Life Sciences and Space Research. 13. Sāo Paulo, S.P., Brazil - June 1974: Proceedings of the Open Meeting of the Working Group on Space Biology of the Seventeenth Plenary Meeting of COSPAR [Reprint 2021 ed.] 9783112482247, 9783112482230

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L I F E SCIENCES AND SPACE R E S E A R C H X I I I

COSPAR

LIFE SCIENCES AND SPACE RESEARCH XIII Proceedings of the Open Meeting of the Working Group on Space Biology of the Seventeenth Plenary Meeting of C O S P A R Sao Paulo, S. P., Brazil - June 1974

Organized by

T H E COMMITTEE ON SPACE R E S E A R C H -

COSPAR

and

THE "INSTITUTO DE P E S Q U I S A S ESPACIAIS OF B R A Z I L

Edited by

P. H. A. S N E A T H

AKADEMIE-VERLAG • BERLIN 1975

INPE"

Executive Editor: Dr. A. C. Stickland

Library

of Congress

Catalog Card Number

63—6132

© Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1975 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. 202 • 100/474/75 Gesamtherstellung: VEB Druckhaus >(Maxim Gorki", 74 Altenburg Bestellnummer: 762 128 5 (3060/XIII) • LSV: 1305, 1495 Printed in GDR

Preface The papers in this volume, the thirteenth in the series of papers on space biology were presented to the 17th Plenary Meeting of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). I t contains the proceedings of the Life Sciences sessions of COSPAR held in Sao Paulo in June 1974. These sessions were dedicated to the memory of Professor Wolf Vishniac. An obituary was included in the last volume (XII) of the series. The effects of weightlessness and of greatly increased acceleration continue to excite biological interest. These aspects of space biology are well represented by contributions in the present volume. There is growing evidence that very significant biological changes may be involved. The other main area reporting results of flight experiments is radiation biology, and we are now beginning to benefit from the meticulous engineering in space vehicles that allows sophisticated analysis of the action of cosmic rays, including some evidence on the site of action in the living cell. A section of the contributions deals with the biology of extreme conditions, and documents a number of factors that affect growth and survival in very harsh environments. Further interest in planetary quarantine is also evinced by several contributions to this field, in which the Jovian planets and their satellites are now assuming significance. The editor would like to express his grateful thanks to Dr. A. C. Stickland for her work in technical editing and in preparing this volume for press. She has overcome many problems associated with the large correspondence involved and the need to keep to a tight printing schedule. P . H . A. SNEATH

27 September 1974

Contents List Preface

V Gravitational Biology Continuity and Proportionality

of Acceleration

Effects

E . B . SHULZHENKO

Human Sensitivity to Gravity (on the Problem of Gravipreferendum)

3

J . OYAMA

Response and Adaptation of Beagle Dogs to Hypergravity

11

G . C . P I T T S , L . S . B U L L a n d J . OYAMA

Body Composition Changes which are proportional to Chronic Acceleration (abstract only)

A . H . S M I T H , O . SANCHEZ P . a n d R . R . B U E T O N .

Gravitational Effects on Body Composition in Birds

19 21

V . V . POPOV, L . R . PALMBAKH a n d E . V . KUZNETSOV

The Influence of Variable Gravitational Fields on the Embryonic Development of Some Ecuadate Amphibians

S . J . GERATHEWOHL

Otolith Functions in Weightlessness

29 33

N . P A C E , B . W . GRUNBAUM, A . M . KODAMA, D . F . RAHLMANN a n d B . D . N E W S O M

Effect of 14 Days of Bed Rest on Urine Metabolite Excretion and Plasma Enzyme Levels

41

W . B R I E G L E B , J . N E U B E R T , A . SCHATZ a n d F . SINAPITTS

Influence of Simulated Weightlessness on the Rate of Anomalies of the Flour Beetle Tribolium confusum

A . J . M E R K Y S , A . L . M A S H I N S K Y , R . S . LAURINAVICHIUS, G . S . XECHITAILO, A . V .

49

YA-

R O S H I U S a n d E . A . IZTTPAK

The Development of Seedling Shoots under Space Flight Conditions Correspondent Group for Nomenclature and Terminology in Gravitational Biology. . .

53 59

Exobiology Review of the Concept and Subject Area of Exobiology W . THIEMANN

Is the Detection of Optical Activity in Extraterrestrial Samples a Safe Indicator for Life?

