster, G., 101n105 Pliny, 23n93, 26 Poblome, J., 195, 197n330, 197n332, 199n339, 199n343, 200n349, 200n351 Polito, A., 213, 221n80 Polychrome wares, East Sicilian. See East Sicilian Polychrome wares Pompeian Red Wares, 180–81 Pompeii, 137, 179n227, 196, 212–13, 225 Popilius, 281 Porten Palange, F. P., 286–87n273, 289n289 Porticello shipwreck, 99 pottery manufacture (Morgantina): later 4th cent. to 211 BCE, 27, 408–10; 2nd cent. to 35–15 BCE, 47–48, 410–14; late 1st cent. to 1st cent. CE, 414–15; kilns for, 409–10, 412–13. See also Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IC, context IE, and deposit IE.1 presigillata, 169–70. See also Republican red-gloss pottery Primus, 287, 400 Princeton University, 3n1, 68 produzione A. See Campanian Orange Sigillata Ptolemy IV, 240n50 Pucci, G., 209n11, 213n35 Pullius Carpus, L., 222 (table), 227 Puppo, Paola, 277, 280–81, 282nn247–48 Puteoli, 209, 221, 222 (table), 225–26, 285 pyxides: Attic type D, 98; Campana C, 100, 161, 345; definition of, 89; East Sicilian Polychrome, cylindrical, 135; at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 454–56 —black-gloss: cylindrical/barrel, 98–99, 317, 336; globular, 98, 129, 317; hemispherical, 97–98, 316– 17; inturned-lip, 94–95, 315–16; lids for, 123–26, 130; overpainted, 97–98, 129–30; pyxis-krater, 136, 334–36; round, 97; skyphoid, 97, 129 Raffiotta, Silvio, 459 Rasinius, 221–22nn83–84, 285, 288, 401 Rauh, N. K., 258n128 red-figure pottery: on Cittadella, 8n9, 38, 70; Corinthian skyphoi, 105–6nn121–122; fabric of vs. Morgantina clays, 72; lid, 70; overpainted decoration on, 128 red-gloss wares, 173; cups/bowls, in the House of the Official, 76; in the East Granary pottery factory, 53; of fabric I, 74–76, 74 (chart); of fabric II, 74 (chart), 77– 78; of fabric III, 74 (chart); of Hard Orange fabric, 74 (chart), 80; in the House of the Doric Capital, 54, 141; plates, in the House of the Official, 76. See also Eastern Sigillata A; Republican red-gloss pottery Reggio Calabria, 78, 87, 96 regional terra sigillatas: chronology of, 225–26; cups, 227, 377–78; of Hard Orange fabric, 377–78; identi-

SUBJECT INDEX

fication of, 223–25; Latin inscriptions on, 228n121; overview of, 209, 223; plates/platters, 226–27, 376– 78; Sicilian, 228. See also Campanian Orange Sigillata Republican black-gloss pottery. See under 2nd century to ca. 35–25 BCE Republican red-gloss pottery, 140–41, 169–92; beveled lip used in, 157; vs. Campana C, 154; vs. Campanian Orange Sigillata, 223, 225–26; chalices, 189–90, 360– 61; chronology of, 173–75; in the dump along Agora retaining wall, 66; eastern influence on, 182, 184–85; vs. Eastern Sigillata A, 170–71, 182–83; of fabric I, 76, 171, 176; of fabric II, 77–79, 171–72, 176; of fabric III, 79–80, 172, 176; fabrics/gloss, overview of, 170–71; feeder vases, 166, 192, 362; of Hard Orange fabric, 80, 172; in the House of the Official, 56, 176; kantharoi, 166, 188–89, 360; lekythoi, 192, 362; lid, 192; in the North Sanctuary/North Sanctuary Annex dump, 59; in the North Stoa dump, 60; in the Northwest Stoa, 67; overview of, 169–70; paterae with stamped decoration, 157; pendant-shaped dish, 174; in sheds west of North Stoa, 69; skyphoi, 188–89, 360; stamped decoration on, 202–3 —bowls: biconical with slightly flaring rims, 188, 359– 60; hemispherical, 184–85, 356–57; outturned-rim, 187, 358–59; overview of, 183–84; shallow (paterae), with beveled lips, 179–80; vertical-rimmed, 186, 358 —cups: biconical with slightly flaring rims, 188, 359– 60; hemispherical, 159, 184–85, 356–57; hemispherical, shallow, with grooved bodies, 185, 357; hemispherical with outturned lips, 186, 357; inturnedlip, 185, 357; net-pattern (football pattern), 185, 357; outturned-rim, 187, 358–59; overview of, 183–84; vertical-rimmed, 186, 358 —pitchers: biconical, 190, 361; biconical, two-handled, 190–91, 361; fragments, 192, 362–63; ovoid, 190, 361; tall mug, 191–92, 206, 362 —plates: beveled-lip, 179–80, 353; decorated fragments, 183, 355–56; flat-bottomed, 180–82, 353–54; oblique-rimmed, 178–79, 352–53; outturned-rim, 175–77, 350–51; shallow pendant-rimmed, with stamped rim, 182, 354–55; vertical-rimmed, 177, 351–52 Ricci, Andreina, 299nn51–52; Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, 296 Richter, G. M. A., 232n12 Rocco, A., 239n47 Rome, 209 Rotroff, Susan: on Attic long-petal cups, 278; on Attic moldmade relief bowls, 49; on earliest painted medallion cups, 91n53; on early molds, 275n207; on echinus bowls, 94n68; on medallion cups, 232n13; on moldmade relief cups, 239, 241, 276–77; on ointment

