Learn Japanese with Manga Volume Two: A Self-Study Language Guide 2022940733, 9784805316948, 9781462923380

Table of contents :
Cover
Table of Contents
Introduction
Glossary of abbreviations
Lesson 36: At a Hotel or Ryokan
Lesson 37: Particles (1) wa / ga / mo
Lesson 38: Particles (2) ni / de / e
Lesson 39: Transport in Japan
Lesson 40: Particles (1) no / o
The Kage Story
Kage Manga Episode 2
Review for Lessons 36–40
Lesson 41: Particles (4) to / kara / made
Lesson 42: Shopping
Lesson 43: Suppositions and Conjectures
Lesson 44: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Lesson 45: To Give and to Receive
Kage Manga Episode 3
Review for Lessons 41–45
Lesson 46: Compound Sentences (1)
Lesson 47: At a Restaurant
Lesson 48: Compound Sentences (2)
Lesson 49: Compound Sentences (3)
Lesson 50: Relative Clauses 185
Kage Manga Episode 4
Review for Lessons 46–50
Lesson 51: Unexpected Events and Accidents
Lesson 52: Formal Language
Lesson 53: Casual Speech
Lesson 54: Comparatives
Lesson 55: Sightseeing
Kage Manga Episode 5
Review for Lessons 51–55
Lesson 56: The Conditional Form
Lesson 57: Koto and Mono
Lesson 58: Grammar Scramble
Lesson 59: Dialects and Proverbs
Lesson 60: The Passive and Causative Forms
Kage Manga Episode 6
Review for Lessons 56–60
Copyright
Backcover

Citation preview

To Access the Online Materials: 1. Check to be sure you have an internet connection. 2. Type the URL below into your web browser. www.tuttlepublishing.com/learn-japanese-with-manga-volume-2 For support, you can email us at [email protected].

LEARN JAPANESE WITH MANGA An intermediate Self-Study Language guide Volume Two

Marc Bernabé

T UT T L E Publishing Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore

Marc Bernabé, the author of the two-volume course Learn Japanese with Manga, is a manga and anime translator who teaches Japanese language and etiquette courses for non-Japanese. He is the co-founder of the manga- and anime-specialized translation agency Daruma Serveis Lingüístics SL and the Japan culture center Espai Daruma. He has also published several Japan-related books. Ken Niimura is the illustrator of the manga story Kage, co-written with Marc Bernabé. A

Spanish-Japanese cartoonist and illustrator, he has a unique style informed by his international background. He has worked with clients such as Amazon, Google, McDonald’s, Marvel Comics, Apple, L’Oreal, DC Entertainment, Shogakukan, Slate, The Apatow Company, Tezuka Pro, Image Comics, Kodansha and NHK Broadcasting Station among others. His book I Kill Giants, written by Joe Kelly, won the International Manga Award and was adapted into a film in 2019 starring Zoe Saldana. His series Umami earned him an Eisner Award to the Best Digital Comic. Ken Niimura’s work has been translated into twelve languages. He lives and works between Japan and Europe. www.niimuraweb.com Other illustrations in volume 2: Studio Kōsen Xian Nu Studio Gabriel Luque

Translation: Olinda Cordukes

Table of Contents Introduction 4 Glossary of abbreviations 7 Lesson 36: At a Hotel or Ryokan 8 Lesson 37: Particles (1) wa / ga / mo 18 Lesson 38: Particles (2) ni / de / e 29 Lesson 39: Transport in Japan 39 Lesson 40: Particles (1) no / o 49 The Kage Story 59 Kage Manga Episode 2 60 Review for Lessons 36–40 66 Lesson 41: Particles (4) to / kara / made 80 Lesson 42: Shopping 90 Lesson 43: Suppositions and Conjectures 97 Lesson 44: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 106 Lesson 45: To Give and to Receive 116 Kage Manga Episode 3 125 Review for Lessons 41–45 131 Lesson 46: Compound Sentences (1) 144 Lesson 47: At a Restaurant 154 Lesson 48: Compound Sentences (2) 164 Lesson 49: Compound Sentences (3) 174 Lesson 50: Relative Clauses 185 Kage Manga Episode 4 195 Review for Lessons 46–50 201 Lesson 51: Unexpected Events and Accidents 214 Lesson 52: Formal Language 224 Lesson 53: Casual Speech 233 Lesson 54: Comparatives 243 Lesson 55: Sightseeing 253 Kage Manga Episode 5 263 Review for Lessons 51–55 269 Lesson 56: The Conditional Form 282 Lesson 57: Koto and Mono 292 Lesson 58: Grammar Scramble 302 Lesson 59: Dialects and Proverbs 312 Lesson 60: The Passive and Causative Forms 322 Kage Manga Episode 6 332 Review for Lessons 56–60 338

Introduction It is possible that some readers, not acquainted with the manga and anime world, will wonder why Japanese manga comic strips have been chosen to illustrate the lessons in these two volumes of books Learn Japanese with Manga. The first reason is that the lessons that make up this course were originally published in a well-known Japanese comic book and anime magazine in Spain. When the magazine’s editor-in-chief at the time asked me to produce a monthly Japanese course, I thought this should somehow be in line with the general subject matter of the magazine. Drawing inspiration from the lessons in the now defunct American magazine Mangajin, where every month a linguistic subject was explained using manga as examples, I managed to find a formula, which involved developing a course in Japanese with a fixed structure. This structure consisted of a page of theory with vocabulary and grammar tables and a page of examples taken directly from Japanese manga, to illustrate and expand what had just been explained. To my surprise, the idea worked perfectly well, allowing the course to be published without a break for thirty issues of the magazine (almost three years). All this allowed for the publication of these books, a largely improved compilation of the contents in the magazine. The second reason we use manga to teach Japanese in these two volumes is because manga is a big phenomenon, not only in Japan, but throughout the world. Manga, with its enormous subject variety, is an ideal window through which to observe Japanese society and its mentality. The word manga literally means “spontaneous and meaningless drawings.” By extension, the West has adopted this word with the meaning of “Japanese comic-book.” However, the popularity of manga in Japan is incomparable to similar genres in Western countries. If a comparison must be made, the manga phenomenon could possibly meet its match in the movie industry. A successful manga author is able to charge a real fortune and, in fact, the best-known authors are among the wealthiest people in Japan. Here are some facts you may not know about the Japanese manga industry: a) The sales value of comics, or manga, in Japan was estimated at almost 676 billion Japanese yen in 2021, up by more than 10 percent compared to the previous year. The market size increased for the fourth year in a row (Annual Report on the Publication Market 2022). b) Weekly manga magazines and manga serials have amazing sales figures in Japan. The manga series Jujutsu Kaisen (lit. "Sorcery Fight") sold approximately 30.9 million volumes in Japan from November 2020 to November 2021, making it the best-selling manga series in the country during that time period (statista.com). c) In Japan there are manga of all genres, for all ages and social strata, including children, teenagers, older women, laborers, office workers, etc. There are even erotic and pornographic manga.

Introduction

5

In Japan manga tend to be published initially in thick and cheap weekly magazines, in the form of serials of about twenty pages per episode. When a weekly series is successful, it’s usually then compiled in a volume of about two-hundred pages called a ൮৥ႉ tankōbon. This ecosystem is maintained in digital form. Actually, in 2021, the digital manga market size was already almost double than the traditional printed book market. All in all, manga is a very important phenomenon in Japan. Through these comic books— with a degree of caution and an analytical spirit—we can study not just the Japanese language but Japanese culture and idiosyncrasies too! Be sure to read through the next section carefully to get an idea of how this method works and how this two-volume course is structured. I hope Learn Japanese with Manga will help you to learn about Japanese language culture. It is a great honor for me to be your sensei.

How to use Learn Japanese with Manga This two-volume series is designed for the self-study of the spoken, colloquial Japanese used in manga, so that you will be able to understand a Japanese comic book or anime series in the original, with the help of a dictionary. With the focus on the informal oral language of manga, you will study many aspects of Japanese not usually taught in conventional courses or textbooks. Difficulty increases as the lessons progress, so I recommend studying the lessons in order, starting with Volume 1, and moving on to the next lesson only when you are familiar with the contents of the previous lessons.

The Volume 2 course Volume 1 consists of lessons 1–35, and this Volume 2 contains lessons 36–60. The content of the lessons in Volume 2 builds on what was taught in Volume 1, so I recommend completing the Volume 1 course of study before starting with this book. However, you can still study the lessons in this book even if you haven’t studied Volume 1, as long as you have mastered the basics of elementary level Japanese grammar, including the hiragana and katakana alphabets. As in Volume 1, each chapter in Volume 2 is divided into the following sections: a) theory: a detailed explanation of the lesson’s subject matter often with grammar or vocabulary tables which help summarize and reinforce what has been explained. b) manga examples: from real Japanese manga, to illustrate and expand what has been explained in the theory pages. The system used to analyze each sentence is the following: кѾг

ѭг

Chiaki: юягѭ಑‫ک‬л੿ѹѭшѝі̹ now Kawai sp come because . . . Kawai will come right away . . .

6

Introduction

First line:

exact transcription of the original Japanese text including furigana (hiragana transcriptions that give the Japanese reading of the kanji). Second line: literal translation, word for word. (The meaning of abbreviations such as sp and others can be found in the glossary on page 7.) Third line: translation of the text into natural-sounding English. c) exercises: these are always related to the lesson’s subject matter, and the answers can always be obtained or deduced from the content of the lesson they belong to. The answers to the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7.

On translations There are many example sentences throughout the book, as well as many manga examples, with their corresponding word-for-word translations into English. Sometimes, the sentences we offer may not sound very natural, since we have chosen more literal translations for an easier understanding of their formation. Trying to create a more natural English translation of every sentence would be a good exercise: it would help you consolidate concepts, make and in-depth analysis of the Japanese sentence, and think about it as a whole rather than a mere group of words and grammatical patterns.

Online materials This book comes with comprehensive online materials which can be accessed using the link on page 7: 1 Answers to the Exercises: detailed answers to all the exercises included in the book. 2 Kanji Compilation: a compilation of 260 kanji characters, with stroke order and example word. The study of these characters is essential to acquire a sound basis for a subsequent, more in-depth study of the language. 3 Glossary of Onomatopoeia: a useful reference tool for readers of manga in their original version. 4 Vocabulary Index: an index of the Japanese vocabulary words that appear throughout the book, in alphabetical order. 5 Audio Files: Key words and sentences recorded by native Japanese speakers to help you achieve authentic pronunciation. Sections of the text that have online audio recordings are indicated by the headphones logo. 6 Kage, Episode 1: The manga serial Kage runs throughout this book, an exciting read that will reinforce and consolidate the language points you have been studying. The first of the six episodes was at the end of Volume 1, and is also accessible online for your convenience. I recommend reading Episode 1 before starting Episode 2 on page 60 of this book.

ဦᆅᨼ Glossary of abbreviations Companion Particle, (who with), for example ї Direct Object Particle (what), for example‚ ҁ Direction Particle (where to), for example‚ ѧ Emphatic Particle. Most end-of-sentence particles state emphasis or add a certain nuance, for example‚ ќ, ѷ, э, etc. iop: Indirect Object Particle, for example‚ њ ip: Instrument Particle (what with), for example‚ і nom: Nominalizer, a word such as тїor ѝ that is used to turn a group of words into a noun phrase (Lesson 40) pop: Possessive Particle (whose), for example‚ ѝ pp: Place Particle (where), for example‚ і , њ q?: Question particle. Shows that the sentence is a question, for example‚ к sbp: Subordinate Sentence Particle. This particle is used as a link between a subordinate sentence and the main sentence, for example ї sp: Subject Particle (who or what), for example‚ л suf: Suffix for a person’s name, for example‚ ф҂ , о҂, etc. top: Topic Particle. Shows that the previous word is the topic, for example‚ ў tp: Time Particle (when), for example‚ њ cp: dop: dp: ep:

To Access the Online Materials: 1. Check to be sure you have an internet connection. 2. Type the URL below into your web browser. www.tuttlepublishing.com/learn-japanese-with-manga-volume-2 For support, you can email us at [email protected].

Lesson 36

•

ᇹ 36 ᛢ

At a Hotel or Ryokan You probably remember we arrived in Japan in Lesson 33 of Volume 1: we concluded the lesson just as we left the airport. This lesson is devoted to accommodation and possible situations that can come up at the place where you are staying.

The booking Hotels staff probably speak at least a little English. But at some places, like the traditional Japanese-style inns called ryokan, you may need to communicate in Japanese. Let’s take the first step, and book a room. Note: The suffix ̶ ࿆м tsuki after a noun means “included,” for example, у ས࿆м gohan tsuki (meal included). The opposite expression, that is, “not included” is ̶љц. For example, ෆ௮љ ц chōshoku nashi (breakfast not included). т҂ѳ

ѧѳ

ѷѳо

• ਒ჶ̗࿥‫ܯ‬ҁᄦჾцюг҂ішл I would like to book a room for tonight. гђѠо

• ‫گ‬༦̗гоѸішк̞ How much is it for a night? ѐѶецѶо ѓ

• ෆ ௮ ࿆мішк̞ Is breakfast included? шт

ѳш

ѧѳ

• ѱе஖ц‫څ‬г࿥‫ܯ‬ўбѹѭшк̞ Do you have a cheaper room? ѧѳ

• ьѝ࿥‫ܯ‬њцѭш I’ll take that room. љѭз

тоъм

ќл

• й჉ಱїਂ౵ҁйࠥгцѭш Can I have your name and nationality, please?

Check-in You’re checking in at your accommodation. These sentences will help you: г

ѷѳо

г

• ҞӠҵїॳгѭшл̗ᄦჾҁ໕ѻѕгѭш My name’s Kent, I have a booking. • ҮҔҰҜґӠцюг҂ішл I would like to check in. (Lesson 31) тофг

кгг҂цѶе

ѾѹѢм

• ਂੌÖ±¾Ï¾ÄÚѝ‫ںݰ‬ுі߁‫ڽ‬ўбѹѭшк̞ Do I get a discount with my international youth hostel card? ѧѳ

Ѯ

• ࿥‫ܯ‬ҁफ़ѕѱггішк̞ Can I see the room? (Lesson 32) мѶе

уўо

цѴоўо

• ਒໓кѸϦ༦ѝ୒༦ішќ You are staying for five nights from today, right? цѴоўо

мњѴе

• ୒༦Ҙ̱Ҷњࡆ໕цѕояфг Please fill in the registration card. (Lesson 35)

9

At a Hotel or Ryokan

Booking and check-in ɅȺɭ

bunk bed

໊ඇӆҰҶ

no rooms available

to cancel

ҚӐӠҨӘшѺ

price

Ȭɭȧɭ

cash

॰ࣙ

shared bathroom shared room

ɜɭȬɭ

curfew

ჲॵ

credit card

ҜәҥҰҵ Ҙ̱Ҷ

double room

໊ఒ࿥‫ܯ‬

nationality

ਂ౵

ɏȹɤ

ȩȠȱȾ

ɢɞȩ

࣬૧љц

reservation

ᄦჾ

ȱɟȩɉȩɤɡȠ

rooms available

࣬૧бѹ

x nights

̶༦

with bathroom

ҵґә࿆м

with breakfast

ෆ ௮ ࿆м

୒༦ ᆈ ȧɡȠɢȠ

ɉȩ

࢝ᄺҵґә ȧɡȠɃȠ

ɓɞ

࢝ ຈ ࿥‫ܯ‬ ȱɡɛȞ

signature

ɓɞ

single room triple room

ȭȩȵȧ

ȩȠȱȾ

୹჉ Ɍɂɤ

ɓɞ

‫گ‬ఒ࿥‫ܯ‬ ȯɭɅɭ

ɓɞ

੽ఒ࿥‫ܯ‬

Ⱦ

ȻɡȠȱɡȩ Ⱦ

Ⱦ with ҤӐӜ̱࿆м shower youth-hostel ӓ̱ҦӈҦҳ card ӘҘ̱Ҷ

Services Next, let’s interact with the hotel staff, either to ask for a service or how something works. ѧѳ џ҂уе

њҩӚѼо

• ࿥‫ܯ‬ཀྵ৷ўϣϡϧіш My room number is 206. ф҂гѐњ уецѓ

кн

• ϤϢϣ৷૧ѝॣҁояфг Can I have the key for room number 312, please? мѐѶеѡ҂

бщ

• ࡇ୎ྻҁᄫрюг҂ішл I’d like to put some valuable objects away (Lesson 31) ӜґӂҎґ

йц

• ґӠҬ̱ҺҰҵ̿XjGj* ѝҾҦӜ̱Ҷҁࢬзѕояфг Can you tell me the Internet password, please. • ӚҰҘ̱ўбѹѭшк̞ Do you have any lockers? бфўѐ ч

ќл

• ෆϩોњӏ̱ҸӠҝҠ̱Әҁйࠥгцѭш Could I have an 8am morning call? к

• ҶӖґӑ̱ҁാцѕояфг Could I borrow a hairdryer, please? ѤѼ

љ҂ч

љ҂ч

• й࿨ᇉўܾોкѸܾોѭіішк̞ What are the opening hours for the bath?

Requests and problems Lost keys, broken air-conditioning or heating, noisy neighbors, accidents . . . All kinds of problems can arise in a hotel, and in this lesson we will deal with the most typical. тѭ

• шѮѭъ҂̗ѐѶђїਓђѕгѺ҂ішл . . . Excuse me, I have a problem . . . ѧѳ

кн

• ࿥‫ܯ‬ѝॣҁљоцѕцѭгѭцю I’ve lost my room key. (Lesson 35) кн

ѧѳ

љк

Ѿш

• ॣҁ࿥‫ܯ‬ѝඣњၧѻѭцю I’ve left my key in the room. ѧѳ

ќѯ

• ࿥‫ܯ‬леѺфоѕႽѻѭъ҂ The room is so noisy I can’t sleep. (Lessons 32, 35)

10

Lesson 36 不 36 嶓 ѵ

і

• й๫л୙ѭъ҂ There is no hot water. і҂м

• ҕҏҠӠ̛฾࠽̛ҳәӀлѓмѭъ҂ The air-con / light / TV isn’t working. ѧѳ

ьеч

• ࿥‫ܯ‬ѝೞஅҁцѕояфг Could you clean the room, please?

Check out It’s time to leave. On checking out, we pay our bill and we say thank you. • ҮҔҰҜҏғҵҁцюг҂ішл I would like to check out . . . (Lesson 31) цўѸ

с҂м҂

• йદ࿶гў॰ࣙішк̗Ҙ̱Ҷішк̞ Will you pay by cash or credit card? ќл

с҂м҂

ќл

• Ҙ̱Ҷійࠥгцѭш Credit card. | ॰ࣙійࠥгцѭш Cash. ъѾ

• гѼгѼйేᇨњљѹѭцю Thank you very much for everything. Hotel

Room air conditioning

ҕҏҠӠ!}!

ȱɄȞ

local call

Ɂɭɩ

bar

ҽ̱

coffee shop

Ҡ̱ҿ̱ ҤӔҰӄ

alarm clock

elevator

ҕәӆ̱Ҭ

bath

ҽҦ

plug / socket

ҠӠҨӠҵ

emergency exit

྆௖র

bed

ӆҰҶ

sheet

Ҥ̱ұ

lobby

ӚӀ̱

chair

гш

sink

ᅵц

Ҷҏ

sofa

ҪӂҎ

table

ҳ̱ӃӘ } ࠴

ɦȞɖȠ

ᆫၩ

ડູ฾ᇨ

ɛȰ

ɃȫȞ ӏ̱ҸӠҝҠ̱ ყޭѭцોब morning call Ә

ɌȲɡȠȪȻ

ɄȦ

ȱɉɣ

to pay

દ࿶е

door

reception

ӂӚӠҵ

faucet

ଃর

fridge

ᆫഁॾ

television

ҳәӀ

hairdryer

Ӆҏ ҶӖґӑ̱

toilet

ҵґә

toilet bowl

ဧࠪ

towel

ҬҗӘ

ȲɝȪȻ

ȾȩȢ

ɦȞȸȠȭ

restaurant әҦҵӖӠ safe

Ҩ̱ӂ } ȧɭȭ

ࣙॾ ȥȞȺɭ

ȺɭɖȠ

ɓɭȧ

stairs

‫މ‬ඇ

heating

අၩ

valuable objects

ȧȻɡȠɌɭ

ࡇ୎ྻ

international call

ਂੌ฾ᇨ

x floor

̶‫މ‬

key

ॣ

wardrobe

ю҂ш

ய჋ } ӖӠӄ

window

೬

ȭȩȯȞ Ɂɭɩ

ȥȞ

ȥȨ

ȮȠȱȾ

room x

̶৷૧

ȱɡȠɛȞ

lamp

ɘɃ

At a Hotel or Ryokan

11

At a ryokan If you are staying at a traditional Japanese ryokan there are certain customs to observe (see Cultural Note, page 12). Check-in takes place in your room, over a cup of tea. оѓ

ћ

• гѸђцѲгѭъ̘ࣹҁൣгіояфг Welcome! Take your shoes off, please. цѶѺг

мњѴе

• тѝ୺ᆧњࡆ໕цѕояфг Could you fill in this document, please? ѵецѶо

цѐч

ўѐч

• ᄥ௮ўૢોкѸ༿ોѭііш Dinner is from 7 to 8 pm. ѤѼ

гђкг

Ѽѕ҂

ѥѼ

• й࿨ᇉўϢ‫މ‬њбѹѭшл̗ᇏะ࿨ᇉѱбѹѭш The bath is on the first floor, but we also have an open-air bath. ѵкю

м

• јеэ̗ᅊ‫ڤ‬ҁජѕ̗оѓѼгіояфг You may put your yukata on and enjoy your stay. цѶоч у

љкг

Ѥї҂

ц

• ௮ૃঘњඤ࢈ф҂ў࿌ඁҁ࿐мѭш After dinner, the maid will lay out your futon. Ryokan Ȥȥə

஀ஔф҂

landlady and owner of the ryokan

ɏɧ

й࿨ᇉ

Japanese-style deep bath

ȱɡȠȲ

ொટ ҦӗҰҾ

translucent rice paper placed on doors and windows slippers

ȹȹə

tatami mat

௝ ɄȥȞ

ඤ࢈ф҂

parlor maid or waitress

Ʌɩ

garden

จ ɊɭɂȠ

ཀྵ຃ф҂ Ѥшѭ

head clerk sliding door used as a partition between rooms

ɏɂɭ

࿌ඁ

futon

ɠȥȹ

ᅊ‫ڤ‬

light kimono used after a bath or to relax

ɢȠȱȧ

ᄷ૛ҵґә ɧɀɭ

Western style seated toilet

ɐɧ

ᇏะ࿨ᇉ

open-air bath, usually a spa

ɩȱȧ

ᇧ૛ҵґә

Japanese-style squat toilet

ɩȱȾ

ᇧ૧

Japanese-style room

12

Lesson 36 不 36 嶓

Cultural Note: The Ryokan The ߼ે kanji that make up the word ᆀࠖ ryokan give a clear hint about its meaning: travel (ᆀ) house (ࠖ). The ᆀࠖ is what we could call a “Japanese-style hotel,” radically different in character to Western-style hotels, which are called ӈҳӘ in Japanese, an obviously foreign word, indicating that this latter style of accommodation was only introduced to Japan relatively recently. In the ᆀࠖ, we can enjoy the pleasure of staying at a typical Japanese inn, with all that this involves. We must comply with certain rules, such as taking off our shoes when entering the building, and we have to be willing to take part in traditional customs such as bathing in the й ࿨ᇉ ofuro (communal bath) with other guests. However, the opportunity to experience the pleasure of sleeping in a typical ᇧ૧ washitsu (Japanese-style room), wrapped up in a ᅊ‫ ڤ‬yukata Picture of a traditional ryokan in Futami, Mie Prefecture (Photo: M. Bernabe) (light, dressing-gown style kimono), on a soft ࿌ඁ futon, placed on a floor covered with elegant ௝ tatami mats is well worth it. The only inconvenience is that some ᆀࠖ only have ᇧ૛ҵґә washiki toire (Japanese-style squat toilets). This is, though, changing at a fast pace, and at most ᆀࠖ you can now choose between Western-style or Japanese-style toilets. Nowadays, many of the most traditional and authentic ᆀࠖ are in rural tourist areas, especially in towns and villages with natural hot springs, such as ༵ਛ Hakone (అື಑ Kanagawa Prefecture), ໣‫ ށ‬Atami (౨‫ ܫ‬Shizuoka Prefecture), ရ࿍ Beppu (െ࿻ Ōita Prefecture), or ᄖ༄ Arima (ဋॾHyōgo Prefecture). The Japanese usually combine a stay at a ᆀࠖ with visits to local restaurants or with relaxing hot-spring baths (most of the ᆀࠖ in these areas have their own hot-spring facilities), especially open-air baths, which are called ᇏะ࿨ᇉ rotenburo. Bathing outdoors, in natural hot water, is an unforgettable experience, especially when surrounded by snow! Although staying in a ᆀࠖ can be expensive, it is a highly recommended experience— a true immersion in the Japanese ocean of culture. Don’t miss it!

At a Hotel or Ryokan

๰ဒ̊

13

Manga Examples

As usual, the manga examples on these pages will illustrate the usage of the language of hotels and inns that we have studied in this chapter.

Manga Example 1: Before checking in

Xian Nu Studio

∣⇼ℵเඦ∊∲∛∎∡ℶ

≲⅟≍≕Ⅶ⊌॒ಅ∢ เඦ∛ᄩᄁ∜⅙√ ⇻∼≃∛∎∁ℶ

This is a variation of the example sentence on page 8 (ҞӠҵїॳгѭшл̗ᄦჾҁ ໕ѻѕгѭш Kento to iimasu ga, yoyaku o irete imasu), although it has exactly the same meaning. Tanaka introduces himself as a member of Fiction Constructions, and then gives his surname (in Japan the group one belongs to is more important than the individual). He uses the verb ଓѺ toru (to take) after ᄦჾ (booking), while we used the verb ໕ѻ (to put) in our example. The overall meaning of the sentences is the same. Also notice the ଓђѕбѺ used by Tanaka, which we saw in Lesson 35 (̶ѕбѺ), to refer to an action that is already finished. Also remember the customer is a god in Japan, and receptionists address the customer using the honorific ̶ᄶ (Lesson 15). р҂ъѓ

Tanaka:

юљк

ѷѳо

ӂҐҜҤӔӠॏಂѝ฽ඣіᄦჾїђѕбѺ҂ішл̘ Fiction Constructions pop Tanaka booking take (finished action) (softener)

I’m Tanaka, from Fiction Constructions, and I have a booking. юљк Receptionist: ўг̗฽ඣфѭішќ̘ yes, Tanaka suf be ep Oh, yes, that’s right: Mr. Tanaka.

14

Lesson 36 不 36 嶓

Manga Example 2: “Seeing” the room

Studio Kōsen

≄ℹ

≆ℹ≽

∈∖∺∁≭≗∜ ≥≅⊆∟∞⅙√ ⇿∻∲∎∀∺ℿ

If we want to see the room before deciding on a hotel, you can use the sentence ࿥‫ܯ‬

Bellboy: т ѐ Ѹ л ҽ Ҧ ї ҵ ґ ә њ љ ђ ѕ йѹѭшкѸ̹ here sp bath cp sink be (formal) because . . . And here are the bath and the toilet, so . . .

ҁफ़ѕѱггішк̞! Heya o mitemo ii desu ka? Here the bellboy shows the room to some guests who are anxious to start “using” it and gets very embarrassed! Note: The construction љ ђѕйѹѭш is a humble form of the verb “to be.” We will look at forms like these in Lesson 51.

Manga Example 3: The fearsome bill

੤ཫ∢⇿௱૆േ

≂ȹࠜ∵∲∌√ℵ ⇂ȹȹ⇄⇅⇂↽‫܃‬ ∛∎ℶ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

J.M. Ken Niimura

⇻⇻ℵ ઩࿹⇼∣ ≉ℹ≦∛ℿ фоџ҂

Receptionist:

цѶочяг

This example shows how to check out and pay the bill. The receptionist uses the verb ࠙ѰѺ to say that the price (ൄ dai) for last night’s (੡ ཨ sakuban) meal (й௮ૃ oshokuji) has been included in the bill. He also uses the -te form (Lesson 35) to link the two clauses “including last night’s meal” and “the total comes to 57,850 yen.” The guest says he will pay (દ࿶е) by credit card (Ҙ̱Ҷі). By the way, don’t worry! A regular hotel in Japan is in no way as expensive as the one in this example! Ѥо

уѭ҂љљъ҂ўђѣѲоучѴез҂

੡ཨѝй௮ૃൄҁ࠙Ѱѭцѕ̗ Ϧ Ϩ ϩ Ϧ ϡ ‫܀‬іш̘ last night pop meal price dop include, 57,850 yen be Including last night’s meal, the total comes to 57,850 yen. цўѸ

Guest:

бб̗દ࿶гўҘ̱Ҷі̹ oh, payment sp card with . . . Oh, I’ll pay by credit card . . .

At a Hotel or Ryokan

15

Manga Example 4: Asking for something at reception

Gabriel Luque

ℿ≉⊌ಀ∻ ⇿ࠨ⇼ℿ

− ȹȹȹȹℵ ↿ȹȹ⇆↽⇀∢ ≗≅ℹ≥∹

м

Guest:

The guest calls reception (ӂӚӠҵ) to ask for a can opener (ࠇ౽ѹ kankiri). The woman uses a casual style of speech indicating that as she is staying in a suite, she feels superior to the staff. The polite sentence would be ࠇ౽ѹҁйࠥгцѭш kankiri o onegai shimasu. Typical things we can ask for might be a hairdryer ґӑ̱), soap (౳р҂ sekken), or a towel (ҶӖ! (ҬҗӘ).

ќл

њмѴеҩӚф҂

̹ҘӠ౽ѹйࠥг̹!ь̗ϣϪϡϤѝҦґ̱ҵѷ . . . can opener please . . . that’s right, 2903 pop suite ep Bring me a can opener, please . . . Yes, it’s suite #2903.

Manga Example 5: Welcome to the ryokan In this example the ryokan landlady introduces herself as ттѝ஀ஔ okami (the landlady here). The kanji ஀ஔ , literally “woman-leader,” (i.e., “boss”) is called an ateji or “arbitrary kanji”: the reading of the kanji doesn’t agree with the pronunciation it should have (ч ѶцѶе). The ஀ஔф҂ greets us with гѸђцѲгѭъ, a word used to welcome guests at a commercial establishment (Lesson 27). She speaks formally, using the verb іу хгѭш (formal equivalent of іш), and the formal sentence structure “й + verb root + шѺ” Notice, too, how she uses the invitation form -ō (Lesson 34). ⇼∺⅙∌⅚⇼∲∐ℶ ઴ ̙ ∈∈∢ஃ஗∛ ∉∋⇼∲∎

йкѮ

welcome. I here sp landlady be (formal) Welcome, I’mѱ the landlady of this ryokan. њѱѓ й‫ݘ‬࿹!й૊ѐцѭцѶе Xian Nu Studio

⇿‫ݛ‬࿼ ̙ ⇿્∖ ∌∲∌⅜⇽

Ѿюц

Landlady: гѸђцѲгѭъ̘઱!ттѝ஀ஔ іухгѭш

bags pick up (invitation) Let me take your bags.

16

Lesson 36 不 36 嶓

Manga Example 6: Fully booked

∎∳∲∐≃ℵ ਕ໖∣∶⇽Ⴎ ૪∛∝∈∶࣯ ⇼√∞⇼ ≃∛∎∹ℶ

мѶе

ѭ҂цѓ

J.M. Ken Niimura

The guests arrive at the ᆀࠖ ryokan late, and ask the ஀ஔф҂ okami-san if any rooms are available. She says all rooms are taken, using the word Ⴋ૧ manshitsu (Ⴋ full, ૧ room), and then says all (јтѱ) are “not empty” (࣬гѕљг aitenai). In Japanese, repeating the same idea in two different ways in one sentence is common.

б

Landlady: шѮѭъ҂̗਒໓ўѱеႫ૧іјтѱ࣬гѕљг҂ішѷ̘ I’m sorry, today sp already full all empty not be I’m sorry, but today all the rooms are full and there are no openings.

Manga Example 7: In the communal bath Communal baths are found in ᆀࠖ ryokan, in ܸಗ onsen (hot springs) or in a ಋ຃! sentō (public bath) and have several big bathtubs where people can soak together. Be sure to soap and rinse in the shower before getting into the bath! In the text of this manga Shinji uses the permission form ̶ѕѱгг, which we studied in Lesson 32. ⇽∿ℼ⅙⇼∾ ≃∞⇿∩∾∁ ⇻∼ℼ↢

еѾ̶ђгѼ҂љйѤ ѼлбѺ̶̟ wow! several bathtubs sp are! Wow, there are plenty of bathtubs! ш

Xian Nu Studio

হ∂∞୶∟ ২⅙√⇼⇼∹

Kenji:

їтѼ

г

Shinji: শмљ୳њ৥ђѕггѷ like place go (permission) ep You can go to any one you like.

17

At a Hotel or Ryokan

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Write the following words and phrases in Japanese: “price,” “to cancel,” “rooms available,” and “breakfast included.” ȱɡɛȞ

ȥȞȺɭ

Translate the words: ୹჉ , ҽҦ , ‫މ‬ඇ , ҜәҥҰ ɉȩ

ҵҘ̱Ҷ , әҦҵӖӠ and ̶༦ .

3

Write in Japanese the sentence: “What is the price for a night?”

ȱɉɣ

Ȭɭȧɭ

Translate: йદ࿶гўҘ̱Ҷ!ішк̗ ॰ࣙ ішк̞

5

4

Give the Japanese words for at least five objects you can find in a hotel room.

Go to the hotel reception and ask for a morning call at 7am.

7

2

6

Go to the hotel reception and complain about there being too much noise and not being able to sleep. ɠȥȹ

What exactly is a ᅊ‫ ڤ‬and in which situations do you use it?

8

ȧɡȠɂ ɤɡȥɭ

9

Translate: гѸђцѲгѭъ̟ ࢗ ํ ᆀ ࠖ ѧѷе ȩȾ

Ɇ

ть̘ ࣹ ҁൣгіояфг! ̘( ࢗํ Kyoto; ѷет ь welcome)

Translate: “You can get in the bath you prefer.” ɉȞ

( ໕ Ѻ to get in)

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 37

•

ᇹ 37 ᛢ

Particles (1) wa / ga / mo In Lesson 16 we had a quick look at grammatical particles, and in this chapter we will study them in greater detail. Let’s begin with ў , л and ѱ.

Topic particles Let’s clarify what we mean by the grammatical concept “topic.” The dictionary definition of “topic” is: “a subject written or spoken about.” Consider the following two sentences: “John is eating the bread,” and “The bread, John is eating it.” The topic in the first sentence is John, who is eating the bread. In the second sentence the topic is the bread that John is eating. In English, the topic is usually the grammatical subject of the sentence (as in the first sentence), and sentences like the second one are somewhat unnatural, or they belong to the spoken language. But in Japanese the topic doesn’t always coincide with the grammatical subject.

The particle 䛿 The particle ў, (read wa and not ha when used as a grammatical particle), indicates the topic of a sentence. As the topic is usually the grammatical subject, it is often mistaken for the subject particle; but it isn’t. So, commit this concept to memory: ў = topic particle. юѼе

лоъг

• тѝടᇟў޵౛іш “Talking about this Taro,” he is a student. (This Taro is a student.) лоъг

юѼе

• тѝ޵౛ўടᇟіш “Talking about this student,” he is Taro. (This student is Taro.) Notice these two sentences are similar but have different connotations. In the first, the “topic” we are talking about is ടᇟTarō, whereas in the second one it is ޵౛gakusei.

Basic usages of 䛿 The simplest structure using ў is “X ў Y іш” ўљт

лоъг

• ‫ݕ‬ટў޵౛іш “Talking about Hanako,” she is a student. (Hanako is a student.) ягло

• െ޵ўѓѭѸљгіш “Talking about university,” it’s boring. (University’s boring.)

Particles (1) wa / ga / mo

19

The basic rule for ў is that we use it to offer information the person we are speaking to already know, for example identifiable names, such as sun, star or fire, or generic names, such as house, truck or cat. Look at the categories and examples below: гр

кѰ

кѰ

• Information that has just been given: ඐњࡎлгѭш̘ࡎўѝѼгіш There is a turtle in the pond. The turtle is slow. Ѯљт

т

• Proper names: ྑືટф҂ўᅑљгѝ̞ Isn’t Minako coming? ьѸ

оѱ

• Identifiable names: ࣬ўີђѕгѭш The sky is cloudy. бюѭ

• Generic names: ґӘҘў຃лггіш Dolphins (generally) are intelligent. In the first example above, the first time the word ࡎ (turtle) appears, we introduce it with the subject particle л, and the second time, being information the person we are speaking to already knows (since it has become the “topic” of the conversation), we introduce it with the topic particle ў. We could say that in English л = “a” and ў = “the.” In the second example the person we are speaking to knows Minako. In the third, there’s only one sky, so there’s no possible confusion. In the fourth, we are talking about dolphins in general. Therefore, all three sentences use ў.

Contrast and emphasis with 䛿: The topic particle ў can also be used to indicate contrast between two objects or ideas, both of which are marked by ў: њѪ҂цѴ

ѝ

ѝ

• ґӜӠў໓ႉଝў‫ھ‬ѰѺрј̗ғҗҰҘў‫ھ‬Ѱљг Ivan can drink sake, but not vodka. љѓт

ѳф

ѻгт

ѓѰ

• ݅ટф҂ўᄎцгрј̗ᆶટф҂ўᆫюгіш Natsuko is kind, but Reiko is cold. The particle ў is also used as an emphatic marker. Let’s see an example: Ѿюц

мѸ

• ઱ўҝҰҮўॎгя I hate Gucci. In this sentence, the meaning implicit in ў goes beyond a simple assertion of the kind “I hate Gucci (and that’s it).” With ў, the speaker is implying that the brand Gucci in particular is what he doesn’t like. This might make it clearer: Ѿюц

мѸ

ш

• ઱ўҝҰҮўॎгя̿рјӄӖҭўশмя̀I hate Gucci (but I like Prada).

20

Lesson 37 不 37 嶓

Let’s look at another group of sentences to clarify this usage of ў. Ѿюц

мѝе

њѪ҂у

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ઱ў੡໓̗໓ႉটҁဨࢦцљкђю I didn’t study Japanese yesterday. (No emphasis) • ઱ў੡໓ў໓ႉটҁဨࢦцљкђю I didn’t study Japanese yesterday. (Emphasis on “yesterday”) • ઱ў੡໓̗໓ႉটўဨࢦцљкђю I didn’t study Japanese yesterday. (Emphasis on “Japanese”) • ઱ў੡໓̗໓ႉটҁဨࢦўцљкђю I didn’t study Japanese yesterday. (Emphasis on “study”) The second sentence implies “yesterday” I didn’t study (but I did on another day). The third implies I didn’t study “Japanese” (I studied something else). The fourth implies I didn’t “study” Japanese (but I did something else with the language, such as speak it, write it, etc.).

The particle 䛜 We have said that ў is not a subject particle, but a “topic” one. The particle that indicates the subject in a sentence is л. It is used to mark a subject being introduced for the first time, as in the sentence тѐѸл੽ဵіш! kochira ga Miho desu (This is Miho), or in the sentence we saw earlier ඐњࡎлгѭш! ike ni kame ga imasu (There is a turtle in the pond), i.e., when the subject is new information. Generally, verbs of existence, such as бѺ or гѺ (Lesson 18), always require л to indicate the subject, as is the case in the sentence ඐњࡎлгѭш, except when we want to emphasize something, or the information is already known, in which case we will use ў. ѓоз

ѕлѮ

• Normal: ࠴њକળлбѹѭъ҂ There isn’t a letter on the table. • Emphasis: ࠴њକળўбѹѭъ҂ There isn’t a letter on the table (but something else). • Known information: କળў࠴њбѹѭъ҂!The letter (we know which one) isn’t on the table.

Further usages of 䛜 Let’s look briefly at other usages of л: a) Interrogatives likeܾ (what?), ൬ (who?) or јт (where) (Lesson 34) always go with л. This is logical, since we are always asking about new information. яѻ

м

• ൬лᅑюѝ̞! Who came?

љњ

!

!

ܾлйѱцѼг̞ What is interesting?

Particles (1) wa / ga / mo

21

b) The subject in subordinate clauses is always introduced with л. м

їм

Ѿюц

к

ѱѝ

і

• ҥӔӠлᅑюો̗઱ў༘г࿹њ୙крѕгю When John came, I’d gone shopping. c) The particle л is always used with certain verbs and adjectives, shown in the table below. The exception is when we want to emphasize something, when we use ў. нѴењѴе

ш

• ࢆ ໔ лশмя I like milk | ࢆ໔ўশмя I like milk (but not cheese, for example). Usages of ga with certain verbs and adjectives Verbs and adjectives of ability ім

୙ᅑѺ

згу

۲টл୙ᅑѺ

to understand

۲টл࿻кѺ

skilled

۲টлௌକя

unskilled

۲টлܻକя

Ѿ

࿻кѺ

згу

чѶещ

ௌକљ

Ѿ

згу

ѧю

ܻକљ

ім

to be able to (Lesson 32)

чѶещ

згу

ѧю

згу

ўљ

̶ѸѻѺ potential form (Lesson 32) ۲টлᇨъѺ Verbs of sense Ѯ

फ़зѺ

еѮ

to see (involuntary)

м

Ѯ

‫ށ‬лफ़зѺ еѮ

ဈтзѺ to hear (involuntary)

м

‫ށ‬лဈтзѺ

Verbs and adjectives of need г

кќ

г

ᅀѺ

to be necessary

йࣙлᅀѺ

ྜྷᅀљ

necessary (2)

йࣙлྜྷᅀя

ѡѓѷе

кќ

ѡѓѷе

Adjectives of desire кќ

Ѫ

Ѫ

ᅈцг

to want (Lesson 31)

йࣙлᅈцг

̶юг

to want (Lesson 31)

۲টлᇨцюг *

згу

ўљ

Verbs and adjectives of emotion ш

শмљ

еѮ

like

мѸ

ॎгљ тѾ

࿎г

тѾ

‫ށ‬л࿎г еѮ

sad

мѸ

‫ށ‬лॎгя еѮ

frightening, scary

кљ

ུцг

‫ށ‬лশмя еѮ

dislike

ш

кљ

‫ށ‬лུцг

* Often with ҁ (Lesson 31) ۲ট: English | ᇨш: to speak | ‫ށ‬: sea | йࣙ: money

22

Lesson 37 不 37 嶓

But The particle л has another usage, meaning “but,” to link two clauses (see Lesson 49): Ѿюц Ѫ҂

ѷ

кѻц

ѷ

• ઱ўႉҁຠ҂ялཱི̗મўຠѭљкђю I read the book, but my boyfriend didn’t. кѾѝ о҂

кќѱ

Ѥте

• ‫ݎ‬ჹऄўࣙ૊ѐял̗࿅ঽіш Kawano is rich but unhappy. This л is also used to connect clauses without meaning “but”: мѶе

лгцѶо

гђцѶ

г

• ਒໓ў‫ލ‬௮шѺл̗‫୸گ‬њ৥мюгѝ̞ I’m going out for lunch, will you join me? Also л is used at the end of a spoken sentence as a softener, especially for requests: ъ҂ъг

Ѫ҂

к

• ಋ౛ѝႉҁଅѹюг҂ішл! I’d like to borrow your (the teacher’s) book.

䛿 vs. 䛜 As we have seen, the particles ў and л are closely related and often even appear together in the same sentence, as in the construction “X ўYл Z.” эе

ўљ

љл

• ௄ўྒлුг The elephant’s (X) trunk (Y) is long (Z). ъ

ѡо

• ҢӍў།л෾г Sam’s (X) height (Y) is short (Z). (Sam is short.) Likewise, many of the sentences formed with verbs or adjectives in the table on page 21 also have the structure “X ў Y л Z.” кѻ

ѧю

• ཱིўҢҰҘ̱лܻକя He (X) at soccer (Y) is unskilled (Z). (He isn’t good at soccer.) юљк

ќт

тѾ

• ฽ඣф҂ў໢л࿎г Tanaka (X) cats (Y) are scary (Z). (Tanaka is afraid of cats.)

The particle 䜒 Let’s leave ў and л aside for a moment, and look at ѱ, meaning “also,” “too,” “as well,” or “neither,” if it is a negative sentence. ѱ can totally substitute particles ў, л and ҁ. гр

кѰ

фкљ

• ඐњࡎлгѺ̘࢔ѱгѺ There are turtles in the pond. There are fish too. кѻ

ъ҂ъг

Ѿюц

ъ҂ъг

• ཱིўಋ౛іўљг̘઱ѱಋ౛іўљг He’s not a teacher. Neither am I. оѓ

к

к

• ࣹҁ༘ђюл̗ҤӐұѱ༘ђю I bought a pair of shoes and I also bought a shirt.

Particles (1) wa / ga / mo

23

The particleѱ is also used to indicate “very much,” “very many” or “no less than . . .” In negative situations, the meaning of this last kind of sentence is “not even.” Ѿюц кѝчѶ

љ҂ чк҂

ѭ

• ઱ўཱི஀ҁܾોࠑѱളђѕгѭцю I waited for her for many hours. кѻ

Ѫ҂

њѭ҂ фѓ

ѱ

• ཱིўႉҁϣႩ੬ѱ૊ђѕгѺ He has no less than 20,000 books. кѝчѶ

Ѫ҂

у фѓ

ѱ

• ཱི஀ўႉҁϦ੬ѱ૊ђѕгљг She doesn’t even have 5 books. The words ܾѱ (nothing), ൬ѱ (nobody), as well as the expression “not one,” which is formed by “‫!گ‬+ counter + ѱ”(Lesson 25), for example: ‫گ‬႔ѱ (not one page); ‫گ‬ఒѱ (not one person), always go with negative sentences. зглк҂

яѻ

• ۨ‫ࠖݧ‬њў൬ѱгљг There is nobody in the cinema. ѡї

гѐяг

ѱ

• бѝఒўҳәӀҁ‫گ‬൅ѱ૊ђѕгљг That person has not even one TV set. The words гѓѱ (always / never) and јтѱ (everywhere / nowhere) can go with affirmative or negative sentences, as we will see in the manga examples.

24

Lesson 37 不 37 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

You are probably able to understand by now the differences and similarities between particles ў and л. Native-English speakers always have trouble learning to use them properly, because in our language the “topic” and the “subject” in a sentence are usually the same. Let’s study some examples.

Manga Example 1: The most basic usage of wa

J.M. Ken Niimura

ࢬ࿑∣ కࠔ≂ ‫∎ݷ‬

As we have already said, ў is the particle that marks the topic of a sentence. Until now we have identified it in the manga examples as sp (Subject Particle), to simplify matters. However, now that we know exactly how it works, we will call it the top (Topic Particle). In this lesson we have studied the general guidelines for the usage of particles ў and л, which will help us use these particles with relative confidence, knowing most times we won’t be wrong. Anyhow, don’t despair if you can’t fully understand some of their usages or if you do make a mistake every now and then. It’s quite normal, and only time and practice will help. We will now show some specific examples that will give you a better understanding of the “real” usage of these particles. This first example is a simple sentence where we find the most basic usage of ў: its function as the topic particle. In this sentence, the topic Yamazaki is talking about is fear (ࢩ࿎), which is, moreover, an identifiable concept (there is only one concept called “fear” and we all know it). It is natural, then, мѶеѤ њ҂с҂ тѾ that the particle ў goes with ࢩ࿎, because it inYamazaki: ࢩ࿎ўఒࠑҁ‫ݴ‬ш dicates that this word is the “topic” and that it is an fear top people dop destroy identifiable or generic concept as well. Fear destroys people.

Particles (1) wa / ga / mo

25

Manga Example 2: Emphatic usage of wa

‫ݴ‬၎∣ ∌√∷∼

Another much more subtle usage of the topic particle is its function as an emphatic marker. ў can replace the particles л and ҁ or combine with the particles њ and ѧ (Lesson 38) to emphasize the word it is identifying. If this example was a neutral sentence, with no implicit or special meaning, it would be ‫ݱ‬။ҁцѕ ѳѺ kaihō o shite yaru (I will release you). However, by replacing the direct object particle ҁ with ў we emphasize the word ‫ݱ‬။. Thus, the implicit meaning of our sentence is something like “I am going to release you, but I can’t guarantee anything else,” or, as we suggest in the translation, “I will release you (but) . . .”

Gabriel Luque

кгѪе

Yaguro: ‫ݱ‬။ўцѕѳѺ release top do (give) I will release you (but) . . .

Manga Example 3: A typical wa - ga sentence

Studio K¯osen

≈⊆∣ ൉క⅙∱⇼ ஃ∁হ∂ ∞≃∕∹∞

You probably realize by now that the distinction between ў and л can fill pages and pages of books and doctoral theses on Japanese linguistics. One of the clearest usages is the combination of both particles in sentences that we call “wa-ga sentences,” where the topic is introduced first with ў and then a characteristic or feeling related to this topic is developed using л. In this manga example sentence, the topic is “I” and the feeling described is liking something. Besides, we know the noun modified by the adjective শмљ!suki-na (in this case the word ஀ onna “woman”) always requires л. It is, then, a very clear example. Note: One of the usages of the (rather colloquial) suffix ђѬг, which is added to nouns and adjectives, is to convey the meaning “liable to” or “seems,” for example, ๕ йїљ й҂љ ш җәўെ ఒђѬг஀ лশ мљ҂яѷљ Hide: ѹђѬг okorippoi (he is liaI top adult (seem) woman sp like be ep ep ble to get angry): цѰђѬг I like more mature girls. (dampish) (Lesson 44).

26

Lesson 37 不 37 嶓

Manga Example 4: A subordinate clause

J.M. Ken Niimura

⇻≃∔∣≹≍∁ ౞∂‫∁∢∼∧܈‬ ࿑∄√∌⅜⇽∁ ∞⇼≃∕

We mentioned earlier that in a subordinate clause (a secondary clause within a sentence that is dependent on the main clause) the subject is indicated with the particle л. It is quite logical, then, that since the “topic” (the thing we are talking about) will always be in the main sentence, there can’t be any possible confusion as to what the “subject” of the sentence is. In our example, the main sentence is б҂юў࿎оѕцѶелљг҂я anta wa kowakute shōganai n da (You are terribly afraid). The topic is obviously б҂ю. The subordinate clause is ӉҜл౛м ‫܅‬ѢѺ boku ga ikinobiru (I survive). The particle ѝ functions here as a nominalizer, turning the whole sentence preceding it into a noun phrase (see Lessons 40 and 57). The particle л follows this nominalized sentence л౛м‫܅‬ѢѺѝ) because the adjective ࿎г always (ӉҜ! takes this particle, as we saw in the table on page 21. Finally, we have an example of a very useful construction: ̶ѕцѶелљг-meaning “it can’t be helped that . . .”

г

ѝ

тѾ

Nakajima: б҂юўӉҜл౛м‫܅‬ѢѺѝл࿎оѕцѶелљг҂я you top I sp survive (nom.) sp fear (cannot be helped) It’s only natural that you are terribly afraid that I might survive.

Manga Example 5: Usage of ga with the meaning of “but” One case where л cannot be confused with ў is when the former comes at the end of a clause to indicate “but” or “however.” In this manga example we have two sentences, гг କяђю ii te datta (clause A) and ࠀкђюљ!amakatta na (clause B), linked by л in a “clause A л clause B” structure, that is, “clause A, but clause B.” Words with the same meaning (“but,” “however” ) and usage are рј, рѻј and рѻјѱ (Lesson 49). Notes: କ usually means “hand,” but here it has the connotation of “try.” Regarding ࠀг, we already saw in Manga Example 1 in Lesson 35 its main meaning is “sweet,” but it can sometimes mean “naive” or “indulgent,” like here. ⇼⇼ଘ∕⅙∔∁ ࠃ∀⅙∔∞ Xian Nu Studio

ѕ

бѭ

Kuro: ггକяђюлࠀкђюљ good hand be (but) indulgent ep Nice try, but you have been naive.

Particles (1) wa / ga / mo

27

Manga Example 6: The word “always“ ⇼∘∶∢ ≻≻∍⅚ ∞ℼ⇼ Xian Nu Studio

ȺȺ

Ako: гѓѱѝӋӋчѲљ̶г̟̟ always pop mommy not be!! This is not my usual mommy!!

In his lesson we studied the most common usages of ѱ, and we also mentioned that sometimes ѱ is combined with interrogative pronouns like ൬ dare (who?) or ܾ nani (what?) to form words with a new meaning, such as ൬ ѱ(nobody) or ܾѱ(nothing), which are always used in negative sentences. The case of г ѓѱ which, as you can guess, derives from г ѓ (when?), is somewhat special, because it can function in both affirmative and negative sentences, meaning “always”: гѓѱᅄ࠽іш itsumo yōki desu (He is always happy).

Manga Example 7: A new usage of mo

௿∌⇼ ⇿࿗∊≃ℵ ॑⇼∞∢↡

∭ȹȹℼ∘∟ℵ হ∂∛∶॑⇼ ∛ȹȹ∶∡⇾∹ бюѸ

їе

мѸ

James: ௼цгй࿔ф҂̗ॎгљѝ̞ new father, dislike q? Don’t you like your new father? ш

мѸ

Hikari: Ѩ̶ѓњ̗শміѱॎгіѱќзѷ particularly, like not dislike neither ep I don’t particularly like him or dislike him.

Studio K¯osen

Here ѱ is used to express lack of definition or, as in this example, to evade a question one doesn’t want to answer: we are talking about the A ѱ B ѱ љг structure, which can be translated as “neither A nor B.” This construction is used in a somewhat special way:

-i adjectives. Replace the last г with о: கфоѱെмоѱљг chiisaku mo ookiku mo nai Neither big nor small. -na adjectives. Replace љ with і: ‫څ‬ವіѱࠨ।іѱљг anzen demo kiken demo nai Neither safe nor dangerous. Nouns. Add і: ಋ౛іѱ޵౛іѱбѹѭъ҂ sensei demo gakusei demo arimasen Neither teacher nor student.

In this example the structure is used with two -na adjectives: শміѱॎгіѱљг Notes: James does without the particle л in his sentence (it should be ௼цгй࿔ф҂ лॎг). This is quite common in spoken and colloquial language. The ќз Hikari uses is a contraction of љг. In this context, Ѩ̶ѓњ (ရњ) means “specially,” “particularly.”

28

Lesson 37 不 37 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

In the sentence “The bread, I’ll eat right away,” which word is the topic and which the subject?

Translate the previous sentence into Japanese. ȹ

(bread ҾӠ ; to eat ௮ѨѺ ; right away шп )

3

Translate the sentence “Turtles are slow.” ȥɛ

(turtle ࡎ ; slow ѝѼг ) ɩȹȱ

ȹ

Translate: ઱ ўҮ̱ҧў௮ ѨѸѻѺл̗ҵӋҵ ȹ

ў௮ѨѸѻљг̘( Ү̱ҧ cheese; ҵӋҵ tomato)

ȥɦ

5

2

Ȝȱȹ

ȩɥɘ

4

Ƞɭɀɭ

What meaning does ཱི ў ჋ ໓̗ ଁ ҁ ۠ ื ц Ƞɭɀɭ

юлђѕгѺ acquire if we place ў after ۠ื ? ȩɥɘ

Ƞɭɀɭ

( ଁ car; ۠ื шѺ to drive) Use ў to emphasise different words in this ȥɦ

Ȝȱȹ

ȩɥɘ

Ƞɭɀɭ

sentence: ཱི ў჋໓̗ ଁ ҁ ۠ื цюлђѕгѺ .

6

How many sentences can you make?

7

Translate: “You need 10,000 yen.” ȞȻɘɭ

Ȣɭ

(10,000 ‫گ‬Ⴉ ; yen ‫) ܀‬

Translate: “I have time but I don’t have money.” Ȳȥɭ

ȥɇ

(time ોࠑ ; money йࣙ )

9

8

Translate: “I don’t want to go to Japan either.” Ȟ

Ʌɕɭ

(to go ৥о ; Japan ໓ႉ ) ɩȹȱ

ɉɁ

Ȳə

ɏȩ

Translate: ઱ ўгѓѱ໾ କіѱඌ Ⴎіѱљг ࿯ ȧ

ȥɈȲɡ

ȳ

ɉɁ

Ȳə

ҁජ ѕгѺ ཱི ஀ лশ міш̘( ໾ କ Åashy; ඌ Ⴎ ɏȩ

10

ȧ

discreet; ࿯ clothes; ජѺ to wear) — Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 38

•

ᇹ 38 ᛢ

Particles (2) ni / de / e Following on from the previous lesson, we will keep the tone of an in-depth study for our next batch of particles: њ, і and ѧ.

The particle 䛻 The particle њ has several usages. Perhaps the clearest is to indicate the place where something is. This category covers existence and permanence. Existence: The verbs гѺ and бѺ, both mean “to be” (Lesson 18), always the thing that exists to be marked with њ. гр

кѰ

• ඐњࡎлгѺ There is a turtle in the pond. ѡѰч

цѼ

цѼ

• ྡྷᇎњ༧г௒лбѺ There is a white castle in Himeji. Permanence: Verbs indicating a long stay in a place, such as гѺ and бѺ (i.e., when they indicate permanence instead of existence), ୄѯ sumu (to live in), or ઑѺ nokoru (to remain), among others, also take њ. љйѮ

ш

• ෙྑѐѲ҂ўьѝѫѼгҏҾ̱ҵњୄ҂ігѺ Naomi lives in that rundown apartment. ѫо

гхкѳ

ѝт

• ၺў࢈ଝ‫ܯ‬њઑѹюг I want to stay in the pub. Be careful with this usage, because њ indicates “existence” or “a relatively long stay” in a certain place, never something which “happens” or “is done” in that place. In this second case, we use the particle і, which we will study shortly.

Direction, contact and time Direction: њ is used to mean going “to/toward” a place. This usage is identical and interchangeable with that of the particle ѧ, which we will also see in this lesson. ѸгцѴе ймљѾ

г

• ᅑା̗‫ܬ‬ໃњ৥мѭш Next week, I’ll go to Okinawa. юрѤѮ

гз

кз

• ࿡ဇо҂ў݇њ࠻ѹюлђѕгѺ It seems Takefumi wants to go home.

30

Lesson 38 不 38 嶓

Direct contact: We need њ to mark the “surface over which something happens or an action is performed.” It is also used with verbs of direction, such as ௏Ѻnoru (to ride/get on a vehicle), ໕Ѻ hairu (to enter), ௌлѺagaru (to go up), etc. т

кѨ

Ѹол

• гющѸђટўဘњᅗ୺мҁцю The naughty boy drew graffiti on the wall. цѲѐѶе ц҂к҂ъ҂

ѝ

• ૽ුў௼߯ಡњ௏ѹѭцю The president got on the shinkansen bullet train. Specific time: We use њ to indicate a specific point in time, such as a date or time. Ѽочў҂

ѭ

б

• ϧોདњളѐ৸ѾъҁцѕгѺ I have an appointment at half past six. ъ҂ѷ҂ѡѲомѴечѴењ ќ҂

• ҏӎӗҘў

2

5

:

3

ўђр҂

໤њགफ़фѻю America was discovered in 1492.

However, њ is never used when the act cannot be determined with a specific date or time. The words ਒໓ kyō (today), ੡໓ kino (yesterday), ჋໓ ashita (tomorrow), ᅑ໤ rainen (next year), and ਸ਼ࣘ saikin (lately) go either on their own or with ў (Lesson 37). The days of the week are an exception to this rule and can be used with њ.

Indirect object, change, and grammatical constructions Indirect object: њ is used to mean “whom.” гѓз

їѱяѐ

• ‫ڐ‬෠৏ѐѲ҂ўᄐൠњҏҶҽґҦцю Itsue gave his friend some advice. ъ҂ъг

ъгї

шело

йц

• ಋ౛ў౛ๅюѐњహ޵ҁࢬзѭш The teacher teaches mathematics to his pupils. тойе

клоцѲ

цѶе

бю

• ਂ‫ܥ‬ў݉޵૿њһ̱ӆӘ௅ҁᄨзю The king gave the scientist the Nobel Prize. к

ѧ҂к

Change: The verbs of change, such as љѺ (to become), ဠѾѺ (to change), or ဠܼш Ѻ (to vary), require the word being referred to to be marked by њ . In Lesson 28 we saw how љѺ functions, so we recommend that you review that lesson before going on. цѶеѸг

ъ҂цѴ

• ஔᅑ̗ҢҰҘ̱ಫକњљѹюг In the future, I want to be a soccer player. ц҂уе

бк

к

• ௳৷л౹њဠѾђю The traffic light turned red. Grammatical constructions: њ is used in many other grammatical constructions: Π Constructions of the “to go to” or “to come to” sort (Lesson 28). ༘гњ৥о! kai ni iku (to go to buy). Π Conversion of -na adjectives into adverbs (Lesson 22). ௌକњ୺о jōzu ni kaku (to write skillfully). Π Constructions with бсѺ (to give), ѱѸе (to receive), and оѻѺ (to receive) (Lessons 28 and 49). ႉў࿔њѱѸђю hon wa chichi ni moratta (I received the book from my father).

Particles (2) ni / de / e

Usages of ni

Π Passive and causative sentences (Lesson 60). їѱяѐ

Existence

ျўࢗํњгѺ My mother is in Kyoto

Permanence

ျўࢗํњୄ҂ігѺ My mother lives in Kyoto

Direction

ျўࢗํњ৥о My mother goes to Kyoto

Direct contact

ျўҚӐӠҽҦњ‫ޅ‬ҁྲо My mother paints on canvas

Specific time

ျўϧોњᅑѺ My mother will come at 6 o’clock

Indirect object

ျў࿔њ‫ޅ‬ҁбсѺ My mother gives my father a drawing

Change

ျўဠњљђю My mother has become strange

Grammatical construction

ျў઱њ‫ޅ‬ҁྲкъю My mother made me paint

ѹѶеѹ

ᄐൠњᆈᅦҁфъю I made my friend cook.

The particle 䛷 The particle і can sometimes be confused with њ. We will first examine this more “problematic” usage, and then we will go over its other usages. Japanese has a distinction between the “place where one exists or remains” and the “place where one performs an action.” The first (existence/ permanence) requires њ, as seen on the previous pages. The second requiresі. кѻ

њѪ҂

31

ျhaha (my) mother; ࢗํ Kyōto Kyoto;!ୄѯ sumu to live; ৥оiku to go; ‫ ޅ‬e drawing; ྲоegaku to draw; ᅑѺ kuru: to come; ဠљ hen-na: strange

цѴѓз҂

• ཱིў໓ႉіҳәӀ୙‫܊‬цѕгѺ He is on TV in Japan. ѐєѺ

гз

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ಌ෼ф҂ўгѓѱ݇іဨࢦцљрѻџљѸљг Chizuru must always study at home. Ѿюц ѷтўѭ

ўюѸ

• ઱ў‫ܢ‬྾ѝҗӂҐҦіຆгѕгѭцю I worked at an office in Yokohama. The verb бѺdoesn’t always indicate “existence.” It can also indicate the place where something happens, such as a public event, for example, in which case, the particle іis used. бцю

Ѩ҂Ѽ҂югкг

• ჋໓̗ҽӘҨӚҷіဪᇥെ‫ݰ‬лбѺ There’s a speech contest in LA tomorrow.

Time and manner Time: The particle і is used after an act which indicates “end of the action.” цѴояг т҂цѴе

й

• ୒൉ў਒ାіଳѾѹюг I want to finish my homework this week. ѡї

Ѽолѓ

ргѯцѶ

і

• бѝఒўϧृіएႾ୳ҁ୙ѸѻѺ That person can leave prison in June. ( њ can also be used here. The differences are mainly connotative.) ргѳо

ф҂лѓ Ѯђк

й

• कჾўϤृϤ໓і 0 њଳѾѺ The contract expires on March 3.

32

Lesson 38 不 38 嶓

In the final example on the previous page, if we use њ, we are simply indicating the exact expiry date of the contract. With і, however, the sentence has the nuance “the contract is valid until March 3, and then it expires.” Required time: This usage is closely related to the previous one in that it indicates the time spent doing something. However, і cannot be replaced with њ here. кѻ

гѐќ҂ў҂

Ѫ҂

к

• ཱིў‫گ‬໤དіႉҁ୺гю He wrote a book in a year and a half. Ѽочк҂

цуї

й

• ϧોࠑі઒ૃҁଳѾѸљрѻџљѸљг I must finish this job in 6 hours. Manner / instrument / material: The particle і is also used to indicate “how,” “with what,” and “from/of what”: ѫо

Ѥќ

к҂то

г

• ၺўದіࠕਂњ৥мюг I want to go to Korea by boat. јѼѫе

ѡї

йь

• พၭўఒҁҷґӂі଺ђю The thief attacked someone with a knife. њѪ҂

гз

м

ѓо

• ໓ႉѝ݇ўქі੝ђѕбѹѭш Houses in Japan are made of wood. Cause/reason: і also marks the word indicating cause or reason, although it’s rather weak—we are not placing much emphasis on the cause or reason. ѹз

ѢѶем

цуї

ѳш

• ᅦ‫ޅ‬ѐѲ҂ўླ࠽і઒ૃҁࡲ҂я Rie didn’t go to work because she was sick. ѹѴе

цѴѮ

ѓо

• ᅼо҂ўଜႮіӈ̱ӍӇ̱ҥҁ੝Ѻ Ryu makes websites as a hobby. Quantity: The last usage of і is with “how much / many.” ф҂ы҂

з҂

к

• бѝӄӖӏҴӘўϤϡϡϡ‫܀‬і༘зѺ You can buy that toy for 3,000 yen. оѺѭ

чѴе њ҂

ѱ

б

• ଁўϢϡఒі૊ѐௌсѺтїлімю We managed to lift the car between the ten of us.

The particle 䜈 The particle ѧ!)pronounced e and not he when it functions as a grammatical particle) is one of the easiest to learn, because it only has one function, to indicate “where to.” њѪ҂

г

ѡї

ййыг

• ໓ႉѧ৥мюлђѕгѺఒлെ్гѭш There are many people who want to go to Japan. оете гѱеї

ѯк

г

• ࣬৒ѧ႒ҁळзњ৥ђю I went to the airport to welcome (to meet) my sister. Note: ѧ and њ (when they mean “direction”) can be used interchangeably. кѻ

Ѩ҂мѶе

г

• ཱིўҶґұѧ / њဨࢦцњ৥о He is going to Germany to study.

Particles (2) ni / de / e

Usages of de

Usage of two particles at once A peculiarity of particles is that two of them can sometimes be combined and appear together. For example, the topic particle ў can be combined with њ, і and ѧ to indicate “topic / emphasis + something” (Lesson 37). гр

кѰ

• ඐњўࡎлгѺ Talking about the pond, there is a turtle in it. ѐѴеуо

33

Place

޵౛ўᆇіҞ̱ҚҁѓоѺ The student makes a cake in the dorm

Time

޵౛ў‫گ‬໓іҞ̱ҚҁѓоѺ The student makes a cake in one day

Required time

޵౛ўϤોࠑіҞ̱ҚҁѓоѺ The student makes a cake in three hours

Manner / Instrument

޵౛ўҗ̱ӃӠіҞ̱ҚҁѓоѺ The student makes a cake in the oven

Material

޵౛ўгѐуіҞ̱ҚҁѓоѺ The student makes a cake with strawberries

Cause

޵౛ў࡚ႾіҞ̱ҚҁѓоѺ The student makes a cake as an obligation

г

޵౛ў‫گ‬ఒіҞ̱ҚҁѓоѺ • ඣ ਂѧў৥ мюгл̗ Quantity тѾ The student makes a cake alone ѐѶђї࿎г I do want to go to China, but it scares ޵౛!gakusei student; ᆇ ryō dorm; ‫گ‬໓!ichi nichi one me a little. day; җ̱ӃӠ oven; гѐу strawberry; Note: ў can never be com- ࡚Ⴞ gimu obligation; ‫گ‬ఒі!hitori de alone bined with л and ҁbecause it directly replaces them. Other possible particle combinations are іѝ (া๠іѝ઒ૃ ўйѱцѼољг! Hiroshima de no shigoto wa omoshirokunai The job in Hiroshima is not interesting), ѧѝ (໓ႉѧѝ྇৥࠺ў஖љг Nihon e no hikōki wa sukunai There are few planes flying to Japan), њѱ (݇њѱॗлгѺ ie ni mo inu ga iru There is a dog at home too), ѧѱ and іѱ.

Usage of 䛷䜒 The combination іѱ can have two completely different meanings. The first is a mere combination of both particles: і҂цѲ

љк

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ฾ଁѝඣіѱဨࢦімѺ You can study in the train too. The second іѱ has nothing to do with particle combinations, and means “even”: т

ѥ҂цѶе

Ѿ

• ટјѱіѱтѝဇஶл࿻кѺ Even a child can understand this sentence. яѻ

љ҂

Note: The words ൬іѱ (anybody), ܾіѱ (anything), гѓіѱ (any time), and ј тіѱ (anywhere) also use the combination іѱ .

34

Lesson 38 不 38 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

Let’s look at some manga-example panels that will help us clarify the different usages of particles ‚ њ, і, and ѧ. There’s nothing better than a few situations showing real Japanese usage to help clarify the concepts we have been studying.

Manga Example 1: ni as place particle (existence)

∈∢≮ℹ≣⅟ℹ∟∣ ⇼ ȹȹȹȹȹ∞∀⅙∔∿ℶ ક ȹȹȹȹ૆∣ଶ∿∻∹ℶ

Studio K¯osen

Here is an example of the usage of the particle њ in its “existence” mode. It’s the first usage of њ we studied in this lesson. Christine says the person she was looking for “was not” or, in other words, “did not exist” (гљкђю) at the party. гљкђю is the simple past-negative form of the verb гѺ (“to be,” with animate objects, Lesson 18). Indeed, both verbs of existence in Japanese, гѺ and бѺ, take the particle њ. Also notice the simultaneous usage of two particles: њ to indicate place, and the topic particle ў. When adding ў after њ, the word the particles are attached to is stressed, and becomes the “topic” (Lesson 37). Here, exaggerating the example, the sentence can be literally translated as: “Talking about this party, (he/she) wasn’t there.” It’s common to use ў after њ or і when the word or phrase marked by them becomes the topic of the sentence.

цуї

й

Christine: тѝҾ̱ҳҐ̱њўгљкђюѾ̘઒ૃўଳѾѹѷ̘ this party pp top not be ep. Work top finish ep He wasn’t at this party. Work is over.

Particles (2) ni / de / e

35

Manga Example 2: ni as place particle (direct contact)

Gabriel Luque

∈∈∟ ୽⇼√⇻∼

Here is a new example of the usage of the particle њ, this time to express direct contact. The action of “writing” must obviously be done “on” some surface. In this example, we are not told the kind of surface, we are just told where it is with the word тт (“here,” see Lesson 34), which must be marked with the particle њ. Another clearer example would be: ળњ ୺гѕбѺkami ni kaite aru (It is written on the paper). Note: The construction ̶ѕ бѺ!(Lesson 35) indicates “a finished action к that continues unchanged.” Kenji: ттњ୺гѕбѺ here pp written is It is written here.

Manga Example 3: ni as indirect object particle Here we have a good example of the usage of њ marking the indirect object, that is, “for whom” the action is performed. In this case, it is the ball (Ӊ̱Ә) that goes over to Oshima. To identify the indirect object we must ask “whom.” Thus: “Whom did the ball go to?” Answer: “Oshima.” Therefore Oshima must be marked by the particle њ. Note: In this example we also find ў (Lesson 37) used as the topic particle (here, “the ball”), and тѝ a word of the kosoado kind (this, Lesson 34).

Xian Nu Studio

∊⅞ ̙ ∈∢≹ℹ⊅∣ ⇓̞⇌൉๣∄≃∟ ∿∔⅙∔↢ ӌҰҶӂҐ̱Әҭ̱ййцѭ

Speaker:

фҎ!тѝӉ̱Әў Ͼ ̛ Ϸ െ๠о҂њѾюђю̟ oh this ball top midfield player Ōshima suf dp gone over Well (now), the ball has gone over to midfielder Oshima!

36

Lesson 38 不 38 嶓

Manga Example 4: de as a cause particle Here we have an example of і used to express “why” but in a rather weak manner. In other words, these are cause-and-effect sentences which could almost be considered a pure “link of two sentences,” since their causal relationship is hardly stressed. In this case, the effect is “I’m busy” and its cause (marked with і) is “I’m studying for the exams.”

Xian Nu Studio

⇻∔∌∣ ଣ३ါࢩ∛ ၫ∌⇼≃∕ ∀∺∡⅙ℶ чѴр҂Ѩ҂мѶе гьл

Yumiko: бюцўଠ०ဨࢦіၨцг҂якѸќђ̘ I top exam study busy be because ep Let me tell you I’m busy studying for the exams.

Manga Example 5: Two combined particles The particle ў is used to indicate the “topic” of the sentence. The і is used to indicate the “place where the action is performed.” In this example, the “action” is the fact of “being monsters” (it isn’t existence or permanence, therefore і is used). ඏࢁ∢ྔక∁ ∈∈∛∣ ܿ∆࿼ℿ ѐмѴе

Ѣч҂

џ

ѱѝ

Mayeen: ඌࡾѝྑఒлттіўܼр࿹̹ Earth pop beauty sp here pp top monster . . . J.M. Ken Niimura

Beautiful women of Earth are monsters here . . .

Particles (2) ni / de / e

37

Manga Example 6: The particle e The particle ѧ is only used with verbs of movement such as ৥о iku (to go), ᅑѺ kuru (to come), ‫ڟ‬ງшѺ idō suru (to move), and other similar verbs. In this sentence, the verb is ৥ оand the place the subject is going to is ӃӖҥӘ, which is marked with ѧ. The particle њ (see page 29) could also be used here. Note: This example shows the -te form connection between the two sentences “win” and “go to Brazil.” (Lesson 35).

Studio Kosen ¯

ᄑ஋∌√ ≳⊃≖⊅∬ ২∄≃∕↢ ѵецѶе

г

Hiyama: ᄎஈцѕӃӖҥӘѧ৥о҂я̟ win do Brazil dp go be! I’ll win and I’ll go to Brazil!

Manga Example 7: A different usage of de + mo

іѱ has many usages. We have seen that іѱ can mean “even,” or, if added to an adverb or an interrogative pronoun, can mean “any.” In Lesson 49 we will see that іѱ can also mean “but.” The іѱ in this example does not fall into any of these categories; it is used to indicate an undefined possibility. Tokuro doesn’t specifically say “the toilet is out of order” (where the subject particle л would be used), but he ventures that the “the toilet or something” may be out of order. This is similar to the Japanese way of making an invitation: йචіѱ‫ھ‬Ѯњгтек Ocha demo nomini ikō ka? (Why don’t we go have tea or something?) This іѱ might encompass tea, coffee, a soft drink, an ice-cream, et cetera. ≥≅⊆∛∶ ∈∿∽∔ ∢∀∞↡

Tokuro: ҵґәіѱтѾѻюѝкљ̞ toilet or something broken q?

Xian Nu Studio

Is the toilet or something out of order?

38

Lesson 38 不 38 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Translate: “In the university there is a bookstore.” ȺȞȦȩ

ɕɭɞ

(university െ޵ < bookstore ႉ‫) ܯ‬

Ѯъ

Translate: “I go into the shop.” (shop า )

ɣȞɇɭ

3

ȫȞȰȞ

2

ɓɭȧɡȠ

Is the sentence ᅑ ໤ њ थ ੀ ҁ ဨ ࢦ ш Ѻ ѓ ѱ ѹ я correct? Why? ( ᅑ ໤ next year; थ ੀ

economics; ဨࢦшѺ to study) Translate: “Taro gives Hanako a flower.” (Taro ȹɧȠ

ɉɄ

ɉɄȭ

ടᇟ ; to give бсѺ < Åower ‫ ; ݕ‬Hanako ‫ݕ‬ટ )

əȻ

5

Ȣ

4

ȢȦ

What is the difference between ຒ њ‫ ޅ‬ҁ ྲ о ‚ əȻ

Ȣ

ȢȦ

and ຒ і ‫ ޅ‬ҁ ྲ о , and why? ( ຒ road; ‫ޅ‬ drawing; ྲо to draw) Translate: “Naoko cut a cake with a knife.” ɄȤȭ

ȧ

(Naoko ෙટ ; to cut ౽Ѻ ; cake Ҟ̱Қ ;

6

knife ҷґӂ )

7

Translate: “I want to go back to LA.” Which ȥȢ

particle will you use, and why? (to go back ࠻ Ѻ )

Look at sentence 1 again. Now imagine you want to emphasize that the bookstore is “in the university” (not elsewhere), making that part the sentence topic. How would you do it? Ⱥɦ

9

ɐɭȱɡȠ

8

ɢ

Translate: ൬ іѱтѝ ဇஶ ҁຠѰѺ̘ ( ဇஶ sentence; ຠѯ to read)

What different usages can іѱ have? List them and give an example for each of them.

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 39

•

ᇹ 39 ᛢ

Transport in Japan Here we have another lesson that will help you develop your conversation skills, with lots of useful vocabulary, and the opportunity to practice and make the best use of the grammar points we have learned up to now. We will focus on the means of transport we will probably be using when we go to Japan: train, subway, taxi and bus.

Taxi Let’s start the lesson by having a look at a few sentences we can use when taking a taxi. It is worth mentioning that Japanese taxis are very expensive and, therefore, we probably won’t be using them too often. A curiosity about Japanese taxis is that they all have automatic doors: that is, they open by themselves right in front of the passenger. Don’t try to open one or you’ll get a surprise! ѝ

џ

• ҬҜҤ̱௏ѹ௓ўјтішк̞ Where is the taxi stop? (Lesson 34) бфоф

ќл

• ಘೱӈҳӘѭійࠥгцѭш To Asakusa Hotel, please. (Lesson 33) чѴецѶ

г

• тѝୄ୳њ৥ђѕояфг Go to this address, please. (Lessons 24 and 35) ѓн

кј

ѡяѹ

ѭ

• ૌѝޮҁਧњࣁлђѕояфг Turn left on the next corner. ї

• ттіબѰѕояфг Stop here, please. (Lesson 34) • гоѸішк̞ How much is it? (Lesson 34) Transport

Taxi and bus

Ȳɀɭȱɝ

ȧɕɭ ɤɡȠȧɭ

ȭȠȱɝ

bicycle

૖ืଁ

basic fare

ࠫႉ ᆈ ࣙ

stop button

ৰଁӉҬӠ

Ɉ

bus

ҽҦ

bus stop

ҽҦ௏ѹ௓

straight ahead

ѭђшп

car

૖ງଁ } ଁ

(loose) change

ᆅ ഷ

taxi meter

ӎ̱Ҭ̱

taxi stop

ҬҜҤ̱௏ѹ௓

ȲɃȠȱɝ

ȩɥɘ

Ɋ

ɤɡȠȦȢ

Ⱦ

motorcycle

ҽґҜ

change

й෻ѹ

ɏɇ

ship

ದ

subway taxi

Ɉ

ȥɃ

ɌȺɤ

corner

ޮ

(to the) left

ਧ)ѧ*

ȭȠȯɀɭ

ඌܻอ

crossing

থਨู

(to the) right

‫)ۇ‬ѧ*

ҬҜҤ̱

door

ཱུ } Ҷҏ

ȻȥɀȾ

ɂɍɣ

Ɂɭȱɝ

train

฾ଁ

ȱɭȮȠ

traffic light

Ƞɭɀɭȱɟ

driver

۠ืକ

əȨ

௳৷ ȩȠȱɝ

vacant

࣬ଁ

Ɋ

40

Lesson 39 不 39 嶓

Bus Let’s see some sentences that can be helpful when we are touring the country by bus. м҂коч

ѵ

ѝ

џ

• ࣙ ޲ૈ৥ мѝҽҦ௏ ѹ௓ ўјтішк̞ Where is the bus stop for buses heading to Kinkakuji? кѭоѸягѥѓ

г

• тѝҽҦўߖ೓െ࿸ѧ৥мѭшк̞ Does this bus go to the Great Buddha in Kamakura? ййфкзм

• െ੔۹ѭігоѸішк̞ How much is it to Osaka Station? (Lesson 34) оете ѵ

љ҂ч

і

• ࣬৒৥мѝҽҦўܾોњ୙ѭшк̞ What time does the bus to the airport leave? ѓн

љ҂ч

і

• ૌѝҽҦўܾોњ୙ѭшк̞ At what time does the next bus leave? (Lesson 34) Ѯѳчѭ

чк҂

• ࡵ๠ѭіјѻоѸгોࠑлккѹѭшк̞ How long does it take to Miyajima? њђтеїецѶепе

ѓ

йц

• ໓প๥யࡵњජгюѸࢬзѕояфг Please tell me when we arrive at the Toshogu in Nikko. ѓн

й

• ૌіৰѹѭш I’ll get off at the next (stop). Note: There are two words for “change” in the vocabulary table on page 39. The first, ᆅ ഷ ryōgae, is the “loose change” we are given when exchanging a note for coins. The second one, й෻ѹ otsuri, is the “change” we are given when paying for something.

Subway and local trains In Japan, trains rule, especially in large cities, both underground and overground. Tokyo’s most famous railway line, the Yamanote sen (઀କಡ), is a JR (Japan Railways) circular line with stops at most key centers in Tokyo, such as ๥ࢗ Tōkyō, ඐഽ Ikebukuro, ௼୒ Shinjuku, ३୒ Harajuku, ୋ൨ Shibuya, घཹଢ Ebisu and ྻ಑ Shinagawa. You can buy tickets for underground and overground trains at vending machines. A fare chart above the machines gives ticket prices, which vary depending on the distance. гѐџ҂ѐк

ѐкѕѓ

зм

• тткѸ‫گ‬ཀྵࣘгඌܻอѝ۹ўјтішк̞ Where’s the closest subway station? мђѦ

к

• ౽࿕ўјті༘зѭшк̞ Where do you buy tickets? (Lessons 32 and 34) цѥѳ

• ୋ൨ѭігоѸішк̞ How much is it to Shibuya? (Lesson 34) мђѦ

чў҂м

ѓк

кю

йц

• ౽࿕ѝ૖ཡ࠺ѝકг၌ҁࢬзѕояфг Could you please show me how the ticket vending machine works?

More situations We will now see more possible situations on our trip by local train, subway or tram. ѐкѕѓ

Ѽъ҂щ

гѐѭг

• ඌܻอᇎಡణҁ‫گ‬႔ояфг Can I have a subway map, please?

Transport in Japan

41

чтоѡѶе

• ો਀ྮҁояфг Can I have a timetable, please? гѐњѐчѶецѲр҂

• ‫گ‬໓ ௏ ଁ ॉўгоѸішк̞ How much is a one-day pass? (Lesson 34) еѰя ѵ

• ༔฽৥мѝӈ̱Ӎўјѻішк̞ Which is the platform for Umeda? (Lesson 34) ѻђцѲ

бмю

ї

• тѝᆺଁўଲ฽њબѭѹѭшк̞ Does this train stop at Akita? ѐѴейеъ҂

ѝ

к

љ҂џ҂ ъ҂

• ඣ‫ܜ‬ಡњ௏ѹߴзюг҂ішл̗ܾཀྵಡішк̞ I’d like to change to the Chuo line, what is the platform number? (Lessons 31, 34 and 37) Beware of the ticket gates in stations! Almost all stations in large cities have automatic ticket gates at entrances and exits to the station. The machine automatically calculates if we have paid the right fare for our journey and, if we haven’t . . . the gates slam shut! Not to worry though, if this happens, all we need to do is go to a machine called ౝઈ࠺ seisanki (fare adjustment machine), put our ticket in, and pay the remainder. Only then will we be able to leave the station. ѮљѮкгфѓпѐ

• ໅ ‫ݽ‬ੲরўјтішк̞ Where are the south exit gates? (Lesson 34) ъгф҂м

• ౝઈ࠺ўјтішк̞ Where is the fare adjustment machine? (Lesson 34) ъгф҂м

ѓк

кю

йц

• ౝઈ࠺ѝકг၌ҁࢬзѕояфг Please show me how the fare adjustment machine works. кѥм

ѐѶе

іпѐ

• ‫ݍ‬࿢ࠧ෉ѝ୙রўјтішк̞ Which is the Kabukicho exit? чѴегѐџ҂ іпѐ

• Ϣ Ϣ ཀྵ୙রіш It’s exit number 11.

Long-distance trains and the shinkansen Finally, we will take a look at some situations you might encounter on long-distance trains and on the famous and extremely fast bullet train, the shinkansen. мђѦ

е

џ

• ౽࿕༙ѹ௓ўјтішк̞ Where is the ticket office? (Lesson 34) ѡѼцѭ

кюѮѐ мђѦ

гѐѭг

• া๠ѭіѝအຒ౽࿕ҁ‫گ‬႔ояфг A one way ticket to Hiroshima, please. ъ҂яг ѵ

ц҂к҂ъ҂

ѷѳо

• ಊ ൅৥ мѝ௼ ߯ಡҁᄦ ჾцюг҂ішл I’d like to reserve a seat on the shinkansen to Sendai. ѓн

мѶеї ѵ

ц҂к҂ъ҂

љ҂чўѓ

• ૌѝࢗํ৥мѝ௼߯ಡўܾોགішк̞ What time does the next shinkansen to Kyoto leave? фђѬѼ ѵ

їђмѴеѻђцѲ

љ҂џ҂ъ҂

ўђцѲ

• ੲႇ৥мѝບࡷᆺଁўܾཀྵಡкѸགଁцѭшк̞ From what platform does the express to Sapporo leave? шѾ

• ттњ਱ђѕѱггішк̞ May I sit here? (Lesson 32)

42

Lesson 39 不 39 嶓

Train vocabulary ȱɭȥɭȵɭ

ɠ

going to x

Ȣȧ

station

۹

ଳ ฾

subway map

ᇎಡణ

nonsmoking car

ȧɭȢɭȱɝ

super-express train

ɂȽȧɟȠɦȽȱɝ

ଁ ட

one-day pass

‫گ‬໓ ௏ ଁ ॉ

terminal

ଳ ู

ȞɤȪȻ

ordinary train

࿒෧ᆺଁ

ticket

౽࿕

platform

ӈ̱Ӎ

ticket gate

bullet train

௼߯ಡ

change / transfer

௏ѹߴз

last train

coin locker

ҠґӠ ӚҰҘ̱

conductor entrance

໕র

exit

୙র

Ɉ

ȥ

̶৥м ȱɟȠɁɭ

ȱɝȱɡȠ

࣏‫ଁ܍‬

ɧȵɭȴ

ບ ࡷ ᆺଁ

ȞȻɅȻȲɡȠȱɝȫɭ

ȱɟȠɀɭ

ɏȾȠ ɦȽȱɝ

ȧȽɑ

ɁȪȻ

ȥȞȯȾ

ȧɟȠȭȠɦȽȱɝ

express train

ࡷ ৥ ᆺଁ

platform x

̶ཀྵಡ

ȠɭȻɭ

reserved seat

ȱɀȞȵȧ

fare

۠ෝ

first class

ҝӗ̱Ӡଁ

first train

જག

ȱɝ

‫ݽ‬ੲ

Ɋɭȵɭ

ȧȽɑ

Ƞ

Ɋ

ticket office

౽࿕༙ѹ௓

થฅ౭

ticket vending machine

౽࿕૖ཡ࠺

seat for senior citizens

ҤӘҽ̱ Ҥ̱ҵ

timetable

ો਀ ྮ

smoking car

ࡣ‫ଁ܍‬

unreserved seat

૖ᄜ౭

ȱɉȾ

ȧȾȢɭȱɝ

ȧȽɑ

Ȳɉɭȧ

Ȳȭȩ ɌɡȠ

ȲɠȠȵȧ

Problems of various kinds The sentences below will help you deal with some common problems. мђѦ

• ౽࿕ҁљоцѕцѭгѭцю I have lost my ticket. (Lesson 35) ѝ

ѡѰч

• јткѸ௏ѹѭцюк̞ Where did you get on the train? | ྡྷᇎіш In Himeji. ѝ

т

• ௏ѹ‫ۼ‬ццѕцѭгѭцю I’ve completely passed my stop. (Lesson 35) ѻђцѲ

ѭѐл

• ᆺଁҁࠑ‫ڦ‬зѭцю I’ve got on the wrong train. ѝ

йо

• ௏ѹඖѻѕцѭгѭцю I’ve completely missed my train. (Lesson 35) ѷѳо

ѧ҂те

• ᄦჾҁဠ৊цюгѝішл I’d like to change my reservation. (Lessons 32 and 37) ўѸ

ѱј

• ࿶гწццюгѝішл I’d like to get a refund (for my ticket).

Transport in Japan

43

Cultural Note: The Shinkansen The word ௼߯ಡshinkansen literally means “new (௼)” “trunk (߯)” “line (ಡ),” although it is really the name given to the modern Japanese network of bullet trains. The first ௼߯ ಡ line—the famous ๥‫ށ‬ຒಡ Tōkaidō sen which links the capital, ๥ࢗ Tōkyō, with the second most influential city in the country, െ੔ Ōsaka—was opened on October 1, 1964, on the occasion of the Olympic Games that were held in Tokyo that same year. But long before that, in 1939, there were already plans to build a network of high-speed trains. The then militarist Japanese empire intended to link ๥ࢗ with ܻࠓ!Shimonoseki, in the south of the main island, ႉବ Honshu, with a railway network that would go all the way to Europe, via Korea and northern China, which were Japanese possessions at the time! Obviously, this plan was never completed, but the future builders of the new line would inherit a few half-finished tunnels, which sped up the execution of the project. Nowadays, there are several ௼߯ಡ lines which cover the country, from the city of ༴ࠖ Hakodate in the south of the northern island of ၹ‫ށ‬ຒ!Hokkaidō, to ૚૆๠ Kagoshima, the southernmost city on the southern island of ࣜବ Kyūshū. There are also plans to make bullet trains go as far as ੲႇ Sapporo, the capital of ၹ‫ށ‬ຒ. Since its opening in 1964, the ௼߯ಡ has never had a serious accident—except for a derailment with no victims in 2004, due to a strong earthquake—and has been amazingly successful, probably due to the strict application of the “3 S” and the “3 C” slogans during its construction: Securely, Speedily, Surely and Cheaply, Comfortably and Carefully. The aerodynamic ௼߯ಡ, which can reach 300 km/h (with an average speed of 200 km/h), transports a daily average of 700,000 people through thousands of kilometers of railroad tracks. If you are a tourist in Japan, it is highly recommended that you buy a Japan Rail Pass, a pass allowing you to get on all JR trains, including most of the ௼߯ಡ, for one, two, or three weeks. You can find more information online at japanrailpass.net.

The stylish and aerodynamic Nagano shinkansen (Photo: M. Bernabé)

44

Lesson 39 不 39 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

The manga examples in this chapter will allow us to see some transport-related vocabulary and phrases in action. The star of the lesson is, undoubtedly, the train—the true king of Japanese transport!

Manga Example 1: Announcements at stations

୬ࡺಛ೴২∂ ∁∲⇼∻∲∎ℶ

The first word in this example is a station name: ъ҂с҂൅ Sengendai. All stations are called ̶۹ eki, for example ๥ࢗ۹ Tōkyō eki. Then we have the word ୩ࡷ junkyū (local express). Generally, there are three kinds of trains, from the slowest to the fastest: ࿒ ෧ futsū or ‫ޣ‬۹෿ଁ kakuekiteisha (normal), ࡷ৥ kyūkō (express), and ບࡷ tokkyū (super-express), although the names may vary depending on the railway company. The ୩ ࡷ junkyū in the example is probably equivalent to a ࡷ৥ express train. The announcement in the manga is of the type you will hear at a Japanese station. These announcements are always accompanied by music, and the tune varies depending on the railway company. The complete version could be: ࠑѱљо̗Љཀྵಡњ୩ࡷಘೱ

Xian Nu Studio

৥млѭгѹѭш̘ࠨљгішкѸ༧ಡѝູ അѭійܻлѹояфг Mamonaku, X ban sen ni junkyū Asakusa yuki ga mairimasu. Abunai desu kara hakusen no uchigawa made osagari kudasai. (The local express to Asakusa will shortly arrive at platform X. Because it is dangerous, please stay inside the white line.) Notes: ̶৥м means bound for. ѭгѺ is the humble version of ᅑѺ (to come) (Lesson 52). ягзм

Sign:

ъ҂с҂൅۹ Sengendai station Sengendai station.

Announcement: ୩ࡷಘೱ৥млѭгѹѭш̘ local express Asakusa direction sp come The local express to Asakusa is entering the station.

Transport in Japan

45

Manga Example 2: In the taxi

∬⇼

ಔ঳∢ ͳͳ෌ ∲∛

Here is an example of how to tell a taxi driver where to go. It would be better to add йࠥ гцѭш onegai shimasu (please) at the end, of course. ಑র! Kawaguchi is a city in the prefecture of ਗ਼ࣃ! Saitama and ෉! cho is a suffix that indicates a district. Here, the author has used two circles instead of specifying the name of the district. The Japanese use these circles, which they call ѭѺѭѺin the same way we would use X: ̰̰ф҂ maru maru san Mr. X. ̰̰ડ maru maru shi (X city). Usually each circle replaces one kanji. The driver answers ѧг, a colloquial way of saying ўг.

кѾпѐ

ѭѺѭѺѐѶе

Gabriel Luque

Rie: ಑রѝͰͰ෉ѭі Ōta pop xx suburb to To the suburb of xx in Ōta.

Manga Example 3: I’m sorry

⇻∞∔ ∣↡

Here is a sentence we can use to apologize for lateness. Notice how Emi only says бљю (“you,” Lesson 7) and ў (topic particle, Lesson 37). Although the sentence has been shortened by the speaker, it obviously means (“Who are) you?” Leaving out parts of a sentence and assuming it is understood in the context is frequent in spoken Japanese. шгѭъ҂ is a spoken distortion of the word шѮѭъ҂ (I’m sorry). Now take a look at the ̶лѾкѸљоѕ̹ As you know, the verb ѾкѺ (to know) takes the particle л (Lesson 37). Here it is in the negative -te form, indicating the sentence is incomplete. бљюў̞ you top? You? ѝ џ Miho: шгѭъ҂̗ҽҦ௏ѹ௓лѾкѸљоѕ̹ I’m sorry, bus stop sp not know . . . I’m sorry, I couldn’t find the bus stop and . . .

∎⇼∲∐≃ℵ ≭≗௒∻௖∁ ∿∀∺∞∄√ℿ

Studio K¯osen

Emi:

46

Lesson 39 不 39 嶓

Manga Example 4: Ticket gates at train stations

мс҂

J.M. Ken Niimura

⇻∻⅚࠺ॸಀ ∽∢จ ࠺ȹ໘ȹ ∽໘∽∖⅚ ⅙∔∹ℶ

In this example we see how the wickets at train stations work: you put in your ౽࿕ kippu (ticket) or your ฅ࠷ॉ teiki ken (monthly pass)—used by almost all Japanese ҢӖӗ̱ ӋӠ (office workers) to go to work—and the ticket gates open. If the pass has expired, as in this case, or if the fare we’ve paid is not enough, the gates will slam shut. This is exactly what happens to the guy in this example. Note: The man says ໕ѻѐѲђю, which is the colloquial form of ໕ѻѕцѭђю. The verb ໕ѻѺ means “to put in” and the form ̶ѕцѭе, as seen in Lesson 35, has the meaning of “doing something one regrets” or “doing something by mistake.” н

ѕгм

г

Man: бѹѲ࠷ॵ౽ѻѝฅ࠷໕ѻѐѲђюѷ̘ (exclamation) period finished pop pass put in ep Damn! I’ve put in my expired pass.

Manga Example 5: The shinkansen

Gabriel Luque

๨࢚ཅ௿߃২ ∂⇻ ∊∦⇀⇀⇀৺ℵ ↿↾ཬತ≸ℹ≽∀∺ ཅ଄∌∲ ∎

The ௼߯ಡ shinkansen bullet train is a popular means of long-distance transport in Japan. Fast, safe and comfortable, its network stretches to most major cities. In this example we have a lot of vocabulary: ̶ག hatsu (departing from), ̶৥м yuki (bound for), ̶ཀྵಡӈ ̱Ӎ X ban sen hōmu (platform X), གଁшѺ hassha suru (to depart, of a vehicle). All ௼߯ಡ have names. In this case, it is the бфѡ (morning sun), going from๥ࢗ Tōkyō to ௼߀ Niigata on the ௌ‫ ۼ‬Jōetsu line. On the famous ๥‫ށ‬ຒ̛઀ᅄ Tōkaidō-Sanyō line (from ๥ࢗ to ༣ഞ Hakata), the trains are called, from the slowest to the fastest, тяѭ (Echo), ѡкѹ (Light), and ѝэѮ (Wish). їемѶе ўѓ њглю ѵ

ф҂ѢѲоф҂чѴеф҂ уе

њчѴегѐ џ҂ъ҂

Announcement: ๥ ࢗ ག ௼ ߀৥ мбфѡ Ϥ Ϥ Ϥ ৷̗ ϣ Ϣ ཀྵ ಡӈ̱ӍкѸ ўђцѲ

གଁцѭш Tokyo departure Niigata going to Asahi 333 number, 21 number platform from depart The Asahi 333 from Tokyo to Niigata will depart from platform 21.

