La vye de seynt Fraunceys d'Assise (Ms Paris, BNF, fonds français 13505) 9780905474434, 0905474430

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LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Anglo-Norman Text Society Nos. LIX-—LX (for 2001-2)

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ANGLO-NORMAN TEXTS LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS D’ASSISE (MS PARIS, BNF, FONDS FRANCAIS 13505)

Edited by

D.W. RUSSELL with the collaboration of A.R. Harden

and H.S.F. Collins

LONDON Published and distributed by the ANGLO-NORMAN TEXT SOCIETY

from Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX 2002

© Anglo-Norman Text Society 2002

ISBN 0 905474 43 0

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Anglo-Norman Text Society.

Typeset and Printed by Nuffield Press Ltd. (Oxford) Bound by Green Street Bindery, Oxford

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PREFACE

The Anglo-Norman and

1275,

is the

Vye de seynt Fraunceys, written between

earliest

known

French

verse

translation

1273 of St.

Bonaventure’s Legenda maior, and is extant in a single manuscript, Paris,

Bibliothéque

nationale

de France,

fonds

fr. 13505.

It was

edited in 1942 at the Ecole des Chartes by Marcel Thomas in a thesis which remains unpublished. Work on an edition for the AngloNorman Text Society was begun in the 1970s by Robert Harden and Frank Collins, but the project lapsed before completion. Some two decades later, with the encouragement of my colleagues, I undertook to complete the task, basing my edition on a new transcription

and study of the manuscript, but having access to their files on the text.

I have profited as well from

the work of Marcel

Thomas,

to

whom go my thanks for lending me a copy of his thesis. Research on this project has been made possible by generous financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council

of Canada,

to whom

go

my

thanks,

as well

as

to

the

University of Waterloo for a subvention in aid of publication. I thank as well the Bibliothéque nationale de France for permission to publish the text from MS BNF fonds fr. 13505. I am grateful to the Master

and

Fellows

of Corpus

Christi

College,

Cambridge,

for a

Visiting Fellowship in Lent and Easter Terms 2000, which permitted me to pursue work on this edition. My gratitude is due to my collaborators for passing on to me their earlier work on the text, and

my particular thanks to Frank Collins for reading the draft of this edition, and to Robert Harden for his continuing support and encouragement. Finally, I am most greatly indebted to Professor Ian Short, President of the Anglo-Norman

Text Society, for his help in

preparing this edition for publication; in our discussion of the textI have much benefited from his enormous erudition and wide-ranging scholarship, which he deployed with his customary generosity and wit.

Vill

ABBREVIATED

TITLES

AND

L.W. Stone, W. Rothwell, T.B.W. Reid, et al, AngloNorman Dictionary (London, 1977-92).

Brooke (1959)

Rosalind B. Brooke, Early Franciscan Government: Elias to Bonaventure, Cambridge Studies in Medieval

Brooke (1970)

Life and Thought, N.S. VII (Cambridge, 1959). Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli, Sociorum S. Francisci:

the Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo, Companions of St. Francis, Oxford Medieval Texts, ed. & trans. Rosalind -B. Brooke (1970; rpt. with corrections

Oxford, 1990). 1 Cel; 2 Cel

Thomas

of Celano,

Vita Prima and

Vita Secunda S.

Francisci Assisiensis, in Analecta Franciscana X (192641), 1-117, 127-268; also trans. in D&V and Habig.

3 Cel

Cousins

Thomas Analecta

of Celano, Tractatus de Miraculis, in Franciscana X (1926-41), 269-331; also

trans. in Habig, and partially in D&V. Bonaventure, The Soul’s Journey into God. The Tree of Life. The Life of St. Francis, Classics of Western Spirituality, trans. & intro. Ewert Cousins (New York, 1978).

DEAF

K. Baldinger,

D&V

logique de Vancien francais (Tubingen & Quebec, 1974 — ). Saint Francois d’Assise: Documents, écrits et premieres biographies, rassemblés et présentés par les PP. T. Desbonnets, D. Vorreux, O.F.M. (Paris, 1968; ge?

F. Mohren,

et al., Dictionnaire étymo-

- rev. ed. 1981).

Fleming

W. von Wartburg, Franzdsisches etymologisches Worterbuch (Bonn-Leipzig-Basel, 1922 — ). John V. Fleming, An Introduction to the Franciscan

Gdf

F. Godefroy,

FEW

Literature of the Middle Ages (Chicago, 1977). Dictionnaire de Vancienne

langue fran-

caise (Paris, 1880-1902).

Habig

St. Francis of Assisi: Writings and Early Biographies. English Omnibus of the Sources for the Life of St. Francis, ed. Marion A. Habig, trans. R. Brown, et al. (1973;

4" rey. ed., Chicago, 1983). ix

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

LM

St. Bonaventure, Doctoris Seraphici S. Bonaventurae Legenda Maior S. Francisci, in Analecta Franciscana X (1926-41), 555-652; also trans. in D&V, Habig. St. Bonaventure, Doctoris Seraphici S. Bonaventurae

Legenda Minor S. Francisci, in Analecta Franciscana X (1926-41), 653-78; also trans. in D&V, Habig.

Moorman

John Moorman,

A History of the Franciscan Order,

from its origins to the year 1517 (Oxford, 1968).

MED

The Middle English Dictionary, eds. R. E. Lewis, S. Kuhn, H. S. Kurath

Ménard

P. Ménard, (Bordeaux,

OED

(Ann Arbor, 1952 - 2002).

Syntaxe de Vancien francais, 4°" ed. 1994).

The Oxford English Dictionary, 2°" ed., eds. J. Simpson, E. Weiner (Oxford, 1989).

Pinder (1985)

Janice

M. Pinder,

Assisi contained

‘The

fonds francais 19531, thesis, Oxford, 1985.

Pinder (1995)

Pope

Lives

in MSS

of Saint

Bibliotheque

2094,

and

Francis

of

Nationale

13505,’

D.Phil.

The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi: a critical edition of the Ms Paris, Bibl. Nat. fonds francais 2094, ed. Janice M. Pinder (Rome, 1995). M. K. Pope, From Latin to Modern French ... (1934; rev. ed. 1952, rpt. Manchester, 1973).

Thomas

Marcel Thomas, ‘Recherches sur les légendes francaises de saint Francois d’Assise; édition de la version anglo-normande (Ms. Bibl. nat., fr. 13505),’ thése, Ecole Nationale des Chartes (Paris, 1942). ° A. Tobler, E. Lommatzsch, Altfranzdsisches Worterbuch (Berlin and Wiesbaden, 1925 — ).

Trésor

Trésor de la langue francaise: dictionnaire de la langue du XIXe et ‘du XXe siécle, eds. P. Imbs, B. Quemada (Paris, 1971-94).

INTRODUCTION 1. HISTORICAL AND LITERARY CONTEXTS

Francis of Assisi and the Creation of the Order Born in Assisi, in 1181 or early 1182, son of Pica and Pietro Bernardone, baptized Giovanni, but later named Francesco by his father, the man we now know as Saint Francis of Assisi died in the

evening of October 3 1226, and was buried on October 4 in Assisi in great honour in the church of San Giorgio. He was canonized in 1228, and his body was translated in 1230 to the large new basilica in

Assisi built in his name. Son of awealthy cloth merchant, Francis was expected to continue in his father’s trade, in which he was trained as a young man. He also

participated in the civil war in 1202 between Assisi and Perugia. In the years 1204-6, however, he suffered illness, and underwent a series

of experiences which led to his religious vocation. By 1208 Francis had begun attracting followers to his simple evangelical way of life, and with

eleven

followers

he made

the first formalization

of his

religious order in 1209 when he sought papal approval for his fledgling movement. The Order continued steadily to grow in popularity, and at the time of his death in 1226, the Franciscan movement comprised three orders, the Order of Friars Minor, the Order of Minoresses (also called Clarisses, or Poor Clares, after St. Clare, the first member), and the lay Order of Penitents, and the

number of followers of Francis was in the thousands throughout Europe and the Holy Land. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the number of Franciscans in the three Orders is estimated as at least a million world-wide.' During his lifetime, Francis, although simple and unlearned, had written, or dictated, a number of texts for both administrative and

religious Franciscan

purposes, Rule,

and

letters

extant

two

the

including

of admonition

versions

and

of the

blessing.

Best

known, of course, are his poetic prayers, both in Latin and the vernacular, the most famous being his Canticle of Brother Sun, written

in 1225, in the Umbrian dialect.”

_

.

' Barry Unsworth, Sunday Times (London), 23 April 2000, Section 8, p. 36.

2 See Francois d’Assise, Ecrits: texte latin [. . .] traduction, notes et index, eds. T. Desbonnets, J.-F. Godet, T. Matura, D. Vorreux (Paris, 1981); also L. S. Cunningham,

Saint Francis of Assisi (Boston, 1976), pp. 13-76.

1

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

2

Brief Chronology of the Life of St. Francis°

1181, or early 1182: born in Assisi 1199-1202: civil war in Assisi, and then between Assisi and Perugia; Francis is held prisoner; becomes ill; ransomed by his father 1204: recovers from long illness; en route to join battle in Apulia,

Francis has a vision at Spoleto 1205: vision at San Damiano; conflict with his father 1206-8: brought before the bishop of Assisi by his father, whom

he

renounces; begins a solitary life helping lepers, and rebuilds San Damiano, San Pietro and the Portiuncula

1208: begins preaching poverty and penance; attracts followers; divides his group of eight brothers into four separate missions 1209: writes the primitive rule for eleven followers; seeks papal approval 1210: possible date of the founding of the Order of Penitents 1211: Francis goes to Dalmatia; his attempt thwarted 1212: Clare is established at San Damiano

to reach

the East is

1213-14: en route to Morocco, Francis is forced by illness to return to Assisi

1217:

the

brothers

Chapter attend;

General Francis

at Portiuncula sets off on

at Pentecost;

mission

to France,

5000 but is

persuaded to stay in Italy 1219: Francis sails from Ancona to Acre and Damietta 1220: meeting with the Sultan at Damietta; returns to Italy, resigns as

Minister General, appointing Peter Catanii as his Vicar 1221: death of Peter Catanii; Elias of Cortona appointed Vicar; first Rule

1223: second Rule is approved by pope; Christmas eve at Greccio 1224: mission to England; Elias has vision that Francis has two years

to live. Francis fasts at Monte La Verna; receives stigmata 1225: Francis is treated for blindness at San Damiano; writes Canticle of Brother Sun; continues treatments for illness 1226: returns to the Portiuncula to die; buried October 4

1227:

Hugolino,

protector

of the Franciscans,

elected

Gregory IX

1228: Francis is canonized at Assisi, July 16, by Gregory IX 1230: his body is translated to the new Basilica, May 25 > D&V, pp. 1359-63, and Habig, pp. xi-xiv, give more details.

as Pope

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

3

Early Ministers General and Early Latin Biographies Biographical texts in Latin began to be immediately

after the death

of Francis,

in an

written

attempt

almost

to record

and explain his extraordinary life and teachings, as well as to define the nature and practices of the Franciscan Order. The exact relationship of the extant Latin sources for the life of St. Francis is still a matter of debate among modern historians, and has generated much scholarly publication in the last century. In order to attempt to give a broad outline of these texts, and the circumstances in which they were produced, it will be helpful to review briefly the early successors to Francis as leaders of the Franciscan movement.* The notion of leadership within the Order was complicated by Francis

during

his lifetime,

when

he renounced

his own

role as

leader, declaring that he would henceforth be subservient to his vicar. Francis first appointed Peter Catanii as Vicar (1217/18-1221),

then Elias of Cortona (1221-27). After the death of Francis, it was not Elias, chosen by Francis as his

chief lieutenant, but John Parenti whom the Chapter General elected as Minister General (1227-32). Parenti increased support for learning within the Order, as well as accepting new papal privileges, and strengthening administrative structures. During this time, Pope Gregory IX commissioned Elias of Cortona to build a basilica in Assisi to honour Francis, and at the time of the canonization in 1228

Gregory also commissioned Francis.

This was

the

Thomas

of Celano

Vita prima, begun

to write a life of

in 1228, completed

and

approved by the pope in February 1229. It was followed, around 1230, by a summarized version for choral use (Legenda ad usum chor).

In 1232 Minister General John Parenti was succeeded by Elias, in irregular circumstances. A lay brother, Elias aggressively sought funds for the new basilica during his generalate. His private life became very princely, incurring disapproval within the Order, and his administrative style, which excluded consultation with the mainly clerical Provincial Ministers, inspired even greater opposition. In 1239, in response to provincial deputations, Pope Gregory IX deposed Elias and expelled him from the Order. When Elias then 4 The following discussion is based largely on Brooke (1959).

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

a

attached himself to the court of Emperor Frederick II, refusing to submit to the authority of the Order, he was also excommunicated,

completing his disgrace. His successors were Albert of Pisa (1239-40),-and on his death, the

Englishman Haymo of Faversham (1240-44); both were learned clerics and experienced administrators who supported learning and initiated many constitutional reforms within the Order. At the time of Haymo’s death in 1244, suppression of rebellious brothers, the zelanti, who advocated a simpler, more apostolic way of

life,

had

already

Provincial

Minister

begun

Minister,

General

in

the

Crescentius

(124447).

March of Jesi,

During

his

of Ancona who

was

generalate,

under next

the

elected

Crescentius

issued an appeal for new accounts of Francis” life from all who had known him, to be used as a basis for a new life to be written by Thomas

of Celano. This was the Vita secunda, which was completed

before July 13, 1247, the date of the General

Chapter in Lyon.

Three of the early companions of Francis, Leo, Angelo, and Rufino,

responded in 1246 to the appeal for texts, and their writings have persisted, in part at least, in the later derivative compilations now known as the Legend of the Three Companions, and the Speculum perfectionis, as well as in two manuscripts from Perugia, known as the

Anonymous of Perugia, and the Legend of Perugia. The exact relationship between these texts remains a matter of debate.” What is obvious, however, is that Thomas for his Vita secunda,

in which

of Celano used these submissions

he clearly wanted

to attenuate

the

importance of Elias of Cortona in the early history of the Franciscans, using circumlocutions to avoid mentioning Elias by name.° Using these new submissions, Thomas of Celano also wrote his Tractatus de miraculis, completed in 1253. In addition to these early biographies originating from within the Order, there was a Vita sancti Francisci written by Julian of Speyer, chaplain to Louis VIII of France, composed between 1232 and

1235,

and

a Latin verse

life by Henri

d’Avranches,

written

° See D&V, pp. 5, 7-19 for a brief discussion of current scholarship. Fleming, pp. 31-59, gives a succinct account of the Franciscan question, and critical problems; see also Brooke (1970) pp. vii-xi, 3-72; and R.B. Brooke, ‘Recent Work on St Francis of Assisi,’ Analecta Bollandiana 100 (1982), 653-76. ® See Brooke (1959), pp. 8-20, on the treatment of Elias in 1 Cel and 2 Gel.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

about the same time. Celano’s Vita prima.’

Both

At the Chapter General

were

based

2

closely on

Thomas

in 1247, Crescentius was removed

of

from

office, and John of Parma elected in his stead (1247-57). John was popular with all the factions within the Order, and dealt with both over-indulgent and over-zealous brothers, as well as with the conflict

between the mendicants and the secular masters at the University of Paris. When John resigned under papal criticism of his Joachimite sympathies, he was replaced by another academic intellectual, Bonaventure

(1257-74),

his pupil whom

he had

suggested

as his

successor. Bonaventure,

later

to be canonized

himself

(in 1482), was

a

leading intellectual of the time. Born Giovanni Fidanza, of Bagnoregio, he began study at the University of Paris in 1234, and entered the Franciscan Order in 1243. He taught at the University of Paris from 1248 until his nomination as Minster General of the Franciscans in 1257. He declined nomination to the archbishopric of York in 1265. In 1273 he accepted the nomination as cardinal bishop of Albano, and died on July 15 1274 while at the Council of Lyon.® At the first Chapter General during his generalate, in 1260 at Narbonne, Bonaventure was given the commission to write a new life of Francis, based on all the earlier known lives. In 1263 Bonaventure

had completed his Legenda maior and the shortened version destined for liturgical use

(seven

chapters,

each with nine

lessons),

now

known as the Legenda minor. Copies were presented to each of the thirty-four provincial ministers present at the Chapter General in Pisa in 1263, and the Chapter General in Paris in 1266 approved the

Legenda maior as the only official biography, and ordered the suppression of all the earlier lives. Furthermore, every Franciscan friary was to be supplied with a copy of the Legenda maior, a decision which effectively meant that there were some two thousand copies in 7 Julian of Speyer, Vita Sancti Francisci, and Henri d’Avranches, Legenda Versificata, both ed. M. Bihl O.F.M., in Analecta Franciscana X , fasc. 4 (1936), 335-71, 405-88. See also Pinder (1995), pp. 7-15, and Brooke (1959), p. 9, n. 2, for comments on the

differences between the vitae by Julian of Speyer and Thomas of Celano. The date of

the text by Henri d’Avranches is given variously as ca.1232-34 (Habig, p. vii), or 1229 (D. Vorreux, ‘Francois d’Assise et la littérature francaise’, in Dictionnaire des lettres at? francaises: le Moyen Age (Paris, rev. ed., 1992), p. 463). On Bonaventure,

see Cousins, pp. 2-11; on his role as Minister General, Brooke

(1959), pp. 270-85; Moorman, pp. 140-54.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

6

the mid-fourteenth century. hundred are extant.”

Of

these

about

manuscripts,

four

Medieval French Translations of the Life of St Francs There are four extant Medieval French verse translations of the Life of St. Francis, as well as one verse fragment, and one

prose version

which seems to be a miseé en prose of an earlier verse life. Three are based

on the Vita prima of Celano, and three derive from the Legenda maior. These are (using the conventional sigla, first proposed by Thomas) e 1. A = MS Paris BNF ffr 19531, 4766 octosyllabic lines, in the Picard dialect, text datable to 1235-47, based on_1 Cel

2. B = MS

Paris BNF

Burgundian

dialect, text datable

ffr 2904,

4679

octosyllabic

to 1235-47, based

lines, in the on

1 Cel and

Julian of Speyer.'” 3. Al = MS Paris BNF ffr 2903, a Picard version, owned by a convent

of Clarisses in Amiens at the beginning of the 14™ century; closely related to A, but includes material from later sources./° 4. C = MS Paris BNF ffr 13505, the earliest Anglo-Norman version, based on the LM. This we edit below. The text is datable to 1273-75,

and has 8727 (mainly) octosyllabic lines.'* 5. D = MS London BL Additional 43688 W, a fragment of 134 lines, in Anglo-Norman, discovered in 1933; based on C and another source. It has sometimes been attributed to Nicole Bozon.!° EsD&V, Ppp: 549, 559; Habig, pp. 615, 626; Cousins, pp. 37-41. 10 See Ecole Nationale des Chartes, Position des théses ... de 1942 (Nogent-le-Rotrou,

1942), pp. 113-18 (a summary of Thomas’s thesis); D&V, pp. 1393-94, lists known vernacular versions (see Pinder (1995), p. 3, note 2, for additions). Marc Boriosi,

“Traduire le franciscanisme: introduction aux premieres “vulgarisations” des légendes de saint Francois d’Assise (France - Italie, XIIle-XVe siécles)’, Collectanea Franciscana 67 (1997), 389-430, surveys French (following Thomas, D&V and Pinder) and Italian translations. "1 Ed. as a doctoral

thesis at Munster,

by A. Schmidt,

La Vie saint Franchois

nach

manuscrit frangais 19531 der Nationalbibliothek in Paris (Leipzig, 1905); comments on this edition

are

given by A. Liedloff,

‘Uber

die Vie saint Franchois,’

Romanische

Forschungen 29 (1911), 72-130.

. '? Pinder (1995). Thomas proposed that A preceded B; Pinder demonstrates that the

two texts are related, but shows that B could have preceded A.

i See Boriosi, op.cit., pp. 396-97, who summarizes Thomas’s analysis. See Anglo-Norman Literature: a Guide to Texts and Manuscripts, eds. R.J. Dean, M.M.B. Boulton (London: ANTS, 1999), § 525.

'® Ed. Louise Stone, ‘Fragments d’une Vie de saint Francois d’Assise en vers anglonormands’, Archivum Franciscanum Historicum XXXI

(1938), 48-58.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

6. E = MS Paris BNF ffr 9762, version, based on the LM.

a mise en prose of an

There are as well a number of early French prose based on 1 Cel, Julian of Speyer, and the LM. The latter of the early independent prose versions, while the more versions found in prose legendaries use 1 Cel and Julian

a

earlier verse

translations, is the source abbreviated of Speyer.'®

2. THE MANUSCRIPT?” The physical description of MS C, the unique witness of our text, is as follows:

Parchment, 210/211 x 140/142 mm. iii (paper) + 3 (ff. 1-3, xiv s.) + 58 (ff. 4-61, last quarter xiii s.) + iv (paper). Modern foliation, 1-61.

Collation: 1° (ff. 1-3), 21? (ff. 415), 3°-5° (ff. 16-39), 6! (ff. 40-51), Vina tie 52-61). There is one catchword at f. 3lv (quire 4); stitching is visible in the central bifolium of quires 3, 5, 6 and 7. Folios 1-3, written across the page, contain an extract from Les Voeux du Paon.'® Folios 4-61, in two columns per page, 38 lines per

column, contain the Vye de seynt Fraunceys, with a verse table of the chapters on 4 recto; 4 verso is blank; the Vye proper begins f. 5r, and ends f. 46va; the text of the Miracles section, ff. 46vb-6lvb, is incomplete, lacking one miracle, and presumably one folio, at the end. Folios 461 have been trimmed close to the text, resulting in the

excision of part of the flourishes extending into the top margin, or of letters from notes in the side margins. The justification of the writing-block is 115 x 170 cm, with some variation.

There is a pen trial at the bottom of f. 45 verso, and a change of 16 These are discussed in Thomas, pp. 114-37 (résumé in Position des théses, pp. 116-17); D&V divide them into four groups, F, G, H, I: of these F (MSS. Paris, BNF ffr 430 and 9760), and G (MSS. Paris, BNF ffr 1681, and 13506; Poitiers, 254; London, BL Royal 16.E.XII) are based on the LM. See also Boriosi, pp. 402-5, and D. Vorreux, Frangois

d’Assise dans les Lettres francaises (Paris, 1988), pp. 3438. '” For earlier descriptions see H. Omont, Catalogue général des manuscrits francais, Ancien supplément francais, I: Nos. 13901-15369, Paris, 1896; F. Avril, P. Danz Stirmemann, Manuscrits enluminés d'origine insulaire, VIIe-XXe siécle (Paris, Bibliotheque nationale, 1987), pp. 61, 81, 117.

18 Written by Jacques de Longuyon, about 1310; Thomas, p. 74, identified the passage as corresponding to ll. 1626-1875 from the Ritchie edition; see The Buik ofAlexander ... by John Barbour, vol. Il, ed. R.L. Graeme Ritchie, Scottish Text Society, N.S. no. 17 (Edinburgh & London, 1921).

8

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

hand at f. 52 recto. Chapter initials (usually 4 lines high, sometimes extending to 6 or 10 lines, with long flourishes) are alternately blue or red, with flourishes in red or blue; the initial letter of each line is touched in red, ff. 4-51 (this is very visible on f. 4, faint on ff. 5-23;

there is a change of ink colour at f. 24r, along with more visible red touches ff. 24r-5lv). There is no incipit to the text on f. 5r; it may have been trimmed off along with the top of the first large initial letter of the text. Annotations: p. ii recto, has a modern binding note: ‘Volume de 61 Feuillets 21 Novembre 1894’. Folio 4 recto, written in the top margin across both columns: ‘Suppt. fr. n° 2634’; the text of f. 4rb ends at |. 24, followed by the Bibliotheque Royale circular stamp, below which is a note in a 17'-century hand : ‘Vita et miracula sancti. Francisci Fratres Minorum patriarcha’, followed by a note in a modern hand, ‘Ce ms. a fait partie du ms. n° 115 de Saint Evroul’; in

the bottom left margin is the ‘registre d’achat’ annotation,

‘R.B.

2488} 1839”.'9 Provenance of C

It is known that in the 17" century C formed part of MS 115 of the library at the Norman Abbey of Saint-Evroul. The two separate parts of MS 115, along with another manuscript from Saint-Evroul, also written in England in the 13" century, were purchased from a Parisian bookseller. on October 31 1839 by the Bibliotheque Nationale.”° '° The note in the 17th-century hand is probably due to Dom Bellaise, author of a catalogue

of the

manuscripts

at Saint-Evroul,

compiled

in

1682,

in which

our

manuscript is given the shelf mark ‘115’. This catalogue is now MS Paris BNF Latin 13073. For details on the ‘registre d’achat’ numbers, see next Note. °° The third was no. 127 in the 17th-century catalogue of the library at Saint-Evroul, now BNF ffr 13513 (MS P of ed. E. Walberg, Garnier de Pont Sainte-Maxence, La Vie de saint Thomas le martyr, Lund, London,

Leipzig, Paris, 1922, Paris, 1936; MS P alone

gives an epilogue in which Garnier lists his patrons at Canterbury). Of the three, the earliest in date is BNF ffr 13513 (dated 1220-30 by Avril and Stirnemann), the other two manuscripts date from the last quarter of the 13th century. My thanks to Patricia Stirnemann, Institut d’Histoire et de Recherche des Textes, Paris, for the explanation

of ‘registre d’achat’ annotations which confirm that the date of purchase of all three manuscripts was that given (for L only) in E. J. Arnould, Le ‘Manuel des Péchés’ (Paris, 1940), p. 380. The ‘registre d’achat’ annotations are ‘R.B. 2487}1839, R.B. 2488}1839, R.B. 2489}1839’ for MSS 14959, 13505, and 13513, respectively. All three were rebound 21 Noy. 1894, in the same format, in red moroccan, with gold geometric decoration.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

3)

The following details of L, the second part of MS Saint-Evroul 115,

allow us better to situate manuscript C in its historical context: L = Paris BNF ffr 14959 Parchment, 210 x 140 mm. iv (paper) + 64 (ff. 1-62, last quarter

xiii s.; f. 64 xiv s.) + iv (paper). Collation: 1° (ff.1-8), 2!° (ff. 9-18), 3°? (66.1930), :4) eB 1-40) y52.6"? UF 41:64), Gatchwords are tised at the end of quires 1-3; the stitching is visible in the central bifolium

of quires 4-6. Folios 1-62 contain William of Waddington’s Manuel des Péchés,”' written in two columns, 44 lines per column; f. 63 is blank; f. 64 recto has 30 lines, written across the page, from Les Voeux du Paon, which follow immediately the lines from this text in ff. 1-3 of C;”? £. 64 verso

is blank, except for the number ‘115’. The divisions in the Manuel des Péchés made by coloured initials and rubrics are further marked by marginal notations ranging from pointing hands, paraph marks, and subtitles (‘exemplum’), to _ double obliques (//) such as are also found in C. Modern annotations: p. iv verso: ‘Cet ouvrage a fait partie du ms. no.