481

jars, 112, 113n164; on stamped ornament, 127; on straight-walled kantharoi, 107 Rudnick, B. P. M., 289n288 Rufrenus Rufio, T., 221n84, 222 (table) Samaria, 196n325, 202 Sanmartí Grego, E., 149n52 Sarapis, 253. See also under medallion cups Saturninus, 283n252, 289n288 saucers. See bowls; plates, platters, and saucers Schäfer, J., 189n284 Scheffenegger, S., 80n155, 172n189 Schindler, M., 80n155, 172n189 Schindler-Kaudelka, E., 293n14 Schnurbein, S. von, 211n23 Scott, Ann R., 148n50, 167 Scott, R. T., 178n222, 184n261 Second Slave War (104–101 BCE), 13n38, 15 Segesta, 214n43, 291, 293nn14–15 Selene, 246 Serra Orlando, 7–8, 11–12, 16n59, 207–8, 458 Sestius, A., 221n83, 222 (table) Sextus Pompey/Pompeius, 18nn66–67, 18–19n69, 21– 23, 48 Sfameni Gasparro, G., 239, 240n56, 247n87, 249–50 Sicilian terra sigillata, 228. See also under regional terra sigillatas Siebert, G., 280n237 sigillata. See Early Italian terra sigillata; Eastern Sigillata A; regional terra sigillatas Sikelo-Geometric pottery, 408 Silius Italicus, 14n46 Silva, P. F., 24n94 silver treasure, 11, 230, 260n134, 458–61 situlae/buckets, 91n55 Sjöqvist, Erik, 41, 53n, 112 skeletal remains, human, 11, 39–42, 44, 59. See also tombs/burials skyphoi; green-glazed, 290, 402; at Morgantina vs. Lipari, 455; Republican red-gloss, 188–89, 360 —black-gloss, 37; Attic type A (squat conical), 82, 104–5, 319–20; Attic type A (tall conical), 102–3, 130, 318–19; Corinthian, 105, 108, 320; kantharoid, 109, 132, 322; overpainted, 132 Slane, K. W., 184n263, 197n331, 198n338, 199n345, 199n347, 200n351, 203n367, 213n34 soil sampling, 427, 433–34 Soluntum (Solunto), 20, 214n43 Soprintendenza of Agrigento, 25, 68 Soricelli, G., 209n11, 227–28n118 South Baths, 10 South Gaulish terra sigillata, 286

482

SUBJECT INDEX

South Sanctuary (of Demeter and Kore). See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IN South Shops. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposit IB Southwest House. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIF Southwest Temenos. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, deposit IIA Sparkes, B. A., 127 Sparta, 274 Spigo, U., 90n49 stamnos, black-gloss, 110–11, 132, 323 stamps: on black-gloss pottery, 112, 165, 168, 201; on Campana C black gloss, 163n129, 201; on Campanian Orange sigillata, 222 (table), 227; on Early Italian sigillata relief ware, 283–85, 287–88; on Early Italian terra sigillata, 207n1, 210–211, 214n43, 216, 221– 222, 222 (table); in planta pedis, 211n23, 218, 221; in tria nomina, 222–223n85; on medallion cups, 260– 61; on moldmade lamps, 260n135; nominal or initials, 201–2; on Republican red-gloss pottery, 183, 202; on “Sicilian” terra sigillata, 222 (table), 228 Stenico, A., 283n252 Stone, S. C., 21n82, 231n10 Strabo, 20, 23 Syracuse, 142; Attic type A (squat conical) skyphoi at, 104; biconical bowls at, 96; Campana C at, 147–49, 152–53, 158, 166–67, 174; Eastern Sigillata B at, 195n320; fabric II red-gloss pottery at, 78; fabric III made at, 79, 84, 145, 172, 237; flat-bottomed saucers at, 180, 182; green-glazed skyphos at, 290n294; incised decoration at, 302; kernoi at, 95; medallion cups at, 130, 234–35, 238–40, 242, 246–48, 250–51, 254– 55, 256n115, 267n160; Morgantina’s affiliation with, 6, 8–9; outturned-rim plates from, 86; overpainting at, 122, 204; ovoid pitchers at, 114; piriform pitcher from, 115; pyxides at, 98; Roman capture of, 12n35, 13; stamped decoration at, 127; thin-walled pottery at, 291–94, 302–3 Talbert, R. J. A., 8n10 Talcott, L., 127 Tarentum (Taranto), 102n108, 146n36, 180n238, 253, 267n163, 269, 280 Taylor, Doris. See Bishop, Doris Taylor Teano, 107, 127, 231n10 “teapot,” black-gloss, 121, 330 Tel Anafa, 193, 196n325, 199 terracotta building materials, 409 terracotta busts of Kore, 133 terracotta figurines: at Contrada San Francesco, 44;

