Kom Tuman II: Late Period to Graeco-Roman Pottery, Volumes I and II 9781407358307, 9781407358314, 9781407358000, 9781407358017

Table of contents :
Volume I
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
To Arlette, Heini, and Boris
Of Related Interest
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Diagrams
List of Plates
List of Colour Plates
List of Maps
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations in Text and Tables
Preface
I. Introduction
I.1 The site
I.2 The pottery
I.3 Methodology
I.4 Fabrics
I.4.a Nile fabrics
I.4.b Mixed clay fabrics
I.4.c Marl fabrics
I.5 Manufacturing techniques and regional styles
I.5.a Manufacturing techniques
I.5.b Regional styles
II. The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to theThird Intermediate Period
II.1 Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period
II.2 Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period
II.3 New Kingdom
II.4 Third Intermediate Period
III. Late Period
III.1 Egyptian Production
III.1.1 Closed Vessels
III.1.1.1 Storage jars
III.1.1.2 Large pilgrim flasks and kegs
III.1.1.3 Cooking pots
III.1.1.4 Jars and Bottles
III.1.1.5 Fine ware jars and juglets
III.1.2 Open vessels
III.1.2.1 Plates and dishes
III.1.2.2 Tableware bowls
III.1.2.3 Bowls and dishes with modelled rim
III.1.2.4 Hemispherical bowls
III.1.2.5 Other bowls
III.1.2.6 Fine wares open shapes
III.1.2.7 Saucers and related shapes
III.1.2.8 Large bowls
III.1.2.9 Various open shapes
III.1.2.10 Bases of open vessels
III.1.3 Specialised vessels
III.1.4 Lids
III.1.5 Pot stands
III.1.6 Uncertain shape/stand(?) (fine ware)
III.1.7 Coarse wares
III.1.8 Production vessels
III.2 Coarse ware imports and imitations
III.2.1 Levantine jars and imitations
III.2.1.1 Levantine jars
III.2.1.2 Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars
III.2.2. Mortaria
III.2.2.1 Imported mortaria
III.2.2.2 Egyptian mortaria
III.2.2.3. Mortaria of uncertain provenance
III.2.3 Imported Aegean amphorae and local imitations
III.2.3.1 Imported amphorae
III.2.3.2. Egyptian amphorae (AM/EG/M-AM/EG/S)
III.3 Imported fine wares
III.3.1 East Greek pottery of the late Archaic andClassical periods
III.3.2 Uncertain imports of probable East Greek origin(EGFW?)
III.3.3 Fine ware imports of uncertain provenance(IFW)
III.3.4 Cypriot fine and semi-fine imports (CYP)
III.3.5 Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine ware imports
III.3.6 Black Glaze, Black Figure, Red Figure, and otherglazed decorated Greek pottery
IV. The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period
IV.1 Egyptian production
IV.1.1 Closed vessels
IV.1.1.1 Cooking pots
IV.1.1.2. Jars
IV.1.1.3. Fine wares
IV.1.1.4 Other undetermined jars
IV.1.2 Open vessels
IV.1.2.1 Dishes and bowls
IV.1.2.2. Crateroids and cooking bowls
IV.1.2.3 Beakers and saucers
IV.1.3 Non-containers and coarse wares
IV.2 Imported amphorae
IV.2.1 Amphorae from the East Aegean
IV.2.2 Amphorae of presumed Cypriote origin
IV.2.3 Amphorae of presumed North African/Cyrenaicanorigin
IV.2.4 Amphorae from the Italian peninsula
IV.2.5 Amphorae of uncertain provenance
IV.3 Egyptian amphorae (AM/EG)
IV.4 Fine ware imports of the Hellenistic and earlyRoman periods
IV.5 The Roman period and beyond
V. Conclusions
V.1 Interpreting the site
V.2 Chronology and stratigraphy
V.3 Dominant shapes and quantitative data
V.4 Late Period trends
V.5 The Ptolemaic period and concluding remarks
backcover
Volume II
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
List of Diagrams
List of Plates
List of Colour Plates
List of Maps
List of Tables
Plates
Colour Plates
Maps
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Bibliography
Illustration Credits
backcover

Citation preview

B A R I N T E R NAT I O NA L S E R I E S 3 0 3 7 ( I )

Kom Tuman II Late Period to Graeco-Roman Pottery Volume I SABINE A. LAEMMEL

2021

297mm HIGH

B A R I N T E R NAT I O NA L S E R I E S 3 0 3 7 ( I )

2021

Kom Tuman II Late Period to Graeco-Roman Pottery Volume I SABINE A. LAEMMEL Preface by Galina A. Belova

297mm_BAR Laemmel TITLE VOL1 ARTWORK.indd 1

19/07/2021 19:38

Published in 2021 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 3037 (I) Kom Tuman II: Late Period to Graeco-Roman Pottery, Volume I ISBN  978 ISBN  978 ISBN  978 ISBN  978

1 1 1 1

4073 4073 4073 4073

5830 7 (Volume I) paperback 5831 4 (Volume II) paperback 5800 0 (Set of both volumes) paperback 5801 7 (Set of both volumes) e-format

doi  https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407358000 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © Sabine A. Laemmel 2021 Cover image  Kom Tuman Area VII @ CES RAS/S. Ivanov The Author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. Links to third party websites are provided by BAR Publishing in good faith and for information only. BAR Publishing disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third-party website referenced in this work.

BAR titles are available from: Email Phone Fax

BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, ox2 7bp, uk [email protected] +44 (0)1865 310431 +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

To Arlette, Heini, and Boris

Of Related Interest

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Oxford, BAR Publishing, 2020

Los ataúdes egipcios de Pairusejer y de Ruru del Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid Análisis de sus materiales y estado de conservación María Cruz Medina Sánchez BAR International Series 2940

Oxford, BAR Publishing, 2019 Art et archéologie du Proche-Orient hellénistique et romain : les circulations artistiques entre Orient et Occident, volume 2 Actes de la journée d’études du 29 mai 2018, Institut Catholique de Paris Edited by Caroline Arnould-Béhar and Véronique Vassal

BAR International Series 2934

Oxford, BAR Publishing, 2019 Temple Deposits in Early Dynastic Egypt The case of Tell Ibrahim Awad Willem van Haarlem

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Oxford, BAR Publishing, 2019 Le Premier Nome du sud de l’Égypte au Moyen Empire Fouilles de la mission espagnole à Qoubbet el-Haoua (Assouan) 2008-2018 Alejandro Jiménez-Serrano and Juan Carlos Sánchez-León

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For more information, or to purchase these titles, please visit www.barpublishing.com v

Acknowledgements On an evening of early March 2010, while I was working for a very brief one-week stint on the site of Kom Tuman, which I was then still discovering, Galina Belova and Sergej Ivanov came to see me in my rooms in the building of the Russian Centre for Egyptological Studies in Dokki. Without much ado, they suggested I publish the pottery from Kom Tuman. In the spur of the moment, without giving it much thought, I took on the offer. From there on, what started as a book chapter on the material excavated before and up to 2010 turned into a small monograph, and then a larger volume as material from the renewed, post2011 excavations was gradually added to the corpus.

photographs published in this book were made by Sergej Ivanov, Bernard Boismoreau, and Victoria Yarmolovich, while Alexander Belov helped and advised on the design of the book cover. I acknowledge here their precious contributions. While writing up this volume, I have also benefited from the backing of various institutions. I first want to thank CES RAS and the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities for inviting me to work on the material from their excavations. In the UK, I had the chance of being granted visiting, and later affiliated scholar status by the MacDonald Institute of Archaeological Research (University of Cambridge). This arrangement gave me access to a number of facilities at the university, not least of all its library resources. I would like to thank Janine Bourriau and Kate Spence for supporting my application and Graeme Barker for granting it. During my research, my weekly library visits to Cambridge were always made a pleasure thanks to the kindness and hospitality of Janine Bourriau and Peter French. Besides providing me with a timely break on the way home, they were always available for discussing my work and share with me their extensive knowledge of ancient Egyptian culture and in particular its ceramics. Their advice and friendship as well as the time spent with them in Buto, Saqqara, and Giza have greatly influenced the results of my work and I am ever so thankful for this.

For having given me the opportunity of working on the fascinating site of Kom Tuman and for having welcomed me warmly into the team of CES RAS, I wish to express my most heartfelt gratitude to Galina Belova. Her expertise, her stimulating enthusiasm, and her wonderful gift for turning all of her endeavours into surprising adventures are absolutely unique. I am equally indebted to Sergej Ivanov, director of CES RAS, for his kindness, patience, sense of humour, and steadfast support. It is with the deepest emotion that I recall his generosity in a very dark hour indeed. Throughout our collaboration, Sergej was always ready to help, generous with his time, his energy, and never shied away from sharing his ideas, insights, and his practised knowledge of both field archaeology and the ancient world. Like many other works of this scale, the making of this book would not have been possible without the collaboration and help of many individuals, both in Egypt and abroad. In particular, I wish to express my gratitude to Victoria Yarmolovich, not only for producing and inking many of the pottery drawings used in the present volume but also for assisting me with the study of the material on site and for sharing results of her thorough research on the Egyptian fine wares of the Late Period. I also wish to thank Dieter Eigner, field-director of the Kom Tuman project, Ali Farouk Al-Quftawi, Abd el-Hamid Abu el-Salam, Ramadan Abd el-Rady Bashir, Yassin Adellahy Amr, and my other colleagues in the field for having brought to light the material examined in this volume.

This book also benefited from discussions and correspondence with several colleagues: David Aston, Michael Pesenti, Catherine Grataloup, Pascale Ballet, Rita Hartmann, Aude Simony, and Rabea Reimann. I thank particularly Alan Johnston and Marianne Bergeron from the British Museum for their help with identifying the first sherds of Clazomenian Black Figure pottery that were discovered at the site. Alan Johnston also directed me on the right path in my research on amphora stamps and amphorae in general. I also express my gratitude to Andreas Winkler for proposing a reading for the Demotic inscription on jar 05-06/0096/003 (col. pl. 29:1–2). Finally, I am especially thankful to David Aston for having taken the time to read through a first draft of this work and for his most pertinent comments.

Over the years, numerous participants in the project have furthered the pottery drawing effort, both before and after I started my work at Kom Tuman. They are: Irina Kulikova (2003-2010);  Maria Lavrentieva (2003-2010); Еlena Tolmacheva (2003-2016); Ashraf Senusi (2004-2006); Alla Davydova (2005-2008); Natalia Kashaeva (2010-2012); Roman Orekhov (2013); Nadеzhda Sizova  (2014-2015); Oksana Vingolts (2014-2016); Victoria Yarmolovich (2014-2016); Tatiana Fedorenko (2016). The pottery

In the later stages of the book preparation, Svetlana Sizova, Nadеzhda Sizova, Oksana Vingolts, Alica Krainiuk, and Victoria Yarmolovich all participated in the digital inking of the pencil drawings, for which I am ever thankful. I am indebted to Tatiana Fedorenko, my “eyes and ears in Moscow” who helped arranging colour plates, requested permissions for the re-use of published images, and generally contributed to the manuscript’s preparation in many other ways. vii

Kom Tuman II I address my appreciation to BAR for having accepted my volume for publication in its complete format. I am grateful to Ruth Fisher (development editor) and Jacqueline Senior (editor in-chief) who were always prompt and professional in answering all of my queries. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my three anonymous reviewers for their precious comments and advice on the manuscript, which they improved considerably. I am sorry that one of their main concerns, the addition of photographs alongside the fabrics’ description, could not be addressed here. This is because neither I, nor the CES RAS team was granted access to the Kom Tuman magazine since the manuscript was reviewed and it was thus not possible to produce suitable images in time for the publication.

And indeed, the research for, and writing of this book depended very much upon the support of close friends and family. Without them, I would never have been able to conduct this project to its end. I owe an immense dept of gratitude to Laurie Bussis, Wayne Martin, and Danièle Rothen for their many acts of kindness. Even though it is sadly too late for them to see the results, I wish to thank my parents for their love and faith in my abilities and I dedicate this book to their memory. I also thank my aunt, Nicole Pertuiset, and my siblings, Bettina Maytain, Felix Laemmel, and Matthias Laemmel for always being there when I needed them and for making my life easier in complicated times. Finally, and most importantly, to my lovely daughter, Mia, who grew up alongside my Memphite pottery adventure and who, in spite of her young age, showed great patience and understanding throughout, thank you.

Finally, I was most fortunate that Christina Riggs agreed to proof-read my text before the manuscript’s final submission. I take this opportunity to thank her from the heart, not only for putting her talents as a scholar and a writer at my service, but also for her long-lasting and most precious friendship.

Wivenhoe, 18 April 2021

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Contents VOLUME I List of Diagrams ................................................................................................................................................................ xi List of Plates..................................................................................................................................................................... xiii List of Colour Plates...................................................................................................................................................... xxiii List of Maps.................................................................................................................................................................... xxix List of Tables................................................................................................................................................................... xxxi List of Abbreviations in Text and Tables.................................................................................................................... xxxiii Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................... xxxvii I.

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 1 I.1 The site...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 I.2 The pottery................................................................................................................................................................ 2 I.3 Methodology............................................................................................................................................................. 2 I.4 Fabrics....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 I.4.a Nile fabrics ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 I.4.b Mixed clay fabrics............................................................................................................................................. 5 I.4.c Marl fabrics....................................................................................................................................................... 6 I.4.d Imported fabrics................................................................................................................................................ 7 I.5 Manufacturing techniques and regional styles ......................................................................................................... 8 I.5.a Manufacturing techniques................................................................................................................................. 8 I.5.b Regional styles.................................................................................................................................................. 8

II.  The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period...............................................11 II.1 Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period......................................................................................................... 11 II.2 Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period.................................................................................................. 15 II.3 New Kingdom....................................................................................................................................................... 18 II.4 Third Intermediate Period ..................................................................................................................................... 24 III. Late Period.................................................................................................................................................................. 27 III.1 Egyptian Production ........................................................................................................................................... 27 III.1.1 Closed Vessels.......................................................................................................................................... 27 III.1.2 Open vessels............................................................................................................................................. 84 III.1.3 Specialised vessels................................................................................................................................. 131 III.1.4 Lids........................................................................................................................................................ 135 III.1.5 Pot stands............................................................................................................................................... 142 III.1.6 Uncertain shape/stand(?) (fine ware)..................................................................................................... 144 III.1.7 Coarse wares.......................................................................................................................................... 144 III.1.8 Production vessels.................................................................................................................................. 152 III.2 Coarse ware imports and imitations.................................................................................................................. 154 III.2.1 Levantine jars and imitations................................................................................................................. 154 III.2.2 Mortaria.................................................................................................................................................. 168 III.2.3 Imported Aegean amphorae and local imitations................................................................................... 173 III.3 Imported fine wares........................................................................................................................................... 206 III.3.1 East Greek pottery of the late Archaic and Classical periods................................................................ 206 III.3.2 Uncertain imports of probable East Greek origin (EGFW?)................................................................. 211 III.3.3 Fine ware imports of uncertain provenance (IFW)................................................................................ 213 III.3.4 Cypriot fine and semi-fine imports (CYP)............................................................................................. 213 III.3.5 Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine ware imports................................................................................. 215 III.3.6 Black Glaze, Black Figure, Red Figure, and other glazed decorated Greek pottery ............................ 215

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Kom Tuman II IV. The Ptolemaic to early Roman period.................................................................................................................... 229 IV.1 Egyptian production........................................................................................................................................... 229 IV.1.1 Closed vessels.......................................................................................................................................... 229 IV.1.2 Open vessels............................................................................................................................................ 238 IV.1.3 Non-containers and coarse wares............................................................................................................ 249 IV.2 Imported amphorae............................................................................................................................................. 249 IV.2.1 Amphorae from the East Aegean ............................................................................................................ 249 IV.2.2 Amphorae of presumed Cypriote origin ................................................................................................. 258 IV.2.3 Amphorae of presumed North African/Cyrenaican origin....................................................................... 259 IV.2.4 Amphorae from the Italian peninsula....................................................................................................... 260 IV.2.5 Amphorae of uncertain provenance......................................................................................................... 262 IV.3 Egyptian amphorae (AM/EG) ........................................................................................................................... 263 IV.4 Fine ware imports of the Hellenistic and early Roman periods......................................................................... 264 IV.5 The Roman period and beyond........................................................................................................................... 270 V. Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................... 271 V.1 Interpreting the site.............................................................................................................................................. 271 V.2 Chronology and stratigraphy............................................................................................................................... 271 V.3 Dominant shapes and quantitative data............................................................................................................... 271 V.4 Late Period trends................................................................................................................................................ 272 V.5 The Ptolemaic period and concluding remarks.................................................................................................... 273

VOLUME II Plates................................................................................................................................................................................ 275 Colour Plates................................................................................................................................................................... 499 Maps................................................................................................................................................................................. 601 Appendix 1....................................................................................................................................................................... 607 Appendix 2....................................................................................................................................................................... 619 Appendix 3....................................................................................................................................................................... 699 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................... 701 Illustration Credits.......................................................................................................................................................... 729

x

List of Diagrams Diagram 1. Old Kingdom shapes........................................................................................................................................ 15 Diagram 2. Middle Kingdom shapes.................................................................................................................................. 18 Diagram 3. New Kingdom shapes...................................................................................................................................... 24 Diagram 4. Third Intermediate Period shapes.................................................................................................................... 26

xi

List of Plates Plate 1: Old Kingdom: necked jars; beer jars; Meidum bowls......................................................................................... 276 Plate 2: Old Kingdom: Meidum bowls; Meidum bowl variants; dishes with internal rim............................................... 277 Plate 3: Old Kingdom: dishes with internal rim; bowls with angular rim; handmade deep bowls.................................. 278 Plate 4: Old Kingdom: vats; large dishes with internal rim; miniatures; coarse wares; stands........................................ 279 Plate 5: Middle Kingdom: storage jar; short neck jar with narrow mouth; short neck jar with wide mouth; spouted jar.................................................................................................................................................... 280 Plate 6: Middle Kingdom: large bowl; vat; beaker; fish dish; vat; bowl with incised decoration.................................... 281 Plate 7: New Kingdom: funnel neck jars; beer jar; jar round base; necked jar; neckless jars.......................................... 282 Plate 8: New Kingdom: Bes jar; storage jar...................................................................................................................... 283 Plate 9: New Kingdom: storage jars; amphorae............................................................................................................... 284 Plate 10: New Kingdom: amphorae; funnel neck jars; large pilgrim flasks; Canaanite jars; dishes................................ 285 Plate 11: New Kingdom: dishes; open vessel with flat base; relief bowl; small bowls with thin walls........................... 286 Plate 12: New Kingdom: carinated dishes with painted rim; large carinated dishes with overhang or triangular rim; large dish with internal rim ................................................................................................. 287 Plate 13: New Kingdom: stands; bread moulds; Third Intermediate Period: storage jars................................................ 288 Plate 14: Third Intermediate Period: large amphora; globular jars; neckless jars; dish with direct rim; bowls; wide mouth bowls/jars; funnels........................................................................................... 289 Plate 15: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i....................................................................................................... 290 Plate 16: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i....................................................................................................... 291 Plate 17: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i; neckless storage jars wide body LP.SJ.1.ii.................................. 292 Plate 18: Late Period: neckless storage jars wide body LP.SJ.1.ii; neckless storage jars uncertain LP.SJ.1; neckless storage jar variants LP.SJ.1 var............................................................................................. 293 Plate 19: Late Period: neckless storage jar variants LP.SJ.1 var; neckless storage jars with narrow mouth LP.SJ.2; storage jars with thickened rim LP.SJ.3; storage jars with modelled rim LP.SJ.4............................................................ 294 Plate 20: Late Period: storage jars with modelled rim LP.SJ.4......................................................................................... 295 Plate 21: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5.............................................................................................. 296 Plate 22: Late Period: storage jar with short neck LP.SJ.5; storage jars with short neck and thick rim LP.SJ.6....................................................................................................................................... 297 Plate 23: Late Period: storage jar with short neck and thick rim LP.SJ.6; storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. a; storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. b; storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. c; storage jar with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. d...................................................... 298

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Kom Tuman II Plate 24: Late Period: storage jar with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. d; storage jars with carinated shoulders LP.SJ.8.............................................................................................................................................................. 299 Plate 25: Late Period: Oasis necked storage jars LP.SJ.9.i; Oasis neckless storage jars LP.SJ.9.ii; large pilgrim flasks LP.PF.1.i........................................................................................................................... 300 Plate 26: Late Period: keg LP.PF.1.ii................................................................................................................................ 301 Plate 27: Late Period: handled cooking pots with plain or flattened rim LP.CP.1.i; cooking pots with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii..................................................................................................................... 302 Plate 28: Late Period: cooking pots with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii.................................................................................. 303 Plate 29: Late Period: jars with short to medium neck LP.J.1; jars with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i....................... 304 Plate 30: Late Period: jars with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i; jars with high neck and triangular or rolled rim LP.J.2.ii; globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i.............................................................................. 305 Plate 31: Late Period: globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i; globular jars with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii........................................................................................................................................................ 306 Plate 32: Late Period: globular jars with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii; globular jars with short, everted neck LP.J.3.iii....................................................................................................................................................... 307 Plate 33: Late Period: globular jars with short, everted neck LP.J.3.iii; globular jars with thickened, rounded, or cuff rim LP.J.3.iv.......................................................................................................................... 308 Plate 34: Late Period: globular jars with thickened, rounded, or cuff rim LP.J.3.iv; other globular jars and related vessels LP.J.3.v; globular jars with triangular rim LP.J.3.vi; bottle with short neck LP.J.4........................... 309 Plate 35: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4; bottles with direct plain rim LP.J.5.i............................................ 310 Plate 36: Late Period: bottles with direct plain rim LP.J.5.i; bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii.............................. 311 Plate 37: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii.......................................................................................... 312 Plate 38: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii; bottles with cordon neck LP.J.5.iii................................. 313 Plate 39: Late Period: bottles with modelled neck LP.J.5.iv; bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v............................. 314 Plate 40: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v......................................................................................... 315 Plate 41: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v; bottles with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi.......................... 316 Plate 42: Late Period: bottles with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi; bottles bases LP.J.5......................................................... 317 Plate 43: Late Period: bottles bases and shoulders LP.J.5................................................................................................. 318 Plate 44: Late Period: bottles/jars with everted neck LP.J.6.i; sausage jars with ball rim LP.J.6.ii; neckless bag-shaped jars with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii; globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv...................................................................................................... 319 Plate 45: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv.................................................... 320 Plate 46: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv; small globular neckless jars with thickened rim LP.J.7.i.................................................................................................. 321 Plate 47: Late Period: small globular neckless jars with thickened rim LP.J.7.i; hole-mouth jars LP.J.7.ii..................... 322

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List of Plates Plate 48: Late Period: neckless globular jars with wide mouth variant a LP.J.7.iii var. a................................................ 323 Plate 49: Late Period: neckless globular jar with wide mouth variant a LP.J.7.iii var. a; neckless globular jars with wide mouth variant b LP.J.7.iii var. b; neckless globular jars with wide mouth LP.J.7.iii; small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i.......................................................................................... 324 Plate 50: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i.......................................................................................... 325 Plate 51: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i.......................................................................................... 326 Plate 52: Late Period: small jars with short neck variants LP.FW.J.1.i var.; small jars with very short neck LP.FW.J.1.ii............................................................................................................................................. 327 Plate 53: Late Period: small jar with very short neck LP.FW.J.1.ii; small jars with short neck and handles on sides LP.FW.J.1.iii; small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2....................... 328 Plate 54: Late Period: small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2...................................................................... 329 Plate 55: Late Period: small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2; small neckless jars with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i..................................................................................................................................... 330 Plate 56: Late Period: small neckless jars with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i; small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii......................................................................................................................................... 331 Plate 57: Late Period: small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii; small neckless jars with band rim LP.J.3.iii............................................................................................................................................................. 332 Plate 58: Late Period: small jars/bottles with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4.......................................................................... 333 Plate 59: Late Period: small jars/bottles with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4; bottles with flattened rim LP.FW.J.5; small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6.................................................................................. 334 Plate 60: Late Period: small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6; bottles and jars with trumpet neck LP.FW.J.7; jugs with cordon neck LP.FW.J.8.i................................................................................................................. 335 Plate 61: Late Period: jug with cordon neck LP.FW.J.8.i; jugs or bottles with ledge below rim LP.FW.J.9.......................................................................................................................................................................... 336 Plate 62: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10.................................................................................................................... 337 Plate 63: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10 ................................................................................................................... 338 Plate 64: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10; small jars with carinated shoulder LP.FW.J.11; fine ware jar with incised decoration LP.FW.J.12.................................................................................................................................. 339 Plate 65: Late Period: juglets with ovoid body LP.FW.JG.1............................................................................................. 340 Plate 66: Late Period: juglets with ovoid body variants LP.FW.JG.1 var.; wide-based juglets LP.FW.JG.2; small flasks with out-splayed rim LP.FW.JG.3.i; squat or globular small flasks LP.FW.JG.3.ii; small flasks uncertain type LP.FW.JG.3................................................................................................... 341 Plate 67: Late Period: small flask uncertain type LP.FW.JG.3; juglets with elongated body LP.FW.JG.4; flasks with carinated body LP.FW.JG.5; small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1................................................. 342 Plate 68: Late Period: small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1; miniature torpedo LP.FW.T; jars with flattened bases, large LP.CL.B.1.a; jars with flattened bases, small LP.CL.B.1.b.................................................... 343 Plate 69: Late Period: jars with flattened bases, small LP.CL.B.1.b; jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a....................................................................................................................................................................... 344

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Kom Tuman II Plate 70: Late Period: jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a; jars with ring bases, small LP.CL.B.2.b; small jars with ring bases, variants LP.CL.B.2.b var......................................................................... 345 Plate 71: Late Period: small jars with ring bases, variants LP.CL.B.2.b var.; large and medium-sized jars with rounded to pointed bases LP.CL.B.3.a; small jars with rounded, pointed and carinated bases LP.CL.B.3.b.......................................................................................................... 346 Plate 72: Late Period: small jars with rounded, pointed and carinated bases LP.CL.B.3.b.............................................. 347 Plate 73: Late Period: jar with concave base LP.CL.B.4; plates/dishes with thick walls, small to medium diameter LP.O.1.i; plate/dish with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii.................................................................................................................................................... 348 Plate 74: Late Period: plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii; plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter variants LP.O.1.ii var................................................................................ 349 Plate 75: Late Period: plate/dish with thick walls, wide diameter variant LP.O.1.ii var.; small dishes with scraped base LP.O.1.iii; plate/dish with flanged rim LP.O.1.iv; medium-sized plates/dishes with direct rim LP.O.2.i....................................................................................................... 350 Plate 76: Late Period: medium-sized plates/dishes with direct rim LP.O.2.i.................................................................... 351 Plate 77: Late Period: large plates/dishes with direct rim LP.O.2.ii................................................................................. 352 Plate 78: Late Period: large plate/dishe with direct rim LP.O.2.ii; plates/dishes with triangular rim LP.O.2.iii; small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i............................................................................... 353 Plate 79: Late Period: small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i; small dishes with bent sides variants LP.O.3.i var......................................................................................................................................... 354 Plate 80: Late Period: small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i; large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii.............................. 355 Plate 81: Late Period: large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii; large dish with bent sides variant LP.O.3.ii var................................................................................................................................................. 356 Plate 82: Late Period: large dishes with bent sides variants LP.O.3.ii var.; large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii; large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4......................................................... 357 Plate 83: Late Period: large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4; dishes and bowls with out-turned rim LP.O.5; conical bowls with direct rim LP.O.6.i............................................................... 358 Plate 84: Late Period: conical bowls with direct rim LP.O.6.i; small hemispherical bowls with thick base LP.O.6.ii; large dishes with carinated sides LP.O.7.i........................................................................................................ 359 Plate 85: Late Period: dishes and bowls with high carination and internally thickened rim LP.O.7.ii; large, deep carinated dishes LP.O.7.iii....................................................................................................... 360 Plate 86: Late Period: large, deep carinated dishes LP.O.7.iii; dishes with high carination and short rim LP.O.7.iv; large dish with slanting rim LP.O.7.v.............................................................................................................. 361 Plate 87: Late Period: large dishes with slanting rim LP.O.7.v; large bowls with modelled or thickened rim LP.O.7.vi.................................................................................................................................................... 362 Plate 88: Late Period: large bowls with modelled or thickened rim LP.O.7.vi................................................................. 363 Plate 89: Late Period: large dishes with overhang rim LP.O.7.vii; small bowls with soft carination and thick walls LP.O.8.i; small bowls with soft carination and thin walls LP.O.8.ii....................................... 364

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List of Plates Plate 90: Late Period: dishes with low carination and flanged rim LP.O.9.i; dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii...................................................................................................................... 365 Plate 91: Late Period: dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii; dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii............................................................................................................................. 366 Plate 92: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii............................................................... 367 Plate 93: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii; dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv............................................................................................................... 368 Plate 94: Late Period: dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv........................................................ 369 Plate 95: Late Period: dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv; medium size dishes and bowls with simple modelled rim LP.O.10.i............................................................................... 370 Plate 96: Late Period: medium size dishes and bowls with simple modelled rim LP.O.10.i; deep bowls with complex modelled rim LP.O.10.ii.......................................................................................................... 371 Plate 97: Late Period: deep bowls with complex modelled rim LP.O.10.ii; dishes with cuff rim and wavy sides LP.O.10.iii; small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i................................................... 372 Plate 98: Late Period: small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i; medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii............................................................................ 373 Plate 99: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii........................................ 374 Plate 100: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii...................................... 375 Plate 101: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii; large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii.......................................................................................... 376 Plate 102: Late Period: large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii.................................... 377 Plate 103: Late Period: large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii; hemispherical bowls with straight or everted sides LP.O.11.iv........................................................................................ 378 Plate 104: Late Period: hemispherical bowl with straight or everted sides LP.O.11.iv; small hemispherical bowl variants LP.O.12; dishes with thickened rim small variant LP.O.13.i.................................... 379 Plate 105: Late Period: dishes with thickened rim large variant LP.O.13.ii; fine ware bowls and beakers with straight rim LP.O.14; small bowls with direct or thinned rim LP.O.15................................................ 380 Plate 106: Late Period: small bowls with direct or thinned rim LP.O.15; beakers with carinated base and high walls LP.O.16.i........................................................................................................................................... 381 Plate 107: Late Period: beakers with carinated base and high walls LP.O.16.i; beakers with carinated base and short sides LP.O.16.ii; ovoid beakers with wavy walls LP.O.16.iii.................................................... 382 Plate 108: Late Period: ovoid beakers with wavy walls LP.O.16.iii; beakers with ribbed body and carinated base LP.O.16.iv; small carinated bowls LP.O.17.............................................. 383 Plate 109: Late Period: small carinated bowls LP.O.17; small bowls with curved sides and flattened rim LP.O.18........................................................................................................................................ 384 Plate 110: Late Period: small bowls with curved sides and flattened rim LP.O.18; salt cellars LP.O.19; saucer-lids with low carination LP.O.20.i.......................................................................................................... 385

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Kom Tuman II Plate 111: Late Period: saucer-lids with low carination LP.O.20.i; saucer lids with low carination variants LP.O.20.i var.; small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides LP.O.20.ii............................................................. 386 Plate 112: Late Period: small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides LP.O.20.ii; small beakers with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i........................................................................................................... 387 Plate 113: Late Period: small beakers with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i; tulip-shaped beakers LP.O.21.ii; saucer-lamps LP.O.22..................................................................................................................................... 388 Plate 114: Late Period: vats LP.O.23................................................................................................................................ 389 Plate 115: Late Period: vats LP.O.23................................................................................................................................ 390 Plate 116: Late Period: vats LP.O.23................................................................................................................................ 391 Plate 117: Late Period: vat LP.O.23; large bowls with perforations below rim LP.O.24................................................. 392 Plate 118: Late Period: large bowls with perforations below rim LP.O.24; chalices LP.O.25.i....................................... 393 Plate 119: Late Period: chalices LP.O.25.i; miniature dishes LP.O.25.ii; handmade bowls LP.O.25.iii; open vessels with flat bases LP.O.26.i............................................................................... 394 Plate 120: Late Period: open vessel with flat base LP.O.26.i; open vessels with concave bases LP.O.26.ii; open vessels with ring bases LP.O.26.iii........................................................................................................................... 395 Plate 121: Late Period: open vessels with ring bases LP.O.26.iii; open(?) vessel with convex base LP.O.26.iv; open vessels with raised out-splayed bases LP.O.26.v; funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1............................................................................................................................................................ 396 Plate 122: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1.............................................................................. 397 Plate 123: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1.............................................................................. 398 Plate 124: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1.............................................................................. 399 Plate 125: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1; funnels with in-turned to straight sides variants FU.1 var......................................................................................................................................... 400 Plate 126: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides variants FU.1 var.; funnels with everted sides FU.2........................................................................................................................................ 401 Plate 127: Late Period: funnels with everted sides FU.2; funnel base FU.B.................................................................... 402 Plate 128: Late Period: funnel bases FU.B; torches T; incense burners IB..................................................................... 403 Plate 129: Late Period: incense burners IB; lids with pinched or solid knob and direct rim L.1; coarsely-shaped lids with pinched or solid knob and bend on rim L.2.i.................................................. 404 Plate 130: Late Period: coarsely-shaped lids with pinched or solid knob and bend on rim L.2.i; lids with sharp bent sides and high, solid knob L.2.ii; lids with small button knob L.3.i................................................ 405 Plate 131: Late Period: lids with small button knob L.3.i; lids with wide knob L.3.ii; lids with knob and ledge or groove on rim L.4; dome-shaped lids L.5; large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6........................................ 406 Plate 132: Late Period: large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6........................................................................................... 407 Plate 133: Late Period: large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6; other lids L.7; large coarse ware lids L.8; stopper L.9............................................................................................................................. 408 Plate 134: Late Period: low, squat stands with modelled or thickened rim ST.1.............................................................. 409 xviii

List of Plates Plate 135: Late Period: low, squat stands with modelled or thickened rim ST.1; high stand with straight sides ST.2................................................................................................................................... 410 Plate 136: Late Period: high stand with simple rim ST.3; stand with thin walls and simple rim ST.4; uncertain shape/stand(?) UN; large jar/pithos with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i ........................ 411 Plate 137: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i ................................................................................. 412 Plate 138: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i ................................................................................. 413 Plate 139: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i ; large storage jars with globular body and handles on upper body CSW.1.ii................................................................................................ 414 Plate 140: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i............................................................ 415 Plate 141: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i............................................................ 416 Plate 142: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i; basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim variant CSW.2.i var.; basin with everted sides and modelled rim CSW.2.ii......................................................................................................................... 417 Plate 143: basin with everted sides and modelled rim CSW.2.ii; basins with flat base and low, straight sides CSW.2.iii..................................................................................................................................................... 418 Plate 144: basin with flat base and low, straight sides CSW.2.iii; large bowl/basin with curved sides and grooved walls CSW.3.ii; large bowl with round base and internal ledge CSW.3.iii; basin with curved sides variant CSW.3; wide basins with cupula base and flanged or up-turned rim CSW.4.................................. 419 Plate 145: wide basins with cupula base and flanged or up-turned rim CSW.4; platters or bread trays (“dokka”) CSW.5............................................................................................................................................ 420 Plate 146: platter or bread tray (“dokka”) CSW.5; large plates and platters CSW.6........................................................ 421 Plate 147: large plate or platter variant CSW.6 var.; braziers with straight sides and wavy top CSW.7.i; brazier with straight sides and fenestrated walls CSW.7.ii............................................................................................... 422 Plate 148: braziers or pot stands with high foot and restricted body CSW.7.iii............................................................... 423 Plate 149: sunken basin CSW.8; production vessels with v-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i........................................................................................................................................................... 424 Plate 150: production vessels with v-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i; production vessels with straight or slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii........................... 425 Plate 151: production vessels with straight or slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii; production vessels with high sides variants PV.1 var.; production vessel with wide mouth PV.2; production vessels with low walls and wide mouth PV.3................................................................................................. 426 Plate 152: torpedo jars with short neck TP.1..................................................................................................................... 427 Plate 153: torpedo jars with short neck TP.1..................................................................................................................... 428 Plate 154: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1; torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 1: rounded rim TP.2.a............................................................................................................................................................ 429 Plate 155: torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 1: rounded rim TP.2.a...................................................................... 430 Plate 156: torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 1: rounded rim TP.2.a; torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 2: flattened rim TP.2.b................................................................................................................... 431

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Kom Tuman II Plate 157: torpedo jar with very short rim Variant 2: flattened rim TP.2.b; torpedo jars with very short rim other variant TP.2; torpedo jars with short, internally thickened rim and wide shoulders TP.3; torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4..................................................................... 432 Plate 158: torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4...................................................................................... 433 Plate 159: torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4; torpedo jars with flat (or nearly flat) shoulders TP.5........................................................................................................................................... 434 Plate 160: torpedo jars with flat (or nearly flat) shoulders TP.5; torpedo jars with overhang shoulders and short rim TP.6............................................................................................................................. 435 Plate 161: torpedo jars with overhang shoulders and short rim TP.6; torpedo jars with rounded shoulders TP.7; torpedo jars with narrow shoulders and long neck TP.8; torpedo jar bases TP.9.................................... 436 Plate 162: torpedo jar bases TP.9; basket handle jars BHJ............................................................................................... 437 Plate 163: basket handle jars BHJ..................................................................................................................................... 438 Plate 164: basket handle jar BHJ; Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/S; Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M.............................................................................................................................. 439 Plate 165: Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M............................................................................................. 440 Plate 166: Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M; mortaria with wedge rim M.1............................................ 441 Plate 167: mortaria with wedge rim M.1.......................................................................................................................... 442 Plate 168: mortaria with wedge rim M.1; mortaria with overhang rim M.2.................................................................... 443 Plate 169: mortaria with overhang rim M.2...................................................................................................................... 444 Plate 170: mortaria with out-turned rim M.3; mortarium with modelled rim M.4; mortaria with flat bases MB.1........................................................................................................................................... 445 Plate 171: mortaria with flat bases MB.1; mortaria with ring bases MB.2; Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M............................................................................................................................................................................ 446 Plate 172: Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M............................................................................................................................. 447 Plate 173: Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M; mortarium of uncertain provenance M/UN; Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL....................................................................................................................................... 448 Plate 174: Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL; Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1....................................... 449 Plate 175: Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1; Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 2 AM/SM.2........................................................................................................................................................... 450 Plate 176: Samian/Milesian amphora Variant 2 AM/SM.2; Lesbian amphorae AM/L..................................................... 451 Plate 177: Lesbian amphorae AM/L; possible Lesbian amphorae AM/L?; Chian amphora Variant 1 AM/CH.1.......................................................................................................................................................................... 452 Plate 178: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1............................................................................................................... 453 Plate 179: Chian amphorae Variant 2 AM/CH.2; Chian amphorae Variant 3 short neck AM/CH.3.i; Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii............................................................................................................ 454 Plate 180: Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii; Chian amphorae Variant 4 AM/CH.4.............................. 455

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List of Plates Plate 181: Chian amphorae Variant 4 AM/CH.4; Chian amphora Variant 5 AM/CH.5; Chian amphorae cup-shaped toes AM/CH.1-4, 5(?)................................................................................................................... 456 Plate 182: Chian amphorae cup-shaped toes AM/CH.1-4, 5(?); Chian amphorae chamfered toes AM/CH.3-4, 5(?)...................................................................................................................................... 457 Plate 183: Chian amphorae chamfered toes AM/CH.3-4, 5(?); Chian amphora with pot mark AM/CH............................................................................................................................................................................. 458 Plate 184: Chian amphorae with pot mark AM/CH; “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red-painted amphora AM/PT.1............................................................................................................................................................. 459 Plate 185: “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red-painted amphora AM/PT.1; “Proto-Thasian”/CHian amphora with short neck and dipinto dotted circle AM/PT.2; “Proto-Thasian” amphora with long neck AM/PT.3; North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT)..................................................... 460 Plate 186: North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT)..................................................................... 461 Plate 187: North Aegean amphorae: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA)................................................................ 462 Plate 188: North Aegean amphorae: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA)................................................................ 463 Plate 189: North Aegean amphora: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA); North Aegean amphora AM/NA; North Aegean amphorae: spinning top toes AM/NA.B.1; North Aegean amphorae: thickened toes AM/NA.B.2............................................................................................................................. 464 Plate 190: North Aegean amphorae: thickened toes AM/NA.B.2; possible North Aegean amphorae AM/GR............................................................................................................................................................................. 465 Plate 191: possible North Aegean amphorae AM/GR...................................................................................................... 466 Plate 192: Corinthian amphorae AM/COR; Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA............................ 467 Plate 193: Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA; Egyptian amphorae with ball/thickened rim AM/EG/M.1; Egyptian amphora with overhang or band rim AM/EG/M.2....................................... 468 Plate 194: Egyptian amphorae with overhang or band rim AM/EG/M.2; Egyptian amphorae with thickened rim AM/EG/M.3....................................................................................................................................... 469 Plate 195: Egyptian amphora with thickened rim AM/EG/M.3; other Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/M.4........................ 470 Plate 196: other Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/M.4; East Greek Wild Goat Style EGFW/WGS; Ionian bowls EGFW/BC; Banded Ware EGFW/BW; uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW?.......................... 471 Plate 197: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW?.............................................................................................. 472 Plate 198: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW?; fine ware imports of uncertain provenance IFW; Cypriote fine and semi-fine imports CYP; Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine imports; Attic Black Figure ABF; Attic Red Figure ARF................................................................................................ 473 Plate 199: Attic Red Figure ARF; Attic Black or Red Figure ABF/ARF; Black Glaze pottery closed vessels ABG........................................................................................................................................................... 474 Plate 200: Black Glaze pottery closed vessel ABG; Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG.......................................... 474 Plate 201: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG; Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pots (cythrai) PTL.CP.1.i; stew pots variant PTL.CP.1.i var.................................................................................................... 476

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Kom Tuman II Plate 202: Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pot variant PTL.CP.1.i var.; cooking pots with high neck PTL.CP.1.ii; collared-rim cooking pot PTL.CP.1.iii; wide-mouth jars/hydriae PTL.J.1; round mouth jugs PTL.J.2................................................................................................................................................. 477 Plate 203: Ptolemaic to early Roman: round mouth jugs PTL.J.2; table amphorae with straight neck PTL.J.3.i; table amphorae with bulge neck PTL.J.3.ii............................................................................................. 478 Plate 204: Ptolemaic to early Roman: table amphorae with bulge neck PTL.J.3.ii; jars with short, grooved neck PTL.J.4; jugs/juglets with modelled rim PTL.J.5.i; jugs/bottles with funnel neck PTL.J.6; strainer jug PTL.J.7; spouted jars PTL.J.8; unguentaria PTL.FW.CL.1; amphoriskos PTL.FW.CL.3.................................................................................................................................................................... 479 Plate 205: Ptolemaic to early Roman: undetermined jars PTL.J; dishes with direct rim PTL.O.1; echinus bowl PTL.O.3.i.................................................................................................................................................... 480 Plate 206: Ptolemaic to early Roman: echinus bowls PTL.O.3.i; tulip bowl PTL.O.3.ii; plates with grooved rim “fish plates” PTL.O.4.i......................................................................................................................... 481 Plate 207: Ptolemaic to early Roman: plates with grooved rim “fish plates” PTL.O.4.i; large plates with modelled rim PTL.O.4.ii; Ptolemaic Black Ware echinus bowls PTL.O.5.i; Ptolemaic Black Ware plates with grooved rim “fish plates” PTL.O.5.ii.......................................................................................... 482 Plate 208: Ptolemaic to early Roman: Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with grooved rim “fish plate” PTL.O.5.ii; Ptolemaic Black Ware other shapes PTL.O.5.iii; crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i .............................................. 483 Plate 209: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i.................................................................................... 484 Plate 210: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i.................................................................................... 485 Plate 211: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i ; “column crater” derivatives PTL.O.6.ii...................................................................................................................................................... 486 Plate 212: Ptolemaic to early Roman: “column crater” derivatives PTL.O.6.ii; lekane PTL.O.6.iii............................... 487 Plate 213: Ptolemaic to early Roman: lekanai PTL.O.6.iii; cooking bowls with bent sides PTL.O.7.i; cooking bowl with straight upper sides and ledge rim “lopas” PTL.O.7.ii.................................................... 488 Plate 214: Ptolemaic to early Roman: cooking bowl with straight upper sides and ledge rim “lopas” PTL.O.7.ii; lopas with carinated sides and ledge rim LP.O.7.iv; undetermined cooking bowl PTL.O.7; shallow cooking pans PTL.O.7.iv............................................................................................................ 489 Plate 215: Ptolemaic to early Roman: open vessel with ring base PTL.O.B.1; open vessel with pedestal base PTL.O.B.2; mushroom rim amphora AM/MSH; Knidian amphora AM/KN........................................................... 490 Plate 216: Knidian amphora AM/KN; Rhodian amphorae AM/RH; Koan amphorae AM/KO....................................... 491 Plate 217: Koan amphorae AM/KO.................................................................................................................................. 492 Plate 218: Koan amphorae AM/KO; Nikandros amphora AM/NIK; Erythraean(?) amphorae/Dressel 24 antecedents AM/ERY; Cypriote(?) amphorae AM/CYP?; Cyrenaican(?) amphora AM/CYR(?).................................... 493 Plate 219: Brindisi amphorae AM/BR.............................................................................................................................. 494 Plate 220: Undetermined amphorae Hellenistic and Roman periods AM/UN; Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/S.......................................................................................................................................................... 495 Plate 221: Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/S; Mareotis amphora AM/EG/MAR; East Greek lagynos EGFW/LAG; Rhodian and Delian fine ware EGFW/RH/DL; Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL......................................................................................................................................................................... 496 Plate 222: Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL; West Slope; Eastern Terra Sigillata A ETS A; Roman period: two-handled jar........................................................................................................................ 497 xxii

List of Colour Plates Colour plate 1: Old Kingdom: beers jar; dish with angular rim; Middle Kingdom: zirs; bread mould; New Kingdom: funnel neck jar......................................................................................................................................... 500 Colour plate 2: New Kingdom: funnel neck jars; jug; dishes........................................................................................... 501 Colour plate 3: New Kingdom: carinated dishes with painted rim; large carinated bowls or bowls with restricted rim; bread mould............................................................................................................................ 502 Colour plate 4: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5 ................................................................................... 503 Colour plate 5: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5.................................................................................... 504 Colour plate 6: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5.................................................................................... 505 Colour plate 7: Late Period: storage jar with carinated shoulder LP.SJ.8; Oasis necked storage jar LP.SJ.9.i.............................................................................................................................................. 506 Colour plate 8: Late Period: large pilgrim flask LP.PF.1.i................................................................................................ 507 Colour plate 9: Late Period: kegs LP.PF.1.ii..................................................................................................................... 508 Colour plate 10: Late Period: cooking pot with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii; jar with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i................................................................................................................................................ 509 Colour plate 11: Late Period: globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i; globular jar with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii........................................................................................................................................................ 510 Colour plate 12: Late Period: other globular jar LP.J.3.v; bottle with short neck LP.J.4.................................................. 511 Colour plate 13: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4............................................................................................ 512 Colour plate 14: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4............................................................................................ 513 Colour plate 15: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii.............................................................................. 514 Colour plate 16: Late Period: bottle with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii; bottle with cordon neck LP.J.5.iii; bottle with groove below rim LP.J.5.v......................................................................................... 515 Colour plate 17: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v; bottle with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi.......................................................................................................................................... 516 Colour plate 18: Late Period: bottle with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi; neckless bag-shaped jar with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii........................................................................................................ 517 Colour plate 19: Late Period: bottle base LP.J.5; neckless bag-shaped jar with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii................................................................................................................................................. 518 Colour plate 20: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv........................................ 519 Colour plate 21: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv; hole-mouth jar LP.J.7.ii; neckless globular jar with wide mouth variant a LP.J.7.iii var. a.............................................. 520 Colour plate 22: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i; small jars with short neck variants LP.FW.J.1.i var.; small jar with short neck and handles on sides variant

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Kom Tuman II LP.FW.J.1.iii var.; small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2; small neckless jar with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i; small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii......................................................... 521 Colour plate 23: Late Period: small neckless jar with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii; small neckless jar with band rim LP.FW.J.3.iii; small jar/bottle with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4; small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6; jugs with cordon neck LP.FW.J.8.i.................................................. 522 Colour plate 24: Late Period: jug with plain rim LP.FW.J.8.ii; jug with spouted handle LP.FW.J.8.iii; jugs or bottles with ledge below rim LP.FW.J.9........................................................................................ 523 Colour plate 25: Late Period: jug uncertain type LP.FW.J.8; jugs or bottles with ledge below rim LP.FW.J.9; Bes vases LP.FW.J.10.................................................................................................. 524 Colour plate 26: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10; small jars with carinated shoulder LP.FW.J.11............................ 525 Colour plate 27: Late Period: fine ware jar with incised decoration LP.FW.J.12; small jar/juglet with brushed slip LP.FW.J.13; juglets with ovoid body LP.FW.JG.1; juglets with ovoid body variants LP.FW.JG.1 var........................................................................................................................ 526 Colour plate 28: Late Period: wide-based juglet LP.FW.JG. 2; small flask with out-splayed rim LP.FW.JG.3.i; squat or globular small flask LP.FW.JG.3.ii; juglet with elongated body LP.FW.JG.4; small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1; miniature torpedo LP.FW.T; jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a............................. 527 Colour plate 29: Late Period: large jars with rounded bases LP.CL.B.3.a; plates/dishes with thick walls, small to medium diameter LP.O.1.i ................................................................................................................................. 528 Colour plate 30: Late Period: plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii; plate/dish with scraped base LP.O.1.iii; plate/dish with flanged rim LP.O.1.iv; large plate/dish with direct rim LP.O.2.ii...................... 529 Colour plate 31: Late Period: small dish with bent sides variant LP.O.3.i var.; small dish with bent sides LP.O.3.i; large dish with bent sides LP.O.3.ii; large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4.................................... 530 Colour plate 32: Late Period: large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4; dish with out-turned rim LP.O.5; small hemispherical bowls with thick base LP.O.6.ii.......................................................................................... 531 Colour plate 33: Late Period: dish with low carination and flanged rim LP.O.9.i; dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii; dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii.............................................................................................................................................. 532 Colour plate 34: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii; dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv; small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i .................................................................................................................................................... 533 Colour plate 35: Late Period: small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i; medium-sized hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii.......................................................................... 534 Colour plate 36: Late Period: large-sized hemispherical bowl diameter over 30.0 cm LP.O.11.iii; small hemispherical bowl variant LP.O.12; dish with thickened rim large variant LP.O.13.ii; fine ware bowls and beakers with straight rim LP.O.14.............................................................................................................................. 535 Colour plate 37: Late Period: small bowl with direct rim LP.O.15; beakers with carinated base and high walls LP.O.16.i; beakers with carinated base and short sides LP.O.16.ii; small carinated bowls LP.O.17...................... 536 Colour plate 38: Late Period: small carinated bowls LP.O.17; salt cellar LP.O.19.......................................................... 537 Colour plate 39: Late Period: salt cellars LP.O.19; saucer-lid with low carination variant LP.O.20.i var.; small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides LP.O.20.ii; small beaker with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i; tulip-shaped beaker LP.O.21.ii; saucer lamps LP.O.22.......................................................................... 538

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List of Colour Plates Colour plate 40: Late Period: vats LP.O.23...................................................................................................................... 539 Colour plate 41: Late Period: vat LP.O.23; chalice LP.O.25.i; funnel base FU.B; incense burner IB; lid with pinched or solid knob and direct rim L.1; coarsely-shaped lid with solid knob and bend on rim L.2............................................................................................................................................................................... 540 Colour plate 42: Late Period: funnel with in-turned to straight sides variant FU.1 var.; lids with sharp bent sides and high, solid knob L.2.ii...................................................................................................................... 541 Colour plate 43: Late Period: lid with small button knob L.3.i; lid with knob and ledge or groove on rim L.4; coarse ware lid L.8; high stand with straight sides ST.2..................................................................................... 542 Colour plate 44: large storage jar with globular body and handles on upper body CSW.1.ii; platter or bread tray (“dokka”) CSW.5; large plate CSW.6.............................................................................................. 543 Colour plate 45: basin with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i.................................................... 544 Colour plate 46: large vat or basin with out-turned, modelled rim CSW.3.i; large bowl with round base and internal ledge CSW.3.iii............................................................................................................................................. 545 Colour plate 47: large vat or basin with out-turned, modelled rim CSW.3.i; brazier or pot stand with high foot and restricted body CSW.7.iii.................................................................................................................... 546 Colour plate 48: sunken basin CSW.8.............................................................................................................................. 547 Colour plate 49: production vessel with V-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i; production vessel with straight or slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii; production vessel with wide mouth PV.2; production vessel with low walls and wide mouth PV.3; torpedo jar with short rim Variant 2: flattened rim TP.2.b........................................................................... 548 Colour plate 50: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1............................................................................................................ 549 Colour plate 51: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1............................................................................................................ 550 Colour plate 52: torpedo jar with flat (or nearly flat) shoulder TP.5; basket handle jar BHJ; torpedo jar with overhang shoulder and short rim TP.6; Egyptian imitation of Levantine jar TP/EG/S...................................................................................................................................................... 551 Colour plate 53: basket handle jar BHJ............................................................................................................................ 552 Colour plate 54: Egyptian imitation of Levantine jar TP/EG/M; Egyptian imitation of basket handle jar BHJ/EG/M; mortarium with wedge rim M.1................................................................................................... 553 Colour plate 55: mortarium with wedge rim M.1; mortarium with out-turned rim M.3; Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M.............................................................................................................................................. 554 Colour plate 56: Egyptian mortarium M/EG/M; Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL.......................................................... 555 Colour plate 57: Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL............................................................................................................ 556 Colour plate 58: Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1; Samian/Milesian amphora Variant 2 AM/SM.2...... 557 Colour plate 59: Lesbian amphorae AM/L; Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1.......................................................... 558 Colour plate 60: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1..................................................................................................... 559 Colour plate 61: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1; Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii....................................................................................................................................................................... 560

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Kom Tuman II Colour plate 62: Chian amphora Variant 3 short neck AM/CH.3.i................................................................................... 561 Colour plate 63: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 562 Colour plate 64: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 563 Colour plate 65: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 564 Colour plate 66: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 565 Colour plate 67: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 566 Colour plate 68: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 567 Colour plate 69: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii; Chian amphorae Variant 4 AM/CH.4........................................................................................................................................................... 568 Colour plate 70: Chian amphora Variant 4 AM/CH.4; Chian amphorae Variant 5 AM/CH.5.......................................... 559 Colour plate 71: Chian amphorae Variant 5 AM/CH.5..................................................................................................... 570 Colour plate 72: Chian amphora cup-shaped toe AM/CH.1-4, 5(?); Chian amphora chamfered toe AM/CH.3-4, 5(?); Chian amphorae with pot mark AM/CH; “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red painted amphora AM/PT.1............................................................................................................................................................. 571 Colour plate 73: “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red painted amphorae AM/PT.1; “ProtoThasian”/Chian amphorae with short neck and dipinto dotted circle AM/PT.2; North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT).............................................................................................................. 572 Colour plate 74: “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red painted amphora AM/PT.1; North Aegean amphora: Mendean or Thasian AM/NA (MT).................................................................................................................. 573 Colour plate 75: North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT); North Aegean amphora: Peparethian or related AM/NA(PEPA); North Aegean amphorae: spinning top toes AM/NA.B.1.................................. 574 Colour plate 76: North Aegean amphora: spinning top toe AM/NA.B.1; North Aegean amphora: thickened toe AM/NA.B.2; Corinthian amphora AM/COR.............................................................................................. 575 Colour plate 77: North Aegean amphora: thickened toe AM/NA.B.2; Corinthian amphora AM/COR; Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA.................................................................................................. 576 Colour plate 78: Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA; Egyptian amphorae with ball/thickened rim AM/EG/S.1 and AM/EG/M.1............................................................................................................. 577 Colour plate 79: East Greek Fikellura and possible Chian EGFW/FIK; Clazomenian Black Figure EGFW/BF; Ionian bowls EGFW/BC............................................................................................................................... 578 Colour plate 80: Ionian bowls EGFW/BC; Banded Ware EGFW/BW............................................................................. 589 Colour plate 81: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW(?)................................................................................. 580 Colour plate 82: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW(?); fine ware imports of uncertain provenance IFW; Cypriote fine and semi-fine imports CYP......................................................................................................................... 581 Colour plate 83: Cypriote fine and semi-fine imports CYP; Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine imports; Attic Black Figure ABF...................................................................................................................................... 582 Colour plate 84: Attic Black Figure ABF; Attic Red Figure ARF; Attic Black or Red Figure ABF/ARF; Attic White Ground lekythos AWG............................................................................................................... 583

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List of Colour Plates Colour plate 85: Black Glaze pottery closed vessels ABG; Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG.............................. 584 Colour plate 86: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG................................................................................................. 585 Colour plate 87: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG; other Black Glaze ABG; Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pots (cyhtrai) PTL.CP.1.i............................................................................................................................ 586 Colour plate 88: Ptolemaic to early Roman: wide mouth jar/hydria PTL.J.1; round mouth jugs PTL.J.2.............................................................................................................................................................................. 587 Colour plate 89: Ptolemaic to early Roman: round mouth jugs PTL.J.2; table amphora with bulge neck PTL.J.3.ii; juglet with cordon neck PTL.J.5.ii; small jar with thin walls PTL.FW.CL.2; dishes with direct rim PTL.O.1......................................................................................................................................... 588 Colour plate 90: Ptolemaic to early Roman: large plates with thickened rim PTL.O.2; tulip bowl PTL.O.3.ii; Ptolemaic Black Ware echinus bowl variant PTL.O.5.i var.; Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with grooved rim “fish plate” PTL.O.5.ii; Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with overhang rim: fish plate PTL.O.5.iii; crateroid bowl PTL.O.6.i.............................................................................................................................. 589 Colour plate 91: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i; “column crater” derivatives PTL.O.6.ii....................................................................................................................................................... 590 Colour plate 92: Ptolemaic to early Roman: “column crater” derivative PTL.O.6.ii; cooking bowl with bent sides PTL.O.7.i; lopas with ledge rim and bent sides PTL.O.7.iii; beaker with straight sides PTL.O.8............................................................................................................................................................................ 591 Colour plate 93: Ptolemaic to early Roman: large storage jar PTL.CSW; Knidian amphora AM/KN............................ 592 Colour plate 94: Knidian amphora AM/KN; Rhodian amphorae AM/RH; Koan amphora AM/KO............................... 593 Colour plate 95: Knidian or rhodian amphora AM/KN/RH............................................................................................. 594 Colour plate 96: Koan amphora AM/KO; possible Chian amphora AM/CH(?); Nikandros amphora AM/NIK........................................................................................................................................... 595 Colour plate 97: Nikandros amphorae AM/NIK; Erythraean(?) amphora/Dressel 24 antecedent AM/ERY; Cyrenaican(?) amphorae AM/CYR(?).............................................................................................................................. 596 Colour plate 98: Cyrenaican(?) amphora AM/CYR(?); Brindisi amphorae AM/BR....................................................... 597 Colour plate 99: undetermined amphorae of the Hellenistic and Roman periods AM/UN; Egyptian amphora AM/EG/S............................................................................................................................................ 598 Colour plate 100: Mareotis amphora AM/EG/MAR; East Greek lagynos EGFW/LAG; Rhodian and Delian fine ware EGFW/RH/DL; East Greek Colour-Coated EGFW/CC; Hellenistic mould-made bowl EGFW/MOULD; Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL........................................................... 599 Colour plate 101: Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL; Pergamenian Sigillata EGFW/PERG; Eastern Terra Sigillata A ETS A; Late Roman period: Late Roman amphora 1........................ 600

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List of Maps Map. 1: Plan of Memphis.................................................................................................................................................. 602 Map 2: Concession of CES RAS at Memphis.................................................................................................................. 603 Map 3: “Dimick Building” Area VII at Kom Tuman....................................................................................................... 604 Map 4: Industrial quarter in Area VII–VI......................................................................................................................... 605 Map 5: Area X “Rescue Area”.......................................................................................................................................... 606

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List of Tables Table 1: Fabric-specific types........................................................................................................................................... 607 Table 2: Non fabric-specific types.................................................................................................................................... 612 Table 3: Non fabric-specific typological groups............................................................................................................... 616

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List of Abbreviations in Text and Tables A ABF: Attic Black Figure

AM/RH: Rhodian amphorae

ABG: Attic Black Glaze of the Archaic and Classical period

AM/SM: Samian or Milesian amphorae

ABG/HEL: Hellenistic Black Glaze

AM/UN: Undetermined amphorae from the Hellenistic to early Roman period

Ae: Aegean fabric

ARF: Attic Red Figure

AM: Amphora

B

AM/BR: Brindisi amphorae

BC: Ionian bowls/Ionian cups

AM/CH: Chian amphorae

BHJ: Basket handle jars

AM/CL: Clazomenian amphorae

BHJ/EG/M: Egyptian marl and mixed clay fabrics imitations of basket handle jars

AM/COR: Corinthian amphorae

BHJ/EG/S: Egyptian Nile silt fabrics imitations of basket handle jars

AM/CYR(?): Amphorae of presumed Cyrenaican origin AM/CYP(?): Amphorae of presumed Cypriote origin AM/EA: East Aegean amphorae of the Archaic to Classical period, uncertain provenance

BS: body sherd(s) BW: Banded Ware

AM/EG: Egyptian amphorae

C

AM/EG/M: Egyptian amphorae marl clay fabrics

CP: Complete profile

AM/EG/MAR: Mareotis amphorae

CSW: Coarse ware

AM/EG/S: Egyptian amphorae, Nile silt fabrics

CV: Complete vessel

AM/ERY: Amphorae cup rim (Erythraean amphorae/Dressel 24 antecedents)

Cyp: Cypriote fabric

AM/GR: Possible North Aegean amphorae

CYP Fine Ware: Cypriote fine and semi-fine ware D

AM/KN: Knidian amphorae

d.: diameter

AM/KN/RH: Knidian or Rhodian amphora

E

AM/KO: Koan amphorae

EGFW: East Greek Fine Ware

AM/L: Lesbian amphorae AM/EA: Undetermined East Aegean amphorae and amphorae of East Aegean tradition (Archaic and Classic)

EGFW/BC: Ionian bowls/Ionian cups EGFW/BW East Greek Banded Ware

AM/MSH: Amphorae with mushroom rims

EGFW/CC: East Greek colour coated

AM/NA: North Aegean amphorae

EGFW/FIK: Fikellura

AM/NA (MT): North Aegean (Mendean/Thasian) amphorae

EGFW/LAG: East Greek lagynoi

AM/NIK: Amphorae with overhang rim (Nikandros Group)

EGFW/MOULD: East Greek moulded bowls

AM/PT: Proto-Thasian amphorae

EGFW/PERG: Pergamenian sigillata

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Kom Tuman II EGFW/RH: Rhodian fine ware

PTL.CP: Ptolemaic to early Roman cooking pots

EGFW/WGS: East Greek Wild Goat Style

PTL.J.1: Ptolemaic to early Roman jars

Est.: estimated

PTL.O: Ptolemaic to early Roman open vessels

ETS A: Eastern Terra Sigillata A

PTL.O.B: Ptolemaic to early Roman bases of open vessels

F

PTL.SJ: Ptolemaic to early Roman storage jars

FU: Funnel

PV: Production vessel

I

S

IB: Incense burner

sect.: section

IFW: Fine ware of uncertain provenance

ST: Pot stand

Ind.: individual(s)

T

L

T: Torch

L: Lids and stoppers

TP: Torpedo jars (Levantine jars)

Le: Levantine fabric

TP/EG/M: Marl and mixed clay fabrics Egyptian imitation of torpedo jars

LP: Late Period

TP/EG/S: Nile silt Egyptian imitations of torpedo jars

LP.CL.B: Late Period bases of closed vessels

V

LP.CP: Late Period cooking pots

Var.: variant

LP.FW.J: Late Period fine ware jars

Bibliographical abbreviations

LP.FW.JG: Late Period fine ware juglets

AA: Archäologischer Anzeiger

LP.FW.PF.1: Late Period fine ware pilgrim flasks LP.FW.T: Late Period miniature torpedoes

AASOR: Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Archaeology

LP.J: Late Period jars

AJA: American Journal of Archaeology

LP.O: Late Period open vessels

Ä&L: Ägypten und Levante BAR: British Archaeological Reports

LP.PF: Late Period large pilgrim flasks and kegs

BASOR: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

LP.SJ: Late Period storage jars

BCH: Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique

M

BES: Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar

M: Mortaria max.: maximum

Bi Etud IFAO: Bibliothèque d’étude de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale

MB: Mortaria bases

BIFAO: Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale

M/EG/M: Egyptian marl and mixed clay fabrics imitations of Levantine mortaria

BSA: Annual of the British School at Athens

min.: minimum

Bulletin de Liaison: Bulletin de Liaison de la Céramique Égyptienne, Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale

P pres.: preserved

CCE: Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne, Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale

PTL: Ptolemaic to early Roman

CRIPEL: Cahiers des Recherches de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Égyptologie de Lille

PTL.FW.CL: Ptolemaic to early Roman closed fine wares

ENiM: Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne

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List of Abbreviations in Text and Tables IJNA: International Journal of Nautical Archaeology JARCE: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt JEA: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JHS: Journal of Hellenic Studies MDAIK: Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologishen Instituts Abteilung Kairo MIA: Materialy i Issledovaniia po arkeologii SSSR Numism. Chron.: The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society OJA: Oxford Journal of Archaeology

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Preface Galina A. Belova In 2000, the Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (hereafter CES RAS) was granted permission by the Supreme Council of Antiquities of ARE to carry out archaeological research in Memphis. From 2003 to the present the Centre has been conducting excavations on the archaeological site located in the north-eastern part of Memphis (Kom Tuman, Kom Aziz, Kom Dafbaby). Since 2015 the territory of the Russian concession includes the ‘Palace of Apries’ as well and covers an area of about 60 ha. We owe the first scientific research of the area to W. M. Fl. Petrie, who devoted several years to the excavations of the site and opened it to science. Following W. M. Fl. Petrie, the site is usually referred to as the “Palace of Apries” and a “military camp” in the literature. This unique complex holds a special place in the military architecture of the Late Period because it combines a fortified compound with the royal residence. It is an area with a great potential from an archaeological point of view. However, as on many other archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, several circumstances render archaeological excavations at Kom Tuman very difficult. First, the ruins of the ancient settlement are buried under many meters of alluvial sediments and/or under modern settlement. Then, since time immemorial, the site was and is still being destroyed by robbers both ancient and modern. Pits up to five meters deep can be seen across the whole of the concession. Systematic excavations had not been conducted at the site previously to CES RAS’ work. The first excavations at Kom Tuman were performed in 1901- 1902 by A. Daninos Pasha, who found a cache of bronze objects between the western inner face of “Petrie’s camp”’s wall and the wall of King Apries palace. One of these was inscribed with the name of pharaoh Amasis (Daninos Pacha 1904, 142–143). Alas, in the early 20th century, archaeological methods left much to be desired. Excavations were similar to treasure hunting and were conducted without proper recording or sometimes without any documentation at all. So, any information we have about the precise location of these early discoveries is extremely hard to interpret. In 1909-1912, W.M.Fl. Petrie conducted excavations on the territory of Mit-Rahineh (Petrie 1909b; Petrie 1910; Petrie 1911; Petrie 1913), including the area of Apries Palace (Petrie 1909c). In 1955 John Dimick plotted the site’s general plan (Dimick 1959, 81–84, no. 8). In March 1976, Barry Kemp devoted

some time to making a brief examination of the Palace of Apries (Kemp 1977, 101–108). A Portuguese team, headed by M.H. Trindade Lopez, carried out excavations in a few locations on the palace mound from 2000 to 2011 (Lopes 2007, 1163–1166; Lopes and Pereira 2015, 319–326; Lopes 2010). Since 1981 the Egypt Exploration Society, headed by D. Jeffreys, has been conducting an archaeological survey of the site of Memphis and its surrounding area (Jeffreys 1985; Jeffreys 1986; Jeffreys, Tavares 1994; Jeffreys 2000; Jeffreys 1999; Jeffreys and Malek 1988; Giddy, Jeffreys and Malek 1990; Bunbury and Jeffreys 2011; Jeffreys 2012 etc), which have contributed invaluably to our knowledge of the site. D. Jeffreys did an enormous amount of work in restoring the old Nile riverbed and trying to clarify and explain the development and topography of Memphis and its surroundings through geophysical survey and sampling. Nevertheless, the fieldworks undertaken left many unanswered questions regarding the city-residence’s history. The Russian team focused on an examination of the stratigraphy of the upper layers of the site. The correct interpretation of the chronological sequence of the site’s occupation requires a comprehensive study. Therefore, archaeological research methods were combined with other scientific disciplines. Thus, the detailed topographic map of the site was drawn up and geophysical surveys, including electrical prospecting and magnetic survey, were conducted. Soil and geo-ecological studies were also carried out. The list of scientific disciplines that have been used in the study of the site could be continued. It should be also emphasized that the site has become a scientific platform for the joint work of many Russian and foreign scientific institutions. The many years of work by CES RAS at Memphis have achieved significant results, that provided information about the main characteristic features of society’s life in the Late Period. New material relating to changes that took place in the organization of Egyptian urban society during the time of the Persian rule was brought to light, and a number of assumptions that existed in Egyptological literature were dispelled. Thus, it became apparent that the main building plotted by J. Dimick, the contours of which became the hallmark of the site and was included in numerous publications, does not actually exist. Dimick, relying only on visual observations, incorporated the walls of several structures into a single one. In fact, under the imaginary walls of the “Dimick’s building” was hidden

xxxvii

Kom Tuman II another large-scale mudbrick structure, erected according to a single plan and protected by massive walls. The defensive wall surrounding the building was equipped with substantial structures resembling bastions that were brought to light in 2015. These were covered with a five cm thick layer of mortar, made of grinded limestone. Judging by the fragments of plaster that were preserved, the walls were whitewashed. The results of the archaeological discoveries compared with written sources allowed to conclude that these fortifications were a prominent feature of the capital of the Egyptian state in the Late Period. According to Egyptian texts, the royal residence situated at Kom Tuman was known as the “White Wall/White walls” during the Saite period. The Persians continued using the toponym of “White walls,” understanding the name as designating the sacred capital of the state. There is every reason to believe that these walls referred to in Persian times as the «White» ones are precisely those that were found by us. The findings made it possible to identify them with the “White fortress” of Herodotus. According to his narrative, Greek mercenaries as well as Persians settled “in the white fortress of Memphis” (Herodotus III, 91), which incorporated the seat of the Persian administration of the satrapy and the garrison where the Geek mercenaries were housed. According to written sources the name “White Walls/White Wall” referred to the official royal residence, which played the role of capital at the beginning of the history of the Egyptian unified kingdom. The phrase “White Walls” was in use throughout Egyptian history and its initial meaning did not change. So, it could be argued that the official royal residence never changed its location.

of the site and determining the ethnic component of its population would have been impossible without the careful study of the pottery preserved in abundance both on the surface and in different strata of cultural layers. The knowledge and enthusiasm of the author of the monograph played a crucial role in this process. The pottery, including both local and imported wares, was carefully studied and analysed by the author and provided the backbone for the site’s relative chronology. As a result of the author’s conclusions, the upper layers of “Petrie’s camp” were correlated with the Late period, more precisely with the time of the Persian rule. While the study of pottery found on the site and in samples obtained during drilling (27 augering cores were carried out), as well as finds of some items, suggest that the settlement has existed here since much earlier times. The study of ceramics by the author also made it possible to approach the issue of the ethnic structure of site’s population. The pottery study has revealed the presence of a large number of fragments of Greek vessels at the site. Therefore, evidence for a Greek ethnic element, perhaps including Greek mercenaries, at the Palace complex of Apries during the Persian time was traced. Some assemblages contain a large proportion of Greek imports of the mid-fifth to early fourth century BC, that also confirms the site’s stratigraphy. The great work done by the author of this monograph has made a significant contribution to the study of the unique complex, usually called in literature “The Palace of Apries”.

From the beginning, the city residence named the “White Walls” was intended for the king and his courtiers, who were managing the state. From the Fifth Dynasty onwards, the quarter(s) of the extensive city that had retained its name was controlled by the governor and his administration. The capital’s multilateral foreign relations have led to a large share of foreign involvement in its governance. The royal residence was closely connected with the temple of the chief god of the unified state, Ptah, forming an inseparable body with it. The relationships between the royal court and the priesthood were complex and may have been exacerbated by the motley ethnic make-up of both the administration and the priesthood. Therefore, further study of the site and written sources associated with it open promising prospects for augmenting our knowledge of the social relations that developed in Egypt at the dawn of the formation of a single state and their transformation over the centuries. Two circumstances make it extremely difficult to study the sequence of site’s occupation and its historical context: the small number of textual evidence found during its excavation, and the partial destruction of the strata caused by human activity. Identifying the relative chronology xxxviii

I Introduction I.1 The site

In 2010, two additional areas were briefly investigated. The first, to the north west of the main building revealed a rounded furnace, most likely a lime-making installation (Square VI). The second (Square XI) was opened very late in the excavation season as an emergency response to site encroachment by local farmers. It produced a habitation quarter dating to the Roman period containing in situ assemblages of pottery vessels, the study of which could never be completed due to the political upheavals of 2011.2

Since its inception, in 2001, the Centre for Egyptological Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CES RAS) has been conducting yearly surveys and excavation campaigns at Memphis/Kom Tuman. These have not only brought to light several architectural structures and industrial installations of various periods but have also resulted in the recovery of vast amounts of artefacts and pottery material (Ivanov 2006:18; Belova and Ivanov 2016).

A large part of the pottery found in association with both the furnaces and the central building, as well as during the surface survey campaigns was studied by Ashraf Senussi between 2004 and 2006. The present author has had the opportunity to examine a selection from these assemblages during the course of a study season conducted in 2008 and was present on site for a small part of the 2010 excavation season. Pottery finds were preliminarily examined and kept in the Mit Rahineh site magazine for further study. The latter was attacked and raided in early 2011 and much of the material (including the Roman assemblages from the eastern reaches of the site) was consequently lost or thoroughly destroyed.

The Russian concession at Memphis is very large and includes the areas of Kom Tuman (Kom Aziz) and Kom Dabawi (Maps 1–2). The first two seasons at the site were devoted exclusively to surface surveying and geophysical prospecting, in order to locate an area suited for excavations (Belova et al. 2005:66–69). From 2003 to 2007, and then for another field season in 2010, work concentrated in the area of Kom Tuman, just south-east of the Palace of Apries (Square VI-VII). Although the whole sector suffered rather heavily from later disturbances, successive excavation campaigns resulted in the identification and clearance of several architectural units and a series of industrial installations. The most prominent architectural remains discovered during this part of the work consist of a series of structures built along a north to south orientation that was originally mapped by Dimick as part of the University of Pennsylvania expedition to Memphis (Dimick 1959:82, number 3, Map, fig. 2: Map 3). This structure is bordered on its eastern side by a very thick wall, which follows the same orientation. Its relationship to the central building is still unclear as the connection between the two structures was subject to massive disturbances in later (including very recent) times, but its construction revealed three successive building phases (Walls 30, 23 and 50). East of this thick wall, and partly cut by it, was a series of superimposed multi-chambered furnaces, which formed an industrial quarter that seemed to have lasted over successive phases for a considerable period of time, from the mid-fifth century BC until the mid-fourth century BC or early in the Ptolemaic period (Map 4). Another complete four-chamber furnace (Furnace 1), was discovered to the west of the large structure mapped by Dimick, built against Wall 5. It was earlier than the furnaces on the east side of Wall 30/23/50 but the relationship between the two industrial zones is unclear.1

Fieldwork could only be resumed in 2013 and continued on a yearly basis until 2016, concentrating on the thick wall (Wall 23/30/50) and the furnaces area to the east of it, which also revealed stone carving workshops belonging to the Ptolemaic period. A great deal of the pottery recovered from this sector came from a large deposit, continuing that which was partly excavated in 2010 and earlier. It covered much of the area and may have functioned as a levelling layer and/or as a simple refuse deposit after the workshop fell into disuse. Some of the pottery found below this thick deposit, could be more specifically associated with some of the floor levels of the furnaces and workshops of the production complexes. The pottery coming from all of these contexts, including the large levelling layer, was systematically collected. It could thus be comprehensively studied, allowing for qualitative as well as quantitative investigations.

from Tanis are located within the sacred precinct of the Temple of Amun. They were not initially given a very precise date but were only said to be “largement postérieur à Psousennes” on the basis of their stratigraphical situation (Fougerousse 1946:28). In the 2000s, the French excavation mission working at Tanis excavated similar kilns in the same area and the pottery found in association with them points to a date in the Persian Period or the Thirtieth Dynasty (personal observation). The four-chambered kiln from Tell Balamun was also ascribed to the Persian period (Spencer 1999:36–37, pls. 36–38). 2  For more detailed reports on the CES RAS excavations at Memphis, see Belova 2012; Belova and Ivanov 2016; Belova 2018.

The furnaces were provisionally identified as bronze smelting and “pigment manufacturing” installations (Krol and Vinokurov 2006). Two charcoal samples from the furnace that was discovered first were submitted to C14 analysis. The results gave a calibrated date of 764 BC (Twenty-Second Dynasty). Four-chamber furnaces, built on a rectangular mud-brick platform, were discovered at Tanis and Tell Balamun. Those

1 

1

Kom Tuman II Finally, in the autumn of 2014, the Ministry of Antiquities was alerted to illegal digging activities to the north of the main excavation sector exposing a gate or doorway made of re-used, partly inscribed, stone blocks. A short salvage excavation campaign was called for immediately, and investigation of this area (Area IX-X) continued during the 2015 and 2016 seasons (Map 5). Because of the unplanned nature of the excavation and the heavy disturbances occasioned by the robbers, the pottery from the upper layers of this so-called “Rescue Area” was not processed in the same way as that coming from the main sector. General dates were ascribed to the collected assemblages and specific diagnostic pieces were selected for drawing and study.

by a limited but significant, amount of Old, Middle, New Kingdom, and Third Intermediate Period sherds, whose presence raises the important question of determining their actual origin within the local or wider environment. Were these sherds brought to Kom Tuman from other parts of the Memphis ruin field, together with soil or recycled mudbricks used for construction purposes in the Late Period or later? Do they originate from an altogether different location and they were used as intentional temper in mudbricks produced at Memphis or elsewhere? Or would it be possible that they stem from earlier levels of occupation located at Kom Tuman itself, which were disturbed by Late Period building activities? Answers to these questions remain speculative for the time being but they may be addressed more effectively by further excavations at the site, as well as by a better understanding of mud-brick manufacturing processes in ancient Egypt and of their transport and distribution networks.

I.2 The pottery The great majority of the pottery examined for the present publication, whether coming from the main excavation site (Area VI-VII), or from the Rescue Area (Area IX-X), dates to the Late Period. It broadly ranges from the late Saite Dynasty in the mid-sixth century BC to the Thirtieth Dynasty in the third quarter of the fourth century BC. However, the bulk of it can probably be situated in the first Persian period, and in particular the second half of the fifth and the first part of the fourth century BC. Although a wide range of fabrics and shapes are evidenced, a number of specific types recur with much greater frequency and regularity. This is especially important with regard to the function of the area investigated, as the recurrence of specific shapes may point to functional specialisation, possibly over several chronological phases within the Late Period.

I.3 Methodology Pottery analysis depends not only on the conditions of excavation and on the nature and state of preservation of the site, but also on the specific set of circumstances surrounding the studying process itself, i.e. room availability for storage of the material, number of draughtspersons involved, length of working seasons, and so forth. In the present case, the ceramic material collected before and including 2010 could not be analysed statistically. This is principally because the present author was not involved in its study from the start of the project and thus did not have access to any complete assemblages before the 2010 campaign. Further study of this material was also hampered by the loss of a great part of the ceramic (and other) finds resulting from the looting of the excavation magazine in early 2011. Although, these circumstances set certain limitations to the research, it remained the case that approximated quantitative evaluations could be undertaken on the basis of the material that was selected for study and drawing by A. Senussi at the time of the excavation.

Sherds of the Ptolemaic period are also well represented, and several small shapes of this phase, such as small echinus bowls, were recovered in fairly good condition as surface or near-surface finds throughout the excavation area. This suggests that occupation east and south-east of the palace mound continued well into that period. On the other hand, Roman period finds dating to beyond the first century AD and into the Christian era are extremely scarce, even as surface finds. This can be explained by an absence of building and other occupational activities during that phase in this specific area of the site. Indeed, the paucity of Roman period sherds below the palace mound agrees with a description of the area by Strabo:

The situation was different for the pottery unearthed from 2013 onwards in the main excavation area (Area VI-VII). In this case, every sherd that was kept by the excavators could be recorded and the assemblages could be statistically evaluated. On the other hand, the pottery coming from the rescue excavation (Area IX-X) could not be studied with the same attention because of the urgency and unplanned nature of the work. Only diagnostic pieces (in some cases only a selection of them) were preserved from the fill contexts surrounding the stone gate.

“There are lakes in front of the city and of the palaces, which at present are in ruins and deserted. They are situated upon an eminence, and extend as far as the lower part of the city” (Strab. 17.1.32) The displacement of settlement at the site in the later Ptolemaic and Roman period is supported by the fact that Roman occupation levels were found in the eastern reaches of the ruin field (Square XI).

In what follows, the exposition and discussion of the pottery is arranged according to the material’s chronology, typology and technology.3 A list of all of the archaeological On the creation of pottery typologies and their relationship to chronology see Adams 1986/1987. On archaeological classifications in general, see Adams and Adams 1991. 3 

Besides the incidence of Roman sherds, many of the Late Period and early Ptolemaic assemblages were contaminated 2

Introduction contexts (stratigraphical units) considered in the work can be found in Appendix 2, together with a description of their general date, characteristics, and the nature of the Ptolemaic and Late Period vessels represented therein. The context of each sherd and vessel discussed in the text is indicated next to the figure number and can be used for referring to this information. The fabric codes appearing in the catalogue are explained below whilst, for the sake of clarity, fabrics not yet ascribed to a specific group are described separately in individual catalogue entries. Because they were clearly residual, and thus of limited significance for our understanding of the identifiable occupation layers at the site, Old, Middle, and New Kingdom as well as Third Intermediate Period pottery types are not discussed at any length, and the Egyptian fabric denominations used for them broadly correspond to those of the Vienna System (Nordström and Bourriau 1993:168–182). The Late Period and Ptolemaic phases are treated in more detail as they relate to clear occupational phases at the site. Beyond that, the Roman and later periods, which are not associated with clear architectural remains and consist mostly of surface finds, are again discussed in lesser detail.

and may thus illustrate another kind of phenomenon of material culture assimilation that may have been driven by movement of people, trends, or ideas, rather than movement of goods. The pottery is further divided into several categories and sub-categories that pertain primarily to the vessels’ original uses or presumed uses. Thus, the Egyptian corpus is made of closed vessels (storage jars, cooking pots, bottles, etc.), open vessels (dishes, plates, cooking bowls, etc.), coarse wares, “production” vessels, and non-containers (lids, stands, etc.) and, where appropriate, each of these functional sub-categories are divided into morphological groups and type variants. The imports and imitations are dealt with in pretty much the same manner, the main difference being that they display a much narrower functional repertoire, limited to transport jars, mortaria and fine wares. The nomenclature employed for designating the morphological groups and types is based on a combination of capital letters and numbers, sometimes followed by lower-case letters or lower-case Roman numerals. The capital letters correspond to abbreviations for periods (Late Period or Ptolemaic), functional types (jars, plates, lids, amphorae, etc.), and provenance (Samian, Chian, Attic, etc.), the numbers indicate specific morphological groups, while lower-case Roman numerals and lowercase letters indicate morphological variants within the wider groups. Thus, LP.O.9, stands for “Late Period, Open vessel, Group 9”. It represents a common typological group of Late Period dishes with low carination. LP.O.9.i is the first type variant of this group, LP.O.9.ii is the second type variant, etc. As will be seen below, Aegean, Levantine, and other imports as well as non-containers and coarse wares are not preceded by period codes. In some cases, this results from the fact that these items were more difficult to classify chronologically at the start of the work, either because they show little typological variations over time, or because they form a very specific functional group of their own (like the funnels, or the lids). In the case of imports and their imitations, the decision to base the types’ nomenclature on geography rather than period reflects the fact that this material is not inscribed within an Egyptian chronological or historical sequence, but rather refers to Aegean or Levantine ones. The meaning of each abbreviation used for the type codes is spelled out in the “List of abbreviations” above.

The pottery typology created for the Late and GraecoRoman periods follows traditional, well-established methods of archaeological classification and typically progresses from the more general to the more specific. Thus, within each of the two main chronological phases identified at the site, the material is divided into an “Egyptian production” section, which also includes imports from the Oases and Upper Egypt, and an “Imports and imitations” section. The latter not only comprises coarse and fine ware imports from the Levant, the Aegean and elsewhere, but also their local imitations, made from Egyptian fabrics. This material is classified together with the imported wares, rather than with the Egyptian production principally because neither their shape, nor their function, belong to an Egyptian tradition and because the original models from which they derive are also evidenced in the same type of assemblages at the site. Even though some of these products, such as the Roman Nile silt amphorae, eventually become fully integrated into the Egyptian repertoire, they also always remain both the carriers and the manifestation of foreign influences on cultural practices and produces. Besides, while some of the Egyptian fabrics used for these vessels are easily identifiable, others are much less so, thus blurring the distinction between true imports and their imitations (see also, Marangou and Marchand 2007:261–262).

Each morphological group or type variant is discussed individually and is accompanied by a list of examples illustrated in the present work. Nile silt examples appear first and are followed by those made of marl and mixed clay fabrics. All fragments and vessels from the excavation that compare to a specific illustrated sherd are listed below this sherd’s entry, under the heading “internal parallel(s)”. Unless stated otherwise, internal parallels do not only refer to shape, but also to fabrics, although not always to surface treatment. A table summing up the sherd counts for each type appears at the end of each section. Instances of Nile

A note should be added here concerning a number of artefacts, such as the Ptolemaic cooking vessels or the Late Period storage jars with ribbed bodies (LP.SJ.5). Although these also appear in the local repertoire as a result of some form of foreign influence, they are not considered here as direct imitations and they are classified together with the rest of the Egyptian material. In effect, contrarily to the amphorae and mortaria, these shapes are generally not represented by authentic imports 3

Kom Tuman II silt and marl and mixed clay fabrics are tallied in separate tables.

2018:18–23; Aston and Aston 2010:2–11). They also draw to some extent on the descriptions of the “Vienna System’’ (Bourriau 1981:14–15; Nordström and Bourriau 1993:168–182; Bourriau 2007; Bourriau et al. 2006; Ownby 2016).

The advantage of this type of classification is that it allows for adding variants to existing types as well as creating new types, by adding a running number to the shape/functional type code. It also offers a certain degree of flexibility for ambiguous cases. If a sherd cannot be ascribed to a specific morphological type because of a poor state of preservation or any other reason, it is in most cases still possible to relate it to a broader morphological group, to a functional type, or, at least, to one of the broader open/ closed categories.

Colour definitions refer to the Munsell Soil Colour Chart Revised Washable Edition (2000). I.4.a Nile fabrics As in the New Kingdom and earlier, the alluvial fabrics from Memphis/Kom Tuman make use of the readily available deposits of the Nile. All of the fabrics described below are in fact variants of the same basic group. In effect, in a pre-industrial age, a certain degree of variation has to be expected in pottery production and clay preparation, even during the same chronological phase and within the same manufacturing centre, if not within the same workshop.

Dates are ascribed firstly on the basis of the morphological and stylistic characteristics of the pottery, combined with a careful consideration of their stratigraphic context. In other words, the context, although generally reliable, is not considered as an unfailing chronological indicator. In effect, the possibility of older sherds surviving in later contexts, or even, of isolated later sherds contaminating an earlier assemblage is to be reckoned with. The likelihood of sherd contamination is especially high for a site such as Kom Tuman, where occupation spans a long period of time, with important material accumulation, and where later disturbances were significant, occasionally cutting deep into earlier levels. Thus, in cases where the context is unclear or particularly mixed, or, of course, when dealing with stray surface finds, the dating of sherds relies first and foremost on parallels from elsewhere.

J1: This fabric is one of the most frequent of the Nile clay fabrics used for the Late Period pottery at Kom Tuman. It encompasses a considerably wide range of variation in degrees of fineness but can be broadly described as medium-fine. It fires red to brown (2.5YR 6/6, light red), often with a black-grey to reddish core and sometimes with purple intermediate zones. Inclusions are fairly numerous and mainly consist of sand-quartz, mica, small limestone fragments and vegetal temper; iron oxides are certainly present in the fabric but not regularly visible under a 10X magnification. Surface treatment is varied and vessels made in this fabric may be slipped (red, white to pink, or with a combination of both colours) or left plain, simply smoothed with a self-slip, made by a dilution of the same fabric as that used for making the vessel.

For most of the local Nile silt wares, parallels were primarily sought in Lower Egypt, in the Memphis/Saqqara region and the Nile Delta, rather than at sites higher up the Nile valley or the Oases, in an effort to define geographical stylistic and/or technological characteristics. For imports (both from within and outside Egypt) on the other hand, parallels from places (or presumed places) of origin are cited in priority. This allows for testing the accuracy of supposed proveniences, as well as for synchronising the chronology of the types examined. Whenever possible, the occurrence of comparable imports at other Egyptian sites and abroad were noted so as to provide a general idea of the latter’s geographical distribution and thus to view them within their wider socio-economic context.

This fabric was used for both closed and open vessels probably throughout the late Saite and Persian periods. J1 Hard: As suggested by its name, this variant of J1 is harder than the usual local Nile fabric of the Late Period, seemingly obtained mainly as a result of a slightly differing firing process. The core is dark red to dull grey and all vegetal and limestone inclusions are thoroughly burnt out. It is rarer than J1 at Kom Tuman and is used for a wide range of open and closed shapes of the Persian and early Ptolemaic period, such as salt cellars, jars with wide mouths, and cooking pots with thick, short rims. This same repertoire is also produced in other Nile silt fabrics.

In such cases where a ceramic type could not be readily compared to well-known and well-dated examples, the nature of the bulk of the pottery assemblage with which it was found plays the first role in ascribing a date.

J1 Straw-rich: This fabric is a more specific variant of the generic J1 fabric. It broadly fires red to brown (2.5YR 6/6 light red) with very often (but not always) a dark grey core. It differs from the usual J1 by numerous and (usually) conspicuous straw/vegetal fibres visible on the surface. It is important to note that the frequency of the straw impressions on the surface does not seem to be reflected by a greater amount of straw/vegetal fibres in the paste itself, which suggests that this fabric owed much of its distinct characteristics to a specific surface treatment

I.4 Fabrics Wherever possible, the fabric denominations used for the Egyptian pottery at Memphis/Kom Tuman follows the nomenclature introduced by scholars who have previously worked on the Late Period material of the MemphisSaqqara region, notably, Janine Bourriau, Peter French, and David and Barbara Aston (French and Bourriau 4

Introduction rather than to clay composition. It is often used for cooking wares, such as hemispherical bowls and handled rounded cooking vessels, as well as for medium-sized storage jars with short necks. Some of these vessels (in particular the hemispherical bowls) were often covered with a thick red slip that concealed the straw/vegetal fibres visible on the surface.

Micaceous J1: This fabric is also a variant of the J1 fabric of the Late Period but is much harder and finer than the latter. The proportion of the usual visible inclusions is modified by increasing the micaceous and fine sand component of the clay. Coarse sand quartz, and especially vegetal tempering are reduced, while the visible limestone grits are virtually absent. Firing tends to be even and rather high and the vases often show a homogeneous red or reddish brown break with no darker core (2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown to 2.5YR 5/4 reddish/ brown).

J7: This fabric is simply a finer version of the J1 fabric. Inclusions are smaller and fewer in frequency allowing for the production of thin to very thin-walled vessels, but hardness does not change significantly. Larger rounded sand quartz and especially limestone grits are much rarer than in the J1 fabric, suggesting that the clay was either better levigated or that certain intentional temper additions were omitted. In any case, the clay was prepared in a different way to that used for the J1 vessels.

The fabric is most typical of the Ptolemaic period when it was used for cooking wares (both cooking pots and cooking bowls), echinus bowls, and saucer lamps. However, it seems that it already started being used (at least in an intermediary stage) in the pre-Ptolemaic fourth century, for vessels such as large bowls with thickened rims and round-mouthed jugs.

This fabric is relatively rare in the Late Period but is utilised for various types of small neckless jars, small bottles, and lids. Those are nearly always covered by a good-quality red slip and burnished (usually wheel-burnished).

In the Ptolemaic period, vases made of this fabric are either left uncoated, or covered with a thin micaceous, matte red slip. In the earlier fourth century, they are often covered with a matte red slip and painted with pink-white bands and wavy lines.

J1 Coarse: J1 coarse is also made of the same basic Nile clay as fabric J1 and has the same inclusions of vegetal temper, sand quartz, and limestone grits. However, in this case the proportion of vegetal temper is significantly higher than that of the other Nile silt fabrics and allows for the making of large thick-walled vessels. Sometimes, the large vessels made of J1 coarse fabrics were partly thrown on the wheel (or at least turned on a slow wheel) but the fabric was better suited for shaping the vessels by hand.

I.4.b Mixed clay fabrics Mixed clay fabrics are conspicuously difficult to identify. It is quite possible that they were more common than usually recognised and that, for various periods of Egyptian history, many of the fabrics described as marls were in fact mixed and did contain a certain amount of Nile clays.

While this coarse fabric was often left uncoated, it sometimes bears a thick polished or burnished red slip, or a powdery white to pink slip, the latter especially on the interior of the vessels.

So far, two distinctive and recurrent mixed clay fabrics were singled out in the Late Period pottery production at Kom Tuman. One is a fine-ware fabric and the other is used for large storage vessels.

J1 Red: This fabric is in principle very similar to the usual J1, but, like the Nile D of the Vienna System, differs by the significantly larger proportion and size of the limestone inclusions that were added to the paste. The firing of the vessels made in this fabric might also have differed from that of J1. The surface colours of the fired vessels are more red than brown (10R 8/8 to 2.5 YR red) and breaks tend to show no darker core.

Mixed fabric 8: This fabric was identified as being made of a mix of both alluvial and marl-based clays on the basis of the hues of its break, its structure, and the nature of its inclusions. It is finely porous and fires to a homogeneous reddish beige to pinkish beige colour (2.5 YR7/4 light reddish brown to 5YR 7/4 pink). The break may occasionally show a faint darker core (10YR 8/4 very pale brown). Inclusions comprise small black grits, fine sand quartz, some mica, and finely chopped vegetal temper (the latter are not very abundant but undoubtedly present). The proportion of voids in the break (either left by burnt out vegetal temper or limestone) varies from piece to piece but the structure of the fabric is never very dense and hard.

J1 Red at Kom Tuman was most commonly used in the Late Period (perhaps more specifically the Persian period) for plates and dishes with thick walls. Many were covered with a thick white slip and often burnished. However, red slips are also found in combination with J1 Red vessels.

This fabric was used to produce a variety of fine ware vessels, such as dishes with overhang rim and low carination, salt cellars, or Bes jars. It was also used for a group of thin-walled open shapes with very specific surface treatment and decoration that seem to imitate, or were

It was occasionally used for large jars with ribbed bodies of the type that was usually made in Mixed 9 fabrics. When made in J1 Red, they were often covered with a thin, scum-like, white slip. 5

Kom Tuman II inspired by, East Greek vessels. These are covered with a self-slip or a light-coloured thin slip and are very well smoothed. As a rule, they are decorated with lustrous red painted horizontal bands. It is unclear how the lustre of the paint was obtained. Some pieces suggest that the paint was burnished after application, but others have the appearance of a glazed paint, like that found on East Greek pottery.

This fabric was commonly used for thin-walled, small, open and closed vases, including Bes jars, as well as for larger necked jars with well-finished surfaces. K2: This fabric is similar in colour and general appearance to K5 Fine but is used exclusively to produce thinwalled small vessels. It is also denser than the K5 Fine fabric, with even less visible inclusions and surfaces always fired to a light cream-white colour (10R 8/2 pinkish white). In general, this fabric was left unslipped but surfaces were always carefully smoothed and nicely finished.

It probably corresponds to the mixed clay fabric L7 at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:8). Mixed fabric 9: This is a slightly porous, medium fine fabric with a hackly break dominated by a scatter of fine limestone, mica, grey rounded pebbles and small rounded and sub-angular, brown and opaque sand quartz. The tiny air voids are perhaps the result of decomposed limestone. The colour of the break is brown to red-brown (5YR 5/4 reddish brown to 7.5YR 5/4 brown) with no core or with an ill-defined grey-brown one (5YR 6/4 light reddish brown to 7.5YR 6/4 light brown), and the surface is pale reddish brown, akin to that of some Nile silt fabrics. It is left uncoated.

Marl K2 was used for the production of small open and closed containers with very thin walls. Green Fine Marl: This fabric is very fine, hard, and dense and is especially characterised by its firing colour, which is most usually green throughout, more rarely of a paler cream-green hue (shades in the range of GLEY 1 8/1 (light greenish grey)). The break is homogeneous, without core, and with very few and very small air holes. Visible inclusions consist of small-sized, rounded black grits, though other minerals are occasionally present (such as sand-quartz or iron oxides). Surfaces are extremely well finished and seem to be always covered by a very well-smoothed or slightly burnished self-slip.

This fabric is used seemingly exclusively for a series of short necked jars with piriform ridged bodies (LP.SJ.5). I.4.c Marl fabrics Many of the Late Period to early Ptolemaic marl clay fabrics at Kom Tuman have a very similar appearance, although they may reveal quite different compositional features if submitted to petrography and/or chemical analyses. However, one thing that often differs sharply, even within one single group of the marl clay fabrics is the colour of the paste, which is less dependent on inclusions or nature of the fabric than on firing conditions inside the kiln.

As it is mainly defined by its post-firing colouring, it is possible that this Green Fine Marl is in fact a variant of the K2 fabric. In any case, it is certainly rare and unfortunately no vessel made of it is preserved as a complete profile. However, from the sherd material, it seems that it was mostly used for small jars with straight necks and flattened rims as well as for larger straight-sided vessels.

K5: This fabric is the typical Upper Egyptian marl of the Late Period. It is medium-fine and is generally encountered in association with convoluted rim storage jars (LP.SJ.4). It usually does not contain any vegetal temper, but much fine sand, occasional limestone, and ochre. The surface colour is pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white) to pink (7.5YR 8/3 pink).

Straw marl: This is a relatively coarse light pink coloured marl fabric that was mostly used for the production of large-sized vessels. Breaks present a porous structure generally with a striking greenish core (GLEY 1 8/1 light greenish grey)); surfaces are whitish cream. Inclusions consist of rather abundant vegetal temper, rounded sand quartz grains, red and black iron oxides, and occasional limestone (most of those are decomposed).

K5 Fine: A fine version of K5, this is a homogeneous, fine fabric, with a slightly porous pink break, usually without core. If a core is present, it is of a very faint darker/greyer hue and does not show well-defined edges. Surfaces are either cream-coloured or light pinkish buff and usually well-smoothed (7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white to 10YR 8/2 very pale brown). Inclusions are small so not easily visible, but include small dark grits, tiny limestone powder or chips, and occasional vegetal temper. The last two are usually fully decomposed after firing and result in the fine porosity of the fabric.

This fabric was typically used for imitations of Levantine imports (both torpedo jars and mortaria) and for local versions of Aegean amphora shapes both in the Late and Ptolemaic periods. It is also found in a type of deep, widemouthed jar with squared rim. The great majority of the vases produced in this fabric were neither slipped, nor decorated.

Surface treatment varies considerably and seems to depend very much on the shape that was produced.

It may correspond to fabric K6 at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:6; French and Bourriau 2018:20–21).

6

Introduction I.4.d Imported fabrics

denser, and harder. It is redder in colour (2.5YR 5/6 red, 2.5YR 6/6 light red, to 5YR 7/4 pink), often with no core but a paler brown-beige external zone towards the surface (7.5YR 7/6 yellowish red). The fracture shows fine limestone inclusions interspaced by a few larger ones (0.1 cm in diameter), few rounded sand quartz, still fewer grey grits, and micaceous particles. The surface fires buff to light beige-grey (10YR 8/2 very pale brown to 2.5YR 8/2 pinkish white). Fabric Chian2 seems to correspond to a later variant of the Chian amphora production (Bourriau and French 2007:120).

The imported fabrics from Kom Tuman are very diverse. Most of them are described individually in the individual catalogue entries. Those that are listed below are only the most common ones, and come from the Aegean, the Levant, and Italy. The groupings were made on the basis of observation of fabric appearance and texture made in the field. Like for the Nile silt and marl clay Egyptian fabrics, an effort was made to link these groups to fabric types already described in existing relevant publications.

Samian 1 (probably Samian): This is a fine, dense, beige to pink fabric (2.5YR 7/6 light red to 2.5 YR 7/8 light red), firing to a buff surface (5YR 7/4 pink to 7.5YR 7/4 pink). It is finely porous with small inclusions, consisting primarily of mica and evenly distributed white grits and the occasional crumbly, red ochre or grog. The break is smooth and usually homogeneous in colour, light red (2.5YR 6/8 light red) to reddish yellow (5YR 6/6 reddish yellow to 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow), to beige (5YR 8/4 pink to 5YR 7/4 pink).

Imported fabrics are ascribed specific origins or presumed origins on the basis of shape, technological characteristics, and, when present, stamps. Aegean Fabrics Clazomenian: This is a medium fine, red-brown fabric (5YR 5/6 yellowish red) characterised by abundant medium-fine, often translucent, angular and sub-angular sand-quartz inclusions, fine mica and very fine sand. Among the Aegean imports, this fabric is distinguished by a generally wide black or dark grey core reminiscent of that of Nile silt vessels. The surface fires light reddish brown to light red (2.5YR 6/4 light reddish brown to 2.5YR 6/8 light red). It can be associated with the Clazomenian amphorae fabric, identified, among others, at Buto in sixth century BC contexts (Bourriau 2003:231).

Lesbian: Lesbian amphorae are not frequent at Memphis but they are made of a distinctive, consistent, and easily recognisable fabric that deserves being described here. It is a medium-fine and hard, dark grey to black fabric (10 YR 4/1 grey to 10 YR 5/1 dark grey), with no core or a light grey one (7.5 YR 6/1 grey). It is rich in angular mineral inclusions: sand quartz grains, fine sand, and especially mica. It also occasionally contains limestone bits.

Chian: This is the typical fabric of Chian amphorae which occurs in many Egyptian sites, from the Saite to the Ptolemaic period. At Kom Tuman, this fabric may be divided into at least two subgroups (possibly three), each of which seems to relate to specific chronological and morphological criteria.

North Aegean 1: One main North Aegean fabric group was identified on the basis of our material, but not all North Aegean-type shapes can be ascribed to it. As will be seen in more detail below, this is not surprising as amphorae of North Aegean types were produced at a large number of different centres and workshops throughout the region, both on the mainland and on various islands. The main fabric encountered here is that used for many of the early fourth century BC amphorae. It is very fine and dense, with few white angular grits and few limestone inclusions. It is not very micaceous, if at all. The surface is rather smooth to the touch and fires pink to buff (5YR 8/4 pink to 7.5 YR 8/4 pink) and the break is redder (2.5 YR 6/8 light red) without a core.

The most common variant (Chian1) is a medium-fine, hard fabric, firing to a pale red-brown colour. Inclusions are abundant and consist primarily of red-brown and black particles, sand-quartz and a variable quantity of limestone (between 0.1–1.0 cm), as well as very few micas. There are also (rarely) coarse red-brown particles, perhaps iron oxides. These inclusions are often apparent on the surface and make it relatively gritty to the touch. The fracture varies from brown (7.5YR 5/4 brown) to red-brown (5YR 5/4 reddish brown) or yellowish red to reddish yellow (5YR 5/6 yellowish red to 5YR 6/6 reddish yellow and 5YR 6/8 yellowish red) throughout or presents a faint grey core (10YR 7/1 light grey). The surface is of the same tinge as the break or slightly lighter. The same fabric occurs at Buto (Bourriau 2003:230), especially in the Cache Phase (550–500 BC) and earlier (see also Bourriau and French 2007:119), as well as at Saqqara.

Brindisi 1: This fabric was identified as Brindisian thanks to stamped handles. It is a fine, hard and dense yellowish beige fabric (2.5Y 8/2 pale yellow to 2.5Y 8/4 pale yellow) with a homogeneous core, becoming slightly lighter toward the external surface and firing beige to yellow (7.5YR 8/4 pink to 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow). The break is smooth as well as the surface which is unslipped but carefully smoothed (probably with a self-slip). Inclusions are rare and very small. They consist essentially of white grits, few micas, and tiny rounded red-brown particles.

The second variant (Chian2) is closely related to Chian1 and is in many respects very similar to it, but it is finer,

7

Kom Tuman II Levant and Cyprus

may correspond to Fabric IP.3 at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2012:38).

Levantine 1 (Le1): This fabric represents the largest group of Levantine amphorae imports at Kom Tuman (essentially Persian period, but probably already starting in the sixth century BC). It may vary slightly as far as the structure of the matrix is concerned (from dense and laminated to porous in the break), but it forms a very consistent group as far as inclusions are concerned. The latter are made up of conspicuous medium to large ochre and grog (which under a 10x magnifying glass may look similar but are well distinguishable with a 30x magnification), limestone (sometimes as large as 6 mm long), tiny grey grits, and occasional mica. Surface colour ranges from pinkish beige to pale yellow (5YR 8/2 pinkish white to 2.5Y 8/2 pale yellow) or is pink to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/4 pink to 7.5YR 7/6 reddish yellow). This large group probably originates from Phoenicia.

Levantine 5 (Le5): Although entered into the Levantine group, this fabric is probably Cypriote. It is the one that is most commonly associated with the mortaria of the Late Period. Its fired surface is green to very pale brown (10YR 8/3 very pale brown) and gritty. It has no core or a faint light green one (GLEY 1 8/1 light greenish grey). Inclusions consist primarily of well-sorted and abundant ochre and sand quartz. Attic Fine Ware: The dominant fabric used for Attic glazed vessels is made of a dense, very fine, kaolinic material that fires pink or dark pink (2.5 YR 8/4 pink to 2.5 YR 7/6 light red). The break is smooth and often slightly darker with no core (10R 7/6 light red to 2.5YR 6/8 light red). Inclusions of silt-size sand are uncommon and barely visible under a magnifying glass.

Levantine 4 (Le4): This is a hard and dense marly fabric, probably of Phoenician origin. It is exemplified by jars of similar type to those made of Fabric Le1. It has a smooth yellowish pink to cream-coloured uncoated surface (5YR 8/2 pinkish white to 7.5YR 8/4 pink). The break shows slightly darker intermediate bands and a light grey core (5YR 7/1 light grey) with many well-sorted small white limestone, small ochres, and red-brown crumbly particles. All inclusions are small-sized (less than 1.0 mm). One example shows larger remains of charcoal in the break.

Another fabric used for Black-glazed wares is of very similar structure and appearance to the kaolinitic fabric just described but is of yellowish rather than pink hues (10YR 8/3 very pale brown to 10YR 8/6 yellow) It is also used for Greek fine wares. It is presumed Attic although it could come from other centres of the Greek mainland. I.5 Manufacturing techniques and regional styles Besides fabrics, a few technological characteristics and decorative styles that are recurrent to Kom Tuman are worth mentioning in a preliminary note. Some of the decorative styles in particular seem to be unique to the site and are seemingly not encountered elsewhere. They are described under the heading of ‘Regional styles’.

Levantine White: This fabric was used to produce thick-walled transport jars. It is a dense fabric, showing sometimes a slightly layered structure in the break. Inclusions comprise small grey and black pebbles and few small red and black iron oxides. However, the main characteristic of this fabric is its white colour both on the surface and the break (approximately 10YR 8/1 white to 10YR 8/2 very pale brown to 7.5YR 8/1 white).4

I.5.a Manufacturing techniques

It is perhaps related to the white fabric that was reported for a series of torpedo jars of fourth century and Hellenistic date found in Level 2 of Tell Keisan (Nodet 1980:121; Briend 1980:105).

The thin walls of the Egyptian-made fine wares at Kom Tuman, in particular those made of marl and mixed clay fabrics, were often achieved by shaving horizontally the leather dry body of the vessel. This technique is well documented for the Assyrian and Persian pottery of Mesopotamia, but it is also visible on East Greek closed vessels with thin walls (for example Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:76, section IID, pl. I:19, 21).

Levantine Grey: This is a rare but distinctive fabric used for Levantine jars, including those of the narrow-bodied type (TP.8). It is a dense and heavy fabric firing to a greyish pink surface (7.5YR 7/3 pink to 7.5YR 7/4 pink). The break is smooth and is either bipartite, ranging from light grey (10YR 7/1 light grey) to grey (10YR 6/1 grey) inside and pink (5YR 8/3 pink) to reddish yellow outside (5YR 7/6 reddish yellow), or has a grey core. It is rich in mainly small and well-sorted mineral inclusions of angular white grits (perhaps crushed shells), fine sand, and rounded to subrounded grey to black pebbles. The surface is smooth. It

I.5.b Regional styles The result of the analysis of the ceramic material from Kom Tuman has helped in identifying a number of regionalisms, suggesting that the residents of the site in the fifth and fourth century BC were consuming (if not producing) a restricted number of very specific wares, which are seemingly not represented in Egypt outside of the Memphite area. These are distinguished by technological characteristics, such as fabrics, firing, and surface treatment. They are normally

4  It should not be confused with the “torpédos à pâte blanche grossière” from Tebtynis and elsewhere in Egypt (Marangou and Marchand 2007:255), which instead correspond to locally made torpedo jars in the “Straw marl” fabric that is described above.

8

Introduction found in association with a range of shapes, many of which are also encountered for other, more widespread productions. The majority of the shapes consist of open and closed serving vessels (plates, dishes, jugs, and jars) hinting at a tableware function. For the time being, they comprise one type of marl fine ware (see below) and three coarser, Nile silt fabric wares. The first three belong to the fifth century BC, but the fourth dates from the mid-fourth century BC to the early Ptolemaic period. They can be described as follow:

a Nile silt and a light brown mixed clay fabric (Mixed 8), neither of which were exclusive to the red and white slip combination scheme. The two closed shapes are jars with a short neck, carinated shoulder and handles on the side (LP.SJ.8 and LP.FW.J.11). They are related to each other, the second being a small version of the first. The open shapes are small and large dishes and plates with low carination (LP.O.3.i-ii, LP.O.4), large bowls with straight sides (LP.O.7.vi), small hemispherical bowls (LP.O.12), and bowls with direct rims (LP.O.14, LP.O.15.i). On the bowls, one slip colour is applied on the exterior and another on the interior of the vessels, while the jars are slipped in one colour on their lower part and another on their upper part.