Transport in Japan

47

Manga Example 6: Ticket prices

J.M. Ken Niimura

This panel shows station ticket vending machines and the fare chart. The chart represents the ๥ࢗ ӏһә̱Ә which goes from ‫ۊ‬฽ Haneda airport to ྾஥෉ Hamamatsuchō station, where you can change to the JR ઀କ Yamanote line that circles ๥ࢗ. To check the price, find the words ๯۹(this station) on the chart. Then look for the station you are going to and check the price it shows. Imagine we are going to െ‫࢜ک‬༄௓ ಱ Ooikeibajōmae. In this case, from our station, ౓ྊ௓ Seibijō, the െఒ otona (adult) fare is 260 yen and the க૆ shōni (child) fare 130.

48

Lesson 39 不 39 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Translate the words “ship,” “bus stop,” “ticket,” “ordinary express train” and “crossing.”

ȩȠȱɝ

ȲɃȠȱɝ

ȱɀȞȵȧ

Translate the words ࣬ ଁ , ૖ ງ ଁ , થ ฅ ౭ , ȧɭȢɭȵȧ ɤɡȠȦȢ

࣏‫܍‬౭ , ᆅഷ and ӈ̱Ӎ .

3

Translate: “To the Kamakura Ryokan, please.” ɤɡȥɭ

ȥɘȩɣ

(ryokan ᆀࠖ ; Kamakura ߖ೓ )

Ɍɧȱɘ ȬɭɊȩ

Ȟ

Translate: тѝҽҦў া ๠ ३ ༯ Ҷ̱Ӎѧ৥ мѭ шк̞ ( ३༯ atomic bomb)

5

6

You want to go to ௼୒, but you are not sure that the platform you are on is the right one. Make sure by asking someone. You have just lost your ticket and you can’t get out of the station. Try to explain the situation to the person in charge. ɘ

9

4

Give the names of at least five means of transport in Japanese.

You are in the street and you want to ask someone where the closest JR station is. What do you say?

7

2

8

ɅɊɭȵɭ

You hear this on the PA system: ࠑѱљо̗ϣཀྵಡ ȤȤȯȥ ɠ

Ɂɭȱɝ

њ െ੔ ৥мѝ ฾ଁ лѭгѹѭш̘ What does it ɘ

mean? ( ࠑѱљо shortly) According to Manga Example 6 on page 47, how ɤɟȠȾȠ

much is a ticket to ᅵ෧ ҨӠҬ̱ station?

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 40

•

ᇹ 40 ᛢ

Particles (3) no / o After the “rest” we took in the previous lesson, let’s return to our grammar lessons, where we’ll study two more particles in depth. Once you’ve completed the next two lessons, you will have covered most usages of the Japanese grammatical particles.

The particle 䛾 We mentioned in Lesson 16 that the particle ѝ marks the possessive. Now that our knowledge is greater than 24 lessons ago, this is a good time to look at various other usages of ѝ. First, let’s define the term “noun modifier.” A noun (Lesson 11) can be on its own or it can come with other words that describe it or complement it. These words are called “modifiers.” In the sentence “Akira’s red house” the words “red,” and “Akira” modify the noun.

The particle 䛾 as a noun modifier The particle ѝ is the way to mark the noun modifier when the modifier is either another noun or a noun phrase. In short, we use ѝ to connect two or more nouns. We can distinguish up to five kinds of modifiers in Japanese: possessive, descriptive, positional, that of a creator, and appositional. Possessive: This is the usage of ѝ we already know. It obviously indicates possession. Ѿюц гз

ѡѼ

• ઱ѝ݇ўাгіш The house of I (my house) is roomy ѓѓг

оѺѭ

ѐг

бк

• ๴‫ک‬ф҂ѝଁўகфоѕ౹гіш Mr. Tsutsui’s car is small and red. Descriptive: It simply describes the noun, giving more information about it. ѕѓ

• тѻўอѝҾґӄіш This is a steel pipe. ояѱѝ

Ѯъ

• тѻў‫݋‬࿹ѝาіш This is a fruit store. Positional: It describes the place where the modified noun is located. м

цю

ѳш

• ქѝܻіࡲѮюг I want to rest under a tree. бмѸ

ягло

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ჋ўӂӖӠҦѝെ޵іဨࢦцѕгѺ Akira is studying at a French university.

50

Lesson 40 不 40 嶓

Of a creator: It indicates the creator of something. љѓѰ ьеъм

цѶеъѓ

ѷ

• ݅ყអ౳ѝகಅҁຠ҂іояфг Read Soseki Natsume’s novels, please. ѥ҂к

мѶеѮѥк

• ҏґҹѝဇܼўࢴႮఁгіш The Ainu culture is interesting. Appositional: An apposition, in English, is a construction which isn’t explicitly connected to any word—it is usually separated by comas—but which refers or explains something relative to a noun. In Japanese, however, it is connected to the noun it modifies. ѥѐѶе

юљѨ

• ўчѰѭцѕ̘࿥ුѝ฽ဤіш How do you do. I’m Tanabe, head of department. їѱяѐ

ѡѼѮ

рђт҂

• ᄐൠѝাྑѐѲ҂ўीਖцѭцю My friend Hiromi got married.

Indefinite pronoun and nominalizer Let’s look at two new usages of ѝ . Usages of no Indefinite pronoun: ѝ replaces a noun when both speakers know what is being talked about.

Possession

тѻўಋ౛ѝႉіш This is the teacher’s book

Description

тѻўथੀѝႉіш This is a book on economics

Positional

࠴ѝௌњႉлбѹѭш On the desk there is a book

• ҏҜҤӔӠѝлশміш! I like action ones.

Creator

ҟ̱ҳѝႉҁຠѮюг I want to read a book by Goethe

We clearly see here how the ѝ in the second sentence replaces the word ۨ‫ݧ‬.

Appositional

઱ўࢬઢѝ‫ܫ‬ႉіш I’m Okamoto, the teacher

Indefinite pronoun

тѻў઱ѝіш This is mine

• ј҂љйкцњшѺ̞ Which bun will you choose? (Lesson 34)

Nominalizer

ႉҁ୺оѝў່цгіш Writing a book is difficult

Question (colloquial)

ႉҁ୺оѝў່цгѝ̞ Is it difficult to write a book?

Soft statement (feminine)

ҟ̱ҳѝႉҁຠѮюгѝ I’d like to read a book by Goethe

Explanation

ႉҁ୺гѕгѺѝіш I’m writing a book

згл

ш

• ј҂љۨ‫ݧ‬лশмішк̞ What kind of films do you like? ш

бѭ

ю

• ࠀгѝл௮Ѩюг I want to eat a sweet one. Nominalizer: To “nominalize” a sentence is to turn it into a noun phrase so that it works like a noun. For example, in the sentence “riding a motorcycle is difficult,” the part in italics functions like a noun.

ࢬઢ kyōshi teacher (humble form); ႉ hon book; थੀ keizai economics; ࠴ tsukue desk; ௌ ue on top of; ຠѯ yomu to read; ୺о kaku to write; ່цг muzukashii difficult

Particles (3) no / o

51

Notice how this part can be replaced with a noun, for example, “chemistry is difficult.” This hint will help you identify a verb or a sentence which has been nominalized. In Japanese, then, ѝ is used to nominalize sentences. We can also use the word тї, which we will study in depth in Lesson 57. е҂ѕ҂

ѯщк

• ҽґҜҁ۠ืшѺѝў່цгіш Riding a motorcycle is difficult. шгзг

г

юѝ

• ప۬ҁцњ৥оѝў޷цгіш Going swimming is fun. Ѿюц

ѡѼт

й҂ло

ш

ц

• ઱ўাટлј҂љܺ޷лশмљѝкඋѸљг I don’t know what kind of music Hiroko likes.

At the end of a sentence We saw in Lesson 17 how ѝ can function as an end-of-sentence particle as either an informal question, a softened statement, or a soft command. Question: In the informal register, ѝ replaces к (Lesson 34) to indicate a question. It is worth mentioning that љ must be placed between ѝ and -na adjectives (as well as nouns). бцю

љ҂ч

мѶеї

г

• ჋໓̗ܾોњࢗํѧ৥оѝ̞ What time are you going to Kyoto tomorrow? ѡї

Ѫ҂їе

ъ҂ъг

• бѝఒўႉ๯њಋ౛љѝ̞ Is that person really a teacher? Statement / soft command: This is used basically by women and children. Ѿюц

љ҂ј

г

• ઱ўќ̗Ҿӗњܾ๒ѱ৥ђюѝ As for me, I’ve been to Paris many times. Ѥ

• ц҂ѐѲ҂̗ьѻњ௭ѻљгѝ̟ Shin, don’t touch that!

The particle 䜢 The particle ҁ, which is always pronounced o and never wo, is used to indicate the direct object, in other words “what” receives the verb’s action. However, it has other usages as well. Direct object:

Usages of o Direct Object

઱ ) Ѿюц * ўѹ҂уҁ௮Ѩѭш I eat an apple

Place of passage

઱ўࢭҁ่Ѻ I cross a bridge

Place from which ઱ў฾ଁҁৰѹѺ one parts I get off the train Time passed

๘ҁҼӜґі‫ݠ‬уцюг I want to spend winter in Hawaii

юѼе ю ѹ҂у apple; ௮ѨѺ taberu to eat; ࢭ hashi bridge; • ടᇟўҾӠҁ௮Ѩѭш! ่Ѻ wataru to cross; ๘ fuyu winter; ҼӜґHawaii; Taro eats bread. ‫ݠ‬уш sugosu to spend; ฾ଁ densha train; ৰѹѺ oriru to get off

52

Lesson 40 不 40 嶓

ѕѓўѺ

у

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ศ૎о҂ўҦӇґӠটҁဨࢦцѕгѭш Tetsuharu is studying Spanish. Note: There are certain constructions which contain a direct object that is not marked with ҁ, as is the case with certain verbs that take л (Lesson 37). Ѿюц

њѪ҂у

Ѿ

• ઱ў໓ႉটл [not ҁ ] ࿻кѹѭъ҂ I don’t understand Japanese.

Other usages of 䜢 Place of passage: ҁ can be used to indicate the space where a movement is carried out. This usage of ҁ requires that the verb be one of movement, such as ေо aruku (to walk), ೷Ѻ hashiru (to run), ྇ѥ tobu (to fly), ෧Ѻ tooru (to pass), ่Ѻ wataru (to cross), etc. їѹ

ьѸ

ї

• ූў࣬ҁ྇Ѣѭш Birds fly through the sky. кѻ

ѭѐ

бѺ

• ཱིўгѓѱ‫ޖ‬ҁေмѭш He always walks around town. Place where a movement starts: ҁ also marks the origin of a movement “outward” (be careful though, the “movement” may be abstract). It is usually used with the verbs ୙Ѻ deru (to go out), ৰѹѺoriru (to get off a vehicle), ᅬѻѺ hanareru (to part from), etc. ѹљ

Ѽоч

гз

і

• ᅫືф҂ўϧોњ݇ҁ୙ю Rina left home at 6. і҂цѲ

й

їм

ѐѴег

• ฾ଁҁৰѹѺો̗ඪ‫ژ‬цѕояфг When you get off the train, be careful. цѲѐѶе ягло

ьѓнѶе

• ૽ුўെ޵ҁഓࢿцѕгљгѷ The director has not graduated from university. Time period: Finally, ҁ is occasionally used to indicate the passing of periods of time. Ѿюц љѓ

ймљѾ

ш

• ઱ў݅ҁ‫ܬ‬ໃі‫ݠ‬уцю I spent all summer in Okinawa. кѻ

ф҂ксѓ к҂

ѯя

• ཱིўϤӣृࠑҁჀഫњцю He wasted three months.

A few adverbs We hope you have mastered the different uses of the particles ѝ and ҁ. You have already seen in these few last lessons that particles can have many different uses and may seem tricky. However, they are indispensable to making grammatically sound sentences in Japanese, and it’s important to get used to dealing with them. Don’t worry if you get confused right now: with time and practice you’ll get there!

Particles (3) no / o

53

The adverbs 䜒䛖 and 䜎䛰 The adverbs of time ѱе (which has nothing to do with the particle ѱ, and is pronounced with a long ō) and ѭя are usually studied together. Their relationship is obvious, since ѱ е can be translated as “already” and ѭя as “still.” ѱе indicates something is not in the same state as it was before. ѳѭя

ѡѺ

ў҂

ю

• ઀฽ф҂ўѱеඨуསҁ௮Ѩю Mr. Yamada has already eaten his lunch. ѹк

цѴояг

• ᅡ৲ўѱе୒൉ҁцѭцю Rika has already finished her homework. ѐѴеуоу

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ӗҰҜўѱеඣਂটҁဨࢦцѕгљг Rick doesn’t study Chinese any more.

ѭя expresses the opposite idea of ѱе: it indicates something is still in the same state as it was before. ѝт

• Ҙә̱ўѭяઑђѕгѭшк̞ Is there still some curry left? љњ

ю

• ѭяܾѱ௮Ѩѕгљгѷ I still haven’t eaten anything. Ѿюц

њѪ҂ч҂

ѹкг

• ઱ўѭя໓ႉఒѝтїҁᅦ‫ݱ‬імљг I still can’t understand the Japanese.

The adverbs 䛟䜙䛔 and 䛤䜝 The adverbs оѸг and уѼ are usually both translated as “approximately” or “more or less.” However, their usage is very different, so we must be careful not to confuse them. оѸг and пѸг are used to indicate an approximate quantity, be it either of volume, money, time, or any other thing. When having this nuance of “approximate something,” оѸгand пѸг have almost no difference of usage or meaning. њѡѲо

ѭ҂з҂

• ьѝҽґҜўϣϡϡႩ‫܀‬оѸгіш That motorcycle costs about 2 million yen. бгя

љц

њ

к

• тѝࠑ̗ᅥҁϣҚӚпѸг༘ђюѷ The other day I bought more or less 2 kilos of pears. Be careful, as оѸг is sometimes used in contemptuous tone, meaning “at least.” гђѕ҂

г

ѭз

• ‫ูگ‬пѸг໕ѻѼѷ̗йಱ " At least put one point in, kid! Whereas уѼ refers to an approximate period of time: чѴеч

гз

і

• ϢϡોуѼњ݇ҁ୙ѭшѷ We will leave home at about ten. њѪ҂

Ѽолѓ

ѓѵ

• ໓ႉўϧृуѼњ༔‫ی‬лбѹѭш In Japan the rainy season is sometime in June. Last of all, look at these differences between уѼ and оѸг : Ѿюц

учк҂

ўюѸ

• ઱ўϦોࠑпѸгຆмѭцю I worked for about five hours. Ѿюц

уч

ўюѸ

г

• ઱ўϦોуѼњຆмњ৥ђю I went to work at about five.

54

Lesson 40 不 40 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

Now let’s go on to analyze some of the usages we have studied in the previous pages. Generally speaking ѝ and ҁ are among the least difficult particles to master and the manga examples in this section should help you consolidate what you’ve learned so far.

Manga Example 1: more uses of o and no

Studio K¯osen

∈∢౗∛ ∑⇼∔∄∞ ∔∭∶∢≂ ∔∭√⇼∼∢∣ ᆃ২ଂ∕∆ℿ

Let’s start the manga examples with a double example, since we have both an ҁ and a ѝ in the same panel. Notice, too, a і of place (Lesson 38), and the omnipresent topic particle ў, which turns the whole sentence into the topic of the conversation (Lesson 37). The part of the sentence ending in ў functions just like a noun, in other words, it has been nominalized. And what part of speech is responsible for this? The ѝ, which, as we have seen, can function as a nominalizer. In the example, the clause тѝ౔іыгюољюѨѱ ѝҁюѨѕгѺ preceding the ѝ, becomes a noun like any other, with the same characteristics. As for the ҁ, it functions as a direct object particle (dop) in the sub clause юѨѱѝҁюѨѕгѺ. To identify the direct object in a sentence, ask “what” to the verb. If we ask ܾҁ௮ѨѕгѺк Nani o tabete iru ka? (What is she eating?), the answer is ௮Ѩ࿹ Tabemono (Food). Thus, it is clear that the direct object is ௮Ѩ࿹ and that is must be marked with the particle ҁ. If you always do it this way, you won’t go wrong. Ѫц

ѹѶтецѲ

̚̚ Gerne: тѝ౔іыгюољюѨѱѝҁюѨѕгѺѝўᆀ৥૿яр̚ this star pp luxurious food dop eat (nom.) top traveler only . . . On this planet, only travelers can eat sumptuous food . . .

Particles (3) no / o

55

Manga Example 2: Possessive and descriptive no ∀∎∳ ∢ॄ∢ ∟⇿⇼↢↳⇼↢

This manga example has two similar but slightly different usages of the particle ѝ. The first ѝ links the words кшѮ(Kasumi, a girl’s name) and ुchi (blood). In this case, it is the possessive (see Lesson 40, page 49). The first noun, кшѮ, possesses the second one, ु, so we have “Kasumi’s blood.” The second ѝ is descriptive, linking two nouns, ु (blood) and њйгnioi (smell), (see Lesson 40, page 49). The first noun, ु, describes the second one, ໎ г, giving the meaning “smell of blood.” Note: For purely practical and simplifying reasons, we will keep on calling ѝ a possessive particle (pop) every time it appears as a noun modifier.

ѐ

J.M. Ken Niimura

Takeshi: кшѮѝुѝњйг̟ Kasumi pop blood pop smell! It’s the smell of (I smell) Kasumi’s blood!

Manga Example 3: no as an end-of-sentence particle

Gabriel Luque

ໍ̳‫ڲ‬ঔ໧∛౤ ᆻ∁ଶ∿⅙√∌ ∲⇽∢

In Lesson 17 we saw how ѝ was used at the end of a sentence. We have just studied that ѝ acquires different meanings depending on the context when it appears at the end of a sentence. In Lesson 17 we gave a quick explanation and we even saw a manga example where ѝ is used as an end-of-sentence particle to form questions in a colloquial register. However, ѝ in this example, is used to soften a statement (in a feminine or childlike way). Generally, only women and children use ѝ with this inflection.

њъ҂чѴеу ќ҂

ъгѻм

й

Nami: ໊̰‫گ‬঑໤іౡᆸлଳѾђѕцѭеѝ 2015 year tp Christian era sp finish ep The Christian era will finish in the year 2015.

56

Lesson 40 不 40 嶓

Manga Example 4: A new usage of no

Xian Nu Studio

≣⊅ၧ∄≃ℵ ∂∳∢⇿∀∳∊≃≂ ∘∽√∂∔∢∕↢

Many manga example sentences in this book end with the construction “verb in simple form + ѝя.” Also possible are ѝіш, ҂іш or ҂я (the ҂ in these last two is a spoken contraction of ѝ*. In fact, the ѝ in Example 3 would also belong to this group. This construction is used to state something in a soft way: it’s a sort of tag many Japanese use so they don’t have to finish a sentence categorically. ѝя also gives a sentence some “emotion,” so that the speaker can convey the interest he has in the conversation topic. Note: This example also shows the usage of the direct object particle ҁand of the possessive ѝ. Toshio: ҳӘၤо҂̗мѮѝйкѮф҂ҁѓѻѕмюѝя̟ Terubō suf you pop woman suf dop bring come ep! Terubo, I’ve brought your wife!

Manga Example 5: Two consecutive o ຆ≂ܾ∇√਌≂ ∀∁∵√౰∟ ⇿∘∂∄∕∊⇼

We see here three clauses linked by -te form verbs (Lesson 35). The sentence ends with the ̶ѕояфг form (meaning “please”), also studied in Lesson 35. Going back to what concerns us in this lesson, notice there are two direct objects (຃ and ਉ), both marked with ҁ. Finally, you can see the particle њ in the last sentence, which we studied in Lesson 38. бюѭ

Xian Nu Studio

Attendant:

ф

тц

ъм

຃ҁܻсѕਉҁклѰѕ౭њйѓмояфг head dop lower hip dop bend seat pp occupy please Lower your head, bend forward, and take your seats, please.

Particles (3) no / o

57

Manga Example 6: The usage of mō This panel has a good example of the adverb ѱе (already). Usually, ̠͜ indicates “change” and ѭя “lack of change.” However, both ѱе and ѭя are relatively simple; all you need to know is that the first one means “already” or “now,” and the second one “still.” Notice also that the phrase ѱе + ‫گ‬ichi + counter means “one more X,” for example: ѱе‫گ‬๒!mō ichido “one more time,” ѱе‫گ‬༊ mō ippai “one more drink,” ѱе‫گ‬໓! mō ichinichi “one more day,” etc. ∶⇽ ২∄∡ℶ

⇿ક૆ℶ

г

цуї

Maki: ѱе৥оќ̘й઒ૃ̘ already go ep. work Studio K¯osen

I’m going now . . . To work.

Manga Example 7: The usage of goro

Xian Nu Studio

୉໧ছ∟ ∂√ ∄∽⅙

୉໧ ছ∢ ݁૎ ∉∾↡

Let’s finish the lesson with a funny and absurd example showing the adverb уѼ at work. As we have seen, уѼ indicates “about” or “more or less,” but is only used when it refers to an approximate time. In most cases it’s used with clock time, as in this example. ܾોуѼ means “At about what time?” The answer might be ঑ ો go ji goro (about five) or ‫گ‬ોདуѼ ichi ji han goro (about half past one). Notes: In this example we find the construction ̶ঘ go (in X time) which we saw in Lesson 34. The use of ѝ!to connect ୆໤ঘ to ܾો is the appositional usage described in Lesson 40, page 50.

чѴеќ҂у

Man: ୆໤ঘњмѕоѻђ

љ҂ч

Girl: ୆໤ঘѝܾોуѼ̞

ten years in tp come

ten years in pop what time approximately?

Come back in ten years’ time.

At about what time in ten years?

58

Lesson 40 不 40 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ ɌȭȠȧ

1

Translate: “The JAL plane is big.” (plane ྇ ৥࠺ ; ȤȤ

big െ мг )

Translate: “Wait in front of the library, please.” ɘ

ɘȢ

ɂȱɡȥɭ

(to wait ളѓ ; in front of ಱ і ; library ణ୺ࠖ ) Ȝȹȹ

3

2

ȧ

In අ кгҨ̱Ҭ̱ҁජѕояфг , replace Ҩ̱ Ȝȹȹ

Ҭ̱ with a pronoun. ( අ кг warm; Ҩ̱Ҭ̱ ȧ

sweater; ජѺ to wear) ɕɭɂȠ

ȜȿȻ

ɘȻ

ȳ

Translate: ႉ๯ њ‫څ‬๓ѝ ෉ њୄ҂ігѺѝ @ ( ႉ๯њ really; ‫څ‬๓ Azuchi; ෉ town; ୄѯ to live)

5

4

Translate: “What is Mari reading?” “She is reading ɘɤ

ɢ

a book by Mishima.” (Mari ఄ ᅦ ; to read ຠ ѯ ; ɕɭ

əȱɘ

book ႉ ; Mishima ੽๠ ) Translate: “Yukio’s dog got off the bus.” ɠȧȤ

ȞɆ

Ȥ

(Yukio ᄜࡃ࿈ ; dog ॗ ; to get off ৰѹѺ ; bus ҽҦ ) Ȥȯɚ

7

ȱȮɂ

6

Ȥ

Translate: ଭ ф҂ўѭя઒ ૃлଳ Ѿђѕгљг ѝ . ( ଭ Osamu; ઒ૃ work; ଳѾѺ to Änish)

Translate: “She walked in the park for about two ȥɈȲɡ

Ȝɥ

ȭȠȢɭ

hours.” (she ཱི஀ ; to walk ေ о ; park ফ‫ ; ܁‬two

8

ɅȲȥɭ

hours ໊ોࠑ ) Ɉ

9

Translate: јецѕҠ̱ҿ̱ҁ‫ھ‬ѭљг҂ішк̞ Ɉ

What do you use ҂іш for? (!‫ھ‬ѯ to drink)

Translate: “Bring another book, please.” ɜ

ɕɭ

(to bring ૊ђѕоѺ ; book ႉ )

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

ࢨ The Kage Story The manga Kage that runs through Volume 2 is an exciting story that will help you reinforce and consolidate all the language you learn in the lessons. Episode 1 of Kage was at the end of Volume 1 of this series. If you don’t have Volume 1, you can find Episode 1 online at www.tuttlepublishing.com/learn-japanese-with-manga-volume-2. With art by J. M. Ken Niimura and story text by J. M. Ken Niimura and Marc Bernabé, Kage takes place in present-day Japan. Nuria, the main character, is a Spanish journalist and photographer, who has been sent to Tokyo by the newspaper where she works to write a feature on contemporary Japan. Once there, she meets Mina Tanimura, who works for a local newspaper, and who helps Nuria make the most of her stay in Japan, and carry out her work in the best possible conditions.

Characters Nuria: Young Spanish photographer and journalist. She works for a newspaper in Madrid, and her boss sends her to Japan to write a feature story about the country. Mina Tanimura: Young Japanese girl who works for a newspaper in Tokyo. She has been given the task of helping Nuria so that she can write her feature. The Beggar: Mysterious Japanese vagrant who will be a key character in the story. The Shadow: Nuria sees this shadow now and then during her stay in Japan. What could this shadow be, and why does it appear when it is least expected?

Nuria

Mina

The Beggar

The Shadow

Watch out: When the sides of the panel are painted black, what is narrated in these panels takes place in a different time period to that of the story being told, either in the past or in the future.

∿∀∻ ∲∌∔ℶ ∞⇿

∎ ∅ො∌∲ ∎ℶ ∣⇼ℵ ⇿ భ∣ଡ଼∼ ∸

∣⇼ℵ∈∖∺ ≲⊇⊌≥∢ ∁ℵ ⇿ ๮∣ଡ଼∲∐≃ℶ

∷∲ ∕

∲ ∎∀↡

‫⇼√∽ݷ‬

∈∿

≕Ⅴ⊈ℹ ∁

ઃเ∛∎ℶ

∬ ∷ ∤ ≃∉ ⇽

࿨ ȹȹȹܲཬ৺⇁↽⇅∛ℵ ∈∲ ∖⅜⅙∜ ਖ⅙√⇼∼≃∛ ∎ȹℶ ∶≃∕ ⇼ ჲ ȹȹȹȹൌ∁⇻ ∬ ∷

࿨ܲ∢≕Ⅴ⊈ℹ∟

∻ ∲ ∎ℶ

−⇽∛∎∀ℿ

∩ ∾

⇻∔∌∣෉∟ ≕Ⅴ⊈ℹ∣ ⇻ ᅍ∧∔⇼∀∺ ℶ ⇿ ࿫ᇌ∁হ∂ ∍⅚∞⇼ℶ

⇿∣∹ ⇽ ℶ ⇻ ∲∻ ५ࡀ∍⅚ ∞⇼∹ ℶ≕Ⅴ⊈ℹ ∁ ∈∿

⇻

‫√⇼√∽ݷ‬ℵ≕Ⅴ⊈ℹ ∆⅙∂⅜∄

∩ ∾

≂ ᅍ∧∺∽∞∀⅙∔ℶ

∈∲

ृ ࣃ ℵ⇿ ࿫ᇌ ∟∌∔ℶ

ਖ⅙∔∡ℶ

⇿∣∹ ⇽ ∉ ∋⇼∲ ∎ℶ⇿ ५ࡀ∛∎∀↡

⇾↡∝⇽∌√ ∛∎∀↡

∣⇼ℵ ২∂∲∌⅜⇽ ℶ

∲ℵક૆≂∌∟ ২∈⇽∀↡

ȹ

ຩ⇼√⇼∲∐≃∁ℿ

∜∝

⇼⇼⇾ℵ∲ ∕

∟ ∶∘

∡ℵ઴∢‫ݛ‬࿼∣ ∜∝

∶ ⇽ ຩ⇼∔∢↡

২∆∲ ∎ℶ ∳ ∔

ਕ∣઀เ∟ ∢

∖

∀ √∘ ∌≃∤ ∌

⇼∲ ∎∁ℵඏܾะ ∛≃∌⅚

∷∲ ∢√ ∐≃

∟௒⅙√ℵ௿ࢰ∛ ∀

∜⇽ ∂⅜⇽

แ଄∢ઃଘತ∟ ∢

⇾∂

⇻ ∂ ∣ ∤ ∺ ⇾∂

∜⇿

௒∻ ߷⇾√ℵ๨ ࢚ ⇽ ⇾ ∢ ⇾∂

‫ ∜ۼ‬ଵᅁ६‫ ≂ۼ‬෪ ⅙√ℵ௏ჼ‫ۼ‬ ∲∛২∆∲ ∎ℶ

∂⅜⇽

ਕ໖∣∝∈∟ ૺఇ≂∜∻∟ ⇼∈⇽∀↡

⇽⇾ ∢

⇀⇀↽‫∎∛܃‬ℶ ⇿ ࣜ≂∈∈∟ ໘∽√∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ

௏ჼ∲∛ ⇼∄∺∞∢↡

⇽ ⇾ ∢ ∈⇽ ⇾≃

∝∈∛∶⇼⇼∛∎∁ℵ

⇽ ⇾ ∢ ∈⇽ ⇾≃

௏ჼম‫⇽∝∛܄‬ ∛∎∀↡

∛≃ ∌⅚

௏ჼম‫ ∹⇼⇼↡܄‬ℶ

⇽⇾ ∢

∈∈∀∺ แ଄∛

௏ჼ∟২∆∼∢↡

∌≃∥ ⇼

⇽ ⇾ ∢ ⇾∂

∭≃ ∻

−⇽↡ ဪᅤ ∕∡ℵ −∽∣ℶ

∐⇼∊≃ ∂

௼ ȹȹȹ༓∌∞⇼∛ ∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ ௏ჼ‫∛ۼ‬ౠઋ࠽∁ ઘ ȹȹȹ⇾∲ ∎∹ ℶ

∲∖ ∁

∂⅙∫

⇻↢ࠔ‫∔⅙ک‬

↾⇂↽‫∢܃‬ಀ࿘≂ ༛⅙∖⅚⅙∔∹↢

ȺȺȹ

∾ ∐≃ ∏

⇻ ℵᇑ ತ ద ∁ ∯∌⇼ℿ ȹ ∤≃

ໍཬ ≸ℹ≽∛∎ℶ ∀∝

⇻∢‫∟ۊ ≂ޱ‬ ∲

⇻

ࣄ∁⅙√ℵ ∀⇼∕ ≃

‫ތ‬ඊ≂ ௏∁⅙√ ∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ

∣⇼ℵ ∝⇽ ∓ℶ ໖ႌঢ ∁ ⇿ ௏ଘ ∛∎∡ℶ

∾ ∐≃ ∏

∎∳ ∲∐≃∁ℵ ∡∁

ᇑತద≂ ⇿ ࠨ⇼∌∲ ∎ℶ

⇻ ∻ ∁∜ ⇽ ∉ ∋⇼∲ ∎ℶ

⇽⇾ ∢ ∸

⇼⇼⇾ℵ⇻∻∁∜⇽ℶ ௏ჼ২∂∢≸ℹ≽∣ ∝ ȹȹȹ∽∛∎∀↡

⇻∪

∲

ࠔ ȹȹȹȹ∶∞∄ℵ ∤ ≃∐≃ ⇽⇾ ∢ ཬತ∟௏ჼ ∸ ২∂ ∁∲⇼∻ ∲ ∎ℶ ∣∄∐≃

⇽ ∖ ∁∿

ࠫ∞⇼∛∎∀∺ ℵ ∊

༪ತ∢ຼഈ∲∛

⇿ ܾ∁∻∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∘∃

⇻∂ ∣ ∤ ∺

⇻∂ ∣ ∤ ∺

૏∣ଵᅁ६ℵ ଵᅁ६∛∎

઴∣‫∬଀ݳ‬ ২∀∞∆∽∤ ∞∻∲∐≃ℶ ঔ૎ ∉∾∟ ≸≣⊅∟࠾⅙√ ∄ ∕∊⇼∡ℶ

∈⇽ ⇾≃

∂∽⇼∞ ম‫∡∕ ܄‬ ૺఇ≂∔∄∊≃ ∜∾ ⇽↢

ȹ ȺȺ

∣⇼ℵ−⇽ ∎∼

ȺȺȺ

∂⅚

ȺȺȺ

⇽∿

∞ℿ ݁ ∕∹ ℵ −∽

ȺȺ

Ⱥɘ

∿∎

∂∳

⇿⇼ℵइ ݁∀

ၪ∽√∼ ∓↢

∌≃∥ ⇼

⇼⇼⇾ℵ∞≃∛∶ ∞⇼∛∎ℶ௼༓ ∌∞⇼∛∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ

∀⇿⇼∾

∿∼

∣⇼ℵ∿∀∻ ∲∌∔ℶ ݁∀⇻ ∻ ∲∌∔∀↡ ࠧ௯∁‫ ∹∎∛⇼ٳ‬ℶ

⇻ ∌∔

∡∁

჎໖ℵ෉ ૎∟ ≿ℹ≨⊌≎≑ℹ⊅≂ ⇿ ࠨ⇼∌∲ ∎ℶ

ɐ

ȺȺ

Review for Lessons 36–40 Answers to all the review exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7.

KAGE – New vocabulary ௼цг൮ট

љй

б

to pour water over oneself

after all

ी ࣀ ц҂Ѡг

to fix

ෙш ᅊѢѺ

рђмѶо

at once

шп

worry

௹༐ кйгѼ

ѾѺ

ࠤ ௬лٰг

to look unwell, to look pale

1. According to what you have read in the second episode of Kage, in the beginning, what is Nuria’s problem at the hotel? 2. According to what you can deduce from the conversation between Nuria and Mina, has the hotel staff solved the problem? 3. Where does Mina suggest that Nuria could go to take photos today? 4. At which station do Mina and Nuria start their journey? Which way do they go to reach their destination (where do they change trains, and which stations do they go past)? 5. What happens to Nuria when she buys the ticket? What suggestion does Mina give to solve the problem? 6. At the end of the episode, what time does Nuria ask to be woken up in the morning? 7. What does the receptionist ask Nuria at the end of the episode? What do you think the expression used by Nuria in her answer, љ҂іѱљгіш, means? б

8. In Nuria’s sentence бюцўෆњҤӐӜ̱ўᅊѢюгкѸ , what is the connotation of the second particle ў ? 9. Indicate the function ѝ has in the following sentences: ѳѭ я

a) ӂӚӠҵѝ઀฽іш̘! ѧ

ѳ

ѱ҂яг

b) ࿥‫ܯ‬ѝҤӐӜ̱њჯ൉лбѹѭш̘!

Review for Lessons 36–40 њ ѱѓ

67

їј

c) ઱ѝ‫ݘ‬࿹лѱе຦гюѝ̞! мђѦ

d) ϢϦϡ‫܀‬ѝ౽࿕ҁ༘ђѐѲђюѷ̟! 10. Indicate the function њ has in the following sentences: ѧ ѳ

ѱ҂яг

a) ࿥‫ܯ‬ѝҤӐӜ̱њჯ൉лбѹѭш̘! б

b) ෆњҤӐӜ̱ҁᅊѢюгкѸ̘! Ѯю

c) ਒ў੽฽њгѺ̘! і҂цѲ

ез ѝ

d) тткѸ฾ଁіௌჹњ৥рѺѝ̞! 11. Find the sentences with the adverbs ѱе and ѭя in the second episode of Kage, and translate them into English. Why is the verb in the sentence with ѭя conjugated in the negative? 12. Give the meaning of the word јтіѱ in the sentence јтіѱггіш·. 13. Give the meaning of the word уѼ in the sentence ঑ોуѼњӈҳӘњ࠻ђѕо яфгќ. 14. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the box overleaf. їемѶе

ѡ те м

a) ๥ࢗкѸҪғӘѭі྇৥࠺і৥рѺл̗ ќ

іѱ৥рѭш̘

ѹѶк҂

ќ

b) ӈҳӘіўӆҰҶі௷Ѻл̗ᆀࠖіў цѥ ѳ

і௷ѭшќ̘

ц҂ чѴо

c) ୋ൨кѸ௼୒ѭі

і৥рѺл̗

і҂цѲ

฾ଁіѱ৥рѭш̘ d) ਒໓ўїѕѱ୴гкѸ̗ ѧ

ѳ

ҁѓрѭцѶе̘ мѶеѷе ѥ

e) ઱ѝ࿥‫ܯ‬њ

Ѽ

лљгкѸ̗࢝ᄺ࿨ᇉѧ৥кљрѻџљѸљг̘ ѡѼцѭ

f) шѮѭъ҂л̗া๠

ѝҽҦўјтњбѹѭшк̞

ѡѼцѭ

g) া๠ѭіѝ ѧ

ўϣϤϥϡ‫܀‬іш̘

ѳ

h) ઱ѝ࿥‫ܯ‬њ

мѶеѷе

лљгкѸ̗࢝ᄺҵґәѧ৥кљрѻџљѸљг̘

ѓѭ

i) ઱їਹїટјѱ‫گ‬ఒякѸ̗ юѕѱѝ

j) тѝॏ࿹њў

лѪцг̘ кгя҂

лљгкѸ̗‫މ‬ඇҁѝѫђѕгђѕояфгќ̘

68

Review for Lessons 36–40

ѻгѫе

е҂ѐ҂

ᆫၩ

ҽҦ

ҵґә

ඌܻอ

ѐ

ѵ

۠ෝ

к ѕѓ

ф҂њ҂ Ѩ

৥м ѳ

ҕәӆ̱Ҭ

Ѥќ

੽ఒ࿥‫ܯ‬

ದ

Ѥї҂

15. Choose the sentence with the closest meaning to the original one. Ѽ ѕ҂ ѥ

Ѽ

ѹѶк҂

a) ઱ўᇏะ࿨ᇉлбѺᆀࠖлെশміш̘ Ѥ

Ѽ

ѹѶк҂

1. ઱ўй࿨ᇉлљгᆀࠖлെশміш̘ Ѥ

Ѽ

ѹѶк҂

2. ઱ў‫ލ‬њй࿨ᇉлбѺᆀࠖлെশміш̘ Ѥ

Ѽ

ѹѶк҂

3. ઱ўෆњй࿨ᇉњ໕ѻѺᆀࠖлെশміш̘ Ѥ

Ѽ

ѹѶк҂

4. ઱ўඣњй࿨ᇉлбѺᆀࠖлെশміш̘ м҂з҂ъм

b) ӋҚҠф҂ў࣏‫܍‬౭ѝ౽࿕ҁ༘гѭцю̘ ъм

мђѦ

1. ӋҚҠф҂ў௮ѨѕўяѰљ౭ѝ౽࿕ҁ༘гѭцю̘ ъм

мђѦ

2. ӋҚҠф҂ўюџтҁшђѕѱгг౭ѝ౽࿕ҁ༘гѭцю̘ ъм

мђѦ

3. ӋҚҠф҂ў௮Ѩѕѱгг౭ѝ౽࿕ҁ༘гѭцю̘ ъм

мђѦ

4. ӋҚҠф҂ўюџтҁшђѕўяѰљ౭ѝ౽࿕ҁ༘гѭцю̘ Ѿ цѓ

ѧ

ѳ

c) бѝӈҳӘњўᇧ૧ѝ࿥‫ܯ‬л‫گ‬ѓбѹѭцюѷ̘ ююѮ

ѧ

ѳ

1. бѝӈҳӘњў௝їѤшѭлбѺ࿥‫ܯ‬л‫گ‬ѓбѹѭъ҂іцю̘ ююѮ

ѧ

ѳ

2. бѝӈҳӘњў௝їѤшѭлбѺ࿥‫ܯ‬л‫گ‬ѓбѹѭцю̘ ююѮ

ѧ

ѳ

3. бѝӈҳӘњў௝їѤшѭлљг࿥‫ܯ‬л‫گ‬ѓбѹѭцюѷ̘ ююѮ

ѧ

ѳ

4. бѝӈҳӘњў௝їѤшѭл‫گ‬ѓѱљг࿥‫ܯ‬лбѹѭъ҂іцю̘ 16. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. б

a) Ҷҏҁ‫ވ‬рѸѻљгѷ̘ њѾ

кн

іѱккђѕгѺѝ̞ ѭј

1. ӎ̱Ҭ̱̖2. จ̖3. ॣ̖4. ೬ b) A: ϢϦϧϡ‫܀‬іш | B: ўг̗ϣϡϡϡ‫̗܀‬јеэ̘ | A:

ϥϥϡ‫܀‬ішќ̘ ѓ

ѹѶелз

е҂ѐ҂

1. й෻ѹ̖2. ᆅഷ̖3. ۠ෝ̖4. йࣙ

ў

Review for Lessons 36–40

c) тѝӈҳӘѝ е҂ѐ҂

69

ў‫گ‬༦ϥϡϡϡ‫܀‬іш̘

с҂м҂

ѷ ѳо

цѴоўоѹѶе

1. ۠ෝ̖2. ॰̖ࣙ3. ᄦჾ̖4. ୒༦ ᆈ ййфк

те Ѩ

і҂цѲ

d) െ੔кѸఅঀѭі฾ଁі৥рѭш̘ е҂ѐ҂

с҂м҂

ѷ ѳо

ўϥϡϡ‫܀‬пѸгіш̘

цѴоўоѹѶе

1. ۠ෝ̖2. ॰̖ࣙ3. ᄦჾ̖4. ୒༦ ᆈ Ѿш

e) шѮѭъ҂̗

ҁၧѻю҂іш̘჋໓Ϩોњ

ќл

ҁйࠥгцѭш̘ і҂цѲ

Ѱ

х

јрг

1. ฾ଁ̖2. ყޭѭцોब̖3. ӏ̱ҸӠҝҠ̱Ә̖4. ҠӠҨӠҵ і҂цѲ

Ѱ

х

јрг

! 1. ฾ଁ̖2. ყޭѭцોब̖3. ӏ̱ҸӠҝҠ̱Ә̖4. ҠӠҨӠҵ е҂ѕ҂цѴ

f) A: ۠ืକњҽҦҁїѰѕѱѸгюгл̚ ̚̚ | B: чѲ̗

ҁકђѕояфг̘ й

ц҂уе

! 1. ୙র̖2. ‫ܠ‬цӉҬӠ̖3. ӂӚӠҵ̖4. ௳৷ ўෆϦોуѼіш̘

g) ц ўѓ

цѴеѕ҂

цѴеі҂

цчѴе

1. જག̖2. ଳู̖3. ଳ฾̖4. જଳ шѾ

h) јтіѱ਱ѻѺѝў͋ ц ѕгъм

м҂з҂ъм

͌їॳгѭш̘ мѓз҂ъм

ч ѵеъм

1. થฅ౭̖2. ࣏‫܍‬౭̖3. ࡣ‫܍‬౭̖4. ૖ᄜ౭ м҂ т

ҁࣙॾњ໕ѻѕояфг̘

i) м ѐѶеѡ҂

ѻгэе т

1. ࡇ ୎ ྻ̖2. ҠґӠӚҰҘ̱̖3. ҦӗҰҾ̖4. ᆫഁॾ 17. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most suitable expression formed by an adverb or interrogative pronoun followed by іѱ, as in the example. фр

a) юџтїଝў!!јтіѱ!!༘зљгѷ̘ b) тѝҘӎӖі

гг૷ఄҁїѻѺэ̘ бь

c) җәў઒ૃлљгкѸ̗

ᄠѢњгрѺѷ̘

мѸ

d) ӌҚҗф҂ўॎгљ௮Ѩ࿹лбѹѭъ҂̘

௮Ѩѭшѷ̘

зг у

e) ۲টл࿻кѺఒў

гѺ̘

зг л

f) тѝۨ‫ݧ‬ў

শмяќ̘

70

Review for Lessons 36–40

18. In each case, complete with a suitable question or answer, forming full sentences. For indirect questions, use the underlined part as the object of the question. мѶеѷе

яѻ

a) ͋࢝ᄺҵґә͌ў൬іѱકзѭшк̞

̘ ̞

b) Ѥ

Ѽ

й࿨ᇉўϨોкѸϢϢોѭііш̘ яѻ

шѾ

c) ҤӘҽ̱Ҥ̱ҵњ൬іѱ਱ђѕѱггішк̞

̘ ̞

d) ц҂чѴо

ѝ

௼୒кѸ௏ѹѭцю̘ 19. This telephone conversation is out of order. Rewrite it in the correct order. ѧ ѳ

1) ј҂љ࿥‫ܯ‬њцюгішк̞ ѧ

ѳ

2) ггішѷ̘чѲ̗ьѝ࿥‫ܯ‬њцѭш̘бѹлїе̘ т҂ ѳ

ѧ

ѳ

ѷ ѳо

оецѓ

3) б̗ т҂њѐў̘਒ჶ̗࿥‫ܯ‬ҁᄦჾцюг҂ішл࣬̚̚̚૧бѹѭшк̞ їемѶе

4) ѱцѱц̞๥ࢗӀҰҝӈҳӘішл̚ ̚̚ цѴоўоѹѶе

5) ୒ ༦ᆈўϩϡϡϡ‫܀‬ішл̚ ̚̚ гђѠо

6) ‫گ‬༦̗гоѸішк̞ 7) ўг̗бѹѭш̘ Ѩ

ѳ

ягчѶе ѥ

8) ҵґәѓм̗ෆ௮љцѝ‫گ‬ఒ࿥‫ܯ‬њцюгл̗െ ் ࿈ішк̞

ӂӚӠҵѝఒ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ӂӚӠҵѝఒ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ӂӚӠҵѝఒ ;!

Review for Lessons 36–40

71

мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ӂӚӠҵѝఒ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! 20. Complete this dialogue held at the train station with the most suitable words. Clerk:

гѸђцѲгѭъ̘ ййфк

Client: െ੔ (1)

ѝ (2)

ҁ༘гюгл̚̚̚

їђмѴеѻђцѲ

Clerk:

ўг̘ບ ࡷ ᆺଁї (3)

лбѹѭш̘јѻњцѭшк̞

ўѳ

Client: јѻлೢгішк̞ Clerk:

їђмѴеѻђцѲ

(4)

іш̘цкц̗ບ ࡷ ᆺଁўѱђї‫څ‬гішѷ̘ ц҂к҂ъ҂

Client: е̱҂̚ ̚̚ѳђѠѹ̗௼߯ಡњцѭш̘ Clerk:

࿻кѹѭцю̘(5)

іггішк̞

ъм

Client: ј҂љ౭ішк̗ьѻў̞ яѻ

Clerk:

шѾ

ъм

мѲофѭ

шѾ

ъм

൬іѱ਱ѻљг౭і̗й࡫ᄶярл਱ѻѺ౭іш̘ ќл

Client: б̗чѲ̗йࠥгцѭш̘ Clerk: ͋ѝэѮ͌ ̗͋тяѭ͌ї͋ѡкѹ͌лбѹѭш̘јѻњцѭшк̞ Client: ͋ѝэѮ̞͌ьѻўܾішк̞ гѐџ҂

Clerk: ͋ѝэѮ͌ў‫گ‬ཀྵ (6)

ц҂к҂ъ҂

௼߯ಡіш̘

72

Review for Lessons 36–40 ќл

Client: чѲ̗ ͋ѝэѮ͌ѝ (7) Clerk:

ҁйࠥгцѭш̘

ўг̗јеэ̘ і҂цѲ

ўђцѲ

Client: тѝ฾ଁў (8)

кѸགଁцѭшк̞

џ҂ъ҂

Clerk:

кј

ѭ

кгя҂

Ϧཀྵಡіш̘бѝޮҁ‫ۇ‬њࣁлђѕ̗‫މ‬ඇҁѝѫђѕояфг̘

21. Complete the following sentences with the particles ў or л as appropriate. a) ઱ѝ჉ಱ (

) ҥӔҷҢӠіш̘

b) тті૷ఄҁїђѕ ( ц҂к҂ъ҂

) грљгѷ̘

ўѳ

c) ௼߯ಡў഍г (

)̗їѕѱ৳гішќ̘

d) ҏӎӗҘїӕ̱ӚҰҾі̗ ͋ҏҸӎ͌( e) ͋ў͌ї͋л͌ҁௌକњકетї (

)͋໓ႉҏҸӎ̱ҤӔӠ͌іш̘

) імѭшк̞

f) ੡໓̗Ҿ̱ҳҐњ৥мѭцю̘Ҿ̱ҳҐ ( g) ੡໓̗Ҿ̱ҳҐ (

) йѱцѼкђю̘

) бђюѷ̘јецѕᅑљкђюѝ̞ яѻ

h) ੡໓ѝҾ̱ҳҐњ൬ (

) ᅑюѝ̞

ќт

ќт

i) бьтњ໢ (

) гѭш̘бѝ໢ (

) ҬҮҽҷф҂ѝішѷ̘

к҂ ч

j) ઱ў໓ႉট ( k) ҵӍф҂ ( l) йࣙ (

) ຠѰѺл̗߼ે (

) ໓ႉট (

) ୺рљг̘

) ܻକяќ̘

) Ѫцг̟ рђт҂

m) бљюїीਖцюг҂іш ( кѮ

n) ໓ႉఒ (

р

) ངѝპ ( фѺ

o) ݇ѝࣘоњ܏ (

)̚ ̚̚

оѼ

) ਆгіш̘

гђѣм

фѺ

) ‫ྕگ‬гѭш̘бѝ܏ (

) й௱л౹гіш̘

фкљ

p) ࿔ (

)࢔(

) їѕѱмѸгіш̘ шцѳ

q) бѝఒ ( ѡ те м

) ଢગ‫ܯ‬ф҂іш̘ ѭј

r) ྇৥࠺ѝ೬кѸҤӆӗҏ (

) फ़зѭцюѷ̘

Review for Lessons 36–40

73

22. Answer the following questions, as in the example. йо

a) ಋ౛ѝ‫ܝ‬ф҂ўѱеᅑѕгѭшк̞ йо

ггз̗!ಋ౛ѝ‫ܝ‬ф҂ўѭяᅑѕгѭъ҂̘ кѝчѶ

b) ཱི஀ўѱеҞ̱Қҁ੝ѹѭцюк̞

ўг̗

̘

c) ໓ႉѧѱе৥рѺк̞

ггз̗

̘

з

d) ѱе‫ޅ‬ҁкмѭцюк̞

ўг̗

̘

кѝчѶ

e) ཱི஀ўѱе໓ႉটлᇨъѭшк̞

ггз̗

̘

23. Complete the following sentences with the particles њ or і, as appropriate. њѾ

a) ઱ѝ݇ѝจ (

еѭ

) ༄лгѭцю̘ з

b) бѝఒў౹гӇӠ (

) ‫ޅ‬ҁкгѕгю̘ гђцѴе

тѾ

c) ઀฽ф҂ѝҠӠӁӒ̱Ҭў‫گ‬ାࠑ (

) ‫ݴ‬ѻѕгѭцюѷ̘

цѥѳ

d) ϩો (

) ୋ൨ (

ѷе

) ༘г࿹ҁцљрѻџљѸљг̘

їемѶе

e) ृᄴ໓ (

) ๥ࢗ (

) ৥кљрѻџљѸљг̘

і҂цѲ

f) җәў฾ଁ (

хђц

) б҂љੵ઼ҁຠѮюољгэ̘ хђц

g) јецѕб҂љੵ઼лйಱѝ݇ (

) бђюѝ̞

хђц

h) т҂љੵ઼ҁјт (

) ༘етїлімѭшк̞

i) ઱ѝျўӚӠҶӠ (

) ୄ҂ігѺїતгѭш̘

ш

j) тт (

) ളђѕояфг̘઱ўшпᅑѭш̘

ѳѭѱї

кѾ я

k) ઀ႉф҂ў‫૽ݰ‬ѝಱ (

) ಑฽ф҂ (

l) ઱ѝ݇ў‫ܔ‬гкѸ̗ҽҦ (

цѶѺг

) ୺ᆧҁбсѭцю̘

) ᅑѕояфг̘

ѝ

m) бьт (

) ҽҦ (

) ௏ђѕояфг̘

74

Review for Lessons 36–40 цѶеѸг

n) ஔᅑ̗໓ႉটѝಋ౛ (

) љѹюољгѷ̘

o) тѝႉҁϣϡϡϡ‫( ܀‬

)઱(

кѮ

) ༙ђѕоѻѭшк̞ з

p) ཱིў༧гળ (

) з҂ѣѓ (

) ‫ޅ‬ҁкгѕгю̘

24. Unscramble the following sentences. цѹ

фѺ

a) ౹г | ௱ | ў | ܏ | л | іш фѺ

цѹ

܏ў௱л౹гіш!!!!!!!!!!!!!!̘ b) ༘зљг | л | ଁ | ў | Ѫцг | ઱ | л

̘ c) ݇ | ҁ | ӋӗѐѲ҂ | ў | ҳәӀ | फ़ѕгѭш | і

̘ ѡ те м

d) ช | ў | і | ࠻ѹѭцю | ྇৥࠺ | њ | җӖӠҭ

̘ ўљ

яѻ

e) бђю | ў | тт | ‫ | ݕ‬ьѝఒ | л | бсюѝ | њ | њ | ൬

@ тез҂

f) і | ѝ | ୺гю | ҷґӂ | ҁ | ޵౛ | ফ‫ | ܁‬ў | њ | ქ | ჉ಱ

̘ 25. Complete the following sentences with the particle you consider most suitable, choosing from ў, л, ѱ, њ, і, ѧ, ѝ, ҁ and к. ѯшѰ

a) ҢӠҴҐ̱ (

) Ⴧф҂ўїѕѱмѻгіш̘

b) ᅑ໤̗ҏӎӗҘ (

) ৥оѓѱѹіш̘

c) ઱ў჋໓ѝϤો (

) ࣛ৥ѧ৥мюгіш̘

н҂те

d) ҥӔӠф҂ўјт ( e) ໓ႉѝ๘ (

)ਂ(

) ߣгіш̘

) ఒішк̞

Review for Lessons 36–40 кѝчѶ

75

ѕлѮ

f) ઱ўཱི஀њକળ ( кѻ

) ѱѸђю̘

Ѩ҂мѶе

g) ཱིў݇ (

) ဨࢦшѺ (

h) тѝา (

) ў‫څ‬гҞ̱Қ (

i) тѝҞ̱Қ ( j) тѝҞ̱Қ (

) শміш̘

)(

) бѺѷ̘

) ௮Ѩѕ (

) ггішк̞

) ௮Ѩѕ (

) яѰіш̘

гћ

k) ݇ (

)ಱ(

)ॗ(

) гѭцю̘

й

l) ਒̗ҽҦ ( m) бьт (

ѓн

і҂цѲ

ѝ

) ৰѹюл̗ૌў฾ଁ (

)ܾ(

)ц(

) ৥о (

цѲѐѶе

) ௏ѸљрѻџљѸљг̘

) ішк̞

оњѯѸ

n) ўчѰѭцѕ̘૽ු (

) ਂ઀іш̘

кѻ

тѼ

o) ཱིўӂҖ̱Ҝ (

)ఒ(

) ੳцюѷ̘

гѱеї

гѱеї

p) A: ઱ў႒ ( q) Ϫृ (

) гѺ̘ | B: ьеішк̞઱ (

)઱(

їѹ

r) ූ (

) гѭшѷ̘

) ࠻Ѻѓѱѹіш

ї

)࣬(

s) ໓ႉট ( t) јѻ (

) ྇Ѣѭш̘

) ௌକ (

) ᇨцюг̘

) бљю (

) ଁішк̞

њѾ

u) จ (

)ਂ(

)႒(

гћ

гћ

)ॗ(

)(

) гѺ̘݇ (

v) A: ј҂љҨ̱Ҭ̱ ( w) Ҙҡӎф҂ ( гцџц

y) ౳ࢭ (

) ༘гюг (

) Ϣϡો (

x) ઱ўϢϪϪϪ໤ (

)ඣ(

)݇(

)(

)ॗ(

) гѺ̘

) ̞ | B: ౧г (

)(

) ༘гюг̘

) ୙ю̘

) ўчѰѕ໓ႉ (

) ৥ђю (

) іш̘

зм

)۹(

)ಱ(

) їѕѱйгцгӁң (

) әҦҵӖӠ (

) бѺ̘

Ѫђкгје

z) җәўҽґҜ (

) ၹ‫ށ‬ຒ (

i) бѝәҦҵӖӠ (

) ৥мюгэ̟

) Ӂңўїѕѱйгцг (

)̗৳гішќ̘

яѻ

ii) A: тѻ (

)൬(

iii) ௼цгҘӎӖ (

) ૷ఄішк̞ | B: ઱ ( ) ༘г (

) ৥мюг̘

) ішѷ̟

76

Review for Lessons 36–40

26. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. a) ੡໓̗ ޵ৌҁࡲѮѭцю̘਒໓

ࡲѯѓѱѹіш̘

1. ў̖2. л̖3. ѱ̖4. ѝ b) Ҿ̱ҳҐ̱ўϦો

њજѭѹѭш̘

! 1. пѸг̖2. уѼ̖3. оѸг̖4. ѭя кѻ

c) A: ཱིўѭяᅑѕгѭъ҂к̞ | B: ўг̗

іш̘

! 1. уѼ̖2. ѱе̖3. оѸг̖4. ѭя d) ઱ўҬґѧ৥мюгл̗ґӠҶ

৥мюгѷ̘

! 1. ѱ̖2. ѧ̖3. њ̖4. ѧѱ љк

e) й࿱лшгю҂ішк̞Ҟ̱Қ

௮Ѩѭшк̞

! 1. л̖2. ѝ̖3. іѱ̖4. њѱ f) ੡໓̗Ϧોࠑ

௷ѭцю̘

! 1. уѼ̖2. пѸг̖3. ѭя̖4. ѱе кѻ

g) A: ཱིў

ᅑѕгѭшк̞ | B: ггз̗ѭяᅑѕгѭъ҂ѷ̘

! 1. ѱе̖2. ѭя̖3. оѸг̖4. ѝў к҂ ч

h) тѝ߼ેўїѕѱѳфцоѕ̗ટјѱ

! 1. ѱе̖2. іѱ̖3. њѱ̖4. ѝѱ 27. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences, as in the example.

ў a) ઱ѝ჉ಱлҪӂҐ̱іш̘ b) ಋ౛ўѱеᅑѕгѭъ҂̘ мѶеї

ш

c) ઱ўࢗํіୄѮюгїતгѭш̘ эе

ўљ

љл

d) ௄лྒўුгішќ̘ ўюѸ

e) ϦોࠑуѼຆмѭцюк̞ њѾ

їѹ

гѐ Ѿ

їѹ

ї

f) จіූл‫ۊگ‬гѭш̘бѝූл྇҂ігѭш̘

ຠѰѺѷ̟

Review for Lessons 36–40

77

Kanji

‫ވ‬ဓགງ੝ࢬଵඋඌణ୳ )231*

)22:*

)358*

):6*

)244*

)245*

)246*

)248*

)254*

)295*

)255*

ട଎ٰ୎ࠖ۹૧ᄷ߼ે฾ )96*

)221*

)223*

)224*

)286*

)289*

)28:*

)275*

)2:7*

)267*

)269*

28. Practice writing the kanji below. Find the stroke order in the online Kanji Compilation by following the link on page 7.

ງ ‫ވ‬ ٰ ඌ ࢬ 29. Link each kanji with its most common reading (usually, the kun’yomi).

ે

ѓоѺ

଎г

йѱг

੝Ѻ

цѺ

૧

Ѿкг

උѺ

ч

฾

і҂

ణ

зм

ٰг

цѓ

୳

їтѼ

୎г

ѾѺг

۹

щ

ඌ

ѐ

78

Review for Lessons 36–40

30. Choose the correct kanji or kanji combination for each reading. a) еуо

b). љѸе

! 1. ງо̖2. ୎о̖3. ଁо̖4. ຆо!1. ࢬе̖2. ଵе̖3. ဧе̖4. උе c) ѾѺг

d). цѺ

! 1. ୎г̖2. ᆐг̖3. ชг̖4. ٰг!1. ࢬѺ̖2. ଵѺ̖3. ဧѺ̖4. උѺ e) і҂цѲ

f). цѴђѠѓ

! 1. ฾ᇨ̖2. ฾ଁ̖3. ฾࠽̖4. ฾ট!1. ୙้̖2. ้୙̖3. ୙ག̖4. ག୙ 31. Choose the correct reading for each kanji combination. a) ۹ಱѝణ୺ࠖўܾોњ‫ވ‬мѭшк̞

۹ಱ̜1. змы҂̖2. знѭз̖3. змѭз̖4. зны҂ ! ణ୺̜ࠖ1. щцѶк҂̖2. щјок҂̖3. їјок҂̖4. їцѶк҂ ! ‫ވ‬мѭш̜1. бмѭш̖2. цмѭш̖3. гмѭш̖4. ммѭш b) ໓ႉটѝဇેҁଵеѝўѯщкцгіш̘

! ဇે̜1. ѱч̖2. ѥ҂ч̖3. ѥ҂ц̖4. ѥц ! ଵе̜1. бмље̖2. кѸе̖3. љѸе̖4. ѭље c) ಋ౛ў૖ງଁѝඣі฾ᇨіᇨцѕгѭцю̘

! ૖ງଁ̜1. чѕ҂цѲ̖2. цѕ҂чѲ̖3. цјечѲ̖4. чјецѲ ! ฾ᇨ̜1. і҂цѲ̖2. і҂Ѿ̖3. і҂м̖4. і҂у 32. Give the furigana reading of the underlined kanji. a) ဓาўϩોякѸ̗ೢо฾ଁі୙གцѭцѶеќ̘ b) бѝງ࿹ѝ௹฾ణҁफ़ѕояфг̘ c) ࢬ૧і߼ેлюоф҂୙ѕоѺ੝ဇҁ੝ђѕгѺ̘ d) ౡᄷњўٰଵлഞгішќ̘ e) ࣘ୳ѝйџф҂ўടђѕгѺඋఒњٰরҁॳђю̘

Review for Lessons 36–40

79

33. Write the following words in kanji, and give their meanings.

цѰѺ

йѱг

зм

лоцѴе

і҂м

ѾѺг!

34. There are some mistakes in these words, either in the kanji or in the matching hiragana. Can you correct them?

ඐణ

ѐщ

ჯрѺ брѺ

གຠ

ўѓџг

߼ે

к҂ц

฾ई

і҂цѲ

‫ݰވ‬

ѧгкг

‫ۇ‬г

Ѿкг

ॗે

Ѥїч

๥ᄼ

їеѷе

Lesson 41

•

ᇹ 41 ᛢ

Particles (4) to / kara / made By the end of this lesson we will have studied in depth all the particles in Japanese grammar: ў, л, ѱ (Lesson 37), њ, і and ѧ (Lesson 38), ѝ and ҁ (Lesson 40), and, here, ї, кѸ and ѭі. We will also study the usages of ѳ and к.

The particle 䛸 ї, like most particles, has several different usages which we will have to study carefully and individually. Listing things: ї is used to link nouns or noun phrases (Lesson 40 and 57, ) and to give an exhaustive and complete listing of two or more things. Ѿюц

згл

й҂ло

ш

• ઱ўۨ‫ݧ‬їܺ޷їӋӠҙлশміш I like movies, music and comic-books. шц

фцѮ

ѮьцѺ

ю

• ଢગїખ఍їႮ಺୊ҁ௮Ѩю I have eaten sushi, sashimi and miso soup. кѻ

згу

ѐѴеуоу

у

у

ім

• ཱི ў۲ টїඣ ਂটїҮҔҠট їӚҤҏট л୙ ᅑѺ He can speak English, Chinese, Czech and Russian. Together with / with: ї is also used to indicate “with” somebody or something. ўѸ

ййѓк

гу

е

• ३ф҂ўെ෨ф҂ї‫ڒ‬ঞҁദђѕгѺ Mr. Hara plays go with Mr. Otsuka. кѝчѶ

гђцѶ

к҂те

• ཱི஀ўҥӔӠї ( ‫୸گ‬њ ) ࠌপҁцю She went sightseeing (together) with John. The phrase ї(‫୸گ‬њ) tō (issho ni) is frequently used, and means “together with.” However, ‫୸گ‬њ is often omitted from the sentence because it’s understood or implied, hence the brackets here. These kinds of sentence are called “reciprocal sentences,” because the action indicated by the verb is the same for the two or more “subjects” who perform it. For example, the first sentence could mean both Mr. Hara plays go with Mr. Ōtsuka and Mr. Ōtsuka plays with Mr. Hara. They both have the same role. There are several kinds of reciprocal sentences in Japanese, and this one indicating “together with” is just one of them. Other verbs, such as ᇨш hanasu (to talk); ीਖшѺ kekkon suru (to marry); ૄѕгѺ nite iru (to look like); ‫ڦ‬е chigau (to be different); and adjectives such as ຈч onaji (the same), also use the particle їto make reciprocal sentences:

Particles (4) to / kara / made

81

бмљѹ

• ଲ౑о҂ўӈҦҳҦ

Usages of to

ўљ

їᇨ цѕгѺ Akinari is talking with the bar hostess.

List

ടᇟїҥӔӠїӋӗҏлᅑю Taro, John and Maria came

(Together) with

ҥӔӠўӋӗҏїۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़Ѻ John watches a movie with Maria

Reciprocity

ടᇟўӋӗҏїीਖшѺ Taro marries Maria

Direct quote

ཱིў઱њ͋শмя͌їॳђю He said to me “I like you”

Indirect quote

ཱིў઱лশмяїॳђю He told me he liked me

Definition

٩їўܾіцѶе̞ What is love?

With gitaigo/ giongo

ཱིўѧљѧљї਱ђю He sat down, exhausted

Conditional

ۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़Ѻї࿻кѺѷ If you see the film, you’ll understand

ѐл

• ѹ҂уўљцї‫ڦ‬г

ѭш Apples and pears are different. Quotes: To quote somebody’s words, we use ї. There are two kinds of quotation: indirect (reporting what was said), and direct (explicitly quoting what was said, between quotation marks). ѡѼѝѥ

мѮ

г

• ༣ ௳ўऄ лҽҘяїॳ ђюѷ Hironobu said you were stupid. мѴек

Ѫ

• ҢӠҶӖў͋ࡲ݊лᅈц фр

гља !͌їࢢ҂я Sandra

ᅑѺ kuru to come; ۨ‫ ݧ‬eiga film; फ़Ѻ miru to see; ीਖшѺ kekkon suru to marry; শм suki (to) like; ॳ е iu to say; ٩ ai love; ѧљѧљ weak; ਱Ѻ suwaru to sit; ࿻кѺwakaru to understand

yelled: “I want holidays!” These sentences use verbs such as ॳеiu (to say), ࢢѥsakebu (to yell), ффѳо (to whisper), etc. Verbs such as તе omou (to believe), ৞зѺkangaeru (to think), ୺о kaku (to write), also use ї. ййфк

Ѫ҂їе

юѝ

йѱ

• െ੔ўႉ๯њ޷цгїતђѕгѺѷ I think Osaka is really fun. к҂ч

к

•͋фоѸ͌ў߼ેі͋੨͌ї୺о The word “sakura” is written “ ੨ ” in kanji. Note: If we have a -na adjective or a noun before ї, we will need the verb to be in its simple form (я). The -i adjective, however, requires no conjugation. Definition: Using the combination їў, or its complete form їгеѝў, we can express a “definition.” ѝер҂

ѝеѹѶоцр҂

ѹѲо

•͋໲०͌їў͋໲ᆖ઻०͌ѝᅳіш “Nōken” is short for nōryoku shiken. Ѯ҂цѴцѴн

љ҂

•͋Ⴜ଒଒࡚͌їгеѝўܾішк̞ What is (that thing we call) “democracy”?

82

Lesson 41 不 41 嶓

The expression їге is useful when clarifying a concept or giving more information about something. For this usage, we don’t write the verb ॳе in kanji. ѐѶейѱцѼ

ӏӠҦҬ̱

•͋Monster͌їгеӋӠҙўෑთ༧̶г̟ The manga “Monster” is reaaally good! й҂љ

ц

•͋ҏҟҼ͌їге஀ҁඋђѕѺ̞ Do you know the woman called Ageha? With gitaigo / giongo: ї is often used with onomatopoeic words (see Lesson 29). кѝчѶ

љ

• ཱི஀ўцоцоїࡼгѕгѺ She is sobbing silently. ѡтем

ї

• ྇৥࠺лѢѴ̱҂ї྇҂ігю The plane flew (going byuuun). Conditional: In Japanese there are four ways of expressing the conditional which we will study in Lesson 56. For now we will only say for reference that ї is used in one of them: ю

Ѱ

• њ҂ч҂ҁ௮ѨѺїყлѷољѹѭш If you eat carrots, your sight will improve.

The particle 䛛䜙 Origin (from): кѸ indicates origin or point of departure, be it spatial or temporal. Ѽоч

• Ҿ̱ҳҐўϧોкѸіш The party is from six o’clock. м

• јткѸᅑю҂ішк̞ Where have you come from? | Where are you from? лђте

гз

бѺ

• ޵ৌкѸ݇ѧေгѕгрѺ I can walk home from school. тѯн

ѓо

• ҾӠўக༳кѸ੝Ѻ Bread is made from wheat.* *This is similar to the Manner / instrument / material usage of і in Lesson 38 (page 32). Both particles are almost interchangeable in this context: the only difference is that we use кѸ when the original material is not obvious just by looking at it. You can’t physically “see” that bread is made from wheat and so we use кѸ. When we can determine by sight what the material used is, we use і. Cause/reason: As seen in Lesson 34, кѸ is used to answer a question with је! цѕ (why?), like our “because.” It can also be used independently, meaning “as” or “since.” н҂х

юк

г

• ࣛ਱ў৳гкѸѷьѧ৥мѭцѶе As Ginza’s expensive, let’s go elsewhere else. Ѿюц ягчѶеѥ

ц҂Ѡг

• ઱ўെ்࿈якѸ̗௹༐цљгі I’m alright, so don’t worry. фкљ мѸ

њо

• ࢔ўॎгякѸ໐њцѭшѷ As I don’t like fish, I’ll have meat. Note: As mentioned at the end of the Quotes section on page 81, after a -na adjective or a noun, the verb is in its simple form (я). Again, this is not necessary with -i adjectives.

Particles (4) to / kara / made

83

After doing: In Lesson 35 we saw how кѸ is combined with the -te form to indicate “after doing . . .” Here’s an example as a reminder. њѪ҂

г

югѾ҂

г

• ໓ႉѧ৥ђѕкѸ൅ᇶѧ৥мюг After going to Japan, I want to go to Taiwan.

The particle 䜎䛷 This particle is easy to use, especially if we learn it together with кѸ, because they have opposite meanings. If кѸ is “from,” then ѭі is “until” or “to.” The third example below shows the common combination of кѸ and ѭі together. зм

чѴе

йѱ

• ۹ѭіϢϡҚӚпѸгбѺїતе I think it’s about 10 km to the station. к҂то

ѝт

• гѓѭіࠕਂњઑѹюгѝ̞ Until when do you want to stay in Korea? чѴнѶе

ф҂ч

ѷч

ў҂

• ଣࢿўϤોкѸϥોདѭіяѷ The class goes from three to half past four.

Usages of 䜔 к and ѳ are not considered “true” particles but they have similar functions to ї (page 80). We use ѳ to make lists, like ї. But ї is used to make exhaustive lists andѳ is used to make non-exhaustive lists of nouns or noun phrases (it can’t be used with verbs or adjectives), to give feeling “and so on.” шц

фцѮ

ю

• ଢગѳખ఍ҁ௮Ѩю I have eaten sushi and sashimi (among other things). кѻ

згу

ѐѴеуоу

у

ім

• ཱིў۲টѳඣਂটѳҮҔҠটл୙ᅑѺ He can speak English, Chinese, Czech (and others). їемѶе

нѤ

љуѳ

їѱяѐ

• ๥ࢗѳ࠯࿝ѳ჉ॸ‫ܯ‬њᄐൠлгѺ I have friends in Tokyo, Gifu, Nagoya . . . The expression їкhas practically the same meaning and usage as ѳ. However, ѳ is mainly used in written Japanese, whereas їк is used in colloquial contexts. Ѿюц

згл

й҂ло

ш

• ઱ўۨ‫ݧ‬їкܺ޷їклশміш I like movies and music (and other things).

Usages of 䛛 Although к is used to list things in a similar way to ї (page 80), and ѳ, it has a very different meaning, as it indicates a choice between one or several things and something else. Note: к can be used not only with nouns, but also with verbs and adjectives. шц

фцѮ

ю

• ଢગкખ఍ҁ௮Ѩѕояфг Eat the sushi or the sashimi, please. і҂цѲ

г

бѺ

м

• ฾ଁі৥окေгѕгокऽѰѷе Let’s decide whether to go by train or walk. їемѶе

нѤ

љуѳ

їѱяѐ

• ๥ࢗк࠯࿝к჉ॸ‫ܯ‬њᄐൠлгѺ He has a friend in Tokyo, Gifu, or Nagoya.

84

Lesson 41 不 41 嶓

More usages of 䛛 Another usage of к is ̶кјек, used to make questions of the “yes or no” kind. The basic sentence is similar to the ones in the previous point but the second part of the sentence is replaced by ̶кјек, similar to “or not” in English. фцѮ

ш

мѸ

г

• ખ఍лশмкॎгкॳђѕќ Tell me if you like or dislike sashimi, OK? фцѮ

ш

г

• ખ఍лশмкјекॳђѕќ Tell me if you like sashimi or not, OK? кѻ

ц

• ཱིлҢӖӗ̱ӋӠкјекඋѸљг I don’t know if he is an office worker or not. љѓѮ

с҂м

м

• ݅ྑл२࠽кјекဈгѕѱгг̞ Can I ask if Natsumi is all right (or not)? югкг

і

Ѿ

• െ‫ݰ‬њ୙юкјек࿻кѸљгљ I don’t know if he took part in the event or not.

Something, someday . . . Add к to interrogative pronouns/adverbs to create words like ܾк nanika (something, some), гѓк (sometime/ someday), јтк (somewhere), ൬к dareka (someone), etc. яѻ

юш

• ൬к୾рѕояфг̟ Someone help me, please! љњ

ѱ҂яг

• ܾкჯ൉лбѹѭшк Do you have any problems? кѝчѶ

б

• јткіཱི஀њ‫ݰ‬гюгљ I’d like to meet her somewhere. Usages of ka

Usages of kara From

ટјѱўҾӗкѸоѺ The children come from Paris

Origin

๽࿖ўെ๽кѸ੝Ѻ Tofu is made from soybeans ୒൉ў່цгкѸѳѸљг

List Yes or no? (̥̠̥̓)

Cause/reason Since homework is difficult, I won’t do it

After doing

୒൉лଳѾђѕкѸҳәӀ ҁफ़ѷе After finishing my homework, I’ll watch TV

Usage of made To/until

ಊ൅ѭі௼߯ಡі৥рѺ You can go as far as Sendai by shinkansen

Usage of ya Nonexhaustive list

җәӠҥѳәӏӠҁ༘ђю I bought oranges, lemons (and others)

Something (‫)̥ة‬

җәӠҥкәӏӠҁ௮Ѩѕ ояфг Eat an orange or a lemon, please ௮Ѩюгкјекॳђѕќ Tell me if you want to eat or not, OK? ܾк௮Ѩюг҂ішк̞ Do you feel like eating something?

ટ࢘ kodomo child; ๽࿖ tōfu tofu; െ๽daizu soybeans; ੝Ѻ tsukuru to make; ୒൉ shukudai homework; ່цг muzukashii difficult; ѳѺ to do (col.); ଳѾѺ owaru to finish; ҳәӀ TV; ௼߯ಡ shinkansen shinkansen; ৥оiku to go; җәӠҥorange; әӏӠlemon; ༘е kau to buy; ௮ѨѺ taberu to eat

Particles (4) to / kara / made

๰ဒ̊

85

Manga Examples

We will complete the lesson with a few examples taken from manga, as usual. This time we’ll start with a focus on some of the many uses of the particle 䛸 that we have looked at in this chapter.

Manga Example 1: Several usages of to Here are three different usages of ї in one sentence! The first ї gives a list” of only two elements, the nouns 26໓ and 31໓ (note the special pronunciation). The second ї goes with the gitaigo ӁӠ(see Lesson 29 to review gitaigo). The word Ӂ Ӡ indicates something like a thought that suddenly strikes you and is generally used as part of the expression ӁӠїоѺ, as in this example. And now you’ll be asking yourself where the third ї is. Well, in fact, it’s “hidden": the ї seen when discussing quotes on page 81, is usually contracted into ђѕ in spoken Japanese. Pay careful attention to this, because it happens often. In this sentence, the contracted ї is in ୙крѺїဈгѕ (I heard he went out). ї connects the main sentence ဈо (to hear) and the subordinate clause ୙крѺ (to go out).

໖∜ ໖∟ ଡ଼∀∆∼⅙√ ဋ⇼√≱⊌∜ ∂∔≃∕ ɊɎ

J.M. Ken Niimura

ɋɉ

чѴеуњѐ

ўѓк

і

м

Kōsaka: ϢϦ໓їϣϡ໓њ୙крѺђѕဈгѕӁӠїмю҂я day 15 cp day 20 tp go out sbp hear “flash” come When I heard he went out on the 15th and the 20th, I suddenly understood.

86

Lesson 41 不 41 嶓

Manga Example 2: Together with

⇻∔∌ ℵȹ

Here is a good example of the second usage of ї , studied on page 80: “together with/with.” We said the ‫ ୸گ‬part of the expression ̶ї‫୸گ‬њto issho ni (together with) is often left out, as is the case in this sentence, which could easily be ҷҗӑಋ༏ї‫୸گ‬њ৥ мюг. Notes: The word ಋ༏ (Lesson 15), indicates “someone with more experience, who does the same work or study as the speaker, but who started earlier.” It is widely used. Also notice the tag ҂іш at the end, explained in Manga Example 4, Lesson 40. Gabriel Luque

≧≈⊀ಎ༒∜ ২∂∔⇼୶∁⇻ ∼≃∛∎∆∝ℿ

ъ҂Ѡг

г

їтѼ

Mayumi: бюц̗ҷҗӑಋ༏ї৥мюг୳лбѺ҂ішрј̹ I Naoya suf cp go place sp there is but . . . I . . . There is a certain place I’d like to go with Naoya . . .

Manga Example 3: Spoken contraction of to iu In Manga Example 1, we saw how ї is contracted to ђѕ in spoken Japanese. The same happens with the expression їге and їў. Here we have an example of an indirect quote as described on page 81. Sachie quotes twice what they’ve told her using ї plus the verb ॳе iu (to say), which gives us їге (says that), contracted into a simple ђѕ. Let’s see, now, a usage of this ђѕ as a definition: ͋Ⴜ଒଒࡚͌ђѕܾ̞ Minshushugi tte nani? (What is democracy?) This ђѕ as you know, is the equivalent of їў. Note: ђѕ can be the contraction of ї , as in Manga Example 1, or of the full expression їг е (says that) or even the defining expression їў.

Studio K¯osen

⇕⇑∕⅙√↢

‫∛∲∄ࣛ∢ޙ‬ ∢∐√∄∽∼⅙√ ȺȺ

җ̱Ҟ̱

ѭѐ

ѐк

Sachie: Ѐϼяђѕ̟‫ޖ‬ѝࣘоѭіѝъѕоѻѺђѕ̟̟ OK says that! Village pop near to take (receive) says that! He says OK! He’s taking us somewhere near the village!

Particles (4) to / kara / made

87

Manga Example 4: Usage of made and an idiomatic usage of kara

श⇾∟ᅔ∼ ∲∛࠾⅙√ ∷∺∞⇼∀∺ℶ

The particle ѭі is the equivalent of “until.” In this example ѭі indicates a point in time: ळзњᅑѺѭі. In the previous example, ѭі indicates a point in space:!‫ޖ‬ѝ ࣘоѭі (somewhere near the village). Note: The кѸ at the end of the sentence indicating cause/reason is discussed on page 82. This usage is very common in spoken language, especially when the speaker is angry or in a bad mood. In such cases, rather than translating it as “because,” it’s better to use “huh!” or a similar interjection. ѯк

о

кз

Xian Nu Studio

Mihoko: ळзњᅑѺѭі࠻ђѕѳѸљгкѸ̘ fetch until go back (give) because I won’t go back until he comes to fetch me, huh!

Manga Example 5: Cause or reason Here is a good example of the use of кѸ: cause/reason (see page 82), linking the two sentences йಱњўဈкъѸѻљг (reason) and ഈટѝ଱ତҁѷѨ (consequence). In the sentence we also see the appositional usage of ѝ (Lesson 40, page 50) in ഈટѝ଱ ତ, as well as the imperative ѷѨ (from the verb ॹѥ yobu, to call), studied in Lesson 30. The inflection ဈкъѸѻљг is a combination of the causative form (Lesson 60), and the negative potential form (Lesson 32): it literally means “I can’t let you hear,” in other words, “I can’t tell you.”

Xian Nu Studio

⇿಴∟∣ ဋ∀∐∺ ∽∞⇼∀∺ ഋઢ∢ ଴ଧ≂ ∹∭ℿ

ѭз

м

ѯшт

ѡім

Kūkai: йಱњўဈкъѸѻљгкѸഈટѝ଱ତҁѷѨ̹ you iop top hear (passive-reflexive) because son pop Hideki dop call . . . I can’t tell you, so call my son Hideki.

88

Lesson 41 不 41 嶓

Manga Example 6: Ka dō ka

J.M. Ken Niimura

∞ℿ݁≂ ॶ⅙√∼∢∀ ∹∄ ∿∀∺∞⇼ ∁ℿ

∜∟∀∄ ⇿಴∢ ඎ⅙√∼උ∀ ∝⇽∀ℵޮ∀ ∵√∳∾

In the second sentence of this manga example notice the construction ̶кјекwhich is used to form questions of the “yes or no” type. The construction̶кјек is used to avoid repeating the verb and to simplify: the “extended version” of the sentence would be: йಱѝඋђѕ ѺඈкඋѸљгඈкޫкѰѕѮѼ (Check if you ȺȺ know those men or if you don’t know them). Note: In this sentence, we can also see ̶ѕѮѺ, (Lesson 35), meaning “try to do something.” Notice how ̶ѕѮѺ is conjugated in the imperative: ޫкѰѕѮѼ, literally “try to check,” or “check and see.”

љњ

г

Soldier: љ̹ܾҁॳђѕѺѝкѷоѾкѸљгл̹ w . . .what dop say sbp q? well know but . . . Wha . . . ? I don’t understand very well what you are saying, but . . . ѭз ц йїт юц їњкойಱѝඋђѕѺඈкјек̗ޫкѰѕѮѼ̟̟ anyhow you pop know man “yes or no,” check (try)!! Whatever it is, go and check if you know those men or not!!

Manga Example 7: Something ∞≃∀ ॶ⅙√ ປ‫ۮ‬इⅣ

This example shows the combination of an interrogative adverb or pronoun plus к, to mean “something.” In this case we have љ҂к, but other variants such as јѻк (which one), гѓ к (sometime), јтк (somewhere) are also possible. Note: We also see here the use of the -te form for a request, without оя фг , characteristic of spoken language, as we saw in Lesson 35.

г

їољло҂

Emika: љ҂кॳђѕຘ۫ऄҰ Studio K¯osen

something say Tokunaga suf Say something, Tokunaga!

89

Particles (4) to / kara / made

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Translate: “I want to buy potatoes, tomatoes and ȥ

onions.” (to buy ༘е ; potatoes чѲлгѱ ; ȹɘ

tomatoes ҵӋҵ ; onions ࣃ ќн ) Translate: “I want to buy potatoes, tomatoes, onions, etc.”

3

2

Translate: “I want to buy potatoes, tomatoes, or onions.”

Translate: “I think you are very beautiful.” Ȥɜ

ȧə

(to think ત е ; you ऄ ; very!їѕѱ ; beautiful

4

мѻг ) Ȣɍȳ

5

ȱɭȲɟȩ

Ɂɭȱɝ

ȲɟȽɑɭ

Translate: घཹଢкѸ ௼୒ ѭі ฾ଁ іϢϡ࿻к Ȣɍȳ

ȱɭȲɟȩ

Ɂɭȱɝ

кѺ̘( घཹଢ Ebisu; ௼୒ Shinjuku; ฾ଁ train; ɏɭ

࿻ minutes; ккѺ to take)

Translate: “Since I’m tired, I’m going to rest.” (to be Ⱦȥ

ɞȳ

tired ཻ ѻѕгѺ ; to rest ࡲ ѯ )

7

6

Translate: “I don’t know if Naoki can speak ȱ

ɄȤȧ

Spanish or not.” (to know උѺ ; Naoki ෙତ ; to ɉɄ

Ȯ

speak ᇨ ш ; Spanish ҦӇґӠট ) ɀ

ȥ

Translate: јекକҁാцѕояфг̘ ɀ

ȥ

( କҁാш to give a hand) ȱȻɅɭ

9

ȯɚɣȞ

ȢȞȦ

8

ɏɥ

Translate:͋ ૢఒ ѝ ૅ ͌ђѕۨ‫ݧ‬ў ॸ гќ̘ ȱȻɅɭ

ȯɚɣȞ

ȢȞȦ

( ૢఒ seven people; ૅ samurai; ۨ‫ ݧ‬movie; ɏɥ

ॸ г old)

What is the equivalent of ђѕ in the previous question? Besides this one, what other constructions are equivalent to ђѕ?

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 42

•

ᇹ 42 ᛢ

Shopping After the hard battle fought against particles in the last four lessons, let’s relax a little in this chapter while learning a lot of new vocabulary.

Let’s go shopping! Let’s revise some sentences which can be helpful whenever we go shopping. љњ

фл

• ܾк൲цѕгѺ҂ішк̞ Are you looking for something? (Lesson 41) • ўг̗Љўбѹѭшк̞ Yes, do you have x? Ѯ

• ггз̗फ़ѕгѺяріш No, I’m just looking. Ѯ

• бѻҁफ़ъѕояфг Could you please show me that? • тѻўгоѸішк̞ How much is this? (Lesson 34) цўѸ

с҂м҂

• йદ࿶гў॰ࣙішк̗Ҙ̱Ҷішк̞ Will you pay by cash or credit card? (Lesson 41) ќл с҂м҂ ќл • Ҙ̱Ҷійࠥгцѭш Credit card. | ॰ࣙійࠥгцѭш Cash. ќл

• тѻҁйࠥгцѭш Could I have this, please? Shopping

Buying clothes Most Japanese words for clothes come from English, because it wasn’t until the Meiji Era (1868) that the Japanese began dressing in Western style. In addition to the traditional clothing words in the table on the facing page you may also come across ല obi (kimono sash), ўкѭ(a sort of skirt nowadays used almost exclusively in martial arts), ܻഫ!geta (Japanese clogs), ഌഽ!tabi (socks with the big toe separated). чѥ҂ ѷе

ѵкю

ഽ

to bargain

ඊ౽Ѻ

ɇȨ

ɤɡȠȱɟȠȱɡ

bill

ᆕ ନ ୺

cash register әҥ ɩɤɍȧ

discount

߁‫ڽ‬

price tag

ඊੲ

bargain

ҽ̱ҟӠ

ɇɏȺ

фл

• ૖࿻ᄺѝᅊ‫ڤ‬ҁ൲цѕгѺ҂ішл I’m looking for a yukata for myself. (Lesson 40) чѶъгѷе

ɏȩɧ

bag

ҳҐ̱

• ஀౐ᄺѝЅҤӐұўбѹѭшк̞ Do you have T-shirts for women? њѪ҂

• ໓ႉѝҢґҧлѾкѹѭъ҂ I don’t know how sizes in Japan work.

ɉɣ

to pay

࿶е ɂȩɊȞ

bargain sale

ບ༙ ȶȞ

tax

౪ ȾȾ

to wrap

၀ѯ

Shopping

91

• тѝҢґҧўгоѓішк̞ What size is this? шт

ѳш

• ѱе஖ц‫څ‬гѱѝлбѹѭшк̞ Do you have something a little bit cheaper? цѐѲо

• ઻ජцѕѱггішк̞ Can I try it on? (Lesson 32) Clothes ȧɜɈ

belt

ӆӘҵ

kimono

ජ࿹

suit

Ҧ̱ұ

blouse

ӃӖғҦ

pajamas

ҾҥӐӋ

sweater

Ҩ̱Ҭ̱

boots

Ӄ̱ұ

panties

ҾӠҳґ

swimming costume

పජ

bra

ӃӖҥӐ̱

scarf

ӋӂӖ̱

tie

ҺҜҬґ

coat

Ҡ̱ҵ

shirt

ҤӐұ

trousers

ҧӉӠ

ࣹ

T-shirt

U ҤӐұ

ҦҘ̱ҵ

underpants

ҾӠұ

underwear

ܻජ

yukata

ᅊ‫ڤ‬

əȴȨ

ȩȾ

dress

shoes

ҶәҦ ɀɐȩɧ

gloves

skirt

କഽ

ȱȹȨ

ȩȾȱȹ

jacket

ҥӐҞҰҵ

socks

jeans

ҥ̱Ӡҧ

stockings ҦҵҰҚӠҝ

ࣹܻ

ɠȥȹ

Buying manga and books Visiting Japan is an ideal opportunity for manga fans to stock up! ҥ̱ҳҐ̱җ̱

фл

•͋ϸЅЀ͌їгеӋӠҙҁ൲цѕгѭш I’m looking for a manga called “GTO.” (Lesson 41) фоцѲ

цѴђѠ҂цѲ

• ੝૿к୙ཚ૽ўѾкѹѭшк̞ Do you know the author or the publishing company? (Lesson 41) • тѝӋӠҙҁояфг I’ll take this manga. (Lesson 41)

Buying souvenirs To conclude, we will learn how to buy the unavoidable souvenirs and presents. њ҂нѶе

і҂їеѕм

• тѝఒखўฺ๶รішк̞ Is this doll a traditional one? мѴеш

тѾ

м

• ьѝࡷడў‫ݴ‬ѻѳшгкѸ̗࠽ҁѓрѕояфгќ This teapot is fragile, so please be careful. (Lesson 41) ѓѓ

• ӄәҩӠҵякѸ̗၀҂іояфг It’s a present, so could you wrap it up, please? (Lesson 41) цѶеѮ мс҂

• бѝъ҂Ѩгѝ௅Ⴎ࠷ॵўгѓішк̞ When do those rice crackers expire? ѳш

Ѯѳс

е

• ‫څ‬гй๓ઇҁ༙ђѕгѭъ҂к̞ Do you sell cheap souvenirs? (Lesson 40)

92

Lesson 42 不 42 嶓

Cultural Note: A Passion for Fashion The term “fashion victim” seems to have been invented specifically to describe Japanese urban youth. Although that’s not true, what is true is that if you walk around the ୋ൨ Shibuya and ३୒!Harajuku districts in ๥ࢗ Tōkyō, or the ༔฽ Umeda and ௹ੇࢭ Shinsaibashi districts in െ੔!Ōsaka, you are likely to come across vast numbers of young people who might fit that description. Japanese urban fashion is eclectic, colorful, sometimes extreme, and sometimes absolutely outlandish. There are times when you feel you really are at one of those flamboyant fashion shows in Paris or Milan: super-short skirts, conspicuous accessories, cowboy hats, spike-heel boots, pink angora sweaters, hair dyed platinum blonde, ridiculously expensive designer handbags, knee-high stockings with sneakers . . . All this and a lot more rules Japanese ӂҎ ҰҤӔӠ, which changes at a hectic pace. But not everybody can afford to change their wardrobe completely every two or Shinsaibashi: extreme-fashion addicts in their habitat (Photo: M. Bernabé) three months. In fact, this represents one of the most urgent problems for urban youth (especially for girls): how to find money to “be fashionable.” Not everybody in Japan is rich enough to be able to afford such frantic spending. Therefore, money is obtained via all kinds of scheming: from asking one’s parents or simply having an ҏӘҽґ≢ (part-time job) in a ≎⊉Ӏ≥ (convenience store), to practically prostituting oneself with the so called ‫୾܈‬থੌ enjo kōsai (literally, “relationship in exchange of help”), which entails teenage girls going out with middle-aged men (generally, forty or over) in exchange for money. The Ҵ̱ҵ(date) can involve anything: from an innocent afternoon snack or coffee to ending up in bed. The thing is fashion is like a religion, or rather, pure mimicry: if my neighbor has that Gucci or Cartier handbag, why shouldn’t I have it? Thus, it is not in vain that the world’s main luxury firms consider ໓ႉ Nihon their most important market.

Shopping

๰ဒ̊

93

Manga Examples

These manga examples illustrate some situations that you might find yourself in while shopping in Japan, along with some useful language.

Manga Example 1: Great bargains

J.M. Ken Niimura

⇿⇿⅙ ༸≣⅟Ⅳ ≕Ⅵ∁ ≭≉‫↢ڈ‬ ≳⊃≆≗ པ޻

This example gives useful language when looking for a bargain, such as the word ད޸ (half price). Also take a look at the pamphlets, which say ҽ̱ ҟӠད޸ (half-price bargains) and െ‫༙څ‬ѹ ooyasuuȺɘ ri (special bargain sale). ‫༙څ‬ѹ is a native Japanese word and ҽ̱ҟӠis imported from English: they both mean “bargain.” Note: ҳҐҰҤӒ are “tissues” and ༵ means “box,” so ༵ҳҐҰҤӒ are “tissue boxes.” These boxes are, according to Kazue, ҽҘ‫څ‬. If you remember Lesson 23, ҽҘ is an insult meaning “silly, stupid.” ҽҘ‫ څ‬is literally “foolishly cheap,” in other words, “dirt cheap.” ўт

ѳш

ў҂ло

Kazue: ййђ༵ҳҐҰҤӒлҽҘ‫̟څ‬ӃӖғҦད޸̟̞ wow box tissues sp foolish cheap! Blouse half price!? Wow! Tissues are dirt cheap! And blouses at half price?!

Manga Example 2: 2500 yen altogether

ўดѰѕϣϡϡႩ‫܀‬ѱккђю ѷ gakuhi wa shimete 200 man en mo kakatta yo (School expenses amounted Gabriel Luque

∟ ̙ ∟∐≃∉ ∦⅚∄‫∕܃‬ℹ

∌∵√ ↿⇂↽↽‫∡܃‬

Here we see the clerk giving the customer the total price: the verb цѰѺ( ดѰѺ ), is used here as an adverb (remember verbs in the -te form can sometimes function as adverbs, Lesson 22), meaning “altogether.” ดѰѺ is used to give the final figure after adding up the total prices. A further example is ޵྄

Ⱥɘ

њъ҂уѡѲо з҂

Man:

цѰѕϣϦϡϡ‫܀‬ќ! total 2500 yen ep That’s 2500 yen altogether.

to 2 million yen altogether). Notice the usage of the particle ѱ to emphasize the number (Lesson 37). з҂

Tezuka:

њ̖њъ҂уѡѲо‫܀‬я̱̟̞ t . . .two thousand five hundred yen be!? T . . .two thousand five hundred yeeen?!

94

Lesson 42 不 42 嶓

Manga Example 3: Brand fever

Xian Nu Studio

∯∺ ̙ ∈∢≭Ⅳ≎∞≃∀ ⊍⅟≥⊌∹↡ ⊍ȹȹ⅟≥⊌↢ ⇼∄∺∎⅙∜ધ⅙√≃∢∹ Ⴌ∹↡ Ⴌ↢

On page 92 we mentioned the Japanese obsession with luxury designer goods, and this example proves it. The speaker boasts to his friend about having a Louis Vuitton bag which cost a whopping ϣϡႩ‫܀‬. Since Kojima’s second ɋɉ sentence is extremely distorted by his colloquial style of speech, we will transcribe it into “normal” ɋɉ Japanese to analyze it properly: гоѸшѺїત ђѕгѺѝ̞ The expression гоѸшѺ is an alternative way of saying гоѸіш (How much is it?). It’s also worth pointing out the use of the construction їતе (I think), which we studied in the section about quotes on page 81 of Lesson 41. Kojima: ѪѸ̖тѝҽҰҝљ҂кӡҐҵӠѷ̞ӡҐҵӠ̟ look this bag Vuitton ep? Vuitton! Look at this handbag. It’s a Vuitton, man, a Vuitton! йѱ

њчѴе ѭ҂

њчѴе ѭ҂

гоѸшђїતђѕ҂ѝѷ̖ 3 1 Ⴉѷ̞ 3 1 Ⴉ̟ how much sbp think q? ep 20 man ep? 20 man! How much do you think it costs? 200,000, man, 200,000!

Manga Example 4: To bargain

‫⅙∾∆∲∄ڈ‬ √≓≅⊌ ∕−⇽ ∛∎ℹ⅙↢

In Japan bargaining is not paramount, but sometimes, maybe in ӂӗ̱Ӌ̱ҞҰҵ)flea markets) or in some electronics stores, you might obtain a discount if you insist a little. The standard expression, which would be ѐѶђїѭрѕояфг (Give me a little discount, please), uses the verb ѭрѺ (to reduce), which we see in this example in its imperative form, ѭрѼ (Lesson 30). Notes: ѐѶђї means “a little.” For obvious reasons, ‫څ‬г and its opposite ৳г takai (expensive) are key words when bargaining and when generally buying. Notice ђѕ in the sentence: it’s a contraction of їг е (the “definition” usage of ї, Lesson 41, page 81).

Xian Nu Studio

ѳш

Kishida: ‫څ‬оѭрѼђѕҢґӠяьеіш̱ђ̟ cheap bargain sbp sign be seems be! It looks like the sign for “give me a discount”!

