Learn Japanese: College Text — Volume II 9780824886363

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Lesson 1. Kaimono "Shopping"
Lesson 2. Daigakusei "College Students"
Lesson 3. Kabuki "Kabuki"
Lesson 4. Review (Lessons 1~3)
Lesson 5. Hanami "Flower Viewing"
Lesson 6. Norimono "Transportation"
Lesson 7. Toshokan de "At the Library"
Lesson 8. Review (Lessons 5~7)
Lesson 9. Nihon'go no Kyooshitsu "Japanese Classroom"
Lesson 10. Nihon no Kuni "The Country of Japan"
Lesson 11. Ryoori "Cooking"
Lesson 12. Review (Lessons 9~11)
Lesson 13. Tookyoo no Michi "Streets in Tokyo"
Lesson 14. Yama Nobori "Mountain Climbing"
Lesson 15. Review Drill and Exercise (Lessons 1~14)
Appendix I. Abbreviations
Appendix II. Sentence Structure (Phrase Structure)
Appendix III. Relationals
Appendix IV. Conjugation Table
Appendix V. Presentation and Dialog
Appendix VI. Glossary
Appendix VII. Index to Notes

Citation preview

Learn Japanese : College Text, Volume II

r$o

ft

7EJ

m

written by Mr. Yasunari Kawabata, who is the author of many well-known novels, including Yukiguni.

Mr. Kawabata received in 1961

the "Bunka Kunsho," an imperial award to distinguished men of

letters, and

president of the Japan Pen Club.

is

now

LEARN JAPANESE COLLEGE TEXT

VOLUME II

By John Young and Kimiko Nakajima

Published for University College, University of Maryland

The University Press of Hawaii X Honolulu

This volume is another in a series of Japanese language textbooks prepared by the Far East Division of the University College, University of Maryland and published by The University Press of Hawaii. It was first published and copyrighted in Japan under the Universal Copyright Convention. This edition is an authorized U.S. reprint. First published by the East-West Center Press 1968 Second printing 1968 Third printing 1969 Fourth printing 1970 Fifth printing by The University Press of Hawaii 1972 Sixth printing 1973 Seventh printing 1975 Eighth printing 1977 Ninth printing 1978 Tenth printing 1979

Copyright © in Japan, 1967, by the University of Maryland All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-64871 ISBN 0-8248-0069-9 Manufactured in the United States of America

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

vi

INTRODUCTION

vii

LESSON

1 Kaimono "Shopping"

LESSON

2 Daigakusei "College Students"

21

LESSON

3 Kabuki "Kabuki"

38

LESSON

4

Review (Lessons 1~3)

56

LESSON

5 Hanami "Flower Viewing"

66

LESSON

6 Norimono "Transportation"

84

LESSON

7

LESSON

8 Review (Lessons 5 ~ 7 )

126

LESSON

9 Nihon'go no Kyooshitsu "Japanese Classroom"

144

Toshokan de "At the Library"

1

110

LESSON 10 Nihon no Kuni "The Country of Japan"

164

LESSON 11 Ryoori "Cooking"

184

LESSON 12 Review (Lessons 9~11)

205

LESSON 13 Tookyoo no Michi "Streets in Tokyo"

220

LESSON 14

238

Yama Nobori "Mountain Climbing"

LESSON 15 Review Drill and Exercise (Lessons 1~14)

257

APPENDIX I

ABBREVIATIONS

268

APPENDIX II

SENTENCE STRUCTURE (Phrase structure)

269

APPENDIX III

RELATIONALS

269

APPENDIX IV

CONJUGATION TABLE

270

APPENDIX V

PRESENTATION AND DIALOG — Romanization and English Equivalent—

274

APPENDIX VI

GLOSSARY

289

APPENDIX VII

INDEX TO NOTES

300

vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are deeply indebted to the Japanese language faculty and administrative staff members of the University of Maryland's Far East Division and of the University of Hawaii who assisted in the preparation of this book. We especially wish to mention the following people whose assistance was the most valuable: Miss Yoshiko Ando, who assisted us in preparing the text and enriched it with her practical and valuable suggestions. Dr. Edgar A. Austin, who proofread the material and gave us his valuable suggestions. Dr. Ivan Benson, who edited the English portion of the text and offered his valuable suggestions. Mr. Keiichiro Okutsu, who reviewed our notes and gave us his valuable suggestions. Mr. Setsuo Sugimura, who provided his fine illustrations. Mr. Shozo Kurokawa and Mr. Keiichiro Okutsu, who gave us permission to use freely and adapt the content of LEARN JAPANESE — Pattern Approach.