115 de la Bibliotheque

de saint Evroul’. Folio Ir, in top right

margin: ‘A. Supplt. fr. n° 2635’; in the bottom margin of col. a is the

number ‘115’, beneath which is the modern ‘registre d’achat’ note and in the bottom margin of col. b is the modern shelf mark ‘Francais 14959’. 2! We use the modern form of the title; there is no published critical edition of the text, extant in 25 manuscripts and 2 fragments. M. Sullivan has published new details on the career of William of Waddington, and on the popularity of the Manuel des Péchés, in a series of articles Audiences of the Manuel Oxford, 1990; see ‘Readers ‘The Author of the Manuel

based on his doctoral thesis, “The Origin and Subsequent des Péchés and its Middle English Descendants’, D.Phil., of the Manuel des Péchés’, in Romania 113 (1992-95), 233-42; des Péchés’, in Notes and Queries 236 (1991), 155-57; ‘A Brief

Textual History of the Manuel des Péchés’, in Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 93 (1992), 337-46; ‘Historical Notes on some

Readers

of the Manuel des Péchés and its Middle

English Descendants’, in Scriptorium 46 (1992), 84-86. See also Arnould, cited above, and A. Bennett, ‘A Book Designed for a Noblewoman: An Illuminated Manuel des Péchés of the Thirteenth Century’, in Medieval Book Production: Assessing the Evidence. Proceedings ... 1988, ed. L. Brownrigg (Los Altos, CA, 1990), pp. 163-81, and col. plate V, between pp. 145-46. 22 These lines, now scarcely legible, correspond to Il. 1876-1907 of the Ritchie edition. Thomas had not seen L at the time he wrote his thesis, nor is the source of this fragment identified in the BNF catalogue. Arnould, in his description of L, cited

above, stated that it contained only the Manuel des Péchés.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

10

Origin of the Voeux du Paon fragment proposed that the fragment at

In his study of C, Marcel Thomas

the beginning might have been added after MS Saint-Evroul 115 was divided,

at the time

presumably

of the Revolution.

However,

the

17-century catalogue shelf mark, ‘115’ (written, I believe, in Bellaise’s hand), is found both at the beginning (f. 1 is late 13° century) and end of L (f. 64 is part of the 14-century fragment). This suggests that the Voeux du Paon fragment was part of MS 115 at the time that Bellaise wrote his catalogue. Since it is likely that the shelf mark would be written at the beginning and end of the manuscript, it seems probable that the contents of MS 115 were the

Manuel des Péchés, followed by C, followed by f. 64 of L.?° The text preserved in the Voeux du Paon fragment seems already to have been separated into two sections, with the first three folios (ff. 1-3 of C) placed at the beginning of the Vye de seynt Fraunceys, and the final folio (f. 64 of L) placed at the end. All four leaves of the 1

century fragment are discoloured, and the ink is very faded, making the text barely legible; the leaves are also slightly narrower than the remainder of the manuscript. There is a scribal mark (a circled dot)

in the top left margin of f. lr of C, a second mark (a cross with barred ends) at the bottom right margin of f. 3v of C, which is repeated

in

the

top

left margin

of f. 64r

of L, to

mark

the

continuation of the text from the bottom of f. 3v of C. These marks suggest that f. 64 of L was already separated from the preceding text, and it would seem that this fragment was copied in the 14" century on blank parchment leaves that were used as fly-leaves for the Vye de seynt Fraunceys. At the time when MS 115 was subdivided for sale, the final folio seems merely to have been detached and placed at the end of the first half of MS 115, now L.

Although one can establish the collation of C and L in their modern

bindings

by the

presence

of catchwords,

and _ visible

stitching, the bindings are too tight to allow one to examine closely how the leaves containing the fragment from the Voeux du Paon have been attached to their present manuscripts. *5 Bellaise omits mention of this fragment in his catalogue, and introduces a ghost title. The MS bears a 17th-century title ‘Tractatus de sacramentis’, written in the margin of f. 40ra, at the beginning of Book V of the Manuel des Péchés. Bellaise erroneously cites this as a new work, the ‘traité des sept sacremenz’, which he lists between the Manuel and the Life of St. Francis.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

11

The English Origins of MS C All the constituent parts of MS Saint-Evroul Insular hands, but the date at which

115 are written in

the manuscript(s)

became

a

part of the library at Saint-Evroul remains unknown, as well as whether the parts were joined together in Normandy or in England. Although the Manuel des Péchés and the Vye de seynt Fraunceys are very similar works, written in and for the same cultural and religious milieu at very similar dates, the physical details of the manuscripts show that they were created separately. That these English manuscripts eventually were held at SaintEvroul is not surprising, given the historical links between the abbey and England. Saint-Evroul flourished after its refounding in the mideleventh century and it was granted extensive land holdings in England by the Norman followers of William the Conqueror.”* The career of Orderic Vitalis at Saint-Evroul demonstrates both the importance of the abbey as a leading intellectual centre, and the close relations that existed between Normandy and England after the Conquest. Orderic, son of an English mother and a French father who had been granted land at Shrewsbury, had been sent as a ten year old child oblate to be raised at the abbey, where he later

became a noted historian, whose work is a major source of our knowledge of the period.”” The priory of Ware, in Hertfordshire, became the principal centre

of contact between Saint-Evroul and England, since the prior of Ware managed the extensive English holdings on behalf of the Norman abbot. The priory of Ware was an additional benefaction of Hugh

of Grandmesnil

to the Norman

abbey in the jin

century;

*4 There exist a number of archives relating to SaintEvroul: see Louis Duval (pseud. René de la Noé), Inventaire sommaire des archives départementales antérieures a 1790. Orne. Archives écclésiastiques. Série H, Alengon, I (1891), 123-951; an example (p. 189) is a roll

(document H 897) dated 1272 which lists all the revenues from England. See also J. Round,

Calendar of documents preserved in France,

1 (London,

1899), 218-31.

Some

twenty-three place names are given in a list of the English possessions of Saint-Evroul, in Société historique et archéologique de l’Orne, Orderic Vital et Vabbaye de Saint-Evroul: notices et travaux... fétes du 27 aotit 1912 (Alencon, 1912), pp. 179-80.

25 See M. Chibnall, The World of Orderic Vitalis (Oxford, 1984); also The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. M. Chibnall, 6 vols. (Oxford,

1969-80), particularly

‘Orderic Vitalis and Saint-Evroul,’ I, 1-44. See also Léopold Delisle, “Notice sur Orderic Vital,’ in Orderici Vitalis ecclesiasticae historiae libri tredecim, ed. A. Le Prévost, Société de l’Histoire de France, 5 vols. (Paris, 1838-55), pp. i-cvi (written in 1855, but bound either as a preface to vol. I, or to vol. V); rpt. V (New York, 1965), pp. i-cvi; also reprinted in Orderic Vital et Vabbaye de Saint-Evroul (Alencon, 1912), pp. 1-78.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

12

Hugh had also retained the right of residency for himself and his ; h heirs in the manor at the priory of Ware.”° In the 13 century the manor

had passed to Countess

Margaret Beaumont

of Winchester,

who built herselfa hall and chapel within the precincts of the priory at Ware, in which she held manorial courts. Her granddaughter of Bohun,

Joan, wife of Humphrey

became

lady of the manor

in

1271, and extended the lay buildings within the priory. The priory continued to prosper into the 14 century, as is demonstrated by the large retinue of ten monks who accompanied the prior of Ware on a at

3

visit to France, recorded in 1343.

27

Although the Priory at Ware was flourishing as a religious house at the time when C and L were produced, and was actively used in this

period by aristocratic women who would be likely patrons for vernacular manuscripts such as the Manuel des Péchés*® and the Vye de seynt Fraunceys, there remains no evidence linking these manuscripts either to Ware or to Saint-Evroul before Bellaise’s catalogue in 1682. A modern study.of the medieval Benedictine abbeys-in Normandy has shown that most of the manuscripts of English origin held by these libraries came from Winchester and Canterbury, and there were constant exchanges between Norman abbeys and England in the 11™ and 12" centuries.” Despite the decline in monastic copying of manuscripts in the 13'" century, the Norman monastic libraries continued to grow, largely thanks to gifts by wealthy patrons of collections of manuscripts;

the four recorded

legacies to Saint-

Evroul do not include any from England.”° Similarly, records of gifts °° See The Victoria History of the County of Hertford, ed. William Page, IIT (1912, rpt. London, 1971), 385-87, IV (1914, rpt. London, 1971), 365-67, 455-57.

°7 VCH Hertford, IV, 455, 457.

°8 One such patron was Joan Tateshal, for whom an illuminated copy of the Manuel des Péchés was made. See A. Bennet, ‘A book designed for a noble woman,’ cited above,

Note 21. The manuscript is Princeton University Library, Taylor Medieval MS. 1, formerly MS Cheltenham, Phillipps 2223. 2 Genevieve Nortier, Les Bibliotheques médiévales des abbayes bénédictines de Normandie, these de l’Ecole des Chartes (Paris, 1953); new ed. Bibliotheque d'histoire et d’archéologie chrétienne (Paris, 1971), p. 3. The detailed discussion of the library of

Saint-Evroul is pp. 98-123. ly Nortier, p. 109, based on the ‘obituaire’ contained in MS Paris, B.N. latin 10062. In

the 14th century the acquisition of manuscripts declined rapidly because of the war which twice forced the monks to flee their monastery. Nortier notes that the catalogue of the manuscripts at the time of Orderic Vitalis in the mid 12th century had 153 manuscripts; she traces an additional 55 manuscripts from the 13th century, 16 from

the 14th, and 3 from the 15th century (p. 108).

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

13

brought to Saint-Evroul by newly elected abbots, such as Raoul II Grente, prior of Ware who became abbot of Saint-Evroul in 1315, do not include mention of our manuscripts,” and we have found no

indications of where these manuscripts were produced in England.”

3. LANGUAGE

Versification

The 8727 lines (including the two “tables des matiéres”, 6405-24,

found

at the

beginning

of each

book)

are

1-62,

written

in

rhyming couplets. The extant poem is missing a final folio (potentially containing a further 152 lines), and the second line of the couplet is missing after 7269 (see Note to this line). The number of masculine and feminine rhymes is roughly equal, although there

is no discernible pattern in the author’s alternation of these rhymes. There is one approximate rhyme, fausse : Masse 8481; the phonetic implications of other rhymes are discussed below in Phonology. La Vye de seynt Fraunceys shows the metrical variation typical of Anglo-Norman verse of the last quarter of the thirteenth century. An analysis of ll. 63-1120 (or 12% of the poem) shows that 54% (583 lines) are octosyllabic as they stand, if one follows Continental

French practice for syllable count. But if one makes minor changes involving allowing hiatus between weak final -e and a following vowel, or if one effaces weak e in final position before a following consonant, or internal (in a word such as prechement, which then scans prech’ment), or if one substitutes doublet words (ou for ové, for

example), some 77% of the sample (814 lines) can be made to scan 31 See Emile Picot, ‘Liste des abbés de Saint-Evroul’, in Orderic Vital et Vabbaye de Saint-

Evroul (Alencon, 1912), pp. 79-191, especially p. 86. Raoul presented silver vases to the Abbey. - sihohak the provenance of L is unknown, the Manuel des Péchés has been firmly associated with the diocese of York. William of Waddington, a secular canon, was a

prominent member of the household of Walter Gray, Archbishop of York (see M. Sullivan,

Notes and Queries 236, 1991,

155), and

the Manuel

des Péchés was widely

circulated throughout England, among religious, and a few noble lay patrons (see M.

Sullivan, Romania 113 (1992-95), 233-42). No doubt the fact that Bonaventure had been nominated as Archbishop of York in 1265 (an honour which he declined) would

have added to Insular interest in the LM which was shortly thereafter made the official Franciscan version of the life of Francis.

14

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

as octosyllablic. There remain approximately 18% of the lines which are hypometric (180 lines are heptasyllabic, 11 lines are hexasyllabic), and 5% are hypermetric (3 lines have eleven syllables, 9 lines have ten, and 41 lines have nine syllables). Compared to the exactly contemporary Vie seint Richard by Pierre d’Abernon of Fetcham, our text has a significantly larger percentage of hypometric lines (18% as opposed to 2%), but the overall number

which can be read as octosyllabic is slightly higher, and the number of lines which are octosyllabic as they stand in the manuscript is

significantly greater (54% as opposed to 37%). The assumption that the author was flexible in his treatment of unstressed syllables, now pronouncing them, now effacing them, does let us propose

that the poem was mainly octosyllabic, but this solution is in some measure vitiated by the persistence of a significant number of hypometric lines. Phonology

The following features in the language of the author are attested by words used in rhyme, and were common

developments in Anglo-

Norman in the thirteenth century: 1. both ai and e: have been reduced to e and are found in rhyme with eé (e.g. contreyre 2418 : frere, pes < PACEM 5167 : pres, ver < VERUM 5973 : grever), and with each other, in final position (apelay : fey < FIDEM 626) and before a nasal consonant (pleyn : vylayn 668). As is typical of Anglo-Norman,

however,

there

are no

rhymes

between

nasal a and nasal e. The infinitive endings -eir have been reduced to rhyme with -erin poer 5429 : rester, renmover 6218 : fer < FERRUM.

2. ie rhymes with itself and with e (including ai reduced to e), as can be seen from the rhymes of manere alone, with ie (manere : pryere

5139, pere < PETRAM 2464, 2669, rivere 3720, 7448), with e (manere : austere 18, 2211, etc., frere 2602, 2988, etc.), with ai> e (manere : affere 280, clere 4409, ensaumplere 1296).

3. ui has been reduced to u, as attested by the rhymes nut: just 188, mynuit :encrust 3868. The reflexes of rocuM, LocuM rhyme in u (e.g. fu : salu 4235, and l(e)u which rhymes with Jhesu 5952, venu 7439, vertu

6853), as well as with ew and ui (both of which are presumably reduced to u), in the pairing of lew with escheu 8450, veu 783, 5856, *° See ed. D. W. Russell, ANTS 51 (London, 1995), pp. 29-31.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

15

refu (= refui) 1300. The Greek loan word tau rhymes in wu (tau : veu 1684, Jhesu : tau 1690);

the proper

name

derived

from

MATTHEUS

rhymes in eu (Matheu : beu 7349, p.p. of beivre). 4. In contrast to the reduction of diphthongs noted in 1-3 above, some rhymes demonstrate conservative traits: in the rhyme hayne 2873 : covyne the contraction of countertonic a in hiatus with a tonic vowel, which began in the thirteenth century,“ has not happened,

nor does countertonic a seem to have been effaced in aust 6349 : faut, though this may be simply a rhyme for the eye. 5. final -d is effaced in the rhyme su (= sud) : yssu (p.p.) 1102.

6. preconsonantal s is frequently effaced in rhyme (aprist : escrist (p.p.) 2402, Cryst :despyt 2494, Crist :escrist (p.p.) 2630). The rhymes

aust < AUGUSTUM : faut 6350, requeyst (subj.impf.3) : freyt (condit.3) 4482 demonstrate both the effacement of preconsonantal s and the rhyming of vowels in hiatus with diphthongs (but remeyst (subj. impf.3) : beneyt (p.p.) 5205 maintains the rhyme of two vowels in hiatus). Orthography

The language of the scribe displays the usual interchangeable graphies and the use of inorganic letters common in Anglo-Norman in the last quarter of the thirteenth century. Among these are: 1. aiwhich was reduced to ecan be written: 1) as ai or ay (e.g. ay 68,

assay 103, deray 104, saint 383); 11) as ei / ey (e.g. neyssaunce 3, pleindre 3395, pleint 7100, pleyes 51, sein 7166, etc., sey (ind. pr. 1) 3814, seynt 3, 43, etc.); ili) as e (e.g. afere 612, mestrye 75, pes < PACEM 895, 900, etc., resun 74, etc.); iv) as ee (e.g. beeser 7066, peer 5410 : cler, pees < PACEM 2819, 4550, etc.); v) as a (e.g. abaa 8490, assaerez 4240, raa 6461).

2. eiis often kept in spelling (e.g. curteisye 76, voleit 208), but can be written: i) as ay / ai (e.g. mervail 4274, payne 225, quay 358, savait

3257, serrayt 375); ii) as a (e.g. saent 3421); iii) as e (e.g. crere 1397, 4617, crestre 954, 1123, etc., malet 3608, ver 5973); iv) as oy (e.g. averoyt 138, estoyt 69, munoye 308, voye 221, voyr 1082). 3. ie (oral or nasal) is written ¢ (e.g. ben 13, 45, etc., pere 749, 1936,

etc., rivere 3720, 7448; ie final can be written ¢or ee (e.g. pé 2101, etc., pee A895, etc.) 34 See Pope, § 242.

16

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

4. ui can be kept by the scribe (e.g. mynuit 3867), or written: i) as u (e.g. frut 63, 254, 1058); ii) as eu (e.g. coneut : jeut 8235, eut < OCTEM

1057 : frut, myneut 1414 : resteut, and the adv. peus 1666 : Pacificus). 5. a + nasal is usually written aun (as in Fraunceys Mind ostete.): atonic a nasal derived from earlier o nasal is written both as en in chalengable

2534,

6328,

and

as

aun

in

chalaungable

1898,

2150,

chalaunger 607, etc., and as an in chalangable 2693. 6. The scribe uses interchangeable graphies -e or -ee for final stressed ¢, so that pensé 266, 340, 1091, etc., is found alongside pensee 4538, 4888, 4910, etc., or jurné (= jurnee) 396 : reduté (= redutee), celee (= celé) 4638, lessee (= laissé) 6624. 7. OF ein hiatus with a tonic vowel remains in cheaunce 1450, 1538 (but also chaunce 4967, 7098, etc.). Non-tonic OF e can be raised to 7, written 7 /-y (chival 295, etc., chivaler 184, etc., chymin 387, and this

applies also to e derived from the reduced dipthong az in chytif6911, 8143), or lowered and written as a (sarmuns 891, aparceu 436, 527, etc., parceu 2073, sarrayt 462). 8. The effacement of internal and final atonic e is reflected in the spelling of a number of isolated words, such as asn 3344, 4584 (but

asne 2162, 2163, etc.), cherment 4090 (but cherement 2936, etc.), cord (= corde) 2462, 5490, perceus (= pereceus) 2174, purté 2088, etc., nacel (=

nacelle) 7452, 7476, vycayr 1242, vicer 1845, vicayr 3475 (but vicere 3022, vikere 5001, 5876, vykere 5022).

9. The effacement of final -e also leads to occasional examples of inorganic use of this letter, as in trope (= trop) 2127, survere (= surver < surveeir) 298, 367, 2665, estere (= ester) 424, 1148, restere (= rester) 4519, purvere (= purver) 5402, seculere (= seculier) : provendere (= provendier) 4778, la curte (= la curt) 1166, chare (= char < CARNEM) 6215.

10. As will have been noted in examples cited earlier, OF i is frequently written y in all positions. 11. The vocalization of 1 before a consonant is often noted in spelling: ceu muster 458, ceu prestre 506, teu sentence 151, mort[e]u peché

3383. The rcan be dropped in spelling before another consonant in

prefixes, e.g. the verb suprendre, 89, 273, etc., sugquist 750, etc. (but surquist 8377). 12. s final, and before a consonant, is often dropped (see Morphology and Syntax, Gender, and Declension, below); inorganic s is also frequently found before consonants (e.g. trevist : esperist 2310, escrist 2402, 2630, fust (=fut) 117, 478, etc.). Unvoiced s can be

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

17

written ss, or s (apparyssaunce 1744, aparysaunce 1747, chevis(s)aunce 1144, 3040, cherys(s)aunce 1464, 4277, etc.), or sc (hastivesce 110, isci 252).

13. In final positions -z can appear as ce (e.g. enfaunce (= enfants) 2501

: loaunce (= louants), sacramence

(= sacraments)

: wrnemence

(=

urnements) 382), and the reverse process can be seen in the graphy z used in meschaunz 4718, semenz (= semence) 4114). It will be noted that in all examples the -z in question follows a nasal.

14. Latin ¢ before a initial of a word or syllable is spelled both ch and k, char 695, chaump 311, chef 999, kas 922, and learned words kalende 6349, 6367, kardynal 970 (but chardinal 1181, 2648, etc.). These latter interchangeable graphies ch /k are also used for OF cA, as can be seen in saker (= sachier) 4355, 7132, saka 6884, sakerent 7017,

karyer 5929.

In

surcarkast

(= surchargeast)

respresents the voiced affricative

3921

graphy

the

(or fricative) consonant

k

(usually

spelled ge; the form entinge 3174, for entenk, may be a reverse of this

spelling). The unvoiced affricative consonant is also spelled c¢ or s¢, in arasca 8562 (= arascha), and the forms of the verb cerché 5603, 6214, 8146, scerché 6494, cercherent 7676. Lexis

Our translator occasionally uses words which appear to be very rare or to qualify as examples of hapax legomena:”” abaye (‘ecstasy, amazement’),

acumbraunce,

auterel, avertyment,

amaye

cheris(s)aunce,

(‘distress,

crucyauté,

misery’),

amurément,

descurs (‘conversation’),

desparysaunce, despropryé, eschaungable (‘mutable’), sei escurter (‘tuck up one’s robe’), especyable, esquasser (‘fall with a crash’), estraungerie (‘miracle’), fervence, foreyngnement (‘formal learning’), herbage (“haymaking’), homuncel, leyssanment (‘comfortably’), maloryne, parchevyr,

sei platter (‘prostrate

oneself’),

pytifs, referu (‘bent back’),

relyer

(‘become rigid, stiffen’), remuaunce, resplendissaunce, reveli, reverement, sucyté, suffré, teys(s)aunce, traunlouer, tra(u)nsl(o)uance. One of the rare words from this list, above, is of English origin

(reveli '717n), one is based on a Latin diminituive (homuncel 3438n), 35 In general la Vye de seynt Fraunceys has been extensively cited by the editors of the AND, but the following words from this list do not appear there: acumbraunce, amaye, eschaungable, especyable, maloryne, reveli, suffré.

18

but most

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

of these

terms

are

lexical

derivations

from

French,

or

semantic neologisms.°° Often these new lexical forms have replaced known parallel constructions: the words abaye and amaye show the creation of a new fem. noun based on the verb radical, rather than

the standard forms which use either the suffix -ance or -ment (cf. esbaissance, esbaissement, and esmaiance, esmaiement); acumbraunce

shows typical Anglo-Norman prefix substitution; T-L cites only the diminutive

auteret for auter, chertéis attested from the 10th century;

cruciier dates from the early ae century, and cruciement, cruciaument

are the usual forms of the noun (crucyauéé is perhaps formed by analogy with cruauté); despropyé is cited by Gdf only from a prose translation of the LM (MS Paris, Arsenal 1742); especyable 8345n may be a ghost-word;

the more

usual diminutive

for ‘man’

is homet, or

hommelet, although FEW also cites homonceau from Palsgrave; both resplendissur and resplendissement are known from the early 12? century; reverement, dated

1365, is cited as an adv. in FEW X, 355a,

while the noun is reverence from the mid 12" century, reveracion, cited in T-L; suffré is p.p. used as a noun, from Norman variant suffrer for sofrir, soferre, traunlouer and noun have replaced the more usual translater. A few of the words in the Vye de seynt Fraunceys confirm

as well as the Angloits related earlier, or

later, isolated

attestations of words which remain rare, e.g. ague (7416n), eyrer (attested in the AND only from an early 14-century legal source), hulette (found as early as Marie de France, but

thought by Gdf to be a misreading), reduté (cited in the AND from our text and from Chardry), requise (cited in the AND, and from Guillaume de Bernevile in T-L), semblé ‘nature, character’ (3502n).

To these might be added the following, which are cited in the AND only from

one

or two sources

apriser ‘inform’, respunsal.

chalaungable,

(usually our text, and a later one):

enfurmesun

‘teaching’,

and

adj.

°® The semantic neologisms in the above list have been indicated by the translation in parentheses. For further details on the words cited in this section see the Glossary entries, and the associated Notes. The reliability of the dating of first attestations is subject, of course, to the difficulties of accurately dating medieval texts, and to the historical limitations of the standard dictionaries; the most comprehensive and accurate dictionary of medieval French, the DEAF, to date has only published fascicles

for the letters G, H, and part of I.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

19

Our text also provides the earliest known attestation for a number of words which continue in use in later texts,>” e.g. abregement Cabridgement’), agrevawnce, aprompter, aproprement, avauntaunce, braunde, clergyse, cordeler (adj.), demonykes, desmesurable, desoranavaunt,

despitement (adv.), desplesaunce, destempraunce, escrachure, espopler, governail (‘government’), lassur, mendivaunt (s.), menenges, offendre Coffering’), orloger, paumer (‘touch, palpate’), professur, pulpyt (‘balcony’), pusneys (‘blasphemous joke’), puyne, ragous, refecciun (‘refreshment, food’), relentir, resteaunce, sugestyun (‘submission’), suleyn, sumun(e)ur,

syuter, turbacyun, weyver.

We note as well that many of the words used in the Vye de seynt Fraunceys have been first attested in works which are contemporary with our text, including both Continental French texts and AngloNorman works,°® e.g. adrescément, affable / effable, allowable (‘laudable’), attyler, beelung, cautele, desposer, detractiun, detractur, enseur, enseurement, enseurer, equité, eschaunge, examynement, examynur, farde, parab(o)le, prelacye, punesye, quaremel, quisture, reforcer, resemblaunce,

salere, suvereyn (‘religious superior’), tretable, veuable. Many of the new words used by our translator have been created by affixation, including the substitution of prefixes, a feature common in Anglo-Norman, e.g. abaye, acumbraunce, agrevaunce, amaye, cited above, to which could be added many other examples, such as affraer, agarder, alocher, amordre, anoyus, aragé, attendablement, etc. In some instances, however, the prefix seems to have no

semantic value, e.g. eschaunge ‘change’, eschaungable ‘mutable’. Similarly, a few verbs have prefixes which often seem to have weakened,

if not

inert, semantic

value:

thus

tre(s)veer,

surver and

tresoyr often mean simply ‘see’ and ‘hear’, rather than ‘see clearly’, ‘survey, look over’ and ‘hear clearly’. The qualifying adverb tre, when

used as an adjectival prefix, seems equally to have weakened semantic meaning, and the compound adj. may simply function as 37 The following are not given in the AND: agrevaunce, clergyse, espopler, and sugestyun (although this last is cited, 738b, in the phrase mettre en s. ‘to propose, suggest’; this meaning is not supported, however, by the Latin text). 38 Many of these terms, for example, are also used by Pierre d’Abernon. See G. Hesketh, ‘Lexical innovation in the Lumere as Lais,’ in De mot en mot: aspects of medieval linguistics, eds. S. Gregory and D.A. Trotter (Cardiff, 1997), pp. 53-79, and La Lumere as

Lais by Pierre d’Abernon of Fetcham, ed. G. Hesketh, ANTS 58 (London, 2000), III,

59-60; cf. as well, the glossaries of La Vie seint Richard, ed. D. W. Russell, ANTS 51 (London,

1944).

1995), and of Le Secré de Secrez, ed. O.A. Beckerlegge, ANTS

5 (Oxford,

20

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

a doublet, particularly following another qualifying adverb, e.g. s¢ trecherement 1573, mut treclere 1646, mut trecurtes 3186, mut trecurteys 4626, mut tregraunt 2873, mut treparfyt 4023. Most compound verbs, however, retain the semantic value of the prefix, e.g. enterveer Y. entreveer, entremeller, parchevyr, parcunter, pardyre, parfurnyr, surcarker, surdire, surmunter, su(r)querre, survenir.