1. Red burnished painted bands This production belongs to the fine-ware category. It is made of a fine, homogeneous, light beige mixed clay fabric (Mixed 8), with a burnished self-slip and a redpainted burnished decoration of plain horizontal bands and lines. It was used for thin-walled closed shapes (LP. FW.J.3.ii, LP.FW.J.6) and open forms, such as bowls with direct rims (LP.O.14), carinated “Persian” bowls (LP.O.17), and a high-footed chalice (LP.O.25.i). As will be discussed in more detail below, all those shapes, point to a foreign Persian, Assyrian or East Greek influence.

Red and white slip combinations are not common at other sites, or, in any case, are not prominent enough to have been reported and categorised. The only vessels that are seemingly comparable are two jars or jugs from the Late Period tombs in the area of the mastaba of Akhethetep at Saqqara (Lecuyot et al. 2013:261, q1.P33 (S.P.639), pl. L, q1.P34 (S.P.640), pl. M, photos 431–432). Both are made of a Nile silt fabric. They are not described as having two different slip colours, but rather as being partially slipped. In addition, a few fragments of Nile silt open shapes of the Late Period at Buto bear a bichrome slip comparable to that of the open shapes mentioned above (personal observation).

This style has not been formally reported from other Egyptian sites, but it may compare to a type of surface treatment found at Saqqara in the Late Period, for example, on a marl fabric jar with carinated shoulder (Rzeuska 2009:188–189, fig. 13:SQ 2018 K 09–1), corresponding to our type LP.FW.J.11. In addition, the neck of a rare Persian-style jug, which also finds a parallel in our material (LP.FW.J.8.iii), was treated in the same way, although the red slip on the vessel’s lower part was seemingly not burnished (Aston and Aston 2010:96, no. 258, pls. 29, 57). This latter vessel is made of Aston’s Mixed fabric L7, probably corresponding to our Mixed 8 fabric.

4. White paint over red slip This production is confined to the Micaceous J1 fabric, typical of the Ptolemaic phase, and to the J1 Hard fabric. It is defined by a white or pink painted decoration over a red matte slip. The principal shape produced in this style is a one-handled, round mouthed jug (PTL.J.2), but various bowl types (PTL.O.1, PTL.O.2), and crateroids (PTL.O.6.i, PTL.O.6.ii) were also decorated in the same manner. The decoration mostly consists of a combination of horizontal plain and wavy bands, a scheme that is frequently encountered in dark paint over a light background on the common ware at Athens in the Hellenistic period, mostly from the second century BC onwards (Rotroff 2006: 55–56). Unlike the other productions identified as specific to Kom Tuman, which all fall within the fifth century BC, this one was dated no earlier than the second half of the fourth century BC.

2. Thick slip This technological group is characterised by the thick light-coloured slip that covers the entire vessel’s surface. The colour of the slip varies from pure white to pink depending on how aqueous the slip or the vessel’s surface was at the time of application. In some cases, the slip may be deep red instead of light-coloured and it is often burnished. All shapes are open vessels of various sizes but with consistently thick walls. Most are plates or shallow dishes (LP.O.1.i, LP.O.1.ii, LP.O.3.ii, LP.O.4), but some rarer examples are deeper (LP.O.10.1, LP.O.11.iv). This type of slip was always applied over Nile fabrics, often in combination with the limestonerich J1 Red. 3. Red and white slip combination This production’s surface treatment combines red and white slips on the same vessels. Both open and closed shapes have been identified and they are made of both 9

II The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period II.1 Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period

Meidum bowls had been recovered as complete vessels by the Late Period inhabitants and kept as antiques or curios in private houses. There is little doubt that, at that time, Meidum bowls could be found with relative frequency in areas not far away from Kom Tuman, notably in the extensive necropoleis of Saqqara.

Old Kingdom sherds, sometimes in a good state of preservation, were identified in about half of the stratigraphic units examined here, including surface levels. They are particularly frequent in Squares VI-VII, and they add up to 823 individual fragments (including body sherds). To this number should be added twentytwo diagnostic sherds from pre-2013 seasons. One of the most likely explanations for such a striking recurrence is that they were included as temper in the mudbricks of the buildings which stood on the site itself or on the site of the Palace of Apries, on the artificial mound just overlooking the excavation areas. Such a proposal finds support in the fact that the largest class of Old Kingdom material recovered consists of fragments of so-called Meidum bowls, a type which seems to have been particularly favoured as mud-brick temper from the Old Kingdom onwards (Wodzinska 2007a:240). They were also noted as residual material at the Middle Kingdom Memphite sites of Kom Rabi‘a (Bourriau 2010:4; Bourriau and Gallorini 2016:39) and Kom Fakhri.5 At Kom Fakhri, Old Kingdom sherds, mainly dated to the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, were present throughout the stratigraphic sequence, which covers the period going from the mid-Twelfth to the late Thirteenth Dynasty.

Most of the Old Kingdom types identified at Kom Tuman appear to date to the end of that period. They relate to types known in the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties and many find parallels at the Sun Temple of Userkaf and in the late Old Kingdom West Necropolis at Saqqara. The most frequent types belong to the broad group of Meidum bowls and their variants. These, together with other similar types of fine red slipped bowls represent 49 percent of the total of the Old Kingdom wares identified on the site. However, this figure may be tempered by the fact that Meidum bowls are particularly easily identifiable within a mixed assemblage. On the basis of comparanda from the West Necropolis at Saqqara, they mostly date to between the reign of Teti and the end of the Old Kingdom into the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (e.g. Rzeuska 2006:380–388). Beside these two main types, Old Kingdom sherds include red-slipped globular jars with a rolled rim, stands, bread moulds, and a single example of a miniature vessel. So far, only one diagnostic marl fabric sherd was entered into the Old Kingdom corpus. However, a very small number of marl body sherds were identified for that period and it is not impossible that some of the Marl C necked jars ascribed to the Middle Kingdom could in fact belong to the Fifth or Sixth Dynasties.

Although contextual and comparative data suggest that the Old Kingdom pottery at Kom Tuman was recycled material, the possibility remains that at least some of the sherds are intrusive from earlier stratigraphic layers, which would lie at a deeper level, under or around the excavated area. In such case, they could have ended up in the Late Period and Ptolemaic levels as a result of digging, terracing and other ground levelling activities, which would have taken place in these later phases. However, these suggestions can only be verified by further excavation work at the site and perhaps by a systematic drill coring programme. But one intriguing factor remains, namely that a few of the Meidum bowl fragments, including those found in fill deposits, are strikingly large and so well-preserved that it is difficult to imagine that they had been either incorporated into mudbricks or residual from older levels. The best explanation of these occurrences is that some

Closed forms are by far not as common as open ones in the Old Kingdom corpus represented here. The Nile silt fabrics red-slipped jars with rolled rim and the beer jars are comparable to examples of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties at the West Necropolis at Saqqara (see parallels below) and from the Lower part of the Sun Temple of Userkaf at Abusir (Kaiser 1969:50). The pointed bases of the beer jars, in particular, correspond to late and terminal Old Kingdom examples from the West Necropolis at Saqqara. Many of the carinated Meidum bowls have the short rim that is characteristic of the later Old Kingdom (Ballet 1987) and a rounded, rather than angular shoulder. In most cases, the diameter of their rims tends to be greater than, or equal to their bodies’ maximum diameter, a feature that has been considered as a criterion for a date in the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties (Arnold 1979:32, note 129). However,

5  At Kom Fakhri, residual Old Kingdom sherds were represented in virtually all of the excavated contexts. They not only occurred as mudbrick temper, but also, mixed with later debris, as levelling material, in pit-fills and general rubbish depositions (personal observation). However, it is important to note that in spite of the frequency of such pottery’s appearance, no Old Kingdom levels have yet been identified at Kom Fakhri.

11

Kom Tuman II although this is certainly a general tendency, it appears that Meidum bowls cannot be dated solely according to the location of their maximum diameter. In effect, bowls with a shoulder diameter equal to or greater to that of their rims do occur, though rarely, already in the Fourth Dynasty (Op de Beck 2000), and bowls with greater shoulder than rim diameters are found in Phase III of the West Necropolis at Saqqara (Rzeuska 2006:294, 408, Form 179, pl. 126:632– 637). Similarly, bowls with internally thickened rims are claimed to only appear in the first half of the reign of Pepi I (Rzeuska 2006:407), but examples are known from the Upper part of the Sun Temple of Userkaf at Abusir, which may well be earlier than Pepi I (Kaiser 1969:67, types 178, 180).

could well be as early as the Fourth Dynasty (see parallels below). Closed shapes Jars with short necks Pl. 1:1 (13/0039/015) Nile B1, pink to red slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase III-IV: Rzeuska 2006:142, 396, Form 27, pl. 50:184. Pl. 1:2 (14/0054/017) Nile B1/2, red slip burnished; d. rim 13.4 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:49–51, no. 9. Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase I: Rzeuska 2006:138, 395, Form 25, pl. 48:171A.

Two complete miniature vessels were identified as belonging to the Old Kingdom, one of them probably reproducing the shape of a bread mould.6 Miniature vessels (usually reproducing open shapes) appear in the Fourth Dynasty and are preponderant as funerary offerings and in the cult of the dead. They are evidenced in the Pyramid temple of Raneferet at Abusir (pl. 4:8; Bárta 1995:16–17, fig. 1.5E).

Pl. 1:3 (07/0025/034) Nile B1, thick red burnished slip out; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases I-III: Rzeuska 2006:140, 396, Form 26, pl. 49:176. Abusir, Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:49–50, no. 7. Giza, Cemetery of the Pyramid Builders and Western Cemetery: Hawass and Senussi 2008:29, 97, nos 91, 20.

Coarse ware of the Old Kingdom could also be identified here in the form of body sherds of large handmade vessels (probably mostly bread moulds or beer jars) and by a series of rims of straight sided bread moulds. These are recognizable by their fabric, rich in fine sand inclusions and their well-finished surface that is nonetheless slightly gritty to the touch. These rims find good parallels with Bd3 bread moulds at Abu Rawash in the late Third and Fourth Dynasties, which are further characterized by their roughly shaped rounded base (Moeller 2003:49–50 fig. 15:31–33). The same type of rim, though associated with a flat base, is still found on bread moulds from the West Necropolis at Saqqara in Phase III (Rzeuska 2006:332, 419–422, Form 208, pl. 145:734–738).7

Giza, Tomb complex of Khafraankh (G 7948), second half of the Fifth Dynasty: Malykh 2011:195, 98/3/22, fig. 2. Pl. 1:4 (07/0060/012) Nile B2, red slip out; d. rim 11.6 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases I-IV: Rzeuska 2006:130, 140, 392–393, 396, Forms 21 and 26, pls. 44:152, 49:175. Abusir, Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:49–50, no. 4. Jar with short neck and thickened rim; Marl fabric

Finally, two types amongst the Old Kingdom material from Kom Tuman are clearly earlier, but considerably rarer than the majority of the Meidum bowls and jars in our assemblage. The first is a dish with internal ledge rim (07/0003/048; 15/0107/004; 16/0011/009; 14/0010/018; pl. 4:3–6). This shape is sometimes interpreted as a cooking vessel (Raue 1999:183) and it seems to be most typical of the Fourth Dynasty (see parallels below). The second is a Nile silt carinated bowl covered with a matte white slip in and out (VII.B12/0019/015; pl. 2:6). This surface treatment on bowls seems to be both chronologically and geographically confined to the Fourth Dynasty, more specifically from the end of the reign of Khafre to the end of the reign of Menkaure, and to the settlement sites at Giza (Wodzinska 2006; 2008). Besides these, the vats with rounded rim and the fine ware stand, on the other hand,

Pl. 1:5 (15/0045/013) Marl A, grey, gritty fabric, abundant decomposed limestone, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Cemetery, Marl C, Phase III: Rzeuska 2006:124, 391–392, Form 19, pl. 41:131. Beer jars (handmade); Nile silt fabrics Pl. 1:6 (13/0041/111) Nile C, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase IV: Rzeuska 2006:72, 384–388, Form 4, pl. 15:25. Abu Rawash, sector north-east of the pyramid of Redjedef, mid-Fourth Dynasty: Marchand and Baud 1996:278, fig. 8:22. Dahshur, “Red Pyramid”, Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Faltings 1989:137, fig. 3b:91. Pl. 1:7 (14/0045/046) Nile C, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Lecuyot 2016:132, fig. 1:S.P.508, pl. Ib.

For full-scale bread forms of this type at the end of the Old Kingdom, see Rzeuska 2006:334, 419–422, Form 209, pl. 146:739. 7  On the development of Bd3 bread moulds, see Kytnarová 2011. 6 

12

The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period Pl. 1:8 (14/0013/006) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase IV: Rzeuska 2006:74, 384–388, Form 4, pl. 16:29.

Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis: Rzeuska 2006:304, 406–417, Form 184, pl. 131:662. Giza, Cemetery of the Pyramid Builders, Western Cemetery and Waste Water Project: Hawass and Senussi 2008:32, 136, 200, nos 150, A3.

Pl. 1:9 (14/0013/008) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases III-IV: Rzeuska 2006:96, 104, 384–388, Forms 9 and 10, pls. 27:75, 31:89.

Pl. 1:16 (VI.O11/0008/025) Nile B1, red slip burnish in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases III-IV: Rzeuska 2006:202, 402–406, Form 96, pl. 80:357.

Pl. 1:10 (14/0007/012) Nile C, uncoated; d. pres. 7.0 cm.

Pl. 2:1 (07/0018b/014) Nile B2, orange slip in and out; d. rim 24.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase IV: Rzeuska 2006:300, 406–417, Form 183, pl. 129:649. Giza, Western Cemetery: Hawass and Senussi 2008:97, 200, no. 29.

Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases II-III: Rzeuska 2006:64, 84, 384–388, Forms 2 and 7, pls. 11:9, 21:49. Abusir, Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:54–55, no. 64. Col. Pl. 1:1–2 (14/0010/032) Nile C, uncoated; d. pres. 8.8 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases III-IV: Rzeuska 2006:90, 96, 104, 384–388, Forms 8, 9, and 10, pls. 24:62, 27:75, 31:92.

Pl. 2:2 (VII.D10/0005/013) Nile B2, red slip in and out; d. rim 28.0 cm. Parallel: Abusir, Upper part of the Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:58, no. 102.

Pl. 1:11 (15/0101/005) Nile B2, uncoated.; d. pres. 9.3 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases II and IV: Rzeuska 2006:70, 74, 384–388, Forms 3 and 4, pls. 14:24, 16:32. Abusir, Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:49–51, no. 17.

Pl. 2:3 (15/0098/016) Nile B1/D, orange slip in and out; d. rim 28.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases III-IV: Rzeuska 2006:302, 406–417, Form 184, pl. 130:660. Pl. 2:4 (VII.F9/Pit9/11/009) Nile B1, red slip burnish in and out; d. rim 23.0 cm.

Open shapes

Pl. 2:5 (VII.D10/0005/020) Nile B2, red slip burnish in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm.

Meidum bowls with red slip: greater diameter at shoulder; Nile silt fabrics

Meidum bowl with white slip; greater diameter at shoulder; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 1:12 (13/0048/007) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 23.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases I-IV: Rzeuska 2006:296, 406–417, Form 182, pl. 127:642. Dahshur, Mastaba II/A, early Fourth Dynasty: Alexanian 1999:148–149, fig. 60:M 111-M 112.

Pl. 2:6 (VII.B12/0019/015) Nile B2, white slip in and out; d. rim 24.0 cm. Parallel: Giza, Workmen’s village, Fourth Dynasty: Wodzinska 2007b:299–300, fig. 11.21.

Pl. 1:13 (13/0039/052) Nile B1, red (black-fired) burnished slip in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Lecuyot 2016:134, fig. 8:S.P.519.

Meidum bowl variants; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 1:14 (14/0055/010) Nile B1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm. Parallel: Abydos, late Old Kingdom to early Middle Kingdom: Knoblauch and Bestock 2009:225–226, fig. 6b.

Pl. 2:8 (07/0003/054, 056–057) Nile B1, red-orange slip burnish in and out; d. rim 18.0 cm. Parallels: Abusir, Lower part of the Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:64, no. 158. Giza, Waste Water Project: Hawass and Senussi 2008:140, 201, no. A68.

Pl. 2:7 (VII.D9-D10/0001/017) Nile B1, red slip burnish in and out; d. rim 15.0 cm.

Meidum bowls with red slip: greater diameter at rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 2:9 (15/0067/020) Nile B1/2, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm. Parallel: Abusir, Lower part of the Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:60, no. 119.

Pl. 1:15 (07/0086/012) Nile B2, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 24.2 cm. 13

Kom Tuman II Pl. 2:10 (16/0011/014) Nile B1, red slip in and out; d. rim 21.0 cm. Parallel: Abusir, Upper part of the Sun Temple of Userkaf: Kaiser 1969:65, no. 163.

Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Rzeuska 2006:244, 406–412, Form 145, pl. 101:508. Handmade deep bowls; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 2:11 (07/0003/039) Nile B1, red-orange slip in and out; d. rim 26.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases III-IV: Rzeuska 2006:232, 406–410, Form 132, pl. 95:460–461. Abusir, mainly Lower part of Sun Temple of Userkaf II: Kaiser 1969:60, no. 115.

Pl. 3:5 (13/0040/118) Nile B2, red slip in and out, postfiring incised notches on top of rim; d. rim 20.7 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Rzeuska 2006:236, 406–411, Form 140, pl. 97:483. Giza, Tomb complex of Khafraankh (G 7948), Fourth to early Sixth Dynasties: Malykh 2011:196–197, 97/7/1. 97/8/30, fig. 3.

Dishes with internal rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 2:12 (13/0041/101) Nile B2, red slip in and out; d. rim 26.5 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Lecuyot 2016:134, fig. 4:S.P.720. Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase I: Rzeuska 2006:198, 402–406, Form 92, pl. 78:345.

Pl. 3:6 (14/0050/006) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm; partly handmade. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Rzeuska 2006:236, 406–411, Form 137, pl. 97:478. Vats; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 2:13 (16/0009/017) Nile B1/2, red slip in and out; d. rim 38.0–45.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase III: Rzeuska 2006:228, 406–410, Form 128, pl. 93:452.

Pl. 3:7 (14/0031/002) Nile B2, thick orange slip in, traces of the same out; d. rim 40.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase I: Rzeuska 2006:320, 418–419, Form 199, pl. 139:705.

Pl. 3:1 (07/0008/015) Nile B2, orange slip in; d. rim 33.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase IV: Rzeuska 2006:407, Form 131, pl. 94:455. Abusir, mainly Upper Part of the Sun Temple of Userkaf II: Kaiser 1969:67, no. 180. Abu Rawash, area east of the pyramid of Redjedef, Sixth Dynasty: Marchand and Baud 1996:283–284, fig. 10:4.

Pl. 3:8 (13/0048/006) Nile B/C, red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 42.0 cm. Pl. 3:9 (15/0036/018) Nile B1/2, red slip in and out, traces of burnishing; d. rim ca. 30.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase IV: Rzeuska 2006:234, 406–411, Form 136, pl. 98:475. Pl. 4:1 (07/0008/039) Nile B2, self-slip; d. rim 24.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases III-IV: Rzeuska 2006:248, 406–412, Form 146, pl. 103:517.

Bowls with angular rim; Nile silt fabric Pl. 3:2 (13/0047/014) Nile B2, thick red slip in and out; d. rim 27.4 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Rzeuska 2006:244, 406–412, Form 145, pl. 101:507.

Pl. 4:2 (07/0120/007) Nile B1, red slip burnish in and out, brown fabric, lilac core; d. rim 22.0 cm. Plates with internal rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 3:3 (14/0007/011) Nile B1/2, red slip in and out; d. rim 27.0 cm.

Pl. 4:3 (07/0003/048) Nile E, red slip in and outside rim; d. rim ca. 32.0 cm. Parallels: Giza, Workmen’s settlement, Fourth Dynasty: Wodzinska 2007b:304–305, CD32, figs. 11.6, 11.30–31. Giza, Cemetery of the Pyramid Builders, Western Cemetery and Waste Water Project: Hawass and Senussi 2008:36, 100, 146, 210, nos 238–239, no. 86, no. H33. Abu Rawash, sector north-east of the pyramid of Redjedef, mid-Fourth Dynasty: Marchand and Baud 1996:278, fig. 8:20–21.

Col. pl. 1:3–4 (14/0010/031) Nile B1/2, red slip in and out; d. rim 31.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phases I and III-IV: Rzeuska 2006:272–274, 406–415, Forms 166D and 167, pls. 115:591, 116:592. Pl. 3:4 (14/0017/009) Nile B1, orange slip burnished in and out; d. rim 36.4 cm.

14

The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period

Diagram 1. Old Kingdom shapes (estimated number of individuals).

Pl. 4:4 (15/0107/004) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 25.0 cm. Parallel: Dahshur, Mastaba II/I, early Fourth Dynasty: Alexanian 1999:144–145, fig. 59:M 100.

Pl. 4:12 (07/0001/005) Nile C, sandy, uncoated; d. rim 25.0 cm. Parallel: Giza, Western Cemetery: Hawass and Senussi 2008:98, fig. 17.

Pl. 4:5 (16/0011/009) Nile B/C, thin red slip in, stains out; d. rim 24.0–25.0 cm; coarsely finished surface on lower external part. Parallel: Giza, Tomb complex of Khafraankh (G 7948), late Fourth to early Fifth Dynasties: Malykh 2011:197, 97/8/34, fig. 3.

Pl. 4:13 (13/0063/037) Nile C, sandy, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase III: Rzeuska 2006:332, 419–422, Form 208, pl. 145:735.

Pl. 4:6 (14/0010/018) Nile B/C, uncoated; d. rim 28.0 cm. Parallel: Giza, Tomb complex of Khafraankh (G 7948), Fifth Dynasty: Malykh 2011:196, 97/8/8, fig. 3.

Pl. 4:14 (07/0086/008) Nile B2, red-orange slip out; d. rim 15.3 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase III: Rzeuska 2006:348, 423–424, Form 217, pl. 153:780. Giza, Workmen Village, Fourth Dynasty: Wodzinska 2007b:308, E1, fig. 11.40. Abusir, mainly Lower part of temple of Userkaf II: Kaiser 1969:75, type 244.

Stands or footed vessels; Nile silt fabrics

Miniature vessels; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 4:7 (15/0043/008) Nile B2, uncoated, partly handmade, inside black-fired; d. rim 4.6 cm; d. base 3.0 cm; h. 5.8 cm. Parallel: Giza, Tomb complex of Khafraankh (G 7948), Fifth to Sixth Dynasties: Malykh 2011:196, 97/8/9, fig. 3.

Pl. 4:15 (13/0041/102) Nile B2, red slip in and out burnished; d. rim 22.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, West Necropolis, Phase III: Rzeuska 2006:348, 423–424, Form 217, pl. 153:781.

Pl. 4:9 (07/0014/006) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 5.0 cm; d. base 3.0 cm; h. 2.0 cm.

II.2 Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period

Large coarse ware bread moulds; Nile silt fabrics

One hundred and fifty-six intrusive pottery fragments ascribable to the Middle Kingdom were recognised in the course of the present work. Of these, only 35 are diagnostic and the remaining 121 are body sherds principally of Marl C fabric. Admittedly, some sherds, such as plates with direct rims, which are classified in the New Kingdom section could as likely belong in the late Middle Kingdom or Second Intermediate Period. Specific Middle Kingdom forms

Pl. 4:10 (13/0035/004) Nile C, sandy, uncoated; d. rim 23.2 cm. Pl. 4:11 (07/0079/019) Nile C, sandy, uncoated; d. rim 23.5 cm. Parallel: Giza, Lower Cemetery of the Pyramid Builders: Hawass and Senussi 2008:37, fig. 253. 15

Kom Tuman II recognised here are a Nile silt bent side bowl, a Marl C “fish dish” fragment, short necked jars, and Marl C zirs. Most of them belong to types that are characteristic of the end of the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period.

such vessels. As a matter of fact, all of the open shapes reported here are either made of the characteristic Marl C fabric and/or are decorated with typical pre-firing incised motifs.

Both the Marl C zir and the “fish dish” illustrated here find good parallels at Kom Rabi‘a, Levels VII-V, dated to the late Second Intermediate Period-early Eighteenth Dynasty. The zir with post-firing incised marks on top of the rim (03–04/0114/0015–1, col. pl. 1:5–6) can be classified as Bader’s Type 57c, which ranges in date from the late Twelfth-early Thirteenth Dynasty to the late Second Intermediate Period-early Eighteenth Dynasty (Bader 2001:161–163). Interestingly, though, the best parallels among the examples of the type listed by Bader from Tell Daba, Dashur, Lisht and elsewhere, are precisely those from the early Eighteenth Dynasty levels from Kom Rabi‘a (Bader 2001:163, no. 270, fig. 45d). The fish dish fragment has a plain rounded rim and bears a decoration of dense cross-hatched incisions that covers the entire preserved surface and goes up to the rim. It does not find any precise parallel in the Marl C corpus published by Bader (Bader 2001:79–96), but can be compared to a rim fragment of a boat-shaped fish dish from the Thirteenth Dynasty at Tell Dab‘a published more recently (Aston 2004b:91–92, no. 181, pl. 56).

Closed shapes Storage jars (perhaps handled jars) with wide mouth; Nile silt fabric Pl. 5:1 (15/0065/003) Nile B2/C, red slip; d. rim 29.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Second Intermediate Period: JacquetGordon 2012:69, fig. 32:s, u. Zirs; marl fabrics Col. pl. 1:5–6 (03–04/0114/015–1) Marl C, uncoated; d. rim 26.5 cm. Parallels: Kom Rabi‘a, Level V: Bourriau 2010:43, fig. 8:2408. Kasr el-Sagha, Fayum, settlement, Abhub 1: Arnold 1979:34, fig. 20:4. Col pl. 1:7–8 (15/0045/012) Marl C/D, white slip out and inside rim; d. rim 21.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis, Kom Rab’ia, Level VI: Bourriau and Galorini 2016:83, 125, figs. 42:87.4.3, 73:67.6.3. Tell Dab‘a, early Thirteenth Dynasty to first half of the Hyksos Period: Kopetzky 2012:97, fig. 4:33; Aston 2004b:101, no. 219, pl. 75, XIXd. Deir el Bersha, Tomb of Djehutihotep: Op de Beeck, Peeters, and Willems 2012:258, fig. 39.

The marl fabric necked jars with rolled or thickened rim are certainly older and go back to the Eleventh Dynasty, if not earlier. The short neck and rounded rim of fragments such as 07/0008/010 (pl. 5:5) are still reminiscent of late Old Kingdom globular jar types (e.g. Rzeuska 2006:140, 391–392, pls. 41, 49:179). However, at Saqqara, these are mainly made of Nile silt or mixed clay fabrics and an approximate parallel in Marl C comes from the early Middle Kingdom settlement of Abu Ghalib, in the western Delta (Schiestl and Seiler 2012:482, II.D.7.a.1.6). Similar forms are still found in marl fabrics at Karnak in the Thirteenth Dynasty (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:45, fig. 21:q-r) and at Dakhla in the Twelfth Dynasty in Oases red slipped fabrics (Marchand 2012b:415, group 42d).

Short necked jars with narrow mouth; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 5:2 (14/0001/198) Nile B2, red slip; d. rim 11.8 cm. Parallel: Mazghuna (Dahsur area), Thirteenth Dynasty: Schiestl 2012:56, fig. 3:3. Short necked jar with wide mouth; marl fabrics

Finally, three fragments of flat-based tubular bread moulds are added to the present section. They correspond to a type that occurs in the Middle Kingdom and were dated accordingly (Jacquet-Gordon 1981:16–19, fig. 4:3–12; Schiestl and Seiler 2012:754–757).

Pl. 5:3 (15/0073/025) Marl C, uncoated; d. rim 15.8 cm. Parallels: Mastaba of Senwosretankh (Dahshur), Twelfth Dynasty: Allen 2014:87, fig. 3i. Ayn Sokhna, Middle Kingdom: Perunka 2011:46, Cat. 42. Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Marl B fabric: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:45, fig. 21:t.

One striking feature of our modest Middle Kingdom collection is that open forms are clearly under-represented therein. However, this consideration can hardly be taken at face value and has to be allayed by the fact that some of the most common Nile silt open forms of the period, such as hemispherical cups (eg. Bourriau and Gallorini 2016:40; Schiestl and Seiler 2012:84–87) are pretty much nondescript when found in a fragmentary state. It is thus very possible that some of the small unidentified Nile silt plain rim fragments from the site did belong to

Short necked jar with narrow mouth; marl fabrics Pl. 5:4 (07/0003/022) Marl A4, uncoated; d. rim 12.7 cm. Parallels: Tushka East, Cemetery C, mid-Eleventh to early Twelfth Dynasty (Schiestl and Seiler 2012:368, Type II.A.1.a, no. 5). 16

The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period Herakeopolis Magna, late First Intermediate Period to early Middle Kingdom (Marl C): Bader 2011:50, no. 38, fig.3). Deir el Bersha, tomb of Djehutihotep, spoil heap (probably Senuseret II-III): Op de Beeck, Peeters, and Willems 2012:258, fig. 38.

Parallels: Tell Dab‘a, Thirteenth Dynasty: Aston 2004b:80, no. 135, pls. 35, XI. Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Marl B and C fabrics: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:38, fig. 17:g. Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Nile silt, red slip burnish: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:60, fig. 28:c. Qubbet el-Hawa, Thebes and Karnak, Twelfth Dynasty: Schiestl and Seiler 2012:224–226, I.F.2.a.3–4, I.F.2.b.5–6. For decoration only: Memphis, Kom Rab’ia, Level VI: Bourriau and Gallorini 2016:121, fig. 60:25c1.3.

Pl. 5:5 (07/0008/010) Marl C, uncoated; cream-white surface; d. rim 10.8 cm. Parallels: Memphis Kom Rabi‘a, Level IV: Bourriau 2010:66, fig. 20c. Abu Ghalib, Marl C (used as cooking pot): Bagh 2012:40– 42, fig. Jc.

Vats/bowls wide mouth; Nile silt fabric

Pl. 5:6 (13/0001/004) Marl A, uncoated; d. rim 9.5 cm. Parallels: Tell Dab‘a, Thirteenth Dynasty: Aston 2004b:88–89, no. 169, pl. 51. Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Marl B: JacquetGordon 2012:45, fig. 21:j.

Pl. 6:2 (13/0041/103) Nile B2, red slip in and out burnished; d. rim ca. 44.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Nile silt, red slip burnished: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:68, fig. 32:e.

Pl. 5:7 (15/0092/004) Marl C, uncoated; d. rim 10.8 cm. Parallels: Karnak, Twelfth Dynasty, marl fabrics: JacquetGordon 2012:16, fig. 3:g-h. Abu Ghalib, settlement, late Eleventh Dynasty: Schiestl and Seiler 2012:480, II.D.7.a.1.4.

Pl. 6:3 (16/0009/018) Nile B2, thick red-pink slip in and out; d. rim 15.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rab’ia, Level VI: Bourriau and Gallorini 2016:77–85, fig. 32:25b3.3. Tell el-Dab‘a, unstratified, cooking pot: Aston 2004b:81, no. 142, pls. 38, XI.d.

Pl. 5:8 (14/0021/008) Marl C, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm.

Fish bowl; marl fabric

Beaker with restricted mouth; Nile silt fabric

Pl. 6:4 (03–04/0103/002) Marl C, uncoated, incised decoration; undetermined diameter; h. max. pres. 6.8 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Marl B and Nile C fabrics: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:39–40, fig. 18:k/1.

Pl. 5:9 (14/0014/014) Marl C, sandy fabric, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 5:10 (14/0054/015) Marl C, uncoated; d. rim 11.5 cm. Parallels: Tell Dab‘a, Ezbet Rushdi, Twelfth Dynasty, Marl A2: Schiestl and Seiler 2012:430, II.B.5.a.2. Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Marl B: JacquetGordon 2012:28, 47, figs. 11:d, 22:m.

Vat/bowls with wide mouth; marl fabric Pl. 6:5 (15/0073/020) Marl C, cream slip in and out; undetermined diameter. Parallel: Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Nile silt fabric: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:60, fig. 28:d. Dish with incised decoration; marl fabric

Jar with side spout Pl. 5:11 (16/0021/011) Nile B2, uncoated; d. max. pres. ca. 16.4 cm. Parallel: Tell el-Dab‘a, Thirteenth Dynasty: Aston 2004b:70–72, nos 81–87, pls. 16–19, VII. The same type of wide spout is also evidenced on Nile silt bowls of the Second Intermediate Period from the Dakhleh Oasis (Hope 1980:293–295, pl. XX:11).

Pl. 6:6 (14/0001/068) Marl A, sandy, uncoated, pre-firing incised decoration of wavy and straight lines under rim; d. rim ca. 20.0 cm (slant and diameter uncertain). Parallels: Deir el Bersha, tomb of Djehutihotep, spoil heap (probably Senuseret II-III): Schiestl and Seiler 2012:304, I.G.1.c.15; Op de Beeck, Peeters, and Willems 2012:257, fig. 34. Karnak, Second Intermediate Period, Marl B: JacquetGordon 2012:39, fig. 17:r. Dendera, early Twelfth Dynasty: Marchand 2012a:289, Group 29, fig. 14.

Open shapes Large bowl with bent sides and incised decoration; Nile silt fabric Pl. 6:1 (13/0001/002) Nile B2, red slip out, incised wavy line; d. rim 45.0 cm. 17

Kom Tuman II

Diagram 2. Middle Kingdom shapes (estimated number of individuals).

Others

However, in spite of a number of unsecure identifications, the presence of New Kingdom wares at the site can be evidenced beyond a doubt thanks to the occurrence of types that were certainly not produced beyond the Twentieth Dynasty, such as Blue-Painted vessels, marl ware storage jars and amphorae, and Late Bronze Age Canaanite jars. On the whole, Blue-Painted pottery is well represented (7.2 percent of the New Kingdom group), but the fact that it is very easily picked out from the general assemblage, just like the Meidum bowls of the Old Kingdom, should also be taken into account when estimating its real frequency within the New Kingdom overall assemblage.

Bread mould; Nile silt fabric Col. pl. 1:9–10 (13/0035/102) Nile C sandy, uncoated; d. base 4.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 base; 14/0045: 1 base. II.3 New Kingdom Replicating the pattern of the Old Kingdom fragments, New Kingdom residual sherds were identified in about half of the archaeological units examined in the course of the work at Kom Tuman. Just like the Old and Middle Kingdom sherds, they can probably be interpreted as residual material coming either from earlier disturbed levels at the site, from mud-bricks employed in the Late Period buildings, or from the massive caisson foundation of the palace of Apries that dominates the site.8 When compared to the Old and Middle Kingdom assemblages, this pottery seems to represent a wider variety of vessel shapes and also includes imported wares.

Enough evidence is available to point to a date within the late Eighteenth to Nineteenth Dynasty for the bulk of the material discussed in this section. This is notably suggested by the recurrence of large funnel necked jars with thickened rim. This shape is one of the hallmarks of the period and certainly becomes rarer already in the Twentieth Dynasty. The blue-painted jars with fluted relief decoration and those with a relief band at the juncture between body and neck (VII/0009; 07/0060/005; col. pl. 2:1, 5), especially, are characteristic of the phase (Aston 1998:414). The proportion of imports also suggests a date towards the very end of the Eighteenth or the Nineteenth Dynasty, rather than any time earlier and the same holds true for many of the plain bowls and dishes.

Because of the longevity of a number of morphological types, such as large dishes with triangular rims, or bowls and dishes with plain rims, some of the sherds described below as New Kingdom could indeed be misplaced and belong instead to the Third Intermediate Period. Their attribution to an earlier rather than a later phase of the site’s history rests only on details of manufacture and fabrics and may be, to some extent, aleatory, especially when dealing with small fragments. Vice-versa, some of the sherds ascribed to a later phase, such as bowls with direct rims and flat based closed vessels, may also be earlier than the Late Period (LP.CL.B.1.a; LP.O.2.i).

Only 16 fragments of Nile silt beer jars were identified and nearly all of them are bases. This is unsurprising because beer jar bases are very thick and sturdy and do not break easily into small pieces. Like most of the material in this section, the beer jar bases fall within the Nineteenth to early Twenty-First Dynasties. The base of the example illustrated below was perforated post-firing. Besides the funnel necked jars and the beer jars, a few other sherds originating from Nile silt closed vessels were singled out. The most unusual amongst these are

New Kingdom pottery sherds are very frequent on top of the palace mound as well as on its slopes (personal observation). 8 

18

The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period So far, all of the New Kingdom imports are fragments of Canaanite jars (pl. 10:7–10). In many cases, their fabrics correspond to the most common ones of the Ramesside levels at Qantir and therefore the fabric coding used for Canaanite jars at Qantir was adopted for the purpose of the present publication (Aston 1998:69–72; Ownby et al. 2014).

two fragments of what may have been large silt ware Bes jars.9 These vessels, generally with a wide funnel neck and relief features on the front, are known at major Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties sites, such as Deir el-Medineh, Amarna, and Gurob, among others (Kaiser 2003:72–147).10 One of the fragments illustrated here is in the shape of an ear and bears traces of blue paint and the other seems to model the mouth with protruding tongue of the familiar god.11

The most common of the open shapes are plain bowls with direct or out-turned rims, sometimes with red-slipped rims, which are a hallmark of the period from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasty. The large carinated dish with blue painted decoration (14/0001/216; col. pl. 3:3) seems to be more specifically tied to the Nineteenth-Twentieth Dynasties. A series of such bowls, though without the clear thickening of the rim of our example and with variant decorative schemes, were found in the tomb of Ramesses IV (Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:154, nos 173–182, pls. 18–19). One flat base of an open vessel shows traces of added relief inside it (13/0040/142; pl. 11:6). It is interpreted here as a New Kingdom “cobra bowl”, a type of probable votive vessel evidenced (and probably produced) at Amarna (pl. 11:7, Kemp 1981:14–16, fig. 6:182, 1069; Rose 2007:70, Type SD 13.1, nos 236–238) and perhaps Qantir (Aston 1998:402). The most complete examples of those found in the Workmen Village at Amarna have a wavy rim and a flat or rounded base inside which was added a small clay figurine of a rearing cobra.13

Between them, marl fabric meat jars and amphorae represent at least 18.5 percent of the total New Kingdom assemblage examined here and are more indicative of a late Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasty date than any time earlier. Meat jars are particularly plentiful in the Ramesside levels at Qantir (Aston 1998:478–486, nos 1801–1908) and do not seem to appear before Level IIIa at Kom Rabi‘a (Bourriau 2010: Appendix 1, types 11.15.12, 11.15.15). Several of the amphorae are made of Marl F, a fabric well known from the Nineteenth Dynasty at Qantir (Aston 1998:66). Their date can be confirmed by their regular presence in royal tombs at that time (e.g. Aston, Aston and Brock 1998:146, no. 36, pl. 4). One characteristic marl fragment belongs to a large amphora with wide mouth (pl. 9:6), a type that becomes very common at the very end of the New Kingdom and lasts until the beginning of the Third Intermediate period (Aston 2004a:193). A large round base made of Marl D, probably also originating from a large amphora, bears a pre-firing pot-mark (an ankh sign) that was drawn with a stylus on the still wet slip (pl. 10:1). Similar marks are also evidenced at Qantir in the Ramesside period, both on amphorae and bowls (Aston 1998:328, 486, nos 1108, 1909; Ditze 2007:429–431). One single amphora rim was made of Marl B, a fabric that is more common in the earlier than the later part of the New Kingdom (Bourriau 2010:25). Marl B is unusual for amphorae production (Aston 2004a:200) and the sherd illustrated here may also have belonged to another type of necked jar.

Only one marl open shape could be securely attributed to the New Kingdom so far (13/0035/077; col. pl. 3:4–5). It consists of a large bowl with bent sides covered with a thick red slip and bearing black-painted decoration. No precise parallel can be singled out, but both shape and surface treatment are known in southern Egypt in the late Eighteenth and throughout the Nineteenth Dynasty (see parallels below). A bowl made of a red slipped Marl A fabric of very similar shape and proportions was found in the clearance of the tomb of Merneptah at Thebes, most likely dating to the Nineteenth Dynasty (Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:149, no. 73, pl. 8).

Two rims made of a Marl D fabric and covered with a thick white slip (13/0063/040; 16/0009/015; pl. 10:5–6) may be interpreted as large pilgrim flasks. The shape is uncommon but not exceptional in Nineteenth Dynasty contexts, in particular in the north of the country (Aston 1998:462, 514, 528, nos 2058–2059, 2152). The shoulder of a Marl A jar or jug, decorated with red and black horizontal bands and pendant motifs, probably belongs in the Eighteenth Dynasty (col. pl. 2:10).12

In spite of the predominance of sherds of the late Eighteenth-Nineteenth Dynasties within the New Kingdom assemblage, both earlier and later phases are also evidenced. Elements such as the drop-jar and the small bowls with red slip and black painted bands (07/0003/020; pl. 7:10; VII.D10/0005/015; pl. 11:10; 13/0035/069; VII. B12/0007/026; col. pl. 3:1–2) may well go back to the early Eighteenth Dynasty.14 At the other end of the spectrum, the series of large dishes with folded rim (07/0085/005; 07/0025/004; 07/0086/004; pl. 12:2–4) certainly does

On New Kingdom Bes jars, see also Aston 1998:398. It should be noted here that in his detailed study of Egyptian Bes vessels, Kaiser repertories one New Kingdom Bes jar of this precise type (NK1) at Memphis/Kom Rab’ia (Kaiser 2003:137–138, Cat. 3). 11  I address my thanks to V. Yarmolovitch for allowing me to use her helpful reconstruction of this Bes vessel. 12  Red and black linear motifs on closed shapes made of Marl A fabrics are particularly common in Upper Egypt at that time. See for example at Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:112, fig. 50:l). 9 

13  On these and the cobra clay figurines in New Kingdom settlements, see in particular Szpakowska 2003. I am grateful to D. Aston for this reference. 14  For the carinated dishes with black painted band at Memphis, Kom Rab‘ia, Levels V and IV, see Bourriau 2010:57, 97, type 4.5.2, figs. 12, 23; at Qantir in the early Eighteenth Dynasty, see Aston 1998:86, no. 1; and Karnak, Eighteenth Dynasty see, Jacquet-Gordon 2012:122–123, fig. 54:w-z.

10 

19

Kom Tuman II extend into the later Twentieth or even Twenty-First Dynasty, if not later (e.g. Aston 1996a:60, Phase I, fig. 189a; Laemmel 2012:31, 33, pls. 22:125–126, 24:132).

Saqqara, Eighteenth Dynasty: Dunsmore 2014:265, fig. 18. Pl. 7:3 (VII.D10/0005/021) Nile B2, red slip out and inside rim; d. rim 27.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith late Eighteenth Dynasty: Dunsmore 2014:264, no 40. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twenty to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:156, no. 231, pl. 26.

Non-containers and specialised vessels of the New Kingdom are represented by stands and bread moulds. The first of the two stand fragments (pl. 13:1) belongs to the high-footed variety, examples of which are known from Qantir (Aston 1998:180, 270, no. 902), Saqqara (Bourriau et al. 2005:28, no. 70, figs. 10, 59) and Amarna (Rose 2007:44, SD 3.2 (34–36). The other one (pl. 13:2) is thicker and coarser and has a knife-cut standing surface. Contrarily to the pot-stands, tubular bread moulds of New Kingdom type are evidenced by a surprising quantity of rims, body sherds and bases (pl. 13:3–6). These are similar to the narrow bread moulds of the Middle Kingdom but have rounded or pointed bases and are particularly common in temple assemblages (Jacquet-Gordon 1981:19–21; Rose 2007:142–144, Types HC 2.1-HC 2.4). In spite of their relative frequency here, all these fragments should be considered as vestigial from older phases.

Pl. 7:4 (VII.B12/0007/016) Nile B2, red slip out and inside rim; d. rim ca. 30.0 cm. Parallel: Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twenty to TwentyFirst Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:156, no. 234, pl. 27. Col. pl. 2:1 (VII/0009) Nile B2, pink slip out, blue and black painted bands and triangular pattern; d. max. pres. 17.4 cm. Parallel: Amarna, Eighteenth Dynasty: Rose 2007:105, SH11 (451).

Closed shapes Funnel neck jars; Nile silt fabrics

Col. pl. 2:2 (13/0046/035) Nile B2, pink slip, red, blue and black painted decoration; d. max 18.5 cm.

Pl. 7:1 (VII.F9/Pit 9/011/007) Nile B2, red slip out and inside rim; d. rim 13.0 cm. Parallels: Amarna, Eighteenth Dynasty: Rose 2007:110, type SH20 (481). Karnak, late Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside: JacquetGordon 2012:205, fig. 83:c-d.

Col. pl. 2:3 (14/0006/008) Nile B2, pink-cream slip, blue and black paint; d. max. pres. 28.2 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, late Eighteenth Dynasty: Dunsmore 2014:264, 270, figs. 17, 42. Thebes, West Bank, KVA, late Eighteenth Dynasty: Takahashi 2016:197, fig. 5:2. Thebes, Tomb of Merneptah, Nineteenth Dynasty: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:147, no. 67, pl. 173.

Pl. 7:2 (07/0025/006) Nile D, thin pinkish orange slip out and inside rim; d. rim 18.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Levels IIIa-IIa: Bourriau 2010:51, 253, 315, Type 10.10.6, 10.14.4, figs. 51, 66, 82. Saqqara, tomb of Meryneith, mid- to late Eighteenth Dynasty: Dunsmore 2014:272, no. 50. Saqqara, late Eighteenth to early Nineteenth Dynasties: Aston-Green 2005:109, pl. 117:55. Saqqara, Tomb of Horemheb: Bourriau et al. 2005:38–40, fig. 53:104. Qantir, QIV, Ramesside Levels: Aston 1998:192, no. 574. Karnak, late Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside period: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:137, 138, 202, figs. 61:c, g, 81:f. Thebes, Tomb of Merneptah, reign of Ay to Merneptah: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:148, no. 64, pl. 7. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:156, no. 228, pl. 25.

Col. pl. 2:4 (07/0060/004) Nile B2, pink slip out, blue paint; h. pres. 3.0 cm. Perhaps same vessel as 07/0060/005. Parallels: Saqqara, New Kingdom burials N-W of Teti’s pyramid, dated to the Eighteenth Dynasty: El-Khouli and Kanawati 1984:71, S83:65, pl. 45. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twenty to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:156, no. 230, pl. 26. Col. pl. 2:5 (07/0060/005) Nile B2, pink slip out, blue paint and fluted decoration; undetermined diameter; h. pres. 5.1 cm. Perhaps same vessel as 07/0060/004. Col. pl. 2:6 (07/0003/055) Nile B2, white slip, blue paint; h. pres. 3.4 cm. Col. pl. 2:7 (07/0056/017) Nile B2, pink slip, blue and black painted decoration, linear motifs; undetermined diameter; h. pres. 3.2 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, late Eighteenth Dynasty: Dunsmore 2014:272, fig. 51.

Col. pl. 1:11 (07/0008/0040) Nile B2, white slip out, blue paint out; d. rim 21.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Level IIIb: Bourriau 2010:156, Type 10.16.6, fig. 40. 20

The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period Col. pl. 2:8 (07/0085/006) Nile B2, cream slip, red, black, and blue painted figurative motif; d. body ca. 20.0 cm.

Storage jars/meat jars; marl fabrics Pl. 8:4 (14/0054/013) Marl A, pink fabric, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 31.4 cm. Parallels: Karnak, end Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside, Marl A2: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:183, fig. 72:g. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses VII, Twentieth to TwentyFirst Dynasty: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:163, no. 382, pl. 44.

Pl. 7:5 (14b/0001/066) Nile B2, red slip, black painted pendant petals; d. max. pres. ca. 30.0 cm. Beer jars; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 7:6 (15/0045/011) Nile B2, uncoated; d. base 8.2 cm. Parallel: Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses VI, Twenty to TwentyFirst Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:159, no. 291, pl. 35.

Pl. 9:1 (15/0049/011) Marl A, uncoated; d. rim 32.0 cm. Pl. 9:2 (14/0010/016) Marl D, white slip; d. rim 23.0 cm. Parallels: Qantir, QIV, Stratum Bb, Seti II/TauseretSethnakhte/Ramesses II, mixed fabric, cream slip: Aston and Pusch 1999:50, no. 72. Karnak, end Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside, Marl A2 and A4: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:182–183, fig. 72:d-e.

Other jars; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 7:7 (07/0003/006) Nile E, thin self-slip out; d. max. pres. 10.3 cm. Pl. 7:8 (13/0039/013) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Parallels: Tell Hebwa, Tomb 6, no. 1, early Eighteenth Dynasty: Aston 1996b:182–183, pls. 4:13, 7:28. Karnak, late Eighteenth Dynasty-Ramesside: JacquetGordon 2012:205, fig. 83:g. Dra Abu el-Naga, Eighteenth Dynasty: Seiler 2005:152, Falttafel 7:9–11.

Pl. 9:3 (07/0032/002) Marl D2, thick white slip out; d. rim 22.4 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Level IIIa: Bourriau 2010:209, 211, Types, 11.15.12, 11.15.15, figs. 54–55. Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, late Eighteenth to Nineteenth Dynasty: Dunsmore 2014:267, no. 32. Amarna, Eighteenth Dynasty: Rose 2007:130, MF 1.4 (600). Karnak, end Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside, Marl A2 and D: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:183, fig. 72:h. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasty, Marl A2: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:157, no. 272, pl. 32.

Pl. 7:9 (14/0001/214) Nile B2, red slip, blue paint (traces); d. rim 14.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara Tomb of Meryneith, Nineteenth Dynasty: Dunsmore 2014:274, no. 63. Pl. 7:10 (07/0003/020) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Levels IV-IIb: Bourriau 2010:103. 247, Type 9.5.1, figs. 26, 64. Qantir, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:344, no. 1185. Qantir, Area IV, late Ramesside: Laemmel 2008:179, no. 7, pl. 1. Amarna, Eighteenth Dynasty: Rose 2007:82, SF1.1 (304–308). Karnak, late Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside period: Jacquet to Gordon 2012:203, fig. 82:c.

Amphorae; marl fabrics Pl. 9:4 (14/0032/002) Marl F, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallels: Karnak, late Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside, Marl D: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:185, fig. 73:k. Thebes, West Bank, Tomb of Merneptah, Ay-Merneptah: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:145, no. 13, pl. 2. Pl. 9:5 (07/0003/028) Marl F, uncoated; d. rim 14.7 cm. Parallels: Qantir, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:514, 516, nos 2061, 2065, 2069. Karnak, late Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside, Marl D: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:187, fig. 73:y.

Bes jars; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 8:1–2 (15/0026/006) Nile B2, pink slip, red paint, hand-modelled applied relief: mouth with protruding tongue); d. pres. ca. 12.0–13.0 cm (reconstruction by V. Yarmolovitch). Parallel: Deir el Medineh, kom south of Workmen village, Twentieth Dynasty: Kaiser 2003:129, Cat. 19.

Pl. 9:6 (16/0009/014) Marl D, white slip; d. rim 15.3 cm. Pl. 9:7 (16/0025/033) Marl F(3), uncoated; d. max. 24.0 cm.

Pl. 8:3 (13/0042/005) Nile B2/C, red slip, traces of white coating and blue paint; d. body ca. 23.0 cm. Parallels: unknown provenance and Deir el Medineh, probably Ramesside: Kaiser 2003:144–145, 129–130, Cat. 8, 13, 30.

Pl. 9:8 (16/0009/023) Marl F, uncoated; d. base 5.8 cm. Parallel: Amphora “Type C1”, Ramesses II: Aston 2004a:195–197, fig. 11a. 21

Kom Tuman II Pl. 10:1 (15/0067/019) Marl D, white slip, pre-firing pot-mark drawn on wet slip: ankh sign; d. max. pres. 16.5 cm. Parallel: Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses VI, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston, Aston and Brock 1998:160, nos 310–311, pl. 36. For the potmark, at Qantir on Marl D storage vessels, Ramesside period: Ditze 2007:430–431, nos 213–214.

Parallels: Karnak, Eighteenth Dynasty, import: JacquetGordon 2012:156, fig. 69:q. Thebes, Tomb of Merneptah, Ay to Merneptah: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:147, no. 38, pl. 4. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:158, no. 283, pl. 34. Pl. 10:9 (07/0074/003) equivalent to Qantir fabric IV.07.12 (Aston 1998:71), thin red slip; h. pres. 5.2 cm. Post-firing incised mark on top of handle. Parallel: similar pot marks are found on a Late Bronze I jar from Tell Hebwa in association with material dated to the early Eighteenth Dynasty: Aston 1996b:186, pl. 10:48.

Pl. 10:2 (05–06/0057/020) Marl B(?), uncoated; d. rim 14.8 cm. Parallels: Karnak, late Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside, Marl D: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:112, 187, figs. 50:m, 73:y. Funnel neck jars; marl fabrics

Pl. 10:10 (14b/0006/017) equivalent to Qantir fabric IV.07.08, uncoated; d. pres. ca. 27.0 cm. Parallel: Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twentieth to Twenty to First Dynasties, fabric IV.07.08: Aston,

Pl. 10:3 (VII.D-10/0005/028) Marl A4, red slip in and out; d. rim 20.0 cm. Pl. 10:4 (07/0002/003) Marl A4, pink surface, uncoated; d. rim 31.0 cm. Parallels: Karnak, Eighteenth Dynasty, Marl A2 and A4: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:113, fig. 50:n, p. Kom Rabi‘a, Level IV: Bourriau 2010:116, Type 10.10.8, fig. 30.

Aston and Brock 1998:158, no. 286, pl. 34. Open shapes Dishes with direct or out-turned rim; Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 2:11 (14/0032/014) Nile B2, red slip on rim; d. rim 27.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, tomb of Meryneith, late Eighteenth to Nineteenth Dynasties: Dunsmore 2014:268, no. 37. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:153, no. 141, pl. 15. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses VII, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:161–162, nos 344–347, 349–353, pl. 41.

Col. pl. 2:9 (07/0137/013) Marl A4, cream slip, red, blue and black painted decoration; undetermined diameter; h. pres. 4.0 cm. Jug Col. pl. 2:10 (13/0049/039) Marl A, white slip, red and black paint; d. max. pres. 16.8 cm. Large pilgrim flasks; marl fabrics Pl. 10:5 (13/0063/040) Marl D, white slip out and in rim; d. rim 16.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, late Eighteenth Dynasty to Ramesside, Marl D, white slip: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:187, fig. 73:x.

Pl. 10:11 (14/0045/027) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 22.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Eighteenth Dynasty, Thuthmosis III: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:99–100, fig. 44:q.

Pl. 10:6 (16/0009/015) Marl D, thick white slip; d. rim 18.0 cm.

Pl. 10:12 (13/0041/105) Nile B2, red slip in and out, burnished; d. rim 27.0 cm. Parallels: Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV (KV2), Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:150–151, nos 96–99, pl. 10.

Canaanite jars; imported fabrics Pl. 10:7 (13/0035/065) imported fabric, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallels: Karnak, Eighteenth Dynasty, import: JacquetGordon 2012:156–157, fig. 69:s. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasty: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:158, no. 281, pl. 34.

Pl. 11:1 (07/0002/004) Nile C, red slip in; d. rim 39.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Levels IV-IIa: Bourriau 2010:144, 185, 295, Type 1.8.4, figs. 21, 36, 47, 77. Qantir, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:118, 124, 128, 156, nos 134, 206–207, 249, 370. Thebes, Tomb of Merenptah: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:146, no. 21, pl. 3.

Pl. 10:8 (14/0010/013) imported fabric, sandy, pink-beige, illdefined grey core, dark grey at centre, grey rounded pebbles (abundant), smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. 22

The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period Pl. 11:2 (07/0003/034) Nile C, red slip in and out; d. rim 33.0 cm. Pl. 11:3 (VII.B12/0007/062) Nile B2, self-slip, d. rim 29.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Level IIb-IIa: Bourriau 2010:237, 299, Type 3.10.2, figs. 61, 78.

Col. pl. 3:3 (14/0001/216) Nile B2, cream slip, black, red, and blue paint; d. rim 40.0 cm. Parallel (for shape only): Qantir, QIV, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:370, nos 1303–1304.

Pl. 11:4 (14/0010/033) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 20.0 cm.

Col. pl. 3:4–5 (13/0035/077) Marl A, red slip in and out, black paint; d. rim 36.0 cm. Parallels: Thebes, West Bank, KVA, late Eighteenth Dynasty, marl fabric, red slip with only black paint on the rim: Takahashi 2016:196, fig. 2:8. Karnak, Eighteenth Dynasty, Marl A2, red slip, black paint: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:104–106, figs. 46:t, 47:c, e. Thebes, Temple of Merneptah, Amenophis III-Akenathen, in Nile D fabric, with black on red decoration: Aston 2008:66, no. 95, pl. 7. Same location, Ramesses II to Merneptah, Marl A, decorated ware: Aston 2008:87, no. 257, pl. 14. Same location, temple magazines, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasties, Marl A, red slip and black paint: Aston 2008:190, 224, 256, nos 1226, 1571–1572, 1901, pls. 62, 79, 95.

Large carinated bowl; marl fabric

Col. pl. 2:12 (16/0009/016) Nile E, white slip, traces of blue paint; d. rim 20.5 cm. Parallels: Qantir, QIV, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:132, 372, nos 271, 1308–1311. Open vessel with flat base; Nile silt fabric Pl. 11:5 (14/0055/006) Nile E, uncoated; d. base 8.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, late Eighteenth Dynasty: Dunsmore 2014:263, no. 2. Relief vase; Nile silt fabric Pl. 11:6 (13/0040/142) Nile B2, red slip in and out; d. base 3.1 cm.

Large dishes with triangular rim; Nile silt fabrics

Small bowls with thin walls; Nile silt fabrics (some used as lamps)

Pl. 12:2 (07/0085/005) Nile B2, red slip in, string marks out; d. rim 45.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Levels IV-IIa: Bourriau 2010:94, 238, 300, Type 3.13.3, figs. 22, 61, 78. Saqqara, late Eighteenth to Nineteenth Dynasties: AstonGreen 2005:108, pl. 115:37–41. Qantir, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:160, no. 395. Amarna, Eighteenth Dynasty: Rose 2007:57, SD 2.5 (118–119). Elephantine, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasty: Aston 1999:59, 62, 64, pls. 13:379, 14:428–429, 15:453–454.

Pl. 11:8 (VII.D10/0005/016) Nile B2, red slip in and out, soot on rim; d. rim 18.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Nineteenth Dynasty, uncoated: Dunsmore 2014:275, no. 72. Thebes, West Bank, KVA, late Eighteenth Dynasty: Takahashi 2016:195, fig. 2:4. Pl. 11:9 (VII.D9-D10/0001/020) Nile B1, uncoated, blackened by smoke; d. 13.2 cm. Parallel: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a Level IIb: Bourriau 2010: 235, Type 3.7.7, fig. 60.

Pl. 12:1 (13/0041/104) Nile B2, red slip in and out, black painted band on rim; d. rim 23.0 cm.

Pl. 12:3 (07/0025/004) Nile E, red slip in and out; d. rim 50.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Levels IV-IIa: Bourriau 2010: 112, 160, 205, 260, 323, Types 3.10.7–3.10.9, figs. 28, 42, 53, 68, 85. Saqqara: Bourriau et al. 2005:37, fig. 41:95. Qantir, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:164, nos 428–447. Qantir, QIV, Level Bb, Seti II/Tauseret-Sethnakhte/ Ramesses II: Aston and Pusch 1999:48, no. 31. Amarna, Eighteenth Dynasty: Rose 2007:59, SD 5.1 (137–138). Karnak, Eighteenth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:130, fig. 54:n.

Col. pl. 3:2 (VII. B12/0007/026) Nile B2, red slip in and out, black-brown paint on rim; d. rim 19.0 cm. Large carinated or restricted bowl, Blue Painted; Nile silt fabric

Pl. 12:4 (07/0086/004) Nile B2, red slip in and out; d. rim 42.5 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Levels IV: Bourriau 2010: 100, Type 4.11.6, fig. 24.

Pl. 11:10 (VII.D10/0005/015) Nile B2, red slip in and out, black band on rim; d. rim 12.0 cm in. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a Level IIIb-IIa: Bourriau 2010:148, 302, Type 4.1.4, Type 4.1.11, figs. 37, 79. Qantir, Ramesside period: Aston 1998:112, nos 119–121. Carinated dishes with painted rim; Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 3:1 (13/0035/069) Nile B2, red slip, black paint on rim; d. rim 22.0 cm.

23

Kom Tuman II

Diagram 3: New Kingdom Shapes (estimated number of individuals).

Pl. 13:4 (15/0041/013) Nile D/E, uncoated; d. max. pres. 5.5 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Eighteenth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:143, fig. 64:d.

Qantir, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:264, nos 880–881. Thebes, West Bank, KVA, late Eighteenth Dynasty: Takahashi 2016:195, fig. 2:7. Large dish with internal rim; Nile silt fabric

Pl. 13:5 (15/0036/015) Nile E, uncoated; d. max. pres. 4.5 cm.

Pl. 12:5 (07/0077/006) Nile D, red slip out, string marks out; d. rim ca. 35.2 cm. Parallels: Memphis/Kom Rabi‘a, Levels IV-IIIa: Bourriau 2010: 98. 192, Type 4.8.3, figs. 23, 49. Qantir, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:160, 162, nos 394, 411. Thebes, Tomb of Ramesses IV (KV2), Twentieth to Twenty First Dynasties: Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998:152, no. 119, pl. 13; see pl. 12:6.

Pl. 13:6 (16/0021/012) Nile B/E, uncoated; d. max. pres. 4.0 cm. II.4 Third Intermediate Period As with the Middle Kingdom, the Third Intermediate Period at Kom Tuman is relatively poorly represented by residual sherds compared to both the Old and New Kingdoms (only 83 fragments). In spite of their modest numbers, the Third Intermediate Period sherds span the whole period from the Twenty-First Dynasty to the beginning of the Saite rule. Among the types that clearly belong to this phase are fragments of large neckless storage jars made of hard, Nile silt or mixed clay fabrics and covered with thin light-coloured slips (13/0046/041; 13/0048/001; 16/0021/019; pl. 13:7–9). Some of them still display the general shape of the marl fabric meat jars of the New Kingdom. Like them, they have a restricted mouth with thickened rim, and a wide round base but –as evidenced by better-preserved examples elsewhere – they differ in the addition of a pair of handles on, or just below the rim. They have parallels at Ashmunein and Tell Balamun in the late Third Intermediate Period, as well as at Mendes.15 They are very rare in our assemblage and it is possible that they are residual pieces of the late eighth and seventh centuries BC.

Non-containers: stands; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 13:1 (07/0077/003) Nile B2, var. 2, red slip out; d. rim 12.3 cm. Parallel: Saqqara surface finds (dated 550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:152–153, pl. 45:397. Qantir, QIV, Ramesside Levels: Aston 1998:270, no. 902. Pl. 13:2 (15/0061/050) Nile B2, uncoated; knife-cut base; d. base 7.5 cm. Parallel: Qantir, QIV, Ramesside levels: Aston 1998:180, nos 516–518. Specialised vessels: bread moulds; Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 3:7–8 (13/0035/067) Nile C sandy, uncoated; d. base 3.1 cm. Parallel: Dendera, early Twelfth Dynasty: Marchand 2012a:290, Group 38a, fig. 7.

At Ashmunein: Spencer 1993:45, type C1.34, pl. 58:34; at Tell Balamun: Spencer 1996:90–91, pl. 64.C3:5, 19; at Mendes: Hummel and Schubert 2004:147, 157, pl. Q:8.

15 

Pl. 13:3 (15/0098/009) Nile D/E, uncoated; d. max. pres. 3.8 cm. 24

The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period Parallels: Mendes, Third Intermediate Period: Hummel and Schubert 2004:147, 157, pl. O:5–11. Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, Twenty-First Dynasty: Laemmel 2012:8–9, pls. 1:5, 2:6.

The other typical storage vessel of the Third Intermediate Period identified here is a type of wide necked storage jar with handles lower down the body (15/0036/009; pl. 13:10). One rim fragment (15/0034/006; pl. 14:1) is morphologically very close to the wide mouthed amphorae of the late New Kingdom, and like them is covered with a light-coloured slip. Unlike the New Kingdom amphorae, this vessel was made of a fine, hard Nile silt fabric that is the hallmark of the Third Intermediate Period storage vessels and, in the absence of a reliable context, this feature justifies a dating in the Twenty-First rather than the Twentieth Dynasty.

Pl. 13:10 (15/0036/009) mixed fabric, light pink fabric, beige core, white specks, finely porous structure; d. rim 22.0 cm. Parallels: Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen and “Tell Centre”, Twenty-First Dynasty: Laemmel 2012:9–10, pl. 2:10–11. Amphora/large jar; Nile silt fabrics

Globular jars with straight neck and internally thickened rims, often used as cooking pots, were also placed in the Third Intermediate Period section (13/0035/023; 07/0025/029; 13/0041/085; 14/0010/001; 14/0017/005; pl. 14:2–6). Although they already appear in the New Kingdom and are still produced in the early Saite period, they are most characteristic of the Twenty-First and Twenty-Second Dynasties.16 Rim fragments of such vessels may be more common than those of the abovementioned storage jars among the material discussed here and a number of them may thus belong to the seventh, or even early sixth century BC.

Pl. 14:1 (15/0034/006) Nile B3, white slip; d. rim 18.0 cm. Parallels: Qantir, QIV, Stratum Bb, Seti II/TauseretSethnakhte/Ramesses II, mixed fabric, cream slip: Aston and Pusch 1999:49, 50, nos 49, 71. Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, “Tell Centre”, TwentyFirst Dynasty: Laemmel 2012:10–11, 15–16, pls. 3:14, 19, 7:44–45. Karnak, Treasury of Tuthmosis IV, Third Intermediate Period, Pinedjem I, Twenty-First Dynasty, Marl A5: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:235, figs. 87:a, 91:e. Karnak, Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasties: JacquetGordon 2012:247, fig. 97:b.

A few bowls with plain or out-turned rims may belong in the Third Intermediate Period, rather than the New Kingdom (13/0035/068; pl. 14:9). Besides these, some of the widemouthed open shapes illustrated in the Late Period section –and ascribed to the early Saite period– could in theory still belong to the Twenty-Second Dynasty. The same holds true for several of the funnel bases discussed later. Only two of them, with straight, steep sides ending in a simple rim, were classified as Third Intermediate Period on the basis of comparanda from Tanis (Brissaud 1987: pl. XIX:329–330, and below). Both are illustrated.

Globular jars; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 14:2 (13/0035/023) Nile B3, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallels: Tanis, “Tell Centre”, Twenty-First Dynasty: Laemmel 2012:19–20, pl. 11:65. Pl. 14:3 (07/0025/029) Nile E, thin cream slip out; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallel: Plinthine, eighth century BC: Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:8–15, fig. 6:Plin15–2056-32.

Closed shapes

Pl. 14:4 (13/0041/085) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm.

Neckless storage jars, handles on rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 14:5 (14/0010/001) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 12.5 cm.

Pl. 13:7 (13/0046/041) Nile B 3, uneven white slip out; d. rim 26.0 cm. Parallel: Qantir, QIV, Twentieth to Twenty-First Dynasties: Aston 1998:564, no. 2316.

Pl. 14:6 (14/0017/005) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 9.2 cm. Neckless jars; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 14:7 (14/0014/003) Nile B2, thin red slip; d. rim 8.0 cm. Parallels: Tanis, “Tell Centre”, Twenty-First to TwentySecond Dynasties: Laemmel 2012:11–12, pl. 4:25. Tanis, Elliptical Structure, Twenty-Second Dynasty: Defernez and Isnard 2000:166, Group 10B’, pl. IX.

Pl. 13:8 (13/0048/001) Nile B/C, uncoated; d. rim 23.5 cm. Neckless storage jars, mixed clay fabrics Pl. 13:9 (16/0021/019) mixed fabric, thick white slip; d. rim 24.0 cm.

Pl. 14:8 (16/0021/005) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Parallels: Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:45, pl. 62:D1.63. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: JacquetGordon 2012:274, fig. 110:e.

16  See for example at Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:156, pl. L:10), Memphis/Mit Rahineh (Fischer 1965:144, pl. 58:411, 414), Saqqara, Tomb of Iurudef (Aston 1991:54, no. 68), and Qantir, in Ramesside levels (Aston 1998:552, 560, 580, nos 2258, 2292, 2380).

25

Kom Tuman II

Diagram 4. Third Intermediate Period shapes (estimated number of individuals).

Plate with direct rim and round base; Nile silt fabrics

Parallel: Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, Twenty-First to Twenty-Second Dynasty: Laemmel 2012:38–39, pl. 29:163.

Pl. 14:9 (13/0035/068) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 21.0 cm; h. 2.8 cm. Parallel: El Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period to late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:44, pl. 45:14. Small dish direct rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 14:15 (15/0034/002) Nile B2, uncoated; d. base 3.6 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 base. Parallel: Tanis, “Tell Centre”, Twenty-First to TwentySecond Dynasty: Laemmel 2012:38–39, pl. 29:166.

Open shapes

Pl. 14:10 (14/0042/005) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 13.0–15.0 cm. Parallel: Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, TwentyFirst to Twenty-Second Dynasty: Laemmel 2012:27–28, pl. 17:103. Dish with everted rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 14:11 (16/0032/004) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 18.0 cm. Parallel: Tanis, “Tell Centre”, Twenty-First to TwentySecond Dynasties: Laemmel 2012:26, pl. 16:93. Karnak, Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:237, fig. 9:2. Wide mouth bowl/jars; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 14:12 (13/0041/077) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 26.0 cm. Parallels: Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, TwentyFirst to Twenty-Second Dynasty: Laemmel 2012:30, pl. 21:120. Pl. 14:13 (14/0014/004) Nile B2, uncoated; d. rim 21.0–22.0 cm. Funnels Pl. 14:14 (07/0119/009) Nile C, thin orange slip out, redbrown fabric, black core; d. base 5.4 cm. 26

III Late Period III.1 Egyptian Production

LP.SJ.1.i Nile silt fabrics

III.1.1 Closed Vessels

Pl. 15:1 (13/0042/002) J1/J1 Coarse, red slip; d.  rim 26.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:101–102, figs. 15i-j, 16a.

III.1.1.1 Storage jars LP.SJ.1 Storage jars with thick rims and ridges below the rim

Pl. 15:2 (07/0060/013) J1, thin cream slip out; d.  rim 26.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0101: 1 handle. Parallel: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:115, no. 46, fig. 20:2.

Large storage jars with thickened rims, either two or four handles, and occasionally ridges below the rim are perhaps the most commonly found storage vessels of the Late Period at sites throughout Egypt. They are made of coarse to medium-coarse Nile silt fabrics; their surface is often covered with a red slip, although cream-slipped and uncoated surfaces are also found. In spite of the fact that they are often discovered in a fragmentary state, they can be classified into several variants, on the basis of the shape of the rim and the profile of their upper body. It is possible that these variants represent a typological evolution of the form, from the late seventh to the sixth century down to the end of the Persian period. On the whole, they are still extremely frequent in our assemblage, but the high sherd counts of other storage jar types (in particular LP.SJ.8) suggests that they were becoming less dominant by the second half of the fifth century BC.

Pl. 15:3 (16/0007/009) J1, uncoated; d. rim 22.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q tombs, gallery A, mumification cache, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:286, q1A.P25 (S.P.779), q1A.P26 (S.P.770), pl.  S, photos 523–524. Pl. 15:4 (14/0055/001) J1, red slip; d. rim 24.0 cm. Pl. 15:5 (14/0013/001) J1, cream-pink slip; d. rim 25.0 cm. Pl. 15:6 (14/0054/002) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 23.0 cm.

LP.SJ.1.i Elongated body

Pl. 16:1 (14/0019) J1, traces of red slip, damaged surface, soot and limestone deposit out; concretions in and on break of rim; used as a buried storage jar (without the rim) for some time; d. max. 25.5 cm; h. pres. 40.5 cm.

The first variant corresponds to jars that are well known in the Twenty-Fifth and Twenty-Sixth Dynasties from the cemetery sites of the Memphis/Saqqara region, where they are often preserved in a complete state.17 They are also reported at Tanis and Kom Firin in mixed deposits going from the late Third Intermediate Period to the midfourth century BC (Laemmel 2012:55–56, pl.  45:230– 231; Spencer 2010:6, fig. 18). These vessels possess a distinctive thickened rim, sometimes out-turned, and two to four handles on or just under the mouth. The body is narrow (nearly cigar-shaped) and the base rounded or slightly pointed. Although usually recovered in a very fragmentary state, they constitute the most common storage jar type at the site.

Pl. 16:2 (14/0007/002) J1 Red, fine fabric, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm. Pl. 16:3 (14/0006/001) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d.  rim 23.0 cm. Pl. 16:4 (14/0001/193) J1/J1 Red, grey-cream self-slip; d. max. 23.0 cm; h. pres. 37.8 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0049: 1 base. Pl. 17:1 (07/0025/009+012) J1 Coarse, thin cream slip out, red-brown fabric, wide dark grey core; d. rim 30.0–33.0 cm.

17  For example, at Saqqara: Lauer and Iskander 1955:170, fig. 3; Giza: Tavares and Laemmel 2011:958–960, figs. 15–17; and Abusir: Bares and Smoláriková 2008:193, 199, fig. 56:39–41.

Pl. 17:2 (VII.D10/0005/005) J1, red slip out, brown fabric, grey core; d. rim 30.4 cm.

27

Kom Tuman II Pl. 17:3 (14b/0006/011) J1 Straw-rich, red slip burnished; d. rim 31.0 cm.

Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 16/0029: 1 handle. Parallels: Saqqara Embalmer’s caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:38, pl. 9:65. Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:102–103, fig. 16b. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, fill of pit q1, dated fifth century BC: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:262, q1.P41(S.P.866), pl. M.

LP.SJ.1.i Nile silt, estimated number of individuals Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

65*

3

0

68

5

0

0

Total

5 73

Pl. 18:2 (07/0018a/004) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 24.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 7 rims (3 est. ind.).

*Of which one near complete profile (small size, rim missing)

LP.SJ.1.ii Full body For the second group the rim is shorter, rounder, and straighter, and the departure of the upper walls show, that the body is fuller and more massive. It finds early parallels in the late Third Intermediate Period at Tell Ashmunein (Spencer 1993:45, type D1.91, pl.  63:91), but seems more common at a later date. It notably occurs at Buto in the first half of the sixth century BC (French and Bourriau 2007:115, fig. 20:2), as well as at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:18, 21, 38–39, figs. 5:63, 11:65, pls. 7, 9, and below), Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:113– 115, pl.XVII:48, 51), and at Tell Maskhuta in the fifth century BC, presumably its first half (Holladay 1982:55– 57, pl. 22:1–5).

Pl. 18:3 (07/0025/014) J1 Coarse, thin cream slip out and inside rim; d. rim 34.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0063: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:38, pl. 7:63. LP.SJ.1.ii Nile silt, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

16

3

1

20

X

3

0

0

3

Total

They also compare to the numerous storage jars discovered at Abusir in the corridors of the late sixth to early fifth century BC tomb of Menekhibnekau (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:87–99, amphorae I-LXIX, LICCXXXI, CCXXXIII-CCCI, CCCIII-CCCXXII). Several of these contained material used in connection with the mummification process and bore inscriptions that identified them as such (Janák and Landgráfová 2011).

23

LP.SJ.1 Bases; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 18:4 (13/0001/013) J1/J1 Coarse, red slip; d.  max. pres. 11.7 cm. Pl. 18:5 (14/0047/008) J1/J1 Coarse, red-pink slip; d. max. pres. 11.2 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 1 base; 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0092: 1 base. Parallel: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:38, pl. 9:65.

LP.SJ.1.ii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 17:4 (13/0001/014) J1/J1 Coarse, red slip; d. rim 26.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:38, pl. 8:64.

LP.SJ.1 Handles; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 18:6 (07/0008/009) J1, red slip out; h.  pres. 7.3 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0014: 1 handle; 14/0045: 1 handle; 14/0046: 1 handle; 15/0065: 1 handle; 15/0073: 2 handles (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 17:5 (07/0018a/002) J1 Coarse, thin red slip out; d. rim 28 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:103, fig. 17b.

LP.SJ.1 Nile silt, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 17:6 (15/0073/017) J1, traces of thin red slip; d.  rim 24.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:86, pl. 23:200.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

54

1

0

55

X

9

0

0

9

Total

Pl. 18:1 (16/0021/003) J1, thin red slip; d. rim 22.0 cm.

28

64

Late Period LP.SJ.1 Variants

LP.SJ.2 Neckless storage jars with narrow mouth

A number of jar rims are probably best interpreted as variants of the wide mouth neckless jars discussed above. They have a much wider date range than the latter but have been gathered into a single group mainly for the sake of convenience. The majority of them may be slightly earlier than the bulk of the material and belong to the late Third Intermediate or Saite period, such as those found at Abu ‘Id (Aston 1996c:24, nos 18–19, pl. II) and Hermopolis (see parallels below).

These Nile fabric jars are only preserved as rim fragments. They are morphologically close to the first neckless storage jar type described above, but they are clearly not as well attested as the latter. Although their rim profiles show a great deal of variations, ranging from a simple, barely thickened rim to a gully rim, they probably all had an elongated body and rounded base and they all have a relatively narrow mouth opening (under 20.0 cm in diameter). The majority of them seem to have been produced in the micaceous or hard-fired Nile silt fabrics that are most typical of the end of the Late Period and of the Ptolemaic period.

At the other end of the chronological spectrum, one example at least, made of a hard J1 fabric and with modelled rim, probably belongs to a straight-sided storage jar of the end of the Late or the Ptolemaic period (see parallels below).

LP.SJ.2 Nile silt fabrics

LP.SJ.1 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 19:3 (07/0025/022) Micaceous J1, uncoated, redbrown, light grey core; d. rim 12.1 cm. Parallels: Tell Maskhuta, Saite: Holladay 1982:54–55, pl. 12:15. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: JacquetGordon 2012:274, fig. 110:b.

Pl. 18:7 (13/0063/023) J1/J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 35.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0017: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:45, type D1.107, pl. 64:107. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: JacquetGordon 2012:275, fig. 110:n.

Pl. 19:4 (VII.D10/0003/021) J1 Hard, red slip d.  rim 16.0 cm.

Pl. 18:8 (13/0035/009) J1, red slip; d. rim 22.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 8 rims (4 est. ind.).

Pl. 19:5 (15/0022/015) J1, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0028: 1 rim.

Pl. 18:9 (13/0055/013) J1, uncoated; d. rim 29.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0032: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:105, fig. 18d. Tell Ashmunein, Site W, low levels, Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:45, types C1.17, C1.19, 21, 34, pl. 58:17, 19, 21, 34.

Pl. 19:6 (14/0006/005) J1 Hard, grey core, over-fired, blackened surface, uncoated(?); d. rim 16.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim. Parallel: Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, Late Period: Laemmel 2012:56, pl. 46:233. LP.SJ.2 Nile silt, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 19:1 (15/0109/002) J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.6 cm. Parallel: Plinthine, eighth century BC: Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:8–15, fig. 7:Plin15–2055-10.

Area

Pl. 19:2 (15/0067/011) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 21.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 14/0021: 1 rim; 14b/0006: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:105, fig. 18f. Tebtynis, early third century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:149, pl. 69:660. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: JacquetGordon 2012:272, fig. 108:l.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

23

0

0

23

X

4

0

0

4

Total

2003–2013

Surface

Total

3

2

0

5

X

2

0

0

2

Total

7

LP.SJ.3 Storage jar with globular body and out-turned thickened rim These neckless storage jars with wide body, restricted mouth, and thickened rims are uncommon in the Memphite region and at northern Egyptian sites and they only occur here in seven examples, mostly in marl clay fabrics. They are somewhat more frequent in the south of the country and at least sixty-nine sherds were linked to this shape at Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:262, fig. 104:f).

LP.SJ.1 Variant, Nile silt, estimated number of individuals

VII

2013–2016

VII

LP.SJ.3 Nile silt fabrics

27

Pl. 19:7 (13/0001/022) J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.2 cm. 29

Kom Tuman II LP.SJ.3 Nile silt, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Persian period on the basis of the Elephantine material, although some (his Marl Group III) go back to the seventh century BC (Aston 2007:426–427, Marl Groups III-V). The majority of the rims from Kom Tuman do not have the very sharp moulding found on the Third Intermediate and late Third Intermediate Period examples at sites such as Tell Ashmunein (Spencer 1993:45–46). Only one example from our assemblage, made of a Nile silt fabric, can be compared to these earlier shapes.

1

LP.SJ.3 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 19:8 (14/0001/184) K5, pink fabric, grey core, limestone-rich, uncoated; d. rim 15.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim (mixed fabric).

LP.SJ.4 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 19:9 (14/0017/003) K5, pink fabric, cream surface, well-smoothed, uncoated; d. rim 18.1 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0067: 1 rim.

Pl. 19:10 (14/0032/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.4 cm. Parallel: Tell Ashmunein, Nile silt fabric, mainly Level 1 (late Third Intermediate Period): Spencer 1993:45, type D.82, pl. 63:82.

LP.SJ.3 Marl and mixed clay, estimated number of individuals

LP.SJ.4 Nile individuals

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

6

0

0

6

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Area

6

silt

fabrics,

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

0

0

6

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.SJ.4 Neckless or short neck storage jars with convoluted rims and narrow mouth

estimated

of

6

LP.SJ.4 Marl clay fabrics Small size:

These jars are typically Upper Egyptian. They are particularly well-known from the region of Qena/Luxor and travelled widely throughout the country. They have cigar-shaped or pear-shaped bodies of a variety of sizes, a pair of vertical side handles, and round bases. They were mainly made in marl fabrics but were also sometimes ‘imitated’ in Nile silt wares. The marl fabrics used for their production are usually very homogeneous in nature and appearance, fine and hard, and allowing for the manufacture of thin-walled, large shapes. Only a few sherds of possible related variants are made of coarser marl fabrics (see below).

Pl. 19:11 (13/0041/070) mixed, pink-beige, homogeneous, sandy fabric, white slip; d. rim 9.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 5 rims (5 est. ind.). Parallel: Tebtynis, third century BC (silt fabric, identified as possible Levantine import): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:149, pl. 69:659. Pl. 19:12 (15/0008/007) K5, brown break, grey-brown surface, uncoated (blackened); d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0007: 1 rim; 15/0067: 1 rim.

The type first appears in the Third Intermediate Period, in the late eighth century BC, and continues, with some morphological variations all the way down to the early Ptolemaic period (Aston 2007:426–427; Masson 2011:272–273, figs. 20–27).18 It is not overtly frequent amongst our assemblage, mirroring the situation at Tell el Herr, in the late phase of the first Persian occupation (Defernez 2001:251). Furthermore, it seems to be altogether absent from the Saqqara New Kingdom necropolis in the late Saite to Persian period.

Pl. 19:13 (14/0054/007) K5, no core, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 9.5 cm. Parallels: El Ashmunein, Late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:45–46, type E1.61, pl. 65:61. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: JacquetGordon 2012:257, fig. 101:g. Medium to large size: Pl. 19:14 (13/0049/017) K5, grey, uncoated; d.  rim 13.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 rim; 15/0080: 1 rim. Parallel: Abydos, Late Period: Knoblauch and Bestock 2009:234, fig. 9e.

The examples of rim shapes illustrated here mostly belong to the neckless varieties, dated by Aston to the 18  However, they are strikingly absent from the Ptolemaic levels overlying the treasury of Thutmosis I at Karnak.

30

Late Period Pl. 19:15 (13/0041/026) K5, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 9 rims. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:261, fig. 103:e.

Pl. 20:11 (16/0029/001) K5, pink fabric, uncoated; d. max. 17.5 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 base. Pl. 20:12 (VII.B12/0007/051) K5, greenish, grey core, uncoated; d. max. 11.3 cm.

Pl. 20:1 (07/0014/017) K5, pinkish fabric, no core, greyish cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 rims (1 min); 13/0025: 1 rim. Parallels: Karnak, Priests’ quarter, Late Period: Masson 2011: 273, fig. 20. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth Dynasty to Ptolemaic period: Béout et  al. 1993:164, fig. 7:3; Jacquet-Gordon 2012:258, fig. 101:m.

Variant base: coarse marl clay fabric Pl. 20:13 (VII.B12/0019/005) K6, coarse, greenish grey fabric, no core, uncoated; d. max. pres. 8.5 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 base LP.SJ.4 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 20:2 (15/0039/016) K5, hard fabric, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 20:3 (15/0024/006) K5, dark pink fabric, white speckled, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.7 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:260, fig. 103:d.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

45

4

1

50

X

12

0

0

12

Total

62

LP.SJ.5 Storage jar with short neck and handles on shoulder

Pl. 20:4 (14/0017/002) K5, pink, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.7 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim; 15/0061: 2 rims; 15/0065: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:261, fig. 103:f.

These jars form a very coherent typological group and are easily identifiable by the distinctive profile of their neck and rim, as well as by the ribbing on their body. They often present a slight relief ridge on the shoulder, and as a whole closely resemble Levantine jars of the fifth and fourth centuries BC (Maeir 2002:239, fig. 1:7; Stern 1982:104, Type F1, fig. 142). At Kom Tuman, they are predominantly made of what appears to be a mixed clay fabric,19 although some were produced in J1 and J1 Red, covered by a red or thin cream slip. In spite of the fact that their large, relatively thin-walled body may make them prone to breaking, several were recovered as large fragments or near complete vessels in Square VII. Some formed part of well-preserved assemblages excavated before 2013, which also included the bottles and jars with elongated and pear-shaped body (LP.J.5; LP.J.4) and the dishes and plates with low carination (LP.O.9), discussed below. Several of these jars also bear post-firing incised or inked marks and inscriptions on the body, often at shoulder height or near the base. All of these were identified as hieratic and were deemed consistent with a date in the fifth century BC.

Pl. 20:5 (15/0052/008) K5, sandy, dark pink fabric, grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 20:6 (07/0008/029) K5, pink fabric, greyish beige core, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 handle. Parallels: Mendes, Late Period: Hummel and Schubert 2004:146–147, 156, pl. G:6. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth Dynasty to Ptolemaic period: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:256–257, fig. 101:b. Pl. 20:7 (14b/0001/025) K5, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm. Pl. 20:8 (15/0061/043) K5, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 14.2 cm.

While they are conspicuous in some of the contexts of the Kom Tuman excavation, they are not nearly as visible elsewhere. They probably correspond to a type known from Defenneh found in the same context as the oftcited Chian amphora whose sealing was impressed with an Amasis cartouche (Petrie 1888:64, pl.  XXXIII:3). At Abusir, the same jars occur in a small Saite shaft east of the shaft tomb of Iufaa, also in association with painted Chian amphorae (Smoláriková 2007:192, fig.3, right, photo 1).

Variant: coarse marl clay fabric Pl. 20:9 (13/0040/074) coarse K5, sandy, green marl, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Priests’ Quarter, Ptolemaic period: Masson 2011:279, fig. 66. Bases; marl clay fabrics

19  This fabric was originally identified as an import, but this was revised in view of the many similar jars found in Nile silt and of the evidence from Saqqara, Abusir, and Tell Defenneh.

Pl. 20:10 (13/0049/021) K5, grey fabric, uncoated; d. max. pres. 17.2 cm. 31

Kom Tuman II Pl. 21:2 (VII.D9-D10/0001/003) J1, cream slip out; d. rim 12.7 cm.

At the same site, another two examples were found among the late sixth to early fifth century BC (i.e. post-Saite) embalming deposits of the tomb of Menekhibnekau (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:147, 151, figs. 196, 210). Until recently, they were notably absent from the Persian period corpus from Tell el-Herr, but a complete vessel made of an Egyptian greenish marl clay fabric was recently published from that site as a unicum (Defernez and Marchand 2016:136, fig. 8). Besides being well-preserved, this piece bears two inscriptions on the body, one in Demotic and one in Greek. It was interpreted as a copy of a Levantine jar and dated to the late fourth century BC.

Pl. 21:3 (07/0018b/007) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d.  rim 9.0 cm. Pl. 21:4 (07/0022/005) J1 Red, cream slip out; d.  rim 10.6 cm. Pl. 21:5 (13/0055/009) J1 Red, uncoated, clay surplus scraped off outside; d. max. 20.8 cm. LP.SJ.5 Nile individuals

The only site from which these jars are reported and published in significant quantities is the Late Period embalmers’ caches of the New Kingdom necropolis in North Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:37–38, 86, 152, pls. 4:59, 5:60, 6:61, 7:62, 23:197–198, 44:394, 50–51), to which can be added a single Nile silt neck from the Louvre excavation at the same site (Lecuyot et  al. 2013:261, q1.P36 (S.P.8540, pl.  M). Beside a few parallels listed by Aston and Aston, other possible examples can be mentioned from the sacred lake of the Temple of Khonsu at Tanis (Brissaud 1987: pl. XIX:324) and from Mendes in mixed Late Period contexts (Hummel and Schubert 2004:146–147, 156, pl. G:25).

Area VII X Total

silt

2013–2016 5 2

fabrics,

2003–2013 5 0

estimated

Surface 0 0

number

of

Total 10 2 12

LP.SJ.5 Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 21:6 (03–04/0117/006) Mixed 9, uncoated; d.  rim 10.9 cm. Pl. 21:7 (VII.F9/Pit 9/004) Mixed 9, uncoated (probably same vessel as VII.F9/Pit 9/005); d. body 25.3 cm.

Jars of this type may be morphologically related to south Palestinian vessels of the Persian period, but all of the examples from Kom Tuman appear to be of Egyptian manufacture. Moreover, although their production certainly continued in the Persian period, as suggested by the finds from the Saqqara caches, the examples from Defenneh and Abusir mentioned above demonstrate that they were present at Egyptian sites already in the pre-Persian levels of the first three quarters of the sixth century BC.

Pl. 21:8 (13/0035/072) Mixed 9, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Col. pl. 4:3–4 (03–04/0117/017) Mixed 9, uncoated; h. pres. 11.0 cm. Post-firing incised inscription out. Col. pl. 5:1–2 (04–05/0099/010) Mixed 9, uncoated; incised mark on shoulder; d. rim 10.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0039: 1 rim.

As stated above, several of these jars at Kom Tuman, in particular those made of the mixed fabric, bear post-firing incised pot marks and inscriptions in hieratic script. The preliminary reading of these inscriptions suggests that most of them were names of individuals.

Col. pl. 5:3–4 (05–06/0101/001) Mixed 9, uncoated, postfiring incised inscription on shoulder; d. rim 11.7 cm. Pl. 21:9 (VII.B12/0019/007) Mixed 9, white slip out; d. rim 12.0 cm.

Besides the diagnostic fragments of these mixed fabric storage jars, a few sherds bearing similar incised inscriptions and pot marks were collected in the 2003– 2004 season (col. pl. 4:3–4; col. pl. 6:1–12). Most of them belong to the Mixed fabric 9. One differs only by a sandier and grittier appearance and may have belonged to an actual import (col. pl. 6:5–6).

Col. pl. 6:1–2 (03–04/0114/001) Mixed 9, uncoated; h. pres. 6.9 cm. Post-firing incised inscription out. Col. pl. 6:3–4 (03–04/0114/004) Mixed 9, uncoated; h. pres. 9.3 cm. Post-firing incised inscription out.

LP.SJ.5 Nile silt fabrics

Col. pl. 6:5–6 (03–04/0114/005) gritty marl or import(?), uncoated; h.  10.3 cm. Post-firing incised pot mark out.

Col. pl. 4:1–2 (07/0152/014) J1 Red, thin red slip on upper part of external surface, post-firing incised mark on body; d. rim 12.6 cm; d. body est. 27.0 cm; h. est. 47.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 6:7–8 (03–04/0114/002–003) Mixed 9, uncoated; h. pres. 11.4 cm. Post-firing incised inscription out.

Pl. 21:1 (07/0119/007) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.9 cm.

A complete example of the type in a Nile silt fabric was recovered at Heracleion (personal observation, June 2021).

32

Late Period Col. pl. 6:9–10 (03–04/0114/014) Mixed 9, uncoated; uncertain diameter, h. pres. ca. 8.0 cm; Post-firing incised inscription out.

Parallels: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:274, fig. 110:c. Mendes, fourth century BC: Hummel and Schubert 2004:146, 156, pl. G:14.

Col. pl. 6:11–12 (03–04/0138/004) Mixed 9, uncoated; uncertain diameter, h. pres. ca. 4.7 cm. Post-firing incised pot mark out.

LP.SJ.6 Nile individuals

Pl. 22:1 (03–04/0140/002) Mixed 9, uncoated; d.  body 30.8 cm.

Area

LP.SJ.5 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8*

6

0

14

VII BS with pot-mark

1

22

0

–

X Total

1

0

0

1 15

silt

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

14

1

0

15

X

1

0

0

1

Total

of

16

LP.SJ.7 Necked storage jars with modelled neck The short, cordoned neck and the thick rim of this jar type is characteristic of the late Persian and early Ptolemaic periods. It figures among the pottery assemblage of the end of the Late Period, especially in the north of the country (Aston and Aston 2010:183–187, fig. 48, lower left; French and Bourriau 2018: 217, fig. 46b). It is commonly found at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:319– 320, pl. LXX:200–201), Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:146–147, 156, pl. G:26), Tanis (Laemmel 2012:57, pl. 47:237), Tell Timai, and as far south as Tebtynis (see parallels below) and Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:276, fig. 111:f).

*Of which one complete body

LP.SJ.6 Storage jars with restricted mouth and thick rim These Nile silt jars have a thick and short rim and sometimes a series of grooves at the passage from the rim to the body. These characteristics are distinctive of a fifth century BC pottery tradition, as is the red slip that often covers them. With only the rim preserved, it is uncertain whether they had handles or not, as both handled and handle-less varieties are known, from the late TwentySecond Dynasty (Laemmel 2012:49, pl.  38:204; Spencer 1993:45, type D1.19, pl. 61:19), the Saite period (Holladay 1982:51–52, pl.  4:2), the first Persian period (Aston and Aston 2010:86, pls. 23:199, 55) and from the late fifth to early fourth century BC (Aston and Aston 2010:183–187, fig. 48, second row, on right). They also find parallels in the Persian period at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:316, pl. LXIX:196).

The body shape of these jars is very similar to the jars of the preceding type (LP.SJ.6) and, like them, they can be confused with the short-necked, thick rim cooking vessels that will be discussed below (LP.J.3.iv). LP.SJ.7 Nile silt fabrics Variant a: short neck Pl. 23:2 (VII.B12/0007/015) J1 Coarse, dark red slip; d. rim 19.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 6 (3 est. ind.).

When only the rim is preserved they can easily be confused with the short rim cooking pots of the late fifth and fourth century BC (LP.J.3.iv, see below), which however were of smaller capacities.

Pl. 23:3 (13/0001/015) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 17.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims; 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0043: 1 rim.

LP.SJ.6 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 23:4 (13/0040/106) J1, red slip; d. rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 rims. Parallels: Tell Timai, late fourth to early third century BC (cooking vessel): Hudson 2016:92, fig. 12:60. Tell el-Balamun, Temple of Amun, TG1, fifth century BC: Spencer 1999:29, pl. 26:12.

Pl. 22:2 (15/0003/014) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 17.4 cm. Parallel: Tell Balamun, Late Period: Spencer 1996:91–92, pl. 67.C6:82. Pl. 22:3 (07/0022/013) J1 Red, thin red slip out; d.  rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 23:5 (16/0015/056) J1 Straw-rich, matte red slip; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0094: 1 rim.

Pl. 23:1 (14/0001/196) J1, uncoated; d. rim 13.7 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 7 rims (3 est. ind.). 33

Kom Tuman II These jars were generally made of marl or mixed clay fabrics. In some cases, the marl fabrics are absolutely identical to those used for the finer versions of the Egyptian amphora shapes (see below, AM/EG/M). For example, the K5 fabric of the storage jar 15/0032/006 (col. pl.  7:1–2) looks exactly the same as that of the Egyptian amphora fragment 15/0043/022 (pl.  195:5). However, in general, these jars are relatively thin-walled, slipped, and were also produced in fine marl and mixed wares in smaller sizes (see below, LP.FW.J.11).

Variant b: narrow mouth, short neck Pl. 23:6 (13/0039/008) J1 Hard, red slip, white paint; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims. Parallel: Tebtynis, early second century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:148, pl. 69:655. Pl. 23:7 (13/0039/009) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 8 (est. ind. 3); 14/0001: 8 rims (4 est. ind.). Parallel: Tebtynis, early third century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:148, pl. 69:652.

The marl and mixed clay versions with ring-bases are often associated with embalmers’ activities. Those found in the Memphite necropolis often held remnants of mummification materials (French and Bourriau 2018:166–167).20 However, their presence in settlement contexts at Kom Tuman, as well as at Tanis (Brissaud 1987: pl. XVIII:306), strongly suggests that they were not restricted to a mortuary use and also had their place in the domestic sphere.

Pl. 23:8 (15/0039/020) J1, pink-orange slip; d.  rim 10.8 cm. Variant c: high, wide neck Pl. 23:9 (16/0003/022) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 16.2 cm.

LP.SJ.8 Nile silt fabrics

Internal parallels: 13/0046: 2 rims. Parallel: Tell el-Herr, Phase V: Defernez 2001:320, pl. LXX:201.

Pl. 24:2 (13/0073/007) J1, uncoated; d. rim 13.0–14.0 cm. Pl. 26:3 (14/0001/197) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d.  rim 14.6 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0014: 1 rim. Parallels: Tebtynis, second century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:122, pl. 56:519 (tentatively identified as table amphora); also, Tebtynis, early Ptolemaic: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:147–148, pl. 68:650.

Pl. 23:10 (13/0039/027) J1, white slip; d. rim 18.0 cm. Pl. 23:11 (13/0039/026) J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm. Variant d: high neck relief below rim Pl. 23:12 (15/0022/014) J1, white slip out and in neck; d. rim 13.0 cm.

Pl. 24:4 (14/0063/001) J1, pink slip, horizontal stroke on wet clay on body; d. max. 23.0 cm; h. pres. 6.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim, 1 shoulder (2 est. ind.); 15/0061: 4 handles (2 est. ind.); 16/0007: 1 shoulder. Parallel: Saqqara Maya shaft i (Late Period), marl fabric with white slip: Aston and Aston 2010:143, pl.  40:344 (contained plaster for closing the loculi in which the Late Period burials were placed).

Pl. 24:1 (15/0028/008) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d.  rim 15.5 cm. LP.SJ.7 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

28

1

0

29

X

6

0

0

6

Total

Pl. 24:5 (14/0060/004) J1, red slip above and white slip below shoulder; d. max. pres. 27.5 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic (red slipped): French and Bourriau 2018:92, fig. 13a.

35

LP.SJ.8 Storage jars with carinated shoulders

LP.SJ.8 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Unlike the great majority of the other pottery types from Kom Tuman, these jars are best identified on the basis of their body shape and not their rim. They are characterised by a carinated shoulder, sometimes enlivened by a relief cordon or incised grooves, small vertical – occasionally ribbed – handles on the sides, and a straight, short neck with band rim. A well-preserved example made of a Nile silt fabric shows that the shape could occur in association with a rounded base, although, as suggested by parallels from Saqqara, ring bases might have been the norm (see parallels below). They had a short, wide neck and an externally thickened rim.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

37

0

0

37

X

22

0

0

22

Total

59

20  They have counterparts in southern Egypt, where marl fabric ringbased jars were also used for mummification activities (e.g. Laemmel 2013:232–233, figs. 28–33). However, in contrast to the Memphite jars, these are neckless or have a very short neck and a rounded, rather than carinated shoulder.

34

Late Period figs. 18–21). Like those from Kom Tuman, these jars have roughly finished red or black-coloured surfaces but unlike them, were always covered by a fugitive white slip. The latter is not apparent on any of the examples listed here. Only one of them is covered by a red slip.

LP.SJ.8 Marl clay fabrics Colour pl. 7:1–2 (15/0032/006) K5 (or possibly mixed fabric), pink, finely porous, fine sand, ochre, faint beige core, cream surface, uncoated; d. max. ca. 28.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0067: 1 shoulder; 15/0098: 1 shoulder. Parallels: Saqqara, tomb of Maya, reused shaft i (Late Period), marl, white slip burnish: Aston and Aston 2010:142, pl. 40:342. Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period, Nile silt fabric: Dunsmore 2014:282, no. 104.

LP.SJ.9.i Necked storage jars; Oasis fabrics Pl. 25:1, colour pl. 7:3–4 (15/0009/006) Oasis fabric, bipartite, pink out, beige in, coarsely smoothed surface, red slip; d. max. pres. 33.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 handle; 15/0022: 1 handle; 15/0039: 1 handle.

Pl. 24:6 (15/0030/009) K5, finely porous light pink-beige fabric, white self-slip in and out, polished horizontally; very smooth surface; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic (red slipped): French and Bourriau 2018:166–167, fig. 31b.

Pl. 25:2 (13/0042/015) Oasis fabric, pink break, large limestone inclusions and red ochre, grey core, dark grey surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 32.5 cm. Pl. 25:3 (15/0039/009) Oasis fabric, red-orange porous break, some large air holes, no core, decomposed limestone, some black rounded minerals (probably ochre), coarsely smoothed surface, clay lumps, uncoated; d. rim 12.8 cm.

LP.SJ.8 Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 24:7 (15/0049/006) beige mixed fabric, thick red slip burnish; d. rim 11.0 cm.

LP.SJ.9.i Oasis clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 24:8 (15/0005/020) beige mixed fabric, uncoated; d. max. pres. 23.7 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC) K8, white slip burnished: Aston and Aston 2010:102, pl. 33:299.

Area

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

12

0

1

13

X

5

0

0

Total

2003–2013

Surface

Total

4

0

0

4

X

2

0

0

2

Total

LP.SJ.8 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

VII

2013–2016

VII

6

LP.SJ.9.ii Neckless storage jar; Oasis fabric Pl. 25:4 (15/0028/005) Oasis fabric, fine, bipartite, dark grey in, beige-pink out, fine sand, small white and black grits, uncoated; d. rim 18.7 cm.

5 18

LP.SJ.9.ii Oasis clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.SJ.9 Oases storage jars The jars entered in this section are made of Oases fabrics, most probably from Kharga. They are considered as part of the Egyptian repertoire, albeit imported from another region, just like the Upper Egyptian marl wares. While Oases kegs are well-known for the Late Period (see below), much less has been reported on storage vessels made of typical Oases clay fabrics, either from the Oases themselves, or from other Egyptian sites.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

1

III.1.1.2 Large pilgrim flasks and kegs LP.PF.1 Large pilgrim flasks and kegs

Two types of Oases storage jars were identified at Kom Tuman, one broadly classified as neckless and the other as necked. Sherds of the necked type suggest that the jars had a wide body with a pair of vertical handles on the sides and a medium-high neck with folded rim. The jars of the second type also had a folded rim, but a greater mouth diameter with the handles attached directly under the rim. Similar jars were recovered at Kharga in fifth and fourth century BC contexts (Marchand 2007a:491–492,

Large pilgrim flasks and kegs (also called siga) were typical products of the Oases at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and in the beginning of the Late Period. Although somehow related, the two differed by their technology and shape. Pilgrim flasks were made of two bowl-like shapes that were joined together at the rims. The kegs, on the other hand, had a barrel-shaped body that was turned in one piece (but in two stages), like the body of a sausage 35

Kom Tuman II jar (Hope 2000:195). The two ends were closed in the same way as a jar’s round base, but the body was then placed horizontally instead of vertically. In both cases, the neck was inserted through an aperture cut out on the side of the body. Pilgrim flasks generally bore a pair of small handles, usually reaching from neck to shoulder. Handles only occur on kegs that belong to the earliest part of the production (see below).

Parallel: Saqqara, Late Period, Oasis fabric: French and Bourriau 2018:174–175, fig. 34f. LP.PF.1.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Only one example here is identifiable as a real pilgrim flask. It is made of a marl clay fabric and bears riling marks on the body similar to those found on an Oasis flask from Tomb 58 at the ‘Ein Tirghi cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis (Hope 2000:196, fig. 1a). It also looks very similar to a large flask from Arad, Stratum VI, dated to the seventh to early sixth century BC (Singer-Avitz 2002:158, Fl 3, fig. 22, col. pl. 8:3).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

1

LP.PF.1.i Large pilgrim flasks; Oasis fabrics Pl. 25:5 (07/0003/003) Oasis fabric, very dense yellowishpink fabric, light grey core, red slip out; d. neck 7.2 cm; d. max. pres. 15.0 cm. Parallels: ‘Ein Tirghi cemetery site in the Dakhla Oasis, dated to the fifth to fourth centuries BC: Hope 2000:191, 200, fig. 4g.

The other sherds illustrated here are all made of Oases clay fabrics. Those with small handles at the junction of neck and body are most likely the earliest examples and relate to types known at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty at Ayn Manwir (Rougeulle and Marchand 2011:443–445, fig. 8). The handle-less examples, which are also more frequent here, belong to the high-necked kegs that are most typical of the Late Period (Marchand 2007a:491; Aston 2007:441–442; Rougeulle and Marchand 2011:443–445).

Pl. 25:6 (13/0040/141) Oasis, black slip; d.  max. pres. 4.9 cm. Parallels: Ashmunein, Levels 2–1 (late Third Intermediate Period): Spencer 1993:46–47, types K1.27, 29, pl. 72:27, 29. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: JacquetGordon 2012:287, fig. 118:j-k.

One of the kegs at Kom Tuman is preserved as a complete vessel. It was discovered within a compact layer of brick material east of Wall [259], itself east of the massive north-south Wall [30]. In addition to being complete, this keg bears two oval stamps impressed before firing on each side of its shoulder. One of them is unfortunately not really legible but the other depicts the body of a (reclining?) feline-like creature, presumably a cat, lion or a sphinx. To my knowledge, only one other stamped Oasis keg has been published from an Egyptian site so far, coming from a surface collection made at the settlement mound of ‘Ein el-Azizi in the Dakhleh Oasis. This stamp shows the image of a walking cat in a double rectangular frame. It was tentatively connected to the Oasis cult of the cat goddess Bastet and dated to the Persian period or slightly later (Kaper 2000).

LP.PF.1.i Oasis clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

1

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2

LP.PF.1.ii Kegs; Oasis fabrics Pl. 26:1, colour pl. 9:1–4 (15/0111) Oasis fabric, bipartite, white speckled, wide grey in, thin red out, red surface in and out, thin white slip out unevenly applied, stamps on shoulder; d. max. 37.0 cm; length front 24.5 cm. Parallel: Elephantine, Persian period (not stamped): von Pilgrim 1999:139, fig. 50. Elephantine, Persian period (not stamped), House G: Aston 1999:240–241, pl. 75:2089–2090.

Without taking the stamp into consideration, our complete keg finds a good parallel in Building G at Elephantine. This structure was dated to the Persian period on the basis of its associated material. It was interpreted as an administrative, rather than a domestic building because it yielded a high concentration of Levantine transport jars (some of which were inscribed in both Phoenician and Aramaic scripts) and one of its rooms contained Aramaic papyri fragments and scrolls (Aston 1999:232–234).

Colour pl. 9:5 (14/0001/082) Oasis fabric, bipartite, white speckled, black in, red out, grey surface; d. rim 7.6 cm. Colour pl. 9:6 (15/0045/007) Oasis fabric, pink-light beige, finely porous, quartz, limestone, black slip; d. rim 6.8 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Priests’ Quarter, Late Period: Masson 2011:283–284, fig. 91; Masson 2007:364, fig. 2:1

LP.PF.1.i Large pilgrim flask; marl clay fabric Colour pl. 8:1–2 (15/0005/013) pink-red marl, white and dark inclusions, uncoated; d. max. 32.0 cm. 36

Late Period century BC already, but is better evidenced in the Persian period. It finds parallels at Mendes in Late Period contexts (Hummel and Schubert 2004:146–147, 156, pl. G:24), at Migdol in the sixth century BC (Oren 1984:14, fig. 20:4), and at Kafr Ammar (Petrie and MacKay 1915:33–34, 36, pl. XXXIII:35), as well as at Elephantine in the late sixth and fifth centuries BC (von Pilgrim 1999:135, fig. 20:26– 29) and at Tell el Herr in phases VI and VB (Defernez 2001:143–148, 242–244, pls. XXII-XXIII, LI:139). It has been suggested that this vessel shape derives from Palestinian cooking pot types of the Late Iron Age and Persian period (Defernez 2001:146–147; Maeir 2002:239, fig. 1:6; Singer-Avitz 2002:141–144, figs. 14–15; Stern 1982:100, figs. 129–130; Stern 2007:202, fig. 5.2.4:1–8, photo 5.2.7). One such vessel, believed to be a Palestinian import, comes from a context of the second quarter of the fifth century BC at the Athenian Agora (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:225, no. 1946, fig. 18, pl. 94).

Karnak, Treasure of Thutmosis I, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:288, fig. 118:r. Colour pl. 9:7 (16/0009/013) Oasis fabric, pink-orange, no core, sand, grog, ochre, limestone, various coloured small quartz, dark grey surface in and out, slip or self-slip; d. rim 7.0 cm. Colour pl. 9:8 (15/0063/001) Oasis fabric, finely porous pink, ochre, white and black grits, black slip out; d. rim 7.1 cm. Colour pl. 9:9–10 (13/0001/016) Oasis fabric, limestonerich, dark grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 7.2 cm. LP.PF.1.ii Oasis clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6*

0

0

6

X

0

0

0

0

Total

One particular variant of the type is illustrated here. It consists of a near complete jar with relatively wide mouth, a well-defined neck, and a very large body marked by sharp bends at the base and another at shoulder height. Its general proportions, as well as its fabric and surface treatment, agree with a date in the later fifth or fourth century BC and probably borrowed from Palestinian shapes of the sixth to fourth centuries BC (Tufnell 1953:311, pl. 93:461; SingerAvitz 1989:130, fig. 9.8:5; Singer-Avitz 2002:141, CP 8, fig. 14; pl 27:6.; Tsuf 2018:172–173, fig. 9.19:355–357; Stern 1978:32–33, fig. 5:12, 15–18). It also finds a parallel in the late Cypro-Classical period at Kition-Bamboula (Salles 1983:91, no. 336, fig. 37) and in the early Hellenistic ceramic assemblage of Tel Anafa (Berlin 1997a:85, 87, pls. 20, 77).

6

*One of which is a complete vessel

III.1.1.3 Cooking pots LP.CP.1 Handled cooking pots The most common cooking pots in Late Period Egypt are the handle-less cooking jars with short neck and narrow mouth (LP.J.3) and the squat cooking bowls (LP.O.11), some of which were fitted with a pair of small lug handles on the sides. Both types were most likely multi-functional and not all of them are stained by soot. The handled jars discussed below, on the other hand, can be considered as strictly specialized forms that were produced specifically for cooking and their shapes derive, or partly derive, from non-Egyptian models.

LP.CP.1.i Nile silt fabrics Pl. 27:1 (13/0039/005) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara tomb of Maya, reused shaft xiii, Late Period: Aston and Aston 2010:140, pl. 39:332.