Shirayuri Nikei Ike

ya

utsurite kaoru

— Seien —

The elegant reflection Of two white lilies; Now the pond is fragrant.

vii

INTRODUCTION This is the second volume of LEARN JAPANESE — College Text.

It begins where Volume I ends. The

use of Romaji — Romanized Japanese — is limited to a minimum, with Kana and Kanji used instead. In this volume, a total of 91 Kanji characters with 110 different readings are introduced. Any Kanji that has appeared in a previous lesson with a different reading, or any compound Kanji whose reading is especially derived as a result of a combination, is introduced with the number with which it was originally introduced. Most of the Kanji first appear in presentations and dialogs, but there are some that first occur in notes or drills. They are identified with an asterisk. In add'tion to the Kanji for "active" learning, we are introducing Kanji for "passive" learning, and to these Kanji, furigana — readings of the Kanji in small Hiragana characters — are attached. The student is required to identify and possibly reproduce the "active" Kanji, but the "passive" Kanji need not be memorized until they are introduced as the Kanji for active learning. It should be remembered that the introduction of Kanji is not meant to interfere with the student's efforts in building up his oral-aural capability, which is the focal target of this volume. Therefore, reproduction of Kanji should not be overemphasized at this stage. Lessons 1 through 3, 5 through 7, 9 through 11, and 13 and 14 constitute the main texts, while Lessons 4, 8, 12, and 15 are review lessons. The lesson arrangement of Volume I has been followed, with these exceptions: (1) A Presentation section has been introduced for each regular lesson, replacing the Useful Expression section of Volume I. This will enable the student to acquaint himself with the narrative style, leading eventually to the written style. (2) The Hiragana Practice section has been replaced by a Kanji section. (3) The Pronunciation Drill has been omitted. However, pronunciation practice should be pursued continually and any error must be corrected immediately. (4) Capital letters have been used for a segment of pattern sentences in order to indicate structural points to be taught in a lesson. (5) At the end of each main lesson, a section called Situational Conversation has been added to make sure that the student does not stay at the mim-mem stage but goes beyond it. Unless the student develops the so-called "selection" ability in generating utterances, he has not yet learned the language.

This

section should help the student to develop this ability after overlearning the lesson through dialog and drills. The situation described in the section should be read by the student before he comes to his class and he should be able to enact it in Japanese before his teacher.

LESSON 1

1

1.1

PRESENTATION It UA

^ ^

I CO —

TAl

TAOA

1.2

DIALOG

*i «2 ta OA /£ K ^ b o L ^ ^ t o * Lfclf i I i *iAtr * t < *3 *4 «5 [ViVZJ-W [ILv^t't^' oj TA, *6 *7 /£ I fcAtt 7« »8 *9 l~ frtzi LiOt'to A-a-C

sagashite

sashiagemasu

"give"

•

sashiagete

shimasu

"do"

>

shite

tabemasu

"eat"

>

tabete

urimasu

"sell"

>

utte

wasuremasu

"forget"

>

wasurete

yarimasu

"give"

•

yatte

yomimasu

"read"

>

yon'de

(arimasu*

"be"

(chigaimasu*

"differ"

(furimasu*

"fall"

(kuremasu*

"give"

-» >

atte*) chigatte*) futte*)

•

kurete*)

* T E forms of these Verbs are listed here, but the use of them is rather limited. They seldom occur in the patterns introduced in this lesson. 1.4.9

Misete kudasai means "Please show it to me or us." The T E form of a Verb plus the Predicate Extender kudasai, Verb(-te)+kudasai, formulates the polite imperative "please do such and such." Verb(-fe) + kudasai

Sore o misete kudasai.

"Please show it to me."

Kore o tabete kudasai.

"Please eat this."

Chotto matte kudasai.

"Please wait for a minute."

When kudasai is used as a Predicate by itself, without being preceded by the T E form, it is the imperative form of the Verb kudasaimasu, the polite equivalent of kuremasu "give to me," which has been introduced in Note 12.4.3, Vol. I. Kudasai without being preceded by the T E form means "please give me or us." The direct object of the Predicate kudasai will be followed by the Relational o and the indirect object will be followed by ni.

Watakushi ni sore O kudasai.

"Please give that to me."

Mittsu kudasai.