Shopping

95

Manga Example 5: A discount

Studio K¯osen

−⇼∘∣ ≈≾≤≝≅ ∀∺ℿ

↿߄∯ ∝จ݃∀∺ ‫↢√⇼ۀ‬

Often, we will see offers marked with a number plus the word ߁‫ ڽ‬waribiki (discount) or, as in the example, just ߁. These are, obviously, discounts—the number indicates the percentage. For example, this 3߁ a 20% discount, and Ϧ߁ would be a 50% discount (notice how the number is multiplied by ten). You will frequently find labels or signs indicating discounts mainly in supermarkets and boutiques. Many use the formula Љ ߁ which we have just seen, and others use the word ད޸ hangaku, which we saw in Manga Example 1 and which means “half price.” Note: The shop assistant is talking about ൃ tai (sea bream). Since the pronunciation of the word ൃ! is the same as the last part of the adjective йѰіюг (joyous, happy), in Japan, sea bream is eaten on celebratory occasions.

њѾѹ

ѕгк

ѡ

Man: ьгѓўҗӎҴҬґкѸ̹ Woman: ϣ߁Ѫјฅ݀кѸ‫ڽ‬гѕ̟ that top “omedetai” because . . . 20% approximately price from take out! Well, because it’s a “joyous bream . . .” (You will) lower the price 20%!

Gabriel Luque

≅⊌≝ℹ ≪Ⅳ≥∛∶ ∷∼↡

⇻⇻ℿ ≑⊌≱Ⅵ ℹ≝↡

Manga Example 6: The computer? This example reveals how most computer terms have been introduced into Japanese through English, like almost all languages in the world. Such is the case for the words ҠӠӁӒ ̱Ҭ and ґӠҬ̱ҺҰҵ. The word “computer” curiously has two Japanese names: the “orthodox” ҠӠӁӒ̱Ҭand the more cryptic ҾҪҠ Ӡ, a contraction of the word Ҿ̱ҪҷӘ̛ҠӠӁӒ̱Ҭ. Note: Notice the іѱ in the example. It’s the same usage we saw in Manga Example 7 in Lesson 38.

Kei: бб̹ҠӠӁӒ̱Ҭ̞ґӠҬ̱ҺҰҵіѱѳѺ̞ oh . . . computer? Internet or something do? Oh, the computer? Do you want to connect to the Internet or something?

96

Lesson 42 不 42 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ ȾȾ

1

ɀɐȩɧ

Translate into English the words ၀ ѯ , କഽ , ӆ ȦȱɟȠ

əȴȨ

Әҵ , Ҫӂҵ , ‫ ୁݧ‬, పජ and Ҩ̱Ҭ̱ .

Translate into Japanese the words “suit,” “scarf,” “discount,” “doll,” “electronic dictionary,” and “tie.”

3

You go into a shop to browse around. What do you reply if the clerk asks you if you want anything special? You are looking for a book called “Kimono,” and the clerk asks you ܾк൲цѕгѺ҂ішк̞ What do you answer?

5

4

Translate into Japanese the sentence: “Do you have a size ‘small’ in pants?”

Translate into English: б ѝ Ӌ Ӡ ҙ ї ь ѝ Ӏ Ҵ җ ҟ̱Ӎҁояфг̘

7

2

6

You want to buy a video game, but you don’t know whether you will be able to use it in your country. Ask the clerk. Translate into Japanese: “Since this pottery piece is fragile, could you wrap it up, please?” (pottery

8

ɂȠȧ

piece: ຂࠪ )

9

You are at a flea market, and you are interested in something. Try to start bargaining in Japanese.

Give the three ways of saying “at half price” which we have studied in this lesson.

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 43

•

ᇹ 43 ᛢ

Suppositions and Conjectures We know that the Japanese tend to be ambiguous: they prefer hiding behind vagueness and imprecision, as opposed to risking categorical statements. In this lesson we will study the wide variety of expressions for supposition and conjecture.

Maybe, baby . . . Ambiguity in the Japanese language often causes confusion and misunderstandings. A Japanese person will never say “no” directly; rather, they will let out a rhetorical alternative in the form of “hmm, it might be a little difficult,” or “I’d have to say that’s not quite possible,” which will make a Western mind think “they say it’s difficult, but they don’t say no, so maybe it could be done,” when what the Japanese person really means is no. Let’s now look at the Japanese expressions which might be used in such cases.

I think that 䛸ᛮ䛖 We already saw the this expression in Lesson 41. ўч

йѱ

• ҦӁ̱ҮҁજѰюгїતгѭш (I think) I’d like to start my speech. Ѽ҂ѥ҂ гѐ ј к йѱ • ᇥဇҁѱе‫گ‬๒୺гѕѱѸгюгїતе I think I’d like you to write the thesis again.

Perhaps / maybe / might 䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔㻌㻔䛛䜒䛧䜜䜎䛫䜣㻕 The phrase кѱцѻљг is used after a verb in its simple form, an -i or -na adjective, or a noun. кѻ

ч҂

• ཱིўҦӇґӠఒкѱцѻљг He might be Spanish. Ѹгќ҂

њѪ҂

г

• ᅑ໤̗໓ႉѧ৥окѱцѻѭъ҂ѷ Maybe I’ll go to Japan next year. юк

• тѝҘӎӖў৳кђюкѱцѻљгљ Perhaps this camera was expensive.

Apparently 䜘䛖䛰䞉䜏䛯䛔䛰 Some of the expressions that follow are similar, and confusing them is easy. We will try to explain clearly, although more often than not the “borders” of their usage are a bit hazy!

98

Lesson 43 不 43 嶓

The expression ѷея means “apparently,” and is used when the speaker has direct information (either visual or sensory) taken from the speaker’s previous knowledge about the subject and his capacity to reason. It is a conjecture with a high degree of certainty. It goes after a verb in its simple form or an -i adjective, without adding anything. -na adjectives keep љ. You must add ѝ between a noun and ѷея. юљк

мыѓ

• ฽ඣф҂ў࠽ಇцюѷея Apparently, Tanaka has fainted. (Because I can see that he is lying on the floor.) Ѯъ

ўљѳ

• тѝาў‫ܯݕ‬ф҂ѝѷея I’d say that shop is (seems like) a flower shop. (Because there are lots of flowers for sale inside.) їрг

юк

• тѝોबў৳гѷеішќ (I’d say) that watch is expensive, isn’t it? (Because I’m familiar with the brand name.)

ѷея is really a -na adjective ( ѷељ ), so it can also go in the middle of a sentence functioning as “is like.” The adverbial form ѷењ is also possible. (See also Lesson 54.) ѕѓ

ҕӂӜӠ

оѺѭ

е҂ѕ҂

• ษўϷϢѝѷељଁҁ۠ืцѕгѭш Tetsu drives a car that looks like a F1.

ѷея is usually used in written or formal Japanese. On informal occasions, Ѯюгя is preferred. This is, theoretically, an equivalent to ѷея, that is, an expression based on direct information, with a high degree of certainty. However, Ѯюгя is used on occasions that don’t always have a high degree of certainty. It goes after a verb in its simple form, an -i or -na adjective, or a noun. о҂

ў

• ӂӖӠऄўѡсҁ౛ѳцюѮюгяѷ̟ It looks like Tom has grown a beard! тез҂

цщ

• бѝফ‫܁‬ў౨кѮюгя That park looks quiet.

Ѯюгя is also a -na adjective (Ѯюгљ) and it works just like ѷея: ѕѓ

ҕӂӜӠ

оѺѭ

е҂ѕ҂

• ษўϷϢѮюгљଁҁ۠ืцѕгѺэ Tetsu drives a car that looks like a F1.

Probably 䛰䜝䛖 яѼеis the verb “to be” (іш) in the -ō form (Lesson 34). It is slightly different to other verbs in the -ō form, because it doesn’t have the meaning of “let’s . . . ,” but is used at the end of a sentence and has two different meanings. The first is expressing a pure conjecture (not necessarily based on previous information). It is added after a noun, an -i or -na adjective, or a verb in its simple form. Note: The formal version of яѼе is іцѶе.

Suppositions and Conjectures

99

ѤѺ

• бѝҾҪҠӠўॸгяѼе That computer is probably old. ѭфт

юѥ҂

т

• ౘટѐѲ҂ўഞ࿻ᅑљгяѼеќ I suppose Masako (probably) won’t come. мѯѸ

ѯшѰ

• ქഛф҂ѝჇф҂ўмѻгіцѶе (I imagine) Kimura’s daughter is probably beautiful. The second meaning of яѼе is that of a “tag” asking for a reply to the speaker’s statement, similar to “isn’t it?” or “right?” It’s usage is very similar to ќ (Lesson 17). мѯѸ

ѯшѰ

• йг̗ქ ഛ̟б҂юѝჇ̗мѻгяѼе̞ Hey, Kimura! Your daughter is beautiful, isn’t she? • тѝҞ̱ҚўйгцгіцѶе̞ This cake is delicious, isn’t it? Note: It is worth learning these adverbs which are often used in expressions of supposition: ഞ࿻ tabun (perhaps), йьѸо (probably), ѱцкшѺї/ѱцкцѕ (possibly), јеѳѸ (likely), ѡѶђїшѺї (by chance), and мђї (surely).

Apparently 䜙䛧䛔 Ѹцг expresses something the speaker knows because she has heard or read (it repeats information which is not firsthand). It’s not as certain as ѷея, or as uncertain as яѼе. Add Ѹцг after a noun, an -i or -na adjective, or a verb in its simple form. ч҂

л҂т

• ҶґұఒўࠣॺѸцгѷ (From what I’ve read / heard) Germans are stubborn. кз

• ҦӌҦф҂ўҏӎӗҘњ࠻ѸљгѸцг (Apparently) Mr. Smith will not be going back to the USA.

Ѹцг is also an -i adjective meaning “worthy of,” “as is expected from,” or “becoming,” conjugated like any -i adjective: Negative: Ѹцољг | Past: Ѹцкђю | Past negative: Ѹцољкђю. бг

њѪ҂ч҂

• ٩ѐѲ҂ў໓ႉఒѸцгішќ Ai is so Japanese-like. (Ai is just like how you’d expect a Japanese girl to be.) ѭз

йїт

Ѥ

ѭ

• йг̗йಱ̟ඈѸцо௻Ѻ࿢з̟ Hey, you! Man up! (Act like a man would!)

From what I’ve heard 䛭䛖䛰 (1) There are two ьея expressions. The first is similar to the other expressions we have seen: simply add ьея to a verb, adjective or noun. But with the second one you must “conjugate” verbs and adjectives. The first ьея means exactly the same as Ѹцг: we use it to pass on information the speaker has obtained directly from another source. The differences between ьея (1)

100

Lesson 43 不 43 嶓

and Ѹцг are that ьея (1) is completely based on hearsay, whereas Ѹцг is based on what we’ve heard, seen, read or reasoned. It goes after a verb in its simple form or an -i adjective. я must be added between ьея and -na adjectives or nouns. Ѯѳхм

і҂цѲ

чт

• ࡵਖ਼і฾ଁૃঁлбђюьея (I’ve heard / read that) in Miyazaki there was a train accident. лђте

ъгѤо

юк

• ޵ৌѝౌ࿯ў৳кђюьея (From what I heard) the school uniform was expensive. ъ҂ъг

• ҥӍф҂ўಋ౛яьеішќ (From what I’ve been told) Jim is a teacher, isn’t he?

Looks or seems 䛭䛖䛰(2)

Inflections for 䛭䛖䛰 (2) The second ьея has nothing to юй юй ๖ ѻѺΠ๖ ѻѭшΠ do with the first one. It expresses юй юй conjecture about the state of some- Verbs ̶ѭш ๖ ѻΠ๖ ѻьея ͑!ье thing, based on what the speaker To fall Π it looks like it’s falling (it’s about to fall) sees or has seen. ьея (2) isn’t фѯ фѯ фѯ used in the past because it is only ߣ гΠߣ Πߣ ьея ̶г -i adj. used when talking about things that ͑!ье cold Π! it looks like it’s cold с҂м с҂м с҂м are probably true in the present or ࠽љΠ२ ࠽Π२ ࠽ьея २ might be true in a foreseeable future. -na adj. ̶љ ͑!ье cheerful Π! he looks cheerful Words conjugated with ьея (2) become -na adjectives and function as such. ьея (2) is not used with nouns. Study the usages shown in the table above. ѤѺ

• бѝҽґҜўїѕѱॸьея That motorcycle looks very old. цуї

мѮ

ім

йѱ

• тѝ઒ૃўऄњ୙ᅑьеяїતе I think you can (probably) do that job. мѶе

с҂м

кй

• ਒໓ў२࠽ьељࠤҁцѕгѺќ You look cheerful today, don’t you? When used with verbs, ьея (2) sometimes has the connotation of “to be about to”: ѵм

Ѥ

• ಆлৰѹьеішќ It looks like it’s about to snow, doesn’t it? ѐѐ

йт

• ࿔ў๕ѹьењљђю My father looked like he was going to get angry.

Supposed to 䛿䛪䛰㻌㻌and 䛻䛱䛜䛔䛺䛔 ўщя is used to express that the speaker hopes that what he expects is real. It is equivalent to “supposed to . . .” it goes after a verb in its simple form or an -i adjective, without adding anything. -na adjectives keep љ. You must add ѝ between a noun and ўщя. гз

• ӆӚҸҘф҂ў݇њгѺўщя (I imagine) Veronica is supposed to be home. кѝчѶ

ею

чѶещ

• ཱི஀ў‫ݍ‬лௌକљўщіш (I’m almost sure) she is supposed to sing very well.

Suppositions and Conjectures

101

The expression њѐлгљг expresses something which is “without doubt.” We add nothing but њѐлгљг after a noun, an -i or -na adjective, or verb in its simple form. гз

• ӆӚҸҘф҂ў݇њгѺњѐлгљг There is no doubt Veronica is home. кѝчѶ

ею

чѶещ

• ཱི஀ў‫ݍ‬лௌକњѐлгбѹѭъ҂ She undoubtedly sings very well. Finally, here is a summary table of the whole lesson, with the formal versions of each one of the expressions, in brackets. Suppositions: General summary table кѱц ѻљг

Pure supposition

ѷея

Supposition based on something directly perceived and qualified by the speaker’s reason or knowledge

Ѯюг

Informal version of ѷея

яѼе

Pure supposition (not neces- ьѝඈў໓ႉఒяѼе̿іцѶѐ sarily based on something) That man is probably Japanese

Ѹцг

Supposition based on something the speaker has heard, seen, or read

Ѹцг )3*

ьѝඈў໓ႉఒкѱцѻљг̿кѱцѻѭъ҂̀ That man might be Japanese (but I’m not sure)

ьѝඈў໓ႉఒѝѷея̿ѝѷеіш̀ (Considering what I see now and what I knew before about the Japanese in general) that man seems to be Japanese

ьѝඈў໓ႉఒѮюг̿Ѯюгіш̀ (Considering what I see now and what I knew before about the Japanese in general) that man seems to be Japanese

ьѝඈў໓ႉఒѸцг̿Ѹцгіш̀ (From what I’ve heard) that man might be Japanese

ьѝඈў໓ႉఒѸцољг̿Ѹцобѹѭъ҂̀

Adjective indicating “worthy That man doesn’t behave like a Japanese (although he of ” or “to be expected of ” probably is)

ьея

Similar to Ѹцг. Supposition based on something read or heard

ьея )3*

Supposition based on what ьѝඈў໓ႉটҁᇨцьея̿ᇨцьеіш̀ the speaker sees or feels, but That man (it looks to me) probably speaks Japanese with medium probability

ўщя

Supposition the speaker almost considers fact

њѐл гљг

Very high probability, almost ьѝඈў໓ႉఒњѐлгљг̿њѐлгбѹѭъ҂̀ considered as a fact: “there is That man is undoubtedly Japanese no doubt”

ьѝඈў໓ႉఒяьея̿яьеіш̀ (From what I’ve heard) that man might be Japanese

ьѝඈў໓ႉఒѝўщя̿ѝўщіш̀ That man is (supposed to be) Japanese

ඈ otoko man; ໓ႉఒ nihonjin Japanese (person); ໓ႉট nihongo Japanese (language); ᇨш hanasu to speak

102

Lesson 43 不 43 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

You might be feeling a little overwhelmed after being exposed to such a massive amount of suppositions and conjectures! Let’s take a look now at some examples to help clarify the fine lines between the types of conjectures we have studied.

Manga Example 1: A typical greeting Our first example uses ьея (2) to make a conjecture based on visual information. The characteristic of ьея (2) is that it inflects verbs and adjectives. Here the -na adjective २ ࠽љ (healthy, cheerful) becomes २࠽ьељ (look healthy or cheerful). The expression in this example, is often used to greet someone you haven’t seen for a long time. ѷѹ means “more than” and we will have a better look at in Lesson 54. The literal translation of this expression is “You look well and there’s nothing better than that.” Note: The -sō form of the negative љг is љфье. The negative (of adjectives, not verbs) is formed replacing the г in “normal” negatives (Lessons13 and 14) with ̶фь: • -i adj.: ౧г aoi | neg: ౧ољг | sō neg: ౧ољфье (it doesn’t look blue). • -na adj.: २࠽љ | neg: २࠽іўљг | sō neg: २࠽іўљфье (it doesn’t look cheerful). There are a couple of exceptions: кѾгье and зѸье. They don’t mean “it looks cute” (from кѾгг, cute) or “it looks important” (from зѸг, important), but “pitiful” and “self-important,” respectively. Also note that the sō form of гг (good) is ѷф ье (looks good).

Xian Nu Studio

⇿५ࡀ−⇽∛ ݁∹∻∛∎ ȹ ಎ౞

с҂м

љњ

ъ҂ъг

Yajirō: й२࠽ьеіܾѷѹішಋ౛̘ (honorific) cheerful (look) what more be teacher I’m glad to see you (look like you) are well, teacher.

Suppositions and Conjectures

103

Manga Example 2: A colloquial “perhaps” Here we see the most colloquial usage of кѱцѻљг!(perhaps, maybe, might), shortened to a simple кѱ which is often used by young people. Note: ୙ѐѲе is the colloquial contraction of ୙ѕцѭе (Lesson 35), which literally means “something comes out (and then one might regret it).” The ї is used to indicate the conditional. ೥∄∌∞⇼∜ રక∁ଡ଼∖⅚⇽ ∀∶∹ Gabriel Luque

≍≗

ўѳ

Sawada:

цњ҂

і

ೢоцљгїભఒл୙ѐѲекѱѷ!}!ҜҦ quickly do (conditional) dead sp come out perhaps ep? | (coy snicker) If you don’t hurry up, someone might end up dying. | He-he . . .

Manga Example 3: Usage of yō da for supposition

J.M. Ken Niimura

∈ȹȹȹ∈∟ ≈⊆ ȹ ∹∻ ࢩ⇼ᆙ≂∶⅙∔కࠔ ∣⇼∡⅗∹⇽∕ ȹȹȹȹȹȹ

As we know, ѷея often appears at the end of a sentence. Here, since what comes before ѷея is гќж, a vulgar and rough contraction of гљг (there isn’t), we don’t add anything between it and ѷея. The phraseѷея means “apparently,” and is used when the speaker makes a conjecture based on what they see and on what they already know about the situation. Thus, there’s a high probability that the conjecture is close to the truth. Here, the character could have used Ѯюг я! instead, a more colloquial expression with a similar meaning. Note: As in Example 1, we have here a ѷѹ (more than), which we will study in Lesson 54. ѓѷ

ѐкѸ

њ҂с҂

Matsuda: ттњ!җәѷѹࢦгᆖҁѱђюఒࠑўгќжѷея here pp I more than strong strength dop have human top no there is looks like It appears that there’s no one here stronger than me.

104

Lesson 43 不 43 嶓

Manga Example 4: Hazu for almost-certain conjecture

J.M. Ken Niimura

̙̙ ⇻∞∔∣ −≃∞కࠔ∍⅚ ̙ ∞⇼∣∏∕ℿ

เဧ∊≃ℿ

We saw on page 100 that ўщя is almost a statement disguised as a conjecture. As we see in the example, the character uses ўщя to suppose something which is almost assumed as true. This expression is very common in Japanese. Note: There are two ways to express the negative of ўщя. The first, as here, is to conjugate the verb in the negative (ь҂љఒࠑч Ѳљгўщя). For the second, you negate the я ending: ь҂љఒࠑѝўщіў(чѲ)љг.

юљѨ

њ҂с҂

Takada: ฽ဤф҂̹бљюўь҂љఒࠑчѲљгўщя̹ Tanabe suf . . . you top such human no be look like Mr. Tanabe . . . You’re not supposed to be that type of person.

Studio K¯osen

∞≃∀∀ℹ ∖⅚≃∜≄≨≋∣ ≻≖⅙∱⇼∞ℿ

࢟೬∛∶ ∌√∼∢ ∀∞↡

Manga Example 5: Expressing “-ish” with ppoi Generally, the expression ђѬг after an adjective means “looks . . .” (౹ђѬг akappoi, “reddish”; ѭчѰђѬг “looks serious”), and after verbs like ๕Ѻ okoru (to get angry) or ၧѻѺ wasureru (to forget) it’s more or less like our “-ish” or “-ful” (๕ѹђѬг,“peevish”; ၧѻђѬг, “forgetful”). Traditionally, ђѬг has essentially negative connotations. However, there is a growing tendency among the young to use it! with non-negative connotations, as in this example. Use the expression by adding ђѬг to the verb/adj. root: • ၧѻѺ!Π!ၧѻ!Π!ၧѻђѬг (forgetful) • -i adj.: remove г and add ђѬг: ‫څ‬г yasui!Π!‫څ‬ђ Ѭг (cheap looking) • -na adj.: remove љ and add ђѬг: २࠽љ!genki-na Π! २࠽ђѬг (looks well).

мѶеье

Mayeen: ࢜೩іѱцѕѺѝкљ̞ Emi: љ҂кк̱ѐѲ҂їҏҸҚўӋҥђѬгљ̹ competition or do q? ep?

I don’t know mom cp brother top seriously (look) ep

They’re competing?

I’d say mom and my brother are serious . . .

Suppositions and Conjectures

105

Manga Example 6: Mitai-na as a comparative

Xian Nu Studio

⇻∔∌∳∔⇼∞ ஃ≂∞∑ ଗ∼∢

The expressions ѷељ, Ѯюгљ and ьељ meaning “to be like . . .” can not only go at the end of the sentence, but also in the middle, as they are really -na adjectives. We will study the comparative form in Lesson 54, but here we have a good example. Placing Ѯю гљ after бюц , we obtain бюцѮюгљand then бюцѮюгљ஀. Regarding verbs and adjectives inflected in theьея (2) form, they become normal -na adjectives which work like this: २࠽љ genki-na (cheerful) Π!२࠽ьељ (looks cheerful) Π! २࠽ьељඈ! genkisō-na otoko (cheerful looking man) | ৳г!takai (expensive) Π৳ьељ (looks expensive) Π৳ьељႉ takasō-na hon (expensive looking book). Ⱥɘ

й҂љ

Ami:

ѭѱ

бюцѮюгљ஀ҁљыଔѺѝ̟̞ I like woman dop why protect q?!? Why are you protecting a woman like me?!

Manga Example 7: As is expected . . .

Xian Nu Studio

≻≑≥∄≃ ̙ ∶⅙∜උ∺∌∄ ໘∻∔∲⇾

Finally, here is an example of Ѹцг as an -i adjective. As we have seen, when Ѹцг functions as an adjective it has the meaning of “as is expected” or “worthy of.” Here, we have ඈѸцг, but here Ѹцг has been transformed into an adverb, ඈѸцо(manly). Ѹцг can also go in the negative (ඈѸцољг, not manly), in the past (ඈѸцкђю, was manly), and in the past negative (ඈѸцољкђю, was not manly). Note: We already saw the imperative ̶юѭз in Lesson 30. It is used by someone who is or feels superior to the person they are talking to. It is quite authoritarian.

йїт

ўг

Nobuhito: ӋҠҵо҂̖ѱђїඈѸцо໕ѹюѭз Makoto suf more man like come in Makoto, you must come in more like a man.

106

Lesson 43 不 43 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Use кѱцѻљг to give a connotation of doubt Ƀȩȱɭ

to the sentence: ҥӔӠф҂ў ຟ఍ іш̘ ( ҥӔ Ƀȩȱɭ

Ӡ John; ຟ఍ single)

What does the expression ѷея mean, and when do we use it? Give an example. Is there an equivalent for it?

3

Translate, using яѼе : “I suppose it will rain Ȝȱȹ

Ȝɛ

ɏ

tomorrow.” (tomorrow ჋໓ ; to rain ‫ ی‬лৰѺ ) ȯȞɂȠ

ȥɇɜ

Translate: ౩๺ ф҂ўїѕѱࣙ૊ѐяѼе̞ ( ౩๺ Saito; їѕѱ very; ࣙ૊ѐ rich)

5

2

4

Translate: “(I’ve heard / read that) apparently, the ȱɝȻɡȠ

ѳ

director quit.” (director ૽ු ; to quit ૘ѰѺ ) əɕ

ȦȩȵȞ

Is the sentence ྑဵѐѲ҂ў ޵౛ ьея correct? Why? Which of the two usages of ьея is it?

6

( ྑဵ Miho; ޵౛ student)

7

Translate: “There is no doubt that Akiko has a ȥɦȱ

boyfriend.” (Akiko தટ ; boyfriend ཱིમ )

ȤɭɄ

ȭ

Translate:!бѝ ஀ ѝટўкѾгьеішќ̘ ( ஀ѝટ girl)

9

8

Translate: “This tempura doesn’t look good.” ɀɭ

(tempura ะ ѦѸ ; good йгцг ) ȱȬȤ

ȩɧ

ɏȩ

ȧ

Translate: მ࿈о҂ўਆ ђѬг࿯ ҁජѕгѺ̘ ( მ࿈ Shigeo; ਆг black; ࿯ clothes; ජѺ to wear)

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 44

•

ᇹ 44 ᛢ

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Let’s begin to fine-tune our Japanese by studying transitive and intransitive verbs. This lesson will help you learn a large number of verb pairs.

What are transitive and intransitive verbs? A transitive verb takes a direct object, and an intransitive one doesn’t. As a simple example, “to remove,” “to put” or “to take out” are transitive, and “to arrive,” “to swim” or “to run away” are intransitive: one can remove “something” but can’t swim “something.” Japanese also has transitive and intransitive verbs, for example, ੳ ш korosu (to kill) is transitive, while ભћ shinu (to die) is intransitive. The peculiarity in Japanese are the “pairs” of transitive-intransitive verbs. Sometimes, there are two similar but essentially different verbs for one type of action, a transitive one (which needs a direct object), and an intransitive one (without a direct object). For example, take a look at the pair જѰѺ hajimeru and જѭѺ hajimaru. Both mean “to begin” but the first is transitive and the second isn’t. With the first, a subject needs to perform the action, whereas with the second, the action is performed “by itself.” Look at the examples: кйѹ

цр҂

ўч

• ৲ᅫф҂ў઻०ҁજѰю Kaori began the exam. Ѽоч

цр҂

ўч

• ϧોњ઻०лજѭѺ The exam begins at six. Look at the basic structure, where Y performs the action and X receives the action: кйѹ

цр҂

ўч

Transitive verb: Y л X ҁ V trans. ৲ᅫл઻०ҁજѰѺ Kaori begins the exam. цр҂

ўч

Intransitive verb: X л V intrans. ઻०лજѭѺ The exam begins.

Some recommendations There is no easy way to learn how to use the transitive-intransitive pairs of verbs except to learn them by heart, using the table on page 109 to help you. We have divided the verbs according to the changes they undergo when changing from intransitive into transitive (some change from -aru to -eru, others from -reru to -su, etc.) You will see the kanji reading rarely varies: only the ending changes. Three exceptions are பзѺ kieru (to be put out, to disappear) and பш kesu (to put out, to erase); ୙Ѻ! deru (to go out) and୙ш dasu (to take out); ໕Ѻ hairu (to go in) and໕ѻѺ ireru (to put

108

Lesson 44 不 44 嶓

in). Often, the meaning of each pair of verbs is identical, but when translating here we use the passive form (“the door is opened,” “the child is found,” “the fire is put out”). This is a trick to memorize and better understand how these verbs work.

⪺䛣䛘䜛 and ぢ䛘䜛 In Lesson 32 in Volume 1, we saw that the verbs ဈтзѺ kikoeru (to hear) and फ़з Ѻ!mieru (to see) are different to ဈо kiku (to hear) and फ़Ѻ miru (to see): the former indicate seeing or hearing something unconsciously or passively, while the latter indicate seeing or hearing something because that is what one wants to do. Indeed, they are two pairs of transitive-intransitive verbs: ဈтзѺ and फ़зѺ are intransitive, whereas ဈ о and फ़Ѻ are transitive: љѮ

йї

м

• ໽ѝܺлဈтзѺ You can hear the sound of the waves. (intransitive) чѴ҂т

љѮ

йї

м

• ୬ટф҂ў໽ѝܺҁဈгѕгѺ Junko is listening to the sound of the waves. (transitive) Ѥчф҂ Ѯ • тткѸў࿊છ઀лफ़зѺ You can see Mount Fuji from here. (intransitive) Ѿюц

Ѥчф҂

Ѯ

ўч

• ઱ў࿊છ઀ҁफ़Ѻѝў୲Ѱѕіш This is the first time I’ve seen Mount Fuji. (transitive)

More examples Let’s study a few examples with some of the pairs of verbs from the table opposite: ѡїѢї

кгчѶе

бѓ

• ఒ̮л‫ݰ‬௓њୁѭђю People gathered in the hall. (intransitive) ѫо

цѶѺг

ы҂ѥ бѓ

• ၺў୺ᆧҁವ࿥ୁѰѭцю I gathered all the documents. (transitive) Ѿюц гз

ѱ

• ઱ѝ݇л໨зѭцю My house was burnt down. (intransitive) ў

ѱ

• ьѝᄾђѠҁ໨ѳцѕояфг Burn those leaves, please. (transitive) ўг

• ӋґҜўәҦҵӖӠњ໕ѹѭцю Mike went into the restaurant. (intransitive) юѭу

ѻгэет

г

• ӋӋўᅚҁᆫഁॾњ໕ѻю Mom put the eggs in the fridge. (transitive) Notice that often when we translate intransitive sentences, we use the passive form. A final example is the pair ᅗѐѺ ochiru (to fall) and ᅗїш otosu (to drop). If you drop a vase and use ᅗѐѺ, you are saying the vase fell; if you use ᅗїш, you are saying you let the vase drop. This shows the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs.

Compound verbs Compound verbs in Japanese are formed with the root of the verb (the -masu form without the final ѭш), plus the appropriate ending. The ending ѳшг means “easy to . . .” ࿻кѺ (to understand) Π -masu form: ࿻кѹѭш! Π Root: ࿻кѹ Π We add ̶ѳшг : ࿻кѹѳшг (easy to understand).

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive -aru to rise to be gathered to end

ୁѰѺ ଳзѺ

to change

ဠзѺ ऽѰѺ

to go down

ܻсѺ

ဓѭѺ

to be closed

ккѺ

to be hung

ȯ

ܻлѺ

to turn round to go back

-eru

-asu

Ȥȩ

Ȥȩ

ඖѻѺ

ȱȴ

ȹȥ

to escape

๿лш to let escape

to get cold

ᆫѳш to cool

to be increased

೾ѳш to increase

to be on fire

໨ѳш to burn

Ʌ

to lower

ᆫзѺ

ဓѰѺ

to close

೾зѺ

крѺ

to hang

໨зѺ

to calm

-u

-asu

ȠȮ

ȠȮ

Ɍ

Ɍ

ɏ

৳ѭѺ

to rise

ȹȳ

୾кѺ Ⱦȹ

ฺѾѺ ɂ

બѭѺ

to be saved

ɏ

୾рѺ

to save

Ⱦȹ

to convey

ɂ

બѰѺ જѰѺ

to be bent

ࣁсѺ

྇ѥ ࡼо

to stop

‫ވ‬о

to begin

အ࿆о

to bend

‫ڬ‬ѓ

-reru

-su

࿆о

‫ݴ‬ѻѺ

to be broken

ᅬѻѺ

to separate to fall to be stained

༙Ѻ

to be folded

ಁѺ

to be broken

߁Ѻ

Ȥ

-su

ȠȾ

ȠȾ

૷Ѻ

to be reflected

ȥȢ

ဥѺ

to return to go back to pass

෧ш ෙш

ৰѹѺ

to fold

ܻѹѺ

to break

பзѺ

૎ш

to arrive

ࡈтш to raise

to fall

ᅗїш to drop

to get off

ৰѼш to drop off

to get down

ܻѼш to take down

to be put out

பш

Ȥ

Ȥ

Ȥ

ȫ

Ɂ

to go out to come off

໕Ѻ

to correct

फ़зѺ

to take out

ൣп

to take off

to ride in

௏ъѺ to carry

to go in

໕ѻѺ to put in

to be seen

फ़Ѻ

Ȟ

ə

ə

ɩ

to cure

୙ш Ɉ

ɉȞ

to pass

to hear

Ɇ

Ɉ

௏Ѻ

ဈо Ⱥ

Ɇ

to let go back

to put out

ȧ

ဈтзѺ to be heard

ൣсѺ

to give birth

to get up

ȧ

to give back

౛ѯ Ȥ

ȧ

୙Ѻ

຦рѺ to deliver Ƞ

Ȥ

to reflect

ഒрѺ to continue ɂɃ

Ȥ

to sell

ɄȤ

to recover

ࡈмѺ ᅗѐѺ

ɄȤ

to be mended

ɄȤ

૎Ѻ

࠻ш

Ⱦȿ

to continue

Ȥ

ɂȤ

ɄȤ

ෙѺ

to stain

ȥȢ

ɂȤ

෧Ѻ

ဥш

ഒо

Ȥ

ȥȢ

ȥȢ

࠻Ѻ

૷ш

Ⱦ

Ƞ

ɩ

-ru

࿆рѺ to attach

to throw dwn. ౛ѭѻѺ to be born

Ȥ

ɩ

߁ѻѺ

to stick to

ȹ

Other verbs

Ƞ

to sell

ᅰѕѺ to erect

to separate

-ru

Ƞ

ಁѻѺ

‫ܙ‬ш

to stand

to be tidy

຦о

ɢȮ

-reru ༙ѻѺ

๖ш

to grow up

‫ވ‬рѺ to open ȥȹȿ အ࿆р to tidy up Ѻ ȷȺ ‫ڬ‬ѕѺ to bring up

to break

ȹȤ

ѷу

‫ܙ‬ѻѺ

ᅬш

Ȝ

to be open

ɂɃ

ɉɄ

юй

๖ѻѺ

‫ݴ‬ш

-eru

Ⱦȿ

to show

ȭɩ

ўљ

Ʉ

Ⱦ

Ȝɣɩ

тѾ

ࡼкш to make cry

ȹ

ᅰѓ

॰ш

to cry

ɂ

ȷȺ

फ़ѓрѺ to find

to appear

྇џш to make fly

ȥȹȿ

ə

бѸѾ

to fly

-u

फ़ѓкѺ to be found

॰ѻѺ

ງкш to move

Ȝ

ɘ

ə

to move

Ʉ

ူѭзѺ to catch ฺзѺ

ງо

ɜ

ɂ

ɉȲ

to begin

ɘ

ࣁлѺ

to raise

Ⱦȥ

to be caught to be transmitted to stop

ɉȲ

જѭѺ

৳ѰѺ ȹȳ

Ⱦȥ

ူѭѺ

౨ѰѺ ȹȥ

to give back

ඖѸш to make late

๿сѺ

ȱȴ

to calm down

წш

to decide

ȱ

to turn

to be late

Ʌ

ɜ

౨ѭѺ

‫ݲ‬ш

to finish to change

to leave

ɜɃ

წѺ

ȯ

ȱ

‫ݲ‬Ѻ

ઑш ɘɩ

to gather

ȧ

to be decided

to be left

ɜɃ

ȥ

ȧ

ऽѭѺ

to raise

Transitive Ɉȭ

ɘɩ

Ȥ

ȥ

ဠѾѺ

ઑѺ

ȜȾ

Ȥ

ଳѾѺ

ௌсѺ

Intransitive

Ɉȭ

Ȝ

ȜȾ

ୁѭѺ

Transitive

-eru

Ȝ

ௌлѺ

Pairs of transitive and intransitive verbs

109

࿻кѻѺ to be divided

to see

ɩ

࿻рѺ to divide

110

Lesson 44 不 44 嶓

ѷу

‫ܙ‬ѻѺ (to be stained) Π -masu form: ‫ܙ‬ѻѭш!Π Root: ‫ܙ‬ѻ Π We add ̶ѳш г : ‫ܙ‬ѻѳшг (easily stained). ъ҂ъг

чѴнѶе

Ѿ

• ಋ౛ѝଣࢿў࿻кѹѳшгіш The professor’s classes are easy to understand. Ѥо

ѷу

• тѝ࿯ўїѕѱ‫ܙ‬ѻѳшгќ These clothes are very easily soiled, aren’t they?

Easy to and hard to The endings ̶ѳшг (easy to) and ̶њог (hard to) work like -i adjectives. й҂ло

м

• тѝܺ޷ўဈмњог This music is hard to listen to. ѷ

• бѝӋӠҙўїѕѱຠѮѳшкђюіш That manga was very easy to read. њѪ҂

ш

оњ

• ໓ႉўୄѮњоољгਂя Japan is a country where it isn’t hard to live.

Start doing, finish doing and keep on doing We can also add ̶જѰѺ hajimeru (start doing), ̶ଳѾѺ owaru (finish doing), and ̶ഒоtsuzuku (keep on doing) to a verb root. The resultant verb works like any other verb: you can conjugate it in the -te, -ō, -tai, and many other forms. ъ҂ъг

мѴе

ўљ

ўч

• ಋ౛ўࡷњᇨцજѰѭцю The teacher suddenly started talking. к

й

• әӊ̱ҵҁ୺мଳѾђѕояфг Finish writing that report, please. кѻ

т

ѝ

ѓє

• ཱིўᅑљгкѸ̗‫ھ‬Ѯഒрѷе̟ Since he’s not coming, let’s keep on drinking!

Other auxiliary verbs for creating compounds Other auxiliary verbs are ̶ଳѾѺ and ̶ഒрѺ as shown in the table below. Compound verbs with 㣗䜉䜛 (taberu, to eat) ௮Ѩѳшг ̶ѳшг easy to . . . easy to eat ̶њог hard to . . . ɉȲ

̶જѰѺ to start doing . . . Ȥ

̶ଳѾѺ to finish doing . . . Ⱦȿ

̶ഒрѺ to keep on doing . . .

௮Ѩњог hard to eat ௮ѨજѰѺ to start eating ௮ѨଳѾѺ to finish eating ௮ѨഒрѺ

to keep on eating ௮ѨкрѺ ̶крѺ nearly, half (intrans.) to leave something half-eaten

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

๰ဒ̊

111

Manga Examples

Transitive and intransitive verbs can be difficult to master perfectly. If you make mistakes, keep on trying, and learn from your errors: this is the only way to improve.

Manga Example 1: A pair of transitive-intransitive verbs Let’s look at the verb pair୙Ѻderu and ୙шdasu. The transitive verb is ୙ш (to take out) and requires a subject to perform the action (in this case the subject is “the vegetables”), and a direct object, which receives the action (in this case, ࠀႮ). The intransitive verb ୙Ѻ only needs a subject, ࿨Ⴎ , and there is no direct object. Notice another transitive verb, ໕ ѻѺ!ireru (to put in). The subject is most likely “I,” and the direct object is ਬ๵. The intransitive version of ໕ѻѺ is ໕Ѻ!hairu (to go in). ઱л໕ѺWatashi ga hairu means “I go in.” You should study ୙Ѻand୙ш and ໕Ѻand ໕ѻѺ carefully. ჼੌ≂ઘ⅙√ ∀∄∌Ⴑ∢ ࠃႱ≂ଡ଼∌√ ∷∼≃∕ℿ↢ Studio K¯osen

∔∕∢ਯ๸≂ ໘∽∼≃∍⅚ ࿫Ⴑ∁ଡ଼∞⇼ℿ

фїе

г

ѤеѮ

і

Yōichi: юяѝਬ๵ҁ໕ѻѺ҂чѲ࿨Ⴎл୙љг̹ normal pop sugar dop put in then flavor sp go out . . . Adding normal sugar won’t bring out the flavor . . . ѳфг

ѓк

бч

к҂Ѯ

я

ჹ੉ҁકђѕкоцႮѝࠀႮҁ୙цѕѳѺ҂я̹̟ vegetables dop use hidden flavor pop sweetness dop take out do . . . ! You must use vegetables to bring out the sweet hidden flavor!

112

Lesson 44 不 44 嶓

Manga Example 2: “To decide,” transitive version

Gabriel Luque

−⇽⇼⇾∤ℿ ჌಴∲∕

ी∵√ ∞∀⅙∔∞ℿ

The Japanese word for transitive verb is ഝງહ! tadōshi (ഝ, “other”; ງહ, “verb”), “verb whose action is performed by another subject.” The transitive verb in this example, ऽѰѺ, means “to decide.” As a transitive verb, it requires “another” subject (it is omitted here, but it would be “I”) to perform the action of the verb on a direct object (in this case, ჉ಱ). Therefore, ઱ў჉ ಱҁऽѰѺ means “I decide the name.” Note: In spoken Japanese, certain particles are sometimes left out, ҁ in this case (჉ಱҁऽѰѺ). Notice also the ѭя, which we saw in Lesson 40. љѭз

Jirō:

м

ьегзџ̹჉ಱѭяऽѰѕљкђюљ̹ that say . . . name still decide ep . . . Speaking of which . . . I still haven’t decided the name . . .

Manga Example 3: “To be decided,” intransitive version The Japanese for intransitive verb is ૖ງહ jidōshi (૖, “oneself ”; ງહ, “verb”),“verb whose action is performed by oneself.” We saw the transitive verb ऽѰѺ in the previous example, and we will now study its intransitive partner, ऽѭѺwhich means “to be decided.” Here the action is performed by “oneself,” there is no direct object. In the example, the subject (the one performing the action), is left out, but it could be ઻৸лऽѭѺ shiai ga kimaru (the match will be decided). In English we often use the passive form to translate intransitive verbs. Note: The counter used to count shots, ႉ, is usually used to count long and thin things, such as pencils, trees, toothpicks, etc. (Lesson 25).

⇻∜‫ڲ‬ႌ

Xian Nu Studio

∢≦⊃≅≳ ≕Ⅵℹ≥∛ ∂∲∼≃∕↢ гђѬ҂

Hideki: бї‫گ‬ႉѝҶӖґӃҤӒ̱ҵімѭѺ҂я̟ After one (counter)! pop drive shoot ip can be! This will be decided with one more drive shoot!

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

113

Manga Example 4: Something “gets cold” (intransitive)

Xian Nu Studio

࠾∻∲∌⅜⇽ℿ ࿫∁ᆮ⇾√ ∂∔∹⇽∕

The verb ᆫзѺ is an intransitive verb whose action is performed by “itself.” The wind (࿨) cools down (ᆫзѺ) by itself, no one cools it down. If we wanted to say “God cools down the wind,” we would use ᆫѳшthe transitive verb: అᄶў࿨ҁᆫѳшkamisama wa kaze o hiyasu, as it would be someone else (అᄶ) doing the cooling down. Note: Take a moment to review the other grammatical structures in this sentence. We have a formal -ō form (࠻ѹѭцѶе, Lesson 34), a ̶ ѕоѺ construction (Lesson 35), and even a conjecture with ̶ѷея (Lesson 43). кз

кы

ѡ

Yoneda: ࠻ѹѭцѶе̹࿨лᆫзѕмюѷея go back . . . wind sp cool down come looks like Let’s go back . . . It looks like the wind has cooled down.

Manga Example 5: Someone “conveys” something (transitive) ஃၬ∜჊∟ℿ J.M. Ken Niimura

⅍ȹȹȹȹȹ ≮≮∣ਹছ ȹ ∲ȹȹ∛∁≃∤⅙∔ⅎ ∜ȹȹ฽⇾√∄∽ њѶеѫе ѯшѰ

The verb ฺзѺ in this sentence is transitive. Its intransitive counterpart is ฺѾѺ. Here, the speaker asks someone to convey a message to another person. A summary of the sentence, would be something like бљюўӎҰҨ̱ҥҁฺзѺ (you convey the message). But if the message were to be conveyed by itself, we would use the intransitive form: ӎҰҨ̱ ҥлฺѾѺ (the message is transmitted). Notes: ̶ѕоѻ is the imperative form of ̶ѕоѻѺ (somebody else does you a favor, Lesson 45). Notice the second ї: it is the “quote” usage that we studied on page 81, Lesson 41).

фгу

ѓю

Sano: ஀ၩїჇњ̹͋ҾҾўਸ਼ঘѭіл҂џђю͌їฺзѕоѻ wife cp daughter iop . . . “dad top end until hold out” sbp convey (imperative) Tell my wife and my daughter . . . that, “dad held out till the end.”

114

Lesson 44 不 44 嶓

Manga Example 6: An intransitive compound verb In this example we have another intransitive verb, ໨зѺ. If there was a subject responsible for the fire (let’s say a พၭ dorobō, “thief ”), we would have to use ໨ѳш, its transitive counterpart : พၭл೓ҁ໨ѳш. Notice also how the compound verb ໨з୙ш moedasu has been formed. We have already seen that adding ̶୙ш to a verb means “begin to” or “burst into” (with the connotation of violence or speed). ໨з୙ш means “begin to burn (quickly, suddenly).” ∂√∄∽ ℹ⅙

ೖ∁໫⇾ ∕∌∔⅔⅙

оѸ

ѱ

Man: мѕоѻ̱ђ!೓л໨зяцюађ come (imperative) warehouse sp burn (go out) Xian Nu Studio

Come! The warehouse is burning!

Manga Example 7: More compounds Here the ending ̶люг means something like ̶њог (hard to . . .), but is more formal and stronger. Compound verbs with ̶люг are formed in the same way as ̶њо г and ̶ѳшг: add ̶люгto the root of the verb (-masu form without ѭш), for example: ࢏ш yurusu (to forgive) Π -masu form: ࢏цѭш Π remove ѭш Π ࢏ц Π add ̶люг: ࢏цлюг (hard to forgive). The resultant verb functions like an -i adjective. There are a few more endings or auxiliary verbs, such as ̶৸еau (mutually) or ̶м Ѻ (to completely finish). However, for the moment, those we have studied will be sufficient.

Studio K¯osen

∕∀∺ਫသ∣ Ⴣ∄∌∁∔⇼

фѨѓ

љ

Nishida: якѸਨရўჀоцлюг therefore discrimination top lose (hard to) I’m telling you discrimination is hard to eradicate.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

115

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Which of these verbs are transitive and which ȥ

Ⱦȿ

ɂȤ

ȭɩ

Ȝ

intransitive? ဠзѺ , ഒ о , ෧ ш , ‫ ݴ‬ѻѺ , ‫ވ‬о , Ɉȭ

ઑѺ.

Give the transitive or intransitive counterparts (depending on each case) of the verbs in the previous question.

3

2

What are the intransitive counterparts of the Ȟ

Ⱥ

ȹȳ

ȧ

transitive verbs ໕ѻѺ , ୙ш , ୾ рѺ and ဈо ? ɦȞȭ

Translate: “Reiko turned the TV off.” (Reiko ᆰટ ; TV ҳәӀ )

5

Translate: “Suddenly, the light went off.” ɂȾȶɭ

Ɂɭȧ

(suddenly ຤಴ ; light ฾࠽ ) ɘɃ

ȱ

Is this sentence correct? ೬ лဓѰѭцю ̘ ɘɃ

Why/why not? ( ೬ window) ɂɤ

7

4

ȭȢ

Ʌɩ

6

ȧ

Translate: ූ ѝ ౟ л จ кѸဈтзѭцюѷ̘ ( ූ bird; ౟ voice; จ garden)

Translate: “This lesson is hard to understand” ȥ

using a compound verb. (lesson ‫ ; ݜ‬to

8

ɩ

understand ࿻кѺ ) ȻɟȠȮȩȮ

9

ɓɭȧɡȠ

ɉȲ

Translate: ඣ ਂ টҁ ဨࢦ ц જ Ѱюгіш̘ ȻɟȠȮȩȮ

ɓɭȧɡȠ

( ඣ ਂ ট Chinese (language); ဨࢦ шѺ to study) ȧ

Form two sentences, one using ऽ Ѱ Ѻ and the ȧ

other using ऽѭѺ .

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 45

•

ᇹ 45 ᛢ

To Give and to Receive In Lesson 28 we looked at the verbs meaning to give and to receive: 䛒䛢䜛, 䜒䜙䛖 and 䛟䜜䜛. At that time we just skimmed through them, because these are essential verbs in Japanese and it was advisable for you to know about them at a relatively early stage in your learning. Now the time has come to study them in depth.

The concept of uchi and soto We will start by explaining two characteristically Japanese concepts: ູ uchi (inside) and ‫ ލ‬soto (outside). The Japanese distinguish between what is “inside” their group (ູ) and what is “outside” it (‫)ލ‬, and this distinction is present in all aspects of everyday life: Everyday life:

! ! School:

! ! Work:

! !

ູ: me, my closest family. ‫ލ‬: any other person (not-so-close family is closer to ູ). ູ: me, my classmates, my course tutor, my club. ‫ލ‬: any other teacher, people from other classes, clubs, and schools. ູ: me, my workmates (including my bosses). ‫ލ‬: anybody belonging to another company, a client or a supplier.

There are gradations: one can get closer to the ູ group of another person in a deep, lasting relationship: the deeper the relationship, the closer to ູ. For example, a boy and a girl meet (a completely ‫ ލ‬relationship), become friends (still ‫ ލ‬to each other, but less so), fall in love and start dating (now they are more uchi than ‫ )ލ‬and finally marry (100% ູ). The point of view is essential: which part of the sentence carries the most weight, who is speaking, and who performs a certain action. It is important that all these aspects are clear.

The verb 䛒䛢䜛

Usage of 䛒䛢䜛 Let’s look at the usage of the three verbs expressing ў0л њ relationships of “giving” and “receiving,” бсѺ, ў0л ѱѸе and оѻѺ. In the diagram, right, the bottom arrow shows the ў0л ў њ њ ູ – ‫ ލ‬relationship. The more to the left, the more uchi soto ູ the character is; the more to the right, the more ‫ލ‬. A smiling face shows the character “receives” something. A surly face means the character “gives” something (the half-half faces indicate they are both receiving and giving). Dark faces represent the main point of view (the character responsible for the action). The particles used by each character are also shown. The verb бсѺ is used to mean “give.”

To Give and to Receive Ѿюц їѱяѐ

117

ошѹ

• ઱ўᄐൠњჿҁбсѺ I give my friend some medicine. ѓѭ

гпѐ

мђѦ

• ਹў‫ک‬রф҂њҢ̱ҘҦѝ౽࿕ҁбсю My wife gave Mr. Iguchi a ticket for the circus. ргфѓк҂

ц҂ѥ҂

• म ੮߬ўйчгф҂њ௼ ဈҁбсю The policeman gave the old man a newspaper. ъ҂ъг

ѸгмѲо

Ѯѳс

• ಋ౛ўᅑ࡫њй๓ઇҁбсѭцю The teacher gave the visitor a souvenir. Note: The verb бсѺ is never used in sentences such as “Hanako gave me (me or someone in the ູ group) a flower.” In this case, we use the verb оѻѺ.

The verb 䜒䜙䛖 ѱѸе means “to receive,” used to express: “I or someone in the ູ group receives something.” Note: The giver can be marked by either њ or кѸ. Ѿюц

ѯшт

• ઱ўഈટњҞ̱ҚҁѱѸе I receive a cake from my son. ѫо

јеѹѶе

• ၺўຈᆄњггҏҶҽґҦҁѱѸђю I received a good piece of advice from a colleague. ѯшѰ їѱяѐ

• ჇўᄐൠкѸӄәҩӠҵҁѱѸгѭцю My daughter received a present from a friend. юк

їрг

• ৳гોबҁѱѸђѕ̗їѕѱеѻцг I received an expensive watch and I’m happy.

The verb 䛟䜜䜛 The verb оѻѺis like a mixture of бсѺ and ѱѸе, Usage of 䛟䜜䜛 and is hard to master if we are not sure who is performing the ў0л њ action or of the ູ – ‫ ލ‬relationship. оѻѺ is used when the “giver” is someone ‫( ލ‬he can also be ູ, but it is not common), and the “receiver” must be someone in the ູ group. ў0л њ The point of view is placed on the giver, never on the receiver. uchi soto The sentence “Hanako gave me a flower” must, then, use о ѻѺ. Study the diagram to understand this better: “I” (ູ) am the smiling light gray face on the left, and “Hanako” (‫ )ލ‬is the surly dark gray face on the right. ўљт

Ѿюц

ўљ

• ‫ݕ‬ટў઱њ‫ݕ‬ҁоѻю Hanako gave me a flower | I received a flower from Hanako. їѱяѐ

ѯшѰ

• ᄐൠўჇњҏҶҽґҦҁоѻю A friend gave my daughter some advice. Ѿюц

Ѫ҂

йѱ

• ҥӔӠў ( ઱њ ) ьѝႉҁоѻѺїતеѷ I think John will give me that book. кѻ

ѡї

кќ

• ཱིўггఒякѸ̗йࣙҁоѻю As he is a good person, he gave me (or ູ ) some money.

118

Lesson 45 不 45 嶓

The concept of tate Japanese society is divided along a vertical axis called ୍ tate. There are those in superior positions to oneself, those in equivalent positions and those in inferior positions. This is also reflected in language. The verbs бсѺ, оѻѺ and ѱѸеhave “families” of verbs whose usage depends on these distinctions (see diagrams, below). For example, we use б сѺ when we give something to somebody in the same position as us, but if their position is superior, we use фцбсѺ. If we are giving something to someone in an inferior position we use ѳѺ. The verbs ѱѸе and оѻѺ have no “inferior” versions, only neutral and superior: гюяо and ояфѺ, respectively. Let’s look at some examples: Ѿюц ъ҂ъг

• ઱ўಋ౛њӄәҩӠҵҁфцбсюг I want to give the teacher a present. ѫо йїеї

кќ

• ၺўชњйࣙҁѳђю I gave my younger brother some money. кѻ

гћ

• ཱིўॗњйѱѐѲҁѳђю He gave the dog a toy. Ѿюц гѝез

гѐѭ҂з҂

• ઱ў‫ک‬ௌф҂њϢႩ‫܀‬ҁгюягю I received 10,000 yen from Mr. Inoue. гѝез

Ѿюц

гѐѭ҂з҂

• ‫ک‬ௌф҂ў઱њϢႩ‫܀‬ҁояфђю Mr. Inoue gave me 10,000 yen. мѲофѭ

ѪѪз

• й࡫ᄶўྌஷѮҁояфгѭцю The client gave (offered) me a smile. Note: The Japanese don’t usually show “superiority” to anybody, so the ѳѺ is limited to family (sentence 2), close friends, or animals (sentence 3). Don’t use it; it sounds arrogant.

䛒䛢䜛, 䜒䜙䛖 and 䛟䜜䜛 as auxiliary verbs These verbs can function as auxiliary verbs following verbs in the -te form. For example, ઱ў‫ݕ‬ટњ‫ݕ‬ҁ༘ђѕбсю watashi wa Hanako ni hana o katte ageta literally means “I bought a flower for Hanako” (and, doing so, I did her a favor). The usage of бс Ѻ, оѻѺ and ѱѸе (and their respective “families”) as auxiliary verbs is identical to their usage as main verbs (so the previous explanatory diagrams are valid here), and they add the connotations of “doing/being done a favor” to sentences. These constructions are common so it is advisable to learn their usage well. The family of 䛒䛢䜛 Ѻ

с цб

ф

ў0л

њ

бсѺ ѳѺ

њ њ

The family of 䛟䜜䜛

The family of 䜒䜙䛖

+ = –

фѺ оя оѻѺ њ

+ ў ў0л ў0л

(+/=/– hierarchical rank)

=

яо гю њ0кѸ ѱѸе ў ў0л

њ0кѸ

+

=

To Give and to Receive їѱяѐ

згу

119

йц

• ᄐൠњ۲টҁࢬзѕбсюг I want to teach my friend English. Ѿюцгѱеї

ѳ

• ઱ў႒њҞ̱Қҁ஭гѕѳѺ I bake a cake for my younger sister. ъ҂ъг

Ѫ҂

к

• ಋ౛њႉҁാцѕфцбсѭцю I lent my teacher a book. • ѹ҂уҁѱѸђѕмю I went (and came back) to receive some apples. ъ҂ъг

ѯшѰ

ц҂ъѓ

• ಋ౛ўჇњఋ౽цѕояфђѕгѭш The teacher is kind to my daughter. їѱяѐ

кѝчѶ

к

• ᄐൠўཱི஀њӋӠҙҁ༘ђѕоѻю My friend bought my girlfriend a comic. ъѓѰг

• ಅ჋цѕгюямюг҂ішрј I’d like you to explain this (to me)

Way of: 䡚᪉ Let’s look at how to form nouns from verbs meaning “way of . . . ing .” Simply add ̶၌ kata to the root of the verb (-masu form without the final ѭш). For example: ୺оkaku (to write) Π -masu form: ୺мѭш Π root: ୺м Π add ̶၌: ୺м၌ (way of writing). With suru verbs, place ѝ between the noun and the шѺ verb :ಙൔѝц၌. ѳ

ѓо

кю

к҂ю҂

• ஭мьџѝ੝ѹ၌ўࠅ൮іш (The way of) making yakisoba is very simple. к҂ч

к

кю

Ѿш

• тѝ߼ેѝ୺м၌ҁၧѻю I have forgotten how (the way) to write this kanji. ъ҂юо

кю

йц

• ಙൔѝц၌ҁࢬзѕояфг Please teach me (the way) to do the washing.

Not much: 䛒䜎䜚 The adverb бѭѹmeans “not much,” used with verbs and adjectives in the negative. Sometimes, бѭѹ, when adding њ, is used with non-negative verbs and adjectives, and it then means “so much” or “very much.” See the last two examples directly below. њѪ҂у

чѶещ

• ҢӖў໓ႉটлбѭѹௌକіўљг Sarah is not very good at Japanese. шц

ш

• ଢગўбѭѹশмчѲљг I don’t like sushi much. мѶе

ею

• ਒໓ўбѭѹ‫ݍ‬гюољг Today, I don’t feel very much like singing. ќѯ

чѴнѶе

ќ

• бѭѹњႽкђюѝіଣࢿі௷ѕцѭђю I was so tired I fell asleep in class. цѓѻг

љп

• бѭѹњ૥ᆰяђюкѸ‫ܤ‬ђѕцѭђю He was so rude, I hit (punched) him. Let’s also look here at the use of the adverb їѕѱ, meaning “very.” њѪ҂у

чѶещ

• ҭӠў໓ႉটлїѕѱௌକіш Dan is very good at Japanese. Pay attention to the distinction between їѕѱ (very) and юоф҂ (a lot). к҂ч

ѯщк

• ߼ેўїѕѱ່цгіш Kanji are very difficult. к҂ч

• ߼ેўюоф҂бѹѭш There are a lot of kanji.

120

Lesson 45 不 45 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

We hope this lesson has helped you start mastering the verbs of giving and receiving. Let’s look at a few manga examples to help you remember these new concepts.

Manga Example 1: The verb ageru As you know бсѺis used to indicate “give.” Be careful, because when someone gives something to somebody in the uchi group we must use оѻѺ and not бсѺ. In all other cases, we use бсѺ. Here, Kani is going to give Kudō a present. The point of view is of the speaker himself, who is also the performer of the action of giving: therefore, бсѺ is used. Notice how the verbs to give and to receive are normal verbs, and conjugated as such. Here, бсѺ is in the -te form with the ̶цѭе construction (Lesson 35), indicating “to finish doing something completely.” ̶цѭе is conjugated in the -ō form (Lesson 34), which gives the whole sentence the sense of “I’m going to give you (completely).” Notes: уоѼеф҂ is the informal version of уࣣᇐᄶ (Lesson 27), literally “thank you for getting tired.” чѲ ђю is the version of яђю used by older men.

≴⊆≚ ⊌≥↡

that q? that q? good job be ep Well, wellѻг . . . You have done a good job. Kani: іў!йᆰњҦҳҚљӄәҩӠҵҁбсѕцѭйе well gratitude for nice present dop give going to Well then, I shall give you a nice present to thank you.

Xian Nu Studio

−⇽∀−⇽∀ ∉∄∾⇽∊≃ ∍⅚⅙∔∞

∛∣ ⇿ȹᆳ∟ ≗≣≋∞ ≴⊆≚⊌≥≂ ⇻∇√ ∌∲⇿⇽

Kani: ьекьек̖уоѼеф҂чѲђюљ

Kudō: ӄәҩӠҵ̞ present? A present?

To Give and to Receive

121

Manga Example 2: Kureru as an auxiliary verb

Gabriel Luque

⇻≃∔∣ ⇻∔∌≂ ஁∆√ ∄∽∲∌∔

оѻѺ functions as an auxiliary verb in this example. The verbs of giving and receiving often appear combined with other verbs conjugated in the -te form. This sentence is very clear: we see б҂ю perform the action of giving, and б҂ю! is also the point of view (marked with the particle ў). Receiving the action is бюц, who is in the uchi group, therefore оѻѺ is the logical option. оѻ Ѻ as an auxiliary verb adds the nuance of “doing a favor.” Thus, ୾рѕоѻѺ would literally mean something like “someone does the favor of saving somebody in the uchi group.”

юш

Phoebe: б҂юўбюцҁ୾рѕоѻѭцю you top I dop save (favor) You saved me.

Manga Example 3: The usage of yaru and the imperative -kure Here, there are two forms to highlight. First, ̶ѕѳѺ, that is, ѳѺ as an auxiliary verb. Remember ѳѺ belongs to the family of бсѺ and is used when speaking to people in an “inferior” position. Walter uses ѳѺ to get the other person to understand his supposed superiority, or simply to act cool: this usage often appears in manga, but in real life is rarely used because it is too rude and arrogant. The second form is ̶ѕоѻ. The imperativeоѻ, (Lesson 30) is often used to give orders. In this case, we have ‫ھ‬҂іоѻ, which literally means “do me (me or someone in the uchi group) a favor and drink.” The pure imperative ‫ھ‬Ѱ (Drink!) is much stronger. Note: Walter gives the other person a pill, and asks him to ‫ھ‬҂іоѻ. (Curiously enough, in Japanese one doesn’t “take” medicine, but “drinks” it.)

J.M. Ken Niimura

⇼⇼∜∶ℵ ‫√∐∿ݳ‬ ∷∼∑ℶ −∢∲⇾∟ ∈∽≂ ‫∛≃ہ‬ ∄∽ℶ

б

ѝ

Walter: ггїѱ̗‫ݰ‬ѾъѕѳѺы̘ьѝѭзњтѻҁ‫ھ‬҂іоѻ̘ all right (emphasis), put together (allow to) ep. that before this dop drink (order) All right, I’ll fix you up with her. But before that, take this (pill).

122

Lesson 45 不 45 嶓

Manga Example 4: Morau as an auxiliary verb

Xian Nu Studio

‫ݘ‬ઢ ਕȹჹ∣ ଴ඩ∢೮ଘ≂∌√ ∶∺⇼∔⇼∢∍⅚

Here ѱѸе functions as an auxiliary verb. Ieyasu tells Hanako he “wants to receive” (ѱѸгюг) something from her (in this case an action) for Hidetada. Remember ѱѸ е is used to say “I or someone in the uchi group receives something. Hidetada is Ieyasu’s son and, therefore, belongs to his uchi group, which justifies the usage of ѱѸе. The basic sentence would be ଱ඦў‫ݕ‬ટњ೫କҁцѕѱѸе (Hidetada receives the fact of Hanako entertaining him). Note: ೫କ means “addressee,” “opponent,” etc., but the expression ೫ କҁшѺ means to “keep company,” “take care of,” or “entertain.” ѝчѲ is a distortion of ѝя (Lesson 40), used by older men.

ўљт

т҂ѳ

ѡіюя

бгѕ

Ieyasu: ‫ݕ‬ટ!਒ჶў଱ඦѝ೫କҁцѕѱѸгюгѝчѲ Hanako tonight top Hidetada pop the other dop do receive pop be Hanako, I want you to entertain Hidetada tonight.

Manga Example 5: Usage of kudasaru

Studio K¯osen

∈∢၏∔∖ ≥≈⊅∢ ⇿ ᄓൣ∛ ∿ ∋∿ ∋๨࢚ ∀∺∔ ∏∡√ ᅔ√ܾ∊⅙∔ ∢∹

Formality levels are important in Japan (see Lesson 52. Giving and receiving verbs have formal and informal versions depending on the occasion. Here we have ܻфѺ, the formal version of оѻѺ, as an auxiliary verb. It literally means “I or someone in the uchi group receives something from/is done a favor by someone I respect and treat with formality.” The expression ̶ѕояфг (please) comes from ̶ѕояфѺ. Notes: ၌ is the formal word for ఒ hito (person), used to show respect (Lesson 52). The suffix юѐdenotes the plural: ટјѱюѐkodomotachi (children), ಋ౛юѐ senseitachi (teachers), ᄷ‫گ‬ю ѐ Yōichitachi (Yoichi and the others). Ѿх Ѿх means “expressly” or “(somebody other than me) takes the trouble to do something.”

кю

їѱяѐ

їемѶе

м

оя

Man: тѝ၌юѐҵҗӘѝйᄐൠіѾхѾх๥ࢗкѸющќѕᅑѕܻфђюѝѷ this people Tooru pop friend expressly Tokyo from visit come (favor) ep ep These people are Tooru’s friends and have taken the trouble to come from Tokyo to visit him.

To Give and to Receive

123

Gabriel Luque

࿗∖⅚≃≑≻༛ ⅙∔≃ ∕∹ ∲∿∌ ၏ ࢯȹ⇾√ℹ

Manga Example 6: Usage of -kata The suffix ̶၌ means “way of doing something.” In our manga example we have the word ѭѾц၌, which means “way of spinning” and obviously comes from the transitive verb ‫ݲ‬ш (to spin): -masu form Π ‫ݲ‬цѭш, root Π ‫ݲ‬ц, add ̶၌ Π ‫ݲ‬ц၌ (way of spinning). Takeo says, literally, (ҠӋѝ)‫ݲ‬ц၌ҁࢬзѕ “Teach me the way of spinning (the spinning top),” but we have chosen a more natural form, “Teach me how to make it spin.” Note: There is an example of the usage of the “softening” or “assertive” tag ҂я at the end of the first sentence. (Lesson 40, Manga Example 4).

їе

к

кю

йц

Takeo: ࿔ѐѲ҂ҠӋ༘ђю҂яѷ!ѭѾц၌!ࢬзѕ̱ Dad spinning top buy be ep spin (way of) teach I have bought a spinning top, Dad. Teach me how to make it spin!

⇿ ໓⇻≃ ∲∻ ௱∭∞ ∀⅙ ȹ ∔∌ℹ

J.M. Ken Niimura

≻≻ ⇿≥≅⊆ ෗⇼∞⅞ℿ

Manga Example 7: Usage of amari Here we see the word б҂ѭѹ, a colloquial distortion of the word бѭѹ meaning “not much.” Notice that the verb that goes with бѭѹ (when this means “not much”) must be conjugated in the negative. If you say ໐ҁбѭѹ௮Ѩю, with the verb ௮ѨѺ in the affirmative, this would mean “I ate a lot of (too much) meat.” Notes: Sometimes (mainly in women and children’s speech) the honorific prefix й̶ is placed before some words: йҵґә, й໐, etc. Notice too, the usage of ̶ц as a “softener” of sentences. We we will study this in Lesson 46.

љл

Emi:

њо

ю

ӋӋ̖йҵґәුгљҎ̹!

й໐б҂ѭѹ௮Ѩљкђюц̱

Mom toilet dp go besides . . .

meat not much eat besides

Mom has gone to the toilet . . .

And she hasn’t eaten much meat . . .

124

Lesson 45 不 45 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Which of these people are uchi and which are soto? Me, the tailor, my mother, the cook, my sister, my brother-in-law. ȤɭɄ

ȭ

Translate: “I give the girl a candy.” (girl ஀ ѝટ ; candy бѰ ) ɂɜȺȻ

3

ɠə

2

Ѫ҂

In ᄐൠ ўᄜྑњႉҁоѻю , who gives and who receives? Why is the verb оѻѺ used? ( ᄐൠ friend; ᄜྑ Yumi) What is the difference between the sentences ɩȹȱ

ɩȹȱ

઱ ўҥӔӠњӀ̱ӘҁѱѸе and ҥӔӠў ઱

4

њӀ̱ӘҁоѻѺ ?

5

Translate: “I receive a bribe from the ȵȞɏ government.” (bribe ѾгѼ ; government ౒࿍ ) (The government is superior.) Translate, using an auxiliary verb: “I want to buy ȥ

the parrot a pencil.” (to buy ༘е ; pencil з҂ѣѓ ;

6

parrot җғӍ ) ȜȺȻ

7

Translate: ഌᅰф҂ўҦӁ̱Үҁцѕояфђю!̘ ( ഌᅰ Adachi; ҦӁ̱Ү speech). What does the usage of ояфѺ imply? Turn the following verbs into nouns with the ȹ

ɉȹɣ

ȥ

ȥ

meaning “way of”: ௮ѨѺ , ຆ о , ஈѓ , ༘е , Ɉ

8

ɞɐ

‫ھ‬ѯ and ༀ Ѻ .

9

Translate: “Since I didn’t work much yesterday, ȧɈȠ

I worked overtime.” (yesterday ੡໓ ; to work ɉȹɣ

ȰɭȨɡȠ

ຆ о ; to work overtime ઑࢿ шѺ ) ɉɭȱɭ

ȱȜȞ

ȥ

Translate: ੔ అ Ҭґҙ̱ҧ̗тѝ઻ ৸њஈ ђѕо ѻ̘( ੔అҬґҙ̱ҧ Hanshin Tigers; ઻৸ match;

10

ஈѓ to win)

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

∛≃ ∿

∀∇

∀∇

∸∧

۪ ∛∎∀↡ ન ≂ ⊆⊌≘∢಴∟ଡ଼∌∔∢ ∀∶∌∽∲∐≃∡ℶ ∍∘ ૰∣ℵ ਕ∲∛∜⅙∔ૺఇ∢ ඦ∛ဣ∞ ⅍۪ⅎ∁ ૺ⅙√⇼∼≃ ∕∹ ℶ

≩⊄≄∊≃ℵ⇿∣∹ ⇽ ∉∋⇼∲∎ℶ∝⇽∌√ แᇫ∄∽∔∢∛∎∀↡

∶∌∶∌↡≩⊄≄ ∛∎ℶ⇿∣∹⇽ ∉ȹ∋⇼∲∎ℶ

ȹȹ

∞≃ ∝

∔∌

∕ ⇼∍⅜⇽ ∪

݁๕∶ޮ∀∵∔∁ℵ ⇻∜

∔⇼∐∘

≉≾⊃∣൉ ௐ ࿋− ⇽ ∕ℶছℵ൉ಀ∞≷ ⊌≞⊌≥∶∞∄∞⅙√ ∌ ȹȹȹȹ∲⅙∔≃∕ℶ

∌≃∥ ⇼

∖∁

௼ ȹȹȹȹ༓∌∞⇼∛ℵ ∈ ∌⅜⇽ ≉≾⊃ ∁঄ ் ∌√⇼∼ ∟ ȹȹȹȹ‫≃∐∲ ∻ ⇻⇼ک‬ℶ

≷⊌≞⊌≥∛∎∀↡ ⇿∜

∝ȹȹ∈∀∛ᅚ∜∌∔ ≃ ȹȹȹȹ∛∌⅜⇽∡ℶ

∀≃∁

ဣ∞∈∜≂ ৡ ⇾∞⇼∛ℵ ક૆≂∌√∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ⇻ ℵ

∄⇽ ∈⇽

∟ ∶∘

࣯৕∢క∔∖ ∁∲ ∕≩⊄≄∊

⇽ ⇾ ∢ ⇾∂

≃∢‫ݛ‬࿼≂ ॡ∘∆∺∽∞⇼∺ ∌⇼∛∎∹ ℶ

∂∢⇽

⇿

੤໖∣௏ჼ‫∢ۼ‬

∀⇼∕ ≃

∕∽

∠∎

‫ތ‬ඊ∀∺ ᅚ∖∔ ∁−∢ ૎≷⊌≞⊌≥∁⇻⅙∔ℶ

൯∀∁๬≃ ∕∳∔⇼∕ℶ

∣⇼↢≘ ≹⊌ ∷⇚≕Ⅴ≡∷≙ℹ ≝ℹ∣⇻ ∻ ∲ ∎∀↡

⇼ȹȹ∺⅙∌⅚⇼∲ ∊∁ ∐↢݁∀൵∌√⇼ ∼≃∛∎∀↡ ȹȹȹȹȹ

−⇽∛∎∡ℿ ∈∲

∌∪∷

ਖ⅙∔∡⅗ℶ∍⅚ℵ ∩∄

ਕ୎൫∟⇼∼∀∺ ℵ

∩∄

࿲∛∶༛⇿ ⇽ ℶ ⇻ ∔∺

∕∀∺ ℵ ௿ ∌⇼࿲≂ ༛ȹ⅙√⇿∀∞∆∽∤∞ ∻ ∲∐≃∡ℶ

∿∀∻ ∲∌∔ℶ

∄∾

∣⇼ℵ ∹⇽ ૙࿾ ᄽ ∛ ∎ ℶ ≙ℹ≝ℹ∢ ⇼∾ ௯ ∣ ȹȹȹȹ౼∀౪∛ℵ ȹ ⇚≕Ⅴ ȹ ≡∣ ਉ ∛ ȹȹȹȹȹ ∡∁ ⇿ ࠨ⇼∌∲ ∎ℶ

∂⅚∄∊∲∹⇽

⇻ ∻ ∲ ∎∹ ℶ ⇿ ࡮ ᄹᄽ ∛∎∀↡

⇻ ℵ−∢ ≖ℹ⊌≘∶ℵ ∡∁ ⇿ ࠨ⇼ ∌∲ ∎ ℶ

∌ ∖⅚∄

∌ ∖⅚∄

∣⇼ℵા ඥ∌√ ∳√∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ

∈∽∛∝⇽∛∎∀↡

∈∽∁⇼⇼∛∎∡↢ ા ඥ ∌√∶⇼⇼ ∛∎∀↡ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∣⇼ℶ

∈∽∣∝⇽ ∛∎∀↡

∖⅜⅙∜ ৶−⇽ ∛∎∡ℶ∶ ⇽ ங∌ ‫∻ ⇻∣∢∶⇼ڈ‬ ∲ ∎∀↡

∍⅚ℵ໖ႌ∛ ∛∎ℶ∈∽≂ ∝⇽ ∓ℶ ⊂ℹ⊇Ⅳ≮∢ ∛∎∡ℿ

ɋɎ

ࣼ ∣༜⅙√ ⇼∲ ∎∀↡

∄∘

ࣼ ∶∯∌⇼ ∛∎ ℶ

∄∘

⇻ ∻ ∁∜ ⇽ ℶ

∄∘

∣ȹȹ⇼ℶ∈∢ี∢ ࣼ ∣∹∄ ∂⅚∄∊∲ ༜∽√⇼∲ ∎ℶ⇿ ࡮ ᄹ∢ ≓ȹȹ≅≘∣⇼∄∘∛∎∀↡

໖ႌ∢≓≅≘∣ ࿾∀∻∟∄⇼∛∎ℶ ⊂ℹ⊇Ⅳ≮∛ ∛∎ ∁ℿ

ɍɉ

ɍɉ

≗≷≅⊌∛∎ ∀↡≗≷≅⊌∢ ⇊⇜⇊≜ℹ⊌∣ ∝∽∛∎∀↡ ∣⇼ℵ−∽∛∎↢ ∌∀∌ℵ−∽∣ ≗≷≅⊌∢ ≴⊆ℹ⊀ℹ∛ ઘ⇾∲ ∎∀↡

∄∾∊∿⇻ ∂∺ ∀≃∜∄

∊ ∴∺ ⇼

ਉឿ ჎ ࠄພ∢⅍૥క ∢ૈⅎ∢⇊⇜⇊∛∎∀↡

∎∳ ∲∐≃ ∁ℵี∢‫ސ‬ ∟⇻∼ ≺≗ ≝ℹ∢⇊⇜⇊ ≂ ༛⇼∔⇼≃ ∛∎ ∁ℿ

∡∁

≉ ℹ ≦∛ ⇿ ࠨ⇼∌∲ ∎ℶ

∌ ∣∺

∿∀∻ ∲∌∔ℶ ∇ ≃∂≃

⇿ ઩࿹⇼∣ ॳࣜ ∛∎∀ℵ ≉ ℹ ≦∛∎∀↡

∹∀⅙∔↢ ∍⅚ℵ−∽≂ ∡∁ ⇿ ࠨ⇼∌∲ ∎ℶ

∍⅚ℵઘ⇾∼ ∣ ∏∛∎∹ ℶ ໖ႌ∢≜ℹ⊌ ∶↿∛∎ ∀ ȹȹȹ∺ ℶ ↿∕∜ ધ⇼∲ ∎ℶ

∆

ਕ∲∛ ี∢ඦ∛ ∜⅙∔ૺఇ≂ ஭∌√∯∌⇼ ∛∎ ∁ℿ

−⇽∛ ∎∀↡ ∎∳ ∲∐ ≃ℵඎ∺∞ ∀⅙∔ ≃∛∎ℶ

∂⅚∄

⇿ ࡮ ∊≃↢ ∈∢ี∛ ૺఇ≂ ∜⅙√∣ ⇼∆∲∐≃ ∹↢∕∵ ∛∎↢

஭∊∞∆ ∽∤∞∻ ∲∐≃ ∀↡∕∵ ∛∎

∆

઴∁஭∌∲ ∎ ∀∺ ℶ

∆

∍⅚ℵ≉≾⊃≂ ∀ ു∌√∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ

ћищё҅ љын Ⱥɘ ȺȺȹ

∸∼

∍⅚ℵ⇼⇼∛∎ℶ ࠾⅙√∄ ∕∊⇼↢

࢒ ∕∊ ȹȹȹ∌√∀∄ ∢∍⅜ ⇼∹ ℶྲྀஃ∣−

∀∢∍⅜

∽≂ ඎ∺∞∀⅙∔ ∣ ∏ ∕∹ ℶ ȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∂≃ ∌

⇼∷ℵྲྀஃ∣ૺఇ≂ ∜⅙√⇼∔≃∛∎ℶ ∈∢ี∛ૺఇ∣ ࣒ય∛∎∹↢

Review for Lessons 41–45 Answers to all the review exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7.

KAGE – New vocabulary ௼цг൮ট чѓ

૭ў кс

ۧ т цѶе

ঁொ љ҂ ј

ܾ ๒ѱ ӇӠҭӠҵ

the fact is, the truth is shadow damage, breakdown over and over again

ћш

๩ѯ

to steal

ӕ̱ӚҰҾ

Europe

к҂їо

ࠁປ

(film) director

ҫ̱Ӡ

zone

м҂ ц

pendant

prohibition

࣏બ

1. According to what you have read in the third episode of Kage, what is it that Nuria says appears in her photos? What does Mina suggest it could be? 2. What does Nuria buy at the clothes shop in Shibuya? 3. According to the salesclerk at the record and DVD store, can you play Japanese DVDs in Spanish DVD players? Why? 4. How does Nuria pay for the DVD she buys: cash or card? 5. In the end, does Nuria erase the photographs she has taken at the manga store? й

6. What “falls” on the ground in Mina’s sentence јткіᅗїцю҂іцѶеќ ? мѝе

езѝ зм

нжђ҅

й

And what fell in Nuria’s sentence ੡໓ўௌᄘ‫ܘ‬Ɉިඦȥɣᅗѐю ? Why are the two verbs in different forms? 7. Indicate with a circle the degree of certainty, high (H) or medium (M), in the following conjectures: ѵѢ

a) થҁәӠҧѝಱњ୙цюѝкѱцѻѭъ҂ќ̘ т цѶе

H/M

ѐл

b) ҘӎӖлঁொцѕгѺњ‫ڦ‬гбѹѭъ҂̘

H/M

ягчѶе ѥ

c) ҘӎӖўെ ் ࿈ьея̘

H/M

й

d) јткіᅗїцю҂іцѶеќ̘

H/M

132

Review for Lessons 41–45 яѻ

ћш

e) ൬кл๩҂яѮюгя̘

H/M

њ ѱѓ

f) ‫ݘ‬࿹лफ़ѓрѸѻљгѸцгіш̘

H/M

g) ѐѶђї৳ьеішќ̘

H/M

кѝчѶ

h) ཱི஀ўьѻҁඋѸљкђюўщяѷ̘

H/M

8. What do the two ѳ indicate in the sentence ҧӉӠѳ T ҤӐұѳҨ̱Ҭ̱ўб

ѹѭшк м҂ ц

9. Turn the sentence тѝาі૷ఄў࣏બіш into a conjecture, using the grammatical expressions given below. a)

̘ ( кѱцѻѭъ҂ )

b)

̘ ( ѷеіш )

c)

̘ ( ьеіш )

d)

̘ ( ўщіш )

10. What does the suffix ̶њог indicate in the sentence ໓ႉѝҢґҧў࿻кѹњ огіш? 11. Add the ̶њог and ̶ѳшг suffixes to the following verbs that appear in the dialogue, and give the meaning they acquire.

! еѓ ! a) ૷Ѻ!

̶њог! !

Meaning!

!

̶ѳшг! !

!

!

!

c) ᅗїш!

!

!

!

d) फ़ѓрѺ!

!

!

!

Meaning

ћш

b) ๩ѯ! й

12. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable word from the box at the end of the exercise. ќ

ѤѼ

a) ઱ў௷Ѻಱњ̗й࿨ᇉњ໕ђѕ̗

ҁජѺ̘

оѓ

b) тѝࣹўӕ̱ӚҰҾі͋ϥϣ͌ішл̗໓ႉігоѓѝ мѶе ї

ішк̞

сгцѲ

c) ࢗ ํѝल૿ф҂ўмѻгљ

ҁජѕгѭш̘

133

Review for Lessons 41–45

d) тѝҨ̱Ҭ̱ҁ༘гюгл̗ьѝಱњ

цѕѱггішк̞

кѻ ц

e) ਒໓ўཱིમїҴ̱ҵлбѺкѸ̗ҨҜҤ̱љ f) ҼӜґў୴гкѸ̗

њцѕѮѭцю̘

ҁѱђѕ৥кљоѕѱггѷ̘ Ѯ҂љоѼ

g) ໓ႉѝҢӖӗ̱ӋӠў‫ބ‬ਆг рђт҂

ҁජѕгѺ̘

љл

h) ीਖцюઝў༧оѕ̗ුг

ҁජѕгѭцю̘

i) ໓ႉіў̗݅ѝჶ̗

ҁජю஀ѝટҁѷоफ़ѭш̘

ѯќ

г

j) ҞґҠѐѲ҂ўࢲлகфгкѸ̗

ᅀѸљгќ̘ оѼ

k) ઒ૃлऽѭђю̟якѸ̗༧гҤӐұїਆг

ҁ໊ႉ༘гњ৥те̘ ц ѐѲо

ѵкю

઻ ජ Ҡ̱ҵ

ජ࿹ ҾҥӐӋ

ᅊ‫ڤ‬ ҺҜҬґ

Ңґҧ ҶәҦ

ܻජ ӃӖҥӐ̱

Ҧ̱ұ

13. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable verb from the box below. a) ќ̗ќ̗йઝѐѲ҂̘ҦҾҟҰҳҐњҮ̱ҧҁ

ѝ̞ ѡѓѷе

b) ᅑृ

ટјѱѝ჉ಱҁ

ྜྷᅀлбѺ̘

ѡ те м

c) ྇৥࠺і໓ႉѭі

ѓѱѹіш̘

ѷе

d) ໓ᄴ໓ѝෆ̗ટјѱҁ༿ોњ

̘

e) ҞҮӐҰӄњ࠽ҁѓрѼ̟ЅҤӐұҁ

љѷ̟

к

f) ҬҗӘҁാцѕоѻѕбѹлїеќ̘

Ѿ̟

g) ޵ৌкѸ݇ѧ

ѝўϧોདіш̘

згл

гь

h) ۨ‫ݧ‬ўϥોདкѸ

Ѹцг̘бѭѹોࠑлљгкѸ̗ࡷуе̟

i) ӋґҠф҂ўӅӀ̱ӎҬӘҁ

ѝлশмѮюгя̘

ѢѶе м

j) ಋ౛̗тѝླ࠽ў

ѝішк̞ ќт

k) јецѕ઱л௮ѨѺಱњ̗ҮӔҠә̱ҵл ѷу

ї

‫ܙ‬ш

໕ѻѺ

ဈо

ࡈтш

й

྇ѥ

м

ऽѰѺ

ѝ̞໢іѱгѺѝ̞ ѱј

જѭѺ

е

౛ѭѻѺ

წѺ

юш

୾кѺ

љй

૎Ѻ

м

பзѺ

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Review for Lessons 41–45

14. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. й҂ло

a) A: ໓ႉѝܺ޷ўјтішк̞ | B͋

!͌ї୺гѕ

бѺїтѼњбѹѭш̘ Ѫело

ѷело

1. ҥӐҧ̖2. ၛ޷̖3. ҜӖҤҰҜ̖4. ᄷ޷ згу

b) ໓ႉটл࿻кѸљгкѸ̗тѝҾҪҠӠѝ ъѓѰгцѶ

л۲টіѪцг̘

ї рг

1. ಅ჋୺̖2. ҘӎӖ̖3. ҤӐұ̖4. ોब ўѸ

c) тѝႉҁ

і࿶ђѕояфг̘ н҂те

1. ҽ̱ҟӠ̖2. ࣛ৥̖3. әҥ̖4. ҾӠұ d) ๘ѝჶўߣгкѸ̗

ҁѓрѕояфгќ̘ юѢ

1. ҺҜҬґ̖2. ӋӂӖ̱̖3. ഌഽ̖4. ЅҤӐұ мѝе

згл

e) ੡໓ў

тѾ

ѝۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़њ৥мѭцю̘࿎кђюѷ̟

1. ӈӖ̱̖2. ҏҜҤӔӠ̖3. ҶӖӋ̖4. ҠӎҴҐ̱ f) тѝϵЇϵўҏӎӗҘѝ

іકзѭшк̞

1. ӄә̱ӑ̱̖2. ӊҦҬ̱̖3. ӊҰӄҦ̖4. ҳҜһ чѶъгѷе

фл

ќл

g) ஀౐ᄺѝܻජҁ൲цѕгѭш̘

ї

ҁйࠥгцѭш̘

1. ӃӖғҦ̖2. Ҩ̱Ҭ̱̖3. Ҧ̱ұ̖4. ҾӠұ 1. Ӄ̱ұ̖2. ҤӐұ̖3. ӃӖҥӐ̱̖4. ҦҘ̱ҵ ѵкю

їо

h) тѝᅊ‫ڤ‬ҁϢϡͨѝ ќѤя

ѾѹѢм

ѤоѼ

і༙ђѕгѺѷ̘йທяѷќ̟ ыг

1. ඊੲ̖2. ߁‫̖ڽ‬3. ഽ̖4. ౪ згл

i) ੡໓ў

ѾѸ

ѝۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़њ৥мѭцю̘юоф҂ஷђюѷ̟

1. ӈӖ̱̖2. ҏҜҤӔӠ̖3. ҶӖӋ̖4. ҠӎҴҐ̱ 15. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most suitable expression formed by an adverb or an interrogative pronoun followed by к , as in the example. a) ઱ў!гѓк!ࣙ૊ѐњљѺѓѱѹіш̘ зѸ

b) тѝйкцѝඣѝ

‫گ‬ѓярҁಫ҂іояфг̘ ѧѳ

c) A: бюцѝҾӠұјтњбѺѝ̞ | B: тѝ࿥‫ܯ‬ѝ

њбѺўщѷ̘

Review for Lessons 41–45

135

ц р҂

d) ઻०ҁજѰѺಱњ̗

࿻кѸљгтїлбѹѭшк̞

љ

e) ࡼкљгіояфг̘

ѭю‫ݰ‬зѺѷ̟

јѼѫе

f) พၭя̟

୾рѕояфг̟

16. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most suitable adverb from the box below. кѝчѶ

ѧѳ

a) ཱི஀ѝ࿥‫ܯ‬њў

ѝҏҸӎӊҦҬ̱лбѺѮюгѷ̘ њѪ҂у

љѸ

ѹѴело

໓ႉটҁଵгюѝі̗໓ႉѧᅸ޵цњмю̘

b)

ѝ

c) Ӏ̱Әҁ

бї

югѧ҂

‫ھ‬ѭљгіояфгѷ̘ঘлെဠякѸ̘

кѻ

бюѭ

d) ཱིў

їемѶеягло

Ѩ҂мѶе

຃лггіш̘๥ ࢗ െ޵іဨࢦцѕгѭш̘ ѷ

e) ӋӠҙҁ

ຠѮюгкѸ̗໓ႉটҁଵђѕгѺ̘

згл

йѱ

f) ໓ႉۨ‫ݧ‬ў

йѱцѼгїતгѭшѷ̘ ѡчѶе

бѭѹ

їѕѱ

юоф҂

бѭѹњ

྆௖њ

17. This dialogue is out of order. Rewrite it in the correct order. 1) ј҂љӀҴҗҘӎӖішк̞ юш

2) ўг̘ӀҴҗҘӎӖҁ༘гюгѝіш̘୾рѕояфг̘ згу

ъѓѰгцѶ

3) ۲টѝಅ჋୺ѱѓгѕгѺ҂ішк̞ фл

4) гѸђцѲгѭъ̟ܾкй൲цішк̞ 5) ўг̗ѓгѕгѭш̘ 6) тѻўјеішк̞਒ѷо༙ѻѕгѺகфгҘӎӖіш̘ ќл

7) чѲ̗тѝҘӎӖњцѷеїતгѭш̘йࠥгцѭш̘ 8) கфоѕ̗કгѳшгҘӎӖлггіш̘ ѕ҂г҂

า‫ں‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ѕ҂г҂

า‫ں‬ф҂ ;!

юоф҂

136

Review for Lessons 41–45

мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ѕ҂г҂

า‫ں‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ѕ҂г҂

า‫ں‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! 18. Complete this dialogue held at a clothes shop. Clerk:

гѸђцѲгѭъ̘ߣгішќ̟ їемѶе

бюю

Ѥо

Client: ў г̟๥ ࢗўт҂љߣгะ࠽яїતгѭъ҂іцю̘අ кг࿯ л ѡѓѷе

ྜྷᅀіш̘ фл

Clerk:

ܾҁ൲цѕгѭшк̞ оѢ

ќл

Client: ଞлߣгкѸ̗(1) Clerk:

ҁйࠥгцѭш̘

ўг̗࿻кѹѭцю̘କўјеішк̞ йљ

гѼ

Client: ьеішќ̘ຈч௬ѝ (2)

ѱояфг̘

ягчѶе ѥ

Clerk:

ўг̘тѻіെ ் ࿈ішк̞ бюю

Client: ггз̗අкгҨ̱Ҭ̱ѱѪцгіш̘ Clerk:

(3)

ў͋Є͌ѳ͋Ͼ͌ѳ͋Ͻ͌лбѹѭш̘ ягчѶе ѥ

Client: ͋Ͼ͌іെ ் ࿈кѱцѻљгл̗(4)

цѕѱггішк̞

ѧѳ

Clerk:

ўг̗бѝ࿥‫ܯ‬ҁકђѕояфг̘ ̖ͫͫͫ୆࿻ঘ̖ͫͫͫ

Client: ѐѶђїகфгкѸ̗ ͋Ͻ͌њцѭш̘ ц ўѸ

Clerk:

࿻кѹѭцю̘દ࿶гў! (5)

Client: шѮѭъ҂̘(6)

ќл

ійࠥгцѭш̘ њϣႩ‫܀‬ї୺гѕгѺл̗

юя

ౘцгішк̞ Clerk:

ўг̘цкц̗਒ (7) 8)

якѸ̗Ϧϡͨѝ лбѹѭш̘

Client: чѲ̗ϢႩ‫܀‬іггішќ̞

Review for Lessons 41–45

137

їо

Clerk:

ўг̗ьеіш̘йທішѷ̟ ўѸ

Client: ьеішќ̘(9)

і࿶зѭшк̞ с҂м҂

Clerk:

ѱе

Ѿр

ггз̘шѮѭъ҂л̗тѝาў॰ࣙяріш̘ంцᄀбѹѭъ҂̘

Client: ༘ђюѱѝҁජѕ࠻ѺкѸ̗(10)

њ໕ѻљ

оѕѱггішѷ̘

19. Complete the sentences choosing from the particles ї or кѸ , ѭі , ѳ or к , as appropriate. ѡѼѮ

a) бѝఒўাྑ (

) ॳгѭш̘

b) йࣙлѪцг (

)̗ຆмюгѷ̘

ўюѸ

ш

c) гѓ (

) гѓ (

) ໓ႉњୄѯѓѱѹішк̞

кѻ

к҂то

d) ཱིўюоф҂ѝਂѧ৥ђѕмюѷ̘ඣਂ ( њо

e) ໐ (

фкљ

) ໓ႉ (

) ࠕਂљј . . .

зѸ

) ࢔̗‫گ‬ѓярҁಫ҂іояфг̘ кѝчѶ

гђцѶ

f) ઱ўཱི஀ (

згл

) ‫୸گ‬њۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़њ৥ђю̘ рђт҂

g) ઱ўбљю (

) ीਖцюољг̘

кѻ

к҂то

h) ཱིўҏҥҏѝ‫گ‬ѓѝਂѧ৥ђюѷ̘ඣਂ (

) ࠕਂ (

)̗ၧѻюл . . .

ѭѰ

i) ͋Ҡ̱ҿ̱͌(

) геѝў๽ (

ѫо

) ੝Ѻ‫ھ‬Ѯ࿹іш̘

ц

j) ၺўюоф҂ѝ߼ેҁඋђѕгѺ̜ ͋ृ͌( кѻ

)͋‫(͌ݏ‬

)͋ప͌. . .