As a matter of fact, the emergence of locally-made, function-specific cooking vessels in Egypt in the first millennium BC is often linked to the cultural process of hellenisation that swept the country following Alexander’s overthrow of the Persian rule. The increasing frequency of the typical Greek cooking vessels (and consequently also Greek cuisine) is one of the characteristic traits of the late fourth and third centuries BC, continuing all the way into the Roman period.

Pl. 27:2 (07/0087/036) J1 Hard, thin red slip out; d. rim 10.5 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0030: 1 rim. Pl. 27:3 (15/0061/034) J1, red slip; d. rim 16.0 cm; soot on handle; d. rim 15.8 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 rim. Pl. 27:4 (VII.B-12/0042/008) J1 Hard, fine sand, uncoated; d. rim 9.7 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:74, fig. 9a.

However, there is evidence at Kom Tuman, and elsewhere, that Greek-inspired cooking shapes started before the historical Ptolemaic period, and were already emerging during the fifth century BC, alongside other cooking wares of possible Palestinian origin.

LP.CP.1.i Variant: flattened rim, wide neck

LP.CP.1.i Handled cooking pots with plain or flattened rim

Pl. 27:5 (15/0079/001+15/0081) J1, red slip; d. rim 15.2 cm; d. body 24.2 cm; h. pres. 23.0 cm. Internal parallel: 1 rim.

This type of handled cooking pot with short, restricted neck and thickened or flattened rim probably appears in the sixth 37

Kom Tuman II Pl. 27:8 (16/0050/003) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 15.6 cm.

Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:74–75, fig. 9b. Tell Balamun, dump over First Pylon, Trench W7, probably fifth century BC: Spencer 1999:43, pl. 45b:4.

Pl. 27:9 (07/0087/034) J1 Hard, red slip out; d.  rim 14.3 cm.

LP.CP.1.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2*

2

0

4

X

5

0

0

5

Total

Colour pl. 10:1–2 (15/0100/002) J1, thin red slip, d. rim 15.0 cm; d. body 26.3 cm; h. 23.7 cm; soot out. Pl. 28:1 (16/0011/005) J1/Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 13.2 cm. Pl. 28:2 (VII.B-12/0027/015) Micaceous J1, thin red slip out; d. rim 13.5 cm.

9

*Of which one near complete profile (variant shape)

Pl. 28:3 (14b/0001/054) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 14.5 cm.

LP.CP.1.ii Cooking pots with wide neck and external groove on rim

Pl. 28:4 (15/0067/013) J1/J1 Red, red slip; d.  rim 11.5 cm.

These cooking jars have a shorter neck than the preceding type, a relatively wide mouth opening, and a groove just below the top of the rim, with two handles reaching from rim to shoulder. They have a wide globular body and a round base and are often covered with a good quality red slip. They strongly resemble Greek-type cooking vessels, but they certainly appear before the Ptolemaic period. Though unusual at other Egyptian sites, they have been reported in significant quantities and in well-preserved conditions in the Late Period assemblages from the Saqqara necropoleis.21

Pl. 28:5 (15/0061/035) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d.  rim 15.5 cm; soot in. Pl. 28:6 (15/0061/036) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d. rim 16.0 cm; soot in. Pl. 28:7 (15/0094/005) J1, red slip; d. rim 14.2 cm. Pl. 28:8 (16/0023/001) J1 Hard, thin red slip; soot out; d. rim 13.2 cm. Parallels: Saqqara embalmers’ caches and shaft (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:44, 90, pls. 13:92, 25:221.

All of the examples listed here were deemed to belong to the Persian period, but a few are also produced in the sandrich, smooth, micaceous fabric most characteristic of the Ptolemaic cooking wares.

LP.CP.1.ii Variant: modelled, out-turned rim; Nile silt fabric

Two sherds are considered as variants of this type. The first has a modelled, out-turned rim and has no handles preserved. Its shape is very close to some Ptolemaic period cooking vessels, such as those found at Tebtynis, but its fabric is still the typical Nile silt ware of the Persian period. The second is a neckless jar with handles below the rim and a globular body.

Pl. 28:9 (16/0038/001) J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.8 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:76, fig. 9e. LP.CP.1.ii Variant: handles on shoulder; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 28:10 (13/0042/004) J1, uncoated, blackened in and out; d.rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0057: 1 rim; BS.

LP.CP.1.ii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 27:7 (15/0018/003) Micaceous J1, uncoated; soot in and out; d. rim 14.3 cm. Joins with sherd from 15/0026. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 1 rim; 1 BS (1 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 1 rim; 15/0005: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0026: 3 rims; 4 handles; 4 BS (1 est. ind.); 15/0016: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0045: 1 rim; 15/0054: 2 rims, 1 handle (1 est. ind.); 15/0061: 1 rim (1 est. ind.).

LP.CP.1.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

11

2

0

13

X

20*

0

0

20

Total

For example, at the Sacred Animal Necropolis: French and Bourriau 2018:216, fig. 44g-i. 21 

*Of which one near complete profile

38

33

Late Period Pl. 29:8 (15/0043/001) J1, thin orange slip; d. rim 14.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:90–91, fig. 12m. Tell Balamun, Temple of Amun, First Pylon, fifth century BC: Spencer 1999:43–44, pl. 43:13–14.

III.1.1.4 Jars and Bottles LP.J.1 Jars with short to medium neck and band rim These necked jars are diagnostics of relatively poor value, as they could theoretically have been associated with a great variety of different body shapes. Some of them could belong to Late Period bottles, to storage jars with carinated shoulder (e.g. VII.B12/0007/025, pl. 29:9), various types of globular jars (Aston and Aston 2010:90, pl.  26:222; Petrie 1888:64–65, pl. XXV:69), or even handled vessels like small amphorae or round-mouth jugs. In the absence of better-preserved elements, they were lumped together into the following generic group.

Pl. 29:9 (VII.B12/0007/025) J1 Hard, red slip out and inside rim; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0061: 1 rim; 15/0022: 1 rim; 16/0007: 1 rim; 16/0009: 1 rim. Parallels for 13/0039/011 and VII.B12/0007/025: Saqqara, Tomb of Maya, reused shaft xiii (Late Period), storage jar with carinated shoulder: Aston and Aston 2010:140–141, pl. 39:333–334.

While an attribution to the Late Period is not jarring, some of the rims illustrated below do find parallels that are as late as the late fourth and third centuries BC.

LP.J.1 Necked jar with short neck and ribbon rim; Nile silt fabric

LP.J.1 Jars with medium neck, band rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 29:10 (13/0047/006) J1, cream-pink slip; d.  rim 11.8 cm. Parallels: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC) (slender jar): Aston and Aston 2010:85, pl. 22:193. Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:82, fig. 10t. Abu Rawash, second half of the fourth century: Pichot and Marchand 2016:255–256, fig. 8j. Similar rims are also associated with large storage jars of the Saite period: French and Bourriau 2007:115, fig. 19:7.

Pl. 29:1 (13/0039/011) J1 Straw-rich, red slip burnished; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0039: 2 rims; 13/0049: 3 rims (2 vessels); 14/0001: 1 rim; 14/0044: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0057: 1 rim. Parallels: Buto, jar with rounded shoulder, first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:111, fig. 17:2. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: JacquetGordon 2012:276, fig. 111:g.

LP.J.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

Pl. 29:2 (13/0039/012) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim ca. 15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0022: 1 rim.

Area

Pl. 29:3 (07/0079/012) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0035: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Sacred Animal Necropolis, Late Period: French and Bourriau 2018:220, fig. 46j.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

56

2

0

58

X

10

0

0

10

Total

68

LP.J.1 Jars with short neck and ribbon rim; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 29:4 (14b/0006/012) J1, pink slip, d.  rim 7.0 cm; d. body 15.0 cm; h. pres. 13.2 cm.

Marl fabric jars with short or medium neck are very rare at Kom Tuman and may go back to the earliest chronological phase of the Late Period repertoire. They are most likely of Upper Egyptian origin and find parallels in the Third Intermediate Period at Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:234–235, fig. 91:b, f) and elsewhere (see parallels below).

Pl. 29:5 (15/0109/005) J1/J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:276, fig. 111:h.

Pl. 29:11 (13/0040/073) K5 coarse or K6, sandy green marl, uncoated; d. rim 11.8 cm. Similar to Nile silt jar 13/0065/005, pl. 34:5. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim. Parallel: Abu Id, eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:32, no. 85, pl. V.

Pl. 29:6 (13/0062/002) J1, red slip; d. rim 15.0 cm. Pl. 29:7 (13/0049/008) J1, white to pink slip; d.  rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0035: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 rim.

39

Kom Tuman II Col. pl. 10:3–4 (13/0041/063) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 11.5 cm, handle scar below neck. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0026: 1 handle; 14b/0001: 5 handles (4 est. ind.). Parallel: Tell Maskhuta, Saite: Paice 1986/1987:101, fig. 7:11.

Pl. 29:12 (13/0055/021) K5, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.8 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim. Parallel: El Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period, especially late Third Intermediate Period, hard, pink fabric, yellow surface (=Marl 1 Amarna Reports): Spencer 1993:45, type E1.15, pl. 64:15.

Pl. 30:1 (15/0039/021) J1/D, cream-pink slip out, dripping down in neck; d. max. pres. 18.5 cm.

LP.J.1 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

15

0

0

15

X

1

0

0

1

Total

LP.J.2.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

16

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

25

1

0

26

X

8

0

0

Total

LP.J.2 Jars with high neck

8 34

LP.J.2.i Mixed clay fabrics

Jars with high neck are divided into three main groups here, the first with banded or plain rim; the second with a thickened, triangular rim; and the third consisting of early imitations of Aegean table or transport amphorae. These types remain rather unspecific as no complete shape is preserved, but a general dating in the Late Period has been retained for them.

Pl. 10:2 (13/0039/041) mixed, pink fabric, no core, sand quartz straw, few mica, porous, white slip; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0049: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 10:3 (14/0007/005) mixed, orange fabric, pink slip; d. rim 11.0 cm.

LP.J.2.i Jars with plain or band rim

LP.J.2.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

The jars with plain and banded rim can be easily confused with the slender bottles and jars discussed below (LP.J.5), but they differ by thicker walls and rims and also by the occasional presence of handle(s). However, like the bottles, they are made of a medium-fine Nile silt fabric and covered by a red slip. Similar shapes were produced in mixed clay fabrics as well (see below).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

8

0

0

8

X

2

0

0

Total

2 10

LP.J.2.ii Jars with high neck and triangular or rolled rim

Comparable Nile silt, red slipped jars with high neck are published from Mendes in the late Saite to Persian period (Hummel and Schubert 2004:156, pl. L:4) and from Tell el-Maskhuta in the “601 BC horizon” (Holladay 1982:53, pl. 8:5).

Jars or bottles with triangular rims (with or without handles) occur in both the Late and Ptolemaic periods. However, while they are often made of marl or mixed clay fabrics in pre-Ptolemaic times, they tend to be produced predominantly in Nile silt fabrics in later phases, up to the Roman period. This is certainly the case at Tebtynis, from where only Nile silt examples are published (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:106–107, 111–113, pl. 48:427–431, pl.  52:464–472). A similar picture can be gathered from Naucratis/Kom Hadid in early third century levels, where only three marl examples were found against forty-four Nile silt ones (Berlin 2001:39, 122, fig. 2.37:1–14).

LP.J.2.i Nile silt fabrics Pl. 29:13 (13/0039/014) J1 Hard, red slip burnished; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0064: 1 rim; 14/0001: 4 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 29:14 (07/0003/035) J1 Hard, thin red slip out and in rim; d. rim 10.2 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 rim.

LP.J.2.ii Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 29:15 (14/0001/199) J1 Hard, pink slip; d. rim 10.8 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 7 rims (4 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 4 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Saqqara Embalmers’ caches and shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:49, 86, pls. 16:111, 23:196.

Pl. 30:4 (13/0040/072) K5, dark pink, porous fabric, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 13 rims (9 est. ind.); 14/0001: 5 rims (2 est. ind.) Parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:312, fig. 129:w.

Pl. 29:16 (14/0007/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. 40

Late Period Pl. 30:5 (16/0015/023) K5, green fabric, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm.

fig. 8), Mendes (Allen 1982:20, pl.  XVI:4, 6; Hummel and Schubert 2004:156, pl.  L:1–2), Tanis (Chauvet and Marchand 1998:345, fig. 16), Migdol (Oren 1984:14, figs. 10, 20:2–3), Tell Hebwa (Defernez 1997a:38, pl. I:10), and Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:130–142, 237–241, pls. XXXXI, XLIX, L; Gratien 1997:72, pl. IV:8–381). The Kom Tuman examples (estimated at 169 individuals), as well as finds from the Saqqara caches, demonstrate that these jars occur in abundance in the Memphite region (Aston and Aston 2010:45, 90–91, 151, pls. 13:93–94, 26:224–226, 44:388; French and Bourriau 2018:87–89, 216–217, figs. 12d-f, 45g-k; Lecuyot et  al. 2013:15, F7.P14 (S.P.607), pl. A). They seem significantly scarcer in the Nile valley, but are reported from Kafr Ammar (Petrie and Mackay 1915: pl. XXX:7).

Pl. 30:6 (14b/0010/003) K5, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 9.6 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:165, fig. 30i. Pl. 30:7 (13/0041/025) K5, homogeneous pink, no core, cream white surface, decomposed limestone, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 30:8 (VII.B-12/0007/053) K5 coarse or Straw Marl, greenish fabric, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm.

When preserved below their rims, they often bear soot traces on their bodies, suggesting a use as cooking pots. However, these marks are not ubiquitous, and in all likelihood these containers fulfilled more than one function in the household, from cooking vessels to water jars. Furthermore, the body fragments of such a jar from [15/0098] (not illustrated), covered with a red slip, bear residues linked to high temperature technology, suggesting that they could also have been used in the glass or faience production workshops evidenced at the site.

Pl. 30:9 (15/0105/007) K5, finely porous, white-cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Pl. 30:10 (16/0015/022) K5, pink fabric, no core, ochre, few vegetal temper, cream to light pink surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. LP.J.2.ii Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 30:11 (13/0039/042), pink mixed fabric, pink slip; d. rim 12.4 cm.

Several variants of the shape occur here, some forming clearly distinct groups. Those with thickened rims (LP.J.3.ii) belong to the late fifth and fourth century BC. They compare to a cooking pot from Phase IVA at Tell elHerr (Defernez 2012:40, fig. E:15).

LP.J.2.ii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area 2013–2016 VII 23 X 2 Total

2003–2013 1 0

Surface 0 0

Total 24 2 26 (+ 1 made of an uncertain fabric)

LP.J.3.i Globular jars with grooves below rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 30:12 (13/0041/082) J1, red slip; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 2 rims; 13/0041: 9 rims (4 est. ind.); 14/0045: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0005: 1 rim.

LP.J.3 Globular jars Nile silt, medium to large size globular jars with short rims and rounded bases, which were most commonly used as cooking pots, were produced in several variants over a long period of Egyptian history. They are certainly related to the globular jars/cooking pots with high neck and internal rim of the late New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (see above, p. 25, pl. 14:2–6).

Pl. 30:13 (13/0041/084) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 30:14 (13/0049/010) J1, thick red slip; d. rim 10.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0001: 8 rims (4 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:45, pl. 13:93.

The most typical variant has a short, straight, thin-walled neck, often decorated with ribs or cordons, and is, as a rule, covered with a red slip.22 It can be considered as one of the hallmarks of Egyptian Late Period pottery assemblages, especially in the north of the country. It is very well represented at Tell Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:51, 55–57, pl.  2:3, pl.  25:10–14; Paice 1986/1987:100,

Pl. 31:1 (16/0032/002) J1, red slip; d. rim 8.5 cm. Pl. 31:2 (13/0049/009) J1, pink slip; d. rim 9.4 cm. Pl. 31:3 (13/0041/079) J1, red slip; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 4 rims (2 est. ind.).

It has also been suggested that these cordons might not have been purely decorative. Paice argued that they were perhaps intended for securing a rope tied around the neck of the vessel for transport or suspension (Paice 1986/1987:100). 22 

Pl. 31:4 (15/0045/008) J1, red slip; d. rim 8.5 cm. 41

Kom Tuman II Pl. 31:14 (15/0034/001) J1, pink slip; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Pl. 31:5 (15/0036/001) J1, red slip burnished, d.  rim 9.7 cm.

Col. plate 11:5 (15/0067/012) J1 Straw-rich, red slip, black soot on rim; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 15/002: 1 rim.

Pl. 31:6 (16/0003/052) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 7 rims, 1 shoulder (3 est. ind.). Parallels: Thonis-Heracleion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:143, fig. 7.10:9. Plinthine, US 2200, sixth century BC (used as cooking pot): Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:16– 18, fig. 11:Plin14–2200-7.

Pl. 32:1 (16/0003/047) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d.  rim 12.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0039: 1 rim; 16/0015: 4 rims, 4 shoulders (5 est. ind.).

Pl. 31:7 (VII.B-12/0042/005) J1 Hard, red slip out; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Pl. 32:2 (14/0060/002) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d. rim 8.0 cm; soot out and in rim.

Pl. 31:8 (14/0054/003) J1, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm.

Pl. 32:3 (16/0003/091) J1 Straw-rich, thin red slip; d. rim 12.6 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:148, pl. 43:366.

Col. pl. 11:1–2 (16/0048) J1, red slip; d.  rim 8.8 cm; d. body 19.0 cm; h. 21.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0101: 1 rim; 16/0040: 1 near CP (rim missing).

Pl. 32:4 (13/0035/016) J1, thin red slip; d. rim 11.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0065: 1 rim.

Pl. 31:9 (07/0014/002) J1, red slip; d. max. pres. 14.0 cm.

Pl. 32:5 (13/0047/002) J1, red slip; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0047: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:274, fig. 110:g.

Pl. 31:10 (15/0100/004) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 31:11 (14/0063/005+14/0063/006) J1, red slip; d. rim 0.5 cm; d. max. pres. 28.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0044: 1 rim; 15/0052: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 shoulder; 16/0029: 1 shoulder. Parallels: Saqqara embalmers’ caches and surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:45, 151, pls. 13:94, 44:388.

Pl. 32:6 (14/0006/004) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d.  rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 32:7 (15/0026/014) J1, red slip; d. rim 12.8 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0026: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0086: 1 rim; 15/0097: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Ashmunein, late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:45, type D1.27, pl. 61:27.

Col. pl. 11:3–4 (16/0047) J1, red slip; d.  rim 9.0 cm; d. body 23.7 cm; h. 28.5 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0083: 1 near CP (missing rim); 16/0015: 1 rim.

Pl. 32:8 (15/0047/002) J1, red slip; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0047: 1 rim.

LP.J.3.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

49*

2

0

51

X

13*

0

0

13

Total

LP.J.3.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

64

*Of which 2 complete profiles or complete vessels

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

31

0

0

31

X

14

0

0

14

Total

LP.J.3.ii Globular jars with sloping neck; Nile silt fabrics

45

LP.J.3.iii Globular jars with short, everted neck; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 31:12 (13/0041/081) J1, red slip; d. rim 8.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 8 rims (4 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0001: 1 rim; 15/0022: 1 rim.

Pl. 32:9 (13/0040/113) J1, red slip; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 4 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 31:13 (13/0035/015) J1, red slip; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0035: 7 rims (4 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 32:10 (15/0030/011) J1 Straw-rich, thin pinkorange slip; d. rim 8.8 cm; soot out and in (used as cooking pot). 42

Late Period Pl. 32:11 (15/0061/039) J1, red slip, soot out; d. rim 8.1 cm.

LP.J.3.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 33:1 (15/0098/002) J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 9.6 cm. Parallel: Tell Balamun, Temple of Amun, fifth century BC: Spencer 1999:43, pl. 44:14.

Area

Area

silt

fabrics,

estimated

Surface

Total

1

0

14

X

4

0

0

4 18

LP.J.3.v Other globular jars; Nile silt fabrics

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

0

0

8

X

3

0

0

3

Total

2003–2013

13

Total

Pl. 33:2 (15/0061/038) J1, red slip; d. rim 11.0 cm. LP.J.3.iii Nile individuals

2013–2016

VII

of

Pl. 34:3 (07/0035/002) J1 Red, cream slip out and inside rim; d. rim 10.3 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0007: 1 rim. Parallels: Plinthine, sixth century BC: Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:16–18, fig. 11:Plin13–2057-7, Plin13–2-2034–7, Plin14–2200-14 (at Plinthine most of these jars have a direct rim).

11

LP.J.3.iv Globular jars with thickened, rounded, or cuffed rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 34:4 (03–04/0138/072) J1 Red, red slip out, red painted band on rim; d. rim 12.3 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0034: 1 rim.

Pl. 33:3 (13/0001/017) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; blackened in and out; d. rim 14.0 cm.

Pl. 34:5 (13/0065/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 12.3 cm. Parallel: Tebtynis, second half of the third to early second century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:142, pl. 69:621.

Pl. 33:4 (13/0001/018) J1, uncoated; blackened in and out; d. rim 10.4 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 shoulder. Parallel: Tell el-Balamun, domestic buildings, probably Late Period: Spencer 2003:18, pl. 16:11.

Col. pl. 12:1–2 (05–06/0096/001) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated, soot out; d. rim 10.2 cm; d. body 17.7 cm; h. 21.8 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 1 rim; 16/0023: 1 rim, 2 BS (1 est. ind.) Comment: this well-preserved jar finds a good parallel in Aston and Aston’s phase A of the Late Period sequence, i.e. the early Saite period, also with a pointed base (Aston and Aston 2010:167–171, fig. 34, middle). Another similar shape is found at Buto in the “Kiln Phase”, but the neck is shorter, and the base thicker (French and Bourriau 2007:111–112, fig. 18:2). Its best parallel, however, comes all the way from Elephantine, and was found in situ in the cellar of House H, dated to the Twenty-Fifth and early Twenty-Sixth Dynasties (von Pilgrim 2005:62, fig. 13d). Unlike the pot from Kom Tuman, none of these comparanda appears to have been used as cooking pots.

Pl. 33:5 (13/0055/007) J1 Straw-rich, red slip; d.  rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 33:6 (15/0098/007) J1, blackened surface; d.  rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 33:7 (13/0042/003) J1, red slip; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0040: 1 rim. Pl. 33:8 (16/0025/014) J1 Straw-rich, red slip, soot out (used as cooking pot), neck made separately; d. rim 12.2 cm. Pl. 33:9 (14/0001/011) J1, thin red slip, soot out; d.  rim 12.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 rim.

Pl. 34:6 (14/0006/002) J1, hard, uncoated; d. rim 12.5 cm.

Pl. 33:10 (07/0056/003) J1 Hard, thick red slip, pale brown fabric, wide grey core; d. rim 11.8 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0044: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 34:7 (13/0045/006) J1, red slip burnish; d.  rim 9.0– 10.0 cm; soot in.

Pl. 34:1 (13/0035/017) J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 5 rims (3 est. ind.).

Pl. 34:9 (15/0067/014) J1/J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 12.5 cm.

Pl. 34:8 (14/0042/003) J1, red slip; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Pl. 34:10 (13/0063/025) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim.

Pl. 34:2 (15/0061/040) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 14.5 cm; soot out.

43

Kom Tuman II 423–424; Fischer 1965:145 pl.  59:427).23 Some of them are also characterised by a pinched-in waist. As such, they are close to the general form of so-called “sausage jars” which, in a large version, already appear at the end of the Third Intermediate Period (Defernez and Isnard 2000:166, Pls. IX-X; see also below, type LP.J.6.i-iii).

Parallels: Tebtynis, early second century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:148, pl. 69:655. Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:91, pl. 26:226. LP.J.3.v Variant: ribbed neck

The smaller models illustrated here are of a type which is found instead from the Saite period onwards until the end of the fifth century BC (Allen 1982:19, pl.  XVI:2) and, apparently, into the fourth century BC (Ledain 2000:331– 333, figs. 5a-c, 11). One such jar from the Pennsylvania excavations at Mit Rahineh was found with a small Bes jar stacked inside it, and thus, like the excavation at Kom Tuman, offers evidence of the contemporaneity of these two vessel types in the Persian period (Fischer 1965:145, pl. 59:427).24

Pl. 34:11 (07/0066/005) J1 Hard, red slip out; d.  rim 14.3 cm. LP.J.3.v Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

8*

0

16

X

3

0

0

3

Total

19

*Of which one complete vessel

Nearly all of the examples illustrated here are complete or near complete vessels and come from the same pit in Square F/9.

LP.J.3.vi Globular jars with triangular rim and short neck; Nile silt fabrics

LP.J.4 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 34:12 (13/0040/111) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.5 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:277, fig. 111:k.

Pl. 34:14 (03–04/0138/075) J1 Hard, thin cream slip out; d. rim 9.1 cm.

Pl. 34:13 (13/0041/074) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.5 cm.

Col. pl. 12:3–4 (07/0110/006) J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 7.9 cm; d. body 13.0 cm; h. pres. 23.3 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:82, fig. 11c.

LP.J.3.vi Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Col. pl. 13:1–2 (03–04/0033) J1, uncoated; d. rim 7.7 cm; d. body 12.0 cm; h. 23.6 cm. Col. pl. 13:3–4 (04–05/0099/002) J1, white slip; d. rim 8.3 cm; d. body 12.3 cm.

2

LP.J.3 Uncertain sub-type, Nile silt fabrics, bases and bodies Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

0

0

8

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Col. pl. 14:1–2 (04–05/0099/004) J1, thin cream slip; d. rim 9.4 cm; d. body 15.5 cm. Col. pl. 14:3–4 (04–05/0099/001) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.4 cm; d. body 14.0 cm. Col. pl. 14:5–6 (04–05/0099/006) J1, cream slip out; d. rim 8.0 cm; d. body 13.2 cm.

10

LP.J.4 Bottles with short neck

Pl. 35:1 (13/0041/080) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 3 rims; 13/0063: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:37, pl. 4:57–58.

These bottles have a short bulge or sloping neck and an elongated body with round base. They are always made of Nile silt fabrics and are left uncoated. They are common in the Memphis/Saqqara area in the late Saite and Persian period (Aston and Aston 2010:37, 85, 139, pls. 4:55, 22:190–191, 38:325, 60; French and Bourriau 2018:82–86, 214–216, figs. 11a-o, 45a-b, e-f; Dunsmore 2014:287, no. 127; Bares and Smoláriková 2008:166, 169, 193–194, figs. 49:10–14, 50:15–16, fig. 55:1–4; Bares and Smoláriková 2011:158, fig. 214a; Lecuyot et al. 2013:260, q1.P21 (S.P.633), q1.P22 (S.P.634), pl.  L, photos

23  Those from Saqqara, in Caches 8 and especially 13, were dated by their context to the Persian period (Aston and Aston 2010:113–114). At Abusir, they were initially dated to the Saite period on the basis of the associated imports (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:163–167, 192–193), but their period of production and diffusion was later extended to about 500 BC (Bares and Smoláriková 2011). 24  From Mit Rahineh, see also, Fischer 1959:22, fig. 3:27, 32.

44

Late Period Pl. 35:2 (VII.F9/Pit 9/007) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 8.5 cm; h. 31.8 cm.

It has to be noted that some of the high cordoned necks illustrated below may also belong to bottle/jars ‘hybrids’ with fuller bodies and ring bases (Aston and Aston 2010:49, pl. 16:111).

Pl. 35:3 (VII.F9/Pit 9/008) J1, uncoated; d. body 12.5 cm; h. max. pres. 29.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/S/056/001: 1 base and body.

According to the evidence from Saqqara where these bottles are plentiful, the general type can be dated to the late sixth, or more likely still, to the fifth century BC (Aston and Aston 2010:45–48, 91–94, pls. 13:96–97, 14:98–104, 15:105–108, 27:231–240, 28:245–248; French and Ghaly 1991:117–120, figs. 81–83, 90–91, 93; AstonGreen 2005:121–122, nos 162, 165–169, pls. 132–133; French 1988:79–80, no. 2; Lecuyot et  al. 2013:426). At that time, they find parallels throughout Egypt. They are most frequent in the north of the country and the Memphite area, such as at Mit Rahineh (Fischer 1959:22, fig. 3:33), Saqqara (see above and Dunsmore 2014:281, no. 100), Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:166–168, 192–195, figs. 49:1–7, 55:6–9; Smoláriková 2009:100, fig. 25/1; Bares and Smoláriková 2011:157, figs. 121, 170, 175, 181, 185, 191–192, 199, 204–205, 213), Mendes (Allen 1982:19–21, pl. XVI:3–4), Tell Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:55–57, pl. 10:12, pl. 25:8), Migdol (Oren 1984:14, figs. 11, 20:12), Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64–65, pl. XXXIV:19, 21), Tanis (Laemmel 2012:59, pl. 49:247– 248), Thonis-Heracleion (Grataloup 2010:153, fig. 12.3:4; Grataloup 2015:150, fig. 7.10:1–2), Qedua (Hamza 1997:82–83, fig. 3:2–3), and Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:116–129, pls. XVIII-XIX), but also occur at Riqqeh (Engelbach 1915:21, pl. xxxix:113–116) and as far south as Elephantine (Aston 1999:224, pl. 69:1996).

Pl. 35:4 (VII.F9/Pit 9/020) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 8.3–8.5 cm; h. pres. 28.3 cm. Parallels: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:37, pl. 4:55. Tell Balamun, fifth century BC settlement: Spencer 1996:33, pl. 55, lower right, pl. 59:1. LP.J.4 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4

8*

0

12

X

0

0

0

Total

0 12

*Of which seven complete or near complete vessels

LP.J.5 Bottles with medium to long neck This large group includes a number of variants, which differ from each other in several ways, such as the shape of the neck, of the rim profile, the surface treatment, or the presence or absence of small lug-handles. Bodies are usually rather narrow and elongated. In spite of their differences, all of these vessels were regularly found in the same contexts – as well as in association with the jars with pear-shaped bodies (LP.J.6) and the bottles with bulge or sloping necks (LP.J.4) discussed above – not only at Kom Tuman, but also at Saqqara, for example in the embalmers’ cache 13 (Aston and Aston 2010:21–23). They may thus be considered as contemporary to one another. All variants were extremely frequent throughout Area VII, both as fragments and in complete and near complete condition. They were produced in Nile silt fabrics in the majority of cases, either in the standard J1, or in the limestone-rich J1 Red. A few examples of bottles with high neck and thickened rims are made of marl fabrics.

Exactly when their production started and when it ended is still an open question. In effect, such vessels, with either plain or simply grooved rim, were present in a foundation deposit of Aahmes (Twenty-Sixth Dynasty) under the Nebesheh temple (Petrie 1888:14–15, pls. V:11, 29, VI). Furthermore, they also already occur at the underwater site of Thonis-Heracleion, in association with late seventh to early sixth century BC (or slightly later) pottery (Grataloup 2010:151–153, fig. 12.3.4). At the other end of the spectrum, similar shapes were found in Tanis, in a series of pits whose fills were situated in the Thirtieth Dynasty on the basis of two ostraca naming Nectanebo II (Chauvet and Marchand 1998:341, 343–344, figs.11–12; Ledain 2000:331, fig. 6).25

Many of the best-preserved Nile silt specimens were found as part of a drain channel in Square VII.F-9, and another complete or near complete lot comes from Pit 9, also in Square VII.F-9. As demonstrated by the parallels listed below, such vessels are best dated to between the late sixth and the later part of the fifth century BC.

The most common variant of the type in our assemblage is that with thickened rim (LP.J.5.ii, 65 examples), followed by those with grooved rims (LP.J.5.v) and ridges below the rim (LP.J.5.iv), with 43 and 42 examples respectively. Aston and Aston (2010:112–113) claim that this Thirtieth Dynasty material from Tanis is different to the pottery found in the Saqqara embalmers’ caches and tomb shafts. However, this claim is not clearly substantiated. As far as can be judged from drawings and descriptions, several pieces published from the above-mentioned Thirtieth Dynasty context at Tanis, such as the dishes with low carination, the hemispherical bowls, and the globular jars with open neck (Chauvet and Marchand 1998:343–345, figs. 9–10, 17) are very similar indeed to those discussed by Aston and Aston at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010: Types 207, 209– 213, 225).

25 

The first five variants consist of bottles with thin walls, medium to long necks, with plain or thickened rims, relief cordons around the neck, incised ridge(s) below the rim, or modelled rims. They are often covered by a red slip and sometimes burnished; in rare instances, they are also found in white slipped versions. Instead of a simple rounded bottom, they can also display a carinated base. 45

Kom Tuman II Plain rims (LP.J.5.i) are also frequent with 40 examples. Cordoned necks (LP.J.5.iii), with 31 examples, are slightly less so. While predominantly made of Nile silt fabrics, three of these five types were also occasionally produced in marl fabrics (LP.J.5.i, LP.J.5.ii, and LP.J.5.iii). Finally, a sixth series of bottles with elongated body can be distinguished (LP.J.5.vi). These have a well-defined neck, a modelled ledge below the rim, and, sometimes, two small lug-handles on the upper part of the neck. They are also often covered by a red slip and have a surface burnish. This latter shape is rarer but finds comparisons at Abusir, where it was also ascribed to the late sixth to the fifth century BC (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:166, 168, fig. 49:X), and at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:49, pl. 16:112).

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

27

5*

0

32

X

2

0

0

2

Total

34

*Of which two complete or near complete vessels

LP.J.5.i Bottles with direct plain rim; marl clay fabrics Pl. 36:7 (13/0039/070) K5, porous fabric, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0049: 1 rim. Pl. 36:8 (14/0006/006) K5, sandy fabric, uncoated; d. rim 12.6 cm.

LP.J.5.i Bottles with direct plain rim; Nile silt fabrics

LP.J.5.i Bottles with direct plain rim; mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 35:5 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/016) J1, pink slip out; d.  rim 11.5 cm.

Pl. 36:9 (16/0014/004) mixed or K5, medium-fine, porous fabric, many decomposed limestone, white surface, thin white slip; d. rim 8.0 cm.

Pl. 35:6 (VII.D10/0001/002) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.5 cm; d. body 13.8; h. pres. 30.0 cm.

Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0008: 1 rim.

Pl. 35:7 (03–04/0138/066) J1, red slip out; d. rim 12.1 cm.

LP.J.5.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 35:8 (VII.B12/0019/009) J1, pink slip out; d.  rim 14.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 36:1 (VII.D10/0001/001) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 8.4 cm; d. body 10.8; h. 25.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 13/0044: 1 rim; 13/0073: 1 rim; 16/0043: 1 rim; 16/004: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Maskhuta, Saite Period: Paice 1986/1987:101, fig. 7:1.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

0

0

5

X

1

0

0

1

Total

6

LP.J.5.ii Bottles with ball or rolled rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 36:10 (03–04/0138/069) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.9 cm.

Pl. 36:2 (13/0035/022) J1, red slip; d. rim 14.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0055: 1 rim; 14/0010: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:48, pl. 15:109.

Col. pl. 15:1–2 (13/0021) J1/J1 Red, thin red slip out; d. rim 10.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0035: 4 rims (4 est. ind.); 13/0048: 1 rim; 15/0045: 1 base. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:89, fig. 12i.

Pl. 36:3 (13/0063/027) J1, red slip; d. rim 15.6 cm.

Pl. 36:11 (07/0014/021) J1, red slip out and in rim; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 36:4 (16/0014/008) J1, red slip burnished; d.  rim 11.8 cm.

Pl. 36:12 (16/0007/028) J1 Red, red slip; d. rim 11.0 cm; stains of blue residue in.

Pl. 36:5 (13/0047/004) J1, red slip; d. rim 8.5–9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0047: 1 rim; 13/0048: 1 rim; 15/0008: 1 rim.

Pl. 36:13 (03–04/0138/077) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.6 cm.

Pl. 36:6 (13/0046/036) J1, pink slip, eroded surface; d. rim 8.0–9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0059/001: 1 rim.

Pl. 37:1 (03–04/0138/076) J1, red slip out; d. rim 12.8 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:283, no. 109.

LP.J.5.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 37:2 (16/0025/007) J1, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm.

46

Late Period Pl. 37:14 (13/0039/084+13/0039/086) porous green-beige marl, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm; d. max. pres. 19.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004 1 shoulder; 13/0040: 1 rim; 15/0022: 1 shoulder; 15/0024: 1 shoulder. Parallel: marl jar with band rim and painted bands, Saqqara surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:157, pl. 46:422.

Col. pl. 15:3–4 (07/0130) J1 Red, pale red slip out; d. rim 9.6 cm; d. body 15.3; h. 29.8 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0032: 1 rim. Pl. 37:3 (07/0039/003) J1 Red, dark red slip out; d.  rim 11.7 cm. Pl. 37:4 (03–04/0138/078) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.6 cm. Pl. 37:5 (VII.B12/0007/050) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.5 cm.

Pl. 38:1 (13/0040/076) K5, red slip; d. rim 9.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 37:6 (07/0119/012) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 11.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 16/0043: 1 rim.

Pl. 38:2 (14/0001/180) K5, dark pink, white slip (turned pink in places); d. rim 11.3 cm. LP.J.5.ii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 16:1–2 (VII.F9/Pit 9/009) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 8.8 cm; d. body 15.5 cm; h. 1.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

Area

Pl. 37:7 (16/0015/061) J1, thick red slip; d. rim 8.5 cm. Pl. 37:8 (13/0040/112) J1, red slip; d. rim 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 rims; 13/0047: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

VII

34

X

6

estimated

number

Surface

Total

14*

0

48

0

0

6

Total

VII

10

0

0

10

X

0

0

0

0

XI

0

0

1*

1 11

LP.J.5.iii Bottle with cordon neck; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 38:3 (07/0079/015) J1, red slip out, brown fabric, no core; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0032: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:91–92, fig. 12n.

Pl. 37:11 (16/0023/002) J1, red slip burnish; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0040: 1 rim+BS; 14/0001: 8 rims (4 est. ind.). fabrics,

Surface

* Complete vessel

Pl. 37:10 (07/0060/007) J1 Red, red slip out; d. rim 7.8 cm.

silt

2003–2013

Total

Pl. 37:9 (07/0018a/014) J1, red slip out; d. rim 7.3 cm.

LP.J.5.ii Nile individuals

2013–2016

of

Pl. 38:5 (15/0008/020) J1, red slip; d. rim 8.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0065: 1 rim. Parallel: Plinthine, late Saite to Persian: Pesenti and Saleh 2018:22, fig. 7:8024.20.

*Of which four complete or near complete vessels

Pl. 38:6 (13/0063/026) J1, uncoated; d. rim 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0046: 1 rim; 13/0063: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

LP.J.5.ii Bottles with ball or rolled rim; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 38:7 (16/0001/001) J1 /J1 Red, thin white slip out; d. body 10.1 cm; h. pres. 26.5 cm.

General parallel: Saqqara Embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55, pl. 16:140.

Pl. 38:8 (13/0035/024) J1, red slip burnished; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035:1 rim; 13/0039: 1 rim; 13/0041: 1 rim; 14/0037: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0003: 1 rim, 1 neck, 1 shoulder (2 est. ind.); 15/0107: 1 neck; 16/0007: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:47–49, 93–94, pls. 14:102–104, 15:105–108, 110, 28:241–248.

Total

54

Pl. 37:12 (13/0040/077) K5, green-cream porous fabric, very smooth white surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim. Pl. 37:13 (15/0045/003) K5, pink fabric, grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 5.7 cm. 47

Kom Tuman II Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:285, no. 112.

Pl. 39:6 (07/0079/017) J1, red and white slip in and out; d. rim 8.5 cm.

LP.J.5.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 39:7 (14/0032/006) J1, uncoated; d. rim 7.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 5 rims (4 est. ind.); 15/0061: 1 rim

Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

19*

1

0

20

1

0

0

1

Total

Pl. 39:8 (13/0045/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.2 cm.

21

Pl. 39:9 (15/0041/006) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm.

*Of which one near complete vessel

Pl. 39:10 (14/0047/006) J1/J1 Red, red slip; d.  rim 9.0 cm.

LP.J.5.iii Bottles with cordon neck; marl clay fabrics Pl. 38:9 (13/0035/073) pink K5, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035:1 rim; 13/0041: 1 rim; 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0005: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55, 95–96, pls. 18:140, 29:255; see pl. 38:4, 12.

LP.J.5.iv Variant: short neck Pl. 39:11 (16/0003/112) J1, dark red slip; d.  rim 10.0 cm. LP.J.5.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant)

Pl. 38:10 (15/0041/003) K5, dense, grey fabric, no core, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Area VII X Total

Pl. 38:11 (16/0015/021) K5, pink fabric, ochre-rich, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.4 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Tomb shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:97, pl. 29:260.

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

0

0

8

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Surface 0 0

Total 40 2 42

LP.J.5.v Bottles with groove below rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 39:12 (07/0152/001b) J7, red slip burnish out; d. rim 7.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 8 rims (6 est. ind.); 13/0044: 3 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:85–86, pl. 23:194; Saqqara, Sacred Animal Necropolis, Late Period: French and Bourriau 2018:218, fig. 46d.

LP.J.5.iii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013 9º 0

*Of which one near complete vessel ºOf which 5 complete or near complete vessels

Col. pl. 16: 3 (13/0025/014) bipartite marl or mixed clay fabric, white external surface, uncoated; d. rim 6.7 cm.

Area

2013–2016 31* 2

10

Pl. 39:13 (07/0079/020) J1, red slip out, brown fabric, pink-grey core; d. rim 8.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim, 1 neck, 1 base, 3 BS (1 est. ind.).

LP.J.5.iv Bottles with modelled neck; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 39:1 (03–04/0138/074) J1, red slip out; d. rim 8.3 cm. Pl. 39:2 (07/0008/034) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0044: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 40:1 (VII.F9/Pit 9/011/014) J1, pink slip out; d.  rim 10.9 cm.

Pl. 39:3 (03–04/0138/065) J1, traces of cream slip out; d. rim 8.7 cm.

Pl. 40:2 (VII.F9/Pit 9/011/013) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 39:4 (13/0048/003) J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  rim 9.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0048: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0058: 1 rim; 16/0043: 2 rims, 2 necks (4 est. ind.).

Pl. 40:3 (07/0110/003) J1 Red, red slip burnish out; d. rim 10.5 cm. Pl. 40:4 (07/0110/007) J1, red slip burnish out; d. rim 9.0; d. body 11.3 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0031: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim.

Pl. 39:5 (13/0047/003) J1 Red, red slip; d. rim 9.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0047: 2 rims. 48

Late Period Pl. 40:5 (07/0119/010) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 9.8 cm.

LP.J.5.vi Bottles with ledge below rim, with or without handles; Nile silt fabrics

Internal parallel: 14/0032: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 17:5–6 (07/0030/005+006) J1 Red, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 7.7 cm; d.  body 16.7 cm; h.  pres. 30.7 cm.

Pl. 40:6 (07/0119/017) J7, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 7.8 cm.

Pl. 41:5 (07/0110/001) J1, red slip out; d. rim 7.5 cm.

Pl. 40:7 (07/0152/001a) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 9.6 cm.

Pl. 41:6 (07/0030/007) J1, red slip burnish out; d. rim 7.0 cm.

Pl. 40:8 (07/0119/003) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 8.5 cm.

Pl. 41:7 (07/0119/013) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 7.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:49, pl. 16:112.

Pl. 40:9 (07/0119/018) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 8.6 cm.

Pl. 41:8 (07/0030/003) J1 Red, red slip burnish out; d. rim 8.3 cm; d. body 16.2 cm; h. pres. 31.9 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 40:10 (07/0119/022) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 10.5 cm Pl. 40:11 (07/0119/011) J1 Red, red slip burnish out; d. rim 9.1 cm.

Pl. 41:9 (VII.F9/Pit 9/010) J1, red slip out; d. rim 7.2–7.8 cm; d. body 11.3 cm; h. 30.5 cm.

Pl. 40:12 (07/0110/002) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 8.5–8.7 cm.

Pl. 41:10 (VII.C9/0001/001) J1, red slip; d.  rim 8.0; d. body 11.6 cm; h. 31.4 cm.

Pl. 41:1 (07/0056/010) J1, red slip out; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 42:1 (VII.F9/Pit 9/018) J1 Red, red slip out; d. rim 7.0 cm; d. body 12.5 cm; h. 33.0 cm.

Pl. 41:2 (07/0119/021) J1, red slip out, red-brown fabric, red core; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 42:2 (07/0152/001c) J7, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 8.7 cm.

Pl. 41:3 (07/0119/019) J1, red slip burnish out; d.  rim 8.7 cm.

Pl. 42:3 (07/0022/012) J1, red slip out; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 41:4 (07/0111/006) J1, red slip burnish out; d. rim 9.7 cm.

Pl. 42:4 (07/0003/011) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.6 cm.

Col. pl. 16:4–5 (07/0152/020) J1, red slip out; d. rim 9.1; d. body 13.5 cm; h. 29.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 BS; 16/0029: 1 rim; 16/0043: 7 rims (4 est. ind.). Parallels: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, fill of well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:284, q1A. P9 (S.P.772), q1A.P10 (S.P.775), pl. Q, photos 520–521.

Pl. 42:5 (VII.D9-D10/0001/005) J1 Straw-rich, red slip out; d. rim 8.6 cm. Pl. 42:6 (07/0003/049) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.8 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 rim. Col. pl. 18:1–2 (03–04/0147A) J1, red slip low burnish; d. rim 7.4 cm; d. body 18.6 cm; h. 37.4 cm.

Col. pl. 17:1–2 (04–05/0094/004) J1, red slip burnish; d. rim 8.4 cm; d. body 11.3 cm; h. 25.3 cm.

LP.J.5.vi Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 17:3–4 (04–05/0099/005) J1, red slip burnish; d. rim 6.6 cm; d. body 11.0 cm.

Area

LP.J.5.v Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

21

20º

0

41

X

2*

0

0

2

Total

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

15*

0

20

X

0

0

0

Total

0 20

*Of which six complete or near complete vessels

LP.J.5 Bottle bases, shoulders, and necks; Nile silt fabrics

43

*Of which one near complete vessel ºOf which two complete or near complete vessels

Pl. 42:7 (13/0035/028) J1, uncoated; d. max. 10.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 7 bases (7 est. ind.). 49

Kom Tuman II Pl. 42:8 (07/0022/017) J1, red slip out; d.  max. pres. 13.0 cm.

Internal parallels: 13/0065: 1 shoulder; 15/0069: 1 neck; 16/0043: 4 necks (4 est. ind.).

Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 base; 14/0001: 4 bases.

LP.J.5 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 42:9 (VII.F9/Pit 9/021) J1, red slip burnish out; d. body 11.8 cm; h. max. pres. 19.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 42:10 (13/0047/007) J1, red slip burnished; d. base 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 bases; 13/0049: 1 shoulder; 15/0052: 1 shoulder. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:46, pl. 14:99.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

68*

8

1

77

X

8*

0

0

Total

8 85

*Of which one near complete vessel (rim missing)

LP.J.5 Bottle bases, shoulders, and necks; marl fabrics Pl. 43:8 (13/0039/085) Marl, fine white marl, smooth surface, uncoated; d. max. 11.9 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 3 necks; 13/0063: 1 neck; 13/0073: 1 neck; 15/0061: 1 neck.

Pl. 42:11 (07/0152/019e) J1, red slip out; d.  max. pres. 8.2 cm. Pl. 42:12 (VII.B12/0019/006) J1, uncoated; d. base max. 9.2 cm.

Pl. 43:9 (15/0054/002) K5, finely porous pink-green fabric, white slip burnished; d. max. pres. 13.5 cm.

Col. pl. 19:1–2 (16/0044/001) J1, thick, matte red slip, post firing perforation at base; d.  body max. 18.0 cm; h. pres. 33.0 cm.

LP.J.5 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 43:1 (07/0031/007) J1, red slip out; d.  max. pres. 8.0 cm.

Area

Internal parallel: 14/0006: 1 base. Parallel: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:285, no. 114.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

0

0

12

X

5

0

0

5

Total

17

LP.J Other necked jars

Pl. 43:2 (13/0071) J1, red slip burnished; d. body 9.5 cm; h. max. pres. 7.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 base; 13/0049: 1 base; 13/0063: 1 neck; 14/0001: 4 bases; 1 neck; 14/0010: 1 base; 16/0032: 3 bases.

The tables below account for representatives of household medium-sized necked jars that are not wellpreserved enough to be ascribed to a specific type beyond groups LP.J.1 to LP.J.5. Many of them are represented by handle fragments and could also belong to table amphorae.

Pl. 43:3 (14/0047/001) J1, thin red slip; d. max. 12.0 cm; h. max. pres. 18.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 base; 14/0001: 1 base; 16/0043: 1 BS (large).

LP.J Nile silt clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 43:4 (14/0047/007) J1, red slip; d. body 12.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 shoulder (1 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 neck; 16/0043: 9 necks (4 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:49, pl. 16:112.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

83

0

0

83

X

24

0

0

Total

24 107

LP.J. Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 43:5 (14/0014/002) J1, thin cream slip; d. body 8.0 cm; h. max. pres. 11.2 cm.

Area

Pl. 43:6 (07/0152/001d) J1, red slip burnish out; d. neck 8.5 cm; d. max. pres. 13.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 shoulders (2 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 1 shoulder.

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

45

0

0

45

X

6

0

0

6

Total

Pl. 43:7 (16/0003/092) J1, red slip burnished (wheel burnished); d. max. pres. 25.3 cm.

2013–2016

51

LP.J.6 Neckless bottles/jars with elongated to pear-shaped body 50

Late Period These jars are always made of Nile silt fabrics. Morphologically and/or technologically, they relate to bottles with long necks and, like them, are most typical of the late sixth and fifth centuries BC (see parallels below). The parallelism between the two generic types is further supported by the fact that the majority of the complete or near complete examples of both types came from the same contexts at Kom Tuman.

Parallel: Tell el Balamun, Thirtieth Dynasty: Spencer 1999:39, pl. 39:7.

The first three types (LP.J.6.i-iii) are generally made of coarser fabrics and are most often left uncoated. Some of them, in particular those that are often dubbed sausage jars (LP.J.6.ii), may show a narrowing of the body at the waist. In a larger version, these vessels with pinched-in waist are known already in the late Third Intermediate Period (Defernez and Isnard 2000:166, Pls. IX-X). In the Saite and Persian periods, they are produced in smaller sizes. Complete examples were notably found in the fort-palace of Psametik I at Defenneh (Petrie 1888:54, pl.  XXXIV:23–24) and at the Sacred Animal Necropolis at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:214–215, fig. 45c-d).

Pl. 44:4 (13/0049/011) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

The finer versions (LP.J.6.iv) are mainly defined by the presence of a relief ledge, sometimes forming a gully under the rim, but body shapes vary from globular or pear shaped to narrow and elongated. The complexity of the ledge’s profile below the rim varies considerably between individual specimens, and small lug-handles may or may not be attached under the rim. When in a fragmentary state, they usually can be distinguished from the bottles with ledge below the rim (LP.J.5.vi) by the slant of their walls.

*Of which one near complete vessel

Pl. 44:2 (13/0048/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 44:3 (13/0047/005) J1, red slip; d. rim 12.6 cm. Parallel: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:85, pl. 22:193.

Pl. 44:5 (13/0041/087) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.4 cm. LP.J.6.i Nile individuals Area VII X

silt

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

11*

0

0

11

2

0

0

2

Total

of

13

LP.6.ii Sausage jars with ball rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 44:6 (13/0039/017) J1, thin white slip; d.  rim 5.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0035: 1 rim; 13/0039: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0041: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0045: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0022: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:36, pl. 3:53. Tell Maskhuta, Saite: Paice 1986/1987:101, fig. 7:2.

Like the bottles, these jars are often covered by a good quality red slip and are sometimes burnished, usually vertically, rather than horizontally. However, as in the case of the related bottle series, coarser variants of the type were also produced (pl. 44:9–11, col. pls. 18:3–4, 19:3–4).

Pl. 44:7 (13/0040/108) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 14/0001: 12 rims (6 est. ind., 2 with white deposit in); 16/0032: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:81, fig. 10p. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:274, fig. 110:f.

Such shapes occur already at Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64, pl. XXXIV:28), but a few sherds from Tell el-Herr, dated to the end of the first Persian occupation, may belong to the same shape (Defernez 2001:236–237, pl.  XLVIII:131a131b). They are mostly known from Saqqara, in silt and mixed clay fabrics (Aston and Aston 2010:95, 151, 153, pls.  29:251, 44:384, 45:398; French and Bourriau 2018:218–219, fig. 46f-g) and Abusir, from the tomb of Menekhibnekau (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:157). Their frequency at Kom Tuman, however, is seemingly not paralleled elsewhere.

Pl. 44:8 (07/0087/023) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0063: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara Tomb of Kh’ay, Burial chamber D (Late Period): Aston and Aston 2010:139, pl. 38:326. LP.J.6.ii Nile individuals

LP.6.i Bottles/jars with everted neck; Nile silt fabrics

Area

Pl. 44:1 (16/0021/001+002) J1 Red, uncoated; d.  max. 11.0 cm (reconstructed from 2 non-joining fragments); d. rim 11.0 cm; d. body 13.7 cm; h. (est.) 27.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0038: 1 rim.

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

22

1

0

23

X

0

0

0

0

Total

51

silt

23

of

Kom Tuman II LP.J.6.iii Neckless, bag-shaped jars with plain ledge below rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 45:6 (13/0036/003) J1, red slip burnished, d.  rim 13.2 cm.

Pl. 44:9 (07/0022/011) J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 8.7 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:81, fig. 10q.

Pl. 45:7 (07/0008/019) J1, red slip out and in rim; d. rim 10.5 cm. Col. pl. 20:3–4 (07/0044/003) J1, thin cream slip out; d. rim 8.5 cm; d. body 4.2 cm; h. 9.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 1 rim; 1 BS (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 44:10 (13/0001/019) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0055: 1 rim.

Pl. 45:8 (07/0119/006) J1, red slip out; d. rim 7.8 cm.

Pl. 44:11 (14/0032/007) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim.

Pl. 45:9 (07/0119/020) J7, red slip out; d. rim 7.6 cm.

Col. pl. 18:3–4 (07/0152/013) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.2 cm; d. body 12.2 cm; h. 19.0 cm.

Col. pl. 20:5–6 (15/0041/004) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.4 cm; d. body 18.0 cm; h. (est.) 20.7 cm (+ 2 rim fragments and body sherds, probably all same vessel).

Col. pl. 19:3–4 (07/0152/021) J1 Red, uncoated, pale redbrown fabric, red core; distorted walls and opening from handling during drying process; d. rim 6.5–8.2 cm; d. body 12.9 cm; h. 20.6 cm.

Pl. 45:10 (07/0003/038) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Pl. 45:11 (07/0060/008) J1, red slip out; d. rim 9.5 cm.

LP.J.6.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4

4*

0

8

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 45:12 (07/0044/005) J1, uncoated; h. pres. 15.3 cm. Pl. 45:13 (07/0014/020) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Pl. 46:1 (07/0044/006) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 9.7 cm; d. body 17.6 cm; h. 20.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 handle; 15/0011: 1 handle; 14b/0001: 1 rim; 1 handle (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:97–98, fig. 14j.

8

*Of which 2 complete or near complete vessels

LP.J.6.iv Globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 44:12 (13/0035/021) J1, red slip; d. rim 9.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 15 rims; 6 BS (13 est. ind.); 13/0047: 4 rims (4 est. ind.); 14/0031: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 21:1–2 (07/0022/004) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 8.3 cm; d. body 16.7 cm; h. 20.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0073: 1 handle; 15/0022: 1 handle.

Pl. 44:13 (07/0022/016) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.5 cm.

Pl. 46:2 (07/0119/024) J1 Red, red slip out; d.  rim 6.8 cm.

Pl. 45:1 (16/0050/004) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 8.6 cm; d. body 13.7 cm; h. max. pres. 13.5 cm.

Col. pl. 21:3–4 (07/0044/001) J1, red slip out; d. rim 5.3 cm; d. body 9.5; h. 25.5 cm.

Pl. 45:2 (16/0021/004) J7, thick red slip, burnish in and out; d. rim 10.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0021: 1 rim.

LP.J.6.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 45:3 (13/0035/020) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0071: 1 rim.

Area

Pl. 45:4 (15/0101/001) J1, pink slip; d. rim 11.0 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

41

19*

0

60

X

4º

0

0

4

Total

64

*Of which 5 complete or near complete vessel ºOf which 2 complete or near complete vessel

Pl. 45:5 (07/0003/050) J1, red slip out; d. rim 14.0 cm. Col. pl. 20:1–2 (07/0009/002) J1, red-orange slip out; d. rim 7.3 cm; d. body 11.5 cm; h. 14.8 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0058: 1 BS (1 est. ind.).

LP.J.7 Neckless jars LP.J.7.i Small globular neckless jars with thickened rim 52

Late Period These jars have narrow mouths (with diameters oscillating between 8.0 and 12.0 cm), externally thickened rims, more or less globular bodies, and rounded bases. Their technological characteristics (fabric and surface treatment) are most distinctive of the late Saite to Persian Period, and they are predominantly found in contexts of that date. The majority are made of Nile silt fabrics, but two examples occur in marl and mixed clay fabrics as well. These are related to the contemporary fine ware neckless jars (see below LP.FW.J.3.ii). One of the Nile silt fragments illustrated here was found in Pit 9, Square F9, which can be considered as a secure closed deposit of the late sixth or the fifth century BC.

Internal parallel: 13/0049: 1 rim. Pl. 46:10 (07/0086/011) J1, red slip out; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0086: 1 rim. Pl. 46:11 (13/0001/023) J1, red slip; d. rim 11.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0048: 1 rim. Pl. 46:12 (13/0040/109) J1, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 46:13 (13/0040/115) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

They are known for the Persian period at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:246–247, pl. LII:142), but early examples are reported at Tell el-Maskhuta in the early Saite levels and the second quarter of the sixth century BC (Holladay 1982:52, 54, pls.  5:13–15, 10:5). However, published specimens from Naukratis (Berlin 2001:42, fig. 2.50:14; Coulson and Leonard 1981:30, fig. 7:15) and Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007a: fig. 37:80) suggest that they were still produced at least until the early Ptolemaic period. One variant from context [13/0063] (pl. 47:6) is made of the micaceous Nile silt fabric typical of the Ptolemaic period. Its body is narrower and its rim thicker than those of the other examples in the group, and it probably belongs to the late fourth or even early third century BC rather than any time earlier.

Pl. 47:1 (14/0001/019) J1 Hard, thin red slip; d.  rim 11.7 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0044. Pl. 47:2 (16/0009/001) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.0–12.0 cm. Pl. 47:3 (13/0040/107) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.2 cm. Pl. 47:4 (13/0041/075) J1, red slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Base Pl. 47:5 (07/0003/015) J7, uncoated; d. max. 8.0 cm.

One small, rounded base made of a fine Nile silt fabric and covered with a good quality red slip was tentatively added to this category. Coarser, unslipped examples of the type are known from Karnak in the Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties and in the Ptolemaic period (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:274, 304, figs. 110:b, f, 126:b).

LP.J.7.i Variant Pl. 47:6 (13/0063/042) Micaceous J1, fine fabric, red slip; d. rim 7.8 cm. LP.J.7.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant)

Because of their relatively small size, fine walls and, when present, the good quality of their red slip, some of these vessels may potentially be considered as fine wares.

Area

LP.J.7.i Nile silt fabrics

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

27

3

0

30

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Pl. 46:3 (13/0035/066) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 13/0047: 1 rim.

31

LP.J.7.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 46:4 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/011) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 12.0 cm.

Pl. 47:7 (14/0001/173) K2, uncoated; d. rim 11.4 cm.

Pl. 46:5 (15/0105/004) J1, uncoated(?); d. rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 47:8 (13/0046/011) mixed, beige fabric, slightly porous, red slip out; d. rim 13.0 cm.

Pl. 46:6 (13/0063/039) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm.

LP.J.7.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 46:7 (16/0007/015) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 46:8 (VII.D10/0005/017) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 46:9 (07/0087/035) J1, thin orange slip out; d.  rim 11.7 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

53

2

Kom Tuman II LP.J.7.ii Hole-mouth jars

LP.J.7.iii Neckless globular jars with wide mouth, direct, or thickened rim

These jars have mouth diameters ranging from 6.0 to 12.0 cm, direct or slightly modelled rims, sloping sides, and, presumably, an elongated to ovoid body and round base. They relate to an old Egyptian form that was already common in the New Kingdom and throughout the Third Intermediate Period (Defernez and Isnard 2000:168, pl. XII:13B). By the end of the Twenty-Second Dynasty, these jars become rarer but do not disappear completely, and Aston and Aston placed them in their Late Period Phase B1 repertoire, dated to the reign of Psametichus I, from the second quarter to the midseventh century BC onwards (Aston and Aston 2010:171– 179, fig. 37, top right). Also, while the earlier New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period examples always have a plain, direct rim, later ones usually have slightly modelled rims and are often covered by a good quality red slip, which was previously not often associated with that shape.

These jars are similar to those just discussed but are larger and are usually not as strongly restricted at the mouth opening. This last characteristic makes them look very similar to the hemispherical bowls discussed below (LP.O.11.i-iii). Like the latter some of them could have had a pair of handles on the side. They are divided into two variants. The first has a direct rim and the second a ball rim. One single marl sherd was ascribed to the hole-mouth jar group. It has a narrow mouth with simple rim and a wide, globular body. LP.J.7.iii. Variant a: direct rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 48:1 (13/0041/076) J1, red slip; d. rim 13.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/S/0048; 15/0022: 1 rim.

Saite examples of this form with plain rim, dated by the excavators to the last years of the seventh century BC, are published from Tell el-Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:52, pl. 5:11–12) and they are also known from Petrie’s work at Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64–65, pl.  XXXV:63). They were found in contexts going from the Thirtieth Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period at Tanis (Ledain 2000:332, figs. 9–10; Brissaud 1987: pl. XIV:217–218), but, in this case, could well be residual. It is indeed unclear for how long the form lasted into the sixth century, and whether or not it could have still been produced in the fifth century BC and beyond.

Pl. 48:2 (13/0035/010) J1, red slip; d. rim 16.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 4 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 48:3 (15/0105/002) J1, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Pl. 48:4 (13/0063/028) J1, uncoated; d. rim 14.2 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:74, fig. 8k.

They only occur here in Nile silt fabrics.

Pl. 48:5 (13/0035/012) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0039: 1 rim.

LP.J.7.ii Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 21:5–6 (15/0041/005) J1, uncoated; d rim 6.2 cm.

Pl. 48:6 (14/0032/008) J1, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm.

Pl. 47:9 (07/0079/018) J1, red slip out; d. rim 8.1 cm.

Pl. 48:7 (15/0098/010) J1, uncoated; d. rim 15.5 cm.

Pl. 47:10 (13/0035/013) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0063: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:73–74, fig. 8j.

Pl. 48:8 (14/0032/009) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 16.8 cm (perhaps hemispherical bowl). Pl. 48:9 (13/0042/011) J1, red slip out and in rim; d. rim 17.0–18.0 cm.

Pl. 47:11 (15/0071/001) J1, red slip; d. in rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 47:12 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/017) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 11.5 cm.

Pl. 48:10 (07/0014/025) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 20.0 cm.

Pl. 47:13 (07/0014/011) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.7 cm.

Col. pl. 21:7–8 (13/0063/030) J1, red slip; d. rim 21.0 cm.

Internal parallel:14/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 49:1 (VII.B12/0019/008) J1, cream slip out; d.  rim 21.0 cm. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:271, fig. 107:w.

LP.J.7.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

3

0

11

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.J.7.iii Variant b: thickened rim; Nile silt fabrics

11

Pl. 49:2 (14/0032/010) J7, red slip out; d. rim 15.0 cm. 54

Late Period Pl. 49:3 (07/0106/001) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 18.0 cm.

Several of the fine ware shapes illustrated in the following section are paralleled at Memphis itself by vessels found in a pottery deposit discovered east of the temple of Merneptah by Petrie (Petrie 1909b:14, pl.  xlvi). This deposit was initially dated to ca. 300 BC on the basis of imported Greek pottery. The latter consists of wheel-made lamps and a Red Figure palmette lekythos, which would equally fit a date in the fourth century BC.

Pl. 49:4 (07/0056/014) J1, thick red slip out; d.  rim 16.3 cm. Pl. 49:5 (07/0018b/003) J1, sandy fabric, uncoated; d. rim 15.5 cm. Pl. 49:6 (13/0049/013) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 14.0– 18.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 rim; 15/0022: 1 rim; 15/0059: 1 rim; 16/0038: 1 rim.

One particular feature of several of our types of fine marl and mixed clay fabrics closed vessels at Kom Tuman (but also documented at Saqqara) is that they recurrently have small, rounded perforations on their walls, on the upper or lower part of the body, or on the neck. Some were post-firing additions, but the majority of these holes were made pre-firing; some of the small jar bases even have an added spout on the lower body. The function of these apertures certainly depended on where on the vessels they were located; those on the vessels’ shoulder and neck could have served as suspension holes for strings, while those on the vessels’ lower part were probably meant to drain out the jars’ content and could be plugged up to stop the flow. Alternatively, these small holes could have served for airing out or diffusing whatever product was held inside the jars once they were sealed by a lid.

LP.J.7.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

23

5

1

29

X

0

0

0

0

Total

29

LP.J.7.iii Marl clay fabrics Pl. 49:7 (13/0039/073) K5, uncoated; d. rim 8.8 cm. LP.J.7.iii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.FW.J.1 Small fine ware jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i Small and medium fine ware jars with short neck; flat, ring or rounded/pointed base This group is made of a rather eclectic ensemble of small to medium-sized, handle-less, necked jars with ovoid bodies. Details of the shape may vary considerably from piece to piece. Bodies are usually globular but may range from squat to ovoid; bases are rarely rounded but predominantly either flat or resting on a low ring and necks are straight or everted. They were mostly made of marl fabrics, to a lesser extent of mixed clay fabrics and much more rarely of Nile silt fabrics. The few Nile silt variants of the same basic shape are in fact quite different in appearance from the marl and mixed clay vessels. This might have justified the creation of a separate typological category, were it not for the small number of individuals it includes, coupled with a low degree of standardisation.

1

III.1.1.5 Fine ware jars and juglets Small containers, probably meant to hold relatively precious commodities, such as unguents, perfume, or even spices, were predominantly made of marl or mixed clay fabrics in the Persian period. These fabrics are often denser and finer than the typical Nile silt ones and are easier to shape into thin-walled vessels. In addition, the light natural colour of the surface of these pots set them apart from the reddish brown appearance of the Nile silt fabrics that were predominantly employed for more common vessels, including coarse wares. Many of them had surfaces that were stroke-burnished to a soft sheen. This large group, together with the corresponding open shapes repertoire, has been studied by Viktoria Yarmolovich in the framework of her doctoral thesis. The results of her detailed research have partly been and will be published separately,26 but a general overview of the assemblage and types are nonetheless provided here. Besides, Nile silt was occasionally used for many of these delicate shapes. In most cases, it consists of the fine J7 fabric with a carefully finished, slipped surface.

The reference shape (with globular body and short everted or straight neck) can be dated at the earliest to the very late sixth century BC but is probably more common in the fifth century, continuing into the early fourth century BC and beyond (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:117, pl. 55:496–497). It finds good parallels in the Late Period shafts and embalmers’ caches of Saqqara, at Heralkeion in the fifth and first half of the fourth centuries BC (Grataloup 2012:170–171, figs. 4, Type 3:a-d, 5, Type 1:1, d), and at Tell Muqdam in the fifth century (Redmount and Friedman 1997:64–65, fig. 9a, top row, last to the right). Like at Kom Tuman, those from Saqqara

26  Yarmolovich 2015; Yarmolovich 2017a; Yarmolovich 2017b; Yarmolovich 2018; Yarmolovich 2019.

55

Kom Tuman II are mostly made of marl and mixed clays fabrics (Aston and Aston 2010:50–51, 53, pls. 16:116–117, 17:128–130; French and Ghaly 1991:107, fig. 30; French and Bourriau 2018:157–160, 162–163, figs. 29b, d-h, 30a-c), but Nile silt examples are also evidenced (French and Ghaly 1991:121, fig. 98).27 Jars of similar proportions, made of unspecified but probably marl fabrics, were also present as part of the above-mentioned pottery deposit located east of the temple of Merneptah at Memphis (Petrie 1909b:14, pl. xlvi:36; pl. 51:8, 10).

Parallels: Saqqara, tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:288, no. 130. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Late Period: Lecuyot 2000:240, BE.12, fig. 2.1. Thonis-Heracleion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:143, fig. 7.5:8. Col. pl. 22:3–4 (05–06/0063) K5 Fine, uncoated; horizontally scraped surface; d. rim 7.9 cm; d. body 11.0 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 9.4–9.8 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:50, pl.  16:116; see col. pl. 22:5. Saqqara, tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:288, no. 131.

Some of these jars, in particular the variants with high, flaring necks with plain or flattened rim (e.g. 15/0020/006, pl. 50:6 and 15/0041/007, col. pl. 22:6–7) are reminiscent of the small piriform jars with pointed or narrow ring base of the Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian pottery tradition.28 The latter date back to the seventh century BC, that is considerably earlier than most of the jars illustrated here, but they offer a very likely example of Mesopotamian influence on the Egyptian pottery production of the Persian period. Similarly, the squat proportions of one of the Nile silt vases illustrated here (pl. 49:9) also has echoes in the Neo-Assyrian pottery repertoire (Hausleiter 1999:33–34, fig. 16b).

Pl. 49:11 (13/0049/046) K2, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC), with round base: Aston and Aston 2010:100, pl. 31:281; see pl. 49:10. Pl. 49:12 (14/0001/242) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm.

LP.FW.J.1.i Variants: Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 50:1 (16/0025/024) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm.

Pl. 49:8 (14/0001/202) J1, uncoated; d. body 8.7 cm. Parallels: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:90, pl. 222. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:15, F7.P12 (S.P.599), pl. A, photo 33. Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:71–73, fig. 8f-g.

Pl. 50:2 (15/0026/020) K2, uncoated; d.  body 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 BS; 15/0073: 1 neck. Pl. 50:3 (13/0049/019) Green fine marl, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:53, pl. 17:128.

Pl. 49:9 (16/0023/007) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.2 cm; d. body 11.7 cm; h. 7.9 cm.

Pl. 50:4 (16/0014/003) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 2 rims; 13/0044: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0025: 7 BS (1 est. ind.).

LP.FW.J.1.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

5

0

0

5

X

3*

0

0

3

Total

Pl. 50:5 (15/0063/004) K2, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallel: Tell el Herr Phase IVA (mid to third quarter of the fourth century BC), marl fabrics: Defernez 2012:39, fig. E:12.

8

*Of which one complete vessel

Pl. 50:6 (15/0020/006) K5 Fine, red slip burnished out; d. rim 10.0 cm.

LP.FW.J.1.i Marl fabrics Col. pl. 22:1–2 (05–06/0004) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 6.7 cm. Post firing perforation near base; d.  rim 6.6; d. body 9.4 cm; d. base 3.0 cm; h. 10.4 cm.

Pl. 50:7 (13/0040/079) K5, uncoated; d. rim 9.3 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 1 rim; 16/0038: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Timai, mid fifth to mid fourth century BC: Hudson 2016:85, fig. 6:7.

27  For Nile silt precursors of the shape in the Third Intermediate Period, see also at Tell Ashmunein: Spencer 1993:46, type I1.19, pl. 70:19. 28  For example, at Nimrud in the seventh century BC and the post Assyrian period (Hausleiter 1999:18–19, 23, 33, figs. 2:4, 6:78–80, 15:b, d), as well as at Tell Halaf (Anastasio 2010:48, pl. 28:4).

Pl. 50:8 (15/0045/004) K5 Fine, uncoated, black painted band on rim; d. rim 6.8 cm. 56

Late Period Pl. 50:9 (15/0018/007) K5 Fine, beige fabric, uncoated, traces of red paint on rim; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0061: 1 rim; 15/0080: 1 rim.

Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:95, pl. 29:254. Pl. 51:7 (13/0039/069) Green fine marl, white slip; d. rim 10.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0041: 1 rim; 13/0044: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0049: 1 rim; 14/0001: 5 rims (5 est. ind.).

Pl. 50:10 (13/0025/017) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 5.3 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 BS. Pl. 50:11 (14/0001/245) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 7.5 cm.

Pl. 51:9 (15/0003/005) K2, white slip burnish; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0003: 5 rims (4 est. ind.).

Pl. 50:12 (13/0040/080) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 7.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 3 rims (3 est. ind.).

Pl. 51:11 (13/0040/078) K5 Fine, red slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0010: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 50:13 (15/0101/003+15/0101/004) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 5.0 cm; d. body 10.1 cm; h. pres. 9.5 cm; post-firing perforation near base.

Pl. 51:12 (15/0018/008) K2, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 50:14 (15/0008/011) K2, uncoated; d. rim 8.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0041: 1 rim.

LP.FW.J.1.i Variant: wide mouth; marl clay fabric

Pl. 50:15 (15/0005/034) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 rim.

LP.FW.J.1.i Variant: flattened rim; marl clay fabric

Pl. 52:1 (14/0001/243) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 13.4 cm.

Col. pl. 22:6–7 (15/0041/007) K5 Fine, uncoated, polished; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 50:16 (16/0029/004) K5, uncoated; d. rim 8.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 15/0078: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Timai, mid fifth to mid fourth century BC: Hudson 2016:85, fig. 6:8.

LP.FW.J.1.i Variant: ribbed neck; marl clay fabric Col. pl. 22:8–9 (13/0035/076) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.8 cm. Parallel: Tell Balamun, Persian period, Trench W7: Spencer 1999:43, pl. 45a:1.

Pl. 50:17 (15/0022/022) K5 Fine, uncoated/self-slip; d. rim 9.4 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0061: 1 rim.

LP.FW.J.1.i Variant: straight neck, paint on rim; marl clay fabric

Pl. 51:1 (13/0025/016) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim.

Pl. 52:2 (13/0041/029) K5 Fine, uncoated, black paint; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 rim (without paint). Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:54, pl. 17:132; see pl. 52:4.

Pl. 51:2 (15/0073/004) Green fine marl, uncoated, polished; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 51:3 (13/0063/018) K5, white slip; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara, Maya shafts and surface find, 550–400 BC: Aston and Aston 2010:97, 142, 158, pls. 29:261, 40:341, 46:429.

LP.FW.J.1.i Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 52:3 (13/0040/68) Mixed 8, uncoated; d. rim 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 51:4 (13/0040/012) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 5 rims (5 est. ind.).

Pl. 52:5 (13/0040/069) Mixed 8, uncoated; d. rim 6.5 cm. Pl. 52:6 (15/0028/004) mixed, pink fabric, cream selfslipped surface, d. base 4.4 cm; h. pres. 8.2 cm.

Pl. 51:5 (14/0001/241) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 52:7 (15/0039/010) pink-beige mixed fabric, homogeneous, no core, quartz, black grits, cream surface, uncoated; d.  rim 7.5 cm (probably same vessel as 15/0039/005, pl. 52:13).

Pl. 51:6 (14/0001/240) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm. 57

Kom Tuman II Pl. 52:8 (14b/0001/026) mixed, pink-beige fabric, uncoated; d.  rim 6.5 cm; d.  base 4.0 cm; d.  body 8.0 cm. Parallels: Memphis, Temple of Merneptah fifth century BC: Petrie 1909b:14, pl. XLVI:48, 50; see pl. 52:9–10.

LP.FW.J.1.ii Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 52:11 (14/0045/010) mixed or K5, light pinkbeige fabric, faint grey core, matte red slip out; d. rim 10.0 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

1

0

4

X

2

0

0

2

Total

6

LP.FW.J.1.iii Small jars with short neck and handles on sides

Pl. 52:12 (13/0041/069) mixed, dark red-pink fabric, white slip; d. rim 10.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0046: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0016: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 16/0038: 3 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 52:13 (15/0039/005) pink-beige, mixed fabric, homogeneous, no core, quartz, black grits, cream surface, uncoated; d. base 3.4 cm; d. body 10.0 cm (probably same vessel as 15/0039/010, pl. 52:7).

These jars, nearly exclusively made of marl and mixed clay fabrics, are similar to those discussed above (LP.FW.J.1.iii) but have one or two handles reaching from shoulder to rim. Late Period parallels, but with one handle, are found at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:159, pl. 46:437 and parallels below). Larger handled jars with short neck made of marl fabrics are also reported from the Late Third Intermediate Period at Tell Ashmunein (Spencer 1993:46, types E1.115, 117, pl. 67:115, 117).

Pl. 52:14 (13/0041/083) mixed fabric, (low marl content), white slip; d. rim 9.5 cm.

One of the small jars illustrated here has a series of prefiring perforations on the upper body (pl. 52:6).

LP.J.FW.1.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

An uncommon variant of this shape seems to imitate a Greek crater shape, though in much smaller dimensions (16/0014/001, col. pl. 22:10–11).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

85

4*

0

89

X

19º

0

0

19

1

0

0

1

VII or X Total

LP.FW.J.1.iii Marl clay fabrics Pl. 52:4 (13/0025/023) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0025: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

109

*Of which two complete vessels ºOf which one complete vessel

Pl. 52:5 (15/0005/032) K5, grey fabric, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 2 rims; 14/0001: 7 rims (3 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb j1, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:212, j1.P9 (S.P.830), pl. F.

LP.FW.J.1.ii Small jars with very short neck These jars are closely related to those of the previous group but have shorter necks that are comparable to those of some one-handled small jars from the Late Period at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:95, 157, pls. 29:252, 46:424). So far, they only occur in marl clay fabrics.

Pl. 52:6 (13/0049/020) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 7.8 cm; pre-firing perforations on upper body. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 BS.

LP.FW.J.1.ii Marl clay fabrics Pl. 52:15 (13/0039/076) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm. Pl. 52:16 (14/0001/125) K2, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0003: 1 rim. Parallels: Memphis, Temple of Merneptah, fourth century BC: Petrie 1909b:14, pl. XLVI:31, 37; see pl. 53:2–3. Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:158, fig. 29c.

Pl. 52:7 (14/0001/259) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm.

Pl. 52:17 (07/0077/004) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 11.2 cm.

Col. pl. 22:10–11 (16/0014/001) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 BS.

Pl. 52:8 (13/0047/019) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  not determined; h. pres. 3.5 cm. LP.FW.J.1.iii Variant: crateroid; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 52:1 (14/0001/244) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 10.8 cm. 58

Late Period to that of an atypical Bes vessel from Tell el-Herr, dated to the third quarter of the fifth century BC (Defernez 2009:158–159, 179–180, fig.1; Defernez 2011:307, fig. 1; Defernez 2010:110–111, fig. 1, fig. 16; pl. 55:8). Similar vases were also found in the Memphite/Saqqara region. One was discovered in association with Late Period tombs in the area of Akhethetep’s mastaba at Saqqara (Lecuyot et  al. 2013:264, q1.P57 (S.P.644), pl.  N, photo 443) and another, also with a rib under the rim, but of squatter proportions, figures among the above-mentioned Late Period-Ptolemaic pottery deposit from the temple of Merneptah at Memphis (Petrie 1909b:14, p. xlvi:39; pl. 55:6).30 At Saqqara, a Nile silt beaker of approximately similar type and with relief knobs below the rim may be interpreted as a Bes vessel too (Aston and Aston 2010:44, pl. 12:89).

Parallel: Tell Timai, mid fifth to mid fourth century BC: Hudson 2016:85, fig. 6:9. LP.FW.J.1.iii Variant: painted rim; marl clay fabrics Pl. 52:9 (14b/0001/032) K5, hard grey dense fabric, uncoated, black painted band on rim; d. 10.0 cm. LP.FW.J.1.iii Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 52:10 (14/0001/258) mixed, pink fabric, uncoated; d. rim 6.7 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 52:11 (13/0039/044) mixed, pink fabric, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

Not many parallels besides those from Saqqara, Heracelion, and Tell el-Herr can be mentioned here, but a few seem to occur in the Nile Delta. One is a fine marl fabric sherd from Naucratis/Kom Ge’if published as part of a fullblown Ptolemaic context (Berlin 1997b:270, fig. 6.61:19). Another is a miniature vessel with a similar rim shape and a flat base that was found in a cache within a wall of a fifth century occupation level of a domestic complex at Tell Muqdam (Redmount and Friedman 1997:63, fig. 5).

LP.FW.J1.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (not illustrated) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2

Contrasting with the situation elsewhere in Egypt, these small containers were rather frequent at Kom Tuman, especially in Area VII.

LP.FW.J1.iii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

0

0

12

X

2*

0

0

2

Total

In their respective publications of the Tell el-Herr and Heracleion vases, both Defernez and Grataloup make a compelling case for seeing them as the product of an influence from Persian clay, bronze, and silver vessels on the Egyptian pottery repertoire of the fifth and early fourth century BC. This claim does by no means jar with the evidence from Memphis/Kom Tuman where an Achaemenid influence on the local pottery repertoire is visible for other shapes as well.

14

*Of which one complete vessel

LP.FW.J.2 Small jars with very short or no neck and ribs or bulges on the shoulder These small jars are made of the Late Period K2 or K5 Fine fabrics and are easily recognizable by their characteristic bulge below the rim. They are paralleled by fifth century pieces from Saqqara, in Marl K2 and K7 fabrics (Aston and Aston 2010:154, 156–157, pls. 45:406, 416, 46:426; French and Bourriau 2018:229, fig. 49h).29 Also, small, marl fabric vases with ribs under the rim and ring bases, as well as comparable rim fragments were recovered from the underwater site of Thonis-Heracleion and dated to the late fifth or early fourth century BC (Grataloup 2006:334, nos 389–390; Grataloup 2012:169–170, fig. 4, Types 1–2; pl. 55:7).

LP.FW.J.2 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 53:12 (13/0025/015) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Pl. 53:13 (13/0039/079) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0003: 7 rims, 1 shoulder (3 est. ind.). Pl. 53:14 (13/0040/084) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 rim. Pl. 53:15 (14/0001/117) K2, uncoated; d. rim 8.8 cm.

Although nothing on the Kom Tuman fragments indicates that they were Bes vases, these rims can also be compared

Pl. 53:16 (14/0001/118) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Pl. 53:17 (14/0001/119) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm.

29  The complete example from the Sacred Animal Necropolis (French and Bourriau 2018:229, fig. 49h) was filled with embalming material. Its inside surface was coated by black resinous residue that was also spilling on the outside.

30 

59

This vase, shown here on pl. 55, was drawn by Viktoria Yarmolovich.

Kom Tuman II Pl. 53:18 (14/0001/120) K2, uncoated; d. rim 1.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0061: 1 rim.

Pl. 55:3 (14/0001/265) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 12.8 cm. Pl. 55:4 (14/0001/175) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0003: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 53:19 (14/0001/121) K2, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 54:1 (14/0001/122) K2, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Pl. 55:5 (15/0096/003) K2, uncoated; d. rim 13.3 cm.

Pl. 54:2 (14/0001/123) K2, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Col. pl. 22:16–17 (15/0022/026) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated/ self-slip; d. rim 12.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0044: 1 rim.

Pl. 54:3 (14/0001/124) K2, uncoated; d. rim 8.2 cm. Pl. 54:4 (14/0001/126) K2, uncoated; d. rim 10.2 cm.

LP.FW.J.2 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 54:5 (14/0001/127) K2, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 54:6 (14/0001/129) K2, uncoated; d. rim 7.3 cm.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

Pl. 54:7 (13/0049/044) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.5 cm.

VII

52

1

0

53

X

1

0

0

1

Pl. 54:8 (15/0011/001) K5, Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm.

Total

54

LP.FW.J.3 Small neckless jars

Pl. 54:9 (14/0001/128) K2, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Unlike the majority of the small jars with necks and ribbed rims, which both tend to have either flat or ring bases, all of the types of neckless jars discussed below seem to have been associated with rounded or pointed bases.

Col. pl. 22:12–13 (13/0041/114) K2, uncoated; d.  rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 54:10 (13/0063/019) K2, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm.

LP.FW.J.3.i Small neckless jars with ribbed body

Pl. 54:11 (15/0003/008) K5 Fine, uncoated, traces of dark paint; d. rim 10.0 cm.

These small jars are always made of marl and more rarely of mixed clay fabrics. They have a globular body, modelled rim, and often display a pair of small vertical handles at shoulder height. A few have their handles placed higher up the body and resemble small versions of the marl fabric Upper Egyptian storage jars of the Late Period. Those made of mixed clay fabrics seem to be consistently larger than those made of marls. Several parallels come from the area of Akhethetep’s mastaba at Saqqara (Lecuyot et  al. 2013:265, 286, q1.P62 (S.P.652), pl.  N, q1A.P27 (S.P.912), pl. S, photo 444).

Pl. 54:12 (15/0003/007) K5 Fine, uncoated, traces of dark paint on rim; d. rim 10.2 cm. Pl. 54:13 (15/0011/002) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 6.6 cm. Pl. 54:14 (14/0001/260) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Col. pl. 22:14–15 (07/0023/007) K2, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm. Pl. 54:15 (14/0001/263) K5, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 11.0 cm.

LP.FW.J.3.i Marl clay fabrics Pl. 55:9 (14/0001/021) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0008: 2 handles, 1 BS (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 54:16 (13/0049/045) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.2 cm. Pl. 54:17 (14/0001/264) K5, uncoated; d. rim 10.2 cm. Pl. 54:18 (15/0022/025) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0008: 1 rim.

Pl. 55:10 (15/0022/021) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm.

Pl. 55:1 (14/0001/261) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Parallel: Thonis-Heracleion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:143, fig. 7.5:7.

Pl. 55:12 (16/0003/045) K2, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm.

Pl. 55:11 (14/0001/253) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm.

Col. pl. 22:18–19 (15/0073/006) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0086: 1 rim.

Pl. 55:2 (14/0001/262) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. max. pres. 14.0 cm. 60

Late Period Pl. 56:1 (14/0001/251b) K5 Fine, thin white slip/self-slip out; d. rim 6.2 cm.

LP.FW.J.3.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 56:2 (14/0001/256) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 56:3 (13/0049/018) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm.

Surface

Total

1

0

3

X

0

0

0

0

Pl. 56:8 (13/0025/018) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 9.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 BS.

Pl. 56:5 (16/0009/010) mixed clay, red-brown fabric, small white inclusions, fine sand, few air holes, uncoated; d. body ca. 17.5 cm.

Pl. 56:9 (15/0005/031) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 5.0 cm.

LP.FW.J.3.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

17

0

0

17

X

2

0

0

3

LP.FW.J.3.ii Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 56:4 (13/0041/070) Mixed 8, white slip; d. rim 9.7 cm.

Total

2003–2013

2

Total

LP.FW.J.3.i Mixed clay fabrics

Area

2013–2016

VII

Pl. 56:10 (16/0034/003) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 7.0 cm. Pl. 56:11 (15/0016/002) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 9 rims (4 est. ind.); 16/0038: 1 rim.

2 19

LP.FW.J.3.ii Small neckless jars direct or thickened rim

Pl. 56:12 (13/0025/019) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 6.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0101: 1 rim.

Rim fragments of neckless jars with smooth walls and thickened rims are not particularly informative in terms of types and date, especially when made of Nile silt fabrics but they are notably found in domestic contexts of the second half of fifth century BC at Tell Muqdam (Redmount and Friedman 1997:64–65, fig. 9a, middle row, right; pl. 57:9). With rounded bases, they are also still found in the Ptolemaic period at Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:124, pl.  57:528–529) where they are made of both marl and Nile silt fabrics and are decorated with red-brown horizontal bands, sometimes with additional white paint.

Pl. 56:13 (16/0009/004) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 6.0 cm. Pl. 56:14 (13/0063/017) fine grey marl, no core, grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 5.5 cm. Pl. 56:15 (14/0045/009) K5 Fine, uncoated, traces of handle on upper body; d. rim 7.2 cm.

At Kom Tuman, they were mainly made of marl clay fabrics. Like the ribbed types described above, these were sometimes fitted with a pair of small vertical handles on the upper body. One of them, made of a mixed clay fabric, is decorated in the red painted burnished style that is also evidenced for bowls and other shapes of the Persian period at the site (see above, p. 9). The complete example preserved here (pl. 57:4) displays a piriform body with knobbed pointed base. Similar bases that could have theoretically belonged to such vessels are also listed below in a separate section (see below, p. 82, LP.CL.3.b).

Pl. 56:16 (13/0073/005) K2, uncoated; d. rim 7.0 cm.

LP.FW.J.3.ii Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 57:3 (15/0093/009) K5 Fine, polished self-slip; d. max. 7.1 cm.

Col. pl. 22:22–23 (16/0015/029) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0015: 3 rims (3 est. ind.). Pl. 57:1 (15/0093/008) K5 Fine/K2, polished self-slip; d. body 7.4 cm; h. pres. 8.3 cm. Pl. 57:2 (13/0001/026) K2, uncoated, faint black painted bands below rim; d. rim 6.0 cm.

Col. pl. 22:20–21 (13/0063/041) J7, red slip; d. rim 5.4 cm.

Pl. 57:4 (15/0093/003+15/0093/004) K5 Fine, polished self-slip; d. rim 7.0 cm; d. body 9.0; h. 12.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q tombs, fill of well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:265, q1.P68 (S.P.907), pl. O.

Pl. 56:6 (15/0071/002) J7, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 56:7 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/010) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 12.0 cm. 61

Kom Tuman II Pl. 57:5 (14/0001/252) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 9.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

LP.FW.J.3.iii Marl clay fabrics Pl. 57:13 (14/0001/183) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 16.2 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0045: 1 handle. Parallel: approximately, Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:100, pl. 31:280; see pl. 57:12.

Pl. 57:6 (14/0001/251) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 57:7 (14/0010/027) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated, faint black painted band out(?); d. rim 9.8 cm.

LP.FW.J.3.iii Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 57:14 (13/0039/043) mixed, pink fabric, white slip; d. rim 14.3 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 rim.

Pl. 57:8 (16/0038/012) K5, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. LP.FW.J.3.ii Mixed clay fabric

LP.FW.J.3.iii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 23:1 (14/0001/061) Mixed 8, uncoated, red glossy (burnished) painted band on rim; d. rim 9.0 cm.

Area

LP.FW.J.3.ii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

31*

0

0

31

6

0

0

6

Total

These small jars look like a much-reduced version the typical large storage jars with thickened rims of the Late Period (see above LP.SJ.1). Both marl and Nile silt versions find parallels at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:152, pl.  44:390–391, and see below) and Tell Balamun in the fifth century BC (Spencer 1999:30, pl. 27:12). LP.FW.J.3.iii Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 57:10 (14/0017/001) J7, red slip; d. rim 6.8 cm. Pl. 57:11 (13/0064/001) J7, thick red slip; d.  rim 9.0 cm. Parallel: Thonis-Heracleion, Saite: Grataloup 2015:151, fig. 7.10:3. LP.FW.J3.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

1*

0

0

1

Total

VII

11

1

0

12

X

0

0

0

0 12

At Kom Tuman like elsewhere in Egypt, these small vessels were perhaps mainly made of marl and mixed clay fabrics, but Nile silt examples are also fairly well represented (at least better than for some of the other fine wares included in this section). The Nile silt versions are generally coarser; they have thicker walls, and their surface is not as well smoothed. Some of their necks present a slight bulge. Similar rims made of both marl/mixed and Nile silt fabrics and associated with ovoid to cylindrical bodies are also known at Saqqara during the Late Period (Aston and Aston 2010:50, 85–86, pls. 16:114, 23:194–195; pl. 58:7, 16), in silt ware at Tell el Herr in Phase VB (Defernez 2001:348–349, pl. LII:143), at Saqqara (French 1988:80, no. 8), and at Tell Maskhuta in the Saite period (Paice 1986/1987:101, fig. 7:8). Rims of similar appearance were also recovered in the area of the Unas Causway (French and Ghaly 1991:122, no.107).

Col. pl. 23:2–3 (16/0046/002) J1, red slip; d. rim 11.0 cm; d. body 12.0 cm; h. (est.) 6.0 cm.

Surface

Total

A series of Persian period small jars with narrow neck can be identified here on the basis of rim fragments. They are characterised by a neck of medium height, slightly everted, and a narrow mouth of a diameter of about 5.0 to 6.0 cm. Unfortunately, the vessels’ bodies are missing in all instances, which does not allow for a precise type definition, but better-preserved parallels from elsewhere suggest that such necks had either ovoid or cylindrical bodies and could have been handled. At any rate, they all belong to a same functional class of small containers, perhaps for cosmetic use rather than for serving or consuming food or drink.

LP.FW.J.3.iii Small neckless jars with band rim

2003–2013

Surface

LP.FW.J.4 Small jars or bottles with narrow, straight or slightly everted neck

37

2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

*Of which 1 complete profile

Area

2013–2016

Whether in the globular or elongated variant, the origin of the shape may be traced to Assyria. The pottery corpus from Fort Shalmaneser at Nimrud, dating from the late seventh to the mid sixth century BC yielded many similar looking

3

*Near complete vessel

62

Late Period Pl. 58:17 (13/0041/028) K5 Fine, uncoated, black paint; d. rim 5.7 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:56, pl. 18:146 (with black painted bands, mentioned in text but not on drawing); see pl. 58:19.

vases, where they were identified as ‘toilet articles’ (Oates 1959:144, pl.  XXXVIII:81–88, 90; Anastasio 2010:50, 52–53, pls. 31:7–7, pl.  33:6; pl. 59:5). The elongated variant may have been influenced by the development of the East Greek alabastron shape. LP.FW.J.4 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 58:18 (16/0003/044) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 5.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:54, pl.  17:135, 53 (also with ‘suspension holes’ on neck). Saqqara, tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:288, no. 134. Similar bottles with narrow neck and modelled rims (without perforations) are found at El-Ashmunein in a late Third Intermediate Period level, but in silt ware: Spencer 1993:46, type I1.5, pl. 69:5.

Pl. 58:1 (07/0119/002) J7, red slip out; d. rim 5.7 cm. Pl. 58:2 (07/0079/021) J1, red slip out; d. rim 5.2 cm. Pl. 58:3 (13/0035/019) J7, uncoated; d. rim 4.4 cm. Pl. 58:4 (14/0010/024) J7, uncoated; d. rim 5.6 cm. Pl. 58:5 (13/0035/014) J1, white slip out and in rim; d. rim 7.0 cm. Pl. 58:6 (VII.B12/0019/016) J1, white slip in and out d. rim 6.0 cm.

LP.FW.J.4 Mixed clays fabrics

Col. pl. 23:4 (07/0121/001) J1, cream slip; d. rim 4.0 cm.

Pl. 59:1 (15/0067/008) mixed brown beige fabric, no core, fine sand, uncoated; d. rim 2.7 cm.

LP.FW.J.4 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 59:2 (14/0001/023) Mixed 8, thin white slip; d.  rim 2.8 cm.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

4*

0

9

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 59:3 (15/0022/010) Mixed 8, uncoated(?), possible red paint out; d. rim 5.0 cm. Pl. 59: 4 (13/0040/070) mixed, red fabric, homogeneous pink-red core, thick red slip; d. rim 7.7 cm.

9

*Of which one complete vessel

LP.FW.J.4 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.FW.J.4 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 58:8 (16/0011/002) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 4.2 cm.

Area

Pl. 58:9 (15/0041/001) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 3.8 cm; perhaps same vessel as flat base 15/0041/002, pl. 69:7.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

14

0

1

15

X

5

0

0

Total

Pl. 58:10 (14/0045/003) K5(?), dark pink K5, no core, buff-beige surface, uncoated; d. rim 4.3 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 neck.

5 20

LP.FW.J.5 Bottles with flattened rim These bottles are quite similar to those described in the previous section (LP.FW.J.4), but they have a wider mouth diameter (over 7.0 cm), a flattened rim and a distinct ridge at the base of the neck. So far, they are only attested in marl fabrics. No complete example was found at Kom Tuman but the rim shape is characteristic of a type of small bottle with round base from Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:54, pl. 17:133; pl. 59:6).

Pl. 58:11 (15/0005/024) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 4.4 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, gallery A, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:286, q1A.P28 (S.P.912), pl. S. Pl. 58:12 (15/0045/002) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 3.3 cm. Pl. 58:13 (13/0040/086) K2, uncoated; d. rim 5.3 cm.

LP.FW.J.5 Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 58:14 (13/0047/016) K5, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0092: 1 shoulder. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:50, pl. 16:114; see pl. 58:16.

Pl. 59:7 (13/0039/078) K2, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:77, fig. 10c.

Pl. 58:15 (13/0041/030) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 5.0 cm.

Pl. 59:8 (13/0040/085) K2, uncoated; d. rim 12.2 cm. 63

Kom Tuman II Pl. 59:9 (07/0014/016) K5 pink fabric, uncoated, no core; d. rim 7.7 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0067: 1 rim.

LP.FW.J.6 Mixed clay fabrics Col. pl. 23:10 (13/0046/018) Mixed 8, very smooth surface, shiny red paint/glazed paint out; d.  base 4.6 cm (could also have belonged to an open shape).

LP.FW.J.5 Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII X Total

2013–2016 3 0

2003–2013 1 0

Surface 0 0

Pl. 60:2 (13/0025/022) fine, mixed, pink fabric, uncoated, black paint; d.  rim 7.0 cm (probably same vessel as 13/0025/021, Pl. 60:3).

Total 4 0 4

Col. pl. 23:11 (15/0036/004) Mixed 8, smooth surface, pink slip or self-slip; d. body 12.0–13.0 cm.

LP.FW.J.6 Small jars with narrow body and straight to conical neck

Pl. 60:3 (13/0025/0021) fine, mixed, pink fabric, uncoated, black paint; d.  base 3.6 cm; d.  body 10.0 cm (probably same vessel as 13/0025/022, Pl. 60:2).

These jars have a narrow shoulder, a medium to high neck that is often distinctively sloping inwards, and a ring base. They were produced in all fabrics. Those in Nile silt are generally covered by a thick, good quality red slip. Those made in marl and mixed clay fabrics are sometimes painted with plain horizontal bands either in burnished red, or in black paint. At Saqqara, like at Memphis, they occur in Late Period contexts in both red slipped Nile silt fabrics and black painted mixed clay fabrics (Aston and Aston 2010:95, 100, 151, pls. 29:253, 31:282, 34:387; pl. 59:12). A similar shape with black painted banded decoration also occurs sporadically at Karnak in Ptolemaic levels (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:310, fig. 129:h).

LP.FW.J.6 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII X Total

Pl. 59:11 (15/0008/021) J1, uncoated; d. rim 8.3 cm. LP.FW.J.6 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Surface 0 0

Total 7 2 9

A similar rim shape, also made of a fine marl fabric, belongs to a complete bottle from Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:106, pl.  48:426). This one has a globular body and narrow ring base and the shape was identified as a ceramic version of a faience trumpet-neck bottle of the late third century BC (Nenna and Seif el-Din 2000:262, no. 280, pls. 9, 48, fig.26).

Pl. 59:10 (15/0003/015) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.8 cm.

2003–2013 0 0

Surface 0 0

According to better-preserved parallels from Saqqara and Dashur, these fine ware marl and mixed clay vessels had a cylindrical body, with small lug handles occasionally added on the sides (see parallels below).

Col. pl. 23:5–6 (15/0005/015) J1, pink slip; d. rim 7.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

2013–2016 3 1

2003–2013 0 0

LP.FW.J.7 Bottles and jars with trumpet neck

LP.FW.J.6 Nile silt fabrics

Area VII X Total

2013–2016 7 2

Only one single sherd (not illustrated) was made of a Nile silt fabric.

Total 3 1 4

LP.FW.J.7 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 60:4 (13/0025/013) K2, uncoated; d, rim 7.4 cm.

LP.FW.J.6 Marl clay fabrics

Col. pl. 23:8–9 (15/0032/003) K5 Fine, uncoated, red glazed/painted bands; d. max. 13.4 cm.

Pl. 60:5 (13/0060/003) K2, uncoated, smooth surface; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 neck. Parallels: Saqqara embalmers’ caches and shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55, 99, 155, pls. 17:139, 31:278, 45:409. Dashur, “Graeco-Roman Tombs”, probably Persian period: de Morgan 1895:43, fig. 97, left.

Pl. 60:1 (16/0003/053) white speckled marl fabric, wide grey core, cream-buff surface, uncoated, traces of black paint(?); d. rim 9.7 cm.

Pl. 60:6 (13/0041/031) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55, pl. 17:139.

Pl. 59:13 (14/0001/174) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.2 cm. Col. pl. 23:7 (16/0023/011) K5 Fine (or mixed), pink slip (turned buff), red paint; d. rim 8.0 cm.

64

Late Period Pl. 60:7 (15/0011/003) K5 Fine, uncoated, handle scar on rim; d. rim 6.6 cm.

an East Greek tradition. Some are decorated with plain brown or black painted horizontal bands on the rim or just below it. One still has one handle attached to the upper part of the neck. They resemble a rare type of early fifth century BC amphorae from Clazomenai that is also often painted (Güngör 2004:127, fig. 16c). Their contexts at Kom Tuman fits with a general Late Period date but approximate parallels are also reported from Alexandria in the Ptolemaic period (see parallel below).

Pl. 60:8 (14/0001/250) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 12.5 cm. Pl. 60:9 (15/0003/006) K2, uncoated; d. rim 7.0 cm. Pl. 60:10 (16/0003/110) K5 Fine, uncoated, d. rim 7.3 cm. LP.FW.J.7 Mixed clay fabrics

LP.FW.J.8.i Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 60:11 (14b/0010/002) mixed, light beige-grey finely porous fabric, rounded red ochre, fine sand, smooth white surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 5.2 cm.

Col. pl. 23:12 (14/0001/149) K5, uncoated, black paint; d. rim 9.4 cm. Pl. 60:15 (13/0035/074) K5 Fine, white slip in and out; d. rim 9.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0001: 6 rims (3 est. ind.). Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:150, fig. 28b.

Pl. 60:12 (16/0038/017) beige mixed fabric, red slip, slightly burnished out; d. max. pres. 6.3 cm. Pl. 60:13 (15/0057/008) mixed, light pink-salmon, homogeneous fabric, mica, quartz sand, self-slip; d.  rim 9.3 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0015: 1 rim; 16/0038: 1 rim, 1 neck (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Bottle with funnel neck, Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC), mixed clay fabric, red slip burnish: Aston and Aston 2010:51, pl. 16:121; see pl. 60:14.

Pl. 60:16 (13/0039/072) K5, pink slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 60:17 (14/0045/007) K5, uncoated; d. rim 12.2 cm. Col. pl. 23:13–14 (15/0008/004) K5 Fine, uncoated, matte black paint below rim; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallel (without the painted band and thicker rim): Alexandria, Gabbari Bridge, Sector 5, second century BC: Rapasse 2003:380, fig. 8.

LP.FW.J.7 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (not illustrated) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 61:1 (13/0040/075) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0073: 1 handle.

1

LP.FW.J.7 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

10

0

0

10

X

4

0

0

4

Total

Col. pl. 23:15 (13/0039/087) K5, uncoated, black/red paint; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim. LP.FW.J.8.i Nile silt fabric, estimated number of individuals (not illustrated)

14

Area

LP.FW.J.8 Jugs Necked jugs or jars with one or two handles are not a traditional Egyptian form but they become increasingly popular in the Late Period and beyond presumably under the influence of Greek and especially East Greek pottery. At that time, they are predominantly made of marl and mixed clay fabrics, with Nile silt versions becoming more frequent in Ptolemaic times (see also below).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

LP.FW.J.8.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

LP.FW.J.8.i Jugs with cordon or modelled neck This group is made up of marl fabrics jug or jar rims with modelled or cordoned neck, that is evocative of

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

13

0

0

13

X

1

0

0

1

Total

65

14

Kom Tuman II LP.FW.J.8.ii Jug with plain rim (perhaps Bes vase)

LP.FW.J.8.iii Marl clay fabrics

Only a single example of this jar with trumpet mouth and thin rim was identified among the material examined here. It had at least one handle attached on the upper neck and is made of a fine marl fabric with a well-smoothed surface. It can be compared to a one-handled Bes jar from the Late Period shafts at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:97–98, pl. 30:265; col. pl. 24:3).

Col. pl. 24:4–6 (15/0008/001) K5 Fine, uncoated, smooth surface; h. pres. 8.0 cm. LP.FW.J.8.iii individuals. Area

LP.FW.J.8.ii Marl clay fabrics

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

of

1

LP.FW.J.8 Uncertain jars or jugs The two fragments of large painted jars illustrated here are made of Egyptian marl fabrics and they can be considered as a local version of the so-called Banded Ware of the fifth century BC East Mediterranean tradition (see below, pp. 210-211).

LP.FW.J.8.ii Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

fabric,

Total

Col. pl. 24:1–2 (14/0001/020) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 9.5 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:147–148, fig. 27k.

Area

Marl

LP.FW.J.8 Marl clay fabrics Col. pl. 25:1–2 (VII.B12/0007/032) K5 Fine, uncoated, black painted bands around body; d. max. 21.0 cm. Parallel: Tell Timai, mid fifth to mid fourth century BC: Hudson 2016:85, fig. 6:10.

1

LP.FW.J.8.iii Jug with spouted handle

Col. pl. 24:9 (15/0057/011) K5 Fine, uncoated, black paint; d. max. pres. 26.5 cm.

Thanks to a complete profile from shaft ix in the tomb of Maya and Merit (Aston and Aston 2010:96, pls. 29:258, 57; col. pl. 24:8), this hollow handle fragment can be reconstructed as a two-handled jar or jug with ring-base in which one of the handles doubles up as a spout (Yarmolovich 2019). No other sherd belonging to this unusual shape was identified in the Kom Tuman excavation and, apart from Saqqara, it is to my knowledge not reported from other Egyptian sites.

LP.FW.J.8 Marl individuals Area

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

1

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Yarmolovich noted that the shape of these jugs seems to reproduce Achaemenid metal shapes represented on reliefs at Persepolis. The jugs on these reliefs also have a same spouted handle and are being carried in a procession. Besides the metal examples, it seems that jugs with a spouted handle were a particular feature of the Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid pottery repertoire of Iran. For example, a rather coarse vessel with short neck, flat base and thicker walls of the late Assyrian period at Nimrud also possesses a spouted handle on the side (Oates 1959:135, 145, pl.  XXXVIII:96; col. pl. 24:7) and the same characteristic is evidenced on a glazed jug from Susa dating to the Achaemenid, or pre-Achaemenid period (Stronach 1974:240, pl.  L:4; Ghirshman 1954:24, pls. XXXI: G.S.2394, XIV:4). Although the fabric and technology of these vessels is very different from those of the few Egyptian specimens, the concept of the spouted handle remains exactly the same.

of

2

LP.FW.J.9 Jugs or bottles with ledge below rim The rims collected in this group could have belonged to either handled or handle-less vessels. Their handles, if present, are generally flattened in section and sometimes ribbed. The protruding ledge below their rim is often associated with the typical marl fabric Bes vases of the Late Period.31 These have ring bases, globular bodies, narrow necks with a ledge below the rim, and a single handle at the back while the modelled facial features of Bes were added at the front (e.g. pl.  64:1–2). However, while body sherds of Bes vessels suggest that they were relatively frequent at Kom Tuman, there is no evidence to assume that all of the ledged rims made of marl and mixed clays fabrics belonged to Bes vessels. One of the marl 31  Several such rims were found in the Anubieion at Saqqara, in Late Period contexts (French and Bourriau 2018:148–149, fig. 27l-p).

66

Late Period fabric examples illustrated below bears a pair of small lug handles on the neck and differs therefore from the typical Bes vase shape.

Parallels: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC) (mixed clay fabric): Aston and Aston 2010:96, 98–99, 102, pls. 29:256, 259, 30:267–270, 31:271, 32:294–296; see pl. 61:15.

In Nile silt and mixed clay fabrics (more rarely in marl wares), the same mouth profiles are found in association with handle-less bottles with cylindrical bodies and round bases (Aston and Aston 2010:96, pl. 29:256, 259; Morgan 1895:43, fig. 97, centre; Lecuyot et al. 2013:260, q1.P25 (S.P.638), q1.P26 (S.P.669), pl. L, photos 426–427). These variants, contrarily to the handled vessels, are generally covered by a good quality red slip and thoroughly burnished.

Pl. 61:8 (13/0039/074) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0038: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC), mixed clay fabric, red slip: Aston and Aston 2010:51, pl. 17:122. Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:313, fig. 129:bb. Pl. 61:9 (13/0041/086) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 9.6 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55 pl. 18:141 (with painted bands on rim and shoulder).

LP.FW.J.9 Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 24:10–11 (15/0005/014) J7, red slip burnished; d. rim 10.4 cm. Parallels: Saqqara surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:153, pl. 45:400–401 (one with lug handles on neck). Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty, mouth diameter 5.2 cm: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:276, fig. 111:a.

Pl. 61:10 (13/0045/014) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; h.  max. pres. 5.3 cm. Pl. 61:11 (15/0043/012) K5 Fine, uncoated; h.  pres. 3.3 cm. Pl. 61:12 (13/0046/009) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 5.2 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period, Nile silt fabric: Lecuyot et al. 2013:14, F7.P8 (S.P.621), pl. A.

Col. pl. 24:12–13 (15/0094/006) J1, red slip burnished; d. rim 5.3 cm. Pl. 61:2 (13/0055/010) J1, uncoated; d. body 13.0 cm.

Pl. 61:13 (13/0040/092) K5, red slip burnished; d.  rim 8.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 6 rims (3 est. ind.).

LP.FW.J.9 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

0

0

2

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Pl. 61:14 (16/0038/016) K5 fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm. LP.FW.J.9 Mixed clay fabrics

3

Col. pl. 25:5–6 (16/0015/027) Mixed 8, red slip burnished; d. rim 6.3 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:96, pl. 256, 259.

LP.FW.J.9 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 61:3 (15/0049/001) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 3.7 cm.

LP.FW.J.9 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 25:3–4 (15/0005/033) K5, pink fabric, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 5.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 16/0014: 1 neck.

Area

Pl. 61:4 (15/0067/009) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 7.0 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

21

0

0

21

X

8

0

0

8

Total

29

Pl. 61:5 (15/0022/023) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:101, pl. 32:289–290.

LP.FW.J.10 Bes vases32

Pl. 61:6 (14/0001/239) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.7 cm.

The great majority of the Bes jars at Kom Tuman are made of fine marl clay fabrics. When their shape can

Pl. 61:7 (13/0025/020) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

32  For a more detailed report on the Bes vase collection from the CES RAS excavations at Kom Tuman, see Yarmolovich 2015 and Yarmolovich 2017.