"Please give me three."

1.4.10 Ikura is the interrogative Nominative meaning "how much?" The way ikura is used is the same as that of ikutsu "how many?"

6

Kono rein'kooto wa ikura desu

?

"How much is this raincoat?"

Kore wa ikura deshita ka?

"How much was this?"

Okane ga ikura arimasu ka?

"How much money is there?" "How much money do you have?" "How much did you buy?"

Ikura kaimashita ka?

1.4.11 -En is the counter for "yen," the unit for Japanese currency. Counters for American currency units are -doru "dollar" and -sen'to "cent."

Sore wa ikura desu ka ?

"How much is that?"

Gosen'en desu.

"it is

five

thousand yen."

Chichi kara hyakudoru moraimashita. "I was given a hundred dollars by my father." Gosen'to kudasai.

"Give me five cents."

Like -satsu and -sai, some of the combinations of a numeral and -sen'to make sound change as follows: 1 issen'to 2 nisen'to 3 san'sen'to 4 yon'sen'to 5 gosen'to

6 rokusen'to 7 nanasen'to 8 hassen'to; hachisen'to 9 kyuusen'to 10 jissen'to; jussen'to

1.4.12 Kite* mimashoo here means "I think I'll try it on." The TE form plus the Predicate Extender mimasu < miru "try" forms the connotation "someone will do something and find out." The Extender mimasu conjugates like a Verb. mimasu mimasen mimashita Verb(-ftr) + < mimasen deshita mimashoo mite kudasai C h o t t o kite m i m a s h o o .

"I think I'll try it on for a short time."

Kore O tabete mimashoo.

"Let's eat this one and find out how it is."

Kono supootsu shatsu O kite

"Won't you wear this sport shirt and see how

mimasen k a ?

it fits

you?"

* The Verb kimasu "come" has the same TE form, kite, as the Verb kimasu "wear." The accent patterns and the Predicate Modifiers preceding kite mimasu will make it clear which meaning is. called for.

Kore o kite mimasen ka /

"Won't you try this on?"

Uchi e kite mimasen ka /

"Won't you come to my house and find out?"

7 1.4.13 Itadakimasu means "I'll receive it." Itadakimasu is a polite equivalent of moraimasu "receive; get." This word may be used to a superior or even to an equal to show politeness. Nominative -f kara + Nominative + o + f itadakimasu (person) (moratmasu

Kore O itadakimasu.

"I wil1 get [take] this one."

Donata kara itadakimashita ka ?

"From whom did you get it?"

1.4.14 The -gurai used immediately after a number is a dependent Nominative that indicates an approximate number or amount. -Gurai will correspond to "about," or "approximately." -Gurai may sometimes be pronounced -kurai by some Japanese.

Hyakuen gurai desu.

"It is about a hundred yen."

K o n o kyooshitsu ni g a k u s e i g a

"How many students are there in this classroom?"

nan'nin imasu ka? Juunin gurai imasu.

"There are about ten."

Sono zasshi wa ikura desu ka ?

"How much is that magazine?"

N i h y a k u e n gurai deshoo.

"I presume it will cost about two hundred yen."

Note that -gurai is never used to indicate approximate point of time. (See Note 2.4.18.) 1.4.15 Nikai is the combination of ni "two" and -kai, counter for "floor" or "story" as in "2nd floor" or "two storied house." -Kai may mean either a specific floor or number of floors. 1 2 3 4 5

ikkai* nikai san'gai yon'kai gokai

6 rokkai* 7 nanakai; shichikai 8 hakkai*; hachikai 9 kyuukai 10 jikkai*; jukkai

*The combination for these numbers is always -kkai. The basement is called chika: Basement 2 is chika nikai. N i k a i d e Utte i m a s u .

"They sell it on the second floor."

San'gai e i k i m a s h o o .

"Let's go to the third floor."

A n o t a t e m o n o w a n a n a k a i desu.

"That building has seven floors."

Pan ya koohii wa chika ni arimasu.

"Bread and coffee are in the basement."

1,4.16 Utte imasu means "(they) sell." The pattern, the TE form plus imasu, will be explained in Note 2.4.2. 1.4.17 Zen'bu de means "for everything" or "for all." The function of the Relational de after a quantity Nominative is often to totalize.

8

Zen'bu de ikura desu ka ?

"How much for everything?"

Ichidaasu de sen gohyakuen desu.

"They are 1,500 yen for a dozen."