к҂то

k) ཱིўඣਂ (

) ໓ႉ (

) ࠕਂѧ৥ђюѷ̘ тѝϤѓѝਂлশмяьея̘ ќ

l) ҳәӀҁफ़ѕ ( ѫо

)̗௷ѭцѶе̟ ц

m) ၺўϤѓѝ߼ેҁඋђѕгѺ̜ ͋ृ͌( Ѩ҂Ѽ҂югкг

n) бцюѝဪᇥെ‫ݰ‬ўܾો (

) ішк̞

)͋‫(͌ݏ‬

)͋ప͌іш̘

138

Review for Lessons 41–45

20. Choose the correct verb in each sentence. цѥѳ

фг Ѥ

й

й

a) ੡໓̗઱ўୋ൨іੑ࿌ҁ̿ᅗїцю̴ᅗѐю̀ѷ̘ Ѩ҂Ѽ҂югкг

ѫо

b) ဪᇥെ‫ݰ‬ўᇠોуѼњ̿ଳѾѺ̴ଳзѺ̀їၺўતгѭш̘ йї

c) тткѸ฾ଁѝܺл̿ဈо̴ဈтзѺ̀ ̘ р

м

d) ӉӃф҂̗ҳәӀҁ̿பцѕ̴பзѕ̀ояфгѷ̟ тѾ

тѾ

e) ҳәӀл̿‫ݴ‬ѻю̴‫ݴ‬цю̀кѸ̗ҢҰҘ̱ҁफ़Ѹѻљкђю̘ f) ҏҚҠѐѲ҂̗ ݇њ̿໕ђѕ̴໕ѻѕ̀ояфгќ̘ളђѕгѭшкѸ̟ юѕѱѝ

ѭѐ

g) б̗тѝॏ࿹ѱ௼цгѷ̟тѝ‫ޖ‬ў̿ဠѾђю̴ဠзю̀ќ̘ цѴ Ѯ

бѓ

бѓ

h) ҳӘо҂ѝଜႮўҠґӠҁ̿ୁѭѺ̴ୁѰѺ̀тїіш̘ ї

ї

i) ฾ଁл̿બѭѺ̴બѰѺ̀ѭіളђѕояфг̘ ќт

тѼ

ї

ї

j) бѝ໢ҁੳцюгѝ̟̞б҂ю̗ଁҁ̿બѭђѕ̴બѰѕ̟̀ тѾ

тѾ

k) ӉӃф҂ўҳәӀҁ̿‫ݴ‬ѻю̴‫ݴ‬цю̀кѸ̗ҢҰҘ̱ҁफ़Ѹѻљг̘ l) ୴гкѸ̗Ҷҏҁ̿‫ވ‬гѕ̴‫ވ‬рѕ̀ояфг̘ Ѫ҂я

чѴецѶ

m) ႉ฽ф҂ўୄ୳ҁ̿ဠѾђю̴ဠзю̀Ѹцгѷ̘ n) Ҷҏл ̿‫ވ‬гѕ̴‫ވ‬рѕ̀гѺѷ̘઱лҶҏҁ̿ဓѭѼе̴ဓѰѷѐк̞ 21. Change the following sentences into conjectures using the expressions in brackets, as in the example. Then, indicate whether what is expressed in the sentence has a high (H) or medium (M) probability of taking place. Ѥ

a) ਒໓ў‫ی‬лৰђѕгѭш̘ ̿ѷея̀(H / M) Ѥ

਒໓ў‫ی‬лৰђѕгѺѷеіш!!!̘ їѱяѐ

ргфѓк҂

b) ҬҜф҂ѝᄐൠўम੮߬яѷ̘ ̿ьея̀(H / M)

̘ кѝчѶ

љл

c) ཱི஀ѝ༘ђюҦҘ̱ҵўුкђюіш̘ ̿ўщя̀(H / M)

̘ бйм

d) ౧ქф҂ѝჇўѳфцг̘ ̿Ѯюгя̀(H / M)

̘

Review for Lessons 41–45

139

ѹѴело

e) ᅑ໤̗җ̱ҦҵӖӗҏњᅸ޵цѭш̘ ̿кѱцѻљг̀(H / M)

̘ юкя

f) फ़ѕ̟৳฽ф҂ѝ݇ўїѕѱাгіш̘ ̿ьея 2) (H / M)

̘ ц

g) бѝఒѝй࿔ф҂ўഞ࿻ભњѭцю̘ ̿яѼѐ(H / M)

̘ рђт҂

h) ಋ౛ўӋӗҠѐѲ҂їीਖшѺѓѱѹя̘ ̿Ѹцг̀(H / M)

̘ ѳѭя

i) ઀฽ф҂ўїѕѱࣙ૊ѐњљѹѭцюќ̘ ̿ѷея̀(H / M)

̘ j) ҦӌҦф҂ў௼цгජ࿹ҁ༘ђю̘ ̿ьея 1) (H / M)

̘ кѻ

k) ӕҤҗўҼӠҢӍякѸཱི̗ѝ႒ф҂ѱмѻгя̘ ̿кѱцѻљг̀ (H / M)

̘ цѲѐѶе

йо

l) ૽ුў‫܀ܮگ‬пѸг૊ђѕгѭш̘ ̿њѐлгљг̀(H / M)

̘ m) ӋӘҬф҂ўѭюҏҸӎѝϵЇϵҁ༘еќ̘ ̿ье 2) (H / M)

̘ ѥ ѐѶе

n) ࿥ුѝ‫ܝ‬ф҂ўఋ౽іш̘ ̿ўщя̀(H / M)

̘ 22. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. кѻ

зг у

a) ཱིў۲টҁ

тѭ

њҏӎӗҘњ৥ђюкѸ̗їѕѱਓђюьея̘

1. ᇨцѕ̖2. ᇨъљг̖3. ᇨъљгѕ̖4. ᇨъщ ќѯ

b) ҕҏҠӠҁ

ѢѶе м

ѭѭ̗ႽђѕцѭђюкѸླ࠽њљђю̘

1. ѓрѕ̖2. ѓрѺ̖3. ѓрю̖4. ѓрљгі

140

Review for Lessons 41–45 ц бг

c) ჋໓ў‫ی‬

̗઻৸ҁцљгіояфг̘

1. ѝ௓৸̖2. я௓৸̖3. љ௓৸̖4. ў௓৸ d) јецѕ฾ᇨ

ᅑѐѲђюѝ̞!਒̗б҂юњ‫ݰ‬гюољгѷ̟

1. цљг̖2. ъщњ̖3. цщњ̖4. шѺ ѕ лѮ

e) мѝеўକળҁ୺г

̗ҟ̱Ӎіᄠ҂

цѭцю̘

1. яѹ̴яѹ̖2. юѹ̴юѹ̖3. юѹ̴яѹ̖4. яѹ̴юѹ ц

f) ҏґҠѐѲ҂ў

ѭѭભњюгїгѓѱॳђѕгѺ̘

1. мѻгљ̖2. мѻгњ̖3. мѻгюђя̖4. мѻгѝ кѝчѶ

g) ཱི஀ўಋ౛іў

̗޵౛ішѷ̟

1. цљгі̖2. ъщњ̖3. цѭъ҂̖4. љоѕ ўѳ

h) тѝଁў

ц̗഍гіш̘

1. мѻгя̖2. мѻгљ̖3. мѻг̖4. мѻгѝ ѹѶе ѹ

i) ฾ᇨі

ѹѶе ѹ

ᆈ ᅦҁцю̘ьцѕ̗ᆈᅦлйгцољкђю̟

1. ᇨцюљлѸ̖2. ᇨшљлѸ̖3. ᇨфљлѸ̖4. ᇨцљлѸ 23. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. кѻ

шело

a) ཱིўహ޵ѝಋ౛якѱцѻѭъ҂̘ њо

фкљ

зѸ

b) ໐ѳ࢔ҁ‫گ‬ѓярಫ҂іояфг̘ ќ

ѓк

c) A: јецѕ௷ѕгѺѝ̞ | B: ཻѻѕгѺѭія̘ ѱ

d) ҤӠѐѲ҂̗бѝ௼ဈҁ໨зѕояфг̟ їемѶе

ш

њѪ҂у

e) бѝఒў๥ࢗњୄ҂ігѺкѸ̗໓ႉটлௌକљяѼе̘ згл

f) ۨ‫ݧ‬ў঑ોњજѰюѸцг̘ 24. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. a) ໓ႉў ш

ѳшгਂяїતгѭш̘ ш

ш

ш

1. ୄѯ̖2. ୄѮ̖3. ୄ҂ігѺ̖4. ୄ҂я

Review for Lessons 41–45

141

кѝчѶ

b) ཱི஀ў͋݇њ࠻ѹюг͌

ॳђю̘

1. ѭі̖2. ѳ̖3. њ̖4. ї бйѳѭ ѥ ѐѶе

ц

c) ౧઀࿥ුўҦҾҟҰҳҐлশм

උѸљг̘

1. ўщя̖2. кѱцѻљг̖3. кјек̖4. ѳ чѶъг

d) ઱ўӋҶӠҷ

஀౐лбѭѹশмчѲљг̘

1. Ѯюгљ̖2. Ѯюгњ̖3. ѷея̖4. ѷеі зг у

e) ӃҰҤӒф҂ѝ۲টўїѕѱ

њогьеіш̘

1. ࿻кѺ̖2. ࿻кѹ̖3. ࿻кђѕ̖4. ࿻кђю ѻгэе т

f) ઱ўᆫഁॾкѸюѭуҁ໊ॷ

̘

1. ୙ю̖2. ໕ѻю̖3. ୙цю̖4. ໕ђю е

ѭѐ

б҂ы҂

g) ျѝ౛ѭѻю‫ޖ‬ўїѕѱ‫څ‬ವ

Ѹцгіш̘

1. љ̖2. њ̖3. ̰̖4. я ц р҂

h) ਒໓ѝ઻०ўїѕѱ

̘

1. ѳфцоьея̖2. ѳфцгьея̖3. ѳфцгљьея̖4. ѳфц

ѝьея цѥѳ

ц҂чѴо

i) ҏґҠѐѲ҂ўୋ൨

̗௼ ୒

ѧѷо৥ђѕгѭш̘

1. їк̴їк̖2. ї̴ї̖3. њ̴њ̖4. ѭі̴кѸ ѳѭя

цѲѐѶе

j) ઀฽ф҂ўҾҪҠӠҁ੝ђѕгѺ‫૽ݰ‬ѝ૽ ු

ьея̘

1. љ̖2. њ̖3. ̰̖4. я ц҂чѴо

k) ௼ ୒

цѥѳ

ୋ൨

̗฾ଁіϢϡ࿻пѸгккѹѭш̘

1. ѭя̴кѸ̖2. їк̴їк̖3. ї̴ї̖4. кѸ̴ѭі ї

l) పජҁජѕкѸ̗಑њ྇Ѣ

ояфг̘

1. ਏ҂і̖2. њооѕ̖3. ѳшоѕ̖4. ଳѾђѕ мр҂

m) бѝਂўїѕѱࠨ ।

ѕояфгќ̘ 1. љ̖2. њ̖3. ̰̖4. я

ўщяѷ̘࠽ҁѓрѕгђ

142

Review for Lessons 41–45

Kanji

‫ݕ‬ॗࢆ࢔ූ࿅ᄺ‫ށ‬࿨ჹ‫ܯ‬ (155)

(167)

(168)

(169)

(170)

(225)

(226)

(163)

(165)

(166)

(180)

ေ೷ྻ૬ࡈ࿯ౘ๒൅঺௓ (250)

(251)

(227)

(228)

(252)

(260)

(203)

(204)

(205)

(176)

(177)

25. Link each kanji with its most common reading.

ࢆ

ѳ

ූ

яг

࿯

гћ

‫ށ‬

кы

࿅

ец

‫ݕ‬

фкљ

ॗ

Ѥ

࢔

ўљ

‫ܯ‬

Ѥо

࿨

еѮ

๒

ј

൅

їѹ

26. Choose the correct kanji or kanji combination for each reading. a) йцѶелѓњࣘ୳ѝҾӠѳф҂імѻгљгрџљлफ़ѸѻѺ̘ ! цѶелѓ̜1. ౘृ̖2. ౘ໓̖3. ‫̖ृܥ‬4. ‫ܥ‬໓ ! ҾӠѳ̜1. ҾӠჹ̖2. ҾӠ‫̖ܯ‬3. ҾӠ૧̖4. ҾӠ૬ ! грџљ̜1.౛рܼ̖2. ౛р‫̖ݕ‬3. ಋр‫̖ݕ‬1. ಋрܼ b) бѝെмгецўм҂нѶҁ௮Ѩю̘ ! ец̜1. ঔ̖2. ๒̖3. ॗ̖4. ࢆ ! м҂нѶ̜1. ವ࢔̖2. ವ࢒̖3. ࣙ࢔̖4. ࣙ࢒ c) йочѶеі̗мѻгљфоѡ҂ҁ୺гю̘ ! йочѶе̜1. ‫ܯ‬௓̖2. ૧௓̖3. ૧ௌ̖4. ‫ܯ‬ௌ

! фоѡ҂̜1. ੝ྻ̖2. ܻྻ̖3. ௌྻ̖4. କྻ Ѯљ

d) ‫ބ‬ф҂̟мѹѓцѕкѸ̗ѷечҁцњгђѕояфг̟

! мѹѓ̜1. ჹᅰ̖2. ေᅰ̖3. ೷ᅰ̖4. ࡈᅰ ! ѷеч̜1. ੬࿯̖2. ᄺૃ̖3. ᄺ࿯̖4. ੬ૃ

Review for Lessons 41–45

143

27. Choose the correct reading for each kanji combination. a) ၹ‫ށ‬ຒњўмѻгљ‫ށ‬ѳჹлбѹѭш̘

! ၹ‫ށ‬ຒ̜1. Ѫокгј̖2. Ѫђкгј̖3. Ѫокгје̖4. Ѫђкгје ! ‫̜ށ‬1. еѮ̖2. бѮ̖3. ьѸ̖4. ьѺ ჹ̜1. ѳњ̖2. ўѸ̖3. р̖4. ѝ b) ༿ྥ‫ܯ‬ѝಱњбѺ૬‫ܯ‬ўїѕѱகфгіш̘

! ༿ྥ‫̜ܯ‬1. ўѐѡѲоѳ̖2. ўђѣѲоѳ̖3. ѳйѳ̖4. ўѐйѳ ! ૬‫̜ܯ‬1. цѐѳ̖2. цѓѳ̖3. цѓчѶе̖4. цѐчѶе ц҂эе

c) ਒̗઱лဨࢦцѕгѺѝў͋ఒ঺௹ഀ͌їге࿻ჹіш̘

! ఒ঺̜1. ч҂те̖2. њ҂те̖3. ч҂т̖4. њ҂т ! ࿻ჹ̜1. Ѥ҂ѝ̖2. Ѥ҂ѳ̖3. ѥ҂ѝ̖4. ѥ҂ѳ Ѯљ

d) җӖӠҭѝ࿨ଁѝྻ૬ўїѕѱггї‫ॳބ‬ђѕгѺ

! ࿨ଁ̜1. кыпѺѭ̖2. кыоѺѭ̖3. ѤцѲ̖4. ѤецѲ ! ྻ૬̜1. ѡ҂цѓ̖2. ѡ҂цѐ̖3. цљцѓ̖4. цљцѐ 28. Write the kanji for the given furigana. ўљ

їѹ

a) ઱ў

ї ўљ

лെশміш̘

Ѣ

b) ࿔ў

течѶе

ѝ

ўюѸ

іຆгѕгѭш̘

фкљ ѳ

гћ

ф҂ѝಱњகфг

c)

је чѶе

їѱяѐ

d) ᄐൠўбѝ кѝчѶ

e) ཱི஀ў

чѶеѡ҂

і

еѮ

лгѺ̘ љѸ

љ࣬କҁଵђѕгѺ̘ бѺ

ѝࣘоҁ

оѝлїѕѱশміш̘

ѷеѤо

f) бѝఒў઱л༘ђю

Ѥб҂

ҁশмкјек̗

ішѷ̘

Lesson 46

•

ᇹ 46 ᛢ

Compound Sentences (1) In the next part of the book we’ll see several ways of creating compound sentences in Japanese. In this chapter we will take a close look at expressions of continuity.

The easiest linking method We saw in Lesson 35 that we can use the -te form to link sentences. This may be applied to verbs (௷ѕࡈмѺ nete okiru “to sleep and wake up”), -i adjectives (াоѕ჋Ѻг hirokute akarui “roomy and bright”), -na adjectives (்࿈іဧᅡљ jōbu de benri-na “robust and practical”) and nouns (ಋ౛і ख़ࡿ૿ sensei de kenkyūsha “professor and researcher”). This method of linking sentences has up to five different usages: 1) combining elements, 2) sequencing actions, 3) mode, 4) simultaneous action or state, and 5)cause/reason: ѭгбф

нѴењѴе

ѝ

ю

1) ႕ෆ̗ࢆ໔ҁ‫ھ‬҂іҾӠҁ௮ѨѺ Every morning I drink milk and eat bread. ўѳ

й

з҂ьо

г

2) ೢоࡈмѕ‫ܔ‬ഌњ৥мюг̟ I want to wake up early and go on an excursion! ѓк

ѓо

3) гѐуҁકђѕҞ̱Қҁ੝ђю I made a cake using strawberries. Ѿюц

згл

Ѯ

кѝчѶ

й҂ло

м

4) ઱ўۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़ѕཱི̗஀ўܺ޷ҁဈгю I was watching a movie, and my girlfriend was listening to music. ѡѼѵм

кз

ѡѼт

б҂ц҂

5) ༣໬л࠻ђѕাટл‫څ‬௹цю Hiroyuki came back and (so) Hiroko was relieved. To link negative sentences with the -te form, we use ̶љгі: цй

ѓк

ѓо

• ‫ܗ‬ҁકѾљгіҼӠҽ̱ҙ̱ҁ੝ђю He made a hamburger without using salt. Ѩ҂мѶе

цр҂

уеко

• ဨࢦцљгі઻०њ৸ާцю I passed the exam without studying. You can also link negative sentences by replacing the љгі of the negative -te form with щњ (௷љгі!nenai de Π!௷щњ nezu ni, “without sleeping”). The only exception isшѺ: it isn’t цщњ but ъщњ. This ending is used in written and formal registers. цй

ѓк

ѓо

• ‫ܗ‬ҁકѾщњҼӠҽ̱ҙ̱ҁ੝ђю He made a hamburger without using salt. Ѩ҂мѶе

цр҂

уеко

• ဨࢦъщњ઻०њ৸ާцю I passed the exam without studying.

Compound Sentences (1)

145

Another way of linking sentences in the negative The negative forms ̶љгі and ̶щњ, can’t be used with the five cases in the affirmative we saw in the first point. To be precise, ̶љгі can’t be used to express cause/reason, and we don’t use ̶щњ to express cause/reason or a simultaneous action or state. To express cause/reason, we use the -te form of a verb conjugated in the negative, for exampleકе tsukau (to use) Π negative: કѾљг Π negative -te form: કѾљоѕ. We saw the negative conjugations for the -te form of verbs in the table in Lesson 35. ѡѼѵм

кз

ѡѼт

ц҂Ѡг

• ༣໬л࠻Ѹљоѕাટл௹༐цѕгю Hiroyuki didn’t return home and (so) Hiroko was worried. оѺѭ

к

• ଁҁ༘Ѿљоѕѷкђю I didn’t buy the car, (so) I’m happy. To link two -i adjectives in the negative (not only cause/reason, but generally) we also use the -te form of the negative, for example াг hiroi (broad) Π negative: াољг Π -te љ form of the negative: াољоѕ. In the case of -na adjectives and nouns, we use іў! оѕ or, in colloquial register, чѲљоѕ (чѲ is the contraction of іў). бк

ѤѺ

• ҏҾ̱ҵў჋Ѻољоѕॸгіш The apartment is not bright and is old. кѝчѶ

њѪ҂ч҂

к҂точ҂

• ཱི஀ў໓ႉఒіў ( чѲ ) љоѕ̗ࠕਂఒіш She isn’t Japanese, she’s Korean.

Simultaneous actions: 䡚䛺䛜䜙 To form sentences expressing simultaneous actions, we use verb root + ̶љлѸ. For example, કеtsukau (to use) Π root: કг Π add љлѸ: કгљлѸ (while I’m using). Note: ̶љлѸ is only used with verbs, and the subject (performing the action) must be the same for both verbs (that is, the performed actions) in the sentence. й҂ло

м

Ѫ҂

к

• ܺ޷ҁဈмљлѸ̗ႉҁ୺гѕгѺ While listening to music, I write the book. ѾѸ

згл

Ѯ

• ҥӔӠўஷгљлѸۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़ѕгю John laughed as he watched the movie. чцѶ

ѡ

Ѫ҂ѳо

• ૘୺ҁ‫ڽ‬мљлѸႊᄀшѺ I translate, (while) consulting a dictionary. ѝ

ўљ

• Ҡ̱ҿ̱ҁ‫ھ‬ѮљлѸᇨцѭцѶе Let’s talk, while we drink (have) a coffee. In sentences with ̶љлѸ, there is usually is a central action and an incidental action. The verb of the latter takes ̶љлѸ. Compare these sentences: ў҂

ю

ц҂ѥ҂

ѷ

• уསҁ௮ѨљлѸ௼ဈҁຠѯ While eating, I read the newspaper. (center: to eat) ц҂ѥ҂

ѷ

ў҂

ю

• ௼ဈҁຠѮљлѸуསҁ௮ѨѺ While reading the paper, I eat. (center: to read)

146

Lesson 46 不 46 嶓

A situation remains unchanged: 䡚䜎䜎 The expression ̶ѭѭ indicates that the action or situation described by the attached verb is unchanged. ̶ѭѭ is used after verbs conjugated in the past tense, for example: ௷Ѻ neru (to sleep) Π past: ௷ю Π add ̶ѭѭ Π ௷юѭѭ (he is still asleep / there is no change to the state of his being asleep). This expression is also used with some -i adjectives (we don’t change anything), -na adjectives (keep љ), and nouns (add ѝ). цуї

г

• ҳәӀҁѓрюѭѭ઒ૃњ৥ђѕцѭђю I went to work, leaving the TV on. ѵѹт

г

ѱј

• ྥ৸ટўҶґұѧ৥ђюѭѭწѸљг Yuriko went to Germany and is not coming back. лоъг

• щђї޵౛ѝѭѭігюгљ I’d like to be a student for ever. If the verb before ̶ѭѭ is negative, we don’t have to conjugate it in the past tense. кн

гз

ўц

я

• ॣҁкрљгѭѭ݇кѸ೷ѹ୙цю I ran out of the house not locking the door. кѻ

ѳш

ўюѸ

• ཱིўࡲѭљгѭѭщђїຆгѕгѺ He works constantly, without a break.

Non-exhaustive list of actions: 䡚䛯䜚䡚䛯䜚䛩䜛 This expression is a kind of ѳ (Lesson 41) for verbs and adjectives. ̶юѹ̶юѹш Ѻ expresses a non-exhaustive list of actions or states. We indicate two or more actions or states, and whether there could be more is left up in the air. To form, add ѹ to the past tense. The last element in the sentence is followed by шѺ, for example ༘еkau (to buy) Π past: ༘ђю Π add ѹ (and шѺif it is the last element): ༘ђюѹ(шѺ) (to buy, etc.). -i adjectives also go in the past tense, like ৳кђюѹ(шѺ) takakattari (suru) (expensive, etc.). -na adjectives and nouns need the verb “to be” in the -tari form (яђю ѹ), for example: ဧᅡяђюѹ(шѺ) benri dattari (suru) (to be convenient, etc.) and ಋ౛яђюѹ(шѺ) sensei dattari (suru) (to be a teacher, etc.). цуї

цѶѺг

ѓо

• ઒ૃіґӠҬ̱ҺҰҵҁцюѹ̗୺ᆧҁ੝ђюѹшѺѷ At work, I browse the Internet, write documents, etc. ѭгбф

ѝ

ц҂ѥ҂

ѷ

• ႕ෆ̗Ҡ̱ҿ̱ҁ‫ھ‬҂яѹ௼ဈҁຠ҂яѹцѭш Every morning, I drink coffee, read the newspaper, etc.

̶юѹ can be used with only one verb or adjective, with a similar connotation: кн

• ॣҁљоцюѹцѕўгрљгќ Don’t lose the keys (or anything like that), OK? тг

й

бѥ

• ᆿњᅗѐюѹшѺѝўࠨљг̟ Things like falling in love are dangerous!

Compound Sentences (1)

147

In case of: ሙྜ џбг

The word ௓৸ (case, occasion, circumstance) means “in case of.” It can follow verbs and -i adjectives conjugated in any form. After -na adjectives and nouns it requires ѝ . ъ҂ье

й

џбг

њ

• ಒ೩лࡈмю௓৸̗๿сѕояфг If war is declared, please run away. бѰ

џбг

юггок҂

ѻ҂цѴе

• ‫ی‬ѝ௓৸ўഭ‫ࠖڬ‬іᇄଵцѷе In case of rain, we will train in the gym.

Not only X, also Y: 䡚䛧 ̶ц can follow any verb or -i adjective conjugated in any form. With -na adjectives and nouns, it requires the verb “to be” (іш/я). бцю

цр҂

чѴо

г

• ჋໓ў઻०лбѺц̗ୗњѱ৥кљрѻџљѸљг Tomorrow I have an exam and, besides, I must go to cram school. гз

ѡѼ

зм

ѐк

• тѝ݇ўাгц̗۹лࣘг Not only is this house roomy, the station is also close. Sometimes we can find more than one ̶ц in a sentence, as if forming a list: кѝчѶ

бюѭ

кќѱ

к҂ѩм

• ཱི஀ў຃лггц̗мѻгяц̗ࣙ૊ѐяц /// ߫ᡝяљ̟ She is intelligent, as well as beautiful, as well as rich . . . She’s perfect! Compound sentences (1): General summary table ̶ѕ

Linking sentences

̶љгі ̶щњ

Linking sentences. The first sentence is in the negative

̶љоѕ

Linking sentences. The first sentence is in the negative. Expresses cause/reason

ट௬ҁफ़ѕ‫ޅ‬ҁкгѕояфг Look at the landscape and draw a picture, please ट௬ҁफ़љгі̿फ़щњ̀‫ޅ‬ҁкоѝў່цгіш Drawing a picture without looking at the landscape is difficult ཱིї‫ݰ‬Ѿљоѕઑ໥я It’s a pity I won’t meet him

ट௬ҁफ़љлѸ‫ޅ‬ҁкгю While looking at the landscape, I drew a picture (Note: the drawing doesn’t need to be of the landscape) A state or action already done ઱ўཻѻюѭѭӋӖҪӠњ੿݂цю ̶ѭѭ I took part in the marathon, tired as I was which remains unchanged ӋӖҪӠњ੿݂цюѹ̗‫ޅ‬ҁкгюѹшѺѝў޷цг ̶юѹ іш!I enjoy taking part in marathons, drawing Non-exhaustive list of actions ̶юѹшѺ pictures . . . (and so on) ‫ی‬ѝ௓৸̗ӋӖҪӠњ੿݂цѭъ҂ “In the case of . . .” ௓৸ If it rains, I won’t take part in the marathon ӋӖҪӠњ੿݂цюц̗‫ޅ‬ѱкгю ̶ц “Not only X, also Y” I not only took part in the marathon, I also drew a picture ̶љлѸ

“While I’m doing X, I do Y” (two simultaneous actions)

ट௬ keshiki landscape; फ़Ѻ miru to look; ‫ޅ‬ҁкоe o kaku to draw a picture; ່цг muzukashii difficult; ཱི kare he; ‫ݰ‬е au to meet; ཻѻѺ tsukareru to get tired; ઑ໥я zannen da it’s a pity; ӋӖҪӠ marathon; ੿݂шѺ!sanka suru to take part; ޷цг tanoshii enjoyable; ‫ ی‬ame rain

148

Lesson 46 不 46 嶓

Conjunctions Let’s look at some expressions placed at the beginning of a clause to link two or more clauses or ideas. In the last lesson in the series (Lesson 49), we will give a summary table with all these conjunctions. юї

For example: ᆪзџ ѫо

њѪ҂ ѹѶеѹ

ягш

юї

шц

ѕ҂

йѳтј҂

ш

• ၺў໓ႉᆈᅦлെশміш̘ᆪзџ̗ଢગѳะѦѸѳఋટሪлশміш I love Japanese cuisine. For example, I like sushi, tempura, oyakodon, etc. йй

ѥје

юї

кѸѕ

чѴеје

њѪ҂

м

• ഞоѝ࿡ຒў̗ᆪзџ࣬କїк୉ຒїкл໓ႉкѸᅑѕгѺ Many martial arts, like for example karate or judo, come from Japan. By the way: їтѼі мѮ њчѴеуфг

йѻ

љ҂фг

йѱ

• ऄўϣϦਿљѝ̞їтѼі̗ܵўܾਿяїતе̞ You’re 25? By the way, how old do you think I am? мѶе

ѕ҂м

љњ

ѝ

г

• ਒໓ўะ࠽лггљ /// їтѼі̗ܾк‫ھ‬Ѯњ৥тек̞ The weather is beautiful today, isn’t it . . . By the way, shall we go out for a drink? Besides: ьѻњ (This expression is almost equivalent to ̶ц .) бцю

цр҂

чѴо

г

• ჋໓ў઻०лбѺ̘ьѻњୗњѱ৥кљрѻџљѸљг Tomorrow I have an exam. And besides, (on top of that) I must go to cram school. мѶе

кѝчѶ

Ѿк

чт

• ਒໓ཱི̗஀їရѻю̘ьѻњҽґҜіૃঁњбђю Today, I split up with my girlfriend. And besides, (to crown it all) I had a motorcycle accident.

Nominalizing adjectives Let’s look at the formation of nouns from -i and -na adjectives.

-i adjectives: We replace the last г with ф. ѡѼ

ѡѼ

оѼ

оѼ

াг wide Π াф width

ਆг

Ѥї

бк

ടг fat

Ѥї

Π ടф plumpness

Ѩ҂ѹ

்࿈љ robust

blackness

бк

ц҂ъѓ

ဧᅡљ convenient Π ဧᅡф convenience ఋ౽љ чѶеѥ

Π ਆф

჋Ѻг bright Π ჋ѺѺф brightness

-na adjectives: We replace the last љ with ф. Ѩ҂ѹ

black

ц҂ъѓ

kind Π ఋ౽ф

kindness

чѶеѥ

Π ்࿈ф robustness мѻгљ pretty Π мѻгф prettiness

Compound Sentences (1)

๰ဒ̊

149

Manga Examples

Let’s relax now with a few manga examples where we will review the expressions we have studied in this chapter as well as a few interesting variations.

Manga Example 1: Usage of zu ni Our first manga example will show us how to link two different sentences when the first one is negative. In this chapter we have seen that this is achieved with the negative -te form. In this case, the two ideas to be linked are ൬ѱஆѓрљгand ౛мѕмюఒ. If we conjugate the first one in the negative -te form and we link both sentences, we get: ൬ѱஆѓрљгі౛мѕмюఒ (person who has lived without hurting anybody). This kind of linking is the simultaneous action or state we saw on page 145. However, we have also said that there is a similar alternate construction, used in the formal register. This form, ̶щњ, is the one used in this panel. The speaker is in a tense situation, and he probably chooses ̶щњ to give more “weight” to his statement. The formation of ̶щ њ is as simple as replacing the љгі ending in the negative -te form of any verb with щ њ. Thus, the final sentence is as we see in the example: ൬ѱஆѓрщњ౛мѕмю ఒ (person who has lived without hurting anybody). Notes: There is another idea linked to this compound sentence: гљг (there isn’t). The word љј (in kanji ๲) could be translated as “et cetera.” Also, notice the usage of ൬ѱ ( “nobody,” Lesson 37) and of ̶ѕоѺ (Lesson 35), and take the opportunity to review these expressions.

J.M. Ken Niimura

൯∶உ∘∆ ∏∟ ౞∂√∂∔ క∞∝⇼∞⇼

яѻ

мщ

г

ѡї

Hirose: ൬ѱஆѓрщњ౛мѕмюఒљјгљг nobody wound put live come person or other not there is No one has ever lived without hurting anybody.

150

Lesson 46 不 46 嶓

Manga Example 2: Usage of kono mama

Xian Nu Studio

∈∢∲∲∛⇼∔∺ ∳≃∞∟აᇯ∁ ∀∀⅙∖⅚⇽∶≃∞ ℿ

Here we have a small and very common variation of ̶ѭѭ: linking ̶ѭѭ to the demonstrative pronouns тѝ (this), ьѝ (that), and бѝ(that over there) (Lesson 34). The resultant words could approximately be translated as “as it is.” A typical example (in the supermarket): ഽлᅀѹѭшк̞ Fukuro ga irimasuka? “Do you need a bag?” ггз̗тѝѭѭіггіш “No, it’s fine as it is.” This sentence means you will take the product or products “as they are,” without the necessity of a bag to carry them. Notes: This sentence uses the contraction ̶ѐѲ е (Lesson 35); the non-contracted version would be Ⴭᇬлккђѕ цѭе (to cause trouble). гюѸ is the conditional (Lesson 56) of г Ѻ: if I stayed. ѰгѾо

Kuroda: тѝѭѭігюѸ̖Ѯ҂љњჍᇬлккђѐѲеѱ҂љ̹ this (no changes) be all iop nuisance sp put (the fact is) ep . . . The fact is that if I stay the way I’m now, I’ll be a nuisance to you all . . .

Manga Example 3: Non-exhaustive list of actions

юѝ

Xian Nu Studio

⇿∽∣޺∌≃ ∕∻ ℵ஺⅙ ∔∻∌∖⅚⇼∆∡⇾≃ ∕ℶ ≗ℹ ≔⊌∣ℿ

≗ℹ≔⊌∣ℿ

Here we have a good example of ̶юѹ̶юѹшѺ. Remember this is used to form a sort of non-exhaustive “list” of actions or states. Thus, in the sentence ޷ц҂яѹஷђ юѹшѺ, the main character indicates that he is “having fun and laughing,” but he also suggests there are more actions which are not mentioned (that’s why we have chosen translating “or anything”). Notice how the verb шѺ usually closes the “list” (but be careful, as sometimes it is omitted). Note: ̶цѐѲгрќз is the contracted and vulgar version of ̶цѕўгрљг (prohibition, Lesson 32). The ҂я at the end is a very common softening tag (contraction of ѝя), which we studied in Manga Example 4 in Lesson 40. ѾѸ

Calvin: йѻў޷ц҂яѹ̗ஷђюѹцѐѲгрќз҂я̘Ҧ̱ңӠў̹ I sp have fun (or something), laugh (or something) do must not. Susan . . . I shouldn’t have fun, or laugh, or anything. Susan . . .

Compound Sentences (1)

151

Manga Example 4: A slightly different usage of ba'ai

Studio Kosen ¯

౻ ȹȹȹໜ∞∎∻ ∘∆⇻⅙√∼ ௖৻∍⅚∞⇼ ∛∌⅜⇽ ∁⇻⅞↢ ȹȹȹȹȹȹ

We saw before that the word ௓৸ is used in constructions indicating “in the case of . . .” Here we have a different usage, where the negative inflection of ௓৸я (to be the time to) is used: ௓৸іў(чѲ)љг. This expression is often used in films or manga but you seldom hear it in real life. An example: ਒ўஷђѕгѺ௓৸іўљг̟ Ima wa waratte iru ba’ai de wa nai! This is not the time to laugh! Note: There is a triple compound verb љшѹѓрбђѕѺ (-te form of љшѹѓрбе). The base is љшѺ (lit. “to rub in”), followed by the suffix ̶ѓрѺ, which adds the connotation of “pushing, pressing, throwing.” љшѹѓрѺ is translated as “placing the blame on somebody.” Finally, ̶৸е au makes it a little bit more complicated, adding a connotation of reciprocity, “mutually” (Lesson 44). ъмњ҂

џбг

Fujita: ౸໙љшѹѓрбђѕѺ௓৸чѲљгіцѶелбҎ̟̟ responsibility recriminate mutually occasion not be true but!! I don’t think this is time to ask for responsibilities, is it?!

Manga Example 5: Shi to soften a sentence

⇻⇻ ≗ℹ ̙୒∶ ≡∶ ॡ∘ ∀⅙∔∌∞

A few pages ago we learned that ̶ц is used to link sentences and give them a connotation of “not only x, also y.” Here we have an example of this construction, although its usage is slightly different. In spoken Japanese we often use ̶ц at the end of a sentence to soften a statement or as a simple tag. Sentences like ਒໓ўཻѻюцљ Kyō wa tsukareta shi na “Today I’m tired and (besides) . . .” or ൅ᇶњѱ৥ђюцљ Taiwan ni mo itta shi na “I also went to Taiwan and (besides) . . .” indicate the speaker wants to express more things in a veiled form, but doesn’t, so as not to sound long-winded. Hence our tentative translation with “besides” at the end of each sentence. Note: The end-of-sentence particle љ (Lesson 17) is used in these kinds of sentence. It’s an informal usage, to soften a sentence or to express a wish.

чѴе

Gabriel Luque

Man:

Ѯ

бб!Ҧ̱ұѱ୏ѱफ़ѓкђюцљ yes suit also gun also find besides ep Yes . . . And besides, I have found a suit and a gun.

152

Lesson 46 不 46 嶓

Manga Example 6: Besides

ьѻњ is one of the three expressions used to link different sentences or ideas which we have studied in this lesson. ьѻњ is used in a similar way to our adverbs or adverbial

Studio K¯osen

−∽∟ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ ⊆Ⅳ≉ℹ∣⇿ ࣜ∀∀∼∀∺ ∶⅙∔⇼∞⇼ ⅙ ȹȹȹȹȹȹ∎∹

constructions “besides,” “apart from that,” “to crown it all,” “moreover,” and so on. In our example, Yuji is going to help someone whose car has broken down on the road. We don’t know the previous sentence, but we can suppose, because of the ьѻњ, that Yuji had given another reason to offer his help to this person. Note: The -i adjective ѱђюг љг doesn’t have a direct translation into English, but it mainly indicates that something is “a waste,” “a pity,” or “it’s not worth . . .”: it is generally used with money, time, or other things that can be “spent.” кќ

Yuji: ьѻњәҰҘ̱ўйࣙккѺкѸѱђюгљгђшѷ besides wrecker top money cost because waste be ep Besides, the tow truck costs money, and it would be a waste.

Manga Example 7: Formation of nouns from adjectives We will conclude the lesson with an example of how to turn an -i adjective into a noun. The process is as simple as replacing the last г with ф. Thus, from the -i adjective ࢩѼц (terrible, frightful) we obtain the noun ࢩѼцф (frightfulness). Notes: The literal translation of this sentence would be “that is the frightfulness of that guy as a warrior.” Finally, б гѓ is a vulgar term meaning “that guy.”

J.M. Ken Niimura

−∽∁⇻⇼∘ ∢ಕઞ∜∌√ ∢ ȹȹȹȹࢬ∾∌∊ ∕↢ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

ъ҂ц

йь

Powell: ьѻлбгѓѝಒછїцѕѝࢩѼцфя̟ that sp that guy pop warrior as pop frightfulness be! Such is his frightfulness as a warrior!

Compound Sentences (1)

153

Exercises ᇄଵ ɠȥȹ

1

ȧ

ȷɂ

Ɂ

Link ᅊ‫ڤ‬ҁජѺ and ‫ ލ‬њ୙ѕгмюг̘ ( ᅊ‫ ڤ‬yukata summer kimono; ජѺ to put on, to wear; ‫ ލ‬outside; ୙Ѻ to go out) Do the same as in exercise 1, but this time the sentence ᅊ‫ڤ‬ҁජѺ must be conjugated in the negative (two possible negative forms).

3

2

Translate: “This book is not thick and it’s light.” ɕɭ

ȜȾ

ȥɥ

(book ႉ ; thick য г ; light य г )

What is the difference between these sentences: Ɉ

ȤɃ

ȤɃ

Ӏ̱Әҁ‫ھ‬ѮљлѸ ᅂ Ѽе and ᅂ ѹљлѸ

4

Ɉ

Ӏ̱Әҁ‫ھ‬ѱе ? ( ‫ھ‬ѯ to drink; ᅂѺ to dance) ɇ

5

Translate: ҕҏҠӠҁѓрюѭѭ௷ѕцѭђю̘ ( ҕҏҠӠ air conditioning; ѓрѺ to turn on; ௷Ѻ to sleep) Translate using ̶юѹ : “This summer I swam, ɄȾ

Ȥɢ

walked, rested . . .” (summer ݅ ; to swim ۬ п ; Ȝɥ

6

ɞȳ

to walk ေ о ; to rest ࡲ ѯ )

7

Translate using ̶ц : “This summer I swam and I walked as well.”

Translate: “By the way, shall we go out for a tea (or Ɉ

Ȼɝ

something)?” (to drink ‫ھ‬ѯ ; tea йච ).

8

ȥɣ

9

Turn these adjectives into nouns: ఎ г (spicy, ȹȞȵȾ

Ȭɭȧ

hot), െ౽ љ (important), २࠽љ (cheerful), and ȱɧ

༧ г (white).

Translate: “This is no time to dance the Åamenco!” Ȟɘ

ȤɃ

(now ਒ ; to dance ᅂ Ѻ ; Åamenco ӂӖӎӠҠ )

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

•

Lesson 47

ᇹ 47 ᛢ

At a Restaurant Are you ready to enjoy some Japanese food? You’d better prepare yourself, because we are going to see a lot of food vocabulary that will have you salivating and smacking your lips by the time you are done with this chapter!

Buying food Before you start, we recommend that you review the section “Let’s go shopping!” in Lesson 42 to refresh your memory on basic sentences to do with shopping. Now, we are ready to fill our pantry. Our first test will be an expedition to a supermarket.

At the store Going to the supermarket doesn’t involve much linguistic danger. Aside from what you already know (questions such as “Will you pay by cash or credit card?” and so forth, studied in Lesson 42 and in previous lessons), the cashier may ask you at most: ѱ

• Ҧ̱Ҿ̱Ӌ̱ҞҰҵ X ѝҘ̱Ҷҁ૊ ђѕгѭшк̞ Do you have the X supermarket card? Many people have a supermarket card to earn points, and cashiers always ask if you have one. But the acid test entails buying food at the market or at the corner shop run by that little smiling old woman. Make sure to review the counters thoroughly (Lesson 25) because you will have to use them quite often.

䛔䜙䛳䛧䜓䛔䜎䛫䟿 Ready to enter the jungle of гѸђцѲгѭъ? This word, which we’ve touched on already, means something like “welcome,” and in all shops throughout Japan (absolutely all of them, restaurants and ҾҮӠҠ parlors included) you can hear rounds of гѸђц Ѳгѭъ when a possible customer is spotted. Some vendors distort the expression to the utmost: things like ѸђцѲг̟ are common. The right thing to do when greeted by one of these shouts is to ignore it. You don’t need to answer, or even look at the shop clerk. љ҂

• тѻўܾішк̞ What is this? (Lesson 34) Ѫђкгјеїоф҂

ягт҂

• ၹ‫ށ‬ຒບઇѝെਛіш They are daikon radishes, a speciality from Hokkaido. ягт҂

гђѬ҂

• ьѝെਛҁ‫گ‬ႉояфг I’ll have one of those daikon radishes, please. (Lesson 25)

At a Restaurant

155

• шѮѭъ҂л̗цгюрўбѹѭшк̞ Excuse me, do you sell shiitake? • ўг̗бьтњбѹѭш Yes, they are over there. (Lesson 34) їѹ

ѯќњо

• ऱѝࢲ໐ўгоѸішк̞ How much is the chicken breast? (Lesson 34) ѡѲо

б

ўѐчѴеф҂з҂

• ϢϡϡҝӖӍ๯юѹ ϩ Ϥ ‫܀‬іш It is 83 yen per 100 grams. In Japan they use the metric system: ҝӖӍ (gram) and ҚӚ (kilo). But be careful when buying fruit: it is so expensive you don’t buy it by the gram or the kilo, but by the unit. Asking for ѹ҂уҁϦϡϡҝӖӍояфг ringo o gohyaku guramu kudasai (500 grams of apples, please) is not the done thing. You would normally say ѹ҂уҁϦॷо яфг ringo o go ko kudasai (I’ll have five apples, please).

Fast-food outlets Like almost anywhere in the world, ӂҎҦҵӂ̱Ҷ chains are a feature in Japan, especially ӋҜҶҷӘҶ and ҞӠҬҰҚ̱ӂӖґҶҮҚӠ. You don’t have to struggle much if you go to one of these restaurants, because once you can read ҘҬҘҷ, you will understand most items on the menu, such as: ҼӠҽ̱ҙ̱, ҮҚӠҢӠҶґҰҮ and ҠҘҠ̱Ӗ . But take care, as “French fries” are called ӂӖґҶӊҳҵ! ѐѴеѱ҂

м

• уඪဇўйऽѭѹњљѹѭцюк̞ Have you decided on your order? (lessons 44 and 52). ќл

• тѻїбѻҁйࠥгцѭш (Pointing ) I’ll have this and that, please. (Lesson 34) • ҼӠҽ̱ҙ̱їҠ̱Ӗѝ M Ңґҧҁояфг A hamburger and large cola, please. юѭ

ћ

ќл

• ࣃќнཇмійࠥгцѭш Without onion, please. ѝ

ѱѝ

љњ

• й‫ھ‬Ѯ࿹ўܾњцѭшк̞ What would you like to drink? (Lesson 34) Ѱ

б

ѱ

кз

• тѐѸій஋цௌлѹішк̗й૊ѐ࠻ѹішк̞ Will you eat here or is it take-out? (lessons 41 and 52) We recommend you try Japanese ӂҎҦҵӂ̱Ҷ: chains such as ࡡჹ݇ Yoshinoya or ஥‫ ܯ‬Matsuya, which offer dishes like ࢆሪ gyūdon or Ҙә̱ӖґҦ. They are cheaper and more interesting than ӋҜҶҷӘҶ, which you can find in your own backyard. (But if you must go there, at least try something you can’t find back home!)

To the restaurant! There’s no shortage of places to eat in Japan, from small Ӗ̱ӎӠ, ьџ or еј҂ noodle eateries to luxurious restaurants. Many restaurants show hyper-real plastic models of the dishes they serve in the window, as well as the price, making it easy to decide where to eat. Once you have decided, open the sliding door, be greeted by the loud гѸђцѲг ѭъ from the waiters, and sit down or wait to be taken to a table.

156

Lesson 47 不 47 嶓

љ҂Ѱгфѭ

Meals

• ܾ჉ᄶішк̞ How many people are Ѥюѹ

you? | ϣఒіш Two people. (Lesson 25)

breakfast

б҂љг

• у‫ູډ‬цѭш̘тѐѸіш Follow me, please (I’ll lead you). This way.

Ȝȯ

ɉɭ

ෆ ௮ !}!ෆуས ȻɟȠȱɡȩ

Ɍɥ

ɉɭ

lunch

ඨ ௮ !}!ඨуས

snack

йѳѓ

dinner

䛔䛯䛰䛝䜎䛩䟿

ȻɡȠȱɡȩ

ɠȠȱɡȩ

ɠȠ

ɉɭ

ᄥ ௮ !}!ᄥуས

We are now ready to look at the ӎҸӒ̱. However, before you actually begin eating, don’t forget to say гюямѭш (Lesson 27)! зг у

• ۲টѝӎҸӒ̱лбѹѭшк̞ Do you have an English menu? ѹѶеѹ

љ҂

• йшшѰᆈᅦўܾішк̞ What dishes do you recommend? ѕгцѶо

• ฅ௮ўбѹѭшк̞ Do you have set menus (main dish with rice and miso soup)? нѶех

ќл

• Ӗ̱ӎӠїṎટҁйࠥгцѭш I’ll have ramen and some gyoza. йљ

• бѻїຈчѱѝњцѭш (Pointing) I want the same as that thing over there. ьї

йѳтј҂ ѕгцѶо

• ‫ލ‬њбѺ͋ఋટሪฅ௮͌ҁояфг I want the oyakodon set outside (in the window). њѪ҂цѴ

ќл

• ໓ႉଝѱйࠥгцѭш Some sake too, please. к

• ҥӒ̱ҦѝйൄѾѹҁояфг Another juice, please. фѭ

• уѐьеᄶіцю Thanks for the meal!

At a Restaurant

157

Paying In many restaurants, you pay at the cash register near the entrance. Don’t wait for the bill: just head to the register, and a member of staff will rush to ring up your bill. In Japan you don’t tip, not even in restaurants! When you are given the change, simply keep it if you don’t want the waiter to hunt you down in order to give back the money “you forgot.” Saying goodbye with a уѐьеᄶіцю gochisō sama deshita is good manners. A round of very loud бѹлїеухгѭцю will ring out as you exit! Let’s see a few useful sentences when the time to pay comes (review Lesson 42 too): к҂чѶе

ќл

• йߥฅҁйࠥгцѭш The bill, please. ы҂ѥ

• ವ࿥ігоѸішк How much is it altogether? к҂чѶе ѨѓѨѓ

• ߥฅўရ̮њцѕояфг We want separate bills. њъ҂

з҂

• ϣϡϡϡ‫܀‬іш It is 2,000 yen. Flavors and sensations bitter hot delicious sweet cold spicy hot salty

њл

Cooking styles grilled

ࣣг бѓ

ѕђѠ҂ ѳ

อབྷ஭м ѳ

໣г

to roast, grill

йгцг

to cook, simmer

ૼѺ

to steam

௟ш

бѭ

ࠀг ѓѰ

஭о њ

ѯ

б

ᆫюг кѸ

to deep fry (in oil) ᄱсѺ to boil

ѵіѺ

‫ܗ‬ఎг

to pickle

෭рѺ

шђѠг

to stir-fry

ఎг цйкѸ

ѓ

гю

sour bland

бч

еш

Ⴎл༫г

៛ѰѺ

158

Lesson 47 不 47 嶓

Vocabulary: Japanese food 䛻䜋䜣䜚䜗䛖䜚

Typical dishes㻌᪥ᮏᩱ⌮ ҮӐ̱ҼӠ

៛ ས я҂у

ඁટ ѳ

јѸ஭м нѶех

Ṏટ нѴеј҂

ࢆ ሪ кѸ б

๛ ᄱс

Chinese style fried rice with egg, vegetables, meat, etc. Typical Japanese sweet. Three rice-flour balls in sweet sauce Typical Japanese sweet. A small pancake filled with anko sweet bean paste Steamed or fried Chinese dumpling stuffed with meat or vegetables A bowl of rice topped with beef and onion

ј҂ Ѯь цѺ

Ⴎ಺୊ ѱѐ

ც љђїе

໱๽ йі҂ тѝ

ѳ

йশѮ஭м йњнѹ йѳт ј҂

ఋટሪ Ӗ̱ӎӠ фцѮ

ખ఍

A bowl of rice topped with tonkatsu and sauce Miso soup

шц ѳ

ют஭м ѕ҂

ะѦѸ

Pork, dipped in a crumb batter ັҘұ and deep-fried, served with a special sauce Udon noodles, usually served еј҂ in hot soup ѳ њо Meat of different kinds, roasted ஭м໐ on a hot plate (done by guests) ѳ Fried soba noodles with a special ஭мьџ sauce, vegetables and meat ѳ

їѹ

஭мූ

Roasted chicken kebabs 䛻䜋䜣䜚䜗䛖䜚

䛦䛔䜚䜗䛖

Ingredients㻌᪥ᮏᩱ⌮䛾ᮦᩱ б҂т ягт҂

െਛ ягщ

Sweetened bean paste. Daikon radish

െ๽

Soy bean

Rice cake

яц

Dashi stock, the base for many Japanese dishes, made from fish or seaweed

Fermented soybeans

уѭ

Sesame

Winter hot pot with daikon radish, chikuwa fish cakes, meatballs, etc. “Pancake” on a bed of cabbage, to which anything can be added Rice balls, usually with a filling such as tuna, umeboshi plum, salmon, kombu, etc Bowl of rice (ሪ) with chicken (ఋ, the “parent”) and egg (ટ, the “child”)

ўофг

༧੉

Chinese cabbage

кѓйѥц Dried bonito flakes т҂ѥ

ਚ࿌ Ѯѹ҂ Ѯь

Kombu, kelp Mirin rice wine for cooking

Ramen

Ⴎ಺

Miso paste

Sashimi

ѝѹ

Nori seaweed

Vegetable and beef stew, with the beef цѲѥцѲѥ very finely cut and boiled in water ҤӒғӋґ Steamed meat dumpling, originally from China Soba noodles served either in hot soup ьџ or cold ѳ Vegetable, meat, and tofu stew, шм஭м cooked by the guests themselves ଢગ

Tofu

ї҂

Japanese-style fried chicken

Ҙә̱ӖґҦ Curry rice (Japanese-style) Ҙұሪ

їеѤ

๽࿖

Sushi

ѻ҂т҂

ᇆਛ

Lotus root

цгюр Shiitake mushroom цѶеѵ

ெᄈ юр

т

කѝટ еѰѫц

༔߮

Soy sauce Bamboo shoot Pickled plum

Flour balls stuffed with octopus, typical in the Osaka region

ѾкѰ

Wakame seaweed

Tempura

ѾфѢ

Wasabi horseradish

159

At a Restaurant

Food vocabulary 䜔䛥䛔

ȹ

Vegetables㻌㔝⳯ cabbage

Others㻌䛭䛾௚

mayonnaise

ӋӕҺ̱ҧ

ҾӠ

mustard

кѸц

ҚӐӆұ

bread

carrot

њ҂ч҂

cake

Ҟ̱Қ

oil

cucumber

мѴеѹ

cheese

Ү̱ҧ

pepper

eggplant

љш

chocolate

ҮӔҠә̱ҵ

salt

garlic

њ҂њо

dessert

Ҵң̱ҵ

sauce

Ҫ̱Ҧ

ᅚ 0 ࣃટ

sugar

ਬ๵

vinegar

ఢ

юѭу юѭу

бѥѸ

ᄈ

тцѶе цй

‫ܗ‬

фїе

green pepper

Ӂ̱ӋӠ

egg

lettuce

әҬҦ

ice cream

ҏґҦҜӗ̱Ӎ

ࣃќн

omelet

җӍәұ

potato

чѲлгѱ

pasta

ҾҦҬ

alcoholic drink

йଝ

pumpkin

кѫѐѲ

pudding

ӄӗӠ

beer

Ӏ̱Ә

soup

Ҧ̱ӄ

coffee

Ҡ̱ҿ̱

yoghurt

ӕ̱ҝӘҵ

black tea

юѭ

onion

ў҂

rice (cooked)

уས тѰ

rice (uncooked)

ပ

䛝 䛠

salad scallion

њѸ

tomato

ҵӋҵ Ʌȩ

Meat㻌㻌⫗

ham

sake

໓ႉଝ

њѪ҂цѴ

ӂҖ̱Ҝ

water

frying pan

ӂӖґҾӠ

wine

ᄼ ໐

кѓй

ߌ

кг

‫ފ‬

књ

‫އ‬

ют

൜

зѢ

‫ށ‬ᇜ

salmon

фр 0 цѲр

tuna

ҘӂҔҗә

йච

prawn, shrimp

squid

coffee with milk

tea

䛥䛛䛺

octopus

චᇷ

ўц й

໔

ࢆ

߁ѹџц

Fish㻌㻌 㨶

crab

ѐѲѾ҂

нѴењѴе

ҥӒ̱Ҧ

Ҧҳ̱Қ

clam

milk

soft drink

Ҫ̱Ҩ̱ҥ

bonito

࿄

ҥӒ̱Ҧ

й༷

ັ໐

steak

juice

Ⴂච

chopsticks disposable chopsticks fork

ѥюњо

sausage

৙ච

ѭђѐѲ

ऱ໐

ѡѓчњо

pork

теѐѲ

chopstick rest

ҼӍ

lamb, mutton

ሪ

Ѣ҂

bottle

фр

ࢆ ໐

їѹњо

chicken

big bowl

䛾䜏䜒䛾

Drinks㻌㣧䜏≀

green tea

ј҂ѥѹ

bowl нѴењо

beef

sardine

Utensils㻌㻌ჾල

ҢӖҭ

ш

glass

༷ ඓм ўц

Ѿ

‫ڶ‬

гк ѭпѼ

ႛ

Ѯщ

ప

ӜґӠ 䛟䛰䜒䛾

Fruit ᯝ≀

ҝӖҦ 0 ҠҰӄ Ѩ҂їеџт

ဪ ๯༵

apple

ѹ҂у

knife

ҷґӂ

banana

ҽҷҷ

menu

ӎҸӒ̱

cherry

фоѸ҂ѫ

napkin

ҷӄҚӠ

grape

ѥје

kiwi

Қғґ

ເ

mandarin

Ѯк҂

wet hand towel

йцѫѹ

melon

ӎӚӠ

spoon

Ҧӄ̱Ӡ

orange

җәӠҥ

lunch box

plate pot

фѸ

й੻ љѨ

䛱䜗䛖䜏䜚䜗䛖

гѾц

ѐѲ

Seasonings㻌 ㄪ࿡ᩱ butter

ҽҬ̱

peach pear

ginger

цѶел

strawberry

ketchup

ҞҮӐҰӄ

watermelon

ѱѱ

๦

љц

ᅥ

гѐу

᫪

шгк

160

Lesson 47 不 47 嶓

Cultural Note: Table Manners It is worthwhile knowing some basic table manners so you don’t commit any of the typical mistakes characteristic of ‫ލ‬ఒ gaijin (foreigners). Let’s start with the й༷ ohashi (chopsticks) used for almost all meals (except for Western dishes, although seeing someone eating ҦҾҟҰҳҐ with й༷ is not unusual). Knowing how to use й༷ is essential if you don’t want to starve to death in ໓ႉ, and with a little bit of practice one quickly gets used to them. There are a few taboos with й༷: don’t stick them into the уས gohan or other food leaving them in a vertical position, or pass food from one diner to another from й༷ to й ༷. Why? Both actions are only done at Japanese funerals. Another custom has to do with alcohol (mainly Ӏ̱Ә), which is consumed in great quantities when there are guests. Never serve yourself: you must wait till someone else serves you. Hold up your ҝӖҦ while being served. Next, the right thing to do is for you to serve the person who has just filled your glass. Take the Ѣ҂ (bottle), with the label facing upward, and make as if you are going to serve: the person will respond at once by holding out their ҝӖҦ with a wide smile and a loud бѹлїе. Don’t be surprised when all the food comes at once, on small plates. The usual thing is to eat a little bit of everything, from one or several shared platters. Also remember it is not rude to noisily slurp Ҧ̱ӄ and noodles. In fact, slurping indicates one is enjoying the dish, and brings good luck! Last of all, we will mention it isn’t bad table manners to raise your චᇷ chawan of Ҧ̱ӄor уས to your mouth to make eating easier. There are many more unfamiliar customs, but you can start with these! гюямѭш!

Soba noodles can be slurped. (Photo: M. Bernabé)

At a Restaurant

๰ဒ̊

161

Manga Examples

This lesson only has three manga examples, due to the long vocabulary tables we have offered in this chapter. It is worthwhile committing all those words and phrases to memory because they are very useful and common in everyday life in Japan. Let’s see some examples of their usage in manga.

Manga Example 1: At the store We start with an everyday scene in any market or shopping area in Japan: a shop clerk trying to attract customers by shouting to each and every passerby about how good her products are. Notice the гѸђцѲг, which is just a small distortion of гѸђцѲгѭъ, the greeting used only in shops of any kind and restaurants, usually followed by ‫أ‬ўг клішк̞ (How about x?). Remember гкл is the formal version of је (How about . . . ?, Lesson 34). In this case, the clerk is offering ໱๽, extremely smelly and sticky fermented soybeans—very healthy though, or so they say. To conclude this example, we will show you a little trick that will surely be great for your economy. Supermarkets in Japan usually close at 8 or 9 in the evening, and about half an hour before closing time, the staff start placing discount stickers on fresh produce. You can save a lot of money by shopping at that time! The stickers give the amount of the discount, for example, 3 ߁ ni wari (20% off ), or even ད޸ hangaku (half-price) (Lesson 42). ⇼∺⅙∌⅚⇼ ȹ ⇼∺⅙∌ ⅚⇼↢ J.M. Ken Niimura

໴຀∣ ⇼∀∁ ∛∎∀↢ љђїе

Akiko: гѸђцѲг!гѸђцѲг̟!໱๽ўгклішк̟ Welcome, welcome! Nattō top how about be q?!! Welcome, welcome! How about some natto?!

162

Lesson 47 不 47 嶓

Manga Example 2: The complex world of sushi ≥⊇∟ ≅≉∡ℼ ∈ȹȹ⅙∖ ≄≧≒෧݅

≰ℹ⊅↿ႌ ્⅙√∂√ℼ

Gabriel Luque

∣⇼↢

Here we have a restaurant specializing in sushi. Let’s give you a short sushi “guide” to help you learn even more vocabulary. There are two basic kinds of sushi: ߧмଢગ makizushi and ‫ٱ‬ѹଢગ nigirizushi. The first kind consists of a roll with the ingredient in the middle, surrounded with rice and wrapped in nori seaweed (ߧоmaku, to roll). The type known as อ‫ߧݏ‬ м tekka maki (tuna rolls) are widely known. The second kind is a thin strip of fish, or other type of ќю (topping), on a ball of pressed rice (‫ٱ‬ѹ nigiri). In addition to the types of sushi in this manga example ҵӚ (fatty tuna), ґҘ (squid), and ҏҷҡ (eel), there many others, such as ѭпѼ(tuna), зѢ (prawn), цѲр (salmon), ют (octopus), ᅚ஭м tamagoyaki (omelet), or юг (sea bream), to name just a few. ѓгк

Customer 2: тђѐҏҷҡ෤݂ here eel add I’ll have one more eel.

Customer 1: ҵӚњґҘќ̶ toro and squid ep One toro and one squid! њѪ҂ ѱ

Customer 3: Ӏ̱Әϣႉ૊ђѕмѕ̶ beer two bring come Bring two bottles of beer!

Shoji:

ўг̟ yes Coming!

Manga Example 3: Katsudon and donburi

ຝౣ≉≡≦⊌ℿ ∛∶∶∺⇿⇽∀

This example shows us an informal way of asking what one wants to eat, using the verb ѱ Ѹе (“to receive,” Lessons 28 and 45). Notice the usage of іѱ, studied in Lesson 37. In less luxurious restaurants there are pieces of paper stuck to the walls with the names of the dishes served and their price. In this example, the customer looks at the pieces of paper and chooses Ҙұሪ katsudon (deep-fried breaded pork on rice), which, moreover, is ບౠ tokusei (special). Other dishes on the list include ҮӐ̱ҼӠ (fried rice), ఋટሪ oyakodon (egg and chicken on rice), and ᅚሪ tamagodon (egg on rice). The kanji ሪ indicates “bowl of rice on which something is placed.”

Studio K¯osen

їоъг

Terada: ບౠҘұҶӠ̹іѱѱѸйек special katsudon . . . or something receive q? Could you bring me . . . a special katsudon?

At a Restaurant

163

Exercises ᇄଵ ɠȠ

1

ɉɭ

What do the following words mean: ᄥ уས ,! ȜȾ

Ȝɘ

ɞ

Ȟȹ

໣ г , ѵіѺ , ࠀ г , ஭о and ៛ ѰѺ ?

Translate the words “chocolate,” “water,” “cabbage,” “tomato,” “prawn,” and “omelet.”

2

ɞ

3

DeÄne these typical Japanese dishes in English: ஭ Ȥɞȭ Ƀɭ

ɀɭ

мьџ , йњнѹ , ఋટ ሪ and ะ ѦѸ .

Name and describe at least five typical ingredients in Japanese cuisine.

5

4

You are at the market. Ask the stallholder for two onions and a lotus root.

You are in a hamburger joint, and the waiter asks Ɉ

ɜɈ

Ʉɭ

you й‫ھ‬Ѯ ࿹ ў ܾ њцѭшк̞ What do you

6

answer?

7

You are at a restaurant and you want to order a tempura set menu. How do you ask for it?

What does the word гѸђцѲгѭъ mean, and when and where is it used?

9

8

What are the names of the two main kinds of ȳȱ

ଢગ and why are they thus called?

In Manga Example 3 on the facing page, how much does the fried rice cost?

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 48

•

ᇹ 48 ᛢ

Compound Sentences (2) Here is the second of three sections we will devote to the formation of compound sentences. This time we will study expressions of cause/reason, and intention/aim. You should try your best to learn these constructions well: they will be very useful.

Cause/reason: 䛛䜙 Lesson 41 gave different uses of кѸ: the particle of origin (from), the subordinating conjunction, and the construction ̶ѕкѸ. Besides other meanings, such as “since” or “considering,” кѸ also means “because” in answer toјецѕ (why?). Usage: After a verb or -i adjective, nothing is added. -na adjectives and nouns take the verb “to be” (іш/я). The structure is usually “cause/reason + кѸ + consequence.” кз

кз

• јецѕ࠻Ѻѝ̞ѓѭѸљгкѸ࠻Ѻ Why are you leaving? Because I’m bored. Ѫ҂

ѷ

• тѝႉўѱеຠ҂якѸ̗бсѺ I already read this book, so I’ll give it to you. уеко

• ҥӔӠўѭчѰякѸ৸ާшѺяѼе Since John is serious, I’m sure he’ll pass. кѻ

ъ҂ъг

Ѿ

• ཱིўಋ౛яђюкѸ̗тѻл࿻кѺўщя He was a teacher, so he should understand this.

Cause/reason: 䛾䛷 ѝі is similar to кѸ: “cause/reason + ѝі + consequence.” Usage: After a verb or -i adjective, nothing is added. -na adjectives and nouns needљ in the present tense, but in the past tense љ is replaced with яђю. But ѝі is not used when answering јец ѕ (why?) . ѝі is a weightier expression than кѸ , used when the speaker thinks the reason stated before кѸ is valid and obvious, and that the listener will agree. In principle, using ѝі is wrong when the first part of the sentence expresses conjecture, invitation, request, personal opinion or wish. But there is a modern tendency, especially among the young, to use ѝі and кѸ almost without distinction. Still, do bear in mind the slight differences in the meanings between both expressions. бѰ

Ѥ

г

• ‫ی‬лৰђѕгюѝі৥рљкђю I couldn’t go, because it was raining. бюѭ гю

цуї

ім

• ຃л෦гѝі઒ૃл୙ᅑљг I can’t work because I have a headache. ѭѐ

б҂ы҂

ѷѺ

ф҂Ѭ

• тѝ‫ޖ‬ў‫څ‬ವљѝіჶњѷоઃေшѺ Since this town is safe, I usually take walks at night. кѻ

бѳѭ

• ཱིўҏӈљѝі଀Ѹљгѷ Because he is stupid, he won’t apologize.

Compound Sentences (2)

165

Aim: 䛯䜑䛻 юѰњ is used to express intention or aim, meaning “for” or “in order to.” Usage: After a verb nothing is added, and after a noun we must use ѝ (replaced by яђю in the past tense). This form of юѰњ is not used with adjectives of any kind. оѺѭ

к

ўюѸ

• ଁҁ༘еюѰњгђѠгຆмѭш I work a lot in order to buy myself a car. њѪ҂ч҂

цуї

г

• ໓ႉఒў઒ૃѝюѰњ౛мѕгѺѮюгя It seems the Japanese live to work. цуї

Ѯ

Ѩ҂мѶе

• гг઒ૃҁफ़ѓрѺюѰњဨࢦцѕгѭш I study in order to find a good job. кѝчѶ

љ҂

• ཱི஀ѝюѰњܾіѱѳѻѺэ I can do anything for my girlfriend. Sometimes юѰњ is used to express cause/reason, just like кѸ or ѝі. In this case, it can be used with adjectives. -i adjectives don’t require anything, while -na adjectives require љ. This usage of юѰњ is rather formal and seldom used, but it is worthwhile knowing. кы

гз

ѳш

• ࿨଄ҁѡгююѰњ̗݇іࡲ҂ігю Because I caught a cold, I rested at home. гз

ѤѺ

цѴеѹ

ѡѓѷе

• ݇лॸгюѰњ̗ଭᅦлྜྷᅀя Because the house is old, it needs repairing.

Aim: 䛾䛻 ѝњ is like юѰњ, as it expresses an aim and can be translated as “for.” ѝњ is nothing more than the phrase nominalizer ѝ, studied in Lesson 40, plus the particle њ, which here indicates intention. ѝњ!is only used after verbs in the infinitive. м

ѪеѐѶе

ѓк

• чѲлгѱҁ౽ѝњ၀භҁકђю I used a kitchen knife to cut the potato. ѓо

ўофг

ѡѓѷе

• ҚӍҮҁ੝Ѻѝњ༧੉лྜྷᅀя To prepare kimchi you need Chinese cabbage. бмўџѸ

г

і҂цѲ

Ѩ҂ѹ

• ଲᄾ३ѧ৥оѝњ฾ଁлဧᅡя To go to Akihabara the train is convenient. ӈ̱ӍӇ̱ҥ

•I

ѓо

њксѓ

Q ҁ੝Ѻѝњ໊ӣृѱккђю It took me 2 months to make the web page.

Note: There is another completely different usage of ѝњ which indicates “although,” “in spite of.” We will study this in the next lesson.

When: ᫬ Let’s go on to study other useful constructions in the formation of complex sentences. The first construction is ો toki, which indicates time or “when.” Usage: Nothing is added after a verb or an -i adjective. With -na adjectives, љ is required, while with nouns we must add ѝ. In the past tense, however, both do without љ and ѝ, respectively, and use яђю.

166

Lesson 48 不 48 嶓

к҂то

г

їм

бѓ

• ࠕਂњ৥ђюો̗рђте୴кђюіш When I went to Korea it was quite hot. т

їм

їѱяѐ

бь

• ટјѱѝો̗ѷоᄐൠїᄠ҂ігю When I was a boy, I played with my friends. You can add њ to ો, obtaining ોњ. The meaning is the same, although ોњ is more emphatic and stronger than just ો. цр҂

їм

м҂ѐѶе

• ઻०ѝોњшуо࣒වцѕгюѷ At the time of the exam, I was very nervous. кѻ

м

їм

ќз

і

• ཱིлᅑюોњйઝф҂ў୙крю When he came, my elder sister went out.

While: 㛫䛻 ࠑњ aida ni indicates the interval between two points in time (meaning “while” or “during”) or in space (meaning “between”). Usage: The same as ો. њѪ҂

бгя

кѸѕ

љѸ

• ໓ႉњгѺࠑњ̗࣬କҁଵгюг I want to learn karate while I’m in Japan. љѓѳш

бгя

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ݅ࡲѮѝࠑ̗ѷоဨࢦцѭцю I studied very hard during the summer holidays. њѪ҂

к҂то

бгя

њѪ҂ кг

• ໓ႉїࠕਂѝࠑњ໓ႉ‫ށ‬лбѺ Between Korea and Japan is the Sea of Japan. Note: For ࠑњ, the action stated in the main sentence happens “within” the time introduced by the sentence ending in ࠑњ. But ࠑ on its own indicates both actions happen “during” exactly the same time period. цѴеѭѓ бгя

мѶеї

бѺ

• ାႣѝࠑ̗ࢗํҁေгю All weekend long I walked through Kyoto. цѴеѭѓ бгя

мѶеї

бѺ

• ାႣѝࠑњࢗํҁေгю At the weekend (at some point) I walked through Kyoto.

While: 䛖䛱䛻 The expression еѐњ has an almost equivalent meaning to ࠑњ, and also means “while.” Both can be used without distinction in many sentences. But while ࠑњ indicates an interval of time with starting and ending points, which can be measured with a watch, еѐњ doesn’t have that connotation, and merely indicates “time interval not necessarily measurable.” Usage: Just like ો and ࠑњ. ягло

Ѩ҂мѶе

• െ޵њгѺеѐњဨࢦцљфг While you are at university, you must study. бѰ

Ѥ

й

• ‫ی‬лৰѸљгеѐњଳѾѹѭцѶе Let’s finish while it’s not raining (before it rains). шц

ц҂ъ҂

к

• ଢગҁ௼ರљеѐњ༘гѭцѶе Let’s buy sushi while it’s fresh. ѐѲ

бюю

ѝ

• йචҁܸкгеѐњ‫ھ‬҂іояфг Drink your tea while it’s hot.

Compound Sentences (2)

167

Before and after The expressions meaning “before” and “after" are ಱњ mae ni and ঘі ato de. Nothing is added between the verb and ಱњ. With nouns, ѝ is required. These expressions are not used with adjectives. гз

ўг

ѭз

г

• ҥӍў݇њ໕Ѻಱњ͋йўѷе͌їॳђю Jim said hello before going in the house. ѡѺ

ѭз

мѮ

ўљ

• ඨуў҂ѝಱњऄїᇨцюг I want to talk with you before lunch. Verbs preceding ঘі must be in the past tense. Nouns require ѝ. Note: Sometimes, in informal register, we can do without the і!in ঘі. ѝ

бї

і

• Ӏ̱Әҁ‫ھ‬҂яঘ ( і ) сђѦл୙ю I burped after drinking the beer. згл

Ѯ

бї

тез҂

г

• ۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़юঘіফ‫܁‬ѧ৥мѭцю After watching a movie, I went to the park. чѴнѶе бї

г

• ଣࢿѝঘіҟ̱ӍҨӠҬ̱њ৥теѷ Let’s go to the game center after class.

Conjunctions Let’s now see a few more useful conjunctions: And (later) / and (then) / and (also): ьцѕ мѝе

ѵез҂ѐ

г

ѵецѶо

ю

• ੡໓ўᄠ‫܁‬ඌњ৥ђю̘ьцѕ̗йгцгᄥ௮ҁ௮Ѩю I went to an amusement park yesterday. And (later) had a delicious dinner. Ѿюц

е҂је

• ઱ўѳъюгѝіҭґҕҰҵҁцѕгѭш̘ьцѕ̗۠ງѱцѕгѭш Because I want to lose some weight, I’m on a diet. And (also) I’m taking exercise. Then / therefore / later / now: ьѻі гѾѕр҂

е

бгѐ р҂

ья

фгюѭр҂

рђт҂

• ࠟକड़і౛ѭѻѕ̗٩උड़і‫ڬ‬ђю̘ьѻі̗ਗ਼ࣃड़іीਖцю I was born in Iwate Prefecture and raised in Aichi. Later on, I married in Saitama. ягло

г

цуї

Ѯ

ім

• җәўെ޵њ৥рљкђю̘ьѻі̗гг઒ૃҁफ़ѓрѺтїл୙ᅑљ кђю I couldn’t go to university. Therefore, I couldn’t find a good job. Well / well then / then: ьѻіў (ьѻчѲ) чк҂

ўч

• ѱеોࠑіш̘ьѻіў̗ҦӁ̱ҮҁજѰѭцѶе It’s time now. Well then, I’ll start my speech.

168

Lesson 48 不 48 嶓

After that / and then / since then: ьѻкѸ уќ҂ѭз

ягло

ьѓнѶе

кѻ

ы҂ы҂ б

• Ϧ໤ಱ̗െ޵ҁഓࢿцю̘ьѻкѸཱི̗їವ಴‫ݰ‬ђѕгљгљ I graduated from university five years ago. Since then, I haven’t seen him again. Therefore / that’s why / consequently / so: якѸ ъ҂цѴе ѹѶте

г

гѭ

ѓк

• ಋା̗ᆀ৥њ৥ђю̘якѸ̗਒ўїѕѱཻѻѕгѺ I went on a trip last week. That’s why I’m tired. цѲѐѶе

ѯя

кќ

ѓк

кгцѲ

їеф҂

• ૽ුўჀഫњйࣙҁકђю̘якѸ̗‫૽ݰ‬л๖ઇцѕцѭгѭцю The president squandered money. Consequently, the company went bankrupt. Compound sentences (2): General summary table ̶кѸ

Cause/reason. “Since, because, considering”

шцлশмякѸ̗гђѠг௮Ѩѷе Since I like sushi, I shall eat a lot.

̶ѝі

Cause/reason. “Since, because, considering”

ୋ൨ўఒлഞгѝі̗Ⴭгѳшгіш Since there are lots of people in Shibuya, it’s easy to get lost.

̶юѰњ Aim/intention. “For” ̶ѝњ

Aim/intention. “For”

шцҁ੝Ѻѝњ̗௼ರљ࢔лгѺ To make sushi, you need fresh fish.

“When”

ୋ൨њгѺો̗гѓѱჍђѕцѭе When I’m in Shibuya, I always get lost.

ɂȧ

̶ો ȜȞȺ

̶ࠑњ

໓ႉѧ৥оюѰњϤ໤ࠑѱຆгю In order to go to Japan, I worked for three years.

Physical or temporal dis- ཱིл௷ѕгѺࠑњ༘г࿹ҁцњ৥ђѕтѷе tance between two points. While he’s sleeping, I shall go shopping (and come back). “While, during”

Period during which ໓ႉњгѺеѐњၹ‫ށ‬ຒѧ৥мюг ̶еѐњ something remains valid. While I’m in Japan, I want to go to Hokkaido. “While, during” “Before”

௷Ѻಱњૂҁႎмљфг Before going to sleep, brush your teeth.

“After”

༘г࿹њ৥ђюঘі̗࢔ҁ௮Ѩю After going shopping, I ate fish.

ɘȢ

̶ಱњ Ȝɂ

̶ঘі

শмљ suki-na that one likes; гђѠгa lot; ௮ѨѺtaberu to eat; ୋ൨ Shibuya Shibuya (district in Tokyo); ఒ hito people; ഞг ooi a lot of; Ⴭе mayou to get lost; ໓ႉ Nihon Japan; ৥о iku to go; Ϥ໤ࠑ!san nen kan for 3 years; ຆоhataraku to work; ੝Ѻ tsukuru to make; ௼ರљ!shinsen-na fresh; ࢔ sakana fish; гѓѱ always; ௷Ѻ neru to sleep; ༘г࿹ kaimono shopping; ၹ‫ށ‬ຒ Hokkaidō Hokkaido; ૂҁႎо ha o migaku to brush one’s teeth

Compound Sentences (2)

๰ဒ̊

169

Manga Examples

As usual, the manga examples will help us see in practice how to use the constructions we have just studied. These panels should help you clarify the explanations on the new structures and give you a more concrete idea of their usage.

Manga Example 1: Cause or reason using node In this first example someone has eaten what was on the table, and the characters are arguing about who’s done it. Suddenly, the boy in the panel confesses he is the “guilty” one: he explains the reason in this sentence using ѝі. Notice how the reason (б҂ѭѹ࿱лѧђю) precedes the consequence (ѓгჀ඄іюѨѐѲђю). The verb before ѝі must be in the simple form. In this case we have ७Ѻ heru (decrease), which is part of the set phrase ࿱л७Ѻ hara ga heru, which literally means “the stomach decreases,” although its real meaning is “to be hungry” (Lesson 27). ѝі is used when the cause or reason expressed by the speaker is clear, and it is assumed the listener will accept it as something understandable and obvious. In our example, the connotation of ѝі is not that strong, and the almost synonymous word кѸ could have been used instead with no problem. Last of all, it is worth mentioning that ѝі is used in formal situations more often than кѸ: it sounds more “serious.” Notes: б҂ѭѹ is a distortion of бѭѹ which we studied in Lesson 45, used here to mean “so much.” Notice the contraction юѨѐѲђю: its non-contracted form is ௮Ѩѕцѭђю. Take the opportunity to go back to Lesson 35 and review this last form.

Gabriel Luque

⇻≃∲∻ ࿴∁ ∬⅙∔∢∛ℵ ∘⇼Ⴣඇ∛ ∔∭∖⅚⅙∔ℶ

∸∼∌√ ∄∕∊⇼ℶ

ўѸ

ѯя҂

Taku: б҂ѭѹ࿱лѧђюѝі̗ѓгჀ඄іюѨѐѲђю̘ѵѺцѕояфг̘ so much stomach sp decrease because, inadvertently without permission. forgive please I was so hungry I ate it without permission. Please forgive me.

170

Lesson 48 不 48 嶓

Manga Example 2: Perhaps: Cause or reason tag kara

J.M. Ken Niimura

∶⇽ધ⇼ઔ∎ ∈∜∞≃∀ℵ ∞≃∟∶∞⇼ ̙ ∀∺ℿ

Like ѝі, the word кѸ is used to indicate cause/reason. Here we see кѸ dangling at the end of the sentence. It could be the answer to a question with јецѕ (why?), or a simple explanation for why something is done. There is another explanation for this last usage: sometimes a sentence ends with the tag кѸ, ambiguously implying, by way of excuse, that there is a reason for what one is doing, but without putting forward a specific explanation. Sentences such as ઱̗ѱе࠻ѺкѸ . . . Watashi, mō kaeru kara “I’m going now, (so . . . )” or ѐѶђїၨцг ҂якѸ . . . Chotto isogashii n dakara “I’m a little busy (so . . . )” are common. Notes: љ҂њѱ is the distortion of ܾѱ nani mo (nothing, Lesson 37). You should also take this opportunity to review the usage of ѱе (Lesson 40).

йѱ

Lin:

ѝт

ѱеતгઑштїљ҂к̗љ҂њѱљгкѸ̹ any more regret thing (emphasis), nothing there is because . . . So, there is nothing else I can regret . . .

Manga Example 3: Idiomatic usage of dakara In this chapter we looked at the expression якѸ, which is used to state a reason or a cause, as in: ཱིў੉௮଒࡚૿я̘якѸ̗໐ҁ௮Ѩљг Kare wa saishokushugisha da. Dakara niku o tabenai. “He is a vegetarian. So he doesn’t eat meat.” However, in this example, we find a slightly different usage of якѸ, often seen in spoken language: якѸ is used at the beginning of a sentence to convey annoyance, or insistence on something. It could be translated as “for goodness sake,” “I’ve already told you . . . ,” “but you . . .” Note: е҂ is the informal way of saying “yes,” while ее҂ means “no.”

згл

Studio K¯osen

∕ȹȹ∀∺ ๖ᄷ໖∢۫‫ݪ‬ℵ ȹȹȹ ২ ȹȹȹ∆∞⇼∢

⇽≃ℿ

јѷеѢ

г

Sayaka: е҂̹якѸ๓ᄴ໓ѝۨ‫̗ݧ‬৥рљгѝ yes . . . that’s why Saturday pop movie, go ep Yes . . . I’ve already told you I can’t go to the movies on Saturday.

Compound Sentences (2)

171

Manga Example 4: Usage of tame ni

ܸ∣∈∢ ∔∵∟౞∲ ∽√∂∔↢

A few pages ago, we learned that юѰњ means “for” or “in order to”: here is a good example of its usage. The speaker indicates the “aim” for which he was born, using юѰњ. However, he says it with the pronoun тѝ (this), and, therefore, unless we know the context, we can’t tell what he’s talking about. Since he is skating in the image, we can imagine the original sentence could have been something like ܵўҦҞ̱ҵҁшѺюѰњ౛ѭѻѕм ю (I was born to skate). Using the kosoado pronouns (Lesson 34), тѝ (this), ьѝ (that), and бѝ (that over there) in conjunction with grammatical constructions is very common. We will see another instance in Manga Example 6.

йѻ

е

Xian Nu Studio

Teruo: ܵўтѝюѰњ౛ѭѻѕмю̟ I top this for born come! I was born for this!

Manga Example 5: Usage of toki

Ѿюц

Fletcher:

ъ҂ъг

J.M. Ken Niimura

⇼∷ℵ઴∁ಎ౞∜ ਹছ∟แᇫ∛ ᇫ∌∔૎ℵ∈⇽ ⇿⅙∌⅚⅙√⇼∔

Let’s now study how to say “when” in Japanese using ો. As we can see in the example, the process is quite easy: all you need to do is add the word ો after the sentence with which we want to indicate “when,” as in the example, ਸ਼ঘњ฾ᇨіᇨцюો (when I last spoke with him on the phone.) Try making your own sentences with ો: it is simple and with practice you will master it. Note 1: Depending on the inflection of the verb or adjective preceding ો, the meaning changes. If conjugated in the past tense, it refers to something that happened in a previous stage: ੡໓̗ᆈᅦҁцѕгюોཱི̗лᅑю Kinō, ryōri o shite ita toki, kare ga kita (Yesterday, when I was cooking, he came.) In the infinitive, it refers to something that we know will inevitably happen in the future or something that usually happens: ઱ў௷Ѻોٰ̗Ⴟҁफ़ѕцѭ е Watashi wa neru toki, akumu o mite shimau (Whenever I sleep, I have bad dreams.). Note 2: й ђцѲѺ is a formal version of ॳе (Lesson 52).

фгу

і҂Ѿ

ўљ

їм

гѳ̗઱лಋ౛їਸ਼ঘњ฾ᇨіᇨцюો̗тейђцѲђѕгю no, I sp teacher cp last telephone ip talk when, in this way said Well, when I last spoke with the teacher on the phone, that’s what he said.

172

Lesson 48 不 48 嶓

Manga Example 6: Usage of mae ni

−∢಴∟ ⇿಴∢ଡ ∬∌಄∼∓

Let’s see an example of how to say “before” using the word ಱ, which we already know. We simply add ಱњ after a sentence, like in the example: ઱ҁੳшಱњҚҦцѕќ Watashi o korosu mae ni kisu shite ne (Kiss me before you kill me). The opposite of ಱњ is ঘі!ato de (after). As mentioned in Manga Example 4, it is common to see the kosoado pronouns тѝ, ьѝ, and бѝ together with grammatical constructions: here we have ьѝಱњ (before that). More examples: тѝঘі (after this), бѝѷењ (in that way, Lesson 43), ьѝўщя (that is almost certain, Lesson ௓৸!kono ba’ai (in this case, Lesson 46), ьѝеѐ 43), тѝ! њ sono uchi ni (one of these days, Lesson 48), тѝѭѭ (just as it is, Lesson 46). ѭз

ѭз

оѢ

й

Gabriel Luque

Charlie: ьѝಱњйಱѝଞѧцಁѺэ that before you pop neck break ep Before that, I’ll break your neck.

Manga Example 7: Usage of sore de wa

Studio K¯osen

⇾ℹ−∽∛∣ ௿∌⇼క૆∢ ཅྱ≂ℹ

We will conclude this intense but useful lesson with an example of ьѻіў, which, as we see in this panel, is usually used in speeches or introductions as a sign that we are about to start talking, like our “now” or “well, then.” ьѻіў is also used when saying goodbye, sometimes contracted into чѲ when speaking: one of the first expressions we saw in Lesson 4 was ьѻчѲ̗ѭю჋໓‫ݰ‬гѭцѶе Sore ja, mata ashita aimashō (Well, let’s meet again tomorrow). This expression can be contracted into ь ѻчѲ̗ѭю჋໓ (Well, [see you] tomorrow), and even further to чѲќ̗ѭю (Well, see you), cutting the ьѻ. There is also the concise but extremely common чѲќ (literally “well” or “well then,” but used to mean “see you later”). бюѸ

ч҂ч

ўђѣѶе

Kitano: з̱ьѻіў௼цгఒૃѝགྮҁ̱ er . . . then new staff pop introduction dop Er . . . Well, let’s introduce the new staff and . . .

Compound Sentences (2)

173

Exercises ᇄଵ ȥɦ

1

Ⱦ

Ȝ

Answer the question јецѕ ཱི ї࿆м৸ђѕг ȳ

Ѻѝ̞ with “Because I like him.” ( শмљ that ȥɦ

Ⱦ

Ȝ

one likes; ཱི he; ࿆м৸е to go out with) Translate: “Because I’m thirsty, I (will) drink water.” Use both ѝі and кѸ (to be thirsty ѝјлкѾо ; Ɉ

2

əȴ

to drink ‫ھ‬ѯ < water ప ) ɘȯȤ

3

Translate the sentence: ౘඈо҂њѪѻюѝі̗ Ѿк

ရкѻѭцѶе̘( ౘඈ Masao; ѪѻѺ to fall in Ѿк

love; ရѻѺ to split up) Translate: “To dance, you need a little bit of ȤɃ

ɌȾɢȠ

grace.” (to dance ᅂ Ѻ ; necessary ྜྷᅀ љ ; ȳȭ

4

ɠȠȦ

a little bit of ஖ цѝ ; grace ᄎ‫ݬ‬ф ) ɅɟȠȞɭ

5

ɂȧ

кљ

Translate: ໕‫ ۂ‬цѕгю ો ུ̗цкђюіш̘ ( ໕‫ۂ‬шѺ to be hospitalized; ུцг sad)

ɉɭ

ȹ

бюю

Translate: у ས ҁܸкгеѐњ௮Ѩљфг̘ бюю

( уས food; ܸкг warm; ௮ѨѺ to eat)

7

6

Translate: “Kiss me before going to sleep.” (to kiss ɇ

ҚҦшѺ ; to sleep ௷Ѻ )

Translate: “I went to Thailand. And later, I also Ȟ

went to Vietnam.” (to go ৥о ; Thailand Ҭґ ;

8

Vietnam ӆҵҷӍ )

9

What does якѸ mean when spoken at the beginning of a sentence?

Where does the expression чѲќ come from, and what does it literally mean? What is its actual meaning?

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 49

•

ᇹ 49 ᛢ

Compound Sentences (3) The time has come for the third and final of our intensive series of lessons on compound sentences, this time with a focus on expressing opposition or contrast.

But / however: 䛡䜜䛹䜒㻛䛡䜜䛹㻛䛡䛹㻛䛜 The basic word for “but/however” is рѻјѱ, although it is quite formal and is usually reduced to рѻј (also formal, but less so). It can be reduced even more to the informal expression р ј. We also have л, which has an equivalent meaning (we studied its usage as “but” in Lesson 37, which we advise reviewing). Usage: We add nothing after verbs and -i adjectives. Nouns and -na adjectives need the verb to be in its simple form, я. е҂ѕ҂

• ҽґҜҁ۠ืімѺрѻјѱ̗ҽґҜлбѹѭъ҂ I can ride a motorcycle, but I don’t have one. к

кќ

• ҘӎӖҁ༘гюгрѻј̗йࣙлљг I want to buy a camera, but I don’t have any money. ъ҂ъг

йц

мѸ

• ӉӃўಋ౛ярј̗ࢬзѺѝлॎгя Bob is a teacher, but he doesn’t like teaching. кѻ

згл

ш

ш

• ཱིўۨ‫ݧ‬ўশмял̗ҏҸӎўশміўљг He likes films, but not anime. мѝе

ѢѶем

мѶе

ягчѶеѥ

• ੡໓ўླ࠽яђюрј̗਒໓ўെ்࿈я Yesterday I was sick, but today I’m fine. Just like with л (Lesson 37), sometimes the variations of рѻјѱ are used to link sentences and don’t necessarily have the meaning “but.” бї

еѰя

г

ѮѪ

о

• ঘі༔฽ѧ৥орј̗ྑဵѱᅑѺ̞ Later I’ll go to Umeda, will you come too, Miho? ьея҂

чк҂

• ೫ඉцюг҂ішл̗ોࠑлбѹѭшк̞ I would like to consult with you about something, do you have time? The same words are used in spoken language to soften sentences, especially when making requests or giving excuses: they are placed at the end, leaving the continuation in the air. гѭ

гьл

• ਒ѐѶђїၨцг҂ішрѻјѱ . . . Now I’m a little busy, but . . . Ѯ

• ьѝҾҪҠӠҁफ़юг҂ярј . . . I would like to see that computer, but . . .

Compound Sentences (3)

175

Although / despite: 䛾䛻 This construction has nothing to do with its homophone ѝњ meaning aim/intention (page 165). This ѝњ, like рѻјѱ and its “family,” means “although” or “despite.” The expression ѝњ has a distinct subjective and emotional connotation: we use it to indicate that something that was almost a fact finally has not been possible and provokes in the speaker a feeling of surprise, frustration, or even annoyance. If you want to avoid any subjective or emotional nuance, use рѻјѱ, рѻј, рј or л. Usage: Nothing is added after verbs or -i adjectives, while nouns and -na adjectives require љ. ы҂ы҂

• ҭґҕҰҵҁцѕгѺѝњ̗ವ಴ѳъљг I’m on a diet but despite that, I’m not losing any weight. ќѯ

ѕѓѳ

• Ⴝкђюѝњ̗ษჶҁцѭцю Though I was sleepy, I worked through the night. кѝчѶ

ш

тоўо

• ཱི஀лশмљѝњ̗ਁ༧імљг Although I like her, I’m can’t declare my love. ѕ҂м

ьї

і

• ггะ࠽љѝњ̗‫ލ‬њ୙Ѹѻљг Despite this nice weather, I can’t go out. In a colloquial register, sentences that trail off with ѝњ are common. These sentences express displeasure or frustration, and could be translated as “and to think that . . .” кѻ

кќѱ

• ཱིўшуоࣙ૊ѐљѝњ . . . And to think that he’s so rich . . . Ѫ

• љ҂іьѻлᅈцољгѝ̞юяљѝњ . . . Why don’t you want that? It’s free . . .

Although / in spite of: 䛟䛫䛻 оъњ is like ѝњ. While ѝњ can be used in formally and colloquially, оъњ is colloquial or even vulgar, with pejorative and accusatory connotations. Usage: Nothing is added after verbs or -i adjectives. With nouns, ѝ needed; with -na adjectives, we use љ. љњ

ц

љњ

г

• ܾѱඋѸљгоъњ̗ܾҁॳђѕгѺѝ̞ You don’t know anything; what are you saying? гцѲ

ѢѶем

љй

• ‫૿ڨ‬ѝоъњ̗ླ࠽ҁ૎ъљг Although he’s a doctor, he can’t cure sickness. As with ѝњ, we will sometimes find оъњ at the end of a sentence that trails off. љ҂

югј

• ܾя̗ьѝവ๒̞лмѝоъњ . . . What’s with that attitude? You’re nothing but a little brat . . .

176

Lesson 49 不 49 嶓

Interrogatives + 䡚䛶䜒

Even / even if: 䡚䛶䜒

In Lesson 32 we saw the expresNo matter what he says . . . ܾҁॳђѕѱ sion ̶ѕѱгг, to ask for No matter who he says it to . . . ൬њॳђѕѱ permission. We will now study a related expression, since the No matter how he says it . . . јеॳђѕѱ basic structure is exactly the ј҂љಅ჋цѕѱ No matter how he explains . . . same: ̶ѕѱ, meaning “even” No matter where he goes . . . or “even if,” in sentences exјтѧ৥ђѕѱ pressing hypothesis or conjecNo matter when he goes . . . гѓ৥ђѕѱ ture, unlike ѝњ, which is used No matter how much he pays... гоѸ࿶ђѕѱ with sentences whose certainty is assured. Usage: Verbs, nouns, ॳеiu to say; ಅ჋шѺsetsumei suru to explain; and adjectives of both kinds ৥о iku to go; ࿶еharau to pay must be conjugated in the -te form (Lesson 35), to which ѱ is added. бѰ

Ѥ

цбг

йтљ

• ‫ی‬лৰђѕѱ̗઻৸ҁ৥гѭш Even if it rains, the match will be held. Ѱ҂мѶ

е҂ѕ҂

• დ࢏лљоѕѱ̗тѝҽґҜҁ۠ืімѺ Even without a license, you can drive this motorcycle. к

цуї

• ҾҪҠӠҁ༘ђѕѱ઒ૃлімљг Even if I buy a computer, I can’t work. ѯщк

цр҂

уеко

• ່цоѕѱ̗઻०њ৸ާцюг No matter how difficult it is, I want to pass the exam. ѱ҂яг

ї

• тѝჯ൉̗ҏӈіѱ‫ݱ‬рѺ Even a fool can solve this problem. If we add an interrogative pronoun or adverb (Lesson 34) to a verb + ѕѱ, we obtain sentences such as: “no matter what I do . . .” or “no matter what it is . . .” (see table, above). г

Ѯъ

ц

• гѓ৥ђѕѱ̗бѝาўဓѭђѕгѺ No matter when I go, that shop is closed. љњ

г

мѮ

ѵѺ

• ܾҁॳђѕѱ̗ऄҁ࢏шѓѱѹўљг No matter what you say, I won’t forgive you.

Strong recommendation: 䡚᪉䛜䛔䛔 Let’s look at some other constructions. ̶၌лгг!hō ga ii , is used to make strong recommendations or suggestions, not quite orders, but almost. Usage: This expression is only used with verbs, which must be conjugated in the past tense (except with negative expressions, when verbs are conjugated in the negative of the present tense). кѝчѶ

ўљ

Ѫе

йѱ

• ཱི஀њ‫ݕ‬ҁбсю၌лггїતеѷ I think you should give her some flowers.

Compound Sentences (3) кѻ

тѼ

177

Ѫе

• ཱིҁੳшѝҁбмѸѰю၌лггѷ If I were you, I’d forget about killing him. Ѯщ

ѝ

Ѫе

• ьѝపҁ‫ھ‬ѭљг၌лггѷ I recommend you don’t drink that water. оф

ю

Ѫе

• ࿖ ђѕгѺкѸ̗Ѯк҂ҁ௮ Ѩљг၌ лггѷ Don’t eat the mandarins, because they are rotten.

More usages of the -ō conjugation Let’s now see two expressions using the -ō conjugation, which we studied in Lesson 34, and which on its own means “let’s . . .” йѱ All you need to do is add ̶їшѺ or ̶їતе to a verb in the -ō form to create two new expressions with different meanings, which can be very useful. We will start with the construction -ō form + їшѺ. It means “to try to” or, more literally, “to be in the process of doing something.” Ѿюц н҂теуеїе

• ઱ўࣛ৥ࢦ๩ҁцѷеїцѕгю I was trying to rob a bank. ѝ

їм

ц

• ཱིўҽҦњ௏Ѽеїцюો̗ભ҂я As he was going to get on the bus, he died. зл

ѯщк

• ӋӠҙҁྲтеїцѕгѺрј່̗цгќ I’m trying to draw a comic book, but it’s difficult. ягло

ўг

• ҽҘљѝњെ޵њ໕ѼеїцѕгѺ Even though I’m stupid, I’m trying to get into university. йѱ

The second new expression -ō form + їત is used to indicate something like “I think I’m going to . . . ,” that is, it is simply the combination of the -ō form (“let’s . . . ,” Lesson 34) plus їતе (“I think that . . .” Lesson 41). кѝчѶ

тоўо

йѱ

• ཱི஀њਁ༧цѷеїતђѕгѭш I’m thinking of declaring my love to her. Ѩ҂мѶе

йѱ

• ဨࢦҁѳѰѷеїતђѕгѺ I’m thinking about abandoning my studies. шщм

гз

к

йѱ

• ᆲქф҂ў݇ҁ༘йеїતђѕгѺ Mr. Suzuki is thinking of buying a house.

Conjunctions We will finish this third lesson in our series devoted to the formation of compound sentences by studying a few essential conjunctions. On page 179 you also have a summary table with all the conjunctions we have seen thus far. But / however / nevertheless: ярѻјѱ / ярѻј / ярј / іѱ / цкц цѲѐѶе

ѳф

ѯшт

йњ

мѢ

• ૽ුўїѕѱᄎцгіш̘ярѻј̗ьѝഈટўࡍѮюгњ४цгіш The director is very kind. However, his son is so demanding, he’s like an ogre.

178

Lesson 49 不 49 嶓

ѭ

щц

ягш

ѭ

щц

ягмѸ

• ߧмଢગўെশмя̘іѱ̗мѴеѹѝߧмଢગўെॎгя̟ I love makizushi. But I hate cucumber makizushi! In spite of that / however: ьѻљѝњ / љѝњ кїе

кќѱ

ѡчѶе

• ݂๺ф҂ўїѕѱࣙ૊ѐіш̘ьѻљѝњ̗྆௖њрѐіш Mr. Kato is very rich. In spite of that, he is extremely stingy. ѫо

й҂љ

ѷ

• ၺўкђтгг̘љѝњ̗஀л࠮ђѕтљг I’m handsome. However, the girls don’t come near me. Compound sentences (3): General summary table ཱིўૂ݉‫ڨ‬ішрѻјѱ̗ૂҁཇрѭъ҂ But / However / He’s a dentist, but he can’t pull out a tooth. (formal) ̶рѻ Nevertheless јѱ ཱིўૂ݉‫ڨ‬ярј̗ૂҁཇрљг (̶рѻјѱ: formal, ̶рѻј He’s a dentist, but he can’t pull out a tooth. (inf.) ̶рѻј: neutral, ̶рј ̶рј: informal, ཱིўૂ݉‫ڨ‬ял̗ૂҁཇрѭъ҂ ̶л ̶л: neutral / formal) He’s a dentist but he can’t pull out a tooth. (neutral / formal) ཱིўૂ݉‫ڨ‬љѝњ̗ૂҁཇрљг ̶ѝњ Although / In spite of Although he’s a dentist, he can’t pull out a tooth. ̶оъњ

Although / In spite of (informal / pejorative)

ཱིўૂ݉‫ڨ‬ѝоъњ̗ૂҁཇрљг Although he is a dentist, he can’t even pull out a tooth! (pejorative)

̶ѕѱ

Even if / Although (In hypothetical sentences)

ཱིўૂ݉‫ڨ‬іѱ̗ૂѱཇрљг Even if he is a dentist, he can’t pull out a tooth.