It is not surprising to find that the Vye de seynt Fraunceys uses a wide variety of terms dealing with religious mysticism and the monastic practice that was being established by the Franciscans. Our text uses, of course, the large stock of existing words that deal with common theological matters and religious practice, many of which are attested in the earliest known Medieval French texts, e.g. from abbé, abbeye, absolucyun, apostoil, ap(p)aryssaunce; auntemne, benecun,

through paynquerant, to umblesce, umbleté. But our translator often also has recourse to semantic neologisms to express this new reality. Typical examples are aliener (‘entrance’), chevis(s)aunce (‘purpose’), descrecyun (‘moderation’ or even ‘(social) restraint’, rather than the

original meaning of ‘judgement, discernment’). To express the contrast between spiritual knowledge gained by direct divine inspiration and that gained by study, our translator uses /foreyngnement as meaning the opposite of espyrement ‘inspiration, revelation’. Central to the mystical theology of Francis are the sygnacles which now have the specialized meaning ‘stigmata’, as opposed to the earlier meaning ‘sign’, ‘sign of the cross’, or ‘miracle’. The phrase lu de reigiun (‘Franciscan

house, monastery’)

is used to describe

the

dwellings of the early Franciscans, which were not initially standard monastic houses, but crude shelters created from abandoned and ruined churches, or peasant huts or caves, consonant with the desire

of Francis to live humbly and in poverty.*? The simplicity of dwelling chosen by Francis is also expressed by the word hulette, used to designate both the solitary shelter which Francis takes the night before he preaches in a cathedral (le recet esteyt en un curtyl de chanoynes, povre e vyl 1409-10) and the isolated dwelling used by the early companions near Assisi (En une hulette sun recet fyst ke esteyt povre e guerpye. La herberga sa compayngnye . . . 1356-58, and Note; cf. also 1416). To describe the missionary activity of the Franciscans our text *° See Moorman, pp. 62-63, who describes the hermitage made from caves and simple stone buildings at Carceri, near Assisi, as ‘a typical Franciscan locus’. His use of the word locus demonstrates the difficulty of defining the meaning of lu de religiun.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

21

includes the use of travailler ‘travel’, the latinism enveer in obedience, en obedience (‘send on a mission’), and the nonce word traunlouer with its derived noun tra(u)nsl(o)wance ‘change, transfer (of duty, assignment)’ and ‘removal (to another place)’, and its synonym remuaunce.

Also central to the religion practiced by Francis were the frequent periods of fasting, and in our text quareme applies to any forty-day fast, not just Lent; cf. also the related adj. quaremal, and the noun

quarenteyne. It will be noted that the two stock courtly vernacular images used to express Franciscan theology which are found in this text are not given any special prominence: Francis’s initial view of his new religious vocation as a chivalerie de religiun, a trenoble and espiritale chivalerie, is not a theme which is developed in our text beyond the initial scenes.

Similarly, the role of Dame Poverte as the beloved

of

Francis is not developed or expanded in the vernacular text. Morphology and Syntax A. Gender The marking of gender is sometimes rendered uncertain by scribal orthography. The fem. def. art. often appears as /e,*° most frequently in graphical hiatus before a vowel (le aparysaunce 1747, le aumernere 3079, le avysiun 199, 206, le aye 955, le eglyse 738, 825, 921, etc.), but le is also found before consonants (e.g. le burse 3054, le cuntré 5465, le mer 4069, le merk 1692, 5806, le meule 945, le munteyne 5133, le presse 4352, le seyf 3349, le voye 1290). This use of le for la may have led to the reverse practice, in which /a (or une) is found with

words which usually are masc. (e.g. la apostoyle 1199, la faunteme 6463, la herytage 1221, la sacrement 72, la sumet 1156). Among words which may have both genders we note that af(fere is seemingly marked by the scribe as fem. at 2266, 3210, 4498, 4618, 7016, 7355, and as masc. at 612, 619, 919, 986, 1334, 3118, etc. Similarly, amur is often

ambiguous, since the frequent use of /e, fem. art. in grahpical hiatus renders le amur equivocal, and although there are examples of sa amur

(116,

364,

3960, etc.)

and

la amur

(126,

2952),

in a few

examples it seems to be marked as masc., e.g. le bon amur 33, du cher amur 4019, and amur trefyn 5633. Less problematic are langage (masc.) 3665, (fem.) 5625, vespre (masc.) 6101, 7664, (fem.) 6156 4° See Pope, § 1253.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

22

6157); vyere 1678, 7044 is fem. only. Fem. arbre 1151, 1162, is attested in other Anglo-Norman texts.*! B. Declension

Nouns, Adjectives and Definite Articles. Few traces of the OF declension system remain in first declension nouns: Deus / Deu alone occasionally maintains flexional -s for nom. sg. (17 examples), while Deus occurs three times as acc. sg. (427, 1408, 8440); Deu, the most

frequently used form, functions as both nom. and acc. sg. (of 281 occurences,

61 are nom.).

Imparisyllabic nouns

have almost all generalized one form for

both nom. and acc., e.g. dustreis both nom. (6181) and acc. sg. (414)

and prestre is equally nom. and acc. sg., and prestres is both nom. and acc. pl. We note, however, ler / larun, which keeps two forms, but ler(e) is both nom. sg. (3492, 6569) and acc. sg. (2508), and larun is also both nom. sg. (8649) and acc. sg. (3547), while laruns is nom. pl. (658, 665, 673); similarly, soer is acc. sg. (3571, 3809, 6280), once

nom. sg. (3795), soe(u)rs is nom. pl. (3753, 5225), while sorurs is both nom. pl. (3766) and acc. pl. (5858, 5966). Similarly, sir(e) and seignur

have become parallel paradigms, in which each is both nom. and acc. sg., with s as marker only of number (sve is nom. 10 times, acc. 16 times, sey(n)gnur is nom. 14 times, acc. 17 times). The form em (= hum, 47 examples) persists as nom. sg., while the form hume / home is standard for both nom. sg. (27 examples) and acc. sg. (18 examples), and humes is both nom. and acc. pl. (2 examples each). The form lechere 2038 (nom. sg.) is the only example of this word in the text.

Despite the almost complete disappearance of declension, possession is still frequently expressed by the juxtaposed acc., particularly with Deu (e.g. amur Deu 102, 3283, 3945, etc., grace Deu 63, 322, pes Deu 1071, lepleyser Deu 248, 263, regne Deu 1061, 1082, secré Deu 157, vertu Deu 888, 1154), and occasionally with other possessors (e.g. le dos lefrere 5010, a pez Fraunceys 150, le quer Fraunceis 547, léfiz Fraunceys 1399). :

Analogical -e is frequently added to fem. adjs. derived from Latin two-termination adjs., e.g. breve 1824, 2145, celestiale 163, 1813, 5549, *! See Benedeit,

The Anglo-Norman voyage of St Brendan, eds. I. Short, B. Merrilees

(Manchester, 1979), Note to 489; The Anglo-Norman Alexander, eds. B. Foster, I. Short (London, 1977), II, 47.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

23

6023, cruele 2844, 3600, 5447. Many such adjs., however, show mixed

use: gref (fem.) 716, 1933, 2091, 2157 is found along with greve (ten examples, and once greve is masc. 5581). Although tele is found 60 times, teu is found as fem. on 48 occasions, and tel is fem. in 10 of the

32 attestations of this spelling in the text. Similarly, grawnt is the most common form used (194 examples, of which many are fem.), and analogical graunde is found only twice, 2046, and 3760 ( : braunde).

The oblique form of the unstressed masc. sg. possessive adj. is generalized for both nom.

and acc. functions

(e.g. mun 865, 2286,

sun 69, 231, 505, 559, are all nom.)

Plural concord of adjs. with nouns is also affected by the scribal tendency to drop final -s (e.g. petite curunes 1277, tute maneres 1488,

tenve e menues 1791, haute festes 3214, lé seynt syngacles 6008, grosse peres 6947). Occasionally isolated words are found with missing final -s, as in penne (= pennes) 5183. The def. art. ly / li is found only four times as nom. sg. (li bon cristyen 1571, l curteys 2832, ly mendivaunt 232, ly povre 238), and once as nom. pl. (ly muet 8145); ly also functions once as acc. sg. (an ly livre

6169); elsewhere Je is generalized as masc. sg. nom. and acc., les / léis generalized as masc. pl. nom. and acc. Pronouns. The scribe frequently uses the pronouns le or la as indirect objects: le dist 194, la dist 7919, 7928, le duna 249, le fist 87, le

fu vif offert ...un .. .peissun 3735-6, le tendi un oysel 3720, la tendi 7846. Similarly, ly can be used as direct object, taunt ly suprist la melodye 2361, a benuré ly pryserent 2500, sein Fraunceys ne ly out pas ublyé 7591, angoysse ...ly supryst 8013. The relative pronoun ke is used as either nom. or acc.; ky / ki once functions as a conjunction, but normally retains its standard use, including the dative/genitive function, pur

ky amur 2568, 4110, ky auter 7136. The subject pronoun i is sometimes followed by the relative pronoun ke in contexts where a demonstrative pronoun + ke would be expected (e.g. i ke fu Mynistre / General fyst un chapitre 1695-96, Il ke la compayngnye survist / Cele part mut tost se myst 5161-62, and also 9539-40, 3319, 4081, 4901).

24

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

C. Conjugation Infinitives. The reduction of infinitives in -eir to -er has been noted above, Phonology, 1; additional examples are: poer (subst. inf.) : numer 7363, surver (= surveeir) : remuer 5867, ver (= veeir) : passer 6134, voler (=voleir, subst. inf.) : voler

ee

«

4

Le

’

ve.

|

-

Pate

$ret tie

°

-

.¥

met. ay erty

-

Satiay

Mous e tendres e tretables A la manere

6232

6236

6240

6244

du cors innocent;

Mes cors ke est mort reddement Engurdyst e poy se plye, Quaunt refreydyt tretut relye. Le cors Fraunceys esteyt plyaunt Cum les membres de jevene enfaunt. Joye e merveyle se entremellerent Au quors de ceus ke le avyserent. Les fiz Fraunceys de angoysse amere Plurerent kar mort esteyt lur pere;

Confort lur fyst le beau myracle Quaunt de ly beyserent le seyn syngnacle. Amur e fey esteyent encru En ceus ke ceo aveyent surveu. Ceus ke oyrent la novele Desyrerent surver la chose bele. [XV, 4] La novele crust espessement

6248

De la mort Fraunceys e communement Le pople y curut ke saunt fayle Voleyt surver la mervayle. Les cytayns de Assyse avyserent

6252

Les sygnacles e beyserent. Un chyvaler ke saveyt lettrure — Jerome out nun — cyl myst sa cure De estre seur saunz dutaunce De cele sy estraunge mustraunce. A veue dé freres e dé cyteyns, Ke tuz en peussent estre certeyns, Clous e costé mut hardyement Manya iloc devaunt la gent. La chose tynt verray’ saunz dutaunce, Ové serement fyst asseuraunce: Le seynt pauma hardiement

6256

6260

45 vb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

208

6264

Ové muz des autres a le examynement.

[XV, 5] Les freres cele nut veyllerent,

6268

6272

E la gent ke y assemblerent Deu loerent tute la nut Ke le seynt pere Fraunceys murut. Meuz sembla veylle aungelyne Ke vigyle ou pleynte de muryne. Au matyn le poeple communement Assembla iloc mut honureement,

Rayms e cyrges de diverse manere La gent porterent; ové graunt lumere,

Si cum

6276

Si cum

6280

6284

6288

6292

apent, Deu loerent

.

E vers Assyse le cors porterent. esteyent enchemynaunt,

Par le leu vyndrent passaunt De Seyn Damyen, ou fu enclose Soer Clare, ke fleyra cum rose Par fame de sa seynte vye, E de virgines graunt compayngnye En cele eglyse reposerent. Le cors a ses fylles mustrerent, Ke par sa aprise le mund guerpyrent; Les signacles beyserent e vyrent. Le cors porterent a Assyse E le aluerent en la eglyse De Seyn Jorge honureement: Lettre y aprist prymerement, En cel leu precha a la prymur Peus ke esteyt Frere Menur;

Aussy eschey par aventure La out en prymes sepulture.

6296

LXV, 6] Fraunceys passa de ceste vye — Le tens ay dyt [ke] nul ne oblye,

Si cum est avaunt comprys — Milime deu cent e vint e sis 6269 sembla vye

6297 compryse

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Du tens de la Incarnacyun;

6300

Du jur vus dirray certeyn nun: A quarte none de octembre, Samadi a vespre, ben me remembre.

6312

Le dymeyne out sa sepulture Ke esteyt fet par graunt cure. Deus a le honur sun sergaunt Diverse myracles fist meyntenaunt: Par myracles de estraungerye Esclarsist la vertu de sa vye. Les myracles mut diversement Loynz e pres fist sovenerement. La fame espessement encrust, Pople tregraunt y curust.

6316

[XV, 7] La pape Gregoyre ke ben oy De la novele, mut s’enjoy; De ytaunt en out plus confort Ke ben esprova devaunt sa mort,

6304

6308

De veue, de taast espressement,

E de mut certayn esperement, 6320

6324

6328

Sa verrey’ e pure seynteté. E ben entendi en veryté Ke en la joye pardurable Devant Deu fust mut honurable. En terre voleyt ensement Ke eust honur entre la gent; E ke nul peust par dreyt rester,

Les myracles fist examyner Par ceus ke meyns favorables Serreyent en choses chalengables, Par chardinaus ke plus durs serreyent,

6332

E le seynt meyns cherysseyent. Les examynurs estreyt enquistrent E mut certeyne prove pristrent. La chose enseuré pronuncyerent, De sa seynteté ren ne duterent,

6301 septembre

6305 Deus ea

209

46 ra

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

210

6336

6340

6344

6348

De commun acord e en bone fey. Le apostoyle en prymes pur sey, Par assent de tuz les chardinaus E de tuz les prelaz pryncipaus Ke en la curt de Rome esteyent, Ke unyement y acordeyent,

A le honur Deu e sun seyn nun Graunta la canonyzacyun E au pru de tute seynte Eglyse. E personaument vynt a Assyse A fere la canonyzacyun. E fu le an de la Incarnacyun.Milyme deu cent e vynt e eut — Aprés sa mort le tens taunt crut — A dys e setyme kalende de aust, Ceste date jamés ne faut;

6352

6356

Esteyt le bon jur de dymeyne, Le plus honuré de la symayne. Graunt sollempnité la pape y fist E seyn Fraunceys par nun escryst En le numbre des autres seynz Ke du cel sunt leaus cytaynz.

[XV, 8] Aprés ceo a l’an ke fu mylyme Deu cent passé e trentyme 6360

6364

6368

Aprés la Incarnacyun, Fu fete la traunslacyun Du seynt cors Fraunceys a la eglyse De novel fete en Assyse; Ceo esteyt au tens festyval Ke les freres au chapytre general Communement se assemblerent. Sollempnement le translaterent A le utime kalende de junet A sun muster de noveau fet. Mut y avyndrent beaus myracles Quaunt le cors seynt, ke les syngnacles

6335 commune

46 rb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

PA

Jhesu porta, y traunlouerent; 6372

Deu, en sun seynt, honurerent.

6376

LXV, 9] Le seynt est dyngne de graunt honur: Les myracles creessent de jur en jur, Pres e loynz en diverse partye, Quaunt l’em le seynt de bon quor prie. Eveugles e surz e paralatykes, Muez e clops e ydropykes, Les demonykes e les orz leprus,

6380

E en peryl de mer les dolur[u]s,

E les cheytifs ke en prysun Sunt maumys, ke sun nun Apelent de quor devotement,

6384

6388

6392

6396

6400

6404

E les grevez dyversement En bosyn, en peryl, en maladye, Trestuz sentent sa curteysye; Tuz le troevent fraunk e curteys, Ben fu sun nun apelé Fraunceys. E plusurs ke furent suprys de mort Il ad returné a sauf port E remené de mort en vye. Mut peut em dyre de estraungerye Ke fet pur ly le Creatur. A ly loenge, gloyre e honur Tutdys seyt de quor enteryn! Amen

dyums, ke a la fyn

Nus ad condut de ceste vye: Honuré seyt le fiz Marye! Pur le amur duz Jhesu Crist Pur ly pryez ke se entremyst De translater en fraunceys Ceste vye de seynt Fraunceys, Ke de ses pechez ayt pardun; Suffist ke Deu ben set sun nun. Explicyt.

6371 porta e traunlouerent

6404 explicyt followed by six blank lines

46 va

212

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

U1) [TABLE des CHAPITRES des MIRACLES]

Prymes commencent les myracles .9. Ke sunt avenu dé seyn sygnacles; Pus [ceus] de mort resuscitez .8.

6408

Par seynt Fraunceys aprés troverez;

Pus de ceus ke eurent delyveraunce .12. En peryl de mort de lur grevaunce;

6412

Pus de delyverez de peryl de mer 8. Ke seyn Fraunceys fist eschaper;

Pus de ceus ke en prysun resteu .9. Feurent, e pus s’en sunt ysseu; Pus de aleger de travayllaunz .6. 6416

En dure peyne de aver enfaunz;

Pus de avoegles alumynez, .8. E par seyn Fraunceys sanez;

6420

Pus de dyverses maladyes .19. Ke par seyn Fraunceys sunt garryes;

Aprés de ceus ke ne garderent .9. Sa feste, ne le seynt honurerent;

6424

Au dreyn de diverse myracles fet .12. Par le seynt, e cy sunt retret.

[I, 1] A le honur Deu ke est tut pussaunt,

E seyn Fraunceys sun sergeaunt, Lé myracles bien prové

6428

Ke en sa estoyre sunt trové,

46 vb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

213

Ke a remembrer sunt desport E sunt avenu pus sa mort, Voyl recunter verreement.

6432

De cely serra le commencement Ou parust le beu myracle De le enseyngne e du syngnacle

6436

Apertement en sun seyn cors,

Ke aparust pur veyr dehors,

Dé pleyes Jhesu certeynement Ke veu esteyent communement

6440

Aprés sa mort, dunt asseurance En est fet par bele mustraunce.

[I, 2] Le prodome la pape Gregoyre De ky avaunt est fet memoyre, Ke de seyn Fraunceys out aquoyntaunce 6444

6448

En sa vye, peus en dutaunce

Vint par humeyn’ temptacyun Enke fist la canonyzacyun. Il duta cument peut estre Ke seyn Fraunceys eust la playe destre. En dormaunt avynt une nut Ke seyn Fraunceys ly aparut, E si cum il cunta en pluraunt,

6452

Le seynt le fist un dur semblaunt E le chalaunga de sa dutaunce: Du costé le fist mustraunce,

6456

6460

6464

La play’ descovery e tele parole Le dist ke portast une fyole Ke peut receyvre le saunk reant Ke du costé vynt curaunt. La pape de sa mayn demeyne La tynt taunt ke ele fu pleyne Du saunk ke raa du costé. Par ceste mustraunce fu osté La faunteme ke en dutaunce Le aveyt mys par fole quidance. Aprés porta leu tesmoynage Dé sygnacles, e si par utrage

47 ra

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

214

En sa presence fussent dedit,

6468

6472

Ne pout suffryr le despyt. Ne pout estre a nule devyse Plus haut tesmoyng en seynt’ Eglyse. Nul ne deyt aprés cuntredyre Tesmoyngnaunce de teu syre. [I, 3] Un Frere Menur de graunt fame, Prechur vaylaunt e saunt blame,

6476

Ke Ke De Le

oy cunter du myracle le seynt out le syngnacle la seyntyme Passyun, frere, par temptacyun

iy

Ke vynt de enfermyté humeyne,

6480

6484

Chey en dutaunce veyne. De la manere out graunt estryf, En sun quor en fu pensyf. Taunt en pensa jur e nut Ke seyn Fraunceys ly aparust, Dur en semblaunt, mes umblement

6488

6492

Se mustra irree e pacyent E ly demaunda en dormaunt: ‘Ke est ceo dunt vus pensez taunt? Ke est le cuntek de ta pensee Dunt ta alme est si trublee? Veez cy mes mayns e mes peez, E ben des euz les avysez.’ Lé mayns trevist de clous merché,

E peus a lé pez scerché: Les pez semblerent covert de tay,

6496

6500

6504

Ne pout vere par nul assay Lé syngnacles pur le ordure. Le seynt le dyt: ‘Mettez ta cure Ke fust osté cest’ orde tay, E les clous verrez saunz delay.’ Le frere pryst devotement Lé pez e osta mut umblement Le tay; pur veyr le fust avys Ke trova les clous ke il out quys.

47 rb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

215

Il enveylla e en pluraunt

La folur ke ly tynt avaunt 6508

Purga par bone repentaunce, En commun reconeust sa cheaunce. [I, 4] A Rome esteyt une matrone Ke out renun de vye bone,

6512

6516

Dame esteyt de graunt parage; Seynt Fraunceys ama de bon curage, En ly out graunt affyaunce, Sun patrun le tynt, e en remembraunce, En un leu secré, en paynture, De seynt Fraunceys out la fygure,

6520

Ou sout estre en uresun A pryer Deu e sun patrun, Seyn Fraunceys. E par aventure Un jur avysa cele peynture: Ne y vyt pas la resemblaunce Des playes, kar par cheaunce Le peyntur 1é lessa a la prymur.

6524

Ele en out mervayle e dolur,

6536

Mut fu pensive en sun curage Plusurs jurs de cele ymage, Cument faylli en cele fygure Ke sout estre en cel’ peynture. La dame ke esteyt mut sage Un jur avysa cel’ ymage; Les syngnacles trova en la peynture Sulum la dreyt purtreture. La dame de ceo se espouryst E de sa fylle la chose enquyst, Si les syngnacles a commencement Y eussent est€ verreement.

6540

A sa mere respunt e jure Ke en cele ymage unkes avaunt Ne furent lé syngnes aparyssaunt.

6528

6532

La fylle ke fu leal e seure,

Pensee humeyne est chaungable,

Chose certeyne tyen[t] dutable:

47 va

216

6544

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Aussy la dame novele dutaunce Out a quor si tele fesaunce

Dé sygnacles eut la ymage A la prymur. En sun curage 6548

De ceste chose out un novel play; Deus la delyvera de cest deray, Kar la ymage meyntenaunt

Feut saunz lé syngnes cum avaunt, 6552

Peus passa la pensé veyne; La dame remyst plus certeyne.

[I, 5] A Ylerde, ke est en Gantolonye,

6556

6560

A seynt Fraunceys graunt druerye Un hume avayt par devocyun; Johan fu numé sun drayt nun. E il passa en un’ vespree Par un leu ou a recelee Esteyent gent par felunye, E la se tyndrent en espye A fere mal e grevaunce A un autre, ke resemblaunce

6564

6568

Aveyt a Johan, e esteyt alaunt En ceu tens ové ly enchemynaunt. Un des espyes sudeynement ‘Leva e*fery cruelement Johan, e en taunt mespryst: Ne fu pas cely ke il quist. Plusurs playes ceu mau lere Le fist a cors, e la prymere

6572

6576

6580

En le espaule fyst parfunde, E pres la fendy; e la secunde Desuz la mamele si tres dure Ke yl y remyst une uverture, Ke le vent ke peus en est isseu Sis chaundayles alumés de feu Joyntes ceo sufflet esteynt. En tel peryl Johan remeynt Quaunt le nafra ceus mauvays. ‘Nostre Dame e seynt Fraunceys!’

47 ub

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

217

Johan escrya pyteusement

Taunt cum receut ceu turment. 6584

6588

Les myres ke peus le survyrent En despeyr ly guerpyrent. Johan ke entendy le jugement Des myres ke certaynement A la mort le jugerent, Kar autre chose ne troverent, Kar ses playes ja puyrent, E sé privez ke le survyrent, E sa femme, de la puour

6592

6596

6600

Ave[ie]nt graunt peyne e hydur. Par taunt senty ke ayde humeyne En sun estat le serreyt veyne; De bon quor e duce devocyun A seynt Fraunceys sun cher patrun Se turna, ke par sa curtaysye Le aydast, ke peut aver la vye. Ceo cheytif sul just en sun lyt; A une fenestre entrer trevyt Un frere en habyt de Menur. Celuy vynt a sun sucur, Johan numa, e pus le dyst:

6604

6608

6612

6616

‘Pur ceo ke quaunt l’em susquyst, En mey avyez ta fyaunce, Deu vus delyvera de grevaunce.’ Le malade de luy enquyst: ‘Ky es tu?’, e a ceo le dist: ‘Joe su Fraunceys.’ E se plya A malade e suef delya Ses pleyes e de oyngnement Trestutes oynt mut ducement. Lors avynt trebeau myracle: Quaunt lé mayns ke le syngnacle Portent dé pleyes Jhesu Crist Le tucherent, si tost garyst E receut saunté entere

48 ra

218

6620

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Quaunt esteyt oynt en teu manere. Le malade remyst tut garry E seynt Fraunceys se en est party. Johan sa femme meyntenaunt Apela e ele vynt curaunt,

6624

E quaunt ele esteaunt le vyst Ke ele out lessee en sun lyt — E l’endemayn a sa sepulture Quidayt aver mys sa cure, — Ele, ke esteyt tut abaye,

6628

6632

Pur la mervaylle si haut crye Ke le veysinage le tresoy, E ové lé soens vyndrent au cry; Aragé le tyndrent e en sun lyt

_

Le voleyent mettre, e il lur dyt:

‘Joe su garry certeynement.’ Tuz ceus ke esteyent en present Cum estuné se mervaylerent,

6636

6640

Kar de cely de ky desespererent Un poy avaunt — tut a la mort Le aveyent lessé — seyn e fort Le troverent en bone vye; Tut quyderent estre fantasye. Johan lur dist: ‘Ne devez descrere Ceo ke-veez de cest afere,

6644

6648

6652

Kar mun patrun seyn Fraunceys Ben ay ore trové curtays; Verrement me ad ore garry. Un poy avaunt ala de cy, Ses seynte meyns sur mey myst E ceste curteysye me fyst; Mes playes oynt treducement, Bon fu le myre e le oyngnement.’ La fame au pays crust espresse De cest[e] merveylle e graunt presse Y vynt a v[e]er ceo myracle Ke avynt par ly ke le syngnacle

6619 malada; e expuncted at end of garry

48 rb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

6656

219

En ses mayns out, ke tucherent Le nafré e seyn le lesserent. Pussauntes sunt les playes Jhesu Ke au seynt dunerent tele vertu. [I, 6] En Poylle est une cyté

6660

6664

6668

6672

Ke Potente a nun de antyquyté; Un chanoyn’ de la graunt eglyse — Roger out nun a la devyse De la estoyre ke ceo descryst — Cist un jur a muster se myst En uresun e en une fygure De seynt Fraunceys vyst la peynture: Merché esteyt de verray syngnes Dé playes Jhesu ke taunt sunt dyngnes. Taunt avisa cele mustraunce Ke a quor en out graunt dutaunce; Ke ceo ne peut pur ren estre Pensa, e en la meyn senestre Desuz sun gaunt se senty feru, Cum de quarreau ke feust issu De arblaste, e auteu sun oy;

6676

Nafré se senty e tut abay. Le gaunt tret de la mayn ferue, Ke asseurré feut de la veue;

6680

Nul syngne esteyt en le gaunt, Mes la meyn ke fu seyne avaunt Nafré esteyt cum fust defete;

6684

6688

6690 bosoyne

Issy sembla la playe fete. La playe le fist graunt dolur Kar il senty nut e jur Si gref arsun e eschaufeure Ke trop fu grevé de angoysse dure. Deus jurz ly greva ceu turment, Il crya e gyent treforment, De quor prya seyn Fraunceys Ke en ceu bosoyn le fust curteys.

48 va

220

6692

6696

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

‘Joe crey,’ ce dist, ‘certeynement Ke a cors eustes verreyement Lé syngnes dé playes Jhesu Crist. La fole dutaunce ke me supryst Tute est passee e cel’ errur. Par lé syngnacles du Sauveur,

Joe vus requer, me seez aydaunt!’ Issy prya tut en pluraunt. Si tost cum

passa la dutaunce,

6700

Aussy passa la grevaunce: En la mayn ren ne aparust De la playe ke avaunt receut. A Deu se plya umblement,

6704

Le seynt ama mut ducement,

6708

6712

Les Freres Menurs ben cheryst Tutdys cum amy a eus se myst. Ceu myracle par leau serment Est asseuré e ensement Le esveke lettres de tesmoynaunce Envea pur fere asseuraunce. Ceo serra folye e graunt musage Si l’em dedeyst tel tesmoynage De ceo ke le apostoyl dyt, E ke le esveke myst en escryt | Ové ceo ke autres aventures

6716

Tesmoynent

verrees

€ seures.