Kore wa mittsu de hyakuen desu.

"These cost a hundred yen for three."

1.4.18 Doomo arigatoo gozaimashita means "Thank you very much for what you have done." This expression is the perfect tense form of Doomo arigatoo gozaimasu and is used to express someone's having done something (here, for the customer's having bought some articles).

1.4.19 Verb Classification

All Verbs are classified into the following four categories: 1. Vowel Verb:

the ending of the Base*1 form is a vowel.

2. Consonant Verb: the ending of the Base form is a consonant. (When Verbs are naraimasu, kaimasu, chigaimasu, etc., only the Pre-Nai*2 form of these Verbs contains a consonant as the ending of the Base. These Verbs should still be classified as Consonant Verbs.) 3. shimasu
mite

tabe(masu)

• tabete

(b) Consonant Verb depends on the final syllable of the Stem form of the Verb. When the final syllable of the Stem form is: (1) -i(masu)

tie replaces -i

e.g. kai(masu)

> katte

narai(masu) (2) -ki(masu)

• naratte ite replaces -ki

e.g. kaki(masu)

> kaite

Ikimasu is the only exception to this rule and becomes itte. ide replaces -gi

(3) -gi(masu) e.g. oyogi(masu)

> oyoide

isogi(masu)

> isoide

(4) -chi(masu), or -ri(masu) e.g. machi(masu)

> matte

kaeri(masu) (5) -shi(jnasu) e.g.

tte replaces -chi or -ri

> kaette add te to -shi

hanashi(masu)

(6) -bi(masu), -mi(masu), e.g. asobi(masu)

• hanashite or -ni(masu) • ason'de

nomi(masu)

> non'de

shini(masu)

> shin'de

(c) Irregular Verb (1) shimasu (2) kimasu

> shite • kite

n'de replaces -bi, -mi, or -ni

10

1.5

VOCABULARY Presentation -nado

Nd

etc.; and the like

TM^A, m

ten'in

..

N

(shop) clerk

£

kotoba

. .

N

speech; word; language

taihen

. . . . . . Adv.

teinei

. .

Na

polite

tsugi

. .

N

next; following

kyaku

. .

N

customer; guest; visitor

N

dialog; conversation

V

I shall give (see 1.4.1 and 1.4.2) (OO form of sashiagemasu # 4 " t o

3.

I t l n , fc^SLfco

Q

H=P

1.7 DRILLS 1.7.1

£

->

f ^ - F t ' it c

o T
katte imasu

"is buying"

kaimono shimasu

•

"is shopping"

kakimasu

> kaite imasu

"is writing"

ken'butsu shimasu

•

ken'butsu shite imasu

"is sightseeing"

kikimasu

•

kiite imasu

"is listening"

kimasu machimasu

> kite imasu

"is wearing"

+

"is waiting"

mimasu

> mite imasu

"is watching"

misemasu

•

"is showing"

naraimasu

> naratte imasu

kaimono shite imasu

matte imasu misete imasu

"is putting in"

"is learning"

24 nomimasu

•

ryokoo shimasu

> ryokoo shite imasu

non'de imasu

"is drinking" "is traveling"

sagashimasu

> sagashite imasu

"is looking for"

shimasu

•

sumimasu

> sun'de imasu

"is living"

tabemasu

•

tabete imasu

"is eating"

tsutomete imasu

"is employed"

shite imasu

"is doing"

tsutomemasu

»

urimasu

> utte imasu

"is selling" "sell

yomimasu

•

"is reading"

(2)

yon'de imasu

the result of an action exists or the state resulting from an action exists: "something has been done, and the result of that action exists," or "something is done." This usage is common among Verbs which are not continuative.

chigaimashita

chigatte imasu

"is different"

hairimashita

haitte imasu

"is in"

karimashita

karite imasu

"have borrowed"

kekkon shimashita

kekkon shite imasu

"is married"

kikimashita*

kiite imasu

"have heard"

kimashita*

kite imasu

"wear"

mochimashita

motte imasu

"have"

shirimashita

shitte imasu

"know"

wakarimashita

wakatte imasu

"is understood"

wasuremashita

wasurete imasu

"have forgotten"

* Most of the Verbs listed under the first usage may also indicate "the result of an action" under certain limited circumstances. Verbs such as kikimasu and kimasu, however, are used in either one of the two meanings rather regularly. The context usually makes it clear which meaning is called for.

Chichi wa ima gin'koo ni tsutomete imasu.