̶၌л гг

You had better / You ૂл෦гяѼе̞ૂ݉‫ڨ‬њ৥ђю၌лггѷ should Your tooth is painful, isn’t it? You should go to the (Strong recommendation dentist. or suggestion)

̶йе їшѺ

To try to / To be in the process of doing something”

ૂ݉‫ڨ‬лૂҁཇтеїцѕгю The dentist was trying to pull out a tooth.

̶йе їત

I think I’m going to …

ૂл෦гкѸ̗ૂ݉‫ڨ‬њ৥теїતђѕгѺ Since my tooth is hurting, I think I’m going to go to the dentist.

ཱི kare he; ૂ݉‫ ڨ‬shikai dentist; ૂ ha tooth; ཇоnuku to pull out; ෦г itai painful; ৥оiku to go

Compound Sentences (3)

L.46 ᆪзџ

179

Summary table: Conjunctions (Lessons 46, 48 and 49) ‫ݕ‬лশміш̘ᆪзџ̗੨ѳෳлെশміш I like flowers. For example, I like sakura and camellias For example very much. By the way

ггะ࠽яќ̘їтѼі̗੨ўѱе੘гю̞ Isn’t the weather fine? By the way, have the sakura bloomed yet?

L.46 ьѻњ

Besides

ෳўႫ‫ވ‬іш̘ьѻњ̗੨ѱмѻгіш The camellias are in full bloom. And besides, the sakura are pretty too.

L.48 ьцѕ

And later / And then

ඨуསҁ௮Ѩю̘ьцѕ̗੨ҁफ़њ৥ђю I ate lunch. And then, I went to see the sakura.

L.48 ьѻі

Then / Therefore

਒໓̗ඨуསҁ௮Ѩљкђю̘ьѻі̗਒їѕѱ й࿱лшгѕгѺ I haven’t had lunch today. Therefore, I’m very hungry now.

L.48 ьѻіў

Well then / Then

Good morning! Well then, let’s go and see the sakura!

L.48 ьѻкѸ

After that

਒໓ў੨ҁफ़њ৥мѭш̘ьѻкѸ̗ඨуསҁ௮ ѨѺѓѱѹіш Today, I’m going to see the sakura. After that, I intend to have lunch.

L.48 якѸ

Therefore

੨л੘гю̘якѸ̗फ़њ৥мѭцю̘ The sakura have bloomed. Therefore, I went to see them.

L.46 їтѼі

ярѻјѱ ярѻј But L.49 ярј However іѱ Nevertheless цкц

ьѻљѝњ Despite that/ L.49 љѝњ However

йўѷеухгѭш̟ьѻіў̗੨ҁफ़њ৥те̟

ෳўѱе੘гѕгѭш̘ярѻјѱ̗੨ўѭя੘ гѕгѭъ҂ The camellias have already bloomed. However, the sakura haven’t bloomed yet. ѱеඨуསҁ௮Ѩю̘іѱ̗ѭяй࿱лшгѕгѺ I have already had lunch. But I’m still hungry. ਒໓ўггะ࠽іш̘цкц̗჋໓ў‫ی‬лৰѺь еіш Today the weather is fine. But, apparently, it is going to rain tomorrow. ੨л੘гѕгѺ̘љѝњ̗फ़њ৥рљг The sakura have bloomed. However I can’t go to see them.

‫ ݕ‬hana flower; শмљ suki-na that one likes; ੨ sakura cherry blossom (sakura); ෳ tsubaki camellia; гг ii fine; ਒ima now; ะ࠽tenki weather; ੘о saku to bloom; Ⴋ‫ވ‬mankai full bloom; мѻгљ pretty; ඨуў҂!hiru gohan lunch; ௮ѨѺtaberu to eat; फ़њ৥оmi ni iku to go to see; ਒໓ kyō today; й࿱лшоo naka ga suku to be hungry; ჋໓ ashita tomorrow; ‫ی‬лৰѺ ame ga furu to rain

180

Lesson 49 不 49 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

We’ve really stepped up the pace in the last few lessons as we study more and more complicated aspects of the language and we hope that you can feel your Japanese rapidly improving. Don’t give up now, you are doing very well!

Manga Example 1: Sentence-ending kedo and usage of no ni We get to see two expressions in this example. To start with, take a look at the clerk’s first sentence, ьѻљѸ‫څ‬оцїорј and the рј closing it. The meaning of this рј is not exactly “but” (as usually is the case in the word’s most orthodox usage); it is more a way of leaving the sentence unfinished, thus softening the statement and perhaps implying something unspoken (in this case something like “but why on earth would you want to buy something like that?!”) Regarding the ѝњ in б҂ю‫ਂލ‬ఒљѝњ, notice that as it is placed after a noun ‫ਂލ‬ఒ, it needs the help of љ. Here, the speaker expresses some surprise, therefore, it is not unusual that he uses ѝњ, as you will remember that this construction has a relevant ingredient of subjectivity. Here, ѝњ can be translated as “despite.” Notes: The prefix й before the word гоѸ (how much) is honorific and implies respect (Lesson 52). The ̶їо in ‫څ‬оцїо is a spoken contraction of ̶ѕйо (Lesson 35). The adjective Ⴚљ myō na (written here in katakana) is difficult to translate: it has the connotation of “strange” or “unexpected.” ѱ҂ is the colloquial contraction of the word ࿹ mono (thing).

Studio K¯osen

∈∽ℵ ⇿⇼∄∺ ∛∎∀↡

−∽∞∺ ‫∄∜∌∄ڈ‬ ∆∝ℿ

⇻≃∔‫ސ‬ਅక ∞∢∟ℵ≼Ⅶ≆∞ ∶≃∟ࢷႱ⇻∼ ≃∕∡ℶ

ѳш

George: тѻ̗йгоѸішк̞ this, how much be q? How much is this? лгточ҂

Man: ьѻљѸ‫څ‬оцїорј̹ that if cheap put but . . . I can make that cheap for you . . . мѶеѮ

George: б҂ю‫ਂލ‬ఒљѝњ̗ӌӔғљѱ҂њࢴႮбѺ҂яќ̘ you foreigner although, strange thing iop interest there are be ep Despite being a foreigner, you are interested in very strange things, aren’t you?

Compound Sentences (3)

181

Manga Example 2: Shikashi and no ni at the end of a sentence

Gabriel Luque

∌∀∌ℿ∝⇽∌√ ∈≃∞∟భ∁∟∉⅙√ ⇼∼∢∕∾⇽ℿ↡ ൉‫∶ۏ‬৳⅙∖⅚ ⇼∞⇼∢∟ℿ

Here we also have two expressions to comment on. The first one is цкц meaning “but,” “however” or “nevertheless.” It is certainly a very useful word, although in colloquial register іѱ (but) is used more often. The second expression is ѝњ, closing the panel and leaving the sentence’s conclusion in the air. Its meaning could be translated as “although” but in this context we can interpret it as “To think it hasn’t rained . . .” or “But it hasn’t rained . . .” Note: ৰ ђѐѲгљг is the contraction of ৰђѕўг љг. Notice the emphatic particle ѱ in this construction: go back to Lesson 37 to review its usage. Ѯщ

Satoru: цкц̹јецѕт҂љњపлњуђѕгѺѝяѼе̹̞ however . . . why like this water sp muddy pop be . . . ? However . . . I wonder why the water is so muddy? ййбѰ Ѥ െ‫ی‬ѱৰђѐѲгљгѝњ̹ heavy rain neither fall although . . . But it hasn’t rained that heavily . . .

Manga Example 3: The pejorative expression kuse ni

љњ

Xian Nu Studio

݁∶∛∂∞⇼ ∄∐∟ℿႽ∟ క∢௼≂ຊ∀∌ ∷∁∼ℿ

We have learned how the expression оъњ means “although,” “despite,” but with a pejorative nuance. With this same pejorative intention, we have translated the ܾѱімљго ъњ part, literally “In spite of not being able to do anything,” as “Despite his incompetence,” because the word “incompetence” implies that the speaker is superior or disdainful. Note: The construction ̶ѳлѺ shows violence, extreme roughness, or a threat. We will study it in Lesson 53. As you have probably noticed, using оъњ and ѳлѺ in the same sentence gives it a layer of “threat” or “disdain” almost impossible to convey in a translation. ѮѶе

ѡї

ттѼ

еу

Kisaki: ܾѱімљгоъњ̹Ⴚњఒѝ௹ҁງкцѳлѺ̹ nothing can in spite of… strange person pop heart dop move (vulgar) Despite his incompetence . . . he can oddly move people . . .

182

Lesson 49 不 49 嶓

Manga Example 4: Expressing “even” with -temo It is now time to review the usage of the construction -te form + ѱ (or ̶ѕѱ as we saw earlier in this chapter) which, you will remember, has the meaning of “even” or “although,” and is used in sentences expressing hypothesis. In this sentence, the speaker expresses the hypothesis ભ҂іѱ, and then the result if that supposition finally became true: ঘ‫ݸ‬ўц љг. Notes: Notice the usage of юѰњ (for), which in this case comes with the kosoado ьѝ! (that), forming ьѝюѰњ (for that), as we saw in Lesson 48. Notice, too, the emphatic usage of the particle ў in ঘ‫ݸ‬ўцљг (I won’t regret it) (Lesson 37). −∢∔∵∟ર≃∛∶ ছ‫⇼∞∌∣ݻ‬∓↢

ц

текг

Tetsuya: ьѝюѰњભ҂іѱঘ‫ݸ‬ўцљгэ̟

Xian Nu Studio

that for die regret top do not ep! Even if I die for that, I won’t regret it!

Manga Example 5: No matter how . . .

Studio K¯osen

⇼∄∺แᇫ∌√∶ ଡ଼∞⇼∢∛ ௼༓∟∞⅙√ ȹ ᅔ√ ∳∔≃∕

In this chapter we also saw that we combine an interrogative plus a verb and the ̶ѕ ѱ construction, we obtain sentences such as: “no matter what I do . . .” Here we have one of them: гоѸ฾ᇨцѕѱ (no matter how much I call . . .). Usually, гоѸ has the meaning of “how much” when talking about quantity of money, but here it is used for a more general meaning of “how much / many.” Another option would be ܾ‫ݲ‬฾ᇨцѕѱ nan kai denwa shitemo (no matter how many times I call . . .). Notes: Take the opportunity to review ѝі (“since,” “because,” Lesson 48), and notice as well the ̶ѕѮѺ construction (giving the nuance of “try to do something,” Lesson 35) of мѕ Ѯю. Last of all, the ҂я closing the sentence is the typical tag used to give “security” or to “soften” the sentence, which we studied in Manga Example 4 in Lesson 40.

і҂Ѿ

і

ц҂Ѡг

Seiji: гоѸ฾ᇨцѕѱ୙љгѝі̗௹༐њљђѕᅑѕѮю҂я how much telephone do go out since worry become come try be Since no matter how much I called no one answered, I got worried and came.

Compound Sentences (3)

183

Manga Example 6: Hō ga ii for strong suggestion

⇻∔∌ ∷⅙∥∻ ર≃∕ ∯⇽∁ ⇼⇼≃ ∀∞⅔

And now we focus on ̶၌лггhō ga ii, used to give suggestions or advice and rather strong; not quite an order, but it comes very close. Usually, ̶၌лгг is used to advise other people. However, we see here a slightly different usage: the speaker is consulting about something that she thinks might be necessary for her to do: бюцўભ҂яѪел ггѝк̞ Remember that the verb before ̶၌лгг must be conjugated in the past-affirmative (ભ҂я၌л гг) or present-negative (ભљљг၌лгг). Note: ѳђѠѹ has no direct translation: it’s something like “after all” or “I knew that.”

ц

Studio K¯osen

Chie: бюцѳђѠѹભ҂яѪелгг҂кља I after all die better if q? ep After all, it is better if I die, isn’t it?

Manga Example 7: Usage of -ō to suru The final manga example in this lesson lesson will help illustrate the usage of the ̶йе їшѺ construction (to try to, to be in the process of doing something). In our sentence, Noriko says ๿сѷеїцѕгѺ. In order to master this construction, you should thoroughly review the -ō form (Lesson 34). Note: Notice the гѓкѝѷењ part. гѓк means “sometime.” (Lesson 41). ѝѷењ is a comparative (like) we briefly saw in Lesson 43, and which we will study in depth in Lesson 54. гѓкѝѷењ means “like (I did) some other time.”

Gabriel Luque

⇻⇻ ∿∔∌∣ℿ

∿∔∌∣∲∔ ⇼∘∀∢∹⇽∟ ຂ∇∹⇽∜ ∌√⇼∼ℿ

њ

Seiji: ббѾюцў̹Ѿюцўѭюгѓкѝѷењ๿сѷеїцѕгѺ̹ aah I top . . . I top again someday like in the process of . . . Aah, I . . . I’m trying to escape, like some other time . . .

184

Lesson 49 不 49 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Translate into formal Japanese: “I’m hungry, but I Ʉȥ

don’t have any money.” (to be hungry: й ࿱ лш ȥɇ

гѕгѺ , money йࣙ )

What differences in formality are there between the expressions: рѻјѱ, л, рј and рѻј?

3

2

What is рј used for in the sentence шѮѭъ҂̗ ɕ

тѻлᅈцг҂ярј . . . ? ɕ

( шѮѭъ҂ : excuse me, ᅈцг : to want) ȯȥɄ

ȳ

ȳ ȱ

ȧɣ

Translate: ࢔ ўশ мљѝњ̗јецѕଢ ગ ў ॎ ȯȥɄ

ȳ

ȳ ȱ

гљѝ @ ( ࢔ : Äsh, শ мљ : that one likes, ଢ ગ

4

ȧɣ

sushi, ॎ гљ : that one dislikes) ȥɈȲɡ

5

ȤɂɄ

Translate this sentence: ཱི ஀ ўെ ఒѝоъњь ɏȩ

ȧ

ȥɈȲɡ

ȤɂɄ

ɏȩ

҂љ ࿯ ҁජ ѕгѺ̘( ཱི ஀ : she, െ ఒ adult, ࿯ ȧ

clothes, ජѺ : to wear) Translate: “Even if I go to Japan, I won’t learn Ȟ

Ʌɕɭ

Ʉɣ

Japanese.” (to go: ৥о , Japan: ໓ႉ , to learn: ଵ

6

њѪ҂у

е , Japanese: ໓ႉট )

7

Translate: “No matter how much I study, I don’t ɓɭȧɡȠ

learn anything.” (to study: ဨ ࢦ шѺ , to learn: Ʉɣ

ɄɅ

ଵ е , nothing: ܾ ѱ )

Translate: “I think you should / had better do your цѴояг

homework." (homework: ୒ ൉ ) ɞɘɜɂ

9

ɧɭɐɭ

8

ȥ

Translate: ઀ႉ ф҂ў ᇥဇ ҁ୺теїцѕгѺ̘ ɞɘɜɂ

ɧɭɐɭ

ȥ

( ઀ႉ : Yamamoto, ᇥဇ : thesis, ୺о : to write)

Translate into colloquial Japanese: “There’s a party ȧɡȠ

today. But you should not go.” (today: ਒໓ , party:

10

Ȟ

Ҿ̱ҳҐ̱ , to go: ৥о )

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 50

•

ᇹ 50 ᛢ

Relative Clauses In this lesson we will learn how to give more depth to our sentences by means of relative clauses to provide additional information about a noun.

What is a relative clause? Relative clauses give extra information about a noun, for example: “The house which is near the school is blue,” “That man who is walking in the town is my uncle,” or “The dog whose fur is black is big.” The relative clauses we have underlined give extra information about the nouns “house,” “man,” and “dog,” respectively. Notice how in English we use relative pronouns such as “which” or “whose” to introduce these kinds of clauses. In Japanese, we don’t need any such pronoun, although we must bear in mind that the order in these kinds of sentences is often the total reverse of the English order: the noun comes last. лђте

ѐк

гз

бй

• бѝ޵ৌњࣘг݇ў౧гіш The house that is near the school is blue. ѭѐ

бѺ

йїт

йч

• ‫ޖ‬ҁေгѕгѺбѝඈў୐࿔іш That man who is walking around the town is my uncle. оѼ

р

гћ

йй

• бѝਆгპѝॗўെмгіш The dog with black fur / whose fur is black is big.

How to form relative clauses Forming relative clauses is not difficult, but you must bear in mind the following rules:

Π The noun about which information is offered must go after the relative clause. Π If the relative clause ends in a verb or an -i adjective, these must be conjugated in the simple form. With -na adjectives, we require љ, and with nouns, we must add ѝ. But in the past tense or the negative, they both need the verb to be conjugated in the simple form. Π The subject in a relative clause is never marked with the topic particle ў: the subject particle л is compulsory, unless we are looking to add emphasis. For example: ќт

ю

фкљ

юк

• ໢л௮Ѩю࢔ў৳кђю The fish that the cat ate was expensive. (With ў after ໢ we would explicitly express that it was the cat and no one else who ate the fish.)

Π When there is nothing between the subject and the verb of the relative clause, the л (indicating subject) can be replaced by ѝ without distinction. For example: оѺѭ

їй

јеѼ

ъѭ

• ଁл / ѝ෧ђюຒᇎўࢰг The road where the car passed was narrow.

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Lesson 50 不 50 嶓

“Internal” relative clauses Let’s look at two kinds of relative clauses: “internal” and “external.” “Internal” relative clauses are those where the noun (about which information is provided) is part of the original sentence from which the relative clause is derived. Refer to the table and you’ll get a clearer idea: ஖໤ shōnen, ೓ॾsōko, ᄐൠ tomodachi and ႉ hon are part of a basic hypothetical phrase, and they can all be “embellished” by the other words in order to “stand out.” Let’s now see a few example sentences of this kind: њѪ҂у

Relative clauses Basic sentence: ஖໤ў೓ॾіᄐൠњႉҁफ़ъю The boy showed a book to his friend in the warehouse “Internal” relative clauses ೓ॾіᄐൠњႉҁफ़ъю஖໤ The boy who showed a book to his friend in the warehouse ஖໤л೓ॾіႉҁफ़ъюᄐൠ The friend to whom the boy showed a book in the warehouse ஖໤л೓ॾіᄐൠњफ़ъюႉ The book which the boy showed to his friend in the warehouse ஖໤лᄐൠњႉҁѮъю೓ॾ The warehouse where the boy showed a book to his friend “External” relative clauses ஖໤л೓ॾіᄐൠњႉҁफ़ъю໓ The day when the boy showed a book to his friend in the warehouse ஖໤л೓ॾіᄐൠњႉҁफ़ъюїгеᅦᄜ The reason why the boy showed a book to this friend in the warehouse ஖໤л೓ॾіᄐൠњႉҁफ़ъюїгетї The fact that the boy showed a book to his friend in the warehouse ஖໤!shōnen boy; ೓ॾ sōko warehouse; ᄐൠ!tomodachi friend; ႉ!hon book; फ़ъѺmiseru to show; ໓hi day; ᅦᄜriyū reason

љѸ

•໓ႉটҁଵђѕг чѶъг

ц҂ъѓ

Ѻбѝ஀౐ўఋ౽ я That woman who is learning Japanese is kind. кѻ

ѓк

• ཱིлકђюҬҗӘў ъ҂юђм

г

ಙൔ࠺њ໕ѻю I put the towel that he used in the washing machine. њѪ҂у

чѶещ

ѡї

шо

• ໓ႉটлௌକяђюఒў஖љкђю There were few people who were good at Japanese. ѷу

Ѥо

й҂љ

г

• ‫ܙ‬ѻю࿯ѝ஀ўјтњ৥ђю̞ Where has the woman whose clothes were dirty gone? ѡї

бѓ

џцѶ

г

• ҨӠҦлѷољгఒлୁѭѺ௓୳њ৥кљрѻџљѸљг I must go to a place where people who don’t have style meet. (two relative clauses)

Relative Clauses

187

“External” relative clauses There are also relative clauses where the noun (about which information is provided) is not a part of the basic hypothetical phrase (see table on the facing page). Some of these nouns cannot be directly linked to the sentence; to do so, they require їге(or ђѕ in its colloquial form). Never take їге: nouns expressing feelings (ܺ oto sound, ໎г nioi smell, ෦Ѯ itami pain); nouns perceived by the senses (૷ఄ shashin photo, ܺ޷ ongaku music). оф

фкљ

њй

• ࿖ђю࢔ѝ໎глѡјгіш The smell of rotten fish is disgusting. ѓѷ

й҂ло

ш

• Ӏ̱ҵѝࢦгܺ޷лশмя I like music with a strong beat. Always take їге: abstract concepts expressing thoughts or assertions (еѾф rumor, тї fact / thing, ‫ژ‬फ़ iken opinion, ᅦᄜriyū reason, ৞з kangae thought . . .). ъгѤ

ѾѺ

гр҂

• ౒࿍лٰгїге‫ژ‬फ़ўбѹѭшк Is your opinion that the government is bad? кѻ

рђт҂

Ѫ҂їе

• ཱིѸлӖҦӆҙҦіीਖцюгђѕеѾфўႉ๯кљ̞ Is the rumor that they want to get married in Las Vegas true? In other cases, it doesn’t matter whether we use їге or not: Ѫ҂ѳо

цуї

юѝ

• ӋӠҙҁႊᄀшѺ ( ђѕ ) ઒ૃў޷цг The job of translating manga is fun. йїт

чфѓ

чр҂

• ඈл૖ੳцю ( їге ) ૃॄлбђю There was an incident in which a man died.

The many usages of 䜘䛖 In Japanese several expressions and grammatical constructions use ѷе. Let’s start by reviewing the ѷе constructions seen in Lesson 43. First, we have ѷея! at the end of a sentence to mean “apparently,” when the speaker’s degree of certainty is high: ѕ҂м

ощ

• ะ࠽л၇ѻюѷеяќ Apparently, the weather has worsened. кѝчѶ йїеї

ъ

юк

• ཱི஀ѝชф҂ў།л৳гѷея Apparently, her younger brother is tall. ъ҂ъг

ѯшѰ

• ಋ౛ўჇҁцкђюѷеіш Apparently, the teacher scolded my daughter. We also have the ѷељ and ѷењ variations, which act as simile (Lesson 54): йњ

ъ҂ъг

мѸ

• бѝࡍѝѷељಋ౛лॎгя I hate that teacher who is like an ogre. кѻ

ъгчк

• ཱིў౒૎݇ѝѷењеьҁѓоќ He lies (tells lies) like a politician.

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Lesson 50 不 50 嶓

In order to: 䜘䛖䛻 ѷењ after verbs (only), usually in the simple form, indicates “in order to” or “so that,” to express that a certain action be implemented to obtain a desired outcome. The structure of this kind of sentence is always “[result] ѷењ [action].” That is, before ѷењ we specify the result we want to obtain and, afterward, we detail the action or actions that must be done to achieve it. њѪ҂

г

ўюѸ

• ໓ႉѧ৥рѺѷењຆгѕгѺ I’m working in order to go to Japan. ќт

фкљ

ю

ко

• ໢л࢔ҁ௮Ѩљгѷењ‫ۄ‬ье I shall hide the fish so that the cat doesn’t eat it. уеко

гѝ

• ৸ާімѺѷењࡀѹюг I want to pray so that I can pass. чт

м

• ૃঁлљгѷењ࠽ҁѓрѕояфг Be careful (in order) not to have an accident. ѐѐ

йт

бѳѭ

• ࿔л๕Ѹљгѷењ଀Ѽе I shall apologize so that my father doesn’t get angry.

Soft command or request: 䜘䛖䛻 + verb The expression ѷењ!combined with a verb like ॳеiu (to say), ᅓѯ tanomu (to ask), or ჊ᆨшѺ meirei suru (to command) is a way of asking someone to do something. You can’t make a direct request or order with this structure. ѷењ + verb is normally used either to indicate what kind of order or request oneself or a third person has received, or to describe an order or request in an indirect way or which was performed in the past: ъ҂ъг

Ѿюц

Ѫ҂

ѷ

г

• ಋ౛ў઱њႉҁຠѯѷењॳђю The teacher told me to read a book. цѲѐѶе ѳѭхм

г

• ૽ුў઀ਖ਼њѳѰѺѷењॳђю The president told Yamazaki to resign. кѝчѶ

ѭ

ѫо

юѝ

• ཱི஀ўбьтіളѓѷењၺњᅓ҂я She asked me to wait there. кѾг

о

г

• ಑‫ک‬њҗӂҐҦѧᅑѺѷењॳђѕояфг Please tell Kawai to come to the office. Ѿюц

ѯшт

Ѩ҂мѶе

Ѱгѻг

• ઱ўഈટњဨࢦшѺѷењ჊ᆨцю I ordered my son to study. Note: Since we are talking about orders, you can review Lesson 30, where the imperative is explained, as well as the usage of ̶ѕоѻ, which we studied in Lesson 45.

To get to the point of: 䜘䛖䛻䛺䜛 ѷењљѺusually indicates gradual change or the end of processes that are usually long. It means “to get to the point of . . . ,” “to finally manage to . . .” or “to become able to . . .” This expression can only be used with verbs conjugated in the simple form.

Relative Clauses кѻ

189

йѷ

• ཱིў۬пѷењљђю He managed to (learn to) swim. њѪ҂у

ўљ

• ໓ႉটҁᇨъѺѷењљѹюг I want to become able to speak Japanese. ш

• ҬҽҠҁࡴѾљгѷењљђю I managed to not smoke. (I managed to quit smoking.) їерг

Ѿ

• ѳђї๶बл࿻кѺѷењљђю I have finally managed to understand statistics.

To try to do something: 䜘䛖䛻䛩䜛 The last ѷе expression we will see is ѷењшѺ, used to express an intention or decision. An exact translation of this expression is very difficult to suggest, but we could define ѷењшѺ more or less as “to decide to do something . . . ,” “to try to do something . . . ,” “to have the intention of using all the necessary means to do something . . . ,” etc. ѭгбф

е҂је

• ႕ෆ̗۠ງшѺѷењцюг I want to try to exercise every morning. кѻ

ю

• ཱིўбѭѹ௮ѨљгѷењцѕгѺ He is trying not to eat much. бцю

чѴеч

о

• ჋໓̗୆ોњᅑѺѷењцѕояфг Tomorrow, make sure you come at 10. ъгчк

• ౒૎݇ўеьҁѓкљгѷењцљгїгрљг Politicians must try not to lie.

ѷея! (Lesson 43)

ѷељ!

Apparently

Usages of 䜘䛖 ཱིў௒њ৥ђюѷея Apparently, he went to the castle.

Simile

ཱིў௒ѝѷељ݇њୄ҂ігѺ He lives in a house that looks like a castle.

ѷењ (1)

Adverbial form of ѷе

бѝ݇ў௒ѝѷењাг That house is as spacious as a castle.

ѷењ (2)

In order to / so that

௒њ৥рѺѷењඌణҁ୺те I’ll draw you a map so that you can go to the castle.

ѷењ (3)

Order / Request

ཱིўඌణҁ୺оѷењॳђю He told / asked me to draw a map.

ѷењљѺ

To get to the point of . . .

ཱིўඌణҁ୺рѺѷењљђю He has got to the point of being able to draw a map.

ѷењшѺ

To try / decide to do something”

႕໓̗௒ѭі೷ђѕ৥оѷењшѺ I’m going to try run to the castle every day.

(Lesson 43 / 54)

ཱི kare he; ௒ shiro castle; ৥о iku to go; ݇ ie house; ୄѯ sumu to live; াг hiroi spacious, wide; ඌణ chizu map; ୺о kaku to write, to draw; ॳе iu to say; ႕໓ mainichi every day; ೷Ѻ hashiru to run

190

Lesson 50 不 50 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

These manga examples will help you review relative clauses and give you a clearer idea of the numerous usages of 䜘䛖.

Manga Example 1: A simple relative clause This manga is written in hiragana, in the style of children’s stories, because children can’t read kanji. The sentence should be: ყѝെмљఒўй࿱лшгѕભњьеіш. The relative clause is ყѝെмљ, and it provides information about the noun ఒ. Notice that as we saw earlier in this chapter, the subject particle л is sometimes replaced with ѝ. Therefore, ყлെмљఒ (the man with big eyes) would also be valid. In Japanese the concepts of restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses don’t exist. The sentence ყѝെмљఒўఋ౽я me no ooki-na hito wa shinsetsu da can mean both “the man, who has big eyes, is kind” (non-restrictive) and “the man who has big eyes is kind” (restrictive). In this case, the relative clause is restrictive. Notes: Notice how the sentences й࿱лшгѕгѺ (to be hungry) and ભњьеіш (he looks like he is going to die) are linked by the -te form (lessons 35 and 46). Notice, too, the usage of the suffix for conjecture ̶ьея in ભњьеіш.

Xian Nu Studio

∵∢⇿⇿∂∞ ∦∜∣ℵ⇿∞∀∁ ∎⇼√∌∟−⇽∛∎

Narrator: Ѱѝйймљѡїў̗йљклшгѕцњьеіш eye pop big person top, stomach sp empty die be The man who had big eyes was starving to death.

Relative Clauses

191

Manga Example 2: An “internal” relative clause ྲྀ∣ℵ≼Ⅵ⊌≵⊌ ൉޸∢ద୽࠙∛ ઴∁୒∛ऺ⅙∔ උ∕

Here the relative clause: ӌӒӠӅӠെ޵ѝణ୺ ࠖі઱л୏іषђюdescribes the noun ඈ. It is an “internal” relative clause because the noun ඈ is part of the basic phrase ઱ўӌӒӠӅӠെ޵ѝ ణ୺ࠖі઱л୏іषђю. Note: The subject of the relative clause (in this case ઱) never takesў; it needs л. J.M. Ken Niimura

ȺȺ

кѻ

ягло

їцѶк҂

Ѿюц

чѴе

е

йїт

Zange: ཱིў̗ӌӒӠӅӠെ޵ѝణ୺ࠖі઱л୏іषђюඈя̟̟ he top, München university pop library pp I sp gun ip shoot man be He is the man I shot with a gun in the library of the University of Munich!!

Studio K¯osen

⇿ ∲⇾ ∁ ≽≑ফံ ∟ॠ໘∽ ∌√⇼∼ ⅙√ۡ∣ဋ ⇼√∼ ∑

Manga Example 3: An “external” relative clause Here is an “external” relative clause, meaning the noun about which the information is given is totally independent, not part of a basic hypothetical phrase. Here, the noun is ۞, and the relative clause is йѭзлӍҠনဳњढ़໕ѻцѕгѺ. We mentioned that some nouns require їге when linked to a relative clause where the noun expresses an abstract concept, like thoughts or assertions. ۞ is such a concept, so we will use either їге or the shorter colloquial form ђѕ, as here.

теѪ

кю г

еѾф

м

Sayama: йѭзлӍҠনဳњढ़໕ѻцѕгѺђѕ۞ўဈгѕѺы you sp son-in-law candidate support do say rumor top hear ep I have heard the rumor that you support him as a candidate for son-in-law.

192

Lesson 50 不 50 嶓

Manga Example 4: Two usages of yō ྲྀஃℵ௱ᅋ∶ −∈−∈∛√∂∔ ∹⇽∕∌ℵ‫ݳ‬ᇫ ∶∛∂∼∹⇽ ∟∞⅙∔ Xian Nu Studio

In this manga example we have two different usages of ѷе. In ௮ᅈѱьтьт୙ѕмюѷея, we have ѷея meaning “apparently” (Lesson 43). In ‫ݰ‬ᇨѱімѺѷењљђ ю, we see ѷењљѺ, indicating a gradual change, literally, “She has become able to hold a conversation [after an adaptation period which has taken place gradually and which has already concluded].” Note: цis used to indicate “not only X, but also Y” (Lesson 46).

кѝчѶ

цѶоѷо

кгѾ

Doctor: ཱི஀̗௮ᅈѱьтьтіѕмюѷеяц̗‫ݰ‬ᇨѱімѺѷењљђю she appetite too a little go out apparently besides, conversation too to get to Apparently, she has recovered some of her appetite and, what’s more, she is able to talk now.

Gabriel Luque

⇿࡮ᄹ∟ᆓ⇼ ∈∜∁∔∄∊ ≃⇻∻∲∎∹ ⇽∟∈∈∛ॡ ଗ⅙√∡↢

Manga Example 5: In order to, using yō ni

мѲофѭ

ѷ

Here, ѷењ expresses “so that” or “in order to.” The aim is й࡫ᄶњᆐгтїлюоф҂бѹѭш and the action to be performed to achieve it is ттіफ़ଔђѕ. The phrase ѷењ is placed in the middle, after the clause indicating the aim, to link both clauses and convey the meaning “in order to.” Note: Before ѷењ the verb is usually in the simple form, but since the register here is formal, she has chosen to leave the verb бѹѭш in the -masu form.

Ѯѭѱ

Boss: й࡫ᄶњᆐгтїлюоф҂бѹѭшѷењттіफ़ଔђѕќ̟ Mr. client iop good thing sp many there is so that here pp pay attention ep! Stay here and pay attention in order to make sure the clients have everything they need!

Relative Clauses

193

Manga Example 6: Request, using yō + verb

Xian Nu Studio

⇿ ှ∊≃ℵ ࣞ২∢઩ี෗ ∟ᄧુ≂ ശ∘ ∹ ⇽∟ॶ⅙∔ − ⇽ ∕∡

In this request we see the construction ѷењ + verb for soft requests or orders. The phrase ളѓѷењॳђю is obviously a request. Other possible phrases could have been: ളѓѷењᅓ҂я matsu yō ni tanonda (you asked him to wait) or ളѓѷењ჊ᆨцю! matsu yō ni meirei shita! (you ordered him to wait), etc. Note: The expression ̶ьея here is different to the one in Lesson 43, Manga Example 1 (to give information obtained from another source). Thus, ളѓѷењॳђюь ея literally means “I’ve heard / been told that you have told him to wait.” кб

н҂те

цѕ҂ѐѶе

ѵец

ѭ

г

Man: йျф҂̗ࣛ৥ѝદาුњᄤાҁളѓѷењॳђюьеяќ mom, bank pop branch director iop funds dop wait (request) say looks like be ep Mom, you’ve told the bank manager to wait for the funds, haven’t you?

Manga Example 7: To try to do something, using yō ni suru

ѷењшѺ has the nuance of “try to” or “decide to do something.” The sentence ཱི஀ їᇨшѷењцюг has the connotation of either “I want to try to talk with her” or “I want to have the intention of doing all I possibly can to talk with her.” That is, using ѷе њшѺ is more or less the same as a declaration of intent. Note: тѻкѸ (literally, “from this”) means “from now on,” “after this.”

Studio K¯osen

∈∽∀∺ℵ ྲྀஃ∜ᇫ∎∹⇽∟∌ ∔⇼∞⅔ℿ

кѝчѶ

Naoya:

ўљ

тѻкѸཱི̗஀їᇨшѷењцюгља̹ this from, her cp talk try to want ep . . . From now on, I want to try to talk to her . . .

194

Lesson 50 不 50 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Which is the relative clause in this sentence? “The man who loved Makiko is called Koji.”

Ȥɂȭ

Translate the sentence in question 1. (man ඈ ; ȜȞ

ɘȧȭ

ȭȠȲ

to love ٩ шѺ ; Makiko ఄࡃટ ; Koji ৑໊ )

3

2

Translate: “The motorcycle Akira bought is very ȥ

Ȝȧɣ

fast.” (motorcycle ҽґҜ ; to buy ༘е ; Akira ჋ ; ɉɞ

very їѕѱ ; fast ഍ г ) ȥɦ

Are these sentences correct? Why/why not? ཱི л Ƞ

Ʉȱ

Ȝɘ

Ƞ

༙ђѕгѺ ᅥ л ࠀ гཱི̘ѝ༙ђѕгѺᅥлࠀг̘

4

( ཱི he; ༙Ѻ to sell; ᅥ pear; ࠀг sweet) ȥɦ

5

ɩȞɧ

Translate: ཱི лӑҜңкѸᇪᇍҁѱѸђюїге Ȳȫɭ

ɕɭɂȠ

ૃॄў ႉ๯ ішк ( ཱི he; ᇪᇍ bribe; ѱѸе to

receive; ૃॄ case; ႉ๯ true) In Japanese temples, people write down prayers, ȮȠȥȩ

such as ৸ާ шѺѷењ . What does this sentence

6

mean? ( ৸ާшѺ to pass an exam)

7

Translate: “The customer told the sales clerk to ȧɝȩ

Ȟ

shut up.” (customer й ࡫ ф҂ ; to tell ॳе ; ɀɭȞɭ

Ⱥɘ

sales clerk า‫ ; ں‬to shut up ღ Ѻ ) Translate: “I want to be able to read a book.” ѷ

Ѫ҂

(to read ຠѯ ; book ႉ ) ɘȞɅȻ ɉȻ Ȳȥɭ

9

8

ɇ

Translate: ႕໓ ̗ϩ ોࠑў௷Ѻѷењцѕгѭш̘ ( ႕໓ every day; ોࠑ time; ௷Ѻ to sleep)

Does Japanese distinguish between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses? Explain using an example.

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

−⇽ ∕↢ਕჹ∣ ∂∢⇽ ∔∎

⇿−

੤໖஁∆√∶∺⅙ ∔క∜ ௱૆≂∌∟ ২⅙∔∌ℵ∌⅚∭ ⅙√⇼∼⇽∖∟∜√∶

∊∆

඙∄∞⅙∔≃ ∕↢ −∽∟ℵ∔∄∊≃∢ ଠ≂ ‫⅔∞∕ ≃ہ‬ℿ

∹

⇾ȹȹ↡∝⇽∌√∈∈∟ ⇼∼∢↡݁૎ ∕∾ ⇽↡ ∖⅜⅙∜ ఴ⅙√⇼∼ ∳∔⇼∕∞⅔ℵ⇻∔∌ℿ

∂∺

∍∘

∀∽

√≃⇼≃

⇼⇼⇾ℵ૰∣≈⊆∶⇻∢ี‫∁ڽ‬

∔∘ ∷

॑⇼∕∹ ℶྲྀ∁≩⊄≄∊≃∢ ∜ ≉≾⊃≂ ଖ∾ ⇽∜∌∔∢∛ℵ ∔∎ ≈⊆∣∖⅜⅙∜ ஁∆∹ ⇽∜ ધ⅙∔≃ ∕ℵ−∽∕∆ ℶ⇻ ℵ ≈⊆∣ൣჷ ∕∆ ∝ℿ

̙̙ ૺఇ≂∜∼∢∟∈∢ ี∟໘⅙∔∆ ∝ℵ ∕∵ ∕⅙∔ ∳∔⇼∡ℶ⇻ ℵ ∉∵≃∞∊⇼ℶ ⇻∔∌∢჌಴∣≩⊄≄∛ℵ

∸ ⇽ ∁∔

∌∪∷

஁∆√∶∺⅙√ℶ

∔∎

̙̙ ≗≷≅⊌∀∺ ᅔ∔∢ℶ ⇻ ∻ ∁∜ ⇽∡ℵ

∂∢⇽

੤໖∢ᄨ၏℺୎൫℺ ี≂ ଡ଼∔≩⊄≄∣ℿ

ȹ

⇼⇼∹↢∍⅚ℵ ⇻ ∌∔

∲ ∔ ჎໖

‫∟୻ڲ‬௱૆∛∶ ∝⇽↡

⇼⅙∌⅜

∖⅜⅙∜ ૎ࠔ∁ ⇻∼↡∈∢ࣛ∄ ∟⇻∼⇿⇼∌⇼ ⊆≗≥⊃⊌≂ ඎ⅙√⇼∼ℶ

჎໖∢ჹ∛ ∝⇽↡

⇻ ∌∔

ਕ໖∣ ∕∵ ∕ℶ ૎ࠔ∁∞⇼ℶ

∂⅜⇽

∉∵≃ℵ

૥૎∟∈∈∛ ‫↡∀⇽ ⇿ݳ‬

⇻∌∔↡⇼⇼∹ ℶ

ȺȺ

⇻ ∌∔

∲∔჎໖↢

∂⅜⇽

∊≃ ∱

ਕ໖∢෉∜ গছℵ≩⊄≄∣ ५ࡀ∟ૺఇ≂∜⅙∔∻ ℵ આဴ≂∌∔∻∌∔ℶ

५ࡀℵ५ࡀ↢ ∔∘ ∷

ൣჷ∣↡

ჹ∢૥૎ℿ

≈⊆∶५ࡀ ∕∹ ℶ ∍⅚ℵ২∈⇽∀↡

∈≃ ∤≃∣ℵ ≩⊄≄∖⅚≃↢ ५ࡀ Ⱥɘ

⇻ ≃∞⇼

∉ ‫∎ ∲∌ ຼڌ‬ℶ

ໍక∛∎ℶ

݁჌∊∲ ∛∎∀↡ ∟ ∯≃ ∌⅛

∡∁

໖ႌଠ≂ ⇿ ࠨ⇼ ∌∲ ∎ ℶ

⇿ ‫ ∳ہ‬࿼∣ ݁∟∌∲ ∎∀↡

∈∖∺∛∎ℶ

∟ ∯≃∌⅛

໖ ႌ ଠ∛∎∡ℶ ∎ ∅્⅙√ ∂ ∲ ∎ℶ

∔∘ ∷

∎

∌

∌

⇿ ∎∎∵∀ℿଥચ∁হ ∎

∂∞∢↡≈⊆∣ଥચ∁⇻ ∲∻ হ∂∍⅚∞⇼∆∝ℵ ≩⊄≄∖⅚≃∁হ∂∞ ȹȹȹ ∎ ∌ ଥચ∣∝∽↡

݁∛∶⇼⇼≃ ∕∆ ∻ ⅜⇽ ∻

∝ℿൣჷ∢⇿ ∎∎ ∵∢ ᆋ ᅩ∣݁↡

݁≂ ௱∭∼↡

∂∺

⇾↡≗≷≅⊌క∢ ∄∐∟≥≻≥∁ ॑⇼∞∢↡⇽− ≬≬≬≬↢

∻ ⅜⇽ ∻

⇼⇼∹ ℶ≥≻≥∁໘ ⅙√⇼∼ ᆋ ᅩ∣∞⇼∹ ∂∺

∡↡⇻∔∌∣≥≻≥ ∁ ॑⇼∕∆ ∝ℿ

∷

∷

∍⅚ℵ−∽∟∌∹ ⇽ ℶ ∃ ⅜⇽ ∋

∳

− ∌∼

−∽∜ℵர∂−∤ℵர∂ෙℵ ∖⅛⇽ ∶≃

ṑઢℵ⇽ ∝≃∜ Ⴑಽ୍≂ ත ည∌∹ ⇽∀↡ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∎

∌

⇾↡໖ႌక∞ ∢∟ଥચ∁হ∂ ∍⅚∞⇼∢↡ ⇻∔∌∣∌⅚∆∜ √⅙ ∀ ∲

∀ℵ∲ ∅∾∜∀ℵ ะ‫∁∀∜∂ߪݒ‬ হ∂ ∕∹ ℶ

ѡѡ ѡ ѡ ѡ̢ ѡѡ

ȺȺȹ

∍∘

∪ ∖⅜⇽

∜∝

૰∣গছ∟≩⊄≄∊≃∢ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

≄ ȹȹȹ≂ ໖ႌ∬೻⅙√⇼∞⇼ⅎ∜ ୽⇼√ ⇻ ∻ ∲ ∎ℶ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

࿨ ȹȹȹȹ ෗ ∊≃∀∺≲⅞Ⅳ≍≗∁ຩ∂∲ ∌ȹ∔ℶ−∢≲⅞Ⅳ≍≗∟⅍≩⊄≄∢೻⅙ ∔ૺఇ∣ ⇻ȹ∲∻∹∄∞∄√ℵ∈∢∹ ⇿∶∌∾ ⇽∞ ლ༪∄∞⇼ૺఇ≂∜∼∔∵∟≩⊄

∌∪∷

୎൫∢⊆ ≗≥⊃⊌ ∕∹ ℶ݁

∈≃ ∤≃∣ℵ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ ∔∟ ∴∺ ൫ഞ∛∎ℶ≩⊄≄ ∊≃ℵਕȹ∝∈∟⇼ ∲ ∎∀↡ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∶∌∶∌↡ ≩⊄≄∛∎∆ ∝ℿ

∀⅙√

∌≃∐∘

ଠ≂ ‫ ∺∁ ∞∳ہ‬ℵఎಀ

∊∆

∯⇽ ∁⇼⇼∀∶∡↢ ȹ ⇼−∁ ∉∵≃ℵਕၫ∌⇼∹ ℶ

ഠ∢క≂ ೻⅙∔

∯∀

ლ༪∄∞⇼⅙√

⇿∶∌∾

−⇽↡ ⇻∔∌∢ૺఇ∣

∤ ⇻⇼

⇿ ଠ≂ ‫∼⇼∛≃ہ‬௖৻ ∍⅚∞⇼∜ ધ⇼∲ ∎∁ℿ

∊∆

⊆≗≥⊃⊌∛∢≃∂∟

⇻∔∌∣஋ଘ∟ ∎∼ ∍⅚∡ ȺȺȹ

∞క∜ᇫ∌√⇼∼∀∺↢

‫ہ‬Ѵин̡

ȺȺȺȹ

Ⱥɘȹ

Ⱥɘȹ

⊃≳≸≣⊅↡ ২∀∞⇼∹↢ ⇻ ȹȹȹ∔∌ℵ ࠾∼ ȹȹȹȹȹ ȺȺ ∡ȹȹℵ≩⊄≄ℶ∈∢ࣛ ∄∟⇼⇼⊃ ≳≸≣⊅∁⇻ ∼ ȹȹȹȹ∆ ∝ℵ২∈⇽∀↡ ȹ

Review for Lessons 46–50 Answers to all the review exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7.

KAGE – New vocabulary ௼цг൮ট йь

ඖг

slow / late

ѝ҂мљ

carefree

еь

lie

ӖӃӈҳӘ

love hotel

ഝѝ

other

ஈକњшѺ

to do as one pleases, to do what one likes

1. According to what you have read in the fourth episode of Kage, what is the name of the young man who helped Nuria the day before? What does he suggest they do when they leave the manga store? Once they finally have a date, what does he suggest after leaving the restaurant? 2. Nuria had gone into a store to do something. What? 3. What do Nuria and her companion end up ordering at the restaurant? 4. What food doesn’t the young man like? How about Nuria? 5. Why do they both laugh when they find out what food the other doesn’t like? 6. Mina calls Nuria to give her a message. Who is the message from, and what is its approximate content? 7. What does ѝњ indicate in the following sentences? a) ૷ఄҁїѺѝњтѝาњ໕ђю! шц

b) ໓ႉఒљѝњଢગлশмчѲљг!

8. In this episode of Kage, there are two sentences with conjuctions that have a similar meaning to the two examples of ѝњ in question 7, above. Find them. a)

.

b)

.

202

Review for Lessons 46–50

9. Translate into English the following sentences from the text of Kage. йь

a) цѲѨђѕгѺеѐњїѕѱඖољђю̘ . кѻ

ї

юш

b) ཱིлҹӗҏѝҘӎӖҁଓѼеїцюѝі̗җәў୾рѷеїતђю̘ . ф҂Ѭ

c) ҹӗҏў२࠽њ૷ఄҁїђюѹ̗ઃေҁцюѹцю̘ . d) ҹӗҏѝ೸ђю૷ఄўбѭѹѷољг̘ . Ѫк

e) ഝѝఒҁ೸ђю၌лггкѱќ̟ . 10. Why do we find the particle ѝ in the sentence ҹӗҏѝ೸ђю૷ఄўбѭѹѷ ољг ? Could we use the particle ў instead? How about the particle л ? 11. In this episode of the manga we see several sentences ending in рј or in л , such юѓ ѳ

мѸ

фр

as б̗җәўൠჴярј̹ or бюцўҵӋҵлॎгярј̹ or йଝҁ џбг

‫ھ‬҂ігѺ௓৸чѲљгїતгѭшл̹ What is the meaning of these рј or л at the end of the sentences? 12. Place each word from the box on the facing page into the correct place in the chart, according to its category. Utensils Herbs and spices Fruit Vegetables

гѐу

Review for Lessons 46–50

203

Meat Fish Drinks

гѐу

ш

теѐѲ

ఢ

৙ච

нѴењо

ӜґӠ

ࢆ ໐

ҵӋҵ

кг

њ҂ч҂

їѹњо

Қғґ

‫ފ‬

фоѸ҂ѫ Ҧҳ̱Қ ҥӒ̱Ҧ

ѥюњо

ѐѲѾ҂

ັ໐

චᇷ

кѓй

Ѣ҂

њ҂њо

Ӏ̱Ә

ऱ໐

ҷґӂ љш

кѓй

ప

ҘӂҔҗә

‫ܗ‬

љѨ

ҼӍ

๦

Ҡ̱ҿ̱

ўц

фѸ

җәӠҥ

ҽҷҷ

й༷

й੻

ӂҖ̱Ҝ

њѸ

໓ႉଝ

ҝӖҦ

ют

гк

ѭпѼ

љц

Ҫ̱Ҩ̱ҥ

цй

ѱѱ

њѪ҂цѴ

чѲлгѱ ҚӐӆұ

ѡѓчњо

бѥѸ

ᄼ ໐

Ѯк҂

гѾц ҞҮӐҰӄ

ᄈ

13. Link each Japanese dish with its corresponding description. ў҂

нѴењо

й

ѳмњо

a) уསѝௌњࢆ໐ҁඓгюѱѝ ў҂

ѳфг

1) ஭໐

гю

нѴеј҂

b) уསњჹ੉ҁ໕ѻѕ̗៛Ѱюѱѝ ў҂

љѭ

2) ࢆ ሪ

њн

c) уསѝௌњ౛ѝ࢔ҁ‫ٱ‬ђюѱѝ њо

3) ะѦѸ

ѳ

йѳ т ј҂

d) ໐ҁ஭гюѱѝ ў҂

їѹњо

4) ఋટሪ юѭу

й

шц

e) уསѝௌњऱ໐їᅚҁඓгюѱѝ ѳфг

бѥѸ

5) ଢગ

б

f) ჹ੉ѳ࢔ҁюоф҂ѝᄈіᄱсюѱѝ

6) ҮӐ̱ҼӠ

14. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable word from the box at the end of the exercise. ѐѲ

a) йචл

бѭ

ѝі̗ࠀгйкцѱ௮ѨѭцѶе̘ гђцѶ

b) ୆໊ોњљѹѭцю̘

ҁ‫୸گ‬њ௮ѨѭцѶек̞

204

Review for Lessons 46–50 кѸ

c) ઱ўఎгѱѝўяѰљѝі̗шцҁ

љцњцѕояфг̘

ў҂

d) уསҁ௮ѨѺಱњ̧̧̧̗

іକҁмѻгњцѕояфг̘

e) ѱѐў

кѸ੝ѹѭш̘

f) ໓ႉఒў༧г

ҁѷо௮Ѩѭш̘

g) ӕ̱ҝӘҵў

кѸ੝ѹѭш̘

h) ӜґӠў

кѸ੝Ѻ‫ھ‬Ѯ࿹іш̘ ф҂Ѭ

i) ୴гѝ̞чѲ̗бѝาі

ҁ༘ђѕ̗ઃေцљлѸ௮Ѩѷе̟

j) ඣਂఒўҷґӂїӂҖ̱ҜҁકѾљгѷ̘

ѥје

ў҂

ўц

тѰ

ඨуས

й༷

ပ

ѾфѢ

ࣣг

нѴењѴе

ў҂

ࢆ ໔

уས

ҁકеѷ̘

ҏґҦҜӗ̱Ӎ

њл

йцѫѹ

15. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. a) ໓ႉఒўгѓѱϢϣોуѼњ ȻɟȠȱɡȩ

ѐѶецѶо

ҁ௮Ѩѭш̘

ѵецѶо

! 1. ඨ௮̖2. ෆ௮̖3. ᄥ௮̖4. йѳѓ b) јѸѳмў

௮Ѩ࿹я̘ цй к

бѭ

њл

! 1. шђѠг̖2. ‫ܗ‬ఎг̖3. ࠀг̖4. ࣣг c) ҘӂҔҗәў

ї

ѝ‫ھ‬Ѯ࿹іш̘

њ Ѫ҂цѴ

! 1. ప̖2. ໓ႉଝ̖3. Ӏ̱Ә̖4. Ҡ̱ҿ̱ нѴењѴе

ѭђѐѲ

! 1. ҥӒ̱Ҧ̖2. ࢆ໔̖3. ӜґӠ̖4. Ⴂච бч

d) әӏӠѝႮў

іш̘ цй к

бѭ

њл

! 1. шђѠг̖2. ‫ܗ‬ఎг̖3. ࠀг̖4. ࣣг мѝе

гђт

e) ੡໓ў

м

љ

ҁ‫ॷگ‬౽ђюѝі̗юоф҂ࡼмѭцю̘ юѭ

! 1. мѴеѹ̖2. Қғґ̖3. ࣃќн̖4. ѹ҂у цѶе ѵ

f) ெ ᄈў ѳ фг

іш̘ ѐѶе Ѯ ѹѶе

мп

! 1. ჹ੉̖2. ාႮᆈ̖3. ‫ھ‬Ѯ࿹̖4. ࠪࣨ

205

Review for Lessons 46–50

16. Form nouns using the adjectives from the box below and place them in the most suitable sentence. кѝчѶ

кй

a) ཱི஀ѝࠤѝ

ўӄәҬӊӘҳѝӏҴӘѝѷея̘

ѧѳ

м

b) ࿥‫ܯ‬ѝ

ҁѮѕкѸ̗͋ттњшѮюг͌їऽѰю̘

Ѿюц

фђѬѼ

ягмѸ

c) ઱ўҬґఒякѸ̗ੲႇѝ๘ѝ

лെॎгіш̘

ɉȱ

d) ӉӃў೷ђюѹ̗ҢҰҘ̱ҁѳђюѹшѺ̘бѝఒѝ

ўъугќ̟ югѧ҂

цуї

ўч

ѭз

ɩ

e) тѝെ ဠљ઒ ૃҁજ ѰѺಱњ̗઒ૃѝ

л࿻ к

ђѕѪцгіш̘ f) тѝ୺ᆧѝ цѶѺг

ҁѾшѻљгіояф

ѭѱ

г̟୺ᆧҁଔђѕояфг̟ бк

ȹȞȵȾ

Ȭɭȧ

჋Ѻг

െ౽љ

२࠽љ

еѓо

ྑцг

фѯ

мр҂

ߣг

ࠨ।љ

17. This conversation is out of order. Rewrite it in the correct order. шш

ѹѶе ѹ

1) чѲ̗йߦѰᆈᅦўܾішк̞ ѳ

2) шм஭мішк̞ггішќ̟ьѻҁояфг̟ шц

шш

3) ਒໓ѝଢગўїѕѱйгцгішѷ̘йߦѰцѭш̟ шц

ѳ

шш

4) ьеішк̞чѲ̗ଢગіўљоѕ̗шм஭мҁйߦѰцѭш̘ зг у

ъѓѰг

5) уѰ҂љфг̗ ۲টѝӎҸӒ̱лбѹѭъ҂̘цкц̗ ઱ўಅ჋імѭш̘ ѫо

љѭ

6) цкц̗ၺюѐў౛ѝ࢔ҁ௮ѨѸѻљг҂ішѷ̘ Ѱгфѭ

7) гѸђцѲгѭъ̟ܾ჉ᄶішк̞ зг у

8) Ϥఒішл̗۲টѝӎҸӒ̱ўбѹѭшк̞ ѕ҂г҂

า‫ں‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ѕ҂г҂

า‫ں‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;!

206

Review for Lessons 46–50

ѕ҂г҂

า‫ں‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ѕ҂г҂

า‫ں‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! 18. Complete the following dialogue held at a restaurant.

Waiter: гѸђцѲгѭъ̘ ѵелю

Client: т҂њѐў̘ᄥ၌ѝϩોљѝі̗(1)

ҁ௮Ѩюгіш̘

ягчѶе ѥ

Waiter: െ ் ࿈ішѷ̘(2)

ішк̞

Client: ‫گ‬ఒіш̘ м

Waiter: чѲ̗ тѐѸіш̘(3) шц

ўйऽѭѹњљѹѭцюк̞

ќл

Client: ўг̗ଢગҁйࠥгцѭш̘ шц

Waiter: ј҂љଢગішк̞ ѭ

щц

Client: ўг̗ьѐѸњбѺѭпѼѝߧмଢગҁϣѓояфг̘ щц

Waiter: ѭпѼѝߧмଢગішк̞б̗(4)

ішќ̟

Client: ьеіш̘ঘў̗зѢѳцѲрѝ (5) ў҂

њн

ҁояфг̘

шц

Waiter: уསѝௌњ࢔ҁ‫ٱ‬Ѻଢગѝтїішќ̞ кѸ

Client: ўг̗ьеіш̘цкц̗઱ўఎг௮Ѩ࿹лশмчѲљг҂ішѷ̘ ћ

Waiter: чѲ̗(6)

ཇмњцѭшк̞ тѰ

ѵеѰг

Client: ўг̘бї̗ပкѸ੝Ѻ໓ႉѝᄖ჉љ‫ھ‬Ѯ࿹ѱ‫ھ‬҂іѮюгіш̘

Review for Lessons 46–50

Waiter: б̗)8*

ішќ̟໣гѝї)9* Client: чѲ̗๘якѸ̗(9)

207

ѝлбѹѭшл/// бюю њцѭш̘ഭҁܸѰљмѲќ̟ кѸя

̖ͫͫͫ੽୆࿻ঘ̖ͫͫͫ ќл

Client: б̗їѕѱйгцкђюіш̟ (10)

ҁйࠥгцѭш̘

Waiter: јеѱбѹлїеухгѭцю̘Ϣϣϥϡ‫܀‬іш̘ Client: ўг̗јеэ̘(goes out) (11)

̟

Waiter: бѹлїеухгѭцю̟ 19. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable expression from the box below. бь

a) тѝ઒ૃлଳѾђю

юоф҂ᄠѫеќ̟

йь

b) ਒໓ўඖоѭі઒ૃҁцљрѻџљѸљг

̗৥рљгѷ̘ кѝчѶ

c) бѝఒўкђтгг

ы҂ы҂

ཱི̗஀лವ಴імљг̘ ѡ чѶе

d) ଁҁ༘е

྆௖њл҂џђѕгѭш̘

ййфк

ш

ѳ

e) ઱ўെ੔њୄ҂ігю

̗ѷоют஭мҁ௮Ѩњ৥ђю̘ мѸ

f) ઱ў஖໤ӋӠҙўশмя

̗஖஀ӋӠҙўॎгя̘ ѹѶте

g) ౛мѕгѺ

оъњ

̗юоф҂ѝਂѧᆀ৥шѺѓѱѹіш̘

кѸ

юѰњ

ો

еѐњ

ঘі

рј

20. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable expression from the box below. ф҂Ѭ

Ѥ

a) оь̟઀ѧઃေҁцњ৥мюкђю ййфк

̗‫ی‬лৰђѕгѺ̟

ш

ѹѶе ѹ

b) െ੔њୄ҂ігѺ

̗гѼгѼљᆈᅦҁ௮Ѩюгља̟

c) ಋ౛ўҽҘљ޵౛њ໓ႉটҁࢬз

їцѕгѺ̘кѾгье ...

d) бѝҽҘљ޵౛њ໓ႉটҁࢬз

̗яѰяїતеѷ̘ бм ў џѸ

e) ௼цгҾҪҠӠҁ༘гюг

̗ଲᄾ३ѭі฾ଁі৥мѭцю̘ ўѸ

f) ҾҪҠӠҁ༘е

̗ҜәҥҰҵҘ̱Ҷі࿶зѺкјек

ဈгѕќ̘ ѝі

ѝњ

ಱњ

ѷе

ࠑ

ѕѱ

208

Review for Lessons 46–50

21. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable expression from the box below. a) െ޵ѧ໕Ѻ

̗шуоဨࢦцѭцю̘ яѻ

b) ӌӈѐѲ҂лᅑю

̗Ҿ̱ҳҐ̱њ൬ѱᅑѕгѭъ҂іцю̘ ц р҂

c) ჋໓ўെ޵ѧ৥ђю

ѷ̘઻०лбѺ҂якѸ ...

ц р҂

d) ઻०лбѺ

̗െ޵ѧ৥мѭцю̘ рђт҂

e) ઱ў଎г кѝчѶ

ीਖцюгїતгѭш̘ рђт҂

кѝчѶ

f) ઱ўཱི஀їीਖцюкђю

гѳ

ཱི̗஀ў͋ॎя͌їॳђю̘

ф҂Ѭ

g) ঔঘњ̗йчгф҂їઃေҁц

ѷе

၌лгг

ѝі

їતгѭш̘

рѻј

юѰњ

ો

еѐњ

22. Link these sentence fragments so they form full valid sentences. ȥɈȲɡ

ȫȽȭɭ

a) ཱི஀ўीਖцюољгѝі̗ ȥɦ

b) ཱིў໓ႉটѝಋ౛ѝоъњ̗ ɤɡȠ ɤ

c) йгцгᆈᅦҁ੝Ѻѝњ̗ ȥɈȲɡ

ȫȽȭɭ

ȥɈȲɡ

1) ཱི஀їюоф҂ѝટјѱҁ੝ѹюг̟ ɕȠ

2) бмѸѰю၌лггѷ̘ 3) ߼ેлຠѰљгѷ̘ ȰȞɤɡȠ

ɌȾɢȠ

d) ઱ўཱི஀їीਖцѕгѺеѐњ̗4) гг੏ᆈлྜྷᅀіш ɚȴȥ

i)

тѝ່цгႉҁຠѯಱњ ɖȩ

ii) ၺў໓ႉѧ৥мюгрј̗ ȢȞ Ȧ

iii) тѝۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़Ѻѝњ̗ ȢȞ Ȧ

ȹɭ Ȯ

Ȥɖ

a) юоф҂ѝ൮টҁޭзѕояфг b) ܾѱ࿻кѸљкђюѷ ɌȾɢȠ

c) ϵЇϵӄә̱ӑ̱лྜྷᅀяѷ ȭȠȩȠȫɭ

iv) тѝۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़юѝњ̗

d) ৣ࣬ॉѝюѰѝйࣙлљг

1) гоѸဨࢦцѕѱ̗

i) Ҿ̱ҳҐ̱ҁѳѼеїતеѷ̟

ȥɦ

2) ཱིўܾѱဨࢦцљкђюоъњ̗ii) юоф҂ဨࢦцљмѲљѸљг ɂȠȧɡȠ

3) ๥ ࢗ െ޵ѧ໕ѹюгѝі̗ ɂȠȧɡȠ

4) ๥ ࢗ െ޵њ໕ђюঘі̗

ɂȠȧɡȠ

iii) ๥ ࢗ െ޵њ໕ѻљгѷ ɂȠȧɡȠ

iv) ๥ ࢗ െ޵ѧ໕ѻюѷ

Review for Lessons 46–50

209

23. As shown in the example, make only one sentence from the two provided, applying what you have learned in Lesson 50. кѾпѐ

кѾпѐ

ўюѸ

a) ಑রಋ౛ўїѕѱѳфцгіш̴̖̖಑রಋ౛ўെ޵іຆгѕгѺ ўюѸ

кѾпѐ

െ޵іຆгѕгѺ಑রಋ౛ўїѕѱѳфцгіш̘ оѼ

ќ

b) бѝॗўਆгіш̴̖̖бѝॗўгѓѱ௷ѕгѺ

̘ їѱяѐ

бюѭ

їѱяѐ

рђт҂

c) ᄐൠўїѕѱ຃лггіш̴̖̖ᄐൠлीਖцю

̘ тѼ

d) ӑҜңўఒҁੳцю̴̖̖ӑҜңў೷ђѕгю!

̘ ѓѭ

бг

ѓѭ

ѹѶе ѹ

e) ઱ўਹҁ٩цѕгѺ̴̖̖ਹўгѓѱйгцгᆈᅦҁ੝ђѕоѻѺ

̘ ѓѭ

f) ਹўะѦѸҁ੝ђю̴̖̖ะѦѸўїѕѱйгцкђю

̘ їѱяѐ

цѶеъѓ

цѶеъѓ

g) ᄐൠўகಅҁ୺гю̴̖̖கಅўйѱцѼкђю

̘ 24. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. ч ѕ҂цѲ

a) ઱ўชњьѝ૖ืଁҁ

ч ѕ҂цѲ

ѝі̗਒ьѝ૖ืଁў઱ѝяѷ̟

1. ѱѸђю̖2. бсю̖3. оѻю̖4. ояфђю цѲѐѶе

ч ѕ҂цѲ

b) ઱ў૽ුњьѝ૖ืଁҁ

ч ѕ҂цѲ

ѝі̗਒ьѝ૖ืଁў઱ѝяѷ̟

! 1. ѱѸгю̖2. бсю̖3. оѻю̖4. гюягю ч ѕ҂цѲ

c) ઱ўชњьѝ૖ืଁҁ

ч ѕ҂цѲ

ѝі̗਒ьѝ૖ืଁўชѝяѷ̟

! 1. ѱѸђю̖2. ѳђю̖3. оѻю̖4. ояфђю ч ѕ҂цѲ

d) ชў઱њьѝ૖ืଁҁ

ч ѕ҂цѲ

ѝі̗਒ьѝ૖ืଁў઱ѝяѷ̟

! 1. ояфђю̖2. ѳђю̖3. оѻю̖4. гюягю

210

Review for Lessons 46–50 їѱяѐ

хђц

Ѫ

e) ઱ўᄐൠњੵ઼ҁ

ѝњ̗͋ᅈцољгѷ͌

їѱяѐ

їᄐൠлॳђю̘ ! 1. фцбсю̖2. оѻю̖3. бсю̖4. ѱѸђю цѲѐѶе

йт

f) ૽ුўӋӋњ௼цгଁҁ༘ђѕ

̘јецѕҾҾў๕

ђѕгѺѝ̞ ! 1. бсю̖2. ояфђю̖3. ѱѸђю̖4. ѳђю ѳѭѱї

ў҂

g) ઀ႉо҂ўॗњуསҁ

̘

! 1. оѻю̖2. ѱѸђю̖3. фцбсю̖4. ѳђю h) ҞґҠф҂ў௼цгҟ̱Ӎҁ

ѷ̟шуоеѻцгі

ш̟ ! 1. оѻѭцю̖2. бсѭцю̖3. ѳѹѭцю̖4. гюямѭцю i) ಋ౛̗჋໓ѝҾ̱ҳҐ̱њᅑѕ

к̞

! 1. ояфѺ̖2. гюярѭш̖3. ѳѻѭш̖4. бсѭш 25. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. бйѳѭ

цщ

a) ਒໓̗౧઀ф҂ѝॗў౨кѝњ̗ҘӖҦлеѺфгќ̘ ѡѓѷе

b) ଁҁ༘еюѰњїѕѱѝйࣙлྜྷᅀішќ̘ мѝе

ье ч

c) ੡໓̗઱ўҕӗҠф҂ѝ݇ѧೞஅҁцњ৥ђѕоѻѭцю̘ йѳ т ј҂

d) йျф҂ў੝ђюఋટሪўѭщкђю̘ ў҂

e) уསҁ௮ѨѺঘі̗༘г࿹ҁцњ৥мѭцѶе̘ јѼѫе

з

ћш

f) бѝพၭўәӠӃӖӠҵѝ‫ޅ‬ҁ๩ѮѷеїцѕгѺэ̟ 26. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. зг л

зг л

a) ۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़њ৥мѭцѶек̞

̗ј҂љۨ‫ݧ‬лफ़югѝ̞

! 1. ьѻњ̖2. їтѼі̖3. љѝњ̖4. їтѼў цѲѐѶе

b) ૽ ු

йࣙҁюоф҂ояфгѭцюѷ̗࿔

! 1. ў̴њ̖2. кѸ̴ў̖3. њ̴ў̖4. ў̴кѸ

̘

Review for Lessons 46–50

c) ќ̗ќ̟ะѦѸѝ

211

ҁࢬзѕояфг̟

! 1. ੝ѹ၌̖2. ੝Ѻ၌̖3. ੝Ѹ၌̖4. ੝ђю၌ кѝчѶ

ѡ чѶе

d) ཱི஀ўെ޵ѧ৥рѺ

̗྆௖њл҂џѹѭцю̘

! 1. рѻј̖2. ѷењ̖3. ѝі̖4. ђѕѱ бѥ

e) бѝ݇ѧ

၌лггѷ̘ࠨљгॗлгѺкѸ̟

! 1. ໕Ѻ̖2. ໕ђю̖3. ໕Ѹљг̖4. ໕ђѕ f) ҾҵӗҰҜо҂ў߼ેлຠѰѺ

̗୺рљг̘

! 1. рј̖2. ѝі̖3. ѕѱ̖4. юѰњ ѧѳ

ье ч

Ѱгѻг

g) йျф҂ўชњ࿥‫ܯ‬ѝೞஅҁ

ѷењ჊ᆨцю̘

! 1. цѕ̖2. цѼ̖3. цю̖4. шѺ ѝ

ɉɞ

h) җәўଁњ௏Ѻ

̗гѓѱ഍о೷Ѻы̟

! 1. ѕѱ̖2. ો̖3. рѻјѱ̖4. ѷењ ѻ҂цѴеѱ҂яг

i) ਒̗тѝႉҁ੝Ѻ

к҂л

̗юоф҂ѝᇄ ଵ ჯ൉ҁ৞зѕгѺ̘

ѓк

ཻѻѺы̟ ! 1. оъњ̖2. ѷе̖3. юѰњ̖4. кѸ љк

j) бѝఒўгоѸ

ѧ

̗гѓѱ͋й࿱л७ђюѷ͌їॳђѕгѺ̘

! 1. ௮Ѩю̖2. ௮ѨѺѝі̖3. ௮Ѩѕѱ̖4. ௮ѨѺюѰњ з

ћш

k) ҏҚӖо҂ўәӠӃӖӠҵѝ‫ޅ‬ҁ๩ѰѺ

̘

! 1. ѷењљђю̖2. ѷењцю̖3. ѷеїшѺ̖4. ѷеїતе кѻ

l) ཱིў໓ႉఒ

̗߼ેл୺рљг̘

! 1. оъњ̖2. њоъњ̖3. лоъњ̖4. ѝоъњ мѝе

ѹѶе ѹ

m) ੡໓ўґӠҶᆈᅦѝәҦҵӖӠѧ৥ђю̘

ҘӖҗҞѧѱ৥ђю̘ ! 1. ьѻљѝњ̖2. якѸ̖3. ьѻкѸ̖4. ьѻіў

̗

212

Review for Lessons 46–50

Kanji

໐චႮསᆈᅦຉૈൄࣛܺ )282*

)283*

)284*

)285*

)334*

)335*

)294*

)297*

)317*

)296*

)368*

ۨ‫ݧ‬႕ାᄴᄥුਆ௬ບળ )2:9*

)355*

)2:3*

)2:4*

)2:5*

)2:6*

)312*

)2::*

)311*

)298*

)36:*

27. Link each kanji with its most common reading.

ܺ

гѼ

ਆг

бч

໐

йї

Ⴎ

ѐѲ

ା

ў҂

ච

љлг

ࣛ

цѴе

ᄥ

оѼг

௬

н҂

ුг

ѵе

ས

њо

ૈ

ѕѸ

28. Choose the correct kanji or kanji combination for each reading. a) ઱ўѭгцѴе̗н҂теѝїљѹњбѺาњйѐѲҁ‫ھ‬Ѯњ৥мѭш̘

! ѭгцѴе̜1. ႕ା̖2. ႕ृ̖3. ႕໓̖4. ႕໤ ! н҂те̜1. ࣙ৥̖2. ས৥̖3. ࣛ৥̖4. ௮৥ ! йѐѲ̜1. йᄧ̖2. й੾̖3. йච̖4. йပ їѱяѐ

b) ჋໓ўᄐൠїെ޵ѝцѶојеіѹѶеѹҁцѭш̘

! цѶоје̜1. ௮ຉ̖2. ‫ھ‬ຉ̖3. ࣛຉ̖4. སຉ ! ѹѶеѹ̜1. ࿹ᅦ̖2. ᆈᅦ̖3. ௹ᅦ̖4. ඌᅦ мѶе ї

ѧгб҂

ч҂чѲ

c) ࢗ ํњўဎ‫څ‬чягѝмѻгљఅ૽їѕѸлюоф҂бѹѭш̘

! чяг̜1. ૈൄ̖2. ોൄ̖3. ૊ൄ̖4. ૅൄ ! ѕѸ̜1. ള̖2. ો̖3. ૅ̖4. ૈ

Review for Lessons 46–50

213

кѻ

d) бѝ၌ўгѓѱлкҁଔђѕгѺཱི̘ѸѝѮкюяьеішѷ̘

! лк̜1. ‫̖݇ݧ‬2. ۨ‫̖ݧ‬3. ‫ູ̖ݧ‬4. ‫ݧ‬໐ ! Ѯкю̜1. Ⴎ၌̖2. फ़၌̖3. Ⴏ၌̖4. ᇧ၌ 29. Choose the correct reading for each kanji combination. a) ृᄴ໓њ༧ਆ૷ఄѝႉҁെ޵ѝ௮ຉіफ़ѭцю̘

! ृᄴ໓̜1. сѓѷѢ̖2. сѓѵеѢ̖3. сѓѷеѢ̖4. сѓѵѢ ! ༧ਆ̜1. ўото̖2. цѼоѼ̖3. ўоуо̖4. цѼпѼ ! ௮ຉ̜1. цѶоїе̖2. цѶоје̖3. цѶђје̖4. цѶђїе мѝе

b) ੡໓̗઱ў૽ුл‫څ‬гས‫ܯ‬њ໕Ѻѝҁफ़ѭцю̘

! ૽ු̜1. цѲѐѶ̖2. цѲљл̖3. цѲѐѶе̖4. чѲљл ! ས‫̜ܯ‬1. ў҂ѳ̖2. ў҂чѶе̖3. ѰцчѶе̖4. Ѱцѳ љ

c) Ҭґఒў໓ႉটѝျܺѝགܺњ߲ѻѕгљгѮюг̘

! ျ̜ܺ1. ѫг҂̖2. ѫй҂̖3. ўўйї̖4. ѫйї ! ག̜ܺ1. ўѓг҂̖2. ўѓй҂̖3. ўѓйї̖4. ўђй҂ 30. Write the kanji for the given furigana. ѷе

зг

кѝчѶ

a) ๓!

л

໓ўཱི஀ї

ҁफ़њ৥мѭш̘

гѼ

оѼ

b) йઝф҂ў

ђѬоѕ̗

ѵе лю

љл

c) ਒໓ѝ теѨ

њ

d) అঀѝ кѝчѶ

їо

ў ѭг њѐ

e) ཱི஀ў

лѮ

ҁ୺оѓѱѹіш̘ Ѯљ

њйгцгї‫ބ‬ўॳе̘ њл

̗ࣣгй

н҂те

f)

ѕ

г

њо

г࿯ҁජѕгѭш̘

ѐѲ

ҁ‫ھ‬Ѯѭш̘

ў҂

ѝඣіу

ҁ௮Ѩѕўгрљгішк̞

Lesson 51

•

ᇹ 51 ᛢ

Unexpected Events and Accidents In this lesson we will learn how to face theft, accidents and sickness along with a lot of useful new vocabulary.

The role of the police Japan is very safe and the possibilities of being robbed or attacked are slim. The role of the Japanese police tends to be watching traffic, taking care of lost children or objects, giving directions, etc. Each neighborhood has a থཀྵ! kōban, a mini-police station with only two or three policemen, who see to the safety in the neighborhood. If you ever get lost, go to the closest থཀྵ: there they will kindly and diligently help you find your way. Ѯѐ

ѭѐ

• ттўܾїге෉ішк̞ What is this city called? (Lesson 41) чѴецѶ

зм

г

Ѯѐ

bag

йц

• ๥ ࢗҬӜ̱њ৥ мюг҂ішл I’d like to go to Tokyo Tower (Lessons 37 and 40) тез҂

бѺ

ҽҰҝ ȧɭȧɟȠ

emergency

࣒ ࡷ

injured person рлఒ injury

рл

pickpocket

Ҧӗ

police

г

• ൄ̮ქফ‫܁‬ѭіေгѕ৥рѭшк̞ Can I walk to Yoyogi park?

म੮߬ Ɇȳ

to rob

๩ѯ ɃɧɖȠ

thief

พၭ

wallet

ੑ࿌

г

ѷѷн

ࡸ ࡷ ଁ

ȫȞȯȾȥɭ

• ฾ଁѝ۹ѧ৥оຒҁࢬзѕояфг Please tell me the way to the railway station. їемѶе

ૃঁ ȧɟȠȧɟȠȱɝ

ambulance

ѐк

• тѝୄ୳ўтткѸࣘгішк̞ Is this address near here? (Lesson 41) і҂цѲ

Ȳȭ

accident

Ʌɭ

ѭѷ

• шѮѭъ҂л̗ຒњჍђѕцѭгѭцю Excuse me, I’m lost. (Lessons 35 and 37) љ҂

Emergencies

ȯȞɏ

ɜȩȬȧȱɝ

witness

ყष૿

Theft As we have just mentioned, to be the victim of theft in Japan is extremely rare. Nevertheless, let’s look at a few sentences to practice vocabulary and grammar. гѐџ҂ѐк

теџ҂

• ‫گ‬ཀྵࣘгথཀྵўјтішк̞ Where is the closest koban? яѻ

фгѤ

ћш

• ൬кл઱ѝੑ࿌ҁ๩҂я Someone has stolen my wallet. (Lesson 41) јѼѫе

Ѿюц

њ

• พၭл઱ѝҽҰҝҁѡђюођѕ๿сю The thief snatched my bag and ran off.

Unexpected Events and Accidents фгѤ

215

ўг

• ӗӒҰҜњўੑ࿌їҜәҥҰҵҘ̱Ҷл໕ђѕгѭш My wallet and my credit cards are in my (stolen) backpack. їељ҂цѶеѰгцѶ

ѓо

• ๩່ு჋୺ҁ੝ђѕояфг Fill in the theft report, please.

Losing something The Japanese are very considerate when they find lost property, and usually take it to the closest থཀྵ. If the lost object is a wallet with money that is returned intact, it is customary to give 10% of the money as a token of gratitude to the person who found it. фгѤ

• ттњੑ࿌лбѹѭъ҂іцюк̞ Wasn’t there a wallet here? Ѿш

ѱѝлкѹ

• ၧѻ࿹ऍўјтішк̞ Where is the lost and found office? ѐкѕѓ

Ѿш

• ඌܻอњҘӎӖҁၧѻѕцѭгѭцю I left my camera on the subway. • ј҂љҘӎӖішк̞ What kind of camera is it? н҂гѼ

• ࣛ௬і̗ӎ̱Ҙ̱ўҘҤҗіш It’s silver and its make is Casio. (Lessons 35 and 46) Ѯ

џбг

ѻ҂Ѹо

• फ़ѓкђю௓৸̗ᇇᅖцѕояфг If you find it, let me know, please. (Lesson 46) фгўђте

• ҾҦӊ̱ҵҁљоцѭцю̘ਵག৥цѕгюямюгѝішл . . . I have lost my passport. I would like you to reissue it . . . (Lessons 35, 31 and 45)

What’s wrong with me, Doctor? Let’s turn our focus to visits to the doctor and hospitals. мѥ҂

ѾѺ

• ࠽࿻лٰгішл I don’t feel good. (Lesson 37) гцѲ

мѴемѴецѲ

ѷ

• ‫ ) ଁࡷࡸ ( ૿ڨ‬ҁॹ҂іояфг Call a doctor (an ambulance), please. ѢѶег҂

ѓ

• ླ‫ۂ‬њᇇѻѕгђѕояфг Take me to a hospital, please. (Lesson 35) ц҂ѹѶе

ѷѳо

• ఌᆌѝᄦჾҁїђѕоѻѭшк̞ Can you make me an appointment for a consultation, please? (Lesson 45) цѶечѶе

• ј҂љர௜ішк How do you feel? | What symptoms do you have? љк

гю

• й࿱л෦гіш I have a stomachache. (Lesson 26) кы

• ࿨଄ҁѡгюѷеіш I think I’ve caught a cold. (Lesson 43) ќѓ

• ໣лбѹѭш I have a fever. ї

• ъмлબѭѹѭъ҂ I can’t stop coughing. (lit. The cough doesn’t stop) тѼ

еі

гю

• ื҂іᇸҁ෦Ѱѭцю I’ve fallen and hurt my arm. ѕ

• କҁѳрјцѭцю I’ve burnt my hand. бцоѢ

• ഌଞҁќ҂хцѭцю I’ve sprained my ankle.

216

Lesson 51 不 51 嶓

• ӇҸҤӗӠѝҏәӘқ̱лбѹѭш I’m allergic to penicillin. ѭгњѐ

ошѹ

ѝ

• ႕໓тѝჿҁ‫ھ‬҂ігѭш I take (lit. drink) this medicine every day. ъгѹѐѴе

• ౛ᅦඣіш I have my period. љй

• јѝоѸгі૎ѹѭшк̞ How long will I take to recover? ѹѶте

ѓє

• ᆀ৥ўഒрѸѻѭшк̞ Can I continue my trip? (Lesson 32) цѶѪе

к

• ୱ၌ъ҂ҁ୺гѕѱѸзѭшк Could you write me a prescription? (Lesson 45)

Talking with the doctor Let’s look at some typical things a doctor might say: цѶечѶе

• гѓкѸьѝர௜лбѹѭшк̞ How long have you had those symptoms? (Lesson 41) гю

• јтл෦гішк̞ Where does it hurt you? ѷт

• ‫ܢ‬њљђѕояфг Lie down, please. ћ

• ҤӐұҁൣгіояфг Take your shirt off, please. ц҂тмѴе • ఁॹࡴҁцѕояфг Breathe deeply. рѓзм

њѶе

р҂ф

ѡѓѷе

• ु۶ ( ໗ ) ॔਩лྜྷᅀіш You need to have a blood (urine) test. (Lesson 37) • ҏәӘқ̱ўбѹѭшк̞ Do you have any allergies? рѓбѓ

югй҂

ўк

• ु‫ ( ٸ‬ഭܸ ) ҁഋѹѭцѶе I’ll take your blood pressure (temperature). (Lesson 34) юг

• െцютїўбѹѭъ҂ It’s nothing serious. цѶѪе

ѳђмѶо

ошѹ

к

ѝ

• тѝୱ၌ъ҂ҁѱђѕჿࣀњ৥ђѕ̗ჿҁ༘ђѕ‫ھ‬҂іояфг Take this prescription, go to the pharmacy, buy the medicine and take it. (Lessons 35 and 46)

Accidents We will conclude this section with some useful phrases in case of a traffic accident. теѓе чт

• থ෧ૃঁлбђѕ̗рлҁцѕгѭш There was a traffic accident, and I’m hurt. їѱяѐ

оѺѭ

• ᄐൠлଁњўќѸѻѭцю My friend has been run over by a car. мѴемѴецѲ

о

і҂Ѿ

• ࡸ ࡷ ଁлᅑѺѷењ฾ᇨцѕояфг Call an ambulance, please. (Lesson 50) ргфѓ

ѷ

• म੮ѱॹ҂іояфг Call the police as well. (Lesson 37) Ѯнеі

й

• ‫ۇ‬ᇸҁಁђюѮюгіш I think I’ve broken my right arm. (Lesson 43) цѴђрѓ ўс

ї

• ୙ुлसцоѕબѰѸѻљг I am bleeding heavily and I can’t stop it. чт цѶеѰгцѶ

к

• ૃঁு჋୺ҁ୺гѕояфг Fill in the accident report, please.

Unexpected Events and Accidents

217

Medical vocabulary Basic vocabulary гцѲ

doctor

‫૿ڨ‬

hospital

ླ ‫ۂ‬

hospitalization

ѢѶег҂ њѴег҂

໕ ‫ۂ‬ Ѫр҂

сѹ

diarrhea

ܻᅨ

food poisoning

цѶоѐѴејо

௮ ඣ ພ тђъѓ

fracture

਍ಁ гкгѷе

gastric ulcer

‫ڢ‬෴ᢨ гз҂

ࠓ಄

kidney

చഀ

gastritis

‫܋ڢ‬

leaving the hospital

югг҂

inflammation of the ear

ѐѴечз҂

ඣ૕‫܋‬

skin

influenza

ґӠӂӘҕӠң

urine

pain patient

ошѹ

ჿ гю

෦Ѯ

hepatitis

к҂чѲ

high blood pressure

߰૿ ѳђмѶо

pharmacy

ჿ ࣀ or ошѹ ѳ

ჿ ‫ܯ‬ surgery symptom

цѴчѴѓ

କ ୚ цѶечѶе

௜

ர 䜃䜗䛖䛝

Sickness㻌⑓Ẽ allergy anemia appendicitis asthma bronchitis

ҏәӘқ̱ ѡ҂рѓ

࿀ु ѱеѐѶез҂

რ ෍ ‫܋‬ ы҂ьо

їењѶеѢѶе

๵ ໗ ླ

Types of doctor 䛔䛧䜓

་⪅

৳ु ‫ٸ‬ цѶекѤѹѶе

ப ܼ࿅ ᆐ ѕгрѓбѓ

෾ु ‫ٸ‬ ўгз҂

༎‫܋‬ ӗӒ̱ӋҮ Ѣз҂

њђцѲѢѶе

sunstroke

໓ ૸ ླ ўцѶеѤе

tetanus

ༀஆ࿨

Parts of the body㻌

ૂ݉‫ڨ‬

gynecologist

࿉ఒ݉‫ڨ‬

internist ophthalmologist

surgeon

bandage

blood vessel heart intestines

blood pressure Ѫќ

਍ ѐ

рѓзм

ु or!ु۶ рђк҂

ुࠄ ц҂эе

௹ഀ ѐѶе

෍

Ѥч҂ к г љг к г

ູ ݉‫ڨ‬ л҂ к г

ࠞ ݉‫ڨ‬ чѢ г҂те к г

૕ྒ‫ ڹ‬঳݉‫ڨ‬ цѶењ к г

க ૆݉‫ڨ‬ с к г

‫ڨ݉ލ‬

Miscellaneous

䜆 䛔

㒊఩

ц к г

dentist

pediatrician

blood

diabetes

໗

ќ҂х

ѳрј

࿨଄

њѶе

sprain

burn

cold

ѡѤ

ོ࿗

otolaryngologist

bone

кы

࣑໐

ྒ‫܋‬

ദၽ

ࠝ

༎ м҂њо

rhinitis

bruise

cancer

ўг

muscle

терѓбѓ

pneumonia

࠽ࠄદ‫܋‬

ҙӠ

ࠉ‫܋‬

low blood pressure

мк҂цз҂ яѫо

ࠉഀ

к҂з҂

indigestion

rheumatism

к҂эе

lung

ာ।

medicine

ч҂эе

liver

insurance

ി‫ۂ‬

к҂ъѓ

joint

breathing injection pulse temperature X-ray

Ѫеюг

၀ല рѓбѓ

ु‫ٸ‬ тмѴе

ॹࡴ ѐѴецѲ

ඪ ૸ ѮѲоўо

Ⴙ ༤ югй҂

ഭܸ әӠҵҟӠ

218

Lesson 51 不 51 嶓

Cultural Note: Japanese Addresses One of the most surprising things in ໓ႉ Nihon is that the vast majority of streets don’t have names, and houses don’t have numbers. The question is obvious: how do the poor postmen find their way around? And, if we want to go to a specific address (ୄ୳!jūsho), how will we find it? Let’s look at a typical Japanese address, in this case, that of the famous Nintendo head office, in Kyoto: мѶеї Ѥ мѶеї ц ѮљѮ о

кѮїџ ѪтяѕѐѶечѴегѐ џ҂ѐ гѐ њ҂ѕ҂јекѥцмлгцѲ

ͼ 601-8501 ࢗ ํ࿍ࢗ ํડ ໅ ࣟௌූ‫ۊ‬ၵ ᅰ ෉ Ϣ Ϣ ཀྵඌϢ̖໙ะຉߑ ૛‫ ૽ݰ‬. The first number (601-8501) is the zip code (the sign ͼ means “zip code”). Then, we have the prefecture ࢗํ࿍ Kyōto-fu (࿍ fu: prefecture, only when used with Kyoto and Osaka, with other prefectures we use ड़ ken, except for Tokyo, which is ํ! to, and Hokkaido, which is ຒ dō), the city ࢗํડ Kyōto-shi (ડshi: city), the district ໅ࣟ Minami-ku (ࣟ ku: ward, district), the town ௌූ‫ۊ‬ၵᅰ෉ Kamitoba Hokodate-cho (෉ cho: neighborhood), the block within the neighborhood, 11-banchi (ཀྵ ඌ), and, finally, the plot number, 1. At the end, we have the name of the person or company, ໙ะຉ ߑ૛‫ ૽ݰ‬Nintendō Kabushikigaisha (ߑ૛‫૽ݰ‬ kabushikigaisha: public corporation). Notice how everything is the other way round compared to WestIf you get lost, go to the k¯oban! (Photo: M. Bernabé) ern addresses: in Japan, they start from the prefecture and work their way down until they reach the plot of land. Following Western criteria, we would have something like Nintendo, 1-11 Kami-toba Hokodate-cho, Minami-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto-fu 601-8501. That is, we would have to reverse the order of the elements, because we start from the plot and we finish with the prefecture or state. So, to find an address, we must have a good map, and look for the city first, then the district, then the town / neighborhood, etc. It is no wonder the Japanese draw maps (usually from the nearest train or subway station) when they want to indicate the location of a place. But if you ever get lost or can’t reach your destination, you can always go to the closest থ ཀྵ kōban (police box) and ask the म੮߬ keisatsukan (police officer). They are prepared for this, and will be glad to help you.

Unexpected Events and Accidents

๰ဒ̊

219

Manga Examples

Although, ideally, you should never have to use the language you have learned in this chapter in real life, it will certainly be useful if you want to understand the jargon which appears in the thousands of comics and movies involving policemen or doctors. Let’s see some examples.

Manga Example 1: Police jargon

Xian Nu Studio

⇾ ℹႌ࿨ႌ࿨ ႌ෌⇀යც ࿉ࣛ∟࿈௻క࿼ ཅॡ ઺ȹࡺ‫ ≂܋ܢ‬ℹ

In this first example we find two different things. First, there is quite a lot of police-related vocabulary, which is essential if you want to enjoy watching police or yakuza movies and reading detective manga. Useful police- and crime-related vocabulary that you can find in this manga example includes ႉ࿥ (headquarters), ࿅௸ (suspicious), ఒ࿹ (person), ષࡷ (immediately) and ‫( ܈ܟ‬reinforcements). Other typical words in police jargon— which you won’t usually find in dictionaries —include ҴҘ, a colloquial word used when referring to a एૃ! keiji, (police officer, detective), ҙґҤӐ (a contraction of ྂ‫૿ޏ‬ higaisha “victim”), ӈҤ (another word for ཛఒ hannin, meaning “criminal”), and ҮӐ Ҙ (“gun,” which has many other names in Japanese, including ୏! jū, ॒୏! kenjū, ӁҦ ҵӘ and ҼҥҚ). This manga example also gives us the opportunity to review the subject of addresses studied in the Cultural Note on the facing page. Here you will notice how the policeman indicates his location: ႉ ෉Ϥභყ࿆ࣘ: “in the vicinity of the 3rd block of Honmachi.”

Ѫ҂ѥ

Ѫ҂ѥ Ѫ҂ɘȻф҂ѐѶеѰ Ѥм҂

Ѥц҂ ч҂ѥѓўђр҂

цмѴейез҂

Police.: з̱ႉ࿥ႉ࿥ႉ ෉ Ϥභყ࿆ࣘњ࿅௸ఒ࿹གफ़!ષࡷ‫܈ܟ‬ҁ̱ err . . . headquarters headquarters Honmachi 3 block vicinity pp suspicious man discover immediately reinforcements dop . . . Err . . . Headquarters, headquarters. I’ve discovered a suspicious man in the vicinity of the 3rd block of Honmachi. Send reinforcements immediately . . .

220

Lesson 51 不 51 嶓

Manga Example 2: Asking for directions

∎⇼∲∐≃ ȹ ∖⅜⅙∜ຕ≂ ∂∂∔⇼ ∢∛∎∁ℿ

This time we see a man who wants to ask for directions and goes to a থཀྵ kōban (police box) to do it. He first breaks the ice with шгѭъ҂ (a colloquial version of шѮѭъ ҂, “excuse me”), and then he asks his question. At the end of the sentence he adds the ѝ іш tag (Lesson 40), and a л (Lesson 37), all in order to make the question less brusque. This is a very common way of expressing oneself in Japanese. Observe now the ѐѶђї. It literally means “a little,” as in ѐѶђїളђѕ chotto matte (wait a little), but it really has ђїшѮѭъ҂ countless usages: to call for attention, ѐѶ! (excuse me a minute), to soften something difficult to say: ѐ ѶђїჀᅦішќ chotto muri desu ne (I’m afraid that’s impossible) or as an “aid” when asking ѐѶђїຒҁммюг as in this example. Ѯѐ

Man:

шгѭъ҂!!ѐѶђїຒҁммюгѝішл̹

Gabriel Luque

excuse me a little way dop ask be but . . . Excuse me, I would like to ask for directions . . .

Manga Example 3: Calling the police

J.M. Ken Niimura

೥∄ ∂√↢

⇿୰∻ ∊≃૆঄ ∛∎

Here’s what to say if we witness an accident and we want to call the police. By the way, the number of names that exist for policemen is fascinating. The generic name for the police is म੮ keisatsu, from which the word म੮߬ keisatsu kan (police officer) is derived. Other words for police officer are ୭਩ junsa, the colloquial म߬ keikan, ҴҘ, or й୭ѹф҂, like ȺȺ in this example. The word एૃ keiji means “detective.” A criminal’s most typical word for a police officer is Ңұ (from म੮), or ӊӗ. Note: The telephone number for emergencies in Japan is ϢϢϡཀྵ hyakutōban (be careful with the irregular reading). ѭѾ

Man:

чт

ўѳ

й୭ѹф҂!ૃঁіш " ̟!ೢомѕ̟ police suf accident be! quickly come! Officer, there’s been an accident! Come quickly!

Unexpected Events and Accidents

221

Manga Example 4: Calling the hospital to report an emergency

૆঄∛∎↢

Let’s now enter the doctors’ world. In this example, we can see that the doctor is being informed on the phone about a patient who has just been hospitalized. Since the sentence itself has no difficulty, we will focus on the grammar. We can see in the ദђѕ portion two sentences linked with the -te form (Lessons 37 and 46). We can also see an adverb (Lesson 22) formed from the -i adjective е ѭг. еѭг is the colloquial version of гг (good), therefore, еѭоімљг means “cannot do it well.” And, finally, notice the expression using the conjecture ьеіш (Lesson 43), used to give information obtained from another source (similar to “I’ve been told that . . .”). Studio Kosen ¯

߳ ȹȹȹȹଂ∣ࢵ≂ ഩ⅙√ॼࡷ∁ ⇽ ∲∄∛∂∞⇼ −⇽∛∎↢ ȹȹȹȹȹ

чт

к҂чѲ

ѯќ

е

тмѴе

Tel.: ૃঁіш̟߰૿ўࢲҁദђѕॹࡴлеѭоімљгьеіш̟ accident be! patient top chest dop hit breathe sp well can looks like be! It’s an accident! The patient has hit himself on the chest and can’t breathe well!

Manga Example 5: A demanding patient

Xian Nu Studio

෩∳ ય∵ ‫↿∛≃ہ‬૎ࠔ ∔⅙∔∆ ∝ র∀∞⇼∹ ℶ ≳≗≑≮⊌ ᅖ∴∹ гю

Miura:

ј

ѝ

Another medical example. This time we have a ߰૿!kanja (patient) asking the nurse for ჿ kusuri (medicine). Notice the word ෦ѮબѰ, literally something that stops (બѰѺ tomeru) the pain (෦Ѯ), and then we have the verb “drink” (‫ھ‬ѯ) for taking medicine. By the way, the verb ভоmeans “to take effect.” Regarding grammar, we have a sentence linked with the -te form (Lessons 35 and 46) using ‫ھ‬҂і, and a construction with рј (Lesson 49), indicating “but.” Note: ӃҦҠҾӠ is a brand of painkiller.

њ

чк҂

м

юѝ

෦ѮબѰ‫ھ‬҂іϣોࠑюђюрјভкљгѷ̘ӃҦҠҾӠᅓѯѷ painkiller drink 2 hours pass but take effect ep. Buscopan ask ep Two hours have passed since I took the painkiller, but it doesn’t take effect. Come on, give me some Buscopan.