67

Kom Tuman II still be recognised, they tend to correspond to the most common fifth century type with ovoid body, ring base, narrow ledged neck and single handle at the back belonging to Kaiser’s large group LP5 (Kaiser 2003:237–264; Aston and Aston 2003:106). The facial features are rendered by applied clay lumps, modelling, and incisions. These vases find abundant parallels at Saqqara in the embalmers’ caches and tomb shafts (Aston and Aston 2010:57, 97–98, 102, 141, 151, 158–159, pls. 18:148, 30:265–270, 31:271, 32:294–296, 40:337, 44:385, 46:435–436, 53, 58; Lecuyot et al 2013:426– 427), at the Anubieion (French and Bourriau 2018:155– 157, fig. 28p-r), at Dashur (de Morgan 1895:43, fig. 94), and at settlement sites, such as Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2009:182–186), Defenneh (Petrie 1888:65), and Buto (personal observation). Several Bes vases of the same type were found in the southern Levant, most notably at Tell Jemmeh (Petrie 1928: pls. LIX:78m, LXX), Tell el-Hesi, Tell Mevorakh, and Samaria, in the Persian period (Stern 1976a; Stern 1976b; Blakely and Horton 1986). While Stern, followed by Blakely and Horton, did not recognize these vases as Egyptian imports, it is quite clear that they should be considered as such (e.g. Kaiser 2003:39–41). They are therefore one of the very rare Egyptian pottery types that are found outside the country’s borders at the time. One marl fabric Bes jar of Kaiser’s LP5 type even travelled as far north as Deve Hüyük, near Carchemish where it was found in a fifth century cist tomb (Woolley 1914–1916:126, pl. XXVII:7; Moorey 1980:20, fig. 4:28).

of Thutmosis I (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:267, fig. 106:s). Other Nile silt Bes vessels with coarsely made features, some of them handmade, were found at Saqqara and Ashmunein (French and Bourriau 2018:219, fig. 46h; Lecuyot et al. 2013:261, q1.P30 (S.P.652), pl. L, photo 429 and see below). Although fragmentary, our example can be equated to Kaiser’s type LP4 (Kaiser 2003: 215–239).

Besides this dominating type, one fragmentary example from Kom Tuman, also made of marl K2 and bearing the same type of facial decoration, deserves special notice as it probably had one handle on each side (with only one surviving) instead of a single one at the back of the vase, as is usually the case (07/0151/001a-b, col. pl.  25:7–9). A marl fabric fragment from Saqqara may also have been two handled like our example (French and Ghaly 1991:107, fig. 28), but the other known two-handled Bes jars are of Nile silt fabrics and more coarsely made (Kaiser 2003:199–200, Cat. 92, 110, 119–120).

LP.FW.J.10 Marl clay fabrics

Another morphological type of Bes jar occurring recurrently in our assemblage is round bodied, has a short, wide neck, and a groove or relief ridge on the shoulder (pl. 62:13, col. pl. 26:7–8). It relates to a type that is found at Tell el Herr in phase VB (Defernez 2011:287, Table 1, Type E), but is made in the same technique and with the same facial characteristics than the ones with long neck and handle.

Col. pl. 26:3–4 (13/0065/001) K5 Fine, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. pres. 17.8 cm.

Only one example of Nile fabric Bes vessel was found in our assemblage, confirming the notion that Nile silt Bes vases are indeed relatively uncommon. To cite a few examples, one Nile silt Bes vase was found in situ in a mud-brick building northwest of the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak, which antedates the building of the precinct of Nectanebo I (Béout et  al. 1993:170, fig. 15, Forme 6) and another comes from the Treasury

Pl. 62:3 (14/0045/014) K5 Fine, uncoated, applied features; d. max. pres. 15.6 cm.

LP.FW.J.10 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 62:1 (13/0039/019) J1, red slip, applied relief (eyes); d. max. pres. 6.8 cm. Parallels (for fabric and simplified features): Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:91, pl. 26:228–229. Tell Jemmeh, Persian period: Kaiser 2003:224, Cat. 129. Ashmunein, late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:46, type G1.5.6, pl. 67:5–6. LP.FW.J.10 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

Col. pl. 25:7–9 (07/0151/001a-b) K2, uncoated, applied facial features and arms/hands; d.  max. body 16.7 cm; d. base 7.0 cm. Col. pl. 26:1–2 (15/0005/022) K5 Fine, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. pres. 7.0 cm. Parallel: El-Ashmunein, late Third Intermediate Period (level 1), marl fabric: Spencer 1993:46, type G1.25, pl. 68:25.

Pl. 62:2 (13/0039/075) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. pres. 12.0 cm. Col. pl. 26:5–6 (15/0073/003) K2, uncoated, applied arm/ hand; d. max. 14.5 cm.

Pl. 62:4 (16/0023/012) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. pres. 16.0 cm. Pl. 62:5 (13/0044/006) K5 Fine, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. pres. 6.6 cm. 68

Late Period Pl. 62:6 (13/0035/099) K2, uncoated, applied arm/hand; d. max. pres. 12.9 cm.

Pl. 63:9 (16/0015/030) K5, uncoated, applied relief eyes; d. body max. 7.0 cm.

Pl. 62:7 (13/0060/002) K5 Fine, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. pres. 15.2 cm.

Pl. 63:10 (13/0049/043) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. ca. 15.2 cm.

Pl. 62:8 (15/0038/014) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. ca. 15.0 cm.

Pl. 63:11 (13/0041/036) K2, uncoated, applied relief eyes; d. body max. ca. 11.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC), in red-slipped Nile silt with bulge neck and ring base: Aston and Aston 2010:44, pl. 12:89.

Pl. 62:9 (13/0044/005) K2, uncoated, applied arm/hand; d. body ca. 11.6 cm. Pl. 62:10 (14/0001/249) K5 Fine, pink fabric, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. uncertain.

LP.FW.J.10 Mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 62:11 (14/0045/013) K5 Fine, uncoated, applied features; d. max. pres. 9.6 cm.

Pl. 63:12 (13/0055/011) mixed fabric, red matrix, no core, straw, limestone-rich, rare sand quartz, air voids, thin pale red slip; d. max. 11.5 cm; h. pres. (est.) 12.0 cm.

Pl. 62:12 (07/0075/029) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; h. pres. 3.4 cm.

Pl. 63:13 (14/0045/015) Mixed 8, uncoated, applied facial features; d. body 11.6 cm.

Pl. 62:13 (14/0001/167) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. 11.5 cm.

Pl. 64:1–2 (14/0034/001), pink-beige mixed fabric, homogeneous break no core, finely porous, decomposed limestone, back grits, few fine quartz, smooth surface, pink slip, applied facial features; d. body 8.5 cm; d. base 3.8 cm; h. pres. 11.8 cm. Parallel: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:57, pl. 18:148.

Pl. 62:14 (14/0001/248) K5 Fine, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. pres. 15.8 cm. Pl. 62:15 (07/0075/030) K2, uncoated, applied arm/hand; h. pres. 3.9 cm.

LP.FW.J.10 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 26:7–8 (16/0003/014) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; d. body ca. 13.0 cm. Parallel: Tell el Herr, Phase IVB: Defernez 2011:287, Table 1, Type G.

Area VII

Pl. 63:1 (07/0075/033) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; h. pres. 3.5 cm.

X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

37*

13*

1

51

5

0

0

5

Total

Pl. 63:2 (07/0075/034) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; h. pres. 3.4 cm.

56

*Of which one complete or near complete profile

LP.FW.J.11 Small jars with carinated shoulder and short straight rim

Pl. 63:3 (07/0099) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; diameter uncertain.

These jars are mainly made of Nile silt and mixed clay fabrics, more rarely in marl wares. They are without doubt related to the larger jars with carinated shoulder and straight rim (see above, LP.SJ.8). Some of them (in particular those made of Nile silt and mixed clay fabrics) bear the specific red and pink slip combination that is found in the Kom Tuman assemblage (see above, p. 9). They are virtually absent from Late Period pottery repertoires outside of the Memphis-Saqqara region (de Morgan 1895:43, figs. 93, centre, 96; Lecuyot et al. 2013:261, q1.P33 (S.P.639), pl. L, photo 431, and parallels below).

Pl. 63:4 (07/0075/031) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; h. pres. 3.9 cm. Pl. 63:5 (14/0001/165) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 63:6 (07/0075/032) K2, uncoated, applied arm/hand; 3.1 cm. Pl. 63:7 (14/0001/166) K2, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 5 BS (3 est. ind.).

One of the marl fabric examples illustrated below is decorated by pre-firing incised notched on the shoulder. Similar rectilinear incised decoration is also found on other types of marl fine wares of the same period and may

Pl. 63:8 (14/0001/072) K5 Fine, uncoated, applied facial features; d. max. 10.2 cm. 69

Kom Tuman II be interpreted as an adaptation from a Persian potting tradition (see below, LP.FW.J.12).

LP.FW.J.11 Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 64:10 (15/0020/011) mixed clay fabric, red slip upper part, pink slip lower part; d. max. pres. 16.2 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period, marl fabric: Dunsmore 2014:284, no. 111. Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:166, fig. 30l.

LP.FW.J.11 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 64:3 (13/0039/010) J7, white slip; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 64:4 (14/0001/205) J1, red slip on upper part, pink slip under carination; d. rim 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 5 handles; 1 shoulder; 7 BS (6 est. ind.).

Col. pl. 26:12–13 (16/0003/087) Mixed 8, pink/red slip out and on upper part; d. max. 15.4 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 neck.

Col. pl. 26:9–10 (15/0098/001) J1 Red, thick white slip out and in shoulder; d. max. pres. 17.5 cm.

Col. pl. 26:14–15 (13/0044/010) K5/mixed fabric, red slip up, pink slip under carination; d. max. pres. 15.3 cm. Parallel: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55, pl. 17:137.

Col. pl. 26:11 (13/0040/114) J1, red and white slip; d. body pres. 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 BS. Parallels: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC) (red slip, pink band on shoulder): Aston and Aston 2010:45, 140–141, 151–152, pls. 13:95, 39:333–334, 44:389. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, fill of well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:16, 265, F7.P21 (S.P.608), pl.  B, q1.P66 (S.P.856), pl. O.

LP.FW.J.11 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

20

0

0

20

X

2

0

0

2

Total

2003–2013

Surface

Total

13

0

0

13

X

5

0

0

5

Total

18

LP.FW.J.12 Fine ware jars with incised decoration

LP.FW.J.11 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

VII

The sherds listed below belong in all likelihood to vessels of Egyptian origin and appear to have been produced in a fine marl fabric. Their mode of decoration with incised patterns is unusual for the Late Period but it may reflect an Achaemenid and Hellenistic tradition of Persia. Fine ware (both open and closed shapes) with incised and stamped patterns are known from Nimrud in the Hellenistic period (Oates and Oates 1958:128–129, pl. XXI:14–16; pl. 65:1).

22

LP.FW.J.11 Marl clay fabrics

LP.FW.J.12 Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 64:5 (13/0041/116) K5 Fine, uncoated.

Pl. 64:11 (15/0008/010) K2, uncoated, pre-firing incised decoration; d. max. pres. 10.0 cm.

Pl. 64:6 (15/0022/029) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. max. pres. 15.0 cm. Parallel: jar with wide ring base and wide neck, Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:51, pl. 16:120.

Col. pl. 27:1–2 (16/0003/035) K5 Fine, uncoated, prefiring incised decoration; d. max. pres. 10.3 cm. LP.FW.J.12 Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 64:7 (14/0058/003) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 22.6 cm.

Area VII

2013–2016 1

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 1

X Total

1

0

0

1 2

Pl. 64:8 (13/0040/083) grey hard marl fabric, fine decomposed limestone, homogeneous core, smooth surface, uncoated, pre-firing incised strokes on shoulder; d. shoulder. 15.2 cm.

LP.FW.J.13 Small jar or juglet with brushed slip

Pl. 64:9 (13/0046/017) K5, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 13.1 cm.

Unlike other types, this group is only represented by isolated fragments, all of them body sherds. These do not 70

Late Period and Egyptian-made juglets, based on foreign prototypes, were already produced much earlier. This is the case with the Second Intermediate Period Tell el-Yehudiyeh jugs and juglets and, in the New Kingdom, of red slipped and polished juglets, which often emulate Cypriote Base-Ring wares. The same trend continues in the Third Intermediate Period, with, for examples, local versions of Cypriote Bichrome (Laemmel 2012:35, pl. 26:145).

allow for a very specific shape reconstruction, besides a globular body and ring base, but have a very distinctive surface treatment. Their fabric is akin to a semi-fine greenish K5 and they are covered with a diluted black slip that produces wide circular patterns. I am not aware of any parallels for this ware in Egypt. LP.FW.J.13 Marl clay fabric Col. pl. 27:3–4 (13/0045/016) K5, brushed black slip or paint forming semi-circle patterns; d. max. pres. 17.2 cm.

The most common form of juglet, with a narrow neck, thickened rim, globular body and narrow ring, or flattened base has Levantine or Cypriote counterparts (e.g. Stern 1978:37–38), but also recalls the Greek squat lekythos shape. It finds plenty of parallels in the local (Egyptian) production, mostly in the Persian period at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:160–162, pls. XXIX:76a-76c, 81–82, LXXV:218a), Thonis-Heracleion (Grataloup 2015:143, fig. 7.5:3–6; Grataloup 2006:334, nos 399–400), Mendes (Allen 1982:20, pl. XVIII:6), Tanis (Laemmel 2012:61– 62, pl.  52:258), Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:56, pl.  18:143–145; French and Bourriau 2018:145–146, fig. 27d-g), Tell Balamun (Spencer 1996:95, pl.  70. G1:5–17), and Tell Timai between the mid-fifth and mid-fourth century BC (Hudson 2016:86, fig. 6:14–16). Similar shapes are still present in the Ptolemaic period, for example at Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:128, pl.  58:553–554). As mentioned above, the great majority were made of marl and mixed clay fabrics, but the odd Nile silt derivative version of the shape does occur here too.

LP.FW.J.13 Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2

Undetermined fine ware closed vessels; marl clay fabrics Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

VII

1

0

Surface 0

1

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Total

2

LP.FW.JG.1 Juglets with ovoid body The small containers grouped here are nearly always made of marl and more rarely of mixed clay fabrics; silt ware related versions of the shape occur but very infrequently. As with the silt-ware small jars discussed above (LP.FW.J.1), the rare Nile silt versions of this shape are classified together for the sake of convenience but in reality, they show a great deal of intrinsic variations.

Variants of this very common shape also display cordoned or ridged necks, cup-shaped and mushroom rims, as well as trefoil mouths. The cordoned/ridged neck in particular is typical of Iron Age Levant (Culican 1975; SingerAvitz 2002:155, J 11, J 13-J 14, J 17, figs 20–21). At Tebtynis, juglets with cup-shaped angular mouths (such as 13/0025/027, pl.  66:3) are mainly evidenced in later contexts (mostly late Ptolemaic and early Roman) but in Nile silt fabrics exclusively (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:129, pl. 59:555–558). In contrast, Nile silt variants of the globular juglet shape are very rare at Kom Tuman and seemingly less standardised. One of them is a miniature vessel and another bears textile impressions on the interior wall. This suggests that it was moulded over a sand-filled cloth bag, according to a method evidenced for some of the small pilgrim flasks of the Late Period (personal observation).

The function of the juglets discussed here was probably comparable to that of the small jars discussed above (LP. FW.J.1–13), namely, to hold products meant to be used in small quantities. The difference between the two groups is that the jars, with their wider mouth opening, were suited to hold solid or semi-solid commodities as well as liquids, such as unguents or solid balm-like products, while the juglets, with their narrow aperture, were rather intended for holding liquids, such as perfumes or precious oils, which could be poured out in small quantities. Like the small globular jars, the handled juglets were found in considerable quantities in the deposit east the temple of Merneptah at Memphis excavated by Petrie (Petrie 1909b:14, pl. XLVI:69–75, 81–92).

LP.FW.JG.1 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 65:2 (13/0004/002) J7, black slip; textile impression in; d. body 6.2 cm.

Like some of the jars and jugs discussed above (LP.FW.J.1, LP.FW.J.8), the juglets are of foreign inspiration. This does not imply that Egyptian-made juglets were direct copies of imported originals, but rather that, while keeping their exotic character, they had been gradually, and to varying degrees, integrated into the local Egyptian repertoire. This phenomenon is neither specific nor new to the Late Period,

Col. pl. 27:5–6 (16/0011/004) J1, uncoated, handle scar on shoulder; d. base 1.3 cm; d. body 3.6 cm. Pl. 65:3 (16/0007/006) J1, red slip; d.  max. pres. 2.9 cm. 71

Kom Tuman II Pl. 65:14 (16/0003/043) K2, uncoated; d. base 4.6 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001 (1 base). Parallel: Tell el Herr Phase IVA (mid to third quarter of the fourth century BC), marl fabric: Defernez 2012:40, fig. E:14.

LP.FW.JG.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

6

0

0

6

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 65:15 (07/0092/008) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. base 3.9 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.).

6

LP.FW.JG.1 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 65:4 (13/0025/026) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 1.7 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0044 (1 rim).

Col. pl. 27:9–10 (14/0001/051) K5 Fine, uncoated, brownblack painted bands; d. rim 1.8 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0030 (1 rim).

Pl. 65:5 (VII.B12/0007/005) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 2.6 cm.

Col. pl. 27:11 (14/0001/049) K5 Fine, uncoated, brownblack painted bands; d. body 6.0 cm.

Pl. 65:6 (14/0009) K2, uncoated or self-slip, post firing perforated hole on body, very thin walls; d.  rim .6 cm; d. body 5.9 cm; d. base 2.4 cm; h. 7.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0040: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 9 rims, 23 bases (23 est. ind.); 14/0036: 1 neck; 14/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim, 1 handle, 3 bases (4 est. ind.); 15/0005: 1 rim; 15/0008: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0022: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallel: Memphis, Temple of Merneptah, dated Late Period-early Ptolemaic: Petrie 1909b:14, pl. XLVI:73–75.

Pl. 65:16 (15/0003/004) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. max. pres. 5.5 cm. Soot stains out.

Col. pl. 27:7–8 (05–06/0068/001) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 2.1 cm; d. body 9.3 cm; d. base 3.0 cm; h. 1.6 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0045: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, fill of well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:263, q1.P48 (S.P.645), pl. N, photo 436.

Col. pl. 27:13 (15/0022/004) K5 Fine, pink self-slip, brown paint; d. rim 2.6 cm.

Col. pl. 27:12 (14/0045/011) K5 Fine, uncoated, matte black paint on rim; d. rim 2.6 cm. Pl. 65:17 (15/0026/003) K5 Fine, uncoated, black paint on rim; d. rim 2.5 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:56, pl.  18:144 (also with painted bands, not shown on drawing).

Pl. 65:18 (13/0046/019) pink marl or mixed fabric, faint greenish beige core, uncoated(?), matte black paint; d. base 5.5 cm. Col. pl. 27:14 (16/0003/059) K5 Fine, uncoated, black paint; d. base 4.6 cm; d. body 11.5 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0003: 2 bases (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, H Tombs, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:133, hA.P2 (S.P.824), pl. E, photo 239.

Pl. 65:7 (14/0001/246) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 2.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 15/0030: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Mendes, Temenos wall and sarcophagus area, marl fabric, interpreted as Palestinian import, Late Period: Hummel and Schubert 2004:160, pl. T:13–16.

Col. pl. 27:15–16 (14b/0001/037) K5 Fine, uncoated, red paint; d.  base 4.0 cm; d.  body 10.8 cm; h.  pres. 9.5 cm.

Pl. 65:8 (14/0001/247) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 1.6 cm. Pl. 65:9 (VII.B12/0007/006) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 1.5 cm.

LP.FW.JG.1 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 65:10 (13/0001/025) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 3.0 cm. Pl. 65:11 (14/0031/001) K2, uncoated; h.  pres. 1.8 cm; section handle 1.0x1.5 cm. Pl. 65:12 (16/0015/024) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 1.9 cm.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VI–VII

99*

7*

1

107

X

21

0

0

21

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

Pl. 65:13 (13/0035/080) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  base 2.5 cm.

*Of which one complete or near complete vessel

72

129

Late Period LP.FW.JG.1 Variant: folded or cuff rim; marl clay fabrics

Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Late Period: Lecuyot 2000:240, BE.13 (S.P.81), fig. 2.1.

Col. pl. 27:17–18 (14/0001/176) K5, cream fabric, uncoated, black paint; d. rim 3.2 cm.

LP.FW.JG.1 Variant: trefoil mouth: marl clay fabrics

Pl. 66:1 (16/0001/011) K5 Fine, uncoated, brown paint; d. rim 2.3 cm.

Pl. 66:8 (15/0003/002–003) K5 Fine, uncoated; reconstructed from two non-joining fragments; d. rim 1.8 cm; d. base 3.0 cm; d. body 8.8 cm; h. (est.) 9.7 cm.

Pl. 66:2 (14/0045/008) K5 Fine, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 4.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC) (interpreted as Corinthian aryballos imitation): Aston and Aston 2010:101, pl. 32:287.

Pl. 66:9 (16/0003/102) K5, uncoated; d. rim 2.0 cm. Pl. 66:10 (15/0067/003) K2, uncoated; d.  rim max. 2.3 cm. LP.FW.JG.1 Variant: cordon neck; marl fabrics

Pl. 66:3 (13/0025/027) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 2.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Memphis, Temple of Merneptah, dated Late Period-early Ptolemaic: Petrie 1909b:14, pl. XLVI:88. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:265, fig. 105:m.

Pl. 66:11 (14/0001/024) K5, uncoated; d. rim 4.9 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim. Parallels: in Nile silt fabric with black painted bands, Saqqara, shafts and surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:94–95, 159, pls. 29:249, 46:439; see pl. 66:12. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:265, fig. 105:n.

Pl. 66:4 (15/S/0102) K5 Fine, beige slip, traced of white paint; d. rim 2.6 cm. LP.FW.JG.1 Variant: mushroom rim; marl clay fabrics

LP.FW.JG1 variants; marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 27:19–20 (15/0020/001) K5 Fine, red slip burnished; d. rim 2.9 cm. Parallel: Memphis, Temple of Merneptah, dated Late Period-early Ptolemaic: Petrie 1909b:14, pl. XLVI:92. LP.FW.JG.1 Variant: cup-shaped mouth; marl clay fabrics Col. pl. 27:21–22 (15/0005/023) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 3.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 2 rims (2 min. ind.; one rim is made of Nile silt and is probably Ptolemaic). Parallel: Memphis, Temple of Merneptah, dated Late Period-early Ptolemaic: Petrie 1909b:14, pl. XLVI:81–86, 89. Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, Late Period: Laemmel 2012:62, pl. 52:259.

Area VII

2013–2016 12

2003–2013 0

Surface 2

Total 14

X Total

7

0

0

7 21

LP.FW.JG.2 Wide-based juglets These juglets are considerably rarer than the previous type and only occur in marl fabrics. They are characterised by a wide ring-base and bag-shaped body and clearly derive from the Classical and Hellenistic Greek lekythos shape (e.g. Rotroff 1997:169–171, 342, nos 1110–1111, fig. 69, pl. 76; Sparkes and Talcott 1970:151–152, nos 1102, 1106, pl 38). A similar wide base of a closed vessel is also found at Tell el-Herr, Phase VI (Defernez 2001:163, pl. XXIX:83).

Pl. 66:5 (15/0022/006) K5 Fine, smooth beige surface in, pink self-slip out; d. rim 4.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55–56, pl. 18:142. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Late Period: Lecuyot 2000:240, BE.13 (S.P.5), fig. 2.1.

It is well possible that the cup-shaped rim variant of the juglets described above belonged to this group, taking after the Greek squat lekythos shape. As a matter of fact, only three examples were identified here, but this may be a gross under-estimate of the importance of this group as it is defined by body proportions and not by details or the rim and neck, which would resemble those of the juglets of the first type.

Pl. 66:6 (16/0003/036) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 1.5 cm. LP.FW.JG.1 Variant: cup shaped rim; mixed clay fabric

LP.FW.JG.2 Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 66:7 (15/0039/006) pink-beige mixed fabric, homogeneous, no core, quartz, black grits, straw, red-cream surface, very well smoothed out, uncoated; d. rim 4.7 cm.

Col. pl. 28:1–2 (07/0061/001) K2, uncoated; d.  base 6.5 cm; d. body 11.6 cm. 73

Kom Tuman II

Pl. 66:14 (14/0001/273) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  base 6.0 cm.

Pl. 66:16 (07/0056/007) K5 Fine, eroded surface; d. rim 3.4 cm. Parallel: Approximate paralllels with handles on body (alabastron shaped): Saqqara surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:157, pl. 46:421.

LP.FW.JG.2 individuals

LP.FW.JG.3.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

Pl. 66:13 (14/0001/268) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  base 5.6 cm.

Marl

fabrics,

estimated

number

Area VII

2013–2016 2

2003–2013 1

Surface 0

Total 3

X Total

0

0

0

0 3

of

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

2

0

3

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.FW.JG.3 Small flasks with out-splayed rims or alabastra

3

LP.FW.JG.3.ii Squat or globular small flasks; marl clay fabrics

The rim sherds illustrated below, all made of the fine marl clay fabrics typical of the fifth and fourth centuries BC, may be associated with two very different body types that were probably meant to hold perfumed oils. The first is the alabastron with elongated body and occasionally a pair of lug handles on the upper body, and the second derives from small squat or globular handle-less flasks.

Pl. 66:17 (13/0025/025) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 1.7 cm. Pl. 66:18 (15/0008/006) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 1.5 cm; perhaps same vessel as 15/0008/005, col. pl. 28:7–8; d. rim 1.8 cm. Col. pl. 28:5–6 (15/0032/004) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. base 3.0 cm; d. max. 7.2 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches and shafts (550– 400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55–56, 102, pls. 18:142, 32:297. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastabal, j1 Tombs, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:212, j1.P7 (S.P.833), pl. F. Approximately, Tell Timai, mid fifth to mid fourth century BC: Hudson 2016:86, fig. 6:12.

The alabastron presents an interesting example of the complexity of influences and cross-influences in the material culture of the ancient East Mediterranean. The shape originated in Egypt, where it was mainly produced in stone (generally alabaster hence its name) and was integrated into the East Greek repertoire as early as the seventh century BC to become an East Greek shape on its own terms (Spier, Potts and Cole 2018:98–99; Cook and Dupont 1998:134). Either as imports or locally-made, it is also found in Persia itself (Oates 1959:144, pl. XXXVIII:90).

Col. pl. 28:7–8 (15/0008/005) K5 Fine, uncoated; perhaps same vessel as 15/0008/006, pl. 66:18; d.  body 5.2 cm; h. pres. 5.4 cm. Parallel: Tell el Herr Phase IVA (mid to third quarter of the fourth century BC), marl fabrics: Defernez 2012:39, fig. E:13 (but larger, d. 7.3 cm).

One variant (pl. 66:16), occurring as a single example, has an everted mouth and two small residual – and very impractical – lug handles below the rim. The sherd is small, very eroded, and in a bad state of preservation throughout. However, at Buto, in a context dated to the “Kiln” phase, a small jar with funnel rim made of Nile silt fabric also possesses two similar handles under the rim (French and Bourriau 2007:114, no. 40, fig. 19:3).

LP.FW.JG.3.ii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.FW.JG.3.i Alabastra; marl clay fabrics

Area

Col. pl. 28:3–4 (07/0023/006) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 3.3 cm. Parallels: with an elongated body (situla shape): Saqqara surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:154, pl. 45:407. Tell el Balamun, surface find, Thirtieth Dynasty to Ptolemaic: Spencer 1996:23, pl. 84:29.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

1

0

0

1

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

4

LP.FW.JG.3 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 66:19 (15/0022/003) K5 Fine, light pink surface (self-slip); d. rim 2.6 cm.

Pl. 66:15 (13/0040/015) K5 Fine, uncoated, black painted bands out; d. max. 8.8 cm.

Pl. 66:20 (15/0022/013) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. max. pres. 5.6 cm.

LP.FW.JG.3.i Variant: handles below rim

74

Late Period Pl. 67:1 (05–06/0155/005) K2, uncoated; d.  body max. 6.5 cm.

LP.FW.JG.4 Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 67:5 (15/0022/020) mixed clay fabric, very hard, dense, rare vegetal temper, black grits, bipartite break pink to faint beige, red slip out; d. base 3.5 cm; h. pres. 7.8 cm.

LP.FW.JG.3 Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

1

0

3

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.FW.JG.4 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

3

Area

LP.FW.JG.4 Juglets with elongated body and restricted mouth

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

3

1*

9

X

1*

0

0

Total

These vessels have a ring or flattened base, an elongated, alabastron-shaped body, and a plain, slightly restricted mouth with no marked neck. All of the examples illustrated here are made of marl and mixed clay fabrics, but they find Nile silt parallels in the Late Period at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:44, pl.  12:91; Jéquier 1928:34–36, fig. 36). The shape was also produced in the Levant in the fifth century BC,33 on Cyprus in the late Cypro-Archaic and the Cypro-Classical period,34 as well as in Ionia, probably in the sixth century already (Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:148, W2/17–18, fig. 15e, pl. 36). In Egypt, it continues well into the Ptolemaic period. A similar form was found at Tebtynis in a late Ptolemaic to early Roman context, in a presumably Nile silt fabric (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:119, pl.  55:509), while other parallels of the Ptolemaic period come from Alexandria (see below).

1 10

*Complete vessel

LP.FW.JG.5 Juglets with carinated body A couple of body sherds made of marl fine ware suggests that some juglets or flasks had more complex shapes than the usual globular body. The heavily carinated shoulder of the first fragment (14/0061/002, pl. 67:6), in particular, is a typical feature of the so-called “Sidonian bottles”. These decanters, also characterised by a cordon around the neck, originated in Phoenicia in the seventh and sixth centuries BC, but had a clear influence on Ionian pottery production throughout the sixth century BC and later on Phoenico-Punic shapes (Cullican 1975; pl. 67:8–9). The sherds discussed here were part of fifth century BC assemblages, and it is possible that hey reflect a similar pattern of influence.

LP.FW.JG.4 Marl clay fabrics

LP.FW.JG.5 Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 67:2 (13/0039/071) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 5.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F17, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:64, F17.P21 (S.P.677), pl. D, photo 172.

Pl. 67:6 (14/0061/002) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. max. pres. 6.5 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0047: 1 neck; 15/0022: 1 BS. Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:96, 101, pls. 29:257, 32:291. Pl. 67:7 (13/0041/112) K2, uncoated; d. max. pres. 4.0 cm.

Pl. 67:3 (14/0001/257) K5, uncoated; d. rim 5.0 cm.

LP.FW.JG.5 Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 28:9–10 (15/0100/001) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 2.7 cm; d. base 3.6; h. 7.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 67:4 (13/S/0027) marl or mixed clay, red fine fabric, no core, fine sand quartz (abundant), mica, few limestone, cream surface, uncoated; d.  rim 4.3 cm; d.  base 4.3 cm; d. body 7.5 cm; h. 17.5 cm. Parallels: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:313– 314, figs. 9:56, 9:62.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

o

0

3

X

1

0

0

1

Total

4

LP.FW.PF.1 Small pilgrim flasks Pilgrim flasks already appear in the Egyptian pottery repertoire in the early New Kingdom and become particularly popular during the Nineteenth Dynasty and into the early Third Intermediate Period. The shape also continues well into the Saite Period, but in smaller sizes. At that time, a new ceramic version appears, deriving from the faience “New Year flasks” that are a hallmark of the

33  See for example in the Tell Sukas Graeco-Phoenician cemetery: Riis 1979:22, figs. 63–64. 34  An abundance of elongated juglets were found in the tombs of Agios Georgios at Kition (Hadjisavvas 2012).

75

Kom Tuman II Twenty-Fifth and Twenty-Sixth Dynasties throughout the country (Friedman 1998:229–230, nos 126–127; Oren 1984:22, fig. 25:1). These flasks are characterised by a mushroom rim and a pair of small lug handles placed at the base of the neck. All of them at Kom Tuman are made of marl and mixed clay fabrics.

LP.FW.PF.1 Handle-less variant; marl clay fabrics Pl. 67:13 (15/0054/001) marl, brown, sandy fabric, uncoated; moulded body; d. rim 2.5 cm. Col. pl. 28:11–12 (14b/0006/004) medium-coarse green marl fabric, no core, uncoated; d. rim 2.7 cm; d. body 8.0 cm; 5.5 cm; h. 10.4 cm.

Pilgrim flasks, and to a lesser extent “New Year flasks”, become rarer during the Persian period and beyond, and this is manifest in the excavated levels of Kom Tuman. The same holds true for the Persian period caches and shafts at Saqqara, from where only one “New Year” flask is published (Aston and Aston 2010:52, pl. 17:124). Pilgrim and “New Year” flasks are also altogether absent from the fifth century BC levels of Tell el Herr.

LP.FW.PF.1 “New Year” flasks; marl clay fabrics Pl. 68:1 (14/0001/026) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 4.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:52, pl. 17:124. Plinthine, US 2034, sixth century: Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:18, fig. 12:Plin13–2034-8.

Small pilgrim flasks are also a typical product of the Oasis region from the Late Third Intermediate Period and, contrarily to other Egyptian pilgrim flasks, continue throughout the Late Period. These have slightly different shapes than elsewhere with their straight, short necks, barely thickened rims, and two lug handles at the juncture between neck and body, similar to the handles of the “New Year” flasks.

Pl. 68: 2 (15/0001/001) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 2.8 cm. Pl. 68:3 (15/0073/005) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 3.2 cm. Col. pl. 28:13–14 (16/0015/032) K5 Fine, uncoated, prefiring incised zig-zag frieze on neck; d. rim 3.8 cm.

The majority of the small pilgrim flask sherds in our assemblage belong to the “New Year” type and are made of marl fabrics. Those made of Nile silt are rarer and at least one of them imitates the straight neck and small lug handles typical of the Oasis flasks. Another Nile silt example is a hand-formed, debased version of the shape, with very short neck and applied lug handles (VII. D10/0005/018, pl. 67:12). A similar hand-shaped vessel is published from Mendes in the Late Period (Allen 1982:22, pl. XXI:5).

LP.FW.PF.1 “New Year” flasks; mixed clay fabrics Pl. 68:4 (16/0041/002) mixed, pink fabric, no core, air holes, vegetable temper, fine sand, thin matte slip; d. rim 4.0 cm. LP.FW.PF1 Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

All other pilgrim flasks, whatever their fabrics, were wheelmade. The only two exceptions are single, rather coarsely made marl fabric examples which were moulded and are handle-less. One of them is preserved as a complete vessel.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

4*

0

0

4

Total

7

*Of which one complete vessel

LP.FW.PF.1 Nile silt fabrics

LP.FW.PF.1 Oasis fabrics

Pl. 67:10 (15/0003/001) J1, pink slip; d. rim 3.9 cm.

Pl. 67:12 (VII.D10/0005/018) J1, uncoated, burnt; d. rim 1.4 cm.

Col. pl. 28:15–16 (16/0011/003) Oasis, pink to bipartite fabric, pink-salmon out, light grey in, fine sand, ochre, pebbles, black slip; d. rim 3.0 cm. Parallels: Karnak Twenty-Fifth to Twenty-Sixth Dynasty: Boulet 2016:222, fig. 4b. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:287, fig. 118:h.

LP.FW.PF.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.FW.PF.1 Oasis fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 67:11 (07/0087/031) J1, uncoated; d. rim 4.4 cm. Parallel: Migdol, undetermined fabric, sixth century BC: Oren 1984: fig. 25:5.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

2

0

4

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

X

0

0

0

0

4

Total

Total

Area

76

1

Late Period In each case and wherever possible, a tentative association with forms otherwise evidenced in the Kom Tuman pottery corpus will be proposed.

LP.FW.T Miniature torpedo Marl fabric miniature torpedo jars are well-known, albeit rare, finds at Late Period Egyptian sites.35 One was notably found amongst the deposit east of the Memphis temple of Merneptah excavated by Petrie (Petrie 1909b:14, pl.  XLVI:1; pl. 68:6). An unpublished example from Tanis can be mentioned, two come from Karnak (Masson 2011:284–285, figs. 100–101), and a few from Saqqara (French and Ghaly 1991:107–108, fig. 31).

LP.CL.B.1.a Jars with flattened bases Large, closed vessels with flat bases are unusual in the Late Period as well as in Ptolemaic times. However, a small but significant number of such fragments were identified in the course of the work. No complete profile can be determined from the surviving fragments illustrated here but similar thick, flat bases of closed vessels, in Nile silt, red slipped fabric, were found at Tell Maskhuta dating to the second quarter of the sixth century BC (Holladay 1982:54, pl. 10:13–14). In addition, various types of globular jars with flat base and everted neck made of unspecified fabrics were also found at Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64–65, pls. XXXIII:11, XXXV:68–69). Thus, theoretically, the bases listed below could have belonged to such vessels.

One Nile silt specimen comes from Tell el-Herr (Defernez and Marchand 2006:69, fig. 3:2). LP.FW.T Marl clay fabrics Pl. 68:5 (13/0025/024) K5, uncoated; d. rim 2.7 cm. Col. pl. 28:17–18 (16/S/026) Marl K5, uncoated; d rim 1.8 cm; d. base 2.5 cm; h. 6.6 cm.

LP.CL.B.1.a Nile silt fabrics

LP.FW.T Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

1

1

Total

Pl. 68:7 (16/0001/005) J1 Red, uncoated; d.  base 5.3 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 4 bases (4 est. ind.). Pl. 68:8 (16/0029/002) Micaceous J1, uncoated, limestone deposit in, string cut base; d. base 8.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 base; 13/0044: 2 bases; 14b/0006: 2 bases; 15/0073: 1 base; 16/0029: 1 base.

2

III.1.1.6 Bases of closed vessels Bases of closed vessels, predominantly belonging to the Late Period, have been grouped together and are briefly discussed in the following section. They were divided into four broad categories: flat, stand-ring, round/pointed, and concave. Within these categories, but with the exception of the concave bases, a distinction was made between small and large vessels.

Pl. 68:9 (07/0137/006) J1, pink slip out; d. base 8.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 base; 16/0015: 1 base. LP.CL.B.1.a Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Thus, for large vessels and all fabrics considered, round bases seem to be the most common, with 101 examples. Second are ring bases, with 61 examples (nearly 50 percent less), and finally flat bases with 17 examples. It should be noted that round bases may be under-represented as they break more easily into small fragments than ring-bases and are less likely to be picked up as diagnostics.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

13

1

0

14

X

3

0

0

3

Total

17

LP.CL.B.1.b Small jars with flat base These small vessels with flat base can relate to small jars and juglets with globular body (LP.FW.J.1, LP.FW.JG.1), tubular juglets (LP.FW.JG.4), or other types of small flasks (such as LP.FW.JG.3.ii). The great majority of them are made of marl and mixed clay fabrics and some of the Nile silt examples may be as late as the Ptolemaic period. One of them (13/0041/089, pl. 68:15) may be a base of a socalled medicine pot and thus rather belong to the Ptolemaic than to the Late Period (see parallels below).

For small sizes, on the other hand, ring bases are the most common, with 161 examples. Flat bases are more frequent than round ones with 106 examples for the former against 76 for the latter.

35  Defernez and Marchand claim that the earliest amphora imitations in Egypt were miniature copies of the original shapes (Defernez and Marchand 2006:69). However, elsewhere Defernez speaks of smallsized jars and not miniature with regards to early imitations of Levantine amphorae: “ceci-dit, il existe des imitations locales de jarres torpedo, notamment en pâte marneuse, mais celles-ci sont généralement de petites dimensions” (op. cit. Defernez 2001:374).

LP.CL.B.1b Tubular body; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 68:10 (16/0001/004) J7, red slip; d. base 3.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0001: 1 base. 77

Kom Tuman II Pl. 68:11 (14/0001/200) J1, red slip; d.  base 3.9 cm; d. body 6.0 cm; h. pres. 8.9 cm.

Pl. 68:18 (14/0001/178) K5, uncoated; d. base 2.3 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base.

Pl. 68:12 (16/0023/004) J1, uncoated; d. base 4.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0054: 1 base.

Pl. 68:19 (14b/0001/034) K5, beige-cream porous marl, no core, uncoated; d. base 3.4 cm.

LP.CL.B.1.b Tubular body, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 69:1 (16/0007/003) marl or mixed, beige fabric, finely porous, unmixed marl inclusions, limestone, sand quartz, uncoated; d. base 3.5 cm; d. body 5.5 cm; h. pres. 6.8 cm.

Area VII

2013–2016 4

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 4

X Total

4

0

0

4 8

LP.CL.B.1.b Tubular body; mixed clay fabrics Pl. 69:2 (13/0040/071) mixed, pink fabric, no core, fine sand, mica, uncoated; d. base 3.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.1b Globular body; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 68:13 (15/0073/015) J1 Straw-rich, pink-cream slip out and under base; d. base 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 base; 13/0039: 1 base; 14/0001: 2 bases; 14/0045: 1 base; 15/0003: 1 base; 15/0005: 1 base; 15/0008: 1 base; 15/0024: 1 base; 16/0015: 2 bases. Parallels: Tebtynis, early third century BC; Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:125, pl. 57:536. Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:282, no. 107.

Pl. 69:3 (16/0003/107) mixed, bipartite fabric, grey in, beige out, quartz, straw, grey surface, uncoated; d.  base 4.0 cm. LP.CL.B.1.b Tubular body, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 68:15 (13/0041/089) J1, uncoated; d. base 3.5 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0007: 1 base.

Surface 0

Total 9

X Total

2

0

0

2 11

Total

VII

4

0

1

5

X

4

0

0

4 9

Pl. 69:4 (13/0039/080) K2, uncoated; d. base 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 6 bases; 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0046: 4 bases; 14/0045: 2 bases; 15/0065: 1 base; 16/0015: 1 base. Parallel: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC), squat pot everted rim: Aston and Aston 2010:53, pl. 17:128. Pl. 69:5 (15/0005/037) K5, uncoated; d. base 4.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 base; 13/0044: 2 bases; 13/0046: 1 base; 14/0044: 1 base; 15/0005: 1 base; 15/0005: 4 bases; 15/0016: 1 base; 15/0052: 1 base; 16/0009: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.1.b Globular body, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2003–2013 0

Surface

LP.CL.B.1.b Globular body; marl fabrics

Parallels: Tebtynis, second century AD, marl fabric: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:140, pl. 62:613–614. The authors also refer to parallels from Tell Atrib (unpublished) and to a series of thick-walled medicine bottles of similar shape from the site Morgantina in Sicily, dated to the third century BC, some of which were flanked by lug handles (Sjöqvist 1960; pl. 68:16). Several of the bottles from Morgantina bore the stamped inscription “Lykion”, the name of a medicinal bush used as remedy for a range of ailments. All of these bottles, however, are much smaller than the example from Kom Tuman.

2013–2016 9

2003–2013

Total

Pl. 68:14 (16/0007/005) J7, uncoated; d. base 1.8 cm.

Area VII

2013–2016

Pl. 69:6 (VII.B12/0007/001) beige marl, uncoated, pink core; d. base 3.1 cm. Pl. 69:7 (15/0041/002) K5 Fine, white surface, slip/selfslip(?); d. base 3.4 cm. Pl. 69:8 (13/0040/087) K2, uncoated; d.  2.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 base; 13/0040: 1 13/0041: 3 bases; 13/0046: 4 bases; 13/0063: 1 14/0001: 4 bases; 14b/0001: 3 bases; 15/0065: 1 16/0015: 8 bases.

LP.CL.B.1.b Tubular body; marl clay fabrics Pl. 68:17 (13/0040/088) K5, uncoated; d. base 2.1 cm. Parallel: Saqqara surface finds (550–400 BC), beaker narrow body, straight walls, Nile silt: Aston and Aston 2010:150, pl. 43:379. 78

base base; base; base;

Late Period it is possible that some actually belong to the Ptolemaic rather than the Late Period.

LP.CL.B.1.b Globular body; mixed clay fabric Pl. 69:9 (15/0063/005) mixed, pink fabric, uncoated; d. base 3.7 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0045: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.2.a Nile silt fabrics Pl. 69:16 (15/0008/022) J1, red slip out and under base; d. base 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 base; 13/0039: 5 bases; 13/0040: 2 bases; 13/0044: 1 base; 13/0046: 1 base; 13/0063: 1 base; 14/0001: 13 bases; 14b/0001: 2 bases; 15/0001: 1 base; 15/0022: 1 base; 15/0061: 2 bases; 15/0067: 1 base; 15/0073: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.1.b Globular body, out-splayed base; marl clay fabrics Pl. 69:10 (16/0003/080) K2, uncoated; d. base 3.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 3 bases; 14/0001: 2 bases; 15/0043: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.2.a Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 69:11 (15/0022/012) K5 Fine, cream-white smoothed slip/self-slip(?); d. base 3.2 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0008: 4 bases.

Area

Pl. 69:12 (15/0073/007) K5 Fine, pale pink-salmon surface out, pink-beige in, uncoated; d. base 2.7 cm. Parallel: Tell el-Herr, early fourth century BC, interpreted as an Egyptian copy of an Attic squat lekythos: Defernez and Marchand 2006:74, fig. 5.

LP.CL.B.1.b Globular body, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2003–2013

Surface

Total

2

0

50

X

27

0

0

27

15/0061

1

Total

34

0

0

34

X

8

0

0

8

XI

0

0

1

1 43

Col. pl. 28:19–20 (13/0040/081) K5, bipartite, greenish grey in, pink-brown out, ochre sand quartz, white surface, uncoated; d. base 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0046: 2 bases; 14/0001: 6 bases; 14/0058: 1 base; 15/0011: 1 base; 15/0039: 2 bases. Parallels: Tell Timai, mid-fifth to mid-fourth century BC, table amphora: Hudson 2016:85, fig. 6:10. Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC), jug: Aston and Aston 2010:56–57, pl. 18:147.

Pl. 69:15 (07/0087/029) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. base 3.5 cm. Parallel: Karnak Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:264, fig. 105:k.

48

Total

LP.CL.B.2.a Marl clay fabrics

LP.CL.B.1.b Convex base; marl clay fabrics

2013–2016

Surface

Total

Pl. 69:14 (15/0039/003) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. base 5.7 cm.

Area

2003–2013

VII

Pl. 69:13 (16/0015/034) K5 Fine, matte red slip; d. base 4.5 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0094: 1 base.

VII

2013–2016

Pl. 70:1 (15/0043/013) K5, beige-grey fabric, ochre-rich, uncoated; d. base 8.0 cm. LP.CL.B.2.a Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

1 78

LP.CL.B.2.a Jars with ring bases, large sizes

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

13

0

0

13

X

5

0

0

5

Total

18

LP.CL.B.2.b Jars with ring bases, small sizes

The ring bases discussed here may have been associated with large bottles (Aston and Aston 2010:49, pl. 16:111; pl. 69:17) or jugs (LP.J.1–2). As noted above, ring bases of large, closed vessels, especially in Nile silt fabrics, are much rarer than round bases in the Late Period. They become increasingly frequent in the later fifth and fourth centuries BC and in the Ptolemaic period, mostly for onehandled jugs and table amphorae. As a matter of fact, a few of the closed shapes’ large ring bases counted in this group were made of the hard Nile silt fabrics that become common from the later fourth century BC onwards, and

The bases illustrated below are all made of fine marl and mixed clay fabrics and probably mostly belonged to juglets or small globular vases (LP.FW.J.1.i-iii, LP.FW.J.2, LP.FW.J.6, LP.FW.J.8, LP.FW.J.10, LP.FW.J.11, LP.FW.J.12, LP.FW.JG.1). One of them bears a series of small holes made at the bottom of the base before the vessel was fired. It probably functioned as a sieve rather than a container, although it could have also been used as a “diffuser” if the contents were solid. 79

Kom Tuman II On one regular variant at Kom Tuman, the underside of the base shows a stepped profile that often sits lower down than the standing ring itself, making the pot slightly unstable. A similar feature is evidenced on small squat jars and Bes vessels from Late Period Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:50, 53, 57, pls. 16:116, 17:129, 18:148). It is also characteristic of a group of small marl fabric vases from Thonis Heracleion that have been associated with an Assyrian-influenced pottery production in the late fifth and early fourth centuries BC (Grataloup 2012:169–171, figs. 4–5). These also have parallels at Tell el Herr, Phase IVA from the mid to the third quarter of the fourth century BC (Defernez 2012:39, fig. E:12). However, such bases are found in the Greek Archaic and early Classical world too and are evidenced on Crete in the late sixth century BC, in association with cups with high neck and carinated shoulder (Erickson 2010:128–129, 205–206, nos 510–524, figs. 4.7, 8.10–8.11, 8.13).

Internal 5 bases.

parallels:

13/0039:

23

bases;

14b/0001:

Pl. 70:13 (16/0014/002) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0054: 1 base. Parallel: Tebtynis, early Ptolemaic: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:125, pl. 57:535. LP.CL.B.2b Variant: perforated base (sieve); marl clay fabrics Pl. 70:14 (14b/0001/036) K5 Fine, uncoated, pre-firing perforations in base; d. base 4.7 cm. LP.CL.B.2.b. Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 70:15 (14/0045/004), beige mixed fabric, air holes, straw, homogeneous, faint grey core in thicker parts, red slip out; d. base 7.7 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.2.b Marl clay fabrics Pl. 70:2 (07/0106/003) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. base 2.7 cm. Pl. 70:3 (13/0040/091) K2, uncoated; d. base 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 7 bases; 16/0015: 6 bases.

Pl. 70:16 (13/0046/016) mixed, brown fabric, no core; d. base 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 8 bases.

Pl. 70:4 (13/0073/006) K2, uncoated; blackened in and out; d. base 3.4 cm.

Pl. 70:17 (16/0032/003) mixed beige fabric, air holes, vegetal temper, red slip out; d. base 7.0 cm.

Pl. 70:5 (13/0035/081) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  base 2.8 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 39 bases; 15/0008: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.2.b Small ring bases, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

Pl. 70:6 (15/0005/036) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  base 3.7 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 5 bases.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

104

1

0

105

X

18

0

0

18

Total

Pl. 70:7 (14b/0010/017) K2, white surface, uncoated; d. base 5.0 cm.

123

LP.CL.B.2.b Ring base with bottom of base sitting lower than the ring of the ring base; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 70:8 (14/0001/275) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  base 4.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 4 bases; 13/0044: 1 base; 15/0003: 2 bases; 15/0096: 1 base.

Pl. 70:18 (13/0035/079) K2, uncoated; d. base 4.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 base; 14/0001: 15 bases; 14/0045: 2 bases; 15/0008: 2 bases; 15/0039: 1 base; 15/0065: 1 base; 15/0096: 2 bases; 16/0009: 1 base.

Pl. 70:9 (16/0003/072) K2, slip/self-slip polished, d. base 4.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 6 bases.

Pl. 70:19 (15/0005/035) K2, uncoated; d. base 3.5 cm. Pl. 71:1 (15/0022/027) K5 Fine/K2, homogeneous, hard, dense light pink fabric, few sand quartz, few red grits, white surface; d. base 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 5 bases.

Pl. 70:10 (14/0001/267) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  base 4.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0044: 1 base; 15/0057: 1 base.

Pl. 71:2 (14/0001/276) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  base 4.3 cm.

Pl. 70:11 (15/0005/038) K2, uncoated; d. base 4.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0001: 1 base.

Pl. 71:3 (14/0001/274) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  base 4.1 cm.

Pl. 70:12 (13/0035/078) K2, uncoated; d. base 6.6 cm.

80

Late Period Pl. 71:4 (VII.B12/0007/002) beige marl, uncoated; d. base 2.8 cm.

Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 bases; 13/0047: 2 bases; 14/0001: 1 base; 14b/0006: 1 base; 15/0001: 1 base; 16/0009: 1 base; 16/0025: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.2.b Ring base with bottom of base sitting lower than the ring of the ring base; mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 71:8 (07/0003/002) J1, uncoated; d. max. pres. 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 base; 15/0009: 1 base.

Pl. 71:5 (16/0029/003) K5 or mixed, pink fabric, no core, some mica and ochre, well-smoothed cream surface, cream slip/self-slip; d. base 5.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 base.

Pl. 71:9 (07/0003/001) J1, uncoated; d. max. 12.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 bases; 15/0034: 1 base. Col. pl. 29:1–2 (05–06/0096/003) J1, red slip; d.  body 20.0 cm; h.  pres. 28.3 cm. Post-firing black ink dipinto on body.

LP.CL.B.2.b Ring base with bottom of base sitting lower than ring, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

33

1

0

34

X

4

0

0

Total

Pl. 71:10 (07/0008/036) J1, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 8.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 4 bases.

4

Pl. 71:11 (07/0003/036) J1, uncoated; d. max. pres. 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0047: 1 base; 14/0031: 1 base.

38

LP.CL.B.3.a Large and medium-sized jars with rounded to pointed bases

LP.CL.B.3a Variant: pointed base; Nile silt fabric Pl. 71:12 (15/0098/008) J1, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 6.0 cm.

Rounded to pointed bases are the most common base variant for large and medium-sized jars of the Late Period. Those which could not be safely attributed to any of the jars or bottles discussed above are grouped in the present category. Some seem to have belonged to rather globular forms, such as LP.J.3, while others were visibly associated with narrower, cylindrical forms and might have belonged to bottles LP.J.4–5. This pertains to 05–06/0096/003 (col. pl.  29:1–2), which bears a black ink inscription on the body that was identified as early Demotic and may read ꜣpd/i͗ pt (bird/goose).36 In this case, the pot could have held a bird- or goose-derived product, such as goose fat.

LP.CL.B.3.a Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

75

6

0

81

X

8

0

0

8

Total

89

LP.CL.B.3.a Marl fabrics

One base illustrated here is extremely narrow and pointed (pl. 71:12). Its attribution to the Late Period is unsecure and it may well be earlier.

Pl. 71:13 (13/0040/013) marl(?), yellow beige homogeneous fabric, finely gritty surface, fine sand, black grits; d. max. pres. 12.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 14/0006: 1 base; 14/0032: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.3.a Nile silt fabrics Pl. 71:6 (16/0051) J1, uncoated, soft ribs out; d.  max. 17.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 6 bases; 13/0004: 2 bases; 13/0039: 1 base; 13/0040: 2 bases; 13/0041: 5 bases; 13/0042: 1 base; 13/0044: 2 bases; 13/0047: 1 base; 13/0055: 3 bases; 14/0001: 9 bases; 14/0031: 1 base; 14/0032: 1 base; 14/0038: 1 base; 14/0042: 1 base; 14/0045: 2 bases; 14/0050: 3 bases; 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0005: 1 base; 15/0022: 1 base; 15/0039: 1 base; 15/0061: 2 bases; 15/0067: 1 base; 16/0007: 1 base.

Col. pl. 29:3 (14/0001/191) K5, green medium coarse fabric, pink outer zones, porous, self-slip, red paint; d. max. pres. 6.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 base (not painted); 14/0054: 1 base; 14b/0001: 1 base (not painted). Parallel: this base could belong to a jar with carinated shoulder and vertical handles, such as an example found in the embalmers’ caches of Saqqara (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:55, pl. 17:137.

Pl. 71:7 (07/0008/020) J1, uncoated; d. max. 12.0 cm.

LP.CL.B.3.a Mixed clay fabrics

The identification of the script and the preliminary reading were made on the basis of a photograph by Andreas Winkler. The inscription on this pot and on other inscribed sherds from Kom Tuman will be the subject of a separate study. 36 

Pl. 71:14 (16/0003/090) mixed, beige fabric, no core, smooth beige surface, uncoated; d. max. 12.7 cm. 81

Kom Tuman II LP.CL.B.3.a Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant with round base, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

7

0

1

8

VII

24

1

0

25

X

4

0

0

4

X

3

0

0

12

Total

Total

Area

LP.CL.B.3.b Small jars with rounded, pointed, and carinated bases

LP.CL.B.3b Variant: pointed base; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 72:3 (16/0001/002) J7, red 6.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0055: 1 base.

These small bases might have belonged to bottles or small neckless jars (LP.J.5, LP.FW.J.1). They are in any case part of the Late Period assemblage and predominantly appear in marl and mixed clay fabrics. Two examples of the pointed base variant have a spout added towards the base that could probably be plugged with a small stopper. They probably belong to small necked jars, such as those evidenced at Saqqara and Tell Timai (see parallels below).

Pl. 72:5 (16/0023/003) J1, uncoated; 7.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 base.

Area

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant with round base, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

0

0

6

X

1

0

0

1

Total

d.  body

d.  max.

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant with pointed base, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 71:15 (13/0001/020) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. body 11.3 cm; h. pres. 10.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0041: 1 base; 13/0063: 2 bases; 14/0050: 1 base; 15/0052: 1 base.

2013–2016

slip;

Pl. 72:4 (16/0001/003) J7, red slip; d. body 6.5 cm.

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: small round base; Nile silt fabrics

Area

3 28

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

1

0

0

1

Total

4

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: pointed base; marl clay fabrics Pl. 72:6 (14/0043/001) K5 Fine, bipartite pink in greygreen out, uncoated; d. max. 7.1 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0067: 1 base.

7

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: small round base; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 72:7 (16/0025/002) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  max. 6.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 base; 13/0025: 1 base; 13/0040: 1 base. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:265, fig. 105:t.

Pl. 71:16 (14/0043/004) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. max. pres. 4.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 3 bases; 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0041: 1 base; 13/0063: 1 base; 14/0001: 6 bases; 14/0037: 1 base; 14b/0006: 1 base.

Pl. 72:8 (13/0046/014) K5, uncoated; hand modelled base; d. base 1.8 cm; d. max. pres. 6.8 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:101, pl. 32:298.

Pl. 71:17 (16/0009/006) K5 Fine/K2, very smooth light salmon-buff surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 10.0 cm. Pl. 72:1 (13/0040/082) K5, green fabric, uncoated; d. max. 11.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 bases; 14/0001: 2 bases; 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0026: 1 base. Parallels: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC), bottle: Aston and Aston 2010:54, pl. 17:133–134.

Pl. 72:9 (16/0025/025) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. base 0.8 cm (miniature amphora?). Parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:314, fig. 130:h.

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: small round base; mixed clay fabrics

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: side spout near base; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 72:2 (14/0045/005) mixed, light brown homogeneous fabric, very smooth surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 8.3 cm.

Pl. 72:10 (13/0046/015) K5 Fine, uncoated; side spout; d. max. pres. 7.3 cm. 82

Late Period Parallels: (Nile silt fabric): Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:260, q1.P32 (S.P.637), pl. O, photo 430.

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: carinated base; marl clay fabrics

Parallel for spout placed on lower part of body but in association with a ring base: Tell Timai, mid fifth to midfourth century BC: Hudson 2016:86, fig. 7:11.

Pl. 72:19 (16/0003/049) K5, green core, smooth white surface, self-slip(?); d. base 11.0 cm; d. max. pres. 12.8 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base.

Pl. 72:11 (16/0015/035) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. max. pres. 6.5 cm.

Pl. 72:20 (13/0039/081) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  base 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 base; 13/0039: 2 bases; 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0046: 1 base; 13/0063: 2 bases (1 est. ind.); 15/0097: 1 base; 16/0009: 1 base. Parallels: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC) (mixed): Aston and Aston 2010:96, 100–101, pls. 29:257, 32:286; see pl. 72:21. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:265, fig. 105:r.

Pl. 72:18 (13/0041/054) K5, eroded; d. base 6.5 cm.

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant with pointed bases, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

9

0

0

9

X

4

0

0

4

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

14

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: carinated base; marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: button base; marl clay fabrics

Area

Pl. 72:12 (13/0041/032) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. max. pres. 8.0 cm.

Surface

Total

VII

10

0

0

10

X

0

0

0

0 10

LP.CL.B.4 concave base These bases are typically associated with full-bodied oinochoe shapes of the Ptolemaic period, such as those found at Tebtynis in both marl and Nile silt fabrics (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:101, pl. 44:393–397). However, the steep walls and total absence of ring base of the example illustrated here are rather suggestive of a date in the Late Period, where they could occur in association with various jugs including those with trumpet neck (LP. FW.JG.7, and parallels below).

Pl. 72:14 (15/0020/004) K2, white surface, uncoated; d. base 1.3 cm; d. max. pres. 4.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:265, fig. 105:s. Pl. 72:15 (13/0040/009) K2, uncoated; d. base 1.3 cm. Pl. 72:16 (16/0003/015) K5 Fine, polished pink slip or self-slip; d. base 1.0 cm; d. max. 7.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 15/0052: 1 base.

LP.CL.B.4 Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 72:17 (07/0092/009) K5 Fine, cream slip out; d. max. pres. 8.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 bases; 14b/0001: 1 base. Parallels: Saqqara embalmers’ caches and surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:57, 158, pls. 18:149, 46:434.

Pl. 73:1 (15/0008/012) K5, white slip out; d. base 7.4 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 base. Parallels: Saqqara embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC), bottles with funnel neck: Aston and Aston 2010:55, pl. 17:139; see pl. 73:2. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:264, fig. 105:h.

LP.CL.B.3.b Variant: button base, marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.CL.B.4 Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

1

0

9

X

4

0

0

4 13

Total

Total

2003–2013

Total

Pl. 72:13 (13/0044/007) K5 Fine, uncoated, d.  base 1.4 cm; d. max. pres. 8.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 base; 16/0015: 1 base.

Area

2013–2016

Area

83

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

1

0

0

1 3

Kom Tuman II Col. pl. 29:4–5 (15/0008/025) J1, coarse fabric, red slip burnished in; d. rim 19.0 cm; d. base 7.6 cm; h. 3.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0044: 10 rims (5 est. ind.); 13/0048: 1 rim; 13/0063: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0065: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0061: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0086: 1 base. Parallel: Saqqara, caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:27–28, pl. 1:4.

III.1.2 Open vessels III.1.2.1 Plates and dishes LP.O.1 Plates with direct rims Plates of the first two variants (LP.O.1.i-LP.O.1.ii) have direct rims of varying thickness, sometimes with a slight rilling inside and out, and a flat, flattened or low ring base. They occur in small (LP.O.1.i) and large (LP.O.1.ii) models. Some of the large plates are significantly deeper and may be related to the contemporary mortarium shape. Bar one small fragment from [14/0001] (not illustrated), all of the examples recorded here were made of Nile silt fabrics.

Pl. 73:3 (VII.F9/Pit 9/001) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 20.0 cm; d. base 7.0 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 rim; 14/0010: 2 rims, 1 base (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:27, pl. 1:1.

The uncoated examples find parallels at Saqqara in the embalmers’ caches (Aston and Aston 2010:28, 79, pls. 1:9, 20:155). Still uncoated, they are also found in the blocked well containing material dated to the early fifth century at Tell Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:55–57, pl. 15:1–8, 12–13). Holladay draws a difference between the plates of the blocked well and those found in earlier levels of the site, as the latter were often covered with a thick white slip. This distinction, however, does not appear pertinent with regard to the assemblage considered here, as the Memphite data suggests that both slipped and unslipped versions occurred contemporaneously. One ought to note that such plates (both slipped and unslipped) are noticeably absent from the Persian levels at Tell el-Herr.

Pl. 73:4 (16/0050/008) J1/J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 15.0 cm; d. base 6.6 cm; h. 1.3 cm. Pl. 73:5 (07/0003/008) J1, thick red slip in and out; d. base 8.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0047: 1 rim. Col. pl. 29:6–7 (04–05/0094/006) J1, uncoated; clay turned greenish; d. rim 18.8 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 rim; 14/0001: 6 rims (4 est. ind.). Col. pl. 29:8–9 (07/0152/011) J1, thin red slip in and out; d. rim 20.9 cm; d. base 6.8 cm; h. 2.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 15/0071: 1 rim.

The third variant (LP.O.1.iii) has a rounded base whose clay surplus was scraped off before firing. The rims are otherwise very close to those of the first group and may be mistaken for one-another.

Pl. 73:6 (VII.D10/0005/027) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim 20.0 cm.

Plates of the fourth variant (LP.O.1.iv) have a flat or slightly raised flat base and a flanged rim. Their rim diameters range from about 18.0 to over 20.0 cm. In contrast to the previous ones, this variant also includes occasional marl fabric examples, usually made of rather fine fabrics and covered by a smooth white slip. Of the Nile silt examples illustrated here, one is covered by a thick white slip inside and out, while others are red slipped.

Pl. 73:7 (13/0041/096) J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 17.5 cm; d. base 9.4 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 complete profile, 4 rims (3 est. ind.). Pl. 73:8 (VII.B12/0007/020) J1 Straw rich, pink slip in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0032: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

With untreated and red-slipped surfaces, these Nile silt plates find approximate parallels at Saqqara in the late sixth and fifth centuries BC, though in a deeper version (Aston and Aston 2010:32, 81, 138, 149, pls. 2:28, 20:167, 38:322, 43:372) and at Mendes (unslipped) in the Late Period (Hummel and Schubert 2004:158, pl. N:3).

Pl. 73:9 (VII.D10/0005/023) J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm. Pl. 73:10 (VII.D9-D10/0001/021) J1, cream slip in and out; d. rim 20.0 cm. LP.O.1.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Interestingly, similar shapes are also evidenced in the local ceramic repertoire of the Levant between the eighth and the sixth centuries BC, for example at El-Mina and Tell Halaf in Syria (Lehmann 1996:366, Forms 35/1 and 37/3, pl. 7).

Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

41*

8º

0

49

4

0

0

4

Total

LP.O.1.i Plates/dishes with thick walls; small and medium diameters (15.0–25.0 cm); Nile silt fabrics

*Of which 5 complete vessels or complete profiles ºOf which 3 complete vessels or complete profiles

84

53

Late Period LP.O.1.ii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.1.ii Plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter (> 25.0 cm); Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 30:1–2 (07/0135) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim 31.3 cm; d. base 16.6 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0001: 1 rim.

Area VII

2013–2016 1

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 1

X Total

0

0

0

0 1

Pl. 73:11 (04–05/0094/005) J1, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 41.0 cm; d. base 5.2 cm; h. 3.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 bases (2 est. ind.).

LP.O.1.iii Plates/dishes with scraped base; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 74:1 (13/0035/033) J1/J1 Red, orange slip in and out; d. rim 31.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 11 rims, 1 base (6 est. ind.); 13/0063: 5 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 30:5–6 (13/0035/031) J1 Red, red slip in and out; d. rim 18.5 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 11 rims (6 est. ind.); 15/0061: 1 rim.

Pl. 74:2 (13/0035/046) J1, uncoated; d. rim 32.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0040: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0001: 6 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0010: 1 rim; 16/0007: 1 rim.

Pl. 75:2 (13/0042/012) J1, uncoated, scraped excess clay under base; d. rim 17.0 cm; h. 4.5 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0041: 1 rim. Pl. 75:3 (13/0046/037) J1, uncoated, scraped clay surplus under base; d. rim 16.5 cm; h. 4.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 8 rims (4 est. ind.); 15/0073: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 30:3–4 (13/0035/047) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim 37.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 5 rims (4 est. ind.); 14/0010: 1 rim; 15/0020: 1 rim. Pl. 74:3 (15/0043/002) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 36.0–38.0 cm.

Pl. 75:4 (14/0031/003) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 14.0 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 74:4 (07/0120/003) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 35.0 cm.

LP.O.1.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 74:5 (07/0008/004) J1 Straw rich, uncoated, brown surface, grey to violet core; d. rim 29.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 base.

Area VII X

2

0

0

2 46

0

0

1 24

Pl. 75:7 (07/0056/009) J7, thick red-orange slip in and out; d. rim 20.8 cm.

LP.O.1.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

X Total

1

Pl. 75:6 (07/0060/011) J7, red slip in; stance uncertain; d. rim 25.0 cm.

Pl. 75:1 (15/0045/015) J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 35.0– 40.0 cm.

Total 44

23

Pl. 75:5 (07/0120/002) J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 19.5 cm; d. base 6.4 cm; h. 2.3 cm.

Pl. 74:8 (15/0059/007) J1 Straw rich, red slip in and out; d. rim 37.0 cm.

Surface 0

Total

0

LP.O.1.iv Plates/dishes with flanged rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 74:7 (15/0059/005) J1 Straw rich, thick red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 40.0 cm.

2003–2013 5*

Surface

0

*Of which 3 complete profiles

LP.O.1.ii variant: deep sides; Nile silt fabrics

2013–2016 39

2003–2013

23*

Total

Pl. 74:6 (15/0041/012) J1 Red, thick white slip in and out, grooves in rim; d. rim 34.0 cm.

Area VII

2013–2016

Pl. 75:8 (07/0018b/001) J1, red slip in and out, burnished; d. rim 21.0 cm. Col. pl. 30:7–8 (VII.F9/Pit 9/002) J1, uncoated, beige fabric, grey core; d. rim 18.5 cm; h. 3.2 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:32, pl. 2:28.

*Of which 3 complete vessels or complete profiles

85

Kom Tuman II LP.O.1.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

5*

0

7

X

0

0

0

0

Total

may in fact be relics from late Third Intermediate Period or Saite phases. This being said, Late Period examples of such forms are often possible to distinguish from earlier ones by a careful consideration of the details of the rim profile, in combination with fabric and surface treatment. Also, at least in some instances, identification can of course be helped by the context itself.

7

*Of which 2 complete profiles

LP.O.1.iv Plates/dishes with flanged rim; marl clay fabrics

In the present case, dishes and plates with direct rims of the Persian period are characterised by the slightly coarser Nile silt fabric common at that time, and, occasionally, by the accompanying bright, sometimes polished or burnished, red, pink or cream slip. They appear in two main variants and a number of outlying types. Marl clay fabrics examples of such vessels are very rare.

Pl. 75:9 (VII.D9-D10/0001/008) K5, white slip in; d. rim 19.0 cm. Pl. 75:10 (13/0047/020–021) K5, white slip in and out; d.  rim 19.4 cm; d.  base 8.0 cm; h.  (est.) 3.0 cm. Reconstructed from 2 non-joining fragments.

The first variant (LP.O.2.i) has a plain, simple rounded rim and tend to be of small to medium sizes (with mouth diameters ranging from 17.0 to about 30.0 cm). Some of the smaller examples might have been used as lamps as they sometimes bear soot traces on their inner surfaces. Plates and dishes of the second variant (LP.O.2.ii) have maximum diameters of 30.0 cm or more. Both variants have walls of varying thickness.

Pl. 75:11 (13/0063/022) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 25.3 cm. LP.O.1.iv Plates/dishes with flanged rim; mixed clay fabrics Pl. 75:12 (14/0017/007) mixed, hard brown fabric, dense and heavy, fine sand quartz, no core, pink slip in and out; d. base 10.0 cm.

No complete shape is preserved but such dishes and plates are more likely to have had a flat, flattened, or ring base than a rounded one. As a matter of fact, the majority of the base sherds of open vessels identified in our assemblage are either flat or ring bases (see below section LP.O.26).

LP.O.1.iv Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

4

1

0

5

X

0

0

0

0

Total

The small and medium sized dishes (LP.O.2.i) are comparable to examples found at Tell el-Herr, Period VI, where they were interpreted as lids (Defernez 2001:90–92, pl. XII:30a),37 at Tell Hebwa (Defernez 1997a:36, pl. I:1), Saqqara (French and Ghaly 1991:115, fig. 68), Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:158,), Karnak (see below), and Elephantine (Aston 1999:226, pl.  70:2010). One of them (15/0065/006, pl.  76:7) is made of the J1 Hard fabric that is more typical of the fourth century BC and the Ptolemaic period. Its internal surface is covered by soot and it was probably used as a cooking bowl.

5

LP.O.2 Dishes with direct, rounded, or triangular rim Plain, shallow, open shapes with direct rims, and either rounded or flat bases, made of Nile silt fabrics are mostly associated with earlier periods of Egyptian history, in particular with the New Kingdom and the early Third Intermediate Period. However, there is no doubt that these most Egyptian of vessels continued to be produced well into the Late Period, although by then, they do not show quite the same predominance within the open shapes’ repertoire. In effect, while they may still be fairly commonly encountered in the Saite period, they become unquestionably rarer in the later phases of the Late Period, and “goldfish bowls” or “hemispherical bowls” with rounded bases (LP.O.11), as well as small dishes with low carination (LP.O.9), become the dominant type amongst open forms. Plates and dishes with simple rim are particularly poorly represented in the published material of the Late Period (a fact that may not always reflect the actual state of affairs). In any case, when dealing with disturbed contexts, as is often the case at Kom Tuman, such shapes have to be considered with particular caution, and some of the examples listed below

Dishes of the second variant (LP.O.2.ii) have a larger maximum diameter and their rim may be slightly triangular in section. They are often red slipped, but cream slips and uncoated surfaces also occur. Judging from publications, they appear to be more frequent in the late Third Intermediate Period and Saite phases than in the Persian Period (see parallels below). However, parallels can be mentioned from Tell Maskhuta, in the early fifth century BC (Holladay 1982:55–57, pl.  16:6), and the burnished surface on 07/0002/007, pl. 76:6 suggests indeed a similar dating.

37 

86

See also below large lids L.6.

Late Period Much more rarely, such plates with simple, or slightly triangular, rims were made of marl clay fabrics. Three examples are illustrated below. It is not a well-documented shape for the Late Period, but it does occur at Karnak in Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty contexts (JacquetGordon 2014:251–252, fig. 98:a, c-d), as well as at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:125, fig. 23a).

LP.O.2.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant) 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

47

4

0

51

X

5

0

0

Total

A third variant was added to this group (LP.O.2.iii). It consists of bowls with thickened triangular rims that so far only occur in Nile silt fabrics. They have a slight carination on the lower body, a feature that is common in open shapes of the Late Period (see below (LP.O.9).

5 56

LP.O.2.i Medium-sized plate/dishes with direct rim; marl clay fabrics Pl. 76:8 (14b/0001/029) K5, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 20.0 cm.

LP.O.2.i. Medium-sized plates/dishes with direct rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 76:9 (15/0052/005) K5, green fabric, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm.

Pl. 75:13 (15/0092/002) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 19.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 7 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0010: 1 rim; 14/0014: 1 rim; 14/0032: 1 rim; 15/0008: 1 rim; 15/0045: 1 rim; 15/0077: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:273, fig. 92:l.

Pl. 76:10 (16/0050/007) K5, pink-white surface, uncoated; d. rim 22.0 cm. Pl. 76:11 (13/0035/070) K5, uncoated; d. rim 26.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim. Pl. 76:12 (16/0038/010) K5, uncoated; d. rim 21.0 cm.

Pl. 75:14 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm.

LP.O.2.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 76:1 (13/0045/008) J1, uncoated; d. rim 18.0 cm. Pl. 76:2 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/006) J1, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm. Pl. 76:3 (15/0009/003) J1, uncoated; pre-firing incised lines out; d. rim 22.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 15/0071: 1 rim; 16/0007: 1 rim.

Area VII

2013–2016 3

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 3

X Total

2

0

0

2 5

LP.O.2.ii Large plate/dishes with direct rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 77:1 (VII.B12/0019/003) J1, cream slip in and out; d. rim 32.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0054: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, sixth to fourth century BC: French and Bourriau 2018:40, fig. 2:e.

Pl. 76:4 (14/0010/008) J1, thick red slip in and out; d. rim 21.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 rim. Pl. 76:5 (13/0035/034) J1 Hard, red slip in and out; d. rim 23.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0035: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0031: 1 rim; 14/0060: 1 rim. Parallel: Abu Id, eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:26, no 39, pl. III.

Pl. 77:2 (13/0055/015) J1, cream-pink slip burnished; d. rim 32.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0035: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 1 rim. Pl. 77:3 (VII.D10/0005/014) J1, uncoated; d. rim 33.0 cm.

Pl. 76:6 (07/0002/007) J1, red slip in and out, traces of burnishing; d. rim 27.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 77:4 (07/0137/009) J1, uncoated; d. rim 33.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0010: 1 rim. Pl. 77:5 (13/0035/032) J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 34.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 9 rims (4 est. ind.). Parallels: El Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:44, type A1.12, pl. 44:12.

LP.O.2.i Variant: hard Nile silt fabric Pl. 76:7 (15/0065/006) J1 Hard, uncoated, soot in; d. rim 20.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0054: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0052: 1 rim. 87

Kom Tuman II sites, perhaps in particular in the north of Egypt and the Memphite area. They have been divided here into two variants: the first ranging between 10.0 and 20.0 cm in diameter and the second with diameters of 20.0 cm and above. They occur in Nile silt, marl, and mixed clay fabrics, although the Nile silt ones are the commonest and those in mixed clay fabrics are rare. Many of those found at Kom Tuman (especially examples of the Nile silt large variant) are covered by a white, occasionally burnished, slip, but red slipped, red and white slip combination, and uncoated examples also occur.

Abu ‘Id, Upper Egypt, eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:26, no 41, pl. III. Pl. 77:6 (14/0047/009) J1, white-pink slip in and out; d. rim 35.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0014: 1 rim. Pl. 77:7 (15/0109/003) J7, micaceous, red slip in and out; d. rim 34.0 cm. LP.O.2.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

27

2

0

29

X

1

0

0

Total

Besides their function as dishes, both the small and large variants, made of Nile silt fabrics, may also have been used as lids. The former are sometimes slipped on the outside only while some of the latter bear soot marks on their rims, suggesting that they were used for covering wide mouth cooking pots. None of the marl or mixed clay fabrics specimens examined here can be so straightforwardly interpreted as lid.

1 30

LP.O.2.ii Large plate/dishes with direct rim; marl clay fabrics Pl. 78:1 (14/0045/036) K5, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 30.0 cm.

With untreated and red slipped surfaces, small dishes of the first variant (LP.O.3.i) occur at Buto in the second half of the sixth century BC (French 2004:92–93, pl. I, Type 6). At Saqqara, they are present beyond that, throughout the fifth century BC in both Nile silt and marl fabrics, (Aston and Aston 2010:97–98, 138, 146–148, 152, 155, pls. 30:262, 31:272, 38:323, 42:355, 43:368, 44:395, 45:411; French and Bourriau 2018:48–49, 127–131, 209– 211, figs. 3e, 23d-r, 43i-r). At Tell el-Herr, they are found in Phases VI to V (Defernez 2001:83, 86–88, 223–224, 294–299, pls. X:27c-27d, XI:28a-28d, XLIV:113b-113c, LXIV:180a-181; Defernez 2012:40, fig. E:16), as well as in the early Ptolemaic period (Dixneuf 2007a:73, fig. 43:130–131), but only in Nile silts. Finally, Nile silt examples are also found at Mendes in the Late Period with untreated surfaces (Hummel and Schubert 2004:155– 156, pl.  K:40–43), Karnak (see parallels below), and Elephantine (Aston 1999:216, 222, pls.  66:1918–1919, 69:1979). They also have to be associated with a series of Nile silt dishes that were published from Mit Rahineh and dated (probably erroneously) to the Ptolemaic-Roman period (Fischer 1965:154, pl. 65:57–572).

Col. pl. 30:9 (13/0048/010) K5, uncoated, red painted stain out; d. rim 31.0 cm. LP.O.2.ii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

3

0

0

3

X

0

0

0

0

Total

3

LP.O.2.iii Plates/dishes with triangular rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 78:2 (15/0063/002) J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 23.0 cm. Pl. 78:3 (13/0045/009) J1/J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 23.0– 24.0 cm.

Plates and dishes of the second variant (LP.O.3.ii) are known in the sixth century BC at Migdol (Oren 1984:17, fig. 20: 15) and at Mendes in the Late Period (Hummel and Schubert 2004:158, pl. P:3). At Tell el-Herr, both uncoated and red slipped versions seem to be preponderant in the earlier phases of the Persian period settlement although they do continue into the fourth century BC (Defernez 2001:51–52, 76–85, 294–299, pls. II:4a-b, IX-X:26c27b, LXIV:178a-179). They are equally well attested at Saqqara in the embalmers’ caches and as surface finds (Aston and Aston 2010:30–31, 99, 138, pls. 1:20–24, 31:274–275, 38:321). Like at Kom Tuman, those from Saqqara are predominantly made of Nile silt fabrics, but some also occur in marls. It can be emphasised that in contrast to those at Kom Tuman, all of the published Nile

LP.O.2.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals. 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

1

0

0

1

VII or VII

1

0

0

1

Total

3

LP.O.3 Shallow dishes/plates with bent sides and plain rims These plates with rounded or flattened base, bent sides, and direct rim are found in great quantities at Late Period 88

Late Period silt examples from Saqqara, with the exception of a single white-slipped plate, have untreated surfaces.

Parallel: Karnak Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:268, fig. 106:t.

In addition, dishes of the second variant also occur at Buto in Nile silt fabrics in the second half of the sixth century BC (French 2004:92–93, type 6, pl. I bottom left), at Tanis, in a context attributed to the Thirtieth Dynasty (Ledain 2000:336, fig. 21), and in the tomb of Menekhibnekau at Abusir, where they were often used as lids (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:158, figs. 97a, 103b, 155, 157, 159a-b, 211).

Pl. 78:13 (05–06/0155/004) J1, thin red slip in and out; d. rim 14.7 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0080: 1 rim; 16/0015: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0025: 1 complete profile. Pl. 78:14 (14/0007/006) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm; h. pres. 4.0 cm. Pl. 78:15 (13/0039/061) J1, white slip in, red slip out; d. rim 16.3 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0044: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

LP.O.3.i Small dishes with bent sides; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 78:4 (VII.B12/0007/060) J1, red slip out; d. rim 10.0 cm; d. rim 10.0 cm; d. base 7.6 cm; h. 2.7 cm.

Pl. 78:16 (13/0040/127) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 16.1 cm; h. 3.2 cm. Parallel: Tell el Herr, Phase VII: Defernez 2001:52, pl. II:5.

Pl. 78:5 (14/0038/009) J1/J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 10.5 cm; d. base 4.7 cm; h. 4.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Sacred Animal Necropolis, Late Period: French and Bourriau 2018:208–209, fig. 43h.

Pl. 78:17 (13/0040/130) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 17.2 cm; h. 3.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 complete profile; 2 rims (4 est. ind.); 4 bases (5 est. ind.); 13/0049: 3 complete profiles (3 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, surface, dated Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:50–51, fig. 3l.

Pl. 78:6 (14/0063/003) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 complete profile, 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0049: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 16/0009: 1 rim. Pl. 78:7 (13/0039/059) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 13.8 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0049: 7 rims (5 est. ind.); 14/0045: 3 complete profiles, 6 rims (6 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:287, no. 126.

Pl. 79:1 (14b/0011/001) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm; h. 4.3 cm.

Pl. 78:8 (13/0040/128) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 13.6 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0061: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 79:4 (13/0041/095) J1, red slip out; d. rim 18.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 3 rims, 2 BS (2 est. ind.); 16/0034: 1 complete profile.

Pl. 79:2 (07/0056/013) J1, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 17.0 cm; d. base 7.7 cm; h. 4.1 cm. Pl. 79:3 (16/0003/103) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 17.7 cm; h. 4.2 cm.

Pl. 79:5 (14/0039/001) J1, pink slip in, red slip burnished out; d. rim 17.8 cm; h. 4.5 cm.

Pl. 78:9 (VII.B12/0007/023) J1, white slip out; d. rim 13.0 cm; d. base 6.8 cm; h. 3.2–3.5 cm.

Pl. 79:6 (13/0035/048) J1, red slip out, white slip in; d. rim 18.0 cm; d. base 16.0 cm; h. ca. 3.8 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period, red slipped: Lecuyot et al. 2013:265, q1.P7 (S.P.845), pl. K.

Pl. 78:10 (13/0041/094) J1, red slip out; d. rim 14.0 cm; h. 3.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0086: 1 complete profile; 16/0015: 3 rims (3 est. ind.). Pl. 78:11 (15/0011/005) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 14.5 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0055: 1 rim; 13/0049: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 15 complete profiles, 12 rims, 2 bases (23 est. ind.); 16/0023: 1 rim.

LP.O.3.i Variant of dish/lid with bent sides: deep sides; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 78:12 (VII.B12/0007/021) J1, white slip out; d.  rim 14.5 cm; d. base 9.6 cm; h. 3.9 cm.

Pl. 79:8 (13/0047/013) J1 Red, red slip in and out; d. rim 19.8 cm.

Pl. 79:7 (13/0040/129) J1, uncoated, slight groove below rim; d. rim 17.0 cm.

89

Kom Tuman II Pl. 79:15 (16/0021/015) K5, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 15.5 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F17, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:64, F17.P20 (S.P.675), pl. D.

Pl. 79:9 (14/0021/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm. Pl. 79:10 (13/0039/060) J1, uncoated; d. rim 15.4 cm. Parallels: Tell el Herr, Phase VB: Defernez 2001:234, 301, pls. XLVII:123, LXV:182b. Tell Timai, mid-fifth to mid-fourth century BC: Hudson 2016:84, fig. 6:1. Tell Maskhuta, Persian period: Paice 1986/1987:100, fig. 4:1. Tell Muqdam, late fifth century BC (420–400 BC), no fabric specification: Redmount and Friedman 1997:64–65, fig. 9a, middle left. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:268, fig. 106:w.

Pl. 80:1 (13/0041/072) K5, uncoated; d. rim 19.4 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 rim. Pl. 80:2 (14/0047/010) K5, perhaps white slip in and out or self-slip; d. rim 19.0 cm. Pl. 80:3 (15/0003/009) K5 or mixed fabric, white smooth surface, red slip in and out. d. rim 19.2 cm; h. 3.6 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0005: 1 rim; 15/0008: 1 rim; 16/0015: 3 complete profiles.

LP.O.3.i Variant of dish/lid with bent sides: wide flat base; Nile silt fabrics

LP.O.3.i Small dishes with bent sides; mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 79:11 (13/0001/021) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 14.7 cm; d. base 10.0 cm; h. 3.0 cm.

Pl. 80:4 (13/0049/022) Mixed 8, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm.

Parallel: Saqqara, surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:152, pl. 45:395.

Col. pl. 31:3–4 (13/0055/016) mixed, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim; 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0001: 9 rims (5 est. ind.); 15/0043: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 complete profile. Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC), marl fabric: Aston and Aston 2010:99, pl. 31:273.

LP.O.3.i Variant of dish/lid with bent sides: ring base; Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 31:1–2 (16/0003/017) J1 Red, powdery red slip in and out; d. rim 15.7 cm; d. base 5.6 cm; h. 4.5 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Sacred Animal Necropolis, Late Period: French and Bourriau 2018:211, fig. 43r. Tell Timai, late fourth to early third century BC: Hudson 2016:93, fig. 10:64.

LP.O.3.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

LP.O.3.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

X Total

Area VII

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

100*

5+

0

105

X

11º

0

0

11

XI

0

0

1+

1

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

22*

0

0

22

6º

0

0

6 28

*Of which 2 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºOf which 4 complete vessels or complete profiles

LP.O.3.ii Large dishes with bent sides; Nile silt fabrics

117

Pl. 80:5 (VI.O11/0008/012) J1, traces of red slip out; d. rim 20.3 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0032: 1 rim; 16/0009: 1 rim.

*Of which 40 complete vessels or complete profiles; Complete vessel(s); ºOf which 3 complete vessels or complete profiles +

LP.O.3.i Small dishes with bent sides; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 80:6 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/008) J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 20.4 cm.

Pl. 79:12 (15/0022/008) K5 Fine, cream surface out, pink in, uncoated; d. rim 10.4 cm.

Pl. 80:7 (VII.F9/Pit 9/015–016) J1 Red, white slip in and out; d. rim 22.7 cm.

Pl. 79:13 (13/0039/095) K5, grey-green core, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm; d. base 8.9 cm; h. 3.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0029: 1 rim.

Pl. 80:8 (14/0001/008) J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 22.6 cm; h. 5.0 cm.

Pl. 79:14 (13/0040/098) K2, uncoated; d. rim 12.3 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 31:5–6 (07/0152/003) J1, pink slip in and out; d. rim 22.2 cm; h. 3.8 cm.

90

Late Period Pl. 80:9 (07/0032/004) J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 23.5 cm; d. base 15.5 cm; h. 2.9 cm.

Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:268, fig. 106:y-z.

Pl. 80:10 (16/0014/011) J1, red slip out; d. rim 24.0 cm.

LP.O.3.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

Pl. 80:11 (VII.D9-D10/0001/014) J1, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm.

Area VII

Pl. 80:12 (07/0120/001) J1, pale pink slip in; d. rim 25.3 cm; d. base 17.5 cm; h. 3.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 rim; 15/0005: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

12*

11+

0

23

6º

0

0

Total

6 29

*Of which 4 complete vessels or complete profiles; +Of which 6 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºOf which 1 complete profile

Pl. 80:13 (VII.B12/0007/063) J1, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 25.0 cm.

LP.O.3.ii Large dishes with bent sides; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 81:1 (15/0049/008) J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 25.0 cm.

Pl. 82:4 (16/0021/016) K5, porous, pink fabric, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 26.5 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0003: 1 rim.

Pl. 81:2 (14/0047/002) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 26.5 cm; h. 2.7 cm.

Pl. 82:5 (14/0001/065) K5, medium coarse fabric, white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 21.8 cm.

Pl. 81:3 (07/0119/008) J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 25.9 cm; d. base 15.0 cm; h. 3.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 6 rims (3 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period, thick red slip: Lecuyot et al. 2013:258, q1.P9 (S.P.846), pl. K.

LP.O.3.ii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 81:4 (14/0001/211) J1, uncoated, soot in and out of rim; d. rim 26.3 cm; h. (est.) 4.3 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

0

0

6

X

0

0

0

0

Total

6

Pl. 81:5 (14/0044/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 30.0 cm.

LP.O.4 Large dishes/lids with modelled rims

Pl. 81:6 (15/0036/008) J1, thick red slip in and out; d. rim 31.0–32.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0036: 1 rim.

These large plates and dishes, or lids, with bent sides and modelled rim are closely related to those of the previous group, but a greater proportion are made of marl fabrics. They tend to be larger than those with simple rims and those made of Nile silts often make use of fabrics that are particularly rich in chaff inclusions, which nearly justifies classifying them in the coarse ware category. Their surfaces bear nevertheless good quality red, pink or cream/ white slips. Some of the Nile silt examples illustrated here (16/0014/010, col. pl.  31:7–8; 14b/0001/058, pl.  82:7) might have been intended as lids rather than plates, being slipped on the outside only.

Pl. 81:7 (15/0005/019) J1, red and white slip; d.  rim 36.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0005: 1 rim. LP.O.3.ii variant: Wide flat base; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 81:8 (13/0035/045) J1, thin red slip; d. rim 30.0 cm; d. base 22.8 cm; h. 4.2 cm.

These vessels are paralleled at Tell el-Herr, Level V (Defernez 2001:232–234, 288–293, pls. XLVII:122, LXIII:176a-177b), and Tell Maskhuta in the Persian period (Paice 1986/1987:99–100, fig. 3:12–15) but in Nile silt fabrics only. They are often also covered by a thick red slip, and white slipped examples are rare. The stratigraphy from Tell el Herr suggests that they are later than the carinated dishes with plain rim, as they appear only in the late Persian period. However, this may not hold true for all sites of the period, as they occur in association with predominantly fifth century BC material at Kom Tuman. Moreover, these dishes are not attested in reliable

LP.O.3.ii variant: Slanting sides; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 82:1 (07/0079/016) J1, red slip in; d. rim 23.5 cm. Pl. 82:2 (15/0045/009) J1, cream slip in and out, red slip stains; d. rim 21.0 cm. Pl. 82:3 (VII.D9-D10/0001/013) J1, pink slip in and out; d. rim 24.0 cm. Parallels: Tell el-Herr, Phase V: Defernez 2001:294–295, pl. LXIV:178b. 91

Kom Tuman II LP.O.4 Marl clay fabrics

Ptolemaic contexts (for example at Tebtynis), and the frequency of the marl fabrics examples at Kom Tuman (contrasting with their absence at Tell el-Herr), rather point to a date in the fifth to early fourth than to the later fourth century BC.

Pl. 83:1 (14/0044/005) K5, grey medium fine fabric, fine sand, few rounded ochre, thick white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 27.6 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0001: 1 rim.

One may note that the few Nile silt sherds entered here into a rare variant with in-turned rim (pl. 82:9–10) are comparable to Iron Age shapes from the Levant, dated between the eighth and mid-seventh century BC (Lehmann 1996:368, Form 48/1–48/3, pl. 8).

Pl. 83:2 (13/0041/041) K5, green-grey fabric, white slip in and out; d. rim 31.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 rim; 1 BS (1 est. ind.). Pl. 83:3 (14/0037/003) Straw Marl, white slip in and out; d. rim 40.0–42.0 cm.

LP.O.4 Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 31:7–8 (16/0014/010) J1 Straw-rich, thick red slip out; d. rim 32.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 83:4 (13/0040/093) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 40.0–42.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0041: 1 rim.

Pl. 82:6 (13/0055/018) J1/J1 Red, white slip in and out; d. rim 35.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 83:5 (16/0021/017) K5, uncoated; d. rim 39.0 cm. LP.O.4 Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 31:9–11 (16/0007/011) J1, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 35.0 cm; thick residue of ochre pigment in.

Area

Pl. 82:7 (14b/0001/058) J1, red slip out; d rim 30.0–38.0 cm.

LP.O.4 Variant: in-turned rim: Nile silt fabrics Pl. 82:9 (13/0035/026) J1 Straw-rich, thin white slip; d. rim 23.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0036: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Balamun, uncertain date, surface find: Spencer 1996:24, pl. 86:1. Pl. 82:10 (13/0047/009) J1, red slip in and out; d rim 22.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

Total

VII

20

0

0

20

X

5

0

0

5

Total

10

X

0

0

0

0 10

Bowls of this group are exclusively made of Nile silt fabrics and compare well with late Third Intermediate Period and Late Dynastic vessels from Tanis (Ledain 2000:340, 342, figs. 33, 40; Laemmel 2012:26, pl. 16:96), Amarna (French 1986:157, fig. 9.15: SB.1.3), and elsewhere (see parallels below). At Tell Maskhuta similar bowls, interpreted as lids, were recovered from Saite levels (Paice 1986/1987:102, fig. 8:15–17).

LP.O.4 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Surface

Total

0

Only few bowls of this type were recognised throughout the assemblages examined here (all from Area VII), but one of them is preserved as a near complete profile. Its general shape, in particular its rim, which was intentionally folded out, directly derives from well-known New Kingdom examples. However, when well-preserved, as is the case here, no confusion can occur between the bowls of the different periods. Indeed, compared to earlier dishes and bowls with out-turned rims, the present examples stand out by the gradual thickening of their relatively straight walls, terminating in a thick, solid base. The roughly shaved outer surface of the base differs also strikingly from the rounded or slightly pointed bases of the New Kingdom and relates them closely to the shallower shapes discussed above (LP.O.1.iii).

Pl. 82:8 (13/0039/048) J1 Straw-rich, cream slip in, red slip out; d. rim 33.0–44.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 rims; 14/0001: 2 rims; 14/0031: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0021: 1 rim; 1 BS (1 est. ind.).

2003–2013

Surface

0

LP.O.5 Dishes and bowls with out-turned rims and scraped bases

Col. pl. 32:3–5 (16/0025/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 40.0–43.0 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

10

Total

Col. pl. 32:1–2 (16/0015/068) J1 Straw-rich, thick red slip out, pink-orange slip in; d. rim 35.0–40.0 cm.

Area

2013–2016

VII

Aston and Aston entered the shape into their Phases A and B1 of the Late Period (Aston and Aston 2010:167–171, figs. 34, top right, 37, top right). Therefore, they should

25

92

Late Period go back to a somewhat earlier period of occupation at Kom Tuman than the bulk of the material considered here, which would also account for their rarity.

LP.O.6.i Nile silt fabrics

LP.O.5 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 83:9 (07/0056/006) J1, very worn red slip in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm; h. 9.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 13/0046: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0009: 1 rim. Parallels: Buto first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:107, Type 7, fig. 14:5. Karnak, Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:238, fig. 92:w-aa, pl. XXI:b.

Pl. 83:8 (03–04/0138/064) J1, uncoated; d. rim 15.7 cm.

Col. pl. 32:6–7 (07/0152/012) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 25.0 cm; h. 7.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0032: 1 rim; 16/0007: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0021: 1 rim. Parallels: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:107, Type 7, fig. 14:9. Karnak, Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012: 236, fig. 92:c.

Pl. 84:1 (VII.B-12/0007/057) J1, red slip burnish in and out; d. rim ca. 15.0 cm. Parallel: Abusir, funerary complex of Iufaa, last quarter of the sixth century BC: Bares and Smoláriková 2008:195, fig. 55:12.

Pl. 83:6 (14/0014/013) J1, uncoated; d. rim 20.0 cm. Pl. 83:7 (14/0010/026) J1, uncoated; d. rim 20.0 cm. LP.O.5 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

9

2*

0

11

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 84:2 (VII.D9-D10/0001/002) J1 Red, red slip out; d. rim ca. 19.0 cm. Parallels: Plinthine, US 2056, eighth century BC: Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:8–15, fig. 5:Plin15–2056-17. Abu ‘Id (Edfu region), eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:22, no 2, pl. I.

11

*Of which one complete profile

LP.O.6.i Nile individuals

LP.O.6 Dishes and bowls with direct rim, small to medium mouth diameter

silt

fabrics,

estimated

number

of

The bowls assembled together under this heading share broad morphological characteristics (simple rims and round bases) but are representative of two distinct chronological phases. The first type is more common in the earlier part of the Late Period (if not the end of the Third Intermediate Period), while the second is probably not evidenced before the late fifth or fourth century BC.

LP.O.6.i Marl clay fabric

LP.O.6.i Conical bowls with direct straight rims, rounded bases

Pl. 84:3 (15/0049/007) K5, grey fabric, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm.

This small group is made of small bowls with round bases and simple rims. They are closely related to the plates with direct rims (LP.O.2.i) and only differ from them by their deeper proportions. Similar vessels already occur in the late eighth-early seventh centuries BC, for example at Giza (Tavares and Laemmel 2011:958, figs. 19–20) and Elephantine (Aston 1999:174, 176, pl.  52:1612–1613, 1623). In later phases, they are evidenced in the Persian period at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:312–313, pl. LXVIII:191c), and in the Late Period more generally, at Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:158, pl. P:1) and Mit Rahineh (Fischer 1965:149, pl. 63:485).

LP.O.6.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

5

0

8

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Area

8

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

LP.O.6.ii Small hemispherical bowls with thick base These bowls appear as a very distinct group at Kom Tuman. They are made of a fine, often hard Nile silt fabric, and are often covered by a red slip. They have thick walls, upright rims, rounded bases, and altogether somehow squat proportions.

A single marl fabric variant of the shape was identified here and all of them (marl and silt examples) were found in Area VII. 93

Kom Tuman II LP.O.7.i Large dishes with carinated sides

Several were found in a complete or near complete condition, one notably in association with a near complete torpedo jar typical of the Persian period.

In the Late Period, bowls with a direct, simple rim and a straight to slightly curved upper side are particularly frequent in the south of the country in marl fabrics (Béout et al. 1993:171, fig. 19, Shape 32; Jacquet-Gordon 2012:228, 253–253, figs. 89:e, 99:a-e, pl. XXII:a) and are often seen as a hallmark of the Twenty-Fifth and TwentySixth Dynasties’ tradition (though they do continue to some extent into the Ptolemaic period, see parallels below). At Kom Tuman, silt versions of the shape seem to dominate, just as is the case at Tell el-Herr in Phase VB (Defernez 2001:222–225, pl.  XLIV:113a-b). Rather than emulating the south Egyptian versions, these may well derive from earlier silt bowls with rounded bases and, often, large diameters that were common in the Third Intermediate Period (Aston 1996c:23, 26, nos 12–15, 44, pls. I, III).

Interestingly, they do not find good parallels elsewhere. They are best compared to a surface find from the New Kingdom necropolis at Saqqara, dated to the Late Period (Aston and Aston 2010:149, pl.  43:374). Shapewise, they also show clear analogies with some of the bowls of the previous type and their parallels from Buto (cf. 07/0056/006, pl.  83:9). Notice could also be made of their overall resemblance to a series of Roman period hemispherical bowls from Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:38–39, pl.  5:70–77). However, the latter are mostly produced in marl fabrics, have a flat rather than round base and have smaller rim diameters. LP.O.6.ii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 84:4 (14/0038/008) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 12.7 cm; h. 6.4 cm.

Silt carinated bowls are also found at Mendes, dated generally to the Late Period (Hummel and Schubert 2004:158, pl.  N:12–13). A similar type of carination on bowls, presumably of Nile silt fabrics, is also seen at Defenneh, in association with a wide button base (Petrie 1888:64–65, pl. XXXIV:30, 34).

Pl. 84:5 (14/0001/009) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm; h. 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 6 rims (3 est. ind.).

LP.O.7.i Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 84:6 (14/0005) J1 Hard, uncoated, scraped out, smoothed in; d. rim 13.5 cm; h. 5.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 bases (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 84:8 (VII.D10/0005/012) J1, uncoated; d. rim 23.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0032: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Maskhuta, Late Period: Paice 1986/1987:100, fig. 4:6–7.

Col. pl. 32:8–9 (13/0064/002) J1 Hard, thin red slip in and upper part out; d.  rim 13.8 cm; h.  6.2 cm; hand pressed inside base. Pl. 84:7 (13/0064/003) J1, red slip in; d.  rim 16.0 cm; h. 6.6 cm.

Pl. 84:9 (13/0035/038) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 20.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 7 rims (4 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 rim; 14/0021: 1 rim; 14/0037: 1 BS. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:268, fig. 106:ee.

Col. pl. 32:10–11 (15/0008/024) J1, uncoated; d. rim 16.3 cm; h. 8.5 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0008: 3 rims, 1 BS (2 est. ind.).

LP.O.7.i Nile individuals

LP.O.6.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

12*

0

0

12

X

0

0

0

0

XI

0

0

1º

VII

Area

silt

fabrics,

1

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

10

0

0

10

X

0

0

0

Total

13

estimated

of

0 10

LP.O.7.i Marl clay fabrics

*Of which 5 complete vessels or complete profiles; º complete profile

Pl. 84:10 (07/0025/017) K5, uncoated; d. rim 18.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Fifth to Twenty-Sixth Dynasty: Boulet 2016:220–221, fig. 3e.

LP.O.7 Large dishes and bowls with carination or modelled rim The bowls and dishes discussed here are all large diameter vessels that are mostly relating to the earliest part of the Late Period. With the exception of the first type, they are nearly always made of Nile silt fabrics.

Pl. 84:11 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/015) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 20.1 cm. 94

Late Period LP.O.7.ii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Parallel: Karnak, Priests’ Quarter, Ptolemaic: Masson 2011:273–274, fig. 35. Pl. 84:12 (VII.D10/0005/025) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 16.3 cm.

Area

Pl. 84:13 (15/0090/004) K5, uncoated; d. rim 28.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Priests’ Quarter, Late Period: Masson 2011:272–274, fig. 31.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

1

LP.O.7.iii Large, deep carinated dishes; Nile silt fabrics

LP.O.7.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.7.ii to LP.O.7.iv Large carinated dishes

Pl. 85:5 (14/0001/014) J1, pink slip in and out; d.  rim 24.2 cm. Parallels: Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, Third Intermediate Period: Laemmel 2012:28–29, pl.  18: 105–106. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:272, fig. 109:b.

A few other variants of large carinated dishes occur at Kom Tuman. They are principally made of Nile silt fabrics. Most of them come from Area VII.

Pl. 85:6 (14/0032/012) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 23.3 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0098: 1 rim.

LP.O.7.ii Dishes and bowls with high carination and internally thickened rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 85:7 (13/0048/005) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 40.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0039: 1 rim; 13/0041: 1 rim; 13/0049: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 16/0015: 2 rims. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:271, fig. 108:c.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

3

0

4

X

0

0

0

0

Total

4

Pl. 85:1 (14/0032/011) J1, uncoated; d. rim 26.0–27.0 cm. Parallels: The strong carination of this bowl, with sharply out-turned rim is paralleled at El Ashmunein in the Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period in both silt (Spencer 1993:44, types A3.12, 14, pl. 47:12,14) and marl clay fabrics (Spencer 1993:44–45, type A4.21.1–2, pl. 52:21.1–2). Also, Abu Id (region of Edfu), eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:26, no. 35, pl. III.

Pl. 86:1 (15/0098/011) J1/J1 Coarse, red slip out; d. rim 34.0 cm.

Pl. 85:2 (13/0046/039) J1, coarse fabric, uncoated; d. rim 30.0 cm.

LP.O.7.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

LP.O.7.iii Variant: relief knobs on rim; Nile silt fabrics

Internal parallel: 13/0048: 1 rim.

Area

Pl. 85:3 (15/0090/006) J1, uncoated; d. rim 23.0–25.0 cm. Parallel: Tanis, “Tell Centre”, Third Intermediate Period: Laemmel 2012:29–30, pl. 21:117.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

0

0

6

X

0

0

0

0

2003–2013

Surface

Total

12

0

0

12

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.O.7.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

VII

12

LP.O.7.iii Large, deep carinated dishes; mixed clay fabric

LP.O.7.ii Dishes and bowls with high carination and internally thickened rim; marl clay fabrics

Pl. 86:2 (16/0023/005) mixed, pink fabric, beige core, fine sand, fine vegetal temper, small air holes, red slip burnish out; d. rim 24.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, dated fourth century BC: French and Bourriau 2018:138, fig. 25b.

Pl. 85:4 (16/0025/010) K5, pink-cream slip in and out; d. rim 38.5 cm.

LP.O.7.iii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Total

6

95

Kom Tuman II Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

3

0

0

3

Total

LP.O.7.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

5

LP.O.7.iv Dishes with high carination and short rim

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

2

0

8

X

0

0

0

0

Total

These large dishes and bowls are clearly harking back to earlier periods (late Third Intermediate Period to early Saite), and find parallels at Ashmunein, TellGhaba (see below), Tanis (Laemmel 2012:29–30, pl.  21:118), and Plinthine (Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:8–15, fig. 5, Group 3). However, the surface treatment of some of them (red slip, occasionally burnished) as well as the straw rich fabric of 14/0010/004 (pl. 86:7) hints at a date in the fifth century BC rather than any time earlier.

8

LP.O.7.iv Marl clay fabric Pl. 86:8 (13/0025/040) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 20.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, dated to the beginning of the fourth century BC: French and Bourriau 2018:137, fig. 25a. LP.O.7.iv Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

These shapes were principally produced in Nile silt fabrics. However, one example of a marl fabric bowl with a pronounced groove under the rim may be linked to this group.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.O.7.iv Nile silt fabrics

1

LP.O.7.v Large dishes with slanting rim

Pl. 86:3 (15/0020/005) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm.

These dishes are always made of Nile silt fabrics and, like those of the previous type, belong to a late Third Intermediate Period tradition.

Pl. 86:4 (VII.B12/0019/014) J1, red slip burnish in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm.

LP.O.7.v Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 86:5 (13/0048/008) J1/J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 23.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0048: 1 rim; 14/00013: 1 rim. Parallels: El-Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:44, type A3.24, pl. 48:24. Tell Ghaba, Level II: Lupo and Kohen 2015:211–212, fig. 4b. Abu Id (Edfu region), eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:26, no. 40, pl. II.

Pl. 86:9 (14/0010/005) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 25.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 14/0032: 1 rim. Parallels: Abu Id (Edfu region), eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:23, nos 7–8, pl. I. Pl. 87:1 (13/0049/016) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in and out; d. rim 40.0–44.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0059: 1 rim. Parallel: Plinthine, US 2056, eighth century B.C.: Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:8–15, fig. 5:Plin15–2056-20.

Pl. 86:6 (14/0014/007) J1, uncoated; d. rim 26.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, Mameluk context, dated Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:45–46, fig. 3a. Tanis, Temple of Horus of Mesen, Third Intermediate Period: Laemmel 2012:29–30, pl. 20:114.

Pl. 87:2 (14/0013/003) J1, thick red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 43.0 cm. LP.O.7.v Nile individuals

Pl. 86:7 (14/0010/004) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in and out; d. rim 40.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0036: 1 rim. Parallels: Plinthine, US 2056, eighth century BC: Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:8–15, fig.5:Plin15–2056-19. Abu Id (Edfu region), eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:23, no. 9, pl. I.

Area

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

7

0

0

7

X

0

0

0

0

Total

96

silt

7

of

Late Period Pl. 88:2 (13/0040/124) J1, uncoated; d. rim 30.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 rim.

LP.O.7.vi Large bowls with modelled or thickened rim The following group is made up of a collection of large dishes/bowls variants that did not fit with any of the types described above. They are mainly made of Nile silt fabrics.

Pl. 88:3 (14/0006/003) J1 Red/J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 32.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004; 1 rim; 14b/0010: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

The one variant that may stand out as a better-defined type is the first, which consists of deep dishes or bowl with straight sides. Although their morphology seems principally to relate to the earliest part of the Late Period, the combination of pink and white slip found on the large bowl 13/0039/036 (pl. 87:5) is most likely indicative of a Persian period date. In addition, at least some of the deeper variants may be related to the ‘vat’ shapes of the fifth and early fourth century BC (see below, LP.O.23).

Pl. 88:4 (14/0054/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 30.0–35.0 cm; perhaps curved lower walls(?). Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 14/0036: 1 rim; 15/0034: 1 rim; 16/0034: 1 rim. Perhaps a ‘bell-shaped pot’ of Saite date: Tell Maskhuta: Paice 1986/1987:101, fig. 6:15 (ascribed a Ptolemaic date). Also Karnak, Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:243, fig. 94:j.

Only two marl fabric sherds were identified. Again, in spite of its unusual shape at that time, the presence of the burnished pink slip on one of them supports a date in the late Saite or Persian Period rather than any time earlier.

Pl. 88:5 (14/0032/013) J1, thick red slip in and out; d. rim 42.0 cm.

LP.O.7.vi Variant: Deep bowls with straight sides, modelled rim; Nile silt fabrics

LP.O.7.vi variants, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 87:3 (15/0009/004) J1, thick red slip in, coarsely made; d. rim 21.4 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0086: 1 rim; 16/0021: 1 rim. Parallels: Ghaba, North Sinai, late Third Intermediate Period: Lupo and Kohen 2014:192, fig. 2b. El-Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:44, type A3.96, pl. 50:96. Tell el Abu Id (Edfu region), eighth century BC: Aston 1996c:22, no. 5, pl. I.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

22

0

0

22

X

1

0

0

1

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

24

LPO.7.vi Variant: Large bowls with out-turned rim; marl clay fabrics Pl. 88:6 (15/0018/006) K5, pink slip burnished in and out; d. rim 33.0 cm. Parallel: Abu Id, Upper Egypt, uncoated: Aston 1996c:30, no. 56, pl. IV; see pl. 88:8.

Pl. 87:4 (13/0035/039) J1 Hard, red slip in; d. rim 26.4 cm. Parallel: El Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:44, type A3.95, pl. 50:95.

Pl. 88:7 (14b/0001/027) K5, uncoated; d. rim 35.0 cm.

Pl. 87:5 (13/0039/036) J1 Straw-rich, pink slip out, white slip in; d. rim ca. 24.0–30.0 cm.

LP.O.7.vi variants, marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 87:6 (13/0039/049) J1, uncoated; d. rim 25.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 rim.

Area

Pl. 87:7 (13/0039/035) J1 Straw-rich, pink slip out, white slip in; d. rim ca. 31.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0048: 1 rim; 14/0018: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:270, fig. 107:p. LPO.7.vi Variant: Large bowls with out-turned rim; Nile silt fabrics

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

1

0

0

1

Total

2

LP.O.7.vii Large dishes with overhang rim These large dishes have a long tradition going back to the New Kingdom. They continue to be produced in significant quantities throughout the Third Intermediate Period (see parallels below) and the Saite phase (French and Bourriau 2007:109, fig. 15:8). As such, they are not a good chronological marker, but the red slip often found on the examples from Kom Tuman suggests that they belong

Pl. 88:1 (13/0049/037) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 28.1 cm. Parallel: El Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period to late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:44, type A1.32, pl. 45:32. 97

Kom Tuman II to the Saite phase rather than any time earlier. They are found in significant quantities among the material analysed here (42 estimated individuals) and can be considered as a marker for the earliest phase of the Late Period at Kom Tuman.