[II, 1] En le chastel du Munt Maran, Pres de Benevente, en un an,

Ne say la date,.mes certaynement

6720

6724

6712 tele

Issy avynt ke mut tendrement Une femme se tynt en sa vye A seynt Fraunceys en sa avourye. Ceste murut desavyseement, Kar ne fu pas confesse enterement. Lé clers a nut y assemblerent,

48 vb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

6728

221

Le servyse e sauters y chaunterent. La femme se adresca sudeynement Sur sun lyt veaunt la gent E a sey apela un chapeleyn Ke lenz estut, sun parayn,

Peus le dist en teu manere:

6732

‘Joe voyl estre confesse de vus, cher pere;

Escutez un peché ke vus dyrray, Unkes a autre ne le mustray. Receyvre devey dure prysun 6736

Pur ceo ke ne le aye dit en confessyun,

6740

Mes seynt Fraunceys me fu aydaunt, A ky joe servy en mun vyvaunt, Kar taunt fyst par sa pryere Ke ma alme deveyt turner arere Au cors, taunt [ke] sey[e] confesse;

6744

6748

A bon repos turneray aprés.’ Tremblanment dist sa confessyun; Le prestre, espouri, la absolucyun La fist, e ele tut apertement Se mist au lyt e benurément La alme rendy en bone mort, Asseuré de aver bon confort. [II, 2] Le chasteu Pomart est assis

A muntaynes de Poyle, ¢o ay apris. Un hume out une fylle suleyne

6752

6756

En ceu lu de sun cors demeyne; La fylle fu malade e murust. Pere e mere autre frust Ne aveyent, pur ceo lur grevaunce

Fu dublé en la cheaunce.

En taunt lur sembla graunt damage Ke ne aveyent autre ke heritage

Peut enporter de lur engendrure. 6760

Dolenz esteyent saunz mesure Pere e mere de cele mort,

6728 de expuncted before veaunt

6736 oye dit

49 ra

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

222

6764

6768

Mes la mere ne prist confort: Taunt de dolur la mere suprist Ke pres fu a rendre le espyrist, Ne sout ke em fyst envyrun; Mes taunt cum fu en paumesun, Seyn Fraunceys la visita E ducement la conforta,

Ové ly mena un compayngnun. Il meme dist cele resun: ‘Ne plurés pas, kar par ma priere

6772

6776

Recoverez ta fylle, ta lumere Pur ky plurastes si forment.’ La femme leva devaunt la gent, Erraument se myst vers le cors, Ne suffri ke l’em le portast hors.

Seynt Fraunceys numa en fey E sa fylle trest vers sey; Sa fylle trova vive e seyne,

6780

Trestuz en urent joye sudeyne.

6784

Un hume prierent ke feyst sucurs De sun char a graunt mester, E ke pur Deu le vousist prester.

[II, 3] A Nocerye lé Frere Menurs

‘Le hume

6788

6792

6796

6772 lumine

esteyt apelé Peres;

Huntuse ledenge dist a freres, E medist de seynt Fraunceys. Il fist ke fole e cum mauveys: Sun quor demeyne le reprist Tost aprés de ceo ke out dyt; De sa folye out‘desplesaunce, Espouery esteyt de vengaunce. La vengaunce vynt meyntenaunt, Kar enmalady sun eyné enfaunt. Taunt le hasta la maladye Ke en poy de hure perdi la vwye. Le pere ke savayt ke il fu mort

49 rb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

223

Veutra cum cheytif saunz confort E en pluraunt, dolent, crya

6800

A seyn Fraunceys, mercy prya:

6804

Joe sul su dingne de aver dehet! Rendez, Fraunceys, a repentaunt Ke avez sustret a medisaunt.

‘Joe suy,’ ceo dist, ‘ke ad meffet!

A vus me renk, e a tun servise

A vus fere honur e sacrifise De loenge tutdis a Jhesu Crist,

6808

Ke taunt de honur en terre vus fist.’ Mervaylle orrez: tost suyvaunt S’en leva tut seyn l’enfaunt. ‘Lessez ester,’ dist a sun pere,

6812

6816

‘Ne plurés pas en teu manere. Hors du cors estey mené; Par Seynt Fraunceys fu remené.’ Le prodhume au seynt fist honur E loa Jhesu, duz Sauveur.

6820

De set aunz. Sa mere ama taunt Ke syvre le voleyt a la eglyse De Seynt Mark sulum la guyse

[II, 4] Un notere a Rome

De enfaunz; la mere

out un enfaunt

taunt fyst

Ke le enfaunt a mesun remyst. Aprés sa mere se launga hors 6824

6828

Par une fenestre, si ke le cors

Esquassa a terre, e meyntenaunt Au cheir murust le enfaunt. La mere le sun ben aparceut Du cheyr e tost y cureut; Le enfaunt trova ke jeut mort. Ele en out graunt desconfort,

6832

Sey memes debaty cruelement E crya e brua dolereusement. Tuz les veysyns pyté supryst

6801 suy inserted as correction in margin

6817 notinere

49 va

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

224

De la dolur ke ele en fyst. Taunt avynt ke un Frere Menur,

6836

6840

6844

6848

6852

6856

Raho par nun, ke fu prechur,

Precher y deut e aprochaunt Vynt au leu ou jut le enfaunt. Le dolent pere tret vers sey E de ly enquist si eust fey Ke seynt Fraunceys peut fere taunt Ke resuscitast sun enfaunt Par la deserte de verrey amur Ke il out au crucifié Sauveur. Le pere respundi erraument: ‘Joe le crey e reconoys leaument _ E ly promet ke tut’ ma vye Sun sergaunt serray sy ceo otrye.’ Les freres se mistrent en pryere E la gent prierent Deu requere. Lors l’enfaunt repryst aleyne, La buche overy e vye out pleyne E ala en pleyne vertu. Trestuz ke furent en le leu Deu loerent e seyn Fraunceys Ke en bosoyne fu si curteys. '[II, 5] En Capue, ke est une cyté

6860

6864

6868

Issy numé de antiquité, Plusurs enfaunz s’en alerent Juer e taunt se moullerent Sus Wulturne la ryvere, Ke un chey en la bessere. Au parfund chey sudeynement, Le curs le ravy mut ignelement, Mort le ensevely le sablun. Les enfaunz ke vyrent lur compayngnun Sutret issy sudeynement En cryaunt braerent pyteusement.

Le pople y curust a graunt cry 6847 ly promette ke

6865 ensevele sablun

49 ub

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

225

E seynt Fraunceys cryerent mercy Ke il eust pyté de cel enfaunt,

6872

Kar ses parenz le amerent avaunt, En ly aveyent graunt fyaunce, Sucur le pryerent en la cheaunce. Le cry fu graunt ke l’em y fist;

6876

Un nour de la noyse enquyst,

6880

6884

Pité aveyt de la enchesun; Le ayde Fraunceys prya par nun, En le ewe parfunde se mist: En sa manere taunt enquist Ke au tay le trova en couverture Aussy cum eust sa sepulture. Taunt se entremyst de ceo cors Ke quoyntement le saka hors; Mort le trova, e a la gent Le tret a terre, triste e dolent.

6888

Le pople crya en teu manere: ‘Seynt Fraunceys, rendez au pere, Rendez au pere sun enfaunt!’ E Jeus ke vindrent survenaunt, De pyté ke eus en aveyent,

6892

Ové les Crestiens dyseyent: ‘Seyn Fraunceys, rendez au pere Le enfaunt!’,

6896

6900

6904

e en teu manere

Tuz cryerent unyement. Le enfaunt leva sudeynement

E trestuz se enmervylerent E graunt joye demenerent. Le enfaunt prya saunz apryse Ke le menassent a la eglyse Seynt Fraunceys, kar devotement A cely ke si.curteysement En teu cheaunce aydé le aveyt De bon quor grace rendre voleyt. (I, 6] En la cyté ke est dyte Suesse

Mesaventure avynt espresse. Une mesun chey sudeynement,

50 ra

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

226

6908

Un juvencel tua hydusement. Au cheyr y out graunt sun, La gent y vindrent envyrun,

6912

Le chytif cors deschargerent E a sa mere ly lyvererent. La mere pleyne de tristur, En taunt cum [pout], pur dolur, Crya e dist: “Seyn Fraunceys,

6916

Me rendez mun fiz, seyn Fraunceys!’ Trestuz pryerent ensement Ke la estey[e]nt en present,

6920

6924

6928

6932

6936

Mes sen ne voyz ne remyst ~ En ceu cors, e en un lyt Le cucherent, ke a sepulture L’endemeyn mettreyent lur cure. La mere, ke out graunt fyaunce En seynt Fraunceys de alegaunce, Voua ke sy peut recoveryr Sun fiz, ke ele freyt coveryr Sun auter bel e honestement De teyle blaunche, cum

apent.

Le cors sun fiz ke au lyt just Revesqui entur la mynut E devynt chaud e tret aleyne E receut sa saunté playne E releva par sey e remercya A Deu e au seynt, e tuz prya A rendre grace joyusement Pur le estraunge resuscytement. [II, 7] Gerlaundyn, ke en Ragusye Nasqui, releva de mort en vye

6940

Par seyn Fraunceys ben e bel. Gerlaundyn esteyt un juvencel; Cil a vynnes ala un jur, A empler ses vesseaus au pressur. Taunt cum issy du vyn quist

6911 g expuncted afterdes

6913 ducur expuncted before tristur

.

20%

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

6944

Desuz le pressur au vessel se myst Ou deveyt prendre le vyn. Mes sur la test{e] Gerlaundyn

Lé grosse peres ke chargerent 6948

Le pressur aval ruerent. La teste esquassa morteaument

La peysauntyme, e cheytivement

6952

Desuz ceu fes le chetif just Tut freyt mort. Sun pere curust A meme le leu e en desperaunce

Le lessa gesyr e saunz alegaunce. 6956

Les vinneruns ke aparceurent Le cry du pere y coreurent;

Pité aveyent e graunt dolur Du chetyf pere, e du pressur 6960

Estretrent le cors ke esteyt mort; Le pere ne out autre confort,

A pez Jhesu mut humblement Se veutra e prya pyteusement Ke par les merites seynt Fraunceys

6964

6968

A ceste bosoyne le feut curteys E alegast sa dure peyne. La feste le seynt fu proceyne, Ses pryeres suvent reprist E voua vous e ben promyst Si sun fiz resuscit[e]reyt

Ke le cors seynt vysitereyt, Li e sun fiz ensement.

6972

Mervayle avynt erraument: Le cors ke en la greve pressure Fu esquassé, ke taunt fu dure, Releva vif en saunté entere;

6976

Lé pluranz blama ke en teu manere

Le pleynoyent, pus ke la vye Receu avayt par la curteysye Seyn Fraunceys, ke en veryté 6980

Le out de mort resuscité.

[II, 8] La pape Gregoyre de un mort

50 va

228

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Resuscité, a fere confort A freres maunda certeynement,

6984

Ke par seynt Fraunceys novelement En Alemayne fu resucité,

E en tesmoynaunce de verité, Lé lettres envea en sun nun

6988

Kaunt l’em fyst la translacyun. Ne en ay pas trové la manere,

Mes a sa lettre dey ben crere E ceo ke il tesmoyne en escryst

6992

Ne deyt pas estre contredyt. “

6996

[III, 1] Pres de la Cité de graunt renun Un nobles hume, Rauf par nun, Esteyt ke out sa femme bone, Devote a Deu, kar par aumone Deus Freres Menurs herbergerent,

Kar Saint Fraunceys ben amerent. Par cheaunce, memes

7000

7004

7008

7012

7016

la nut

La guete du chastel en haut jut Sur la tur en costaunt de un mur, La ou quidayt estre en seur, Sur busche ou fuz ke y gyseyent. Lé fuz ke desuz ly esteyent Se dejoyndrent e il chey Sur le palays tut endormy, E du palays tut en dormaunt Chei a terre, e par taunt

Ceus ke au chastel reposerent Par la graunt noys’ enveyllerent. La meyné y curust ke oy le sun, E seygnur e dame ke la enchesun Aveyent oy, e les Freres Menurs Talent aveyent de fere sucurs. La guete ke esteyt cheu a terre Dormi tut ferm pur cele affere, Ja n’eveylla; tant le sakerent Ke la guete enveyllerent.

50 vb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

7020

Pus se pleint de lur surfet, Ke de sun repos le aveyent retret:

7024

‘A braz seynt Fraunceys, en graunt delyt.’ Kaunt oy cunter de sa cheaunce, A Deu promyst de fere penaunce A Vhonur Deu e seynt Fraunceys Ke en teu peryl le fu curteys.

229

‘Joe ay reposé mut suef,’ ce dist,

[Ii, 2] Un chastel est dyt Pophis

7028

Ke en Chaunpeyne est assys. [loc avynt ke un prestre, Thomas

out nun, ke de |’estre

De un molyn se entremyst; 7032

A cele part sun chemyn prist,

Le molyn apendy a la eglyse, De reparayller la devyse Voleyt surver, ke feut refet.

7036

7040

7044

7048

7052

Le molin esteyt eweret; Le prestre ala pres du chanel Ou le curs fu red e ygnel. Il y ala desavyseement, Au chanel chey sudeynement. La roe le prestre tost aquoylly E mut ferm vers sey le seysy. Le prestre just a la bessere, Vers munt fu turné sa vyere, En la roe le cors restut, Le ewe redde sur ly curut, Ne pout parler petyt ne graunt,

Seyn Fraunceys prya en pensaunt. Lunges just en cele cheaunce; Ses compayngnuns en desperaunce Issi gysir le lesserent E pus la roe si contreturnerent Ke le cheytif en fu retret,

E veutra endreyt du gulet. 7020 repose

7021 order of words ce dist mut suef corrected by scribe

51 ra

230

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

E taunt cum

en cel leu restut,

7056

Un Frere Menur ly apparust: Vestu esteyt de un blank habyt E ceynt de une corde; e sun braz-prist

7060

Pus le dist quant ceo out fet: ‘Joe suy Fraunceys ky pryastes Du quor quaunt en le ewe cuchastes.’ Merveyle out de la deliveraunce, Aprés le seynt tost se launce

E de le ewe suef le retret,

7064

Ke s’enparti, a ceo teser

7068

7072

7076

7080

7084

7088

Voleyt aprés ke peut beeser Ses pez seynz, e issy enquist: ‘Ou est cely? Queu part se myst? Ou s’en est le seynt alé?’ La gent s’en furent enmerveilé. Ceus ke ceste mervaylle vyrent Devotement a terre cheyerent E les vertuz Deu loerent E seynt Fraunceys honurerent. [III, 3] Juvenceus du burg Celan, Sulun la sesun.de tel an,

A chaumpeynes s’en aleyent, Herbe drugé quere voleyent. Taunt lé mena cele alee Ke vyndrent au leu ou a recelee Un beu puz esteyt en umbrage, Covert Gesus de bele herbage. Ewe celé en meyme le puz A parfund de quatre pas estut. Lé juvenceaus ne se aparceurent

Du puz, par le champ cururent; Un de eus a puz chey, E au cheyr jetta teu cry: ‘Seyn Fraunceys, ore me aydez!’ Ne trova resteaunce a pez,

7092

Yssy crya en bone fyaunce. Ses compayngnuns par la cheaunce

MIs

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

231

Diverse part se turnerent, Mes quaunt cely ne troverent, Au chef du tur ount aparceu

7096

Ke au puz esteyt cheu. Au burg se mystrent erraument, La chaunce cunterent pyteusement, Eyde requystrent e sucur

7100

En pyteuse pleint’, a graunt dolur.

Les juvenceus returnerent, Graunt rute de gent y amenerent. Par une corde une se myst

7104

En le puz e l’enfaunt quyst. Tut sauf le trova en seaunt Sur l’eve a puz, e amuntaunt

Il le trestrent du puz sauvement. 7108

E il reconoust a tuz leaument:

‘Au cheir a puz, joe apelay Seyn Fraunceys e le en pryay Ke il me aydast, e sudeynement

rae

Il meymes y vynt en present,

Sa mayn estendy e suef me prist, Ne me lessa pus e ové mey remyst Taunt ke ové vus hors du put 7116

Me amena en bon condut.’ [{IlI, 4] La curt de Rome a Assise

7120

7124

7128

Assemblé esteyt e en la eglyse Seyn Fraunceys a un prechement Ke le esveske de Oyst fist a la gent — Chardynal esteyt a Rome, Pape pus, le escrit le nume Alysaundre. A sun prechement Un’ grosse pere entre la gent Chey aval de un haut pulpyt, Une femme assena ke y syst. La teste esquassa sy forment Ke mort fu jugé de la gent Ke esteyent pres e ceo vyrent. De sun mauntel la coverirent,

51 va

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

7136

7140

Ke aprés le sermun le chetyf cors Peussent a leyser saker hors. La femme ke senty la cheaunce En seyn Fraunceys out fyaunce, A ly se baylla devotement, Ky auter esteyt en present. Quaunt le sermun fu parfet Ele leva seyn’, saunz dehet, Saunz empeynte de blescure; De dolur de teste recust cure,

Kar sovent avaunt en out grevaunce, La dolur ly passa en cele cheaunce.

7144

{IlI, 5] A Cornete a Freres Menurs, Au fundre de un seyn vyndrent plusurs

Par tendrur e bone devocyun, E un enfaunt, apelé par nun Bartholomeu, ke un present

7148

Porta a freres pur cele gent Ke en cel leu furent travayllaunt;

7152

7156

7160

Oyt aunz de age aveyt l’enfaunt, En venaunt esteyt ové le present: Un vent escust treforment Une mesun, e de la porte Ke esteyt mut peysaunte e forte Le us alocha issy ke il chey Sur l’enfaunt e tut le covery. Desuz cel us issi just Ke de tut le cors ren ne aparust. La gent y vyndrent ke esteyent pres, Ke l’enfaunt virent desuz cele fes,

E seyn Fraunceys escryerent, Sucurs de ly trestuz pryerent. 7164

Sun pere just red estendu Quaunt aveyt la chaunce veu: Sun fiz ke just issi covert A sein Fraunceys ad offert;

7147 at foot offolio, with insertion mark in margin

Si gh

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

De quor, de buche, a sun servyse

7168

Le enfaunt offry a sa devyse. Le us pesaunt remuerent, L’enfaunt tut seyn y troverent,

7172

Ne remyst sygne de esquassure, Ne merk ne enpeynte de blescure. Au quatorzime an de sun age A Menurs se rendi de bon curage,

7176

A la apryse mist bone cure E devynt humme de graunt lettrure E prechur esteyt famous,

Deus en seyt loé, le glorius!

7180

7184

[III, 6] La gent de Lentif une pere Trep[es]aunte de une quarere

Quistrent, ke fu haut assyse. La pere deut estre par tens myse A Deu servyr en un muster De sein Fraunceys sur un auter. Le muster serreyt prochenement Dedyé au seynt sollempnement. En cel leu la pere quistrent,

7188

Du caryage mut se entremystrent; Pres de quaraunt[e]

se assemblerent,

Au mettre u char se peynerent. Au remuer de sun estat,

7192

Un de eus aquoylly trestut plat E le covery cum sepulture Eu deut aver. La mesaventure

7196

Dys humes aprés y demurerent, Seyn Fraunceys mut pyteusement Pryerent ke si horryblement Ne lessast muryr en sun servyse Cel hume, e pus a lur empryse Ové bone fyaunce returnerent E legerement remuerent

Desconfyst les autres, e s’en alerent;

7200

7183 nuster

233

234

7204

7208

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

La pere e le humme saunz damage Leva e out tel avauntage Ke sa vewe fu esclarsye Ke avaunt esteit enoscurye. Mut est le seint de graunt pussaunce Ke a soens eyde en desperaunce.

52 ra

[III, 7] Aussi avint a Seyn Severyn, Si cum recunte le latyn, En la marche de Anchone,

7ar2

7216

7220

7224

Cheaunce semblable e trebone. De Constantinople une pereKaryé fu, pesaunte e fere. Plusurs par force de lur enprise Trere la volayent a la eglyse Seyn Fraunceys par bon curage; E put estre ke par utrage La pere chey par graunt eyre, Un dé sakaunz seysi en eyre, Sur ly [chey] si charganment Ke mort le tyndrent tute la gent E demincé en menue partye Quideyent ke feut, mes sa vye Sein Fraunceys treben sauva: Pres estut, la pere leva;

7228

Par eyde de ly estut enprés Cely ke just desuz le fes; Saylli sus legerement, Seyn e sauf devaunt la gent. [I, 8] Bartholomeu —

7232

7236

de Gageteyn,

Sulun la estoyre, esteyt cyteyn — A une eglyse ke fu en fesaunt De seyn Fraunceys se entremist taunt Ke avynt ke un gros tref Grevousement chey sur sun chef; La teste esquassa tredurement,

7208 at top offolio, with mark in margin for insertion

7228 s expuncted before z in desuz

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

7240

7244

Ben quidout murryr en le turment. En teu pour de la mort Un frere requyst ke confort Ly feyt du cors duz Jhesu Crist. Le Frere Menur respundi e dist La parole ke seynt Augustin Met en escryst, le bon devyn; La parole amunte:

‘Ben creez,

En taunt le cors Jhesu mangez!’ Le frere ke survyst sa peyne,

7248

4252

Duta ke passast de mort sudeyne; Pur ceo ly dist ke deveyt crere, Kar le cors Jhesu duta quere Par une tendre gelusye Ke ne fut passé de ceste vye Eynz ke put ben returner. Pur ceo duta de alloyne[r].

7256

7260

Pus avynt la proceyne nut, Ové unze freres ly aparust Seyn Fraunceys, ke un ayngnel Tynt au pyz, mut trebel; Kaunt aprocha a sun lit Par nun le apela e ly dist: ‘Bartholomeu, de le Averser Ne eyez pour, ke cunt[r]er

7264

7268

7272

A vus esteyt en mun servise. Ren ne espleytera de sa enprise, A vus ad fet ceste grevaunce Ke vus en eussez desturbaunce. Cyst est le ayngnel ke demaundastes, Par bon desyr le herbergastes, Pur sa vertu ben recoverez aeee Sauveté de alme pleyne.’ Le seynt pus sa mayn demeyne Sur ses playes mut suef tret E le dist kaunt ceo out fet:

7254 in margin at end of 7253; last letter trimmed off

235

52 rb

236

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

‘A la overayngne

tost vus returnez,

Nostre enprise parfacez.’

7276

Au matyn tut seyn e fort S’en leva, e ceus ke a la mort Le aveyent lessé, ke [le] virent

7280

Seyn e heyté, mut se abayrent. Par la mervayle encrust amur En la gent de fere honur A seyn Fraunceys, e reverence, Ke garrist cely par sa presence.

7284

[III, 9] Un humme de chastea[u] Cypran, Nichol par nun, receust graunt han En un tel leu du pays

7288

Cruelement le naufrerent Taunt ke a murtyr le lesserent. Nichol, kaunt a la prymur

Ou vint entre ses enemys;

Senty lé coups, crya sucur

7292

7296

De seyn Fraunceys, e cria en haut A commencement de cel assaut: ‘Seyn Fraunceys, me sucurrez! Seyn Fraunceys, ore me aydez!’ La voyz ben loynz oyrent plusurs, Nul ne ly pout fere sucurs;

7300

En sun saunk demeyne tut abué A-sa mesun fu traunloué. A la gent dist en bone fyaunce: ‘Ne murray pas de ceste grevance, Ne ore endrey[t] ne senk dolur,

7304

7308

7276 seynt e

Seyn Fraunceys me a fet sucur; Taunt me a conquys de curtaysie Ke pur amender ma fole vye Espace averay de fere penaunce. Ceo parust ben par la cheaunce

Ke avynt aprés ke fu lavé, Kar saunz respyt fu sauvé 7299 mesun demeyne esteit traunloue

>

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

237

E garry de playe e de peyne Encontre la quydaunce humayne. 7312

7316

7320

[III, 10] Un nobles hume crestyen Au Chasteau Seyn Germynyen Un fiz out, grevé de maladye, Ne quida pas aver sa vye; Le saunk vynt des eus raaunt Aussy cum yst de braz boyllaunt, Par tut le cors out syngne de mort. Le pere en prist graunt desconfort, Amys e parenz y assemblerent, De la sepulture dolenz parlerent. Le pere curust a la eglise Sein Fraunceys ke. est a Assyse,

7324

En meyme la vile, e la se myst Plat a la tere; vous y fyst, Deu prye ententivement; E se contynt mut umblement,

7328

Au col out pendu sa ceynture; De sa umblesce Deu prist cure, [E] Seynt Fraunceys le fu aydaunt,

Pooe

Kar il returna meyntenaunt E quant revynt a sa mesun Sun fiz out bone garesun. Seyn le trova e en graunt vyvesce, La dolur chaunga en graunt leesce.

7340

[IlI, 11] Aussy garryst de maladye Une pucele de Catalonye, En la vile de Tamaryt — Ke issy est numé en escrist — E une autre semblablement

7344

Esteyent grevé de maladye E en poynt pur perdre la vye. Les parenz taunt pryerent

7336

De Anchone, ke treforement

7338 vile ke tamaryt

52 vb

238

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Le seynt ke saunté recovererent. [III, 12] Un clerc du leu ke l’em apele

7348

7352

En cel pays la Blaunche Ruele — Cyl esteyt numé Matheu — Venym mortal out taunt beu Ke par le venym ke fu si fort Perdy parole, a poy fu mort. Un prestre ke feyt confessyun Le amenteut; par nule resun

7356

7360

Ne pout parole de ly estrere. Le clerc ke senty sy dure afere Duz Jhesu au quor pytousement Prya ke de ceo vil turment Par la meryte sun cher Fraunceys Li deliverast de venym puneys, E solaz ly feyst e confort, E le delyverast de peryl de mort. Lors receut de Deu poer Ke seynt Fraunceys pout numer.

x

7364

Si tost cum le nun out dyt, Le venym a vewe de tuz vomyst. Ceus ke esteyent en la place Tesmoynerent ben la grace.

7368

[IV, 1] Maryners ke esteyent en mer Entente aveyent de aryver Au port ke est dist Baralyteyn;

7372

A ceo se penerent mut en veyn: A dys lewes du port grevaunce Survynt en mer, e desturbaunce.

En peril de mort iloc auncrerent; Les cables des auncres depeszerent,

7376

La tempeste charga treforment, La mer enfla, e chazsa le vent. A la mer se abaundunerent,

En curs desowel la nef guyerent. 7380

Les auncres en la mer remistrent,

53 va

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

239

Aloyné de cables, a funz se mistrent.

Quant Deu apesa cel orage, Pur recoveryr lur damage

7384

7388

7392

Les auncres voley[e]nt a sey retrere. Mut se penerent a ceo fere,

Les chetyfs de travayl suerent, Eyde de plusurs seynz prierent; Issy se contyndrent tut le jur En travayl vayn e en suur. Entre eus esteyt un compayngnun, Parfyst apelé fu par nun; Cyl parla meyns parfytement, Cum funt les fous en peryl sovent: ‘De plusurs seynz pryé sucur Taunt avez,’ ceo dist, ‘tut ceo jur,

7396

N’y a cyl ke nus seyt curteys. Pryum cest nouveau seyn Fraunceys Si il se plunge en la mer

7400

E nos auncres nus face aver.’ En teu manere parla Parfyt, E en gabeys as autres dyst. Les autres ke oyrent la parole, Mes ke fust sa entent[e] fole,

7404

7408

7412

Ne le tyndrent pas a gabays E se vouerent a seyn Fraunceys E lur vou ferm asseurerent: Saunz delay en mer floterent Les auncres a veu’ de cele gent, Desus la mer saunz sustenement. E aprés ben aryverent, Issy les auncres recovererent.