"My father is working for the bank now."

Boku wa ima arubaito imasen.

"I'm not working (I don't have a part-time job) now."

O

Yamamoto san wa mae Kyooto ni sun'de imashita.

"Mr- Yamamoto was living (used to live) in Kyoto before."

Eki de matte ite kudasai.

"Please be waiting at the station."

Kinoo no kuji goro nani imashita ka ? Terebi o mite imashita. 2.4.3

shite

O

shite

"What were you doing around nine o'clock yesterday?"

"I

was watching television."

The Relational ni as in natsuyasumi ni or nan'ji ni is used to indicate a specific point of time. Ni corresponds to "at" as in "at three o'clock," "in" as in "in 1966," or "on" as in "on Monday." The Relational wa or mo may follow ni, forming multiple Relational. (See 9.4.11, Vol. I.)

25 yasumi

"on vacation" "on a holiday"

haruyasumi

"during the spring vacation"

natsuyasumi

"during the summer vacation"

akiyasumi

"during the fall vacation"

fuyuyasumi

"during the winter vacation" ni

kugatsu

"in September"

nan'gatsu

"in what month?"

yoji

"at four o'clock"

nan'ji

"at what time?"

sen kyuuhyaku rokujuu rokunen

"in 1966"

nan'nen

"in what year?"

Natsuyasumi ni nani O shimasu ka?

"What are you going to do during the summer vacation?"

Kuji ni mo kite kudasai.

"Please come at nine o'clock also."

Note the difference between time Nominatives that require the time Relational ni and those which are used alone, such as kinoo, rainen, etc. 2.4.4

Arubaito (o) shimasu means "(a student's) work (for money)," or "do a side-job." Arubaito comes from "arbeit," a German word for "work."

2.4.5

Shichigatsu means "July," and hachigatsu "August." The name of months is the combination of a numeral and the dependent Nominative -gatsu. ichigatsu nigatsu san'gatsu shigatsu gogatsu rokugatsu

"January" "February" "March" "April" "May" "June"

shichigatsu hachigatsu kugatsu juugatsu juuichigatsu juunigatsu

"July" "August" "September" "October" "November" "December"

Nan'gatsu is the word for "what month?"

Nan'gatsu ni ryokoo shimashoo ka ? "In what month shall we take a trip?" Kon'getsu wa nan'gatsu desuka?

"What month is this month?"

Kon'getsu wa kugatsu desu yo.

"This month is September."

Sen kyuuhyaku rokujuu rokunen (no) shigatsu ni Yooroppa e ikimashita.

"I went to Europe in April, 1966.'

2.4.6

Shibaraku (desu nee) is used in the meaning of "It's been a long time since I last saw you," or "I haven't seen you for a long time."

2.4.7

Unlike in English, the name of a person such as Hayashi son can be used instead of anata or kimi "you" in Japanese. Here Hayashi san is used in a sentence directly addressed to Mr. Hayashi instead

26 of anata. person.

It is not hard to know whether the speaker is referring to the third person or the second

Ichiroo kun wa doko ni sun'de imasu ka ? 2.4.8

"Ichiro, where are you living?" (2) "Where is Ichiro living?"

The Verb tsutomemasu means "is employed," "serve in," or "work for (an organization)." The organization such as depaato "department store," gin'koo "bank" is always followed by ni.

Anata wa doko ni tsutomete imasu ka ?

Tookyoo Gin'koo ni tsutomete imasu. 2.4.9

U)

"What (organization, company, bank) are you working for?"

"I

am working for the Bank of Tokyo."

Hatarakimasu is a word for "work," or "labor." While tsutomete imasu means "is employed (by an organization) and work (for it)," hataraite imam merely means "is working" and often "is working physically." Hatarakimasu cannot be used in the meaning of "study."

Depaato de hatarakimashita.

"I

Haha wa ima niwa de hataraite imasu.

"My mother is now working in the garden."

worked at a department store."

2.4.10 Yukkuri is an Adverb meaning "leisurely," "slowly," or "take (one's) time." Yukkuri here means "Let's talk it over leisurely."

Yukkuri hanashite kudasai.

hanashimashoo

"Please speak slowly."

2.4.11 Ukagaimasu here is a polite equivalent of "visit (someone else's house)," or "go (to someone else's house)." Ukagaimasu is a motion Verb and is used like ikimasu.

Zehi (anata no uchi e) ukagaimasu.