One example, with band rim, appears in a gritty grey marl fabric and is covered with a white slip. It fits within a late Saite/Persian tradition. Bowls of the second variant have thinner walls and are likely later in date. Some are fitted with horizontal loop handles and may betray remote influences from Greek skyphoi.

Interestingly, while they still appear in Phase VI at Tell el-Herr (see parallels below), they are absent from the published Late Period material from the Saqqara necropolis.

LP.O.8.i Small bowls with soft carination and thick walls; Nile silt fabrics

LP.O.7.vii Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 89:5 (13/0040/123) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 15.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Embalmers’ caches (550–400BC): Aston and Aston 2010:42, pls. 11:79, 51:P444.

Pl. 89:1 (13/0035/049) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in and out; d. rim 43.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0049: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0010: 1 rim; 14/0017: 1 rim; 15/0001: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 rim.

Pl. 89:6 (14/0045/031) J1, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:149, pls. 43:374.

Pl. 89:2 (13/0039/034) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in and out; d. rim 37.0–45.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims; 13/0039: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0001: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0014: 1 rim. Parallel: El Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:44, type A3.30, pl. 48:30.

LP.O.8.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 89:3 (14/0010/010) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 32.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0045: 2 rims (1 est. ind.), 13/0047: 1 rim; 13/0049: 1 rim; 15/0092: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim.

LP.O.8.i Small bowls with soft carination; marl clay fabric

Pl. 89:4 (16/0025/021) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in, string mark on rim, burnt; d. rim 35.0–40.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 13/0048: 1 rim; 16/0029: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Parallel: Tell el Herr, Phase VI: Defernez 2001:61, pl. V:18b.

LP.O.8.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.7.vii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.8.ii Small bowls with soft carination and thin walls; Nile silt fabrics

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

39

2

0

41

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Area VII

2013–2016 4

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 4

X Total

0

0

0

0 4

Pl. 89:7 (13/0047/018) grey, sandy marl, white slip in and out; d rim 16.2 cm.

Area VII

2013–2016 1

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 1

X Total

1

0

0

1 2

Pl. 89:8 (13/0039/050) J1 Hard, red slip in and out; d. rim 13.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0041: 1 rim; 14/0042: 1 rim.

42

Pl. 89:9 (16/0025/023) J7, self-slip in and out, smooth surface; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty, larger and coarser example: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:272, fig. 109:a.

LP.O.8.i-ii Small bowls with soft carination These small to medium-sized bowls have a soft carination just below the rim. Those of the first variant have rather thick walls and belong to a Saite tradition (e.g. French and Bourriau 2007:106–107, fig. 14:1, 4). They continue into the fifth century BC (see parallels below) but are not particularly frequent in Persian period assemblages.

Pl. 89:10 (16/0003/041) J1 Hard, dark red-brown thick slip in and out; d. rim 14.5 cm. Parallel: Tell el Herr Phase V (but with thicker walls): Defernez 2001:312, pl. LXVII:190. 98

Late Period of the Levant and Persia. Similar bowls, covered with a red slip, are found in the first half of the seventh century BC at Tarsus and Byblos (Lehmann 1996:368, Form 53, Pl. 9) and they are also evidenced later in the Achaemenid period at Susa, in both glazed and plain wares (de Miroschedji 1987:23).

LP.O.8.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

6

0

0

6

X

2

0

0

2

Total

8

LP.O.9.i Nile silt fabrics

III.1.2.2 Tableware bowls

Pl. 90:1 (07/0056/002) J1, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0043: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Late Period, Nile silt fabric: Béout et al. 1993:164–166, fig. 7:12.

LP.O.9 Dishes and bowls with low carination and modelled rim These bowls and dishes are found in the late Saite and Persian periods and to a much lesser extent beyond that into the early Ptolemaic period. Fabrics, technology, and morphological details all contribute to distinguishing between the earlier and later examples. They are exceedingly common amongst the material excavated at Kom Tuman (in particular the types LP.O.9.iii and LP.O.9.iv) and were probably used as tableware for serving food. In spite of their ubiquity, they are clearly not part of the traditional Egyptian pottery repertoire but seem to derive from Levantine and Neo-Babylonian and/ or Persian prototypes. De Miroschedji, in his publication of the material from Susa, even qualifies the general type as “fossiles directeurs de l’époque achéménide” (De Miroschedji 1987:23). However, fine and tableware pottery imports from the Levant are extremely poorly represented at Kom Tuman, and generally elsewhere in Egypt at that time (not to mention imports from Persia itself, which are virtually non-existent). Thus, it is quite likely that the prototypes that influenced the Egyptian pottery production in that case were metal or faience vessels, rather than ceramic vases. Admittedly, no metal shape of this form is known, either in Egypt or the Levant, but survival rates of metal artefacts are notoriously much lower than those of ceramics.

Pl. 90:2 (15/0001/003) J1/J1 Red, thick white slip in; d. rim (est.) 21.0–22.0 cm; d. base 11.0 cm; h. 5.1 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0018: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 90:3 (14/0045/029) Micaceous J1, brushed white slip in and out; d. rim 21.0 cm. Pl. 90:4 (07/0111/005) J1, brown – originally red(?) – slip in and out; traces of burnishing; d. base 12.0 cm. LP.O.9.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

5

2

0

7

X

2

0

0

2

Total

9

LP.O.9.i Marl clay fabrics Pl. 90:5 (16/0015/038) K5 Fine, pink-white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 14.0 cm. Pl. 90:6 (07/0151/003) K5, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm.

LP.O.9.i Dishes and bowls with flanged rim

Pl. 90:7 (14/0010/012) K5, very smooth surface, white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 21.0 cm.

These vessels, made of Nile silt or marl clay fabrics, are closely related to the plates with overhang rims and are probably of the same date (LP.O.9.ii-iv). The complete profiles preserved here have a wide flat base, but low ring bases probably occurred too.

Pl. 90:8 (13/0004/021) K5, uncoated; d. rim ca. 26.0 cm. Col. pl. 33:1–2 (13/0001/010) K5, uncoated; d. rim 20.4 cm; d. base 7.5 cm; h. 4.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0025: 1 base.

They do not have precise parallels at Saqqara and Tell el-Herr, neither in the Late Period, not in the later fourth century and Ptolemaic period. They find approximate comparanda with white-slipped Nile silt fabric dishes at Tell Maskhuta in the sixth century BC (Paice 1986/1987:99, fig. 3:7) and with marl fabric ones at Karnak from the Late (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:254, fig. 99:f) to the Ptolemaic period (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:294, fig. 121:e).

LP.O.9.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Like other shapes of this group, these dishes are not an obvious development from earlier local open forms. Instead, they seem to relate to the Late Iron Age repertoire

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5*

1

0

6

X

2º

0

0

2

Total

8

*Of which 3 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºOf which one complete profile

99

Kom Tuman II LP.O.9.ii Dishes with low carination and sloping-in rims

LP.O.9.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

This bowl type belongs to Aston and Aston’s Phase B2 of the Late Period pottery sequence (Aston and Aston 2010:171–179, fig. 40). It occurs in both Nile silt and marl and mixed clay fabrics with walls that tend to be thicker on silt examples, and thinner on those made from the marl and mixed clay fabrics.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

2

0

4

X

1

0

0

1

Total

5

LP.O.9.ii Marl clay fabrics Pl. 90:14 (15/0045/006) K5, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm.

Silt ware parallels are evidenced at Tell Maskhuta (Paice 1986/1987:99–100, fig. 3:9); Mendes, also with uncoated surfaces (Hummel and Schubert 2004:158, pl.  N:1–2, 5–6); as well as at Karnak (Béout et  al. 1993:165, fig. 7:23) and Elephantine (von Pilgrim 1999:131, fig. 18:1– 2) in the Late Period. The marl examples appear to be more common in the south of the country, for example at Thebes where they are documented from the late Third Intermediate Period to the Thirtieth Dynasty (Lecuyot 1994–1995:107, fig. 3f; Jacquet-Gordon 2012:253–254, fig. 99:b, g). Like the bowls described in the preceding section, these seem to have precursors (or counterparts) in the Levant in the Assyrian pottery repertoire (Anastasio 2010:37–38, pl. 10:5) and more specifically in the northern Levant, in the sixth century BC (Lehmann 1996:381, Form 114/1, pl. 20).

Col. pl. 33:3–4 (16/0015/043) K5, uncoated; d. rim 19.0– 20.0 cm; d. base 9.3 cm; h. 4.7–5.0 cm. Pl. 91:1 (07/0086/007) K5, uncoated; d. rim 23.5 cm. Pl. 91:2 (07/0111/002) K5, thin white slip in, traces of burnishing; d. rim 23.7 cm. Col. pl. 33:5–7 (16/0015/039) K5, pink-white slip burnished in and out; d.  rim 22.0 cm; d.  base 12.8 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, dated late sixth to fifth century BC: French and Bourriau 2018:134–135, fig. 24f. Sulantepe, Assyria (south eastern Turkey), Assyrian period, pre-610 BC: Lloyd and Gokçe 1953:46, fig. 6:30; see pl. 91:3. Sayed Hamad (eastern Syria) and other Levantine sites, 700–580 BC: Lehmann 1996:381, Form 117, pl. 20.

One particular variant which has been identified through only one complete profile at Kom Tuman (16/0015/039; col. pl.  33:5–7) has very thin walls, a long out-splayed rim, and decorative grooves on the external surface, in particular under the rim. It has parallels at nearby Saqqara (see below), but also at faraway Pasargadae, in the late or post-Achaemenid period (Stronach 1978:184, fig. 112:15). Still in the Persian heartland, it can be compared to stone bowls retrieved from the Treasury at Persepolis, where all the material was dated to the Achaemenid period, preceding the sack of the city by Alexander’s Macedonian troops (Schmidt 1957:89, pl.  59:8; col. pl. 33:8).

LP.O.9.ii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

2

0

5

X

2*

0

0

2

Total

7

*Complete profiles

LP.O.9.ii Nile silt fabrics

LP.O.9.iii Dishes with low carination and overhang rim

Pl. 90:9 (07/0111/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.5 cm. Parallels: Plinthine, US 2200,2057, sixth century (Saite): Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:16–22, fig. 10:Plin13–2057-3, Plin14–2200-11.

These tableware dishes were made of Nile silt, marl or mixed clay fabrics and occur in vast quantities in all of these three wares at Kom Tuman. They are characterised by a thick overhang rim, a low carination on the body, and a wide ring, or more rarely flat, base. Like other bowls in this group, their shape might be inspired by Levantine/ Phoenician forms, as open vessels of very comparable types are attested at coastal Syrian sites as well as on Cyprus as early as the eighth and first half of the seventh centuries BC (Lehmann 1996:382–383, Forms 120a-c, 121, pl. 21; Du Plat Taylor 1959:81, fig. 6:10, 13; pl. 92:4; Bikai 1987:43, nos 552, 555, pl. XX).

Pl. 90:10 (15/0098/012) J1, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm. Pl. 90:11 (14/0014/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 20.0 cm. Pl. 90:12 (07/0025/023) J1, uncoated; d. rim 22.2 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, Surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:149, pl. 43:373.

The Nile silt examples are often covered by a white or less often pink slip, sometimes burnished, a surface treatment that recalls the plates and dishes discussed

Pl. 90:13 (14/0026/001) J1, red slip in, red slip stains out; d. rim 26.0 cm. 100

Late Period Pl. 91:7 (14/0045/030) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 15.0 cm.

above (LP.O.1). Rarer examples (not illustrated) use the red and white slip colour combination (see above, p. 9). In her study of the Persian period material from Tell elHerr, Defernez suggests, on the basis of comparative material from northern sites, that light cream-coloured slips were favoured over the darker red ones in earlier Saite phases (Defernez 2001:95, see also earlier Paice 1986/1987:99). While this may be the case in this latter region, stratigraphical data from Kom Tuman does not support this claim.

Pl. 91:8 (14/0001/209) Micaceous J1, red slip burnished in and out; d.  rim 15.7 cm; d.  base 9.6 cm; h. 3.6 cm. Pl. 91:9 (14/0050/005) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm; d. base 9.2 cm; h. 3.9 cm. Pl. 91:10 (13/0039/063) J1, red slip in and out; d.  base 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0073: 1 rim.

Bowls of this variant have Saite antecedents at Tell Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64–6, pl.  XXXV:70), Tell Balamun (Spencer 1996:22, pl. 82:16), and Tell Maskhuta (Holladay 1982,53, pl.  6:1; Paice 1986/1987:99, fig. 3:6) but are mainly known in Persian period levels, for example at Tell el-Herr, in Phases VI-V (Defernez 2001:93–99, 226–229, 305–310, pls. XIII, XLV:115a-116, LXVI).

Pl. 91:11 (13/0035/043) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 16.4 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0022: 1 rim. Pl. 91:12 (15/0041/010) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 15.1 cm; d. base 10.0 cm; h. 3.5 cm.

The Astons placed the shape in their Phase B2 of the Late Period (Aston and Aston 2010: 171–179, fig. 41), but it was seemingly not attested in the Late Period caches and shafts from Saqqara. On the other hand, a few were found at the Anubieion, mostly in Nile silt fabrics (French and Bourriau 2018:59, 135, figs. 4i-n, 24g).

Pl. 91:13 (07/0075/015) J1, red slip burnish in and out; d. rim 17.8 cm; d. base 10.7 cm; h. 4.7 cm. Pl. 92:1 (16/0003/081) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 18.0 cm.

A similar bowl was published from Mit Rahineh. It was ascribed to the Graeco-Roman period (Fischer 1965:32, 154, pl.  65:573), but this date certainly has to be revised. The evidence from Tell el-Herr, Tebtynis, and Karnak does suggest that the shape continued into the Ptolemaic period, but in lesser quantities (Dixneuf 2007a:73, fig. 43:128–129; Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:48–49, pl.  9:122–123; Jacquet-Gordon 2012:296, 317, figs. 122:b, 131:u). Related shapes but of deeper proportions, made of dense sandy, micaceous Nile silt fabrics, or sometimes in Ptolemaic Black Ware, continue to be produced well into the third century BC (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:4–46, pl.  8:100–109; and below FCP.O.5.iii).

Pl. 92:2 (16/0003/089) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. base 13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim. Pl. 92:3 (VII.B12/0007/056) J1, white slip burnish in and out; d. rim 20.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 complete profile. LP.O.9.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

LP.O.9.iii Nile silt fabrics

X

Pl. 91:4 (13/0039/062) J1, pink slip in and out; d. rim 17.0 cm; d. base 10.0 cm; h. 5.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0032: 1 rim; 14/0037: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 complete profile, 2 rims (3 est. ind.).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

119*

2

0

121

14º

0

0

14

Total

135

*Of which 19 complete vessels/complete profiles; ºof which one complete profile

LP.O.9.iii Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 91:5 (13/0040/133) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 16.2 cm.

Pl. 92:5 (13/0040/100) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 2.9 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 base.

Pl. 91:6 (14/0001/210) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 15.7 cm; d. base 9.6 cm; h. 3.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0049: 1 complete profile, 3 rims, 2 bases (4 est. ind.); 13/0060: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 complete profile, 7 rims, 9 bases (14 est. ind.); 14/0038: 1 complete profile; 15/0054: 1 rim; 14/0045: 3 rims, 1 base (3 est. ind.); 14/0061: 1 complete profile, 1 rim (2 est. ind.); 15/0096: 1 base.

Pl. 92:6 (16/0003/016) K5 Fine, pink self-slip in and out; d. rim 8.6–8.9 cm; d. base 3.5 cm; h. 2.7 cm. Col. pl. 33:9–10 (15/0073/010) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm; d. base 3.6 cm; h. 2.1 cm. 101

Kom Tuman II Pl. 93:2 (16/0001/012) mixed pink fabric, dark red slip in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm; d. base 10.8 cm; h. 3.5 cm.

Pl. 92:7 (13/0041/034a) K5, pink slip in and out; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim.

Pl. 93:3 (15/0043/015) mixed grey-beige fabric, ochrerich, faint pink core, some mica, white slip, slight burnish in and out; d. rim 15.8 cm; d. base 8.0 cm; h. 14.0 cm.

Pl. 92:8 (07/0075/013) K2, uncoated; d.  rim 16.0 cm; d. base 9.3 cm; h. 3.6 cm.

Pl. 92:10 (16/0014/007) K5, green fabric, white smooth surface, self-slip; d.  rim 15.0 cm; d.  base 9.7 cm; h.  4.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0045: 1 rim.

Pl. 93:4 (13/0039/094) mixed pink fabric, white slip in and out; d. rim 15.8 cm; d. base 8.0 cm; h. 4.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 5 rims, 1 base (4 est. ind.); 13/0049: 1 complete profile, 2 rims, 3 bases (6 est. ind.); 14/0037: 1 near complete profile; 14b/0001: 1 complete profile, 3 rims, 1 base (4 est. ind.); 15/0005: 2 complete profiles, 3 rims, 1 base (6 est. ind.).

Pl. 92:11 (16/0021/018) K5, grey fabric, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 16.7 cm.

Col. pl. 34:3–4 (16/0025/022) Mixed 8, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 17.0 cm; d. base 10.8 cm; h. 4.5 cm.

Pl. 92:12 (14/0045/018) K2, smooth white surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm; d. base 8.0 cm; h. 2.7 cm.

Internal parallel: 15/0054: 1 rim.

Pl. 92:9 (13/0041/034b) K5, pink slip in and out; d. base 8.0 cm.

Pl. 92:13 (13/0040/101) K5, white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 16.2 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 3.9 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0045: 1 base.

Col. pl. 34:5–6 (15/0003/011) mixed, pink fabric, white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm; d. base 9.6 cm; h. 4.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 15/0003: 2 complete profiles, 1 rim, 1 base (4 est. ind.).

Pl. 92:14 (15/0003/012) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm; d. base 7.5 cm; h. 3.9 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0003: 1 complete profile, 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0039: 1 base.

Col. pl. 34:7–8 (13/0045/010) Mixed 8, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 16.6 cm; d. base 10.0 cm; h. 4.1–4.5 cm. Pl. 93:5 (07/0075/010) mixed reddish brown fabric, pink core, pink slip burnish in and out; d. rim 16.8 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 4.3 cm.

Col. pl. 33:11–13 (14/0001/179) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 16.2 cm; d. base 8.8 cm; h. 3.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 4 rims, 1 base (4 est. ind.); 14/0001: 8 complete profiles, 18 rims, 13 bases; 15/0008: 1 complete profile, 2 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0030: 1 rim.

Pl. 93:6 (13/0046/008) Mixed 8, pink slip burnished in and out; d. rim 12.5; d. base 8.0 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Pl. 93:7 (15/0098/013) Mixed 8, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 17.0 cm.

Col. pl. 34:1–2 (13/0045/011) K5, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm; d. base 11.2 cm; h. 3.7 cm. LP.O.9.iii Mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 93:8 (15/0107/003) Mixed 8, red slip high burnish in and out; d. rim 19.0 cm.

Pl. 92:15 (16/0029/005) Mixed 8, white slip in and out; d. rim 15.2 cm.

LP.O.9.iii Variant: large size; mixed clay fabric

Pl. 92:16 (13/0025/042) Mixed 8, self-slip burnish; d. rim 12.0 cm; d. base 7.7 cm; h. 2.9 cm.

Pl. 93:9 (13/0039/045) mixed pink fabric, pink slip in and out; d. rim 27.0 cm.

Pl. 92:17 (15/0065/014) Mixed 8, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 15.0 cm; d. base 9.6 cm; h. 4.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 complete profile, 1 rim, 1 BS (3 est. ind.); 14/0058: 1 base.

LP.O.9.iii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area VII

Pl. 92:18 (16/0009/007) Mixed 8, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 15.0 cm.

X Total

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

127*

4º

0

131

19

0

0

19

+

150

*Of which 31 complete vessels/complete profiles; ºof which 31 complete vessels/complete profiles; +of which 8 complete vessels/ complete profiles

Pl. 93:1 (14/0044/010) Mixed 8, white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 17.3 cm.

102

Late Period LP.O.9.iv Marl clay fabrics

LP.O.9.iv Dishes with low carination and cordon below rim

Col. pl. 34:9–10 (14/0001/063) K5, pink slip out, white slip in; d. rim 11.1 cm; d. base 6.3 cm; h. 3.8 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim.

These dishes have either a modelled rim or a cordon below the rim but are otherwise very similar to those of the first variant in terms of size, fabrics, and surface treatment. Like them, they occasionally appear in the red and white slip combination (see above, p. 9). However, unlike the previous types, which are more or less equally represented in Nile and marl/mixed clay fabrics, this one is significantly more common in the latter (ten Nile silt examples, against 98 marl and mixed fabrics examples).

Pl. 93:13 (16/0015/037) K5 Fine, white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 13.5 cm; d. base 10.3 cm; h. 3.8 cm. Pl. 93:14 (15/0039/007) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 13.0 cm; d. base 7.8 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Pl. 94:1 (15/0003/013) K5, white surface, uncoated or self-slip; d. rim 13.6 cm; d. base 8.0 cm; h. 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 2 rims; 16/0038: 1 rim.

They can be compared to dishes from Plinthine, still dated to the sixth century BC (see parallels below), Saqqara, dated 550–400 BC, in marl fabrics (Aston and Aston 2010:155, pl. 45:414), Tell Maskhuta, dated to the Saite period (Paice 1986/1987:100, fig. 4:2), and Tell el Herr, Phase VB, in a Nile silt fabric (Defernez 2001:228, pl.  XLV:117), and Phase IVa, in marl fabrics (Defernez 2012:39, fig. C:11). Further south, they are found in the Persian period at Elephantine, where they do continue into the fourth century BC, but always in Nile silt fabrics (Aston 1999:224, 226, 241, 258, pls. 70:2000, 76:2106, 82:2245– 2248). They are usually not reported from Ptolemaic levels, with the exception of one Nile silt example from Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:317, fig. 131:v) and at least one example from Kom Tuman (15/0026/018; pl. 93:12) is made of the highly micaceous Nile fabric that is normally associated with the Ptolemaic phase. The rim profile of this specific dish is also slightly modified compared to the other examples. It probably belongs to the very end of the fourth century BC or even beyond.

Pl. 94:2 (14/0001/067) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm. Pl. 94:3 (14b/0006/015) K5, hard, fine fabric, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm; d. base 6.9 cm; h. 4.0 cm. Pl. 94:4 (VII.B12/0007/061) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 15.3 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 3.9 cm. Parallel: Tell el Herr, Phase V: Defernez 2001:335, pl. LXXIII:213. Pl. 94:5 (14b/0001/030) K5 (or mixed), pink fabric, no core, white slip burnish in and out; d. rim 13.4 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 4.5 cm. Pl. 94:6 (14/0001/066) K5, white slip burnished in and out; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0063: 1 rim.

Like the other bowl types with low carination, these are known in the Achaemenid and post-Achaemenid Persian repertoire (i.e. Stronach 1978:184, fig. 108:18–20).

Pl. 94:7 (16/0003/104) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 16.0 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 5.5 cm. Col. pl. 34:11–12 (13/0063/020) K2, white slip in and out; d. rim 18.0 cm. Parallel: Plinthine, US 2200, sixth century BC: BarahonaMendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:16–22, fig. 12:Plin 14–2200-25.

LP.O.9.iv Nile silt fabrics Pl. 93:10 (14/0001/033) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim 19.0 cm; d. base 13.2 cm; h. 5.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0032: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 complete profile.

Pl. 94:8 (VII.B12/0007/012) K5, pink slip out; d.  base 11.5 cm.

Pl. 93:11 (13/0055/017) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 15.0–17.0 cm.

Pl. 94:9 (13/0040/102) K5 Fine, pink slip burnished in and out; d. rim 20.8 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0005: 2 rims, 1 BS (3 est. ind.).

Pl. 93:12 (15/0026/018) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.2 cm; d. base 8.3 cm; h. 5.2 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 94:10 (16/0029/006) K5, white slip in and out, soot in and on break; d. base 13.0 cm.

LP.O.9.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8*

0

0

8

X

1º

0

1º

Total

Pl. 94:11 (14/0054/011) K5, very smooth surface, cream self-slip in and out; d. rim 24.0 cm.

2

Pl. 94:12 (13/0041/033) beige marl, white slip in and out; d. base 17.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

10

*Of which 2 complete profiles; ºcomplete vessel and complete profile

103

Kom Tuman II Pl. 94:13 (16/0038/009) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm.

1998:286, figs. 21:11, 27:14–16; Anastasio 2010:34, fig. 6:3).

Pl. 94:14 (14/0010/270) K5, uncoated; d. rim 23.2 cm.

Variants of the type include large Nile silt examples decorated with a coarsely made pie-crust relief, as well as a shallower example showing the development of the modelled rim into a proper cuff. The latter stands close to the dishes with cordon or modelled rims discussed above (LP.O.9.iv).

Pl. 94:15 (14/0001/062) K5 Fine, white slip in and out; d. rim 25.0 cm; d. base 15.8 cm; h. 7.8 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 5 rims (4 est. ind.). LP.O.9.iv Mixed clay fabrics

LP.O.10.i Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 95:1 (14b/0006/014) mixed, pink fabric, white-pink slip in and out; d. rim 20.5 cm; d. base 11.7 cm; h. 6.2 cm.

Pl. 95:5 (14/0010/007) J1, uncoated; d. rim 19.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0014: 4 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Tell el-Maskhuta, marl fabric, fifth century BC: Holladay 1982:55–57, pl. 18:2; Buto, first half of sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:107, Type 8, fig. 14:11.

Pl. 95:2 (15/0008/016) Mixed 8, surface treatment information missing; d.  rim 15.3 cm; d.  base 9.4 cm; h. 5.2 cm. Pl. 95:3 (15/0061/049) Mixed 8, well-smoothed pink selfslip in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm.

Pl. 95:6 (14/0014/012) J1, uncoated; d. rim 19.5 cm.

Pl. 95:4 (13/0065/004) mixed pink fabric (large marl component), straw-rich, many small air holes, many decomposed limestone, fine sand, no core, pink slip in and out; d. rim 25.5 cm.

Pl. 95:7 (14/0014/011) J1, uncoated; d. rim 22.1 cm. Pl. 95:8 (VII.D10/0005/026) J1, uncoated; d. rim 24.0 cm. Pl. 95:9 (14/0055/002) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 27.0 cm; burnt, hard-fired.

LP.O.9.iv Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

86*

2º

0

88

X

10

0

0

10

+

Total

Pl. 95:10 (13/0035/040) J1, uncoated; d. rim 28.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0021: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 95:11 (14/0045/028) J1/J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 29.0 cm.

98

*Of which 26 complete vessels/complete profiles; ºof which 1 complete profile; +of which 5 complete vessels/complete profiles

LP.O.10.i Variant: Pie crust rim; Nile silt fabrics

III.1.2.3 Bowls and dishes with modelled rim

Pl. 96:1 (07/0066/004) J1, eroded surface; d.  rim ca. 30.0 cm.

LP.O.10.i Medium size dishes and bowls with simple modelled rim

LP.O.10.i Variant: Cuff rim; Nile silt fabrics

These dishes and bowls of medium size, with a rim diameter of about 20.0 to over 30.0 cm, have a distinct relief ledge placed on or just below the rim. They are mostly found in Nile silt fabrics, though rare marl examples occur. Although they show a great variety in degrees of fineness, their general shape allows grouping them in a single category. They are paralleled in Nile silt fabrics at Tell elHerr, Phase VB (Defernez 2001:234, pl. XLVII:124) and Tanis in late Saite to Thirtieth Dynasty contexts (Laemmel 2012:61, pl. 51:254–255).

Pl. 96:2 (VII.B12/0019/002) J1, uncoated (very low fired); d. rim 30.7 cm. LP.O.10.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

Like a few other of the open shapes of the period this one may originate in the Levantine repertoire of the Late Iron Age. Dishes and bowls with comparable rims are known at Syrian sites, such as Tell Halaf, Tell Afis, or Khirbet Hatarah between the eighth and early fifth centuries BC (Lehmann 1996:368, Forms 49, 55, pls. 8–9; Cecchini

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

17

0

0

17

X

0

0

0

0

Total

17

LP.O.10.i Marl clay fabrics Pl. 96:3 (07/0086/009) K5, green fabric, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 20.0–30.0 cm. 104

Late Period 1993:171, “Formes 31–32”, figs. 19, 24). In contrast, they are rare at Kom Tuman and seemingly absent from the Saqqara Late Period caches and shafts, as well as from Tell el-Herr.

LP.O.10.i Variant: Large dish or bowl with overhang rim; marl clay fabrics Pl. 96:4 (14/0010/017) K5, uncoated; d. rim ca. 41.5 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, dated fourth century BC: French and Bourriau 2018:138, fig. 25c. Approximately: Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:302, fig. 125:c.

One of them (13/0073/004, pl. 97:3) is made of a fabric that is very similar to fabrics used for local imitations of torpedo jars. LP.O.10.iii Marl clay fabrics

LP.O.10.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 97:3 (13/0073/004) Straw marl, uncoated; d. rim 20.0– 23.0 cm. Pl. 97:4 (13/0001/006) K5, uncoated; d. rim 21.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 13/0055: 1 rim.

2

LP.O.10.iii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.10.ii Deep bowls with complex modelled rim The second variant is made up of larger and deeper vessels, with rim diameters greater than 35.0 cm. It only includes Nile silt vessels and can be compared to fragments from the Persian well at Tell el-Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:55– 57, pl. 23:1–2) and from the Late Period at Tanis (Brissaud 1987: pl. X:122; Laemmel 2012:61, pl. 51:254).

Area

Pl. 96:7 (13/0063/032) J1, uncoated; d. rim 33.0 cm. Pl. 97:1 (07/0003/014) J1, uncoated; d. rim 37.1 cm. Pl. 97:2 (07/0056/012) J1, thin dark red slip in and out; d. rim 38.0 cm.

VII

7

3

0

10

X

0

0

0

0

Total

4

0

0

4

X

0

0

0

0 4

The earliest of these bowls are found in late Saite contexts but they are also characteristic of the Persian period. Evidence from Tanis suggests that the shape continued into the Thirtieth Dynasty, where at least one such bowl was found in a context dated to that phase on the basis of two ostraca of Nectanebo II (Chauvet and Marchand 1998:341, 343, fig.10). Relevant comparanda for the Kom Tuman examples were notably found elsewhere at Mit Rahineh (Fischer 1965:149, pl.63:479), as well as at the neighbouring sites of Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:166, 170, 193, 197, figs. 50:22–24, 56:28–29, Bares and Smoláriková 2011:158—cooking pots) and Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:40–42, 88, 139–140, 150,

LP.O.10.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Total

VII

These large open forms are a ubiquitous feature of late Saite and Persian period sites.38 They are sometimes called goldfish bowls, as it is a good shorthand way for describing their broadly spherical shape and slightly restricted mouth diameter. As a rule, they have a rounded base, but a ring-based example is known from Saqqara (French and Ghaly 1991:113, no. 60; Raven 2011). The body of these bowls may follow a regular, smooth curve or have a pronounced bend at mid-body height. Their rim diameters vary between about 16.0 cm to over 30.0 cm, but the majority range between 19.0 and 24.0 cm.

Pl. 96:6 (14/0013/002) J1, white slip in and out; d.  rim 31.0 cm.

Surface

Total

LP.O.11 Wide mouth bowls with ovoid or bent sides (“goldfish bowls”; often used as cooking bowls)

Pl. 96:5 (14/0045/033) J1, uncoated; d. rim 24.0 cm.

2003–2013

Surface

III.1.2.4 Hemispherical bowls

LP.O.10.ii Nile silt fabrics

2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

Like the preceding variant, this shape finds precursors in Syria, in particular in the seventh century BC (Lehmann 1996:369, Form 59, pl. 9).

Area

2013–2016

10

LP.O.10.iii Dishes with cuff rim and wavy sides These marl fabric vessels belong to the Saite tradition (French and Bourriau 2007:115, no. 52, fig. 21:2), but continue in the early Persian period. They most likely come from Upper Egypt where they are relatively common (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:253, fig. 99:e; Béout et al.

38  They were found, for example, in the storerooms of the Seti I temple at Gurna, in association with late sixth to early fifth century BC Chian amphorae (Petrie 1909a:16, pl. LIV:817–820)

105

Kom Tuman II pls. 10:70–71, 11:74–77, 24:208, 211, 213, 39:327–331, 376, 378, 60; French and Ghaly 1991:112–113, figs. 57–60; French and Bourriau 2018:65–70, figs. 6a-e, 7af, 8a-c), at Migdol in the Sinai (Oren 1984:14, fig. 20:5), Tell Maskhuta (Paice 1986/1987:101, fig. 6:1–2), at Tanis (Ledain 2000:332, fig. 8), and, quite importantly for the chronological pegging of the form, throughout the wellstratified Persian levels at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:49– 50, 62–76, 281–288, pls. I:2a-3, VII-VIII:21a-22e, LXII:174a-175). At the latter site, hemispherical bowls continue in early Ptolemaic contexts, though presumably in reduced numbers (Dixneuf 2007a:66, fig. 39:98).

In isolated instances, related shapes occur in marl and mixed clay fabrics, but those never show evidence for having been used as cooking pots. LP.O.11.i Small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0–20.0 cm; Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 34:13–14 (13/0046/038) J1 Red, red slip out and in rim; soot out and in rim; d. rim 16.3 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0042: 1 rim; 14b/0006: 1 rim. Col. pl. 34:15–16 (16/0046/001) J1 Straw-rich, matte red slip; d. rim 18.3 cm; soot on lower part.

When found in funerary contexts, these bowls often bore remnants of the embalming materials that were used in the mummification process, and they could even have served as Canopic containers (Raven 2011; French and Bourriau 2018:65). In settlement contexts, however, they had a quite different function. The above-mentioned parallels from Migdol and some from Tell el-Herr are stained by soot, as indeed are some examples from Sais (Pesenti, personal communication), suggesting that they were regularly used as cooking pots. This concurs with the evidence from Kom Tuman where several fragments also bear such traces. A pair of vertical handles on the pots’ sides, a helpful addition for a cooking pot, is also found on a number of our examples.

Pl. 97:5 (16/0025/008) J1, red slip; d. rim 16.0 cm. Pl. 97:6 (14/0021/003) J1, red slip out; d. rim 16.8 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, emblamers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:43, 39, pl. 10:83. Internal parallel: 15/0101: 1 rim. Pl. 97:7 (15/0008/023) J1, thick red slip out, soot out; d. rim 18.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0063: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, surface finds (550–400 BC), handled: Aston and Aston 2010:152, pl. 44:392.

At Kom Tuman, they are virtually always made of Nile silt fabrics and often red slipped. Some of the examples listed below are also covered in a cream or pinkish slip or even left uncoated. Published examples from other sites tend also to be red slipped, although some from Elephantine are cream or white slipped (von Pilgrim 1999:137, fig. 21:35).

Pl. 97:8 (13/0041/090) J1, uncoated; d. rim 18.3 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0038: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:39, pl. 10:67. Pl. 97:9 (07/0087/027) J1 Straw-rich, dark red slip out; d. rim 17.5 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0018: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara Embalmers caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:41, pls. 10:72, 51:83–258.

The morphology of their rims varies greatly (simple rims, ball rims, grooved rims). Thickened ball rims correspond to typical end sixth and fifth century shapes, such as those from Migdol cited above, from the Cache Phase in Buto (French 2003:222–224, fig. 7:3–4), Saqqara (French 1988:79–80, no. 5), Tell el-Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:54, pl. 10:4), and Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:158, pl. M:4). They still occur in Phase D of Aston and Aston’s Late Period typology (Aston and Aston 2010:183–187, fig. 47, third down in first column).

Pl. 98:1 (VII.B12/0007/019) J1, cream slip out; d.  rim 18.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara Embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:42–43, pl.  12:82–83, 51:88–204, P905. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F17, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:62, F17.P4 (S.P.678), pl. C.

The bowls with incised lines under the rim (e.g. pls. 99:5,102:3, 103:1) occur, among others, at Saqqara, contemporarily to the first variant (Aston and Aston 2010:140, fig. 39:330) and Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:50, pl.  I:2a). It is possible that some might have had a ring-base as found on bowls from Elephantine with a similar rim shape (Aston 1999:224, pl. 69:1989).

Pl. 98:2 (15/0030/012) J1 Straw-rich, red slip out; d. rim 19.0 cm; soot stains out; handled. Pl. 98:3 (16/0025/020) J1, red slip; d. rim 19.8 cm; d. body 22.5 cm; h. (est.) 17.0 cm.

Those with simple direct rim always have restricted mouths (pls. 98:9, 99:1–2). They are very frequent throughout Egypt in Saite to Persian levels, for example at Saqqara (French and Ghaly 1991:113, nos 59–60) and Elephantine (Aston 1999:218, pl.  66:1932) but are absent at Tell elHerr in the Persian period.

Pl. 98:4 (15/0041/011) J1, matte red slip; d.  rim 19.0–20.0 cm. Col. pl. 35:1–2 (15/0100/003) J1, red slip; d.  rim 19.0 cm. 106

Late Period Pl. 99:8 (13/0055/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 25.0 cm; soot in and out.

LP.O.11.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

16

2

0

18

X

8

0

0

Total

Pl. 99:9 (VII.B12/0007/054) J1 Straw-rich, red slip out; d. rim 23.8 cm.

8 26

Pl. 100:1 (14/0006/009) J1, uncoated; d. rim 24.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0036: 1 rim; 14/0075: 1 rim.

LP.O.11.ii Medium-sized hemispherical bowls (diameter 20.0–29.0 cm); Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 100:2 (16/0011/007) J1, wide grey core, brushed white and red slip out; d. rim 25.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0063: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0010: 1 rim; 14/0045: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 10 rims (5 est. ind.); 15/0003: 1 rim; 15/0024: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0015: 6 rims (3 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:13, F7.P3 (S.P.604), pl. A.

Pl. 98:5 (16/0007/014) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 20.4 cm. Pl. 98:6 (13/0039/055) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 20.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 rim; 16/0025: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:270, fig. 107:t.

Pl. 100:3 (14/0050/004) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 25.5 cm.

Pl. 98:7 (07/0111/003) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated, brown; d. rim 20.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 1 rim; 13/0047: 1 rim.

Pl. 100:4 (14/0017/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 25.0 cm. Pl. 100:5 (07/0025/024) J1, uncoated; d. rim 24.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0055: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0016: 1 rim; 16/0046: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:109, Type 18, fig. 15:9.

Pl. 98:8 (14/0060/001) J1, red slip; d. rim 20.0 cm. Pl. 98:9 (07/0008/031) J1, thin pinkish red slip in and out, remains of burnishing; d. rim 20.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 13/0055: 1 rim; 15/0028: 1 rim.

Pl. 100:6 (15/0073/018) J1, uncoated, soot on rim; d. rim 24.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0025: 1 rim.

Pl. 99:1 (13/0039/054) J1, red slip; d. rim 22.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 100:7 (13/0041/091) J1, red slip; d. rim 24.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 rim; 16/0009: 1 rim.

Pl. 99:2 (14/0045/032) J1, thick red slip in and out; d. rim 22.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 100:8 (VII.B12/0007/064) J1 Straw-rich, pink slip in and out; d. rim 24.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:271, fig. 107:x.

Col. pl. 35:3–4 (16/0025/019) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 21.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0101: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 101:1 (13/0049/012) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 28.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0049: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0001: 8 rims (5 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, Gallery A, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:284, q1A.P7 (S.P.771), pl. Q, photo 519.

Pl. 99:3 (VII.B12/0007/059) J1 Straw-rich, thin cream slip out; d. rim 22.8 cm. Parallel: Abu Rawash, second half of the fourth century BC: Pichot and Marchand 2016:255, fig. 8f. Pl. 99:4 (15/0043/004) J1, red slip; d. rim 22.0–23.0 cm.

Col. pl. 35:5–6 (15/0026/015) J1, red slip, soot in and out; used as cooking pot; d. rim 25.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 17 rims (7 est. ind.).

Pl. 99:5 (VII.B12/0007/018) J1, red slip out and inside rim; d. rim 21.8 cm. Pl. 99:6 (15/0059/006) J1, red slip out; d. rim 23.0 cm.

Pl. 101:2 (15/0036/002) J1 Straw-rich, powdery red slip; d. rim 27.0–30.0 cm.

Pl. 99:7 (07/0018a/007) J1, uncoated; d. rim 22.5 cm. 107

Kom Tuman II LP.O.11.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

112

10

0

122

X

22

0

0

Total

Internal parallels: 13/0035: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0011: 1 rim; 16/0009: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:281, no. 103.

22

Pl. 102:5 (13/0041/092) J1, cream slip in and out; d. rim 33.0 cm.

144

LP.O.11.ii Medium-sized hemispherical bowls (diameter 20.0–29.0 cm); marl clay fabric

Pl. 102:6 (07/0018b/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 35.5 cm.

Col. pl. 35:7–8 (13/0040/099) K5, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 22.0 cm.

Col. pl. 36:1–2 (14b/0006/016) J1/J1 Red, thick red slip out; d. rim 33.0 cm.

LP.O.11.ii Medium-sized hemispherical bowls (diameter 20.0–29.0 cm); mixed clay fabric

Pl. 103:1 (15/0109/001) J1, thin white slip in and out; d. rim 32.0–34.0 cm.

Pl. 101:3 (14/0037/002) Mixed 8, cream-pink slip, burnished in and out; d. rim 29.1 cm.

Pl. 103:2 (VII.D9-D10/0001/011) J1, pink-red slip in and out burnished, d. rim ca. 40 cm. Parallels: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth Dynasty to Ptolemaic: Béout et al. 1993:170, fig. 17:52–53.

LP.O.11.ii Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 103:3 (15/0090/007) J1, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 35.0– 40.0 cm. Pl. 103:4 (14/0014/008) J1, red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 40.0 cm.

2

LP.O.11.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.11.iii Large-sized hemispherical bowls: diameter 30.0 cm and over; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 101:4 (15/0005/017) J1, red slip out, soot on lower part out (used as cooking pot); d. rim 30.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 13/0047: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0054: 1 rim.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

14

3

0

17

X

7

0

0

7

Total

Pl. 101:5 (14/0010/002) J1, red slip in, traces of burnishing; d. rim 32.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, embalmers’ caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:42, pl. 11:77. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:273, fig. 109:f.

24

LP.O.11.iii Large-sized hemispherical bowl: diameter 30.0 cm and over; marl clay fabric Pl. 103:5 (15/0061/044) K5, uncoated; d. rim ca. 34.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Priests’ Quarter, Late Period: Masson 2011:273–274, fig. 29.

Pl. 101:6 (15/0059/004) J1, red slip; d. rim 31.0 cm.

LP.O.11.iii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 102:1 (16/0003/042) J1 Red, red slip, soot out, used as cooking pot; d. rim 32.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 102:2 (07/0025/028) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 32.8 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:271, fig. 108:f.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

1

LP.O.11.iv Hemispherical bowls with straight or everted sides

Pl. 102:3 (14/0010/025) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 32.0–33.0 cm.

Bowls of this variant have straighter sides than the usual hemispherical bowls, sometimes even everted sides, and thick walls. None of them bear traces of soot on their

Pl. 102:4 (14/0010/003) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in and out; d. rim 33.0 cm. 108

Late Period LP.O.12 Nile silt fabrics

surfaces, suggesting that they were not meant for a use as cooking pots. They are always made of Nile silt fabrics and are sometimes covered by a thick white or pink slip that allows them to be related to the series of thick-walled and slipped plates and dishes discussed above (LP.O.1).

Pl. 104:2 (16/0007/013) J1, red slip out; d. rim 16.0 cm; h. 6.8 cm. Pl. 104:3 (15/0107/002) J1/J1 Red, red-violet break, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm; white deposit out.

LP.O.11.iv Hemispherical bowls with straight or everted sides: thick walls variant; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 103:7 (07/0086/005) J1, red slip in; d. rim 21.0–30.0 cm.

Pl. 104:4 (13/0039/056) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 15.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 complete profile, 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0003: 1 rim; 15/0036: 1 rim; 15/0097: 1 rim.

Pl. 103:8 (16/0001/010) J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 24.0 cm.

Pl. 104:5 (07/0036/009) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 16.5 cm.

Pl. 104:1 (16/0021/008) J1 Red, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 29.3 cm. Parallels: Elephantine, Persian period: von Pilgrim 1999:137, fig. 21:35–36. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 rim.

LP.O.12 variant: Thin walls, handles below rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 103:6 (13/0035/027) J1 Straw-rich, thin white slip; d. rim 18.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 14/0044: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 36:3–4 (15/0026/017) Micaceous J1, uncoated; traces of handle attachment; d. rim 22.0 cm. Pl. 104:6 (16/0003/061) J1, uncoated; d. rim 18.0 cm.

LP.O.11.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

7

1

0

8

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.O.12 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area VII

8

X

III.1.2.5 Other bowls

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

12*

1

0

13

2

0

0

2

Total

15

*Of which one complete profile

LP.O.12 Small hemispherical bowls variants

LP.O.12 Marl clay fabrics

These small- to medium-sized bowls occur in both Nile silt and, more rarely, in marl and mixed clay fabrics. They reproduce the shape of the large hemispherical bowls but seem to have been preferably used as crockery rather than cooking vessels. They have several parallels at Tell el Herr, Levels VI and V (Defernez 2001:100–102, 230–231, 311–312, pls. XIV:34a-36, XLVI:120, LXVII:188–190) and Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:39, 88, 150, pls. 10:66, 24:209, 212, 43:375, 377, 51:P443). Based on the evidence from Tell el-Herr, Defernez suggests that the type loses much of its former popularity in the first decades of the fourth century BC (Defernez 2001:311).

Pl. 104:7 (15/0022/007) K5 Fine, cream surface out, pink in, self-slip burnished; d. rim 11.0 cm. Pl. 104:8 (16/0034/005) K5/K2, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 104:9 (15/0008/015) K2, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 rim. Pl. 104:10 (14/0001/271) K5, coarse version, uncoated; d. rim 15.4 cm.

A couple of fragments belong to a variant with a pair of vertical handles just below the rim. One of them is also slightly larger than the standard type models and made of a micaceous Nile fabric typical of the fourth and third centuries BC.

LP.O.12 Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 104:11 (13/0039/046) mixed pink fabric, pink slip in, red slip burnished out; d. rim 13.0 cm.

Some of the marl and mixed clay fabric examples are very fine, have very thin walls, and could be considered as fine wares.

LP.O.12 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 109

Kom Tuman II Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

0

0

5

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC), mixed clay fabric: Aston and Aston 2010:95, pl. 29:250; see pl. 105:3. LP.O.13.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

5

Area

LP.O.13 Dishes with thickened rim A few shallow dishes with thickened or angular rim and flat rather than ring bases are illustrated below. Their morphological and technological characteristics correspond to a Late Period tradition (see parallels below).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6*

0

0

6

X

0

0

0

0

Total

6

*One of which complete profile

LP.O.13.ii Dishes with thickened rim, large variant; marl clay fabrics

They have been divided here in two variants; the first with mouth diameters smaller than 20.0 cm and the second with diameters larger than 20.0 cm. Some marl fabric examples are also represented.

Pl. 105:4 (15/0005/025) K5, white slip(?) in and out, or self-slip; d. rim 17.8 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 4.5 cm.

They are closely related to the dishes with direct rims (LP.O.2.i–ii) but have thicker walls and often a distinct thickening of the rim. They also relate to the later dishes with direct rim (PTL.O.1) but are not made of the same micaceous fabric and are therefore deemed earlier, fifth or early fourth, rather than late fourth and third century BC.

Col. pl. 36:5–7 (14b/0011/002) K5, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 17.5 cm; d. base 6.0 cm; h. 5.1 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0011: 1 base.

Pl. 105:5 (14b/0010/004) K5, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm; soot out.

LP.O.13.ii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.13.i Dishes with thickened rim, small variant; Nile silt fabrics

Area

Pl. 104:12 (14/0038/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Pl. 104:13 (13/0040/122) J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 13/0055: 1 rim

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4

0

0

4

X

1*

0

0

1

Total

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

4*

0

0

4 4

*One of which complete profile

III.1.2.6 Fine wares open shapes

LP.O.13.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

Pl. 104:14 (15/0052/001) J1, thin red slip out; d. rim 16.0– 19.0 cm; d. base 7.0–8.0 cm; h. 4.8–5.0 cm.

Area

2013–2016

LP.O.14 Bowls and beakers with straight rim and bichrome slip These bowls or beakers with straight rims are made of Nile silt, marl, and mixed clay fabrics. They have thin walls; deep, straight sides; and a thinned-out rim. The mixed clay fabric examples have a relatively narrow mouth, with diameters of about 15.0 cm, but some of the Nile silt and marl fabric ones have much wider rim diameters at times and may eventually be considered as a separate type.

5

*Complete profile

LP.O.13.ii Dishes with thickened rim, large variant; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 105:1 (13/0039/057) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 20.5 cm; d. base 9.7; h. 5.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 13/0073: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Maskhuta, Saite: Paice 1986/1987:100, fig. 4:4.

The Nile silt examples, as well as one marl fabric example, are often coated with a characteristic combination of bichrome red and pink slips. Many of the mixed clay fabric fragments are covered by a pink slip and decorated with burnished red paint. They belong to a group of local fine ware that is recurrent at Kom Tuman in association with a number of different shapes (see above, p. 9).

Pl. 105:2 (13/0039/058) J1, uncoated; d. rim 22.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim.

110

Late Period Pl. 105:10 (16/0007/007) mixed pink fabric, wide grey core, white surface, self-slip; d. rim 16.0 cm.

The thin walls and deep proportions of the narrowmouthed specimens may betray yet again an influence from the East. No complete profile was recovered so the shape of the bases can only be guessed at, but the rim profiles of the smaller versions are evocative of a series of thin-walled, rounded base bowls of Achaemenid date in Susa (Labrousse and Boucharlat 1972:94, fig. 51:2, pl. XXXV:1).

LP.O.14 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

LP.O.14 Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 36:8 (14/0001/215) J1, red slip out and in rim, pink slip in, red paint; d. rim 13.0–14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0063: 1 rim.

LP.O.14 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Surface 0

Total 12

X Total

0

0

0

0 12

Total

VII

6

0

0

6

X

2

0

0

2

XI

0

0

1

1 9

These small bowls have a ring base, curved smooth body and a straight to out-turned thinned rim. The Nile slip examples are uncommon in our assemblage, but few base fragments were nevertheless tentatively linked to this variant. One of them is also covered by a bichrome slip combination, common to bowls of the previous type (LP.O.14). The marl fabric examples are notably evidenced at the Anubieion at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:135–136, fig. 24h-j).

Pl. 105:7 (14/0010/006) J1, red slip out, pink in, red slip stains in; d. rim 20.0 cm.

2003–2013 2

Surface

LP.O.15 Small bowls with direct or thinned rim

Pl. 105:6 (13/0049/014) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 16.4 cm.

2013–2016 10

2003–2013

Total

Col. pl. 36:9 (15/0034/004) J1, pink slip in and out, red paint; d. rim 14.8 cm.

Area VII

2013–2016

LP.O.15 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 105:11 (VII.B12/0019/012–013) reconstructed from two non-joining fragments, J7, red slip in and out; d. rim 14.0 cm; d. base 4.0 cm, h. est. 8.0 cm.

LP.O.14 Marl clay fabrics

Internal parallel: 15/0024: 1 rim.

Pl. 105:8 (13/0063/021) K5, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 22.0 cm.

Pl. 105:12 (07/0085/003) J1, red slip in; d.  base 3.7 cm.

Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:140, fig. 25f

Pl. 105:13 (VII.D10/0005/024) J7, red slip in and out, slightly burnished; d. base 3.6 cm.

Pl. 105:9 (13/0046/044) K5 Fine, red slip out, pink in; d. rim 32.0 cm.

Pl. 105:14 (07/0086/006) J7, red slip in and out; d. base 3.5 cm.

LP.O.14 Mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 105:15 (14/0039/003) J1, cream-yellow slip in, red slip out; d. base 5.0 cm.

Col. pl. 36:10 (14b/0010/001) Mixed 8, beige surface, self-slip polished to shine, burnished red paint; d. rim 12.0 cm.

Pl. 106:1 (14/0013/005) J1, red slip in and out; d.  base 5.0 cm.

Col. pl. 36:11 (14b/0001/007–008) Mixed 8, smoothed out, uncoated, red shiny/burnished paint; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0038: 1 rim.

LP.O.15 Nile individuals Area

Col. pl. 36:12 (15/0057/013) Mixed 8, pink slip burnished out, red shiny (burnished?) paint out; d. rim 15.0 cm. Col. pl. 36:13 (15/0008/003) Mixed 8, self-slip burnished, slightly shiny red paint; d. max. pres. ca. 9.5 cm.

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

14

4

0

18

X

1

0

0

1

Total

111

silt

19

of

Kom Tuman II LP.O.15 Marl clay fabrics

The marl fabric versions tend to have thinner rims and are much more frequent than the Nile silt ones in the assemblage examined here. They can also be paralleled at Defenneh in the Saite period (Petrie 1888:64–66, pl.  XXXV:76, 79) and at Saqqara in the Late Period caches and tomb shafts (Aston and Aston 2010:57, 99, 141–142, pls. 18:150–151, 31:277, 40:338), as well as in the Sacred Animal Necropolis (French and Bourriau 2018:226–227, fig. 49b-c). Further south, similar cups occur at Elephantine (Aston 1999:230, pl. 71:2026), Kafr Ammar (Petrie and MacKay 1915:35–36, pl.  xxxiii:13), Thebes (Petrie 1909a:16, pl.  LIV:815), and Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:256, fig. 100:m).

Pl. 106:2 (13/0040/103) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 8.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 106:3 (14/0001/070) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 11.2 cm; h. pres. 6.9 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0045: 1 rim; 15/0061: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Col. pl. 37:1–2 (14/0001/069) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm; d. base 2.6 cm; h. 6.0 cm. Post-firing perforation on sides. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 1 rim; 14/0001: 3 rims (1 est. ind.).

At Tebtynis, related forms are still found in third and early second century BC contexts in marl or mixed clay fabrics (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:124, pl.  57:531–532). They are uncoated but decorated with red-brown or brown plain horizontal painted bands around the body.

LP.O.15 Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

7*

0

0

7

X

2

0

0

2

Total

The coarser, uncoated Nile silt examples that are illustrated here could, in theory, also be classified together with the deep, straight-sided production vessels discussed below (PV.1.i). LP.O.16.i Nile silt fabrics

9

Col. pl. 37:4–5 (16/0021/006) J1 Red, white slip in and out, blackened, limestone deposit in (especially in base); d. rim 10.5 cm; d. base 10.1 cm; h. 92. cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:89, pl. 24:214–215. Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:60, fig. 5a.

*Of which one complete profile

LP.O.16 Beakers with carinated base and straight sides These beakers, whether in Nile silt or marl clay fabrics, are typical of the Late Period. They occur in two variants. One has high, sometimes relatively thick, walls and the other has squatter proportions and thinner walls. LP.O.16.i Beakers with carinated base and high walls

Pl. 106:4 (14/0045/022) J1 Hard, uncoated, soot on rim; d. rim 13.0 cm.

Similar shapes with rounded bases already appear at the end of the Third Intermediate Period at Thebes (Lecuyot 1994–1995:107, fig. 3h) and Elephantine (Aston 1999:181, pl.  54:1669–1670).39 In the Late Period, they may have either a carinated or a ring-base.

Pl. 106:5 (13/0063/031) J1/J1 Red, pink-cream slip; d. rim 15.0 cm. Col. pl. 37:6–7 (15/0095/002) J1, thin red slip out; d. rim 13.2 cm; d. base 11.0 cm; h. 14.1 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 15/0018: 1 rim; 15/0024: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara, Sacred Animal Necropolis, Late Period: French and Bourriau 2018:211–212, fig. 44a-b. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:14, F7.P4 (S.P.598), pl.  A, photo 30. Tell Timai, mid-fifth to mid-fourth century BC: Hudson 2016:84, fig. 6:3. Tell Muqdam, 420–400 BC: Redmount and Friedman 1997:64–65, fig. 9a, top left. Tell Balamun, late sixth to late fifth century BC: Spencer 1996:90, pl. 63:B2.5, 7.

In Nile silt fabrics, they are classified in Aston and Aston Phase B2, of the Late Period (Aston and Aston 2010:171– 179, fig. 41, top right, fig. 43, centre). At Saqqara, like at Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64–65, pl.  XXXV:74, 78), they often bear a series of incised lines under the rim and are generally red slipped and burnished (Aston and Aston 2010:43–44, 150, pls. 12:86–88, 43: 380, 52).

39  These vessels from Upper Egypt are also related to deep Nile silt cups of possible Nubian origin found at Lahun and Medinet Habu, dating to the end of the Third Intermediate Period, in the seventh century BC (Aston 2009:322, types 39–40). One of the examples discussed by Aston was found in a cache associated with the tomb of Amenirdis I at Medinet Habu. See also Budka 2010b:507, fig. 3.

112

Late Period Pl. 107:2 (15/0057/006) K5, uncoated; d. rim 12.3 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0003: 1 rim.

Pl. 106:6 (VII.D10/0005/001) J1, uncoated; d. m16.2 cm. LP.O.16.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 107:3 (13/0040/104) K5, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

7*

1

0

8

X

2

0

0

Total

Pl. 107:4 (14/0001/156) K5 Fine, uncoated(?), eroded surface; d. rim 13.4 cm.

2 10

Pl. 107:5 (15/0067/010) K5, uncoated; d. base 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0043: 1 base; 15/0067: 2 bases (2 est. ind.).

*Of which two complete profiles

LP.O.16.i Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 107:6 (15/0047/001) K2, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm.

Pl. 106:7 (07/0142/003) K5, uncoated, grey greenish fabric, no core; d. rim 7.2 cm.

Pl. 107:7 (13/0041/038) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0009: 1 rim.

Pl. 106:8 (15/0057/007) K5, beige-green fabric, fine sand, cream smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 9.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0046: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:262, q1.P43 (S.P.859), pl. M.

LP.O.16.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 106:9 (15/0065/004–005) K5, uncoated, reconstructed from 2 non-joining sherds; d. rim 10.0 cm; d. base 7.2 cm; h. (est.) 9.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041) 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 base; 15/0026: 1 rim; 15/0030: 1 base; 15/0039) 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0061: 1 base; 15/0065: 1 base.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

31*

2

0

33

X

15º

0

0

15

Total

48

*Of which two complete profiles; ºof which one complete profile

LP.O.16.ii Beakers with carinated base and short sides As a rule, all of the cups entered in this category are made of a fine cream to greenish coloured marl fabric with cream, uncoated surfaces. They have a carinated base, sometimes underlined by a thin rilling line. Only one, with thicker walls, is made of the usual Nile silt of the Late period (07/0012/003, col. pl. 37:10–11). It is covered with a white slip and should certainly be considered as a conscious imitation of the marl types. It also bears an inscription in black ink, written after firing. A comparable specimen in Nile silt fabric, but without inscription, can be cited at Late Period Mendes (Allen 1982:19, pl. XIV:11).

Pl. 106:10 (14/0001/255) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.5 cm. Pl. 106:11 (14b/0010/019) K5, fine fabric, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0010: 3 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 106:12 (13/0040/007) K5 Fine, matte cream slip out; d. rim 11.2 cm. Pl. 106:13 (16/0025/001) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 11.5 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0038: 4 rims (2 est. ind.).

These cups are well-known from non-residential contexts, particularly from the Saite to Persian Period, necropoleis of Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:52, pl. 17:126; Bourriau and Aston 1985:54, pl.  37:122; Quibell and Hayter 1927:32, pl.  VII:4) and Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:158—beakers). Some of those from Abusir were part of an embalmers’ deposit and bear short inscriptions relating to products used for mummification purposes, in this case myrrh and natron (Janák and Landgráfová 2011; Landgráfova and Janák 2011).

Pl. 106:14 (14/0018/007) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 106:15 (14/0001/254) K2, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Pl. 106:16 (VII.D9-D10/0001/009) K5, uncoated; d. rim 11.5 cm. Col. pl. 37:8–9 (15/0020/007–008) K2, uncoated; d. rim 9.8 cm; d. base 8.1 cm; h. pres. 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0073: 2 BS (1 est. ind.).

They are absent from the Persian levels of Tell el-Herr but are attested earlier at Migdol (Oren 1984:14, fig. 20:17, 21), as well as at Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64–66, pl. XXXV:76). This, together with their recurrent presence at Kom Tuman, demonstrates that the shape was by no means restricted to the mortuary sphere.

Pl. 107:1 (14/0045/050–051) K5, uncoated; proposal for reconstruction from two non-joining fragments; d. rim 11.5 cm; d. base 6.7 cm; h. (est.) 12.0 cm. 113

Kom Tuman II LP.O.16.ii Nile silt fabrics

The marl versions of these small vessels are closely related to the small neckless jars with wavy walls (LP.FW.J.3.i), but their wider mouth opening allows them to be termed beakers rather than jars. Two, much coarser, examples of a related shape and with thicker walls occur in Nile silt fabrics.

Col. pl. 37:10–11 (07/0012/003) J1, white slip in and out, post-firing black ink inscription out; d. rim 9.5 cm. LP.O.16.ii Nile silt fabric, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

1

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.O.16.iii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 107:17 (15/0043/007) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0– 12.0 cm.

1

LP.O.16.ii Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 107:18 (16/0021/007) J1/J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 16.0 cm.

Pl. 107:8 (05–06/0074/011) Mixed clay or marl fabric, reddish pink, pink-cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm. Post-firing Demotic black ink dipinto below rim.

LP.O.16.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 107:9 (15/0052/004) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm; d. base 3.0 cm; h. 4.0 cm; pre-firing perforations on sides. Pl. 107:10 (07/0112/001) K2, uncoated; d.  rim 7.6 cm; d. base 6.6 cm; h. 4.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 1 complete profile; 14/0001: 1 rim, 3 bases (4 est. ind.); 16/0007: 1 base.

X

Total 20

1º

0

0

1

Total

0

1 2

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

0

0

12

X

0

0

0

Total

0 12

LP.O.16.iv Beakers with ribbed body and carinated base This type is extremely evasive at Kom Tuman and represented by only three examples at most, two of which are from the same context. Parallels for the shape are found in both Third Intermediate and Late Period at Karnak and the form is evocative of Assyrian shapes. One of the pieces illustrated here is made of a fine marl or mixed clay fabric and is marked by a narrow series of incised ribbing on the body.

LP.O.16.ii Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals

0

0

Area

Pl. 107:16 (13/0041/039) K2, uncoated; d.  rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 14/0031: 1 rim.

Surface

1

LP.O.16.iii Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 107:15 (07/0003/021+053) K2, white slip out; d. max. pres. 6.5 cm.

8+

X

Pl. 108:3 (14/0050/007) K5, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 107:14 (VII.D10/0005/022) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 8.2 cm.

2003–2013

1

Pl. 108:2 (16/0009/003) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm.

Col. pl. 37:12–15 (03–04/0148) K5 Fine, white slip in and out; d. rim 7.6 cm; d. base 5.6; h. 6.3 cm; post-firing inscription on side.

12*

Total

0

Pl. 108:1 (14/0001/022) K5/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 7.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 12 rims (8 est. ind.).

Pl. 107:13 (13/0035/075) K2, uncoated; d. base 4.3 cm.

2013–2016

Surface

0

LP.O.16.iii Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 107:12 (07/0003/013+052) K2, white slip out; d. rim 8.5 cm.

Area

2003–2013

1

Total

Pl. 107:11 (07/0025/016) K2, uncoated; d. base 9.0 cm.

VII

2013–2016

VII

LP.O.16.iv Nile silt fabrics

21

*Of which one complete profile; ºcomplete profile; +of which 4 complete vessels or complete profiles

Pl. 108:4 (14/0021/001) J1, uncoated; d. base of neck 8.0 cm; d. max. pres. 9.4 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0024: 1 BS.

LP.O.16.iii Ovoid beakers with wavy walls 114

Late Period At Kom Tuman like elsewhere in Egypt, small carinated bowls of the Late Period usually occur in marl and mixed clay fabrics, with either round or ring bases, and more rarely in Nile silts. The marl and mixed clay fabric bowls are technologically very close to the beakers with low carination and straight walls discussed just above (LP.O.16. ii). They are found in the same kinds of contexts and are also paralleled in the Late Period at sites such as Saqqara (also in marl and mixed clay fabrics), in tomb shafts and as surface finds (Aston and Aston 2010:97, 99, 155–156, pls. 30:263, 31:276, 45:415), at the Anubieion (French and Bourriau 2018:141–143, fig. 25:a-f), as well as at ThonisHeracleion (Grataloup 2006:334–338, nos 410–411) and Tell Muqdam (Redmount and Friedman 1997:64–65, fig. 9a, bottom). In Nile silt fabrics, they already appear in the Saite period at Buto, probably in association with round bases (French and Bourriau 2007:107, types 4–5, fig. 14:6–7).

LP.O.16.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

1

0

0

1

Total

2

LP.O.16.iv Marl or mixed clay fabrics Pl. 108:5 (14/0021/002) Marl or mixed fabric, uncoated; d. max. pres. 8.0 cm. Parallels: Karnak, Priests’ Quarter, Late Period: Masson 2011:277–278, fig. 55. Karnak, Twenty-First to Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, Marl A fabric: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:229, fig. 89:s. LP.O.16.iv Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

LP.O.17 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 108:6 (14/0021/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Pl. 108:7 (13/0047/012) J7, red slip out, traces of red slip in; d. rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0050: 1 BS.

1

LP.O.17. Small carinated bowls40

Pl. 108:8 (13/0035/018) J1, thin cream slip; d.  rim 13.4 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:14, F7.P5 (S.P.605), pl. A. Tell el Herr, Phase VA (end of fifth to first quarter of the fourth century BC), hard silt, red slip out: Defernez 2012:41, fig. E:17.

Small carinated bowls with well-defined, sometimes high, rim, especially when they are thin walled, are often interpreted as influenced by Assyrian/Persian pottery and metal production (Anastasio 2010:41).41 In Syria, diverse, locally made variants are found from the seventh to the fourth centuries BC (Lehmann 1996:377–379, 382, Forms 89a-c, 91–93, 98, 119, pls. 17–18, 21) and the same holds true for the southern Levant (e.g. Ben-Shlomo 2014a:74–76, figs. 21–22; Ben-Shlomo 2014b:734– 736, figs. 13.3–13.4; Panitz-Cohen 2010:117–118, fig. 7.1:20–21). It is quite likely that the form was initially based on metal prototypes, but Achaemenid sites in Iran have yielded pottery bowls of this shape as well (e.g. Schnyder 1975:181–182, fig. 77:4; Stronach 1978:184, fig. 106:1–20; and see parallels below). In the late fourth century BC, some of these bowls at Pasargadae were also decorated with red painted horizontal bands, wavy bands, or festoons. Those with the plain bands are quite similar to the series of carinated bowls from Kom Tuman decorated with red painted and burnished bands, which were predominantly made of the fine Mixed 8 fabric and were ascribed to a local Late Period production (see below).

Pl. 108:9 (14/0061/004) J1, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0063: 1 rim. Pl. 108:10 (13/0040/134) J1, 14.8 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0040: 1 BS.

uncoated;

d.  rim

Pl. 108:11 (14/0007/008) J7, red slip in and out; d.  rim 15.0 cm. Pl. 108:12 (14/0014/006) 13.0–14.0 cm.

J7,

uncoated;

d,

rim

Pl. 108:13 (14/0060/003) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 19.0 cm.

40  On these bowls at Kom Tuman, see in particular the research conducted by V. Yarmolovich (Yarmolovich 2019:23–26). 41  An impressive series of metal bowls of this shape were discovered at the site of Thonis-Heracleion in Late Period contexts (Goddio and Clauss 2006:431, nos 241–251).

Col. pl. 37:16 (15/0041/008) J7, thin self-slip, wellsmoothed, traces of red-brown painted band on body; d. rim 15.0–17.0 cm.

115

Kom Tuman II Pl. 109:9 (16/0003/075) K2, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm.

LP.O.17 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

18*

0

0

18

2

0

0

VII X Total

Col. pl. 37:20–21 (16/0011/001) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 12.8 cm.

2

Col. pl. 38:1 (13/0041/115) K2, uncoated, red slip on rim; d. rim 12.0 cm.

20

*Of which one near complete profile

Col. pl. 38:2–3 (16/0003/074) K5 Fine/K2, cream, smooth-polished surface, uncoated, black paint at base of rim; d. rim 13.0 cm; d. body 12.7 cm; h. pres. 7.0 cm.

LP.O.17 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 108:14 9.5 cm.

(07/0151/002)

K2,

uncoated;

d.  rim

Pl. 109:10 (15/0026/005) K2, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Pl. 109:11 (15/0057/004) K5 Fine, uncoated, polished surface; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0025: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Parallel: Pasargadae (Iran), Achaemenid period, pinkish buff smoothed slip, red core: Stronach 1978:184, fig. 106:12.

Pl. 108:15 (16/0007/004) K5 Fine, traces of blue(?) paint or glaze on rim; d. rim 8.0–10.0 cm. Pl. 108:16 (13/0039/077) K2, uncoated; d. rim 10.2 cm. Pl. 108:17 (14/0001/269) K2, uncoated; d. rim 8.1 cm. Pl. 108:18 (13/0025/072) K2, uncoated; d.  rim 10.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 15/0003: 1 BS; 16/0032: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 38:4 (16/0038/002) K5, uncoated, faint red paint; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0038: 2 rims. Pl. 109:12 (14/0045/012) K2, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm.

Pl. 109:1 (15/0008/014) K2, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims.

Pl. 109:13 (14/0001/064) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 15.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 37:17 (13/0041/035) K2, uncoated, red painted bands on rim and body; d. rim 11.2 cm. Pl. 109:2 (14/0001/266) K2, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Col. pl. 38:5 (15/0008/008) fine beige-yellow marl fabric, small ochre, few black grits, no core, white surface, uncoated, red paint; d. base 4.0 cm.

Pl. 109:3 (14b/0001/035) K2, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm; post-firing perforation under rim. Parallel: Thonis-Heracleion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:143, fig. 7.3:9.

Pl. 109:14 (15/0022/009) K5 Fine, uncoated, well smoothed, black paint on rim; d. rim 17.0 cm.

Pl. 109:4 (13/0063/016) K5, gritty, soft homogeneous break, black grits, cream-white surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.5 cm.

LP.O.17 Mixed clay fabric, painted and burnished Col. pl. 38:6 (14b/0001/002) Mixed 8, uncoated, red shiny paint; d. rim 12.2 cm. Parallel: Pasargadae, post-Achaemenid, red fabric, red paint: Stronach 1978:184, fig. 106:10.

Pl. 109:5 (13/0041/113) K2, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 109:6 (15/0022/005) K5 Fine, sandy fabric, bipartite break, light beige to pink, cream surface out, pink in, selfslip; d. rim 12.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0040: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 38:7 (14b/0001/004) Mixed 8, uncoated, red shiny paint; d. max. pres. 10.8 cm. Col. pl. 38:8–9 (14b/0006/003) Mixed 8, glazed/burnished red painted bands; d. body ca. 12.0 cm.

Col. pl. 37:18–19 (15/0005/039) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 13.6 cm.

Col. pl. 38:10 (14b/0001/003) Mixed 8, uncoated, red shiny paint; d. body 13.0 cm.

Pl. 109:7 (15/0067/004) K5 Fine, cream surface, polished self-slip; d. rim 13.6 cm.

Col. pl. 18:11 (15/0067/002) Mixed 8, smooth selfslip, red painted burnished/glazed bands out; d.  rim 13.0 cm.

Pl. 109:8 (15/0022/024) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 13.2 cm

116

Late Period Col. pl. 38:12 (15/0067/001) Mixed 8, smooth self-slip, red painted burnished/glazed bands out; d. body 16.0 cm.

Pl. 109:17 (13/0047/011) J1 Red, uncoated: d. rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0055: 1 rim; 14/0044: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 38:13 (16/0003/109) Mixed 8, burnished self-slip, red painted/burnished band on body; d. base 5.1 cm.

Pl. 109:18 (14/0055/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 13/0047: 1 rim. Parallel: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:107, type 8, fig. 14:10.

Col. pl. 38:14 (16/0003/051) Mixed 8, very smooth buff surface, self-slip polished, red burnished/glazed paint; d. body 13.0 cm.

LP.O.18 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 38:15 (15/0026/004) Mixed 8, pink surface, uncoated, smoothed/polished, red painted/glazed bands; d. base 5.5 cm.

Area

Col. pl. 38:16 (13/0040/010) fine, pink, mixed fabric, finely porous, cream-yellowish surface, shiny banded slip/ glaze out; d. base 4.6 cm.

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

37

2

0

39

X

24

0

0

24

Total

Surface

Total

VII

6

1

0

7

X

0

0

0

0 7

LP.O.18 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 109:19 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/018) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 18.0 cm. Pl. 110:1 (07/0018a/016) K5 Fine, thin orange burnish slip in and out; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0020: 1 rim.

LP.O.17 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

Col. pl. 38:17 (15/0057/001+002+003) Mixed 8, smooth self-slip, red painted burnished/glazed bands out; d.  rim 14.5–16.0 cm (reconstructed from 3 non-joining sherds).

Area

2013–2016

Pl. 110:2 (07/0111/007) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 19.6 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0055: 1 rim. Parallel: Elephantine, Persian period: von Pilgrim 1999:139, fig. 22:41.

63

LP.O.18 Variant: Miniature shape; marl clay fabrics

LP.O.18 Small bowls with curved sides and flattened rim

This smaller and squatter variant of the type may belong to the fourth century or the Ptolemaic period, rather than the sixth to fifth centuries BC. However, it finds Nile silt fabric parallels at Buto in late Third Intermediate Period and Saite levels (personal observation).

The marl fabric examples of these fine-walled bowls are most likely imports from southern Egypt. They are found at Elephantine in sixth and fifth century BC levels (Aston 1999:210–212, 230, 242, pls. 65:1906–1909, 71:2027, 76:2110; von Pilgrim 1999:139, fig. 22:42), at Thebes, mainly in temple-related contexts of the same date (Petrie 1909a: pl. LIX:767; Mysliwiec 1987: 70–72, no. 717; Jacquet-Gordon 2012:253, fig. 98:l), and Abydos (Knoblauch and Bestock 2009:235, fig. 9j).

Pl. 110:3 (15/0009/002) mixed, brown fabric, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 5.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:297, fig. 122:m. LP.O.18 Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant)

No complete profile of the shape was found at Kom Tuman, but the well-preserved parallels from Thebes, and Elephantine just cited suggest that they had a flattened thick base.

Area

A number of Nile silt sherds could be connected to this group and may be considered as local variants of the type.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4

3

0

7

X

0

0

0

0

Total

7

LP.O.18 Nile silt fabrics

LP.O.19 “Salt cellars”

Pl. 109:15 (14b/0001/059) J7, pink slip; d. rim 12.0 cm.

“Salt cellar” is the standard terminology used for small, shallow Greek dishes with in-turned rims and wide ring bases. It refers to the vessels’ analogy with the appearance of modern salt cellars and by no means betrays an actual or alleged function. At Athens, the shape is already found

Pl. 109:16 (VII.B12/0007/058) J1, white slip out and on top of rim, red paint on upper external part, on rim and inside rim; d. rim 14.2 cm. 117

Kom Tuman II in the second half of the fifth century (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:298, nos 871–872, pl.  33), becoming far more widespread in the fourth century BC (e.g. Sparkes and Talcott 1970:302–303, nos 939–950, pl. 34).

Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 110:5 (15/0003/010) K5 Fine, uncoated, burnished surface; d. rim 12.2 cm; d. base 8.3 cm; h. 3.2 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 9 complete profiles, 10 rims, 3 bases (16 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 complete profile; 15/0003: 1 rim; 15/0005: 1 complete profile, 1 base (2 est. ind.); 15/0008: 1 complete profile.

In Egypt, it is usually associated with the Ptolemaic period, but the evidence from Kom Tuman suggests that such bowls were made locally throughout the fourth century BC, if not already in the late fifth century BC. In effect, the vast majority of the locally made “salt cellars” in our assemblage were produced in types of marl fabrics that are more frequently encountered in the Late Period than in Ptolemaic times. They can be distinguished from the later echinus bowls (PTL.O.3 and PTL.O.5.i) by their squatter proportions and wider, low ring base and also by their fabrics and surface treatments. Moreover, while this shape is rather common at Kom Tuman (62 estimated individuals), similar shapes are not particularly prominent at well-documented Ptolemaic sites, such as Tell el-Herr or Tebtynis.42 The suggestion that mixed and marl fabric salt cellars appear so early on in the Memphite region is further supported by the finds of marl and mixed clay comparanda with plain rims from Late Period contexts in Saqqara (see parallels below) and in early fourth century (Phase V) at Tell el Herr (Defernez 2001:333–334, pl. LXXIII:212a-b).

Pl. 110:6 (13/0040/096) K5 Fine, pink slip in and out; d. rim 12.0 cm; d. base 8.0 cm; h. 3.3 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0032: 1 base; 16/0014: 1 rim. Pl. 110:7 (16/0032/005) K5 Fine, uncoated; d.  rim 12.5 cm; d. base 7.8 cm; h. 4.0 cm. Pl. 110:8 (14/0045/017) K5 Fine/K2, uncoated; d.  rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0011: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:126, fig. 23c. Pl. 110:9 (15/0034/005) K5 Fine, white surface, self-slip polished; d.  rim 14.0 cm; d.  base 8.0 cm; h. 4.2 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:155, pl. 45:413.

On the other hand, the Nile fabric examples illustrated here point to a date in the fourth rather than fifth century because they are made of the hard-fired Nile silt fabric that is more typical of the late fourth century and beyond.

Col. pl. 39:4–6 (13/0001/011) K5 Fine, white slip in and out; d. rim 13.5 cm; d. base 8.6 cm; h. 3.8 cm.

A few of the marl fabric specimens have a characteristic hammer-shaped rim (e.g. 13/0001/011, col. pl. 39:4–6). LP.O.19 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 110:10 (13/0040/095) K5 Fine, white slip in and out; d. rim 14.0 cm; d. base 9.8 cm; h. 3.4 cm.

Col. pl. 38:18–20 (15/0022/016) J1 Hard, pink slip burnish in and out; d. rim 12.0 cm; d. base 8.0 cm; h. 4.0 cm.

Pl. 110:11 (16/0009/005) K5, white slip in and out; d. rim 13.2 cm; d. base 8.1 cm; h. 3.7 cm.

Col. pl. 39:1–3 (16/0003/018) J1 Hard, white slip in and out; d. rim 12.0 cm; d. base 7.8 cm; h. 3.9 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 110:12 (13/0041/040) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 13.6 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 3.1 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0009: 1 rim.

LP.O.19 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.19 Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant)

Area VII

2013–2016 1*

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 1

X Total

2º

0

0

2 3

Area VII X

*Complete profile; ºof which 1 complete profile

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

54*

0

0

54

5º

0

0

5

Total

LP.O.19 Marl clay fabrics

*Of which 29 complete profiles; ºof which 2 complete profiles

Pl. 110:4 (13/0040/094) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm; d. base 7.2 cm; h. 3.8 cm.

III.1.2.7 Saucers and related shapes LP.O.20 Saucers-lids and/or saucer-lamps

At Tell el-Herr, similar shapes are also evidenced in the late fourth or early third century BC made of Ptolemaic Black Ware (Dixneuf 2007a:73, fig. 44:141).

42 

LP.O.20.i Saucers-lids with low carination

118

59

Late Period Pl. 110:16 (14/0063/002) J1, uncoated, soot out; used as lamp; d. rim 10.2 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 complete profiles, 6 rims, 1 base (5 est. ind.); 14/0037: 1 rim; 14/0045: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0063: 1 rim; 15/0022: 1 rim; 15/0026: 1 rim; 15/0065: 1 BS; 15/0101: 1 rim; 16/0025: 1 rim.

These small saucers or lids have a wide carinated base and short, straight sides. Their rim is usually underlined by a groove, and their mouth diameters range from about 9.0 to 14.0 cm. As a rule, they are made of Nile silt fabrics and are often red slipped, but marl and mixed clay fabric examples also occur. They are typologically very close to the shallow dishes/lids with bent sides (LP.O.3.i), but have straighter rims, are of deeper proportions, and are smaller in size.

Pl. 110:17 (15/0043/005) J1, uncoated, scraped clay surplus under base; d. rim 10.5 cm; h. 4.4 cm; intentional post-firing perforation under base.

They are very common at Kom Tuman and find many parallels elsewhere. They were already reported from earlier work at Memphis (Fischer 1965:149, pl. 63:478), and occur at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:87–88, 98, 146–147, pls. 24:207, 31:272, 42:355), Tell el-Herr, mainly in Phase VI, petering out in Phase V (Defernez 2001:85– 89, 298–299, pls. XI:28a-28d, LXIV:181), Kafr Ammar (Petrie and MacKay 1915:33–34, 36, pl.  XXXIII:9), Manawir (Wuttman et al. 1996:417, fig. 22), Buto in Late Period contexts,43 and as far south as Elephantine (Aston 1999:223–224, pl. 69:1984).

Pl. 110:18 (13/0040/126) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.2 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0065: 1 rim. Parallel: Heracleion, fourth century BC: Grataloup 2006:338, no. 412. Pl. 110:19 (07/0087/032) J1 Red, matte red slip in and out, red fabric, lilac core, incised groove below rim; d. rim 12.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0036: 1 base; 15/0016: 1 rim.

One example with straight sides illustrated here (13/0040/126, pl. 110:18) is made of a highly micaceous Nile silt fabric, suggesting that the shape does indeed continue well into the fourth century BC. Another (14/0001/071, pl. 111:2), which is made of a mixed clay fabric and is of particularly shallow proportions, was used as a lamp although this function is otherwise not attested for this shape.

Pl. 110:20 (15/0036/007) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 16.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0093: 3 rims (3 est. ind.). LP.O.20.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

90*

3º

0

93

X

+

9

0

0

9

XI

0

0

2

2

VII

A variant series with thicker walls, incurved wall profile, and in some cases a flat base may represent the evolution of this type in the fourth century BC and the early Ptolemaic period (pl. 111:6–12, col. pl. 39:7–8). Parallels for these can be cited in the Late Period at Karnak (see parallels below), as well as at Tebtynis, as late as the second century BC, but only in Nile silt fabrics (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:203, pl. 105:901). At Kom Tuman, they occur mainly in Nile silt but are occasionally found in marl fabrics too and are actually often present in the same contexts as the straight-sided versions of the shape.

Total

104

*Of which 37 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºof which 2 complete vessels or complete profiles; +of which 2 complete vessels or complete profiles

LP.O.20.i Marl clay fabrics Pl. 111:1 (15/0005/026) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm; h. 3.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0005: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0039: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:98, pl. 31:272.

LP.O.20.i Nile silt fabrics Pl. 110:13 (07/0092/003) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.2 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0065: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

LP.O.20.i Mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 110:14 (13/0041/093) J1, red slip; d. rim 9.5 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0029: 1 base; 16/0032: 1 rim.

Pl. 111:2 (14/0001/071) mixed fabric, uncoated; d. rim 9.4 cm; h. 2.2 cm; soot on rim and break.

Pl. 110:15 (13/0074) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.4 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0045: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 complete profile, 1 rim, 2 bases (4 est. ind.).

Pl. 111:3 (16/0007/016) Mixed 8, pink slip or self-slip in and out; d. rim 10.1 cm; d. base 8.3 cm; h.3.1 cm. Pl. 111:4 (15/0049/009) mixed pink-beige fabric, greycream surface, thin cream slip in and out; d. rim 10.4 cm; h. 3.4 cm.

They occur in Nile silt and very rarely in marl fabrics among the Saite to Persian period material from the J-trenches to the north of the site (personal observation). 43 

119

Kom Tuman II Pl. 111:5 (15/0073/013) mixed, pink mixed/marl fabric, no core, smooth pink-salmon surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.0–12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0045: 1 rim.

LP.O.20.i Variant: Thick profiled wall; marl clay fabrics Pl. 111:11 (14/0001/272) K5, uncoated; d. rim 11.8 cm. Pl. 111:12 (16/0015/042) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm; h. 3.0 cm.

LP.O.20.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

9*

0

0

9

X

5

0

0

5

XI

0

0

1º

1

Total

LP.O.20.i variant: marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

15

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

1*

0

0

1

Total

* Of which 2 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºcomplete vessel

2

*complete profile

LP.O.20.i Variant: Thick walls, everted sides; Nile silt fabrics

LP.O.20.ii Small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides

Pl. 111:6 (14/0001/015) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm; d. base 5.0 cm; h. 4.2 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 10 complete profiles, 10 rims, 7 bases (21 est. ind.); 15/0043: 1 base. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:267, fig. 106:n.

As they possess a clearly defined base on which they can stand, the vessels grouped in this category are called dishes instead of lids, although they could also have functioned as covers in association with a variety of closed forms. They are always made of Nile silt fabrics and several, but by no means all, bear soot traces on their rims. One of those bearing soot traces inside and on the rim (16/0029/008, pl. 111:18) also has a pre-firing perforation on its base, suggesting that it was rather used as a lid than as a lamp, since the liquid hot oil would have leaked through the opening. In any case, whether lids, lamps, or small dishes, they fulfilled a variety of functions in a domestic context, and their abundance amongst the present assemblage (208 estimated individuals) is certainly to be reckoned with in any interpretation of the nature of the site excavated.

Pl. 111:7 (13/0040/131) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 8.4 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 complete profiles; 13/0049: 1 base; 14/0038: 1 rim; 14b/0006: 1 rim, 1 base (2 est. ind.). Pl. 111:8 (15/0069/003) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 8.4 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 3.6 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0096: 1 base.

They are indeed present in other Late Period settlement sites, such as Mendes (Allen 1982: pl.  XV:2) and Tell Maskhuta in the sixth century BC (Holladay 1982: 54–55, pl.  11:1), but were also found, often used as lids, in funerary contexts, for example at Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:166, 171, fig. 50:29; Bares and Smoláriková 2011:147, fig. 194), Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:28–29, 44, 79, 138, 146, 149, pls. 1:5– 6, 10–16, 12:90, 20:155–159, 38:318, 42:350–352, 43:370; French and Ghaly 1991:114–115, figs. 64–66; French and Bourriau 2018:31–32, 202–203, 221–223, figs. 1a-e, 42f, 47d-m; Quibell and Hayter 1927:32, pl. 7:4; Bourriau and Aston 1985:53, pl. 37:114; Lecuyot et  al. 2013:424), and Thebes (Budka 2010a:209, fig. 77:K02/64.5, K02/64.1).

Pl. 111:9 (13/0040/132) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.2 cm; h. 3.2 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:13, F7.P1 (S.P.613), pl. A. Col. pl. 39:7–8 (14/0001/212) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.0 cm; d. base7.7 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0048: 1 base; 14/0001: 1 complete profile; 15/0036: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 111:10 (16/0009/029) J1, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. LP.O.20.i variant: Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 38*

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 38

X Total

4º

0

0

4 42

They have a fairly consistent diameter of about 10.0 to 14.0 cm but do present some variations in the detail of their profile. Some have a direct, thick rim, or an outturned rim, while others are marked by a single riling line inside the rim. Such riling may have been specifically intended for a use as lids.

*Of which 20 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºof which one complete profile

120

Late Period A few variant examples also stand out by their thick walls and out-splayed bases (07/0031/005, 13/0025/059, 13/0040/135, pl.  112:7–9). These were used as lamps as they bear soot stains on their inner surfaces. As such, they also relate to the saucer lamps with thick walls and rounded base discussed below (LP.O.22). A series of bowls with straight rim was also tentatively linked to this general group, some of which were also used as lamps (13/0001/008, 15/0092/001, pl. 112:10–11).

Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0045: 1 rim; 13/0049: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0063: 2 complete profiles, 7 rims (5 est. ind.); 14/0001: 8 complete profiles; 3 bases (11 est. ind.); 14/0031: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14/0060: 1 rim.

LP.O.20.ii Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 111:22 (07/0119/0025) J1, uncoated; d. rim 12.2 cm.

Pl. 111:13 (15/0073/014) J1, uncoated, string cut base; d. rim 7.4 cm; d. base 3.4 cm; h. 3.3 cm.

Pl. 111:23 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/004) J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 12.3 cm (rilling in rim).

Col. pl. 39:9–10 (15/0020/009) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm; d. base 3.8 cm; h. 3.0 cm.

Pl. 111:24 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/003) J1, uncoated, greenish deposit in; d. rim 13.8 cm.

Pl. 111:14 (15/0041/009) J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm; d. base 3.0 cm; 2.5 cm; soot on rim.

Pl. 111:25 (04–05/0094/002) J1, uncoated; clay turned greenish; d. rim 14.3 cm; d. base 4.6 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0036: 1 rim; 16/0021: 1 rim.

Pl. 111:20 (15/0036/006) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 3.1 cm; soot in and out, string cut base. Pl. 111:21 (07/0022/008) J1, uncoated; d. base 3.6 cm.

Pl. 111:15 (14/0042/004) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.8 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 2.3 cm.

Pl. 112:1 (07/0022/006) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 14.0 cm; d. base 4.8 cm; h. 2.3 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0049: 1 base.

Pl. 111:16 (14/0045/025) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 6 bases (6 est. ind.); 13/0046: 8 bases (8 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 complete vessel, 7 rims, 24 bases (28 est. ind.); 14/0018: 1 rim; 14/0037: 1 rim; 14/0044: 1 base (1 est. ind.); 14/0045: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 1 rim; 15/0008: 1 base; 15/0022: 2 bases, 1 rim (3 est. ind.); 15/0057: 1 rim; 15/0071: 1 rim; 16/0007: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 112:2 (07/0022/014) J1, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Pl. 112:3 (07/0120/004) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 16.5 cm; d. base 4.9 cm; h. 3.1 cm. Pl. 112:4 (VII.D9-D10/0001/015) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm.

Pl. 111:17 (07/0003/024+029+030) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.5 cm; d. base 3.2 cm; h. 3.7 cm.

Pl. 112:5 (14b/0001/061) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.4 cm; d. base 4.4 cm; h. 2.5 cm.

Col. pl. 39:11–12 (13/0035/052) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.6 cm; d. base 4.5 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 complete profile.

LP.O.20.ii Variants; Nile silt fabrics

Col. pl. 39:13–14 (07/0134) J1, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm; d. base 4.5 cm; h. 3.1–3.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 1 rim, 1 base (2 est. ind.); 13/0063: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 complete profile, 4 rims, 7 bases (10 est. ind.); 15/0005: 2 complete profiles (2 est. ind.); 15/0014: 1 complete profile; 15/0016: 1 rim; 15/0043: 1 base; 16/0034: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0038: 1 rim.

Pl. 112:6 (13/0073/009) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm.

Pl. 111:18 (16/0029/008) J1, uncoated, pre-firing perforation in base, soot in and out; d. rim 10.8 cm; d. base 3.4 cm; h. 2.6 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0039: 1 rim (no perforation); 16/0029: 1 rim (no perforation) Parallel: Tebtynis, early Roman period: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:203, pl. 104:896.

Pl. 112:9 (13/0040/135) J1, uncoated, soot in; d. rim 14.0 cm; d. base 7.0 cm; h. 4.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 complete profile, 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0043: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:281, no. 101.

Pl. 112:7 (07/0031/005) J1, uncoated, soot in; d. rim 8.0 cm; d. base 5.0 cm; h. 3.1 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 112:8 (13/0025/059) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated, soot in; d. rim 13.5 cm; d. base 7.7 cm; h. 3.7 cm.

Pl. 112:10 (13/0001/008) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 16.0 cm; d. base 6.1 cm; h. 7.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 111:19 (13/0039/065) J1, uncoated; d rim 11.0 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 2.8 cm. 121

Kom Tuman II Parallels: Saqqara, Sacred Animal Necropolis, Late Period (sixth to fourth century BC): French and Bourriau 2018:203, fig. 42h. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:267, fig. 106:m.

word, ta pekheret “the prescription” (D’Auria, Lacovara, and Roehrig 1988:227–228, fig. 182). Two presumably marl examples of unknown provenance in the Louvre also bear Demotic and Hieratic inscriptions naming sacred oils employed for funerary purposes in the necropolis (Janot 2000:128, photos 26–27).

Pl. 112:11 (15/0092/001) J1, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 13.0– 14.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty (with splayed-out foot): Jacquet-Gordon 2012:266, fig. 106:d.

It can also be added that Aston and Aston entered the form in their Phase D of the Late Period pottery sequence, lasting from the early to the mid-fourth century BC (Aston and Aston 2010:183–187, fig. 47, top right). Such a dating fits well with the evidence from Kom Tuman.

LP.O.20.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

177*

17º

2

196

X

10+

0

0

10

XI

2

VII

a

Total

a

LP.O.21.i Nile silt fabrics Pl. 112:12 (13/0035/097) J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 7.2 cm; d. base 4.7; h. 5.3 cm. Pl. 112:13 (13/0035/053) J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 6.0 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 6.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 complete profile.

2 208

*Of which 30 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºof which 8 complete vessels or complete profiles; +of which 2 complete vessels or complete profiles; acomplete vessels

Pl. 112:14 (13/0035/054) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.0 cm; d. base 3.8 cm; h. 6.4 cm.

LP.O.21 Small beakers

Pl. 112:15 (13/0035/055) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.9 cm; d. base 4.4 cm; h. 5.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 complete profile.

LP.O.21.i Small beakers with flat base and straight sides These small, nearly straight-sided cups, often with a slight carination on their lower part and/or uneven relief ridges on the sides, are always made of Nile silt fabrics. They were found in abundance in some of the find contexts of Area VII at Kom Tuman, in particular in those datable to the late Persian and early Ptolemaic periods. They are already known from Mit Rahineh (Fischer 1965:156, pl. 64:603), but are not commonly reported from other contemporary sites. Interestingly, though, beakers of comparable shape and dimensions are extremely frequent in the Achaemenid levels of Susa, both in residential and mortuary contexts (de Miroschedji 1981a: 31, figs. 29:11–12, 33:1–2; de Miroschedji 1981b:159, fig. 51:3–5).

Pl. 112:16 (07/0003/047) complete vessel, J1, uncoated; d. rim 6.5 cm, d. base 4.4 cm, h. 5.7 cm. Pl. 112:17 (13/0039/064) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.3 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 5.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/S/027: 1 complete vessel. Pl. 112:18 (14/0021/006) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.0 cm; d. base 5.0 cm; h. 5.5–6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 bases. Parallel: Saqqara, tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:285, no. 116.

Nevertheless, good parallels can be mentioned closer to home, from Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:155, pl.  K:34) and from Saqqara, in the late sixth to fifth century BC (Aston and Aston 2010:150, pl.  43:379), from Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:267, 269, figs. 106:l, 107:b), and from Elephantine in the third century BC (Aston 1999:286, pl.  93:2490–2491). A series of small goblets with flat base but of shallower proportions were found in the Papyrus Building at Tanis, dated to the Thirtieth Dynasty (Ledain 2000:334–335 fig. 4a-b, figs. 15–20).

Pl. 112:19 (07/0003/031) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.3 cm; d. base 4.3 cm; h. 6.0 cm. Col. pl. 39:15–16 (07/0060/015) J1, uncoated; d. rim 6.7 cm, d. base 2.7 cm, h. 5.6–5.8 cm. Pl. 112:20 (07/0003/023) J1, uncoated; d. base 3.8 cm. Pl. 112:21 (07/0003/004) J1, sandy, uncoated; d. rim 7.1 cm, d. base 5.0 cm, h. 5.7 cm.

Similar shapes are known at Giza, where some at least were used in connection with embalming activities as they were found in a Late Period embalmer’s cache. They are made of marl clay fabrics and are inscribed in black ink with one line in Demotic script, each time starting with the

Pl. 112:22 (07/0003/019) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.7 cm; d. base 4.3 cm; h. 5.7 cm. Pl. 113:1 (07/0014/010) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.6 cm; d. base 3.7 cm; h. 5.3 cm. 122

Late Period Pl. 113:2 (07/0065/001) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.7 cm; d. base 4.4 cm; h. 4.9 cm.

Parallel: Elephantine, third century BC: Aston 1999: 283, pl. 92:2455.

Pl. 113:3 (07/0008/026) J1, uncoated; d. base 3.3 cm.

Pl. 113:10 (15/0043/006) J1, uncoated (self-slip); d.  rim 10.7 cm; h. 6.0 cm.

Pl. 113:4 (07/0003/005) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.4 cm; d. base 4.6 cm; h. 5.6 cm.

LP.O.21.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 113:5 (07/0003/046) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.6 cm; d. base 3.1 cm; h. 6.4 cm.

Area

Pl. 113:6 (07/0001/004) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.9 cm, d. base 5.3 cm, h. 5.7 cm.

2003–2013

Surface

Total

27*

26º

1+

54

X

1

0

0

1

XI

3

0

0

3

VII

+

Total

Surface

Total

1º

1º

9

X

1º

0

0

1 10

*Of which 3 complete vessels or complete profiles; º complete vessel

LP.O.22. Saucer lamps These lamps with round base and thick walls are nearly always covered by a red slip that is often burnished. Their function is confirmed by the soot marks that are consistently found on their inner surfaces and their rims. They are common at Saqqara both in the Late Period shafts of the New Kingdom necropolis (Aston and Aston 2010:87, pl.  24:201–206) and at the Anubieion (French and Bourriau 2018:37–38, figs. 1u-w). They also occur commonly at Buto in contemporary and earlier levels,44 and are reported from Plinthine in the late Saite to early Persian period (Pesenti and Saleh 2018:18, fig. 37:8025.10).

LP.O.21.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant) 2013–2016

2003–2013

7*

Total

Pl. 113:7 (07/0001/009) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.3 cm; d. base 4.2 cm; h. 5.6 cm.

Area

2013–2016

VII

58

*Of which 32 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºof which 22 complete vessels or complete profiles; +complete vessel(s)

Two examples are much larger than the others, left uncoated, and made of the highly micaceous fabric of the Ptolemaic period. They are probably to be dated to mid to late fourth century BC rather than any time earlier.

LP.O.21.ii Tulip shaped beakers These small vessels have a flattened base and a flanged or out-turned rim. They were made of Nile silt fabrics and sometimes covered by the same type of cream slip as that found on the plates and shallow dishes with low carination, discussed above (LP.O.3.i). At Elephantine, the basic shape is already found in the sixth century BC but becomes particularly common in the fourth century BC (Aston 1999:218, 250, 252, 254, pls. 66:1944, 78:2174, 79:2193, 81:2222).

LP.O.22 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 113:11 (15/0026/007) J1, traces of red slip in; d. rim 6.5 cm; h. 2.6 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0045: 1 rim. Pl. 113:12 (16/0003/086) J1, uncoated, soot on rim; d. rim 7.5 cm; d. base 3.4 cm; h. 2.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

LP.O.21.ii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 113:8 (13/0039/067) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.0 cm; d. base 3.0 cm; h. 5.8 cm; pre-firing perforation in the base. Comment and parallel: with its pre-firing perforation in the base this vessel might have been used as a lid or a funnel. A similar vessel from second century BC Tebtynis, with deep straight sides but no perforation in the base was indeed interpreted as a lid (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:203, pl. 104:897).

Pl. 113:13 (07/0137/002) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.7 cm. d. base 3.5 cm; h. 3.1 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 rim. Pl. 113:14 (15/0095/005) Micaceous J1, thin red slip in, added clay under base, soot in rim; d. rim 8.8 cm; d. base 2.9 cm; h. 2.7 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0061: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

Col. pl. 39:17–19 (16/0003/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 6.1– 6.7 cm; d. base 3.2 cm; h. 3.6 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0073: 1 base.

Col. pl. 39:20–21 (15/0026/008) J1, red slip burnished in and out, soot in, on rim, and under base; d.  rim 9.8 cm; h. 3.5 cm.

Pl. 113:9 (VII.D9-D10/0001/001) J1, cream slip in and out; d. rim 9.0 cm; d. base 4.0 cm; h. 4.6 cm.

44  For this shape in first half of the sixth century BC contexts at Buto, see French and Bourriau 2007:108–109, Type 12, fig. 15:3.

123

Kom Tuman II Pl. 113:15 (16/0046/003) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 9.0 cm; h. 3.1 cm, soot on rim.

III.1.2.8 Large bowls LP.O.23. Vats

Pl. 113:16 (16/0003/040) J1, red slip in, soot on rim; d. rim 10.7 cm; h. 3.4 cm.

Vessels in this group are characterised by deep proportions and straight upper walls. The majority of the examples display a band rim and grooves on the upper body, though some have a thickened or out-splayed rim. None is preserved as a complete profile, but the best-preserved pieces illustrated here suggest that they had round bases.

Pl. 113:17 (13/0040/137) J1, red slip in and out; soot on rim; d. rim 10.3 cm; d. base 3.7 cm; h. 2.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 complete profile, 1 rim (2 est. ind.).

They appear in Nile silt, marl, and mixed clay fabrics but, as is often the case for the Egyptian production, Nile silt examples are the most numerous. Many of the marl and mixed clay fabric examples are no finer than the Nile silt ones, but a few marl fragments (often of admittedly diminutive diameters) are made of fine or very fine fabrics that may occur for the delicate, small-sized, fine ware vessels. They are thin walled and have very smooth, carefully finished surfaces. They also have more complex profiles, with relief ledges or grooves below and on the rim.

Pl. 113:18 (16/0046/004) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 10.3 cm; h. 3.7 cm. Pl. 113:19 (13/0040/136) J1, uncoated; soot on rim; d. rim 10.3 cm; d. base 4.4 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 complete profile, 6 rims (4 est. ind.); 15/0052: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 15/0063: 1 rim. Pl. 113:20 (16/0003/050) J1, red slip in and out, soot on rim; d. rim 11.0 cm; h. 2.9 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 15/0086: 1 rim.

The variants with out-splayed or inwardly slanting rims may be considered as a finer version of the deep, red slip basins made of the typical coarse ware fabrics (see below, CSW.3.i) and are most likely contemporary with them.

Pl. 113:21 (16/0003/077) J1 Hard, red slip wheel burnished in and out; d. rim 12.0 cm; h. 4.8 cm. Col. pl. 39:22–23 (16/0025/026) J1, red slip burnish in and out (diagonal burnish), soot on rim; d. rim 11.0 cm; h. 3.9 cm.

In general, these vessels do not find very good parallels at other sites. For the time being, they can only be broadly compared to a rim identified as a funnel at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:139, pl. 38:324) and large bowls or jars from Tanis (Laemmel 2012:60–61, pl.  50:251), Kafr Ammar (Petrie and Mackay 1915:33–34, 36, pl.  XXXIII:32), Karnak, and Elephantine (see parallels below). Nevertheless, their technological characteristics as well as their contexts suggest that they belong to the fifth or first half of the fourth century BC. Only the finer marl fabric examples have good enough comparanda from the Anubieion at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:136– 137, fig. 24l-m).

Pl. 113:22 (15/0065/007) J1, red slip traces in; d.  rim 13.2 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Pl. 113:23 (14b/0001/060) Micaceous J1, red slip in; d. rim 11.4 cm; h. 3.0 cm. Variant: large size; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 113:24 (15/0026/016) Micaceous J1, brown, well smoothed fabric, uncoated, soot on rim; d. rim 18.0 cm; d. base 8.0 cm; h. 5.3 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0073: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

LP.O.23. Nile silt fabrics Pl. 114:1 (07/0066/001) J1, thin cream slip out; d.  rim 21.3 cm. Parallel: Elephantine, Persian period: von Pilgrim 1999:131, fig. 18:9.

LP.O.22 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

18*

+

1

0

19

X

23º

0

0

23

VII or X

1

0

0

1

Total

+

Pl. 114:2 (13/0073/008) J1, uncoated; d. rim 23.0 cm. Parallels: Elephantine, fourth century BC: Aston 1999:274, pl. 88:2362. Elephantine, Persian period: von Pilgrim 1999:131, fig. 18:10.

43

Pl. 114:3 (13/0045/007) J1/J1 Coarse, white slip out; d. rim 24.0 cm.

*Of which 6 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºof which 13 complete vessels or complete profiles; +complete vessel

124

Late Period Pl. 114:4 (13/0039/006) J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 30.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0040: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0001: 15 rims (7 est. ind.); 14/0058: 1 rim; 15/0005: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0025: 5 rims (2 est. ind.).

LP.O.23 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 115:6 (14/0001/028) Straw marl, white slip in and out; d. rim 19.6 cm. Pl. 115:7 (13/0040/097) K5, uncoated; d. rim 20.5 cm.

Pl. 114:5 (15/0061/041) J1, thin cream slip in and out or self-slip; d. rim 25.0 cm.

Pl. 116:1 (16/0015/020) K5, uncoated; d. rim 29.0 cm. Pl. 116:2 (13/0039/047) Straw marl , white slip in and out; d. rim 33.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 6 rims (4 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0024: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0043: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 114:6 (15/0028/007) J1/J1 Red, red slip out; d.  rim 29.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0039: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Balamun, surface survey, probably Late Period: Spencer 1996:23, pl. 85:10.

Pl. 116:3 (15/0071/004) K5, uncoated; d. rim 43.0 cm. Parallels: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty (but with narrower mouth): Jacquet-Gordon 2012:259, fig. 102:f. Abu Id, Upper Egypt, eighth century BC: Aston 1996c: 32, nos 91–92, pl. V.

Pl. 114:7 (15/0061/042) J1, pink slip out; d. rim 31.0 cm. Col. pl. 40:1–2 (16/0023/008) J1 Hard, hard fabric, long white vegetal ashes on internal surfaces, uncoated; firing stains out; d.  rim 30.0 cm (reconstructed from 2 nonjoining fragments).

Approximately: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC, four-handled jar with wide mouth: French and Bourriau 2007:115, no. 51, fig. 21:1.

Col. pl. 40:3–4 (16/0014/012) J1, pink slip out; d.  rim 31.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0031: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0005: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 116:4 (14b/0001/024) Straw marl, coarse, uncoated; d. rim 35.0–36.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 rim, 3 BS (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 115:1 (15/0073/019) J1, very well and evenly applied smoothed pink slip in and out; d. rim 41.0 cm. Internal parallels: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

LP.O.23 Mixed clay fabrics Col. pl. 40:5–6 (14/0001/027) mixed fabric, pink slip; d. rim 25.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 115:2 (13/0045/012) J1 Straw-rich, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 28.0 cm. Pl. 115:3 (13/0063/024) J1, red slip burnished; d.  rim 31.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0003: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0043: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:270, fig. 107:p.

LP.O.23 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 115:4 (05–06/0155/003) J1, thick red slip in and out; d. rim 39.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:272, fig. 108:g.

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

31

1

0

32

X

21

0

0

21

Total

Surface

Total

VII

14

0

0

14

X

7

0

0

7 21

LP.O.23 variant: Marl clay fine wares Pl. 116:5 (13/0060/004) K5 Fine, cream slip polished in and out; d. rim 7.0 cm. Col. pl. 40:7–8 (16/0014/005) K5 Fine, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 18.7 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0006: 1 rim; 15/0005: 1 rim.

LP.O.23 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

Pl. 115:5 (13/0046/040) J1/J1 Red, pink slip in and out; d. rim 42.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 rim.

Area

2013–2016

Col. pl. 41:1–3 (16/0021/014) Green fine marl, selfslip burnished in and out, black-brown paint; d. rim 32.0–33.0 cm.

53

125

Kom Tuman II Pl. 117:1 (16/0001/020) K5 Fine/Fine green marl, whitegreenish slip in and out, slight burnish; d.  rim 35.0– 40.0 cm.

One example illustrated here (15/0030/013, pl.  118:2) has much thicker walls than the other vessels but its rim diameter is not wider. It might be considered as a coarse ware version of the form and might have fulfilled similar functions.

LP.O.23 variant, marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

3

0

0

3

Total

LP.O.24 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 117:2 (13/0055/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 20.5–22.0 cm. Pl. 117:3 (07/0018b/018) J1 Coarse, cream slip in and out; d. rim 26.0 cm.

6

Pl. 117:4 (07/0059/001) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 30.6 cm.

LP.O.24 Large bowls with perforations below the rim Bowls with pre-firing perforations and wide diameters (23.0–30.0 cm), always made of Nile silt fabrics, are occasionally encountered in the Persian Period assemblages of Kom Tuman. As far as shape is concerned, those with restricted mouth stand close to the hemispherical bowls discussed above.

Pl. 117:5 (07/0018b/005) J1 Straw-rich, cream slip in and out; d. rim 31.0 cm. Pl. 117:6 (13/0048/002) J1, uncoated; d. rim 33.0 cm. Pl. 118:1 (16/0025/005) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 38.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0007: 2 rims (2 est. ind.)

The series of pre-firing perforation in the upper part of the walls of these bowls suggests that they were intended for a very specific use, involving some kind of straining/draining process. This could have been cheese making, although it is unsure how far down the body the perforations continued. Theoretically, as they are mostly evident on the jars’ upper parts, the holes could also have served as suspension devices, although some of these vessels might have been quite heavy when complete and filled with whatever commodity they held.

Pl. 118:2 (15/0030/013) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 22.0 cm; pre-firing perforation(s) below rim. Pl. 118:3 (07/0025/033) J1 Straw-rich, thin cream slip out, red-brown fabric, grey core; d. rim 24.7 cm. Pl. 118:4 (15/0034/003) J1, red slip burnished out; d. rim 21.0 cm; pre-firing perforation on walls. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

Alternatively, some of them could have been used as braziers, although none in the present assemblage bear any trace of soot.

Pl. 118:5 (13/0035/006) J1, eroded surface; d.  rim 30.0 cm. LP.O.24 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Similar shapes are known at Tanis in the Late Period, notably in the area into which the foundations of the Temple of Horus of Mesen were dug (Laemmel 2012:60, pl. 51:252). At the same site, they also occur in association with industrial pottery or faience kilns installed in the sacred precinct of the temple of Amun (Fougerousse 1946; personal observation).

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

13

9

0

22

X

2

0

0

2

Total

24

III.1.2.9 Various open shapes

Smaller bowls of this shape, with diameters varying from 11.0 to 14.0 cm, are found at Tell el-Herr in Phase VI (Defernez 2001:103–106, pl. XV:37–38). They have either a rounded or a thick, low ring base and, like our examples, a depression under the rim. Defernez suggested that the perforations on the sides of the Tell el-Herr bowls were meant for suspending the vessel. Also, deep bowls with pre-firing perforations, but with pie-crust rims, occur at Tell Maskhuta in the second half of the sixth century BC (Holladay 1982:54–55, pl. 11:11) and may provide approximate parallels to the pieces from Kom Tuman.

LP.O.25 Various The sherds listed in this section belong to various unusual types of open vessels that are poorly documented for the Late and the Ptolemaic periods in Egypt. LP.O.25.i Chalices Chalices are not a common shape in the Egyptian pottery repertoire, but they are known in the Third Intermediate Period (Laemmel 2012:34–35, pl.  25:135–144; Brissaud

126

Late Period Pl. 119:2 (15/0039/004) K5, uncoated, black paint; d. max. pres. 5.0 cm.