222

Lesson 51 不 51 嶓

Gabriel Luque

௱⇻∔∻ ∍⅚∞⇼ℿ

ᕼȹ๩ಧ܎ ∛∶∞⇼ℿ

༑܎∍⅚ ∞⇼ℿ

Manga Example 6: Names of illnesses

ўгз҂

Here we find some names of illnesses (ླ࠽ byōki), including ௮бюѹ (the term ௮ඣພ shokuchūdoku is also used). Notice the suffix ‫܋‬en, the equivalent of the English suffix “–itis” (meaning “inflammation”). Thus, ༎‫ ܋‬haien is “pneumonia” or “lung (༎) inflammation (‫)܋‬,” ᕹ๦ತ‫!܋‬ hentōsenen is “tonsillitis” or “tonsil (ᕹ๦ತ) inflammation (‫)܋‬,” and ‫܋ڢ‬ien is “gastritis” or “stomach (‫ )ڢ‬inflammation (‫)܋‬,” etc. There are more suffixes, like ླ! byō, indicating “disease": ௹ഀླ!shinzōbyō means “heart disease,” and ҏӘұҼґӋ̱ླ!is “Alzheimer’s disease.”

цѶо

ѧ҂їеъ҂з҂

Doctor: ༎‫܋‬чѲљг̹௮бюѹчѲљг̹!ᕹ๦ತ‫܋‬іѱљг̹ pneumonia not be . . . food poisoning not be . . . tonsillitis neither be . . . It’s not pneumonia . . . or food poisoning . . . or tonsillitis . . .

Manga Example 6: Tests and hospitalization

Xian Nu Studio

∈∽∀∺⇼∾⇼∾ ॗਬ≂ଣ∆√∶∺⇼∲∎ℶ ∄∿∌∄∣ृ‫∻∀∿∛ݎ‬ ∲ ∎∀∺ ჎໖∀∺ ∊⅙− ∄໘‫ ⇽⅜∌∲∌ۅ‬ℶ

To conclude, here is a good example of medical jargon: notice how the doctor tells the patient she must be hospitalized (໕‫ۂ‬шѺ) so that she can take some tests (॔਩ҁଠр Ѻ), and that they will know more when they obtain the results (ी‫)݋‬. On the grammatical level, notice the ̶ѕѱѸе form (Lesson 45), which adds the nuance that the listener will perform the action for the benefit of the speaker. There is also an example of the -ō form (Lesson 34) in ໕‫ۂ‬цѭц Ѷе. Last of all, notice the usages of кѸ as the particle “from” (Lesson 41) (тѻ кѸ and ჋໓кѸ), and as a connector indicating cause/reason (Lesson 48) (Ѿк ѹѭшкѸ). р҂ф

Doctor:

е

тѻкѸгѼгѼ॔਩ҁଠрѕѱѸгѭш this from several tests dop take (receive) From now on,рђк we will have you take several tests. бцю њѴег҂ оѾцоўी‫݋‬іѾкѹѭшкѸ!჋໓кѸфђьо໕‫ۂ‬цѭцѶе in detail top result ip understand because tomorrow from immediately hospitalize The results will give us more details, so tomorrow we shall hospitalize you.

Unexpected Events and Accidents

223

Exercises ᇄଵ ȯȞɏ

1

Ȳȭ

ɇȾ

Translate the following words: ੑ ࿌ , ૃ ঁ , ໣ , ѳђмѶо

ȱɭȸȠ

Ȟȹ

ჿࣀ , әӠҵҟӠ , ௹ഀ and ෦ Ѯ .

Translate the following words: “doctor,” “hospital,” “injury,” “ambulance,” “cough” and “cold.”

2

ȭȠɊɭ

3

You go into a থཀྵ to report that you’ve lost Ʉ

a ring. What do you say? (to lose ૥ош ; ring ɠɍɩ

થᆟ )

Translate: “I’ve got a headache, a fever, and I can’t stop coughing.”

5

4

Translate: юяѝґӠӂӘҕӠңкѱцѻљгл̗ ȫȾȢȧ ȫɭȯ

ɌȾɢȠ

ु۶ ॔਩л ྜྷᅀ іш̘ ( юяѝ a simple . . .)

Translate this address: ͼ 100-8280 ȻɢȺ

ȩ ȥɭȺ ȳɥȦȺȞȻɡȠ

ȻɡȠɛ

ɂȠȧɡȠ

๥ ࢗ

ɂ

ํ

ɊɭȻ

ಌൄ฽ࣟఅ฽ୢ‫ݎ‬൅ ෉ ϥ භყ ϧཀྵඌ̘

7

How words do you know for “gun”? And “policeman”? List them.

ɩ

ȵȾɛȞ

Translate: ѐѶђї࿻ кѸљгѝі̗ ಅ ჋ цѕ о я ф г̘( ࿻ к Ѻ to understand; ಅ ჋ ш Ѻ to explain)

9

6

8

Translate: “I’m taking medicine because I have a Ȟȹ

Ȝȹɘ

headache.” (painful ෦ г ; head ຃ ; medicine ȩȳɤ

ჿ ) Ȣɭ

What does the sufÄx ‫ ܋‬mean? Write at least four words with ‫ ܋‬that we have studied and give their meanings.

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 52

•

ᇹ 52 ᛢ

Formal Language Japanese has formal language to show respect and to enable us to speak in a polite way. There are three modes of honorific speech, which we will study in this chapter.

Honorific speech Japanese honorific speech is called ञট keigo. We use ञট when speaking with or about people superior to us (bosses, teachers or elders), with people we have just met, and in formal situations such as speeches, weddings, work meetings and dealing with clients. In Japanese, there are three kinds of ञট. These are ങञট sonkeigo (language of respect), य़௠ট kenjōgo (language of modesty), and භ໠ট teineigo (polite speech). Take care not to mix them up!

Sonkeigo: The language of respect ങञট literally means “language (ট) of respect (ങञ).” We use ങञট when talking with or about another person, raising his or her position to express our respect. The subject of the action is always the other person. Special verbs To be formal in English, we use cerNormal Sonkeigo Kenjōgo tain polite words and address people шѺ љфѺ гюш to do by their title, such as Mr. or Ms. But гѺ гѸђцѲѺ йѺ to be Japanese formal language, howevѭг г er, has other grammatical and lexical ੿Ѻ } to go / ৥о } о екл гѸђцѲѺ changes. The table (right) gives ങञ come ᅑѺ ઔе ю ট and य़௠ট versions of verbs you Ѱ б to eat / ௮ѨѺ } ѝ ஋цௌлѺ гюяо already know. Let’s see some examples: drink ‫ھ‬ѯ

юљк

љњ

• ฽ ඣф҂̗ܾ ҁљфђѕгѭ шк̞ What are you doing, Mr. Tanaka? мѫе

• у࠰ၫҁйђцѲђѕояфг Please tell me what you wish. шщм

फ़Ѻ

to borrow

ଅѹѺ

to know to die

к ц

Ѿюц

Ѹ҂

уᅠњљѺ — э҂ч

උђѕгѺ ц

ભћ

э҂ч

• ᆲქф҂ўѱеуഗඋіш Ms. Suzuki already knows. ъ҂ъг

Ѯ

to see

уഗඋя

ўгцѲо

༇ଅшѺ э҂

ഗчѕгѺ

љ

йၡољѹ њљѺ

— ѱе

г

ంш }

to say

ॳе

йђцѲѺ

to give

оѻѺ

ояфѺ

—

to give (2)

бсѺ

фцбсѺ

to receive

ѱѸе

— —

Ѫ҂

• ಋ ౛ў ( ઱ њ ) ႉ ҁояфђ ю The teacher gave me a book. (Lesson 45)

ўгр҂

༇फ़шѺ

ѱе

б

ంцௌсѺ

гюяо

Formal Language

225

Conjugation й + Root + њљѺ: Take the root of any verb (Lesson 31), add й at the beginning and њљѺ at the end. For example, ୺оkaku (to write) Π -masu form: ୺ мѭш Π (without ѭш): ୺м Π add й and њљѺ: й୺мњљѺ. Note: This conjugation is not used with suru verbs (with those verbs we use љфѺ. For example, ဨ ࢦшѺ benkyō suruΠ ဨࢦљфѺ to study). ъ҂ъг

ѕлѮ

к

• ಋ౛ўйକળҁй୺мњљђю The teacher wrote a letter. ю

• шѮѭъ҂̗йᅰѐњљђѕояфг Excuse me, please stand up. Ѫ҂

ѷ

йѱ

• тѝႉҁйຠѮњљђѕгљгїતгѭш I don’t think you’ve read this book.

The 䡚䜙䜜䜛 form Simple f. Group 1

йц

ࢬзѺ й

ࡈмѺ к

ാш ѭ

ളѓ к

༘е Group 2

Sonkeigo has a special conjugation (see table, right). Group 1 verbs replace the last –ru with –rareru, and Group 2 verbs replace the last -u with -a and add –reru. (See Lesson 19 for a definition of Group 1 and Group 2 verbs.) Thus, kaku Π kak– Π kaka– Π kakareru. Note ༘е kau becomes kawareru (not kaareru), and ളѓ matsu becomes matareru (not matsareru).

кз

࠻Ѻ к

୺о гь

цѮщ

Ѫ҂

ࡷп

к

• ౙ పф҂ўႉ ҁ୺ кѻюье іш Apparently, Mr. Shimizu wrote a book. ъ҂яг

бь

ᄠѥ тџ

ࢊѯ

Meaning

Rule

to teach to wake up

. ѺѸѻѺ

Sonkeigo ࢬзѸѻѺ ࡈмѸѻѺ

to lend

. шфѻѺ

ാфѻ

to wait

. ѓюѻѺ

ളюѻѺ

to buy

. еѾѻѺ

༘ѾѻѺ

to return

. ѺѸѻѺ

࠻ѸѻѺ

to write

. окѻѺ

୺кѻѺ

to hurry

. плѻѺ

ࡷлѻѺ

to play

. ѥџѻѺ

ᄠџѻѺ

to refuse

. ѯѭѻѺ

ࢊѭѻѺ

г

• ( бљюў ) ಊ൅ѧ৥кѻѭцюк̞ Did you go to Sendai? згу

йцз

• ( бљюў ) ۲টҁࢬзѸѻѕгѭшк̞ Do you teach English? мѯѸ

рђт҂

• ქഛф҂ўीਖфѻѕгѭшк̞ Mr. Kimura, are you married? Notice the table has no verbs ending in ћ- nor the irregular verbs шѺ (to do) or ᅑѺ kuru (to come). There is only one regular verb ending in ћ, and that is ભћ shinu (to die), which already has its own ങञট version: йၡољѹњљѺ onakunari ni naru (see table, facing page). Even though шѺ and ᅑѺ have a –rareru version (фѻѺ and ᅑѸ ѻѺ korareru), they also have ങञট versions: љфѺ and гѸђцѲѺ, respectively.

Important observation If talking with someone equal about someone hierarchically superior, use the strategies we have seen to show respect to the superior person but with the verb in the simple form: ъ҂ъг

• ಋ౛ўгѸђцѲѸљгэ (Talking with a classmate) The teacher is not here.

226

Lesson 52 不 52 嶓

In the previous sentence, we are talking about someone we respect (ಋ౛), so we use the verb гѸђцѲѺ (to be), but in the simple form because we are talking to an equal, a classmate. We have also added the colloquial end-of-sentence particle э. Other examples: цѲѐѶе

кз

• ૽ුўѱей࠻ѹњљђюѷ The president has already gone. кїе

ягло

бѺ

• ݂๺ф҂ўെ޵ѭіေкѻюѷќ Mr. Kato walked to university, didn’t he?

Kenjōgo: The language of modesty Let’s look at य़௠ট kenjōgo, literally “language (ট) of modesty (य़௠)” used when talking with a person we consider superior, lowering our position to indirectly raise the other person’s position. The subject of the action is always “I” or someone in the uchi group. We never use य़௠ট to refer to actions by someone who is not “I” or not in the uchi group, as it would sound as if we were degrading the other person. As with ങञট, there are “modest” versions of several of the most common verbs (see the first table in this lesson). Ѿюц

ѭг

• ઱ўҏӘҩӠҮӠкѸ੿ѹѭцю I come from Argentina | I’m from Argentina. гѱеї

гцѲ

рђт҂

• ႒ ў‫૿ڨ‬їीਖгюцѕйѭш My sister is getting married to a doctor. цѲѐѶе

і

•! шѮѭъ҂л̗૽ුў୙крѕйѹѭш I’m sorry, the president has gone out.* *The company president is hierarchically superior, but he belongs to the speaker’s uchi group. When talking with someone soto about anybody in our uchi group, we use य़௠ট. Conjugation: Ȥ + Root + шѺ0гюш: Take the root of any verb (Lesson 31) and add й at the beginning and шѺ or, more formally, гюшat the end:୺о kaku (to write)Π -masu form: ୺мѭш Π root (without ѭш): ୺м Π add й and шѺ: й୺мш Ѻ. Note: Some suru verbs addу (not й) at the beginning, for example:у‫ູډ‬шѺ go annai suru (I’ll guide you). ъ҂ъг

Ѫ҂

ѷ

• ಋ౛ѝႉҁйຠѮцюгіш Professor, I’d like to read your book. ьея҂

йѱ

• у೫ඉцюгїતђѕйѹѭш I’d like to consult with you.

Observations If talking to somebody equal or inferior about an action we did in the interest of somebody superior, or in their presence, we use य़௠ট in its simple form: Ѿюц ъ҂ъг

Ѫ҂

• ઱ўಋ౛њႉҁфцбсюѷ (To a classmate) I gave the teacher a book. цѲѐѶе ргкоцѶ

ўгр҂

• ૽ුѝब‫୺ݧ‬ҁ༇फ़цюэ (To a colleague) I’ve seen the president’s project.

Formal Language

227

The respectful prefix й or у is used with nouns or adjectives. й is used before words of Japanese origin, usually written with one kanji: e.g., йೢг ohayai (early), йଁ okuruma (car) etc., and у before words of Chinese origin, which usually have two or more kanji: у݇഑ gokazoku (your family), у௹༐ goshimpai (worry). Exceptions include й௮ૃ oshokuji (meal), й२࠽ ogenki (healthy) and й฾ᇨ!odenwa (telephone).

Teineigo: Polite speech භ໠ট! teineigo means “polite language,” perhaps the closest in usage to our English use of Mr., Mrs., etc., and the corresponding polite language. It is merely polite, involving no special hierarchies and is based on always using the іш and ̶ѭш verb forms. Ѿюц ѝе с

к

г

• ઱ў໳‫ڨ݉ލ‬іш I’m a neurosurgeon. кѰ

• ттњўࡎлгѭш There is a turtle here. To be politer, use ухгѭш for бѺ and гѺ, and іухгѭш forіш . Ѿюц ѝе с

к

г

• ઱ў໳‫ڨ݉ލ‬іухгѭш I’m a neurosurgeon. ѵеѰг

з

• ттњўᄖ჉љ‫ޅ‬лухгѭш There is a famous picture here. In භ໠ট, the prefixes й̶ and у̶ are profusely used before nouns and adjectives, although it is women who, by far, tend to use them more often: цѲѐѶе

йофѭ

еѓо

• ૽ ු ѝ‫ܝ‬ᄶ̗йྑцгішќ (To the company president) Your wife is beautiful. Ѯъ

ў҂

ю

• йาіуསҁ௮Ѩѕмѭцю I have had lunch in the shop. Formal language: Summary ь҂ргу

ങञট (language of respect)

We raise somebody else’s position.

р҂чѶеу

य़௠ট (language of modesty)

We lower our position.

ѕгќгу

භ໠ট (polite speech)

Formal language.

1. Special verbs.

ಋ౛̗ܾкйђцѲгѭцюк̞ Did you say something, teacher?

2. й + Root + њљѺ

੽ۛф҂ўйളѐњљђѕгѭш Mr. Miura is waiting.

3. ̶ѸѻѺ

੽ۛф҂ўളюѻѕгѭш Mr. Miura is waiting.

1. Special verbs

ьѝႉҁ༇फ़цѭцю I saw that book.

2. й0у+ Root + шѺ

б̗йളѐцѕйѹѭцю! Oh, I was waiting for you.

1. Use of the -masu form

੽ۛф҂ўളђѕгѭш! Mr. Miura is waiting.

2. Use of іухгѭ ш-ѷѼцг, etc.

тѻўಋ౛ѝႉіухгѭш This is the teacher’s book.

ಋ౛ѝу‫ژ‬फ़ўܾішк̞ 3. й̶0у̶ before nouns and adjectives What’s the teacher’s opinion?

228

Lesson 52 不 52 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

Mastering the usage of Japanese honorific speech can be tricky and takes time. For the moment, try to concentrate only on understanding what you are being told in formal Japanese; as your language skills improve and you become more confident, you can try using it yourself.

Manga Example 1: Sonkeigo

Studio K¯osen

ℿ⇿࡮ᄹℶ

∞∟≂ ∞∊⅙√ ⇼∺⅙ ∌⅚∼ ∢∛∎ ∀ℿ↡

Our first example gives us an instance of the usage of the language of respect or ങञট sonkeigo. The normal version of the sentence in this panel would be ܾҁцѕгѺѝі шк̞ Nani o shite iru no desu ka? Notice how the verb љфѺ is used here, it being the “respectful” version of шѺ (to do). An important point is that even when forming the gerund (Lesson 24), which is usually formed with the -te form and the verb гѺ (to be), the latter is sometimes replaced with its respectful version гѸђцѲѺ. Thus, the цѕ гѺ part (to be doing) finally becomes љфђѕгѸђцѲѺ. ѲѺ and оя It is worth mentioning that the verbs гѸђцѲѺ, љфѺ, йђц! фѺ are slightly irregular, because their -masu forms are, respectively, гѸђцѲгѭ ш, љфгѭш, йђцѲгѭш and ояфгѭш. That is, before the final ѭш we add an г which, according to the rules, should not be there. Therefore, if we changed the sentence we are now examining into the -masu form, we would obtain ܾҁљфђѕ гѸђцѲгѭшк. Likewise, it is essential to know that there are “formal” versions of some words. The most typical examples are ၌ kata (replacing ఒ hito “person”), јљю (formal version of ൬ dare “who?”), or the adjective ѷѼцг (instead of гг, “good”). Likewise, in formal language, we opt for the kosoado тѐѸ, ь ѐѸ and бѐѸ instead of тт, ьт and бьт (Lesson 34). мѲофѭ

Man:

̹й࡫ᄶ̘љњҁљфђѕгѸђцѲѺѝішк̹̞ . . . customer suf what dop do be be q? . . . ? Madam, what are you doing?

Formal Language

229

Manga Example 2: Sonkeigo in the simple form

ࠔ∶∞∄ ႉ࿨ࢯଦ∁ ⇼∺⅙∌⅚∼

ѭ

ѪѹѨ мѶечѴ

Doctor: ࠑѱљоႆ࿥ࢬଣлгѸђцѲѺ soon Horibe professor sp come Professor Horibe will come soon. мѶе

J.M. Ken Niimura

ਕ໖∣ ࢯȹଦ ∳ ∏∀∺ ૧๝ ∊ ȹȹȹ∽∼∜∢૆ ∕

In this example we see two instances of the formal language of respect or ങञট sonkeigo. First, we have the special verb гѸђцѲѺ, here replacing ᅑѺ kuru (to come). The speaker also uses the -rareru form of the suru verb ૤๚шѺ shittō suru (to operate), that is, ૤๚фѻѺ. In this last case, ૤๚љфѺ could have been used as well (remember љфѺ is the respectful version of шѺ), with hardly any nuance differences. Notice how in the sentence, the speaker talks about ႆ࿥ࢬଣ , who is someone he respects, someone superior to himself: that’s why he uses ങञট when speaking. However, since he is talking with someone who is his equal or inferior, he deliberately leaves his verbs in the simple form to denote familiarity toward them.

мѶечѴ

цђїе

тї

਒໓ўࢬଣѮщкѸ૤๚фѻѺїѝૃя today professor himself operate do sbp nom be The professor himself will operate today.

Manga Example 3: Sonkeigo and kenjōgo in the same sentence

Xian Nu Studio

݁∶⇿⅙∌⅚∺ ∞∄√∶ℵ ∎∭√ན⅙√ ⇿ ∻ ∲ ∎ℶ

The languages of respect and modesty can be used at the same time, combining forms as we see here. Yoshida is talking with a stranger, so he uses the respectful form (ങञট!sonkeigo ) of the verb йђцѲѺ (to say), with which he raises the position of the person he is talking to. But when speaking about himself, he uses the modest form (य़௠ট! kenjōgo) of the verb to be, йѺ, lowering his position to indirectly raise that of the person he is talking to. Notice how in य़௠ট the gerund ̶ѕгѺ is changed into ̶ѕйѺ (̶ѕ йѹѭш in the -masu form). Notes: We studied the ̶ ѕѱ form (although) in Lesson 49. The verb ѾкѺ (to understand) is usually written ࿻кѺ, but, sometimes, either for style reasons or because of the author’s preference, ཐѺ is used.

љњ

Ѿк

Yoshida: ܾѱйђцѲѸљоѕѱ̗шѨѕཐђѕйѹѭш̘ nothing say (although), everything know be Even if you say nothing, I know everything.

230

Lesson 52 不 52 嶓

Manga Example 4: Honorific prefixes and kenjōgo

Xian Nu Studio

⇻∢ℹ⇿ ࡮ᄹℵ ∉ଡ଼ཅ∲∛∢ࠔ ⇿ ࡵ∳∛∂∼ ⇿ ࿨ܲ≂ ∉ ᄽ‫ڛ‬඗∌∲ ∎ ∢∛ℵ∝⇽ ∓ℶ

In all three modes of formal language the honorific prefixes й̶ and у̶ are very frequent. You can see quite a few in this manga example. By the way, there are some very common words in Japanese that always use honorific prefix, even when talking in colloquial Japanese: йච ocha (tea), йࣙ okane (money), уས gohan (rice, meal), й๫ oyu (hot water), й‫ݚ‬ટ okashi (cake), й࿨ᇉ ofuro (bath), etc. Notes: Sometimes we find the у̶ or й̶ prefix in kanji: ঙ̶. Also notice in this sentence how the customer (࡫) is addressed as й࡫ᄶ, with the suffix of highest respect ̶ᄶ (Lesson 15), and that’s because, as you know, the customer is “god” in Japan. мѲофѭ

цѴђѠѓ

бгя

ѳш

Kumi: бѝ̱й࡫ᄶ̗у୙གѭіѝࠑйࡲѮімѺ well . . . customer suf, departure until nom recess rest can If you please . . . Ladies and gentlemen, I’ll get a room ready at once . . . ѧѳ

ѷег гю

й࿥‫ܯ‬ҁуᄺ‫ژ‬ඔцѭшѝі̗јеэ̘ room dop prepare do because, go ahead . . . where you can rest until departure time. Come in, please.

Manga Example 5: The uchi–soto relationship in formal language

∔ ∕⇼∲ ಔ‫∎ ∲ ∻ં∁ڬ‬ ∢∛ℿ

As we saw in Lesson 45, the difference between one’s own group (uchi) and those outside it (soto) is very important. Here, Chiaki says “Kawai is coming” using the verb ੿Ѻmairu (to come), which belongs to the language of modesty (य़௠ট! kenjōgo). Moreover, for extra “humbleness,” she doesn’t use the honorific ̶ф҂ after Kawai’s name, something surprising if we think that he is actually Chiaki’s boss, whom we would expect her to treat with respect. Chiaki considers Kawai as an uchi member when talking to a visitor from another company who clearly belongs to the soto group, and that’s why she uses य़௠ট.

Xian Nu Studio

кѾг

ѭг

Chiaki: юягѭ಑‫ک‬л੿ѹѭшѝі̹ now Kawai sp come because . . . Kawai will come right away . . .

Formal Language

231

Manga Example 6: A new form

J.M. Ken Niimura

∔∕ਕ⇿ි∭ ඗∌∲∎∢∛ ங̱⇿ശ∖ ܾ∊⇼ℶ

There is a very common request form which, despite being quite formal, is not considered part of ञট keigo: it is й + Root + ояфг, equivalent to the request made with ̶ѕ ояфг! (Lessons 24 and 35), but more formal. This construction is formed by placing й (or у with suru verbs) in front of the root of the verb (Lesson 31), and placing оя!ф г after it. In this panel we see йളѐояфг (wait, please), which comes from the verb ളѓ (to wait). Other examples would be: й୺мояфг okaki kudasai (please write), й਱ѹояфг osuwari kudasai (please sit down), or уඪ‫ژ‬ояфг go chūi kudasai (please be careful), which come from the verbs ୺о(to write), ਱Ѻ (to sit) and ඪ‫ژ‬шѺ (to be careful) respectively. Learn this form well, because you will find it more than once. In the panel we also have йා Ѩඔцѭш (I check), an instance of the structure й + Root + гюш, from the verb ාѨѺ. Notice how гю ш is sometimes written ඔш in kanji, as in the example. гѭ

Receptionist:

цѸ

гю

цѶецѶе

ѭ

оя

юя਒йාѨඔцѭшѝі஖̮йളѐܻфг̘ now investigate do because a little wait please I’ll check it at once. Wait a minute, please.

Manga Example 7: Teineigo Finally, we will see an instance of polite speech or භ໠ট!teineigo: notice how Aiko uses хгѭш instead of іш. The usage of іу!хгѭш is one of the most the verb іу! common characteristics of භ໠ট. For the moment, you don’t need to master honorific speech. If it is any consolation, many native Japanese, especially the young, find these forms difficult to use. However, recognizing the different patterns of usage will be helpful, because they are widely used in daily life, mainly in sales clerk-customer relationships. ∣⇼ℶ Gabriel Luque

∈∖∺‫ڑ‬൰࣯৕∢ ଣ࿉∛∉∋⇼∲∎ℶ

гюѮ оете

ерѓр

Aiko: ўг̘тѐѸ‫ڎ‬൭࣬৒ѝଠ࿆іухгѭш̘ yes. here Itami airport pop reception be Yes? This is Itami airport reception office.

232

Lesson 52 不 52 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

What are the three kinds of honorific speech in Japanese, and when do we use each of them?

ȷɭȫȞȮ

Ȟ

ȱ

Give the ങञট version of the verbs ॳе , උђѕ Ɉ

Ȟ

гѺ , ‫ھ‬ѯ , бсѺ and ৥о .

2

ȫɭȲɡȠȮ

3

To what normal verbs do these य़௠ট verbs ɜȠ

ɉȞȫɭ

correspond: ం ш , гюяо , гюш , ༇फ़ шѺ ȠȥȦ

and ઔ е ? Ɉɚɣ ȵɭȵȞ

ȧȲ

ȥ

Translate: ჹഛ ಋ౛ ўࡆૃҁй୺мњљђѕгѺ . ( ჹഛ Nomura; ಋ౛ teacher; ࡆૃ article; ୺о to write)

5

4

Conjugate the following verbs in the ̶ѸѻѺ Ȝɥ

ɇ

ȭɧ

form: ေ о (to walk), ௷Ѻ (to sleep), ੳ ш (to ɉȱ

kill), and ೷ Ѻ (to run). ɩȹȱ

ɕɭ

ɄȞɢȠ

ȸɭ

Translate: ઱ ў ႉ ѝ ູᄯ ҁ ഗ чѕйѹѭш!̘( ઱ I; ႉ book; ູᄯ contents) ɩȹȱ

7

6

ȢȞȦ

Is the following sentence correct: ઱ ў ۨ ‫ ݧ‬ҁ ɣɭ

у ᅠ њ љ ђ ѕ й ѹ ѭ ш ? Why/why not? If not

correct, correct it. ( ઱ I; ۨ‫ ݧ‬movie) ȯȥɄ

əȵ

Translate: ьѐѸњйгцгй ࢔ ѝй า лух гѭш̘( йгцг tasty; ࢔ Äsh; า shop)

8

ȵɭȵȞ

9

When would you use this sentence? ಋ౛ ўу ȱȾɜɭ

ɜȠ

Ȝ

૬ჯ цюгї ం цௌсѭцю . Translate it. ( ಋ

౛ teacher; ૬ჯшѺ to ask a question) ȳɩ

Translate: ьѐѸѝгшњй ਱ ѹояфг̘ Which ȫȞȮ

of the three kinds of ञট does it correspond to?

10

( гш chair; ਱Ѻ to sit) — Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 53

•

ᇹ 53 ᛢ

Casual Speech After the intense formal language lesson, let’s look at the other side of the coin: casual speech—the spontaneous street language essential for understanding manga!

Overview There are several registers of casual speech, but we will focus on the colloquial and vulgar. Colloquial language can be used with close friends, but avoid vulgar language, mostly used in movies and manga; in real life you will seldom hear it. We’ll use (C) to indicate “colloquial” and (V) for “vulgar.” Let’s look at the characteristics of Japanese casual speech.

Particles One characteristic of spoken and spontaneous Japanese is the frequent omission of grammatical particles, which you will have seen in the manga in this book: ѫец

к

• Ӌӗҏ̗ၦટ ༘ђюѾ Maria bought a hat. (female C) зглк҂

г

• ۨ‫̗ࠖݧ‬৥мюг҂яѷ I want to go to the movies. (C) In the first sentence the topic particle ў that should follow Ӌӗҏ is omitted (Lesson 37), as is the direct object particle ҁ (Lesson 40) after ၦટ. In the second sentence, the direction particle њ (or ѧ, Lesson 38) after ۨ‫ ࠖݧ‬has been left out. End-of-sentence particles are frequent in casual speech. The first sentence above has the female emphatic particle Ѿ; the second, statement particle ѷand emphatic tag ҂яѷ (Lesson 40).

Imperative, swearwords and dislocations Japanese vulgar language (and sometimes the colloquial) is almost the only register that uses the direct imperative studied in Lesson 30 (plus the ̶ѕоѻ form in Lesson 45), and the various swearwords we saw back in Lesson 23: њѪ҂

г

ѳѼе

• ໓ႉѧ৥рѷ̗ҽҘჹᇟ̟ Go to Japan, you stupid ass! (V) к

чцѶ

• ാцѕоѻѷ̗ьѝ૘୺ Come on, lend it to me, that dictionary. (C/V) г

лђте

• ৥мюољг҂яѷ̗ҜҪ޵ৌѧ I don’t want to go to the damn school. (V) Notice how we often find dislocated phrases, like the second and third ones, where the usual order of the elements has been changed to highlight a certain part of the sentence.

234

Lesson 53 不 53 嶓

The most common contractions Normal Π Colloquial

Type

Normal form

Colloquial version

-t/de iru Π -t/deru (Lesson 35) -t/den

(C) ௮ѨѕгѺ (V)

௮ѨѕѺ ௮Ѩѕ҂ ) я *

-t/de iku Π-t/deku (Lesson 35)

(C) ‫ھ‬҂іго

‫ھ‬҂іо

-t/de oku Π-t/doku (Lesson 35)

(C) ௮Ѩѕйо

௮Ѩїо

-t/de ageru Π-t/dageru (Lesson 45)

(C) ௮ѨѕбсѺ

௮ѨюсѺ

-t/da darō Π-t/darō (Lesson 43)

(C) ‫ھ‬҂яяѼе

‫ھ‬҂яѼе

-te shimau Π-chau (Lesson 35)

(C) ௮Ѩѕцѭе

௮ѨѐѲе

-de shimau Π-jau (Lesson 35)

(C) ‫ھ‬҂іцѭе

‫ھ‬҂чѲе

-te wa Π-cha (Lesson 32)

(C) ௮Ѩѕўгрљг ௮ѨѐѲгрљг

-de wa Π -ja (Lesson 32)

(C) ‫ھ‬҂іўгрљг ‫ھ‬҂чѲгрљг

-nai Π-n (except: цљг Π ъ҂)

(V) ௮Ѩљг

௮Ѩ҂

-nakereba naranai Π-nakya (Lesson 32) -nakya nannai

‫ھ‬ѭљрѻ (C) џљѸљг

‫ھ‬ѭљмѲ ‫ھ‬ѭљмѲљ҂љг

-reba Π-rya (Lesson 56)

(C) ௮Ѩѻџ

௮ѨѹѲ

-nakereba Π-nakya (Lesson 56)

(C) ௮Ѩљрѻџ

௮ѨљмѲ

to iu Π!tte | teyuu | ttsuu (Lesson 41)

(C) ཱིїге

ཱིђѕ }!ཱིѕѵе }! ཱིђѓе

-ai | -oi Π!-ee

(C) ৳г }!шуг

юрз }!шсз

௮ѨѺtaberu to eat; ‫ھ‬ѯnomu to drink; ཱིkare he; ৳гtakai expensive, high; шуг cool, amazing, fantastic

Contractions The table above shows common colloquial and vulgar contractions. If you find a written contraction not in the table, read it aloud: you may be able to figure out where it came from к

• Ӏ̱Ә̗༘ђїгюэ̟ I’ve bought beer (just in case)! (C) ю

• ௮ѨѐѲђѕггѝ̗Ҟ̱Қ̞ Can I eat it, the cake? (C) ййфк

ѭѐ

йѱцѼ

• െ੔ђѕ‫̗ޖ‬თ༧оѕюѭѸ҂ The city of Osaka is great fun. (V) бцю

хђц

ѷ

• ჋໓̗шсзੵ઼ҁຠ҂чѲйе Tomorrow I’ll read a fantastic magazine. (C) љњбь

ўюѸ

г

• ܾᄠ҂і҂я̞ຆрђѕॳђюѼе̞ What are you doing, playing? I’ve told you to work, haven’t I? (V)

Casual Speech

235

Other contractions include ܾк nani ka Π љ҂к (something, Lesson 41); јтк Π јђк (somewhere, Lesson 41); тѻў/ьѻў/бѻў Π тѹѲ/ьѹѲ/бѹѲ (this, that, that over there, Lesson 34); тѐѸ/ьѐѸ/бѐѸ Π тђѐ/ьђѐ/б ђѐ (this way, that way, that way over there, Lesson 34); ઒၌лљг shikata ga nai Π цѶелљг (it’s no use / it can’t be helped).

Shortenings A characteristic of casual speech is shortening certain words or phrases, such as ѱѝ Π ѱ҂ (thing, Lesson 57); їтѼ Π їт (place, Lesson 58); кѱцѻљг Π кѱ (perhaps, Lesson 43); ѝя Π ҂я (emphatic tag, Lesson 40). Notice the omission of the potential formѸ of Group 1 verbs: ௮ѨѸѻѺ taberareru Π ௮ѨѻѺ(Lesson 32). г

• јђкггїт ৥кљмѲ We must go somewhere good. (C) ю

• йђш̟Ӂ̱ӋӠ!௮ѨѻѺ̞ Hey! Can you eat (do you like) green pepper? (C) йѻ

йѱцѼ

• ܵ҂ѐњўთ༧гѱ҂лбѺкѱ In my house there might be something cool. (C) In the second sentence, йђшis short for йўѷеухгѭш (good morning). ܵ҂ѐ orenchi in the third sentence is short for ܵѝ݇ ore no uchi (my house). Colloquial vocabulary Nouns тгѓ

this guy

ьгѓ

ҙҚ

that guy that guy there kid / brat

мфѭ

бгѓ

๔!yatsu

guy / man

ჹᇟ!yarō

guy / moron

Adjectives

Verbs ҕҰҮшѺ to have sex to take for a fool

љѰѺ

ҷӠҾшѺ to pick up ѢѢѺ

to be scared stiff

you (threat)

sexy handsome, кђтгг cool кђтѾѺг not cool

ѤхрѺ

to mess around

ѐѢ

kid / midget

шуг

great; cool

ѯкѓо

to get angry

ҮӐӗ

bicycle

ътг

stingy

ѓѸ

face / mug

яфг

tacky

тѸ̟

ѕѰз

you (threat) weird / pervert truly

ікг

huge

хѭбѮѼ serves you right

ѡјг

horrible

ෑ chō

super (very)

ѳџг

risky; dicey

ѰђѐѲ

very

ဠവ!hentai Ӌҥ

ҕҰҮљ

Expressions hey! (threat)

236

Lesson 53 不 53 嶓

Patterns in casual Japanese

Grammatical patterns The table on the right shows grammatical patterns in colloquial or vulgar language. For instance, ̶ѕѳлѺ is a vulgar verb ending with a nuance of contempt; ̶ѕюѭѺк means “I’ll be damned if . . .” and ѥђ̶ adds menace to words like ੳш korosu (to kill). • ѕѰз̗љѰѕѳл҂ѝка̟ You, do you take me for a fool?! (very V) цбг

ѭ

• тѝ઻৸̗࿚рѕюѭѺкѷ̟ I’ll be damned if I lose this match! (V) љњ

ѾѸ

тѼ

• ܾ ҁஷ ђѕ҂я̞ѥђੳ шэ̟ What you laughing at? I’m gonna kill you! (very V)

̶ѕѳлѺ (V) ̶юѭѺк (V)

ေгѕѳлѺ He’s walking

‫ھ‬҂іюѭѺк I won’t drink it

ѥђ̶

(V)

ѥђੳш

шуо

(C)

шуо৳г

шуг

(C)

шуг৳г

I’ll kill you Really expensive Really expensive

ေо aruku to walk; ‫ھ‬ѯ nomu to drink; ੳш korosu to kill; ৳г takai expensive, high; шуг cool, terrific

The adverb шуо comes from шуг, a colloquial adjective meaning “fantastic, cool,” etc. шуо means “very,” synonymous with їѕѱ (Lesson 45). Often шуг is used instead of шуо even though it is grammatically wrong. бѭ

• шуо / шугࠀг҂яќ̗тѝѹ҂у̟ It’s real sweet, this apple, isn’t it? (C) There are also words whose main consonant is “doubled” in casual register: џкѹ Π!џ ђкѹ (only, Lesson 58); ѳўѹ Π ѳђѠѹ (I knew it); бѭѹ Π б҂ѭѹ (not much, Lesson 45); фм Π фђм (a while ago); ѭѭ Π ѭ҂ѭ (as it is, Lesson 47). ѱ҂о

г

ѭз

• ဇࣞџђкѹॳељѷ̗йಱ Don’t just complain (don’t complain so much), man! (C) їѱяѐ

• уѰ҂ќ̗ᄐൠѝѭ҂ѭігюгрј I’m sorry, but I want to stay friends. (C)

Casual Speech

237

Questions in the negative In English, we can make a request in the form of a question using a negative verb as a softener (Won’t you come?) In Japanese this is frequent and in all registers, including formal, colloquial and vulgar. м

• тѐѸѧᅑѕгюярѭъ҂к̞ Could you come here, please? (Formal) Ѿюц гђцѶ

ўоѥѓк҂

г

• ઱ї‫୸گ‬њ༣࿹ࠖѧ৥кљг̞ Won’t you come with me to the museum? (C) мѮ

і҂Ѿ

і

• ऄ̗฾ᇨњ୙ѕоѻљг̞ You, how about answering the phone? (C) їй

• ‫ܔ‬г҂чѲљгѝ̗ьѻ̞ Isn’t that very far? (C/V) Notice the end-of-sentence tag чѲљг̞ The more colloquial чѲ҂ is used mainly in Tokyo. кѝчѶ

юк

• ཱི஀ѝкџ҂̗৳г҂чѲљг̞ Her bag is very expensive, don’t you think? йѱцѼ

• бѝӋӠҙ̗თ༧гчѲ҂̞ That manga is interesting, isn’t it?

Answering yes / no questions In English if asked “You’re not hungry?,” and we are not hungry, we answer “No.” In Japanese, we answer “Yes” (Yes, it’s true that I’m not hungry.) If we are hungry, we answer “No” (No, it’s not true that I’m not hungry), i.e., denying a negative, which gives an affirmative. њо

ю

ю

• й໐ҁ௮Ѩюољг҂ішк̞ | ўг ( ௮Ѩюољг ) You don’t want to eat meat? | Yes (I don’t want to eat). ѭѹт

ш

ѐл

ш

• ఄᅦટлশмчѲљгѝ̞ | ггз̗‫ڦ‬е ( শмя ) You don’t like Mariko? | No, you’re wrong (I like her).

238

Lesson 53 不 53 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

Let’s look at some manga examples that will clarify the usage of colloquial and vulgar language that we’ve studied so far in this chapter. A word of advice: take this lesson only as a simple guide to casual speech that will help you understand comic books and movies. In real life, avoid using this kind of Japanese whenever you can.

Manga Example 1: Vulgar language This panel contains some of the most vulgar Japanese there is, full of contractions, rough words and even special grammatical constructions. Notice first the words еѺъз and ࠓऍќз kankei nee, very vulgar versions of the words еѺфг (noisy) and ࠓऍл љг (having no relation to). Originally, contracting the last part of words ending in -ai and -oi into -ee was a characteristic of the vulgar dialect in Tokyo, but it has spread all over Japan and is often used in comic books and movies. The word ѕѰзѸ is the plural of ѕѰз, a vulgar way of saying “you,” with a strong nuance of threat and insult. ѕѰз is a distortion of କಱ!temae (a form of address used by men to address an inferior). In this example we have a contraction we haven’t studied: it is њѲ, its normal form being њ and ў together. Notice the final ̶ѕѳлѻ, the imperative form of ̶ѕѳлѺ, a rough and rude form of the gerund ̶ѕгѺ. You will find ̶ѕѳлѺ in manga, but never in real life.

ўљц

ѡ

Gabriel Luque

⇽∼∐⇾↢ √∵⇾∺∟⅚ ࠖऐ∡⇾ᇫ∕↢

‫⅙ۀ‬਒≃∛ ∷∁∽↢

к҂рг

т

Katsuichi: еѺъз̟ѕѰзѸњѲࠓऍќзᇨя̟‫ڽ‬ђਏ҂іѳлѻ̟ noisy! you iop relation there isn’t topic be! withdraw (vulgar)! Shut up! This has nothing to do with you! Out!

Casual Speech

239

Manga Example 2: Threats

∪⅙੶∌√ ∷∼

⇿∝∌ ∍⅚∡ℹ∓

Here is another instance of vulgar language. Notice first, at the end, чѲќз, a vulgar contraction of чѲљг, or the more orthodox form іўљг. іў is usually contracted in all registers in Japanese into чѲ , and the ќз at the end is a rough contraction of љг. In this example we also have the prefix ѥђ̶, which adds brusqueness to a word. By adding ѥђ̶ to the verb ੳш korosu (to kill), the speaker is strengthening his sentence and adding, as well, the nuances of “threat” and “resolve.” Last of all, the ̶ѕѳѺ form is common in vulgar language to indicate disdain toward the other person or to sound more macho; it has little to do with the meaning of “give or do a favor to someone inferior” of the ̶ѕѳѺ we saw in Lesson 45. тѼ

Kaneshiro: ѥђੳцѕѳѺ (prefix) kill (give)

Xian Nu Studio

I’m gonna kill you. йјцчѲќ̱э threat not be ep And I’m not bluffing.

Manga Example 3: A belligerent girl Generally, a girl would never use this type of vulgar language, because this register is too rough and “macho” for a woman. However, in this example, we have quite an exception. The girl uses two very vulgar words: the verb ѤхрѺ (to mess around, to bug), and the noun ჹᇟ yarō (guy, man). The word ҴӃ (fat guy) is slightly less vulgar. The word Ѥхр҂ is a vulgar contraction of ѤхрѺ (the Ѻ becomes ҂ when talking very fast), and the љ, as we have seen before, is used to form the direct negative imperative. Therefore, Ѥхр҂љ means “Don’t bug me.” As a curiosity, we will mention that in the most gangster-like register in Japanese some speakers roll their “r,” like in Spanish.

ȹ

Studio K¯osen

∩∋∆≃∞ ≤ȹ≳ჼᇢ ℼℼℼ⅙

ѳѼе

Tokiwa: Ѥхр҂љ!ҴӃჹᇟ℻℻℻℻ђ lark around (negative imperative), fat guy Stop fucking with me, fat-ass!!

240

Lesson 53 不 53 嶓

Manga Example 4: A very vulgar negative imperative

м

J.M. Ken Niimura

⇼⇼ࡀ∟∞⅙√≃ ∍⅚∡⇾↢

Here we have a negative imperative of the kind exclusively used in vulgar register: “verb + ҂чѲљг.” Take a look at the example: гг࠽њљѺ ii ki ni naru is a set phrase with the meaning of “to get smart with, to be stuck up.” чѲќзis the distortion of чѲљг. Therefore, гг࠽њљђѕ҂чѲќз(its non-distorted version being гг࠽њљђѕгѺ҂чѲљг) means more or less “don’t get smart.” More examples of this kind of (very) vulgar negative imperative are: Ҟ̱Қҁ௮Ѩ Ѻ҂чѲљг̟ Kēki o taberu n ja nai! (Don’t eat the cake!), тђѐіᄠѥ҂чѲљг̟ Kotchi de asobu n ja nai! (Don’t play here!), ӋӠҙҁຠѯ҂чѲљ г̟ Manga o yomu n ja nai! (Don’t read manga!) Kumasaka: гг࠽њљђѕ҂чѲќз̟ good feeling become not be! Don’t get smart with me!

Manga Example 5: Using the negative to ask Here is an example of a question in the negative. Notice how, despite conjugating the verb in the -masu form (бѹѭъ҂), Asakawa omits all grammatical particles: a very obvious characteristic of spoken language. In its most orthodox form the sentence would be т ѝϥఒњफ़ޭзлбѹѭъ҂к̞ Kono yonin ni mioboe ga arimasen ka? Here, however, the speaker has avoided the particles њ, л and к, something we don’t generally recommend. Notice the negative form of the question: its literal translation would be “Don’t these 4 people ring a bell?” In Japanese, the negative is often used when asking things, since it a “softens” a direct question. ∈∢⇁కॡ ȹ ⇿∰⇾⇻ ∻∲∐≃↡

ѷњ҂

Ѯ

Asakawa: тѝϥఒ!फ़йѫзбѹѭъ҂̞ this 4 people see remember not there are? Studio Kosen ¯

Do these 4 people ring a bell?

Casual Speech

241

Manga Example 6: A tag for agreement

∕∀∺ℿ

Xian Nu Studio

૙࿾≂౻ ∵∞⇼∛∹ℿ

≄⊌≝∢∐ ⇼∍⅚∞⇼∍ ⅚∞⇼ℿ↡

The tag чѲљг at the end of a sentence used with an interrogative intonation, is a way of looking for the other person’s agreement. This example offers us a peculiar instance of this. The sentence seeking agreement is ҏӠ ҬѝъгчѲљг (it’s not your fault). If we add the colloquial expression for statement чѲљг, we obtain ҏӠҬѝъгчѲљгчѲљг̞, as in the example. This gives us two чѲљг together, something that may sound really strange but which is not unusual in colloquial language. Therefore, the literal translation of this sentence is “It’s not your fault, isn’t it?” Giving this last чѲљг an interrogative tone is very important, because, otherwise, the other person would interpret it as a negative. The tag чѲ љг̞ is extremely common in spoken Japanese.

чѥ҂

ъ

Kawami: якѸ̹૖࿻ҁ౸Ѱљгіѷ̹ҏӠҬѝъгчѲљгчѲљг̹̞ so . . . yourself dop attack ep . . . you pop fault not be not be . . . ? So . . . don’t blame yourself . . . It wasn’t your fault, right?

Manga Example 7: Answer to a question in the negative We will conclude with an example of something which might confuse you. Take a look at the conversation in the panel: literally, it would be “You can’t see me?” and then the answer “Yes.” In English, we would interpret that he can see him, but in Japanese we are saying “indeed, I cannot see you.” That is, in Japanese we corroborate the speaker’s words “you can’t see me.” In our final translation, however, we have followed the English convention, and have answered “No.” Don’t feel discouraged if you are not grasping this immediately, this is a concept that takes a while to master! ⇾↡≈⊆∁ ॡ⇾∞⇼↡ Gabriel Luque

∣⇼

Ѯ

Man 1: з̞җәлफ़зљг̞

Man 2: ўг

hey? I sp not see?

yes

Hey? Can’t you see me?

No.

242

Lesson 53 不 53 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

To what forms are these contractions equivalent: ̶ѐѲе, ̶ѕѵе and ̶љмѲ?

ȥ

Give the casual or vulgar version of ༘ђѕйо , Ȟ

Ȝȷ

৥мюг and ᄠ ҂іўяѰя̘( ༘е to buy; ৥о

2

to go; ᄠѥ to play) ȥ

3

ȩɥɘ

Translate: ༘ђѕоѻѷ̗ ଁ ̟ ȩɥɘ

( ༘е to buy; ଁ car) Ȟ

Translate: љ҂кॳ зѷ̗тѻђѕѓѭѸљг҂ яѷ . ( ॳе to say; ѓѭѸљг boring)

5

4

What do we use the construction ̶ѕѳлѺ for? Form a sentence with it.

Is the following sentence grammatically correct: ȞȢ

бѝ ݇ ̗шугікгќ ? Why/why not?

6

( ݇ house)

7

Translate: бгѓ̗ѰђѐѲѯкѓо҂я̗шп ѢѢѹѳлђѕ . . . (шп at once)

Translate “Can you give me a hand?” using the negative and the ̶ѕоѻѺ form (Lesson 45). (to ɀ

8

ȥ

give a hand କҁാш ) ɘȞȭ

9

Translate: ࿢ ટ ѐ Ѳ ҂̗ ѳ ъ ю ч Ѳ ҂̞ ( ࿢ ટ Maiko; ѳъѺ to lose weight)

You don’t have a stomachache and someone asks Ʉȥ

Ȟȹ

you й ࿱ ̗ ෦ ољг̞ What do you answer?

10

( й࿱ stomach; ෦г painful) — Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 54

•

ᇹ 54 ᛢ

Comparatives After studying informal and formal registers in Japanese, let’s return to our grammar studies to see how to form comparative and superlative sentences.

As . . . as In Lessons 43 and 50, we said that ѷея means “apparently . . . ,” and that a small variation of this expression could be used to form comparative sentences: “A is as . . . as B.” The basic structure of this kind of sentences is “AўBѝѷењ . . .” Usage: After verbs and -i adjectives, we add nothing. -na adjectives keep the љ, and we add ѝ between nouns and ѷењ. Be careful: ѷе њ is an adverbial form that modifies verbs and adjectives, but never nouns. кѻ

• ཱིўмѓќѝѷењщѺгіш He is as sly as a fox. гз

мѴеі҂

ѡѼ

• тѝ݇ўࡵ฻ѝѷењাг This house is as roomy as a palace. гѭ

љѓ

бѓ

• ਒ў݅ѝѷењ୴гіш It is now as hot as in summer. ѮѪ

еюя

ею

• ྑဵў‫ۈ‬ഞ฽ҿҘӘѝѷењ‫ݍ‬зѺѷ Miho can sing like Hikaru Utada. To establish a comparison between nouns, we use the adjectival form ѷељ. кѻ

мѴеі҂

гз

ш

• ཱིўࡵ฻ѝѷељ݇њୄ҂ігѺ He lives in a house that is like a palace. ѭгт

кѻц

йїт

• ࿢ટѝཱིમўҡӗӖѝѷељඈя Maiko’s boyfriend is a man like a gorilla. Finally, we can also make metaphors and similes with ѷея : ѭгт

кѻц

• ࿢ટѝཱིમўҡӗӖѝѷея Maiko’s boyfriend is (looks like) a gorilla. Remember, as we saw in Lesson 43, Ѯюгњ and Ѯюгљ are the colloquial versions of ѷењ and ѷељ, respectively. Usage: We don’t need to add or eliminate anything. кѻ

• ཱིўмѓќѮюгњщѺгіш He is as sly as a fox. кѻ

мѴеі҂

гз

ш

• ཱིўࡵ฻Ѯюгљ݇њୄ҂ігѺ He lives in a house that is like a palace. ѭгт

кѻц

• ࿢ટѝཱིમўҡӗӖѮюгя Maiko’s boyfriend is (looks like) a gorilla.

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Lesson 54 不 54 嶓

More . . . than The basic structure to form this kind of sentence is “AўBѷѹ . . .” Usage: Don’t add anything after a simple-form verb, -i adjective, or noun. -na adjectives take љ. Be careful: “A ўBѷѹѱ . . . ,” with identical meaning and usage, is another valid form, as well as the dislocated forms “BѷѹAў . . .” or “BѷѹѱAў . . .” њѪ҂у

згу

ѯщк

• ໓ႉটў۲টѷѹ່цгяѼе Japanese is probably more difficult than English. ѮѪ

еюя

ею

• ྑဵў‫ۈ‬ഞ฽ҿҘӘѷѹеѭо‫ݍ‬зѺ Miho can sing better than Hikaru Utada. цуї

чуо

югѧ҂

• тѝ઒ૃўඌਇѷѹѱെဠя This job is tougher than hell. йѱцѼ

йѱ

• ҏҸӎѷѹӋӠҙўთ༧гїતе I think manga is more interesting than anime. шц

ю

• ଢગѷѹѱҦҾҟҰҳҐҁ௮Ѩюгљ More than sushi, I want to eat spaghetti. Note: “AўBѷѹ . . .” is only used when we know what we are talking about: the subject has already been raised in the conversation or all parties know about it (Lesson 39). If the subject is unknown, we must use the expression “AѝѪелBѷѹ . . .” The dislocated form “BѷѹAѝѪел . . .” is also possible. • ҥӔӠѝѪелӋґҜѷѹҼӠҢӍя John is more handsome than Mike. ѕ҂

• ะѦѸѝѪелҘә̱ѷѹйгцг Tempura is nicer than curry. мѴецѴе

цто

цщ

• ࣜ ବ ѷѹચਂѝѪел౨кя Shikoku is quiet, more so than Kyushu.

Not as . . . as In Japanese there is no way of saying “A is less . . . than B,” maybe due to the Japanese aversion to stating things clearly. The closest expression is “AўBѪј + negative,” which literally means “A is not as . . . as B” Usage: B is only used with simple-form verbs and nouns. The overall sentence must compulsorily be in the negative. згу

њѪ҂у

ѯщк

• ۲টў໓ႉটѪј່цољг English is not as difficult as Japanese. ѕ҂

• Ҙә̱ўะѦѸѪјйгцољг Curry is not as nice as tempura. • ӋґҜўҥӔӠѪјҼӠҢӍчѲљг Mike is not as handsome as John. ею

йј

ѓк

• ‫ݍ‬еѝўᅂѺѪјཻѻљг Singing is not as tiring as dancing. Ѥчф҂

юк

• ࿊છ઀ўҕӆәҦҵѪј৳ољг Mount Fuji is not as high as Mount Everest.

Adverbs of gradation Adverbs of gradation are usually used in sentences of the kind “more . . . than” and “not as . . . as.” They follow ѷѹ and Ѫј , and give different gradations to our comparisons:

Comparatives

245

1) ѳѳ: slightly ѡі

їѱѡѼ

ъ

юк

• ଱ўඋহѷѹѳѳ།л৳г Hide is slightly taller than Tomohiro. 2) ஖ц/ѐѶђї: a little (ѐѶђї is more informal than ஖ц) ѡі

їѱѡѼ

ъ

юк

• ଱ўඋহѷѹѐѶђї།л৳г Hide is a little taller than Tomohiro. 3) кљѹ/щгѥ҂: quite (щгѥ҂ is somewhat stronger than кљѹ) ѡі

їѱѡѼ

ъ

юк

• ଱ўඋহѷѹкљѹ།л৳г Hide is quite taller than Tomohiro. 4) щђї: much more ѡі

їѱѡѼ

ъ

юк

• ଱ўඋহѷѹщђї།л৳г Hide is much taller than Tomohiro. The adverb ѱђї (more) can also form comparative sentences: Ѫ҂

юк

• тѝႉўѱђї৳гѷ This book is more expensive. кѻ

бюѭ

• ཱི ( ѝѪе ) лѱђї຃лггіш He is more intelligent.

The same . . . as / As . . . as The structure A ў B їຈчпѸг A wa B to onaji gurai is used to form sentences of the kind “A is more or less the same . . . as B,” or “A is as . . . as B.” The word ຈч means the same as, and the adverb пѸг (Lesson 40), means more or less or about. Usage: Only nouns or noun phrases are used for B. Be careful: Although grammatically correct, the structure “Aў B їຈч . . . ,” that is, without пѸг, is hardly ever used in real life. ѡі

їѱѡѼ

йљ

ъ

юк

• ଱ўඋহїຈчпѸг།л৳г Hide is more or less the same height as Tomohiro. йљ

• ҥӔӠўӋґҜїຈчпѸгҼӠҢӍя John is more or less as handsome as Mike. ѕ҂

йљ

• ะѦѸўҘә̱їຈчпѸгйгцг Tempura is more or less as nice as curry. шело

кло

йљ

мѸ

• హ޵ўܼ޵їຈчпѸгॎгіш I hate math more or less the same as chemistry. оѺѭ

йљ

юк

• ьѝҾҪҠӠўଁїຈчпѸг৳г That computer is more or less as expensive as a car.

Questions Let’s look at the question “Which is more . . . , A or B?” The basic structure in Japanese is “A їBіўјѐѸл . . . ?” Be careful: in this kind of sentence always use the interrogative pronoun јѐѸ or its colloquial version јђѐ (which?); never use ൬ dare (who?), ј ѻ (which?), or ܾ nani (what?).

246

Lesson 54 不 54 嶓

њѪ҂у

згу

ѯщк

• ໓ႉটї۲টіўјѐѸл່цгк̞ Out of Japanese and English, which is more difficult? њѪ҂у

згу

йљ

ѯщк

• ໓ႉটў۲টїຈчпѸг່цг Japanese is more or less as difficult as English. ѡі

їѱѡѼ

ъ

юк

• ଱їඋহіўјђѐл།л৳гѝ̞ Who is taller: Hide or Tomohiro? їѱѡѼ

ѡі

ъ

юк

• උহў଱Ѫј།л৳ољг Tomohiro is not as tall as Hide. ѕ҂

• ะѦѸїҘә̱іўјѐѸлйгцгѝ̞ Which is tastier: tempura or curry? ѕ҂

• ะѦѸўҘә̱ѷѹщђїйгцг Tempura is much tastier than curry.

Superlatives There are two ways of forming superlative sentences (“A is the most (adj.) in . . .”). Both structures must always be used with an adjective, and never with a noun or an adverb. The first is “A ў . . . ( ѝඣі / і ) ‫گ‬ཀྵ (adj.)” A wa . . .(no naka de/de) ichiban (adj). Note: і is used when we are talking about places, and ѝඣі is used when we are talking about groups of something. However, both are often used without distinction. їѮз

љк

гѐџ҂бюѭ

ѡї

• ࿊৏ўҜӖҦѝඣі‫گ‬ཀྵ຃ѝггఒіш Tomie is the most intelligent in the class. ъкг гѐџ҂юк ѳѭ • ҕӆәҦҵўే‫ރ‬і‫گ‬ཀྵ৳г઀іш Everest is the highest mountain in the world. ъкг

гѐџ҂б҂ы҂

оњ

њѪ҂

• ే‫ރ‬і‫گ‬ཀྵ‫څ‬ವљਂў໓ႉіцѶе Japan might be the safest country in the world. The second structure for superlatives is “A ў . . . ( ѝඣі / і ) ਸ਼ѱ (adj.)” A wa . . . (no naka de/de) mottomo (adj). We use it just like its “sibling” ‫گ‬ཀྵ . їѮз

љк

ѱђї бюѭ

ѡї

• ࿊৏ўҜӖҦѝඣіਸ਼ѱ຃ѝггఒіш Tomie is the most intelligent in the class. ъкг

ѱђї

юк

ѳѭ

• ҕӆәҦҵўే‫ރ‬іਸ਼ѱ৳г઀іш Everest is the highest mountain in the world. ъкг

ѱђї

б҂ы҂

оњ

њѪ҂

• ే‫ރ‬іਸ਼ѱ‫څ‬ವљਂў໓ႉіцѶе Japan might be the safest country in the world. Note: ‫گ‬ཀྵ means the first or sometimes the best (for example, ཱིў‫گ‬ཀྵя! kare wa ichiban da, He is the first / the best), while ਸ਼ѱ is an adverb meaning the most (something).

Comparatives

247

Too (much) The English adverbs “too” and “too much” modify adjectives and verbs. In Japanese we must form compound verbs and adjectives with the auxiliary verb ̶шнѺ. For verbs, add ̶шнѺ to the root: ຆо hataraku (work) Π Root:ຆм Π add ̶шнѺ: ຆмш нѺ (work too much). For -i and -na adjectives: replace г or љ with ̶шнѺ: াг hiroi (wide) Π াшнѺ (too wide) | ౨кљ shizuka-na (quiet) Π ౨кшнѺ (too quiet). ѡї

ўљ

• бѝఒўгѓѱᇨцшнѭшќ That man always talks too much, doesn’t he? мѝе

фр

ѝ

• ੡໓ўйଝҁ‫ھ‬Ѯшню Yesterday, I drank too much (alcohol). • тѝҢӠҶґҰҮўѭщшнѺљ This sandwich tastes really bad. Exceptions: гг (good) Π ѷшнѺ (too good) | Negative: ̶љг Π ̶љфшнѺ мѮ

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ऄўဨࢦцљфшнѺ҂чѲљг̞ Don’t you study too little? Comparative and superlative expressions A ў B ѝѷењ . . .

A is as . . . as B

ྥ৸ўะકѝѷењмѻгіш Yuri is as beautiful as an angel.

A ў B Ѯюгњ . . .

A is as . . . as B (colloquial)

ྥ৸ўะકѮюгњмѻгя Yuri is as beautiful as an angel.

A ў B ѷѹ . . .

A is more . . . than B ྥ৸ўࡰྑѷѹмѻгя Yuri is more beautiful than Kumi.

A ѝѪел B ѷѹ . . .

A (new topic) is more . . . than B

ྥ৸ѝѪелࡰྑѷѹмѻгя Yuri is more beautiful than Kumi.

A ў B Ѫј . . . (neg.)

A is not as . . . as B

ࡰྑўྥ৸ѪјмѻгчѲљг Kumi is not as beautiful as Yuri.

A ў B їຈч пѸг . . .

A is more or less the ྥ৸ўࡰྑїຈчпѸгмѻгя same . . . as B Yuri is more or less as beautiful as Kumi.

. . .ѝඣі/і‫گ‬ཀྵ (Adj.)

the most (adj.) in . . . ྥ৸ў‫૽ݰ‬ѝඣі‫گ‬ཀྵмѻгя Yuri is the most beautiful in the company.

. . .ѝඣі/іਸ਼ѱ(Adj.)

the most (adj.) among . . .

ྥ৸ў‫૽ݰ‬ѝඣіਸ਼ѱмѻгљ஀౐я Yuri is the most beautiful woman in the company.

̶шнѺ

too much . . .

ྥ৸ў།л෾шнѺ Yuri is too short.

ะક tenshi angel; мѻгљ beautiful; ‫ ૽ݰ‬kaisha company; ஀౐ josei woman; །л෾г se ga hikui short

248

Lesson 54 不 54 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

And now let’s get on with the manga examples, which, as usual, will help us study in greater depth some of the points we have studied in this chapter. We will also expand on what we’ve already learned with some new expressions or nuances.

Manga Example 1: The comparative “more than” This is an example of the “A is more . . . than B” kind. The basic structure in Japanese is “Aў Bѷѹ . . .” However, this structure is only valid if both speakers are familiar with the subject they are talking about. If you want to introduce a new topic in a comparative sentence of the “more than” kind, then remember that you must use the “AѝѪелBѷѹ. . .” structure, as in the example here (Notice Ѫе is written in kanji [၌] here, a perfectly valid option and very common in written Japanese.) If the sentence in the manga example had been preceded by the question тѝჿўভоќ (This pill is effective, isn’t it?) the response wouldn’t use ѝ၌л because the pill has previously appeared in the conversation, and it has become the topic in it. You can review the concept of “topic” in Lesson 37. Note: кѱцѻљг!(Lesson 43), means “perhaps” or “maybe.” It is always placed at the end of the sentence.

Xian Nu Studio

∈∢ᄂ∢၏∁ ႓ᄂ∹ ∻ র∄ ∀∶∌∽∞⇼∹ ошѹ

Ѫе

ѭѳо

м

George: тѝჿѝ၌л႐ჿѷѹভокѱцѻљгѷ this medicine on its part sp drug more than effective perhaps This pill might be more effective than a drug.

Comparatives

249

Manga Example 2: The comparative “to be like” The construction “to be like” is formed with the adverbial form ѷењ (before verbs and adjectives) and the adjectival form ѷељ (before nouns). There are colloquial versions, which are, respectively, Ѯюгњ and Ѯюгљ. In our sentence, Haruki states that ஀‫ܥ‬ѝѷењफ़зѺ, literally, “She is seen like (as if she were) a queen.” Remember that between the noun and ѷењ or ѷељ, we must add ѝ. A more colloquial version of this sentence would be ஀‫ܥ‬Ѯюгњफ़зѺ. (Be careful, with Ѯюгњ and Ѯюгљ, we don’t need ѝ). Notice, too, the word ѭѺі, which means something like “completely,” “utterly,” or “just like,” and is often used in these kinds of sentences to strengthen them rhetorically.

Studio K¯osen

∲∼∛ ஃ‫∢ܨ‬ ∹⇽∟ ॡ⇾∼

чѶйе

Ѯ

Haruki: ѭѺі஀‫ܥ‬ѝѷењफ़зѺ completely queen like see She looks just like a queen.

Manga Example 3: A special usage of yori

Gabriel Luque

−∽∹∻ছཔ∶ ਕ∲∛∢ිઢ∛ ⇼∈⇽∑↢

஋√∼∓ ∳≃∞↢

Just as we said in Manga Examples 4 and 6 in Lesson 48, finding grammatical structures that are used with the kosoado pronouns (Lesson 34) is quite common. The case of ѷ ѹ is somewhat special, because it is usually seen only with ьѻ (that), as in the example here, and is hardly ever combined with other kosoado pronouns. ьѻѷѹ is used when changing subject suddenly in a conversation; its literal translation is something like “more than that.” This expression is very difficult to translate directly, although we could paraphrase it with expressions such as “aside from that” or “I agree with what we’ve just said, but now we must talk about . . .” теў҂

гѭ

ѐѶец

к

Jun: ьѻѷѹঘདѱ਒ѭіѝාટігтеы̟!ஈѕѺэ!Ѯ҂љ̟ this more than 2nd part too now until pop way ip let’s ep! win ep everybody! Aside from that, in the second part we must play the way we’ve been playing until now! We can win, guys!

250

Lesson 54 不 54 嶓

Manga Example 4: The comparative “not as”

≆≟∢ ಉઢ∯∝ ∍⅚∞⇼ ∆∝∞

We saw earlier in this chapter that in Japanese there are no comparative expressions of the “less than” kind, and that we must use subtleties such as “not as much as.” The basic structure of this kind of sentence is “AўBѪј . . . (negative).” In the manga-example sentence here, there is no comparative element because it has previously appeared in the conversation. Probably, the original sentence said by this man was something like ғҮѝಆટ Ѫјടђѕгљг uchi no Yukiko hodo futotte inai (She is not as fat as my Yukiko). That would justify Yukiko’s rage in the example! Remember that the verb or adjective to be compared (ടђѕгѺ in this case) must be in the negative. Note: ғҮ (in kanji ູ), is a multipurpose word that can be used when referring to oneself (particularly in the case of women), to one’s family, or to close friends: it is the same concept of uchi that we analyzed in Lesson 45.

Xian Nu Studio

ѵмт

Hiroshi: ғҮѝಆટѪјчѲљгрјљ inside pop Yukiko so much as not be but ep Although she’s not as much as my Yukiko.

Manga Example 5: The superlative ichiban

−∽∁‫ཬڲ‬൉૆∞ ≑≥∕∹ ℵ∂⅙∜

Let’s review the superlative, expressions of “the most . . .” kind. There are two ways of forming superlative sentences: one is using ‫گ‬ཀྵ, like in this panel, and another is with ਸ਼ѱ mottomo. The basic structure is “Aў . . . ѝඣі/і no naka de/de ‫گ‬ཀྵ (adj.).” In our sentence, ьѻл‫گ‬ཀྵെૃљтї (That is the most important thing), the area the speaker is referring to is not mentioned, and the subject is replaced with the pronoun ь ѻ (that). To study this structure further, we could change the sentence to ৸ާшѺѝў ఒ౛і‫گ‬ཀྵെૃљтї Gōkaku suru no wa jinsei de ichiban daiji-na koto (Passing the exam is the most important thing in life), that is, with a word naming a specific area (ఒ౛і, “in life”), and replacing the pronoun ьѻ with ৸ ާшѺ (to pass an exam). Note: The adverb мђї (surely, undoubtedly) comes at the end of the sentence here. This is a common characteristic of the colloquial language (Lesson 53). гѐџ҂ ягч

Xian Nu Studio

Yūji: ьѻл‫گ‬ཀྵെૃљҠҵяѷ̗мђї that sp the most important thing be ep, sure That’s the most important thing, surely.

Comparatives

251

Manga Example 6: Superlative words

ᆵშ∊≃ ∞≃∀൉Ⅳ ≋⊃≅↢

Besides the superlatives ‫گ‬ཀྵ ichiban and ਸ਼ѱ mottomo, there are compound words with superlative meaning, formed by the kanji ਸ਼ sai plus another kanji. Notice how ਸ਼ѱ and ਸ਼ have the same kanji, but their reading is different. Other superlative words of this kind are ਸ਼ᆐ sairyō (the best), ਸ਼ٰ saiaku (the worst), ਸ਼௼ saishin (the newest), ਸ਼ ৳ saikō (the best / the tallest), ਸ਼٩ saiai (the most loved), ਸ਼ࢦ saikyō (the strongest), ਸ਼ଳ saishū (the last / the final), ਸ਼ล saiteki (the most appropriate / the ideal), and many more. Also worth mentioning are ਸ਼୲ saisho (the beginning), ਸ਼ঘ saigo (the end), as well as the adverb ਸ਼ࣘ saikin (lately, recently). In this example we have the word ਸ਼෾, which literally means “the lowest,” but which is quite often used as an insult hurled mainly by women, with the meaning of “you are scum,” “you are pathetic,” or even “you are despicable.” Studio K¯osen

ਹก≈≥ ≑∛∎

̢ шщм

яг

фгѕг

Shigeko: ᆲქф҂љ҂кെҰҚӖґ "̖ਸ਼෾җҵҠіш̟ Suzuki suf (emphasis) hate! the lowest man be!! I hate you, Suzuki! You scumbag!

Manga Example 7: Too much The final panel offers an instance of how to form sentences with the meaning of “too much.” If we have the verb උѺ and we want to say “to know too much,” we must add the auxiliary verb ̶шнѺ to its root, thus obtaining the verb උѹшнѺ. Compound verbs with ̶шнѺ can be conjugated just like any other verb: උѹшнљг (negative), උѹш нљкђю (past negative), උѹшнѕ (-te form), etc. Here, for example, we have the past form උѹшню, working as a relative clause that modifies the noun ඈ. Therefore, උѹшнюඈ means “The man who knew too much.” Review Lesson 50 to brush up on the subject of relative clauses.

േϥஶ̖ උѹшнюඈ ягѷ҂цѶе

ц

йїт

Title: േϥஶ̖උѹшнюඈ number 4 chapter know too much man Gabriel Luque

Chapter 4: The man who knew too much

252

Lesson 54 不 54 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

What differences of register and usage are there between the expressions ѷењ and Ѯюгњ?

Translate: “This house is as big as a cathedral.” ȞȢ

ȤȤ

ȺȞȵȞɃȠ

(house ݇ ; big െ мг ; cathedral െ౞ຉ )

3

Translate: “This house is bigger than a cathedral.”

Translate: “This house is not as big as a cathedral.”

5

6

Translate: “Between this house and a cathedral, which is bigger?”

Translate: “This cathedral is the biggest in the ȵȥȞ

world.” (world ే‫) ރ‬

9

4

Translate: “This house is more or less as big as a cathedral.”

Translate: “This house is much smaller than a cathedral.”

7

2

8

Translate: “This house is too big.”

ȯȞȜȩ ȯȞȱɡ

What do the following words mean? ਸ਼ٰ , ਸ਼୲ , ȯȞɤɡȠ

ਸ਼ᆐ

ȯȞȺȞ

ȯȞɀȞ

and ਸ਼෾ ? What do you think the words

10

ȯȞȱɡȠ

ਸ਼െ and ਸ਼க could mean?

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 55

•

ᇹ 55 ᛢ

Sightseeing In this lesson we will introduce some language that is useful when sightseeing in Japan, and, in doing so, review some of the previous conversation-based lessons we have studied so far.

Asking for directions In Lesson 51 we studied how to ask for directions at the থཀྵ kōban police box. Let’s learn how to ask directions from people in the street: ѷтўѭ

г

Ѯѐ

йц

• шѮѭъ҂л̗‫ܢ‬྾ӖӠҶӋ̱ҜҬӜ̱ѧ৥оຒҁࢬзѕгюярѭъ ҂к̞ Excuse me, how do I get to Yokohama Landmark Tower? (Lessons 45 and 54) ѓн

кј

Ѯн

ѭ

г

• ૌ ѝޮ ҁ‫ ۇ‬ѧࣁ лђѕояфг̘ьцѕѭђшп৥ ђѕояфг Turn right on the next corner. Then, go straight on. (Lesson 48) ъ҂ьеч

ѐк

• шѮѭъ҂л̗ಘೱૈўࣘгішк̞ Excuse me, is Sensoji temple close by? бѺ

їй

ѐкѕѓ

ѝ

Ѫе

• ေоњў‫ܔ‬шнѺѝі̗ඌܻอњ௏ђю၌лггішѷ It’s too far to walk, so I recommend taking the subway. (Lessons 48, 49 and 54) ѐк

ѕг

• тѝࣘоњҽҦ෿ўбѹѭшк̞ Is there a bus stop near here? зглк҂

їљѹ

• ўг̗бѝۨ‫ࠖݧ‬ѝᆠњбѹѭш Yes, it is next to that cinema. љѸ

ѮјтѼ

љ҂

• ືᆐѝफ़୳ўܾішк̞ What places are worth seeing in Nara? їеягч

ягѥѓ

кшл югцѲ

љѸ

тез҂

йѱцѼ

• ๥െૈњўെ࿸лбѺц̗ьѻњ୞໓െ૽їືᆐফ‫܁‬ѱთ༧гішѷ̘ There is the great image of Buddha in Todaiji temple, and then Kasuga-taisha shrine and Nara Park are also interesting. (Lessons 35 and 48) цљг

ѐщ

• ડູඌణҁгюярѭшк̞ Could you give me a map of the city? (Lesson 45) ѧ҂

цѶеѕ҂лг

• тѝဤњў஍า‫ޖ‬лбѹѭшк̞ Is there a shopping district around this area? њџ҂Ѱ

ц҂уе

ѡяѹ

ѭ

• ໊ཀྵყѝ௳৷ҁਧњࣁлђѕояфг Turn left at the second traffic light. Ѫете

• тѐѸѝ၌঱іггішќ̞ This is the right way, isn’t it? їеч

мѶеїзм

еѸлѾ

• ๥ૈўࢗํ۹ѝᅩഅњбѹѭшѷ The Toji temple is behind Kyoto Station.

254

Lesson 55 不 55 嶓

Giving and receiving directions ȠɣȦɩ

behind

̶ѝᅩഅњ

that way

бѐѸѧ

to the left

ਧഅњ

to the right

‫ۇ‬അњ

to turn left

ਧѧࣁлѺ

to turn right

‫ۇ‬ѧࣁлѺ

to go 3 blocks

4 ӃӚҰҜ৥о

Ȟ

to go straight on

ѭђшп৥о

in front of . . .

̶ѝಱњ

next to . . .

̶ѝᆠњ

on the corner of . . .

̶ѝޮњ

ɌȺɤȦɩ

ɘȢ

əȨȦɩ

ɂɄɤ

ɌȺɤ

ȥɃ

əȨ

ɘ

ɘ

ɚ

Ȟ

on the opposite side of . . . ̶ѝ঱кг

Taking photos Sometimes we might want to ask someone to take our photo. Or we may want to take photos of other people—after asking their permission, of course! цѲц҂

ї

• шѮѭъ҂̗ ૷ఄҁੰђѕгюярѭшк̞ Excuse me, could you take a photo (of me)? (Lesson 45) гѐѭг

ќл

• ѱе‫گ‬႔йࠥгцѭш One more, please. (Lesson 40) цѲц҂

ї

• ( бљюѝ ) ૷ఄҁੰђѕѱггішк̞ Could I take a photo of you? (Lesson 32) гђцѶ

цѲц҂

ї

• бљюї‫୸گ‬њ૷ఄҁੰѹюг҂ішрј I’d like to have my photo taken with you. цѲц҂

ї

• тті૷ఄҁੰђѕѱггішк̞ Can I take photos here? (Lesson 32)

At the museum The sentences below will help you when touring Japanese museums. You can expand them using words from the tables on these pages and grammar patterns we have studied. л҂ џђѕќ! їемѶетоѹѓўоѥѓк҂

кгк҂ чк҂

йц

• ๥ ࢗ ਂᅰ༣࿹ࠖѝ‫ࠖވ‬ોࠑҁࢬзѕгюярѭъ҂к̞ Could you tell me what time the Tokyo National Museum opens? (Lessons 45 and 54) їемѶетоѹѓўоѥѓк҂

оч

ў҂

чѴељљч

б

• ๥ ࢗ ਂᅰ༣࿹ࠖўϪોདкѸϢϨોѭі‫ވ‬гѕйѹѭш! The Tokyo National Museum opens from 9:30 am to 5 pm. (Lessons 41 and 52) мѴек҂Ѣ

сѓѷеѢ

м

• цкц̗ࡲࠖ໓ўृᄴ໓ішѝі̗й࠽ҁѓрояфг However, please be aware that they are closed on Mondays. (Lessons 48 and 52) њѴечѶеѹѶе

• ໕ ௓ ᆈ ўгоѸішк How much is it to get in? лоъгѾѹѢм

• ޵౛߁‫ڽ‬ўбѹѭшк̞ Is there a student discount? йїљ њѭг

т

гѐѭг

• െఒϣ႔їટјѱϢ႔ояфг Two adult (tickets) and one child, please.

Sightseeing

255

к҂љг

• ູࠖұҏ̱ўбѹѭшк̞ Is there a guided tour of the museum? зј

чяг

емѷз

• ৏ঀોൄѝ࿓ే‫ޅ‬ўјтњбѺ҂ішк̞ Where are the Edo period ukiyo-e? зўлм

к

• ‫ޅ‬ᄾ୺ҁ༘зѭшк̞ Can I buy postcards? (Lesson 32) ѓк

• ҵґәҁકђѕѱггіцѶек̞ Can I use the toilet? (Lesson 32) Sightseeing vocabulary In the city (ᕷෆ䛷) ȳȞȸȩȥɭ

aquarium

ప഑ࠖ

art museum

ྑ୚ࠖ

ɕȠȭȠ

၌঱

garden

จ‫ } ܁‬จ

ɍȲɟȾȥɭ

ɀɣ

castle

௒

city hall

ડჽ୳

corner

ޮ

Ʌɩ

ડ௓

ȱɧ

statue

೽

street

෧ѹ

theater

व ௓

traffic lights

௳৷

zoo

ງ࿹‫܁‬

ɂȤ

ɉȩɐȾȥɭ

museum

༣࿹ࠖ

monument

ࡆ໥ཽ

park

ফ‫܁‬

ȱɞȩȱɡ

ȬȧȲɡȠ

ȧɇɭɌ

ȥɃ

஍า‫ޖ‬ ȸȠ

ȢȞȦȥɭ

movie theater ۨ‫ࠖݧ‬

అ૽ ȱɡȠɀɭȦȞ

shopping street

ȞȻɊ

botanical garden ௧ ࿹ ‫ ܁‬market йૈ

Shinto shrine

ɀȞȢɭ

ȱɡȩɐȾȢɭ

Buddhist temple

ȲɭȲɝ

direction

ȱɭȮȠ

ȭȠȢɭ

ɃȠɐȾȢɭ

In the countryside (⏣⯋䛷) ɩɭ

bay

ᇶ

ȱɘ

island

əȯȧ

cape

Ⴓ ‫ࠚށ‬

harbor

৒

hill

࡯

Ƞə

sea

əȴȠə

lake

ȥȞȦɭ

coast

๠ ঃ

valley

൨

volcano

‫઀ݏ‬

waterfall

ോ

ɞɘ

mountain

઀

peninsula

ད๠

river

಑

əɄɂ

ȥȰɭ

ɉɭɂȠ

Ȥȥ

‫ށ‬ ȹɅ

ȹȧ

ȥɩ

ɜɤ

wood

௾

At the museum (༤≀㤋䛷) ȤɂɄ

adult

െఒ

child

ટјѱ

entrance

໕র

ɀɭȲ

ȥȞȦ

exhibition

ั૓

exit

୙র ȥɭɄȞ

ȻɡȠȭȩ

guided tour

ູࠖұҏ̱ sculpture

ශ ਀

ȭ

painting

ɁȪȻ

ȞɤȪȻ

‫ݧޅ‬ ɅɟȠȲɡȠɤɡȠ

price of admission ໕ ௓ ᆈ

256

Lesson 55 不 55 嶓

Mailing things And last of all, some useful phrases for the post office: мђѕ

к

• ౽କўјті༘зѭшк̞ Where can I buy stamps? (Lesson 32) ѕлѮ

я

•ҏ ! ӎӗҘѭіକળҁ୙цюгл̗гоѸішк̞ I want to send some letters to the US. How much is it? ѡѲочѴез҂з҂

• Ϣ Ϣ ϡ‫܀‬іш! It is 110 yen. ѡѲочѴез҂з҂

мђѕ

уѭг

•ч ! Ѳ̗Ϣ Ϣ ϡ‫܀‬ѝ౽କҁ!Ϧ႔ояфг Then please can I have five 110-yen stamps. теоеѢ҂

ќл

• ৣ࣬ဧійࠥгцѭш By air mail, please. ѤљѢ҂

ѓ

љ҂њѐ

•ದ ! ဧіҮӗњජоѭіܾ໓пѸгккѹѭшк̞ How many days will it take to Chile if I send it by sea mail? љкѮ

Ѫ҂

љњ

Ѿ

Ѣ

•ඣ ! ఍ўႉярішл̗ܾкѝ߁ѹ‫ڽ‬мўбѹѭшк̞ (The packet) only contains books, is there a discount? Post office ȲɟȠȱɡ

address

ୄ ୳ ɏȠɂȠ

envelope

࿦๴ ɩ

ɜɈ

fragile (item)

߁ѻ࿹

mailbox

ӊҦҵ

packet

க၀

postcard

‫ޅ‬ᄾ୺

ȭȿȾə

ȢɉȦȧ

ɠȠɍɭȧɡȩ

post office

ᄢဧࣀ ȥȧɂɛ

registered mail

୺ᅸ ȷȩȹȾ

special delivery

഍ൠ

stamp

౽କ

ȧȽɀ

ɠȠɍɭɊɭȮȠ

zip code

ᄢဧཀྵ৷

Sightseeing

257

Cultural Note: Shrines and Temples The various Buddhist temples (йૈotera) and Shinto shrines (అ૽ jinja) dotting the most historical Japanese cities, such as ࢗํ Kyōto, ືᆐ Nara and ߖ೓ Kamakura, are fascinating and exotic to Western eyes, but what are the differences between the places of worship of the two main religions in Japan, Buddhism (࿸ࢬ bukkyō) and Shinto (అຒ shinto)? There is a great difference in color: whereas йૈ are not painted and keep the original color of the wood, అ૽ are often painted in bright red. At అ૽ we will see ූ࢈ torii gates, which separate the earthly and spiritual worlds and which mark the entrance to sacred land, often protected by a fierce ਎ॗ komainu watchdog on each side. You can go to the అ૽ to pray for anything, such as success in your career or studies, finding a boyfriend or girlfriend, or recovery from illness. In fact, the sale of й ଔѹ omamori (amulets) and ‫ޅ‬༄ ema (votive tablets on which you write your wishes and then hang) are an essential source of income for the అ૽. You’ll also find йѮоч, little bits of paper that tell your fortune for a reasonable price. To pray at a అ૽ , first purify yourself (rinsing your mouth with water and washing your hands), sound a bell to alert the gods (అ kami) to your presence, throw a coin into the offertory box (Მಭ༵ saisenbako), bow twice, clap twice, bow again, and finally pray. йૈ are more frugal in appearance than అ૽. Here we can find beautiful pagodas (๜ tō) and huge bells (௉ kane), and people light aromatic incense (й৲ okō) to pray to the Buddha. There are many statues of the different Buddhas: (໖ᅑ nyorai), the bodhisattva (ွੴ bosatsu), the ჋‫ ܥ‬myōō (fierce beings who protect the teachings of the Buddhas), and the ఓ‫ ܥ‬niō, two huge statues of angry warriors who guard the temple gates: the one called ٧ a has his mouth open, and the other called ጞ un, has his mouth closed, as an allegory of the characters opening and closing the Sanskrit alphabet, “a” and “hum,” and which, together, represent the beginning and end of all things.

A torii gate at Kasuga Jinja (Nara), guarded by a komainu (Photo: M. Bernabé)

258

Lesson 55 不 55 嶓

๰ဒ̊

Manga Examples

We will say goodbye to conversational lessons with a few manga panels, of course, where some of the topics we have seen in this lesson will be illustrated. We will also see quite a few new things related to Japanese culture, so be sure to read carefully.

Manga Example 1: Going to the post office

Xian Nu Studio

ᄥဪࣃ∢క∟⅍ഐൣ ∛⇿ࠨ⇼∌∲∎ⅎ ⅙√ॶ⇽∢∹

−∄∔∘∛ ⇿∡ ∁⇼∌∲ ∎−∄∔ ∘∛⇿∡ ∁⇼∌∲ ∎

The panel opening the manga examples section shows us a boy going to the post office (ᄢဧࣀ) at his mother’s request, to hand in a letter (କળ) for special delivery (഍ൠ). Ordinary mail would be ࿒෧ futsū, and registered mail ୺ᅸ kakitome. Besides helping us review useful post-related vocabulary, this panel also reviews some grammar seen in previous lessons. For instance, the і in ഍ൠі corresponds to the use of the particle і we studied in Lesson 38: it indicates “how.” Likewise, take a look at the ђѕ placed just after the phrase in quotation marks (͋͌): it is the colloquial version of the “quote” usage of the particle ї we studied on page 81, Lesson 41. Note: The boy repeats the sentence twice, but in his speech bubble no kanji are used. Sometimes, we will find words or sentences fully written in hiragana when children repeat them: this is a strategy to let the reader know that the child is only repeating sounds and doesn’t really understand the meaning of what he’s saying.

ѵеѢ҂мѶо

Kimie:

ѡї

ьоюѓ

ќл

г

ᄢဧࣀѝఒњ͋഍ൠійࠥгцѭш͌ђѕॳеѝѷ post office pop person iop “special delivery ip please” say ep ep

And you tell the man at the post office “by special delivery, please,” OK? Kazuhiro: ьоюѓійќлгцѭш!ьоюѓійќлгцѭш special delivery ip please special delivery ip please By special delivery, please. By special delivery, please.

Sightseeing

259

Manga Example 2: Asking to have a photo taken

∬⇼ℿ

∎∳∲∐ℹ≃ ≕ⅤⅣ≝ℹ ‫∔⇼√∌ܣ‬ ∕∆∲∎↡

Here we find the most common sentence when asking someone to take a photo of us. Notice how questions with ̶ѕгюямѭш (Lesson 45) are often inflected in the potential form (Lesson 32), that is, ̶ѕгюярѭш, literally, “could you do me the favor of . . . ?” Peculiarities about photos in Japan: almost all Japanese have the odd habit of posing for photos making the V sign for victory (VҢґӠ) with the index and middle fingers, a truly compulsive habit. By the way, the word they use to urge someone to smile when taking their photo is Ү̱ҧ (cheese), just like us in English. Note: The man’s answer, somewhat unsociable, is ѧг, a distortion of ўг, denoting certain indifference and even annoyance. Gabriel Luque

ȹ

й

Couple:

шѮѭъ̱҂!ҤӐҰҬ̱‫ܠ‬цѕгюярѭш̞ excuse me shutter press (do a favor)? Excuse me, could you take a photo of us?

Manga Example 3: A telephone conversation

∶∌ ∶∌ ℿ ⇽≃ℿ

−ȹ⇽ℿ ∍⅚ ȹ ℹ∡

ਕ ȹ ᄓൣ ȹ ᅔ√∼

Studio K¯osen

⇻ ȹ ≻≻ ↡

This is a telephone conversation between a mother and her daughter. As you can see, it is a short conversation: typical in Japan. We will highlight the ѱцѱц, the Japanese equivalent to our “hello?” or “yes?,” from the verb ంш mōsu ( “to say,” Lesson 52), which belongs to the formal language of modesty. Seemingly, when the telephone was first introduced in Japan, people needed to make sure they were being heard “from the other side” and so they repeated the verb ంш twice, obtaining something like “I say, I say.” This expression has taken root and has become the actual ѱцѱц used today. Notice, too, е҂, a colloquial word used to say yes, and the чѲќ at the end, used to say goodbye. гѭ

їѱяѐ

м

Yuki: ѱцѱц̹!б!ӋӋ̞!!е҂̹!਒!ᄐൠ!ᅑѕѺ!ье̹!чѲ̱ќ hello . . . oh, Mom? yes . . . now friend come that’s right . . . bye-bye Hello? Oh, Mom? Yes . . . I have a friend over now. Yes . . . Bye-bye.

260

Lesson 55 不 55 嶓

Manga Example 4: Zen Buddhism

Xian Nu Studio

∣⇻ℿ ম‫∀∎∛ڌ‬

≖≽∊≃ℵ ≦ℹ≧≡∟∣ू∁ ⇻∻∲∎∡

In this example we have a conversation where a Buddhist monk (йၤф҂ obōsan or ၤ଒ bōzu) remarks to Jim that “doughnuts have holes,” and he replies asking whether it is a ফ‫ډ‬. You probably know the word ಶ zen, which designates a very widespread branch of Buddhism (࿸ࢬ bukkyō ) in Japan. Among the ಶ practices we have ਱ಶ zazen, in which the student sits in meditation for hours (in an uncomfortable position) and contemplate riddles called ফ‫ډ‬, which help the student reach enlightenment (চѹ satori). Probably, the most famous ফ‫ ډ‬is the enigmatic အକіўј҂љܺлшѺ̞ Katate de wa donna oto ga suru? (What is the sound of one hand clapping?) Note: In the next panel, the monk says that when you eat a doughnut, the hole disappears, and he wonders where that hole goes to. A very ಶ reflection, no doubt!

бљ

теб҂

Monk: ҥӍф҂̗Ҷ̱ҷұњўिлбѹѭшќ

Jim: ўб̹ফ‫ډ‬ішк

Jim suf, doughnuts pp top hole there is ep

ah . . . koan be q?

Mr. Jim, doughnuts have holes, don’t they?

Ah, is this a koan?

Manga Example 5: Omikuji fortune telling

Gabriel Luque

ਕ໧∢ ⇽≃∐⇼ ∣ℿ

We see in this panel a man in a Shinto shrine (అ૽ jinja), who puts a coin in a box with a sign reading йѮоч, takes out a piece of paper reading െࡡ, and rejoices at it. Why? Well, the йѮоч tells you what your fortune will be for the year, and there are several kinds. From the best to the worst: െࡡ (great good luck), ඣࡡ chūkichi (medium good luck), கࡡ shōkichi (little good luck), Ⴃࡡ suekichi (so-so luck), க࢞ shōkyō (little bad luck), ད࢞ hankyō (medium bad luck), െ࢞ daikyō (great bad luck). Note: Other typical things we can see here are a big rope of straw (цѰљѾ), zigzag-shaped paper decorations (ચ କ shide), and ༀႏ჻ hamaya arrows, which frighten evil spirits and devils away, and are sold during ୲भ hatsumōde, the first temple visit of the New Year. тїц

Man: ਒໤ѝе҂ъгў̹

ягмѐ

Box: йѮоч Paper: െࡡ

this year pop fortune top . . .

fortunes

great good luck

Let’s see my fortune for this year . . .

Fortunes

Great good luck

Sightseeing

261

Xian Nu Studio

ှ∊≃ℵఈᄹ ∟ಏ‫∼∩∶܃‬ ∲⅙√ℵ∞∟ ࡃࠨ∌∔∢↡

Manga Example 6: Praying at a Shinto shrine

кб

In this example, which also takes us to a అ૽! jinja, we have a conversation between a mother and a daughter. The mother is praying before an offertory box (Მಭ༵! saisenbako), which is where prayer money is thrown and where the prayer ritual we saw in the Cultural Note on page 257 takes place. The daughter asks why she has donated so much as 1,000 yen to the gods (అᄶ); because, usually, one throws in 10, or 50 or 100 yen coins, at the most. Larger offerings are only made when you are asking the అ for something especially important. Notice the use of the particle ѱ, which in this case indicates the idea of “no less than” (Lesson 37).

кѮфѭ

ъ҂з҂

мл҂

Michiko: ျф҂̗అᄶњಌ‫܀‬ѱѤѺѭђѕ̗љњࡀࠥцюѝ̞ Mom, god suf iop 1000 yen very much donate, what prayer do ep? Mom, you’ve just given 1000 yen to the gods, what have you prayed for?

Manga Example 7: Festivals

ѷгѳѭ

нй҂ѭѓѹ Ѯђк

J.M. Ken Niimura

⅍஖ઃⅎ∜∣ℵ

࡜‫⇀੉܄‬໖∵ℵ ⇼∖∤≃ ∶∻⇻∁∼໖ℶ

We could not conclude this lesson without mentioning the variety of bustling Japanese festivals (੆ matsuri). In this example, we see an image of a ઀ၵ yamaboko float, from one of the most famous festivals in Japan: the ࡙‫੆܁‬, held in the beautiful city of ࢗํ! Kyōto throughout the month of July, with its main events on the 17th and 24th. They say this festival has a history of more than one thousand years! It is one of the three most famous festivals in Japan along with the ะఅ੆ tenjin matsuri (in the city of െ੔ Ōsaka, on July 25), and the అ฽੆ Kanda matsuri (in ๥ࢗ Tōkyō, on May 15), which are all worth seeing. Notes: Here you can also see an example of the superlative ‫گ‬ཀྵ ichiban (in hiragana here), which we saw in Lesson 54, in the relative clause гѐџ҂ѱѹблѺ໓ (Lesson 50).

ѡ

Tomo: ͋ஓ઀͌їў̗࡙‫੆܁‬Ϥ໓Ѱ̗гѐџ҂ѱѹблѺ໓̘ “Yoiyama” (definition), Gion festival day 3 (ordinal), the most liven up day The “Yoiyama” is on the third day of the Gion Festival, the liveliest day.

262

Lesson 55 不 55 嶓

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Translate the following words: ȧȽɀ

ȱɧ

ɀɭȲ

ɃȠɐȾȢɭ

ງ

࿹

‫ ܁‬-!

ȲɟȠȱɡ

౽କ -!௒ -!ั૓ -!ҳәӈӠҘ̱Ҷ -! ୄ୳ and ɍȲɟȾȥɭ

ྑ୚ࠖ .

Translate the following words: “flash,” “garden,” “direction,” “street,” and “traffic lights.”

2

ȜȾȹ

3

You are heading for the Atsuta Jingu shrine ( ໣฽ ȲɭȪȠ

ɄȮɞ

అ ࡵ ) in Nagoya ( ჉ ॸ‫) ܯ‬, but you don’t know

how to get there. Ask somebody. Translate the answer to the previous question: ɂȤ

Ȟ

əȨ

ɘ

тѝ ෧ ѹҁѭђшп৥ ђѕ̗ьцѕ ‫ ۇ‬ѧࣁ лђ ȭȠɊɭ

4

ɂɄɤ

ѕояфг̘ থཀྵ ѝ ᆠ њбѹѭш̘

5

Translate: “Walk two more blocks, and then turn right before the third traffic lights.”

Ask someone if you can take their photo. If they agree, don’t forget to ask them to smile!

7

You are going to the museum, and you need to buy tickets for an adult and three children. What do you say? ɀȦə

Ⱥ

ɌɝȩȲɟȠ

Translate: ҦӇґӠѭіକ ળҁ୙ шѝњ Ϣ Ϣϡ Ȣɭ

ȧȽɀ

ɌȾɢȠ

‫ ܀‬ѝ౽କл ྜྷᅀ іш̘( ྜྷᅀљ necessary)

9

6

8

What is the process to follow when praying at a ȲɭȲɝ

Ȣɘ

అ૽ ? What are ‫ޅ‬༄ , and what are they for? ȶɭ ȭȠȜɭ

Ȱȶɭ

What are ಶ , ফ‫ ډ‬, and the practice of ਱ಶ , and what is their aim?