[IV, 2] Un pelryn ke par maladye Ke au quors out, e dure amaye,

7416

Feble esteyt, e de utremer En nef se myst pur returner; De forte ague out eu grevaunce,

7410 word order corrected within line by scribe

53 rb

240

7420

7424

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

En seyn Fraunceys out fyaunce. Angoysse de seyf le suprist, En cele angoysse crya e dist: ‘A beyvre, de la ewe ore me portez! Mun vessel tut pleyn troverez.’ — La ewe esteyt de tut fayllye Ben avaunt en la navye, [Mes] Seyn Fraunceys-sun bon amy

Sun vessel out ben repleny, Pur ceo le dist e ben le saveyt — Le vessel ke avaunt veud esteyt, 7428

Tut pleyn de ewe esteyt trové!

—

Deus e sun seynt en seyt loé!

7432

Un autre jur ensurt tempeste Ke a cele nef fist graunt moleste; Les undes engrossyrent E la nef taunt seysyrent,

7436

7440

De peryr aveyent graunt pour. Le peleryn malade fist clamur E par la nef ala cryaunt: ‘Levez trestuz en acuntraunt Seyn Fraunceys, ke en cel leu Pur nus sauver est ore venu!’ En haut cria tut en pluraunt,

Adenz chey cum en aouraunt. Sy tost cum il out eu la vuewe 7444

De seyn Fraunceys, ly fu rendue Saunté du cors enterement,

E passa tempeste e turment. LIV, 3] Frere Jakes de Reatyn

7448

7452

En une nacele en chemyn Se myst a passer une rivere Ové autre freres ke en teu manere Passer voleyent; quaunt aryverent, Frere Jake aprés eus lesserent En la nacel’ de petyt pris. Frere Jake ke esteyt remis, Quaunt du vessel s’en passa,

53 va

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

7456

7460

7464

241

La petyte nacele reversa; Au parfund de cele ryvere Plunga meyntenaunt le frere, A nef se tynt le guvernur. Les compayngnuns a graunt dolur Seyn Fraunceys prierent en pluraunt Ke a lur frere fust eydaunt, Ke ne fust neé en teu manere Au parfund de la bessere. Frere Jake en cele destresce Plunge a la parfundesce, De quor prya sun cher per[e],

Seyn Fraunceys, en la rivere. 7468

De buche ne pout ren parler,

De pytous quor a ly pryer Trestut se duna, ke eydaunt Ly feust iloc, e meyntenaunt

7472

Seyn Fraunceys par sa presence Le solasza en cele descense,

Kar au parfund de la ryvere

7476

Aussy ala cum a seche tere; La nacel[e] en le ewe pryst

E ové sey a la rive la myst. N’y out trové en sa vesture Gute de ewe ne moyllure. 7480

7484

[IV, 4] Un Frere Menur, ke Bonaventure

Apelé esteyt, en aventure Se myst a passer par un lay En une nacele, ke a le assay Faylly trop pereylousement; Depescé esteyt e mut graunment Receust de ewe, ne poey[e]nt rester,

7488

7492

Au parfund covynt plunger. La nacel’ plunga e le frere Au parfund vynt de la bessere. Deus autres out en compayngnye En meym’ le peryl de perdre vye. A seyn Fraunceys de quor pryerent,

53 vb

242

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Ové graunt fyance sucur pryerent: La nacele sudeynement Tut pleyn[e] de ewe ové la gent

7496

7500

7504

7508

7512

7516

Sauvement au port restut; Seyn Fraunceys lur fist condust. Aussy avynt a un autre frere De Esculon, ke en une ryvere Plungé esteyt e fu delivre Par seyn Fraunceys; ne voyl plus escrivre. De autel peryl furent supris Plusurs ke au bat se eurent mys Au passer du lay Reatyn; Teu peryl aveyent en chemyn, “ Lur bat brysa; le seynt prierent, Hummes e femmes eschaperent De ceo peryl tut sauvement: Ben est seur ke au seynt se prent. [IV, 5] Mariners en tempeste e peyne De la maryne Anconyteyne Esteyent en mut greve quidaunce De estre neé. O bone fyaunce Seyn Fraunceys-ententivement Pryerent sucur, e sudeynement En la nef trebele lumere Aparust e la tempeste fere Cessa e tut ceo gref turment. Le seynt out sur mer e vent

7520

Receu vertu e graunt poer, Trop serreyt lung tut recunter.

[V, 1] Un sergaunt en Rumenye

7524

7500 delivee

Encusé esteyt par felunye De lar[e]cyn a sun seyngnur Ke commaunda par graunt rancur Ke en ferges e en prysun 7522 Rumneye

54 ra

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

7528

7532

7536

7540

7544

7548

Fust mys pur cele enchesun. La dame de bone conscience, Ke entendy ben sa innocence, Sun seyngnur requist pyteusement Pur la delyveraunce de le innocent. Ele ne pout en nule manere Enbonyr sun quor par sa priere. Quaunt ele trevist la duresce, Sun quor turna en umblesce A seyn Fraunceys e le requist Pur le cheytif, e vou ly fist.

Le seynt se plya prestement Au sucur de le innocent: La prysun brysa e le delya, En taunt au cheytif se plya Ke par la meyn le sergaunt prist, Hors le mena, e peus ly dyst: ‘Jeo su cely verrey[e]ment A ky ta dame devotement Tay ad bayllé par une tendrur.’ Abay esteyt e a graunt pour: Sur une roche estust hauteyne,

Ke esteyt mut royst desus le pleyne; Pur ceo devysa en pensaunt 7552

[K’ ]envyrun irreyt en descendaunt. Tost [se] trova en la pleyne

Par une traunlouaunce sudeyne, Par la vertu sun bon patrun,

7556

7560

Ke mené le out de la prysun. La mervaylle cunta verreyement A sa dame tut ordynément. La dame esteyt pus plus espryse Eu amur de Deu e de sun servyse E de seyn Fraunceys sun sergaunt Ke pur ly out fet ytaunt. [V, 2] Un leu est dyst en teu manere En latyn:‘La Masse Seyn Pere;

7564

243

En cel leu esteyt un chyvaler

54 rb

244

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Trop utragous e trop fer; Un povre le deveyt dette rendre,

Ne avayt dunt la soudé prendre. 7568

Pur le amur seyn Fraunceys Le pria ke ly fust curtays E pur destresce de sa povert[e] Respyt le donast e saunz pert[e]

7572

Sa dette mut ben ly rendreyt. Le chyvaler orgoylous esteyt, De la pryer[e] out despyt:

7576

De le amur seyn Fraunceys tynt petyt, Poy en tynt, si cum de paylle, Ne volt respiter dosse de aylle, « Ceo est a dyre graunt ne petyt. Au povre respundi par despyt:

7580

‘En teu leu vus enprisuneray,

7584

E si ferm iloc vus enclorray Ke Fraunceys ren ne vus eydra, Ne autre sucur vus y vendra.’ Ceo ke par utrage aveyt dist,

7588

7592

7596

7600

En fet, taunt cum pout, parfyst: Saunz merci e saunz pyté Enchartra cely ke aquyté Sa dette ne out, par nunpoer; ‘Du feten feu poy a loer. Le cheytyf y just mut ferm lyé, Sein Fraunceys ne ly out pas ublyé; Au povre vynt en la prysun E enfraint sé lyens e a sa mesun Le povre en sauveté condut Ke avaunt en férges jut. Le seynt au povre fyst confort E mustra ke il fu plus fort Ke cely ke out fet cel utrage: Par taunt affeeta sun curage, Par la pyté de duz Fraunceys

Devynt deboner e curteys. 7565 fere

54 va

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

245

[V, 3] Aubert numé, de Aregun,

7604

7608

Fergé esteyt par enchesun De dette ke tortenusement Le fu demaundé engressément. A seyn Fraunceys, cum a patrun, Mist en defense e en baundun Sa cause, kar le seynt cheryst Entre lé seynz duz Jhesu Crist

Cum sun patrun especiaument, 7612

E ses freres ama trecherement. Le creaunszur le dyst puneys, Ke ne Deu par poer, ne Fraunceys

De sun poer, ne le delyvereyt. La fest[e] le seynt aprocheyt;

7616

7620

Quant vynt la veylle, tut le jur Aubert juna pur le amur Le seynt e fist tut sun manger A un povre cheytyf duner. La nut ke vynt aprés sywant, Le seynt vist venyr tut en veyllant Ou fust enclos en un soler,

Ne y out eus ke pout rester, 7624

7628

Les eus par sey trestuz overirent, Les tables du soler resortirent,

Peez e meyns defergerent E le cheytyf deschargerent, Ke fraunc returna a sa mesun. Le seynt honura, ceo fu resun,

7632

Tute sa vye; ben parfyst Le vou ke au seynt iloc promist: Sa veylle juna leaument Ke le delyvera sy fraunchement, E a sun honur, ke ly aparust,

7636

Un cyrge ke sout doner encrust En syngne de sa devocyun — Encrewe fu par cele resun. [V, 4] En le tens la pape Gregoyre De ky avaunt est fet memoyre,

54 vb

246

7640

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Peres nomé, de Alysye, Acusé esteyt de heresye,

7644

E pris a Rome par commaundement La pape e gardé estreytement; E par tute la curt rumeyne A le esvesk’ Tyburtyn, sur peyne De sa esvesché, bayllé esteyt.

7648

7652

7656

7660

7664

7668

7672

7676 7642 e par

Le esvesk le garda mut estreyt: En ferges le tynt, e dyete dure — Peyn en peys e beyvre en mesure — Fyst doner a ceu cheytyf. Taunt cum esteyt issy sutyf, Le duz Fraunceys mut prya,

.

En pluraunt a ly se umylya. Sa feste esteyt ja proceyne; Sovent prya en cele peyne, E sa heresye de tut renya E au seynt leaument se alya. Seyn Fraunceys le fyst sucur De sa grevaunce e de sa dolur: Aprés vynt en la prysun, E ke s’en levast sumund par nun. Peres en out mut graunt pour. _ Ceo avynt entre nut e jur Du vespre ke vynt devant Ke le jur de sa feste esteyt sywaunt. Peres demaunda e enquyst: ‘Ke es tu?’ Le seynt le dyst: ‘Jeo su Fraunceys, verrey[e]ment,

Ke a vus su venu en present.’ Les ferges de ses peez cheyrent, Les clous dé borz resortyrent Par sey, sy ke pout ben yssir; Esbay esteyt, ne sout fuyr, A la port’ restut e crya E ses gardeyns tuz affraa. Ententyvement le cercherent, 7669 e expuncted before su

55 ra

LA VYE DE SEYNT

FRAUNCEYS

247

Trestut delyvre le troverent. A le esvesk’ de ceste cheaunce Verreyment feseyent mustraunce. 7680

Le esvesk’ y vynt devotement;

Quaunt tut entendi pleynement La verité, le leu honura,

E en meymes le leu Deu aurra. 7684

La pape survyst pur asseuraunce Les ferges aprés la cheaunce, E les chardynaus les avyserent; De la mervayle Deu e le seynt loerent.

7688

[V, 5] Guydelot de Seyn Gemynyeyn Angeysse aveyt plus ke au pleyn: Acusé esteyt mut a tort

7692

7696

Ke il out mys un hum a mort, E ke il le aveyt enpusoné, E a sun fiz le aveyt duné,

E tuz ceus de sa mesun Entuché out de la poysun. Le potestat en forte tur Le fist ferger saunz sucur,

7700

Saunz duzur de humanité. A Fraunceys prya ke pyté Preyst de sa pure innocence, Ke acuntre sey ne eust sentence, E ke de sa cause feust patrun,

7704

7708

Kar a tort fu mys en la prysun. Le potestat esteyt pensif Une nut de ceu cheytyf, Cument peust par grevaunce De ly estrere la reconoyssaunce Du trepas dunt fu surdyt; Issy pensa mut en sun lyt Ke, quaunt le eust pené si fort Ke eut reconu, feust mys a mort.

att?

L’endemeyn esteyt le jur Ke suffryr deust cel dur estur. Seyn Fraunceys, ke ama innocence,

D> rb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

248

Confort ly fyst de sa presence 7716

7720

E meyme

la nut la visita,

De graunt lumere le conforta; Solaz out de cele luour Jeske ataunt ke esclarzi jur. Joye en out e asseuraunce Ke il avereyt bone delyveraunce. Au matyn kaunt le jur fu cler,

7724

Le cheytyf fu mené a pener. Les turmenturs sun cors pendyrent En haut e tele moleste fyrent: De fer pesaunt mut le chargerent,

7728

itsy

E sovent le cheytyf avalerent Ke par angoysse de cele grevaunce Feyst du trepas reconoyssaunce, Dunt il esteyt dreyt innocent. Mes semblaunt ne fyst pur turment De dolur ne despleyzaunce, Tut prist en trebele suffraunce. Graunt feu desuz ly fyrent,

7736

La teste avalaunt ly pendyrent: Un sul payl ne en out blescure. Oylle boyllaunt le verserent seure: Par la vertu sun bon patrun,

7740

7744

Ke vysité le aveyt en la prysun, A ky se out bayllé a defendre, Trestut venquy; en taunt attendre Ben deveyent, ke a graunt tort Aveyent enpris de mettre le a mort. Pus le lesserent fraunchement. Le seynt ama plus cherement.

[VI, 1] Un’ cuntesse en Esclavonye

7748

7726 De fere

Seyn Fraunceys ama par druerye; A ceo ke out de genteryse, A bone vye myst sa enpryse. 7739 prysum

55° va

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

249

Freres Menurs par bone charyté Pur Deu ama, e par seynte pyté

7752

7756

7760

Lé regarda de sa aumone: En taunt encrust la meryte bone. Sun terme vynt de aver enfaunt, Mes ses peynes la greverent taunt Ke par angoysse de la grevaunce Quidayt muryr a la delyvraunce, Kar ceo sembla ke ne peust estre Ke ele ne mursyst quaunt deut nestre L’enfaunt pur ky suffry la peyne. Une pensee la vynt denzeyne De la graunt fame seyn Fraunceys, De ses vertuz, e cum

7764

En taunt cum

7768

7772

7776

fu curteys

A ceus ke en ly aveyent fyaunce. pout, en sa grevance

Sun quor turna a sun sucur, Cum a amy cher par bon’ amur. A seyn Fraunceys parla e dyst En la feblesce de sun espyryt: ‘Seyn Fraunceys, eyez pyté De mey! Vus pry en charyté, Me seyez eydaunt e vus promet De quor leal ke serra parfet Ceo ke ay en vou en beaunce, Ne le peus pardyre pur grevaunce.’ Mut est pyté tres buntyve, Ayder a bosoyn ben hastive! La dame ceo dist e meyntenaunt Cessa la peyne, e out enfaunt;

7780

7784

Ele enfaunta mut sauvement. Lors senty par esperyment La vertu le seynt, e sun purpos Ke au quor avaunt tynt enclos, Retret aprés en remembraunce,

E le desclost en bone fesaunce: A le honur du seynt une eglyse 7758 word order corrected by scribe

7784 remamembraunce

55 vb

250

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

7788

Fyst fere mut bele a sun servyse, E la attyla a Freres Menurs; A le ordre fyst mut beaus honurs.

7792

Ke une femme I|’enfaunt tynt Au ventre ke ele porta mort Quatre jurz en desconfort.

[VI, 2] En les partyes de Rome

avynt

Quaunt vynt au terme de enfaunter,

7796

7800

7804

7808

7812

Ses peynes ne pout recunter, L’enfaunt mort taunt en ly fyst Ke a poy la vyve a la mort myst — Beatrice fu apelé parnun— _—« Lé myres ke par la enchesun De alleger sa dure grevaunce Esteyent venu, en lur fesaunce Ne aveyent espleyt, kar en veyn A ceo se peynereyt conseyl umeyn. Mut esteyt la cheaunce dure: Sepulcre serreyt, ke a sepulture A ventre portereyt sun enfaunt. La cheytyve esteyt compassaunt Queu part peut aver sucurs; Ele fyst pryer les Freres Menurs Ke pur sun estat Deu pryassent E dé rylykes ly enveyassent De seyn Fraunceys; e de sa ceynture Ke out usé, ke fu corde dure,

Ly enveerent fraunchement. Sur cele ke out tel turment 7816

La corde mistrent, e l’enfaunt

Issy du cors meyntenaunt: L’enfaunt yssy ke fu mort; La mere garyst en bon confort. 7820

[VI, 3] Un noble humme de Carvyun Out une femme, Julyane par nun;

7815 ke expuncted before cele

56 ra

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

7824

251

Grevé esteyt de une aventure, Kar joye ne aveyt de sa porture, E ceo encrut ses dolurs Ke fyz aveyt eu plusurs, Mes ele ne en pout aver confort, Kar en poy de tens esteyent mort.

7828

E renovelé fu sun enneu,

7832

Kar ele aveyt enfaunt conceu E au ventre le out porté Quatre moys, e desconforté Esteyt pur la cheaunce dure [K]e avaunt out eu de sa porture.

Seyn Fraunceys prye ben avaunt, Eynz ke nasquy sun enfaunt, 7836

7840

7844

Ke priast Jhesu, le haut mestre, Pur l’enfaunt ke fu a nestre,

Ke ly donast pur curteyseye Bone nescaunce e lunge vye. La femme du quor en teu manere A Seyn Fraunceys fyst sa pryere. Taunt cum dormy une nut Une femme ly apparust: A mayns porta un enfaunt, Mut trebel e enjoyssaunt; L’enfaunt la tendi ducement; Ele refusa, ke novelement

7848

Le quida perdre, pur ceo ne out cure — Ben ly sovynt de sa porture. La femme la dyst ke seurement Le receust, ‘Ka[r] ceo present

7852

7856

7860

Seynt Fraunceys vus enveyt; Pyté de vostre ennuy aveyt, Seure en seyez! L’enfaunt vivera E bone teyssaunce avera.’ La dame enveylla e mut s’enjoy Ke seyn Fraunceys le aveyt oy. Taunt prya plus en ureysun Ke fust parfete sa avysyun. E voua vous e a tens afferaunt

56 rb

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Enfaunta un masle enfaunt

Ke devynt pruz juvencel, E.vyvouge e bon e bel. 7864

Pere e mere par cele resun

Vers Deu e lur bon patrun Encrustrent en bone duce amur,

7868

Ke receu aveyent tel honur. En la cyté de Tybure Avynt autel[e] aventure De une femme ke prya taunt

Seynt Fraunceys ke masle enfaunt

7872

Pust aver, kar taunt aveyt

~~

De fylles eu ke lasse esteyt.

~ distress

519, 3342, 4350, tion 6224n destret sce detrere destruire;

7464, constric-

ind.pr.3 destrust

destruent 3419; 445; v.a. destroy

p.p.f

3401,

6

destrute

|

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS ~

desturbaunce,

s. upset, trouble 1537, 1967, 4370, 4378, 4529, 4537, etc. desturber 1972; v.a. disrupt, disturb, prevent 3762, 4139, 4542, etc. detractiun, s. slander 3464, 3480 detractur, s. slanderer 3491 detrere; pret.3 destret 161, detret 8214, 8483; v.a. distract, lead away 161; tear up 8214; slander 8483

devant, sm. lap (or arm 3690, 3701

as cradle)

deveir; ind.pr.1 dey 247, etc., 3 dayt 2164,

deyt

290,

etc.;

ind.impf.1

devey 6735, 3 deveyt 737, etc., devayt 1787, etc.; pret.2 deus 3440,

3 deut

1341,

etc.;

subj.impf.3

d(e)ust 541, 2964, 5099, 5699, 5710, 5896, 7713, 6 d(e)us(s)ent 1293, 1375, 2643, 2736, 8393; condit.3 dev(e)reyt 154, 5883, 6 devereyent 931; v.n. should, be

obliged to, to be to (expressing futurity) devin,

sm. theologian 968, 1638, 1751, 5841, 7244, 7966 deviser; ind.pr.3 devyse 835, 868, 1576; pret.3 devysa 7550, 6 dyvi-

31]

dingnement, adv. justly 3622 dire

1378, etc., dyre 1207, etc.; ind.pr.I dy 2312, 2606, etc., 3 dyt

9, etc., dist 13, 45, 4 dyum 1193;

imper.4 dyums 3755, 6396; pret.3 dist

123,

subj.pr.1

etc.,

dit

dye 3589,

918,

etc.;

5229;

subj.

impf.3 deyst 2409, 3515, etc., deyt

2418, 2419; fut.1 direy 627, dyrray 5648, 6300, etc.; v.a. say

divinité, sf theology 4630, 4633, 4671, 4685, 4860 divise see devyse doctrynement, s. teaching 4216 doctur, sm. teacher 2618, doctor (of

theology) 4672 doluser

5358,

v.a.@n.

lament,

mourn 798, 4825, 5336, 8320 donant, s. donor 3552

doner

75, etc.,

duner

2228,

209, 3554, 3908; v.a. give 167, 176, 268, etc.

donur 4422, dunur 3210, 3226, sm.

serent 1098; v.a. explain, tell 835,

donor, benefactor dors, s. back 5882n, 5884

868,1576; devise, plan 7550; sepa-

dosse, s. clove (of garlic) 7577

drapel, s. garment, blanket 639

rate, divide 1098

devyse 59, 255, 568, 1170, etc., divise 741, sf plan 59, 255, etc.; desire 568, 741; opinion, wish 2643, 3154, etc.; division, separa-

tion

1096;

parts

(of mill)

machinery,

working

(?) 7034; a la d.

de according to 6662 devo(u)t, 6996

etc.;

ind.pr.1 doyng 3459; subj.pr.3 doynt 895, 6030; fut.J durray 4795, 3 dura 1597, durra 1235, 8683; condit.3 durrayt 140, durreyt

adj. devout

dey, s. finger 5870n, 8436, 8438, 8462 deyté, sf. divinity 5686, di(n)gne, adj. worthy alted, revered 1670, etc.

drayture 553, 2033, dreyture 2879, s.

righteousness;

par d. rightfully

2033 dreyn see d(e)r(r)eyn

dreytureus, s.pl. righteous 6106 drugé, s.: herbe d. fodder (?) 7078n

3835,

4915,

dru(e)rye, s. affection 3961, etc.; tenir en

5872,

8412,

dunkes,

345, 2911, d. cherish

1294

6186 152, etc; ex-

3866, 4302,

adv.: de d. from

then

on

5887 duresce, sf. harshness 1617, 2215, 3570, 5788, hardship 3071, in-

transigence, hardening (of heart) 7534

$12

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

dustre, s. leader, guide 414, 6181 duta(u)nce, sf. fear, doubt 1454, 2705, 4675, etc.

duzym, adj. twelfth 45 dyete, s. diet 1900, 7648 dymayne 1405, dymeyne 6303, 6351,

sm. Sunday

dyocye, s. diocese 8535 dysirer (=desirer); v.a. want 1798 effable see affable eforciblement, adv. with effort 2469

egrement, adv. eagerly 3843 eles see esle

embler 2038, v.a. misappropriate empeynte 7139, enpeynte 7172, s. mark empler 6942, v.a. fill emprendre sce enprendre emprise 80, 281, 818, 904, etc., enpryse 256, 462, etc., sf plan, undertaking (=divine mission) enamuré, adj. enamoured 3988 enasprer 2165n, v.a. goad on enbaudyr 2516, v.refl. congratulate oneself 2516; v.a. encourage 7985 enbellir; pret.3 enbely 1678; v.a. embellish, enhance v.a.

4352; 4192;

trevist en a. he saw coming toward him 3528; en a. in front of 7437 encontre 3033, 3872, etc., encuntre 1191, 2295, etc., acuntre 3847,

prep. in preparation

for

3847, 3997, 4575; against 1191, 2995, 2877, etc.; s.: a Pe. on the other hand 2352 encost, prep. beside 5270 encresse, s. increase 4938

encrestre 1886, 2471, 2536; subj.pr.5

elire; pret.4 elumes 3148; v.a. choose

7533n,

to meet, come

towards + obj. 108, 3140, eurent e. they encountered

7701,

dyme, adj. tenth 37

enbonyr

venir e., a. come

soften,

make

sympathetic enchartrer; v.a. put in prison 7587 enchascer; pret.3 enchas¢a 8597; v.a.

chase away encheminer; p.pr. encheminaunt 1291, 4339, 5157, 6277, 6564; v.n. be on one’s way if enche(y)sun 1972, 3558, etc.,

encressez 5989; 1022, 1056, etc.,

encreut

1498,

encrustrent 6243,

pret.3 encrust encreust 4502, encrut 7824, 6

7866;

f. encrue

p.p.

3912,

encru encrewe

7637, 8325; v.a.@n. increase 1022, etc.; enlarge, add to 7635,

7637 encumbrer, s. wretchedness 798 encuntredyre; v.n. refuse, deny 117 enducyr; pret.3 enducyst 4563; v.n. be sweet enfeblyr;

ind.pr.3

enfeblyt

2096n;

pret.3 enfebly 7878, 8669; v.n. become weak 7878, 8306, etc. enfler; condit.3 enflerreyt 8315; v.n.

rise 7377, swell up 8315 enfraindre; pret.3 enfraint 7593; v.a. break enfurmesun, s. instruction 2116

engrés, adj. violent, savage 4395 engressément, adv. insistently 7605 engrossyr; v.n. increase (in size) 7432

a(s)chesun 544, 2346, sf. cause, reason 544, 2135, etc.; circumstances 3037; motive 3790; acci-

engurdir; pret.3 engurdyst 6233; pret.6 esgurdyrent 8460;.v.n. be-

dent 7012

engynement, sf. deception, trickery

enconforter;

v.a.

make

at

ease

3706n encontraunt 3140, etc., acontraunt 3528, acuntraunt 108, 7437; p.pr.:

come stiff

2018 enjetter 8413, v.a. cast off 621, 2774, 8015

enjurner; v.n. dawn, grow light 3880

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

enke! (=ainz ke, eynz before 346, 470, etc.

ke),

con).

v.n.

become

ill 3613,

6794

enmerveyller 2487; pret.1 enmervelay 1152, 3 enmerveyla 447, enmervil(l)a 4244, 5057, 5601, 6 enmervyl(l)erent 892, 1427, etc., enmerveillerent 3635; v.n.@refl. marvel, be amazed enmolir; pret.3enmo(I)list 334, 3505; v.a. soften enmors see amordre enmortir; p.p. enmorty incapacitate, weaken

5949;

v.a.

enmoveir; pret.3 enmeut 5418, enmut 4024; v.a. trouble, move 1559, 3604, etc.

enneu see ennuy ennoy(o)us 2826, 3512, 4522, 8262,

jf. anoyuse 3426, adj. annoying, difficult, disturbing ennuy

4949,

(mental)

etc., enneu

suffering

7828, sm.

4949,

7828,

7853, pain 8051 enoscurye, adj.f. obscured, weak (of vision) 7206, 8571

enparler, s. spokesman 6184 enpartir; v.refl. leave 2817, 3746, etc.

enpeindre;

enpyrer; v.n. grow worse 4990 ensa(u)mpler(e), s. example 1296, 1349, 3405, 6183, 7956, etc.; adj.

enke’, s. ink 4955 enmaladir;

313

ind.pr.3 enpeynt

3673;

v.a. prod, push enporter 6759, v.a. carry off 3828, 4116, etc.; carry on 6759 enprendre’ 221, 943, etc., em-

prendre 2991; pret.5 empreystes 5912; subj.impf.3 enpreyst 2350, 3697; v.a. undertake 577, 630, etc.; take, take up 221, 359, 943, ete. enprendre* (=empreindre); ind.pr.3 enprent 337, 1875; v.a. mark,

imprint; cf. esprendre enprés, adv. nearby, near 5245, W227

enprimes, adv. at first 104 enpusoner; v.a. poison 7692

exemplary 4035 ensechyr 8020; v.n.

become

dry

3617, 5376, 8589 ensensement,

s. enlightenment,

in-

struction 268, 1202, 1835, etc. enserer; v.n. slip in (?) 18987 ens(e)ur, adj. assured, sure 1539, 2148; cf. asseur ense[uJrement,

2531 enseurer;

adv.

v.a. assure

with

certainty

4867, protect

5902, confirm 6333 ensurdre; pret.3 ensurt

7430;

v.n.