1987: pl. XXII:389; Aston 1996a:23–24, no. 16, pl. I, and see below), and it is possible that some examples with thicker foot, illustrated here, are residual pieces from the end of that phase. The majority, however, are made of fabrics that relate best to the other ceramic productions of the fifth century BC, and even though chalices are generally not associated with the Saite and Persian period phases, a few are found in the Saqqara necropoleis (Bourriau and Aston 1985:53, pl. 37:116). Like some of the Kom Tuman pieces, these are high-footed and thin-walled.

LP.O.25.i Mixed clay fabrics Col. pl. 40:4–5 (16/0025/009) Mixed 8, self-slip burnish, burnished red paint; d. base 7.1 cm. Pl. 119:3 (14b/0001/028) Mixed 8, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 119: 4 (14b/0001/022) Mixed 8, red slip burnished; d. max. pres. ca. 6.1 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 3 stems (3 est. ind.).

When made of Nile silt fabrics, the chalices at Kom Tuman are often covered with a pink or more rarely cream slip. All those made of marl and mixed clay fabrics were found in the Rescue Area. One of those, with thin walls and high foot, belongs to the “red-burnished painted bands” style (see introduction, p. 9).

LP.O.25.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.25.i Nile silt fabrics

Area

Pl. 118:6 (15/0028/010) J1, pink slip in and out; d. max. pres. 5.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0026: 1 stem. Parallel: El Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:45, type B3.27, pl. 57:27.

2

2

0

4

X

4

0

0

4

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

0

0

0

X

11

0

0

11 11

Pl. 119:5 (13/0041/099) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.7 cm; d. base 4.3 cm; h. 2.8 cm. Pl. 119:6 (14b/0010/008) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 5.5 cm; d. base 2.1 cm; h. 4.8 cm; partly handmade. LP.O.25.1ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.25.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

VII

0

LP.O.25.ii Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 118:11 (05–06/0155/002) J1, light red-pink slip in and out; d. base 8.4 cm.

Total

VII

The function of these small vessels is uncertain. They could have served as votive vessels or children’s toys.

Pl. 118:10 (16/0003/054) J1 Hard, matte pink slip in and out; d. rim 10.8 cm.

Surface

Total

The vessels listed below are clear miniature versions of Late Period shapes, such as carinated bowls and beakers with straight sides. While marl fabric miniatures are not well documented at this time, Nile silt ones were already published from Mit Rahineh (Fischer 1965:156, pl. 64:605–606).

Pl. 118:9 (07/0060/018) J1, thin orange slip out; d. base 4.7 cm.

2003–2013

Surface

LP.O.25.ii Miniature dishes

Pl. 118:8 (15/0073/016) J1/J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 5.5 cm. Parallel: El Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:45, type B3.10, pl. 57:10.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

Pl. 118:7 (14/0044/001) J1 Hard, matte white slip in and out; d. max. 5.0 cm.

Area

2013–2016

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

12

1

1

14

X

3

0

0

3

Total

9

17

LP.O.25.ii Marl clay fabrics

LP.O.25.i Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 119: 7 (15/0067/005) K5 Fine, uncoated; d. rim 7.5 cm; d. base 5.0 cm; h. 3.4 cm.

Pl. 119:1 (16/0015/052) K5, medium coarse, grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 9.8 cm.

Pl. 119:8 (05–06/0015/032) K5, uncoated; d. rim 6.8 cm. 127

Kom Tuman II Pl. 119:9 (15/0005/027) K5, uncoated; d.  rim 7.4 cm; d. base 3.2 cm; h. 5.0 cm.

more on contextual than stylistic or technological criteria.

LP.O.25.ii Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Marl fabric flat bases of open forms are far less frequent than the Nile silt ones (ten times less so) and are also less standardised. They are more strictly confined to the Late Period and belong mostly to plates (LP.O.1.iv, LP.O.13.ii) and dishes with a low carination (LP.O.9.ii).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

1

0

2

X

1

0

0

1

Total

LP.O.26.i Nile silt fabrics

3

Pl. 119:12 (VI.O11/0008/009) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. base 3.8 cm.

LP.O.25.iii Handmade bowls Four examples of handmade bowls were tentatively ascribed to the Late Period. They vaguely resemble a wheel-made small bowl from Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64, pl. XXXV:51).

Pl. 119:13 (VII.B12/0019/011) J1, pink slip in and out; d. base 5.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 5 bases (5 est. ind.); 13/0004: 1 base; 14/0001: 5 bases (5 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0009: 1 base.

LP.O.25.iii Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 119:14 (16/0046/006) J1, uncoated; d. base 7.5 cm.

Pl. 119:10 (13/0055/019) J1, uncoated, handmade; d. rim 18.0–19.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 13/0030: 1 rim.

Pl. 119:15 (13/0049/015) J1, uncoated; d. base 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 13/0055: 1 base; 13/0040: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 13/0041: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14/0014: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14/0021: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14/0038: 1 base; 14/0050: 1 base; 15/0016: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0065: 1 base; 16/0032: 1 base.

Pl. 119:11 (07/0014/026) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated, handmade; d. rim 16.0 cm; h. 11.0 cm. LP.O.25.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

3

1

0

4

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 119:16 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/020) J1 sandy fabric, uncoated; d. base 8.3 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0010: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14/0036: 1 base; 14/0054: 1 base; 14/0058: 1 base. Pl. 119:17 (07/0002/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. base 6.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 base; 15/0061: 3 bases (3 est. ind.).

4

III.1.2.10 Bases of open vessels As in the case of closed forms, many of the base fragments of open shapes cannot always be ascribed specifically to one type rather than another. They are classified below according to shape and size and, when possible, are linked to one of the morphological groups/ types described above.

Pl. 119:18 (13/0035/071) J1, red slip in and out; d. base 10.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 13/0047: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 base; 15/0001: 1 base; 15/0080: 1 base; 15/0109: 1 base.

LP.O.26.i Open vessels with flat bases

Pl. 119:19 (13/0063/029) J1, uncoated, string-cut base; d. base 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0036: 1 base.

A first variant of this group includes flat bases with a diameter of 5.0 to 10.0 cm. These bases are common in Nile silt fabrics and may belong to various plates and dishes with simple or modelled rims (LP.O.1.i, LP.O.7, LP.O.13.i-ii), dishes with low carination (LP.O.9.i, LP.O.9.ii, LP.O.9.iv), small bowls with everted sides (LP.O.15.i), or saucers (LP.O.20.ii). Some are covered with a red or pink slip in and out. Because of the very wide timespan during which plates and dishes with flat base were produced, the dating of these sherds relies

LP.O.26.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

128

Area VII

2013–2016 55

2003–2013 5

Surface 0

Total 60

X Total

10

0

0

10 70

Late Period LP.O.26.i Marl clay fabrics

LP.O.26.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 119:20 (15/0016/001) K5, very well smoothed surface in, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 16/0038: 1 base.

Area

LP.O.26.i Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Surface

Total

VII

5

0

0

5

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Total

VII

6

3

0

9

X

2

0

0

2 11

Ring bases occur in association with a wide range of open shapes in the Late Period and in early Ptolemaic times and they are clearly the commonest base type in our collection. Small-sized bases, some with a very low standing ring, are found in both marl and silt fabrics (for example for shapes LP.O.15 and LP.O.17). One of those belongs to the bichrome slip class (see above, p. 9).

Pl. 120:1 (16/0009/008) beige mixed, slit-rich fabric, many vegetable temper, no core, uncoated; d. base 8.0 cm.

2003–2013

Surface

LP.26.iii Open vessels with ring bases

LP.O.26.i Mixed clay fabrics

2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

Pl. 119:21 (14b/0010/009) K5 Fine, red slip in and out; d. base 8.0 cm.

Area

2013–2016

Larger ones are rarer and may be associated with different types of plates, dishes, and bowls (such as LP.O.1.i-ii, LP.O.1.iv, LP.O.2, LP.O.7, and LP.O.9).

7

The very thick, narrow bases showing a curved body (13/0040/139; 05–06/0036/017, pl. 120:13–14) are notably attested on a type of hemispherical bowl of the Persian period at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:105, pl. XV:37).

LP.26.ii Open vessels with concave bases Concave bases are mainly encountered in association with small-sized vessels and are most typical of the Late Period. They are notably found on small bowls with everted rims (LP.O.15) but may occur also for other, larger vessels (see parallels below). They mostly come in Nile silt fabrics.

LP.O.26.iii Nile silt fabrics Small size (up to 5.0 cm)

LP.O.26.ii Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 120:8 (15/0020/002) J1, red slip burnished in; d. base 3.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 3 bases (3 est. ind.).

Pl. 120:2 (07/0018b/008) J7, thin cream slip in and out; d. base 2.8 cm.

Pl. 120:9 (VII.D9-D10/0001/010) J7, pink slip in and out; d. base 4.0 cm.

Pl. 120:3 (13/0040/140) J1, red slip in and out; d.  base 4.0 cm.

Pl. 120:10 (14/0044/003) J1, uncoated; d. base 4.4 cm. Pl. 120:11 (13/0040/138) J1, red slip in and out; d. base 5.0 cm (similar to fine ware marl types).

Pl. 120:4 (14/0010/009) J1, uncoated; d. base 6.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0014: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 15/0043: 1 base. Parallel: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC, bowl with groove below rim: French and Bourriau 2007:106, Type 1, fig. 14:1.

Pl. 120:12 (13/0035/050) J1, red slip in and out; d. base 4.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 8 bases (8 est. ind.); 13/0050: 10 bases (10 est. ind.); 14/0001: 4 bases (4 est. ind.); 14/0010: 1 base; 14b/0001: 3 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0008: 1 base; 15/0009: 1 base; 15/0018: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 16/0007: 2 bases (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 120:5 (07/0039/001) J1, uncoated; d. base 11.2 cm. Pl. 120:6 (15/0061/048) J1, uncoated; d. base 8.9 cm.

LP.O.26.iii Small size, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 120:7 (07/0018a/003) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated, reddish brown fabric, black core; d. base 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 base. Parallel: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC, large plate with incurved rim: French and Bourriau 2007:107, Type 9, fig. 14:12.

Area

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

38

1

0

39

X

5

0

0

5

Total

129

2013–2016

44

Kom Tuman II Medium size (5.0–10.0 cm)

LP.O.26.iii Mixed clay fabrics

Pl. 120:13 (13/0040/139) J1, uncoated; d. base 5.6 cm.

Medium size (5.0–10.0 cm)

Pl. 120:14 (05–06/0036/017) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. base 6.2 cm.

Pl. 120:19 (14b/0001/006) mixed, finely porous pink fabric, medium hard, few white limestone, uncoated; d. base 5.3 cm.

Pl. 120:15 (13/0035/051) J1, uncoated; d.  base 5.9 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 base; 13/0035: 1 base; 14/0001: 1 base; 14/0054: 1 base.

Pl. 121:1 (14b/0001/005) mixed, finely porous pink fabric, medium hard, few white limestone, red slip out; d. base 5.8 cm. LP.O.26.iii Medium variant, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 120:16 (14/0065/001) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. base 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 base; 13/0004: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 13/0041: 1 base.

Area

LP.O.26.iii Medium size, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

32

1

0

33

X

5

0

0

5

Total

Total

VII

16

0

0

16

X

3

0

0

3

Total

VII

7

0

0

7

X

4

0

0

4 11

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

0

0

0

0

Total

3

LP.O.26.iv Convex ring bases These bases probably belonged to large vats with everted sides, but some could also have been associated with closed forms, such as necked storage jars with ridged shoulders (LP.SJ.11). They are common in the Persian period at Tell el Herr (Defernez 2001:280, pl.  LXI:173c-d), but also occur later at Tebtynis, made of both Nile silt and marl clay fabrics (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:93, pl.  37:354–355). The two published examples from that site are from surface layers.

LP.O.26iii Large size, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Surface

Total

Area

Pl. 120:17 (15/0065/008) J1, uncoated, white deposit in; d. base 14.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14/0050: 1 base; 15/0045: 1 base.

2003–2013

Surface

LP.O.26.iii Large variant, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

38

2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

Large size (10.0 cm and over)

Area

2013–2016

19

LP.O.26.iii Marl clay fabrics

LP.O.26.iv Nile silt fabrics

Small size (up to 5.0 cm) Pl. 120:18 (16/0003/073) K2, uncoated; d.  base 4.9 cm.

Pl. 121:2 (13/0040/146) J1, uncoated; d. base 16.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 bases; 13/0040: 1 base. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:93, fig. 13d.

LP.O.26.iii Small size, marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.26.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

0

0

5

5

X

9

0

0

9

5

Total

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

5

0

0

Total

Area

130

14

Late Period LP.O.26.vi Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

LP.O.26.v Open vessels with raised or out-splayed bases These bases are raised, either flat or with a shallow depression underneath. Some with a wide out-splayed base may be as early as the late Third Intermediate or the Saite Period (Aston 1996a:33–34, fig. 65:558; Spencer 1993:45, pl. 57:22, 25). Others are narrower and may have belonged to low-footed chalices and their date is uncertain between the Third Intermediate and the Late Period.

Area

VII

7

0

0

7

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Pl. 121:5 (16/0001/007a) K5, cream surface, uncoated; d. base 2.2 cm. LP.O.26.v Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

1

0

0

1

Total

0

0

0 5

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

4

0

0

4 4

Modelled S-shaped rims of wide mouth containers made of coarse to medium-coarse Nile silt fabrics are a frequent component of the pottery assemblages of the Late Period at Kom Tuman (altogether totalling 193 estimated individuals). The only two complete profiles of this type found here have round bases and pre-firing perforations either at mid body height or under the rim. They can be compared to several examples from Mendes, dated to the late Ptolemaic and the Late Period respectively, which also have round bases (but no perforations) and were used for small scale storage (Allen 1982:18–20, pls. XIII:7, XVII:6). At the same site, the shape (defined on the basis of rim fragments) was said to be “probably the most common form found in the Late Period levels” (op. cit. Allen 1982:20).

9

2013–2016

0

FU. Jars with perforated sides and/or bases (“funnels”)

LP.O.26.v Marl clay fabrics

Area

X

III.1.3 Specialised vessels

LP.O.26.v Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Total

5

Total

Pl. 121:4 (15/0020/003) J1, red slip burnished in. d. base 3.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 base; 13/0035: 1 base; 14/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0005: 1 base.

Surface

Total

0

Area

Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Late Period: Lecuyot 2000:238, BE.5, fig. 2

2003–2013

Surface

0

LP.O.26.vi Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 121:3 (16/0009/009) J1, red slip in and out; d.  base 7.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 1 base; 14/0032: 1 base.

2013–2016

2003–2013

5

Total

LP.O.26.v Nile silt fabrics

Area

2013–2016

VII

However, other pots possessing such rim profiles from contemporary sites in Egypt certainly had a different function as they were visibly not jars, but rather what is usually designated either as funnels or pigeon pots. Instead of having a closed bottom, they display a perforated base with a rim-like finish. A complete profile illustrating this latter type is known from Lahun, tomb 654, which according to its accompanying pottery may be dated from the mid-seventh to the late sixth century BC (Petrie, Brunton, and Murray 1923: Tomb 654, pl.  LIX:37M; also, Aston 1996a:37–39). Another one comes from Tell Defenneh, Area 51 (Petrie 1888:65, pl. XXXIV:37) and can be dated to the sixth or very early fifth century BC on the basis of associated finds. At Buto, a complete example was found in a context of the second half of the sixth century BC (French 2004:93– 94, type 7), while rim sherds of the same type appear earlier in that century as well (French and Bourriau 2007:111, fig. 16:5–6). Another complete profile with perforated base comes from a probable fifth century BC context at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:18–19, 33, fig. 3:38, pls. 3, 22) while further fragmentary pieces

3

LP.O.26.vi Open vessels with round bases Many open shapes of the Late Period made of Nile silt, marl, and mixed clay fabrics have round bases. Among these are dishes with direct rims (LP.O.2), bowls with out-turned rims (LP.O.5), small conical and hemispherical bowls (LP.O.6.iiii, LP.O.12), other hemispherical cooking bowls (LP.O.11), and some fine ware bowls (LP.O.14, LP.O.17). In spite of their theoretical frequency, only five Nile silt and four marl examples were identified in the course of our work. Such a strikingly low count should not come as a surprise as small round bases are very prone to breakage and eventually become equivalent to small body sherds. 131

Kom Tuman II are known from that site (Aston and Aston 2010:83, fig. 20:181, pl.  22; French and Ghaly 1991:55–56). A large group of such vessels was recovered from the lining of a pottery kiln at Kom Firin, in which the form was actually fired. This assemblage was again dated to the sixth and fifth centuries BC (Spencer 2010:6, fig. 15). Finally, well-stratified Late Period and Ptolemaic residential contexts at Karnak have also yielded two very similar-looking pots (Masson 2011:271, figs. 4–5). On the basis of this evidence all perforated jar bases found at Kom Tuman are considered as belonging with the S-shaped jar rims, but not the other way round, that is, not all S-shaped jar rims necessarily had a perforated bottom.

Although large containers with perforated bases have a long history in Egyptian pottery,45 their function remains an open question. A use as funnels or as pigeon pots (i.e. pigeon nests in pigeon houses) has previously been advocated by various scholars (French 2004:93– 94; Sagory 2000) but with no clear-cut conclusions. At Defenneh, at least one complete specimen was found in a room of a complex built to the east of the palace-fort and may have functioned as a “kitchen sink”. Petrie reports on the presence of several such features in this complex and describes them as follows: “It was the custom in most rooms to have close to the walls, sometimes cut a little into it, a hole in the floor; lined down to, and into, the sand beneath, with an amphora which had holes in its bottom and sides to let the water out. This amphora was filled with large shards, and smaller pieces on the top, so as to let water flow freely away and yet support any cup or dish that might be washed. […] Sometimes jars were made on purpose for small sinks, as is shown in No 37 (pl. xxxiv)” (op. cit. Petrie 1888:60).

Rims can be divided into two morphological groups. The first (FU.1) has slightly in-turned to nearly straight walls and is also the most common by far. It is closest to the complete Buto pot of the second half of the sixth century, cited above, to the fifth century one at Saqqara, and to the rims found in the Late Period settlement layers of Tell Balamun (Spencer 1996:91, pls. 64–65.C4:5–23), where perforated bases were also recovered (Spencer 1996:91, pl. 66.C5:56, 61). It also compares well with the jar rims found in the Persian period well at Tell Maskhuta whose fill was dated by a Black Figure band cup of the early fifth century BC, as well as in earlier Saite contexts at that site (Holladay 1982:56, pl.  23:3–6). Although most parallels do come from Saite and Persian contexts, the complete examples from both Mendes and Karnak mentioned above suggest that this particular rim shape does continue well into the Ptolemaic phase.

In fact, just like a great number of ancient vessels, the jars that are here termed “funnels”, with or without perforated bases or sides, could have fulfilled a variety of functions depending on a range of factors, such as chronological phase, local tradition, or context. At any rate, as indicated by the finds from Kom Tuman and elsewhere, it seems clear that they were linked to residential/artisanal contexts. It is worth noticing here that vessels with perforated bases are not reported from the Persian period settlement at Tell elHerr, in spite of the general parallelism that exists between the assemblages of this site and Kom Tuman.

The second group (FU.2) has everted sides and is clearly rarer here than the straight-sided variety. It may still derive from the type of the first half of the sixth century, as the earlier Buto “funnels” also show an everted opening (see above). Similar rims are also found at Naukratis (Coulson and Leonard 1981:28, fig. 10:13–16), Thonis-Heracleion (Grataloup 2015:151, fig. 7.10:6–7), and Elephantine (von Pilgrim 1999:131, fig. 18:10) and seem to be dominating the assemblage from the above-mentioned kiln at Kom Firin.

FU.1 Funnels with in-turned to straight sides; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 121:6 (VI.O11/0008/003) J1, uncoated; d. rim 14.8 cm. Pl. 121:7 (07/0014/009) Nile J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 23.5 cm. Pl. 121:8 (14/0054/001) J1, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm. Pl. 121:9 (07/0018b/015) J1 Straw-rich, red slip out; d. rim 23.5 cm.

The perforated bases found at Kom Tuman essentially consist of a group of fragments of small diameter (ca. 4.0–6.0 cm on the outside) but with otherwise all the characteristics of rather large vessels (large body, coarse or medium-coarse fabric, and medium to thick walls). They are for the most part morphologically homogeneous. The edges of the aperture are marked by a clearly shaped ring on the outside and are sometimes internally thickened. What is preserved of the vessels’ lower part shows that the latter had full, globular bodies. Moreover, the diameters of the bases’ opening are extremely consistent, varying between 5.3 and 5.9 cm. These characteristics fit well with the Late Period funnels from Buto, Lahun, Saqqara, and elsewhere. A smaller number of perforated bases show steeper lower walls, and one is shaped as a wide spout.

Pl. 121:10 (14/0010/023) J1, uncoated; d. rim 21.0 cm. Pl. 121:11 (07/0014/001) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 22.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:272, fig. 108:p. Pl. 121:12 (07/0066/006) J1, thin cream slip out; d.  rim 21.3 cm.

45  They first appear in the late New Kingdom and become an important feature of the Third Intermediate Period pottery repertoire for example at Elephantine (Aston 1999:93, pl. 25:720) and Tanis (Defernez and Isnard 2000:183–184, pl. XIX; Laemmel 2012:38–39, pl. 29:162–166).

132

Late Period Pl. 122:1 (07/0018a/008) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 24.0 cm.

Pl. 124:5 (13/0041/073) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 28.5 cm

Pl. 122:2 (07/0003/007) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 22.0 cm.

Pl. 124:6 (07/0025/030) J1, cream slip out; d. rim 28.5 cm.

Internal parallels: 16/0009: 4 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 125:1 (07/0018b/002) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim 31.0 cm.

Pl. 122:3 (16/0021/009) J1/J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 23.4 cm.

Pl. 125:2 (07/0025/018) J1, thin cream slip in and out; d. rim 31.5 cm.

Pl. 122:4 (07/0120/006) Nile E, uncoated; d. rim 23.7 cm.

FU.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Internal parallels: 13/0063: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0007: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0010: 1 rim; 16/0015: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 122:5 (07/0035/001) J1, uncoated; d. rim 23.7 cm.

Total

Area

Pl. 122:6 (13/0055/003) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated, blackened in and out; d. rim 24.0 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

107

22

0

129

X

12

0

0

12 141

FU.1 Variant with thick walls; Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 42:1–3 (15/0095/004) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 22.0 cm; h. 26.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/004: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb j1, Late Period, without perforation on side: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:211, j1.P3 (S.P.828/858), pl. F.

Pl. 122:7 (07/0025/019) J1, uncoated; d. rim 27.0 cm. Pl. 123:1 (07/0066/002) J1, thin powdery reddish orange slip out; d. rim 25.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0029: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:33, pl. 3:38.

Pl. 125:3 (16/0014/013) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 31.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0039: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:63–65, fig. 4j.

Pl. 123:2 (07/0025/003) J1, light cream slip out and upper part in; d. rim 25.0 cm. Pl. 123:3 (07/0137/004) J1, white slip out; d. rim 25.5 cm.

Pl. 125:4 (15/0094/002–15/0094/003) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 23.2 cm; d. body 23.5 cm; h. 30.7 cm.

Pl. 123:4 (07/0031/002) J1, red slip out; d. rim 26.8 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0092: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:83, pl. 22:181.

Pl. 126:1 (13/0049/007) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 41.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 1 rim; 13/0060: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0043: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:259, q1.P15 (S.P.864), q1.P16 (S.P.865), pl. K.

Pl. 123:5 (07/0018b/011) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 27.0 cm. Pl. 124:1 (07/0018b/010) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim 27.5 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0030: 1 rim; 15/0105: 1 rim; 16/0007: 1 rim; 16/0023: 1 rim.

FU.1 Variant with angular rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 124:2 (07/0018a/012) J1 Coarse, cream slip out; d. rim 27.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0067: 1 rim.

Pl. 126:2 (07/0018a/011) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. rim 22.5 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0024: 1 rim. Pl. 126:3 (07/0031/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 23.0–25.0 cm.

Pl. 124:3 (07/0025/021) J1, light cream slip in and out; d. rim 28.0 cm.

FU.1 Variants, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 124:4 (07/0077/005) J1 Coarse, cream slip out; d. rim 27.3 cm. 133

Kom Tuman II Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8*

2

0

10

X

6

0

0

6

Total

Pl. 128:3 (07/0025/011) J1, uncoated; d. base 5.8 cm. Pl. 128:4 (07/0025/010) J1, uncoated; d. base 5.8 cm. Pl. 128:5 (13/0042/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 base; 13/0035: 1 base.

16

*Of which two complete profiles

FU.2 Funnel with everted sides; Nile silt fabrics

Parallel: Buto first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:111, no. 6, fig. 16.

Pl. 126:4 (13/0035/029) J1 Red, uncoated; 22.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0055: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0054: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 41:6–8 (13/0035/030) J1 Red, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 base.

Pl. 126:5 (07/0018a/006) J1 Coarse, cream slip out and upper part in; d. rim 22.5 cm.

FU.B Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 126:6 (07/0018a/001) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 23.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 126:7 (13/0039/007) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 25.0 cm. Parallel: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:83–84, pl. 22:182.

Pl. 127:5 (VI.O11/0008/004) J1, uncoated, red-brown fabric, grey core; d. rim 32.0 cm. FU.2 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Total 23

X Total

2

0

0

2 25

10

X

1

0

0

1 11

These objects are unanimously dated to the late Saite and Persian period (e.g. Aston and Aston 2010:179–183, Phase C, fig. 44 bottom left). But if their date is widely agreed upon, their function is still subject of uncertainty. They are usually associated with the mortuary domain, and many examples are known from cemetery sites,46 but their occurrence at Tanis in settlement/temple contexts (Brissaud 1987: pl. VIII:88), at Buto (personal observation, J-Trenches), and at Kom Tuman (in spite of their rarity there), suggests that they were not specifically meant for a funerary use. On the other hand, they are remarkably absent from both Tell el-Herr and Migdol.

Pl. 127:4 (VII.D10/0005/002) J1, pink slip out; d.  rim 24.7 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0067: 1 rim.

Surface 0

Total

0

Torches are an uncommon element in the pottery assemblage of Kom Tuman. As is often the case on excavations, they were mostly identified on the basis of the vessels’ feet. Those are handmade and of irregular shape, sometimes with a characteristic moulding; one of them also has a pre-firing perforated base, a feature that occurs on torches from Late Period tombs in Giza (personal observation).

Pl. 127:3 (07/0137/008) J1, uncoated; d. rim 25.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0031: 1 rim.

2003–2013 6

Surface

3

T. Torches

Pl. 127:2 (15/0036/003) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated, pre-firing perforations on walls; d. rim 24.0 cm.

2013–2016 17

2003–2013

7

Total

Pl. 127:1 (VII.D9-D10/0001/006) J1 Straw-rich, cream slip out; d. rim 24.0 cm.

Area VII

2013–2016

VII

One single base (that might have belonged to a beaker or a torch) was made of a mixed clay or marl fabric.

FU.B Funnel bases: flat ring-bases, globular lower wall; Nile silt fabrics

T. Nile silt fabric Pl. 128:6 (15/0018/010) J1, uncoated; d. base 3.8 cm.

Pl. 127:6 (16/0025/018) J1, thin cream slip, burn; d. base 4.0 cm. Pl. 128:1 (13/0055/004) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. base 5.6 cm.

46  See for example at Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:167, 173, 193, 197–198, figs. 51:43–49, 56:30–31; Smoláriková 2009:100, fig. 25/3), Giza (Tavares and Laemmel 2011:961–962, fig. 28), and Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:33, 81–83, pls. 2:36–37, 20:168–171, 21:172–179, 54; French and Bourriau 2018:116–125, figs. 21:d-m, 22:a-q; Lecuyot 2000:238, BE.7, fig. 2; Lecuyot et al. 2013:425; French 1988:80, no. 17).

Pl. 128:2 (07/0137/003) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. base 5.6 cm. 134

Late Period top of the foot’s stem ends in an umbrella shaped ‘skirt’ that was visibly added to the tubular top of the base after it was formed. The upper part of the incense burner is cylindrical and about as long as the foot. All of them are made of a fine marl clay fabric and their surfaces are well-smoothed. Only one bears soot traces on the external surface.

Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:120, fig. 22e. Pl. 128:7 (14/0001/203) J1, uncoated; d. base 2.8 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:121, fig. 22i.

IB. Marl clay fabrics

Pl. 128:8 (15/0067/015) J1, uncoated; d. base 3.8–4.3 cm. Parallels (also for 14/0001/203 and 15/0018/10, pl. 128:6–7): Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC):Aston and Aston 2010:81–83, pls. 20:168–171, 21:172–179. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:259, q1.P19 (S.P.849), pl. L. Pl. 128:9 (07/0060/009) J1, uncoated, perforation on base; d. base 5.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0001: 1 base.

Pl. 128:14 (16/0003/020) K5, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 3.8 cm. Pl. 128:15 (15/0045/005) K5, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 4.2 cm. Pl. 128:16 (15/0073/012) K5 or mixed, fine, bi-partite pink-beige fabric, dense, white smooth surface, very small rounded dark inclusions (perhaps ochre?), uncoated; d. stem 3.5 cm.

pre-firing

Pl. 128:17 (14/0032/003) K5, uncoated; d. max. 11.3 cm.

Pl. 128:10 (14/0010/011) J1, uncoated, string cut base; d. base 5.0 cm. Pl. 128:11 (07/0003/032+037) J1, uncoated; d.  base 5.0 cm.

Col. pl. 41:9–10 (15/0026/001) K5, white slip burnished out; soot out; d. rim 2.9 cm; d. base 7.6 cm; h.  15.9 cm.

Pl. 128:12 (15/098/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. base 6.4 cm.

Pl. 129:1 (16/0003/019) K5, uncoated; d.  base 8.0 cm; h. pres. 14.0 cm.

T. Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 129:2 (15/0073/011) K5, smooth cream surface, uncoated; d. max. 14.0 cm.

Area VII

2013–2016 11

2003–2013 4

Surface 0

Total 15

X Total

2

0

0

2 17

Pl. 129:3 (13/0044/008) K5, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 18.0–19.0 cm. IB. Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals

T. Marl or mixed clay fabric

Area

Pl. 128:13 (15/0049/010) marl or mixed clay porous beigegreenish fabric, limestone-rich, uncoated; d. base 7.0 cm.

2013–2016 1

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 1

X Total

0

0

0

0 1

2003–2013

Surface

Total

6

0

0

6

X

3*

0

0

3

Total

T. Marl or mixed clay fabric, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016

VII

9

*Of which two near complete profiles

III.1.4 Lids Lids are very frequently encountered at Kom Tuman, and they were divided into six broad morphological groups according to the shape of their base and/or their rim. A seventh category includes possible lids, and the last two consist of stoppers and very large, platter-like jar lids that could also have been classified in the coarse ware category. As most of the lids discussed below are smallsized and sturdy, they were often preserved as complete profiles.

IB. Incense burners The incense burners listed below all belong to a single type that, apart from Kom Tuman, was to my knowledge only recognised at the Anubieion at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:172, fig. 33:i). However, when found in a fragmentary state they may be misidentified as jars or thinwalled, high-footed stands and thus they may be underrepresented in pottery corpora. Indeed, their high conical base with out-splayed foot resembles a stand base, but the

L.1 Lids with pinched or solid knob and direct rim The lids with pinched knobs (L.1) and the “dish-lids” with flat bases (LP.O.20.ii) may be indistinguishable 135

Kom Tuman II Pl. 129:8 (15/0071/003) J1, uncoated, incised X on top of knob; d. max. pres. 7.8 cm; d. knob 3.2–3.4 cm; h. max. pres. 3.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0021: 1 knob; 15/0005: 1 knob.

from one another when only a rim fragment is preserved. Moreover, the base of the dish-lids is often narrow and thick and sometimes looks just like a thick knob, thus blurring a clear distinction between the two types. Both tend to share a poor workmanship with often irregularly made, shallow, rectilinear sides and are, as a rule, left uncoated. A few examples are, however, finer walled, slipped, and sometimes burnished (see below). They are frequent at Late Period sites, generally in Nile silt fabrics in the north of the country and in marl fabrics in the Nile valley. Thus, they occur at Tell el-Herr in the Persian period Phase VI (Defernez 2001:111, pl.  XVI:46) and Tell Balamun (Spencer 1999:30, pl.  28:1), at Mendes in the Late Period, including in the landfill between the inner and outer temenos walls of the sarcophagus area (Allen 1982:21, pl.  XX:1–2; Hummel and Schubert 2004:160, pl.  T:24–27), at Saqqara in the Late Period embalmers’ caches (Aston and Aston 2010:84–85, pl. 22:186–187) and the Anubieion (French and Bourriau 2018:108, fig. 19f), and at Elephantine (Aston 1999:222, pl.  68:1973–1974). The plain, unslipped variant of the “dish-lid” may continue into Ptolemaic times as it is evidenced at Kom Hadid/Naukratis (Berlin 2001:35–36, fig.2.50:15).

Pl. 129:9 (07/0003/012) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm; d. knob 3.0 cm (irregular); h. 5.1 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0008: 1 complete profile. Pl. 129:10 (16/0009/011) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.4 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 complete profile. Pl. 129:11 (13/0035/057) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.5 cm; d. knob 2.4 cm; h. 5.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim, 2 bases (3 est. ind.); 13/0041: 1 complete profile; 14/0001: 4 rims, 3 knobs (5 est. ind.); 15/0003: 1 rim. Parallel: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:84–85, pl. 22:187. Pl. 129:12 (07/0003/016) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.9 cm. Pl. 129:13 (07/0060/014) J1, self-slip; d.  rim 10.0 cm; d. knob 2.3 cm; h. 4.7 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0003: 1 knob.

All, but one, of the lids in this group so far are made of Nile silt fabrics. The single marl fabric lid that may be related to it has a very wide knob and flattened sides (col. pl. 41:13–14). It finds a single parallel amongst the Late Period assemblage of the Animal Necropolis at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:234, fig. 53:h).

Pl. 129:14 (07/0014/008) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.6 cm. Pl. 129:15 (07/0152/019d) J1, thin red slip out; d.  rim 14.0 cm.

Lids of this type have diameters ranging between 6.0 and 15.0 cm and were thus suitable for covering the mouth of bottles and jars of small to medium diameter (for example LP.J.3- to LP.J.5).

Pl. 129:16 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/002) J1, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. L.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

L.1 Nile silt fabrics

Area VII

2013–2016 30*

2003–2013 11º

Surface 0

Total 41

Pl. 129:4 (13/0035/060) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 6.2 cm; d. knob 1.6 cm; h. 2.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 complete profile, 2 knobs, 2 BS (4 est. ind.); 15/0024: 1 complete vessel.

X XI Total

3+ 0

0 0

0 3a

3 3 47

*Of which 9 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºof which 7 complete profiles or complete vessels; +of which 2 complete profiles or complete vessels; acomplete vessels

Col. pl. 41:11–12 (13/0035/098) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 8.0 cm; d. knob 1.4 cm; h. 3.2 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0008: 1 complete vessel; 15/0081: 1 knob.

L.1 Marl clay fabrics Col. pl. 41:13–14 (15/0005/028) K5, uncoated; d. rim 8.4; d. knob 2.3 cm; h. 2.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 knob; 13/0041: 1 knob.

Pl. 129:5 (07/0060/017) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.5 cm; d. knob 1.6 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Pl. 129:6 7.5 cm

(07/0003/017)

J1,

uncoated;

L.1 Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals

d.  rim

Area

Pl. 129:7 (13/0036/002) J1, red core, uncoated; d.  rim 7.5 cm; d. knob 1.6 cm; h. 3.8 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0047: 1 knob.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

1*

0

0

1

Total *Complete profile

136

3

Late Period Pl. 130:2 (07/0152/019c) J1, thin orange slip out; d. rim 10.5 cm.

L.2 Lids with solid thick knob and bent rims Lids of this group all have a bend at the rim but may have different types of knobs. They are of similar dimensions as those of the first type and probably were used in association with the same types of jars and bottles. Like them, they were mostly produced in Nile silt fabrics.

Pl. 130:3 (07/0063/001) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.2 cm; d. knob 1.7 cm; h. 3.9 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 complete profiles, 2 knobs (5 est. ind.).

Those belonging the first variant (L.2.i) are mostly made of the usual medium to medium-coarse Nile silt. They have soft bent sides, a rather short knob, and are only occasionally covered with a red slip, often on the outside only. They are rarely burnished.

Pl. 130:4 (13/0035/059) J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  rim 10.0 cm; d. knob 2.4 cm; h. 4.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 3 rims, 1 base (2 est. ind.); 13/0055: 1 complete profile; 13/0063: 1 complete profile, 2 knobs (3 est. ind.); 16/0025: 1 rim.

Carinated lids of the second variant (L.2.ii) are more carefully made using a finer Nile silt fabric. They have a sharp bend above the rim and their knob is high, ending in an out-splayed final. They are usually covered with a dark, often burnished, red slip. One example (07/0044/002, col. pl.  42:6–8) is not only slipped and burnished, but also painted with black bands on the exterior. It certainly functioned as a lid for an incense burner as it bears a series of purposely made pre-firing perforations on the body and has soot traces on the interior.

Col. pl. 41:15–16 (13/0036/001) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.5 cm; d. knob 2.8 cm; h. 5.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0047: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 130:5 (07/0065/002) J1, self-slip; d.  rim 11.7 cm; d. knob 3.0 cm; h. 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 complete profile, 1 rim, 1 knob (3 est. ind.); 13/0055: 1 rim. Pl. 130:6 (07/0019/001) J1 Red, self-slip; d. rim 11.3 cm; d. knob 2.9 cm; h. 5.9 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0042: 1 knob. Parallel: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:34–35, pl. 3:45.

In terms of chronology, bent-sided lids occur in the earlier phases identified at Kom Tuman, and they are often associated with the elongated bottles and the jars with relief ledge below the rim. Elsewhere, they are found in late sixth and fifth century contexts at Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:166, 171–172, fig. 50:32–34; Bares and Smoláriková 2011:158–159 e.g. fig. 173a) and Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:80, 84, 147, pls. 20:161–163, 22:185, 42:358; French and Bourriau 2018:42–43, 106–107, figs. 2:j-k, 19b; Lecuyot et  al. 2013:64, F17.P17 (S.P. 666a), pl.  D, photo 169), but seem to be absent at Tell el-Herr. They are known in the Late Period at Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:160, pl. T:28), Tell Maskhuta in the first half of the sixth century BC (Paice 1986/1987:102, fig. 8:8–14), and are found in great quantities at Defenneh both in coarse and fine silt fabrics as well as in fine marl fabrics (Petrie 1888:65–66, pl. XXXVI:85, 97–98).

Pl. 130:7 (13/0035/058) J1 Hard, thin red slip out; d. rim 11.8 cm; d. knob 2.2 cm; h. pres. 5.0 cm. Pl. 130:8 (07/0025/005) J1, self-slip; d.  rim 12.0 cm; d. knob 2.2; h. 4.5 cm. Pl. 130:9 (15/0057/010) J1, uncoated, coarsely made, soot in; d. rim 14.0 cm; d. knob 4.1 cm; h. 7.7 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period: Dunsmore 2014:287, no. 125.

L.2.i Coarsely shaped lids with pinched or solid knob and bend on rim; Nile silt fabrics

L.2.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 129:17 (07/0060/010) J1, uncoated; d. rim 6.5; d. knob 1.5 cm; h. 3.6 cm.

Area VII

Pl. 129:18 (07/0032/006) J1, thin red slip out; d.  rim 7.6 cm; d. knob 1.2 cm; h. 3.8 cm.

X Total

Pl. 129:19 (07/0044/004) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.4 cm; d. knob 3.0 cm; h. 4.7 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

24*

12

0

36

1

0

0

1 37

* Of which 11 complete profiles or complete vessels; ºof which 11 complete profiles or complete vessels

Pl. 129:20 (07/0120/005) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.0 cm; d. knob 1.9 cm; h. 3.6 cm.

L.2.i Coarsely shaped lid with pinched or solid knob and bend on rim; marl clay fabric

Pl. 129:21 (07/0032/007) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 8.0 cm; d. knob 2.0 cm; h. 4.0 cm.

Pl. 130:10 (15/0039/008) K5, pink fabric, whitecream surface, uncoated; d. rim 8.1 cm; d. base 2.1 cm; h. 4.6 cm.

Pl. 130:1 (07/0003/033+043+027) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 7.8 cm; d. knob 1.7 cm; h. 4.0 cm. 137

Kom Tuman II L.2.i Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 0

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 0

X Total

1

0

0

1 1

L.2.ii Lids with sharp bent sides and high solid knob; marl clay fabrics Pl. 130:20 (16/0015/044) K5, white surface, red slip burnished out; d. rim 13.0 cm. L2.ii Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals

L.2.ii Lids with sharp bent sides and high solid knob; Nile silt fabrics

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Pl. 130:11 (14/0001/201) J1, red slip burnished; d. max. pres. 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0004: 1 rim; 14/0001; 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0041: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0063: 1 rim.

L.3 Lids with button knob

Pl. 130:12 (15/0008/026) J1, red slip, black paint; d. max. 7.0 cm.

These lids are again predominantly Nile silt shapes and are certainly related to the two previous types.

Pl. 130:13 (16/0021/010) J1, uncoated; d. rim 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 complete profile; 14/0037: 1 complete profile, 1 knob (2 est. ind.).

Lids of the first variant have a small, narrow knob. They have either a direct rim or slightly bent sides, and their carefully made knob is shaped as a small button. From the evidence available so far, they are always covered with a red slip, and occasionally burnished, in line with one of the common surface treatments of the Late Period silt wares.

Total

Col. pl. 42:4–5 (07/0029/001) J1, thick red slip out; d. 7.5 cm; d. knob 1.5 cm; h. 3.2 cm. Col. pl. 42:6–8 (07/0044/002) J1, red thick slip in and out, black painted bands around foot; soot inside; d. rim 12.5 cm; d. knob 4.9 cm; h. 9.0 cm.

Those of the second variant are rarer and have a wide, flattened knob. One example occurs in marl fabric. L.3.i Lids with small knobs; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 130:14 (13/0063/033) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 2 rims, 1 knob (3 est. ind.).

Pl. 130:21 (13/0035/061) J1, red slip; d.  knob 1.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 knobs (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 knob; 14/0010: 1 knob; 15/0003: 1 knob; 15/0005: 1 knob; 15/0026: 1 knob; 15/0071: 1 knob.

Pl. 130:15 (03–04/0138/071) J1, red slip out; d. rim 12.2 cm. Pl. 130:16 (07/0022/009) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Pl. 130:17 (07/0003/025) J1, red slip out; d. rim 8.0 cm.

Pl. 130:22 (07/0079/014) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 7.8 cm; d. knob 1.1 cm; h. 3.6 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0067: 1 knob.

Pl. 130:18 (15/0052/003) J1, red slip; d. knob 4.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 4 knobs (4 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 knob; 14/0061: 1 knob.

Pl. 130:23 (07/0014/012) J1, red slip in and out, traces of burnishing; d.  rim 7.3 cm; d.  knob 1.7 cm; h. 3.7 cm.

Pl. 130:19 (VII.B12/0019/004) J1, red slip; d. knob 4.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 3 knobs (3 est. ind.); 13/0004: 3 knobs (3 est. ind.); 13/0025: 5 knobs (5 est. ind.); 13/0039: 1 knob; 14/0001: 1 complete profile; 15/0030: 1 knob; 15/0039: 1 knob; 16/0021: 1 knob; 16/0023: 1 knob.

Pl. 131:1 (14/0001/017) J1, red slip burnish; d.  knob 2.1 cm.

L.2.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 56*

2003–2013 7º

Surface 0

Total 63

X VII or X

9º 1

0 0

0 0

9 1 73

1

Pl. 131:2 (13/0049/035) J1, red slip; d.  knob 2.9 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0005: 2 knobs. Parallel: Tell el-Maskhuta, “601 BC horizon”: Holladay 1982:53, pl. 6:11. Pl. 131:3 (13/0049/036) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 13.2 cm.

*Of which 3 complete vessels and complete profiles; ºof which 1 complete profile

138

Late Period Col. pl. 43:1–4 (03–04/0147B) J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 9.0 cm; d. knob 1.6 cm; h. 4.3 cm.

At Kom Tuman, they only occur in Nile silt fabrics. L.4 Nile silt fabrics

L.3.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

13

3*

0

16

X

5

0

0

Total

Col. pl. 43:5–6 (05–06/0057/004) J1, self-slip; d.  rim 5.1 cm; d. knob 2.5 cm; h. 5.0 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:108, fig. 19e; Defenneh, Room 19A, Saite: Petrie 1888:65–66, pl. XXXVI:81, 94.

5 21

*Complete profiles

Pl. 131:7 (15/0109/004) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 6.5 cm; d. max. 8.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 complete profile; 14/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 complete profile; 15/0018: 1 rim. Parallel: Tebtynis, Ptolemaic (or earlier?): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:204, pl. 105:903.

L.3.ii Lids with wide knobs; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 131:4 (13/0063/034) J1, red slip; d. knob 3.4 cm. Pl. 131:5 (13/0063/035) J1, uncoated; d.  knob 3.0 cm; d. max. pres. 10.8 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Tomb of Maya shaft i (Late Period): Aston and Aston 2010:138, pl. 38:319 (reused as lamp).

Pl. 131:8 (16/0007/008) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.3 cm; h. 2.6 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, Gallery A, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:284, q1A.P8 (S.P.892), pl. Q.

Tell el-Maskhuta, “601 BC horizon”: Holladay 1982:53, pl. 6:8. L.3.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8*

0

0

8

X

1

0

0

1

Total

L.4 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

9

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4*

1

0

5

X

2º

0

0

2

Total

*Of which one complete profile

7

*Of which 2 complete profiles; ºof which one complete profile

L.3.ii Lids with wide knobs; marl clay fabrics

L.5 Dome shaped lids

Pl. 131:6 (15/0043/014) K5, ochre-rich green fabric, uncoated; d. knob 3.1 cm.

Dome shaped lids are shallow, have a rounded top without knob and often a protruding ledge on the inside to stabilise them onto the rim of the vessel they were meant to cover. At Kom Tuman, they appear in both marl and alluvial fabrics. Most of them are of good workmanship and some of the Nile silt examples are also covered by a slip (usually red) and burnished. They were also made in faience during the Egyptian Late Period (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:221, fig. 62:2). One miniature variant of the type is made of a very fine marl fabric.

L.3.ii Marl fabric, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

1

L.4 Lids with flat knob and ledge or groove on rim

Unlike other lid types, those made of marl and mixed clay fabrics are more numerous than the Nile silt ones (23 against 17 estimated individuals). The latter are coarser and tend to come from mixed Persian to Ptolemaic contexts.

This lid type is rare at Kom Tuman. It is characterised by a protruding ledge on the inside like that found on some of the dome-shaped lids (see below L.5), but clearly has a knobbed “base”. Similar forms appear in the sixth century BC according to Aston and Aston’s Late Period typology (Aston and Aston 2010:171–179) but certainly continue beyond that date (see parallels below). Together with the lids with high knobs, they are the most common ones in the tomb of Menekhibnekau at Saqqara (Bares and Smolarikova 2011:158–159, figs. 85c, 117a-b, 178b).

The majority of morphological parallels for the type are made of Nile silt fabrics, sometimes red slipped and burnished, and come mostly from Delta sites. Thus, the form is known at Defenneh in the sixth century BC (Petrie 1888:65–66, pl. XXXVI:87–91), at Mendes, from the landfill between the inner and outer temenos walls, in the Late Period (Hummel and Schubert 2004:160, pl.  T:23), and at Tell Maskhuta, dated to the late seventh and sixth centuries BC (Holladay 139

Kom Tuman II Pl. 131:16 (14b/0001/031) K2, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 rim.

1982: 51, 53–54, pls. 4:1, 6:10, 9:9). The Astons entered them into their Phase B1 of the Late Period, corresponding to the sixth century BC (Aston and Aston 2010:171–179, fig. 38, top left) and they are found in large quantities in the tomb of Menekhibnekau, dating to the late sixth to early fifth century BC, also in association with carinated lids (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:158–159, fig. 173b). However, according to the evidence from Kom Tuman, it is likely that the type continued well into the fifth century BC.

Pl. 131:17 (16/0003/021) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 9.7 cm; d. max. 13.0 cm; h. pres. 3.1 cm. L.5 Variant: Miniature dome shaped lids; marl clay fabrics Pl. 131:18 (16/0050/006) Fine green marl, uncoated; burnished; d. max. 5.0 cm; d. ledge 2.7 cm; h. 0.8 cm. L.5 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

L.5 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 131:9 (05–06/0036/002) J1, red slip burnished; d. rim 6.1 cm; d. max. 8.0 cm; h. 2.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 131:10 (05–06/0033/006) J1, uncoated; d. rim 5.5 cm; d. max. 11.0 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 knob; 13/0035: 1 rim; 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 complete profile; 14/0045: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Maskhuta, Saite, Nile silt: Paice 1986/1987:102, fig. 8:1–2.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

13

4º

0

17

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2013–2016 12*

2003–2013 4º

Surface 0

Total 16

X Total

7+

0

0

7 23

*Of which 8 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºcomplete profiles; + of which 1 complete profile

L.6 Large lids with cup shaped knob No complete profile of this shape could be documented at Kom Tuman, but it is well-known from better preserved examples at Saqqara in the sixth and fifth centuries BC (Aston and Aston 2010:34, 84, pls. 3:43, 22:184). Unlike the other lid types, this one is much larger, with a maximum diameter of about 24.0 cm, and was intended to cover wide mouth jars or bowls and dishes (probably often cooking bowls) rather than bottles or necked jars. It is always made of Nile silt fabrics. Its general shape is very much like that of the contemporary large plates, but the rims are always marked by a groove on the inside. Sometimes, the groove becomes a proper ledge. On such pieces, the external surface is often diagonally smoothed of its excess clay.

Pl. 131:11 (13/0039/066) J1 Red, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm; h. (est.) 1.7 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 complete profiles, 1 rim (4 est. ind.). Parallels: Tebtynis, undetermined period, Nile silt with flat base: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:204, pl. 105:908. Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC), Nile silt, red slip: Aston and Aston 2010:89, pl. 25:219. L.5 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Area VII

The majority of the examples from Kom Tuman are slipped on both the inside and the outside. Many of the rim fragments are stained with soot on the inside, suggesting that they were used as lids for wide-mouth cooking pots, such as the hemispherical bowls with diameter of about 20.0 cm or more (L.O.11.ii-iii). One of them (16/0007/012, pl.  132:1), also bearing soot traces on the rim, displays a small post-firing, drilled perforation on the side, probably meant to allow for the slow release of steam for stew-like preparations.

17

*Of which 4 complete vessels and complete profiles; º complete vessels

L.5 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 131:12 (07/0119/005) K5, uncoated, exterior polished, homogeneous greenish fabric, no core; d.  rim 6.8 cm; d. max. 9.6 cm.

A variant of this type has an open knob. It finds a comparable piece at Tanis in a Thirtieth Dynasty context, in the area of the Royal Necropolis (Brissaud 1987: pl. XI:150) and at Defenneh, in the sixth to early fifth century BC (Petrie 1888:65, pl. XXXIV:13).

Pl. 131:13 (07/0032/005) K5, red slip out; d. rim 7.2 cm; d. max. 10.2 cm; h. 2.0 cm. Pl. 131:14 (13/0039/093) K5, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm; h. 1.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0001: 5 complete profiles, 3 rims (8 est. ind.); 15/0008: 1 complete profile; 15/0030: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim.

L.6 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 131:19 (13/0035/035) J1, uncoated; d. rim 20.6 cm. Pl. 131:20 (13/0041/068) J1 Hard, smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 22.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0008: 1 rim; 15/0022: 1 rim.

Pl. 131:15 (15/0018/009) K5, red slip burnished out, traces of red slip in; d. max. pres. 9.4 cm. 140

Late Period Pl. 131:21 (VII.D-10/0005/003) J1, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 23.0 cm.

Pl. 133:6 (07/0056/008) J1, thick red slip burnished in and out; d. base 4.7 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 knob. Parallel: Saqqara caches and shaft (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:34, 84, pls. 3:43, 22:184.

Pl. 131:22 (15/0005/018) J1, thick red slip out, soot in and on rim; d. rim 22.3 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0041: 1 rim.

Pl. 133:7 (15/0005/016) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. knob 3.4 cm. L.6 Variant: large lid with cup-shaped perforated knob; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 131:23 (16/0023/006) J1 Straw-rich, red slip out, soot on rim; d. rim 25.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 16/0003: 1 rim; 16/0015: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 133:8 (07/0151/007) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d. knob 5.5 cm.

Pl. 132:1 (16/0007/012) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 25.0 cm, post-firing perforations on sides, soot on rim. Internal parallel: 16/0007: 1 rim.

L.6 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

Pl. 132:2 (16/0025/027) J1, red slip out, distorted rim; d. rim 25.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0054: 1 rim.

Area

Pl. 132:3 (15/0059/002) J1 Straw-rich, red slip out; d. rim 28.0 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

36

5

0

41

X

20

0

0

20

Total

61

L.7 Other lids or possible lids

Pl. 132:4 (14/0045/026) J1 Straw-rich, red slip out; d. rim 28.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0050: 1 rim. Pl. 132:5 (13/0039/037) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 30.0 cm.

One deep open shape, made of a mixed clay fabric, has been classified as a lid on the basis of the groove inside its rim. As it bears soot traces inside and out, it could have been used in connection with cooking activities. It does not find good parallels in the literature.

Pl. 132:6 (13/0041/100) J1 Straw-rich, red slip out; d. rim 30.0 cm.

Another unusual lid or stopper is a miniature Nile silt solid lid with lug knob.

Pl. 132:7 (15/0061/046) J1 Straw-rich, thin red slip out; d. rim 21.0 cm.

L7. All fabrics

Pl. 132:8 (VII.B-12/0007/055) J1 Straw-rich, red slip in and out; d. rim 35.0 cm.

Pl. 133:9 (13/0063/001) mixed, dense, dark pink-brown fabric, no core, very fine air holes, very small quartz, uncoated, soot out and on break; d base 7.0–8.0 cm.

Pl. 132:9 (16/0034/001) J1, red slip out; d.  rim 38.0 cm.

Pl. 133:10 (16/0009/012) J1, sandy fabric, uncoated, handmade; d. rim 4.2 cm; h. 1.6 cm.

Pl. 133:1 (13/0040/119) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 40.0–45.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 13/0040: 1 rim.

L.7 All fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 133:2 (13/0035/042) J1, uncoated; d. rim 44.0 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 133:3 (07/0001/012) J1, uncoated; d. knob 5.5 cm.

2

L.8 Large coarse ware lids

Pl. 133:4 (16/0003/088) J1, pink slip out, blackened in; d. max. 5.6 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0052: 1 BS.

Large hand-modelled handles and plain, thick rims of largesize platters made of coarse Nile silt fabrics are identified here as large lids, although some of the rims could also have belonged to trays or supports for food preparation. In any case, these objects must have been of considerable weight when complete. They were certainly well-suited for covering wide-mouthed storage vessels (LP.SJ.1, CSW.1–2)

Pl. 133:5 (13/0035/056) J1, uncoated; d. knob 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 knob; 13/0035: 2 knobs (2 est. ind.); 13/0040: 2 knobs (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 knob; 14/0018: 1 knob; 15/0039: 2 knobs. 141

Kom Tuman II and protecting their contents from rodents or other undesirable contamination. Like several of the coarse ware items, they are not very informative in terms of date.

their generally solid and compact proportions mean that many of them were recovered as complete profiles. ST.1 Low, squat stands with modelled or thickened rim

L.8 Nile silt fabrics

This first type is the most common one, not only at Kom Tuman, but probably also at Late Period sites generally. It consists of mostly Nile silt ring-stands of rather squat proportions with thickened, rolled, or plain rims and sometimes a slight moulding at the base. Both variants find abundant parallels, in particular at settlement sites in sixth to fifth century levels, such as Mendes (Allen 1982:21, pl.  XXI:1), Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64, pl.  XXXIII:8), Tanis (Brissaud 1987: pl.  XII:183–185; Laemmel 2012:62, pl. 53:260–261), and, in the south, at Elephantine (Aston 1999:219–220, 244, pls. 67:1955–1956, 68:1971, 77:2127)47 and Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:279, fig. 112:q).

Col. pl. 43:7–8 (16/0025/034) J1 Coarse, uncoated; h. pres. 5.8 cm. Parallels: Tell Balamun, settlement, Late Period: Spencer 1999:95, pl. 70.H2:5. Tebtynis, early Roman: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:202, pl. 104, no. 886. Pl. 133:11 (15/0036/014) J1 Coarse, thin cream slip on top; h. pres. 6.0 cm. L.8 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

0

0

6

X

4

0

0

4

Total

They are also known from contemporary cemetery sites, such as Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:35–36, 147, pls. 3:46–51, 42:361–362; French and Bourriau 2018:112–116, figs. 20b-k, 21a-b) and Abusir (e.g. Bares and Smoláriková 2008:193, 198, fig. 56:34–36; Bares and Smoláriková 2011:159, figs. 57a, 159, 163c).

10

L.9 Stoppers

These stands can be broadly dated to the Late Period, but neither in style nor in technology do they show any significant change between the Saite period and the midfourth century BC.

Stoppers at Kom Tuman are made of poorly baked mud and are handmade. They are usually shaped as a truncated cone, a domed loaf, or more rarely a disc. One singular example (13/0025/060, pl.  133:12) has a dome-shaped top with an out-splayed base. It is made of a fabric that is finer and denser than that of the other stoppers, but was interpreted as one nonetheless, for want of a better identification.

As already stated above, marl and mixed clay examples are considerably rarer than the Nile silt ones and were found nearly exclusively in the Rescue Area. Their fabrics are of the coarser marl and mixed clay variants and notably include the straw-rich, greenish pink marl that is used for the manufacture of Aegean-style Egyptian amphorae.

L.9 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 133:12 (13/0025/060) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. max. 19.0 cm; h. pres. 3.4 cm.

ST.1 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 134:1 (13/0063/036) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.7 cm; d. base 12.0 cm; h. 4.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 3 complete profiles, 1 rim (4 est. ind.); 15/0024: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 133:13 (14/0045/048) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  max. 11.0 cm; h. 4.5 cm. Pl. 133:14 (14/0045/047) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  max. 19.0 cm; h. 2.5 cm.

Pl. 134:2 (13/0039/029) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 13.8 cm; d. base 13.8 cm; h. 4.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 4 complete profiles, 3 rims (6 est. ind.).

L.9 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

10

2

0

12

X

18

0

0

18

Total

Pl. 134:3 (13/0039/024) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 13.1 cm; d. base 15.0 cm; h. 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0005: 1 complete profile, 1 rim (2 est. ind.); 15/0073: 1 rim.

30

III.1.5 Pot stands Pot stands are fairly numerous among the material examined here, with a total of 180 estimated individuals, and several variants could be distinguished. Like the lids,

47  Ring-stands of that type do continue into the fourth century BC at that site (Aston 1999:252, pl. 79:2197–2204).

142

Late Period Pl. 134:4 (13/0055/014) J1, pink slip in and out; d.  rim 13.0 cm.

Pl. 135:3 (13/0039/030) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim 18.0 cm; d. base 18.0 cm; h. 6.3 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0022: 1 complete profile; 15/0024: 1 complete profile.

Pl. 134:5 (13/0039/021) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm; d. base 15.8 cm; h. 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 complete profile, 3 rims (4 est. ind.); 13/0039: 17 rims (13 est. ind.); 13/0041: 1 rim; 14/0001: 11 complete profiles, 28 rims (23 est. ind.); 14/0021: 1 rim; 14b/0006: 1 rim; 15/0065: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0023: 1 complete profile, 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0025: 1 complete profile, 1 rim (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Tebtynis, second half of the third century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:205, pl. 106:914.

Pl. 135:4 (13/0039/023) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 21.9 cm; d. base 22.0 cm; h. 8.5 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0043: 1 rim. Pl. 135:5 (15/0008/027) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 20.0 cm; d. base 21.5 cm; h. 8.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 12 rims (5 est. ind.); 15/0008: 3 complete profiles, 2 rims (5 est. ind.). ST.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 134:6 (15/0105/001) J1, grey core, red outer zones, uncoated; d. rim 14.5 cm; d. base 15.0 cm; h. 8.0 cm.

Area

Pl. 134:7 (07/0142/002) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.3 cm; d. base 15.2 cm; h. 7.7 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0061: 1 complete profile, 1 rim (2 est. ind.); 15/0067: 1 complete profile.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

109*

6º

0

115

X

37

0

0

37

XI

1a

0

0

1

VII

+

Total

153

*Of which 37 complete vessels or complete profiles; ºof which 5 complete vessels or complete profiles; +of which 20 complete vessels or complete profiles; acomplete vessel

Pl. 134:8 (13/0039/022) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 16.0 cm; d. base 17.5 cm; h. 5.8 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0044: 1 complete profile; 14b/0001: 3 complete profiles, 1 rim (4 est. ind.). Parallel: El Ashmunien Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:47, pl. 73:8.

ST.1 Marl clay fabrics Pl. 135:6 (16/0003/007) Straw marl, uncoated; d. rim 13.6 cm; d. base 15.2 cm; h. 9.2 cm.

Pl. 134:9 (14/0045/034) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm; d. base 15.8 cm; h. 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 complete profile; 15/0026: 2 complete profiles (2 est. ind.); 15/0028: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0032: 1 rim; 15/0039: 2 complete profiles (2 est. ind.); 15/0043: 1 complete profile, 1 rim (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Saqqara surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:147, pl. 42:360.

Pl. 135:7 (16/0003/0003) Straw marl, thin white slip; d. rim 13.0 cm; d. base 14.0 cm; h. 6.0 cm. ST.1 Mixed clay fabrics Pl. 135:8 (13/0046/054) mixed fabric, uncoated; d.  rim 15.5 cm; d. base 16.0 cm; h. 5.7 cm. Pl. 135:9 (14b/0001/065) mixed clay pink fabric, grey core, uncoated; d. rim 14.5 cm; d. base 17.0 cm; h. 8.6 cm.

Pl. 134:10 (13/0039/025) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm; d. base 16.8 cm; h. 8.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0011: 1 rim.

ST.1 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals. Area

Pl. 134:11 (16/0001/015) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.2 cm; d. base 16.0 cm; h. 8.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 complete profile, 10 rims (6 est. ind.).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1*

0

0

1

X

4*

0

0

4

Total

Pl. 135:1 (VI.O11/0008/005) J1, uncoated; d. rim 16.3 cm.

*Complete profiles/complete vessels

Pl. 135:2 (13/0039/028) J1, pink slip in and out; d.  rim 16.5 cm; d. base 18.5 cm; h. 5.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0003: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 1 complete profile. Parallel: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:35, pl. 3:48.

ST.2 High stands with straight sides

5

These stands have similar rims to those of the previous group but much straighter walls and are far less common than the latter. They are dated to the Late Period, and do not seem to continue into the Ptolemaic phase (see 143

Kom Tuman II Parallels: Tell el-Herr, Phase VB: Defernez 2001:235, pl. XLVIII:126. Karnak, Late Period: Béout et al. 1993: 170, fig.15:319.

parallels below). No mixed or marl clay example was identified here. ST.2 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 136:5 (13/0035/062) J1, thin red slip; d. base 21.0 cm.

Pl. 135:10 (13/0039/020) J1, white slip in and out; d. rim 22.0 cm; d. base 21.0 cm; h. 11.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 complete profiles (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:36, pl. 3:50, 52. Buto first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:115, fig. 19:8.

ST.3 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

6*

0

0

6

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Surface

Total

VII

7*

1

0

8

X

6

0

0

6 14

*Of which one near complete profile

ST.4 Stands with thin walls and simple rim The fragment illustrated here is made of a mixed clay fabric and has been tentatively interpreted as a thin-walled stand. It finds a parallel in Nile silt with a surface find from Saqqara, dated from the mid-sixth to the late fifth century BC (Aston and Aston 2010:152–153, pl.  45:397). High stands are also evidenced at Heliopolis and Kafr Ammar in the Late Period (Petrie and MacKay 1915:7, 33–34, 36, pls. X:53, XXXIII:29).

ST.2 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2003–2013

Total

Col. pl. 43:9–10 (14/0001/208) J1 Coarse/J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 24.7 cm; d. base 25.0 cm; h. 14.3 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

VII

2013–2016

7

*Of which 4 complete profiles

ST.4 Mixed clay fabric

ST.3 High stands with simple rim

Pl. 136:6 (VII.B12/0007/052) mixed beige fabric, no core, white external surface, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm.

A few stands, none of which are completely preserved, have higher walls, usually ending in a simple rim. In principle, these high stands have a rather wide diameter and, with one exception, are always made of Nile silt fabrics. They may be slightly earlier than most of the other ring stands as they already find good parallels in the late Third Intermediate Period at Ashmunein (Spencer 1993: 47, pl. 73:10, 15) and the Late Period at Karnak (JacquetGordon 2012:280, fig. 112:t).

ST.4 Mixed clay fabric, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

0

1

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

III.1.6 Uncertain shape/stand(?) (fine ware)

ST.3 Nile silt fabrics

One fragment that is most likely Persian in date belongs to an undetermined shape. It is either a juglet or a stand.

Pl. 136:1 (14/0039/002) J1/J1 Coarse, grey core, uncoated; d. base 18.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0043: 3 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 136:7 (15/0065/001) K5, pink fabric, white surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 5.9 cm.

Pl. 136:2 (13/0025/011) J1 Coarse/J1 Red, pink slip out; d. base 19.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 14/0001: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0008: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

III.1.7 Coarse wares Coarse ware vessels are abundant at Kom Tuman and, although mostly in a fragmentary state, they occur in nearly all stratigraphic units (see below, Appendixes 2–3). All are made of Nile silt fabrics and because of their sizes are in most cases entirely handmade, by modelling or coiling, with only a limited use of the wheel. They include basins, large jars or vats, bread trays, and braziers. Such coarse products are notoriously difficult to date on archaeological

Pl. 136:3 (15/0043/009) J1 Hard, white-cream slip out; d. base 19.0 cm; accidental pre-firing slash inside standing base. Pl. 136:4 (VII.D9-D10/0001/016) J1, cream slip out; d. rim 18.0 cm.

144

Late Period Pl. 138:2 (14/0007/001) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 50.0 cm.

sites, since whatever the period they belong to, they are nearly always made according to similar technological characteristics. In some cases, such as for the flat bread trays, even the shape is not of much use for dating purposes as they occur from at least the late New Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period and into the Late and Ptolemaic periods (see below). However, other types, such as the jars with thick, in-turned rims, the basins with flanged rims, and the deep bread trays, are more period-specific and can be used as reliable broad dating tools.

CSW.1.i Moulded band under rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 138:3 (13/0039/033) J1 Coarse, thin white slip.; d. rim ca. 50.0–54.0 cm. Scale 1:4 Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 13/0039: 6 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0040: 1 rim; 15/0092: 1 rim. Pl. 139:1 (02/0009/002) J1 Coarse, thin red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 40.0 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Elephantine, Persian period, pithos with flat base: Aston 1999:220, 270, nos 1920, 2337, pls. 68, 87, photo pls. 11, 15.

CSW.1.i Large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight sides These large jars are made of a coarse Nile silt fabric and are sometimes covered with a thin red slip. They have a thick rim that is often underlined by a plain or digited cordoned decoration. Those with the digited cordon are also characterised by a thick, internal triangular rim.48 Some are left uncoated, but red and cream slipped examples also occur.

Pl. 139:2 (02/0009/001) J1 Coarse, thin red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 40.0 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 6 rims (3 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 1 rim; 15/0024: 2 rims, 1 handle, 2 BS (1 est. ind.).

Examples of these jars from the Saite period at Tell Migdol show that they might have had a pair of small lug handles under the rim (Oren 1984:17, fig. 24:2). One of the vessels illustrated here was mended in antiquity and bears a series of repair holes along the break. This demonstrates that even such plain, handmade containers were valued for their own sake and were deemed worth mending when broken.

CSW.1.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

CSW.1.i Plain cordon below rim; Nile silt fabrics

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

22

7

0

29

X

18

0

0

18

Total

Pl. 136:8 (07/0022/007) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 40.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0043: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet Gordon 2012:275, fig. 110:q.

47

CSW.1.ii Large storage jars with globular body and handles on upper body These large storage jars have a very globular body, a narrow mouth, and two to four handles on the shoulder.

Pl. 137:1 (13/0035/002) J1 Coarse, red slip; d. ca. 30.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 rim; 14/0038: 1 rim; 14/0044: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0009: 1 rim; 15/0054: 1 rim; 16/0014: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 rim.

CSW.1.ii Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 137:2 (15/0052/011) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 40.0– 45.0 cm.

Col. pl. 44:1–2 (16/0003/029) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 11.0–14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 139:3 (15/0073/029) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  max. pres. ca. 50.0 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallel: 13/0040: 2 handles (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 137:3 (02/0011) J1 Coarse, red slip out; undetermined diameter. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0006: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 rim.

CSW.1.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 138:1 (05–06/0057/008) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 50.0 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

1

4

8

X

2

0

0

2

Total

10

CSW.2 Basins with straight to everted sides and flat bases

Moulded bands below the rim or on the body of large pithoi or storage jars are fairly common on coarse ware of the Egyptian Late Period, but it is also evident on similar vessels with restricted mouth from Tell Afis in Syria in the eighth century BC (Cecchini 1998:276, fig. 17). 48 

Large basins with straight to everted sides and presumably flat bases are the most common of the coarse ware shapes 145

Kom Tuman II Pl. 140:4 (13/0041/109) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. base ca. 44.0 cm. Internal parallels: 6 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0025: 9 rims (6 est. ind.); 13/0035: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0039: 4 rims (4 est. ind.); 13/0041: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0044: 1 rim; 13/0060: 1 rim; 13/0065: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0001: 9 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0010: 1 rim; 15/0009: 1 rim; 15/0026: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0043: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0054: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 rim; 16/0015: 3 rims, 1 base, 10 BS (3 est. ind.).

at Kom Tuman and indeed one of the most common pottery artefacts at the site, with 274 estimated individuals. This basic form may assume several variants. Most have a plain squared rim, sometimes underlined by a simple groove, while rarer fragments display a more complex modelled rim. They may also be of various sizes, both in terms of rim diameter and wall heights. Some of the best-preserved examples suggest that they were occasionally oval or ellipsoidal rather than circular. This generic type with plain or grooved rim compares well with Late Period troughs from Mendes (Allen 1982:19, pl.  XV:7), Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:99, fig. 57a), Plinthine (Pesenti and Saleh 2018:22, 2018.21), and Tell Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:55–57, pl. 20:1). However, Tebtynis and Kom Hadid/Naucratis also provide parallels dating to the Ptolemaic period (Berlin 2001:43, 156, 158, figs. 2.54:9–10, 2.55:2, and parallels below).49

Pl. 141:1 (15/0073/028) J1 Coarse, uncoated(?), eroded; d. rim > 60.0 cm. Scale 1:6 Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0001: 1 rim; 15/0024: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0067: 1 rim. Parallels: Tebtynis, mid-third to early second century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:196, pl. 99:854–855.

The uses for these large and heavy vessels were certainly varied, ranging from food preparation, food storage, tub for ablutions, drinking trough or auger for animals, and so forth. A number of the large flat bases that probably belong to such basins are fitted with a spout or a simple pre-firing perforation on the vessel’s lower wall. They could have been used for filtering, decanting, or draining purposes, functioning like a large sieve, sink, or washbasin. Others, with high walls, have pre-firing perforations higher up on the sides. These may be fragments of spinning bowls of a type known at Abu Imran and Mendes in the Third Intermediate and Late Period (Allen 1997:25–26, pl. 2:8–11)

Pl. 141:2 (07/0079/013) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 48.0 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0010: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0073: 1 rim. Pl. 141:3 (02/0007) J1 Coarse, thin red slip in; d. base ca. 76.0 cm. Scale 1:6. Internal parallel: 14/0032: 1 base. Col. pl. 45:1–2 (15/0095/001) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 55.0–62.0 cm; d.  base ca. 50.0 cm; h.  35.4 cm. Scale 1:6. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 6 rims (6 est. ind.); 14/0045: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 complete profile, 6 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0028: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 15/0063: 1 rim; 16/0014: 1 rim; 16/0015: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

CSW.2.i Basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 140:1 (16/0014/018) J1 Coarse, uncoated, pre-firing hole near base; d. base ca. 60.0 cm. Scale 1:6

Pl. 141:4 (07/0018a/015) J1 Coarse, cream slip in and out; d. rim 32.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0044: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0049: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0006: 1 rim; 14/0013: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0032: 5 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0044: 1 rim; 14/0058: 1 BS; 14b/0001: 8 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 1 rim; 15/0016: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0054: 1 rim; 15/0065: 1 rim; 16/0014: 1 rim; 16/0032: 1 rim. Parallel: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French 2009:132, fig. 17:3 [4943].

Pl. 140:2 (15/0028/009) J1 Coarse, uncoated, spouted opening near base; d. base ca. 36.0 cm. Pl. 140:3 (15/0073/030) J1 Coarse, powdery pink/red slip in; handmade; d. base 55.0 cm. Scale 1:6 Internal parallels: 13/0001: 3 bases (2 est. ind.); 13/0039: 6 bases (4 est. ind.); 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0046: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 base; 14/0044: 1 base; 14/0045: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 20 bases (17 est. ind.); 15/0011: 1 BS; 15/0036: 1 base; 15/0039: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 15/0043: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 15/0052: 1 base; 15/0054: 1 base; 15/0061: 4 bases (4 est. ind.); 15/0086: 2 bases (1 est. ind.); 15/0101: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 16/0014: 4 bases (4 est. ind.); 16/0023: 1 base; 16/0025: 1 base; 16/0041: 1 base; 16/0049: 1 base, BS (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 142:1 (05–06/0057/009) J1 Micaceous, uncoated; d. rim 26.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0032: 1 rim; 15/0043: 1 rim. Pl. 142:2 (VII.C9/0001/002) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 35.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0007: 1 rim; 15/0024: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0015: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

49  Nearly all basins in Berlin 2001 are described as being made of coarse marl fabrics in the plates’ captions. This is likely to be an editing mistake. They are most certainly of Nile silt, as stated in the accompanying text.

146

Late Period CSW.2.iii Basins with flat bases and low, straight sides; Nile silt fabrics

CSW.2.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 109*

2003–2013 6

Surface 0

Total 115

X VII or X Total

88º 1

0 0

0 0

88 1 204

Pl. 143:3 (14/0010/022) J1 Coarse /J1 Red, uncoated, white deposit in; d.  rim 38.0 cm; d.  base 38.0 cm; h.  7.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 complete profile; 13/0025: 3 rims, 1 base (2 est. ind.); 13/0039: 1 complete profile; 14/0054: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0011: 1 complete profile.

*Of which 2 complete vessel/complete profile; ºof which one complete profile

CSW.2.i Variant: Basins with flat base, straight walls and perforations on sides; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 143:4 (15/0009/005) J1 Coarse, white slip in lower part inside and stains out; d.  rim 37.5 cm; d.  base 38.7 cm; h. 11.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0047: 6 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0048: 1 rim; 15/0001: 1 complete profile; 15/0065: 1 complete profile, 1 rim (2 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 complete profile, 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0021: 1 complete profile; 16/0034: 1 rim.

Pl. 141:3 (13/0041/110) J1 Coarse, uncoated, handmade; d. base 24.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0001: 1 base; 15/0061: 2 bases (1 est. ind.) Pl. 141:4 (07/0092/007) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 26.0 cm.

Pl. 143:5 (16/0009/024) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 33.0 cm; d. base 32.0 cm; h. 11.0 cm; lime deposit in.

CSW.2.i Variant: perforations on sides or near base, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

3

1

0

4

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 144:1 (14/0038/001) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 30.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0067: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Balamun, Late Period, surface find: Spencer 1996:22, pl. 83:1.

4

CSW.2.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

CSW.2.ii Basins with everted sides and modelled rim; Nile silt fabrics

Area VII

Pl. 142:5 (07/0018a/009) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim ca. 43.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0044: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0069: 1 rim. Parallels: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC (’Kiln Phase’): French 2009:133, fig. 17:4 [4945]. Tell el-Maskhuta, sixth to fifth century BC: Holladay 1982:54–57, pls. 9:6, 20:2. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:282, fig. 114:b.

X

Surface 0

Total 8

X Total

14

0

0

14 22

Total

0

26

8º

0

0

8 34

CSW.2. undetermined Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

0

0

8

X

2

0

0

2

Total

10

CSW.3 Basins with curved or bent sides and round(?) base A series of basin rims have curved or bent rather than straight sides, often implying a round rather than a flat base. As with the flat-based types, these basins vary considerably in size and in the details of their profiles. CSW.3.i Large vat or basins with out-turned, modelled rim; probably round bases

CSW.2.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of Individuals 2003–2013 1

Surface

0

Total

Pl. 143:2 (14b/0010/016) J1 Coarse, uncoated, pushed in rim; d. rim 43.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 13 rims (6 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

2013–2016 7

2003–2013

26*

*Of which 9 complete profiles; ºof which 7 complete profiles

Pl. 143:1 (15/0061/052) J1 Coarse, uncoated, digited decoration on top of rim; d. rim 45.0–47.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0006: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0009: 1 rim.

Area VII

2013–2016

Fifteen fragments (twelve estimated individuals) of this unusual but distinctive coarse ware type were recovered at Kom Tuman. In spite of their chaff-rich fabric with thick dark core, they stand out from the standard coarse ware 147

Kom Tuman II assemblage by their well-finished and carefully slipped and smoothed or burnished surfaces. The lower parts of the best-preserved pieces suggest that these vessels had a round rather than flat base. While they have thick walls and are of massive dimensions, they are typologically and, through their burnished red slip surfaces, also technologically close to the Late Period vats discussed above (LP.O.23); therefore, they probably belong to the same chronological phase.

The wide protruding ledge inside their rims may have accommodated a lid. CSW.3.iii Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 46:4–6 (14/0001/192) J1 Coarse/J1 Red, uncoated; d. rim 18.0 cm; h. pres. 12.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0048: 1 rim; 16/0014: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:284, fig. 116:d.

CSW.3.i Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 46:1–3 (14/0001/010) J1 Coarse, red slip burnished in and out; d. rim 50–56.0 cm.

Pl. 144:3 (16/0001/006) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 17.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 47:1–3 (14/0001/012) J1 Coarse, thick red slip out; d. rim 35.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0057: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 15/0067: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 rim; 16/0023: 1 rim; 16/0038: 1 rim.

CSW3.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

CSW.3.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

9

0

0

9

X

3

0

0

3

Total

VII

4*

0

0

4

X

4

0

0

4

Total

X Total

3

0

0

3 6

CSW.3 Variants, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 144:2 (13/0063/038) J1/J1 Coarse red slip in and out; d. rim 29.8 cm. CSW.3.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Total

Total 3

Pl. 144:4 (13/0001/012) J1 Coarse, red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 37.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0048: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 handle.

CSW.3.ii Nile silt fabrics

Surface

Surface 0

CSW.3 Nile silt fabrics

This shape is related and probably contemporary with the large bowls with squared rims (LP.O.11.iv), but made of a coarser fabric.

2003–2013

2003–2013 0

Other variants of basins with round bases and curved walls are illustrated below. The addition of lug handles or a protruding ledge on the external walls of these isolated examples is consistent with a Late Period tradition.

12

2013–2016

2013–2016 3

CSW.3 Basins with curved sides variants

CSW.3.ii Large bowls/basins with curved sides, and grooved walls

Area

Area VII

Area VII

2013–2016 3

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 3

X Total

2

0

0

2 5

CSW.4 Wide basins with cupula bases and flanged or upturned rims

8

*Of which 1 complete profile

The wide rim of these basins and the depression inside their base are distinctive features of the Late Period pottery style. Parallels for such shapes are commonly found in the fifth century BC at Tell Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:55–57, pl. 17:6–8), at Buto (French 2009:130, fig. 16:5), and in general Late Period levels at Tanis (Laemmel 2012:62, pls. 53, 54, figs. 262, 263), Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:282, fig. 114:e), and elsewhere (see also parallels below).

CSW.3.iii Large bowls with round base and internal ledge Six large fragments of this type were found at Kom Tuman. They cannot be ascribed to a well-known Late Period shape, though they find a parallel at Karnak in the Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties (see below), as well as in marl fabric at Naucratis, in the early Ptolemaic period (Berlin 1997b:150, fig. 6.1:15). Their function remains unclear. They are thick-walled but are otherwise of smaller proportions than most other coarse ware vessels.

This type is certainly related morphologically, and most probably also functionally, to the high walled tray forms 148

Late Period discussed below (CSW.5). This connection is further enhanced by the fact that both types were often discovered in the same context.

ind.); 14b/0006: 2 complete profiles, 1 rim (3 est. ind.); 15/0020: 1 complete profile; 15/0026: 1 complete profile; 15/0043: 2 complete profiles. Parallel: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Late Period: Lecuyot 2000:237, BE.1, figs. 2, 4.

CSW.4 Nile silt fabrics

CSW.4 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 144:5 (13/0035/003) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 62.0–63.0 cm; d. base 42.0 cm; h. 12.2 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0040: 1 complete profile, 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0047: 1 rim; 15/0024: 1 complete profile, 3 bases (4 est. ind.).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

26*

1

0

27

X

26º

0

0

26

Total

Pl. 144:6 (07/0086/013) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 46.0 cm; d. base 33.4 cm; h. 7.5 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 complete profiles, 1 rim (3 est. ind.); 13/0035: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0044: 1 complete profile; 13/0060: 1 complete profile; 14/0050: 1 complete profile; 15/0039: 1 complete profile; 15/0054: 1 rim, 1 base (2 est. ind.).

53

*Of 5which 15 complete profiles; º of which 16 complete profiles;

CSW.5 Platters or bread trays (“dokka”) These large plates or trays, sometimes dubbed “dokka” or bread trays, are all characterised by their large diameter and thick walls.50 They have a simple rounded, thick rim, or low open sides and an out-splayed base. They are sometimes difficult to date with accuracy. The very large ones, with diameters of about 40.0 to 50.0 cm, flat base and thickened rim occur already in the late New Kingdom and Third Intermediate period (Aston 1998:134–142, nos 279–307; Laemmel 2012:40, pl. 30:172; Wilson 2011:172, pl.  75:4), but are clearly still present in the fifth century BC (Aston and Aston 2010:145, pl.  42:348) and beyond (Spencer 1996:88, pl. 61:18–32). Those with higher walls are more characteristic of the Late Period and the early Ptolemaic phase (see parallels below).

Parallel: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French 2009:130, fig. 16:5. Pl. 144:7 (13/0039/031) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 45.0 cm; d. base 21.0 cm; h. 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 complete profile; 15/0052: 1 complete profile; 16/0015: 1 complete profile, 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Tebtynis (marl/mixed; early Roman): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:201, pl. 103:880.

CSW.5 Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 145:1 (14/0054/012) J1 Coarse, thick red slip in and out; d. rim 35.0–36.0 cm. Parallels: this type of rim is found in association with a brazier at Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French 2009:130–132, fig. 17:2.Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:282, fig. 114:e.

Pl. 145:4 (14/0055/003) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  max. > 50.0 cm; h. 2.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0039: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0048: 1 rim; 13/0063: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0014: 1 rim; 15/0003: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0024: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0043: 1 rim; 15/0065: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 rim; 16/0009: 1 rim; 16/0015: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0046: 1 rim. Parallels: Tebtynis, mid second century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:200, pl. 102, no 873.

Pl. 145:2 (14/0051/001) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 33.0 cm; d. base 25.6 cm (but the vessel might have had an oval shape); h. 9.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0044: 1 complete profile; 15/0061: 3 complete profiles, 1 rim (4 est. ind.); 15/0065: 2 complete profiles (2 est. ind.); 15/0073: 1 rim; 15/0096: 1 complete profile; 16/0011: 1 complete profile; 16/0023: 1 complete profile. Parallels: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:32–33, pl. 2:331–34. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:13, F7.P2 (S.P.606), pl. A.Tell Maskhuta, ca. 486 BC, blocking of well: Paice 1986/1987:100, fig. 4:14–15.

Elephantine, Persian period: von Pilgrim 1999:135, fig. 20:30. Pl. 145:5 (07/0031/004) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 54.0 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0004: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0035: 9 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0039: 9 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0041: 1 rim; 13/0046: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0048: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0055: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0032: 1 complete profile; 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 1 BS; 15/0011: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0057: 1 rim.

Pl. 145:3 (15/0059/001) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 40.0 cm; d. base 31.0 cm; h. 7.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 complete profile, 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 2 complete profiles, 1 base (3 est.

50  On the function and use of these artefacts, see Marchand 2017: 227–234.

149

Kom Tuman II Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 14/0050: 1 rim.

Parallels: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French 2009:130, fig. 16:2. Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:282, fig. 114:b.

Pl. 146:3 (13/0039/038) J1 Coarse, red slip in and out; d. rim 33.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0022: 1 rim; 15/0061: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 rim.

Pl. 145:6 (07/0086/014) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 55.0 cm; d. base 51.0 cm; h. 5.7 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0001: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 16/0011: 1 complete profile. Parallels: Mendes, landfill between the temple’s temenos walls, Late Period: Hummel and Schubert 2004:159, pl. M:11. Abusir, tomb of Menekhibnekau at Abusir, Late Period: Bares and Smoláriková 2011:138, fig. 171.

Pl. 146:4 (13/0040/151) J1 Coarse, red slip in and out; d. rim 34.0–35.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0055: 1 rim. Pl. 146:5 (15/0061/051) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 35.0 cm. Pl. 146:6 (13/0035/044) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 37.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0042: 1 rim; 16/0011: 1 rim.

Pl. 146:1 (14/0017/008) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d. rim 26.5 cm; d. base 24.4 cm; h. 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0054: 1 complete profile; 15/0054: 1 rim; 16/0032: 1 rim. Parallels: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French 2009:130, fig. 16:3. El-Ashmunien, Third Intermediate Period-late Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:47, pl. 74:68. Tebtynis, third century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:200, pl. 102, no. 874.

Col. pl. 44:5–6 (VII/0005) J1 Coarse, red slip in and on top of rim, impressed circles on wet clay inside walls; d. rim 40.0–45.0 cm. CSW.6 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: JacquetGordon 2012:282, fig. 114:c.

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

41*

2

0

43

X

14

0

0

14

XV

1

0

0

1

Total

Surface

Total

2

0

17

X

3

0

0

3 20

CSW.6 Variant: plates with flanged rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 147:1 (13/0035/001) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim 47.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 rim; 13/0063: 1 rim; 14/0032: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0011: 1 rim; 15/0065: 1 rim.

CSW.5 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

15

Total

Col. pl. 44:3–4 (15/0100/005) J1 Coarse, pre-firing incised diagonal lines in; d. rim 29.5 cm; d. base 30.0 cm; h. 5.4 cm.

Area

2013–2016

VII

CSW.6 Variants, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

58

Area

*Of which 4 complete profiles; ºof which one complete profile

CSW.6 Large plates and platters

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

0

0

8

X

2

0

0

2

Total

These large open vessels are related to the large plates and dishes with overhang rims discussed above (LP.O.7.vii) but are more systematically made of J1 Coarse fabrics. Most of them have a characteristic slant on the inside of the rim.

10

CSW.7 Braziers/stands The vessels grouped here have been identified as braziers not only because of their shape, which incorporates ventilation ‘devices’ (either perforated holes or a wavy top), but also because of the soot marks, which are regularly found on their rims or sides.

One such vessel stands out from the rest by the presence of small, deep circles that were impressed on the stillwet clay on its interior surface. It is unclear whether this feature had a decorative or functional purpose.

CSW.7.i Brazier with straight sides and wavy top

CSW.6 Nile silt fabrics

One of the typical braziers recovered at Kom Tuman appears as a flat-based trough with curved rim and protruding prongs. Aston and Aston entered it into their

Pl. 146:2 (13/0035/041) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 32.0 cm. 150

Late Period CSW.7.iii Brazier or pot stands with high foot and restricted body

phase B of the Late Period, covering the seventh and sixth centuries BC (Aston and Aston 2010:148, 171–179, figs. 37, bottom right, 40, bottom right). However, these are also found later, for example at Tell Maskhuta in the early fifth century BC (Holladay 1982:55–57, pl.  20:3). Other, Late Period, parallels can be cited from Mit Rahineh (Fischer 1965:157, pl.  66:614), Mendes (Allen 1982:21 pl. 21:3), and Migdol (Oren 1984:17, fig. 24:5). They are also part of the Late Period assemblage of the Anubieion at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:112, fig. 20a).

Nile silt, coarse ware footed braziers or stands may not be easy to identify when in a fragmentary state. Nonetheless a few could be recognised amongst the material examined here. Their standing ring base is generally high (although one example has a very low one). They have a convex bottom and an everted rim. Similar braziers/stands were found at Buto in the first half of the sixth century BC (French 2009:130–132, figs. 17:1–2), as well as at Karnak in the Late Period (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:280, fig. 113:ac). It is also found later at Tebtynis (see parallel below).

CSW.7.i Nile silt fabrics Pl. 147:2 (13/0055/012) J1 Coarse, uncoated, handmade; d. base. 37.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0061: 1 rim; 15/0054: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 rim; 16/0003: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallels: Saqqara caches (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:148 pl. 42:364–365.

CSW.7.iii Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 47:4–6 (13/0040/152) J1 Coarse, uncoated, digited decoration (pre-firing); d. rim 17.6 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 rim.

Pl. 147:3 (07/0085/007) J1 Coarse, thin cream slip in and out; d. base 14.8 cm.; h. max. 10.0 cm

Pl. 148:1 (13/0040/153) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 21.2 cm.

Pl. 147:4 (15/0061/053) J1 Coarse, uncoated; h. pres. 7.0 cm.

Pl. 148:2 (14/0001/207) J1/J1 Coarse, red slip out; d. max. pres. 20.5 cm. Parallels: Tell el-Ashmunein, Third Intermediate Periodlate Third Intermediate Period: Spencer 1993:47, pl. 73:22, 26. Karnak Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty, marl fabric: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:263, fig. 105:a.

CSW.7.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

29

2

0

31

X

10

0

0

10

Total

41

Pl. 148:3 (14b/0001/063) J1, uncoated, pre-firing perforations on sides; d. base 25.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 6 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0003: 1 rim; 15/0005: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0028: 1 rim.

CSW.7.ii Brazier with straight, fenestrated walls One rim of a straight-sided basin with a wide relief band on the upper body and a rim with internal ledge may be classified as a kind of brazier. It bears a square-shaped opening that was cut out with a bladed tool from the vessel’s walls when the clay was leather hard. Although no trace of fire is visible on this particular piece, it may have been used as a brazier.

Pl. 148:4 (16/0003/030) J1 Coarse, thin red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 37.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 16/0009: 1 BS.Parallels: Tebtynis, Ptolemaic (first century BC): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012: pl. 106: 920. Pl. 148:5 (15/0065/013) J1 Coarse, thick red slip out; d. rim 42.0–46.0 cm.

CSW.7.ii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 147:5 (13/0039/032) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  rim ca. 33.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0039: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 base, 1 BS (2 est. ind.); 14/0042: 1 rim; 16/0007: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:284, fig. 116:e. CSW.7.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

3

0

11

X

0

0

0

Total

CSW.7.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

3

0

15

X

6

0

0

Total

6 21

CSW.8 Sunken basins A few bases of very large basins or storage containers that were probably sunken into floors were identified among the material from Kom Tuman. They are particularly thick-walled and were coarsely formed, probably directly

0 11

151

Kom Tuman II inside a pit dug into the ground and fired on the spot. Fitted with a lid, they would have been used as food storage units inside residential areas or magazines. The fact that they were partially buried meant that their contents could be kept sheltered from high temperatures and away from the light.

not connected with such a function (see above, LP.J.7.i and LP.O.16.i). The presence of these specialised shapes stands in sharp contrast with other material assemblages coming from excavations of high-temperature production sites elsewhere in Egypt. Although from an earlier period, the pottery associated with the Ramesside metal and faience working installations at Pi-Ramesse/Qantir consisted mostly of shapes that were common in the usual contemporary assemblage, such as beer jars and funnel neck jars (Pusch and Rehren 2007a:60–64; Pusch and Rehren 2007b:75–170).

CSW.8 Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 48:1–3 (15/0073/027) J1 Coarse, uncoated, handmade; d. rim > 60.0 cm. Scale 1:4. Internal parallels: 14/0055: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 149:1 (14/0075/001) J1 Coarse, uncoated; d.  max. pres. ca. 64.0 cm. Scale 1:4.

PV.1 Production vessels with V-shaped to straight sides The most common vessels stained with traces of glass or metal production residues are cylindrical or V-shaped vessels, with thickened or plain rims. They occur in two main variants, the first with V-shaped walls of varying height, and the second with straight or slightly bulging sides. Both sometimes present wavy walls that may have been formed, at least partly, by coiling. Bases may be flat, rounded, or slightly carinated. Mouth diameters vary from about 11.0 to 15.0 cm.

Internal parallel: 15/0043: 1 base. CSW.8 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

3

0

0

3

Total

6

The closest parallel for the V-shaped vessels is a pot with everted sides that was recovered as a single exemplar from a late Saite to early Persian assemblage at Plinthine (Pesenti and Saleh 2018:28, fig. 10:8018.23). It comes from a domestic context but was nevertheless interpreted as a crucible by the excavators because of its rubified internal surfaces.

III.1.8 Production vessels Remains of many furnaces and high-temperature technology installations were excavated at Kom Tuman in Squares VII/A-B, associated with either metalworking, glass, or faience making (see above, p. 1). These structures could be dated to the fifth and fourth centuries BC. As would be expected in such a context, a number of pottery vessels specifically associated with these activities were singled out amongst our assemblage. Indeed, many pottery sherds coming from these squares were pockmarked by green, hard, probably copper-based residues or had their internal surfaces covered by the same substance, by blue deposits (especially on the rims), or by a thick white crust, often dripping down on the outside of the vessel. These marks are all concordant with a function of crucible, or other types of “reaction vessel” that may have been used in the context of a high temperature technological production, such as glass or faience.51 Very few of the diagnostic sherds bearing traces of such residues belonged to either open or closed shapes of the standard Late Period assemblage collected at the site. Indeed, nearly all of them are indicative of forms that seem to have been specifically produced for this particular function. The only exceptions to this rule so far are a beaker with straight walls and carinated base (15/0022/018, pl.  151:5) and a small neckless jar (15/0105/003, pl.  151:4). Both were clearly used in a high-temperature production environment, but are morphologically similar to vessels that are otherwise

The pots with wavy walls can only be compared typologically to earlier vessels, made of untreated Nile silt fabrics, that were found in funerary contexts at Heracleopolis Magna. They were dated according to their contexts to the ninth and the second half of the eighth century BC (López Grande and Quesada Sanz 1995: 73–74, pls. XXX, XXXVIII). But the function of these vessels was certainly very different, and they were clearly not used in connection with production activities. Other approximate parallels can be cited from Mendes. Unfortunately, these come from a mixed context in the “sarcophagus area”, which yielded predominantly Third Intermediate Period, with Saite and Persian period intrusions (Hummel and Schubert 2004:155, pl. K:35–36). The examples from Mendes do not bear any trace of use and, like those from Heracleopolis Magna, they cannot be linked to industrial activities. PV1.i Production vessel with V-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 149:2 (13/0039/016) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated, d.  rim 15.0 cm.

51  On a technological analysis of such containers in the framework of ancient glass production, see Pusch and Rehren 2007a:60–64, 132–133.

152

Late Period Col. pl. 49:3–4 (14/0001/007) J1, uncoated, white deposit in, d. 14.4 cm.

Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 15/0022: 1 rim. Pl. 149:3 (13/0046/043) J1, uncoated; d. rim 12.3 cm.

Pl. 150:8 (14/0058/001+002) J1, uncoated; white deposit in and dripping down out; d.  rim 16.0 cm; d.  body 17.3 cm; h. (est.) 21.5 cm (reconstructed from two non-joining fragments). Internal parallels: 14/0042: 1 rim; 14/0001: 17 rims (10 est. ind.).

Pl. 149:4 (13/0044/012) J1, uncoated, white deposit in; d. base 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 base; 14/0001: 3 bases (3 est. ind.). Pl. 149:5 (13/0046/042) J1, thin pink slip out; d.  rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 150:9 (15/0098/003) J1 Red, uncoated, white (lime) deposit in dripping down out; d. rim 13.0 cm. Pl. 150:10 (14/0045/023) J1 Red, uncoated; plaster like deposit in; d. max. pres. 17.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0045: 1 base.

Pl. 149:6 (VII.B12/0019/001) J1 Straw-rich, cream slip out, blue deposit on top of rim; d. rim 13.2 cm. Pl. 149:7 (13/0044/011) J1, uncoated, white deposit in and out; d. rim 14.1 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0022: 1 rim.

Pl. 151:1 (14/0044/006) J1, uncoated, grey deposit in dripping down out; d. rim 15.0 cm.

Col. pl. 49:1–2 (15/0061/047) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm.

Pl. 151:2 (15/0105/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 18.0 cm.

Pl. 150:1 (15/0003/016) J1, uncoated; no remains of production on surface; d. rim 13.0 cm. PV.1.i Variant: short sides

Pl. 151:3 (15/0098/005) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm; white deposit in, dripping down out. Internal parallels: 14/0018: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl.150:2 (15/0022/019) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 11.4 cm; d. base 5.2 cm; h. 8.2 cm.

PV.1.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

PV.1.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area VII X

Area VII

2013–2016 41*

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 41

X Total

0

0

0

0 41

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

15*

1

0

16

*Of which 4 complete profiles

1

0

0

1

PV.1 Variant: small neckless jar; Nile silt fabrics

Total

17

PV.1.ii Production vessels with straight or slightly bulging body, round or carinated base; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 151:4 (15/0105/003) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm; white deposit in. Internal parallel: 15/0109: 1 rim. PV. 1 Variant: beaker with carinated sides; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 150:3 (13/0025/005) J1 Hard, uncoated, d. 13.1 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 6 rims.

Pl. 151:5 (15/0022/018) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm.

Pl. 150:4 (13/0040/117) J1, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm.

PV.1 Variants; Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants)

*Of which one complete profile

Pl. 150:5 (13/0041/078) J1 Hard, thin cream slip, d. 13.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 rim; 14/0001: 9 rims (4 est. ind.); 14/0038: 1 rim.

Area VII

2013–2016 2

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 2

X Total

0

0

0

0 2

Pl. 150:6 (15/0105/005) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; deposit in; d. rim 13.8 cm.

PV.2 Production vessels with wide mouth

Pl. 150:7 (13/0040/116) J1, uncoated, d. 13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 11 rims (7 est. ind.).

The second group of production vessels identified here is known only from rim fragments. These are broadly similar 153

Kom Tuman II in shape to vessels of the first group but have a significantly larger mouth diameter of about 20.0 cm or more.

on the jar’s shoulder. Two coarsely made handles were placed just below the shoulder carination (Stern 1982:107– 110, Type H; Sagona 1982:80–82, Type 6). In terms of both shape and function, these vessels ultimately descend from the Canaanite jars of the Late Bronze Age, and like their predecessors, were probably primarily intended for the transport of oil or wine (Regev 2004).

PV.2 Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 49:5 (13/0049/006) J1 Straw-rich, uncoated; d.  rim 28.0 cm; green (copper) deposit out and in rim; eroded surface.

They are found throughout the eastern Mediterranean between the seventh and the third centuries BC but are extremely rare on the Greek mainland. One handle fragment was notably published from a mid-fifth century well fill in the Athenian Agora (Boulter 1953:109, pl.  40:170). The majority of these jars seem to have originated from the Phoenician coastline and were certainly manufactured at cities such as Sarepta, Tyre, and Sidon. However, they were also the product of a wider Levantine cultural sphere that encompassed coastal Syria, Lebanon, Canaan, and Cyprus as well (Bettles 2003a; 2003b).

Pl. 151:6 (14/0045/024) J1/J1 Red, uncoated; thick white plaster like deposit in; d. rim 21.5 cm. PV.2 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2

PV.3 Production vessels with low walls and wide mouth

Besides this most common type with carinated shoulder, two other forms of Persian period Levantine jars were identified at Kom Tuman. The first has a rounded shoulder, sometimes marked by a slight ridge, the body is sack-shaped, and the neck is slightly higher (TP.7). The other, represented here by only one sherd, is of narrow, cylindrical proportions and was single-handled (TP.8; Stern 1982:104–107, Types F-G).

The last major group of production vessels are thickwalled trays with flat bases and direct short rims. Most have very straight sides. Only one example has a rounded base and an in-turned rim. Pl. 151:7 (13/0025/012) J1 Hard, thin pink-orange slip in, d. rim 19.6 cm; d. base 18.3 cm; h. 5.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

Typo-chronological analyses, including seriation analyses, of these containers have been undertaken in the past, but were always based exclusively on complete vessels (e.g. Lehmann 1996:431–440; Sagona 1982). Unfortunately, the great majority of the Levantine jars found at Kom Tuman are fragmentary and thus difficult to relate to a specific, well-dated type. As far as body fragments are concerned, Defernez has suggested, based on her observations at the site of Tell el-Herr, that a narrower shoulder width may indicate a later date in the type’s sequence.52 This is also confirmed by pottery analyses from Levantine sites (Lehmann 1998:25).

Pl. 151:8 (13/0039/040) J1 Hard, pink slip in and out, d. rim 20.0 cm; d. base 20.2 cm; h. 5.0 cm. Col. pl. 49:6 (13/0040/143) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm; h. pres. 2.5 cm; production residue in and out (copper oxide?). PV.3 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 6*

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 6

X Total

0

0

0

0 6

These imports are extremely common at Late Period sites in Egypt, from Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001: 55–56, 375–386, pl.  III:12a-b, pls. LXXXI-LXXXVI; Gratien and Soulié 1988:45–46, fig. 14a-c), Tanis (Chauvet and Marchand 1998:348–349, fig. 25; Laemmel 2012:64–65, pl.  56:271–273), and Buto (Bourriau 2003:227–228, fig. 8:4–9) in the north, to Abusir (Smoláriková 2009: 100–101, fig. 26/1–3, fig. 30) and Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:104–105, 137, 165, pls. 34–35, 38:314, 49, 59; French and Bourriau 2018:184–187) in the Memphite region, and to Thebes (Ballet 1994:217–219, nos 74–75) and Elephantine (Aston 1999:232) in the south.53 They are equally widespread at Kom Tuman (606 estimated

*Of which two complete profiles (one of Nile silt and one of mixed clay fabric)

III.2 Coarse ware imports and imitations III.2.1 Levantine jars and imitations III.2.1.1 Levantine jars The Persian period Levantine transport jars commonly called “torpedo jars” in Egypt have been extensively discussed in the past. They are characterised by a pointed to rounded base and an elongated body with carinated shoulder, often with a narrowing or ‘waist’ below it. Necks are short or altogether absent, with the rim resting directly

52  “[…] sur les modèles anciens, le diamètre de l’épaule oscille entre 18 et 20 cm, alors que, sur les modèles réçents, le diamètre excède rarement 17 cm.” (Defernez 2001:377). 53  At least two torpedo jars were collected during the clearing of the Theban tomb of Tjay (TT23) (personal observation, January 2014).

154

Late Period dated to the end of the seventh century BC (Holladay 1982:51, pl.  2:8). Those with a modelled, inward sloping rim are paralleled in the Late Period at Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:139, 152, pl. H:12), Buto (Bourriau 2003:227–228, fig. 8:7), Karnak (JacquetGordon 2012:285, fig. 117:g), and as late as the third century BC (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:158, pl.  75:693). However, this specific profile may also point to an earlier Iron Age II date, corresponding to the Egyptian Third Intermediate Period (Laemmel 2012:41, pl. 31:176).

individuals), where several morphological variants and fabric types are represented. In most cases, it has not been possible to establish a strict correlation between fabric and shape, as the same fabric often occurs for several different morphological types and the same shape was sometimes made of different fabrics. At any rate, several types can be distinguished mainly on the basis of the rim and shoulder profile, as complete profiles are rare. A few torpedo jar bases were also recovered, but as their connection with specific rim types remains very hypothetical, they are discussed separately below.

In some cases, the shoulder is marked by a distinctive overhang, which is followed by a narrowing of the body, just under the carination. For the time being, no distinctive variant was built on the basis of this detail, as the overhang shoulder does not always correspond to a specific rim type. In effect, as will be seen below, this feature cannot really be considered as chronologically significant in itself. In Syria and Lebanon, jars with long, overhang shoulders and short neck (such as on 07/0014/015, pl.  153:7) are found in association with an elongated, slender body and are broadly dated to the period going from 700 to 580 BC (Lehmann 1998:17, fig. 6:32; Lehmann 1996:434–435, Type 385/2–3, pl. 73). Indeed, this detail of the shoulder already appears on jars of the end of the eighth century BC at Ras elBasit (Courbin 1993:21, 49, fig. 5:C.516), as well as in the Cypro-Archaic I-II period (seventh century BC) on Cyprus (Ålin 1989:96, 110, fig.6:2). In Egypt, it occurs at Tell Maskhuta in layers attributed to the second quarter of the sixth century BC (Holladay 1982:54, pl.  9:3–5) and in the tomb of Menekhibnekau at Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2011:151, figs. 51, 208–209).

Torpedo jars continued to be produced during early Hellenistic times, and they were still exported to Egypt in the third century BC (see below). Therefore, it is not impossible that some isolated fragments of the most recent types listed below belonged to the Ptolemaic phase, rather than the Late Period. However, this is considered unlikely for three main reasons: a) their typology relates to types that are more at home in the fourth century BC and earlier;54 b) imported torpedo jars in Egypt disappear around the midthird century BC, but this is not a sudden phenomenon; their gradual quantitative decrease is noticeable already in the fourth century BC when they are being displaced by amphorae of Aegean origin; and finally c) the contexts in which torpedoes were found at Kom Tuman belong either completely or predominantly to the Persian period. TP.1 Torpedo jars with short necks This jar type has a short but distinctive neck. The shoulder, when preserved, appears to be predominantly long and slightly sloping downwards (07/0087/039, pl. 153:1), although examples with shorter shoulders are also evidenced. The body shows a narrowing of the waist (sometimes a very strong one); its lower part is very long and ends in a narrow, pointed base. The rim may be slightly thickened or modelled and is either straight or slightly slanting inwards. Both variants still retain a vestige of the longer neck of the Iron Age II jars, such as those found in the eighth to early seventh century BC at Tyre (Bikai 1978a:46, pls. II-IV), Tell Afis (Cecchini 1998:288, fig. 25:24), and Amathus in the Cypro-Archaic period (Fourrier 2006:82, figs. 389–390). Variants with shorter necks, such as the jars illustrated here, were clearly still produced as late as the fifth century and beyond (e.g. Nodet 1980:121, pl.  18:1– 11), and they were commonly found in the Persian cemetery at ‘Atlit (Johns 1932:50, 60, figs. 3c, 16m, pl.  XIX:384). Admittedly, some of the jars classified in this group, for example 15/0095/003 (col. pl.  50:1–2), are very close to jars of the next and chronologically later typological group TP.2.a, emphasising the continuity of the style.

Moreover, overhang shoulders are also present on neckless torpedo jars, which are more typical of the fifth and fourth centuries BC (see below, TP.2). In Egypt it is found on imports from Tell el-Herr Phase VII (Defernez 2001:376, pl. LXXXI) and Mendes (Allen 1982:20, pl. XIX:1), for example. Pl. 152:1 (14/0010/014+14/0021/007) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 10.3 cm; d. shoulder 23.0 cm; h. pres. 27.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0010: 3 shoulders (2 est. ind.); 14/0014: 1 rim, 1 shoulder (2 est. ind.); 14/0054: 1 rim; 16/0019: 1 shoulder. Pl. 152:2 (14/0045/042) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0045: 1 rim. Parallel: Gezer, Persian Period: Gitin 1990:73, pl. 28:12. Pl. 152:3 (16/0025/031) Le1 var., finely porous, pale yellowish-pink fabric, finely gritty, ochre inclusions, no core, yellowish-pink self-slipped surface; d. rim 11.0 cm.

In Egypt, torpedo jars with short neck and straight rim are found in the “earliest Saite” levels at Tell Maskhuta,

Pl. 152:4 (13/0063/010) Le1 var., like Le1 but with less ochre, green outer zones, white and dark grits, uncoated, d. rim 11.2 cm.

See for example the third century BC jar Levantine jars from the ‘cellar’ in Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007a:58–59). 54 

155

Kom Tuman II Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:185, fig. 37f.

Tel Mevorakh, Persian period: Stern 1978:33, fig. 6:2, pl. 24:2. Persian, Type A1: Bettles 2003b:104, 108, Type A 1, figs. 4.1, 4.3.

Pl. 152:5 (14/0010/015) Levantine, hard dense fabric, slightly layered, bipartite, grey in, dark pink-brown out, beige-grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0098: 1 rim; 16/0025: 1 rim.

Pl. 153:4 (03–04/0138/070) Le1, pale pink slip out; d. rim 7.3 cm.

Pl. 152:6 (13/0042/014) Levantine, dense pink, whitespeckled fabric, tiny grey grits, few air holes, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Pl. 153:5 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/019) Le1, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Tell Afis, Syria, Area G, Central Zone, Level 6: Cecchini 1998:288, fig. 28:21.

Pl. 152:7 (13/0063/011) Levantine, hard pink fabric, layered, dense, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 9.6 cm.

Pl. 153:6 (07/0039/002) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 10.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 7 rims (5 est. ind.).

Pl. 152:8 (14/0050/002) Levantine, dark pink dense fabric, grey and red small inclusions, uncoated; d.  rim 10.2 cm; perhaps same vessel as 14/0010/014+14/0021/007, pl. 152:1.

Col. pl. 51:1–2 (15/0094/001) Le1, uncoated; d. body 24.0 cm; h. max. pres. 48.0 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Thonis-Herakleion, Persian period: Fabre and Grataloup 2006:297, 302, no. 382.

Pl. 152:9 (16/0009/021) Le1 var., dense, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0009: 1 rim.

Pl. 153:7 (07/0014/015) Le1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.0 cm; d. shoulder 25.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0060: 1 shoulder.

Pl. 152:10 (15/0090/003) Le 1, bichrome surface: pinkish orange on top of shoulder, white-cream below shoulder (a result of differential firing), uncoated; d. max. pres. ca. 27.0 cm Internal parallels: 14/0032: 1 rim; 14/0036: 1 rim.

Pl. 153:8 (13/0063/009) Le1, pink fabric, uncoated; d. rim 10.2 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0065: 1 rim.

Pl. 152:11 (14/0010/028) Le1 var, dense; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0010: 1 shoulder.

Pl. 153:9 (07/0001/003) Le1, uncoated; d.  shoulder 21.8 cm.

Pl. 152:12 (13/0049/033) Levantine, pink-red whitespeckled fabric, angular white inclusions, wide grey core, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0059: 1 rim; 16/0015: 3 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:185, fig. 36a. Plinthine, eighth century BC: Baharona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:8–15, fig. 7:2056–01.