EDXRF analysis of, 447–48; of Eros, 256, 258n125; evidence for manufacture at Morgantina, 408n3, 409– 11; import of, late, 26; manufacturing technique for, 234n27; at the North Sanctuary/North Sanctuary Annex, 41–42; of Persephone, in the Doric Stoa, 69; at the South Sanctuary, 43; Syracusan, 79n150; white slip on molds for, 273–74 Tettius (Samia), 217, 221n83, 222 (table) thin-walled pottery, 291–304; in building south of North Sanctuary, 59; chronology of, 291, 294–95; in the cistern in Area II, 58; in the dump along Agora retaining wall, 66; of fabric I, 77; fabrics/gloss/origins, 74, 77, 292–94; fragments, 406–7; imperial forms, 291, 302– 4, 407; incised ornament on, 302; late, at Morgantina, 207–8; overview of, 291–92; Republican forms/decoration, 291, 296–302, 402–7; rouletting on, 298, 302; shapes/decoration, overview of, 296 —beakers/jars: bases, 403; biconical, 298, 405; globular, 297, 403–4; ovoid, 296–97, 303–4, 402–3, 407; ovoid with various lips, 297–98, 404; vertical-rimmed, 304, 407 —cups/pitchers: biconical, 299–300, 405–6; globular, 300, 405–6; hemispherical, 300, 406 ompson, D. B., 233n20 ompson, H. A., 110n145 thorn ware, 301. See also barbotine decoration Tiberius, 26, 61 Timoleon, 8 Titius, L., 221–22, 222 (table) Titius Iusculus, L., 221n83, 222 (table) tombs/burials: at Assoros, 81; at Butera, 81; at Heloros, 81; infant burial at the House of the Arched Cistern, 62; at Lentini, 81; at Lilybaeum, 81–82; on Lipari, 81, 86–87, 139, 208, 314n41, 451–57; at Montagna di Marzo, 81, 142, 149n53, 157n87, 208n6; at Morgantina, 40, 81, 135n284, 242; at Naxos, 81 toreutics, 82, 230 Touratsoglou, I., 92n58 Trendall, A. D., 129–30 Trier, 179–81 Tripolitanian terra sigillata. See Campanian Orange Sigillata Troso, C., 287n274, 287n276, 287n278, 289n289 Tsakirgis, B., 150n57, 195n320 Tuch el-Karmus, 88n36 TW fabrics. See thin-walled pottery Tyndaris, 78, 282, 434 unguentarium, fusiform, 409 University of Illinois, 3n1 Urbainczyk, T., 15n49

SUBJECT INDEX

Varus, 212 Vegas, M., 291n1 Ventimiglia, 146n41, 149, 180 Verres, 17, 194 veterans’ colonies, 175, 214 Vindonissa, 212 volcanic eruptions (30s BCE), 21 Volterra, 88 Vulcanelli di Macalube, 434 Vulcano (Aeolian archipelago), 434 Watzinger, C., 283n252 wells, 5n, 46, 47 Wells, C. M., 169n173, 212n28 Wesleyan University, 3n1 West Hill domestic quarter. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, contexts IIIA–IIIF; deposits IIF–IIG West Sanctuary (of Demeter and Kore). See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IQ

483

West Stoa. See Index of Deposits and Contexts, context IIIG; deposit IA Wilk, S. R., 264n148 Wilson, R. J. A., 142; on civitates stipendiariae, 26n106; on destructions at Morgantina, 21n82; on Early Italian terra sigillata, 174n203, 208, 214; on Eastern Sigillata A, 194n313; on red-gloss pottery, 174n203, 226; on thin-walled wares, 293n15, 296n31 Wintermeyer, Ulrike, 136, 138 Workshop of Menemachos (Ephesos), 279–80 Workshop of the Gray Vases (Ephesos), 280 Workshop of the Monogram (Ephesos), 279 Wuilleumier, P., 280 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. See EDXRF provenance analysis Zoilus, 221–22n84, 222 (table) Zuccala, M. F., 217n59

Index of Deposits and Contexts Note: Page references in bold indicate main discussions of deposits and contexts. context ID (House of Ganymede, cistern 2), 28, 31–35, 34 table 2, 99n94, 115, 117, 122

245, 253, 254n110, 258, 261, 268, 276n219, 295n21, 297, 298

context IE.2. See deposit IE.1 and context IE.2

context IIi (dump behind North Stoa), 19n73, 51 table 4, 53, 60, 141, 167, 173n195, 194n316, 198, 203

context Ii (Area III, Upper Cittadella, Hellenistic habitation), 12, 34 table 2, 38, 124n220, 130 context IJ (houses in Area V, Contrada Drago), 12, 34 table 2, 39, 95n76, 98, 109, 123, 134, 242, 264 context IJ.1 (cistern fill in house in Area V, Contrada Drago), 34 table 2, 39–40, 109, 445n7 context IK.1–2 (fill outside city wall in Area II, near House of the Official and over Necropolis III), 28n, 40– 41, 85, 93, 124, 127, 128, 129, 133 context IN (South Sanctuary), 11n30, 34 table 2, 41, 43– 44, 93, 94, 95, 121, 133n273, 241n58, 409 context IO (sanctuary on Cittadella), 34 table 2, 38, 41, 44, 133n273 context IP (sanctuary in Area V), 35 table 2, 44–45, 133n273, 241n58 context IR (North Baths), 11n30, 12, 14n45, 27, 28, 33, 35 table 2, 45–46, 92n59, 113, 123, 129, 241 context IIC (East Granary), 5, 13n38, 16n54, 17n61, 48, 51 table 4, 51–53, 55, 73, 75, 76, 140–41, 150–52, 156, 157, 167, 169, 173, 174, 182, 189, 194, 204, 231, 243n69, 277, 282, 294, 411, 412, 445 context IIE (House of the Official), 11n30, 19n72, 22n86, 48, 51 table 4, 55–56, 57, 58, 73, 76, 141, 151– 52, 158, 167, 173, 187, 194n316, 196, 197, 198, 203, 231, 243n69, 267, 269, 277, 278, 281, 411, 412, 445 context IIH (dump over North Sanctuary and North Sanctuary Annex), 14n43, 16n59, 19n73, 24n95, 41, 42 Fig. 2, 43, 48, 51 table 4, 58–60, 92n59, 99, 109, 112, 120n197, 123, 124n220, 129, 133n273, 138, 141, 150, 151, 156, 163, 167, 173n195, 176, 184, 241, 241n60,