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

∲

∌≃⇿⇿∊∀

ࠔ∶∞∄ ௿൉੗∛∎ℶ

∢

∣⇼ℵ⇿ ௒∻∟ ∞⅙√∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ

∈ȹȹ≃∟∖∣ℵ∈∢ ∍⅛⇽ ∌⅜ େ ୶∟⇻∼⊆≗≥⊃ ⊌∬২∂∔⇼∢∛ ∎ ȹȹȹȹ∁ℿ

⇿ ℵ∈∢ ⊆≗≥⊃⊌∣ ∸ ⇽ ∵⇼

∜√∶ᄙ჌ ∛∎∹ ℶ

∳∞

⇼∷ℵ⇿ ௏ଘ∛↢ ∜ȹ∈∾∛ℵ ∯∀ −∢ี∢∩ ∅∣ℵഠ∢ี∢∩ ∅ ⇼⅙∀⇼

∲⇼

∹ ∻⇿⇼∌⇼∜ ‫⇼⅚∌⅙⇿≃∊އ‬ ∲ ∎ℶ઴∶‫ݵڲ‬௱∭∟ં∻

∀ ȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∲∌∔ ∁ℵ∷∣∻∜√ ⇿⇼∌∀⅙∔∛∎∹ ℶ

∺ ં∻ ∲∌∔ℶ

∲⇼

⇻ ℵ઴∣≗≷≅⊌

⇽ ≃√≃∌⅛

⇼⇼⇾ℵ໖ႌঢ∣ ฺۣଘ ∊≃∁ॶ⇽∯∝௏ଘ∛∣ ⇻ȹ∻ ∲∐≃∹ ℶ

∝ȹȹ∈∀∺ ᅔ∺∽∲∌ ∯≃∜⇽ ∔∀↡໖ႌঢ∁ ႌ๲ ∟ ⇿ȹȹ௏ଘ∛∎∡ℶ

∜⇽ ∖⅚∄

⇻ ℵ∶ ⇽⇿ ี∟๺ ඥ ⇼∔∌∲∌∔ℶ ↾↿⇁↽‫∎ ∲⇼∋ ∉ ∛܃‬ℶ

−⇽∛∎∀ℵ ⇼⇼∜∈∾∛∎∹ ℶ

∣⇼ℵ২∂∔⇼∛ ∎∹ ℵ∶∖∾≃ℶ ⇾↡২∂∔∄ ∞⇼∛∎∀↡

−ȹȹ⇽∛∎∀↡൉੗∛∣ ∎∳∹∌ ∔⇼∌⅚ ∍≃∍⅚ ∎∎ େࡤ൉଀∜⇼⇽ ఈ଀≂⇿ ߩ ∵⇼∔∌∲ ∎ℶ২⅙√∳∔ ∄∞⇼∛∎∀↡ ȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∜⇽ ∂⅜⇽

຋∍ ∅∺⇼হ∂ ∕ ∜ ધ⇼∲ ∎∹↢

⇿∞

൉੗∣๨࢚∜

∣ ȹȹȹȹ⇼ℵ২⅙√ ∳∔⇼∛∎∁ℵ૎ࠔ ̙ ∁⇻ ∻ȹ∲∐≃ℶ

∜ȹȹ∈∾∛ℵ൉੗∜ ∜⇽ ∂⅜⇽ ๨࢚ ∛∣∝∖∺ ∁ ⇿ ȹȹȹহ∂∛∎∀↡

ӒӒ ȹȹҠȹȹҠ

ૺఇ≂∜⅙√∶ ⇼⇼∛∎∀↡

∀≃⇾≃

ࠌ܎∛∎∀↡

∞∀

∀≃⇾≃

⇼∔

⇿ ࿴∁∜√∶෩⇼∹ ℶ ࠌ܎∀∶∌∽∞⇼ℶ

∌≃ ∈ ∂⅛⇽

⇼∔

ఄॼࡷ≂∌√ ∄ ∕∊⇼ℶ∝∈∁ ෩⇼∛∎∀↡

⇻⅙

∀≃⇾≃

໧಴ℵ ∟⅛⇽ ⇼≃

∞⇿

√ ȹȹȹ∄∽∔∣ ∏ ∕∆ ∝ℿ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

‫ګ‬ȹଂ∊≃∣૑∌

⇼ ∌⅚

ࠌ ȹȹȹ܎∛໘‫∌ۅ‬ ∞⇼ ∀ ∔≃ ∕ℶຼ‫∢݌‬

⇽ ȹȹȹ≃ℶ ɋ

∤∈

∉∳ ༸∟ ∭≃∜⇽

∌⅜∄∖⅛⇽ ∝∄

⇻⅙∔⇿ ိ๲↡ ∍⅚ℵ∈∽∣ ௱ ඦ ມ∀ ∶∌∽∲ ∕∽

∐≃ℶ

ຣ≃∛↢

∹

൯ȹ∀ℵ ∂⅛⇽ ∂⅛⇽ ∌⅚ ࡻ ࡺ ଄≂

∂∢⇽

∡∘

∆∝ℵ໦∁ ⇻ ∻ ∲ ∎∡ℶ ੤໖ℵ݁≂ ௱∭∲∌∔∀↡

∤∈

∭≃∜⇽

∉∳ ༸∟⇻⅙∔

⇿ ိ๲ ∕∆ ℿ

⇿↢

∟

Ⱥɘ

⇽⇾ ∢

∭∘

⇻∔∌∣သ∟݁∶ ∈∿

ȹ

∍⅚ℵ⇻ ∻ ∁∜ ⇽ ℶ

݁ȹॶ⅙√≃ ∠∎

∕∹↡๬≃∛ ∡ȹ⅗∓ℵ∈∢ ∂ ȹȹȹ∔∡⅗≷ ⊌≞⊌≥ℶ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∣⇼↢ ࿾∀∻ ∲∌∔↢ ⇻ ∻ ∁∜ ⇽ ∉ ∋⇼∲ ∎ ȹ

∶≃∕ ⇼

ৡ⇾ ∜⇼√∹↢ ჲൌ≂ ∞∵∼≃ ∍⅚ ∡⅗∹↢ ∶≃∕ ⇼ ∟

⇿ ಴ℵჲൌ

∶≃∕ ⇼

∟

∀∺ ຂ∇√ ≃ ∕∜ ધ⇽ ℶ

∔

∴

∌∞⇼≃ ∕∹ ℶ ∿∀⅙∔↡

∿∞∂⅚ℵ‫ݴ‬ी

∀⇼∆∘

ჲൌ∟ᅳ∖ ঴∀

∶≃∕ ⇼

∀⅙∈∿∼⇼∑ℶ

ჲൌ∀∺ ຂ∇ ∼∢∣∷∤⇼∌ℵ

ȺȺȹ

࿑∄∞⇼∌ℵ ຂ∇√∶⇼∞⇼ℶ ∞≃∛−≃∞∈∜ ≂ॶ⇽∢↡

ȺȺ

⇻ȹℵ⇻≃∔∣௏ჼ ∷∘ ∛ȹ ∪ȹ∘ ∀⅙ ȹ ∔๗ ∅⇽ ∑ ≃

∕ȹ↢ ∎ȹȹ∇⅗ࣰಷ ∕ȹȹ∞ ℶ∡ℵ∈ȹ∢≞ ≓⇼≷⊌≞⊌≥ℵ ȹȹȹȹȹ ⇻≃∔∢∶≃ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ ∕∾ ⇽↡ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

∈∿

⇻≃∔ℵ݁∀

∟

࿑⇼∢∀↡ ̙̙̙ ∟ ⇼∘∶ຂ∇ ∖⅚⅙√∼∹ ℶ݁ ∶≃∕ ⇼

∀∺ ຂ∇√∼∢ ჲൌ∀∺↡ ⇻∢૎ℵ ⇿∜

⇿ ಴∁ ᅚ∜∌∔ ∢∛ℵ≈⊆ ∦∾

ଲ⅙∜⇼∔ ∕∆ ∕ℶ

∠∎

⇻∔∌∢ ≷⊌≞ ⊌≥∕ ⇻ ∞∔ ∁ ๬≃ ∕∢

Ⱥɘȹ

∶≃∕ ⇼

∔

∴

ჲൌ∟ᅳ∖ ঴∀ ⇽↡−⇽ ∕∡ℿ

∖⅛⇽ ⇼

∲ȹ∶∞∄ℵ ∛≃ ∌⅚ ∜⇽ ∖⅚∄ แ଄∁๺ඥ ∌∲ ∎ ℶ ∉ȹ ත ‫∄ڛ‬ ∕∊⇼ℶ ȹȹȹȹȹ

Review for Lessons 51–55 Answers to all the review exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7.

KAGE – New vocabulary ௼цг൮ট

е҂ѕ҂цѴ џт

ѡѼ

ଯе ѱ҂яг

trashcan

уѮ༵

to crash

ѥѓкѺ ࣭಴

‫ܙ‬г

driver

۠ืକ

пеы҂

мюљ

blowfish

Ѥп

ჯ൉ ю

ѯ

ᅰѐ঱ке

chance, coincidence

кгрѓ

‫ݱ‬ऽшѺ

dirty to pick up problem to face to solve

1. In this fifth episode of Kage, what register of Japanese speech (vulgar, formal, etc.) does the taxi driver use? Why do you think he uses this register? 2. What register of speech does the beggar Nuria meets in the park use? Why do you think he uses this register? 3. What is the specialty of the restaurant Nuria wants to go to? According to the taxi driver, are dishes in this restaurant more delicious than in other restaurants or not? 4. Which city does Nuria like better, Tokyo or Osaka? 5. What illness is the beggar who faints in the park afraid of having? Does he have a fever? What illness does Nuria suggest he might have, and how does she deduce this? 6. Why is Nuria so happy after talking with the beggar? What has she discovered? 7. The taxi driver is visibly surprised when he asks Nuria ৥ђѕѮюољгішк̞ and she answers ўг̗৥ђѕѮюгрј̗бѭѹોࠑлљг. What do you think causes the taxi driver’s confusion and his subsequent repetition of the question? 8. What form of keigo is used in these phrases: sonkeigo (S), kenjōgo (K) or teineigo (T)? ѝ

a) й௏ѹњљђѕояфг ( S / K / T ) гђкг

ѭг

b) ઱ѱ‫ݲگ‬௮Ѩњ੿ѹѭцю ( S / K / T )

270

Review for Lessons 51–55

c) Ϣϣϥϡ‫܀‬іухгѭш ( S / K / T ) шѮѷц!югчѲ

ч҂чѲ

шш

d) ୄࡡ െ ૽їгеఅ૽ҁйߦѰгюцѭш ( S / K / T ) e) јткѸᅑѸѻѭцюк̞ ( S / K / T ) 9. Change the following sentences from Kage into polite Japanese (desu-masu form). ез ѝ

ѳѓ

пеы҂

a) б҂юўௌჹіѥѓкђю๔я̟шсж࣭಴яљ̘ . ћш

b) ܾॳђѕ҂яѷ̞๩҂іќжэ̗тѝмюќжӇӠҭӠҵ̘ . й

ѡѼ

c) йಱлᅗїцюѝі̗җәଯђїгюяр̘ . 10. Change the address on the business card Nuria shows the taxi driver into Western style. 11. Choose three words from the box on the facing page, depending on what is asked. г цѲ

ѢѶе м

љй

к҂чѲ

a) ‫૿ڨ‬лླ࠽ҁ૎шюѰњ߰૿њј҂љтїҁцѭшк̞ ѕ лѮ

ѡѓѷе

b) କળҁ୺оોў̗ј҂љѱѝлྜྷᅀішк̞

c) ༘г࿹ҁцюгрј̗јтѧ৥мѭшк̞ мѶе

ѢѶе м

d) ਒໓ўဠљѱѝҁ௮ѨѐѲђю̟јегеླ࠽њљѺяѼе̞ ѵеѢ҂мѶо

ѕ лѮ

e) ᄢဧࣀі̗କળҁ೸Ѻોў̗ј҂љ೸ѹ၌лбѹѭшк̞ мѶе

Ѿш

f) ਒໓ўюоф҂૷ఄҁїѹюг̟ܾҁၧѻѕўгрљг̞

Review for Lessons 51–55

271

ѢѶе м

g) шуоߣгѝњ̗࿯ҁජщњ‫ލ‬ѧ୙ѭцю̘јегеླ ࠽ њљѺіц

Ѷе̞

мђ ѕ

кмїѰ

кѮ

౽କ

୺ᅸ

ળ

࿨଄

Ѥ ѹѶе

ўгз҂

ѐѴецѲ

ப ܼ࿅ ᆐ

༎‫܋‬

ඪ ૸

цѶе к

к

гѐ џ

р҂ ф

і҂ ѐ

ડ௓

॔਩

฾ඐ

цѶеѕ҂лг

ьоюѓ

Ѥеїе

஍ า‫ޖ‬

഍ൠ

࿦๴

ы

г з҂

цѴчѴѓ

‫܋ڢ‬

କ ୚

Ҧ̱Ҿ̱Ӌ̱ҞҰҵ Ѥ ѓе

ґӠӂӘҕӠң ӂҐӘӍ

࿒෧

цѶоѐѴејо

ф҂мѲо

௮ ඣພ

੽ ࡬

12. Find the word that doesn’t belong in each one of these groups. Ѿ҂

Ѯфм

цѭ

ч҂чѲ

ў҂їе

кгл҂

a) ᇶ!̴! Ⴓ !̴!๠!̴!అ૽!̴!ད๠!̴!‫ࠚށ‬ шгэок҂

њѴечѶеѹѶе

Ѣ чѴѓ к҂

смчѶе

цѶоѥѓз҂

јеѥѓз҂

b) ప഑ࠖ!̴! ໕ ௓ ᆈ !̴!ྑ ୚ ࠖ!̴!व ௓ !̴! ௧ ࿹‫!̴!܁‬ງ࿹‫܁‬ њѴег҂

г цѲ

к҂чѲ

ргфѓк҂

Ѫеюг

ѢѶег҂

c) ໕ ‫!̴!૿߰!̴!૿ڨ!̴!ۂ‬म੮߬!̴!၀ല!̴! ླ ‫ۂ‬ фг Ѥ

ц҂эе

ѐѶе

к҂эе

ўг

рђк҂

d) ੑ࿌!̴!௹ഀ!̴! ෍ !̴!ࠉഀ!̴!༎!̴!ुࠄ оњџ҂уе

цѶеѕ҂лг

ргюгі҂ Ѿ

тецѴеі҂ Ѿ

e) ਂཀྵ৷!̴!ҳәӈӠҘ̱Ҷ!̴! ஍ า‫!̴!ޖ‬झല฾ᇨ!̴!ফ ହ ฾ᇨ ргфѓк҂

јѼѫе

ћш

рѓбѓ

теџ҂

f) म੮߬!̴!พၭ!̴!๩ѯ!̴!ु‫!̴!ٸ‬থཀྵ!̴!Ҧӗ чѴецѶ

цѼ

з

ў лм

мђѕ

тєѓѮ

ѵеѢ҂мѶо

g) ୄ ୳!̴!௒!̴!ӊҦҵ!̴!‫ޅ‬ᄾ୺!̴!౽କ!̴!க၀!̴!ᄢဧ ࣀ с҂эе

ѐѶето

h) ӂҐӘӍ!̴!әӠҧ!̴!૷ఄ!̴!॰೽!̴!ӂӖҰҤӒ!̴! ශ ਀ 13. Link each illness with a part of the body, and the type of doctor needed. цѶе к

Ѥ ѹѶе

a) ப ܼ࿅ ᆐ !

ѐѶе

෍!

ѐѴе ч з҂

b) ඣ ૕‫!܋‬ ѱеѐѶез҂

c) რ ෍ ‫!܋‬ ѡ҂рѓ

с

ѹ

e) ܻᅨ!

г

‫!ڢ‬

г

ູ݉‫ڨ‬ љг к

г

ູ݉‫ڨ‬ ч

Ѣ г҂те к

г

ु۶!

૕ྒ‫ڹ‬঳݉‫ڨ‬

к҂эе

цѶе њ

ࠉഀ!

гю

f) ყѝ෦Ѯ!

г

љг к

ყ! рѓзм

d) ࿀ु!

л҂ к

ࠞ݉‫ڨ‬

љг к

ྒ!

к

г

க ૆݉‫ڨ‬ г

ູ݉‫̖ڨ‬

272

Review for Lessons 51–55 к҂з҂

љг к

g) ࠉ‫!܋‬

૕!

Ѣ з҂

ўг

h) ྒ‫!܋‬

с

༎!

к

г

‫ڨ݉ލ‬

ѐѶе

i) ટјѱѝы҂ьо!

г

ູ݉‫ڨ‬ ч

෍!

Ѣ г҂те к

г

૕ྒ‫ڹ‬঳݉‫ڨ‬

14. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. їѱяѐ

ѥђмѶемѶе Ѯ

мѶеї

a) ઱ѝᄐൠў࿸ࢬњࢴႮлбѺѝіࢗํіюоф҂ѝ

њ৥мѭцю̘ смчѶе

јеѥѓз҂

ч҂чѲ

ѕѸ

1. व௓̖2. ງ࿹‫̖܁‬3. అ૽̖4. йૈ чт

й

b) ૃঁлࡈтѹѭцюѷ̟рлఒлгѭш̟ ѷ

ҁॹ҂іояфг̟ ѵеѢ҂мѶо

ѱосмцѲ

мѴемѴецѲ

јѼѫе

1. ᄢဧࣀ̖2. ყष૿̖3. ࡸ ࡷ ଁ̖4. พၭ мѶе

фкљ

c) ਒໓ў

ѧ৥мѭцюѷ̟гѼгѼљ࢔ҁफ़ѕѮѭцю̘

шгэок҂

Ѣ чѴѓк҂

зг л к҂

ўоѥѓк҂

1. ప഑̖ࠖ2. ྑ ୚ ̖ࠖ3. ۨ‫̖ࠖݧ‬4. ༣࿹ࠖ ч҂чѲ

ѭѱ

зѭ

d) అ૽њўйଔѹѳ‫ޅ‬༄ѳ

лбѹѭш̘

1. йѮѭг̖2. йѮоч̖3. йѮбг̖4. йѮѱѝ фгм҂

г

e) ਸ਼̗ࣘҴҥҘӎлбѺѝі̗

ўѱеᅀѸљгќ̘

Ѩ҂ ѹ

ဧᅡішќ̟ ф҂мѲо

1. ӂҐӘӍ̖2. ӂӖҰҤӒ̖3. әӠҧ̖4. ੽ ࡬ f) ໓ႉїгеਂў ў҂їе

кгл҂

іш̘ цѭ

ѮщеѮ

1. ད๠̖2. ‫̖ࠚށ‬3. ๠̖4. ঃ ќѓ

ўк

g) бљюў໣лбѺкѱцѻѭъ҂̘ Ѫеюг

югй҂

т мѴе

ҁഋѹѭцѶе̘

рѓбѓ

1. ၀ല̖2. ഭܸ̖3. ॹࡴ̖4. ु‫ٸ‬ h) ਒̗ ргюгі҂ Ѿ

лљг଎૿ўбѭѹгљгішќ̘ тецѴеі҂ Ѿ

тофгі҂ Ѿ

і҂ Ѿ ѐѶе

1. झല฾ᇨ̖2. ফ ହ ฾ᇨ̖3. ਂੌ฾ᇨ̖4. ฾ᇨ ල 15. Fill in the blanks with an adverb from the box overleaf. ъ

a) ઱ўျѷѹ

ျўϢϧϪҨӠҮіш̘

།л৳гіш̘઱ўϢϨϡҨӠҮі̗

Review for Lessons 51–55

273

b) Ӂ̱Ҭ̱ўϢϡϡϡ‫܀‬і̗ҥӔӠўϢϢϡϡ‫܀‬ҁ૊ђѕгѭш̘

ҥӔӠўӁ̱Ҭ̱ѷѹ фг

йࣙҁ૊ђѕгѭш̘

йо

фг

цѴч҂

c) бѝϢϪਿѝ‫ܝ‬ф҂ўϩϥਿѝу଒ఒѷѹ

଎гіш̘

d) тѝ౧гଁўϢϣϡႩ‫܀‬ішл̗бѝ౹гଁўϣϡϡႩ‫܀‬іш̘

бѝ౹гଁўтѝ౧гଁѷѹ

৳гішќ̘ шт

ѳѳ

щгѥ҂

щђї

஖ц

16. This conversation is out of order. Rewrite it in the correct order. ѵеѢ҂мѶо

1) гѸђцѲгѭъ̟ᄢဧࣀѧѷеть̘ 2) щђїїўॳзѭъ҂л̗кљѹ৳ољѹѭшѷ̘јељфгѭшк̞ ѤљѢ҂

3) ҂҂ . . . цѶелљгљ . . . бѭѹйࣙлљгѝі̗ದဧі೸ѹѭш̘ теоеѢ҂

ѤљѢ҂

4) ьеішќ̘ৣ࣬ဧђѕದဧѷѹщђї৳гішк̞ чѓ

тєѓѮ

5) йўѷеухгѭш̘૭ў̗тѝக၀Ѯҁ೸ѹюг҂іш̘ гь

6) Ҙҷҭѧ೸ѹюг҂ішрј̗кљѹࡷгігѭш̘ тєѓѮ

7) тѝக၀Ѯішк̞јѐѸѧй೸ѹњљѹюгѝішк̞ теоеѢ҂

8) ьѻіў̗ৣ࣬ဧі೸ђю၌лггішќ̘ ѵеѢ҂ ѳ

ᄢဧ‫ܯ‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ѵеѢ҂ ѳ

ᄢဧ‫ܯ‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ѵеѢ҂ ѳ

ᄢဧ‫ܯ‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;! ѵеѢ҂ ѳ

ᄢဧ‫ܯ‬ф҂ ;! мѲо

й࡫ф҂ ;!

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17. Complete this dialogue held at a hospital with the most suitable words. Doctor: т҂њѐў̘јељфгѭцюк̞ Patient: т҂њѐў̘ѐѶђї࠽࿻л (1)

іш̘

цѶечѶе

Doctor: ьеішк̞ј҂љர௜ішк̞ Patient:

гю

(2)

ѢѶег҂

л෦гіш̘цкц̗ླ‫ۂ‬њᅑѺಱњ (3)

ҁ

ўк

ഋђюрѻј̗໣ўбѹѭъ҂іцю̘ г кгѷе

г з҂

Doctor: ‫ڢ‬෴ᢨк‫܋ڢ‬ішкќж̞ гю

ўс

Patient: ෦ѮўьѻѪјसцољгішрј̘ Doctor: Ѿкѹѭцю̘ѭщ (4)

њљђѕояфг̘

Patient: тѝӆҰҶіггішк̞ ћ

Doctor: ўг̘ьѻіў̗ҤӐұҁൣгі̗(5) Ѥк

ҁцѕояфг̘

т мѴе

Patient: з̞ьѻўఁоॹࡴшѺтїішк̞ гю

Doctor: ьеіш̘(he touches him on the stomach) ттл෦гішк̞ гю

Patient: ўг̗шуо෦гіш̗ьтў̟ рѓзм

цѸ

рѓзм

ѡѓѷе

Doctor: ु۶ҁාѨљрѻџљѸљгѝі̗ु۶ (6)

лྜྷᅀіш̘

ѢѶе м

Patient: ўг̘ܾкٰгླ࠽ішк̞ Doctor: ѭя࿻кѹѭъ҂л̗(7)

тїўљгїતгѭшѷ̘

ошѹ

Patient: б̗ѷкђю̘ܾкჿҁ‫ھ‬ѭљмѲљѹѭъ҂к̞ Doctor: ьеіш̘(8)

ўбѹѭшк̞

Patient: ўг̗ӇҸҤӗӠњ . . . ошѹ

Doctor: чѲ̗ тѝჿҁϣାࠑѝࠑ (9) Patient: ўг̟бѹлїеухгѭш̟

ояфг̘йെૃњ̟

Review for Lessons 51–55

275

18. Identify what form of keigo each of the following sentences is: sonkeigo (S), kenjōgo (K) or teineigo (T). Then write each sentence in the -masu form, as in the example. a) ಋ౛ўҾҪҠӠҁйકгњљђѕгѭш̘( S / K / T )

ಋ౛ўҾҪҠӠҁકђѕгѭш!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!̘ ѵеѰг

ъг ч

к

b) бѐѸњгѺ၌ўїѕѱᄖ჉љ౒૎݇іухгѭшѷ̘( S / K / T )

̘ ю љк

c) ܾкйђцѲгѭцюк̗฽ඣಋ౛̞ ( S / K / T )

̘ югъѓ

цѶѺг

d) ૽ුњെ౽љ୺ᆧҁйफ़ъцюгѝішл . . . ( S / K / T )

̘ м ѯѸ

e) б̗ქഛф҂̗т҂њѐў̟јѐѸѧ৥кѻѭшк̞ ( S / K / T )

̘ ўгр҂

f) шѮѭъ҂л̗бљюѝкџ҂ѝඣҁ༇ फ़цѕѱѷѼцгішк̞ (S/K/T)

̘ э҂

g) ಋ౛ўӀ̱Әҁ‫ھ‬ѭѻљгї઱ўഗчѕйѹѭш̘( S / K / T )

̘ бйѳѭ

h) ૽ු̗౧઀ф҂їй‫ݰ‬гцѕѱѷѼцгішк̞ ( S / K / T )

̘ 19. Choose the sentence with the correct keigo and same meaning as the first sentence. a) ઱ўಋ౛ѝႉҁଅѹѭцю̘ 1. ઱ўಋ౛ѝႉҁйଅѹѭцю̖2. ઱ўಋ౛ѝႉҁଅѹѸѻѭцю ўгцѲо

! 3. ઱ўಋ౛ѝႉҁ༇ଅцѭцю̖4. ઱ўಋ౛ѝႉҁйଅѹњљѹѭцю Ѥойк

ш

b) ૽ුў࿰‫ܫ‬њୄ҂ігѭш̘ Ѥойк

ш

Ѥойк

ш

! 1. ૽ුў࿰‫ܫ‬њୄѭѻѕгѭш̖2. ૽ුў࿰‫ܫ‬њୄ҂ігюцѭш Ѥойк

ш

Ѥойк

ш

! 3. ૽ුў࿰‫ܫ‬њйୄѮцѕгѭш̖4. ૽ුў࿰‫ܫ‬њୄ҂іояфгѭш

276

Review for Lessons 51–55 гр я

ц

c) ඐ฽ф҂ўભњѭцю̘бљюўඋђѕгѭцюк̞ гр я

ѭг

э҂ ч

! 1. ඐ฽ф҂ў੿ѹѭцю̘бљюўуഗඋіцюк̞ гр я

ц

э҂

! 2. ඐ฽ф҂ўભљѻѭцю̘бљюўഗчѕгѭцюк̞ гр я

ц

э҂

! 3. ඐ฽ф҂ўйભцѭцю̘бљюўഗчѕгѭцюк̞ гр я

љ

э҂ ч

! 4. ඐ฽ф҂ўйၡољѹњљѹѭцю̘бљюўуഗඋіцюк̞ 20. Answer the following questions using comparative expressions. Ѥ

ч ф҂

a) ҕӆҦҵї࿊છ઀іўјѐѸл৳г઀ішк̞ Ѥ

ч ф҂

ҕӆәҦҵў࿊છ઀ѷѹ৳г઀іш!!!!!!!!!!!!̘ b) ໓ႉїඣਂіўјѐѸлఒлഞгішк̞

̘ c) җәӠҥїѹ҂уіўјѐѸкെмгішк̞

̘ ѹѴе

d)͋ఒ͌їге߼ેї͋ᅽ͌їге߼ેіўјѐѸѳфцгішк̞

̘ e) ‫گ‬ାࠑїૢ໓ࠑіўјѐѸлුгішк̞

̘ 21. Answer the following questions using comparative expressions. Ѥ

ч ф҂

a) ҕӆҦҵў࿊છ઀ѷѹ৳г઀іш̘ Ѥ

ч ф҂

! ࿊છ઀ўҕӆәҦҵѪј৳ољг઀іш!!!!!!!!̘ b) шгкўгѐуѷѹെмгіш̘

̘ c) Ҭґѝуསў໓ႉѝуསѪјйгцољгї໓ႉఒўгѓѱॳђѕг

ѭш̘ ̘ d) ӋӗҠѐѲ҂ўҿҢҠѐѲ҂ѷѹмѻгљఒіш̘

̘

Review for Lessons 51–55

277

22. Unscramble the following superlative sentences. ѱђї

a) іш } ҜӖҦ } ӋӗҠѐѲ҂ў } ѝඣі } мѻгљ } ஀ѝટ } ਸ਼ѱ

̘ гѐџ҂

b) ‫گ‬ཀྵ } ઱ѝ } ะѦѸ } ᆈᅦў } іш } শмљ

̘ гѐџ҂

я҂љ

c) ѝඣі } ఒ } ‫گ‬ཀྵ!} ൳ຸў } ҕҰҮљ } бюцѝ } яѷ̟ } ໓ႉ

̘ цѭ

ѱђї

ъ кг

d) ๠ } െмг } ਸ਼ѱ } іш } ే‫ރ‬і } җ̱ҦҵӖӗҏў

̘ 23. Change these informal sentences into the polite Japanese -masu form. ўѳ

a) ܾцѕ҂яѷ̗йಱ̞ೢо৥кљмѲ̟ ўѳ

бљюўܾҁцѕгѭшк̞ೢо৥кљрѻџљѹѭъ҂!!!!̘ бюѭ

b) ॳђїорј̗бгѓўѰђѐѲ຃ггѝѷ̘

̘ c) бѝҙҚ̗јђкѧ৥ђѐѲђюэ̘

̘ d) ѰђѐѲюрзља̗ӂҔӖ̱ӗђѕଁў . . . җәњў༘з҂ы̘

̘ e) йಱ̗җәѝӀ̱Ә‫ھ‬҂чѲђюѝ̞‫ھ‬҂чѲгрљгѷ̗ьѻ̟

̘ кѻ

f) ཱིлйಱњікгଁ༘ђюсѺђѕ̞Ӌҥѝᇨљѝ̗ьѻ̞

̘ ѝ

ѳѓ

g) бђѐіҮӐӗњ௏ђѕѺ๔ѝѓѸ̗йѱцѼгкѱќ̟

̘

278

Review for Lessons 51–55

h) б҂ю̗ѱђїкгѕоѻѷ̗ӋӠҙ̟шугйѱцѼг҂я̟

̘ ўюѸ

i) йࣙќж҂яѷ̗җә̟тѻкѸຆкљмѲљ҂љгѷ̘

̘ 24. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. a) A: бьтѧ৥мюољгѝ̞ | B: ггз̗৥мюољгѷ̟ ѡ те м

b) ฾ଁў྇৥࠺Ѫј഍гіш̘ цѶѺг

Ѹ҂

c) ઱ўбѝ୺ᆧҁуᅠњљѹюгіш̘ фѺ

d) бѝఒў܏ѝѷењඈяќ̘ e) ಋ౛ўйᇨцгюцѕйѹѭш̘ ќт

эе

f) ໢ў௄ѷѹെмгງ࿹іш̘ 25. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. a) Ӌӓӌф҂ўҕӌҘф҂

ѳфцољгішќ̘

йљ

1. Ѫј̖2. їຈчпѸг̖3. ѷѹ̖4. щђї b) ಋ౛ўттњ

к̞

1. йѹѭш̖2. гюцѭш̖3. гѸђцѲгѭш̖4. љфгѭш кѻ

c) ཱིўшуоࣙ૊ѐљѝњ̗йࣙҁકгюољгѮюгяќ̘ ѳѓ

๔яќ̟ 1. шуг̖2. ътг̖3. ѳџг̖4. яфг т҂ѳ

d) A: ਒ჶ̗уསҁ௮Ѩюгѝ̞ | B:

̗௮Ѩюољг̘

! 1. ўг̖2. ггз ѳѭѱї

e) ઀ႉಋ౛ў௼цг݇ҁ

їйђцѲгѭцю̘

1. ༘ѾѻѺ̖2. ༘зѺ̖3. ༘зѸѻѺ̖4. ༘ѾфѻѺ кѝчѶ

f) ҨӠҦлљгќ̗ ཱི஀̘гѓѱ 1. шуг̖2. ътг̖3. ѳџг̖4. яфг

࿯ҁජѕгѺ҂я̘

Review for Lessons 51–55

279

ѯшѰ

g) ૽ු̗઱ўбљюѝჇф҂ї

іш̘ ѱе

1. йᇨцюг̖2. йᇨњљѹюг̖3. ᇨфѻюг̖4. ంцௌсюг h) A: ๓ᄴ໓̗ۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़њ৥кљг̞ | B:

̗फ़њ৥кљгѷ̘

1. ўг̖2. ггз i) ໓ႉїӚҤҏ

јѐѸлെмгਂішк̞

1. іў̖2. ў̖3. л̖4. ѝњ j) ӚҤҏў໓ႉ

െмгਂіш̘

1. Ѫј̖2. кљѹ̖3. їຈчпѸг̖4. ѷѹ k) тѝႉў

ѝі༘зљг̘

1. ৳ошнѺ̖2. ৳ољшнѺ̖3. ৳шнѺ̖4. ৳гшнѺ тгщѮ

бцю

l) கಗ૽ුў͋჋໓ўࡲѮя͌ї

̘

1. йђцѲгю̖2. йђцѲѭцю̖3. йђцѲђю̖4. йђцѲгѭ

шю ѕ єкйф ѯ

m) бѝఒўକ෨૎ණ

йѱцѼгӋӠҙҁкрѺ̘

1. ѝѷењ̖2. ѝѷеѝ̖3. ѷењ̖4. ѷељ

Kanji

ླ‫ํࢗۂ‬ᆀ‫ࢿڍڨ‬ᄖ෉ຈ )24:*

)293*

)344*

)345*

)346*

)369*

)29:*

)29:*

)2:1*

)292*

)2:2*

ാଅ‫ں‬ख़ࡿඪ‫ރేژ‬બࡷ )341*

)342*

)33:*

)318*

)319*

)328*

)329*

)322*

)323*

)313*

)327*

280

Review for Lessons 51–55

26. Link each kanji with its kun’yomi reading.

ํ ࡷ ࢿ ᆀ ඪ ख़

ї)п* Ѯѳт юѢ ьь)п* гь)п* Ѿх

ే ླ ຈ ෉ બ ଅ

к)ѹѺ* йљ)ч* ѷ ѳѭг ї)ѭѺ* ѭѐ

27. Choose the correct kanji or kanji combination for each reading. яѻ

a) ͋їемѶеѝఒглг̗ттњ൬ѱ໕ђѕўгрљгѷ͌їѐѴег

цѭцю̘ їемѶе̜1. ๥̖ࢗ2. ࢗ૿̖3. ࢗํ̖4. ෟࢗ ! глг̜1. ‫̖ލڍ‬2. ‫ູ̖ژ‬3. ‫̖ލژ‬4. ‫ູڍ‬ ! ѐѴег̜1. ඪ‫̖ڍ‬2. ඪ‫̖ژ‬3. ୄ‫̖ڍ‬4. ୄ‫ژ‬ ўюѸ

b) бѝ଎ггцѲўтѝѢѶег҂іຆгѕгѺ̘

гцѲ̜1. ‫̖૿ژ‬2. ‫̖૿ڍ‬3. ‫̖૿ڨ‬4. ླ૿ ! ѢѶег҂̜1. ླ‫̖ۂ‬2. ླ࠽̖3. ླ‫̖ڨ‬4. ླఒ мѝе

c) ੡໓̗ӀҴҗ‫ܯ‬ф҂ѧ৥ђѕ̗кгг҂њљђѕ̗ӀҴҗҁкѹю̘

кгг҂̜1. ‫̖ۂݰ‬2. ‫̖ۂރ‬3. ‫̖ںރ‬4. ‫ںݰ‬ ! кѹю̜1. ࡿѹю̖2. ാѹю̖3. ૬ѹю̖4. ଅѹю ѕѸ я

еѮ ѝ

d) ૈ฽ಋ౛ў‫ށ‬ჹಋ౛їйљч!р҂мѴеҁљфђѕгѺ̘

йљч̜1. ຈч̖2. ઔч̖3. ຈљч̖4. ઔљч ! р҂мѴе̜1. ࡿ჋̖2. ख़ࡿ̖3. ࡿख़̖4. ჋ࡿ e) ᅑାѝၹ‫ށ‬ຒѧѝюѢўѐѴецњљѹѭцю̘

юѢ̜1. ഑̖2. ᆀ̖3. ࠵̖4. ઩ ! ѐѴец̜1. ඣௌ̖2. ඣબ̖3. ඤௌ̖4. ඤબ

Review for Lessons 51–55

281

28. Choose the correct reading for each kanji combination. a) бѝླఒѝଅࣙў‫ލژ‬ї஖љгішќ̘

! ླఒ̜1. ѢѶеч҂̖2. ѢѶец҂̖3. ѢѶеѡї̖4. ѢѶењ҂ ! ଅ̜ࣙ1. цѲђм҂̖2. цѲом҂̖3. кѹкќ̖4. кѹлќ ! ‫̜ލژ‬1. гэї̖2. гьї̖3. глг̖4. гкг b) ෉ුўїѕѱ৳гᆈᅦҁඪဇцю̘

! ෉ු̜1. ѐѶѐѶе̖2. ѐѶеѐѶ̖3. ѐѶеѐѶе̖4. ѐѶѐѶ ! ඪဇ̜1. ѐѴеѱ҂̖2. ѐѴеѥ҂̖3. ѐѴѱ҂̖4. ѐѴѥ҂ c) ӆҺҴҐҜҵϢϧేўࢗํњ৥мюгѸцгіш̘

! Ϣϧే̜1. чѴеѼоъ̖2. чѴеѼоѷ̖3. чѴеѼоъг̖4. чѴ еѼояг ! ࢗํ̜1. мѶї̖2. мѶеї̖3. мѶїе̖4. мѶеїе оѼкѾ

ѯщк

d) ਆ಑ಋ౛ўख़ࡿ୳і່цг੝ࢿҁљфђѕгѭцю̘

! ख़ ࡿ ୳̜1. р ҂ м Ѵ ч Ѷ̖2. р ҂ м Ѵ е ч Ѷ е̖3. р ҂ м Ѵ ч Ѷ е̖ 4. р҂мѴечѶ ! ੝ࢿ̜1. фнѶе̖2. фонѶе̖3. ѓоѹѾх̖4. фоуе

29. Write the kanji for the given furigana. ѹѶ к҂

a) бѝ

ї

ѝಱі ъ

ѭђѕояфгќ̘

кг

їе мѶе

b) ࣬କѝ

ҮӐӠӁҗӠў ч

г҂

c) тѝ

!ѧ

ѭѐ

іш̘ г

ло

њўюоф҂ѝ к

e) ଁҁшп

ш

ҁဨࢦцѕгѺ޵౛лୄ҂ігѺ̘ гь

цѕояфг̟

гігѭшкѸ̟

г Ѯ

f) тѝ੝ဇѝ

цѭцю̘

ѵе ѹѶе

ѝపў

d) тѝ

ѹѶ те

ҁࢬзѕояфгѭъ҂к̞

•

Lesson 56

ᇹ 56 ᛢ

The Conditional Form In this chapter we will study in depth the four different constructions that are used to express the conditional form in Japanese.

The conditional form with 䛸 The expression ї is used to indicate a natural relationship based on habit or logic (if / when X happens, then Y usually happens). It is often used in sentences expressing events derived from natural phenomena, habits, etc. After a ї clause, we never express will, or a wish, order or request. This kind of sentence usually has the nuance of “whenever,” rather than “if.” Usage: ї is placed directly after verbs and -i adjectives. -na adjectives and nouns require я . чѴеуњѐ

мѴеѹѶе

Ѥ

т

• ϢϦ໓њљѺї̗ࢄᆈл௻ѹਏѭѻѺ When the 15th comes, my wage is transferred (to my account). ѭгњѐ цуї

й

ѝ

• ႕໓઒ૃлଳѾѺї̗Ӏ̱Әҁ‫ھ‬ѯ Every day, when I finish work, I have a beer. A different usage of ї expresses “discovery”: ўц

Ѿю

лђте

• бѝࢭҁ่Ѻї̗޵ৌлбѹѭш When you cross that bridge, there is a school.

The conditional form with 䜀 The expression ̶џ is used for sentences with the pattern “if X, then Y.” It is similar to ї in some ways, but has a stronger nuance of hypothesis or supposition. As with ї, after a clause with ̶џ we never express will, or a wish, order or request. Verbs have a special conjugation with ̶џ, so study the table opposite. For -i adjectives replace the last ̶г with ̶рѻџ: ࠀгamai (sweet) Π ࠀрѻџ (if it is sweet). The negative is formed the same way: ࠀољг(it is not sweet) Π ࠀољрѻџ (if it is not гљѸџ (if she were pretsweet). After -na adjectives and nouns, we use љѸџ: мѻ! ty), ޵౛љѸџ gakusei naraba (if he were a student). In the negative, we need the verb іш (іўљг/чѲљг), replacing the last ̶г with ̶рѻџ: мѻгіљрѻ џ (if she weren’t pretty), ޵౛чѲљрѻџ (if he weren’t a student). ѝ

мѱ

• ӜґӠҁ‫ھ‬Ѱџ̗࠽૊ѐѷољѹѭш If you drink some wine, you’ll feel better. Ѫ҂

ѳш

к

• ьѝႉў‫څ‬ољрѻџ̗༘Ѿљгѷ If that book isn’t cheap, I won’t buy it. кѻ

ц҂ъѓ

юш

о

йѱ

• ཱིлѱцఋ౽љѸџ̗୾рњᅑѺїતе If he were kind, he’d come to help me.

The Conditional Form

283

The conditional form with 䛯䜙 The expression ̶юѸ is versatile and can be used in most conditional cases. If you always use ̶юѸ to form your conditional sentences, there is less possibility that you might make a mistake! Unlike ї and ̶џ, after ̶юѸ you can express will, a wish, an order or request. Usage: Add Ѹ after the past form of verbs (༘ђюѸkattara, if I bought), -i adjectives (ࠀкђюѸif it were sweet). With -na adjectives and nouns, use яђюѸ (мѻгя ђюѸ, if she were pretty), (޵౛яђюѸ, if he were a student). г

Ѯѳс

к

м

• ѱц̗ҼӜґњ৥ђюѸ , й๓ઇҁ༘ђѕᅑѕќ If you go to Hawaii, buy me a souvenir, OK? г

гз

ѝт

• ৥мюољкђюѸ̗݇њઑђѕѱгг If you don’t want to go, you can stay home. кѻ

ѐѐйѳ

љп

• ཱིл࿔ఋчѲљкђюѸ̗‫ܤ‬ђюѝњ̟ If he wasn’t my father, I’d have hit him! Note: In the first sentence we use the word ѱц, an adverb similar in meaning to “if.” ѱ ц isn’t strictly necessary, but is used to emphasize the condition. Simple f. Meaning

Rule

Conditional Rule Negative Negative cond.

Group 1 Invariable

Ȥȱ

ࢬзѺ

to teach

ࢬзѻџ

ࢬзљг

ࢬзљрѻџ

ࡈмѻџ

ࡈмљг

ࡈмљрѻџ

. Ѻѻџ

Ȥ

ࡈмѺ to wake up ȥ

to lend

. шъџ

ാъџ

ാфљг

ാфљрѻџ

to wait

. ѓѕџ

ളѕџ

ളюљг

ളюљрѻџ

to buy

. езџ

༘зџ

༘Ѿљг

༘Ѿљрѻџ

to return

. Ѻѻџ

࠻ѻџ

࠻Ѹљг

࠻Ѹљрѻџ

to write

. орџ

୺рџ

୺кљг

୺кљрѻџ

to hurry

. псџ

ࡷсџ

ࡷлљг

ࡷлљрѻџ

to play

. ѥѨџ

ᄠѨџ

ᄠџљг

ᄠџљрѻџ

to drink

. ѯѰџ

‫ھ‬Ѱџ

‫ھ‬ѭљг

‫ھ‬ѭљрѻџ

ભћ

to die

. ћќџ

ભќџ

ભљљг

ભљљрѻџ

шѺ

to do

Irregular verbs: no rule

шѻџ

цљг

цљрѻџ

ാш ɘ

ളѓ ༘е ȥȢ

࠻Ѻ Group 2 Variable

ȥ

୺о Ȟȷ

ࡷп Ȝȷ

ᄠѥ Ɉ

‫ھ‬ѯ

Negative form грѻџ

ȥ

ȱ

Group 3 Irregular

ȩ

ᅑѺ

to come

ȩ

ᅑѻџ

ȭ

ᅑљг

ȭ

ᅑљрѻџ

284

Lesson 56 不 56 嶓

The conditional form with 䛺䜙 The expression љѸ is used in conversation to reiterate what the other person has said, and then add data. љѸ can be used in to express will, or a wish, order or request. Its colloquial version is ѝяђюѸ or ҂яђюѸ. We will sometimes find ѝ before љѸ; it adds the nuance of “in the case of.” We place nothing between verbs, adjectives (-i and -na), nouns and љѸ. In the past form, nouns and -na adjectives need яђю. к҂то

ѹѶте

к҂то

г

ю

• A: ࠕਂњᆀ৥цюг | B: ࠕਂѧ৥о ( ѝ ) љѸӀӀӠҽҁ௮ѨљмѲќ A: I’d like to travel to Korea | B: If you are going to Korea, then you must eat bibimbap. ьї

і

ш

• ‫ލ‬њ୙Ѻ҂яђюѸ̗уѮҁૹѕѕмѕќ If you are going outside, then take out the garbage, OK? Conditional forms ї

‫ی‬лৰѺї̗ҘҕӘл჏о If (when) it rains, frogs croak.

Since what is said in the first clause always comes true naturally then what is said in the second clause will come true, as well.

̶џ

‫ی‬лৰѻџ̗ప࿅ഌл‫ݱ‬ऽшѺ If it rained, the drought would be solved.

If the condition in the first clause (to rain) comes true, the following action comes true too.

‫ی‬лৰђюѸ̗઻৸ўඣબњљѺ ̶юѸ If it rains, the match will be canceled.

љѸ

‫ی‬лৰѺљѸ̗݇њгѷе If (what happens is that) it rains, I’ll stay home.

Provisionally, the match will be held, but if in the future the condition in the first clause (to rain) comes true, then, in that hypothetical future, the match would be canceled. The speaker indicates a condition that he himself imposes: the second clause can be an intention.

‫ی‬лৰѺ ame ga furu to rain; ҘҕӘ frog; ჏оnaku to croak, chirp, mew; ప࿅ഌ mizu buzoku drought; ‫ݱ‬ऽшѺ kaiketsu suru to solve; ઻৸ shiai match; ඣબшѺ chūshi suru to cancel; ݇ie house; гѺ to be

Hypothetical conditions: if / in case For hypothetical conditions, we can use ї, ̶џ, ̶юѸ or љѸ. цр҂

уеко

ьѓнѶе

• ઻०њ৸ާшѻџ̗ഓࢿімѭш If I passed the exam, I’d be able to graduate. Ѫ҂

ш

• тѝႉлশмяђюѸ̗бсѺѷ If you like this book, I’ll give it to you. In this kind of “pure” conditional sentence we can use ̶юѸ most times without making a mistake. Note: ̶џ is usually perceived as more formal than ̶юѸ.

The Conditional Form

285

Whenever When the second action always and unavoidably follows the first one, as in the case of a naturally occurring event or the force of habit (“whenever” / “on . . . –ing”), we use ї. љѓ

ѪюѺ

і

• ݅њљѺї̗फл୙ѕмѭш Whenever summer comes, fireflies appear. оњ

ргхг

ъгѐѶе

ѵю

• ਂ ѝथ ੀл౑ ුшѺї̗ၚ књљѺ Whenever the economy of a country develops, it becomes rich.

When / As soon as When an action immediately follows the first one, but not necessarily in a natural or predetermined way, we can useї or ̶юѸ. кѝчѶ

б

м҂ѐѶе

• ཱི஀њ‫ݰ‬еї̗гѓѱ࣒වшѺ Whenever I come across her, I get nervous. ъ҂ъг

ѷ

г

• ಋ౛лॹ҂яѸ̗шп৥ђѕояфг When the teacher calls you, go at once.

Idiomatic usage ̶џ and ̶юѸ!can be used idiomatically, without a conditional meaning. т҂ј гз

м

• ѷкђюѸ̗਒๒݇њᅑѕояфг If you like, please come to my house sometime. к҂л

Ѿюц

љл

ѓ

б

• ৞зѕѮѻџ̗઱юѐўුг࿆м৸гяќ Come to think of it, ours is a long relationship, isn’t it? Notice how in this case only, ̶џ can go before sentences expressing will, or a wish, order or request. Note: The conjugation of the adjective гг (good) is irregular: it becomes ѷ кђюѸ (̶юѸ form), and ѷрѻџ (̶џ form).

When / As a result of / After When something is learned or discovered as a result of a certain action, useї or ̶юѸ. љђїе

к

г

• ໱๽ҁ༘гњ৥ої̗ѱељкђю When I went to buy natto, there was no more left. йѷ

г

Ѯщ

• ۬нњ৥ђюѸ̗ӄ̱Әњўపлљкђю When I went swimming, there was no water in the pool.

Regarding / As for To introduce a specific topic in the conversation, use љѸ. бкѭѓ

гз

кз

• ౹஥ф҂љѸ̗݇њ࠻ѹѭцюѷ As for Mr. Akamatsu, he’s already come home. ѹѶте

• ᆀ৥љѸ̗ґӠҶлггљ Talking about trips, I’d like (to go to) India.

286

Lesson 56 不 56 嶓

You need to / You should Use ̶џгг. This expression is used to clarify doubts and things we are not sure about. цѶѺг

мњѴе

• тѝ୺ᆧњࡆ໕шѻџгг҂ішќ I only need to fill in this document, right? яѻ

• т҂љтї̗൬њмрџггѝ̞ Who should I ask about this?

Making suggestions Use ̶юѸјеішк̞ ѓк

ѳш

• ཻѻѕгѺљѸ̗ࡲ҂яѸјеішк̞ If you’re tired, why don’t you rest? кѝчѶ

фь

• ཱི஀ҁᄟђѕѮюѸје̞ Why don’t you try inviting her?

Making soft proposals Use ̶џ or ̶юѸ at the end of the sentence. Used in spoken language only. ќ

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ௷љгіѷ̟ѐѶђїဨࢦшѻџ̞ Don’t sleep! How about a little more study? ѓк

ѳш

• ཻѻѕгѺ̞ࡲ҂яѸ̞ Are you tired? Why don’t you take a rest?

Showing annoyance Use ђюѸ and ђѕџ (їгзџ). Used in spoken language, mainly by women to children. Note: ђюѸ is not conjugated: it goes directly at the end of a sentence. Ѩ҂мѶе

• пщпщцљгіѷ̟ဨࢦцљфгђюѸ̟ Quit idling! Get on with your study! мѮ

м

• ऄ̟тђѐњᅑѕђѕџ You! Come here, come on!

Explaining and requesting (idiomatic) г

ॳзџ : “This way” (explanation) / імѻџ : “If possible” (request). к҂ю҂

г

кѻ

• ࠅ൮њॳзџཱི̗ўҽҘя In short / in a few words, he is stupid. г

Ѯм

м

• ьеॳзџ̗ྑࡃлᅑѕгљгќ Now you mention it, Miki hasn’t come, has she? рђт҂

• імѻџ̗бљюїीਖцюг҂іш If possible, I’d like to marry you.

A final usage for 䛭䜜䛺䜙!and 䛩䜛䛸 ѓк

ѳш

• ཻѻѕгѺ̞ьѻљѸ̗ࡲ҂іѷ Are you tired? If so, take a rest. кѻ

б

кѻ

Ѥї

• ཱིњ‫ݰ‬ђю̘шѺїཱི̗ўടђѕгю I came across him. That’s when (I saw) he had put on weight.

The Conditional Form

๰ဒ̊

287

Manga Examples

The manga examples in this section will help you review and consolidate the conditional forms you’ve studied in this lesson.

Manga Example 1: The conditional to As in this example, we often find ї combined with a verb in the negative, with the negative conditional meaning of “if I don’t do X, then Y.” Other examples might be ௮Ѩљгї െмољѸљгѷ tabenai to ookikunaranai yo (If you don’t eat, you won’t grow); ৥ кљгїભћ‚ ikanai to shinu (If I don’t go, I’ll die). We also often find ї combined with яѰя or грљг, as in the sentences!௮ѨљгїяѰя or ৥кљгїг рљг. This construction has the same meaning as ̶љрѻџљѸљг and similar expressions studied in Lesson 32, that is “I must . . .” “I have to . . .” These sentences, then, would be “I must eat” and “I have to go,” respectively. Note: ஈѕьењљг (it doesn’t look like we can win) is a kind of negation of the conjecture ьея (2) (Lesson 43), linked to ஈѕѺ, the potential form (Lesson 31) of the verb ஈѓ (to win.)

Gabriel Luque

∈∽∣≆≟∜ ∷∼૎∟∣ ≹≍∁≲⊅≝≅≽ ଡ଼௖∌∞⇼∜ ஋√−⇽∟∞⇼∞ їм

цѴѓчѶе

к

Jun: тѻўғҮїѳѺોњўӉҜлӂӘҬґӍ୙௓цљгїஈѕьењљгљ this top “uchi” cp do time tp top full time participate not do (conditional) win not ep Seeing this, when we play against them, if I don’t play full time, I don’t think we will be able to win.

288

Lesson 56 不 56 嶓

−≃∞∶∢∁ ⇽ ∲∄⇼∆ ∤ ≰⊅∟ྊ২࠽∣ ວ⅙਒∲∞⇼ ∣ ∏∕

Manga Example 2: The conditional -ba Here is an example of the ̶џ construction: еѭогрџ literally means “if it goes well.” ৥рџ ikeba is the conditional conjugation of the verb ৥о (to go) (see table, page 283). For this conjugation, the last -u in the simple form of all verbs in all groups (including the irregular verbs) is replaced with an -e and then we add џ. Thus, iku Π ike Π ikeba. The only exception, as usual, are verbs ending in -tsu, which don’t become -tseba, but change to -teba. Notes: ѱѝ means “thing” (we will study this in depth in the next lesson). Notice the usage of the conjecture ўщя (Lesson 43), which indicates a supposition that is almost a fact. ѡтем

Lee:

ѓ

т

ь҂љѱѝлеѭогрџӀӘњ྇ ৥࠺ў຤ ђਏ ѭ љгўщя

J.M. Ken Niimura

that thing sp well go (conditional) building pp plane top crash look like If that worked out, nobody would think of crashing planes into buildings.

Manga Example 3: The conditional nara

஁∆∔∯⇽ ∁⇼⇼≃ ∞∺ ஁∆∹ ⇽↢

Here, the expression љѸ is used to reiterate a topic of conversation which has already been raised, and then add more information (see Regarding/As for, page 285). The sentence in the example is probably the answer to something like )ཱི஀ҁ* ୾рюѪелггѷ Kanojo o tasuketa hō ga ii yo (She had better be saved). The speaker reiterates this piece of information, transforms it into a conditional clause with the expression љѸ and then adds his own reply or opinion at the end. A more colloquial version of this sentence would be ୾рюѪелгг҂яђюѸ୾рѷе. Notes: Review here the usage of the strong recommendation ̶Ѫелгг (Lesson 49), and the “let’s” form (Lesson 34) ୾рѷе (I’m going to save her), indicating purpose or intention.

юш

юш

Yūma: ୾рюѪелгг҂љѸ୾рѷе̟

Xian Nu Studio

save be recommended (conditional) save!! If she had better be saved, then I’ll save her!

The Conditional Form

289

Manga Example 4: An idiomatic usage of yokattara

Xian Nu Studio

∶∌∹∀⅙∔∺ ℵ ਕ๕≻≻∜≮≮∜ ઀క∛⇿ ૵ࢋ≂ ࠏ ∟ᅔ√∖⅜⇽ ∕⇼∹

We go back to ̶юѸ, used here combined with the adjective гг (good) to indicate “If you like,” which is useful when you want to invite somebody or offer something. The past conjugation of гг is irregular (ѷкђю), so its ̶ю Ѹ conjugation is ѷкђюѸ. Notice the adverb ѱц, translated as our conditional “if.” In Japanese we don’t need to place ѱц in every conditional clause; it is more often used when we want to emphasize a condition, or to introduce a conditional sentence. Note: The ̶ѕѐѶеяг construction means the same as ̶ѕояфг (Lesson 35). т҂ј

ф҂њ҂

цџг

Ѯ

м

Man: ѱцѷкђюѸ̗਒๒ӋӋїҾҾї੽ఒій૲࢈ҁࠌњᅑѕѐѶеягѷ if well, next time mom cp and dad cp the three theater dop come to see please ep If you like, come to the theater next time with mom and dad, please.

Manga Example 5: Another conjunction

∕∜∎∽∤ ਪഏ∁ຊ∀∞⇼ ६‫∘ڲ∣ھ‬

There are several kinds of conjunctions—words that connect the clauses of a sentence—that are based on conditional expressions. Besides those we saw earlier in this chapter (ьѻљ Ѹ and шѺї), we also have ьецюѸ, ьешѻџ, яїцюѸ, and, as in this example, яїшѻџ. Technically, яїшѻџ is not a conjunction, but the sum of я (to be), the particle ї (Lesson 41) plus шѻџ (the џ conditional of the verb шѺ). Literally, it means “if (that) is done,” i.e., “If that is the way it is,” “in that case,” “then . . .” Note: This manga has a clear example of a relative clause: ਧഌлງкљг३‫( ڻ‬cause for the left leg not to move). (Lesson 50.)

ѡяѹбц

J.M. Ken Niimura

Shōji:

еу

с҂г҂

ѡї

яїшѻџਧഌлງкљг३‫ڻ‬ў‫گ‬ѓ be cp do (conditional) leg left sp move cause top one Then, there is one cause for the left leg not to move.

290

Lesson 56 不 56 嶓

Manga Example 6: A “smart aleck” usage of the conditional -ba Let’s look at an amusing usage of the conditional ̶џ to give a “smart aleck” answer of the kind “I’m hungry” | “Then eat,” or “I’m tired” | “Then sleep.” It is simple to obtain the “smart aleck” effect of “then X” using the conditional ̶џ and an interrogative intonation, as in the following examples: ! й࿱лшгѕгѺ Onaka ga suite iru I’m hungry ! ௮Ѩѻџ̞ Tabereba? Then eat

! Ⴝгља Nemui naa I’m tired ! ௷ѻџ̞ Nereba? Then sleep Notes: თ๖ҁफ़Ѻ Mendō o miru (lit. “To look at a problem”) means “to take care of.” ࿔ ѐѲ҂ and ျѐѲ҂ are childish distortions of й࿔ф҂ and йျф҂.

Xian Nu Studio

∩⇾⇾ℼ≃

∩≃ ȹ ࿗∖⅚≃ ∜ ှ∖⅚≃∟ ∵≃∝⇽ ॡ√ ∶∺⇾ ∤↡ їе

Hina: Ѥзз̶҂

кб

Ѯ

Ken: Ѥ҂!࿔ѐѲ҂їျѐѲ҂њѰ҂јеफ़ѕѱѸзџ̞

hueeennn

hum dad cp mom iop problem look (receive)

Waaah!

Humph! Then, let mom and dad take care of you.

The Conditional Form

291

Exercises ᇄଵ ɂ

1

Conjugate the conditional of the words ྇ѥ (to Ȭɭȧ

Åy) and २࠽љ (healthy) in each of the four forms.

Ȝɥ

ɇ

Conjugate the verbs ေ о (to walk), ௷Ѻ (to sleep), ȦɭɊ

ȩ

Ȥɢ

ࠣවѺ (to hang on), ᅑѺ (to come), and ۬ п (to

2

swim) ̶џ form of the conditional. Ƞɭɀɭ

3

Conjugate the negative of the verb ۠ื шѺ (to ɄȦ

drive), the -i adjective ු г (long), and the noun ɕɭ

ႉ (book) in the conditional ̶џ . Ȝ

ȞɆ

ɉȞ

Translate: Ҷҏҁ‫ވ‬рѺї̗ ॗ л ໕ ђѕцѭе̘ ( Ҷҏ door; ‫ވ‬рѺ to open; ॗ dog; ໕Ѻ to go in) ȵ

5

ȹȥ

4

ȥɦȱ

Translate: །л ৳ ољрѻџཱི̗મњўцљг̘ ( །л৳г tall; ཱིમ boyfriend) ȲɟȨɡȠ

Ȟɞ

ɧȠȥ

Ɂ

Translate: ѱц ଣࢿ л ॎ яђюѸ̗ᇒܻњ୙ѕо яфг̘( ଣࢿ class; ॎ dislike; ᇒܻ corridor; ୙Ѻ

6

to go out) ȦȽȭȠ

7

Ȟ

ȵɭȵȞ

Ⱦȹ

Translate: ޵ৌ ѧ৥ољѸ̗ ಋ౛ њѷѼцо ฺ зѕќ̘( ޵ৌ school; ৥о to go; ಋ౛ teacher; ѷѼцоฺзѺ to give one’s regards) Ⱥɦ

ȻɟȠɜɭ

Translate: шѮѭъ҂̗ ൬ њ ඪဇ шѻџгг҂ ішк̞ ( шѮѭъ҂ excuse me; ൬ who; ඪဇ order) ɩȹȱ

9

8

ȧə

Translate: ѱц̗ ઱ л ऄ љѸт҂љтїҁцљ гђѕџ̟ ( ઱ I; ऄ you; тї thing)

Ȟ

ȭɂȱ

ɄȾ

Translate: қӗҤӐѧ৥ мюгља ̘਒ ໤ѝ ݅ њ Ȟ

৥ рџ̞ ( қӗҤӐ Greece; ৥о to go; ਒໤ this

10

year; ݅ summer) — Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 57

•

ᇹ 57 ᛢ

Koto and Mono In this lesson we will learn to distinguish between 䛣䛸 and 䜒䛾, two different Japanese concepts which are both translated as “thing.”

䛣䛸 and 䜒䛾 First let’s clarify the difference between тї and ѱѝ. Although both mean “thing,” their usage is different. тї (sometimes written in kanji: ૃ) designates a non-physical thing, something intangible, like thoughts, concepts or words. ягч

мѮ

г

• െૃљтїҁऄњॳгюг҂іш I would like to tell you an important thing. кљ

й

• їѕѱུцгтїлࡈтѹѭцю A very sad thing happened.

тї is also used in noun + ѝтї constructions, which emphasize the noun. мѮ

ягш

• ऄѝтїлെশмяѷ I like you very much. ягло

Ѿш

• െ޵ѝтїҁၧѻѕоѻѷ Forget about university, come on. As for ѱѝ (which can also be written in kanji: ࿹), it designates a physical “thing": ѱѝ

ѱ

• ьђѐњбѺ࿹ҁ૊ђѕмѕоѻљг̞ Can you bring me that thing over there? мѶе

ѱѝ

к

• ਒໓̗ј҂љ࿹ҁ༘гюгѝ̞ What kind of thing do you want to buy today? Note: Don’t mistake ࿹!(tangible thing) for ૿ , which has the same pronunciation but is a humble word for “person” or “member of,” to refer to oneself or someone in the uchi group: Ѫцѝ

ѱѝ

• ўчѰѭцѕ̘౔ჹїге૿іш Pleased to meet you. I’m (somebody called) Hoshino.

䛣䛸 as a nominalizer In Lesson 40 we talked about “nominalizing”: the process of transforming a verb, adjective, or a sentence into a noun phrase, so that it works exactly like any other noun. Japanese has two nominalizers: ѝ and тї. Go back to Lesson 40 to review the nominalizer ѝ. Note: Noun phrases (underlined in the examples) with ѝ and тї are subordinate clauses, so their subject will never be marked with the topic particle ў: always use л (Lesson 37). кѻ

Ѯљ

ц

• ཱིл (no ў ) ҦҚ̱ҁшѺтїў‫ބ‬лඋђѕгѺ Everybody knows he skis.

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䛾 as a nominalizer Nothing is placed after the verb and -i adjective. After a -na adjective or noun, we place either љ or ібѺ in the present tense, or яђю in the past tense. Let’s see a few examples now to refresh your memory: згл

Ѯ

ягш

• ۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़Ѻѝўെশміш I like watching movies very much. фїе

ц

• ਣ๺ф҂лҟґяђюѝўѷоඋђѕгѺ I know very well Mr. Sato was gay.

тї is used just like ѝ, in the same position and has the same usage with verbs, adjectives and nouns, with one exception: after -na adjectives and nouns in the present tense, we can only have ібѺ, never љ. згл

Ѯ

• ۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़Ѻтїў຃њггіш Watching movies is good for your brain. фїе

ц

• ਣ๺ф҂лҟґібѺтїўѷоඋђѕгѺ I know very well Mr. Sato is gay.

Differences between the nominalizers 䛾 and 䛣䛸 ѝ and тї are often used to nominalize a sentence. We use ѝ when the noun phrase expresses something subjective or something the speaker feels “close” to. We use тї when talking about something objective, or general, which doesn’t imply any kind of emotion. ќ

ѭз

Ѫ҂

ѷ

юѝ

• ௷Ѻಱњႉҁຠѯтї / ѝў޷цгіш Reading books before sleeping is fun. With тї, we are simply stating that reading books before going to sleep is fun. Whereas, with ѝ, we add emotion, implying it is fun for us and it affects us specially. When to use ѝ: Use ѝ when the verb in the main sentence is either a verb of perception such asफ़Ѻ miru (to see), फ़зѺ (to be able to see), ဈоkiku (to hear), ဈтзѺ (to able to hear), ߱чѺ kanjiru (to feel), etc., or one of the following verbs: ളѓ matsu (to wait), କฺеtetsudau (to help), ଄ႏшѺ jama suru (to bother), ѳѰѺ (to stop doing, to cease) or બѰѺ tomeru (to stop). їм

ѡї

ц

Ѯ

• ьѝો̗бѝఒлભћѝҁफ़ю At that time, I saw that person’s death. ягло

цѴояг

й

ѭ

• െ޵ѝ୒൉лଳѾѺѝҁളђѕќ Wait till I finish my university homework, OK? т

• бѝટјѱҁгчѰѺѝўѳѰѕояфг Please stop picking on that boy.

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Lesson 57 不 57 嶓

When to use тї: Use тїwhen the main verb indicates verbal communication, for example, ᇨш hanasu (to speak), ჊чѺmeijiru (to command), ฺзѺ tsutaeru (to report), моkiku (to ask), ჾഊшѺ yakusoku suru (to promise), etc., or when the last verb after the nominalizer is іш or я. Don’t mix it up with ѝіш (Lesson 40). ѯшт

ѢѶем

кѻ

ѓю

• ഈટлླ࠽яђютїҁཱིњฺзѕояфг Tell him my son was sick. Ѿюц гѐџ҂ ш

е҂је

ўц

• ઱ѝ‫گ‬ཀྵশмљ۠ງў೷Ѻтїіш Running is the exercise I like most.

Expressions with 䛣䛸 тї and ѱѝ are used as components in some grammatical constructions in the Japanese language without their meaning as a tangible or intangible thing. Let’s see some expressions with тї, of which we already know one: the potential тїлімѺ (Lesson 32). Ѿюц

е҂ѕ҂

• ઱ўҽґҜҁ۠ืшѺтїлімѺ I can drive motorcycles. The first of the new expressions with тї that we will study is ̶ютїлбѺ, used frequently to indicate “I have the experience of having done X thing.” Usage: Verbs and adjectives are always conjugated in the past. Nouns require яђю. ̶ютїлбѺ can be conjugated in the negative (̶ютїлљг, not have the experience of), past (̶ютїлбђю, had the experience of), and past negative (̶ютїлљкђю, didn’t have the experience of). кѻ

ѝѫ

• ཱིўҕӆәҦҵњ้ђютїлбѺ He has climbed Mount Everest. ѫо

г

• ၺўҏӎӗҘњ৥ђютїлљг I have never been to the United States. ѾюцчѴеќ҂ѭзъ҂ъг

• ઱ў୆໤ಱಋ౛яђютїлбѺ 10 years ago, I was a teacher. кѻ

йѱцѼ

• ཱིѝқӐҝўთ༧кђютїлљкђю His gags were never funny. An expression that is very easy to mistake for ̶ютїлбѺ is тїлбѺ, which has the meaning of “now and then.” Verbs, adjectives, etc., preceding тї are in the present infinitive. -na adjectives require љ and nouns require ѝ or ібѺ. йїеї ўюѸ

• ช ўຆотїлбѺ Sometimes, my younger brother works (he usually doesn’t). юк

• ҦґҘўҽҘ৳гтїлбѺ Sometimes, watermelons are ridiculously expensive. Note: When negative, ўis used instead of л with this expression: кѝчѶ

яѭ

• ཱི஀лღѺтїўљг There are no occasions when she keeps quiet. | She never keeps quiet.

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Decisions The expression тїњшѺ indicates “a decision taken by oneself or someone in the uchi group.” It comes after verbs in the present infinitive (affirmative or negative). њѪ҂у

ѭљ

• ໓ႉটҁ޵ѥтїњцѭш (I’ve decided that) I’m going to learn Japanese. ъ҂ъг

ўљ

• ಋ౛їᇨфљгтїњцюьея It looks like he’s decided not to speak with the teacher. Ѹгќ҂

ййфк

г

• ᅑ໤̗െ੔ѧ৥отїњцѭцю I have decided that next year I’ll go to Osaka. The second expression is тїњљѺ, which indicates “a decision which affects oneself or someone in the uchi group, but which has been made by someone or something external.” It is often used for demands or commands. Usage: The same as тїњшѺ. Ѿюц

згу

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ઱ў۲টҁဨࢦшѺтїњљђѕгѺ I must (I’ve been told to) study English. • Ҿ̱ҳҐ̱ўҽ̱іцљгтїњљђю It has been decided that the party won’t be held at the bar. цуї

• ઒ૃҁѳѰѺтїњљѹьея Apparently, I’ll have to (they’re demanding that I) quit my job. Ѹгќ҂

ййфк

г

• ᅑ໤̗െ੔ѧ৥отїњљѹѭцю It’s been decided that next year I’ll go to Osaka. The final sentence is very clear: with тїњшѺ it is obvious that the decision to go to Osaka has been taken by the speaker himself, whereas with тїњљѺ the speaker implies that the decision has been made by someone else.

Expressions with 䜒䛾 The first ѱѝ we will see is used to give a kind of excuse. The effect is almost the same as “the thing is . . .” or “because . . .” in English and it is mainly used by children and women in colloquial Japanese. Usage: ѱѝ is always placed at the end of a sentence. Verbs and -i adjectives go in the infinitive, while -na adjectives and nouns need я. The construction ҂ яѱѝ is very common. Note: ѱѝ can be contracted into ѱ҂. гѭ г

гьл

• ਒৥рљгѝ̘їѕѱၨцгѱѝ I can’t go now. The thing is I’m very busy. ѷеѐз҂

г

• ᄭඒ‫̗܁‬৥мюољгѱ҂̟ It’s just that I don’t want to go to kindergarten! ю

• јецѕ௮ Ѩљгѝ̞ Why won’t you eat it? | яђѕ̗ѭщг҂яѱ҂ Because it’s bad.

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Lesson 57 不 57 嶓

The second expression is ѱѝішк, which we often see as ѱѝк or even ѱ҂к. This construction, always at the end of a sentence, is quite rough and indicates a very strong refusal to do something. Although it ends with к, it is not a question. Usage: Verbs and -i adjectives go in the infinitive. -na adjectives and nouns need љ and ібѺ, respectively. йїт

ѓ

б

• бѝඈї࿆м৸еѱѝішк̟ There’s no way I’m going out with that man! ѭз

ѡѲо

ѭ҂з҂

ўѸ

• йಱњϢϡϡႩ‫܀‬ҁ࿶еѱѝк I’m not paying you a million yen (not on your life). ѹѶте

г

• б҂юїўᆀ৥њ৥оѱ҂кѷ ! I’m not going on a trip with you (under any circumstances)! Expressions with koto and mono тї!) ૃ *

Intangible thing (concept)

ј҂љтїҁॳгюгѝ̞ What kind of thing do you want to tell me?

тї

Nominalizer: used to transform full clauses into nouns

۠ງҁшѺтїўഭњггіш (The fact of) doing exercise is good for your health.

̶ютїлбѺ

To have the experience of

ҼӜґњ৥ђютїлбѹѭш I have been (I have the experience of going) to Hawaii.

тїлбѺ

Sometimes . . . Now and then X happens

ཱིў۠ງҁшѺтїлбѺ He sometimes exercises (though he usually doesn’t).

тїњшѺ

To decide something by oneself

ҼӜґњ৥отїњцѭцю I decided to go to Hawaii.

тїњљѺ

Something external to the speaker makes a decision that affects the speaker

ҼӜґњ৥отїњљѹѭцю It’s been decided that I’ll go to Hawaii.

ѱѝ̿࿹̀

Tangible thing (object)

ьѝ࿹ҁ૊ђѕмѕоѻѺ̞ Can you bring me that thing?

ѱѝ̿ѱ҂̀

At the end of a sentence, ਒৥рљгѝ̘ၨцг҂яѱ҂̟ childish or female I can’t go now. The thing is I’m expression implying “excuse” busy!

тї

ѱѝ

At the end of a sentence, ѱѝк̿ѱ҂к̀it emphasizes a categorical refusal

ҼӜґњ৥оѱѝк̟ There’s no way I’m going to Hawaii!

ॳе iu to say; ۠ງ undō exercise; ഭ!karada body; гг good; ҼӜґ Hawaii; ৥оiku!to go;!ཱི kare he; ૊ђѕоѺ motte kuru to bring; ਒ ima now; ၨцг!isogashii busy

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297

Manga Examples

Let’s go on now to illustrate with a few manga panels some of the language points we have covered in this lesson. The subject we are focusing on is the usage of 䛣䛸 and 䜒䛾: both when they are used with their original meaning of “thing,” and when they are part of set constructions.

Manga Example 1: Mono for tangible things and excuses

∕⅙√ ઴ȹ∣ ⇻∞∔∢∶∢ ∕∶∢

ℼ∛∌⅜↡

Studio K¯osen

We start with a very peculiar example that is a great way to see two very different usages of the word ѱѝ. Look at the бљюѝѱѝ1яѱѝ2 part (we have underlined and numbered both ѱѝ so that you can see them more clearly). The first ѱѝ (࿹ in kanji) is a word designating our concept of “thing,” but it refers to something palpable, physical. ઱ўбљюѝѱѝя, then, means “I’m a thing of yours” (I’m yours): notice how the girl speaks about herself as if she were an object. Here, she does so because she is speaking in terms of her physical body. We have just seen the second ѱѝ at the top of the facing page: it is always placed at the end of a sentence and it indicates a sort of excuse or is used to draw attention. This expression is almost always used by children and women, although now young men are also using it more and more. Often, we will see ѱѝ together with the emphatic ѝя we studied in Lesson 40: ѝяѱѝ (like in the example). The ѝ can be contracted into ҂ (҂яѱ ҂). Likewise, this expression often comes with яђѕ at the beginning of the sentence. яђѕ is an expression that could be translated as “the fact is.” Note: The last іцѶ is a shortened and colloquial version of іцѶе/яѼе, the tag meaning “am I not?,” “isn’t it?,” etc., which we studied in Lesson 43.

Ѿюц

Ryanki: яђѕ!઱ўбљюѝѱѝяѱѝ̶̖іцѶ̞ the fact is I top you pop thing (emphasis) (excuse) be? The fact is I’m yours (your thing) . . . am I not?

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Lesson 57 不 57 嶓

Manga Example 2: The emphatic usage of koto This time we will study a special usage of тї, which means “intangible thing.” The construction “noun + ѝтї” we find in this panel and which we studied on the first page of this chapter, is mainly used with personal pronouns: ઱ѝтї watashi no koto (I), ऄѝ тї kimi no koto (you), etc. It has no specific meaning, it just emphasizes the personal pronoun. In the example, ၺѝтї(ҁ)٩цѕгѺ (she loves me), could perfectly well be ၺҁ٩цѕгѺ, but the first sentence has a stronger meaning. Note: ђѕ is the contraction of їге (“says that,” Lesson 41), and ьѹѳ of ьѻў (“that,” Lesson 53). ှ∖⅚≃ ∣ၽ∢

ѫо

бг

that thing good ep

Xian Nu Studio

∈∜ ٬∌

√∼⅙√

−∻⅚∹∀⅙∔∡

кб

Kazuki: ျѐѲ҂ўၺѝтї٩цѕѺђѕ Mommy top I pop (thing) love do says Mommy says she loves me. ьѹѲѷкђюќ Man: Isn’t that great?

Manga Example 3: Koto for intangible things and nominalizers

цѴ҂

Xian Nu Studio

∀∿⅙∔∈∜ ∜⇼⇾ ∤ℵ ୟ∊≃∁ ൉޸౞∟∞⅙∔ ∈∜∄∺⇼ℿ

This panel offers us two very different тї: the first one, in кѾђютї, indicates an “intangible thing,” like a thought, a concept, words, etc. кѾђютї literally means “thing that has changed,” talking about something abstract rather than something physical, which requires тї instead of ѱѝ. The second тї is a nominalizer: it transforms the previous clause into a noun phrase. In this case, the girl’s sentence would finish with іш if it hadn’t been cut off: െ޵౛њљђютїіш (the fact of becoming a university student). Note: Look at the гзџ, which we saw at the end of Lesson 56 as an idiomatic usage of the conditional ̶џ. In the example, гз џ is used to introduce an explanatory sentence.

яглоъг

Mariko: кѾђютїїгзџ̗ଡ଼ф҂лെ޵౛њљђютїоѸг̹ change thing say (conditional), Shun sp university student become nom approx Talking about changes, the only thing that has changed is that Shun has become a university student.

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Manga Example 4: To have the experience of . . .

Gabriel Luque

⇻∞∔∣క≂ உ∘∆∔૆∁ ⇻∻∲∎∀↡

In the next three examples, we will slightly change subjects, and we will go on to comment on some grammatical expressions that use тї. Remember that sometimes, like in this panel, тї is written in kanji: ૃ. This manga example contains the expression ̶ютї лбѺ, which means “having the experience of having done something.” We must bear in mind that this expression is only used with relatively uncommon actions (things we don’t do every day): for example, we can’t say ॹࡴҁ цютїлбѺ kokyū o shita koto ga aru (I have the experience of having breathed). The бѺ in ̶ютїл бѺ can be conjugated: in this example we find it in the interrogative -masu form.

ѡї

мщ

тї

Abeno: бљюўఒҁஆѓрюૃлбѹѭшк̞ you top person dop wound put (have the experience of) q? Have you ever hurt anybody?

Manga Example 5: To decide something by oneself

஘෣ಎ౞∜

J.M. Ken Niimura

ᇪ‫∜∈∼∎ݴ‬ ∟∌∔≃∛∎ ̙

This is a good example of тїњшѺ, which means “to decide that” and is used when one makes a decision for oneself. In the example, it is the speaker himself who decides, on his own initiative, to make up with Professor Ozu; in theory, no one is forcing him to do it, he is doing it because he wants to. Notice how the sentence is dislocated (the correct order would be க෠ಋ౛їᇧ‫ݱ‬шѺтїњцю҂іш: this is a typical characteristic of the spoken language (Lesson 53). Note: Notice how the speaker says க෠ಋ౛. The correct reading of these characters would obviously be йєъ҂ ъг (Professor Ozu). The provided reading, Ҙә, is for the kanji ཱི (he). This kind of strategy is used sometimes in written Japanese to indicate to the reader that the speaker says ཱི but he is really referring to க෠ಋ౛. Ѿкг

Ҙә

Ishibashi: ᇧ‫ݱ‬шѺтїњцю҂іш̖க෠ಋ౛ї reconcile with (decide) be that man cp I’ve decided to make up with him (Professor Ozu).

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Lesson 57 不 57 嶓

Manga Example 6: An outsider makes a decision

Studio Kosen ¯

઴∈∢క ∜ृਙ∎ ∼∈∜ ∟∞∻ ∲∌∔

Here we have тїњљѺ, which indicates “it has been decided that” (the decision has been taken by someone else). This implies that somebody (or circumstances) determine something that affects the speaker (often in a negative way), for instance, in the sentence ၺ ўәӊ̱ҵҁ୺отїњљђю Boku wa repōto o kaku koto ni natta (It has been decided that I will write a report). This denotes the idea that we are not too happy about it, but that there is a certain obligation to do it. Our example here is somewhat special. Although it can be interpreted as “The circumstances have prompted the decision that we marry,” the construction тїњљѺ is also occasionally used in a “humble” way to refer to one’s own decision and to downplay its importance.

Ѿюц

Hanako:

ѡї

рђт҂

઱тѝఒїीਖшѺтїњљѹѭцю I this person cp marry (it has been decided) I’m going to marry this man.

Manga Example 7: Categorical refusal

Gabriel Luque

∩≃ ࿴ȹ ∟౼ૉ≂ ∶∘ஃ∞ ≃∀઒∽ ∼∀

We will finish with a slightly complicated example. The expression ѱѝк, as we studied earlier in the lesson, implies a categorical refusal to do something. It can be contracted into ѱ҂к, and even into a simple к, as in the example. Confusing it with the interrogative particle к (Lesson 17) is very easy, and there is no way to distinguish them, except by deducing it from the context. Don’t worry, this к with the meaning of categorical refusal of ѱѝк is not used too profusely. Notes: ౹૆ is an archaic word for ౹ѐ Ѳ҂!akachan or ౹҂ၤ!akanbō (baby). એѺ like ౽ Ѻ kiru, means “to cut,” but the kanji એ implies “cutting with a sword” and, by extension, in the language of the ૅ )samurai), “to kill.” ўѸ

Shigekatsu:

бку

й҂љ

м

Ѥ҂!࿱њ౹૆ҁѱѓ஀љ҂кએѻѺк humph belly pp baby dop have woman (emphasis) cut (negative) Humph! I could never kill a woman with a baby in her belly.

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Exercises ᇄଵ

1

Translate: “What sort of thing are you thinking ȥɭȦ

about?” (what sort of ј҂љ ; to think ৞ зѺ )

Translate: “Put this thing on the table, please.” Ȥ

ȠȢ

(to put ඓо ; on ௌ ; table ҳ̱ӃӘ )

3

2

What two “nominalizers” are there in Japanese?

ȥɦ

Ȟ

Nominalize the clause ཱི ў৥о‚ and use it to ɩȹȱ

ɛȞ

replace the Ͱ in: ઱ ўͰҁ ჊ чю̘( ཱི he;

4

৥о!to go; ઱ I; ჊чѺ to command)

5

Translate: “I have never read (I don’t have the experience of reading) Tezuka’s manga.” ɢ

ɀȿȥ

(to read ຠѯ ; manga ӋӠҙ ; Tezuka କ෨ ) əȥ

ȯȫ

Ɉ

What is the difference between ྑ৲ў ଝ ҁ‫ھ‬҂я əȥ

ȯȫ

Ɉ

тїлљг and ྑ৲ў ଝ ҁ‫ھ‬ѯтїлљг ?

6

( ྑ৲ Mika; ଝ sake; ‫ھ‬ѯ to drink)

7

Translate: “It was decided that I will translate ɩȹȱ

ɕɭɞȩ

a novel.” (I ઱ ; to translate ႊᄀ шѺ ; novel ȱɡȠȵȾ

கಅ )

What is the difference between ྑ৲ўଝҁ‫ھ‬ѯт їњцю and ྑ৲ўଝҁ‫ھ‬ѯтїњљђю ?

8

ɕ

9

Translate: тѝҽҰҝлᅈцг҂яѱ҂̟ What is the nuance of ѱ҂ ? ( ҽҰҝ handbag; ᅈцг to want). Translate: “There’s no way I’m going to drink sake!” in four possible ways.

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 58

•

ᇹ 58 ᛢ

Grammar Scramble Let’s use this lesson to touch on a few useful grammatical constructions that will enhance your everyday Japanese, namely 䛰䛡, 䛧䛛, 䜀䛛䜚, 䛸䛣䜝, 䛫䛔 and 䛚䛛䛢.

The expression 䛰䛡 ярmeans “only” and is simple to use: мѝе

ѝ

• ੡໓ўҠ̱Ӗяр ( ҁ ) ‫ھ‬Ѯѭцю Yesterday I only drank cola. к҂фг

ййбк

їкг

г

• ࠓౡїгзџ̗െ੔яр ( ў )͋ํ‫͌ݰ‬яїॳзѺяѼе Regarding Kansai, only Osaka could be called a “big city.” ѫо

йц

• ၺњярࢬзѕояфгѷ Say it only to me, please. ѭгњѐ

їцѶк҂

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ႕໓̗ణ୺ࠖіярဨࢦцѕгѺ Every day, I study only in the library.

яр comes directly after verbs, nouns -i adjectives and -na adjectives, usually in the same position as a grammatical particle. While it can precede ҁ and ў, it may also replace them completely. However, it may not replace other particles (њ, і, ѝ, ѧ, etc.), and they will remain in the sentence, preceding or following яр. The phrase імѺяр means “as much as one can” / “as much as possible.” згу

ўљ

• імѺяр۲টіᇨцѕояфг Speak in Japanese as much as possible. Xярі(ў)љо̗Y(ѱ) means “not only X, but also Y.” Usage: As for яр. кѻ

бюѭ

• ཱིўҼӠҢӍљяріљо̗຃лгг He’s not only handsome, but intelligent. юѝ

ѳо

ю

ѓо

• ޷цгяріљо̗ჽњѱᅰѓӈ̱ӍӇ̱ҥҁ੝ѹюг I want to create a web page that is not only fun, but also useful. ѝе

сгѝе

ѻмцѕм

• ໲ўйѱцѼгярѝल໲іўљо̗ᆹઘรіѱбѺ Noh (theater) is not only an interesting performing art, it is also historical.

The expression 䛧䛛 цк also means “only” but with a different nuance to яр. While яр means “only” in a neutral way, цк has a more “negative” nuance, closer to “nothing but.” Usage: цк is used only after nouns. The verb in the sentence must be in the negative. Regarding particles,

Grammar Scramble

303

цк completely replaces л and ҁ, and can replace њ and ѧ. The particles і, ѝ, ї, кѸ and ѭі remain in the sentence together with цк. ъ҂ъг

ц

йѱ

• т҂љтїўಋ౛цкඋѸљгїતе I think the teacher alone knows this. юѓѡт

ю

• ᅽ྘ўӖ̱ӎӠцк௮Ѩљг Tatsuhiko only eats / eats nothing but ramen. ягло

г

• െ޵ѧўҽҦіцк৥рљгѷ You can only go to university by bus (and by no other means). мѝе

ѷця

б

• ੡໓ўࡡ฽ф҂їцк‫ݰ‬Ѿљкђю Yesterday, I met nobody but Mr. Yoshida. The end-of-sentence expression цкљг has to be mentioned separately as it has the meaning of “to have no choice but to.” Usage: It always goes after a verb in the infinitive. Ѩ҂мѶе

• тѻкѸဨࢦшѺцкљгљ From now on, I have no choice but to study. йкѳѭ

г

йѱ

• ‫઀ܫ‬њ৥оцкљгїતеѷ I think we have no choice but to go to Okayama.

The expression 䜀䛛䜚 џкѹis a multipurpose expression of which we will study five usages. Although its basic meaning is “only,” it has a nuance of excess. 䜀䛛䜚㻌meaning “only”: The usage is similar to that of яр and цк. кѻ

ѝ

• ཱིўӀ̱Әџкѹ‫ھ‬҂ігѺ He drinks nothing but beer (excessively, I think). й҂љ

ѱ҂о

г

• бѝ஀ўဇࣞџкѹॳе That woman does nothing but complain (and she’s annoying). їцѶк҂

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ణ୺ࠖіџкѹဨࢦцѕгѺ I only study in the library (and I study there a lot). Notice that џкѹ replaces the particles ў, л and ҁ. The particles ѧ and њ are optionally replaceable, while other particles must go together with џкѹ in the sentence. 䜀䛛䜚㻌meaning “not only, but also”: The usage X џкѹі(ў)љо̗Y (ѱ), is almost the same as X ярі(ў)љо̗Y (ѱ), which means “not only X, but also Y,” кѻ

бюѭ

• ཱིўҼӠҢӍљџкѹіљо̗຃лгг He’s not only handsome, he’s also intelligent. й҂ло • тѝӚҰҜҽӠҶўггܺ޷ҁ੝Ѻџкѹіўљо̗ҦҬґӘѱшуг That rock band not only creates good music, it also has great style.

304

Lesson 58 不 58 嶓

䜀䛛䜚㻌 meaning “do nothing but”: Placing џкѹ in the middle of a gerund ̶ѕгѺ (Lesson 35), we obtain ̶ѕџкѹгѺ, “to do nothing but,” with a negative nuance. їм

ўў

љ

• ьѝો̗ျўࡼгѕџкѹгюѷ That time, my mother did nothing but cry. кѝчѶ

ю

ўюѸ

• ཱི஀ў௮Ѩѕџкѹгѕຆкљг She does nothing but eat and she doesn’t work. Ѯќт

бь

цр҂

й

• ྑਛટѐѲ҂̗ᄠ҂іџкѹгѺї઻०њᅗѐѺэ Mineko, if you do nothing but play (have fun), you will fail your exams. 䜀䛛䜚㻌meaning “to have just finished doing”: The expression ̶юџкѹя, that is, џ кѹ after a verb conjugated in the past, means “to have just finished doing something.” гѭ

ў҂

ю

• ਒̗уསҁ௮Ѩюџкѹяѷ I have just finished eating lunch now. чѴнѶе

й

• ଣࢿлଳѾђюџкѹяѷ The class has just finished. 䜀䛛䜚㻌meaning “more or less”: After a counter (Lesson 25), џкѹ means “more or less” or “about,” quite like пѸг/оѸг (Lesson 40), but more formal. чѴђѬ҂

• ҽҷҷҁϢϡႉџкѹояфг Give me about 10 bananas, please. кѻ

оѺѭ

ф҂яг

ѱ

• ཱིўଁҁϤ൅џкѹ૊ђѕгѺкѱцѻѭъ҂ He might have 3 cars more or less.

The expression 䛸䛣䜝 їтѼ, like џкѹ, is a multipurpose expression. 䛸䛣䜝㻌meaning “place”: • йџѝїтѼѧ৥ђѕмѭш I will go visit my aunt (at her place). 䛸䛣䜝㻌 meaning “state” or “moment”: їтѼ can mean “state” or “moment” when it modifies a verb, adjective or noun. It goes directly after verbs, -na and -i adjectives. With a noun, it requires ѝ. Ѥюѹ

гѐџ҂ ѱ

б

ўў

ѧѳ

• ϣఒіӖӃӖӃцѕгюѸ̗‫گ‬ཀྵ౜ѹௌлђѕгѺїтѼњျл࿥‫ܯ‬њ ўг

໕ђѕмю The two of us were making out when, at the most exciting moment, Mom came into the room. гьл

чѲѭ

Ѫ҂їе

• йၨцгїтѼй଄ႏцѕцѭђѕ̗ႉ๯њуѰ҂љфг Please excuse me for bothering you when you are so busy (in such a busy state).

Grammar Scramble

305

䛸䛣䜝㻌meaning “just about to do something”: Infinitive + їтѼя ѕлѮ

к

• କળҁ୺оїтѼя I’m just about to (start writing) write a letter. 䛸䛣䜝㻌meaning “to be in the process of doing something”: ̶ѕгѺїтѼя ѕлѮ

к

• କળҁ୺гѕгѺїтѼя I’m in the middle of writing a letter. 䛸䛣䜝㻌meaning “to have just finished doing something”: ̶юїтѼя means “to have just finished doing something.” џкѹ(page 303) has a similar usage. ѕлѮ

к

• କળҁ୺гюїтѼя I have just finished writing a letter.

The expressions 䛫䛔 and 䛚䛛䛢 ъг or ъгі (і is optional) means “because of ” with negative nuances. It comes directly after verbs and -i adjectives. With -na adjectives, it needs љ and, with nouns, ѝ. юѼе

цбг

ѭ

• ടᇟѝъгі઻৸њ࿚рю It is because of Taro that we lost the match. їѱяѐ

ц

кѻ

• ᄐൠлભ҂яѝўཱིѝъгяѷ It was his fault that my friend died. ѵеѨ

ќѯ

мѶе

цуї

цѴеѐѴе

• ੡ჶ̗бѭѹႽѻљкђюъгі̗਒໓ў઒ૃњୁඣімљг Because I couldn’t sleep much last night, today I can’t concentrate on my work.

йкс or йксі has the opposite meaning, “thanks to.” We use it just like ъг. юѼе

цбг

к

• ടᇟѝйксі઻৸њஈђю Thanks to Taro we won the match. гцўѸ

шело

йц

тете

ьѓнѶе

• ౳३ф҂њహ޵ҁࢬзѕѱѸђюйксі̗৳ৌҁഓࢿімю Thanks to Ishihara teaching me math, I could graduate from senior high school.

A couple of conjunctions: 䛸䛣䜝䛷 and 䛸䛣䜝䛜 їтѼі can be translated as “by the way” or “now then.” ѕѓўѺ

м

• їтѼі̗ศ૎ўᅑѕљг̞ By the way, hasn’t Tetsuharu arrived?

їтѼл is like рѻјѱ (Lesson 49), meaning “but,” “however,” “nevertheless,” etc. кб

їемѶе

с҂м

йѝѮѐ

кз

йѱ ѢѶем

• йျф҂ў๥ࢗіў२࠽яђю̘їтѼл̗ྋຒњ࠻Ѻї̗୎ླ࠽њљ ђю Mom felt well in Tokyo. But on going back to Onomichi, she fell seriously ill.

306

Lesson 58 不 58 嶓 Grammar scramble

яр

Only

઱ѝ໢ў࢔яр௮ѨѺ My cat only eats fish.

яріљо

Not only X, but also Y . . . (similar to џкѹіљо*

઱ѝ໢ў࢔ҁ௮ѨѺяріљо̗ ໐ѱ௮ѨѺ My cat not only eats fish, it also eats meat.

цк+ neg.

Only / Nothing but . . .

઱ѝ໢ў࢔цк௮Ѩљг My cat eats nothing but / only eats fish.

Inf. + цкљг

To have no choice but . . .

਒ў࢔ҁ௮ѨѺцкљгќ Now, we have no choice but to eat fish, don’t we?

џкѹ

Only (similar to яр)

઱ѝ໢ў࢔џкѹ௮ѨѺ My cat only eats fish.

џкѹіљо

Not only X, but also Y . . . (similar to яріљо)

઱ѝ໢ў࢔ҁ௮ѨѺџкѹіљо̗ ໐ѱ௮ѨѺ My cat not only eats fish, it also eats meat.

яр

цк

џкѹ ̶ѕџкѹгѺ To do nothing but X Past + џкѹя

To have just finished doing X (similar to Past + їтѼя)

਒̗௮Ѩюџкѹіш I have just finished eating now.

џкѹ

More or less / about (similar to пѸг, Lesson 40)

઱ѝ໢ў႕໓̗࢔ҁ঑ྕџкѹ௮ѨѺ My cat eats about five fish every day.

їтѼ

Place

ттў௮ѨѺїтѼіш This is the place to eat.

Inf. + їтѼя

To be just about to do X

਒̗௮ѨѺїтѼіш I’m just about to start eating now.

Ger. + їтѼя

To be in the process of doing X

਒̗௮ѨѕгѺїтѼіш I’m eating now.

Past + їтѼя

To have just finished doing X (similar to Past + џкѹя)

਒̗௮ѨюїтѼіш I have just finished eating now.

Because of . . .

઱ѝ໢ў௮Ѩшнюъгі̗ ടђѕцѭђю Because my cat ate too much, it got fat.

Thanks to . . .

઱ѝ໢ў࢔ҁ௮ѨѺйксі̗ їѕѱ२࠽я Thanks to the fact that my cat eats fish, he’s very healthy.

їтѼ

ъг

઱ѝ໢ў࢔ҁ௮ѨѕџкѹгѺ My cat does nothing but eat fish.

ъг̿і̀

йкс йкс̿і̀

઱!watashi I; ໢ neko cat; ࢔ sakana!fish; ௮ѨѺtaberu to eat; ໐!niku meat; ਒ ima now; ႕໓mainichi every day; ྕ!hiki counter for small animals; ടѺfutoru to get fat; २࠽љ genki-na healthy

Grammar Scramble

๰ဒ̊

307

Manga Examples

So far in this lesson, we have seen a great number of new expressions, some of them very easy to confuse with each other. So there is nothing better than analyzing a few manga examples to get a clearer idea of some of these constructions!

Manga Example 1: Usages of tokoro

J.M. Ken Niimura

∜∈∾∁ −∈∀∺ ↾↽≋⊇∯∝ ᅯ∽∔୶∟⇻∼ ∈∢݊∛∣ℿ

From the first manga example we can get quite a lot of information, even though this may not seem likely at first glance. The most obvious point to highlight is, of course, їтѼл, a sentence connector we have just studied (page 305), and which has the meaning of “however.” Something less obvious, as it is concealed in its kanji form is ୳, the word meaning “place” or “spot,” whose synonym is ௓୳ (basho). In fact, ୳ and ௓୳ can be used equally in any sentence without any change in nuance; notice how ୳ and the second kanji in ௓ ୳ are the same, and they are only pronounced in a different way because of the ܺຠѮ on’yomi and आຠѮ!kun’yomi readings (Lesson 3). Finally, it is worthwhile mentioning that the Ѫј in the example means “more or less” or “about,” like пѸ г/оѸг (Lesson 40) and џкѹ (page 303): this excerpt could be ϢϡҚӚпѸг or ϢϡҚӚџкѹ. Bear in mind that Ѫј is perceived as more formal than пѸг but less so than џкѹ. Note: The translation of the sentence in this panel has been adapted to sound more “natural.” Perhaps a more literal translation, more in keeping with what it really says, will help you understand the meaning better: “However, in this house that is in a place about 10km away from there . . .” чѴђ

Jun’ichi:

ўљ

їтѼ

гз

їтѼл!ьткѸϢϡҚӚѪјᅬѻю୳њбѺтѝ݇іў̹ however there from 10 km approximately separate place pp be house pp top However, in this house situated about 10km from there . . .