5778;

v.n.

spring up

ensyvre;

pret.3 ensywy

follow entaryer; v.a. excite, provoke 2800

entendablement, 4561

adv.

attentively

entendre 206, 213, 460, etc.; ind.pr.1

entenk

1248, entinge 3174; subj.

impf.3 entendesist 3644, 3702; v.a.€¥n. hear, understand, be attentive (to) 361, 581, etc.; intend 3174 entente, s. intention, desire 2058, 2155, 3309, etc.; meaning 1218; understanding 136n

ententyfs,

adj.m.nom.sg.

attentive

1718 ententyvement,

adv. with care, with

attention 191, 267, 923, 1114, etc.

enter’ (=entre), prep. among 1474 enter” (=entier), adj. whole 1673, 3329, etc. enterin, adj. pure, unsullied 5520, 6395

enterinement,

1341, 1660, 2929,

adv. in all sincerity

1951 entermeller, entremeller; v.ve/l. join

battle 2789; be intermingled 6237

314

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

enterval, 8261

s. interruption,

respite

s. incitement,

inspira-

escundire

enticement,

tion 3947, 4847 entrelés,

s.

ind.pr.3 entrelés 45497;

v.a. Interrupt entremetre; v.a.©& refl. busy oneself, occupy oneself 36, 601, 749, etc.; intrude upon 5530n

entreveer, enterveer; v.a.C7refl. see clearly 1434, see each other 1436 entrevenu, p.p. as adj. : en poy de tens e. a short time later 8502 entucher; v.a. poison 2176, 7695 v.n.

awaken

211,

6505,

7010, 7856, 7932, etc.

enveugle 7946, 7987, 8079, eveugle 6377, evogle 797, adj.@s. blind

enveugler, envoegler; v.a. 2266, 8038, 8116 enviz, adv. reluctantly 2421 equité, s. justice 4838 eschauf(e)ur(e),

s. desire,

blind

burning

330, 1172, 1999, 4491, 6685 eschaungable, adj. mutable 1770 eschaunge, sf. alteration, change 451 escheir; pret.3 eschey 6293;

escherreyent 2074,

8450;

7927,

condit.6

1040;

p.p. escheu

v.a.@n.

befall, hap-

pen eschure 2094, 2155, etc., eschyvre 2087n, 4670, v.a. avoid

escorchur, s. flaying tool 8637 escrachure, s.: haut’ e. noisy spitting,

clearing throat 4434n escrepe, 5s. scrip, pilgrim’s 849, 870

purse

escreture, sf writing 1845 escrier; v.a. denounce 531; invoke, call out to 6581, 7161; v.n. call out

5976 escrowes, sf.pl. scrolls, parchment 4565

of

refuse,

deny

sm.

refusal

112,

1197,

3245, 8229 escure; pret.3 escust 7152, 6 escustrent 8269; v.a. shake 7152; tear at

8269n escurter;

v.refl. tuck up one’s

robe

5150 escutauns, s.pl. listeners 892 esgurdyrent sce engurdir esle 3958, pl. eles 4384, 5193, 5597, 5605,.5609, sf wing esparnier,. esparnir; pret.3 esparnya 3556n, esparny 4876, v.a. spare especial, adj. powerful 697, 1721, etc.; dear, intimate

1281, 2632, 2830, 3160, etc.; particular 4014; sm. Close friend 4853, 4924, 4932,

5828 especyable, adj. special 8345n~ especyaument, adv. specifically, in particular 4011, 4918 esperement, s. proof, knowledge 6318 esperez, p.p.f.pl. inspired 1470 espessement, adv. in great numbers 1700, far and wide 6247, 6311

espeye, sf. sword 1646, 3471n, etc. esplaytaument adv. expeditiously 5156 esplen, s. spleen 4509 espleyt,

s. advantage,

profit 2748,

7802; fere e. accomplish 4071 espleyter; v.a. accomplish 4380, 5936, 7264 espopler; v.a. make famous 1520 espourément, adv. with awe 4506, 5721 espourir; imper.5 espourez 8357; pret.3 espouryst 6533, espouryt 1139, 6 espoueryrent 1429; p.p.

espouri strips

v.a.

101, 2760 escundit,

respite

interruption,

2159n, 5246 entrelesser;

enveiller;

escume, s. (epileptic) froth 5451

6744,

espouery

1792,

6792, v.a. frighten; v.refl. be frigh-

tened

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

esprendre 2111, enprendre; ind.pr.3 esprent 3934, 5813; pret.3 enprist 3932, esprist 3937; p.p. espris 2282, flame

2298,

etc.;

v.a.

ignite,

en-

esprés, adv. explicitly 5682 espresse, adj.f- explicit 840, wellknown

6651,

6906;

lively, eager

8052

espressement, adv. expressly 6317 espundre; ind.pr.3 espunt 5626; v.a. explain

office) 2612; lessez desist 6811

ester let be,

esteyndre 2083; pret.3 esteynt 2064, 6577n; v.a. extinguish

estor, sm. provisions 4105 estorer; v.a. provide, furnish 3269 estover, s. need 4065, 8159

estraunge, who

adj. : ke e. le tendreyt

would

remain

aloof

from

him 4921

estraungement,

adv. with awe 212,

4223, 5551; as a foreigner 388

espuntable 993, 8258, 3197, adj. frightful

espontable

espyrement

518,

esperyment

813,

7781,

834,

sm.

etc.,

(divine)

estraytement,

estreytement,

adv.

1893, 1985, 2075, 2918, 7643

espyrer; v.a. inspire 897, 4651 espyritable, adj. spiritual 8344 esquasser; v.n. fall with a crash 6825;

v.a. crush 6949, 6974, 7127, etc.

s. crushing,

contusion

rAkgal adj. valid,

accepted

1267,

1769; steadfast, firm 563, 591, etc. establement, adv. firmly, securely, certainly 119, 1465, 1599, 1661, etc. establyr; ind.pr.3 estable 2397; pret.6

establyrent

1521, 1755, 5704, 6392, 8658; myracle(s) de e. extraordinary miracle(s) 6307, 8090

right away 875; strictly, rigorously

inspiration

esquassure,

estraungerye, s. miracle, something extraordinary

espye, s. spy 6560, 6565

estable,

315

1323; p.p.f- establye

1137, etc.; v.a. establish, set up 1137,)2536,-2972;, ete. estature, s. size 3103 estendre 134, v.a. extend, stretch out 134, 150, etc.; v.refl. 5612

estre!, sm. way of life, condition 660, 5132; functioning, operation

7030 estre”

949,

etc.,

ester

934,

etc.;

ind.pr.1 suy 661, etc., seu

2617,

su 2475, etc.; impf.1 estey 6813, 8379, 3 esteyt 56, etc., 6 esteyent 192, etc.; pret.1 fuy 8376, 3 fu 12,

etc., feu 2649, 3161, 7589, feut 206, 2978, etc., fust 117, 478, etc., 6 feurent 6005, 6414; subj.pr1 sey(e) 2600, 2699, 4263, etc., 4 seuns

3859,

6 saent 3421, seyent

2056, etc.; subj.impf.3 feust 2327, etc.,

2197,

fust

482,

2966,

etc.,

etc.,

feut

feu

2196,

5812,

6

feussent 4212, etc., fussent 3904,

6467; fut.1 serray 6848, 3 serra

ind. pr.3 esta 1465; pret.3 estut 622,

1051, etc., ert 2586, etc.; condit.3 serreyt 1066, etc., sarrayt 462; v.n. be estrement, s. (musical) instrument

etc., estust 4742, 7548, 6 esturent 1787, 8053; fut.3 esterra 3460; p.pr. estaaunt 4511, esteaunt

2342 estrere 3322, 7354, 7707; estret 7971, 6 estrerent

estendu, p.p.adj. straightened 5372; red e. rigid (with fear) 7163 ester

2612,

etc., estere

424,

1148;

pret.3 6959;

4805, 6623; v.n. remain standing

p.p.estret 5625; v.a. extract, pull

424, etc., exist 1465; remain

out 3332, etc.; translate 5625

(in

316

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

estrument, sm. tool 8407, 8444, 8631

famyllus, adj. hungry 1299, 1785

estudious, adj. carefully written 5299

fantasye,

estuer; v.a. reserve 4142, 4299 estuné, adj. amazed 6635

s. illusion 6640; dizziness 8348 farde, s»embellishment 5289, 5844

estur, s. torture 7713

fa(u)cun,

eu 2011, 3756, 7194, 7559, u 7190

sm.

falcon

3863,

3869,

3881

(=el, ou), prep. (en + le) in the, in

faunteme, sf. delusion, error 6463

it

faus(s)yn(e), s. deceit, treachery, false witness 1736, 2620, 3062, 4218, 5000, 5068

eus (=uis) see us eut see oyt

evanir; impf.6 evanissayent 3116; pret.3 evanist 3086; v.n. disappear evertir; v.a. denigrate 3474 eveugle, evogle sce enveugle eweret, adj. operated by water 7036 examynement, sm. inspection 6264 examyner; v.d. examine, inspect

s.pl. (legal, official) ex-

fee (=fié), sm. payment, reward 3184 feffer:-v.a. endow 858

felunyssement, adv. wickedly 2839

fere', adj.f. ferocious 3596, 3612 fere” 118, etc.; ind.pr.1 faz 4865,

eyr, sm. air 1724, 1732, 4410, etc.

eyre, s.: par graunt e., en e. suddenly, precipitately 7219, 7220 eyrer, adj. nesting 3864n

facun, sf. face, appearance 2107n faillir; ind.pr.3 faut 2095, 6350; pret.3 faylli 1980, 4097, etc., 6 fayllirent 5032n; fut.? faudra 2518n; p.p. 1301,

3 fet 112, etc., feyt 3058,

etc., fest 8158; subj.pr.3 face 5972, etc., 4 facuns 3048, 5 facez 2474,

aminers 6331

e(y)nz; conj. e. ke before 72, 1680, etc.; prep. in 5531n; see also enke

etc.;

v.n.

be

found

wanting, be lacking 2095, 4097, 6350; run out 3370, 7422; falter, fail 3430, 3874; v.a. + a fail in (something) 7484, fail, be lacking to (someone) 1980, 2518; + de run out of (something) 1301; + en be lacking in (something) 6527;

poy s’en faylly ke ne + verb it almost + verb 8547; en taunt ke ly meymes failly such that he lapsed into a trance 4496; ke issy en fayllirent that they thus failed (in their undertaking) 5032n fame,

feblet, adj. weak 5579

8282,

6326 examynurs,

failli

fayndre 1758, v.a. represent as

sf. reputation,

148095122121; ete.

good

name

facet 3040; subj.impf.3 feist 3648, etc., feyt 7241, 7352; fut.1 fray 3182, etc., frez 1796, tc., freit v.a do ferger 7697, 7603

frey 4559, 5 freez 8717,

8113; condit.3 freyt 78, 4539, frayt 153;

3906,

v.a. put in irons 4204,

ferges, s.pl. fetters 7526, 7595, etc. ferme, adj. steadfast 6087, firmly attached 8411 ferm(e), adv. firmly 74, 407, 545, etc. fermement, adv. steadfastly 1323, 1397, 6091

fervence, sf. fervour 3984

fervent, adj. ardent 3973 fervour, sf fervour 4225 fes, sm. burden, mass, weight 3566, 6951, 7160, 7228 fesaunce,

sf. creation, activity 3949,

4944, etc.; representation 6544 festyver 8393, v.n. celebrate a feast

day feture, sf, form, design

189, 1880,

5887, 6216, pl. creation 1392

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

317

feur, fuer, fuor, s.: a f. de in manner of 679, 5618; a nul f. at whatever

fundre, sbst.inf. casting (of a church

cost 100n feust 1936, pl. fuz 7003, 7004, s. wooden log feyn, sm. hay 4585, 4619, 4622, 4624 feyntement, adv. insincerely 1800 feynt(e)yse, s.: saunz f. truly 5923, 8430

fuor see feur furke, sf. fork (? tool) 8406n

feysaunt,

fute (=fuite), s. flight 1003 fyger, sm. fig tree 3778, 3803

s. pheasant

3820,

3823,

3837 figure, sf. symbol 218; image 434, 2110,

3580,

etc.;

shape,

outline

645; form, appearance 1218; face 5646; f. de la croyz sign of the cross 2330 finer; v.a. end, finish 4874, 8089; see also fynir flael, sf. punishment 8523 flaeler; v.a. whip 2030, 4385 flatter; v.a. prostrate 5982 fleur, s., de graunt f. of great renown 1480

fleyraunz, adj.m.pl. aromatic 2738 fleyrer; v.n. give off an aroma 6280 fleystrer; v.n. wither 7895, 7899 foreyn' 1917, etc., forayn 410, adv., adj. outside, external, exterior

1994, 2191, 2267n, 2273, etc; en vie f. in daily (physical) life 410; ci f. in public 19177; sens f. physical senses (sensory perceptions) 2084

foreyn’, sm. (poor) area outside city walls 2793; outside world 5536

foreyngnement, edge

s. acquired knowl-

(opposite

of inspiration)

4632n forfeture, sf. infraction 2880 fouer; v.a. dig 8563, 8564 foysun, s.: aveir f. vers have effect

on 4380 fretter; v.a. line (garment) 1960 fruscher (=fruissier), v.a. break

8350 fuer see feur funde, s. purse 3054n

bell) 7144

furme,

sf. (monastic)

rule,

proce-

dures

1128,

1135,

1137,

1179,

1483,

1842;

terms

2198;

shape

5671 furneyse, s. large oven 5812

fylet, sm. thin ligament 8018 fynir 6014; ind.pr.3 fynist 6120; p.p. fyny 5281, p.pjf finye 4752; v.a. end, finish

fysyke, s. science of medicine 7880 ganyer see gayner garbe, s.: g. e gavele sheaf and swath (=rich harvest) 4116

garde, s. aveir g. de be afraid (of) 2130 gardeyn 2391, etc., gerdeyn 2559, gardyen 2564, sm. guardian, protector 2391, 8621; jailor 7675; guardian (head of convent)

2541n, 2559, 2564, 6034 garnement, s. protection 647; guarantee 6110 garnisture, sf. safeguard 651

garnyr 4418, 4703; ind.pr.J garni 4701; pret.1 garni 4864, 3 garny 4730, etc., garnyst 4718; v.a. warn,

foretell gaungler;

v.n.

speak ill of, belittle

8493; of. jaungle, jaunglur gavele, s. swath 4116; cf garbe gayner 1346, ganyer 93; pret.3 gayngna 8541; v.a. win over 1346; earn

8541; profit from 2622; v.n. make a profit, grow rich 93 gelus, adj. attentive 2120, 3138, zealous 3042 gelusye, sf. compassionate concern, love 1719, 2750, 2968, 4006, 5121, 7252

318

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

gemist, pl. gemyz, s. lamentation 341n, 4398, 4433 genteryse, s. nobility 7748 governail, sm. government 5913 gracyus, adj. thankful, grateful 2509n,

2698n,

gracious

5300,

sm. promise

4266; consent,

permission 1175n, 1776 greer;

ind.pr.3

7285, 8305 hardement, sm. boldness 1793, 2850,

4224 harele, s. profusion 1825n

hastele (=astele), sf. splinter 4804

6191, 8517 graunger, sm. granary-keeper 8608 graunt,

gyler; v.a. defraud, cheat 3010 han, s. suffering, distress 1338, 4205,

gré

haster 3676; pret. 6 hasterent 8688,

hastirent 3067; v.refl. hurry 3067, 8574,

3154;

v.n.

be

8688;

v.n.

hurry,

hasten

3637; v.a. pursue, press 6795

agreeable to gresyl 5778, grysil 3895, 3903, s. hail

hauberk, s. hair-shirt 1616

greva(u)nce,

haunt(e), sf practice 3971, 4665 herbage, s. haymaking 3738; growth of grass 7082

agrevaunce

55,

335,

1921,

551,

etc.,

sf. vexation,

burden, affliction grever 5974, v.a. afflict,

torment

492, 501, etc.; p.p. as subst. those afflicted 48 grundiler; ind.pr.5 grundeillez 4908; p.pr. grundilaunt 3350, 5800; v.n. complain gryssillun, s. cicada, tree-cricket 3779n guerpyr 352, 355, 942, 2049, v.a. abandon, forsake 352, 525, etc.;

v.refl. put aside oneself (Suppress one’s ego) 355; p.p. as adj. abandoned, deserted 767, 1357, etc.

guerreyer;

ind.pr.3 guerreye

3466;

v.a. combat, wage war against guete, sf. sentinel, man on watch

7000, 7015, 7018 gulet, sm. mill-race 7054 gupyz, s.pl. foxes 2960 gurd, adj. swollen 5356 guvenur, sm. rudder 7458; governor 414 guyement, sm. guidance 14 guyer

4148, gyer 1125, v.a. lead, direct, guide 681, 1918, 2243, 3448, etc.

gyendre; pret.3 gyent 5975n, 6688; v.n. moan gyle, s.: saunz g. without deceit 958,

5498

haucer; pret.3 hauca 1154; v.a. lift up

hermytoyre 2319, 3230, 3889, 5023,

hermitage 3303, sm. hermitage heyere (=haire), s. hair-shirt 620; cf. hauberk

he(y)té, adj. in good spirits, happy 4193, 7279, 8151 homuncel, sm. little man

3438n

host, pl. hoz, sm. army 4172, 4689, 4694, 4696, 4726 h(o)unt(e), sf shame 392, 587, 743, 2283, etc. housta see oster ho(u)st(e), sm. guest, host 3020, 4745, 4747, 4765, 8098, 8103, 8111, 8120 hoyst(e), sf communion host 1796, 1819; cf. ubley

hulette, sf (shepherd’s, peasant’s) hut 1356n, 1408, 1416

hunir;

v.a. damage,

destroy 715,

5780, 8614 huntage, s.: a h. with dishonour 4722 irree, p.p.adj.m. angry 6486

jargun, sm. bird song 3855, 5218, 5227, 5236, 5247; gossip, idle talk 4420, 4913

4428,

foolish

talk

4898,

jaungle, sf slander, malicious gossip 8516

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

jaunglur, sm. maligner 8513 jevene

4594,

etc., jovene

319

leaument 2076, 2528, etc., leument 89,

adj.

young jolifs, s. pleasure seeker 85

2108, adv. loyally lechere, s. soundrel 2038

jolifté, s.: en j. de cors vileynement basely, in lasciviousness 4780

lecherye, s. sensuality, lasciviousness 92, 2002, 4810 ledenge, sf. insult 2410, 2419, 6786

Jowe, sf. jaw 715; cheek 8018 joye, s.: fere j. rejoice, show (one’s)

ledenger;

pleasure 3634 june, s. fast day 3874; fast 3964, etc.,

lee 1051, lé 5612, s.: en lung e en 1.

fasting 3970; cf pleyn®

v.a.

insult,

leed, adj. ugly 8695

junet, s. June 6397 justizer 289, v.refl. discipline oneself justyse, s. judge 4403

legerement,

juvenesce, sf youth 761

kuard, adj. shy, diffident 952 laier; ind.pr.3 lest 2953; condit.3

larreyt 4334, 6 lerreyent v.a. leave, abandon lamunt, adv. above 1950

1325;

lenz

(=laenz),

6730 lere 2508 ler’?

adv.

therein,

(acc.sg.), 6569

3492

(nom.sg.),

there

(nom.sg.), larun

8649

(nom.sg.), 3547 (acc.sg.), laruns (nom.pl.) 658, 665, 673, sm. thief lermer; v.n. weep 2257, 8321 let, s. milk 8683, 8685 etc.

local vernacular 3665 langur, s. illness 172, 2224, 5768, 5999, 6122, 8377 lar[e]cyn, s. theft 7524 lar[e]cynousement, adv. by theft 8650 lassur, s. weariness 1934 lay’, sm. lake 3708, 3715, 7482, 7504

lettret, adj. suckling 8665 letuayre, sm. electuary 1585 leu see leal levrot, sm. young hare 3683, 3689

lewe, sf. league 6058, 7372

leyser 4520, 7132; ind.pr.3 lyst 8403; v.impers. be allowed 8403; sbst.inf. opportunity, occasion 4520; a 1.

unhurriedly, at leisure 7132 leyssanment,

adv.

comfortably,

lei-

surely 6057 loaunz, s.pl. admirers 2502n, 2507

lay”, s. song 3774 lay brother

2610, lay person

adv. easily 1952, 7202, 7229, 7904 lel see leal lent’, adj. f. indolent, soft 2160

lettrure, s. learning 81, 2948, 3403,

langage, sm.©@7f. (Hebrew) language 5625n; saunz 1. without (rhetorical) eloquence 3404; 1. du pays

lay’, sm.

574,

far and wide 1051, en 1. wide (at side) 5612

jumer 2519, 3849, 3965, v.n. fast

juvente, sf youth 135, youthful vigour 5241 karyer (=charriier) 5929n, v.a. transport 7214 keyve, sf. epilepsy 8216

abuse

2422, 4203

1273,

1275,

1491, 1526

leal 1494, etc., leau 5898, etc., leel 5546, lel 3846, 8063, leu 6465, pi. leaus 4010, etc., adj. loyal, faithful 3486, 4010, etc.; 1. serment legal,

sworn oath 5898, 6707

losenge, s.: saunz praise 3196

1. without false

lous, s.pl. wolves 3893, 3903, 4197, 4200, 8635

lung, adv.: en 1. from top to bottom 5408; see also lee lyst see leyser

320

maelle

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

(=maille), sf leucoma,

opa-

malaveniurouse,

menuesce, s. trifling moment 4548n,

4549

que film over the eye 5400 adj.f. unfortunate,

menuet,

adj. small, delicate 8019

mercher; v.a. mark 192, 5659, 5730,

calamitous 8501 malecun, sf condemnation

3417 malet, f malette, adj. accursed 3608, wicked 3472 maloryne, adj.f. deadly 5742n mansyun, s. dwelling place (=hospital) 4358, (=heaven) 4768n mantelet, sm. small cloak 3533

marberyne, adj.f. pallid (in death) as marble 2586

margarite, s. pearl 275 marry, p.p.adj. afflicted, distressed 8297

ete:

merciable, adj. merciful 2694n merk, sm. sign, mark 1692, 5806,

ae meryte, sf. merit, moral power 1887, 6963, 7358, etc.; en m. as a reward 4297n mesesez 3579, mesezés 3506, s.pl.

wretches, indigent people meseyse, sf. pain, misery 5866 mesprendre 1190, 3033, 3041; v.n. err,

maryne, sf. sea 7511

do wrong

509,

2878,

3598,

etc.

mascue, s. club 3471

mesprise, s. error, mistake 3646

mat, adj. exhausted 2444, 5939

mestrye, sf. learning, science 4655,

matrone, sf. noble lady 3661, 6509

7880, 8312; control, dominion 288, 2132, 4527n; mastery, authority 75, 2276, 2550, 2732; skill 3875 meule, s. core, heart 945

maufere 1340, 2025, v.n. do evil maumetre; p.p. maumys 990, etc.; v.a. ill treat 990, 6382, ruin 8596 maundement, sm. command 1270,

5155 maunder; v.a. command, 5147, make known 6983

order

mayle, s. half a denier 2994 mefere; p.p. mef(f)et 2896, v.n. do wrong mel (=miel), sm. 2176

brance

sf. memory,

(of)

1858,

remem-

8325,

middle period (less close at hand) 5910 meyne

6801;

meller (=mesler); v.a. mix 1588 memoyre,

meure, adj.f. mature 1080 meyn (=moins), adv.: le m. proef the

8453,

8585; mind 861, 4646; fere m. de, metre en m. record, make mention of 6168, 6442, 7639 mendif, sm. beggar, mendicant 378,

3241, 3246, 8142, etc. mendiva(u)nt, pl. mendiva(u)nz, s. beggar 107n, 232, 306, 3227, 3511

mendiver; p.pr. mendiva(u)nt 3215; v.n. beg

mendyaunt, s. beggar 679 menenges, s.pl. followers 1316” mener; v. refl. behave 2790

745,

(=moiien),

temprure

behave

s.:

tenyr

with

m.

e

modera-

tion and temperance 2214; |cf. temprure meynee 2052, meyné 4764, 7011, sf household

meyner (=moiener); ind.pr.3 meyne 2218; v.a. moderate milyme, s. one thousand 6170, 6298, 6347 moleste, sf. annoyance, harm, damage 3648, 7431, 7725 molester; v.a. trouble, concern 700, 2057 more, s. moor 3748; marsh 2372 morsel 5459, morselet 5463,

sm.small piece of food. mortal 7349, mortel 5726, mort[e]u

3383, f mortele 5642, adj. mortal,

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

physical 5642, 5726, mortal

(sin) 3383, fatal 7349 morteaument, adv. fatally 6949 morter, s. cement, mortar 645n mouller'; v.a. bend, make supple 7905 mouller* (=moillier); v. refl. (+ sus) splash about in, get wet 6860

mover 2137, 7949, 8412; pret.3 meut

5172; p.p. mu 182; v.a. move muliere, sf. wife 574, 2046 mur(r)yr 4120, 4760, 7238,

murer

2842;

1220; murust

5124,

6268,

6020,

etc.;

navye, sf. ship 4062, 4068, 7423 neer; p.p. neé 7462, 7513; v.n. drown

negligence, s/- neglect, 2744, 3657, 4335

negligence

nestre 3453, 7759, 7837; pret.3 nasqui 66, 1230, 3602, etc.; p.p. né 4882, 8080, neez 3453; v.n. be born

nevym’, adj. ninth 33 neyf, sf. snow 667, 2042, 2043, 5794, 5816 neys(s)aunce

etc.,

subj.pr.6 murgent

pret.3 murut

321

6723, subj.