context IIIA (House of the Arched Cistern), 19n71, 61– 63, 62 table 5, 141, 197, 281, 414 context IIIB (house walls south of House of the Arched Cistern), 62 table 5, 63–64, 141 context IIIC (House of the Double Cistern), 24, 58, 62 table 5, 64, 65, 207, 300n55 context IIID (other houses in insula of House of the Double Cistern), 62 table 5, 64–65, 242n63, 263, 285, 295n23, 304 context IIIE (House of the Tuscan Capitals), 62 table 5, 65–66, 195n20, 199, 273 context IIIF (Southwest House), 26n109, 62 table 5, 66 context IIIG (dump along retaining wall at western edge of Agora, Area I, trench 27), 50, 62 table 5, 66, 67, 161, 166, 194n317, 194n318, 197n326, 285, 295, 304 context IIIH (dump over southern rooms of Northwest Stoa), 25, 62 table 5, 67–68, 69, 163, 174n202, 180, 185, 194n317, 196n326, 198, 200, 278, 295, 304, 415n47 context IIIi (northwest Agora), 61, 62 table 5, 67, 68– 69, 174n202, 194n317, 207, 295, 414n45, 415 context IVA (cistern on Farmhouse Hill, Cittadella), 13n40, 27n111, 38, 70 table 6, 70–71, 166, 243n69 deposit IA (West Stoa, inauguration fill in floor of shops 2 and 5), 27, 29–31, 32 table 1, 87, 97, 101, 125, 127, 238, 242 deposit IB (South Shops), 27, 31, 32 table 1, 48, 83, 86, 93, 94, 113, 115, 116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 132, 143, 241, 264

INDEX OF DEPOSITS AND CONTEXTS

485

deposit IC (House of Ganymede, pit in room 17), 27, 28, 31, 32 table 1, 87, 103, 107, 119, 124, 127, 130, 238, 243

deposit IR.1 (well in North Baths), 5n3, 14n45, 27, 33 table 1, 46, 46–47, 92n59, 100n102, 108, 109, 121, 133, 241n58

deposit IE.1 and context IE.2 (cisterns in Area I, trench 64), 16n59, 32 table 1, 34 table 2, 35–36, 119, 163, 242, 253n107, 257, 271

deposit IIA (fill against east wall of Southwest Temenos), 4, 16n57, 28, 29, 47, 48–50, 49 table 3, 104, 134, 135, 139, 145, 150, 200, 205, 230, 243, 277

deposits 1F.1 and IF.2 (cisterns in house in Area I, trench 65), 36–37, 97, 116

deposit IIB (inner basin of Fountain House), 4, 48, 49 table 3, 50–51, 52, 53, 140, 141, 150, 153n71, 155, 157, 168, 173, 174, 178, 189, 193, 230, 243–44, 264, 277, 294, 301

deposit IG (House of the Silver Hoard), 32 table 1, 37, 110, 242, 259, 461n23 deposit IH (house in Area I, trench 45), 33 table 1, 37– 38, 134, 233, 235, 236, 242, 251, 263, 408, 409 deposit Ii.1 (cistern in house on Upper Cittadella, Area III, trench 5C), 38–39 deposit Ii.2 (cistern in house on Upper Cittadella, Area III, trench 14), 33 table 1, 39 deposit IJ.2 (cistern in house in Area V, Contrada Drago), 33 table 1, 39, 40 deposit IL (North Sanctuary), 33 table 1, 41–43, 87, 89, 93, 98, 99, 108, 121, 133n273, 241, 254, 264 deposit IM (North Sanctuary Annex), 33 table 1, 41, 42 Fig. 2, 43, 60, 85, 115, 241, 267 deposit IQ (West Sanctuary), 12, 33 table 1, 45, 123, 133n273, 241n58, 271

deposit IID (House of the Doric Capital), 19n70, 49 table 3, 53, 54–55, 57, 61, 125, 141, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 176, 178, 181, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 194n316, 199, 230n9, 243n69, 244, 267n162, 294, 295n20, 298, 300, 302 deposit IIE.1 (cistern in House of the Official), 17n62, 48, 49 table 3, 53, 55, 56–57, 73, 76, 77, 140–41, 151– 52, 156, 158, 160, 161, 164, 166, 173, 176, 180, 186, 187, 188, 189, 194n311, 273, 281, 292, 294, 297, 299, 412 deposit IIF (cistern in House of the Double Cistern), 20n78, 23, 24, 49 table 3, 57–58, 64, 65, 178, 188, 231, 277, 295, 300n55 deposit IIG (cistern of house south of House of the Double Cistern), 20n78, 49 table 3, 58, 64, 165, 186, 189, 294, 295n20, 300, 413n39

1A

1

1B

2

3

4

4B

4A

5

Plate 1. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Plates (Scale 1:2)

5C

6

6B

7

7A

8

9

10

10A

Plate 2. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Plates (Scale 1:2)

10B

14

16

17 (1:3)

18 (1:3)

19A (1:3)

19 (1:3)

21

Plate 3. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Stamped fragment, omphalos phiale, lekanides, hemispherical bowls, hemispherical cup (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

21C

21E

22A

22

24B

24

25

26

Plate 4. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Hemispherical cups, deep hemispherical cups, echinus bowls (Scale 1:2)

27

27A

27B

27C

27D

27E

27F

27G

27I

27J

26A

27H

27K

28

29

29A

30

30B

Plate 5. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Echinus bowls, hemispherical bowls (Scale 1:2)

30C

30D

30G

30H

31

33A

32

34

30E

35A

35C

35B

36

Plate 6. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Hemispherical bowls, cup/bowl, bowls/pyxides, kernos (Scale 1:2)

37

38

38A

39

40

41

43

41A

45

Plate 7. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Biconical bowls, bowls, pyxides (Scale 1:2)

47

49

48

50

51

52

53A

55

54

55C

54A

55D

Plate 8. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Pyxis, inkwells, stemless kylikes, two-handled cups, Attic type A skyphoi (Scale 1:2)

55B

57

56A

58

58A

58B

58C

59

59B

Plate 9. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Attic type A skyphoi (Scale 1:3)

59C

59E

59D

59F

60A

60B

60C

60D

60E

60F

61

Plate 10. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Attic type A skyphoi (Scale 1:3)

62

63

65

64

Plate 11. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Corinthian-type skyphoi, kantharoi (Scale 1:2)