Pl. 153:10 (16/0038/006) Le4, uncoated; d. rim 10.3 cm. Parallel: Tell Afis, Syria, Area G, Central Zone, Level 3 (late or post-Assyrian): Cecchini 1998:288, fig. 34:1. Pl. 153:11 (15/0092/003) Le1 var., uncoated; d.  rim 11.2 cm. Pl. 154:1 (VII.F9/Pit 9/003) Le1, uncoated; d.  shoulder 28.2 cm. TP.1 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 153:1 (07/0087/039) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 9.8 cm. Pl. 153:2 (14/0001/106) Le1 var., porous, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 4 rims (4 est. ind.); 15/0073: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

46*

9

0

55

7

0

0

7

Total

62

Pl. 153:3 (03–04/0138/067) Le4, red slip out; d.  rim 10.3 cm.

*Of which two near complete profiles

Col. pl. 50:1–2 (15/0095/003) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm; d. shoulder 18.0 cm h. pres. 50.8 cm; clay lumps under shoulder. Parallel: ‘Atlit, Persian period (sixth to fourth centuries BC): Stern 1982:109–110, Type H6, fig 152.

At some stage, probably somewhere in the sixth century BC, what remains of the neck of the torpedo jars tends to disappear and a short rim is set directly onto the mouth opening of the vessel. This development was probably a very gradual process and seems to have occurred

TP.2 Torpedo jars with very short rims

156

Late Period Pl. 154:6 (14/0038/005) Levantine, dense, light beige, finely powdery fabric, no core, large ochre, very fine white grains, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0026: 1 rim.

independently from the shortening of the shoulder, mentioned above. In effect, just like a few short-necked jars do present a narrow shoulder width, a considerable proportion of jars with short rims at Kom Tuman still possess the distinct long shoulder, which is rather representative of the earlier types.

Pl. 154:7 (03–04/0138/068) Le4, uncoated, surface; d. rim 9.5 cm.

With a total of 154 estimated individuals, type TP.2 is the most common of the torpedo jars identified at Kom Tuman, and within it, the first variant is clearly more frequent than the second (132, against 20 estimated individuals).

Pl. 155:1 (15/0069/001–002) Le1, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm; d. shoulder 24.0 cm; h. pres. 36.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 5 rims, 2 shoulders (2 est. ind.); 13/0049: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0065: 1 rim; 14/0001: 6 rims, 1 shoulder (3 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 8 rims (4 est. ind.); 15/0001: 1 rim; 15/0008: 6 rims (4 est. ind.); 15/0016: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0018: 1 rim; 15/0020: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0039: 5 rims (4 est. ind.); 15/0043: 1 rim; 15/0045: 2 rims, 1 shoulder (3 est. ind.); 15/0049: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0054: 1 shoulder; 15/0067: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0069: 1 handle; 15/0078: 1 shoulder; 15/0079: 1 rim; 15/0090: 1 shoulder; 16/0007: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0011: 1 rim; 16/0014: 1 rim; 16/0038: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: ‘Atlit, Persian Period (sixth to early fourth centuries BC): Stern 1982:110, Type H7, fig. 153.

A first variant includes jars with a short rim, set directly on the neck, and wide shoulders, occasionally with an overhang. The bodies are either pinched at the waist or widening from the shoulder onwards and end in a pointed or rounded base. In the Syrian pottery series, those with pointed base and very short rim are dated to between ca. 700 and 580 BC (Lehmann 1998:17, fig. 6:34) and occur in contemporary contexts on Cyprus (Fourrier 2006:83, fig. 391–393). In Egypt they are, for example, evidenced at Mendes, in the “sarcophagus area”, and have been ascribed a seventh to sixth century BC date on the basis of the length of their shoulder (Hummel and Schubert 2004:144, 152, pl.  H:9). They appear in Phase VII at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:376, pl. LXXXI:235a-b). At Tanis, the overhang shoulder occurs on jars in association with a short neck, in contexts of the Saite to Persian period (Laemmel 2012:64–65, pl. 56:271).

Bamboula (Cyprus), Tomb 4, early Classical period: Benson 1956:45, nos 1, 4–5, 22–23, pls. 34, 37. Kition (Cyprus), Agios Georghios necropolis, Tomb 3, Cypro-Archaic II to Cypro-Calssical I: Hadjisavvas 2012:17, no. 8, fig. 7. Parallel in Egypt: Tell Maskhuta, ca. 450 BC: Paice 1986/1987:98, fig. 2:8. Pl. 155:2 (16/0029/010–011) Levantine, light yellowish pink fabric, no core, ochre rich, dense, few air holes, few limestone, smooth surface, uncoated; reconstructed from 2 non-joining fragments; d.  rim 9.6 cm; d.  max. pres. 19.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0024: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0015: 5 rims (3 est. ind.).

The second variant has an even shorter rim that is flattened on top, a wide body, and presumably a pointed base. It broadly corresponds to type G9 in Stern’s Persian period pottery corpus, which, the author says, is mostly know from inland Palestine, the Phoenician coast and Cyprus, as well as in Egypt and at Carthage (Stern 1982:110, Type G9, fig. 155). TP.2.a Variant 1: rounded rim Pl. 154:2 (13/0039/104) Levantine, beige-yellow laminated fabric, ochre, smooth yellowish surface, limestone, unmixed clay, uncoated; d. rim 11.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 5 rims (5 est. ind.).

Pl. 155:3 (15/0052/010) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallel: Gezer, Persian period: Gitin 1990:72, pl. 28:14. Pl. 156:1 (07/0092/002) Le1, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 21.2 cm; d. shoulder 16.8 cm.

Pl. 154:3 (15/0101/006) Levantine Grey, uncoated; d. rim 12.3 cm. Parallel: Gezer, Persian period: Gitin 1990:72, pl. 28:19.

Pl. 156:2 (07/0152/019a-b) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 12.6 cm. Parallels: Amathus (Cyprus) late Cypro-Archaic: Fourrier 2009:52, fig. 175. Kition (Cyprus) Cypro-Classical: Georgiou 2010:412, no. 9, pl. 16. Salamis, infant burial above Tomb 55A, Cypro-Classical I: Karageorghis 1970:88, T. 55A,1, pl. XLVIII. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, Gallery A, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:287, q1A.P31 (S.P.694), pl. T.

Pl. 154:4 (07/0032/003) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 9.4 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0052: 1 rim. Pl. 154:5 (07/0066/003) Le4, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Buto first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:118, no. 56, fig. 22:1.

157

Kom Tuman II Plinthine, sixth century BC: Baharona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:21, fig. 14:14. Tell Maskhuta, ca. 570 BC: Paice 1986/1987:98, fig. 1:2. Tell el-Herr, Phase VI: Defernez 2001:382, pl. LXXXIII:237c.

TP.2 Variant with convex shoulder This variant has a convex shoulder, a thick, nearly triangular rim, and a marked ridge at the height of the shoulder carination, followed by a sharp narrowing of the body just underneath. It relates to Sagona’s Type 7b (Sagona 1982:81, fig. 2:6) dated to the sixth and early fifth centuries BC. An approximate parallel for our fragment notably comes from a wreck off Giglio island (Tuscany), dated to ca. 600 BC, on the basis of associated Corinthian and Etruscan pottery (Bound and Vallintine 1983: 116–117, fig. 5–6).

Pl. 156:3 (14/0063/004) Le1, uncoated; pinched waist; d. shoulder 22.0 cm; d. max. ca. 28.7 cm. TP.2.a Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

105*

5

0

110

22

0

0

22

Total

Pl. 157:2 (VII.D10/0001/003) Le4, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:52, fig. 172. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:285, fig. 117:h.

132

*Of which one near complete profile

TP.2.b Variant 2: flattened rim

TP.2 Variants, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 156:4 (13/0041/058) Le4, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0041: 1 rim; 13/0049: 1 rim; 16/0025: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallel: Gezer, Persian period: Gitin 1990:74, pl. 28:23. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:105, pl. 35:309.

Pl. 156:5 (14/0013/004) Le4, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 156:6 (13/0063/013) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 14/0021: 1 rim; 15/0018: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim; 16/0009: 1 rim; 16/0015: 3 rims (1 est. ind.). Parallel: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:52, fig. 175. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:185, fig. 36c.

Area

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

13

1

0

14

X

7

0

0

7

Total

2003–2013 1

Surface 0

Total 1

X Total

0

0

0

0 1

Area VII

2013–2016 10

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 10

X Total

3

0

0

3 13

TP.3 Torpedo jars with short, internally thickened rim and wide shoulder These jars show a downwards thickening of the rim at the junction with the shoulder. They have parallels in the Late Period (see below) and in the Persian period at Gezer (Gitin 1990:73, pl. 28:21). However, the width of their shoulder and the internal detail of their rim profile hark back to finds from late Third Intermediate Period contexts in Egypt (Spencer 1993:46, type F1.7, pl. 67:7; Aston 1996c:33, no. 100, pl.  VI; Laemmel 2012:42, pl.  32:177).55 With only four identified specimens, they are extremely uncommon in our assemblage.

Pl. 157:1 (07/0092/004) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, Gallery A, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:287, q1A.P29 (S.P.773), pl. T, photos 525, 527. fabrics,

2013–2016 0

TP.1/TP.2 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 49:7–8 (15/0061/028) Le1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.0 cm.

TP.2.b Imported individuals

Area VII

Pl. 157:3 (14/0054/008) Le Grey, uncoated; d. rim 11.0– 13.0 cm. 10 non joining body sherds from probably the same vessel were identified in [14/0054]. Internal parallel: 15/0057: 1 rim.

of

55  The example from Ashmunein is of unsecure provenance and could be either an Egyptian marl vessel or an import from the Levant.

21

158

Late Period bearing Demotic inscriptions in black ink (Aston and Aston 2010:104–105, pls. 34:306–307, 35:308, 59). Although Aston and Aston have considered a date in the fourth century BC for these jars (notably with regards to considerations relating to the Demotic inscription), they still conclude in favour of a date in the fifth century BC, based on the accompanying material (Aston and Aston 2010:113–114).

Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty, Levantine import: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:285, fig. 117:d. Pl. 157:4 (14/0032/001) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 11.2 cm. Pl. 157:5 (15/0090/002) Le4, uncoated; d. rim 11.3 cm.

Likewise, considering the assemblages they are associated with, most of the jars of this variant at Kom Tuman should be dated to the fifth and early fourth centuries BC. However, some also come from mixed contexts, which include later fourth century BC material and, thus, could actually be situated as late as the early Ptolemaic period.

TP.3 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

4

0

0

4

X

0

0

0

0

Total

4

Pl. 157:6 (07/0079/001+011) Le1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 5 rims (3 est. ind.).

TP.4 Torpedo jars with short rims and short shoulders Compared with the previous types, the jars grouped here have narrower shoulders, thicker walls above the shoulder carination, and chunkier rims. They may have a pronounced overhang shoulder and the body has no ‘waist’ but gradually widens before bending toward the rounded or pointed base.

Pl. 157:7 (07/0137/007) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 9.8 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0008: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0020: 1 rim. Pl. 157:8 (07/0087/037) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallel: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:52, fig. 170.

The combination of short rim and narrow, horizontal or near-horizontal shoulder does not appear before the end of the sixth century BC and continues down to the end of the fourth century BC at least (Lehmann 1998:25, fig. 12:2). Jars with such features are found in the Persian levels of Tell el-Hesi in Palestine, in the same strata as the Bes jars (Bennett, Blakely, and Toombs 1980:152, fig. 142:19), at Tyre (Bikai 1978b:48–49, fig. 1:1–3), and at Gezer at the same period (Gitin 1990:73, pl.  28:15). At Tell Keisan, they are evidenced in precisely the same levels as the jars with pinched waist and short rims (Lehmann 1998:25, fig. 12:3–4). On Cyprus, Levantine torpedo jars with short rims and short, horizontal shoulders are already known in reliable contexts of the early fifth century BC (Fourrier 2009:51–52, figs. 169–171, 173–174, and below). However, they are still found in the third and second centuries BC, for example at Beirut in the same contexts as stamped Rhodian amphorae (Aubert 2004:37–38, fig. 6).56

Pl. 157:9 (07/0087/040) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm. Parallel: Sarepta, Persian period, local production: Beettles 2003a:67–72, fig 3:SR:13. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:104–105, pl. 34:306, 308. Tell Maskhuta, pottery deposit ca. 486 BC: Paice 1986/1987:98, fig. 2:7. Pl. 157:10 (13/0040/061) Le1 var., porous, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 9 rims (5 est. ind.); 14/0045: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 1 rim; 15/0061: 6 rims, 1 shoulder (5 est. ind.); 16/0015: 4 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:185, fig. 36d.

In Egypt the type is documented at Mendes in the Late Period (Allen 1982:20, pl.  XIX:1–2), in association with Chian amphorae of the sixth century BC. It also occurs at Tell Maskhuta in layers dated to the sixth and fifth centuries BC (Holladay 1982:54–57, pls.  14:5–6, 27:1–4) and at Tell el-Herr, principally in Phases VI and V (Defernez 2001:380–385, pls. LXXXII:235c-237a, LXXXIII:237b-c, LXXXIV:240–241, 243, LXXXV:244a-c), but also as late as the early Ptolemaic levels (Dixneuf 2007a:49, fig. 31:1–3). At Saqqara, comparable jars were found in the Late Period shafts of the tombs of Ramose (Shaft iii) and Maya (Shaft ix),

Pl. 158:1 (15/0093/006) Le Grey, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Pl. 158:2 (VII.B12/0007/007) Le White, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:186, fig. 37g. Pl. 158:3 (16/0011/015) Levantine, pale, beige-yellow fabric, large white limestone, no core, ochre, small air holes, yellowish pink surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 6 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0022: 2 rims.

In these later phases, at Beirut, it is interesting to note that a large proportion of torpedo jars bore stamps on their handles, like their Aegean counterparts, in both Greek and Semitic characters. However, no stamped Levantine handle was recovered so far from Kom Tuman, supporting an earlier date for them. 56 

159

Kom Tuman II Parallels: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:52, fig. 173. Bamboula (Cyprus), Tomb 4, Classical period: Benson 1956:44–45, no. 14, pls. 34, 37.

TP.5 Torpedo jars with flat (or nearly flat) shoulders The jars illustrated below have a strongly marked shoulder that is either horizonal or even sinks below the base of the rim. These shapes, with depressed shoulders and a short, rounded rim, correspond to a type dated to between 540 and 360 BC in the Syrian pottery sequence (Lehmann 1998:23, fig. 10:1; also Lehmann 1996:437–438, Forms 394/3, 395/1, pl. 74). Another parallel comes from Tomb 130/85 at Amathus dated to the late Iron Age (Bikai 1987:45, no. 585, pl. XXIII).

Pl. 158:4 (14b/0001/047) Le White, uncoated; d.  rim 11.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0063: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 158:5 (VII.B12/0007/008) Levantine, bipartite, beigegrey in, cream white out, uncoated; d. shoulder 15.5 cm; d. max. pres. 21.7 cm.

In Egypt, they occur at Tell Maskhuta in the first half of the fifth century BC (Paice 1986/1987:98, fig. 2:6) and later until the early Ptolemaic period, perhaps residual from earlier layers (see parallels below).

Pl. 158:6 (16/0007/017) Le Grey, uncoated; d. rim 9.5 cm. Pl. 158:7 (15/0041/014) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 9.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0063: 1 rim. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:16, F7.P22 (S.P.625), pl. B.

Interestingly, two of these jars bear signs or letters traced in black or red ink on the shoulder. It is known that Phoenician torpedo jars were sometimes inscribed after firing both on Cyprus and in the Levant (Puech 1980:303–304). The inscriptions on our jars have not been deciphered but they could relate to characters of an Aramaic or Phoenician script (Alef(?) for the first, Shi(?) for the second). We will never know with any certainty whether the jars were inscribed at their place of manufacture or once they arrived at Memphis, but the presence of post-firing inscriptions in Aramaic(?) script on locally-made storage jars (see above LP.SJ.5) leaves open the possibility that Aramaic was used at Memphis, possibly by foreign residents, whether Jews or Persians.

Pl. 158:8 (15/0022/001) Levantine, fine, smooth, hard, dense, homogeneous light beige fabric, no core, uncoated, d. rim 11.4 cm. Parallel: Tell Sukas, Periods B-A (fourth century to Ptolemaic): Buhl 1983:13, no. 43, fig. IV, pl. III. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:266, q1.P73 (S.P.879), pl. O. Pl. 159:1 (13/0055/023) Le4, uncoated; d. shoulder 18.0 cm; d. max. pres. 27.0 cm. Parallels: Tell Keisan, early Persian period: Nodet 1980:121 pl. 18:2; Tell Keisan, Stratum 2b (late fourth century BC): Briend 1980:105, pl. 7:1. Tell Sukas, Periods G, fifth to fourth century BC: Buhl 1983:13–15, no. 44, fig. IV, pl. III. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:104–105, pls. 34:306–307, 35:308. Tebtynis, third century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:157, pl. 75:681.

Pl. 159:3 (13/0039/101) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 6 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallel in Egypt: Tell el-Herr, Ptolemaic context (end of the fourth century BC): Dixneuf 2007a:49, fig. 31:3. Pl. 159:4 (13/0040/058) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 10.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 14 rims (9 est. ind.). Pl. 159:5 (13/0049/034) Le4, uncoated; d. rim 11.5 cm. Pl. 159:6 (13/0040/060) Le1 var., porous, uncoated; d. rim 11.8 cm.

Pl. 159:2 (07/0014/018) Levantine import, pink-brown fabric, light grey core, grey grits, limestone, light creampink slip out; d. shoulder d. 24.5 cm; d. max. 28.8 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Elephantine House H, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasties: von Pilgrim 2005:62, fig. 13:e.

Pl. 160:1 (13/0041/059) Le1, uncoated; d. rim 11.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 5 rims (3 est. ind.). Parallel: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:52, fig. 174. Parallel in Egypt: Tell el-Herr Ptolemaic context (end fourth century BC): Dixneuf 2007a:49, fig. 31:2.

TP.4 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

24

7

0

31

X

14

0

0

14

Total

Pl. 160:2 (13/0040/059) Le1 var., porous, uncoated; d. rim 10.2 cm. Pl. 160:3 (15/0026/009) Le1, uncoated; d.  rim 11.5 cm; d. shoulder 16.0 cm.

45

160

Late Period Pl. 160:4 (15/0093/007) Le1 var., porous, uncoated; d. rim 11.8 cm.

153, pls. H:21–22, 25–27, 31, 36, J:21). Those from Kom Tuman are made from a range of different fabrics, one of which is a sandy green fabric that is very similar to that used for mortaria and may be Cypriot in origin (e.g. 16/0003/027, pl. 160:10). Whatever their provenance, it is worth noting that these jars, with such thick, overhang shoulders and very coarse handles, were the Levantine model that stands the closest to the torpedo jars made of local Egyptian clays, not only at Kom Tuman but probably elsewhere in the country, too (see below).

Pl. 160:5 (16/0003/026) Levantine, yellow-beige fabric, small air holes, large ochre, fine sand, very wide dark grey core, hard fired, buff surface, uncoated; d.  rim 9.7 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:185, fig. 36f. Col. pl. 52:1 (15/0054/007) Le1, uncoated, post-firing red ink sign/inscription on shoulder; d rim 10.4 cm.

Col. pl. 52:4–6 (16/0011/013) Levantine, beige, dense fabric, grey core, small grey pebbles, flat (sheet) grey, angular, hard white inclusions, tiny white inclusions, smooth beige surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm; d. max. pres. 21.2 cm.

Pl. 160:6 (07/0082/017) Le1, uncoated, post-firing black ink inscription on shoulder; d. rim 9.1 cm. Pl. 160:7 (16/0023/013) Levantine, finely porous, light pink-salmon fabric, no core, ochre, (few) decomposed limestone (irregular shape), yellowish pink, coarsely finished surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.8 cm. Parallel: Gezer, Persian period: Gitin 1990:73, pl. 28:13. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Twenty-Sixth to Thirtieth Dynasty: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:285, fig. 117:j.

Pl. 160:9 (13/0039/103) Levantine, dense pink fabric, no or faint beige core, limestone, rounded quartz, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0073: 3 rims (2 est. ind.). Pl. 160:10 (16/0003/027) Le5, green-cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm. Parallel: Khirbet Kinniyeh (Tell Keisan), fourth century BC: Briend 1980:113, pl. 17:23.

Pl. 160:8 (VI.O11/0008/020) Le1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.3 cm.

Pl. 161:1 (07/0036/006) Le1, uncoated, cream surface, light pink core; d. rim 10.2 cm.

TP.5 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

23

2

0

25

X

6

0

0

6

Total

Pl. 161:2 (13/0040/064) Le4(?), brown fabric, dark grey core, many white and grey angular inclusions, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

31

TP.6 Torpedo jars with overhang shoulders and short rims

Pl. 161:3 (14/0001/105) Levantine, brown fabric, grey core, uncoated; d. rim 9.7 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 6 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Kition (Cyprus), Agios Georgios necropolis, Tomb 51, Cypro-Archaic to Cypro-Classical period: Hadjisavvas 2012:163, no. 14, fig. 95.

These jars have a marked overhang on the shoulder with a thickening of the walls above the carination, a very short rim, and a gradually expanding body, sometimes without a marked waist. Without the missing lower part of the body, they can be equated to either types found from the fifth to the end of the fourth century BC in Palestine (Tsuf 2018:210–211, fig. 9.31:545–547) or a later one, evidenced between ca. 360 and 300 BC in the Syrian pottery sequence (Lehmann 1998:25, fig. 12:2).

TP.6 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

In Egypt, these jars are evidenced throughout the country primarily in the Late and, to a lesser extent, in the early Ptolemaic period (e.g. Jacquet-Gordon 2012:285, fig. 117:e; Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:157, pl. 75:681– 683), but they are particularly frequent in the Delta in the Persian period, for example at Tell el Herr (Defernez 2001:375–376). Neutron activation analyses carried out on two examples from Mendes dated to the fifth and fourth centuries BC point to clay sources along the Philistine coast, and to inland northern Israel for their manufacture (Hummel and Schubert 2004:139, 141,

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

13

1

0

14

X

7

0

0

7

Total

21

TP.7 Torpedo jars with rounded shoulders A number of examples of jars with very short, rounded shoulders and short rims are illustrated here. In SyriaPalestine, they are much rarer than the types with carinated shoulders, with which they are mostly contemporary, but they may be more frequent on Cyprus. They are found, 161

Kom Tuman II for example, in Tomb 53 at Kition/Agios Georgios, dated to the transitional phase from the Cypro-Archaic to the Cypro-Classical period (Hadjisavvas 2012:178, no. 31, fig. 102).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

4

3

0

7

X

0

0

0

0

Total

In Syria/Lebanon, comparable models belong to Lehmann’s typological phases 7 and 8, i.e. from ca. 480 to 300 BC (Lehmann 1996:442, Form 414/4, pl. 77), but a variant with a shorter shoulder and wider body, closer to the examples illustrated here, is situated between 360 and 300 BC (Lehmann 1998:25, fig. 12:4). Bettles considers them as typical of the Persian period (Bettles 2003b:110, Type A 3, fig. 4.5) and they are notably found at that time at Jaffa (Tsuf 2018:210, fig 9.31:542).

7

TP.8 Torpedo jars with narrow shoulders and long neck The jars illustrated here belong to a group of one-handled jars with very narrow body, carinated shoulder, and a long, tapering neck. They had either a narrow, empty, rounded base or a solid pointed toe. The shape may be considered as a product of the CyproPhoenician cultural sphere. On Cyprus, they can be dated to the later part of the Cypro-Classical period and probably came to an end around the beginning of the Hellenistic period. With regards to the area of Syria-Palestine, Lehmann enters them in his Phase 6 (540–360 BC) of the local Levantine production (Lehmann 1998:23, fig. 10:2–3).

In Egypt, these jars are far less numerous than the carinated shoulder types. Nonetheless, they are attested at Tell el-Herr in Phases VI and V (Defernez 2001:387–391, pls. LXXXVII:247a), at Elephantine in the late Saite and Persian levels (Aston 1999:236–238, pl.  75:2066–2067), at Thebes (Petrie 1909a:15, pl. L:794), and at Tebtynis in the third century BC (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:158, pl. 75:691–692).57

Some scholars have argued in favour of a Cypriote origin for these jars, as they do seem more common on Cyprus than in the Levant (Sagona 1982:86, Type 12; Gjerstad 1948:89–90, figs. LXII:4a-4b, LXVII:26–27; Gubel 1990:41) and many were found in the Cypro-Classical tombs of Marion (Gjerstad et  al. 1935:219–224, 234– 236, 299–303, pl.  XLI, upper row, second from the left, pl. XLIII:1, upper row first from left, pl. LIV, upper row, second but last from right, pl. CXXXV:2). Those from the cemetery of Kition, on the other hand, were considered as Levantine (Phoenician) imports (Fourrier 2014:135, fig. 1 and parallels below).

One single rim amongst our assemblage may represent a variant of this type with rounded shoulder, short neck, and thickened rim. These jars are known at Tell Mevorakh in the Persian period (Stern 1978:34–35, fig. 7:5, pl. 25:4). Pl. 161:4 (13/0063/012) Levantine, light cream-green fabric, small multi-coloured inclusions, uncoated; d. rim 10.0–11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0063: 1 rim. Parallel: Samaria, fifth to fourth centuries BC: Stern 1982:105, fig. 143. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:186, fig. 37e.

Although widely distributed in the East Mediterranean sphere, these jars are virtually unknown in Egypt, with the notable exception of the Sinai site of Tell el-Herr, where as many as nine examples were inventoried, one of which was preserved as a complete vessel (Defernez 2001:214–217, nos 122a-122e, pl.  XLII-XLIII). Defernez underlines the absence of this form at Egyptian sites – with the exception of the border fortress of Tell el-Herr – by recalling Stern’s statement, that the type’s distribution was mostly confined to the coastal areas of the Persian satrapies (Stern 1982:106). Nonetheless, at least two such vessels seem to have made their way across the Delta and all the way to Memphis. The first of these is made of a fabric that is attested for other Levantine jars (“Levantine Grey”). It may also correspond to the fabric identified by Defernez as IP.3 that was used for all of the jars of this shape from Tell el-Herr. Nevertheless, at Tell el-Herr, like at Kom Tuman, it was also used for other models of Levantine jars. The second fragment is made of a very different fabric, suggesting, unsurprisingly, more than one location for these jars’ manufacture.

Pl. 161:5 (07/0025/002) Le4, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Kition-Bamboula, sewer 168, Cypro-Classical: Salles 1983:87, no. 314, fig. 34. Tel Michal, Persian period cemetery: Singer-Avitz 1989:137–138, fig. 9.14:10. Pl. 161:6 (15/0036/013) Le White, uncoated; d.  rim 11.6 cm. Variant Pl. 161:7 (14/0001/107) imported, bright orange fabric, faint pink core, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. TP.7 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant)

Pl. 161:8 (14/0010/029) Levantine, hard-fired whitespeckled fabric, grey matrix, red-pink core, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm.

At Tebtynis, these amphorae are linked to the later bag-shaped type, in accordance with the Ptolemaic date of the site.

57 

162

Late Period Parallel in Egypt: Tebtynis, early third century BC, Levantine jar: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:159, pl. 75:688.

Parallels: Kition (Cyprus), Agios Georgios necropolis, Tomb 41, Cypro-Classical period: Hadjisavvas 2012:128, no. 1, fig. 73. Atlit, Persian period necropolis: Johns 1932:50, fig. 3e. Kelenderis (Cilicia), Persian period: Zoroglu 2005: 398–399, fig. 6.

Pl. 161:11 (14/0054/010) Levantine, pink-red fabric, ochre-rich, limestone, smooth soapy surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 7.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 bases; 13/0041: 1 base; 13/0046: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 base; 15/0009: 1 base; 15/0016: 1 base; 15/0026: 1 base; 15/0047: 1 base; 15/0057: 1 base; 15/0061: 1 base; 16/0025: 1 base.

Pl. 161:9 (15/0036/012) Le Grey, uncoated; d.  max. 15.8 cm. Parallel: Nayrab, Tomb 49 (Lehmann’s Phase 6–7, 540–360 BC): Lehmann 1998:23, fig. 10:2 (after Abel and Barrois 1928: pl. 54:T49). Parallel: Kition (Cyprus), Agios Georgios necropolis, Tomb 14, Cypro-Classical period: Hadjisavvas 2012:45, no. 2, fig. 22.

Pl. 162:1 (13/0039/102) Le1, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 3.3 cm. Pl. 162:2 (07/0056/004) Le1, uncoated; d.  toe 2.2 cm; d. max. pres. 5.2 cm. Parallels: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:52, fig. 178. Beyrouth, Site Bey 010, Persian period: Jabak-Hteit 2003:89, Category B3:130/5.

TP.8 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Pl. 162:3 (16/0003/004) Le1, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 18.0 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0015: 1 base; 16/0038: 1 base. Parallels: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:52, fig. 176. Beyrouth, Site 010, seventh to fourth century BC: JabakHteit 2003:89, Category B1, 130/3–130/2. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:104, pl. 34:307.

2

TP.9 Torpedo jar bases Torpedo jar bases are not found with the same frequency as rims and shoulders. In effect, contrasting with the vessels’ upper part, they are often thin-walled and thus more subject to breakage. A majority of them are more or less pointed and belong to jars with a biconical body shape, which can be dated to between 540 and 300 BC (Lehmann 1996:438, Form 395/1, pl. 74).

Pl. 162:4 (14/0055/008) Le4, uncoated; d.  max. 7.6 cm; blackened inside. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 base; 14/0001: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 base.

Only one example has a very slight carination near the tip of the base. It bears clear wheel-marks on its internal surface suggesting that it was turned on the wheel separately from the rest of the body and attached to it when leather dry. Such bases occur on wide-bodied jars such as those found in the late Cypro-Archaic I period at Salamis (Karageorghis 1970:9–11, no. 2, pls. LVI, CCIV), and in the Syrian sequence between ca. 700 and 440 BC (Lehmann 1996:436–438, Forms 392/1, 394/2, pl. 74).

Pl. 162:5 (14/0007/010) Levantine, grey surface (original colour uncertain), black throughout, dense, fine, wellsorted inclusions, white and grey grits, uncoated; d. max. pres. 8.0 cm. Pl. 162:6 (13/0063/014) Levantine, brown-beige medium fine fabric, small air voids, small rocks, few mineral inclusions, uncoated; d. max. pres. 11.0 cm. TP.9 Pointed bases, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

One of the bases illustrated here is blackened by soot on the inside and may have been re-used as a lamp. Pointed bases

Area

Pl. 161:10 (13/0004/013) Levantine, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 13.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0041: 1 base; 14/0001: 4 bases (4 est. ind.); 14/0050: 1 base; 15/0003: 1 base. Parallel: Kition, Aghios Georgios necropolis, Tomb 11, Cypro-Classical: Hadjisavvas 2012:35–36, no. 27, fig. 16.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

30

2

0

32

X

9

0

0

Total

9 41

Carinated bases Pl. 162:7 (13/0045/004) Le4, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 7.6 cm. 163

Kom Tuman II Pl. 162:8 (07/0106/002) Le4 var., uncoated; d.  base 4.3 cm; d. max. pres. 10.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 base. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:105, pl. 35:310.

1948:88–90) and soon after on the Levantine coast. Their capacity was impressive and the largest examples could hold up to 80 litres of liquid (Salles 1991:226). Their production did not carry on beyond the fourth century BC on Cyprus, although it may have lasted somewhat longer in the Levant (Jacobsen 2002:177; Zoroglu 2013:41– 42). They were traded by sea as early as the seventh century BC and, together with mortaria, they formed the major part of the cargo of the Archaic shipwrecks of Kekova Adasi, Kepse Burnu, and Caycagiz Koyu, off the Lydian coast (Greene et al. 2011:62–63; Greene et al. 2013:22). Besides Cyprus, the Levant, and Egypt, they are also found in Ionia (for example on Miletus) in the late Archaic period (Niemeier 1999:389–392). They do not seem to have travelled much west of Naukratis although two examples were recovered from the site of Euesperides, in Cyrenaica, in contexts dated to the first half of the third century BC (Göransson 2007:170–174; Göransson 2012:219–220; Göransson 2013). As a rule, they do not have pitched internal surfaces, suggesting that they were carrying oil rather than wine. This is corroborated by inscriptions on a vessel from Salamis that name oil as the contents (Karageorghis 1967:38, no. 101, pls. XLI, CXXVI; Masson 1967:132–133), while another from Tell Keisan preserved traces of an oily/fatty matter (Puech 1980:301–303).58

Pl. 162:9 (13/0049/025) Imported, sandy, bipartite fabric, pink out, green in, small, rounded air holes, small black rocks, cream surface, uncoated; d. base 2.5 cm. Parallel: Susa, Level 5, Achaemenid: De Miroschedji 1987:28, fig. 17:11. TP.9 Carinated to flattened bases, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

1

0

3

X

1

0

0

1

Total

4

Rounded bases Pl. 162:10 (13/0048/012) Levantine, uncoated; d.  max. 10.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 base; 13/0047: 1 base. Parallels: Kition, Aghios Georgios necropolis, Tomb 16, Cypro-Archaic/Cypro-Classical: Hadjisavvas 2012:51, no. 2, fig. 26. Porticello shipwreck, Punic amphora, late fifth to early fourth century BC: Eiseman and Ridgeway 1987:44, C23, fig. 4–9. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara shafts (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:104–105, pls. 34:306, 35:308. Tell el Ghaba, Phase II (late Third Intermediate Periodearly Saite): Lupo and Kohen 2015:218–219, fig. 5b. TP.9 Rounded bases, Levantine imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

3

0

0

3

X

0

0

0

0

Total

The rims of the jars illustrated below may be high and flaring or flattened, but they often show a characteristic depression at the juncture between neck and body. Shoulders are smoothly curved and fitted with a pair of horizontal handles of thick, rounded, or oval section. Like for the torpedo jars, bodies may be biconical but are of greater dimensions, thus considerably increasing capacity. Bases are either pointed, whether empty or solid (as is most typical for those jars dating to the Persian period), or flattened (like those of the jars from the seventh century shipwrecks mentioned above). In nearly all cases, they were finished by scraping off clay surplus. In Egypt, they are mainly found in Late Period contexts, although examples occasionally also occur in fourth century BC levels (Masson 2011:285). Several nearcomplete examples were found in the Late Period levels of the Priests’ Quarter at Karnak (Masson 2011:285; Masson 2007:361–367; Anus and Sa’ad 1971:222, fig. 10).

3

Rims

TP Uncertain types (shoulders and handles), imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

148

0

0

148

X

76

0

0

Total

Pl. 162:11 (13/0025/043) Levantine imported fabric, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Parallel: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:36, fig. 142.

76

Pl. 162:12 (13/0045/003) Levantine, fine, dense, beigepink powdery fabric, ochre, uncoated; d. rim 12.6 cm.

224

Basket handle jars 58  On the jars’ possible contents, see also Salles 1991:226. For another torpedo jar from Cyprus with an (undeciphered) Phoenician inscription, see Hadjisavvas 2012:38, no. 1, fig. 18.

Basket handle jars are massive transport vessels probably first produced before 600 BC on Cyprus (Gjerstad 164

Late Period Pl. 162:13 (16/0007/019) Levantine, sandy, grey-green fabric, small black inclusions, no core, greenish cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 16.5 cm. Parallel: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:36, fig. 143.

Jaffa, fifth to fourth century BC: Tsuf 2018:215, fig. 9.32:570. Col. pl. 52:2–3 (13/0040/067) gritty, bright pink fabric, abundant sand quartz, few limestone, rounded particles, angular sand quartz, very dense no core, packed with inclusions, uncoated; d. base 7.5 cm. Parallels: Tell Sukas, Period F, fifth to early fourth century BC: Buhl 1983:21, no. 64, fig. VI, pl. IV.

Pl. 162:14 (14/0001/108) Levantine, sandy, beige fabric, grey grits (pebbles and flat stones), uncoated; d.  rim 14.0 cm. Parallel: Tell Sukas, Period F, fifth or early fourth century BC: Buhl 1983:19–21, no. 57, fig. V, pl. IV. Parallel in Egypt: at Tell el-Herr in Ptolemaic levels (late fourth to third century BC), presumed of Cypriote origin: Dixneuf 2007a:50, fig. 31:10.

Handles Pl. 163:7 (13/0004/011) Levantine import, uncoated; max. pres. ca. 36.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 2 handles (1 est. ind.); 15/0001: 1 handle; 15/0030: 1 handle; 15/0039: 1 handle; 15/0061: 1 handle; 15/0065: 1 handle

Pl. 163:1 (13/0039/002) imported, fine mixed fabric, micaceous, unmixed marl; uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 rim.

Pl. 164:1 (13/0025/044) Levantine import, uncoated; max. pres. ca. 38.5 cm. Body

Pl. 163:2 (14b/0010/012) Levantine, cream-greenish homogeneous fabric, no core, finely porous, some elongated voids, small, rounded ochre, cream-greenish smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.1 cm; probably same vessel as 14b/0010/013, pl. 163:3. Bases

Col. pl. 53:1–2 (13/0072/001) Levantine or Cypriote, beige-pink fabric, faint beige core, many small well-sorted inclusions, rounded/oval smooth grey pebbles, dark rocks, ochre, white grits, dark red-pink surface in, uncoated; d. max. 41.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0064: 1 BS; 14/0018: 1 BS. Parallel: Marion, Tomb 19, Cypro-Classical: Gjerstad et al. 1935:234, pl. XLII:5. Salamis, infant burial, Cypro-Classical: Karageorghis 1970:216, pl. XLVIII:135. Tell Sukas, Period F, fifth to early fourth century BC: Buhl 1983:19–21, no. 61, fig. V.

Pl. 163:3 (14b/0010/013) Levantine, cream-greenish homogeneous fabric, no core, finely porous, some elongated voids, small, rounded ochre, cream-greenish smooth surface, uncoated; d. base 5.8 cm; probably same vessel as 14b/0010/012, pl. 163:2. Parallel: Amathus, north rampart deposit, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:36, fig. 146.

BHJ Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 163:4 (14/0001/190) Le/Cyp, pink-beige fabric, smooth surface, uncoated; scraped exterior; d.  base 2.4 cm; d. max. pres. 18.5 cm.

Area

Pl. 163:5 (14/0001/189) Le/Cyp, beige fabric, cream surface, uncoated; scraped exterior; d. base 6.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 base. Parallel: Salamis, infant burial in fill of the dromos of Tomb 72, Cypro-Classical I or II: Karageorghis 1970:112, 231–232, T.72,1, pl. XLIX. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period, resin coating inside: Dunsmore 2014:287, no. 124.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

42

1

0

43

X

16

0

0

16

Total

59

III.2.1.2 Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars Many Egyptian sites have yielded examples of local imitations of imported jars and amphorae, from the Levant (including Cyprus) between the late Persian occupation and the early Ptolemaic period.59 Very likely, the process was started by local manufacturers (either Egyptians or foreigners) who were able to compete advantageously

Karnak, Priests’ Quarter, end of seventh to mid fifth century BC: Masson 2011:284, fig. 96.

59  These occur notably at Tell el-Herr, in the Ptolemaic period, in marl, mixed clay and Nile silt fabrics (Defernez and Marchand 2006:60–70, figs. 3:4–5, , 8–10; Dixneuf 2007a:58–59, nos 48–54, fig. 35) and Saqqara in marl fabrics, in the Late Period (French and Ghaly 1991:105–105, fig. 19; French and Bourriau 2018:169–171, figs. 32a-g, 33a-f), and also as far south as Elephantine from the Persian period to the third century BC (Aston 1999:232, 326, pls. 73:2046, 109:2891). For a detailed study on copies of Levantine and Aegean ceramics in Egypt, see Defernez and Marchand 2006.

Pl. 163:6 (14/0010/030) Levantine, grey-beige, sandy fabric, rich in mineral inclusions, many grey smooth rocks, no core, uncoated; d. max. pres. 6.5 cm. Parallel: Tell Sukas, Period F, fifth to early fourth century BC: Buhl 1983:21, no. 67, fig. VI, pl. V. 165

Kom Tuman II against foreign tradesmen by offering (presumably) cheaper prices for similar-looking products. In this case, it seems logical that the imitation of containers prized for the goods they held, and not for their own sake, was accompanied by another local substitute for their contents. This phenomenon is relatively well-known from ancient written sources with regard to the Egyptian production of Aegean-style wine amphorae (see below, pp. 202–206, 264–263), but remains undocumented with regards to Levantine jar imitations, which are nonetheless rather abundant in Egypt.

Late Period (even if a few individual examples could theoretically extend into the late fourth to early third centuries BC). As the accepted view is that this production does not start before the mid-fourth century (Defernez and Marchand 2006:68–69), this suggests that our jars represent its very beginnings, or even, as also insinuated by the finds from Saqqara, that copies of Levantine jars might have appeared slightly earlier in the Memphite area than at other places in Egypt.

The near totality of the Egyptian-made torpedo jars at Kom Tuman make use of the straw-rich marl fabric that was also employed indiscriminately for locally-made basket handle jars, mortaria, and amphorae of Aegean inspiration. In terms of shape, the majority of them relate to a Syro-Palestinian prototype that was predominantly dated to the fourth century BC (TP.6). It has a short rim, an overhang shoulder, and a thickening of the walls above the carination (see above p. 161). Only a few marl examples belong to other types, as well as the rarer mixed clay fabric jars and all but one of the alluvial silt jars.

Pl. 164:2 (13/0004/005) J1, uncoated; d.  max. pres. 21.8 cm.

TP/EG/S Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 164:3 (13/0035/007) J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim. Pl. 164:4 (13/0048/011) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.7 cm. Col. pl. 52:7–8 (14/0001/104) J1, uncoated; d.  rim 12.1 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0024: 1 rim. Parallels: Tell Timai, late fourth to early third century BC: Hudson 2016:94, fig. 14:69. Abu Rawash, second half of the fourth century BC: Pichot and Marchand 2016:253–254, fig. 8a.

Apart from the presence of abundant chaff tempering, their fabric seems unlike the marl and mixed clay fabrics used for the Ptolemaic locally-made Levantine jars from Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007a: 58–59, nos 48–54, fig. 35). They also differ morphologically from the later examples from Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:174, pl.  82:741–742). In fact, both in term of shapes and fabrics, they stand closest to the jars from Tell Farama, which are dated to the fourth century BC (El-Taba’i and Carrez-Maratray 1993:117, fig. 3:3; Carrez-Maratray and Defernez 1996:42, fig. 3:3–6; Defernez and Marchand 2006:68–70, fig. 3:6–7), and to the above-mentioned Late Dynastic jars from Saqqara.

Pl. 164:5 (VI.O11/0008/023) J1/J1 Red, white slip out, homogeneous red fabric, no core; d. rim 9.4 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:99, fig. 15d. TP/EG/S Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Mixed clay fabric torpedo jars are much less common than the marl fabric ones. They all belong to the same type with narrow shoulder and a wide body tapering towards the shoulders. Nile silt torpedo shapes are equally uncommon. Their proportional representation versus marl and mixed clay examples is much smaller here than at Tell el-Herr, at least judging from the publication of the Ptolemaic “cellar” material. In this case, out of nine examples, at least four were made of Nile silt, and three of mixed clay fabrics (Dixneuf 2007a supra). In terms of comparison, at Kom Tuman, only nine Nile silt fabric jars were recorded out of a total of fifty-seven, the remaining forty-eight being made of marl and mixed clay fabrics (see tables below). Their shapes are less standardised than those of the marl and mixed clay fabric jars and they seem mostly to refer to older jar types with much wider shoulders (see above, TP.1, TP.3).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

7

1

0

8

X

1

0

0

1

Total

9

TP/EG/M Marl clay fabrics Pl. 164:6 (13/0039/097) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 6 rims (4 est. ind.). Pl. 164:7 (13/0040/062) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 11.8 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0014: 1 rim. Pl. 165:1 (16/0003/057) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0061: 1 rim; 16/0023: 2 shoulders (2 est. ind.)

In light of these considerations, and also because of their contexts that are predominantly late fifth and earlier fourth centuries BC, the bulk of the Egyptian-made “torpedos” from Kom Tuman are still considered to belong to the

Pl. 165:2 (13/0039/098) marl pink fabric, no core, many rounded sand quartz, straw, mica, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm. 166

Late Period Mixed clay fabrics

Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 15/0024: 1 shoulder; 15/0039: 1 rim; 15/0043: 2 shoulders (2 est. ind.); 16/0015: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 166:7 (13/0039/001) mixed clay fabric, fine, ribbed body, uncoated; d. rim 10.5 cm.

Pl. 165:3 (15/0065/011) pink-beige marl, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 shoulder; 15/0065: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 54:1–2 (16/0003/101) mixed clay, reddish, whitespeckled fabric, limestone-rich, no core, red-pink out, progressively turning to reddish brown in, straw, fine sand, air holes, brushed cream slip; d. rim 10.5 cm; d. body max. ca. 25.0 cm. Parallel: Tell el-Herr, early Ptolemaic: Dixneuf 2007a:58– 59, fig. 34:52. TP/EG/M Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 165:4 (13/0040/063) marl, sandy, pink-beige fabric, porous, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Pl. 165:5 (16/0003/038) K5, porous fabric, small, decomposed limestone inclusions, rounded ochre, uncoated; d. rim 10.9 cm. Parallels: Abu Rawash, second half of the fourth century BC: Pichot and Marchand 2016:253–254, fig. 8b-c.

Area

Pl. 165:6 (13/0073/001) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Parallel: Naucratis/Kom el-Ge’if, no field description, early Ptolemaic: Berlin 1997b:262, fig. 6.57:27.60

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

24

4

0

28

X

20

0

0

20

Total

48

BHJ/EG Egyptian imitations of basket handle jars

Pl. 165:7 (14b/0010/011) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm.

As with the locally-made torpedo jars, the Egyptian versions of basket handle jars are believed to appear in the mid-fourth century BC in Egypt (Dixneuf 2007a:59; Defernez and Marchand 2006:67) and continue into the Ptolemaic period, in the late fourth century BC and beyond (e.g. Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:174–175, pl.  82:743–744). However, clay (petrographic) analyses from fifth century BC basket handle jars from Mendes have suggested that a local production of the type had already started by then (De Rodrigo 2004:214–215). This claim was dismissed by Defernez and Marchand (op. cit. supra), but the possibility that these amphorae started being produced locally before the very end of the first Persian period has to remain open. Indeed, as for the torpedo jars, basket handle jars had been known in Egypt since the Saite period (e.g. Petrie 1888:64, pl. XXXIII:6). Even in a conservative environment, it is not unreasonable to think that less than 300 years had elapsed before they started to be imitated in local wares.

TP/EG/M Other rim types Pl. 166:1 (13/0035/082) K5, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0057: 1 rim. Pl. 166:2 (14/0001/109) K5, grey, hard fabric, no core, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Pl. 166:3 (07/0008/011) grey marl fabric, cream-white slip out; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallel: generic type, Levant early fourth century BC: Regev 2004:343–345, fig. 4:12. Tell el-Herr, late fourth century BC: Defernez and Marchand 2006:70–71, fig. 3.5. Bases

Only two examples of locally made basket handle jars were recovered at Kom Tuman, one in Nile silt and one in a marl clay fabric. The latter is made of the same strawrich marl that is favoured for locally made versions of contemporary and later Levantine and Aegean imports.

Pl. 166:4 (16/0001/016) marl(?), sandy, grey-green fabric, no core, much decomposed limestone, hard-fired, scraped external surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 6.0 cm. Pl. 166:5 (07/0008/032) Straw marl, uncoated; d. base 3.7 cm; d. max. pres. 7.0 cm.

BHJ/EG/S Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (not illustrated)

Pl. 166:6 (VII.D9-D10/0001/004) K5, thin cream slip out; d. base 2.1 cm.

Area This sherd comes from context N2, which was considered as early Ptolemaic by the excavators. However, N2 does contain several elements that can be easily dated to the Persian period, such as a fragment of marl fabric Bes vessel with applied facial decoration (Berlin 1997b:266, fig. 6.59:10). 60 

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

167

1

Kom Tuman II BHJ/EG/M

These vessels are widely distributed from the seventh to late fifth centuries BC throughout the eastern Mediterranean, on Cyprus, Crete, and Ionia, including, among others, Rhodes, Miletus, and Samos (Villing 2006:33, 37–38, with references).63 In the southern Levant and Cyprus, they are found from the late eighth century BC onwards but are mainly characteristic of the Persian period (Salles 1980:148).

Col. pl. 54:3–5 (16/0003/025) Straw marl, green core, cream surface, uncoated; d. max. ca. 37.0 cm. BHJ/EG/M Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

VII

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Surface

Total

Like the torpedo jars discussed above, they were certainly produced in more than one region. Early clay analyses on the bowls from Tell el-Hesi have suggested a north Syrian or possibly a south Cypriote origin (Bennet, Blakely, and Toombs 1980:198–203). Since then, further fabric analyses carried out on both flat-based and ring-based mortaria from a wide range of sites, especially in the Levant, have pointed to similar origins, although possible East Greek proveniences have been added to the list for the seventh and sixth centuries BC examples (Villing 2006:38–39).

1

III.2.2. Mortaria III.2.2.1 Imported mortaria Together with the torpedo jars, mortaria figure amongst the main imported pottery shapes from the East Mediterranean coast in the Persian period at Egyptian sites. Just like the jars, they are easily recognisable, a factor which may contribute to their being reported from many places throughout the country. They are made of light-coloured fabrics, varying from greyish green to cream, and light pinkish cream, with many mineral inclusions, often of medium to large size. Their surfaces are most often rough to the touch, on both the inside and outside, although some are remarkably smooth.

However, a Cypriote origin for many of the mortaria found in Egypt is supported by the fact that their fabrics are often similar or indeed sometimes even identical to those of the presumably Cypriote basket handle jars (French and Bourriau 2007:117–118; Aurélia Masson, personal communication).64 That they were part of the same cargoes (though for an earlier period) is proven beyond doubt thanks to the Kekova Adasi, Kepse Burnu, and Caycagiz Koyu shipwrecks mentioned above (see above, BHJ, p. 164). Moreover, pottery workshops used for the manufacture of mortaria are reported from Amathus on Cyprus, on the basis of finds of misfired sherds of this form (Salles and Rey 1993:237, footnote 16).

The name “mortarium” (i.e. grinding bowl) is conventionally accepted and widely used for describing these vessels in the ancient Egyptian and East Mediterranean ceramic terminology, but their precise function(s) remain an object of debate.61 Some authors have emphasised the absence of traces of wear on the inner surfaces of the bowls, for example at Tell el-Herr and elsewhere (Defernez 2001:407; Salles 1985:199). On these grounds, it was suggested that they were used as standard measuring tools for portions of grain, either in connection with trading activities (Oren 1984:17) or as payment in kind for soldiers or workmen on large agricultural holdings (Salles 1991:219–224; Sapin 1998; Sapin 2000:31–33).62 However, at other sites, mortaria do show clear wear marks inside their base, for example at Naukratis (Villing 2006:34), and, indeed, at Kom Tuman (e.g. 13/0039/108, pl.  166:8). Therefore, a general function of grinding bowl may be retained, but this should not be exclusive of any other uses, including uses that were not linked to food preparation. As a matter of fact, one of the mortaria sherds from Kom Tuman bore clear remains of red ochre pigment on the interior, which was unlikely to have been employed for culinary uses.

In Egypt, mortaria are mainly (though not only) known from the Delta (e.g. Allen 1982:19, pl. XIV:1; Hummel and Schubert 2004:139–140, 153–154, pl.  J:1–13; Holladay 1982:55–57, pl.  16; Villing 2006; Grataloup 2015:151, fig. 7.11:6–9), and the Sinai, for example at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:402–411, pls.  XCI-XCII; Gratien and Soulié 1988:45, fig. 13d-f). In fact, by the fifth century BC, the shape had become so familiar to the Egyptian cultural sphere that a late Iron Age mortarium found in a mixed context at Tell el-‘Ajjul (southern Palestine) is labelled “Egyptian-style shallow clay bowl” by the excavators (Fischer and Sadeq 2002:112, fig. 3:4). As would be expected for a site of this date and cultural environment, mortaria are very frequent at Kom Tuman, both imported and locally made. They occur in a number of different morphological types. M.1 Mortaria with wedge rim 63  Furthermore, the same author draws attention to the emergence of a Corinthian production of pottery grinding bowls, from the end of the sixth century BC onwards, which gradually superseded the CyproPhoenician type in many areas (Villing 2006:33–34). 64  For fabric analyses supporting a Cypriote origin of many of the mortaria found in the Levant and their connection to basket handle jars, see also Zukerman and Ben Shlomo 2011:99.

Berlin argues on textual/etymological bases that ceramic mortaria were not used for grinding but for pounding (Berlin 1997a:124). 62  Sapin further related their disappearance, between the mid fourth and end of the second centuries BC, to the increased use of the monetary unit, which appeared in the course of the fourth century BC (Sapin 2000: 31–33). 61 

168

Late Period Pl. 167:4 (15/0061/030) Le5, smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 23.5 cm.

The first type illustrated below has a long, externally thickened rim and smooth or slightly wavy walls. The mouth diameters vary significantly from about 20.0 cm for the smaller examples to over 30.0 cm for the largest. The rims of this group can be compared to mortaria from the sanctuary of Apollo at Naukratis and from Tell Defenneh in the sixth to fifth centuries BC (Villing 2006:41–42, Cat. 1, D1, figs. 1, 19), as well as from Tell Keisan, Level 4 (Salles 1980:147–148, pl.  31:5–6). Elsewhere in Egypt, this rim type notably occurs at Saqqara (for example, Aston and Aston 2010:164–165, pl. 49:464).

Pl. 167:5 (15/0049/012) 31.0–32.0 cm.

Le5,

uncoated;

d.  rim

Pl. 167:6 (15/0043/016) Le5, uncoated; d.  rim 20.5 cm. Perhaps same vessel as base 15/0043/017, pl. 171:2. Pl. 167:7 (16/0025/032) Le5, finely gritty surface, uncoated; d. rim 23.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0042: 1 rim; 15/0073: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 complete profile. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara surface finds (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:165, pl. 49:364

Most of the mortaria with wedge rims have flat bases, but one of the complete profiles from Kom Tuman as a high ring base. In this, it can be best compared to a complete profile from Tell el-Herr, Phase VI (Defernez 2001:409, pl. XCI:254a).

Pl. 168:1 (16/0014/014) Le5, smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 27.0–28.0 cm; d. base 12.0 cm; h. 9.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 15/0073: 1 rim; 15/0101: 1 rim. Parallels: Abu Mina, Tell Abu Hawam, Tell Yoqneam, sixth to fourth century BC: Lehmann 1996:391–392, Form 168/1–4, pl. 26. Gezer, Persian period: Gitin 1990:78, pl. 30:16.

Pl. 166:8 (13/0039/108) Le5, uncoated, pitted surface; d. rim ca. 30.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 12 rims (5 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0018: 1 rim; 15/0052: 1 rim; 16/0007: 1 rim; 16/0038: 1 rim. Pl. 166:9 (13/0035/085) imported fabric, uncoated; d. rim 35.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0003: 1 rim.

Pl. 168:2 (VI.O11/0008/007) Levantine, medium-coarse brown fabric, chaff temper, mica, angular stones, uncoated; d. rim 29.0 cm.

Pl. 167:1 (13/0039/110) Levantine, pink medium fine fabric, limestone, ochre, mica, air holes, uncoated; d. rim 34.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 7 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0005: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0101: 1 rim; 16/0007: 1 rim. Parallel in Egypt: Buto, first half of the sixth century BC: French and Bourriau 2007:117–118, fig. 21:3.

Pl. 168:3 (07/0003/010) Le5, uncoated; d. rim 27.0 cm. Pl. 168:4 (13/0035/084) Le5(?), uncoated; d.  rim 33.0 cm. M.1 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 167:2 (14/0055/007) Le5, uncoated; d. rim 31.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0058: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Pl. 167:3 (14/0045/044) imported, pink, fine, homogeneous fabric, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 34.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 15/0026: 1 rim; 15/0034: 1 rim; 15/0045: 1 rim.

Area VII

2013–2016 32

2003–2013 3º

Surface 0

Total 35

X Total

21*

0

0

21 56

*Of which four complete profile; ºof which one complete profile

M.2 Mortaria with overhang rim Mortaria of this type are often of larger and deeper proportions to those with wedge rims, with maximum diameters that are generally above 30.0 cm. They can be compared to vessels from Qadum (Samaria) dated to the fifth–early fourth century BC (Stern and Magen 1984:16, fig. 5:13) and to others from Tel Anafa, in the early Ptolemaic period (Berlin 1997a:127–128, nos 348–356, pl.  38). They may thus be slightly later than the type with plain thickened (wedge) rim. However, they are also evidenced in the sixth and fifth centuries BC at Tell Defenneh (Villing 2006:42, Cat. D2, fig. 20) and Tell Keisan, Levels 3 and 4 (Nodet 1980:122, pl.  20:21; Salles 1980:147–148, pl.  31:5a-b), as well as

Col. pl. 54:6–7 (15/0061/029) Levantine, finely porous, pink-grey fabric, cream-grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 25.0 cm; d. base 10.7 cm; h. 6.0 cm. Parallel: Amathus, north rampart, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:12–14, fig. 62. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 rim. Col. pl. 55:1–2 (14b/0001/050) Levantine, beige fabric, no core, cream surface, gritty-sandy break with small sand quartz, uncoated; d. rim 30.0 cm; d. base 14.3 cm; h. 8.3 cm.

169

Kom Tuman II date than those with modelled and simple wedge rims and rather belong to the mid fifth and fourth centuries BC (Lehmann 1996:392–393, Form 169a-1969b, pl. 27). One variant of the type with slightly modelled rim and a flat base was found at the Athenian Agora in a context dating to 425–400 BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:369, no. 1893, pl 90).

in the Cypro-Archaic II tomb 6 at Salamis (Karageorghis 1970:5–8, nos 3, 9, pls. LIII, CCIII). The long lifespan of this rim type is suggested by Lehmann’s study of the Late Iron Age pottery of Syria and Lebanon where it is reported to occur between the mid seventh and mid fifth century BC (Lehmann 1996:390–391, Form 165, pl. 26). Pl. 168:5 (13/0025/045) Le5, uncoated; d. rim 34.0 cm.

Pl. 170:1 (15/0005/030) Le5, uncoated; probably with a flat base (15/0005/029, pl. 170:5); d. rim 31.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 6 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 rim; 15/0061: 4 rims, 2 with soot in and out (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 168:6 (13/0039/109) Levantine, fine, beige fabric, no core, dense, tiny red-black and white inclusions, mica, thin vegetal temper, white to white-cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 40.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 5 rims (5 est. ind.); 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Gezer, Persian period: Gitin 1990:78, pl. 30:5.

Pl. 170:2 (15/0054/009) Levantine, sandy, grey-beige fabric, no core, ochre, black grits, cream surface, uncoated; d.  rim 40.0–41.0 cm. Perhaps same vessel as base 15/0054/010, pl. 170:6. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 2 rims, one with soot on rim (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 169:1 (13/0035/086) Le5, import, uncoated; d. rim ca. 42.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0016: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 16/0007: 1 rim (with red ochre pigment inside).

Pl. 170:3 (16/0003/060) Levantine, sandy, finely porous cream fabric, small black inclusions, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 33.0 cm; d. base 14.3 cm; h. 9.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0073: 1 rim; 16/0038: 1 rim. Parallel: Amathus, north rampart, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:12, fig. 60.

Pl. 169:2 (13/0035/083) Le5, uncoated; d. rim 39.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Gezer, Persian period: Gitin 1990:78, pl. 30:3. Jaffa, Persian period (fifth to fourth centuries BC): Tsuf 2018:167, fig. 9.16:321.

Col. pl. 55:3–4 (16/0011/012) Le5, uncoated; d.  rim 31.0 cm.

Pl. 169:3 (05–06/0015/004) Levantine, pink fabric, faint grey core, fine sand and very small ochre inclusions, very well smoothed surfaces in and out, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 35.0 cm.

M.3 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

7

0

0

7

X

7*

0

0

7

Pl. 169:4 (15/0061/031) Levantine, fine pink, finely porous fabric, small air holes, white grits, buff surface, uncoated; d. rim 26.0 cm. Pl. 169:5 (16/0009/022) Le5, uncoated; d. rim 28.0 cm.

Total *Of which one complete profile

Pl. 169:6 (16/0032/007) Levantine, sandy, quartz-rich, white fabric, gritty, ochre, no core, white surface, uncoated; d. rim ca. 31.0 cm.

M.4 Mortaria with modelled rim A fourth type of mortarium evidenced at Kom Tuman has deeper sides and a modelled, thickened rim. It is represented by three imported examples only, but several locally-made specimens have a similar profile (see below). Its base is just missing, but a ring-base can be supposed on the grounds of the curve of the lower body of the bowl. It can be compared to a mortarium from Naukratis, albeit of shallower proportions (Villing 2006:41, Cat. 12, fig. 22). In the Levant, this type is dated to the mid-fifth and fourth centuries BC (Lehmann 1996:393, Form 171, pl. 28).

M.2 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

16

1

0

17

X

2

0

0

2

Total

14

19

M.3 Mortaria with out-turned rim Mortaria with out-turned rims are less common than those with overhang and wedge rims, not only at Kom Tuman but also at other sites both in Egypt and in the Levantine sphere. Like those with overhang rims, they are often of large sizes, with diameters above 30.0 cm. Although they tend to have flat bases, they may also be later in

Pl. 170:4 (05–06/0036/007) Levantine, porous, cream fabric, no core, uncoated, ochre inclusions, very well smoothed surfaces; d. rim 23.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 13/0035: 1 rim. 170

Late Period sixth century BC and become common in the fifth and fourth centuries BC (Villing 2006:37). Indeed, ring bases are dominant among the Persian period mortaria at Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:403) and they are nearly twice as frequent as flat ones at Kom Tuman (37 ring, against 20 flat bases).66 They are also found at Amathus, on Cyprus, in the early fifth to early fourth century (Hermary and Schmid 1993:686, fig. 5; Fourrier 2009:14, figs. 63–64) and at Qadum, in Samaria, at the same period (Stern and Magen 1984:16, fig. 5:15).

M.4 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 2

2003–2013 0

Surface 1

Total 3

X Total

0

0

0

0 3

Mortaria bases MB.1 Flat bases Flat bases tend to be the dominant type of mortarium base at many sites, both in Egypt and elsewhere (Villing 2006:31), although this does not hold true for the sample available from Kom Tuman where ring bases are more numerous. In principle, flat bases are associated with the earlier period of production of the shape, but they do continue into the fifth and even the fourth century BC, in particular in connection with out-turned rims (Lehmann 1998:25, fig. 11:4).65 This is also evidenced in Egypt, among others at the site of Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:405, 408–409, pl.  XCI:253a-b; Gratien and Soulié 1988:45, fig. 13d).

Pl. 171:3 (13/0039/106) Le5, uncoated; d. base 16.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 base; 13/0025: 1 base; 13/0035: 1 base; 13/0046: 1 base; 13/0049: 1 base; 14/0001: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14b/0010: 1 base; 15/0005: 4 bases (4 est. ind.); 15/0030: 1 base. Pl. 171:4 (05–06/0050/003) Le5, uncoated, pitch in; d. base 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 base; 13/0048: 1 base; 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0061: 1 base Parallel in Egypt: Tell el Herr, house cellar, Ptolemaic: Dixneuf 2007a:50, fig. 31:12.

Pl. 170:5 (15/0005/029) Le5, uncoated; d. base 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 base; 13/0004: 1 base; 13/0025: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 13/0035: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 13/0042: 1 base; 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0018: 1 base; 15/0073: 1 base; 16/0015: 1 base.

Pl. 171:5 (16/0007/018) Le5, uncoated; d. base 16.0 cm.

Pl. 170:6 (15/0054/010) Levantine, sandy, grey-beige fabric, no core, ochre, black grits, cream surface, uncoated; d.  base 13.0–14.0 cm; perhaps same vessel as 15/0054/009, pl. 170:2. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 15/0028: 1 base; 15/0061: 1 base.

Pl. 171:6 (15/0107/001) Levantine, sandy, pink fabric, porous but hard, white external zones, gritty to the touch, small black stones, rounded ochre, few partly decomposed limestone, uncoated; d. base 13.3 cm. Parallel: Amathus, north rampart, early fifth century BC: Fourrier 2009:12–14, fig. 64. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 4 bases (4 est. ind.).

Pl. 170:7 (14b/0001/052) Levantine, beige-grey fabric, smooth surface, sandy, many ochre, small sand quartz, uncoated; d. base 10.0 cm.

Pl. 171:7 (16/0001/018) Le5, uncoated; d. base 16.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 bases (3 est. ind.). Pl. 171:8 (15/0041/015) Le5, uncoated; d. base 15.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base.

Pl. 171:1 (15/0090/005) Le5, uncoated; d. base 10.0 cm. Pl. 171:2 (15/0043/017) Le5, smooth surface, uncoated; d.  base 10.0 cm; perhaps same vessel as 15/0043/016, pl. 167:6.

MB.2 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

MB.1 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 10

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 10

X Total

8

0

0

8 18

Area VII

2013–2016 24

2003–2013 1

Surface 0

Total 25

X Total

11

0

0

11 36

III.2.2.2 Egyptian mortaria

Ring-based mortaria, especially those with high ring bases, are usually thought to appear no earlier than the

Copies of Levantine and/or Cypriote mortaria are wellknown and extremely common in Egypt (French and Bourriau 2018:227–228. fig. 49d-e). The same holds true for Kom Tuman where these vessels are represented by

65  Commenting on the material from the north rampart of Amathus, where flat and ring bases appear side by side, Fourrier expresses the sensible idea that base types on mortaria may simply not be relevant as chronological markers (Fourrier 2009:30).

66  These figures do not correspond to the numbers found in the MB.1 and MB.2 tables because two flat bases and one ring base are associated with complete profiles of the M.1 type.

MB.2 Ring bases

171

Kom Tuman II an estimated 31 individuals and appear in diverse types (with flat or ring bases, wedge, overhang, out-turned, and modelled rims). Just like for the imported repertoire, simple wedge rims dominate. As already mentioned above, those with modelled rims seem to be better represented in local fabrics than as imports.

Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim. Pl. 172:5 (13/0040/066) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 33.7 cm. Pl. 172:6 (15/0054/008) K5, green, sandy fabric, vegetal temper, smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 30.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 1 rim; 15/0049: 1 rim; 15/0052: 1 rim

Some of the Egyptian mortaria are made of the strawrich, porous marl fabric that is common for the production of Egyptian torpedo jars and Aegean-style amphorae. Others are made of a much harder and sandier fabric that is closer to the original sandy clays of the Cypriote and/ or Levantine mortars. Thus, in this case, there may be a real effort on the part of the local potter (whether Egyptian or not) to replicate not only the shape of their original models, but also their materials’ appearance and qualities. This also renders the distinction between authentic imports and local products more challenging for the ceramicist and a few ambiguous mortaria fragments are listed below, as well as one complete profile.

Pl. 172:7 (VII.D10/0005/006) K5, pale, pink fabric, greenish white wide core, uncoated; d. base 6.3 cm. Col. pl. 55:7–8 (15/0059/008) marl, gritty, grey-green fabric, many sand quartz and ochre inclusions, few vegetable temper, uncoated; d. rim 25.5 cm; d. base 15.0 cm; h. 9.3 cm. Pl. 173:1 (14/0001/187) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 20.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 rim.

For Defernez and Marchand, this group is the only one amongst the Egyptian imitations of Late Period imported ceramics to clearly emerge contemporarily with its prototype (Defernez and Marchand 2006:65–66). Indeed, clay analyses carried out on mortaria from Naukratis and Defenneh in the British Museum have shown that local Egyptian copies were already produced in the sixth century BC, at least at that site (Villing 2006:40).

Pl. 173:2 (15/0026/010) K5, smooth surface, uncoated; d. base 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0054: 1 base; 16/0023: 1 base. Col. pl. 56:1–2 (14/0001/188) Straw marl, uncoated; postfiring perforation near base, soot in; d. base 10.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 14b/0001: 1 base.

M/EG/M Marl clay fabrics

M/EG/M Marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 171:9 (13/0039/105) Straw marl, same fabric as 13/0039/097 (pl. 164:6), white slip(?); d. rim 30.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0003: 1 rim.

Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

22*

0

0

22

9

0

0

Total

Pl. 171:10 (15/0097/001) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 25.0–28.0 cm.

9 31

*Of which 2 complete profiles

Pl. 172:1 (13/0055/020) K5 (straw marl?), uncoated; d. rim 40.0 cm (slant uncertain). Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0022: 1 rim.

III.2.2.3. Mortaria of uncertain provenance Pl. 173:3 (16/0015/076+16/0015/077) beige fabric (Egyptian mixed clay fabric or import), porous break, smooth, pink-yellowish surface, ochre, very smooth in, finely gritty surface out, uncoated; d.  rim 22.0–23.0 cm; d.  base 9.7 cm; h.  6.6 cm; reconstructed from two nonjoining fragments. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim.

Pl. 172:2 (16/0029/007) K5, sandy, uncoated/self-slip; d. rim 23.0 cm. Pl. 172:3 (14b/0011/003) Straw marl, brushed self-slip out, very smooth surface; d. rim 27.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0038: 1 rim.

M/UN Uncertain fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 55:5–6 (15/0022/002) marl, homogeneous, green fabric, rare fine mica, grog, smooth surface, uncoated, d. rim 22.0 cm; d. base 8.8 cm; h. 5.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0047: 1 base; 15/0008: 1 rim.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

1*

0

0

1

Total

Pl. 172:4 (13/0040/065) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 32.2 cm.

*Complete profile

172

2

Late Period III.2.3 Imported Aegean amphorae and local imitations

element in particular, namely the presence or absence of pitch lining inside the vessels, points to a more complex picture. Pitch was used to reduce the porosity of clay amphorae and avoid liquid evaporation. It is often claimed that the pitching of wine amphorae was standard practice throughout antiquity. However, at Kom Tuman, just like at many other sites in Egypt and elsewhere, it is clear that not all amphorae from wine producing regions (e.g. Chios, Clazomene, Thasos) were pitched. Unless the pitch has left no trace on the vessels’ inner surfaces, this suggests that the use of jars that may have been initially manufactured as wine or oil containers was also diverted, at the source, for the shipment of other products.

III.2.3.1 Imported amphorae An estimated 1093 Aegean transport amphorae of the Late Period were recovered at Kom Tuman, amounting to about 10 percent of the total ceramic assemblage for that phase. The majority of them are from East Greece, ranging from southern Ionia to the north Aegean. A few may also be traced to mainland Greece. Their identification is mainly speculated upon on the basis of shape, fabric, and technology. They are classified hereafter according first to region of origin and second to chronology within the Late Period. Types of uncertain provenance are treated as individual morphological groups and linked to specific chronological phases.

The sequence of amphorae present at Kom Tuman commences in the sixth and fifth centuries BC, with the Clazomenian, Lesbian, Samian/Milesian, and Chian examples. Attic amphorae also belong to this phase. However, as they are evidenced by fragmentary body sherds only, they are mentioned in the sherd counts but not illustrated. Amphorae that are more strictly confined to the fourth century BC, such as the Thasian/Mendean and other North Aegean groups, are considered in a second stage, followed by amphorae of uncertain provenance. Mushroom rims, stamped amphorae, and other imported jars belonging to the third century BC and beyond will be treated separately in the Ptolemaic pottery section.

Now, a word of caution has to be introduced here, as in many cases, the amphorae are fragmentary, and rims, toes, or handles have to be linked to types that were often defined by their general body shapes and capacities. This operation presents a particular challenge. As has been shown elsewhere, differences in rim and toe shapes on amphorae are rarely specific to a single island or city, let alone a single production centre (Greene, Lawall, and Polzer 2008:690 with references; also Peacock 1977:261– 262). Identification relying on fabric is also problematic, not only because fabrics’ appearances are notably difficult to convey in words (or even in a photograph), but also because clay beds from the ragged coast of Asia Minor and its myriad of islands often share similar petrological features. Moreover, the very function of amphorae as transport containers encourages the use of fabrics that have similar physical properties thus making it more likely that raw clay from different beds could end up looking very much the same. They had to be solid and hard, though not brittle, so as to withstand some degree of shock during transport; as minimally porous as possible, so as to avoid evaporation of the content (even though some, but by all means not all, were coated with pitch on the inside); and easy enough to work into the desired shape, so as to allow for mass-production.

Finally, the last group to be presented here is an ensemble of Egyptian-made marl fabric amphorae that emulate the Aegean models. AM/CL Clazomenian amphorae Clazomenian fabrics often have a grey core and contain large mica grains and quartz crystals. Rims are thickened, turned out, and flattened band handles depart horizontally directly below it. Toes are of a high ring type, usually with a rounded resting surface. Rims and handles are decorated with wide red, red-brown, or dark brown to black painted bands. The production of these amphorae started in the middle of the seventh century BC and continued through the sixth century until about 500 BC. The majority of the Kom Tuman examples probably belong to the second half of the sixth century BC, towards the end of the series of Clazomenian painted amphorae. At that time, necks are longer than those of the early examples, slightly funnel-shaped, and mouth diameters vary from 12.0 to 16.5 cm (Doger 1986:466; Sezgin 2004:176–178; see also Dupont 1998:152, fig. 23.3:c-d). An earlier example with shorter neck may be represented by 05–06/0013/052 (col. pl. 57:1) and may go back to the earlier part of the sixth century BC.

And, indeed, mass-production, or at any rate largescale production, is an essential particularity of Greek amphorae and should constantly be born in mind when studying them. Even though they were re-employed in secondary uses, amphorae were always manufactured as transport containers for goods that were produced in the region they were coming from. These goods are generally assumed to have consisted mostly of wine and oil, and the first in particular is an often-mentioned commodity in ancient literary sources. It appears from those sources that a number of poleis exported wine (such as Chios, Lesbos, and later Rhodes), while others specialised in oil (Samos, Miletus). However, the reality was probably more intricate than that and, as suggested by empirical data, it is far from certain, notwithstanding possible reuses, that all amphorae from a single centre were carrying a single product (e.g. Lawall 2011a and below, p. 180). One

Beside Egypt, Clazomenian amphorae were also exported to Greece (e.g. Roberts 1986:67–68, fig. 42:421–422, pl.  18), and especially to the Black Sea area (e.g. Vinogradov and Kryzickij 1995:87, fig. 82:1; Dupont 173

Kom Tuman II Pl. 173:4 (15/0003/018) Clazomenian, very smooth surface, uncoated, black paint; d. rim 13.5. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim, 1 BS (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 4 rims (2 est. ind.).

1998:151; Lawall et al. 2010:359–360, L-13, L-14, L-15, pl.  290). The nature of the goods transported in these containers is still uncertain, but the main candidates are wine and olive oil (Sezgin 2004:178; Koparal and Iplikçi 2004).

Pl. 173:5 (16/0038/005) Clazomenian, cream-buff surface, uncoated, black glazed band on rim and top of handles; d. rim 16.0 cm.

No complete or near complete Clazomenian amphora has yet been found at Kom Tuman, thus contrasting with a number of well-preserved pieces from several other Egyptian sites in the sixth century BC, especially in its last quarter, such as Qedua (Hamza 1997:85, pl.  XVII, fig. 16:1), Plinthine (Pesenti and Saleh 2018:18, fig. 6:8025.01), Thonis-Heracleion (Fabre and Grataloup 2006:297, 299, no. 381), or Buto (Bourriau 2003:231, pl. 41g).

Pl. 173:6 (15/0061/020&15/0061/022) Clazomenian, uncoated, black-brown paint on rim and handles; d. rim 13.0 cm. Pl. 173:7 (05–06/0155/001) Clazomenian, thin cream slip out, brown painted band on rim; d. rim 15.0 cm.

One of the rims (14/0061/005, col. pl.  56:7–8) has a large dipinto X (“Chi?”) on the neck. Similar marks are notably found on a late sixth century BC Clazomenian fragment from Olbia (Lawall et al. 2010:359–360, L-13, pl.  290) and on another from Sais (Pesenti 2012:5, fig. 1b).

Pl. 173:8 (VII.D10/0001/011) Clazomenian, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm. Pl. 173:9 (13/0049/024) Clazomenian, very smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim. Parallels: Ephesus, South Gate of the Tetragonos Agora (seventh to sixth century BC contexts), unspecified Ionian provenance, possibly Clazomenian: Gassner 1997:32–33, pl. 3:44–46. Clazomene, early fifth century BC, local Clazomenian production: Ersoy 2004:65–66, fig. 23a. Handles

Later Clazomenian amphorae from the end of the sixth and fifth centuries BC are not so well documented as those of the Archaic period, not only in Egypt but also elsewhere in the ancient world. However, a few rims from Kom Tuman were ascribed to this production suggesting that its distribution in Egypt did not wholly come to an end with the beginning of the Greek Classical period (see below, 13/0049/024, pl. 173:9).

Col. pl. 57:2 (07/0087/026) Clazomenian, self-slip, red painted band on handle; handle, sect. 3.8x1.9 cm; h. pres. 7.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 handle; 13/0004: 1 handle; 13/0039: 1 handle; 13/0041: 1 BS; 14/0001: 1 handle; 14b/0001: 2 handles (1 est. ind.).

Three diagnostic fragments of amphorae with semi-glazed painted bands, as well as a number of body sherds with the same surface treatment, were also ascribed a Clazomenian provenance. Rims

Col. pl. 57:3–5 (16/0011/011) Clazomenian(?), reddish, micaceous fabric, inclusion rich, grey surface, black glazed paint; h. pres. ca. 5.9 cm; section handle 2.9x1.4 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0003: 1 handle. Bases

Col. pl. 56:3 (14b/0006/009) Clazomenian, uncoated, red paint; d. rim 13.0–14.0 cm. Col. pl. 56:4 (14b/0006/008) Clazomenian, smooth surface, uncoated, red paint; d. rim 13.0–14.0 cm. Col. pl. 56:5 (14/0061/006) Clazomenian, smooth buff surface, uncoated, red paint on rim and handle; d. rim 16.2 cm.

Pl. 174:1 (15/0039/012) Clazomenian, uncoated; d. base 5.7 cm. Pl. 174:2 (16/0014/016) Clazomenian, uncoated, soot in (reused as lamp); d. base 7.0 cm.

Col. pl. 56:6 (14/0001/074) Clazomenian, uncoated, redbrown paint on rim; d. rim 13.8 cm.

Col. pl. 57:6–7 (14/0001/084) Clazomenian, uncoated; d. base 8.0 cm. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:191–192, fig. 39g. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period, “Mediterranean amphora”: Lecuyot et al. 2013:267, q1.P83 (S.P.839), pl. P.

Col. pl. 56:7–8 (14/0061/005) Clazomenian, smooth buff surface, uncoated, red paint; d. rim 15.5 cm (proposal for reconstruction from two non-joining fragments). Col. pl. 57:1 (05–06/0013/052) Clazomenian, pink slip out, red paint; d. rim 15.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim, 2 BS (1 est. ind.). 174

Late Period Karnak, Late Period, dated sixth century BC, attributed to Clazomene: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:378, fig. 155:k.

AM/SM.1 Amphorae with thickened rim, ridge or groove on or at the base of the neck

Col. pl. 57:8 (07/0080/037) Clazomenian, uncoated, black glazed band on body; d. base 6.8 cm.

Amphorae of this variant are characterised by a short to medium-high neck and a thickened, often slightly outturned rim. They have a relief ridge or a groove at the base of the neck, and/or higher up the neck on long-necked examples (15/0054/005, pl.  174:8). Their handles are oval in section and reach from the shoulder to below the rim. All of these amphorae are typical of the sixth century BC;68 those with the groove below the rim instead of at the base of the neck date more specifically to the end of that century and continue into the fifth (Dupont 1998:164), and those with a particularly short neck (13/0004/007, col. pl. 58:1–2; 07/0031/001, pl. 174:4) date to its earlier part, if not to the seventh century BC (Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:101–104). The characteristic cuff at the middle of the neck on 14/0058/004 (pl. 175:3) and 05–06/0137/002 (pl.  175:2) is paralleled on Samian/Milesian amphorae, occurring in contexts from the second half of the sixth to the early part of the fifth century BC. A near complete example of the type, but with missing base, comes from the fill of an Archaic well near the temple of Athena on Miletus (Niemeier 1999:388, 411–412, no 18, figs. 18, 29, with references). Another well-dated specimen comes Tomb I 12 (470–460 BC) of the western necropolis at Eleusis (Mylonas 1975b:110–112, pl. 382β, right).

AM/CL Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

20

8

0

28

X

7

0

0

Total

7 35

Also (but not counted in statistics) Clazomenian painted body sherds: Area VII: 28, Area X: 4 AM/SM Samian and Milesian amphorae of the Late Archaic and Classical periods Southeast Aegean amphorae of the late Archaic and Classical periods, associated with the island of Samos and the city of Miletus, were used in great numbers as containers for oil shipments across the Mediterranean and in the Black Sea colonies. Judging from publications, they probably represent the majority of the Greek amphorae found at Egyptian sites throughout the Late Period (Plinthine, Saqqara, Karnak). At Kom Tuman, however, they are not as frequent as the Chian and North Aegean models and they were not reported from Tell el-Herr in the Persian period. Still, Samian and Milesian amphorae continued to reach Egypt in significant quantities in the later fourth century BC and the Ptolemaic period, as evidenced both by archaeological finds (see below, mushroom rims amphorae), and the mention of oil shipments from Samos and Miletus in Zeno’s archives in the third century BC (Edgar 1925:30–34; Pap Zeno CG59015).

None of the fragments examined here shows the shape of the amphora’s shoulder, but the latter can either be wide, nearly horizontal, and bending at a sharp angle towards the body, or smoothly rounded. Bodies are ovoid in shape and toes are of a flaring ring base type with a flat resting surface (e.g. Grace 1971:71–72, fig. 2:4, pl.  15:1–3; Johnston 1993:365–366, fig. 9G, H, J). Several such toes with diameters ranging from 5.0 to 7.0 cm were recovered at Kom Tuman. One of them has been tentatively linked to a lower body fragment with a brown painted band, made of an identical fabric and coming from the same context.

Amphorae classified in this category have been divided into two variants on the basis of their rim profiles, the first dating to the sixth century BC and the second to the fifth century BC. Several pieces, though by no means all, have similar-looking fabrics. Notable differences in this respect should not come as a surprise as the variability of the fabrics used for Samian (and implicitly Ionian) amphorae has been emphasised before (Dupont 1998:165; Kerschner and Mommsen 2005:122–125).67 Some of the fragments listed hereafter (e.g. 05– 06/0137/002, pl. 175:2; 07/0025/013, pl. 175:6) may also show morphological analogies with rims and toes of Chian and some of the so-called “Proto-Thasian” or “PseudoSamian” amphorae that will be discussed below and that are ascribed instead to the North Aegean.

Although all of the shapes described above agree with a Samian provenance, a number of other centres in Ionia, such as Miletus and Halicarnassus on the mainland, were also producing them (Greene, Lawall, and Polzer 2008:690–693). Moreover, short necks and thick rims were replicated in the Ionico-Massaliote production of the sixth century BC. Thus, in theory, a fragment like 14/0058/004 (pl.  175:3) can be compared to Ionico-Massaliote fragments from Ispica in Sicily (Rizzone 1997:113, 117, no. 32). In spite of this resemblance, however, it is more likely that the Memphite thick rim amphorae belong to an Asia Minor production firstly because of their fabrics and secondly because of what is known so far of the trade networks of the eastern Mediterranean at that time.

67  See also Grace 1971, who already noted important variations in the amounts of mica in Samian clays. More specifically, Samian and Milesian fabrics were compared petrographically in De Domingo and Johnston 1997:64–65.

68  On Samos, mid-sixth century BC amphorae with short neck were also painted with glazed bands on rims and sometimes on handles (Isler 1978:162, pl. 22:626–629).

175

Kom Tuman II In effect, the Samian amphorae of the sixth century BC, comparable to the present variant at Kom Tuman, figure among the most common imported wares of the Late Period in Egypt. Described as “Greek pottery”, they were already reported early on by Petrie at Naucratis (Petrie 1886:pl.  XVI:2), Tell Defenneh (Petrie 1888:64–65, pl. XXXIV:39), and Gurna (Petrie 1909a:16, pl. LIV:849– 850) and were dated to the first part of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (second half of the seventh century BC). Since then, similar amphorae have been identified at other sites, such as Buto (Bourriau 2003:229, fig. 9:4), Sais (Pesenti 2012:9, fig. 2d), Plinthine (Baharona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:20–21, fig. 13:5–9; Pesenti and Saleh 2018:19, fig. 6:8025.03), Migdol-T.21/Tell Kedua (Oren 1984:25, figs. 22:6, 23:5), Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:162–163, pl.  48:452 and parallels below), Abusir (Smoláriková 2002:37, pl. I/C1–3), and Karnak (JacquetGordon 2012:374–375, fig. 154:c-j; Marangou 2012a:174– 176, figs. 6a-c), among others. They are noticeably absent at Tell el-Herr.

Internal parallels: 13/0039: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Late Period, dated end of the seventh to the first half of the sixth century BC, attributed to Samos: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:375, fig. 154:g.

Outside Egypt, such vessels were dated to the first half of the sixth century BC on Samos (Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:101, 148, fig.32:24), to the second quarter of the sixth century BC in the Pabuç Burnu shipwreck, off the coast of Halicarnassus (Greene, Lawall, and Polzer 2008:688–692, figs. 4–7), and to the seventh century BC on the Kekova Adasi wreck (Greene, Leidwänger, and Özdas 2011:63– 64; Leidwänger, Özdas, and Greene 2012:396–398).69 However, they are also found later, notably at Athens, in the lower part of Well P24869, the fill of which belonged to the late sixth to early fifth century BC, prior to 490 BC (Grace 1971:69, 74–75, 93, pl.  15:3) and at Thasos, in contexts of about 480 BC (Grandjean 1992:544–545, fig. 1:1) and pre-420 BC (Grandjean 1992:547–549, fig. 2:14). They are rare in the Levant (e.g. Courbin 1993:30, 66–67, fig. 17:1–2).

Pl. 174:8 (15/0054/005) imported, very fine, dense, hard, dark beige-red fabric, homogeneous break, rare white and black inclusions, very few air holes, smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 3 rims (3 est. ind.). Parallel: Molyvoti (Thrace), ascribed to a North Ionian origin, dated late sixth century BC: Arrington et  al. 2016:35, 38, fig. 27:7.

Pl. 174:5 (03–04/0112/024) Samian 1; d. rim 5.8 cm. Parallel: Thasos, Period 3 (ca. 420 BC), Samian: Grandjean 1992:547–549, fig. 2:14. Pl. 174:6 (07/0087/022) Samian 1, uncoated, remains of ridge under rim, traces of red paint below rim; d. rim 17.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 174:7 (15/0067/016) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  rim 13.0 cm. Parallel: Kommos (Crete), Building Q, Samian, ca. 600 BC: Johnston 1993:365, fig. 9B, pl. 79.

Pl. 174:9 (15/0098/015) Samian 1, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 174:10 (13/0063/006) imported, medium-fine, porous fabric, many fine air voids, light pink-beige core, soft cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.5 cm. Pl. 174:11 (13/0040/034) imported fabric, uncoated, cf. 13/0040/030; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim.

Rims Pl. 174: 3 (07/0085/002) Samian 1, uncoated, yellowishgrey fabric, faint light grey core; d. rim 15.3 cm.

Pl. 174:12 (14/0061/007) imported, hard, dark pink fabric, no core, buff surface, fine limestone inclusions (few large, rounded ones), few, rounded, black inclusions, beige surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.).

Col. pl. 58:1–2 (13/0004/007) Samian 1, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 4 rims (4 est. ind.); 13/0025: 5 rims, 2 necks (6 est. ind.). Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Late Period, dated end of the seventh to the first half of the sixth century BC, attributed to Samos: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:375, fig. 154:e.

Pl. 175:1 (15/0094/007) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  rim 13.0 cm. Pl. 175:2 (05–06/0137/002) imported, reddish-pink fabric, very micaceous, fine limestone, no core, cream-white, smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Parallel: Black Sea, identified as Proto-Thasian, first half of the fifth century BC: Monachov 2003a:251–252, fig. 5:1. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Late Period, dated mid fifth century BC, attributed to Samos or Miletus: JacquetGordon 2012:376, fig. 155:a.

Pl. 174:4 (07/0031/001) Samian 1, uncoated, fine, reddishbrown fabric, cream surface, faint grey core; d. rim 12.3 cm.

About twenty further amphorae of this type were reported during a regional underwater survey from the wreck of Küçüt Keramit Adasi (37º05’11’’ N 27º14’00’’ E) (Rosloff 1981:282, fig. 7).

69 

176

Late Period Pl. 175:3 (14/0058/004) imported, dense pink-beige fabric, finely porous, grey, white and black grits, buff surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Parallels: The characteristic cuff at the middle of the neck is found on Samian-Milesian amphorae, occurring in contexts from the second half of the sixth to the early part of the fifth century BC (for example, Niemeier 1999:388, 411–412, no. 18, figs. 18, 29, with references). Velia, fifth century BC, south Ionain/Milesian: Gassner 2005:40, fig. 2:607/97–1. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period, “Mediterranean amphora”: Lecuyot et al. 2013:267, q1.P79 (S.P.843), pl. P.

AM/SM.1 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

34

7

0

41

X

4

0

0

Total

4 45

AM/SM.2 high neck, aerofoil-shaped thin rim Ionian amphorae of the second variant are later in date than those of the first, although their respective productions probably overlapped in the early fifth century BC. They have a longer neck and a thin, aerofoil-shaped rim. The bodies are slimmer, narrowing down towards the base and end in angular, chamfered, or cuffed toes (Grace 1971:78– 79, fig. 3:1–3). The specimens of the type illustrated by Grace come from mid to late fifth century BC contexts in the Athenian Agora, but the same types of rim are already found on locally made amphorae at Miletus in the earlier part of the fifth century BC (Kerschner 1999:37, fig. 18:87).

Toes Pl. 175:4 (13/0040/017) imported, very fine, hard, pinkorange fabric, cream, smooth surface out, pink-orange, smooth surface in, uncoated; d. base 6.9 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 base; 13/0025: 1 base; 15/0008: 1 base. Parallel: Velia, fifth century BC, south Ionian/Milesian: Gassner 2005:40, fig. 2:46/89–78. Parallel in Egypt: Sais, mixed context (Saite to Roman), ascribed to Miletus: Pesenti 2012:8, fig. 2a.

The toes associated with this form may also occur on the Samian mushroom rim amphorae that are discussed below (p. 249–251), and this may explain why they seem over-represented with regard to the rims classified in the present group. The toes illustrated here are chamfered with an angular to rounded profile and a depression under the base. They compare to amphora toes found at Thasos in the Silene Gate area, and dated to ≥ 340 BC (Grandjean 1992:555, fig. 6:41), and elsewhere (see parallels below).

Pl. 175:5 (16/0032/006) imported, brown-beige fabric, no core, many mineral inclusions, dark and white grits, pebbles, quartz, uncoated; d. base 5.9 cm; blackened out. Pl. 175:6 (07/0025/013) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  base 7.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0052: 1 base. Parallels: Didyma, late sixth to fifth century, perhaps from Miletus: Schattner 1996:178, 213, fig. 110:48. Tocra, Deposit II, Level 8, first half of the sixth century BC, Chian: Boardman and Hayes 1973:62, no. 2263. Black Sea, second half of the seventh and first half of the sixth century BC, Chian: Avksentyevna Gavrilyuk 2007:628, fig. 2:1–3. Parallel in Egypt: Mendes, Late Period, identified as Chian: Allen 1982:21, pl. XIX:4.

One, much rarer toe type, consisting of a high cuffed toe with a low depression underneath (13/0040/030, pl. 176:1), was attributed to a Samian fifth century amphora model.70 It may be confused with a relatively unusual variant of Rhodian amphorae, known in the literature as “Benaki type”. These amphorae, some of which were identified by stamped handles, are later than the toe examples from Kom Tuman and were produced during the first half of the third century BC (Monachov 2005:86, fig. 9:1–2). However, on these Rhodian later examples the toe tapers towards its resting point, while on the Samian, earlier ones it becomes wider, very much like on the specimen from Kom Tuman (see parallels below).

Col. pl. 58:3 (15/0024/003&005) imported, pink-greenish, dense fabric, ochre-rich (rounded), few limestone, tiny air holes, grey surface in, white-cream to buff out, uncoated, brown paint out; d. base 7.0 cm; d. max. pres. ca. 30.0 cm; proposal for reconstruction from two non-joining fragments. Parallel: Samos, seventh to sixth century BC, Samian: Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:125–127, n. III/7, fig. 25, pl. 28. Didyma, late sixth to fifth century BC, perhaps from Miletus: Schattner 1996:178, 213, fig. 110:50. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Late Period, dated end seventh to first half of the sixth century BC, attributed to Samos: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:375, fig. 154:d

Rims Pl. 175:7 (15/0011/004) Samian 1, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0026: 1 rim; 15/0052: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Didyma, dated second half of the fifth century BC, ascribed to Miletus: Schattner 1996:176, fig. 109:35. A total of seven such toes (representing seven individuals) were identified at Kom Tuman.

70 

177

Kom Tuman II Toes

AM/SM.2 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 175:8 (07/0092/006) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  base 5.5 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Velia, fifth century BC, south Ionian: Gassner 2005:40, fig. 2:46/89–79). Parallel in Egypt: West Saqqara, Upper Necropolis, identified as Samian (with mushroom rim and stamp), dated to the second quarter of the fourth century BC: Rzeuska 2007:209, 213–214, fig. 6.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

16

3

0

19

X

11

0

0

11

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

31

AM/L Lesbian amphorae Lesbian amphorae were produced and shipped overseas as wine containers from the late seventh to the second half of the fourth centuries BC (Clinkenbeard 1982:248).71 Export markets for Lesbian wine certainly included Egypt and the earliest textual reference to this product mentions shipments to Naukratis by Chaxaros, brother of the poetess Sappho, thus going back to the seventh century BC (Strabo xvii. 1.33 [C808]).72 Though the events Strabo refers to took place about six centuries before his lifetime, the archaeological evidence fits nicely with his lines, Lesbian wine containers were indeed discovered in early contexts at Naucratis (see below), at Tell Defenneh (Petrie 1888:65, pl. XXX:12), and at Plinthine (BarahonaMendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:20, fig. 14:10), among others.

Pl. 175:9 (16/0009/019) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  base 6.4 cm. Col. pl. 58:4–5 (15/0003/019) imported, sandy greencream fabric, faint light pink core, uncoated; d. base 5.5 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0023: 1 base. Parallels: Thasos Public Well, 350–330 BC, attributed to Samos (but made from a very different fabric): Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:230, fig. 6:42. Thasos, fifth century BC context, attributed to Samos: Mattingly 1981:81, pl. 1k. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period: Lecuyot et al. 2013:267, q1.P82 (S.P.841), pl. P.

Lesbian wine certainly enjoyed an excellent reputation throughout antiquity (Clinkenbeard 1982:254–256), but Lesbian jars are not overtly frequent among the material considered here. They appear in smaller quantities than Chian, and both north and south Ionian jars some of which, like those from Chios and Mende, also held premium quality vintages.

Pl. 175:10 (16/0021/020) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  base 6.1 cm. Parallel in Egypt: West Saqqara, Upper Necropolis, dated fourth century BC, attributed to Samos: Rzeuska 2007:209–210, 214, figs. 15–16. Pl. 175:11 (13/0041/001) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  base 8.0 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0015: 7 bases (7 est. ind.).

Two main fabrics are known for this production, conventionally called “Lesbian Grey” and “Lesbian Red” wares. As suggested by their name, the difference between the two is visually apparent but scientific analyses have shown that they are in fact of the same composition (Clinkenbeard 1982:254; Whitbread 1995:156–164). Nonetheless, the divergence between “Lesbian Grey” and “Lesbian Red” does exist and, if not compositional, it may relate to changes in firing techniques, perhaps implying that they were made in different workshops or different groups of workshops. It also seems to bear some chronological significance, as the “Lesbian Red” is thought to appear slightly later than the “Lesbian Grey”, although both fabrics coexisted for a lengthy period of time (see Whitbread 1995:157; Dupont 1998:156–159; also Bîrzescu 2005). Contrarily to the evidence from most

Pl. 175:12 (13/0039/116) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  base 7.0 cm. Parallel: Thasos, Public Well filled ca. 330 BC, identified as Samian: Blondé, Muller and Mulliez 1991:230, fig. 6:43. Pl. 176:1 (13/0040/030) Samian 1, uncoated; d.  toe 5.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 base; 14/0001: 5 bases (5 est. ind.). Parallel: Athens, Agora, last quarter of the fifth century BC: Grace 1971:77, fig. 3:3; see pl. 176:2. Chersosenos, Milesian: Monachov 2003b:249, pl.  19:2; Monachov, Kusnetsova and Churekova 2017:79, M1. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara reused shaft Maya xiii, attributed to Miletus, first half of fifth century BC: Aston and Aston 2010:143–144, pl. 41:347.

71  However, Zeno’s archives still record imports of Lesbian merchandises (perhaps including wine) to Egypt in the third century BC (Rostovtseff 1941:228. 72  “She [Heitaira] was the one whom Sappho the melic poetess calls Doricha, the beloved of her brother Charaxos, who brought Lesbian wine to Naukratis as merchandise. Other call her Rhodopis” (translation: Roller 2014).

178

Late Period Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1; 14/0001: 6 handles (3 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 handle; 14b/0006: 1 handle; 15/0043: 1 handle; 15/0096: 1 handle.

other Egyptian sites, where only the “Lesbian Grey” fabric is evidenced, and in spite of the overall small number of sherds that are attested here, a few Lesbian red sherds occurred at Kom Tuman. Admittedly, the absence of the Lesbian red wares in Egypt may be due to the fact that they are less easy to identify than their grey counterparts. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that, to our knowledge, the only other place in Egypt where Lesbian red is reported to occur is the neighbouring site of Saqqara (Rzeuska 2007:210, 214–215, fig. 17–19).73

Col. pl. 59:1–2 (16/0003/085) Lesbian, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 rim. Pl. 176:7 (13/0040/053) Lesbian, uncoated; d. max. pres. 39.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 handle

The most characteristic type of Lesbian amphorae has a long neck, sometimes with a ridge or groove at its top and a thick angular rim. Their chunky handles are rounded in section and present a characteristic ‘rat-tail’ ending at their lower attachment on top of the shoulder. Bases are unlike other contemporary East Greek amphora types (e.g. Clinkenbeard 1982:265, pls. 70–71:2). They are either wide and flat, with a diameter of about 8.0 to 9.0 cm, or are offset by a low ring stand.

Pl. 177:1 (14/0043/003) Lesbian, uncoated; d max. 40.0 cm. Pl. 177:2 (14/0007/003) Lesbian, uncoated; d.  rim 14.0 cm. Pl. 177:3 (13/0041/011) Lesbian (red), pink-beige fabric, abundant mineral inclusions, angular, white and black pebbles, rounded grey pebbles, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim. Bases

This shape is paralleled at the Athenian Agora in contexts of about 500 to ca. 450 BC (Clinkenbeard 1982:250, 265, pls. 70–71:3; Boulter 1953:102, fig. 5:148, pl. 39:149), in a grave dated to ca. 490 BC at the Kerameikos (Knigge 1976:24, 175, pl. 86:7), on Chios in association with early swollen neck amphorae (Anderson 1954:139, fig. 8:52), and at Thasos in the Silene Gate area, Period 3, but with material mainly dating to the sixth and fifth centuries BC (Grandjean 1992:553, fig. 5:32). It also corresponds to the most commonly attested Lesbian amphorae in Egypt, mostly in the sixth century BC at sites such as Buto (Bourriau 2003:230, fig. 9:3), Plinthine (Pesenti and Saleh 2018:18–19, 21, figs. 6:8025.09, 7:8024.01, 8024.04–05, 8024.22), and Naukratis (Petrie 1886: pl. XVI:6).

Pl. 177:4 (15/0030/006) Lesbian, uncoated; d.  base 8.2 cm. Pl. 177:5 (13/0063/005) Lesbian red-pink fabric, many dark rocks, limestone, mica, schists, uncoated; d. base 8.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 base. Parallel: Chios, Kofinà Ridge, “Stony Pit”, mid-fifth century BC: Anderson 1954:142, fig. 8:78a.

Two of the Lesbian amphora bases from Kom Tuman, one of each variant, belong to the “Lesbian Red” ware. Another of the second variant had a post-firing perforated base and was probably reused as a funnel.

Pl. 177:6 (16/0025/030) Lesbian, uncoated; d. base 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 base. Pl. 177:7 (07/0025/001) Lesbian, uncoated; d.  base 9.2 cm. Base perforated intentionally after firing.

Rims

Pl. 177:8 (07/0025/015) Lesbian, uncoated; d base 7.8 cm. Surface turned greenish. Parallels: Aegina, Temple of Aphaia, Lesbian, ca. 500 BC: Johnston 1990:41, fig. 3:39. Petra-Tsikhisdziri (eastern Black Sea coast), Lesbian, second quarter of the fifth century BC: Inaishvili and Vashakidze 2010:152, pl. 83:6. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, surface find (550–400 BC): Aston and Aston 2010:162, pl. 47:451.

Pl. 176:3 (14/0001/075) Lesbian, uncoated; d.  rim 13.7 cm. Parallel: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:193–194, fig. 40a. Pl. 176:4 (14/0045/037) Lesbian, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 176:5 (15/0101/007) Lesbian, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0–13.0 cm. Pl. 176:6 (07/0074/005) Lesbian, uncoated; d.  rim 13.8 cm.

Pl. 177:9 (14b/0001/042) Lesbian red, medium-coarse, red, gritty fabric, uncoated; d. base 6.8 cm.

Rzeuska mentions a sherd from Tell el-Herr as a parallel for her Lesbian fragments (Defernez 1997b:65, fig. 6:38). However, in our opinion this comparandum is more similar to Chian than Lesbian examples.

Col. pl. 59:3–5 (15/0061/027) Lesbian, uncoated; d. base 7.5 cm. Possible Lesbian amphorae (AM/L?)

73 

179

Kom Tuman II The fragments discussed below have been tentatively linked to a Lesbian production. The first is rather small but its fabric can be related to the grey ware from Lesbos. Its shape, on the other hand, is rather atypical for Lesbian amphorae, as the rim and walls are thin for such jars. However, the departure of the neck shows a slight swell, and the rim is underlined by a shallow groove, two features that are found on Lesbian jars of the late sixth and fifth centuries BC (Dupont 1998:161, fig. 23.5:a-c; Clinkenbeard 1982:250).74

but of olives and oregano, perhaps oregano flavoured olive oil (Hansson and Foley 2008).76 Similarly, quantities of olive pits were found in two other shipwrecked Chian jars of the fifth century BC (Foley et al. 2009:294, note 62). As with their contents, the typology of the Chian amphorae is not as straightforward as it usually appears. The jars assumed different forms over time, some of which probably overlapped chronologically, in particular in the fifth century BC. Their basic morphological development has been discussed and summarised on several occasions (e.g. Dupont 1998:146–151; Anderson 1954:168–170; Knigge 1976:23–25) and can be followed through the assemblages presented here. However, variants and additions to this elementary framework hint at a complex picture and at links between the Chian amphora production and those of other neighbouring, or not so neighbouring cities of Lydia and/or the North Aegean. This being said, identification may, in many cases, be aided by fabrics as these are relatively easy to recognise and were shown by petrological analyses to have retained the same basic range of compositional elements throughout the entire period of their production (Whitbread 1995:139–144).

The other sherd in this group is also a small rim piece. Its fabrics is not the obvious grey ware but its shape with a thickened, out-turned rim with a flat top may be compared to Lesbian grey jars of the second to last quarter of the fifth century BC (Clinkenbeard 1982:265–266, pls. 70–71:5, 7). However, it also shows some analogies with the north Aegean group discussed below. Pl. 177:10 (VII.F9/Pit 9/0011/001) Lesbian(?), uncoated, greyish-brown fabric, grey core; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallels: Temple of Aphaia on Aegina, Lesbian, dated ca. 500 BC: Johnston 1990:41, fig. 3:42. Kommos, Building Q, Lesbian, around dated ca. 600 BC: Johnston 1993:363, fig. 8A.

The Chian jars from Kom Tuman can be broadly divided into five distinct types. Two additional ones, also of likely Chian provenance, will be discussed in a separate section, because they are often published under the name of “ProtoThasian”. Amounting to an estimated 259 individuals between them, these amphorae make up the bulk of the imported East Greek and Greek transport jars at the site in the Late Period.77 The first two types are essentially made up of sherd material and date from the sixth to the midfifth century BC. The third type, which includes several near complete profiles, belongs to the mid to third quarter of the fifth century BC (450/440–525 BC); the fourth type, also represented by fragments only, falls within the later fifth and very early fourth centuries BC. The fifth type is more elusive in the literature and does not appear in Dupont’s and Anderson’s summaries but can be situated in the fifth century BC. Finally, two last variants, called here “Proto-Thasian”, are very likely of Chian origin too and also date to the mid-fifth century BC.

Pl. 177:11 (13/0039/114) imported Ae fabric, dark pink surface, very fine, no core, very smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. AM/L Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including possible Lesbian) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

20

4

0

24

X

10

0

0

10

Total

34

AM/CH Chian Amphorae Chian amphorae were produced from the seventh century BC until the Roman period and exported in vast quantities to Egypt and other areas of the eastern Mediterranean.75 From written sources, we know that they were principally used for marketing the island’s prized wine (Salviat 1986) but they may also have carried other types of exports as well, such as the local white mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) that was famous throughout Antiquity and beyond (Sakirakis 1986:121), and honey, nuts, and olives (Lawall 2011a:27). Besides the evidence presented by Lawall, one Chian jar, among several scores of others discovered on a midfourth century BC shipwreck site off Chios, was submitted to molecular biological analyses in order to identify its content. The results did not reveal traces of wine or mastic,

Interestingly, while they are so very frequent in the fifth and early fourth centuries BC, Chian jars cease being represented at Kom Tuman quite suddenly around the second quarter of the fourth century BC. This coincides with the appearance of amphorae of North Aegean provenance in significant numbers and by the mid fourth century, North Aegean products at Kom Tuman (most likely wine) had virtually displaced their Chian counterparts (see below, pp. 193–194). 76  The other jar from the same shipwreck that was examined according to this method revealed traces of mastic resin. Besides being a reputed Chian product, mastic was also used for preservation of ancient wine (Hansson and Folley 2008). 77  This estimate does not take the 117 Chian toes and the 15 “ProtoThasian” (probably Chian) fragments into account. If they are added, the total amounts to 391 elements.

74  These were also imported to the Black Sea area at that time (Avksentyevna Gavrilyuk 2007:633–634, fig. 5:1–2). 75  See for example Sarikakis 1986:123. They are however rare in Libya (e.g. Riley 1979:129–130)

180

Late Period Col. pl. 59:7–8 (15/0090/001) Chian 1, thick white slip, red paint; d. rim 14.0 cm.

AM/CH.1 Ball rim, white slipped and painted Several fragments of Chian amphorae covered with a thick white or cream slip and decorated with red, red-brown or black painted bands and circles around the handles were recovered in the Kom Tuman excavations. They belong to amphorae with high necks, chunky handles of oval section, and high, hollowed, cup-shaped toes, sometimes slightly flaring towards the base, thus resembling contemporary Clazomenian toes.

Col. pl. 59:9–10 (07/0016/026) Chian 1, thick white slip, red-brown paint; d. rim 10.5 cm. Col. pl. 59:11 (VII.D-10/0003/004) Chian 1, white slip; d. rim 14.0 cm. Pl. 178:1 (07/0080/034) Chian 1, white slip out, black paint; d. rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0101: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

In Egypt, these amphorae are dated to the sixth century BC, notably on the basis of an example found at Defenneh, which still bore a mud sealing stamped with a cartouche of Amasis (Petrie 1888:64, pl. XXXVI:5; Johnston 2006:26– 27). The type is very frequently found throughout Egypt at that time, and examples from Buto (Bourriau 2003:230, fig. 9:1), Plinthine (Barahona-Mendieta, Pesenti, and Redon 2016:16–22, fig. 13:1–4; Pesenti and Saleh 2018:20–21, fig. 7:8024.02), Sais (Pesenti 2012:6–7, figs. 1f-1g), Mendes (Allen 1982:21, pl. XIX:3), Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:161, pl.  47:477; French and Bourriau 2018:187–188, fig. 38a-b), Abusir (Bares and Smoláriková 2008:167, 174, 193, 199–200, figs. 51:55– 57, 56:43–45; Smoláriková 2009:101–102, fig. 29/2–3, pl. 25a), and Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:376–377, fig. 155:e), among others, can be mentioned.78

Pl. 178:2 (13/0040/047) Chian 1, cream slip, black paint; d. max. pres. 35.0 cm. Pl. 178:3 (VII.D10/0005/004) Chian 1, white slip out, brown-red painted band on rim; d. rim 16.0 cm. Pl. 178:4 (14b/0001/043) Chian 1, white slip, black painted bands and circle around handle; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 178:5 (13/0036/004) Chian 1, white slip, black paint; d. max. pres. 18.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 handle, 1 BS; 14/0018: 1 BS.

The ubiquity of this type in Egypt, combined with the nature of its very chalky slip, which apparently differs from that of the Chian containers found elsewhere, has led some researchers to suggest an Egyptian, most likely Naucratite, origin for these vessels (Aston and Aston 2010:8, with references). While this may be a seducing proposal for the Saqqara and some of the other Egyptian-found specimens, the slip of the examples from Kom Tuman, although thick, is not chalky. Moreover, the visual appearance of the fabric is fully compatible with the fabric of the other types of Chian amphorae. Thus, unless we suppose that nearly all Chian amphorae at the site, including those of later phases, were produced in Egypt, or that the Naukratite potters were actually importing Chian clays, it is unlikely that the white-slipped and painted amphorae listed below were Egyptian made.

Pl. 178:6 (VII.D10/0005/009–010) Chian 1, white slip out, brown-black painted bands and circles; h. pres. 9.2 cm. Pl. 178:7 (VII.D10/0005/011) Chian 1, white slip out, brown-black painted bands and circles; d. body ca. 33.0 cm. Col. pl. 60:1 (14/0001/073) Chian 1, white slip, black brown thin painted band; d. max. 37.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 BS; 13/0040: 1 BS; 13/0049: 1 BS; 16/0003: 1 BS (not for fabric); 16/0009: 1 BS. Col. pl. 60:2 (07/0025/038) Chian 1, white slip, brown painted band on handle and circle around handle; h. pres. 8.5 cm; sect. 3.3x1.3 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0010: 1 handle.

Pl. 177:12 (13/0004/010) Chian 1, white slip, black paint; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 handle; 13/0004: 1 handle; 13/0025: 1 BS; 13/0035: 1 handle; 13/0040: 1 handle; 14/0001: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0045: 1 handle; 16/0009: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 60:3 (07/0111/001) Chian 1, white slip, red painted band; h. pres. 6.8 cm. Col. pl. 60:4 (VII.B-12/0007/044) Chian 1, white slip out, red paint on body; d. max. ca. 29.0 cm.

Col. pl. 59:6 (07/0053/005) Chian 1, thick white slip, red paint; d. rim 12.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 neck.