3, 4577,

etc.,

nes-

caunce 7839, sf. birth notere, sm. lawyer 6817n notiner,

sm. sailor 5271; mestre

n.

captain 4075

impf.3 mursyst 7759; fut. 1murray

nour, sm. swimmer 6876

3352, 7301, 6 murrunt 2056; v.n. die

novelers, sm.pl.: ne sunt pas n. they

muryne, s. death 6270

muryr

(=meurir)

762n,

v.a. grow,

develop mustraunce,

sf. vision,

demonstration

evidence,

78, 204, 819, etc.

adj.: surd e m. deaf and mute

8143 mynuit 3867, myneut 6930, sf midnight myrur,

s.

mirror,

1414, mynut

example

2395,

3522, 3950, 6185, 7956 nacel(e), sf. boat 7447, 7452, 7455, etc. nafrer; pret.3 nafra 6579, 6 naufrerent 7288; v.a. wound 6579, 6676, 6681 nages, s. buttocks 8698

nature,

care-

lessness 1847

musage, s. folly, childishness 6711

mut,

are not innovators 5494 nuement, adv. openly 4912 nunchalaunce, s. negligence,

sf (physical)

body

1892,

9990n, 2323, 7878; nature, natural science 1757; nature, natural disposition 541, 3641, 3731; race 4025

naturel, adj. grateful 2697n (cf. denaturez); innate 3581 (cf. propreté) naturement (=naturelment), adv. by nature 3503

nunchalaunt, adj. careless, negligent 5210, 8394, 8718, 8722

nunpoer, s. inability 7588 nuyt 1426, nut 187, 228, etc., pl. nuz 4375, 4407, sf: night n(y)ule 4408, 5576, 6116, sf cloud obedience, sf. obedience, submission 22, 2543, 2545, etc.; task, commission 2726, 2743; les envea in o. sent them on a mission 1094n, en o. on a mission 7980 obedient, adj. Gs. obedient 245, 733, 1536, 2588, etc. ocir; pret.3 occist 4124, ocyst 3608, 8506, 8547; condit.3 ocyreyt 4175; p.p. ocys 4307, occys 4727; v.a. kill octembre, s. October 6173n, 6301

oeyz see oe offendre 4017

(=ofrende),

s. offering

offendre? 4533, v.n. offend offrer

3940, 4160; imper.5 offrez 3283; pret.3 offri 4022, 7168; p.p. offert 3710, etc.; v.a. offer

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

322

orayl 168, oreyle 2297, sf. ear

3446;

ordaynement

ordeynement

appear 3446; v.refl. be visible, be

6187, sm. order (structure for Order) 1836; ordination 6187 ordaynément 401n, ordynément 7557, adv. in an orderly fashion

revealed 5096 parfere 263, 269, 610, etc.; imper.> parfacez 7275; subj.pr.6 parfacent 7983; subj.impf.3 parfeyt 517; v.n.

ordinaunce,

accomplish, fulfil parfi(s)t, adj. perfect 301, 834, 883,

1836,

sf. divine

2315 orloger, s. time keeper or(r)ee, sf. storm 1941, oster 5867; pret.3 osta 694, housta 8127; 6462, 6499

command

3873n 1945, 3920 6502, oustad v.a. remove

ouail(l)e, sf sheep 3639, 3643, 3649; (pl.) flock (i.e. followers) 4147

overeyn(e) 7892, 8475, overayngne 7274, s. task, work oye, s. hearing 8157, 8170, 8213 oyl 5400, 5401, etc., pl. oeyz 5387, 5397, 5398, euz 2089, 2104, etc., s. eye oylle, s. oil 1588, 1591, 7737

oyngnement, 6650

sm.

ointment

etc.

parfy(s)tement,

6611,

oyr 2342, 2410, 5326; ind.pr.5 oyez 950; pret.3 oy 430, etc., oyt 836, 1813, 2354, 6 oyrent 880, etc;

subj.impf., 3 oyst 126; p.p. oy 736, etc.; v.a. hear

oyt 3804, 3807, 7150, 8016, eut 1057n, 6347, adj.&num. eight parab(o)le, sf) parable 1216, 1244, 1814 parceyvre; p.p. parceu 2073, 4368; v.a. See parchevyr 4131, v.a. completely finish parclose, sf, conclusion, ending 219, 1808, 2139; final decision 5138; a

la p. in the end 2518 parcunter; v.a. recount fully 3952 pardyre 7775, v.a. recount, recite 1241, 7930 pareir; ind.pr.3 pert 824, etc.; pret.3 parust 145, etc.; subj.pr.3 parge

adv. completely 6,

786, 1369, etc.

parfund, 6571,

otryer; v.a. grant 488, 516, 1266, etc.

condit.3 parreyt 5096; v.n.

adj. profound, 6879;

sm.

deep 42,

bottom

6863,

7456, etc.; a p. de to a depth of 7084 parfundesce, sf. bottom, deepest part 7465 parfurnyr 357, 741, v.a. accomplish 160, 1195 parlaunce, sf. conversation 2145, 2149, 3373, 4416, 4977, 5030 parlement, sm. talk, discussion 2113,

2126, 4478, 5127, 5647 parlesye, s. paralysis 5344 parletyk, adj. paralytic 8286 parreyt see pareir

partyes, s.pl. regions 1097; en les p. de in region of, environs of 7790, 7906 partyr 1787, v.a. (+) divide among paumer;

v.a.

touch

(with

hand)

6263 payl (=poil), sm. hair 2133, 7736 paynquerant, s. beggar 680n pé 2101, 4897, etc., pee 4895, 8350, pl. peez 5366, 5610, etc., pez 150, 692, etc., sm. foot

peer, sm. equal 5410 pe(e)s, sf peace 895, 900, 2819, 4550, etc. pel, sf. skin 5962 penaunz, s.pl. penitents 1556 pener

404,

2520,

7723;

ind.pr.3

peyne 3400, 3488, payne 3393; pret.3 pena 747, etc., 6 penerent

7371, 7385, peynerent 7190; con-

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

dit.3 peynereyt

7803;

strive, make

effort 404, 747,

an

v.a.Grefl.

etc; punish, mortify, torture 1883,

SOL. eta: peniblement,

adv. indefatigably, in-

dustriously 36, 691, 2059, etc.

penne (=pennes), s.p/. wings 5183 pensyr 8630, penser; v.n. think 221, 585, 3520, etc.

penyble, adj. hard-working 2050 per(e)ceus, adj.@sm. lazy 2170; indolent person 2174 pereylousement, adv. dangerously 7484 pers, adj.pl. equal 4891; cf: peer personaument,

adv. in person 6344

pesaunce see peysaunce pestre 3678; imper.5 pessez 8681; fut.1 pestray 3450; p.pr. pessaunt 8639; p.p. pu 3834; v.a.@n. feed, pasture peus 1382, 1666, etc., pus 240, 309,

etc., puis 187, 194, etc., adv. then,

afterward p(e)ussaunce, sf. power 5684, 7207 peuz 8714, put 7115, puz 7081,

etc.; pret.3 pleut 1319, pleust 951, 2215,

ploust

4399,

plout

1547,

etc., plust 316, etc.; v.a. please

plesable, adj. pleasing, agreeable 2572 pleyn', s. non-fast day 3874 pleyn’, sm.: plus ke au p- more than enough 7689 ple(y)sanment, adv. agreeably 1090, 5b57

pleyser 248, 263, 269, pleysyr 925, 1334, 5989, sm. pleasure

plier 565; v.a. incline, yield 1018, 2882, etc; v.n. yield 565; v.refl. obey, follow 24, 3869, etc., give in, yield 1174, 1265, concede 3074,

bend down 5199, 6609, 7541 pluyous, adj. wet, rainy 4521 poer’; ind.pr.1 peus 3546, 7775; pret.3 peust 1194, 3034, etc., poust

3309, pust 3330, 7897, pout 134, etc.,

put

3952,

7218;

subj.pr.1

peusse 2501, pusse 8048, 3 peusse 1896, 3481, 5994, pusse 3089, 4 pussums

3539,

5 peussez

2688,

4760, 6 peusent 1274; subj.impf.3 peust 3240, etc., pust 1850, 2923,

7083, 7086, etc., sm. well

peyn, s.: p. de vye sacremental host (bread of life) 5122n

peyntur, sm. painter 6523 peys, s. weight 7649n pe(y)saunce, sf. concern, worry 2913, 3381 peysaunt, sm. peasant 3343, 3349, 3359, 3363, 5809 peysauntyme, s/f. weight 6950 peytreyne, sf: chest, breast 1650 planyer; v.a. brush against, touch 5200 platter; v.refl. prostrate oneself 3354

play, sm. argument, discussion 5004, 6547; n’y out p. there was no dispute 612 plener, adj.: graunt p. formal acceptance, full endorsement

323

1175n

plere 1204, etc.; ind.pr.3 plest 1348,

etc., peut 269, 607, 1109, 1352, 2756, 3027, etc., put 403, 7253, 6 peusent 1295, peussent 2090, etc.;

v.n be able poer’, sm. power

po(e)styve, 8208

1980, 1984, etc.;

adj.f. powerful

2938,

por[e]ture sce pur[e]ture

portage, s. (act of) carrying 3563 porture, sf bearing, behaviour 1078, 1080, 2916, etc.; pregnancy 7833,

7849, 7875; progeny 7823, 8693 pose, sf. while, period of time 487, 9894, 4341, 4743, 4879; en poy de

p- quickly, in a short time 1520 potage, s. pottage 1621 potestat, sm. chief magistrate 7696,

7704

pour! (=paor), sf. fear 491, 523, etc.

324

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

pour’ (=peior), s.: se tenir en p. think less of oneself 2596” pouteure see puture

poverte, 1224,

sf. poverty 25, 364, 858, 1228, 1326, 1518, 1529,

1533, etc.

povrayle 3010, povreyle 2993, sf the poor prechement, sm. preaching 463, etc.

predicacyun, sf. preaching 1467, etc. prelacye, s. high religious office (bishop,

cardinal,

etc.)

2619,

2637 pret.3 prist 185, etc., 5 preystes 4757, 6 pristrent 1453, etc., pris-

terent 4206; impf.subj.3 preyst 771, 6227, 7700, 8705; v.a. take; v.refl.

+ a ally oneself with 243 presceyn 226, proceyn 1993, etc, procheyn 2650, etc., adj., adv. near, close, next; s. neighbour

presence, sf: en p. present 1394, at once 1434 (cf. presents e absents both present and absent 6083) presse, sf. crowd, throng 4352, 5283,

6652, 8053 sm, wine press 6942, 6944,

6948, 6958 pressure, sf. pressure 6973 preyser 4978, preiser; v.a. praise, vaunt 3796, 4980

primes, adv. first 70, etc.; en p. at first, first 1121, 1826, etc.

primur, sf: a p., a la p. at the beginning, at first 880, 893, 933,

etc. principal, pl. principaus, 253955

296;imadjsy

s. leader

chief,

26338;

princely 2666, supreme 5904n principaument, adv. above all 460 proem 5528, prome 4418, proeume 4025, sm. neighbour proffessur,

6182

sm.

teacher,

advocate

1268,

etc., prophitable

5080, adj. useful, 2149, etc.

salutary

2126,

profryr; v.a. offer 1568 propreté, s.: par naturel p. by natural right, innately 3581 prove, sf. proof 6332 provender, sm. prebendary 4778 pru, sm. advantage, profit 2644, 4758, 5931, 6343; a p. profitably 5710 pryser 2406, v.a. value, hold in esteem

prendre 222, etc.; ind.pr.5 pernez 243; imper.5 pernez 353, 1795;

ressur,

profitable

1689,

1955,

1957,

2217,

etc. pulpyt, sm. 7125n

lectern,

cornice

(?)

punesye, sf stench, (moral) corruption 2001, 3909; cf puyne

puneys,

adj. vile 7359,

detestable

7612 puour, sf. stench 6591

; purchace, s. pursuit, behaviour 3257 purchacer; v.a. seek 158, 2592, 8467 pur[e]ture 693n, 8127, por[e]ture 4525n, sf: decaying flesh, pus 693, 4525; (moral) decay 8127

purperyne, adj.f. purple 2585 purport, sm. sense, meaning 2490

purporter; subj.pr.3 purport 3122; v.a. mean, signify 77, 142, 258, 1820, strate, 3883; 6226n purpos,

2036, etc.; show, demondescribe 664, 2022, 2300, bear, carry 1223, 3580, sm. aim, purpose

224, 301,

etc.

purtreture, sf form, image 6532 purvea(u)nce, sf. foresight, prescience

1303,

1868;

provision,

store 3022, 3027, 3039, etc. purveer 1836, 2054, 3376, purvere 5402; v.a. provide 28, 1239, 1836, etc.; see to, attend to 2045, 2053, etc.; ordain, decree 4127; v.refl. take care 4871

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

pusneys,

s. wicked,

blasphemous

joke 8493; cf. punesye, puneys puture

1619,

1837,

etc., pouteure provisions

3370,

1215,

3469n,

sf. food,

quoyntement, adv. diligently 4431, 4670; discreetly 5863; carefully 6884; see also coynt, coyntise

quyete, s. peace, tranquillity 4526n

quynzym’, adj. fifteenth 57

puyne, sf stench (of sin) 1988, 2153, 3388, 4126; of punesye

raer;

puyr; pret.6 puyrent 6589; v.n. give off bad odour puz sce peuz pyteus 97, 365, 3353, etc., pyt(o)us 3925, 6032, 7934, etc., f. pytuz

run ragous, 5442

5124,

325

adj. compassionate,

merci-

ful; s. compassionate person 3692 pytifs, s.pl. the merciful 3199 pyz, sm. breast, chest 7258, 8697

pret.3 raa

6461;

p.pr. raaunt

5678, 7316, reant 6457; v.n. flow,

adj. raging,

violent

5433,

rancur, s. rancour 7525 raundun,

sm.:

tut en

un

r. quickly

432 ravir;

pret.3 ravyt

6864,

8384;

453,

ravi

p.p. ravi

2664,

961,

972,

etc.; v.a. exalt, enrapture 961, 972, etc.; carry off 6864; take away

quareme, s. forty-day fast 4007 quaremel 3996n, 4545, 5728, quaremal 4013, 5544, adj. of forty days;

8384

raym, s. branch 6273

en un bon tens q. during one Lent 4545 quarenteyne, sf. fast of forty days 3848, 3965n

reburs, s.: turna a r. went astray 4991 rebuter; v.a. reject 1185, 2611,

quarere, sf quarry 7180

bour 2954 recelee, adv. ar. hidden 6558, 7080 recet, sm. retreat, shelter 571, 1356,

quarreau, s. bolt (of cross-bow) 6674

quartener, adj. suffering from quartan fever 2468 quatorzym(e),

adj. fourteenth

53,

7173 quere

2773n receitement,

368,

653,

etc.;

ind.pr.3

r. keep,

har-

1409, 2960, 5795 receter; v.a. give shelter to 2085

receyvre 264,

s.: fere

1908,

2280,

3551,

etc.;

ind.pr.3 receyt 2595, etc., 5 recey-

quert 2591, 3398, 6 querent 947;

vez

pret.3 quist 113, etc.; v.a. search, look for, seek 113, 390, 576, etc.

pret.1 recuy 4450, 3 recust 7140,

quida(u)nce, sf. thought 6464, 7311, 7512 quider 2858, v.a. think, believe 529, PUSS 285 ete: quint, adj. fifth 17, 6175 quisse, sf. thigh 5357, 8350, 8627, 8640

quisture, s. cauterisation 2279

quite’, p.p.adj.f. cooked 1901, 2307 quit(e)”, adj. + de free of, delivered

from 4949, 7931, 8271, 8620 uiture,

s.

infection,

leprosy) 726

pus

(from

8557;

imper.5 recevez

4262;

receust 686, 1854, etc., receut 72, 706, etc., 6 receurent 1086, etc.; subj.impf.3

receust

7851; fut.3 receyvera

2988,

8716;

6040,

con-

dit.3 receyvereyt 3553, 4128; p.p. recu 644, 4688; v.a. receive

rechater; v.a. redeem 1389, 3946 recliner; v.a. rest 2962 reclusorye, s. cell (of recluse) 8342

reconeustre 1398; ind.pr.1 reconoys 6846; pret.3 reconeust 4472, etc., reconoust 7108, reconust 1645, 4913; v.a. recognize 1645; confess, admit 1398, 4472, etc.

326

LA VYE DE SEYNT

reconissaunce 4538, reconoyssaunce 2555, 7707, 7729, sf. admission, confession record, sm. memory 338, account,

story

1748,

2822;

metre

en

r.

record 34 recorder; v.a. memorize

2016, recovery (of health) 2438 recoverer 2710, 5378, recoveryr 6925, 7383; fut.5 recoverez 6772, 7269; pret.3 recoveri 1984, 5390, 8075, 8592, 6 recovererent 5510,

7411,

8597,

relesser; v.a. relax 2439

religiun, sf (religious) order 205, 1056, 1264, etc.; r. de Menurs Franciscan order 791, 815; un lu

[. . .] de r. a monastery 677-78n reliques

5301 recouper 4515, v.a. shorten recoveraunce, s. help, recourse

7345,

FRAUNCEYS

recuvererent

811; v.a. regain, recover;

sbst.inf.

saunz r. irrevocably 2710, bon r. good recovery 5378 recru, adj. weary with fatigue 2444 red, f redde, adj. stiff, inflexible 4465, 5065, 7163, etc.; swift 7038, 7046

reddement, adv. stiffly 6232 reddur, sf. rigour, severity

1882,

2158, 2195, 2439

reduté, adj. patched, mended 395n redyvables, adj.pl. thankful, obliged 1080 re(e)lement, adv. rarely 127, 1902, 4542 refecciun, sf. refreshment, food 1318 refere 457, 481, 742; v.a. restore, repair 457, etc.; restore (to health) 2450

referu, adj. bent back 56707 reforcer; v.a. strengthen 466. refu (=refui), .s. shelter, aid 1300,

3291 regard, s.: par r. de. on account

of

1141

regarder; v.a. reward 7752 regrater; pret.3regrat(t)a 2959, 4406; v.a. recount 2959; lament 4406 relentir; pret.3 relenti 5950; v.n. slow down, ease up

2724,

2728,

2734,

2751,

rylykes 7811, s.pl. holy relics relyer; v.n. become rigid 6234 remaunder; v.a. report back 5146 remener; sulj. pr.3 remeyne 1115; v.a. lead back, return 3265, 6391,

6814 remettre 5940; v.a. put again 2308, 2892, 7380; restore 2820, 5940,

6619

«

remeyndre

4292, 5796; imper.5 re-

maynez 6087; pret.3 remist 777, 1612, 3016, etc., remeynt 65787;

subj.impf.3 remeyst 5206; p.p. remys 2719, 3070, 5125, 7453; v.n.

remain, stay; p.p. as subst. remayné 1103n those remaining remuaunce, s/f. reassignment 2591 remuer 2802, 5202, 5867, 7191; v.a. move, remove, change 869, 1975,

2723, etc; shake out, off 5867n; v.

refl. leave, go away 2811, 3758 rendre 2981, 3311, etc.; nd.pr.1 reng 5985, renk 6805; v.a. surrender,

give back, give 470, 618, 810, etc.;

v.refl. become

1008,

+ a enter

2981, 4662, etc.

renmover 6218; p.p. remuvé 1715; v.a. remove 6218; estre remuvé be absent 1715 rente, s. income, payment 3310, 5186

reparay(I)ler 737, 7034; v.a. repair 8, 444, 748, etc.; reform. correct 463 replenyr; v.a. fill 766, 3986, 7425

replyer 7898; v.a. bend back repryse, sf. reprimand 3002, 3014 requere

325, 6850,

beg, plead

8551;

v.a.

ask,

117, 678, etc.; ask

assistance 828, 4481, etc.

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

request(e), sf request, entreaty 831, 1203, 1266, 4748, 8227

requise, s. request 3157 requoillir; pret.3 requoylli 6162, requillirent welcome

2818,

v.a.

6

receive,

820,

etc.,

resaum-

blaunce 3578, sf. form 820, 3578,

3960, etc., resemblance,

appear-

ance 1229, 3119, 5657, etc.

respiter 7757, v.n. grant respite resplendisaunce, sf. radiance 6206 respoundre

4040,

repundre

imper.5 reponez

7920;

2426;

v.a.

re-

spond, answer 233, 246, 2201, etc.

respunale, adj.f- answering 1814 respy(s)t, s. respite 3808, etc.; mettre en r. put aside 1175, 2741, 2951, etc., delay 1011; saunz r. immediately 493, 616, 1930, etc.

resteaunce, sf opposition, resistance 2890, 4080, 4092, 5422, 5954; r.a

pez firm footing 7090 rester 4519, 5430, 6325, etc.; pret.1 restu 1153, 3 restut 1020, 2836,

4487,

7045,

7055,

7496,

question 2636, 5043; see also acorder resuscytement, sm. resuscitation

6936 retenir 3027; subj.pr.1 retenge 3548;

fut.5 retendrez retain, keep

reseaunt, p.pr.adj. roosting 3750 resemblaunce

327

7674,

2994,

2996;

v.a.

retrere 320, 545, 578, etc.; ind.pr.1 retrés 4703, 3 retret 743, 1347, 3388, etc., 6 retreent 3416; pret.3

retret 88, 4467, 4500, etc., retrete 8318, 6retrestrent 907, 3412; fut.3 retrerra 4422, 6 retrerunt 4702;

condit.3 retrerreyt 8314; p.p. retret 2061, 2105, etc.; v.a.@refl. deter 88, withdraw 545, etc., pull away from, leave 320, 593, etc.; refrain

2265;

come

back

7674;

tell, re-

count 2318, 3199, 3206, etc.; stop

8314 retretter;

v.a.

contract,

draw

in

6224n

retter; v.a. impute 4263 return, sm. return 3699

r(e)ule, sf (Franciscan) rule (statement of practice) 12, 946, 1121, 1267, 1294, 1772, 1819, 1823, 1841, 1844, 1852, 1854, 1864, 1866, 3033; (other monastic) rule 1879

resteut 1413, 3542; condit.3 resterreyt 4341; p.p. restu 5160, resteu 6413; p.pr. resteaunt 6587; v.n. resist 1020, 3542, 5430, etc.; stay, remain, stop 1413, 4341, 4519,

reveli, p.p.adj. shrivelled 717n revelir; pret.3 revelist 5938; v. refl. revel, rejoice (in)

etc.; stand 1153, 7674, etc.; roost

revenue,

5160; attack 658n restorer 3488; condit.3 restorreyt 821; v.a. repair, restore

restreyndre 2089n; v.a. restrain resun 74, etc., reysun 2031, etc., sf reason 1228, etc.; that which is right 2473, etc.; view, argument 74, 1199, 2161, etc.; speech 5189, 5713; intellectual gifts 26107; good sense 300, 3038, etc; state-

ment 2758, 6770; par r. logically 5641n;

mettre

a r.

interrogate,

sf. return

1110

reverement, s.: a r. reverentially 3509 reverence, s.: fere r. a have respect for, admire 3385

revesquir; v.n. come back to life 6930 revigurer; v.d. revive, strengthen 2248, 4136 reyndre 3583; ind.pr.3 reynd 4028; v.a. redeem, save robbur, s. robber 3492 rocher; v.a. pelt, throw 532

328

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

roe, sf. mill wheel 7041, 7045, 7052

rundesce, s. circle 6223n rundz, adj.pl. round 5669

sentyr 1998, etc.; ind.pr.1 senk 7302; pret.3 senti 283, etc.; p.p. sentu

rute, s. band, group 7102

rylykes see reliques

saillir; pret.3 saylli 3689, 5342, 7229; 5451;

v.n. leap,

burst out

sakaunz, s.pl. draymen ing) 7220 saker

(=sachier)

(those pull-

449, 4490, 5553, 5987, 8057, senti 4494: v.a. feel 4342, 4356, etc. ser(e)ment, s. oath 5826, 5898, 6262, 6707; cf. leal sergaunt,

4355,

sf. declaration, statement,

5425n; en dreyte s. in conformity with true dogmatic concepts 6072

rupture, sf rupture, hernia 8182

condit.3 saudreyt

sentence,

opinion 151, 1093, 2198, 2544, 7984; condemnation 4716, 7701; sentence, judgement 2688, 4870,

royngnuses, adj.f.pl. scabby 372 royst, adj. steep, high 7549

7132;

v.a.

pull 6884, 7017 salere, sm. payment 3311 saume, sf psalm 4561, 6103 saunc 5679, sa(u)nk 5678, 6457, etc., sm. blood

sm. servant 231, 235, 243,

413,642, 2051, etc. serpentine,

s. nest of snakes

adj.f. serpent-like

3465;

(= wisely cau-

tious) 4668n 5893,

serrye, adj.f. clear 5499

sauters, s.pl. psalters (=psalms) 6726

servise,

s. service 369, etc.; (religious) service, office 1753, 2187,

saver 348, 2888, 5607, 5623, savoyr

etc.; use 5345; saunz s. secularised

4685; ind.pr.1 say 1760, etc., sey

2716

1907, etc., 7 set 313, etc.; pret.6

sev(e)raument,

saverent

rately 1089, 2007 sevrer; p.p. severez 5084; v.a. sepa-

1321n;

fut.]

saveray

5448; subj.impf.3 seust 5274, seut 1312, 1790, 8183; v.a. know scerché see cercher

see, sm.: le s. papal papal see 1861 seel, sm. seal (i.e. stigmata) 5903n seer; pret.3 syt 8537, syst 1935, 5245, etc., 6 sistrent 5216, 6079; p.pr. seaunt 392, 7105; v.n. sit, be situated;

se mettre

en seaunt

sit

down 392, en seaunt seated 7105

semblaunt, s. outward 2770, 2853; fere s. do act in similar fashion impression (of) 3723,

appearance same thing, 3838; give 3734, etc.

semble, sf. nature, character 3502n

sen,

s. meaning

1473;

(physical)

sense 6919; dreyt s. sanity, sound

adv.

alone,

sepa-

rate

seyn, sm. bell 7144 seynee, s. bleeding 8334 seyngne, s. call, peal 3879n sok, sf. ploughshare 8656 solacer 3810; pret.3 solasza 7473; v.a. console 7979, etc. soler, sm. upper room (prison cell) 7622, 7625, (of religious recluse) 8346 solés (=solet), adj. masc.nom.sg. alone

soleyn see suleyn soudan 4164, 4208, etc., saudan 4174, 4206, etc., sm. sultan

mind 8211; propre s. one’s own

soudé, sf. payment 7567

thoughts (sense of self, ego?) 2951, 2954; s. humayn, s. de hume human understanding, intelligence 1452, 3319, 3446

soump, s. nap, short sleep 8554 soun, sm. sound 3864, 3878, 3882, 4435, 5258 sovenerement 1686, 2252, etc.,

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS suvenerement

1360,

etc.,

adv.

suprendre; v.a. surprise 89, 273, 299, 329, etc. suquerre, susquerre, surquerre;

oneself

pret.3 suquist 750, etc., surquist

frequently soyler 2122; v.a. soil 2001, 2176

soyner; v.n.: Ss. en, occupy with, attend to 157

sucyté, s. care 5187n suffraument,

adv.

patiently

2294,

4831 suffraunce,

sf. patience

53,

552,

5967, 5996, etc.; suffering 360, 409; permission 2848; sufferance,

acquiescence

7733;

en s. as a

special favour 4052, en bone s. without hindrance, freely 1272n suffraunt, adj. patient 131 suffré, sm. one who suffered

cified Christ) 3500 suffrer 3826, 4388, suffrir 2101, suffryr 35, 2349,

(=cru558, etc.;

ind.pr.3 seufre 5181; pret.3 suffry 1338, etc., 6 suffrerent 1544, suffryrent 8461; /fut.1 suffray 586, 4393, 3 suffra 4392; condit.3

suffreyt

4247,

4338,

5576;

v.a.

suffer; permit sugestyun,

s. submission

(to reli-

gious superior) 2570 suget, s. subject, servant 1995, 2538, 2543, 2565, 2622 sujurn, sm. repose,

329

place of refuge

3700

sujurner; v.n. delay 456

8377, susquist 2068, 6604; v.a. torment, harass 750, 2068, etc.; attack 6604 surcarker (= surcharger); v.a. beat

down (by hailstones) 3921 surdet, adj. deaf 533, 8144 surdire; v.a. accuse falsely, slander

1016, 3478, 7708 surdre 5785; ind.pr.3 surd 5777; v.n.

spring up, arise surfet,

s.excessive

surmunter; ind.pr.3 surmunt v.a. overwhelm

sursanee,

adj.f. mottled,

wound)

694

surseoir; p.p. sursis 2752; v.a. neglect, ignore survenir; v.n. appear,

arrive

(on

scene) 4457; occur 7373; intervene, come (to help) 6890; v.a.

come over, upon 4430 surver 5868, 6246, 6250, 7035, survere 298, 367, 2665; v.a. see, look at 1002, 2071, 2795, etc.

sustenement,

port) 1257; oppress 3566 suple, adj. suppliant, humble 5987

scarred

sursanure, s. proud flesh (granulation tissue covering healing

sumundre;

sumuns, s. order, summons 1116 sumetre; v.a. place under (to sup-

3274;

5675n

sustenaunce,

Jhesu 6617, s. Deu 669 summoner (for Jesus, for God)

inso-

surfetuse, adj./: arrogant 2185

suleyn 327n, 1025, 4374, etc., soleyn 3969, 4372, adj. solitary; only 6751 pret.3 sumund 885n, 7661, sumunt 3676, 5175; p.p. sumuns 250, 3812, 6150; v.a. summon, order sumun(e)ur, s. summoner 6163; s. a

behaviour,

lence 7019; as. to excess 8307

sf. sustenance,

food

1304, 1706, 1892, etc.

s. (physical)

support

7409 sustenyr 1896, 4248; v.a. sustain, support 1257, 1317, 2974, etc.

sustrere;

pret.3 sustret

8664;

p.p.

sustret 6804, sutret 6867; v.a. take

away, withdraw sutif, adj. solitary, alone 321, 328, 419, 654, 5522, etc. sutyvement, adv. in seclusion 5751

suvenerement sce sovenerement

330

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

suvereyn, sm. (religious) 2542, 2567, 2600, etc.

superior

3271, etc., stretch

out 305, 999,

etc.; v.n.: t. aprés follow 944

su(y)ur, sf sweat 2172, 7389

symayne, sf. week 6352 syme, adj. sixth 21, 4058 sy(n)gnacle,

sm. miracle 50, 1875; stigmata 5688, 5740, 5773, etc. syuter, sm. follower 1232n, 2493 syvre 197, 354, 362, 650n, etc.;

ind.pr.3 seut 2092; pret.3 suvy 3667, suy 2023, 3343; p.p. syvy

tendre’, adj. concerned 2121, 3042 tendrur, sf. affection 30, 344, etc.; pity, compassion 365, 3495, etc. tenir 2110, etc., tenyr 1294, etc.; ind.pr.1 teng 2599, 3 tyen[t] 6542, tent 184, etc., 4 tengnum 8655;

subj.pr.1 tenge 2601, 2616, 3 tenge 486, 4451, 6 teyngnent 948; v.a. hold, keep

5573; p.pr. suaunt 1811, s(u)yvaunt 1775, 5793, 6102, 6138, 6809, sywa(u)nt 7620, 7665; v.a. follow : taast, s. touch 6317 table, s. plank 3617, 7625

tenve, adj. thin 1791 terce, s. terce (canonical hour) 4555 terz,;f t(y)erce, adj. third 9, 817, 939, 957, 1168, 4158, 4573, 8432, etc. P

tapynage,

teuer see tuer

4400;

s. refuge, en

t. in

hiding place

hiding

510;

se

mettre en t. slip away 4252 tapyr 4986; ind.pr.3 tapyt 2620, tapyst 4680, 6 tapyssent 4090; v.n. lurk 2620, hide 4986; en tere

t. crawl on the ground 4680

taster; fut.3 tastra 3610; v.a. eat 3620 tau, s. Greek letter seen on forehead

of Francis, 1670, 1683, 1690

tay’ (=tei), pron. you 7546 tay’ 2372, 6495, 6499, 6503, 6881, tey 4273, 4284, taye 532, teye 3004, 3944, 5674, sm.&f mud, clay 532, 2372, etc.; filth 3004, 4273, 4284, 6495, etc; excrement 3944. teche, sf stain 3601, 4579; bones

teches virtues, good qualities 6200 teyser 2207; v.n.@refl. be

tempre, adv.: tard e t. early and late,

all the time 5532 temprure, s.f, moderation 507, 542, 600, 1077, etc.

tenaunce, sf. possession 3126 tendre!