68

66

69

72

Plate 12. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Kantharoi, skyphoid kantharoi (Scale 1:2)

70

72A

74

74A

75 (1:3)

76 (1:3)

Plate 13. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Kantharoid skyphoi, amphoras (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

80A

80

81

82

84 (1:1)

84 (1:1)

85A (1:1)

85 (1:1)

85 (1:1)

85A (1:1)

Plate 14. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Stamnoi, ointment jars (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

86

86C

86B

86A

86D

86E

86F

86G

87

87A

87B

88

88D

88E

88A

88B

89A

89B

90A

90

91

92A

Plate 15. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Ointment jars, “candle holders” (Scale 1:2)

93A

95 (1:3)

96

97

98

99 (1:3)

97A

100

100A

Plate 16. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Pitchers (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

102

101

101A 103

102A

103B

103A

105A

104

105B

Plate 17. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Mug-pitchers, juglet, lekythoi (Scale 1:2)

106

106B

110

112

107

109

111A

111

114B

Plate 18. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Lekythoi, ovoid bottles (Scale 1:2)

115B

118A

117

116

119A

119

121B

121C

120

122

Plate 19. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Piriform bottle, barrel bottles (Scale 1:3)

120D

122B

125

126

123

124

129

130

132

Plate 20. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Askos, “teapot,” feeder vases, lids (Scale 1:2)

133

133B

134A

134B

134C

134D

135B

135A

136B

136G

Plate 21. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Lids (Scale 1:2)

136D

137

136A

136F

137A

137B

137C

137E

137F

139C

139B

140

139D

141A

142

138

139A

139

141

137D

141B

142K

142B

143A

Plate 22. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Lids (Scale 1:2)

141D

144A

143

144B

144C

145A

145B

146

145C

147A

148

148A

149 (1:4)

149A (1:3)

Plate 23. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Lids. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Lekanides (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

149B (1:3)

151 (1:4)

150 (1:4)

161

153 (1:3)

161C

161A

161D

Plate 24. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Lekanides, pyxis-krater, cylindrical pyxides (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

154

Plate 25. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Lebes gamikos with stand (Scale 1:4)

163

164

162

166

170

Plate 26. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Hydria, stands, lekanis lid (Scale 1:3)

171 (1:3)

172

171B (1:3)

173

177

Plate 27. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Lekanis lids, domed lid. Deposit IIA (Early2nd-Century BCE Fill): Plate, kantharos, bowl/krater (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

180

182

182A

184

182B

184B

183

184A

184C

185

186

189

187

188

189A

189C 189B

190A 190

Plate 28. Campana C Black-Gloss: Platters/plates, stemmed plate (Scale 1:3)

191

192

192A

192C

192E 192B

193

193B

193D

Plate 29. Campana C Black-Gloss: Plates (Scale 1:3)

193A

193C

193F

193H (1:3)

193G (1:3)

193I (1:3)

193J (1:3)

193K (1:3)

194A (1:3)

195A

195B

195

195C

196A

196

197

Plate 30. Campana C Black-Gloss: Plates, shallow bowls/paterae (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

198 (1:3)

199 (1:3)

208A

209A

206

207

207A

208

208B

209B

209

209C

Plate 31. Campana C Black-Gloss: Forked-rim bowl, plate with split rim/lip, hemispherical cups (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

209D

211

209E

210

213

214B

215A 214

215B 214A

215D 215

215C

Plate 32. Campana C Black-Gloss: Hemispherical cups, vertical-rimmed cups (Scale 1:2)

216

216A

217

218

218A

219

219B

219A

220D 220C

220

220A

220E

Plate 33. Campana C Black-Gloss: Vertical-rimmed cups, outturned-lip cups (Scale 1:2)

220F

221A

221F

221H

221J

223

221

221E

221G

221I

222

223A

Plate 34. Campana C Black-Gloss: Outturned-lip cups, forked-lip cup, flaring-lip cups (Scale 1:2)

226A

226

224

227

228 229 230

233 232 234A

236

234B

237

Plate 35. Campana C Black-Gloss: Pyxides, pyxis or inkwell, chalices/krateriskoi, pitchers (Scale 1:2)

234D

241

238A (1:2)

238 (1:2)

244

245

246

246C

244A

245A

245B

246A

246B

247

247A

Plate 36. Campana C Black-Gloss: Lekythoi. Sicilian Black-Gloss, Fabric I: Deep cups, incurving-lip cups (Scale 1:3 except where indicated)

247C

247B

248

248A

248C

248B

253A

249

252A

250

254 258

Plate 37. Sicilian Black-Gloss, Fabric I: Cups, kantharos, feeder vase, lid. Sicilian BlackGloss, Fabric III: Plate. Campana B Black-Gloss: Plate (Scale 1:2)

257

256

259

263

265

266

267 (1:3)

267A (1:3)

267B (1:3)

Plate 38. Sicilian Black-Gloss, Fabric III: Hemispherical cups. Campana B Black-Gloss: Pyxis. Miscellaneous Imports: Pergamene-style kantharos, pyxis, lid. Republican RedGloss: Plates (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

268 (1:3)

269 (1:3)

269A (1:3)

269B (1:3) 269C (1:3)

270 273

271A 270A

272A

272

271

273A

275

274

Plate 39. Republican Red-Gloss: Plates (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

276

277

277A

279

278

280

278A

279A

282B

281A

281

282

282A

283

283A

283C

Plate 40. Republican Red-Gloss: Platters/plates (Scale 1:2)

283D

284

285

286

287

288E

288B 288

288C

288A

289A 288D

288F

289B 289

Plate 41. Republican Red-Gloss: Platters/plates, plates (Scale 1:2)

289C

290

291A

291B

291

291E

291D

291C

291J

291I 291G

291H

294

291F

291K

294A

292

294B

295

296A

293

296

298

297

298B

Plate 42. Republican Red-Gloss: Shallow bowls/paterae, plates (Scale 1:2)