63

Contents List

VIII

Exobiological Chemistry M . A . K H E N O K H , E . A . KTTZICHEVA a n d E . M . L A P I N S K A Y A

Radio-chemical Synthesis of Amino Acids in Aqueous Media containing Carbohydrates, Hydrocarbons and Nitrates P. H. A. S N E A T H Biology of Extreme Conditions Some Considerations of the Theoretical Limits for Living Organisms

71 75

M . FRANKENBERG-SCIHWAGER, G . T U R C U , C . T H O M A S , H . W O L L E N H A U P T a n d H . B Ü C K E R

Membrane Damage in Dehydrated Bacteria and its Repair

83

Planetary Quarantine R . S. YOUNG a n d D . L . DEVINCENZI

From Mars with Love

91

A . R . HOFFMAN, W . JAWORSKI a n d D . M . TAYLOR

Self Sterilization of Bodies during Outer Planet Entry

95

D . W . NORTH, B . R . JUDD a n d J . P . PEZIER

New Methodology for assessing the Probability of Contaminating Mars

103

D . M . TAYLOR, R . M . BERKMAN a n d N . D I V I N E

Consideration of Probability of Bacterial Growth for Jovian Planets and their Satellites 111 Radiation Biology Flight Experiments E . V . BENTON, R . P . H E N K E , D . D . PETERSON, J . V . BAILEY a n d C. A . TOBIAS

Flux of High-LET Cosmic-Ray Particles in Manned Space Flight

121

V . M . P E T R O V , Y . A . AKATOV, S . B . K O Z L O V A , V . V . MARKELOV, V . M . N E S T E R O V , V . I . REDKO, L . N . SMIRENNY, A . V . KHORTSEV a n d I . V . CHERNIKH

The Study of the Radiation Environment in Near-Earth Space

129

G . R . TAYLOR, J . V . BAILEY a n d E . V . BENTON

Physical Dosimetric Evaluations in the Apollo 16 Microbial Response Experiment. . 135 J . SPIZIZEN, J . E . ISHERWOOD a n d G . R . TAYLOR

Effects of Solar Ultraviolet Radiations on Bacillus subtilis Spores and T7 Bacteriophage 143 0 . C . ALLKOFER a n d W . HEINRICH

Calculated Frequency of Cosmic Ray Heavy Nuclei Enders inside a Space Ship (abstract only) 151 E. H.

GRATJL, W .

RÜTHER, W .

HEINRICH,

O . C. ALLKOFER, R . KAISER, R .

PFOHL,

E . S C H O P P E R , G . H E N I G , J . - U . SCHOTT a n d H . B Ü C K E R

Radiobiological Results of the Biostack Experiment on board Apollo 16 and 17 . . . 153 H . B Ü C K E R , R . F ACITJS, D . H I L D E B R A N D a n d G . H O R N E C K

Results of the Bacillus subtilis Unit of the Biostack I I Experiment: Physical Characteristics and Biological Effects of Individual Cosmic HZE Particles 161 E . N . VAULINA a n d L . N . KOSTINA

Modifying Effect of Dynamic Space Flight Factors on Radiation Damage of Air-dry Seeds of Crepis capillaris (L) Wallr 167 H . P L A N E L , J . P . SOLEILHAVOUP a n d F . C R O U T E

Effects of Space Balloon Flights on Reproductive Activity in Paramecium aurelia. . 173 Heavy Accelerated Ions N . P . D U B I N I N , V . A . SHEVCHENKO, A . V . RUBANOVICH, L . K . VEKSHINA a n d I .

S.

SAKOVICH

The Effect of Ionizing Radiations with Different LET on Survival and Mutation in Chlorella 181 1. G . AKOEV a n d S. S . YUROV

Peculiarities of Biological Action of Hadrons of Space Radiation Index of Authors

187 195

Life Sciences and Space Research X I I I — Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1975

HUMAN SENSITIVITY TO GRAVITY (ON THE PROBLEM OF GRAVIPREFERENDUM) E . B . SHULZHENKO Moscow, U S S R

Experiments were carried out in a centrifuge with an arm of 7.25 m, the cabin, being equipped with a self-contained system of control. Daring an exposure to head-to-feet accelerations (+