944;

v.a.

offer,

give

teye’ (=taie), sf covering, brane (scar tissue) 5674

mem-

teye” See tay” teys(s)aunce, sf. growth 138n, 1463,

7855 toler 3485; ind.pr.3 tout 3483; pret. 3

targer 443, 4900; pret.3 targast 3671; v.n. delay

teere 3800 (=taire), pret.6 turent 3769; silent

teser 7065, v.n.: t. aprés follow

643,

tolyt 1905, toly 2709, 8505, 8652; p.p. tolet 3489; v.a. take away, remove

tort, adj. crippled, deformed 5342 tortenusement, adv. wrongfully 7604 toylle, sm. battle, confusion 4724 | trace, sf way, direction 2388 trametre; pret.3 tramist 856, 1095, 1594, etc.; v.a. send, provide 1592, 4447, etc. traunlouer; v.a. transport, carry

7299; translate (relics) 6371 tra(u)nsl(o)uance,

sf. transfer (change of post) 2592, (action of

being carried) 7553 travayl, s. labour (of childbirth) 5468, 7876

travayllaunz, sfpl. those in labour (giving birth) 6415 travayl(l)er 738, 2164, etc.; v.n. work 7, 738, etc.; travel 5027n, 7957 tref, sm. beam 2134n, 7235

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS tremblanment,

adv.

tremblingly

6743

trepee (=tropee), sf flock 3627n trere; ind.pr.3 tret 426, etc.; pret.3 trest 543, etc., 6 trestrent 4202, 7107; v.a. draw, pull, lead tresoir;

v.n.@a.

hear

(clearly)

442,

2824, 3425, 5221, etc. trespas, s.pl. misdeeds 4754 tresveer, treveer; v.n.@a. see (clearly) 98, 189, 378, etc. tretable, adj. affable 131, flexible 6230

treter; v.a. pull, drag 4353 tretez, s.pl. accounts, stories 5833

trezym(e), adj. thirteenth 49, 4155 tribulance, s/. distress, anxiety 3431 trouye (=truie), sf sow 3596, 3600,

3612 trover 3021, 3539; ind.pr.1 trof 3718, 3735, troeve 8008, 8246, truve 3682, 4 trovens trovoms 1773, 6 troevent v.a. find 276, 310, 563, etc.

3229, 8140, 1749, 6387;

trubeul 1663, truboyl 5529n, 6089, s. distraction s.

difficulty,

4268 trubler; v.a. disturb, 3439, 6490

together 1129, 5325, unanimously

6340 unzym’, adj. eleventh 41 urer 384, etc., v.a.@n. pray 38, 328, etc.

ures, s.pl. canonical hours (prayers) 3755, 3771, 4503 urnemenz,

s.pl. altar cloths, vessels

382, 3560 us (=uis) 1419, 1739, 3153, etc., eus 7623, 7624, s. door user; v.a. wear 851, 1958, etc.; use, consume 1609, 1902, etc.; v.n.: u.

dire be wont to say 4473n utre(e)ment, adv. absolutely 605, 1662, 2222, 3919, 8275 utyme, adj. eighth 29, 1861, 6367

valer

5403;

pret.3

imper.d vayllez

valut

2903,

valust

6085; 3301,

3335, 4624; condit.3 vaudereyt 4050; v.n. assist, help, be profitable 508, etc.; be powerful 6085 vassel 4553, vessel (=vaissel) 4546,

4557, etc., pl. vesseaus

troveure, s. discovery 3064

trublement,

331

bowl, jug vastine (=gastine),

6942, sm.

sf wasteland

trouble

3337, 3859, 3970 vaye 2976, 3051, 4656, veye 2243,

2770,

etc., voye 221, 1290, sf way, path veage, s. journey 4130

worry

trufelrye, s. deception, lies 889 tuer; ind.pr.3 teue 2015; v.a. kill 3893; v.refl. kill oneself 2015 turbacyun, sf. disturbance, unrest

2786 tytle, s. (sermon) text, topic 1727

ubley, s. holy wafer 1796 (cf. hoyste) udif, adj. lazy 2170, 2174, 2200, 5521 udivesce 2185, 4547, udivesse 2151, s. laziness umblesce, sf humility 403, 4656, 7329, 7535 umbleté, s. humility 4736

veer (=veeir)5025, ver 5208, 5914, etc., vere 1515, 2271, etc., v.a. see veer’; pret.3 vya 110, 3555; v.a. refuse venyr 351, 941, etc.; ind.pr.1 veng 6130, 3 vent 1953, 2153, vient 3185, 4536, 6 venent 8580; imper.5

vengez

3107, venez

5256;

v.n. come 499, 602, 613, etc. ver, s.: de v. in truth 5973 vermes, s.pl. worms 8595, 8605

uni, adj. similar, identical 3119

versaunt, adj. pouring down rain) 4522

unyement,

vertu(o)us,

adv. equally 4890, 6895,

pret.1

vinch 4747; subj.pr.1 venge 2604;

adj. virtuous,

(with

righteous

332

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

130, 4599; strong, effective 2288,

voyl 794, 2180, 3039, etc., 2 veus

5770; powerful 4622

351,

3 veut

292,

etc.,

4 voluns

1189, 5 volez 247, etc., 6 volent 4662; impf.3 voleyt 73, etc., 6

vespre, sm.@7f. evening 3327, 6101, 6174, 6302, 7664; twilight 6156, 6157

voleyent

vespree, s. dusk 6557 veuable, adj. seemly

362, etc., volt 7577; subj.pr.3 voyle 548, 1758, 2124, 5 voylez 2991,

2288,

visible

6199, 8220 veud, adj. empty 7427 veuder (=vuidier) 579, v.a. leave veu(e)

333,

438,

2089,

2093,

voyllez

4258,

vousist

1582,

etc.; pret.3 vout 8324; etc.,

subj.impf.3 6 vousissent

2088, 3271; fut.3 vodra 277, 368, etc.,

vewe 7205, 7365, etc., vuewe 7442, sf. sight, eyesight; view, sight veutrer; v.n.@refl. roll 1991, roll (on ground), prostrate oneself 6798, 6962; writhe 5450; roll, turn over

(on water wheel) 7054

veydye 2010, etc., voydye 3076, sf. deception; cf. boydye

veylle’, sf. vigil 6296, 7616, 7632,

voudra 944, etc.; condit.6 vodereyent 197; sbst.inf. 356, 5184; v.n. wish 73, 248, etc. voler” 5183, v.n. fly 3852, 6158

voluntryve, adj.f. voluntary 2937 vomyt, s. vomit (=folly) 4797n vou, sm. vow 3041, 3045, 6968, etc. vouer, v.a.@refl. vow 1510, 6925, 6968, etc.

voys, sf. clamour 537; voice 4435 vya see veer”

etc.

veylle*, sf. old woman 8671 veyllesce, s. great age 423 veyndre 291, 2090; pret.3 venquy 7741; p.p. vencu 2061, venku 2777; v.a. overcome, conquer

v(e)yngne 3829, 3896, 8065, 8594, vynne 6941, s. vineyard

veyrdisaunt, adj. truthful 4729 vilette, s. village 3266 vinneruns, 6955

3763,

s.pl. vineyard

workers

vyere, sf. visage, face 1678, 7044 vytaile,

sf provisions, food 4084, 4087, 4096 vyvesce, 5.: en graunt v. in robust health 7334

vyvouge, adj. vigorous, robust 7863n wacrer 378, v.n. wander, be vagrant

waste, adj.f. wild, deserted 5534 ' waster; v.a. destroy, lay waste 5745,

1353, etc., 6 vesquirent 3411; v.n.

8619 weyver; v.a. leave, abandon 4992, 5016 wyvre, adj. malicious, venomous 5442

live

ydropykes, s.pl. those afflicted with

vivre 1529, 4669; fut.3 vivera 7854, 5

viverez 4962; pret.3 vesqui 1013,

voler’ 356, 5184; ind.pr.1 veul.2268,

dropsy 6378

INDEX OF PROPER NOUNS AND PLACE NAMES For place names we give the form normally used in English (for example, the Italian vernacular form is used for all but the most common Italian place

names which have well-known English equivalents). The names of saints identifying towns, or churches, are listed alphabetically under Seyn, Seynt, or Seynte, etc. For proper names, only well-known historical figures are identified by their modern English form when this differs from the French. The names of historical persons (such as Elias of Cortona and Peter Catanii) who are referred to by their office or title only, are listed within square brackets. Variant forms of each name are listed together, although the interchangeable use ofy and 7 is not systematically noted. Line references are exhaustive,

unless followed

by etc.; the letter n indicates

the word

is

treated in a Note to the text.

Alemayne, Germany 6985

Arecyun

Alverne 4940, 5540, 5776, Auverne 3848, munt(eyne) de, (Monte) La

7602, Arezzo Arelate, Arles 1723

Verna Alvyanun, Alviano 5214 : apostoyl, pape, Rinaldo : Alysaundre, di Segni, bishop-cardinal of Ostia, Pope Alexander IV (1254-61)

Assumpcyun 3997, Assumptyun 4008, la, feast of the Assumption (15 August) Bus Assyse, Assisi 66, 143, 261, etc. Aubert, a man of Arezzo 7602, 7617

5838, 5848, 7123; see also Note to

Augustin, seynt, St Augustine (354

1167

ne Sie

Ambrose,

a

7906, Aregun

430) 7243

: aoe

2785, 5465,

Augustyn 6123, 7967, Austyn 6137, Ee

seynt, St Ambrose

frere, Provincial Minister of Terra di Lavora

(340:-

Aumoner,

phos HES

sovereyn, haut, God, the

Sovereign Almsgiver 3285, 3546

Amyternun, Amiterno 8648

Aaseaiberetens A iveurin

Anagnye, Anagni 8091

Averser, le, Satan 7261

Anchone, Ancona 4074, 4102, 7341,

Babiloyne, syre de, le haut soudan,

Marches of Ancona 7211

sultan

Anconyteyne adj.: la maryne A. Sea of Ancona 7511; la Marche A. Marches of Ancona 2985 Andnun 2032n, Asne 2163, frere, Brother Ass, name given by Fran-

of Egypt,

Melek-el-Kamel

(1218-38) 41637; also le soudan, le saudan 4174, 4206, 4208, 4209, 4293, 4243, 4249, 4255, 4265, 4274 __ Baralyteyn, Barletta 7370

Bartholomeu, a child 7147

cis to his body

Bartholomeu, a man of Gaeta 7231, 7261 Bartholomeu, frere, of Gubbio 8193

Angelon, frere, from Todi 8194 Antoyne, seynt, 1725, 5081, Auntoyn 7966, Sttoot (of ay 1195-

Baryun, Bari 3049n

1231) 333

334

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Beatrice, woman

who bore a dead child 7798 Benevente, Benevento 6718

Creatur, le, God, the Creator 675, 1o2, 1392; ete.

Croyzez, un hospital de, Hospital of the Order of the Crucified 1576n

Bernard, frere, St. Francis’ first companion 912, 918, 932, 951 Bethleem, Bethlehem 4596

Cypran, chastea[u], Ceprano 7284

Bible, 1443 Blaunche Ruele, Vicalvi 7347n

Dame, la, Nostre, Our Lady (Mary)

Boloyne, Bologna 5399 Bonaventure, frere, Doctor of theol-

ogy at the University of Paris, then Minister

General of the Order (1257-74), later St. Bonaventure 968n, 5842 Bonaventure,

frere,

a man

saved

from drowning 7480

7337,

Capue, Capua 6857 Carvyun, Calvi dell’ Umbria 7820 Castrum

plebis,

Citta

della

de la, Cisterna

766, 775, 831, 3036, 3043, 3652, 3654, 3985, 6580 Damyet, Damietta 4690n

David, prophet 3218, 3956, 4182

Deu 7, 23, 63, etc., Deus 427, 1408, 1494, etc., Dé 28, 208, 1360, 2813, le tut P(e)ussant 2808, 2813, God

Eglyse, seynt(e), Holy Church

Egubye

Campaliun, Campiglia 3097 Catalonye

chasteu

Pieve

5486n, 8137

Catalonye see Cantolonye Celan, Celano 4732, 7075

Cene, sf. Last Supper 6101 Cezy(I)le, Sicily 8202, 8335

Chasteau Seyn Germynyen 7313, S. Gemynyeyn 7688, Castel San Gimignano Chastel, Castro dei Volsci 8032 Chastel, cité du, Citta di Castello 5431

Chaumpayne 8008, Graunt Chaumpayngne 8473, Chaunpeyne 7028,

682, 5373, Egobye

[Elias of Cortona], vicer’ 1845n, vikere 5001, 5876, vykere 5022, vicar of the Franciscans

Enemi, le, Satan 1020, 2061, 2128, 2131, 5414 Enterduk, Antrodoco 8655 Esclavonye,

Slovenia,

i.e. Dalmatia

4066, 7746 Escrypture, (seynt(e)), (Holy) Scripture 43, 3579, 3588, 4644, 4660 Esculon, Ascoli 7499

Espaygne 4122, Espayn’ 8586, Spain Esperyt'

468,

Esperyst 425,

5091,

1839,

1173,

5130,

4134,

1226,

5571,

Espiry(s)t

etc., le Seynt,

the — Spirit Esperyt” 5445, Espirist 2710, le Mal, Lucifer 2710, the Devil 5445 Eva(u)ngel(e)

Constantinople, 7213

Sahagun 8586n, 8587 Fany, Fano 8284

Cordelers, freres, Franciscans (who wear a rope belt, with three

3590,

Eugubye 8193, Gubbio

Campania (Maiore) Clare 1511, seynte C. 1505, 5140, 5858, soer C. 6280, first Franciscan Minoress

knots) 5493 Cornete, Corneto 7143

65,

383, 461, 466, etc.

Bonhume, from Fano 8285

Cantolonye 6553, Catalonia

Cysterne, 8200

835,

842,

859,

868,

884, 3225, etc., Evangile 249, the Gospel Facundyn

(Lat.: Facundyun), seynt,

Fiz, sm. Son of God (=Jesus) 776, 2961, 3989; le fiz Deu 5117, le fiz Marye 6398, Jesus

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Forha see Soran Fraunce,

Settesoli,

Ministre

Minister

de,

Provincial

of France

(Pacificus)

1680

Fulgyne, Foligno 474, 8248 Gagete 5263, Gageteyn 7231, Gaeta Galyan, chasteau, Gagliano 8537n Gedeon, secular canon 4776, 4788,

4805, 4807, 4811 Geraud, blind knight 8094 Gerlaundyn, youth 6937, 6940, 6946 Grecyun, Greccio 3681, 3717, 3889,

4606, 5023 Gregoyre, la pape, Ugolini di Segni, Pope Gregory IX (1227-41) 2649, 6441,

6981,

7638;

see also

Huge, and Note to 1167; also le apostoil 5847, apostoyl 6713, apostoyle 6336 Guydelot, 7688 Gyle, frere, third person

to follow

Francis 957, 975 Helye, seynt, Elijah 1442n Honoyre,

Roman

noblewoman

3663n

Jakes de Assyse, frere, 7968 Jakes 7446, Jake 7451, 7453, 7464,

Fraunceys 70, 76, 109, 129, etc., Fraunceis 547, 1457, 2711, Francis

6313,

335

pape,

(1216-1227) 2650

Pope Honorius

1774,

1775,

III

1857,

de Reatyn, frere

Jakes de Yseu, freres, 8172 Jerome, un chyvaler, 6254n

Jeus, Jews 6890 Jhesu 51, 331, 347, etc.,J. Crist 124,

288, 293, etc,J. Nazaren, Jesus the Nazarene

1727n; see also Mestre

Job, prophet 5996n Johan, name proposed for Francis Johan, cardinal-bishop of Sabina 1183 Johan, seynt, apostle 6096 Johan Baptyst, seynt, John the Bap-

tist 1957 Johan de Forha, 8198 Johan de Grecyun, 4606

Johan de Ylerde, 6556, 6563, 6567, 6578, 6581, 6585, 6603, 6621, 6641 Julyane, from Carvyun 7821 Labur see Terre Latrane, eglyse de Lateran Basilica, Rome 1254 Lentif, Lentini 7179

Hostiense 3160, Hoyste 5292, Oyst 7120, Ostia

Leon, le chardynal de Seynte Croix 2829

Huge, syr(e), chardinal (de Hostiense), Ugolini di Segni (11451241), cardinal of Ostia, protector of Franciscans (later Pope Gregory IX) 2635, 3159-60, 3169, 5291; see also Gregoyre

Leonard, frere, of Assisi 4880

Lumbardye, Lombardy 2367 Makomet, la ley, law of Mahomet (Muslim religion) 4234 Marche

see also Anchona,

Ancony-

teyne

Hymole, Imola 2754

Marche de Tervisye, la, Marches of

Illumynat, frere, 4189, 5701, 8082,

Treviso 2368 Mark, righteous man from Castrum Plebys 8148 Martyn, seynt, 1752, 1761 Martyn, herdsman 8622, 8632, 8637 Marye 765, 789, 829, 833, 1590, etc.,

8086 Innocent, la pape, Lotario di Segni, Pope

Innocent

III

(1198-1216)

1167n, 1771; also apostoyle 1199, 1208, 1243, apoystoyle 1217, vycayr’ duz Jhesu Crist 1242 Jake de Set Soliis, dame, Jacoba di

seynte,

mother

of Jesus;

Dame, Reyne, Virgine

see also

336

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Marye de Galyan, 8534, 8538, 8556, 8560, 8568 Masse, province de, Massa Trabaria Seyn

Pere,

la,

Massa

San

Pietro 7563; see Note to 2714 Matheu, cleric 7348

Maufé

1347, 1390, 1962, etc., Mau-

fez 1004, le, Satan; maufez,

les,

Pacyfyc 1667, 1676, 1682, Pacific 1684, Pacificus 1665, frere, Pacificus, first Franciscan Provincial Minister of France, court of Emperor

known

2799, 2807, 2817, etc., demons

convert from Frederick II,

as Rey de vers, King of

Verse 1634n

Mauveys, le, Satan 2010 [Melek-el-Kamel] see Babiloyne

Pade, Padua 2369

Menur, (Frere), (Friar) Minor, Franciscan 1992, 2599, 2617, 3207, 4915, etc., (pl.) 10, 792, 816, etc.

Palence, Palencia 8600

Mestre, le suvereyn,

Parme, Parma 5244 Paske, Easter 3231, 3253

sovereign Mas-

ter (= Christ) 953 Mevanye,

chastel

de,

Bevagna

5158n, 5391 Michel 3845, 5545, Mychel 4003, 6140, 6177, 8062, 8249, seyn(t); shrine of, 6140, 8249 Monaud 1738, Monaut 1730, frere Moriz, frere, 1578, 1596, 1603 Munt Cassal, Monte Casale 2712 Munt Gargan, Monte Gargano 6140, 8060 Munt Maran, chastel du, Monte Marano 6717 Mu(s)che, frere, Brother Fly 2175, 2178, 3004

Myramolyn

1490,

Oyst sce Hostiense

2714n, 8481 Masse

1012, 1449, 1461, 1486, 1531, ete. Ortense, la cyté, Orte 5363

(Emir-el-Munemin,

‘Cap-

Paradys, Paradise 1444 Parfy(s)t, sailor 7391, 7400

Pere, (God the) Father 628, 2363, 4384, 4682 Pere e Pol, seynz, saints Peter and Paul 4012; feast day of SS. Peter

and Paul (29 June) 4001; Pere e Poul, seyns apostles,

[the tombs of] 720n Peremale, Petramala 8612 Peres (of Alife), 7640, 7662, 7666 Peres (of Foligno), 8248

Peres (of Nocera), 6785 Peres (of Sicily), 8202 © Peres

Bernardun,

Pietro

Bernar-

done, father of St. Francis 2429 Peruse, Perugia 4474

tain of the Believers’), Yousouf-elMostancer (121444), Sultan of Morocco 4122n Naples, 7944

Perusyn, lay, lake of Perugia (Lake Trasimene) 3708

Narnye, la cyté de, 5343, 5393, Narnyun 8272, Narni Nazaren see Jhesu Nichol (of Ceprano), 7285, 7290

Peytou, 8386

Nocerie, Nocera 3260, 6781

Nursye, Norcia 8241 Nychol, un prestre, 8196 Octo, leper 8292 Ordre,

le (seynt),

(de Freres

nurs), Order of Friars Minor

[Peter Catanii], vicere, first vicar of Franciscans 3022n Pol, Poul see Pere e Pol Pomart, chasteu, Pomarico 6749

Pophis, chasteu, Pofi 7027, 8009 Portyuncle, Portiuncula 768n, 827, 1459, 4456; see also Seynte Marie

de Portyuncle Me14,

Potente, Potenza 6660 Poyl’ 221, Poyle 3049, 6750, Poylle 6659, 8611, Apulia

LA VYE DE SEYNT FRAUNCEYS

Praxede, 8342, 8355

Seyn Gemyny, chastel, San Gemini

Pyse, Pisa 8199 Ragusye, Ragusa 6937 Raho, Frere Menur, 6836 Rauf, uns noble hume, 6994 Reate 3304, 4772, Reatyn 5352, 7446, Rieti; lay Reatyn, lake Rieti 3715, 7504; province Reatyne, province of Rieti 5741

Rey de vers see Pacyfic Rey, suvereyn,

celestial,

Christ the

King 1222, 1231, 4691

Reynaud, Renaud 8388 Reyne, duce 779, pytouse 7934, de

mercy 3994, de pyté 829, Mary, mother of Jesus; see also Marye Robert, frere, 7946, 7960, 7976 Rogate, Rogata 8302 Roger, chanoyn, 6662

Romanye, Rumenye, Greece 7522n,

7986 Rome 387, 720, 2631, 3660, 6340, 6509, 6817, 7117, 7121, 7642, 7790, 8340, Rume 1166, 1255; curt

de

R.

6340,

337

curt

romayne

6073, rumeyne 7644, Roman court; Eglyse rumeyne, the Church in Rome 1396 Sabinense, Sabina 1183, 8661 Saracyn, Saracen 1557, 1563; Saracyns, Saracens 4169, 4199

5413 Seyn Gemynyeyn sce Chasteau S. Germynyen Seyn Jorge, la eglyse de, 6289 Seyn Pere, eglyse, 756 Seyn Severyn, chastel de, San Severino 1637, 7209, 8293 Seynt Justyn, une abbeye de, 4475 Seynt Mark, eglyse, in Rome 6820 Seynt Nicholas, le eglyse, 921 Seynt Quyrik, San Quirico 3098 Seynt Sepulcre, burg, Borgo San Sepolcro 4349 Seynt Urbane, hermytoyre, 2320 Seynt Verecundyn, muster, 3591

Seynte Croiz, church in Rome 2830 Seynte Marie, eglyse de, 765, 1459, 3017, 3637, 3775, 6013, S. M. de Portyuncle, le l(e)u de, 1697-8, 3017-8, 3637-8, 3775-6 (abandoned church which Francis restored as dwelling for his followers; formerly called Marye

des Aungeles 770); see also Portyuncle Silvestre

(prestre,

frere) 978, 982,

1005, 1007, 2804, Sylvestre 5131 Soran 8304, Forha 8198n, Sora

Spelly, Spello 8203 Spolet(e), Spoleto 1327, 8692

68, 709, 1286,

Sarcyan, le desert de, (hermitage in wilds of) Sarteano 2003 Sathan, Satan 2004 Satryanum, vilette, Satriano 3268

Suesse, Suessa Aurunca 6905 Sukan, Ceccano 8196 Surye, Syria, the East 4061, 4159n Symou, Le Simon, town near Poi-

Sauveur 3235, 4020, 6696, etc., Sauveoure 4152, le, the Saviour,

tiers 8387n Tamaryt, Thamarite 7338

Jesus; see also Jhesu

Terre

de Labur,

Terra

Senys 3528, 3626, 4854, Seyns 3096, 3818, Siena

5040, 6121 Tervisye see Marche de

Sey(n)gnur 115, 241, 317, 2521, etc., Syre 247, 1759, etc., Lord (God), Noster S. 227, 895, Nostre S. 171, 239, 2291, etc., Our Lord

Thebes, 7986

Seyn Damyen, muster, 421, 6279

di Lavoro

Thomas, a priest 7030 Trinité,

Seynte,

Holy Trinity 926,

4161, 4221, 5389 Tudert, Todi 8194

338

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Tuscanelle, Toscanella 5329 Tybure, Tivoli 7868; esvesk’ Tybur-

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Venetian

marshes 3478 Virgine, la, 2961, Vyrge,

la, 7937,

Virgin Mary; see also Marye

Vyterb, Viterbo 7876 Wulturne,

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