298A

299

300A

300

301A

301

301C

302

301B

303

302A

306

305

304

307 308A 308

310

312

311

313

314 315

Plate 43. Republican Red-Gloss: Plates, shallow dishes, cup/bowl (Scale 1:2)

316

316B

316A

315A 317

317B 317A

318

318A

318B

319 318C

319B 319D

319C

319A

320A

320B

320

319E

319F

320C

319G

320E 320D

320G 320F

Plate 44. Republican Red-Gloss: Cups/bowls, net-pattern cup (Scale 1:2)

321

322

323B

323

324

323D

323C

325 324A

327

325B 325A

324B

327A 328

326

329

330

329A

330A

Plate 45. Republican Red-Gloss: Cups, cups/bowls (Scale 1:2)

329C

330B

330C

331 (1:3)

330E

333C

333D

333 332A

333E

333F

334

333G

334A 335

334B

338

336

337A

338A 339

337

339A

337B

339C

Plate 46. Republican Red-Gloss: Cups/bowls (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

339D

339E 339G

339F

341 342

340

343

344A

344B

343A

344

344C 344D

345 (1:3)

346 (1:3)

348 (1:3)

349 (1:3) 349A (1:3)

350A (1:3)

351 (1:3)

349B (1:3)

352 (1:3)

349C (1:3)

353 (1:3)

Plate 47. Republican Red-Gloss: Cups/bowls, skyphoi/kantharoi, kantharos-like bowl, chalices (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

354

355

357 (1:3) 355A 356C

356 358C 358D

358B

358G

358F

358H

358 (1:3)

360A

359A 359

360

Plate 48. Republican Red-Gloss: Pitchers, tall mugs/pitchers, lekythoi (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

363A (1:2)

362 (1:2) 363 (1:2)

361C

361

365 (1:2) 364 (1:2)

366

366A 366B

367A

366E

366D

366C

367B

367

368A

368

369

371A

369A

370

368B

370A 371

372 (1:2)

373 (1:2)

Plate 49. Republican Red-Gloss: Feeder vases, pitcher fragments, lid. Eastern Sigillata A: Platters/plates (Scale 1:3 except where indicated)

375 (1:3) 374

376

379

378

377

381

380

385

383

384

386

Plate 50. Eastern Sigillata A: Platters/plates, cups/bowls, cups (Scale 1:2)

386A

388A

389A 389B

388

389C

387

390

389E

389D

391 391A

390A

394

393

392

395 396

399A

399

400B (1:3)

400C (1:3)

401 (1:3)

400

401A (1:3)

401C (1:3)

Plate 51. Eastern Sigillata A: Cups, chalices, plate and cup bases (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

402 (1:3)

403 (1:3)

405 (1:3)

404 (1:3)

407 (1:3)

406 (1:3)

409

408 (1:3)

410 (1:3) 411 (1:3)

413

412

414A 414

414B

415

417

415A

415B

415C

416

416A 418

419

419A

419B

421

Plate 52. Italian Terra Sigillata: Platters/plates, cups (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

421A

420 (1:3)

423

422

423C

421B

423A

423B

424 425

426A

426

426C

426B

427

428

430

429

Plate 53. Italian Terra Sigillata: Platters/plates (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

430A

432

431

432A 433

434

435B

435A

435D

435C 435

436

438

437

437A

439 440

Plate 54. Italian Terra Sigillata: Platters/plates (Scale 1:2)

441A 441B

441

447B

443

447

446

445

444

447A

442

447D

447C

447E

447F

448 448A

450

451

Plate 55. Italian Terra Sigillata: Cups (Scale 1:2)

449

452

453

454

456

455

457

459

458

461A

461

462

460 463

462A

465

464A

464

467 466

470 468

470A

469

470B 472

472A

471

472C

473

Plate 56. Italian Terra Sigillata: Cups (Scale 1:2)

474

405

404

418

420

434

449

455

456

465

442

450

473

484

485

491

428

443

444

451

452

487

493

Plate 57. Italian Terra Sigillata: Stamps (Scale 1:1)

417

433

445

453

463

481

486

492

425

474

480

479

408

458

457

466

478

490

422

440

446

407

406

464

475

476

482

483

488

494

489

495

497

476

475

480 481

485 477

483

487

496

495

492

499

500

498 (1:3)

501 502

503

504A

504

503A

505A

505 (1:3)

507

506

508

508A

509

Plate 58. Italian Terra Sigillata: Cups, plates. Campanian Orange Sigillata: Platters/plates (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

510

510 (1:1) 511

512B 512A

512

513

515

514A

514

517 516

516 (1:1)

518 518 (1:1) 530

533

559

Plate 59. Campanian Orange Sigillata: Cups. Hard Orange (“Sicilian”) Terra Sigillata: Plates, cup. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

580

592

630 631

Plate 60. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, long-petal cup, “Ionian” cup (Scale 1:2)

641

635

653

666

669 671 (1:1)

670

674

673 (1:1)

674 (1:1)

671

678 (1:1) 678

680 (1:1) 679

681

681 (1:1)

Plate 61. Moldmade Relief Ware: “Ionian” cups, south Italian cup, Italian terra sigillata relief chalices and stamps (Scale 1:2 except where indicated)

684

685

689

691

692

Plate 62. Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Ware: Chalices. Green-Glazed Ware: Jug. ThinWalled Ware: Beakers/jars (Scale 1:2)

692C 692D 692B

694

694B

694A

696

696A

695

697

699A

Plate 63. Thin-Walled Ware: Beakers/jars (Scale 1:2)

698

699B

699

699C

699D

699G

699E

699S

699Q

699R

699T

701

702

703A

703

704

706C

706B

705 706D

Plate 64. Thin-Walled Ware: Beakers/jars (Scale 1:2)