308

Lesson 58 不 58 嶓

Manga Example 2: Tokoro as “state”

мк҂цѲ

тюз

мѝе

Gabriel Luque

̙ ࠽ࠖ଄∢๶⇾ ∟⇿∀∌⇼ ∜∈∾∣ ∞⇼∿ ȹ ࠽໵∣ ∎∭√ ߮ಸ∹

Let’s continue analyzing the usages of їтѼ. In this case we have an instance of the usage we saw on page 304: as a verb, adjective or noun modifier with the meaning of “state” or “moment.” In the case of ࠺ࠓଁѝ๳зњйкцгїтѼўљг, the expression ї тѼ is modifying the -i adjective йкцг (unusual, strange). A more literal translation of the sentence in the example would be “In the response of the locomotive there is nothing (no state / point) unusual.” Note: In colloquial registers, the word ୳ tokoro (place) and the expression їтѼ are usually contracted into їт, so that this sentence would become ࠺ࠓଁѝ๳зњйкцгїтўљг.

к҂ы҂

Mina: ࠺ࠓଁѝ๳зњйкцгїтѼўљгѾ!࠺໲ўшѨѕ߫ವѷ locomotive pop answer pp unusual place top there is ep function top all perfect ep There’s nothing unusual in the locomotive’s response. All its functions are perfect.

Manga Example 3: Tokoro for “about to”

Studio K¯osen

⇻∷⇽∄ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

ഠక∢ᇂᇑ≂ ȹȹȹȹȹȹ ≖Ⅴ ȹ ≻∎∼ ∜∈∾∕ ȹ ⅙∔ ȹ ↢

Here we have yet another usage of їтѼ. Be careful with this one, because it is the easiest to confuse, since, depending on the conjugation of the verb preceding їтѼ, the meaning of the sentence changes. In the example ҥӐӋшѺїтѼяђю, the verb шѺ is in the infinitive, which indicates the usage shown at the top of page 305 (to be about to do something). Thus, ҥӐӋшѺїтѼяђю means “I was about to intrude.” If we had found ҥӐӋцѕгѺї тѼяђю, that is, with the verb in the gerund, the sentence would have mean “I was in the process of intruding” (page 305). Last of all, if we had found ҥӐӋцюїтѼяђю, then its meaning would have been “I had just intruded” (page 305). Note: As we saw in Manga Example 5, Lesson 57, sometimes the author takes the license of imposing the reading of some kanji. Here, ഝఒ (another person) is read ҿҵ (person, ఒ). ҿҵ

тгч

Naoya: бѳеоഝఒѝᆿᇎҁҥӐӋшѺїтѼяђю̟ dangerously others pop romance dop intrusion do (about to) be! I have been about to intrude in someone else’s love life!

Grammar Scramble

309

Manga Example 4: To have no choice but . . .

Xian Nu Studio

∷⅙∥∻ ‫ګ‬ଂ∟ॡ√ ∶∺⇽∌∀ ∞⇼∀∞⅞

After all these їтѼexpressions, we will move on to look at a different one: цк (nothing but). In this panel we have an example of one of the variations of цк: the end-of-sentence expression цкљг. As we saw earlier in the lesson, this expression means “to have no choice but” and its usage merely consists of placing it at the end of a sentence; simple and effective. Notes: ѳђѠѹ is the colloquial version of ѳўѹ, an adverb without direct translation and with the nuance of “I knew it” or “just as I thought,” although it has very different usages and its meaning changes depending on the context. Take the opportunity as well to review the usage of the expression ̶ѕѱѸе (“to receive a favor,” Lesson 45).

гцѲ

Ѯ

Shin’ichi: ѳђѠѹ‫૿ڨ‬њफ़ѕѱѸецкљгкљҎ after all doctor by see receive (nothing but) ep After all, I will have no choice but to go and have a doctor see me.

Manga Example 5: An emphatic “only”

Xian Nu Studio

਼∟∣∔∕ઃဴ ∂∟২∄∜∕∆ ∌∀ॶ⅙√⇼∞⇼ ѓѭ

The expressions яр and цк mean “only,” and despite both having slightly different nuance and usage, they can be used together emphasize the negative: ઀ေмњ৥ої ярцкॳђѕгљг (I have told her nothing but that I was going hiking.). The word order is always ярцк, and the verb must be in the negative. The sentence could be expressed neutrally (with яр only): ઀ေмњ৥оїя рॳђѕгѺ (I have only told her that I was going hiking); or with a negative nuance (with цк only): ઀ေмњ ৥оїцкॳђѕгљг (I’ve told her nothing but that I was going hiking.)

ѳѭбѺ

г

г

Man: ਹњўюя઀ေмњ৥оїярцкॳђѕгљг my wife top only mountain walk go sbp only only say I’ve told my wife nothing but that I was going hiking.

310

Lesson 58 不 58 嶓

Manga Example 6: The usage of bakari

Studio K¯osen

∕⅙√ℵ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ ⇻ȹȹ∞∔ ⇼∘ ȹȹ ∶ ௭เ∊≃∢∈∜≗≣≋ ⅙√∤∀∻ॶ⅙√∼

We will now look at џкѹ, an expression with lots of meanings depending on the context, as you saw earlier in the lesson. In this particular panel we have an instance of a very similar usage to that of яр or цк (meaning “only”), but with a slight nuance of “excess.” Notes: In the colloquial register, џкѹ is usually pronounced џђкѹ, and there are some who even use џкц or џђкц. Take the opportunity to review the expressions “noun + ѝтї” (௪฽ф҂ѝтї) and яђѕ (“the thing is”) in Lesson 57. йя

г

Rena: яђѕ̗бљю!!гѓѱ௪฽ф҂ѝтїҦҳҚђѕџкѹॳђѕѺ the thing is, you always Oda suf pop thing adorable sbp only say The thing is you do nothing but say that Mr. Oda is adorable.

Manga Example 7: Thanks to . . .

J.M. Ken Niimura

ਅ∍⅛⇽∢ ⊇≹Ⅳ≥ ∔∖∁ ∰∄∟ ๦ྰ∌√ ∄∽∔ ⇿∀∇∕

Here we have an example of the expression йкс (thanks to). The ๣ྭцѕоѻюй кся part is “Thanks to them voting for me.” The opposite is ъг, which has the negative meaning of “because of ” and lays blame on someone or something. If we change the sentence a little into ๣ྭцѕоѻюъгя, this acquires the negative nuance of “Because of them voting for me (something bad happened).” Both expressions are very useful and easy to use. Notes: We add ̶ඣ (be careful, here it is read чѴе, and not ѐѴе as usual) after some words indicating time or place to give them the meaning of “throughout”: ਂඣ kunijū (throughout the country), ݇ඣ iejū (throughout the house), ‫گ‬໤ඣ ichinenjū (all year round), ๘ඣ fuyujū (all winter), etc. The suffix ̶юѐ indicates plural after some nouns: ӚӉҰҵюѐ (the robots), ऄюѐ kimitachi (you, plural), ޵౛ юѐ gakuseitachi (the students), ྑဵюѐ Mihotachi (Miho and friends), etc. оњ

їеѡѶе

Daneel: ਂчѴеѝӚӉҰҵюѐлѫоњ๣ྭцѕоѻюйкся country all pop robots (plural) sp I iop vote do (favor) thanks be This is thanks to all the robots in the country voting for me.

Grammar Scramble

311

Exercises ᇄଵ

1

What are the three expressions that convey the meaning “only”? What are their differences in nuance and how do we use them? Translate: “I only read novels.” Give two versions, ɢ

one with яр and one with цк . (to read ຠѯ ;

2

ȱɡȠȵȾ

novel கಅ ) ɩȹȱ

3

ȤɭɄ

ȳ

Translate: ઱ ў ஀ лশмљяріўљо̗й ȥɇ

ȳ

ࣙ ѱশмя̘( ઱ I; ஀ woman; শмљ that one

likes; йࣙ money) ɞɘɜɂ

Translate: ઀ႉ о҂ўҟ̱Ӎҁѳђѕџђкѹ гѺэ̘( ઀ႉ Yamamoto; ҟ̱ӍҁѳѺ to play videogames)

5

4

Translate: “I have just turned the TV off.” (to turn ȫ

off பш ; TV ҳәӀ ) Give two possible versions. ȢȞȦ

ȞȻɊɭ

Translate: тѝۨ‫ݧ‬ѝ ‫گ‬ཀྵ йѱцѼгїтўјѻ ішк̞ ( ۨ‫ ݧ‬movie; ‫گ‬ཀྵ the most; йѱцѼг

6

interesting, fun)

7

Translate: “Now, I’m just about to watch a Ȟɘ

ȢȞȦ

ə

movie.” (now ਒ ; movie ۨ‫ ; ݧ‬to watch फ़Ѻ )

Translate: “Now, I have just seen a movie” and “Now, I’m watching a movie.”

9

8

Translate: “Because my motorcycle broke down, ȭɩ

I couldn’t go.” (motorcycle ҽґҜ ; ‫ ݴ‬ѻѺ to Ȟ

break down; to go ৥о ) ѭѐ

ќт

Translate: їтѼі̗‫ޖ‬чѴењгю໢юѐў ȺȞȲɡȠɐ

െ்࿈ ішк̞ ( ‫ ޖ‬town; ໢ cat; െ்࿈љ to be

10

well) — Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 59

•

ᇹ 59 ᛢ

Dialects and Proverbs Japanese has hundreds of dialects, among which the Kansai dialect stands out the most. In this lesson we will see the characteristics of the best known dialects.

The Kansai dialect The region of ࠓౡ Kansai, which has the official name of ࣘ࠿ Kinki is, together with the ࠓ๥ Kantō region around Tokyo, a driving force of the Japanese economy. The most important cities in ࠓౡ are െ੔! Kansai dialect: Vocabulary Ōsaka, అঀ Kōbe and ࢗํ Kyōto. Kansai ben Standard Meaning A very distinct dialect called ࠓౡ џк stupid ဪ Kansai ben (ဪmeans dialect) is бѪ spoken in the region, with slight dif- зз гг good ferences from place to place. We will йймњ бѹлїе thank you study some െ੔ဪ Ōsaka ben in this lesson. йѱѼг йѱцѼг funny ɒɭ

ѱе

• ფкѹѭђк̞ | ѫѐѫѐі ҂ља Are you making a profit? | Well, more or less. It is a widely held belief in Japan that this is an everyday greeting and response in ࠓౡ. The truth is that it is not used at all nowadays, but you can use it when joking! ййфкѨ҂

Ѿ

• െ ੔ ဪ ў ѷ е ࿻ к Ѹ ҂ Ѿ̟ ййфкѨ҂

Ѿ

( െ੔ဪўѷо࿻кѸљг э̟) I don’t understand the Osaka dialect very well!

рђюгљ ဠљ

odd, peculiar

цѲбљг цѶелљг

can’t be helped

ц҂јг

tired

ѐѲе љ҂ѫ̞ Ѩђѣ҂ Ѫкш Ѫљ Ѫ҂ѭ

ѓкѻѺ ȻȦ

‫ڦ‬е

you are wrong

гоѸ̞

how much?

ɍ Ȳɭ

ྑఒ

beautiful woman

ȳ

ૹѕѺ

to throw

ьѻчѲ

well, then

ɕɭɂȠ

ႉ๯

truth / really

ѭгј

т҂њѐў

hello / welcome

зѸг

їѕѱ

very / much

( ܾя̗їѕѱௌକяѷ̗

уђѓг

шуо

very / much

ऄ̟) What! You are great at it!

ѰђѐѲ

ѐѶе̶

very / much

љ҂

чѶещ

• ܾѳ̗ѰђѐѲௌକѳі̗

б҂ю̟ љ҂

чѶещ

мѮ

Dialects and Proverbs

313

The Osaka dialect has particular intonation, vocabulary (take a look at the table on the facing page) and grammar (see table on page 314). Using ѳ instead of the verb я and the negative verb ending ̶ѧ҂ or ̶҂ instead of ̶љг are the two most prominent features. There are different end-of-sentence particles, like і instead of ѷ or э and ќ ҂ instead of ҂яѷ. The particle Ѿ, only used by women in standard Japanese, is in ࠓ ౡဪ used by men with a similar meaning to the standard ѷ. The Kansai-ben counterpart to the profusely used ќ is љ at the end of a sentence, with many different nuances, from invitation to surprise. We will now see a sample conversation. Referring to the vocabulary and grammar tables in this chapter, “translate” it into standard Japanese. You will find the solution in the online Answers to the Exercises by following the link on page 7. теч

т

• ৑໊ў҂̗ᅑѸѻѧ҂кђю̞ Koji couldn’t come? Ѫе

цуї

• ўг̗ӌҷӌѝ၌і઒ૃлбђюфкг Yes (no), he had a job in Nanba. х҂ќ҂

т

• ઑ໥ѳѾ̟Ѫљ̗Ӏ̱Ә༘еїтк What a pity! Well, shall we buy some beer? фр ѝ

• бк҂̗бк҂̟йଝ‫ھ‬Ѱѧ҂Ѿ No, no! I can’t drink alcohol! • Ѫ҂ѭњ̞љ҂іѳќ҂̞рђюгѳља̟ Really? Why’s that? How strange! • Ҡ̱Ӗіззі̘зѸгеѭгѱ҂ I’m fine with cola. The fact is it’s delicious! • цѲбљгља̟Ѫљ̗йуѺѾ Well, then! Come on, I’m buying. • йймњ̟љ҂ѫѳѼ̗тѻ̞ Thanks a lot! How much will that be?

Other dialects Let’s look at other Japanese dialects, using this general guide that covers some of the main sub-dialects and variations. We’ll use this sentence as our model: кѻ

ѭгњѐ

ѯѸ

ъ҂юо

г

• ཱིў႕໓̗ഛѧಙൔњ৥ђѕгѺѷ He goes into town every day to do the laundry.

Tōhoku ben ๥ၹဪ: Tohoku covers the north of Honshu. The main cities include ಊ൅ Sendai and ଲ฽Akita. ๥ၹဪ is the most different dialect from standard Japanese: t and k sounds become d and g respectively, and ъ is pronounced цж. Instead of the direction particles ѧ and њ (Lesson 38), ф is used. The end-of-sentence particle Ѩ is used with a similar meaning to ѷ. лѻ

ѭгњѐ

ѯѸ

цж҂яо

г

• ཱིў႕໓̗ഛфಙൔњ৥ђіѺѨ

314

Lesson 59 不 59 嶓

Kansai dialect: Grammar Standard Standard Kansai Kansai ben example ben example ৥кѧ҂ѳѼе̞ я (verb іш)! ৥кљгяѼе̞ ѳ

Translation

You’re not going, are you?

̶љг

െ੔ѧ৥кљг

̶ѧ҂ ̶҂

െ੔ѧ৥кѧ҂ െ੔ѧ৥к҂

҂яѷ

ཱི஀ўмѻг҂ яѷ

ќ҂

ཱི஀ўмѻгѳќ҂ She is beautiful (really).

ѷ0э

ཱི஀ўмѻг яэ

і

ཱི஀ўмѻгѳі

~att~

ଁҁ༘ђюэ"

̶ō̶

ଁҁ༘еюі "

I bought a car!

гѺ

ཱི஀̗гѺ̞

йѺ

ཱི஀̗йѺ̞

Is she (here)?

̶ѕгѸђ цѲѺ

јтѧ৥ђѕѸ ђцѲѺ̞

̶ўѺ

јтѧ৥ђѕўѺ̞ Where are you going?

̶ѕцѭђ ю

ଁҁ༘ђѕцѭ ђю

̶цѱю ଁҁ༘еѕцѱю

ф҂

৲ᅫф҂ўгљг ў҂

кѸ0ѝі

ၨцгкѸ̗ ৥кљгѷ

яѰ

тѻҁકђѕўя бк҂ Ѱяѷ

I’m not going to Osaka.

She is beautiful (really).

ȭ

ȭ

I bought a car.

৲ᅫў҂ўйѸ҂

Kaori is not (here).

фкгњ ၨцгфкгњ̗ ৥кѧ҂і

Since I’m busy, I’m not going.

тѻҁકтеѕўб You can’t use this. к҂ѳі

৥оiku to go; ཱི஀!kanojo she; мѻгљ beautiful; ଁ kuruma car; ༘е kau to buy; ၨцг isogashii busy; કеtsukau to use; ৲ᅫ Kaori

Kyūshū ben ࣜବဪ: Kyushu is the furthest west of the main Japanese islands. Major cities include ࿰‫ ܫ‬Fukuoka and ුਖ਼ Nagasaki. This dialect uses љ instead of the particle ў, and чѲ instead of я (to be). It also uses ̶ѐѶѺ instead of the gerund ̶ѕгѺ. кѻ

ѭгњѐ

ѯѸ

ъ҂юо

г

• ཱིљ႕໓̗ഛѧಙൔњ৥ђѐѶѺџг

Okinawa ben ‫ܬ‬ໃဪ or Okinawa go ‫ܬ‬ໃট Okinawa go: Specialists can’t agree if what is spoken in Okinawa, in Japan’s tropical south, is a separate language or a dialect. Expressions include mensooree (welcome), mata yaasai (goodbye), nifee deebiru (thank you). Ainu go ҏґҹট: The ancient settlers of Japan, the Ainu, have their own language. Nowadays, there are very few Ainu left and most of them live in Hokkaido. Some expressions: irankarapte (hello), apunno paye yan (goodbye), iyayraykere (thank you).

Dialects and Proverbs

315

Proverbs Many Japanese proverbs (тїѾх, or in kanji, ॴ) come from ancient China or from Buddhism. The table below lists ten common ones. Here are some examples of daily use: ѯшѰ

гцѲ

• Ⴧф҂ѱ‫૿ڨ‬њљѹюгьеішќ It seems your daughter wants to be a doctor too. т

• ьеѷ̘ҘҕӘѝટўҘҕӘяѱ҂ќ That’s right. “Like mother, like daughter.” In Japanese there are four-character sayings, called ચે୘ট! yojijukugo, most of which were borrowed from China many centuries ago. Some have a literal meaning, such as ๥ౡ ໅ၹ tōzainamboku (east-west-south-north = in all directions), but many are far from obvious. In the table below you have the ten most frequent ચે୘ট. An example of usage: ешг

мѸ

• ‫کے‬ф҂ўҮӔҠә̱ҵлॎгђѕ̟ Mr. Usui says he doesn’t like chocolate! чѴењ҂їгѼ

• ѭ̗୆ఒ୆௬яѷќ Well, “so many men, so many minds.” Proverbs and sayings ᅄᏐ⇍ㄒ Yoji-jukugo

䛣䛸䜟䛦 (ㅗ) Proverbs ȯɥ

ȧ

܏ѱქк Ȥ ѸᅗѐѺ

Even monkeys fall from trees (Nobody is perfect) ȭ

ҘҕӘѝટ The frog’s child is a frog (Like father, like son) ўҘҕӘ ɉɄ

‫گ‬౳໊ූ ȲɝȩɅȩȧɡȠȱɡȩ

ଐ ໐ ࢦ ௮ Weak meat is food for the strong

(The law of the jungle) ૖ࢿ૖ທ

The day after the festival. (The doctor after death)

૖ᄜ૖੎ ໓௖චས

ȮȠ

Ȟ

ȲɟȠɅɭɂȞɧ

Ɂ

ȩȨ

ࢶњ໕ђѕ When you enter a village, obey the village ୆ఒ୆௬ ȮȠ ȱȹȦ (When in Rome, do as the Romans do) ўࢶњେз

ȥȤ

ȤɅ

Buddha (gets mad if you touch) his face 3 times (There are limits to one’s endurance) ɘ

ࡍѝгћࠑ To do the laundry while the ogre is out ȵɭȹȩ (When the cat’s away, the mice will play) њಙൔ ȹȥ

໲бѺൊў The clever hawk hides its talons ȥȩ (He who knows most, speaks least) ෹ҁ‫ۄ‬ш

Ⱦɛ

Every day, tea and rice (An everyday affair) Ten people, ten colors (So many men, so many minds)

ȞȻȮȞȻȢ

Ƞ

୙Ѻผўദ The nail that sticks out gets hammered (A tall tree catches much wind) юѻѺ ࿸ѝࠤѱ ȯɭɃ ੽๒ѭі

Freedom-freedom (With perfect freedom)

ɅȻȲɡȠȯɉɭ

ɕȠɓɭ

ғҪѱ၌ဧ A lie is also expedient (White lie)

ɈȠ

One does, one earns (One reaps what one sows)

ȲɠȠȲȰȞ

ɘȾ

ঘѝ੆ѹ

ɕɂȫ

One stone, two birds (To kill two birds with one stone)

ȲȮȠȲɂȩ

ȺɭȮ

‫ݕ‬ѷѹඁટ Dumplings rather than blossoms (Bread is better than the songs of birds)

Ȝɂ

ȞȽȵȧɅȻɡȠ

‫ݰگ࠷گ‬

One’s lifetime, one meeting (A chance in a lifetime)

ȥȻɡȠɏȠȬȾ

‫ූݕ‬࿨ृ

Flower, bird, wind, moon (The beauties of nature)

ȲɟɭɑȠɘɭɋɭ

୰࿨Ⴋཔ

Favorable wind, full sail (Smooth sailing)

ɀɭȥɚȷȠ

ะܻჀ೑

No twin under the heavens (Unique in the world)

316

Lesson 59 不 59 嶓

Cultural Note: The Language of the Samurai All languages in the world evolve and, of course, ໓ႉট nihongo is not an exception, in fact the Japanese language has evolved at a frenzied pace, proof of which lies in literature. The language has changed so much since the ဎ‫ څ‬Heian period (794–1192), when the ѡ Ѹлљ and ҘҬҘҷ syllabaries were invented, that there are many (very thick!) ॸট ૘ฮ kogo jiten ancient-language dictionaries. There are several interesting things about ancient Japanese: for example, there are two kana which are not used nowadays: the hiragana letter ѿ (romanized wi, but pronounced i, ) and the katakana letter ӝ (romanized we, but pronounced e). Other changes are that ў was read wa (hence the present pronunciation of the topic particle ў), ѡ was read i, and ҁ was not only used as direct object particle, but also in words, such as ҁїт (ඈ otoko “man”). The type of archaic Japanese you will mostly come across, especially when reading books and ӋӠҙ or watching movies and TV series set in the ৏ঀEdo peMatsumoto Castle is a great example of samurai architecture (Photo: M. Bernabé) riod (1603–1867), will be the dialect used by the ࿡છ bushi, usually called ૅ samurai. Although the dialect of the ancient ࿡છ is not radically different from present-day Japanese, you will find some aspects that may surprise or perplex you, such as: ъђцѲ

ьѻлц

Ѿѻ

• Usage of first person pronouns (I) such as ౾૿ , ၬ or ‫ ݥ‬. • Usage of the verbs љѹ and, especially, іухѺ instead of іш . фѭ

јѝ

їолѾјѝ

• Extensive usage of the honorific suffixes ̶ᄶ and ̶฻ (e.g., ຘ಑฻ Lord Tokugawa). г

• Today’s negative ̶љг was ̶ћ (e.g., ৥кљг not to go Π ৥кћ ). • Today’s ̶љгі used to link sentences was ̶щ (e.g., ৥кљгі Π ৥кщ ) ъђцѲ цѝ ѱѝ њ҂чѲ • An example: ౾૿ў໛Ѣѝ૿іухѺ I am a fellow of stealth (I’m a ໛૿ ). Finally, some numbers were also written in a different way, for instance, ‫( ڰ‬ichi), ໌ (ni), ੿ (san), ও (go), ଯ (jū). And they are still sometimes used . . . Take a look at the 10,000 yen note: it says ‫ڰ‬Ⴉ‫!܀‬ichi man en!

Dialects and Proverbs

๰ဒ̊

317

Manga Examples

We hope the following manga examples will deepen your understanding of the diversity of Japanese dialects and give a broader idea of what Japanese constitutes.

Manga Example 1: Osaka dialect This example has someone talking in a dialect of Kansai: Osaka dialect (െ੔ဪ Ōsaka ben), to be precise. Notice the negative ̶ѧ҂ (ъзѧ҂=цљг), the emphatic particle і and the ѳ instead of я. ѳъюѺ is a typical െ੔ဪ contraction of ѳъѕѳ Ѻ (Lesson 53). This sentence, in standard Japanese, would be ਒кѸыђюгࠑ௮ц

љгѷ̟ыђюгѳъѕѳѺ҂я̟ െ੔ဪ is often used by merchants, yakuza and comedians. Why? Osaka has long been known as a city of merchants, where money always comes first (hence the greeting ფкѹ ѭђк̞ Mōkarimakka? you saw on page 312). Certain areas of the city are reputed to be swarming with yakuza and other organized criminals. Osaka is also the capital of Ⴌ਼ manzai, a kind of popular stand-up comedy. All these clichés are exploited in novels, comic books, movies and TV series. Mastering some െ੔ဪ will help you enjoy all this! ∶ℹ ਕȹ∀∺ ∑⅙∔⇼ࠔ௱ ∐⇾∬≃∛↢ ∑⅙∔⇼ ∷∐∔∼≃∷ J.M. Ken Niimura

݁∛ ࠖ౤ိ∟ ∞∼∢↡ гѭ

Sakie:

к҂цѶо

ѱ̱!਒кѸыђюгࠑ௮ъзѧ҂і̟ыђюгѳъюѺ҂ѳ (exclamation) now from swear snack do ep! swear lose weight be

Jirō:

Grrr! From now on, no more snacks! I’m definitely going to lose weight! љ҂ к҂фгѨ҂ ܾіࠓౡဪњљѺѝ̞ why Kansai dialect become q? Why are you speaking in the Kansai dialect?

318

Lesson 59 不 59 嶓

⇻ȹȹ∀≃ ⇻ȹȹ∀≃

This example exploits the “commercial” or even “criminal” aspect of െ ੔ဪ Ōsaka ben. The man talking is the president of Shiba, a company that has murky dealings with the local mafia. Here you can see the word бк҂ (яѰ in standard Japanese); the negative ending ̶ѧ҂ (йѭѧ҂ is the equivalent of љг, the negative of бѺ); and the emphatic particle Ѿ, which is used by both men and women in Kansai.

Gabriel Luque

ȹ

≕≭ ȹ ∛∣ −≃∞৶⇼∶≃ ྠᅃ⇿∲∬≃∿↢

Manga Example 2: Kansai dialect for business

юк

ѡѓѷе

Man: бк҂!бк҂!Ҥҽіўь҂љ৳гѱ҂ྜྷᅀйѭѧ҂Ѿ̟ no no Shiba pp top as that expensive thing need there is ep! No way! No! In Shiba we don’t need anything as expensive as that!

Manga Example 3: Kyoto dialect

ਕ ઴ȹ∁হ∂ ∞∢∣๣∊≃ ∌∀⇼√∌∲∬≃ ∈∽∶ఇ૰∝∎ ȹ

гѭ

Ѿюц

ш

Studio Kosen ¯

This example shows us a woman speaking in ࢗํဪ!Kyōto ben. As you can see, she uses the negative ending ̶ѧ҂, a feature you find all over Kansai, although in Kyoto ̶ѡ҂ is sometimes used. Notice, too, the јш, the equivalent of the verb іш. Generally, ࢗํ ဪ is perceived as soft and melodic. The most typical phrase in this sub-dialect is йгі ѳш (welcome).

цѭ

ц҂чѓ

Ai: ਒!઱лশмљѝў๠ф҂цкгѕцѭѧ҂!!тѻѱఄ૭јш now I sp like nom top Shima only there is this too truth be Now I like nobody but Mr. Shima. This is also true.

Dialects and Proverbs

319

Manga Example 4: Does the Hokkaido dialect exist? The northern Japanese island of ၹ‫ށ‬ຒ Hokkaidō was practically ignored until the beginning of the ჋૎ોൄ Meiji jidai Meiji era (1868–1912), when the repopulation of the island started. Most settlers came from the ࠓ๥ Kantō area (Tokyo and its surroundings), so the language spoken in ၹ‫ށ‬ຒ nowadays is similar to standard Japanese. However, over the years, traces of the old ၹ‫ށ‬ຒဪ Hokkaidō ben have permeated ๥ၹဪ Tōhoku ben, for example the emphatic particle Ѩ, or words like тђт (egg; child) or Ѱ҂тг (handsome; beautiful).

⅍ ≕⊌ ȹ ∖⅚≃∢ ∈⅙∈∁∯∌⇼ ∭ ȹȹȹȹ⅗ℿⅎ

Kimie: ͋ҤӠѐѲ҂ѝтђтлѪцгѨж̹͌ “Shin suf pop egg sp want ep . . .” Studio K¯osen

“I want a child by Shin . . .”

Manga Example 5: A yoji-jukugo proverb

‫ބ‬ಏઃಏ ∛∎∀∺

Gabriel Luque

⇻∔∌ℵ଑⇼ ஃ౓⅙√∯∝∛ ∶⇻∻∲∐ ≃∀∺

Here is an example of a ચે୘ট yojijukugo, a kind of compact proverb with four kanji, in this case ‫ށ‬ಌ઀ಌ, literally “sea-thousand-mountain-thousand.” Apparently, this comes from a popular Chinese saying “a snake who lives a thousand years in the sea and a thousand years in the mountain ends up becoming a dragon.” ‫ށ‬ಌ ઀ಌ is used, then, to describe someone with a lot of experience and wisdom, hardened in all aspects of life; in English we might say a “sly old fox.” Note: This panel uses an example of the construction “Ѫ ј + neg.” (Lesson 54) meaning “not as . . . as.”

Ѿк

чѶъг

еѮъ҂ѳѭъ҂

Midori: бюц̗଎г஀౐ђѕѪјіѱбѹѭъ҂кѸ!!‫ށ‬ಌ઀ಌішкѸ I, young woman say not so much be as sea-1000-mountain-1000 be because I’m not what you would call a young woman. I’m a sly old fox.

320

Lesson 59 不 59 嶓

Manga Example 6: The language of the samurai Finally, an example of the language of the ancient samurai. Notice the use of the first person pronoun ౾૿ and the verb іухѺ (the modern іш), two stereotypical characteristics of what is supposed to be the warriors’ ancient dialect. The other social classes in the ancient feudal system of the છ໵঺஍ shinōkōshō (“warriors-farmers-artisans-tradesmen,” by order of importance) did not use the speech patterns of the samurai class, nor could they carry swords. We say that the usage of ౾૿ and іухѺ is stereotypical because there is a tendency to use them in works of fiction. The samurai dialect was actually more complex, but it is now simplified to make its comprehension easier.

Xian Nu Studio

ಁଂ∣ਕ∶ ౴∶ဣ∿∺∞⇼ ∛∉∋∼∹ ъђцѲ

гѭ

ѯкц

кѾ

Maruo: ౾૿ў਒ѱ౱ѱဠѾѸљгіухѺѷ I top now too before too change be ep I haven’t changed, I’m the same now as in the past.

Dialects and Proverbs

321

Exercises ᇄଵ ȥɭȯȞɓɭ

1

What is ࠓౡဪ and in which region is it used? ȥɭȯȞɓɭ

What are the main sub-dialects of ࠓౡဪ ?

ɜȠ

What is the set answer to the greeting ფ кѹѭђ ȤȤȯȥɓɭ

к What clichés are there about െ੔ဪ ?

3

2

Translate into standard Japanese and into English: ȱȮɂ

Ȟɞ

ц҂јг઒ૃўѰђѐѲ ॎ ѳља̘ ( ઒ૃ work; ॎ disliked)

Translate into standard Japanese and English: Ɍɂ

ȤȤ

Ȝɥ

ҚҬў ఒ луђѓг ഞ гфкгњ̗ ေ кѻѧ҂

4

і̘ ( ఒ people; ഞг many; ေо to walk) ȤȤȯȥɓɭ

5

Change this sentence into െ੔ဪ : Ȟ

প྘ф҂лѭягљгѝі̗৥ђѕўяѰяѷ̘

( প྘ Mitsuhiko; ѭя still; ৥о to go) To what dialect does this sentence belong, and what does it mean? ৥кѧ҂ѳѼе̞

7

6

What does the following proverb mean? ȮȠ

Ȟ

ȮȠ

ȱȹȦ

ࢶ њ໕ђѕў ࢶ њ େ з ? ɢȲȲɟȩȮ

What is a ચે୘ট @ What does the expression ȞȽȵȧɅȻɡȠ

‫گ‬౳໊ූ

9

mean?

8

Translate into modern Japanese and English: ȷɦȦȱ

ȤȺ ɃɈ

Ȟ

ၬ ў௪฽ ฻ ѝїтѼѧ৥кћ̘

( ௪฽ Oda; їтѼ place; ৥о to go) ɕȽȥȞɃȠɓɭ

Does ၹ‫ށ‬ຒဪ exist? If so, could you name its main characteristics?

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

Lesson 60

•

ᇹ 60 ᛢ

The Passive and Causative Forms Welcome to the last lesson in of our two-volume course! We are going to end by taking a look at two of the most complicated constructions in Japanese: passive and causative sentences.

What is the passive verb form? The passive verb form is used to show the point of view of the recipient of an action. That is, the subject receives the action of the agent, taking no part in performing the action. In the sentence “Paul was fired by the president,” we are showing the action from the point of view of Paul (the subject), although he doesn’t take part directly in the firing process. The person performing the act of firing is the president (the agent). The table on page 324 shows the conjugation of passive verbs in Japanese. As a general rule for Group 1 verbs, the last Ѻ is replaced by ѸѻѺ: फ़Ѻ miru (to see) Π फ़ѸѻѺ (to be seen). For Group 2 verbs the last -u is replaced by -a, and we add ѻѺ: ၉оdaku (to embrace) Π ၉кѻѺ (to be embraced). Group 3 verbs are irregular. To make the passive form in English, we might change a sentence as follows: The woman scolded Meg Π Meg was scolded by the woman. Let’s do the same in Japanese: чѶъг

• бѝ஀౐ўӎҝҁцкђю That woman scolded Meg. чѶъг

• ӎҝўбѝ஀౐њцкѸѻю Meg was scolded by that woman. As you can see, the process is similar to English, in the way that both place the recipient of the action as the subject. Thus, Meg (the direct object marked with ҁ in the regular sentence), becomes the topic of the passive sentence and is marked with ў. The agent (performing the action) is almost always marked with the particle њ. ргфѓ

Ѽеч҂

ѫе

юю

• म੮ўᇜఒњၭі൞кѻю The policeman was hit with a stick by the old man. ѷет

кѻц

бг

• ᄷટѐѲ҂ўཱིમњїѕѱ٩фѻѕгѺ Yoko is much loved by her boyfriend. Passive sentences without a specific agent also exist in Japanese: учѴеќ҂ѭз

ѓо

• тѝӀӘўϦϡ໤ಱњഃѸѻѭцю This building was built fifty years ago. бгя

ў҂њ҂

їеуо

• тѝࠑ̗бѝཛఒў๣ਇњфѻю The other day, that criminal was jailed.

The Passive and Causative Forms

323

The construction њѷђѕ is used instead of the particle њ in passive sentences of a “historical” kind, where the action of somebody important is described. с҂ч ѱѝлюѹ

ѯѸфм цмѥ

к

•͋८મ࿹ট͌ў ઴ ૛࿥њѷђѕ୺кѻю The Tale of Genji was written by Murasaki Shikibu. ўђр҂ • ҏ ӎ ӗ Ҙ ў Ҡ Ӛ Ӡ Ӄ Ҧ њ ѷ ђ ѕ ག फ़ ф ѻ ю America was discovered by Columbus.

The “victim” passive In Japanese the passive form is sometimes used to describe an action that affects the subject and is performed by someone else. Almost always the effect is negative, so this construction is called the “victim passive.” For example, in the first sentence the passive indicates that my brother drinking the cola I considered mine affected me in a negative way. Ѿюц бњ

ѝ

• ઱ўऐњҠ̱Ӗҁ‫ھ‬ѭѻю (Lit: I had my cola drank by my elder brother). My elder brother drank (my) cola (and I didn’t like that at all). Ѿюц

їљѹ

ѡї

ш

• ( ઱ў ) ᆠѝఒњҬҽҠҁࡴѾѻюѷ The person next to me smoked (and I don’t like it). Ѿюц

ѯшѰ

ѡѮѓ

ц

• ( ઱ў ) ჇњཾႴҁඋѸѻю My daughter discovered my secret (and I wasn’t pleased). ѵѹт

гћ

ц

• ྥ৸ટўॗњભљѻьеяѷ Yuriko’s dog is about to die. For Group 1 verbs, the passive conjugation is the same as the potential (Lesson 32) and the the formal sonkeigo form (Lesson 52). We can usually infer the meaning from the context: цѲѐѶе ѭј

ц

• ૽ුў೬ҁဓѰѸѻю This sentence can be potential (The president could close the window), respectful (The president closed the window), or victim passive (Someone closed the window [and the president didn’t like that]).

What is the causative verb form? The causative is used to express “making” or “letting” someone do something. The table on page 324 shows the conjugations of causative verb forms. As a general rule, for Group 1 verbs, replace the last Ѻ withфъѺ. फ़Ѻ miru (to see) Π फ़фъѺ (to let / make see). For Group 2 verbs, replace the last -u with -a, and add ъѺ. ၉оdaku (to embrace) Π ၉ къѺ (to let / make embrace). Group 3 verbs are irregular and must be learned by heart.

324

Lesson 60 不 60 嶓

Simple f. Group 1 Invariable

Ȥȱ

Meaning

Passive

Causative

Causative-passive

to teach

ࢬзѸѻѺ

ࢬзфъѺ

ࢬзфъѸѻѺ

to look

फ़ѸѻѺ

फ़фъѺ

फ़фъѸѻѺ

to lend

ാфѻѺ

ാфъѺ

ാфъѸѻѺ

to wait

ളюѻѺ

ളюъѺ

ളюъѸѻѺ

to buy

༘ѾѻѺ

༘ѾъѺ

༘ѾъѸѻѺ

to return

࠻ѸѻѺ

࠻ѸъѺ

࠻ѸъѸѻѺ

to write

୺кѻѺ

୺къѺ

୺къѸѻѺ

to hurry

ࡷлѻѺ

ࡷлъѺ

ࡷлъѸѻѺ

to play

ᄠџѻѺ

ᄠџъѺ

ᄠџъѸѻѺ

to drink

‫ھ‬ѭѻѺ

‫ھ‬ѭъѺ

‫ھ‬ѭъѸѻѺ

ભћ

to die

ભљѻѺ

ભљъѺ

ભљъѸѻѺ

шѺ

to do

фѻѺ

фъѺ

фъѸѻѺ

ࢬзѺ ə

फ़Ѻ ȥ

ാш ɘ

ളѓ ȥ

༘е ȥȢ

Group 2 Variable

࠻Ѻ ȥ

୺о Ȟȷ

ࡷп Ȝȷ

ᄠѥ Ɉ

‫ھ‬ѯ ȱ

Group 3 Irregular

ȭ

ȩ

to come

ᅑѺ

ȭ

ᅑѸѻѺ

ᅑфъѺ

ȭ

ᅑфъѸѻѺ

When using the causative to indicate permission, the particle њ is usually used to mark the one receiving permission. кб

т

г

• йျф҂ўટјѱњӄ̱Әѧ৥къю The mother let the boy go to the pool. їйѺ гћ

тез҂

ўц

• ษўॗњফ‫܁‬ігђѠг೷Ѹъю Toru let his dog run a lot in the park. In a sentence of obligation, the particle ҁ is usually used to mark the person being forced to perform the action. ъ҂ъг

лоъг

ўц

• ಋ౛ў޵౛юѐҁ೷Ѹъю The teacher made the students run. ўў

Ѿюц

Ѩ҂мѶе

• ျў઱ҁѯѹѳѹဨࢦфъю My mother made me study. However, if the verb is transitive and the sentence has a direct object marked with ҁ, we use њ for the person who is forced or allowed to do something: thus we avoid having two ҁ in the sentence. These sentences are ambiguous and their meaning must be inferred from the context. йїеї

ю

• ӆӚҸҘўชњҞ̱Қҁ௮Ѩфъю Veronica let my brother eat the cake. ўў

Ѿюц

ѤѼ

ьеч

• ျў઱њй࿨ᇉѝೞஅҁфъю My mother made me clean the bath.

The Passive and Causative Forms Ѿюц ѱѹ

325

м

• ઱ў௾ф҂њӎҰҨҥҁဈкъю I let / made Mr. Mori listen to the message. цѲѐѶе цѲг҂

фр

ѝ

• ૽ුў૽‫ں‬њଝҁ‫ھ‬ѭъю The president let / made his employees drink sake. The first two sentences are clear, but the latter two are ambiguous, and their meanings must be inferred from the context. Note: When an object or an inanimate being takes part in the sentence, ҁ must always be used. ѫо

оѺѭ

зѡѰ

ўц

• ၺўଁҁ٩ྣѭі೷Ѹъю I made the car go to Ehime / I drove the car to Ehime. цѲѐѶе

їѐ

бь

• ૽ුўбѝ๓ඌҁᄠџъѕгѺ The president is letting that land lie idle. The causative form can be combined with ̶ѕояфг or ̶ѕгюяо to form sentences such as “let me do X” and “you let me do X,” often used in formal contexts. згл

Ѯ

• тѝۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़фъѕояфгѷ Let me watch that movie, please. кгцѲ

ѳ

• тѝ‫૽ݰ‬ҁ૘Ѱфъѕгюямюгіш I want to leave this company. (Lit. I want to be allowed to leave this company.)

The causative-passive The causative-passive is used to mean “being forced to do something (that one doesn’t like).” That is, the causative is combined with the victim passive. The table on page 324 shows the conjugation of causative-passive verb forms. As a general rule for all verb groups, the last Ѻ of the causative form is replaced by ѸѻѺ: ၉оdaku (to embrace) Π ၉к ъѺ (to let / make embrace) Π ၉къѸѻѺ (to be made to embrace). Take a look at these examples: лоъг

ъ҂ъг

ўц

• ޵౛юѐўಋ౛њ೷ѸъѸѻю The students were forced to run by the teacher. Ѿюц ўў

ѤѼ

ьеч

• ઱ўျњй࿨ᇉѝೞஅҁфъѸѻю I was forced to clean the bath by my mother. ѫо

кгцѲ

ѳ

• ၺў‫૽ݰ‬ҁ૘ѰфъѸѻю I was forced to leave the company (I was fired). кѻ

кѝчѶ

тоўо

• ཱིўཱི஀њਁ༧фъѸѻьеяќ He seems to feel forced to declare his love to her. Note: Causative-passive sentences only have the connotation of “obligation,” never that of “permission” as in causative sentences.

326

Lesson 60 不 60 嶓

Other constructions Let’s finish with three new expressions њѓгѕ, щѓ and ть. 䛻䛴䛔䛶㻌meaning “about”: This expression is the Japanese version of our “about” or “concerning.” It is extremely easy to use and, needless to say, very useful in any context or situation. It is worthwhile remembering. њѪ҂

ѻмц

ўљ

• ໓ႉѝᆹઘњѓгѕᇨцѕояфг Talk about Japanese history, please. йїт

љњ

ц

• бѝඈњѓгѕܾкඋђѕгѭшк̞ Do you know anything about that man? ы҂

к

ягш

• ಶњѓгѕ୺отїлെশміш I love writing about Zen Buddhism. кѻ

г

ц҂ъѓ

ѡї

• ཱིњѓгѕॳзџ̗їѕѱఋ౽љఒіш Concerning him, I’ll say he is a very kind person. 䛪䛴㻌 meaning “each”: This expression is used to indicate that something is distributed in an equal way (similar to “each” or “X by Y” in English). щѓ can only go after counters (Lesson 25) and some adverbs. Take a look at the examples and you will get a clearer idea: њт

ю

• җәӠҥҁϣॷщѓ௮Ѩѕояфг Eat two oranges each, please. когз

гѐяг

• ‫݇ޣ‬њҾҪҠӠлϢ൅щѓбѻџггѝњ It’d be nice if there was a computer in every house. к҂ч

ѭгњѐѯђ

йѫ

• ߼ેҁ႕໓ᇠѓщѓޭзѺтїњцю I decided to memorize six kanji a day. ўго

шт

чѶещ

• ༅ ࣞл஖ цщѓௌ କњљђѕмю Little by little I have improved in (the composition of) haiku. 䛣䛭㻌for emphasis:This expression is quite common in written and spoken Japanese, and is used to emphasize the word preceding it. There is no exact translation in English, so take a look at the example sentences to understand how it works. ѭѹт

ѐл

мѮз

• ఄᅦટўмѻгяќ!}!‫ڦ‬е̗ফ৏тьмѻгяѷ Mariko is beautiful, isn’t she? | No, Kimie is the one who is beautiful. тїц

їеяг

ўг

• ਒໤ть๥െњ໕Ѻэ ! This is the year I’ll get in to the University of Tokyo! т҂ј

• ਒๒тьҭґҕҰҵцѕѳъѺэ̟ I swear next time, for sure, I’ll go on a diet! • јеѱбѹлїеухгѭцю!}!ггз̗тѐѸть Thank you very much. | No, I’m the one (to thank you).

The Passive and Causative Forms

๰ဒ̊

327

Manga Examples

The passive, causative, and causative-passive conjugations are very easy to confuse due to their similarity, as you have probably realized. But don’t worry, with practice, you will get used to them. Let’s now see a few examples (the last in the book!) to clarify the concepts we have been studying.

Manga Example 1: Victim passive

Studio K¯osen

∖⅜⇽∝≥≅⊆∟ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ ২⅙∔∺૙࿾∢჌಴∁ ‫ݐ‬ȹ∿∽√≰Ⅳ≍⊄ ∌ȹȹ∲∌∔∹

We start with an example of one of the so called victim passive sentences, a very particular usage of the Japanese passive that you will find quite often. The part we will take into consideration is ૖࿻ѝ჉ಱл‫ݍ‬ѾѻѺ. The verb ‫ݍ‬ѾѻѺ is the passive form of ‫ݍ‬е, (to sing). Remember the rule for the conjugation of verbs in Group 2: the last -u is replaced with -a, and we add ѻѺ. With verbs ending in -u, the conjugation is somewhat special, because, for example, the passive form of ‫ݍ‬е is not ‫ݍ‬бѻѺ, but ‫ݍ‬ѾѻѺ. The same happens with other verbs ending in -u, like ༘еkau (to buy) Π ༘ѾѻѺ (to be bought). The so called “victim” passive is used to indicate an action performed by someone else which affects (negatively most of the time, hence the name “victim”) the subject of the sentence. ૖࿻ѝ჉ಱл‫ݍ‬ѾѻѺ, then, would literally mean “my name is sung (and this affects me).” In this specific case, we can’t say the effect is a negative one, although the usage of ӀҰҜӗшѺ (to be surprised) right after, denotes that the fact of hearing his name “being sung” has affected the speaker. Note: The usage of the conditional ̶юѸ in ҵґәњ৥ ђюѸ (when I went to the toilet) is the one we saw on page 285, Lesson 56: to learn or discover something as a result of a certain action (“when,” “as a result of,” “after”).

г

чѥ҂

љѭз

ею

Yama: ѐѶејҵґәњ৥ђюѸ૖࿻ѝ჉ಱл‫ݍ‬ѾѻѕӀҰҜӗцѭцюѷ just toilet dp go (conditional) I pop name sp sing surprise do ep When I went to the toilet, I heard my name being sung and I was surprised.

328

Lesson 60 不 60 嶓

Manga Example 2: The passive

J.M. Ken Niimura

⊈≝≕∣∈≃∞උ ∟੶∊∽∔∻ ∌∞⇼∿

In this panel we have an instance of a “normal” passive sentence, where a subject (ӜҬҤ) receives the action (ੳш) from an agent (т҂љඈ) without taking part in it. The usage of grammatical particles is noteworthy: the passive subject is marked with the topic particle ў or the subject particle л, while the agent is followed by њ. The literal translation of this sentence would be “I won’t be killed by a man like this,” although we propose a more natural translation in English, below. Note: There is an example of the usage of ̶юѹ to make a non-exhaustive list of actions (Lesson 46). ੳфѻюѹцљг literally means “I won’t be killed (or anything like that).” йїт

тѼ

Yoshiko: ӜҬҤўт҂љඈњੳфѻюѹцљгѾ I top this kind of man sbp kill or something do ep A man like him won’t kill me.

Manga Example 3: The causative for obligation Let’s see an example of the causative (used to give the idea of “making” or “letting” do something). Here, the verb is ༯གшѺ(to explode.) Since шѺ is an irregular verb, we must learn the conjugation by heart: the causative form of шѺ is фъѺ. Thus, we have ༯གфъѺ (to make explode), here conjugated in the -ō form (༯ག фъѷе, Lesson 34), giving the nuance “let’s make it explode.” Although the sentence doesn’t show who or what is receiving the obligation, we will imagine it is a ಒଁ sensha (tank) that, being an inanimate object, must be marked with ҁ. Therefore, we would have ಒଁҁ༯གфъѷе (Let’s make the tank explode.). ∀⅙∈∹∄ ൉༲ཅ ∊∐∹⇽∑

џоўѓ

Sally: кђтѷо༯གфъѷеы Gabriel Luque

nice big explosion do ep Let’s blow it to smithereens!

The Passive and Causative Forms

329

Manga Example 4: The causative for permission

Xian Nu Studio

∶ ⇽∈∽ ‫ڐ‬௏࡚ౝଂ∣ ଡ଼∊∐∞⇼↢

While in the previous panel we saw the causative of “obligation” (the tank is made to explode), we now have an instance of the causative of “permission.” The verb here is ୙ш, a transitive verb (Lesson 44) that means “to take out.” The causative form is, then, ୙фъ Ѻ (to let take out). ࡗౚ૿ҁ୙ш has the meaning of “causing victims,” therefore ࡗ ౚ૿ҁ୙фъљг would literally be “not to allow to cause victims.” In this case, there is no agent specified but, if there was one, it would be introduced with њ, because there can’t be two ҁ in the sentence. An example: ҥӔӠњࡗౚ૿ҁ୙фъљг (Not to allow John to cause victims).

гчѶе нъгцѲ

я

Kishida: ѱетѻ‫ڍ‬ௌࡗౚ૿ў୙фъљг̟ any more this more victim top take out! I won’t allow there to be any more victims!

Manga Example 5: Causative + morau

Xian Nu Studio

ൊ‫∢݌ސڲ‬ ࣿ੖ୟ‫∕ݲ‬

इ∔∖↿క ∢નຍ‫∷≂ګ‬ ∺∐√∶∺⇽૆ ∟∞⅙√⇼∼

In formal contexts we often find a combination of the causative with the ̶ѕгюяо or ̶ѕѱѸе constructions (Lesson 45). In this case, ѳѸъѕѱѸе comes from ѳѺ (to do), which is conjugated in the causative form (ѳѸъѺ), which in its turn is conjugated in the -te form (ѳѸъѕ) so that it can link to ѱѸе. The literal translation of ѳѸъѕѱѸе would be “To receive the favor of being allowed to do.” This form, like in the sentence ໓পѧ৥къѕг юямюгѝіш Nikkō e ikasete itadakitai no desu (“I would like to be allowed to go to Nikko” or “I want to go to Nikko” ), is used to make sentences of request or action that sound humble and indirect at the same time. яггѐ

ск

оѭфкцѴ҂шр

Kumasaka: േ‫݉ލگ‬ѝࣼ੓ଡ଼‫ݯ‬я num. 1 surgery pop Kumasaka Shunsuke be I’m Shunsuke Kumasaka, from the first section of surgery. Ѥюѹ цјег тї ऄюѐϣఒѝથຊ‫ڨ‬ҁѳѸъѕѱѸеૃњљђѕгѺ you 2 pop supervisor doctor dop do receive (it has been decided) I have been appointed as the medical supervisor for both of you.

330

Lesson 60 不 60 嶓

Manga Example 6: The causative-passive

∷⇻ ‫ڑ‬๨ಎ౞ ȹ ⇻∞∔∣ྶ‫ۅ‬ ≂∷∵∊∐∺∽ ∔≃∛∎⅙√∡

гїе ъ҂ъг

Xian Nu Studio

Let’s look at the causative-passive. In the example we have ѳѰфъѸѻю, which comes from the verb ૘ѰѺ yameru (to leave a job). To obtain a causative-passive form, we must first conjugate a verb in the causative and then in the passive, for example: ૘ѰѺ (to leave a job) Π ૘ѰфъѺ (causative, to force to leave) Π ૘ѰфъѸѻѺ (causative-passive, to be forced to leave). Compare the following sentences: 1.! ௳࿈ўಌೱњйଝҁ‫ھ‬ѭъю Nobuo wa Chigusa ni osake o nomaseta. Nobuo made / let Chigusa drink sake 2/!௳࿈ўಌೱњйଝҁ‫ھ‬ѭѻю Nobuo had his sake drunk by Chigusa = Chigusa drank Nobuo’s sake (and Nobuo didn’t like that) 3. ௳࿈ўಌೱњйଝҁ‫ھ‬ѭъѸѻю Nobuo was forced by Chigusa to drink sake.

ѢѶег҂

Jack: ѳб‫ڎ‬๥ಋ౛!бљюўླ‫ۂ‬ҁѳѰфъѸѻю҂ішђѕќ hey Itō-professor you top hospital dop abandon be say ep Hi, Dr. Ito. I’ve been told that you have been forced to leave the hospital . . .

Manga Example 7: The usage of koso

Gabriel Luque

ਕ∈− ⇻∞∔∢ ⊃≖≑⊌∁ ∀∘∷∄∎∼ ∜∂∹

And we finally arrive at the last example in the lesson and, by extension, in the course. Here we see an example of the usage of ть, an adverb used to emphasize the word preceding it. In this case, ਒ть has the meaning of “now is indeed . . .” An example: Imagine you are on a diet, and you can’t eat chocolate. You finally reach your ideal weight: this is the moment to say ਒тьҮӔҠ ә̱ҵл௮ѨѸѻѺэ" Ima koso chokoretto ga taberareru zo! (Now, indeed, I can eat chocolate!) Notes: ӖҥҠ Ӡ is the contraction of ӖҥҗҠӠҵӚ̱Ә, that is, “device controlled by radio,” although the word in Japanese designates “radio-controlled toys.” ߅ᄁшѺkatsuyaku suru is a difficult verb to translate: we could say it indicates “to be active,” “to take active part in.” гѭ

Emika: ਒тьбљюѝӖҥҠӠлкѓѳошѺїмѷ now yes you pop radiocon sp activity do moment ep Now is indeed the moment to get your models to perform.

The Passive and Causative Forms

331

Exercises ᇄଵ ȤɃ

1

Conjugate the passive form of the verbs ᅂ Ѻ (to ɘɇ

ȹ

ɉɣ

dance), ஞ о (to invite), ௮ѨѺ (to eat), and ࿶ е (to pay). Translate: “Ken was praised by the teacher.” ȫɭ

ȵɭȵȞ

(Ken े ; to praise ѪѰѺ ; teacher ಋ౛ )

ɩȹȱ

3

ɤɄ

Ʉ

Translate: ઱ ўᅫືњࡼкѻю̘What is the nuance of the passive conjugation here? ( ઱ I; ᅫື Rina; ࡼо to cry) Conjugate the causative form of the verbs in question 1.

5

2

4

Translate: “The editor made the writer go to a hot ɒɭȱɟȠȱɝ

ȯȽȥ

Ȟ

spring.” (editor ဣୁ૿ ; writer ੝݇ ; to go ৥о ; Ȥɭȵɭ

hot spring ܸಗ ) ȵɭȵȞ

Ȥɦ

ȥ

Translate: ಋ౛ ў ܵ њӋӠҙҁྲкъю̘ ( ಋ౛ teacher; ܵ I; ӋӠҙ comic book; ྲо to draw)

7

6

Conjugate the causative-passive form of the verbs in question 1.

ɩȹȱ

ȥɈȲɡ

Translate the following sentence: ઱ ў ཱི஀ њ ɠɍɩ

ȥ

થᆟҁ༘ѾъѸѻю̘( ઱ I; ཱི஀ she; થᆟ ring;

8

༘е to buy) Ʌɕɭ

9

ȯȩɐɭ

Ɍɂɤ

ȥ

Translate: ໓ႉњѓгѕ ੝ဇ ҁ‫گ‬ఒщѓ୺гѕо яфг̘( ໓ႉ Japan; ੝ဇ composition; ‫گ‬ఒ one person; ୺о to write) Ƀȩȱɝ

ɕɭ

Translate: ຠ૿ лгюкѸть̗тѝ ႉ лімю̘ ( ຠ૿ reader; ႉ book)

10

— Answers to all the exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7. —

∘∰

⇻ ℵ∈∢ ෹∀↡ ↿↽↽↽‫܃‬ ∛⇾⇾∛ℶ

∜∞∻

⇼⇼⇾ℵ−∽∍

∘∰

↿↽↽↽‫ ↡√⅙∕ ܃‬−ȹ∽ ∣৶∎ ∃∼∹ ℶ∶⅙∜ ‫↡∢⇼∞∽∄√∌∄ڈ‬ ∈≃∞∟৶⇼෹∣༛⅙∔ ∈∜ ∁∞⇼∹ ℶ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

⅚∞∄√ℵ ᆣ ∢ ၏∛∎ℶ ∘∰

∝∢෹∷↡ ∈∽∀⇼↡

∘∰

⇿∣∹ ⇽ ∉ ∋⇼ ∲ ∎ℶ∎∳ ∲∐≃ ∁ℵ⇻∢෹∣⇼∄∺ ∛∎∀↡

∈

∘∰

∶∌ℵ∈∢෹≂ ༛⇽∔∺ ℵ∈∢ ∖⅚∿≃

ඣᇺ∶⇻ ∇∼∛ℶ ↾⇂↽↽‫↡⇽∝∛܃‬

⇂↽↽‫܃‬ ∷√∜↡ ̙ − ∻⅚ ∯≃∲∟ ‫∛∼∃ ∎ڈ‬ℶ ⇻∀≃ℵ ⇻∀≃ℶ

⇂↽↽‫܃‬ℶ

∣∺

−⇽∷∞ ℿ ∞≃ ∰࿹⇽∢ℵ ⇻≃∔↡

∍⅚ℵ ⇄↽↽‫܃‬ ∛∝⇽↡

⇼

∉⇽

∲ℵ⅍ࢹ∟ ∉⇽

∌∔∁

໘⅙√∣ ࢹ∟ ୊ ⇾ⅎ ⅙√⇼⇽≃ ∕∶∢ℶ

⇿⇿∂∟↢∌∀∌ℵ ⇻≃∔ℵ௏ଘ∷∞⅔ℵ ໖ႌঢ↢

∡∁

−∽∞∺ ℵ

⇿ ࠨ⇼∌∲ ∎ℶ

∠∎

∯∀

∖⅚∿≃

∆ȹȹ⅙∔⇼∞ ‫ސ‬క∷∞ ℵ⇻≃∔ℶ ∖⅚∿≃ ∆ ∝∞ ℵ∈≃∞ ඣᇺ∣‫∀∌∘ڲ‬ ⇻ ∺∬≃∛ℶ∶ ⇽ ‫ ∆∔⅙⇻∘ڲ‬ℵ

∝ ∢ඣᇺ∛ ȹȹȹȹ๬∲∽∔≃∷ℶ∜ഠ ∄ ∝⇽↡⇾∺⇼⇿ ບ∷∛ ȹȹȹȹȹ ∖⅚∿≃

ඣᇺ≂ ‫∆∕∘ڲ‬ ̙̙ ∛∞∄ℵໍ∘ ∀≃∁

༜⅙√∄∽∽∤ℵ

ৡ ⇾√∳∼∹ ℶ ⇿ ှ∊≃∜⇿ ∤⇻ ∊ ≃∢≴⊆≚⊌≥∟∞∼ ∢∛ℵ‫ڲ‬౶ໍෙ ∕∡ℶ

ȺȺȹ

∖⅚∿≃

∈∿ ⇻ ∻ ∁∜ ⇽ ℶ ‫ݷ‬ȹȹ∽∷∎⇼ ∶∢∛∎∡ℶࡀ≂∘ ∆ ∲ ∎ℶ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ ∘∰

෹∜ ඣᇺ∛∎ℶ

∞∀ ∳

ඦఐ∣݁∛ ∎∀↡ ∟ ∶∘

∈∢‫ݛ‬࿼≂≗ ≷≅⊌∲∛೻ ∻∔⇼∢∛∎ℶ

⇼∺⅙∌⅚ ⇼∲∐↢

∔⇼∐∘

∲⇼

⇻ȹȹℵ൉ಀ∞∈∜ ∿∎ ≂ ၪ∽∼∜∈∾∛ ⇾

∣ ∁∂

∌∔↢∈∢઀႗∢ ᅁ୽∶ ೻∻ ̙ ‫ވ‬ ∔⇼∛∎ℶ

∩ ∘⇽

↿⇁↽↽‫∎∛܃‬ℶ

∣∷

∯⇽ ∯⇽

⇼⇼⇾ℵ࿕෪∢ ȹȹȹȹȹȹ ∈⇽ ∄⇽ ∧ ≃ ০࣯ဪ∛⇼⇼∛∎ℶ ⇼∄∺∛∎∀↡ ȹȹȹȹȹ ∶⅙∜

ਹ ∶೥⇼၏ၑ ∣⇋⇓⇙∛∎∁ℵ −∽∣∶ ⇽ ங∌ ৶∄∞∻ ∲ ∎ℶ

∡∁

ங ȹȹȹ∌ࡺ⇼∛ ⇼∼∢∛ℵ০ ࣯ဪ∛⇿ ࠨ⇼

∩∞∧ ≃

∌ ȹȹȹȹ∲ ∎ℶ ∈⇽ ∄⇽ ∧ ≃

০࣯ဪ∜ ಩ဪ∁ ∉ ∋⇼∲ ∎ℶ∝∖ ∺∛೻∽∤⇼⇼∛ ∎∀↡

⇾

∝⇽ ∓ℶ

∣ ∁∂

‫ވ‬ᅁ୽∣ ‫ ܃‬ȹ ∏∘∛∎∀∺ ℵ ∑≃ ∪ ಸ࿨∛ ↿⇃⇁↽‫܃‬ ∛∎ ℶ ɑɉ

∀≃ ∊⇼

∜⇽ ∖⅚∄

∀≃ ∊⇼∈∄ ∊⇼∄⇽ ∈⇽

∈∄ ∊⇼∄⇽ ∈⇽

ࠖ౤ਅ੏࣯৕ℵࠖ౤

ਅ੏࣯৕∟๺ ඥ ∛∎ℶ

∔∟∴∺

≩⊄ ≄ ∊≃↡ ൫ഞ∛∎ℶ ⇿ ५ࡀ ∛∎∀↡

∣ȹ⇼ℵ५ࡀ∛∎↢ਕℵ ∀≃ ∊⇼∄⇽ ∈⇽ ࠖ ȹȹȹ౤࣯৕∟⇼∼≃ ∕ ∆∝ℿ ȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹȹ

−⇽⇼⇾ ∤ℵ ∳ ∞ ྔ຺∟∦∝⇼∈ ∜≂ ॶ⅙∖⅚⅙∔∞ ∀∢∍⅜ ∷∊ ℿྲྀஃ∣⇼∘∶ᄑ ∌∄∌√∄∽∔∌ℵ ∀∢∍⅜ ྲྀஃ∢⇿∀∇∛๨ ࢚∛⇼⇼ૺఇ≂∜ ∽∔∢∟ℿ⇻∔∌⅙ ∯≃∜⇽ √ℵႌ๲∟≭≉ ∕⅙ ∔ℶ࠾∼಴∟แᇫ ∌√∳∹ ⇽∀∞ ℿ

઴∶∛∎∹ ℶ ≩⊄≄∊≃∢ ∟ ∶∘ ∜∝ ‫ݛ‬࿼∁∷⅙∜ ຩ⇼ ∔∢∛ℵ્⅙√ ̙ ᅔ ∌∲∌∔ℶ

ႌ๲∛∎∀↡ ∝∈∟⇼∼∢ℵ ਕ↡

∣⇼ℵ২∂ ∲ ∎↢

яѾ ъѵ̼

∁⇼

∂⅙ ∊ √≃

઀‫ࡦ∢ތ‬ඣี∛∎ℶ

∈ȹ∖∺∬ᅔ∲∐≃∀↡

∉∵≃∞∊⇼ℶ

⇻ ∷∲

ଃ ∺∐√∄ ∕∊⇼↢ ∈∢ࠔ∣ℵႌ๲∟ ∉∵≃ ∞∊⇼ℶ∎ ∉∄≅⊃≅⊃ ∳ ∞ ∌√⇼√ℵྔ຺∊≃∟∦ ∝⇼∈∜≂ ॶ⅙∖⅚∔↢

∉∵≃∞∊⇼

ȺȺȺ

∙

∶≃∕ ⇼

∴

∈∿

∀∇

ਕ∣⅍۪ⅎ∁ ࿑∄∞⇼∹↢

∈∢ࠔࡀ࿉∀∐∺ ∽∔≃ ∕ℵ⇻∼క ∟

∟↢∶ ⇽ ჲൌ∀∺ ⇻

ຂ∇ ∏∟ℵ঴∂ ৻⇽∈∜∟∌

∟

∔↢ ⇻ ∻ ∁∜ ∍∘ ∶≃∕ ⇼ ⇽↢૰∣ℵჲൌ ∀∺ ຂ∇√∤ ∀∻⇼∔≃ ∕ ∹ ℵ⇻∔∌↢

⇼⇼∛∎∹ ℵ ႌ๲∟ℶ≩⊄≄ ∊≃∁≅⊃≅⊃ ∸∼

∌√⇼∔∈∜ ∁࿾∀⅙ √⇼∲∌∔∌ℵ࢒∌∲ ∎ℶ≩⊄≄ ̙ ∊≃∣ ∜∶∕ ∖ ઴∢ᄓൣ ̙̙ ∛∎∶ ∢↢

ଶ∿∻

Review for Lessons 56–60 Answers to all the review exercises can be found online by following the link on page 7.

KAGE – New vocabulary ௼цг൮ট ѓѫ

෶

jar, pot

ґӖґӖшѺ

to be annoyed

ѪеѪе

၌၎

method, way

1. According to what you have read in the sixth episode of Kage, how much does the street vendor first ask Nuria for the object she wants to buy, and how much does Nuria end up paying? Does she only buy the object she has asked about? 2. As you have probably noticed, the vendor at the street market speaks in a Japanese dialect; what region does it belong to, and what is it called? 3. At the post office, how does Nuria choose to mail her package, by airmail or sea mail? Special delivery or standard? 4. In the end, Nuria decides to call Mina. Why? 5. Why is Mina at Kansai airport? 6. Where in the airport is Mina? Does she go to meet Nuria, or is it the other way around? 7. In Nuria’s conversation with the market vendor, there are two conditional sentences. Find them and give their translation into English. 8. Translate the following sentences from the text of Kage, which have several idiomatic uses of the conditional. a) јѐѸі೸ѻџггішк̞ Ѯљ

b) ьеॳзџ̗ྑືњѡјгтїҁॳђюќ лг

мђ ф ѕ҂

c) ੽‫މ‬њбѺࡣචาіш̘ᅑѭъ҂к̞!

Review for Lessons 56–60

339

9. Translate these sentences, which differ only in the conjugation of the verb. тѾ

a) !ҾҪҠӠл‫ݴ‬ѻѺїтѼяђю b) ҾҪҠӠл‫ݴ‬ѻѕгѺїтѼяђю c) ҾҪҠӠл‫ݴ‬ѻюїтѼяђю! 10. Change the following sentences from Kage into polite Japanese (-masu form). ўѸ

a) љ҂ѫ࿶еѝ̗б҂ю̞ . b) ьѹѲѪ҂ѭњ‫څ‬шнѺі̘бк҂̗бк҂̘ . ѐѲѾ҂

c) т҂љචᇷў‫گ‬ѓцкйѸѧ҂і̘ .

бѳѭ

мє

11. The verbs ଀Ѹъѕояфг and ࠽࿆къѸѻѺ appear in the text. In what form has each verb been conjugated? Give the translation of both sentences. 12. A proverb and a yoji-jukugo appear in the text. Find them and explain their meanings in English. 13. Translate the following sentences written in Kansai dialect into standard Japanese, as in the example. мѶе ї

a) бцюў ࢗ ํі༘г࿹ҁшѺ҂ѳі̟ мѶе ї

бцюў ࢗ ํі༘г࿹ҁшѺ҂яэ̟!!!!!!!!!!!!̘ b) тѻҁѪкшљѷ̟љ҂ѫѳїતђїѺ҂ѳ̞

̘ ѳ

c) ют஭мҁ௮Ѩѧ҂к̞Ѫ҂ѭњ̞

̘

340

Review for Lessons 56–60 б

d) ӌҷӌѧ৥ђю҂ѳрј̗рђюгљ‫ލ‬ఒњ‫ݰ‬ђѕцѱюѾ̟

̘ e) бѝѨђѣ҂ўѪ҂ѭњѳџгі̟ᇨцюѸбк҂і̟

̘ т

f) ѭгј̗२࠽кг̞їтѼі̗тѝࠑ༘ еѕоѻюҽҰҝ̗െশмѳ

ќ҂̟ ̘ g) ਒໓ўц҂јкђюља . . . зз઒ૃҁімѧ҂кђюц . . .

̘ бй м

h) ౧ქф҂ўйѸѧ҂Ѿ̘ ༘͋г࿹ҁцѕоѺ͌ђѕॳгўђю҂ѳ̘

̘ ѷ

ч чѴо у

14. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the most appropriate ચે ୘ ট from the box below. (Watch out, two of them cannot be used!) кѻ

чѶъг

цѓѻг

цѹ

фѾ

a) A: ཱིўгѓѱ஀౐њ૥ᆰяќ̘й௱њ௭ђюѹшѺц . . . љп

B: ьеярј̗тѝࠑӌӈѐѲ҂њ‫ܤ‬Ѹѻюѷ̘ љђїе

яѷ̟ мѸ

ц҂

b) A: ӌҢҕф҂ў໱๽лെশмі̗ҮӔҠә̱ҵлॎгђѕ̘௳чѸѻ

љг̟ B: ѭ̗

яѱ҂ќ̘

кѻ

рђт҂

c) A: ཱིўࣙ૊ѐѝ஀їीਖцюц̗‫૽ݰ‬ізѸољђюц̗ӊӘҤҔѱ ༘ђюц . . . кѻ

B: ьеяќཱི̗ѝఒ౛ў

Ѯюгяќ̘

Ѫ҂ѳо

d) A: ӋӠҙлশмі̗ႊᄀшѺтїѱെশмяѷ̗җә̘ Ѫ҂ѳо к

B: ьеяѷќ̟чѲ̗ӋӠҙѝႊᄀ݇њљѻѕ̗

‫گ‬౳໊ූ

яђюќ̟

гѐ у гѐ з

чѴењ҂ ї гѼ

чѴ҂Ѧеѭ҂Ѡ҂

ч ѵе ч хг

ч уе ч їо

‫ݰگ࠷گ‬

୆ ఒ୆௬

୰ ࿨Ⴋཔ

૖ᄜ૖੎

૖ࢿ૖ທ

Review for Lessons 56–60

341

15. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. ѷе

a) ͋

͌їгеѝў݅ᄺѝජ࿹ѝѷељ࿯ішќ̘ јеѥѓ

ѵкю

с

ю

1. ЅҤӐұ̖2. ງ࿹̖3. ᅊ‫̖ڤ‬4. ܻഫ ѭ ѐл

м҂ѐѶе

b) ҼҼҼ̟໓ႉটѝಋ౛лࠑ‫ڦ‬зюѷ̟࣒͋වцѕгѺ͌їॳгюкђ к҂ѐѶе

юѝњ̗ ͋᝘෍цѕгѺ͌їॳђѕцѭђюѷ̟͋

͌҂

яѷќ̟ ѪеѨ҂

фѺ

й

йњ

ѭ

ъ҂юо

я҂у

1. ғҪѱ၌ဧ̖2. ܏ѱქкѸᅗѐѺ 3. ࡍѝгћࠑњಙൔ̖4. ‫ݕ‬ѷѹඁટ кѻ

c) ཱིўҶґұটлᇨъљгѝњ̗ѷоҶґұѧ

цѷеїцѕгѺќ̘ ѹѴело

шело

1. फ़޵̖2. ᅸ޵̖3. హ޵̖4. െ޵ кѸ

d) ઱ўఎгᆈᅦлশмякѸ̗

ҁюоф҂໕ѻѕоя

фг̘ 1. тцѶе̖2. яц̖3. мѴеѹ̖4. уѭ ѯ

e) ܻජҁўгюѭѭ̗

ѹ

ђѕჀᅦяѷ̗ҏӈ̟

1. ҷӠҾшѺ̖2. ѢѢѺ̖3. ѯкѓо̖4. ҕҰҮшѺ йь

бь

ѭ

f) ඖоѭіᄠ҂яѝі

б

њࠑњ৸Ѿљкђю̘

ҬҜҤ̱і࠻Ѻцкљкђю̘ зм

е҂ѐ҂

1. ۹̖2. ۠ෝ̖3. ଳ฾̖4. જག кѾеѐ

Ѣ ч҂

рђт҂

g) A: ಑ູф҂ўбѭѹкђтѷољгрј̗шугྑఒїीਖцюѷќ̘ Ѫ҂їе

B: ьеяќ̗ ͋ он

͌їгеѝўႉ๯яѼеќ̘

е

ѭѓ

ѝе

юк

ѓѰ

ко

я҂у

1. ୙ѺผўദюѻѺ̖2. ঘѝ੆ѹ 3. ໲бѺൊў෹ҁ‫ۄ‬ш̖4. ‫ݕ‬ѷѹඁટ ѧ

ѳ

h) ໓ႉѝ݅ўшуо୴гѝі̗ӈҳӘѝ࿥‫ܯ‬њ

лљгїяѰяќ̘ ѻгѫе

я҂ѫе

кн

1. ᆫၩ̖2. ю҂ш̖3. අၩ̖4. ॣ Ѣ чѴѓк҂

i) ӋҶӗҰҶѝӄӖҶྑ ୚ ࠖѧ৥рџ̗әӠӃӖӠҵѝ

лफ़ѸѻѺэ̘ ею

ем ѷ

з

кг л

1. ૷ఄ̖2. ‫̖ݍ‬3. ࿓ే‫̖ޅ‬4. ‫ݧޅ‬

342

Review for Lessons 56–60 ѕ лѮ

ўѳ

їј

j) тѝକળҁೢо຦рфъюкђюѸ̗ ьоюѓ

ѵеѢ҂мѶо

і೸ђю၌лггѷ̘

кмїѰ

1. ഍ൠ̖2. ᄢဧࣀ̖3. ӊҦҵ̖4. ୺ᅸ k) ໓ႉఒўѷо͋

͌їгеҦ̱ӄҁ‫ھ‬Ѯѭшќ̘

цѶе ѵ

Ѯ

ь цѺ

1. ெᄈ̖2. ҢӖҭ̖3. б҂т̖4. Ⴎ಺୊ к҂фгѨ҂

l) ͋бѹлїе͌їгеѝўࠓౡဪі

їॳгѭш̘

1. йймњ̖2. ҢӠҚӒ̱̖3. бѹуе̖4. ѭгј

16. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences, choosing from яр , цк or џкѹ . мѝе

оѼфѾ

a) ੡໓ѝҾ̱ҳҐ̱њᅑюѝўਆ൓ ею

яђюѷ̘

ею

b) бгѓў‫ݍ‬ҁ‫ݍ‬ђѕ кѻ

і̗ܾѱ઒ૃҁцљг҂яѷ̟

чѶе щ

чѶе щ

c) ཱིў໓ႉটлௌକљ

іљо̗ඣਂটѱௌକя̘

ѤѼ

d) ਒̗й࿨ᇉњ໕ђю

якѸ̗݇ҁ୙Ѹѻљгѷ̘ ѭг

e) тѝࠑ̗ϵЇϵҁϦ႔ мѝе

༘ђѕцѭгѭцю̘

оѼфѾ

f) ੡໓ѝҾ̱ҳҐњўਆ൓ಋ౛ g) ҜӖҦѝඣі̗җә

ᅑѭъ҂іцюѷ̘ лӊӘҤҔҁ૊ђѕгѺѷ̟ҼҼҼ̟

ѷ

h) йျф҂њॹџѻюкѸ̗ ਒ў݇њ࠻Ѻ чѴнѶеѐѴе

ќ

i) бгѓўଣ ࢿ ඣњ௷ѕ

љгќ̘уѰ҂̟ Ѫ҂їе

гѺѷќ̟ႉ๯њяѰљѳѓяља̟

17. This conversation is out of order. Rewrite it in the correct order. чѶе щ

к҂фгѨ҂

1) ьѻѪјіѱбѹѭъ҂ѷ . . . ௌକњљђюкѱцѻљгрј̗ࠓౡဪ

ўѭяішѷ̘ уе

уе

цюл

2) ͋ࢶњ໕ђѕўࢶњେз͌ђѕјеге‫ژ‬Ⴎішк̞ 3) т҂њѐў̟й२࠽ішк̗йџф҂̞ Ѥ ѓе

ййфкѨ҂

ѹѶе Ѫе

4) ьеішќ̘࿒ ෧ ѝ໓ႉটїെ ੔ဪҁᆅ ၌ ଵзѕ̗‫گ‬౳໊ූішѱѝ

ќ̟ к҂фгѨ҂

уе

уе

цюл

5) ࠓౡဪҁଵђю၌лззі̟͋ࢶњ໕ђѕўࢶњେз͌ѳѱ҂̟ ййфк

ййфк

6) െ੔њᅑюљѸ̗െ੔ѝᇨц၌ҁଵѾљбк҂їге‫ژ‬ႮѳѾ̘ ййфкѨ҂

7) ҼҼҼ̟Ѫ҂ѭѳ̟ѷеॳђюљ̗б҂ю̟Ѫљ̗െ੔ဪ̗л҂џѹѳ̟

Review for Lessons 56–60

343

чѶе щ

8) ўг̗२࠽ѳі̘б҂ю̗໓ႉটлௌକњљђюља̗‫ލ‬ఒф҂ѳѝњ̟

‫ਂލ‬ఒ ;! йџф҂ ;! ‫ਂލ‬ఒ ;! йџф҂ ;! ‫ਂލ‬ఒ ;! йџф҂ ;! ‫ਂލ‬ఒ ;! йџф҂ ;! 18. Complete this dialogue with the words from the box on page 344, bearing in mind that seven of the words in the box cannot be used. Minako: Ӌӗ̱ф҂̗т҂њѐў̘ܾҁ (1)

гѺѝ̞

Ѯљт

Marie: б̗ྑືટѐѲ҂̗т҂њѐў̘тѻў (2) ѕ лѮ

яѷ̘

ѕ лѮ

Minako: କળњકеюѰњ̞юоф҂ѝକળҁ୺оѝ̞ Marie: ьечѲљгѷ̗тѻў (3)

яряѷ̘

ўі

йљ

Minako: б̗ ьек̞઱ў໾କљ࿯ҁ༘етїлെশм̘ຈчѷељтїљѝ̞ Marie: ўг̗ьеяќ̘їтѼі̗ܾҁцњмюѝ̞ Minako: ѐѶђї (4)

љѝі̗јткѧ৥мюг̘

гђцѶ

‫୸گ‬њ৥теѷ̟ Marie: ઱̞шѮѭъ҂̗਒ўкљѹ (5)

ѝі̗୙ᅑљгѷ̘

х҂ќ҂

Minako: ઑ໥яќ̟чѲ̗бюц‫گ‬ఒі৥оѾ̘ цѥѳ

Marie: јтѧ৥оѝ̞ୋ൨̞ цѥѳ

Minako: е҂̗ୋ൨̟ (6)

ѝ

њ௏ђѕгоѓѱѹѷ̘

Marie: чѲ̗тткѸϤϡ࿻ (7)

ккѺѷќ̘

цѥѳ

Minako: е҂̟і̗ୋ൨ікђтггඈњ (8) Marie: зз̞кђтггඈѝఒлгѺѝ̞

фѻѐѲйе̟

344

Review for Lessons 56–60

Minako: ьеѷ̟юоф҂гѺѷ̟Ӌӗ̱ф҂ѱᅑѻџ̟̞ Marie: чѲ . . . кђтггඈлгѺљѸ̗бюцѱ৥оѾ̟ цѥѳ

ҡ̱

Minako: ѷц໊̟ఒіୋ൨ѧϸЀ̟

гьл

ၨцг

з҂ѣѓ

цѴ Ѯ

мђѕ

ѡ те м

ѡѭ

бѓ

кљ

ଜႮ

౽କ

྇৥࠺

݊

ୁѰѕ

ུцг

ѳѳ

ҷӠҾ

฾ଁ

пѸг

ҮӐӗ

бѓ

ୁѭђѕ

ѓѭѸљг

19. Complete the following table as in the example. ю

௮ѨѺ ງо тѼ

ืѥ г

৥о ц

ભћ ೷Ѻ бѸ

ಙе ѱ

૊ѓ ᅑѺ й

ᅗїш йц

ࢬзѺ ї

྇ѥ ш

ୄѯ

௮Ѩѻџ

௮ѨюѸ

௮ѨфъѺ ௮ѨѸѻѺ ௮ѨфъѸѻѺ

Review for Lessons 56–60

345

20. Combine the two sentences, using the conditional form indicated in the brackets. кѻ

ѫо

a) бцюཱི̗ў৥кљг̘ၺѸѱ৥кљг̘( ̶џ ) кѻ

ѫо

бцюཱི̗л৥кљрѻџ̗ၺѸѱ৥кљг!!!!!!̘ b) тѝӖ̱ӎӠўйгцг̘йઝф҂њѱ௮ѨѕѱѸгюг̘( ̶юѸ )

̘ гљк

c) ϩृϢϦ໓њљѺ̘໓ႉఒў฽૶ѧ৥мюлђѕгѺ̘( ї )

̘ d) ҮҕҠф҂лҕҏҠӠҁ༘гюољг̘бљюл༘ђѕояфг̘( ̶ юѸ )

̘ ѹѶте

ѧѳ

ье ч

e) бљюўᆀ৥ҁцљг̘࿥‫ܯ‬ѝೞஅҁцѕояфг̘( љѸ )

̘ 21. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable word from the box below. бклѾ

a) шѮѭъ҂̗౹಑ф҂њ‫ݰ‬гюгрј̗јтѧ৥р

ішк̞

бь

b) тѸ̟ттіᄠѥ҂чѲљг

̟

љк

c) й࿱лшгюђѕ̞чѲ̗бьтњбѺҞ̱Қҁ௮Ѩ

̞

бклѾ

ѯѹ

౹಑ಋ౛њ‫ݰ‬гюгѝішл . . . ѳўѹ̗Ⴠᅦішк̞

d)

e) ӋӠҙҁ༘ђѕѪцгѝ̞чѲ̗јѝӋӠҙҁ༘з

ішк̞

гѳ

f) ಋ౛̗฾ଁлॎљѸ̗ଁіᅑ

̞

ш

ш

g) ๥ࢗњୄѮюгѝ̗б҂ю̞чѲ̗ୄ

̞ йљ

h) бцюўࡲѮљѝ̞ье

̗ಋ౛ѱຈчтїҁйђ

цѲгѭцюќ̘

̶ђѕџ

̶Ѱџ

̶юѸјеішк

୙ᅑѻџ ̶џгг

ॳзџ ̶юѸ

̶џгг

346

Review for Lessons 56–60

22. As in the example, write the verb in parentheses in the past tense of the given form (except f, which goes in the infinitive). Also, translate the resulting sentence. ѭ҂ л

к

a) бѝ݇ўᄖ჉љႬ‫݇ݧ‬њ ( ༘е passive) !!༘Ѿѻю!!!̘ That house was bought by a famous manga artist кѝчѶ

̘

ї

b) ཱི஀ўટјѱњӉ̱Әҁ ( ଓѺ causative)

̘ ̘

й

є ѳш ч Ѽек҂їо

c) тѝۨ‫ݧ‬ўக෠‫໊څ‬ᇟࠁປњѷђѕ ( ੝Ѻ passive)

̘ ̘

кѝчѶ

d) ઱ўཱི஀њϣોࠑѱ ( ളѓ passive)

̘ ̘

ье ч

e) бѝ݇њ৥рџ̗ೞஅҁ ( шѺ caus-pas)

ѝі̗৥мюољг̘ ̘

гћ

f) бѝఒўкѾгьељॗҁܾોࠑѱ ( ೷Ѻ causative)

̘ ̘

кѝчѶ

g) җәўཱི஀њ৳гӄәҩӠҵҁ ( ༘е causative-passive)

̘ ̘

ѻгэе т

нѴењѴе

ы҂ ѥ

h) ᆫഁॾњбђю઱ѝࢆ໔лವ࿥ ( ‫ھ‬ѯ passive)

̘ ̘

23. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with тї or ѱѝ , as appropriate. мѝе

a) ੡໓̗Ҧ̱Ҿ̱Ӌ̱ҞҰҵѧ৥ђѕ̗гѼгѼљ

ҁ༘гѭцю̘ b) ઱ўҏҜҤӔӠۨ‫ݧ‬ҁफ़Ѻ ѯѹ

c) Ⴠᅦя̟бљюїीਖшѺ кѻ

ўбѭѹশмчѲљг̘

рђт҂

Ѥ

ч ф҂

ішк̟

ѝѫ

d) ཱིў࿊છ઀њ้ђю e) шѮѭъ҂л̗ᅑାкѸҏӎӗҘѧ৥о

лбѺѸцгѷ̘ њљѹѭцю̘

Review for Lessons 56–60 цѴояг

347

ѯщк

f) A: јецѕ୒൉ҁцљкђюѝ̞ | B: яђѕ່̗цг҂я

̟

ѱѼѫц

g) ўчѰѭцѕ̘઱ў୽౔ҏҬӘїге

іш̘

h) бцюкѸҭґҕҰҵҁшѺ кѝчѶ

њцюѷ̗бюц̘

ье ч

i) ཱི஀ўೞஅҁшѺ

лбѺ̘

24. Conjugate the verb into its infinitive, gerund, or past form, as appropriate. a) тѝѹ҂уўйгцьеяќ̘਒ b) тѝѹ҂уўйгцг̟਒̗

їтѼяђю̘( ௮ѨѺ ) їтѼякѸ̗࿻кѺ̘ ( ௮ѨѺ )

c) тѝѹ҂уўйгцкђю̟਒̗ d) ਒̗ӋӠҙҁ

їтѼя̘( ௮ѨѺ )

їтѼя̘ϦϡӇ̱ҥпѸгຠѮѭцюрј̗

ѝт

ѭяϢϦϡӇ̱ҥпѸгઑђѕгѺ̘ଳѾђюѸ̗৥оќ̘( ຠѯ ) e) A: ҥӔӠф҂̗гѺ̞ | B: ਒̗ гљгѷ̘( ୙Ѻ )

їтѼљѝі̗

f) еиђ̗ѳџгљ̟е҂тҁ

їтѼяђ

Ѥ

ю̟ ( ๾ѯ ) ( е҂т : poop) цѴояг

g) A: ୒ ൉̗ଳѾђю̞ | B: ггз̗ѭяя̘਒̗ їтѼя̘( ѳѺ )

25. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. кѻ

a) ཱིў໓ႉটцк୙ᅑѺѷ̘ е҂ѕ҂

йѫ

b) бѝఒњҽґҜҁ۠ืшѺтїҁࢬзџ̗шпޭзѺїતгѭшѷ̘ Ѫ҂ я

c) ႉ฽ф҂ў௼цгႉҁ୺оѱѝњцѭцю̘ мѮ

ѵѺ

d) йчгф҂ўऄѝйксіભ҂яѷ̟࢏ъљг̟ гљк

ш

e) ઱ўй࿔ф҂њ฽૶њୄѰѸъфѻю̘ f) ӋҢҠф҂ўйࣙлљгѝњ̗৳гѱѝҁ༘ђѕяргѺѷ̟

348

Review for Lessons 56–60

26. Choose the most suitable answer for each sentence. кѮ

ї

a) ттњз҂ѣѓѳӇӠѳળлбѺ̘‫گ‬ѓ

ଓђѕояфг̘

1. ѱѝ̖2. їтѼ̖3. ть̖4. щѓ гьл

чѲ ѭ

b) ಋ౛̗йၨцг

ҁ଄ႏцѕ̗шѮѭъ҂̘਒̗஖цોࠑ

лбѹѭшк̞ 1. ѱѝ̖2. тї̖3. їтѼ̖4. ѱц кѻ

кѻ

c) ཱིўҦӇґӠটҁಋ౛њ

ѝі̗਒ཱི̗ўҦӇґӠটл

୙ᅑѺ̘ 1. ࢬзѸѻю̖2. ࢬзфъю̖3. ࢬзфъѸѻю̖4. ࢬзѻџ теоер҂

d) ҏӂӗҘѧ৥мюг

̗ৣ࣬ॉҁ༘ђѕояфг̘

1. рѻџ̖2. љѸ̖3. ђюѸ̖4. ї теоер҂

e) ҏӂӗҘѧ৥мю

̗ৣ࣬ॉҁ༘ђѕояфг̘

1. рѻџ̖2. љѸ̖3. ђюѸ̖4. ї теоер҂

f) ҏӂӗҘѧ৥мюк

̗ৣ࣬ॉҁ༘ђѕояфг̘

1. рѻџ̖2. љѸ̖3. ђюѸ̖4. ї яѻ

̗Ҿ̱ҳҐ̱њ൬ѱгљрѻџ̗ۨ‫ࠖݧ‬ѧ৥мѭшк̞

g)

1. шѺї̖2. ѱц̖3. ть̖4. їтѼњ ц р҂

h) ಋ౛ѝ

уеко

̗઻०њ৸ާцю̘бѹлїе̗ಋ౛̟

1. йксі̖2. їтѼ̖3. ъгі̖4. їтѼі i) тѝႉўϢϡϡ໤ಱњ

̘

1. ୺къѸѻю̖2. ୺мѸѻю̖3. ୺кѻю̖4. ୺къю й

ѭј

j) тѝӉҬӠҁ‫ܠ‬ш

̗೬л‫ވ‬о҂я̘

1. рѻџ̖2. љѸ̖3. ђюѸ̖4. ї кѻ

k) ཱིўӚҰҜ

ဈкљгќ̘

1. цкяр̖2. яр̖3. ярцк̖4. цкц йт

ч ѕ҂цѲ

l) A: љ҂і๕ђѕгѺѝ̞ | B: яђѕ̗૖ืଁл ћш

ћш

ћш

҂яѱ҂̟ ћш

1. ๩ѰѸѻю̖2. ๩ѮѸѻю̖3. ๩ѭѻю̖4. ๩ѻю

Review for Lessons 56–60 мѮ

ѻ҂ цѴе ѐѶе

m) ऄўгг޵౛якѸ

349

ы҂ ѥ

̗тѝᇄ ଵ ලҁವ࿥ଳѾѺтїл

імюѷ̟ 1. ть̖2. пѸг̖3. џкѹ̖4. щѓ

Kanji

઻०ჯ൉๳‫ืݲ‬഑ఋ଒ୄ )31:*

)321*

)324*

)325*

)326*

)332*

)333*

)347*

)348*

)349*

)34:*

৞ભရब۲ୁ‫ݍ‬౽ࢇ۠ॏ )351*

)352*

)353*

)354*

)2:8*

)356*

)357*

)359*

)35:*

)364*

)367*

27. Link each kanji with its kun’yomi reading.

ୄ

ўк)Ѻ*

ୁ

к҂л)зѺ*

઻

м)Ѻ*

۠

бѓ)ѭѺ*

౽

йѱ

ჯ

ї)е*

ब

ф)Ѻ*

৞

ю)ѕѺ*

଒

ш)ѯ*

ॏ

ўт)ѥ*

ࢇ

ттѼ)ѮѺ*

๳

тю)зѺ*

28. Choose the correct kanji or kanji combination for each reading. a) мѶќ҂̗ҢҮҠф҂ўуцѴч҂њзгуҁࢬзѕгѭцю̘

мѶќ҂̜1. ࢇ໤̖2. ၎໤̖3. ໤ࢇ̖4. ໤၎ цѴч҂̜1. ୄఒ̖2. ‫ܥ‬ఒ̖3. ଒ఒ̖4. ࣃఒ згу̜1. ۨট̖2. ۲ট̖3. ‫ܜ‬ট̖4. ‫ۮ‬ট тї џ

b)͋ццѶо͌їгеॳᄾў͋юѰцњܾкҁ௮ѨѺтї͌їге‫ژ‬Ⴎіш̘

ццѶо̜1. ૛௮̖2. ઻௮̖3. ૛‫̖ھ‬4. ઻‫ھ‬ юѰц̜1. ઻ц̖2. ૛ц̖3. ઻Ѱц̖4. ૛Ѱц

350

Review for Lessons 56–60

c) тѝцѓѱ҂ѝъгїеўܾішк̞

цѓѱ҂̜1. ૬ჯ̖2. ૬ࠑ̖3. ാჯ̖4. ാࠑ ъгїе̜1. બ৸̖2. ౘ৸̖3. ౘ๳̖4. બ๳ њ ѱѓ

d) тѝ‫ ݘ‬࿹ ўттњ୺гѕгѺчѴецѶње҂ьецљрѻџљѸљ

г̘ чѴецѶ̜1. ଒୳̖2. ࣃ୳̖3. ‫̖୳ܥ‬4. ୄ୳ е҂ье̜1. ᇆ࡮̖2. ۠࡮̖3. ᇆ೸̖4. ۠೸ e) тѝѱ҂ягўїоѨѓњѳфцоцѭшќ̟

ѱ҂яг̜1. ჲ൉̖2. ჯ൉̖3. ࠑ൉̖4. ဓ൉ їоѨѓ̜1. ບရ̖2. ૊ရ̖3. ളရ̖4. ૅရ 29. Choose the correct reading for each kanji combination. a) ьѝોबїбѝ૖ืଁў۲ਂі੝Ѹѻю࿹іухгѭш̘

ોब̜1. їмрг̖2. їрг̖3. чрг̖4. їерг ૖ืଁ̜1. чѕ҂цѲ̖2. чјецѲ̖3. цѕ҂цѲ̖4. цјецѲ ۲ਂ̜1. згпњ̖2. згуо̖3. згто̖4. згоњ щ

ц

b) ҿҴҗо҂ѝ࿔ఋї‫୸گ‬њ‫ืݲ‬ଢગѝาѧ৥мѭцю̘

࿔ఋ̜1. ѐѐйѳ̖2. Ѥц҂̖3. ѐѐц҂̖4. Ѥйѳ ‫̜ืݲ‬1. лгі҂̖2. кгѕ҂̖3. лгѕ҂̖4. кгі҂ ѵеѢ҂мѶо

c) бљю̟۠ງѝюѰњᄢဧࣀѭіေгѕ౽କҁ༘ђѕмѕояфгќ̘

۠ງ̜1. е҂ј̖2. ѻ҂је̖3. е҂је̖4. ѻ҂ј ౽କ̜1. ъђцѴ̖2. мѹцѴ̖3. ъђѕ̖4. мђѕ d) ᅑା̗৞ॸ޵ѝୁ‫ݰ‬лбѺѝі̗юоф҂ဨࢦцљрѻџљѹѭъ҂̘

৞ॸ޵̜1. ттло̖2. ттело̖3. тетло̖4. тетело ୁ‫̜ݰ‬1. цѴкг̖2. цѴекг̖3. чѴкг̖4. чѴекг

Review for Lessons 56–60

351

30. Write the kanji for the given furigana. ц

р҂

цѴе

ѐѴе

ѝюѰњဨࢦњ

a)

к

мѝе

цљрѻџљѸљг̘

цѴ

ц

b) ੡໓̗бѝᄖ჉љ

ў

њѭцю̘

юѕ ѱѝ

к

c) тѝ

эо

њўӋҢҗф҂ѝу йѳ

d) бѝ

т

ш

л

҂ігѺ̘

ѱ҂ яг

ўкѾгьея /// йѱ

e) тѝଁў̗

ўт

њ࿹ҁ зг у

f) йќлг̟

џкѹбѺ҂яѷќ . . . ѥѝњકѾѻѕгѺ̘

ею

ѝ

ею

ҁ

ђѕояфгѷ̟

31. There are some mistakes in these words, either in the kanji or in the matching hiragana. Can you correct them?

઻Ѱш юѰш

ရѻѺ кѾѻѺ

ఋᄐ

йѳїѱ

ࡲ०

югр҂

৞ત

цте

۠৥

е҂т

ᇨ൉

ягѾ

রื

кгѕ҂

ୄ௮

цѴцѶо

“Books to Span the East and West” Tuttle Publishing was founded in 1832 in the small New England town of Rutland, Vermont [USA]. Our core values remain as strong today as they were then—to publish best-in-class books which bring people together one page at a time. In 1948, we established a publishing outpost in Japan—and Tuttle is now a leader in publishing English-language books about the arts, languages and cultures of Asia. The world has become a much smaller place today and Asia’s economic and cultural inŌuence has grown. Yet the need for meaningful dialogue and information about this diverse region has never been greater. Over the past seven decades, Tuttle has published thousands of books on subjects ranging from martial arts and paper crafts to language learning and literature—and our talented authors, illustrators, designers and photographers have won many prestigious awards. We welcome you to explore the wealth of information available on Asia at www.tuttlepublishing.com. Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.

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Originally published as JAPONÉS EN VIÑETAS: VOLUMES 2 and 3 Copyright © 2023 by Marc Bernabé / Represented by NORMA Editorial S.A. Translation rights arranged by Sandra Bruna Agencia Literaria SL. All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form without the written permission of the publisher. All rights reserved.

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ISBN 978-4-8053-1694-8 ISBN 978-1-4629-2338-0 ebk, 1(2301IN) First edition, 2023

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Asia Paciŋc

Library of Congress Control Number: 2022940733

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Printed in Singapore

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