"I

will visit (your house) by all means."

Kinoo sen'sei no tokoro e ukagaimashita.

"I

went to the teacher's (place) yesterday."

2.4.12 Shitte imasu means "[I] know it." The Verb shirimasu < shim is somewhat different in usage from other Verbs. Shirimasu means "get to know," or "come to know." Therefore, the state "someone does not know it" is expressed by the negative imperfect shirimasen "you haven't come to know," but never shitte imasen. Note that the negative expressions of "know" are formed differently from the affirmative expressions. shitte imasu shirimasen shitte imashita shirimasen deshita

"know" "do not know" "knew" "did not know"

Nihon'go o shitte imasu ka?

"Do you know the Japanese language?"

27

Hai, sukoshi shitte imasu.

"Yes, I know a little."

lie, shirimasen.

"No,

I don't

know

it."

2.4.13 Watashi no tokoro wa shitte imashita nel may mean not only "you KNEW my address, didn't you?," but it also can mean "you KNOW my address, don't you?" The reason why this Japanese sentence has the Predicate in the perfect tense is that it carries the connotation of "that WAS my understanding or memory."

Anata wa daigakusei deshita ne ?

(1) "You were a college student, weren't you?" (2) "According to my understanding, you are a college student. Am I right?"

The situation usually makes it clear which meaning is called for.

2.4.14 The expression "is living in (a place)" is expressed as ~ ni sun'de imasu. The Verb sumimasu "live" does not need any specific action except to be in that place and it represents something inactive like imasu and arimasu. Consequently, a place where one lives is never followed by de but by ni. (See 4.4.2, Vol. I.)

Mae no tokoro ni sun'de imasu.

"I am living in the same place where I used to live."

Doko ni sun'de imasu ka?

"Where are you living?"

Ima Oosaka ni sun'de imasu.

"I am now living in Osaka."

2.4.15 The Verb wakarimasu means "can find," "understand," or "is clear," and is an intransitive Verb. Therefore, WHAT is understood or WHAT can be found has to be followed by the subject Relational ga or wa.

Watashi no uchi wa sugu wakarimasu yo.

"You will discover my house easily."

When it is necessary to mention WHO understands, the Relational wa follows the person.

Anata wa nihon'go ga wakarimasu ka?

"Do you understand Japanese?"

2.4.16 Motte imasen means "do not have," and is a transitive Verb. Note that the Verb mochimasu < motsu means an action, "hojd," "own," etc. Therefore, the state of "have" would be expressed by motte imasu, the result of motsu, to hold.

Jidoosha wa motte imasen.

"I don't

Anata wa okane

"Do you have some money?"

O

lie, motte imasen.

motte imasu ka ?

have a car."

"No, I don't."

2.4.17 -Han is a dependent Nominative meaning "half," and is often attached to numbers such as goji "five o'clock," ichinen "one year," etc., to express the meaning "five-thirty," "one year and a half," etc.

28

Ima nan'ji desu ka?

"What time is it now?"

Yojihan desu.

"It's four-thirty."

Nihon ni ichinen'han sun'de imashita.

"I was living in Japan a year and a half."

2.4.18 -Goro is a dependent Nominative that occurs immediately after a time expression, and means an approximate point of time or "about." The time Relational ni that has been introduced in Note 2.4.3 may be replaced by -goro, or both -goro and ni may occur. In the latter case, -goro always precedes ni.

Nan'ji ni kimashita ka

?

"What time did you come?"

Niji goro (ni) kimashita.

" r came here about two o'clock."

Do not confuse the -goro "approximate point of time" with -gurai and -kurai "approximate amount or number."

Ohiru goro uchi e kaerimasu.

"I

Gohyakunin gurai imashita.

"There were about five hundred persons."

am going home about noon."

2.4.19 Jaa, mata ashita is used casually to mean "Well, see you tomorrow." equivalent to "See you (again)," or "So long."

2.5

Jaa, mata may be used as

VOCABULARY Presentation

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watakushi j j ^ j yon'da hon

"I read (it)" itta aruite ita kippu o katta

"the book I read" (went" "a person who jwas walking" (bought tickets'

hito

kaeshita ' karita moratta okane kashita mitsukatta,

returned" borrowed" "the money that [I] < received" lent" could find''

kono san'koosho o katta boku no sun'de ita

. tokoro

. , ([I] bought this reference book" "the place where ^ J u s e d Uve„

boku ga ben'kyoo shita] u .