706F

706E

706G

710A

708

709

711A

711

711B

713

Plate 65. Thin-Walled Ware: Beakers/jars, jars/cups (Scale 1:2)

712

713A

714B

714A

716

715

717A 718

718C 718A

718D

719A

Plate 66. Thin-Walled Ware: Jars/cups, pitchers/cups, cups (Scale 1:2)

720

721

722

724

725

726

726A 726B

730

733

735

Plate 67. Thin-Walled Ware: Cups, deep cups, fragments with decoration (Scale 1:2)

734

736

737

738 739

80-84

Plate 68. Imperial Thin-Walled Ware: Beaker/jar, jug/mug, jars/beakers. “African Red Slip Ware”: Bowl (Scale 1:2)

2 1

5

5B

5A

6

6A

Plate 69. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Plates

6C

9

10A

11

13

12

14

16

15

16

Plate 70. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Plates, omphalos phiale

18

19

18A

19A

19B

20

21

Plate 71. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Lekanides, hemispherical bowls, hemispherical cups

21A

21B

21C

21C

21D

21E

23

23B

23A

24D

Plate 72. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Hemispherical cups, deep hemispherical cup

24A

24B

24B

24G

24F

24E

24I

24H

24J

Plate 73. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Deep hemispherical cups

24K

26

27

27B

27I

30A

30D

35

33

32

37

36A

36

38B

39

Plate 74. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Echinus bowls, bowls/pyxides, kernoi, biconical bowl, bowl

42

44

43

44A

46

45

48

47

50

Plate 75. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Pyxides, inkwells

49

50

54

53

55A

54B

56

55D

57

58

57A

58A

Plate 76. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Stemless kylix, two-handled cups, Attic type A skyphoi

59A

60B

60

59F

62

60G

64

66

65

67

Plate 77. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Attic type A skyphoi, Corinthian-type skyphoi, kantharoi

68

70

71

73

Plate 78. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Kantharoi, skyphoid kantharoi, kantharoid skyphoi

72

74

75

76A

77

76B

78

Plate 79. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Amphoras

80B

79

82

81A

83

84A

87

84

83

85

87C

Plate 80. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Stamnoi, ointment jars

86

87D

86G

88

88B

88C

92A

89

92B

90B

92C

94

93

93A

Plate 81. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Ointment jars, “candle holders,” pitchers

95

95A

97

96

100

98

101

Plate 82. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Pitchers, mug-pitchers, juglet

102

104

105A

105

112

111A

114A

114

113

114B

110

109

108

107

115

Plate 83. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Lekythoi, ovoid bottles

115A

115B

117A

118

117

120A

120B

121A

Plate 84. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Barrel bottles

120C

122A

121

126A

123

124

128

127

129

131

133

Plate 85. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Askos, “teapot,” feeder vase, overpainted jug fragment, lids

134

133B

135

136

136A

136C

136E

137

137C

137G

139D

Plate 86. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Lids

141

137H

141C

141E

142A

143B

143

144B

147

Plate 87. Hellenistic Black-Gloss: Lids

145

147A

142J

144

146

148

149

151

151A

Plate 88. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Lekanides

152

152

152

153

Plate 89. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Pyxis-kraters, lebes gamikos with stand

154

155

157

155A

156

158C

158A

158

156

158D

158E

158B

Plate 90. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Lebetes gamikoi, lebes gamikos handles

158G

159

160

161A

161B

161D

162

165

Plate 91. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Pyxis-krater, cylindrical pyxides, hydria, stand

167

166A

168

169

170

171A

Plate 92. East Sicilian Polychrome Ware: Stands, lekanis lids

174

175

176

178

177

179

181

182

184

Plate 93. Deposit IIA (Early-2nd-Century BCE Fill): Plate fragments, overpainted bowl fragment, kantharos, cups/bowls. Campana C Black-Gloss: Platters/plates

186

192D

188A

187

192B

193J

193E

193

194

196

197

Plate 94. Campana C Black-Gloss: Platters/plates, stemmed plate, shallow bowls/paterae

200

201

198A

203

202

205

Plate 95. Campana C Black-Gloss: Forked-rim bowl, plate bases, hemispherical cup

204

206

210

209D

209C

212

213A

213

214

216

220

217

221

Plate 96. Campana C Black-Gloss: Hemispherical cups, vertical-rimmed cups, outturned-lip cups

221A

223

221E

224

225

227

226A

230A

229

230B

230

230C

Plate 97. Campana C Black-Gloss: Outturned-lip cups, flaring-lip cup, pyxides, chalices/ krateriskoi

234

231

235

239

238

239A

234C

242

240

243

244

Plate 98. Campana C Black-Gloss: Chalice/krateriskos, pitchers, lekythoi, feeder vase, pitcher base. Sicilian Black-Gloss, Fabric I: Stamped plate, deep cup

245B

244A

246A

247C

248

250A

250

251

252

253

Plate 99. Sicilian Black-Gloss, Fabric I: Deep cups, incurving-lip cups, kantharos, kantharos waster, skyphos/kantharos, feeder vase, lid

255

258

259

260

261

264

262

267A

Plate 100. Sicilian Black-Gloss, Fabric III: Plate. Campana C Black-Gloss: Plate, pyxides. Miscellaneous Imports: Plates with stamps, cup/kantharos. Republican Red-Gloss: Plate

267B

268A

279

273A

280

Plate 101. Republican Red-Gloss: Plates

283B

288

289

289

299

303 309

309A

Plate 102. Republican Red-Gloss: Plates, platters

309B

320

317

323A

321

324B

328A

326

329A

329

330D

Plate 103. Republican Red-Gloss: Cups/bowls, net-pattern cup, cups

329B

332

333B

333A

339B

346

345

347

350

348

353

Plate 104. Republican Red-Gloss: Cups/bowls, skyphoi/kantharoi, kantharos-like bowl, chalices

356B

356A

355

356D

358I

357

358

Plate 105. Republican Red-Gloss: Small pitchers, two-handled pitcher, tall mugs/pitchers

358A

360

360A

361D, 361E, 361B

361

371

372

368 373

Plate 106. Republican Red-Gloss: Lekythoi, feeder vases. Eastern Sigillata A: Platters/plates

382

380

390A

389C

389

386

415D

393A

420

425

Plate 107. Eastern Sigillata A: Platters/plates/cups/bowls, cups. Italian Terra Sigillata: Platters/plates

426

435

436

429

441

448

Plate 108. Italian Terra Sigillata: Platters/plates, cups

447

460

447B

466

468

472B

503

503

504

505

512

506

513

516

Plate 109. Italian Terra Sigillata: Cups. Campanian Orange Sigillata: Platters/plates, cups. Hard Orange (“Sicilian”) Terra Sigillata: Plate

528

549B

530

559

580

580

Plate 110. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups

519

521

520

522

523

522A

524

Plate 111. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 1, 2, 2A, 2B, and 2C

525

526

527

528

529

528A

530

529B

531

529A

531A

Plate 112. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 2C, 2D, and 3

532

534

533

536

535A

537A

535

534A

537

540

539

538

541

Plate 113. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 3 and 4

541A

543

542

544A

545

545A

546

545C

545B

547

544

547A

Plate 114. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 5, 6, and 7

547B

548

548A

549A

552A

550

549B

551

550A

552B

549

552

552D

Plate 115. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 7 and 8

552E

553

553A

554A

557

555A

555

556

554

556A

557A

Plate 116. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 8 and 9

556B

558

558A

558C

558B

559

559C

559A

559B

559D

560A

561

Plate 117. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 9 and 10

560

561A

563

562

564A

564

565

564B

565A

566

567

567A

Plate 118. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15

568

571

570

569

572

573

574

574A 574B

575

Plate 119. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21

578

577 (cast)

577

576

578 (cast)

578 (back)

579

578A

580

580B

Plate 120. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 22 and 23

580A

581

582A

582

583

585A

582B

585

584

587

586

588

588A

Plate 121. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 23, 24, 25, and 26

589

589B

589A

590

591

591A

592

592A

592B

Plate 122. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 27, 28, 39, and 30

594

593

595

596A

599

594A

595A

596

597

600

Plate 123. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, medallion types 30, 31, 32, and Apulian import

598

601

603

602

606

605

608

611

604

607

610

609

612

613

Plate 124. Moldmade Relief Ware: Medallion cups, imported types, appliqués

614

616

615

617

619

618

620

621

622

623

623A

Plate 125. Moldmade Relief Ware: Appliqués

624

627

628

626

625

627 (cast)

627A

630

629

632

633

Plate 126. Moldmade Relief Ware: Appliqués, appliqué molds, Attic moldmade cup, “Ionian” cups

634

631

635

636 631

637

Plate 127. Moldmade Relief Ware: “Ionian” cups

638

639

643

642

640

645

644

646 ter

646 bis

646

648

647

649

650

651

Plate 128. Moldmade Relief Ware: “Ionian” cups, eastern cup with orange fabric, eastern cups with gray fabric

652

653 654

655

656

657

658

659

Plate 129. Moldmade Relief Ware: Eastern cup with gray fabric, south Italian cups and chalices

660

661

662

663

664

665

Plate 130. Moldmade Relief Ware: Central Italian cup, Liburnian (?) chalice, relief cup mold, Sicilian (?) cup, Sicilian chalices

667

666

668

669

670

Plate 131. Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Ware: Workshops of M. Perennius Bargathes and P. Cornelius

671

671

671

672

673

Plate 132. Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Ware: Workshop of P. Cornelius

674

675

674

677

676

678

679

Plate 133. Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Ware: Workshops of P. Cornelius and C. Annius

683

682

684

685

684

685

686

688

687

689

Plate 134. Italian Terra Sigillata Relief Ware: Workshop of Rasinius and unknown workshops. Green-Glazed Ware: Jug, skyphos

690

692

691

692A

Plate 135. Thin-Walled Ware: Beakers/jars

693

694

698

699

695

700

700A

699F–699P

Plate 136. Thin-Walled Ware: Beakers/jars

703B

703

705

707

Plate 137. Thin-Walled Ware: Beakers/jars

706

709

706A

709A

710 711A

712

717

714

718B

718

719

Plate 138. Thin-Walled Ware: Beakers/jars, jar/cup, cups

717A

720

721

727

725

723

728

731

729

732 735

740

741

737

742

Plate 139. Thin-Walled Ware: Bowl/cup, cup, fragments with decoration. Imperial ThinWalled Ware: Jug/mug, fragments with decoration

529A

60-256

68-462

62-597, 62-598

80-638

59-2392

62-530

Plate 140. Wasters and Mold: Medallion cup, utilitarian jug, Campana C, utilitarian ring stand, mold for shell foot of tripod bowl

58-1249

58-413

58-1340

61-388

66-560

56-3164

Plate 141. Pottery Manufacture at Morgantina: Roulettes, lamp mold, unguentarium waster, utilitarian jug waster

66-149

80-86

80-82

67-167

Aidone 3

Aidone 3

Aidone 15

Plate 142. Late Roman and Medieval Wares: Medieval amphora, inv. 67-167; “African Red Slip ware” bowl, inv. 80-86; amphoriskos, inv. 80-82. Morgantina Silver Hoard: Medallion cup, Museo Archeologico Regionale di Aidone 3/Metropolitan Museum of Art 1981.11.20; deep cup with tripod feet, Museo Archeologico Regionale di Aidone 15/Metropolitan Museum of Art 1981.11.18