Col. pl. 60:5 (13/0063/015) Chian 1, white slip, red paint; d. max. pres. 31.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 BS; 13/0035: 1 BS; 13/0041: 1 BS; 13/0049: 1 BS; 13/0065: 1 BS; 15/0036: 1 BS; 15/0061: 1 handle; 16/0034: 1 BS.

78  Outside Egypt, the type is well represented on Chios itself (Anderson 1954:169), in the Black Sea colonies (Sarikakis 1986:123; Monachov 2003b:233–236, pls. 3:3–6, 4–6), and on Cyprus (Calvet and Yon 1977:18, pl. X:99–104).

181

Kom Tuman II Col. pl. 60:6 (VII.D10/0005/007) Chian 1, white slip out, brown-black painted bands and circles; d. body ca. 32.0 cm.

Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0040: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 179:3 (13/0040/045) Chian 2, uncoated; d. rim 13.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 60:7 (VII.D10/0005/008) Chian 1, white slip out, brown-black painted bands and circles; d. body ca. 33.0 cm.

AM/CH.2 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 61:1 (VII.D-10/0003/044) Chian 1, white slip (probably same vessel as VII.D-10/0003/045); d. body ca. 32.0 cm.

Area

Col. pl. 61:2 (VII.D-10/0003/045) Chian 1, white slip (probably same vessel as VII.D-10/0003/044); d. body ca. 32.0 cm.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

23

14

0

37

X

5

0

0

Total

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

2

0

8

X

0

0

0

0

Total

8

AM/CH.3 Swollen neck

AM/CH.1 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

VII

2013–2016

Chian swollen neck amphorae can be divided into two main variants. The first has a short neck with a widening that starts just below the bulge, and the second displays a long neck, continuing along a relatively straight line below the bulge. For the second variant, the body is elongated and the foot low and hollow (Anderson 1954:169). The mouth openings of both variants are not rounded, but consistently oval in shape. To all appearances, this resulted from attaching the handles by lateral pressure on to the upper neck before the latter was sufficiently hardened.

5 42

AM/CH.2 Funnel neck, uncoated A small number Chian amphorae with ‘funnel’ neck and thickened rim were identified here. Their fabric is similar to that of the preceding type but their surface is usually left uncoated and they may be decorated with horizontal red or brown painted bands on the rim (like some of the types discussed below). This model was not particularly short-lived, but it is amongst the least specific of all of the Chian type series. It is found in the third quarter of the sixth century BC until ca. 510 BC and is thus partly contemporary with the amphorae with white slip and painted decoration discussed above (Dupont 1998:148–149; Lawall et  al. 2010:358–359, L-8, pl. 290)79.

The very characteristic appearance of these jars makes them easy to identify, both to us and presumably also to those who were purchasing them in antiquity. Their iconic nature is illustrated by their appearance on Chian coinage (Mattingly 1981:78–79, pl.  Ib; Mavrogordato 1918:364– 373, pl. XVIII:16), as well as on a finely cut gem found in the Black Sea city of Kerch that was attributed to the Chian engraver Dexamenos, who lived in the third quarter of the fifth century BC (Fuchs 1986:276–280, fig. 7). Swollen neck amphorae are rarely covered with a thin white slip but are much more often left uncoated. Several of our examples are also painted, usually with red vertical and horizontal wide bands on the body and under the rim, but sometimes also with more complex patterns or signs. These (pre-firing) painted signs could have been related to content, producer, or origin, rather than having been purely decorative.80 As a matter of fact, red-painted dipinti are frequent on the necks and bodies of the Chian amphorae found amongst the material of the fifth century well of the Athenian Agora published by Talcott (Talcott 1935:515–516, fig. 28). In these cases, however, the dipinti are alphabetic inscriptions and/or numbers, and have been interpreted as indicative of the purchase price of the commodities (usually wine) contained in the amphorae (Talcott 1935:495–496).

Probably due to a lack of easily distinguishing features, Chian amphorae with funnel necks have rarely been reported from Egyptian sites so far. One possible fragment occurs at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:191, fig. 38i). Another fragment of unknown origin from a mixed context at Mendes (where associated pottery ranged in date from the Third Intermediate Period to the Ptolemaic period) may also relate to this type. It is described as made of an imported, micaceous fabric and was dated to the fourth century BC (Hummel and Schubert 2004:137–139, 151, pl. B:1). Pl. 179:1 (VII.B12/0007/031) Chian 1, thin cream slip, traces of red paint below rim; d. rim 11.4 cm.

80  Dupont (1998:151) suggests that these marks were drawn after firing and thus “[…] might have been drawn either by the wine-growers, or by the wine-merchants” or “[…] scribbled by the sellers as by the customers”. However, the marks on the Chian amphorae from Kom Tuman were in all cases drawn before firing and were thus part of the production process.

Pl. 179:2 (13/0040/043) Chian 2, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. 79  These amphorae are also known as “Lambrino A1” (Lambrino 1938:110–112, figs. 71–72).

182

Late Period chamfered with a depression under the base. According to the typologies established on the basis of the material from the Kofinà ridge, the Athena Temple on Chios (Anderson 1954:169, fig. 9g; Boardman 1967:179–180, fig. 126:945, 948), and elsewhere (Lawall 1998:78–81), it appears before the end of the fifth century BC but continues into the early fourth century in association with the straightnecked Chian jars that will be discussed below.84 The other toe type is a straight sided, cup-shaped, narrow base that also occurs with the earlier, white slipped versions of Chian jars (e.g. Lawall et al. 2010:358–359, L-9, pl. 290).

The first variant of the swollen neck amphorae is securely represented by eight rim fragments only.81 It is predominant in the later part of the sixth and first part of the fifth century BC (Anderson 1954:169, fig. 8:51–51a), as also evidenced by stratified excavations at Babes in Elis, where it is found in early to mid-fifth century BC contexts (Lang 1992:68–72). It occurs notably in mainland Greece (e.g. Roberts 1986:67, fig. 42:419–420, pl.  18), Ionia (Voigtlander 1982:42, 117, nos 31–36, fig. 6), the Black Sea area (Lawall et al. 2010:364, L-26, L-27, pl.  291; Vinogradov and Kryzickij 1995:87, fig. 82:2), and is relatively frequent in Egypt, at sites such as Buto (Bourriau 2003:230, fig. 9:2), or Naukratis (Petrie 1886: pl. XVI:7). Some of the examples of this variant illustrated here were found in precisely the same context as many of the amphorae of the second bulge neck variant, suggesting that both overlapped in time. This is also suggested by the “Punic Building” at Corinth, where Chian bulge neck amphorae of both variants formed a significant part of the pottery finds, second only to the Punic jars after which the building was named (Williams 1978:15–20, fig. 5). Finally, the Tektas Burnu shipwreck, dated around 430/425 BC, yielded two Chian jars: one with the short, swollen neck variant, and one of the long, swollen neck variant (Carlson 2003:590).

Unlike the first variant with short neck, this long, bulge neck model is strikingly rare at Egyptian sites in general. So far, it is known mainly from Tell el-Herr, where a minimum of 14 individuals were found in fifth century contexts, always with chamfered toes (Defernez 2001:206–208, pls. XXXVI-XXXVIII). One further possible example is published from Tanis, coming from a mixed Late Period to Roman context (Ledain 2000:341, fig. 36). While such a lack may be explained by the short-lived period of production of the type, it contrasts strongly not only with what can be observed at Kom Tuman, where 110 estimated individuals of this type were recovered – not counting the toes that could have belonged to it – but also with the widespread diffusion of these amphorae elsewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean.

In spite of this clear overlap, the second variant, with a longer neck, is thought to be slightly later.82 Originally, on the basis of his analysis of the pottery from the Kofinà Ridge excavations on Chios, Anderson situated its emergence in the first half of the fifth century BC (Anderson 1954:169, fig. 8:51b), but well-stratified material from Athens and elsewhere suggests that its production should be situated from about 450/440 to 425 BC (Talcott 1935:495, 514, fig. 17:86; Grace 1961:fig.43–44; Knigge 1976:151–152, 155, pl.  65:4, 8; Kunze-Götte, Tancke, and Vierneisel 1999:142–143, no. 5676, pl. 294:7; Monachov 1999a:178, fig. 23:2). For such a short-lived period of production, equivalent to no more than a single generation, these jars were diffused in extraordinary numbers throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, in Greece, and especially in the Black Sea area (Damyanov 2005:218–219, figs. 6–7; Damyanov 2007:9, fig. 5:1; Zinko 2007:830, fig. 7:3; Monachov 2003b:237, pl.  7:2, 4–6; Zeest 1960: pl.  IV. 11b,g). 83

Several of the most complete bulge necked amphorae at Kom Tuman bear purposefully made post-firing perforations towards their base. The function of these holes is unknown, but if we assume that these amphorae were originally wine containers, the holes were most certainly linked to a secondary use of the vessels. Similar perforations were found on Chian jars from the Temple of Aphaia on Aegina where they are described as ‘sieve holes’ (Johnston 1990:38). Other than sieve holes, such orifices could have served for dispensing the jars’ contents (presumably liquids), without having to lift the heavy vessel. With a straw, metal or leather spout inserted through them, they could have been used as taps and sealed with a fitted cork, made of soft wood, wax, or other suitable materials. The best-preserved jars from our site were discovered stacked together against a wall of the workshop area in Square VII. The soil under which they were buried included fragmentary sherds dating from the late sixth century, but also material clearly belonging to the Ptolemaic period. Furthermore, the mudbricks used for the latest phase of the wall against which the amphorae had been dumped or deposited contained unquestionable Ptolemaic material. Therefore, it is possible that the amphorae were already about 100 years old when they were stacked behind the workshop. This situation

Several near-complete profiles of this variant were found at Kom Tuman. Their toes are always just about missing, but two distinctive toe types, made of similar fabrics, some of which were found in the same contexts as the rims, may be considered as belonging to the same group. A first type is Albeit some of the rim sherds entered in the second category that are broken above the departure of the neck could theoretically belong to either variant. 82  For an illustration of this particular development, see Whitbread 1995:134–136, pl.  4:35, where amphorae with short bulged neck and long bulged neck are shown side by side. 83  The examples from Olbia, on the Black Sea come from a grave circle built of amphorae that line two tumuli tombs. These were dated to between the third quarter and the end of the fifth century BC (Damyanov 2005:219). 81 

84  Some of the Cypriote amphorae from Kourion produced in the late Classical and early Hellenistic period also have a very similar toe type (Meyza 2004:274–275, figs. 7–8). However, their fabric is rougher and more porous than that of the Chian jars and, so far, a Chian identification is preferred for all of the fragments from Kom Tuman.

183

Kom Tuman II Col. pl. 61:3 (VII.B12/0007/028) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint below the rim and on top of handles.; d. rim 12.1 cm.

is paralleled at Thasos. There, a set of ten local and imported amphorae ranging from the early fifth century to the first half of the third century BC were discovered in a cellar that was stratigraphically linked to a phase dated no earlier than 250 BC. The author of the report suggested that the amphorae were kept for the purposeful ageing of wine or that they were stored provisionally for future use in building activities (Grandjean 1992:579– 581).85 The second explanation may also apply to the finds from Kom Tuman.

Pl. 179:6 (13/0041/017) Chian 2, uncoated; d. 14.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 6 rims (4 est. ind.); 13/0025: 17 rims (10 est. ind.); 13/0041: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0041: 1 rim. Pl. 179:7 (15/0096/012) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  rim 13–16.0 cm.

AM/CH.3.i Short neck

Pl. 180:1 (VII.B12/0007/049) Chian 2, uncoated; d rim ca. 11.0 cm.

Col. pl. 62:1–3 (05–06/0041A/088) Chian 1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0–15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 rim.

Pl. 180:2 (13/0039/115) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  rim 14.0–15.0 cm.

Pl. 179:4 (15/0059/003) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm.

Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 13/0035: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0039: 2 rims, 1 handle, 3 necks (4 est. ind.); 13/0040: 13 rims, 5 necks, 6 BS (13 est. ind.); 13/0041: 16 handles (8 est. ind.); 13/0044: 1 rim, 1 handle (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 rim; 13/0049: 2 handles, 1 neck (2 est. ind.); 13/0063: 1 rim, 1 handle (2 est. ind.); 14/0001: 13 rims (9 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 neck; 15/0008: 1 neck, 1 shoulder (2 est. ind.); 15/0016: 1 handle; 15/0043: 1 rim.

Pl. 179:5 (15/0093/005) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  rim 14.5 cm. AM/CH.3.i Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4

3

0

7

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Col. pl. 61:4 (15/0096/006) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint under rim; d. rim 13.5–14.0 cm. Pl. 180:3 (15/0094/008) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint under rim; d. rim 13.0 cm.

8

AM/CH3.ii Long neck

Pl. 180:4 (13/0041/016) Chian 2, uncoated, d, rim 14.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 handle; 13/0041: 8 rims, 1 neck (5 est. ind.); 14/0042: 1 handle (1 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0011: 1 handle; 15/0018: 1 neck; 16/0014: 2 handles (1 est. ind.).

Complete or near complete examples Col. pls. 63–64 (05–06/0041AB1/090) Chian 2, uncoated, traces of red paint below rim and on handle; d. rim 13.0– 15.0 cm; d. body 33.2 cm; h. pres. 73.2 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0028: 2 handles (1 est. ind.).

Pl. 180:5 (15/0067/017) imported, dense, pink-beige fabric, beige surface, similar to Samian/Milesian fabrics, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm.

Col. pls. 65–66 (05–06/0041AB2/135) Chian 2, thin, beige slip or self-slip, red painted circular motif on shoulder and band on other side; d. body 32.8 cm; h. pres. 71.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 BS; 13/0040: 1 BS; 13/0055: 1 BS; 14/0001: 3 BS (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 3 BS (1 est. ind.); 15/0067: 1 BS; 15/0096: 1 BS; 16/0015: 1 BS.

Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 rim. Col. pl. 69:1 (07/0092/005) Chian 2, uncoated, red painted band on rim; d. rim 11.3 cm. AM/CH.3.ii Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pls. 67–68 (05–06/0041A/001) Chian 2, thin, beige slip, red painted half circle on upper neck and band; d. rim 11.2–14.4 cm; d. body 31.8 cm; h. pres. 73.4 cm. Rims

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

83

16*

0

99

X

11

0

0

11

Total

Strabo states that wine could be kept for three generations in clay amphorae (Strabo XI 10,1), although this statement may be slightly exaggerated. 85 

*Of which 3 near complete vessels

184

110

Late Period jar fragments recovered from Kom Tuman, and only a couple of rim sherds could tentatively be related to it (e.g. VII.B12/0007/037, col. pl. 70:1).

AM/CH.4 Amphorae with long straight necks A fourth type of Chian amphora at Kom Tuman is made up by vessels with a high neck, narrow mouth, and rounded rim, often with an internal slant, and thick oval handles attached to the upper part of the neck. As was the case for earlier variants, this one still occasionally bears painted bands or marks on the neck, rim or handles and usually has an oval-shaped mouth opening.

Thus, in view of these considerations, the straight-necked Chian amphorae from Kom Tuman are best dated to the third quarter of the fifth, or the very early years of the fourth century BC, rather than after 390/380 BC. Moreover, the fact that besides the traces of red paint on top of the handles, their surface is sometimes still covered with a white slip (a feature normally associated with earlier Chian types) rather points to a date at the beginning of the straight neck series.

The earliest examples of the long straight-necked Chian amphorae overlap partly with the bulge neck examples of the previous type and, thus, appear at the end of the fifth century BC (Lawall 1998:81; Whitbread 1995:135–136, pl.  4.36), more specifically according to the finds from the Punic Amphorae Building at Corinth around 430 BC (Mattingly 1981:79).86 At Kom Tuman, it was indeed evidenced in the same context as the latter, but so far, and unlike the bulge neck type, only appears as sherd material. Again, as for the preceding types with swollen neck, this one was particularly frequent in the Black Sea cities (Monachov 2003b:238–241, pls. 8:1–7, 9:1–6, 10:1–8, 11:1–3).

Rims Pl. 180:6 (15/0016/005) Chian 2, uncoated, black paint; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Late Period, dated end seventh to first quarter of sixth century BC, attributed to Chios: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:377, fig. 155:e. Col. pl. 69:2 (13/0035/087) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0–15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0035: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0009: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0101: 1 neck; 16/0015: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

In Egypt, rims of these Chian straight-neck amphorae, sometimes with red paint on top of the handles are known at Mendes and dated to the late fifth to early fourth century BC (Hummel and Schubert 2004:152, pl.  C:1), Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:189, fig. 38d-f), as well as at Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:376–377 fig. 155:fg; Marangou 2012a:176, figs. 7a-b). Better preserved examples are well documented at Tell el-Herr in Phases VB and V (Defernez 2001:272, 359–362, pls. LVIII:169b, LXXVIII:230a-230c).87

Col. pl. 69:3 (VII.B-12/0031/005) Chian 2, red paint stains below rim, thick handles; d. rim 13.0 cm. Col. pl. 69:4 (13/0041/012) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint below rim; d. rim 12.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 13/0040: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0041: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0046: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim.

They initially had chamfered toes, identical to the toes of the bulge necked types. They acquire a conical toe with faint depression underneath and a slight cuff at the juncture to the body towards the middle of the fourth century BC and continue in that form into the Hellenistic period (Grace 1961: figs. 45–46). The necks become longer and the shoulders more angular. It is this later type that occurs in significant quantities in the mid-fourth century Chian shipwreck mentioned above (Foley et al. 2009:287, 292, fig.12), in the Cypriote Mazotos shipwreck, dated to the third quarter of the fourth century BC (Demesticha 2009), in the late Classical drain 1971–1 at Corinth (McPhee and Pemberton 2012:61, I-24, fig. 4, pl. 6), and in a Thasian public well, dug in the fifth century BC but filled between 350 and 330 BC (Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:232, figs. 7:47, 8:51). Not a single toe belonging to this type could be identified amongst the over three hundred Chian

Col. pl. 69:5 (15/0065/009) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint; d. rim 14.0 cm. Col. pl. 69:6 (16/0007/020) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint; d. rim 11.0 cm. Col. pl. 69:7 (15/0091/001) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint below the rim and on top of handles; d. rim 12.1 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0085: 1 rim. Pl. 181:1 (13/0041/015) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 1 rim; 14b/0006: 1 rim; 16/0039: 1 rim. Pl. 181:2 (15/0028/001) Chian 2, uncoated; d. rim 14.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0049: 1 rim; 14/0001: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0061: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

86  This morphological change may also be linked to a change in the vessels’ capacity, which is noticeable around that time. While the bulbous neck amphorae of the mid-fifth century BC had a capacity of about seven Chian choes, the straight-necked ones held eight Chian choes. Some scholars have explained this increase by the issuance of the Athenian Standard Decree, following which Chian producers had to conform to Attic measure standards (see Foley et al. 2009:292, with references). 87  See also from a Ptolemaic context, Dixneuf 2007a:67, pl. III:48.

Pl. 181:3 (VII.B12/0007/030) Chian 2, cream slip out; d. rim 11.7 cm. 185

Kom Tuman II Pl. 181:4 (13/0039/111) Chian, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 neck; 13/0004: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 5 rims (2 est. ind.).

Istros, Klazomenai, and Miletus, the authors of the Olbia study situate this type of decorated bulbous neck amphora between 610 BC and the first 20 years of the fifth century BC. At Olbia and Athens (Lawall 2011b:302), these amphorae also often have a small black painted circle on the neck. None of the bulbous neck examples from Kom Tuman displays such a feature, but small black painted circles do occur on a few straight-necked amphorae that are discussed below and are also of likely Chian origin.

Col. pl. 70:1 (VII.B12/0007/037) Chian 2, cream slip out, red paint on handle; d. rim 10.1 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, Late Period, dated end fifth century BC, attributed to Chios: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:377, fig. 155:f.

No toes can be securely ascribed to this amphora type, but it may be assumed that they were either chamfered or cupshaped, like that of the other fifth century Chian jars.

Pl. 181:5 (13/0041/013) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0–13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0041: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0061: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim.

In Egypt, comparable amphorae are not frequent (or at least are not frequently reported) but one was found at the Anubieion at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:190, fig. 38g) and a couple at Buto in Late Period mixed contexts levels (e.g. col. pl. 71:9).

Pl. 181:6 (13/0049/026) Chian 2, uncoated; d. rim 12.5 cm. AM/CH.4 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

43

7

0

50

X

13

0

0

13

Total

It is interesting to note that nearly all of these amphorae come from the Rescue Area north of the main site. Pl. 181:7 (16/0003/071) Chian 2, uncoated, matte black paint, dripping down in neck; d. max. 16.5 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0073: 1 BS; 16/0003: 1 BS.

63

AM/CH.5 Amphorae with short neck, painted bands on rim, bulge or straight neck, and thin lines on handles

Col. pl. 70:2 (15/0073/022) Chian 2, self-slip, red paint (thin line); h. pres. 5.7 cm; section handle 2.6x1.2 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0034: 1 BS; 16/0050: 1 BS.

These amphorae are discussed last in the Chian series because a slight doubt remains as to their provenance. They are most specifically distinguished by their short, sometimes slightly swollen necks, thickened ball rims, drooping shoulders (where preserved), and smoothly curved, off-set short handles that rise from shoulder to just below the rim. Their handles are well shaped, rather thick, and oval in section. They are regularly decorated with horizontal bands on the rims and/or, most distinctively, thin red or black lines on top of the handles often descending onto the body. Sometimes, additional linear patterns or stain-like dots are added on the necks. The latter are mostly of the bulged types, but two examples illustrated here are straight necked (16/0023/016, col. pl. 70:5; 16/0025/011, col. pl. 70:6). Surfaces are well smoothed, including handle attachments.

Col. pl. 70:3 (15/0030/003) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint; d. rim 13.0 cm Col. pl. 70:4 (15/0030/004) Chian 2, uncoated, red-brown paint; d. rim 12.0 cm Col. pl. 70:5 (16/0023/016) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint; d. rim 12.8 cm. Col. pl. 70:6 (16/0025/011) imported, hard, very dense, pink fabric, beige core, limestone, grey pebbles, black angular inclusions, pink smooth surface, uncoated, red paint; d. neck 12.5 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0025: 1 BS.

As suggested by the descriptions above, the fabrics of these amphorae are not exactly uniform, but they generally fit a north-east Aegean profile. Within this framework, both their shape and decoration make it likely that most of the specimens listed here actually come from the island of Chios. Though not exactly identical, they are comparable to the swollen neck Chian amphorae of the Greek late Archaic and early Classical period (type AM/CH.3.i).

Col. pl. 70:7 (16/0038/003) Chian 2, uncoated, red painted band on neck; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0038: 3 BS. Col. pl. 70:8 (16/0003/108) Chian 2, dense, medium-fine, beige fabric, no core, small sand, uncoated, red and brown paint; d. rim 12.0 cm.

As it stands, similar fragments, characterised by a thin painted line on the handles, were found at Olbia, in late sixth and early fifth century BC levels. They were ascribed a Chian origin and considered part of the Chian swollen neck series (Lawall et al. 2010:358–359, 364, L-8, L-10, L-26, pls. 290–291). On the basis of evidence from Athens,

Col. pl. 71:1 (15/0036/011) import, pink-beige fabric, sand quartz, grey pebbles, cream slip or self-slip, red paint on handle; d. neck ca. 11.7 cm. Col. pl. 71:2 (15/0061/021) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint on rim; d. rim 12.0 cm. 186

Late Period Col. pl. 71:3 (14b/0010/010) Chian 2, uncoated, red paint on rim; d. rim 10.5 cm.

Internal parallels: 15/0039: 1 base; 16/0015: 2 bases (2 est. ind.).

Col. pl. 71:4 (16/0025/028) import, pink-beige, dense, micaceous fabric, white inclusions, fine sand, no core, buff surface, finely gritty, uncoated, red paint (band on rim, wiggles on neck); d.  rim 11.5 cm. (Proposal for reconstruction from two non-joining fragments). Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 181:9 (15/0032/005) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 4.8 cm; blackened inside (used as lamp?). Internal parallel: 13/0049: 1 base. Pl. 182:1 (13/0040/021) Chian 2, uncoated; d. base 6.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 5 bases (5 est. ind.); 15/0061: 4 bases (4 est. ind.). Parallel: Athens, Agora Well J2:4, fifth century BC, Chian: Lawall 2011b:303, A9, fig. I.7.

Col. pl. 71:5–6 (16/0003/056) import, pink, finely porous, white speckled fabric, no core, buff-yellow surface, uncoated, red paint; d. rim ca. 12.0–15.0 cm.

Pl. 182:2 (16/0038/004) Chian 2, uncoated; d. base 4.4 cm.

Internal parallels: 13/0041: 1 handle; 14b/0001: 1 handle; 15/0067: 1 handle; 16/0003: 3 handles (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 182:3 (13/0049/027) Chian 2, uncoated; d. base 5.5 cm (exactly same fabric as 13/0049/026, pl. 181:6). Internal parallel: 16/0025: 1 base.

Col. pl. 71:7–8 (15/0061/023) Chian 2, uncoated, redbrown paint on rim, thin line on top of handle; d. rim 13.0 cm.

Pl. 182:4 (14/0001/090) Chian 2, uncoated; d. base 5.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 15/0073: 1 base; 16/0011: 1 base.

AM/CH.5 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

2

0

7

X

12

0

0

12

Total

Pl. 182:5 (15/0096/007) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 6.4 cm. Pl. 182:6 (13/0039/118) Chian 1, uncoated; d. base 7.0 cm. Parallel: Kommos, Building Q, Chian, dated ca. 600 BC: Johnston 1993:364, fig. 8B, pl. 78. Cup-shaped base variant

19

Chian amphora bases As mentioned above, the same base types may be found in association with Chian amphorae of different forms, so when found in isolation they cannot be formally ascribed to one group or the other. Thus, cup-shaped bases appear already with the earliest white-slipped examples but continue later with the funnel-necked jars (AM/CH.2), as well as the bulge neck type (AM/CH.3; Johnston 1990:38– 40, fig. 1:2). The last fragments illustrated in this group (13/0040/021, 14/0001/090, 13/0049/027, pl. 182:1, 3–4) may be seen as an intermediate type between the cup shaped base and the chamfered high toe, more typical of the later fifth century BC.

Pl. 182:7 (07/0060/016) Chian 1, uncoated; d.  base 8.0 cm. AM/CH.1–4 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

20

1

0

21

X

16

0

0

16

Total

37

AM/CH.3–4, 5(?) Chamfered toes

The chamfered bases are the norm of the bulge and straight necked amphorae. The in-curving profile of the toe is a very characteristic feature of the Chian production (e.g Johnston 1990:38, fig. 1:9).

Pl. 182:8 (07/0087/041) Chian 1, uncoated; d. base 6.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 base; 13 /0035: 1 base. Pl. 182:9 (VII.B12/0007/010) Chian 2, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0073: 1 base.

AM/CH1–4, 5(?) Cup-shaped toes Col. pl. 72:1–2 (14/0001/093) Chian, uncoated; d.  base 4.8 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 14b/0001: 5 bases (5 est. ind.); 15/0009: 1 base; 15/0026: 1 base; 15/0041: 1 base; 16/0001: 1 base; 16/0009: 1 base.

Pl. 182:10 (15/0052/009) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 6.0 cm. Pl. 182:11 (13/0063/007) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 5.9 cm.

Pl. 181:8 (16/0011/010) Chian 2, uncoated; d. base 4.4 cm. 187

Kom Tuman II Internal parallels: 13/001: 1 base; 15/0096: 1 base; 16/0007: 1 base. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period: Lecuyot et  al. 2013:17, F7.P27 (S.P.611), pl. B.

AM/CH.3–4 Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 182:12 (13/0040/023) Chian 2 uncoated; d.  base 5.9 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 base; 14/0001: 7 bases (7 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 base; 16/0014: 1 base; 16/0015: 3 bases (3 est. ind.).

Area VII

2013–2016 62

2003–2013 2

Surface 0

Total 64

X XI Total

15 1

0 0

0 0

15 1 80

AM/CH Pot marks on Chian amphorae Several fragments of probable Chian amphorae of undetermined type bear pot marks on the shoulder, neck and more rarely body. They were usually incised after firing, but before the vessel was broken (unlike for ostraca). Only one mark was made before firing, and one sherd bears a linear mark in black ink that looks to have been made post-firing.

Pl. 283:1 (15/0028/002) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 4.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041: 7 bases (7 est. ind.); 16/0015: 2 bases (2 est. ind.). Pl. 183:2 (15/0096/010) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 5.6 cm.

Whether added pre- or post-firing the meaning of these marks remains very uncertain. Most of them are simple linear patterns (usually cruciform), but one at least seems to be more complex signs, perhaps monograms or letters, traced post-firing on the neck of the vessel.

Pl. 183:3 (14/0001/095) Chian 2, uncoated; d. toe 6.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 5 bases (5 est. ind.). Parallel: Olbia, Period 2, dated late fifth century BC: Lawall et al. 2010:364, L-30, pl. 292.

The study of similar marks on Greek amphorae of the Classical period, in particular at Athens in the second half of the fifth century BC, has shown that some of these are symbols or letters referring to numerical notations of price, volume, content, or refilling of the jars (Lang 1956; Lawall 2000). The same may hold true for the signs found at Kom Tuman and, as in Athens, many of these marks occur on Chian jars.

Pl. 183:4 (16/0003/096) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 5.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0065: 1 base; 14/0001: 1 base. Parallel: Pindakas: Boardman 1967:178–180, fig. 126:944B. Pl. 183:5 (13/0040/022) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 17 bases (17 est. ind.).

Post-firing dipinto Col. pl. 72:5–6 (13/0040/051) Chian 2, uncoated, black ink dipinto at base of neck (post firing?), linear pattern X; d. max. pres. ca. 20.0 cm.

Pl. 183:6 (13/0040/020) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 6.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base.

Pl. 183:7 (15/0043/021) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 4.7 cm.

Commentary and parallel: The ink dipinto sign on the shoulder may be read as “X”, a letter standing for the capacity measure chous (about 3.3 litres). This volumetric notation is recurrently found incised on amphorae sherds from the Athenian Agora. One example can be cited from a Chian neck fragment belonging to the late fifth to early fourth century BC: Lawall 2000:53, no. 73, fig. 11. Post-firing incised marks

Pl. 183:8 (14/0042/001) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 5.8 cm.

Col. pl. 72:7–8 (13/0025/002) Chian 2, uncoated, incised post-firing pot mark: monogram(?); h. pres. 5.0 cm.

Pl. 183:9 (13/0040/026) Chian 2, uncoated; d. base max. 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 4 bases (4 est. ind.).

Pl. 183:11 (07/0101/003) Chian 2, uncoated, post-firing incised X sign on handle, numerical(?); h. pres. 3.9; sect. handle 2.2x1.6 cm.

Pl. 183:10 (15/0043/020) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  base 4.6 cm.

Pl. 184:1 (14/0001/186) Chian 2, uncoated, post-firing incised linear cruciform pattern, numerical(?), see

Col. pl. 72:3–4 (14/0001/096) Chian 2, uncoated; d.  toe 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0073: 1 base.

188

Late Period and the typical Chian ones was most noticeable with the material from Kom Tuman. This element can serve as an argument for advancing an actual Chian or North Ionian origin for some of the variants considered below.89

also above 13/0040/051, col. pl.  72:5–6); d.  max. ca. 33.0 cm. Pl. 184:2 (14b/0001/046) Chian 2, uncoated, post-firing incised signs on handle, numerical(?); d. body ca. 35.0 cm. Pre-firing incised mark

Monachov underlined the fact that some Proto-Thasian examples of the fifth century BC from the Black Sea already bear stamps on their handles. These consist of single letters “E” or “Σ” in small circular dies and, by themselves, are no great help for determining specific places of manufacture (Monachov 2003a:250). However, the Tektas Burnu shipwreck produced about 200 amphorae that were identified as “Pseudo-Samian” (or “Proto-Thasian”) and are broadly comparable to series I and II in Monachov’s study. One of these bore a circular stamp on its neck with the Greek letters “EPY” and it was ascribed to the city of Erythrai in northern Ionia (Carlson 2013:5–6, fig. 2–3; Carlson and Lawall 2005–2006). 90 The first attribution of these circular stamps to Erythrai was made on the basis of stamped handles from the Kerameikos cemetery at Athens dated to the later part of the fourth century BC (Jöhrens 1999:163–164, 169–170, nos 24–27, pl. 25:4–9).

Pl. 185:3 (14/0001/185) Chian 2, uncoated, pre-firing incised pot mark: linear cruciform pattern; d.  max. pres. ca. 35.0 cm. AM/CH Pot marks, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

1

0

7

X

2

0

0

2

Total

9

AM/PT “Proto-Thasian” amphorae The morphological and typological characteristics of the amphorae discussed below, as well as the variety of their fabrics, are evocative of a group originally coined “Proto-Thasian” by Zeest (Zeest 1960). This series, previously discussed by Dupont – who incidentally considered it as a successor to Zeest’s “Samian” or “Pseudo-Samian” (Dupont 1998:178–190; 1999:153– 157) – was subsequently studied by Monachov, who probably produced the most useful overview of this group so far, based on fully preserved examples. Monachov divided “Proto-Thasian” amphorae into successive morphological types straddling the period going from the mid-sixth century to the mid-fifth century BC (Monachov 2003a:249–253). In his paper, the most distinctive feature of these amphorae appears to be their profiled toes, while their handles, rims, and body shapes are far less specific. For example, some of the rim types of Monachov’s “Proto-Thasian” amphorae resemble closely the Samian/ Milesian ones. Thus, with only the rims preserved, fragments like 15/0054/005 (pl.  174:8) and 05– 06/0137/002 (pl.  175:2) (classified here in the southeast Aegean group) could in theory also be considered as “Proto-Thasian”.

In terms of distribution, the “Proto-Thasian” group is mainly known from the Black Sea region (Lawall et al. 2010:357), but it also occurs on Cyprus and at Athens, though much more sporadically (Monachov 2003a). In particular, it made up most of the cargo of the above-mentioned Tektas Burun shipwreck (Carlson 2013:4–11). It has gone relatively unnoticed in Egypt so far, but EPY or EPYΘ stamps are recorded in Alexandria (Lungu 2010:44). A few complete profiles from Saqqara were recently described as “Proto-Thasian”, although none display the profiled toe normally associated with Proto-Thasian (Aston and Aston 2010:143, 160, pl. 41:345–346). One rim sherd from Sais (Pesenti 2012:10, fig. 2f) was also tentatively identified as such and Dupont proposes ascribing an amphora from Naukratis to the Proto-Thasian group (Dupont 1998:184, note 273, citing Edgar 1905:125–126, fig. 6). AM/PT.1 “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red painted At Kom Tuman, this variant was first identified on the basis of two large fragments coming from a single context. Although they are not joining with one another, they may have belonged to a single vessel. The first is a toe with a low, angular profile and a tall conical body preserved up to its maximum diameter; the second is a shoulder fragment with the base of the neck, which is set off by a thin cuff. Under macroscopic examination, both fragments are made of a fabric that looks very much like the typical Chian fabric of the end of the Greek Archaic and early Classical period. Their shape also corresponds closely to that production (e.g. Lawall et  al. 2010:364, L-28, pl. 291), but they stand out by the sharply profiled toe and

The fabrics of the amphorae in this group are diverse and clearly point to more than one source, leading Monachov to suggest that they were made in a number of different production centres located along the Thracian coast.88 While overall archaeometric data tend to support this proposal, results from analyses of some of the fabrics have also revealed matches with reference material from the island of Chios (Dupont 2007:43; Dupont 2010:40). Similarities between some but not all of the “Proto-Thasian” fabrics

See also Lawall et al. 2010:357, with references. While the early Erythraian amphora type is certainly related to a variant of Monachov’s “Proto-Thasian” group in the Black Sea, the later Erythraian jars, with their mushroom or cup-shaped rims cannot be compared to any of Monachov’s series (Carlson and Lawall 2005–2006). 89 

Monachov 2003a:256; citing Peristeri-Otatzi 1986:496, fig. 13, arguing for a production at Abdera; Koukouli-Chrysantaki 1987:322– 325, pl. 142a-b, and Koukouli-Chrysantaki 1988:419, pl. 249b-g, arguing for a production at Thasos. 88 

90 

189

Kom Tuman II the combination of red-painted diagonal, horizontal, and vertical bands and by the small black-painted circles on the shoulder.

Internal parallels: 15/0073: 1 neck; 16/0003: 1 BS; 16/0023: 1 BS. Col. pl. 73:3 (VII.B12/0007/033) Chian 2-type fabric, uncoated; red painted vertical band on body; d. base 7.0 cm; d.  body max. pres. 29.0 cm; h.  pres. 33.5 cm postfiring perforation on lower body (probably same vessel as VII.B12/0007/048 pl. 184:4). Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 15/0041: 1 base.

Red painted bands on necks and handles are a wellknown feature of Chian amphorae at various periods (see above, Type AM/CH). The black painted circles, often with central dots, are also familiar motifs on Chian amphorae, though they are usually placed on the neck, most commonly on amphorae of the short bulbous neck type (Anderson 1954:169, fig. 8:51; Boardman 1967:180, fig. 126:945, pl.  67:953; Vanderpool 1946:278, pl. XXVIII:27; Thorne Campbell 1938:608, fig. 29:213; Schlörb-Vierneisel 1966:27, Beil. 23:3; Boulter 1953:104–105, pl. 40:152). The combination of red-painted bands on the body and small black circles on the shoulder, however, is not typical for Chios. One case of an amphora with such decoration was identified as Chian, not on Chios itself but at the site of Olbia, on a short swollen-neck example with cup-shaped toe (Lawall et  al. 2010:359, L-11, pl. 290). Another such amphora, also with cup-shaped toe but with straight neck, was found in a context of the second half of the sixth to early fifth century BC at Corinth (Thorne Campbell 1938:608, fig. 29:213). At the time, it was not attributed a specific provenience, but was already compared to a find from an Archaic grave at Olbia. Since then, Olbia and other Black Sea sites have yielded other so-called “ProtoThasian” amphorae with plain band rims and profiled toes with precisely this decorative combination. One complete amphora from Olbia, in particular, provides a good parallel for the Kom Tuman fragments (Lawall et  al. 2010:363–364, L-25, pl.  291). One difference between the Olbian amphora just mentioned and that from Kom Tuman is the relief cuff at the base of the neck (present on the Kom Tuman amphora but not on the Olbian specimen). Such relief cuffs are not known for any of the standard Chian types, but they do occur on some of the “Proto-Thasian” variants, notably around the first third of the fifth century BC (Monachov 2003a:250, fig. 4:3q; Dupont 1998:185, fig. 23.11e — after Zeest 1960). Thus, in the present case, and in spite of the noted analogies with Chian amphorae, a more undetermined “Proto-Thasian” identification for the Kom Tuman fragments may be retained.

Col. pl. 74:1–2 (07/0012/001a) Chian 2 type fabric, self-slip, red painted horizontal band and vertical bands descending from it; d.  base 5.5 cm, d.  body 27.6 cm; probably same vessel as 07/0012/1b col. pl. 73:1–2. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 16/0007: 1 base; 16/0014: 1 base. Parallel: Berezan, Zeest’s Protothasian (Hermitage B.84.402): Dupont 2007:43, fig. 2f. Pl. 185:1 (14b/0001/039) imported, hard dense fabric, pink surface, grey core, uncoated; d. base 5.9 cm. AM/PT.1 Imported individuals Area

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

3

0

9

X

2

0

0

2

Total

of

11

AM/PT.2 “Proto-Thasian”/Chian with short neck and dipinto dotted circle One easily recognizable amphora variant at Kom Tuman is represented by a very small group of rim fragments with short, straight necks bearing a black painted circle with central dot at mid-neck height (only 4 minimum individuals). They have an externally thickened rim and are covered by a cream slip. The shape of their handles is not known, as they were not preserved. From what remains of their shape and decoration, they correspond well to Monachov’s “Proto-Thasian” series IV. Several examples of this type were discovered at Olbia and other Black Sea centres, dated approximately to the first third of the fifth century BC (Monachov 2003a:250, figs. 3:5–6, 4:1–2; Dupont 1998:185, fig. 23.12s). However, dipinti circles with central dots are also a common feature on Chian amphorae at the same period. Published examples from Chios and elsewhere usually associate this decorative feature with the short bulbous neck type.91

Col. pl. 72:9–10 (13/0040/049) Chian 2-type fabric, uncoated, red paint; d. max. 36.0 cm. Pl. 184:4 (VII.B-12/0007/048) Chian 2-type fabric, reddish brown to beige, no core, cream surface, uncoated, dipinto black circle on shoulder; d. max. pres. ca. 32.0 cm (probably same vessel as VII.B12/0007/033, col. pl. 73:3).

91  Several examples of bulbous neck Chian amphorae with dipinti circles with central dot on the neck served as sarcophagi for infant burials of the late sixth to the mid-fifth century BC at the Athenian Kerameikos cemetery (Knigge 1976:23, 88, 95, 100, 111, 128, 172, pls. 45:8, 48:2, 49:4, 51:6, 55:166, 86:3; Kunze-Götte, Tancke, and Vierneisel 1999:66, no. 241, pl.  42:8), as well as in the necropolis of Ialyssos, on Rhodes (Jacopi 1929:112, pl. IV:LXXII).

Col. pl. 73:1–2 (07/0012/001b) Chian 2 type fabric, selfslip, red painted diagonal bands and small black-painted circles; d.  neck 12.5 cm, d.  max. pres. ca. 29.0 cm; probably same vessel as 07/0012/1a col. pl. 74:1–2. 190

Late Period Their fabrics are far from uniform and in any case depart strongly from the usual Chian clays. Some are medium-coarse and packed with decomposed or semidecomposed limestone inclusions and do not have mica. While mica is usually cited as a typical component of the North Aegean amphorae fabrics, specialists have also underlined the existence of a wide variety of “Proto-Thasian” fabrics (Dupont 1998:185), some of which stand out by a lack of mica particles (Monachov 2003a:248).

However, one early fifth century BC specimen from the temple of Aphaia at Aegina, with a dipinto dotted circle on a straight neck was considered a Chian import (Johnston 1990:39–40, fig. 2:36). In this respect, the fact that, even under a 50x magnification, the fabric of the short neck amphorae with dotted circles resembles closely that of the welldocumented Chian amphorae discussed above ought to be emphasised. This observation also fits with the result of fabric analysis of a “Zeest’s Proto-Thasian” amphora from Berezan conducted by Dupont, where the fabric was linked to the Chian compositional group (Dupont 2007:43). Thus, it is very likely that the few fragments listed below come from a variant of the Chian amphora type, rather than from Thrace. In any case, even though their precise origin may remain debateable, a date in the first half of the fifth century BC for the type is rather secure.

In Egypt, these rims can be paralleled by the fragment from Sais mentioned above (Pesenti 2012:10, fig. 2f). Another unattributed sherd from the “sarcophagus area” at Mendes (late fifth to early fourth century BC) also compares well to the type (Hummel and Schubert 2004:144, 151, A:33). According to its description, the fabric of this piece is similar to at least some of the Kom Tuman fragments belonging to this group.

Col. pl. 73:4–5 (14/0001/078) Chian 1-type fabric, uncoated, black painted circle on neck; d. rim 11.5 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 rim.

Two body sherds ascribed to this group bear linear pot marks incised before firing on the vessels’ surface.

Col. pl. 73:6–7 (07/0080/023) Chian 1-type, homogeneous brown fabric, no core, self-slip, black-painted circle on neck; d. rim 14.0 cm).

Pl. 185:3 (05–06/0057/014) imported, homogeneous pink fabric, whitish, gritty surface, decomposed limestone, white quartz, dark grits, air holes, uncoated; d.  rim 12.3 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 rim.

Pl. 185:2 (07/0080/033) Chian 1-type, brown-beige fabric, limestone, sand, mica, and small grey grits inclusions, no core, beige slip polished, black painted small circle on neck; d. rim 14.7 cm.

Pl. 185:4 (VII.D10/0001/015) imported, reddish pink fabric, wide grey-brown core, many white grits, siltsize sand, porous, gritty, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.6 cm.

AM/PT.2 Imported individuals

Pl. 185:5 (13/0040/035) imported fabric, pinkbeige fabric, small white grits, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0041, 2 BS (1 est. ind.).

Area

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

2

0

3

X

1

0

0

1

Total

of

Pl. 185:6 (13/0041/003) imported, pink fabric, beige surface, fine mica, uncoated; d.  max. pres. ca. 31.4 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0008: 1 shoulder.

4

AM/PT.3 “Proto-Thasian” amphorae with long neck and ball rim

AM/PT.3 Imported individuals

A third group of possible “Proto-Thasian” amphorae at Kom Tuman consist of vessels with straight to slightly everted necks and an out-turned thickened rim. Their general shape resembles some of the Chian variants discussed above (AM/CH.2), but their fabrics do not by any means correspond to any of the wellknown Chian productions. Therefore, they were rather classified along with Monachov’s “Proto-Thasian” series, representatives of which are known from Olbia in association with Chian bulbous neck amphorae (Monachov 2003a:248–249, 254–256, figs. 1:4–6, 5:5). The shape, as it can be reconstructed, is characterised by a conical body, a long neck, and an externally thickened rim.

Area

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

2

0

10

X

1

0

0

1

Total

of

11

AM/NA (MT): Mendean, Thasian and other North Aegean amphorae (including “Sokhola II”/Peparethian) The amphorae listed under this category have a straight neck and an out-turned, squared, or triangular band rim. The upper part of the neck is often funnel shaped, 191

Kom Tuman II sometimes very slightly bulging, and may be underlined by shallow grooves or ridges just below the rim and/or red painted irregular bands or strokes. The handles are oval to flattened in section and reach from the upper part of the neck to the shoulder. The shoulders are sloping, and, most characteristically, the joining of the handles to the shoulder is marked by a deep thumb impression.92 Only one of these amphorae is nearly complete and will be discussed in more details below.

coin of the city.94 They were traded extensively and are found on the Greek Mainland, North Africa (Göransson 2007:136–145), and, to the image of the Chian amphorae, in particularly large numbers in the Black Sea colonies (see below). Their popularity may indeed be illustrated by the fact that they made up the major part of the estimated 4200 amphorae found on the Alonnesos shipwreck in the north Sporades that sank between 420 and 400 BC (Hadjidaki 1996; Mantzouka 2004).95 Their frequency in the region is corroborated by a fourth century BC court case mentioning a cargo of 3000 amphorae of Mendean wine that was loaded aboard an Athenian ship and destined for the Black Sea colonies (Gibbins 2001:286).

One of the rim fragments (13/0001/001, col. pl.  75:1–2) bears a stamp on the upper part of the neck, representing a cross within a circular frame. Stamped necks are particularly typical of the Pontic production (e.g. Lawall et al. 2010:362–363, 370–371), but this particular design appears among the many circular stamps of North Aegean (presumably Akhanthian) amphorae found in a local necropolis of the island in the fifth and fourth centuries BC (Rhomiopoulou 1986:482).93 Another fragment (13/0041/005, pl.  188:3) illustrated here has a simple circle impressed on the lower handle attachment (see parallels below).

Complete Mendean amphorae from the second half of the fifth century BC are notably known in the Athenian Agora (Papadopoulos and Paspalas 1999:161, figs. 2–4; Grace 1961: fig. 43) and from the Alonnesos shipwreck (Mantzouka 2004:35–52, 108–134, pls. 1–12, 36–37) while fragmentary ones were found at Corinth, in the Punic Amphorae Building (Williams 1978:19, fig. 5), and in the Drain 1971–1 deposit of the late fourth century BC (McPhee and Pemberton 2012:62, I-29, fig. 5, pl.  6).96 Their shoulders are wide and rounded to angular, and they have deep thumbprints on their lower handle attachment. The body is turnip-shaped and ends in a narrow, spinning top toe of medium height, often with a low depression underneath. At a slightly later date, in the late fifth, possibly early fourth, century BC, the Porticello wreck produced a great number of complete Mendean amphorae with high neck and high spinning top toes (Eiseman 1973:13–15, Type 1, figs. 1:1, 4, 2–3; Eiseman and Ridgeway 1987:37–42, figs. 4–1, 4–2, 4–3). In the mid fourth century BC, as evidenced at Athens and in the El Sec shipwreck, Mendean amphorae follow the general trend of the east Aegean and acquire taller and narrower bodies. Like the amphorae from the Porticello wreck, they also show S-shaped handles, carinated shoulders, and tall spinning top stemmed toes (Lawall 2005:45–46, fig. 4).

Four different series of amphora toes were also associated with this type. Among these, the most typical are the spinning top toes. The shorter ones, with a softer profile, tend to be earlier and accompanied full, globular body shapes (mid to second quarter of the fifth century BC). Those with higher stem rather belong to the fourth century BC, probably its second half, and are found on elongated, long-necked variants (see parallels below and Lawall 2004a:449–450). The two other series with low knob toes and higher narrow toes are less characteristic and are probably rather fifth than fourth century BC in date. Some also bear a painted band around the jar’s lower body. This group of amphorae has been ascribed to the north Aegean region, i.e. the Chalkidike and Thrace, including the islands of Thasos and the North Sporades. In the absence of stamps or of better-preserved pieces, proposing a more precise origin for them seems beyond our reach. At any rate, their presence at Kom Tuman is a further illustration of the popularity and wide export range of North Aegean amphorae in the ancient Mediterranean. Also, if they were indeed imported as original wine containers (and not being re-used), these amphorae may also point to the wealth of Memphis in the Late Period, as literary records refer to Thasian and Mendean wine as being not only amongst the finest in the ancient Greek world but also amongst the most expensive (Salviat 1986; Papadopoulos and Paspalas 1999).

As with many other amphorae of the Classical period, several authors have expressed doubts as to the actual place of manufacture of Mendean amphorae. Their fabrics are generally described as fine textured, dominated by quartz particles and mica, but are definitely not uniform (Whitbread 1995:201–209); indeed, contrasting sharply with Whitbread’s statement, Lawall characterises them as typically “very coarse” (Lawall et al. 2010:366). Such discrepancy has led to suggestions that they were made in several cities of the Chalkidike. Presumably not only the containers but also the wine itself was produced in the

Wine jars from Mende were first identified thanks to amphorae whose handles had been stamped with a

94  Papadopoulos and Paspalas1999:161. For useful general discussions on Mendean amphorae and details about their distribution, see in particular Papadopoulos and Paspalas 1999. 95  Hadjidaki estimates the total number of amphorae aboard the ship at 4200 (Hadjidaki 1996:588). Mantzouka discusses over 175 amphorae of which 51 are Mendean, 91 are Solocha, and 33 come from other centres, such as Rhodes and Chios (Mantzouka 2004:35). On this cargo, see also Lawall 2011c:70–72. 96  The possible Mendean amphora fragments from the Athenian Agora were dated to the mid-fifth century BC (Boulter 1953:107, pl. 40:162).

On this detail see Schmid 1999:146–147 and Rhomioupolou 1986:482. Such motifs on amphorae may have been stamped with the incuse on the reverse of Aegean Archaic or Classical coins (e.g. Mavrogordato 1918:19–52, 364–394, pls. I-II, XVIII, XIX). 92  93 

192

Late Period wider region and marketed as Mendean (Papadopoulos and Paspalas 1999).

early Classical contexts in the Athenian Agora (Lawall 2011b:307–312, nos A19-A21, A28, figs. I.13-I.14, I.18).

Moreover, Mendean amphorae, especially when found in a fragmentary state, also share several morphological traits with other North Aegean amphorae beyond the Chalkidike, such as Thasos and Peparethos (modern Skopelos). The square or triangular wedged rims, the spinning top toes, as well as the deep thumb impressions on the lower handle attachment are all features that are shared with Thasian amphorae, which are themselves close to amphorae from mainland Thrace (e.g. Arrington et  al. 2016:35–36), sometimes called “Thasian Circle” amphorae.97 Unfortunately, fabrics may not always help in distinguishing between these products as Thasian amphorae, like those from the Chalkidike, were also generally made of highly micaceous clays. The possible confusion between these containers is illustrated by some complete unstamped vessels from Thasos dating from the third quarter of the fifth to the first half of the fourth century BC (Grandjean 1992:562–564, figs. 10:69–70, 11:71).

All spinning top toes are classified as North Aegean in the present work, partly because of fabric appearance (although this is a far cry from representing an indisputable argument), and partly because of the great number of rim types of Thasian/Mendean origin coming from the same contexts. However, one should note that high spinning top toes very similar to those illustrated here were also produced on Kos in the fourth century, as shown by the excavation of a pottery workshop on the island that has yielded several fragments and near complete amphorae with high spinning top toes (Kantzia 1994:337–340, figs. 8–9, pl. 256). Only one of the amphorae illustrated below (15/0093/001, pl.  187:5) is nearly fully preserved. It displays a long neck, sloping rounded shoulders, and a long conical body tapering towards the base. Even if it lacks the angular shoulder usually associated with narrower versions of the jars, its identification as North Aegean remains the most likely with regard to the shape of the handles, neck, rim, and lower part of the body (see parallels below). The large base fragment 14/0044/008 (col. pl.  76:2–3) probably belongs to the same variant. The general shape of this jar is comparable to the Peparethian (“Solokha II”) amphorae from the above-mentioned Alonnesos shipwreck.

Other candidate for confusion with Mendean and Thasian jars are the amphorae from the North Sporades (Peparethos, Skopelos) known from several production centres active in the second quarter of the fourth century BC. They have modelled or simple ball rims, conical, slender bodies, chamfered or spinning top toes, and band handles (Doulgéri-Intzessiloglou and Garlan 1990:371– 374, figs. 8–12, 15–20); they have also been associated with the so-called “Solocha II” type of the second quarter and mid fourth century BC, on typological, chronological, and technological grounds.98 Two amphorae from the Porticello shipwreck were also identified as “Solocha II” (Eiseman and Ridgeway 1987:50, C32-C33, figs. 4–15, 4–16; Eiseman 1973:20, fig. 8:24), suggesting that the type had started before the fourth century BC. This is also evidenced by the 91 Peparethian jars, brought to the surface from the Alonnesos shipwreck (Hadjidaki 1996:576–577, 590; Mantzouka 2004:135–167, pls. 13–34, 38, 39:130. B20, 139.B63).

With a minimum number of 173 vessels,99 North Aegean amphorae from the late fifth and fourth century BC are extremely frequent at Kom Tuman and they rank second as the most common amphora import just behind Chian jars. Their relationship with the Chian imports is particularly interesting. As already noted above, it seems that the Chian imports, so frequent in the fifth and early fourth centuries BC, cease reaching Kom Tuman quite suddenly after that to be supplanted by the North Aegean group (see also above, Chian series AM/CH). This pattern, although never noticed before on an Egyptian site, does seem to be replicated at sites along the northern coast of the Black Sea. Commenting on this phenomenon at the site of Olbia in the late fifth to early fourth century BC, Lawall notes that:

While the high necks and spinning top toes are most characteristic of the North Aegean region in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, to the extent of being represented on Mendean and Thasian coinage (Garlan and Blondé 2004:126, figs. 6–7), other contemporary variants had shorter necks (still with the modelled/angular rim) and/ or lower thickened toes with slight depression underneath (see below with parallels). Such toes and rims of North Aegean provenance are already found in late Archaic-

“This late 5th to 4th century shift towards a greater volume of imports from the northwestern Aegean and the concurrent decline in imports from the coast of Asia Minor is echoed at other sites across the north coast of the Black Sea. […] The general mass of amphora cargoes moving around the Black Sea had simply changed from one dominated by merchants working through Ionia to one shared by those working primarily through northern Greece and the more northerly of the Aegean islands. There is some risk in overemphasizing the decline in imports from the coast of Asia Minor in the Pontic region as far as this change reflects the lack of prosperity of Ionia, since the same degree of

97  The term “Thasian Circle” was first coined by Zeest (1960) and later recycled by Dupont (1998:186). 98  These amphorae are named after the site where they were discovered, in a royal ‘kourgane’ on the Black Sea shore (Doulgéri-Intzessiloglou and Garlan, 1990:379–380, with references and Mantzouka 2004:52–53). They were first believed to come from the Megarian colony of Byzantion (Zeest 1960:96, 154–156, pls. 18–20.35a-1; Grakov 1954:81–87, pl. 7:14–15), but subsequent analyses of their fabrics point to an origin in the Sporades (Picon 1990).

99  This number does not take into accounts the toes which amount to another 79 minimum individuals (total of 252).

193

Kom Tuman II decline does not seem apparent in the Aegean basin per se and the eastern Mediterranean.” (op cit, Lawall et al. 2010:367–368).

Col. pl. 74:3 (14/0045/038) imported, pink, dense fabric, very smooth surface, uncoated, red paint on rim; d. rim 11.0 cm.

And indeed, the overall frequency of North Aegean amphorae at Kom Tuman, in particular in the fourth century BC, stands in sharp contrast with the situation elsewhere in Egypt, where this production is generally but poorly represented. One notable exception is Tell el-Herr which yielded over eighteen Mendean amphorae fragments dated to between the third quarter of the fifth and the end of the fourth century BC (Defernez 2001:411–419, pl.  XCV:265a; Dixneuf 2007a:50, fig. 32:15; Defernez 2007:595, 598 figs. 32, 50), as well as Thasian (Defernez 2012:24–25, 38, fig. C-8; Defernez 2007:599, fig. 53) and possible Peparethian toes (Defernez 2007:595, fig. 34). Their fabrics include abundant ferruginous nodules, a component not noted by Whitbread (Defernez 2001:43, 412), but visible in at least one of the Kom Tuman specimens (13/0046/048, pl.  186:6). Otherwise, only sporadic finds are sometimes reported. Among these are fragments from Karnak attributed to Mende and dated to the late fifth or fourth century BC (Marangou 2012a:177, fig. 8; Jacquet-Gordon 2012:379–380, fig. 156:c-e), Tell el Balamun, with a fragment dated to the second half of the fifth to early fourth century BC (Spencer 1996:23, pl.  84:13), as well as two sherds from the twin sites of Mendes and Tell Timai, in the north-eastern Nile Delta. Both sites have yielded fourth century Thasian amphora fragments made of two very different fabrics (Hummel and Schubert 2004:137–138, 151, pl.  B:4; Hudson 2016:94, fig. 14:71). To this short list may be added several fragments from Saqqara. Three are from the Anubieion and the Sacred Animal Necropolis (French and Bourriau 2018:194, 235, figs. 40b-c, 54c) and one (identified on the basis of the line drawing) comes from the Late Period tombs in the area of Akhethetep’s mastaba (Lecuyot et al 2013:17, F7.P28 (S.P.610), pl. B). Others are reported from the Upper Necropolis at West Saqqara. They were originally identified as southeast Aegean or Syro-Palestinian but may in fact be of North Aegean origin instead (Rzeuska 2007, and parallels below). Finally, a complete Mendean jar is published from Thonis Heracleion (Fabre and Grataloup 2006:297, 300, no. 383) and few Thasian and Mendean amphorae were found in the Alexandrian necropoleis, in early Ptolemaic contexts, where both types are said to be uncommon there (KaanSenol 2018:359–364).

Pl. 185:7 (13/0025/052) imported, dark pink fabric, small, rounded inclusions, uncoated; d. rim 12.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0025: 7 rims (5 est. ind.); 13/0039: 5 rims (5 est. ind.); 13/0046: 4 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Pl. 185:8 (14/0045/039) imported, sandy, brown fabric, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 185:9 (13/0044/009) imported, dense, hard, dark pink fabric, grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0016: 1 handle. Parallels: Molyvoti (Thrace) identified as Thasian, fourth century BC: Arrington et al. 2016:39–40, fig. 28:16. Chirpan region, Site 11 (Thrace), Thasian, last third of fifth century BC: Lozanov 2010:87, 92, pl. 51:4. Pl. 186:1 (14/0001/081) imported, hard fabric, beige break, brown surface, mica, angular white stones, uncoated; d. rim 17.9 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0044: 1 rim, 1 handle (1 est. ind.); 14/0045: 2 handles (1 est. ind.). Parallels: Molyvoti (Thrace), identified as North Aegean, late fifth to fourth century BC: Arrington et  al. 2016: 39–40, fig. 28:14. Chirpan region, Site 11 (Thrace), Mendean, first half of the fourth century BC: Lozanov 2010:87, 94, pl. 52:6. Pl. 186:2 (13/0045/002) imported, fine, homogenous, beige fabric, no core, smooth surface, mica, very fine air voids, beige surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallel: Athens, Kerameikos, second half of the fourth century BC, Thasian: Schmid 1999:145, 152, fig. 2, pl. 20:2. Pl. 186:3 (13/0046/049) imported, pink-beige, homogeneous fabric, angular dark inclusions, small grey grits, air holes, no core, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallels: Molyvoti (Thrace), identified as Thasian, late fifth to fourth century BC: Arrington et  al. 2016:39–42, fig. 28:17. Dionysolpolis (Bulgarian Black Sea coast), late fourth to early third century BC, Thasian amphora with stamp of Menedemos: Damyanov 2007:14, fig. 4:12. Troy, first part of the fourth century BC, North Aegean: Lawall 2002:221, no. 51, fig. 10.

AM/NA (MT) Mendean/Thasian Col. pl. 73:8 (VII.B12/0007/017) imported, bipartite fabric, beige in, pinkish out; traces of red paint on upper part of the rim, uncoated; d. rim 11.0 cm. Col. pl. 73:9 (13/0039/113) imported, dark pink fabric, small, rounded inclusions, uncoated; d. rim 3.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 14/0042: 1 BS; 16/0015: 1 rim.

Pl. 186:4 (16/0007/021) imported, dense, pink-yellow fabric, many ochre, small air holes, angular white 194

Late Period quartz, no core, cream-yellow surface, uncoated; d.  rim 13.0 cm.

Parallels: Thasos, Period 3 (ca. 420 BC), Thasian: Grandjean 1992:545–546, fig. 1:3, 5. Athens, Kerameikos, mid to second half of the fifth century BC: Schmid 1999:146–147, 152, fig. 3, pl. 21:1,2.

Pl. 186:5 (14/0042/002) imported, hard, dense, pink fabric, mica, very small and few white angular grits, uncoated; d. rim 12.0–13.0 cm.

AM/NA (MT) Mendean and Thasian, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 186:6 (13/0046/048) imported, porous, soft, pink fabric, ochre-rich, uncoated; perhaps Cypriote(?); d.  rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 rim.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

43

6

0

49

X

12

0

0

12

Total

Pl. 186:7 (13/0039/112) imported, gritty, dark pink fabric, shell, flint, angular quartz, uncoated; d.  rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0043: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Parallels: Molyvoti (Thrace) identified as North Aegean, fourth century BC: Arrington et al. 2016:39–40, fig. 28:15. Thasos, identified as Thasian, Public Well, ca. 350–330 BC: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:222, fig. 3:16–17.

61

AM/NA (PEPA) Peparethian and related amphorae Pl. 187:1 (07/0151/006) imported, bright, pink-orange fabric, few decomposed limestone, close to 07/0128 for fabric, uncoated; d. max. pres. ca. 20.0 cm; probably same vessel as 07/0151/008, pl. 187:2. Pl. 187:2 (07/0151/008) imported, bright, pink-orange fabric, few decomposed limestone, little mica, close to 07/0128 for fabric, uncoated; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Probably same vessel as 07/0151/006, pl.187:1.100

Kerameikos, Athens, probably third quarter of the fourth century BC: Schmid 1999:144–145, 152, fig. 1, pl. 20:1, 4.

Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim, 2 BS (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 rim; 14/0001: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 16/0007: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 16/0015: 4 rims, 1 neck (2 est. ind.) Parallels: Volos museum, Skopelos (ancient Peparethos), probably from the seabed, Peparethian, no date: DoulgériIntzessiloglou and Garlan 1990:371–373, figs. 8–9.

Parallel in Egypt: Tebtynis, identified as possibly Cypriote, no date (surface layer): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:168, pl. 80:725. Pl. 186:8 (15/0018/004) imported, dense, brown, sandy fabric, grey core, traces of red slip or paint; d. rim ca. 16.0 cm.

Pl. 187:3 (15/0096/009) imported, beige-brown fabric, no core, grey pebbles, grey sheet mica, white pebbles, uncoated; d. rim 10.0–12.0 cm.

Pl. 186:9 (VII.B12/0007/013) imported, homogeneous, beige fabric, no core, mica, limestone, grey grits, pink surface, cream slip out; d. rim 16.0 cm. Parallels: Thasos, fourth century BC, Thasian: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:216–218, fig. 1:4. Thasos, Silene Gate, Period 2, in a layer dated no later than ca. 420 BC, Thasian: Grandjean 1992:547 fig. 1:5.

Pl. 187:4 (15/0043/018) imported, fine, beige fabric, no core, buff surface, few inclusions, fine sand, rare, rounded sand quartz, uncoated; d. rim 13.0–15.0 cm (oval mouth). Pl. 187:5 (15/0093/001) imported, dense, hard, pink fabric, buff-pink surface, many red inclusions, decomposed limestone, quartz, ochre, black grits, but all fine and wellsorted, uncoated; thumb impression on lower handle attachment; d. rim 11.0 cm; d. body 27.0 cm; h. pres. ca. 60.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 base (near base); 14/0001: 13 rims, 3 BS (12 est. ind.); 15/0024: 1 BS; 15/0039: 1 rim, 3 handles (3 est. ind.). Parallels: Alonnesos shipwreck (North Aegean) identified as Peparethian (“Solocha II”), 420–400 BC: Hadjidaki 1996:577, A743, fig. 14; Mantzouka 2004:140, no. 59 A.604, pls. 14, 38; see pl. 188:1. Thasos, Period 5 (destruction and abandonment), identified as Thasian, the context is dated ca. 250 BC, but

Col. pl. 75:1–2 (13/0001/001) imported, dark pink fabric, small, rounded inclusions, uncoated, stamp on neck; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallel: a similar stamp is found on an amphora from Thasos of undetermined origin: Bon and Bon 1957:502, no. 2202. Troy, first part of the fourth century BC, North Aegean: Lawall 2002:221, no. 51, fig. 10. Col. pl. 75:3–4 (13/0041/009) imported, beige-red fabric, light beige core, mica, fine pebbles, uncoated, red paint below rim; d. rim 11.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0040: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0041: 3 handles (3 est. ind.); 13/0044: 1 handle; 14/0001: 4 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 15/0065: 2 handles (2 est. ind.); 15/0096: 1 rim.

Diverse fabrics are reported for the Peparethian production, but the appearance of 07/0151/008 and 07/0151/006 (pl.  187:1–2) seems to match the description of the main local fabric provided by DoulgériIntzessiloglou and Garlan 1990:376. 100 

195

Kom Tuman II the amphorae were found together with a fully preserved bulge neck amphora of Chian type and dated to the first half of the fourth century BC: Grandjean 1992:564, fig. 11:72–74.

AM/NA Other and undetermined North Aegean Pl. 189:2 (13/0040/041) imported, medium-coarse, redbrown fabric, grey core, many angular white stones, angular quartz, limestone, unmixed clay, beige surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallels: Thasos, Period 3, no later than 420 BC, unprovenanced: Grandjean 1992:547, fig. 2:11. Athens Kermaikos cemetery, ca 500 BC: Schmid 1999:148, 152, kat. 5, fig. 5. Athens, Kerameikos cemetery, used for child burials, second quarter of the fifth century BC, no provenance suggested: Kunze-Götte, Tancke, and Vierneisel 1999: 42–43, nos 123, 127, pls. 26:9, 27:6.

Pl. 188:2 (14/0044/007) imported, pink-orange bright fabric, homogeneous, hard, no core, small white grits, fine sand, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Probably same vessel as 14/0044/008 (col. pl. 76:2–3). Pl. 188:3 (13/0041/005) imported, fine, beige fabric, pink core, beige-buff surface, limestone, sand, finely powdery, uncoated; h.  pres. 17.2 cm; section handle 2.0x2.6 cm; pre-firing impressed circle on lower handle attachment. Internal parallel: 15/0009: 4 handles (2 est. ind.). Comments and parallels: An impressed circle stamp is found on the top of the handle of one of the Mendean amphorae of the Porticello wreck: Eiseman and Ridgeway 1987:41–42, C2, fig. 4–3. Such englyphic circles are also attested on Peparethian amphorae of the fifth century BC on the lower part of the neck, on the toe, or on top of the handle (Doulgéri-Intzessiloglou and Garlan 1990:376). Besides, a jar handle from Naucratis, today in the British Museum, bears the same mark and was identified as Chian (BM online catalogue: Inventory number 2011,5004.29).

AM/NA Other and uncertain North Aegean provenances, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 75:5–6 (14b/0001/044) imported, hard, dense, pink fabric, uncoated, red dipinto on neck and rim (pre-firing); d. rim 12.0 cm.

Surface

Total

VII

33*

1

0

34

X

11

0

0

11

Total

Surface 0

Total 40

X Total

16

0

0

16 56

Col. pl. 75:9 (14/0045/041) imported, medium-coarse fabric, gritty in break, smoothed out, violet break (overfired), grey and white inclusions, beige-buff surface, uncoated, red paint; d. max. pres. 17.3 cm. Parallel: Olbia, identified as Mendean, dated to the first quarter of the fourth century BC: Lawall et al. 2010:366, L-40, pl. 293.

AM/NA (PEPA) Peparethian, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2003–2013

2003–2013 7

Col. pl. 75:7–8 (13/0040/057) imported, very sandy grey fabric, packed with small, well-sorted inclusions: black grits, angular white quartz, no core, smooth light grey surface, uncoated; d. base 8.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 base; 14/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Molyvoti (Thrace), end fifth to fourth century BC, identified as Mendean: Arrington et al. 2016:35–36, 38, fig. 27:6. Porticello wreck, end fifth to perhaps early fourth century BC, Mendean: Eiseman and Ridgeway 1987:37, C1, C-4, figs. 4–1, 4–2. Athens, Agora, mid-fourth century BC, north Aegean: Lawall 2004a:449, pl. 197:1. Athens, Kerameikos, amphora containing a child burial, Mendean, last quarter of the fifth to early fourth century BC: Kunze-Götte, Tancke, and Vierneisel 1999:95, no. 356, pl. 63:8.

Pl. 189:1 (13/0041/008) imported, coarse, beige fabric, many grey inclusions, ochre, shell, black pebbles, inclusions are of various sizes, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm; perhaps same vessel as 13/0040/033 (pl. 188:4). Internal parallel: 15/0008: 1 handle. Parallel in Egypt: West Saqqara, Upper necropolis, fourth century BC, identified as possible Syro-Palestinian, coarse fabric: Rzeuska 2007:209, 214, figs. 11–12.

2013–2016

2013–2016 33

AM/NA.B.1 Toes: spinning top toes; Mendean/Thasian

Pl. 188:4 (13/0040/033) imported, coarse, beige fabric, many grey inclusions, ochre, shell, black pebbles, inclusions are of various sizes, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm: perhaps same vessel as 13/0041/008 (pl. 189:1). Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 4 handles (2 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 rim.

Area

Area VII

Pl. 189:3 (07/0027/067) imported, red-brown homogeneous fabric, no core, mica, white grits, abundant but small-sized sand inclusions, light brown-beige surface, uncoated; d. base 7.4 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 base.

45

*Of which one near complete vessel

196

Late Period Parallels: Thasos, Phase 4 of the Silene Gate area, Thasian: Grandjean 1992:555, 557, fig. 6:45, fig. 7:47. Thasos public well, Thasian: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:220–224, esp. fig. 3:20. Molivoty (Thrace), North Aegean, fourth century BC: Arrington et al. 2016:39–40, 42, fig. 28:19. Athens, Agora, deposit ca. 325 BC, perhaps Thasian: Lawall 2004a:449, pl. 197:5–6.

Athens Agora, Mendean, 450–400 BC: Papadopoulos and Paspalas 1999:161, fig. 3. AM/NA.B.1 Spinning top toes, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

31

5

0

36

X

22

0

0

22

Total

Pl. 189:4 (16/0003/095) imported, hard, dense, micaceous fabric, buff surface, uncoated; d. base 6.3 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0028 1 base; 16/0015: 4 bases (4 est. ind.).

58

AM/NA.B.2 Thickened toe Pl. 189:9 (13/0040/025) imported, soft, light beige to pink fabric, fine, salmon buff surface, small-sized inclusions, black grits, ochre, uncoated; d. toe 6.3 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 base. Parallels: Thasos, Silene Gate, Period 3, at the latest 420 BC, undetermined provenance: Grandjean 1992:551, fig. 3:24. Thasos, Period 4, last quarter of the fourth century BC, Thasos: Grandjean 1992:558, fig. 8:57.

Pl. 189:5 (15/0008/018) imported, dense, dark red-brown fabric, small, white angular inclusions, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 base; 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0001: 5 bases (5 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 base; 16/0021: 1 BS (near base). Pl. 189:6 (13/0039/119) imported, dense, pink homogeneous fabric, no core light pink surface, uncoated; d. toe 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 base; 14/0001: 8 bases (8 est. ind.); 16/0015: 5 bases (5 est. ind.). Parallels: Thasos, Public Well, Thasian, the fill of the well has a terminus post quem of ca. 330 BC: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:220, fig. 2:14. Samos, North Gate of Heraion, Find Group T, fourth century BC, Mendean: Isler 1978:132, pl. 10:418.

Pl. 189:10 (14/0001/088) imported, coarse, white fabric, angular inclusions, pink inner part of break, white out, uncoated; d. base 6.5 cm. Parallel: Thasos Public Well, 350–330 BC, attributed to Akanthos: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:224–226, fig. 4:28. Parallel in Egypt: Naukratis, survey attributed to Attica, late fifth to early fourth century BC: Coulson 1996:58–59, fig 29:252.

Pl. 189:7 (13/0039/117) imported, fine, dark red-pink fabric, few micas, tiny inclusions, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 4 bases (4 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 base; 14/0001: 1 base; 14b/0001: 6 bases (6 est. ind.); 15/0016: 1 base. Parallel: Chirpan region, Thrace, attributed to Thasos, third quarter of the fifth century BC: Lozanov 2010:87, 92, pl. 51:2. Parallel in Egypt: Tebtynis, second century BC, attributed to Smyrne or region of Erythrai/Phocea/Clazomene/North Aegean: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:167, pl. 79:720.

Pl. 189:11 (14/0001/089) imported fabric, uncoated; d. toe 5.4 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 bases (3 est. ind.). Parallels: See 07/0128, col. pl. 77:1–2. Pl. 190:1 (VII.B12/0007/009) imported, fine and dense, pinkish-brown fabric, homogeneous, red break (2.5YR 6/8–2.5YR 5/8), very small mineral inclusions (micas, tiny, rounded sand-quartz, very rare, very small limestone), cream to light grey slip (7.5YR 8/1 to 2.5Y 7/1–2.5Y 8/3); d. base 5.0 cm. Col. pl. 76:2–3 (14/0044/008) imported, pink-orange, bright fabric, homogeneous, hard, no core, small, white grits, fine sand, uncoated; d.  base 5.8 cm; h.  max. pres. 26.5 cm. Probably same vessel as 14/0044/007 (pl. 188:2). Internal parallels: 13/0039: 2 bases (2 est. ind.). Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, fourth century BC, fabric analogous to Samian, identified as coming from the Samian region: Rzeuska 2007:211, 216, fig. 31.

Pl. 189:8 (16/0001/017) imported, hard, dense, pink fabric, white and dark grits, buff surface, uncoated; d. base 5.0 cm. Col. pl. 76:1 (VII.B12/0025/021) imported, medium-fine yellowish-pink fabric, dense, tiny air-holes, golden mica, small, angular, white quartz, rare ochre, yellowish-cream surface, uncoated, red painted band around base; d. base 6.5 cm. Parallels: Thasos, Public Well, Thasian, the fill of the well has a terminus post quem of ca. 330 BC: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:220, fig. 2:11–12.

Pl. 190:2 (14b/0001/041) imported, very hard, dense, fine, pink fabric, very smooth, white surface, uncoated; d. base 5.8 cm; h. pres. 22.3 cm. 197

Kom Tuman II Parallel: Kardamaina (ancient Halasarna), Cos, Coan amphora, fourth to first half of third century BC: Georgopoulou 2001:112, fig. 4. Parallel in Egypt: Naukratis, survey, end of fifth century BC, attributed to Mende: Coulson 1996:58, fig. 29:436.

AM/GR Possible North Aegean amphorae, hard grey fabric Finally, a group of amphorae that share a rather consistent and fairly well identifiable fabric has been tentatively ascribed to the North Aegean sphere on the basis of shape and technology (notably the thumb impression on the lower handle attachment). They are characterised by a very distinctive lime-rich, reddish-pink fabric with a light grey surface, speckled by a scatter of burst limestone particles. The limestone scatter is also visible in the break. All of the identified fragments for this type come from mixed contexts, but it seems likely that these amphorae belong to the mid to late fourth century BC.

Pl. 190:3 (15/0008/019) imported, dark brown, micaceous fabric, fine and hard, fine sand, no core, thin red slip(?); soot out; d. base 5.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base. Pl. 190:4 (14b/0001/040) imported, white-speckeled, dark pink-red fabric, gritty with sand quartz, uncoated; d. base 5.5 cm.

One of the fragments illustrated here bears a post-firing Demotic(?) inscription in black ink on the shoulder that is evocative of the writing on amphorae of the Nikandros group found in Egypt (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:162–163). However, the morphology of most of the Nikandros amphorae is quite different from those that concern us here (Lawall 2004b; Grace and SavvatianouPetropoulakou 1970:365–367). So far, only one toe of the same fabric could be identified. Its spinning top shape is also concordant with a North Aegean provenance rather than with the Nikandros group.

Pl. 190:5 (15/0003/020) imported, dense, pink, finely porous fabric, cream-pink surface, very similar or identical to 15/0003/018 (pl. 173:4), uncoated; d. base 3.9 cm. Parallels: Didyma, dated fourth century BC, unprovenanced: Schattner 1996:178, 215, fig. 110:59. Thasos Public Well, 350–330 BC, undetermined centre in the North Aegean, dated last quarter of the fifth century BC: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:228, fig. 5:35.

Because their fabric is so consistent, unlike the other “North Aegean” amphorae from Kom Tuman, they are listed separately from the rest. They probably came from one single, as yet unidentified, production centre. Whether this could be Akanthos, as suggested by an early Hellenistic parallel from Thasos suggested below for one of our pieces, or elsewhere in the north Aegean, remains an open question.

Col. pl. 77:1–2 (07/0128) imported, very fine, pink-orange fabric, no core, pale pink surface, very smooth, soapy surface texture, very few visible inclusions: decomposed limestone, few grey grits, grog, uncoated; d. base 5.3 cm; d. max. 34.6 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0044: 1 base; 14b/0001: 1 base. Parallels: Thasos, Period 3, no later than 450 BC, Thasian: Grandjean 1992:549, fig. 3:16. Athens, Agora, Late Archaic ascribed to the North Aegean: Lawall 2011b:312, no. A28, fig. I.18. Thasian, or Thasian influenced models of the second half of the fourth century BC: Garlan and Blondé 2004:127– 128, fig. 13, citing Zeest 1960: pl. VII:19. Gvandra, chora of Dioscurias, kiln complex of the first half of the third century BC, local amphora production inspired by Sinopean models: Gabelia 2003:1240, fig. 12:1. Panermos, Skopelos, not dated, from Peparethos: Doulgéri-Intzessiloglou and Garlan 1990:376, fig. 21–22. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara West, Upper necropolis, fourth century BC, no proposed origin: Rzeuska 2007:211, 216, fig. 30. AM/NA Thickened bases, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

14

3

0

17

X

3

0

0

3

Total

Away from the North Aegean, at Euespides in Cyrenaica, amphorae of similar appearance and also bearing an impressed thumb mark on the lower handle attachment were identified as a local production of the first half of the third century BC (Göransson 2007:51–56). While no complete example is preserved at Euespides, the most frequent toe type at the site shows the low spinning top shape of the North Aegean tradition (Göransson 2007:69, nos 73–95). However, in spite of these analogies, fabric descriptions of this North African production do not seem to correspond to the grey fabric of the Kom Tuman fragments. Pl. 190:6 (13/0025/053) imported, grey fabric, pink core, limestone-rich, quartz, uncoated; d. rim 8.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0049: 1 handle; 15/0049: 1 handle; 15/0097: 1 BS. Parallel: Athens, Agora Well J2:4, late Archaic-early Classical, North Aegean: Lawall 2011b:310, A23, fig. I.16 (orange surface, micaceous, red-grey break). Pl. 190:7 (13/0040/024) imported, white-speckled fabric, grey surface, burst limestone on surface, uncoated; d. base 6.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 3 BS.

20

198

Late Period Pl. 191:1 (13/0040/044) imported, hard, dense, pink fabric, grey surface, small black and white grits, large mica, some decomposed limestone, uncoated; d. rim 11.5 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0014: 1 handle. Parallel: Thasos, Public Well filled after ca. 330 BC, identified as Akanthian: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:224, fig. 4:27.101

to some (Göransson 2007:88–97), solely produced in these regions (Lawall 2011b:300; Whitbread 1995:260, 284; Preka-Alexandri 1992; McPhee and Pemberton 2012:50–51). Moreover, Corinthian (or Western Greek) amphorae of this type also played an important part in the development of the Graeco-Italic amphorae and the morphological resemblance of the two types is evident (see below, p. 260).

Pl. 191:2 (13/0041/004) imported, pink-speckled fabric, greyish surface, exploded limestone in, bipartite, pink in, grey out, very abundant limestone, few vegetal temper, medium fine, smooth surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 35.5 cm. Post-firing black inscription on shoulder. Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 handle, 5 BS (1 est. ind.).

While the Corinthian market for wine exports was mainly directed towards the western Mediterranean (Koehler 1978; Koehler 1979; Koehler 1981:451–454), small quantities of Corinthian Type B amphorae of the late sixth and fifth centuries BC also reached the Levant, as instances are reported from Ras el Basit in Syria (Courbin 1993:30, 67, figs. 19:1, 20:2), the Black Sea region (Lawall et al. 2010: 377–378, L-86, pl. 295), and Lybia (Keay 1989:6–11, and parallels below). The type is also known from elsewhere in Egypt at that time, for example at Migdol (Oren 1984:27, fig. 22:5), Sais (Pesenti, personal communication), and possibly Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:103, pl. 33:303).

AM/GR Grey amphorae, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

10

0

0

10

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Rims

12

Pl. 192:1 (07/0087/043) imported, homogeneous, mediumfine, light pinkish-brown fabric (7.5YR 7/4 to 10YR 8/2– 10YR 8/3), no core, hackly break, white translucent and opaque sand quartz, limestone, shell fragments, uncoated; d. rim 15.5 cm. Comment: probably to identify as one of the typical fabrics associated with Corinth and described as buff yellow with little or no mica (Johnston 1990:43).102

AM/COR Corinthian amphorae A small number of fragments from Kom Tuman, representing an estimated nine individuals, match the so-called Corinthian B (and perhaps also Corinthian A) amphorae of the late sixth and early fifth century BC used for the export of oil and wine (Koehler 1981:452–458; Johnston 1990: 43–46, fig. 6:79–81). These have a short neck, a massive rounded rim, with a relief ridge just below it, a rather full, ovoid body, and a flattened base (Dupont 1998:170–177; Dupont 1999:148–153). Their fabric is buff yellow with little or no mica (Johnston 1990:43; Whitbread 1995:274–278). They are known from well-dated contexts both at Corinth and Athens (Thorne Campbell 1938:604, nos 192–193, fig. 27; Roberts 1986:65, fig. 41:415, pl. 18:415).

Parallels: Corinth (Corinthian), last quarter of the sixth century BC: Koehler 1981:452, pl. 99a. Kauleria (Poros), late sixth to fifth century BC, identified as Samian: Alexandridou 2013:107, fig. 11:154. Pl. 192:2 (15/0061/024) imported, fine, dense, beige fabric, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.0–14.0 cm. Pl. 192:3 (14/0001/080) imported, fine pink fabric; d. rim 14.3 cm. Parallels: Eusperides (Cyrenaica), 350–250 BC, Corinthian B/Corcyrean: Göransson 2007:98, no 128. Corinth, Drain 1971–1, 330–300 BC, identified as Corinthian B/Corcyrean: McPhee and Pemberton 2012:60–61, nos I-15-I18, fig. 3, pl. 4–5.

Other still rarer fragments illustrate the later development of the Corinthian B jars, known until the middle of the third century BC. They are characterised by a triangular, out-splayed rim with a series of shallow ribbing on the neck. While Corinthian B amphorae were indeed found in significant quantities at Corinth itself in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, the question of their area of manufacture has been subject to multiple debates in a number of publications over the last fifteen years or so. Chemical clay analyses, as well as the discovery of a pottery kiln in Corcyra/Corfu, and other archaeological finds in western Greece and Albania have led to the conclusion that Corinthian B amphorae were also produced or, according

Pl. 192:4 (15/0061/025) imported, pink, fine, homogeneous fabric, finely porous, many large ochre and decomposed limestone, elongated air holes, cream surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 15.0 cm. Col. pl. 76:4–5 (14/0001/083) imported, smooth yellowish fabric, uncoated; d. rim 13.2 cm.

101  It should be noted that the Akanthian parallels provided for this Thasian fragment are not really satisfactory (see Rhomiopoulou 1986).

For Corinthian Type B amphorae fabrics, see also Whitbread 1995:274–278. 102 

199

Kom Tuman II Parallels: Aegina, fourth century BC, identified as Corinthian: Johnston 1990:44–46, fig. 5:95. Eusperides (Cyrenaica), 350–250 BC, Corinthian B/Corcyrean: Göransson 2007:99, no. 139.

the handles’ attachment. A parallel from Thasos Period 2 (500–420 BC) was attributed to eastern Greece, perhaps Samos (Grandjean 1992:545, fig. 1:1), and a similar piece was found in the late Archaic-early Classical fill of Well J 2:4 on the Athenian Agora (Lawall 2011b:306–307, A16, fig. I.11). Lawall identified this piece as North Aegean, possibly Thracian but acknowledges parallelism with south Aegean types, which are characterised by the “cuff of clay coming up around the neck” (on south Aegean models).

Toes Pl. 192:5 (07/0080/008) imported, white, gritty fabric, smooth surface, uncoated; d. base 5.8 cm. Parallels: Corinth, mid-fifth century BC, Corinthian A: Koehler 1981:454, fig. 1d. Thasos, Silene Gate, before the mid-fifth century BC: Grandjean 1992:549, fig. 3:21. Kauleria (Poros), late sixth to fifth century BC, identified as Thasian: Alexandridou 2013:107, fig. 11:157.

The second unattributed sherd with thickened rim and relatively narrow mouth may be linked to the central Aegean, perhaps Clazomenai (see parallel below). The third rim listed here is distinguished by a very wide mouth diameter. It may relate to a type of wide-mouth Cypriote amphorae with horizontal handles that is evidenced in the Cypro-Classical period.

Col. pl. 77:8–9 (13/0040/029) imported, medium-coarse, beige fabric, no core, white and grey pebbles, ochre, limestone, smooth beige-cream surface, uncoated; d. base 6.5 cm.

Col. pl. 77:5–6 (15/0024/004) imported, dense, hard, pink fabric, no core, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallel in Egypt: Sais, mixed context (Saite to Roman), identified as Zeest’s Samian (morphologically comparable, but seemingly made of a very different fabric): Pesenti 2012:10, fig. 2e.

Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base. Parallel: Thasos Period 3, no later than 420 BC, Corinthian B: Grandjean 1992:549, fig. 16:21 (rough to the touch, light beige to pink fabric, gritty surface, white inclusions). AM/COR Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4

3

0

7

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Col. pl. 77:7–8 (15/0096/011) imported, hard, dense, pink fabric, wide light beige-grey core, very smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 25.0 cm. Parallels: Marion, Tomb 18, Cypro-Classical fifth century BC: Gjerstad et al. 1935:232–233. Pl. XLII:3, upper row left. Salamis, infant burial in dromos of Tomb 83, CyproArchaic II: Karageorghis 1970:125, T.83,9, pl. XLIX.

9

AM/EA Undetermined East Aegean amphorae and amphorae of East Aegean tradition

Pl. 192:6 (13/0025/050) imported fabric, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Parallels: Clazomenai, fifth century BC, central Aegean: Ersoy 2004:65–66, fig. 23g-h.

Several amphora fragments of the late Archaic to Classical periods were classified as undetermined Ionian. Most of them are handles and were rarely selected for drawing. Rims and toes were more systematically drawn and are listed separately by morphological types, making it apparent that toes greatly outnumber rims among the unprovenanced pieces.

Stamped handle One ball rim amphora with stamped handle was recovered from context [15/0030]. It has not yet been identified but, according to its shape, it probably comes from a North Ionian (area of Chios) or North Aegean centre (Chalkidike or Thrace). The handle bears an early anepigraphic stamp showing Pegasus in low relief, probably dating to the first part of the fourth century BC. As no parallels for it could be found in the pottery repertoire, the motif may be sought in coinage of the time. This particular stamp, in low relief, shows Pegasus prancing to the left with slightly curled wings. Its fineness (as far as pottery stamps are concerned) suggests that it could have been made with a coin die, or rather, considering its oval frame, that the stamp’s die was moulded from a coin impression.  

One single stamped handle was entered into this group. Rims The first type illustrated here is characterised by a thick band rim and oval handles. Similar fragments were found on Klazomenai in late sixth to early fifth century BC contexts (Ersoy 2004:56, 65–66, figs. 15e-f, 23h). At Klazomenai, these amphorae are associated with Zeest’s “Proto-Thasian” and “Pseudo-Samian”, although the latter have a ridge or groove on the neck at the height of

200

Late Period Pegasus, as the winged horse of the Corinthian hero Bellerophon, appears on the city’s coinage from the late fifth century BC onwards (e.g. Ravel 1936; Ravel 1935:7, 10–11, pl. I:6,12) and still in the third century BC (Fischer 1980: 2, 13, pl. I:1). Pegasus also occurs on the coins of several of Corinth’s colonies, particularly in the course of the fourth century BC, such as Acarnania (Imhoof-Blumer 1878:4–13, pls. II-III) and Corcyra on the Ionian sea (e.g. Hoover 2010:14, nos 62–70), and in Colchis (Hind 1996:204–205, A1). The design of the Kom Tuman stamp most resembles the Pegasus of Corinthian coins as well as those from Acarnania and Korkyra, on the Ionian Sea, but the morphology of the amphora on which it appears is not evocative of such an origin.

Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 base; 14/0001: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 base. Narrow ring bases Other toe types could not be ascribed a precise point of origin. The first group includes only four sherds, all from contexts excavated in 2007. They are narrow, raised bases continuing into an elongated body. Morphologically, they resemble Chian amphorae of the third quarter of the fifth century, and one at least was covered with a white slip, like some of the Chian containers (see above AM/CH1). Their fabric, however, is different from those usual to Chios and this justified classifying them in a separate section. They could thus belong to the north Aegean amphora production of the fifth century BC of the so-called “Proto-Thasian” type that is morphologically close to the Chian forms (e.g. Monachov 2003a:250, fig. 3.5–6). However, two of them also find parallels in the south-eastern Aegean (and can be related to the low ring toes of Samian/Milesian type),103 as well as with Greek-type transport amphorae from Cyprus of the early fifth century BC (see parallels for 07/0137/005 and 07/0087/042, pl. 193:1–2 ).

Notwithstanding a possible link with contemporary coinage, the absence of both parallels and complementary data does not allow for reconstructing a plausible scenario for the production of this stamped amphora and its occurrence in Kom Tuman. Col. pl. 78:1–3 (15/0030/001) imported, very dense, beige fabric, orange core, few white grits, shells, tiny air holes, perhaps some mica, beige yellow, very smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 16.7 cm; stamped handle: winged horse.

The second group with high ring base may be related to a type identified as “Clazomenian circle” by Monachov, which was dated to the end of the seventh to mid-sixth century BC on the basis of finds from the Black Sea area (Monachov 1999a:167–168, figs. 5–7).

Bases Among the unprovenanced bases are several chamfered toes made of a variety of fabrics that do not seem to relate to the Samian types discussed above. Indeed, amphorae with chamfered toes are by no means always Samian and are common to several regions of east Greece and north Aegean in the late fifth and early fourth century BC, such as Chios, Abdera, and Thasos. Chamfered toes are also evidenced over a very long time-span. They already appear on “Proto-Thasian” models of the end of sixth to fifth century BC (Monachov 2003a:247–248, fig. 1:3) and are still found on amphorae of undetermined provenance found on a shipwreck at Cape Grazian, which was dated to around 400 BC (Kapitän 1978:274–275, fig. 7), as well as in the Hellenistic levels of Berenice (Riley 1979:143, D88, fig. 72).

Amphorae with low and narrow ring bases Pl. 192:9 (07/0080/020) imported, finely spongy fabric, some mica, rich in decomposed limestone, few angular grey grits, smooth surface, uncoated; d. base 5.9 cm. Parallel: Petra-Tsikhisdziri (east Black Sea littoral), Classical/Hellenistic period, North Aegean: Inaishvili and Vashakidze 2010:152, pl. 84:4. Pl. 192:10 (07/0137/011) imported, homogeneous, pale beige fabric, red core, uncoated; d. base 6.7 cm. Pl. 193:1 (07/0137/005) imported, bipartite fabric, pink in, cream out, no core, uncoated; d. base 7.2 cm. Parallel: (07/0137/005 and 07/0087/042): Amathus (Cyprus), early fifth century BC, local production; the fabric is described as beige coloured with large and numerous black inclusions: Fourrier 2009:36, fig. 148.

Pl. 192:7 (VII.B12/0007/003) imported, bipartite fabric, pink in, brown out, very small mineral inclusions (micas, tiny, rounded sand-quartz, very rare, very small limestone), cream to light grey surface (7.5YR 8/1 to 2.5Y 7/1–2.5Y 8/3), possibly as the result of a thin slip; d. base 6.0 cm. Parallels: Thasos, end of the fifth century BC, Samian: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:230, fig. 6:43. Cape Graziano shipwreck, dated to ca. 400 BC: Kapitän 1978:274–275, fig. 7. Kourion, Hellenistic, Cypriote (for shape only): Meyza 2004:275, fig. 8.

Pl. 193:2 (07/0087/042) imported, homogeneous, greenish fabric, cream surface, no core, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm. Amphorae with high, narrow ring bases Pl. 193:3 (14/0001/085) imported, finely porous, soft fabric, grey, smooth surface, limestone rich, uncoated; d. base 5.6 cm.

Pl. 192:8 (13/0041/002) imported, speckled fabric, pink out, beige in, pink-brown surface out, fine sand, limestone, angular white grits, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm.

103 

201

See above AM/SM.1, pp. 175–176, pl. 175:4–6.

Kom Tuman II Pl. 193:4 (07/0087/030) imported, light brownish-pink fabric, no core, pink surface, faint, light grey core, little mica, uncoated; d. base 5.7 cm. Parallel (07/0087/030 and 14/0001/085): Athens, Agora, Well J 2:4, late sixth to early fifth century BC, southeast Aegean: Lawall 2011a:305–306, A14, fig. I.10.

However, besides the alluvial and Maerotid productions, which significantly intensified and took on a life of their own during the Roman period (see below, pp. 263-264), a smaller class of Egyptian amphorae, imitating more faithfully their Aegean prototypes, was made in marl clay fabrics as early as the first half of the fourth century BC (Defernez and Marchand 2006:73–74). This production was only recently properly identified for the last part of the fourth century BC at Tell el-Herr, Phase IVA (Defernez and Marchand 2016:136–140, figs. 9, 10, colour pl. 3) and a significant amount of amphorae belonging to this group (an estimated 102 individuals) was identified at Kom Tuman. The majority are made of a medium-coarse, lightcoloured, and porous marl fabric, with, as a rule, a high straw content. This fabric is the same as the one that was used for the Egyptian copies of Levantine jars discussed above (TP/EG/M). No complete or near-complete example was preserved, but three main variants of rims plus a number of outlying types could be distinguished. They mostly replicate late fifth and fourth century East Aegean models and occur in many of the chiefly Persian period deposits of the site. On this basis, they are dated to between the last phase of the Late Period, in the fourth century BC, and the early Ptolemaic period. As a matter of convenience, they are discussed here as a single category, spanning the two historical phases. Thus, theoretically, some of them could be equated with the Egyptian Amphorae Type 1 (hereafter AE 1) (Dixneuf 2011:79–87), but most are probably earlier than the conventional dates of the AE 1 production and, at any rate, do not correspond morphologically to the canonical AE 1 (e.g. Kaan-Senol 2018:27–31, figs. 1–3).

Pl. 193:5 (13/0025/057) imported fabric, uncoated; d. base 6.1 cm. Parallels: Gordion, later fifth century BC, southeast Aegean: Lawall 2010:161, pl. 93:11. Eusperides Cyrenaica, probably Samian, fourth century BC (or earlier?): Göransson 2007:151, no. 295. Pl. 195:6 (16/0003/024) imported, very hard, fine, whitespeckled fabric, no core, ochre, dark red inclusions, very smooth, uncoated; d. base 5.8 cm. Parallel: Charpy (Lower Don), Kourgane no. 1, end seventh to first half of the sixth century BC: Monachov 1999a:168, fig. 5. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, fourth century BC, presumed Syro-Palestinian: Rzeuska 2007:210, 215, fig. 20. AM/EA Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals (from rims and bases) 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

16

6

0

22

X

10*

0

0

10

Total

32

*Of which one stamped handle

Their frequency at Kom Tuman stands in sharp contrast with the situation at many Egyptian sites, in particular in the north of the country, where such marl fabric containers, either AE 1 or their predecessors, are usually poorly represented, not only in the fourth century BC but in the following one as well. One notable exception is the site of Tebtynis, where a study of amphorae coming from a selection of layers from the town, ranging in date from the middle to the second half of the third century BC, accounts for a minimal number of 33 marl fabric AE 1 amphorae against 29 Nile silt ones (Marangou and Marchand 2007:261–265). However, these proportions may not be representative of the whole site, as the more comprehensive publication of the site’s pottery that was excavated between 1988 and 1993 only lists two marl fabric amphorae against twenty-four Nile silt ones for the same chronological phase (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:175–178).104 Naucratis is another unusual site in this

AM/EA Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals (from necks and handles) 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

207

0

0

207

X

46

0

0

46

Total

253

III.2.3.2. Egyptian amphorae (AM/EG/M-AM/EG/S) The appearance of Aegean-style amphorae of Egyptian manufacture has long been linked with the establishment of Greek vine growers and producers in estates located in the Fayum and the Mareotid during the Ptolemaic period (Dixneuf 2011:80; Empereur and Picon 1998; Grace and Empereur 1981; Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:172–173). The vast majority of these amphorae from the third century BC onwards were made of alluvial Nile and calcareous Mareotid clay fabrics. Some of them, imitating Rhodian shapes and probably produced in the Fayoum, were stamped on the handles with the names of predominantly Egyptian potters working for principally Greek estate owners (Grace and Empereur 1981: 417–418).

Elsewhere the suggestion was made that marl fabric amphorae of the early Ptolemaic period are common both at Tebtynis and Buto: “Des bord identiques, également en pâte calcaire, sont courants dans le mobilier découvert au Fayoum, par exemple à Tebtynis, ou dans le Delta, à Buto” (op. cit. Marchand et al. 2018:130). However, while this may be somewhat of an overstatement for Tebtynis, it is certainly so for Buto, where marl fabric, non-Mareotid, Egyptian amphorae remain an unusual occurrence throughout the Ptolemaic period (personal observation). Accordingly, in her recension of the Egyptian amphorae from the French 104 

202

Late Period both, and clearly refer to Aegean models of an older date, rather in line with the marl amphora of the fourth century BC examples from Tell el-Herr (Defernez and Marchand 2006:72–74, fig. 4). Handles are also different from the Philadephia ones and do not present the same sharp bend that occurs on the third century BC jars. Similarly, only a minority of the fabrics could be linked to those attested for the Philadelphian amphorae; the dominant straw-rich type (though probably coarser) is closer in appearance to the fabric used for the Tell elHerr examples (Deferenez and Marchand 2016: 137, colour pl. 3).

respect. Beaded rim Egyptian amphorae of the Ptolemaic period were mostly made of calcareous fabrics until the late third century BC, but they were superseded by the straight rim types, made exclusively in Nile silt fabrics, in the early second century BC (Berlin 2001:44).105 The Theban region and Upper Egypt, on the other hand, have yielded more representatives of the marl fabric amphora production. Besides the finds from Karnak (e.g. Defernez and Marchand 2006:87–88, fig. 19:h-I, with references; Jacquet-Gordon 2012:313–314, fig. 130:af; Marangou 2012b:384–385, fig. 158:1-l; Defernez and Marchand 2016:145–146, fig. 15:6–7), eight complete marl fabric amphorae, one of which bore an illegible stamp on the neck, come from the fill of a tomb north of the Ramesseum (Lecuyot 2007:381, fig. 4, photo 1c). However, the largest published corpus of this material may well be that from Coptos, where calcareous fabric amphorae occur in significant quantities in the third and second centuries BC before being displaced by Nile silt jars in the Roman period (Lawall 2003:159, 165–170, figs. 101–102). In 2003, when he published his report on the Coptos amphorae, Lawall aptly remarked that the marl production was little known and rarely published from Egyptian sites and, so to speak, absent from the Lower Egyptian assemblages. While the first statement should be somewhat modified, little has changed with regards to the distribution pattern of this production north of the Fayoum.

Besides the marl fabric vessels belonging to this early phase of Aegean-style local amphora production, one single Nile silt rim was tentatively added to this group (see below). Egyptian amphorae of possible Chian inspiration: ball/ thickened rim (AM/EG/S 1; AM/EG/M 1) These amphorae with ball rim seem to broadly imitate the Chian shapes of the late fifth and very early fourth centuries BC, which were particularly popular at the site (see above). Virtually all of them are made of marl clay fabrics and correspond to the earliest phase of production of Aegean-type amphorae in Egypt. Example 13/0035/089 (col. pl.  78:7–8) is somewhat unusual as the ball rim is reduced to a minimum. In this respect it can be seen as a precursor of the straight rim Nile silt amphorae of the mid to late Ptolemaic period (Dixneuf 2011:93, fig. 69; Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:176, pl. 83:752).

In recent years, important advances were made on this subject thanks to finds of misfired fragments of marl fabric Aegean-style amphorae at Medamud in Upper Egypt (Barahona-Mendietta 2016:35–36) and, especially, with the discovery of two kilns at Philadelphia in the Fayoum that were used for this production (Marchand et al. 2018). The misfired sherds from Medamud were dated to the first half of the third century BC (300–250 BC) and the Philadelphia kilns to the second half of the third century BC (250–200 BC), after the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The amphorae from Medamud seem to refer to a variety of morphological types, but those from Philadelphia have nearly all the same exact appearance, with a thickened rim and a solid peg toe. Moreover, they were systematically stamped on the neck with a single character (a hieroglyphic k3, or Greek Σ, Μ, or Ε) encompassed in a circular or more rarely a rectangular frame.

At Tebtynis, fragments imitating Chian amphorae are only found in Nile silt fabrics and are dated to the early Ptolemaic period (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:176, pl. 83:750–751). However, the site also produced a marl fabric toe imitating a Chian shape from a mid-third century BC context (Defernez and Marchand 2006:86, fig. 19c), and a similar sherd was found at Buto in the same period (Dixneuf 2011:85–85, fig. 59:45). As mentioned above, one single Nile silt vessel was entered into this category, though with a question mark. It is made of a lime-rich Nile D fabric, covered with a thick white slip, and bears the remains of a brown painted band below the rim. Were it not for its large diameter, it could pass for a local copy of the Chian amphorae of the fifth century BC. This identification may be retained as mis-estimations of rim diameters are always possible if the mouth opening presented some accidental distortion. If so, this sherd would hint at the existence of a local variant of the white slipped Chian amphorae already the fifth century BC, as suggested earlier by the Astons (Aston and Aston 2010:8).

Now, while some of the rims illustrated here show a resemblance to the amphorae that were fired in the Philadelphia kilns and others compare to the sherds from Medamund, the toes are very different indeed from excavations at Buto, Dixneuf only accounts for one single marl fabric AE 1 amphora against 18 Nile silt ones (Dixneuf 2011:41–42). The same appears in her tables for seasons 2002–2004 at Buto where not even a single non-Maerotid Egyptian marl amphora is to be found (Dixneuf 2011: 395–397, Tables I-III). Meanwhile, AE 1 amphorae of both marl and Nile silt fabrics seem also strikingly rare at Alexandria (Dixneuf 2011:49–50, 398–399, Table IV). 105  The amphorae kilns discovered at Naukratis seem to have only fired alluvial fabric AE 1 amphorae (Coulson, Wilkie, and Rehard 1986: 544–545).

Nile silt fabric Col. pl. 78:4–6 (13/0062/001) J1 Red, thick white slip, black painted band/line on neck; d. rim 17.9 cm. 203

Kom Tuman II AM/EG/S1 Nile silt fabric, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Similar rims are reported for the earliest local imitations of Aegean amphorae identified at Tebtynis at the end of the third and early in the second century BC (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:175–176, pl.  82:745, 747– 748), and Buto in the late third century BC (Dixneuf 2011:60, 83, fig. 53). Nearly all examples from Buto and (according to Ballet and Poludnikiewicz’s publication) the vast majority of those from Tebtynis were made of Nile silt fabrics. In contrast, marl fabrics were definitely favoured for those from Kom Tuman, suggesting a date closer to the jars’ prototypes for their manufacture, i.e. in the earlier third, or even late fourth century BC. Egyptian marl fabric amphorae also occur in Upper Egypt (see parallels below). Rim shapes similar to our type were found at Karnak in Ptolemaic contexts (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:313, fig. 130:a; Marchand 2007b:369–370, figs. 1–6.

1

Marl fabrics Pl. 193:7 (13/0065/003) Straw marl, pale green core, pale pink outer zones, white surface, uncoated, d. rim 11.5 cm. Pl. 193:8 (15/0101/002) K5, pink, sandy fabric, very small air holes, white grits, faint beige core, pink-white, gritty surface, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Pl. 193:9 (13/0040/056) Straw marl, green sandy fabric, gritty, ochre, fine sand, straw, homogeneous core, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0003: 2 rims (1 est. ind.). Pl. 193:10 (13/0040/055) K5, bipartite, sandy, hard fabric, beige in, pink out, very fine sand, rounded air holes, cream surface out (remains of slip?); d. max. pres. 28.5 cm.

Pl. 193:11 (14/0001/098) K5, cream surface, probably Egyptian; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0046: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell el-Herr, Phase IVA, mid to third quarter of the fourth century BC: Defernez and Marchand 2016: 136–137, fig. 9. Pl. 194:1 (13/0065/002) Straw marl, bipartite green in, pink out, cream surface, uncoated; Knidian type; d. rim 10.0 cm.

Col. pl. 78:7–8 (13/0035/089) marl, limestone-rich, decomposed limestone, few round ochres, uncoated; d. rim 13.0 cm.

Internal parallels: 13/0065: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallel: Tebtynis second century BC, Nile silt fabric: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:175, pl. 82:746.

Col. pl. 78:9–10 (15/0003/017) Straw marl, sandy, green throughout, smoothed surface, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0016: 1 rim; 15/0028: 1 rim

Pl. 194:2 (13/0004/004) K5, uncoated; Rhodian-type amphora; d. rim 9.6 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0001: 1 rim. Parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic period: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:313, fig. 130:a.

AM/EG/M.1 Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

8

0

0

8

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Pl. 194:3 (13/0073/003) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 11.5–12.0 cm. Parallel: Tebtynis, first half of the third century BC: Marangou and Marchand 2007:261–263, fig. 103.

10

Egyptian amphorae with overhang or marked band rims (AM/EG/M.2)

Pl. 194:4 (13/0025/046) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim. Parallel: Naucratis, Ptolemaic period, from description probably a Nile silt fabric: Berlin 2001:160, fig. 2.56:1; see pl. 194:7.

This general shape, with overhang or marked band rim, is the most common amongst the Egyptian-made marl amphorae at Kom Tuman. The neck is mostly high and the handles are rather large-sized and oval to flattened in section. These jars may be very loosely based on early Rhodian or Cnidian prototypes. Only one single fragment (13/0065/002, pl. 194:1), with its restricted mouth and overhang rim, can be considered as a more accurate imitation of a Cnidian jar. Of all those found at Kom Tuman, they correspond best to the AE 1 type but, again, the corresponding toes are missing.

Pl. 194:5 (14/0001/100) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 3 handles (2 est. ind.); 16/0015: 1 rim, 2 handles (2 est. ind.).

204

Late Period not illustrated, fragment from [13/0039]) are particularly close to the North Aegean toe shapes (see above e.g. pp. 191–194, pl. 189:6–7). Imitations of North Aegean models in Egypt are elusive but a few marl fabric examples (rims, bases and complete vessels) are known from Tell el-Herr in the fourth century BC (Defernez and Marchand 2006:73– 74, fig. 4:1–3; Defernez and Marchand 2016:138, fig. 9, colour pl.  3). One addition to the imitations of North Aegean amphora types in the Tell el-Herr corpus was tentatively linked to a Mareotid production (Defernez 2012:25–26, 38, fig. C-10). However, so far, no marl fabric rim of unambiguous North Aegean type has been identified among our material, and it is possible that the toes listed below belonged to hybrid forms, combining spinning top toe types and ball or band rims.

Parallel: Tebtynis, mid third century BC: Defernez and Marchand 2016:145, fig. 15:2. Pl. 194:6 (14b/0001/038) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 14.0 cm. AM/EG/M.2 Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 20

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 20

X Total

4

0

0

4 24

Egyptian amphorae with thickened round rim (AM/ EG/M.3)

It is unclear with which rim shape the group of nineteen small, chamfered toes, illustrated by 13/0039/082, 13/0039/083 and 15/0065/012 (pls. 195:7–8, 196:1) belonged. These clearly imitate Aegean shapes of the fifth century BC (something between Chian and Samian), but in much reduced proportions. They would make a good fit for the small-sized marl rims illustrated in the present section and fit with Defernez’s remark about these early imitations being of smaller modules than their Greek originals (Defernez and Marchand 2016:138). They find parallels as well as at Tell el Herr in the fourth century (Defernez and Marchand 2006:73–74, fig. 4.4), but also later in the middle of the third century BC at Tebtynis (Defernez and Marchand 2006:86, fig. 19:e-f). At this latter site, they also occur in the usual brown Nile silt fabric that was used for most of the Egyptian-style amphorae (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:181, pl. 86:784).

These amphorae with thick rounded rim can be very approximately related to Corinthian/Corcyrean or Brindisi amphora shapes (see above AM/COR and below AM/BR). All of them are made of marl clay fabrics, contrasting with the Ptolemaic levels at Tebtynis where this type is only evidenced in association with Nile silt fabrics (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:176, pl.  83:753–754). Again, marl clay fabric parallels are found in small quantities at Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:213, fig. 130:b-c). Pl. 194:8 (13/0001/005) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 15.7 cm. Pl. 194:9 (14/0001/099) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 14.0 cm. Pl. 195:1 (14/0001/101) K5, medium-fine pink fabric, no core, white surface, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Only one stamped example of Egyptian marl amphora was identified at Kom Tuman and it is a surface find. It consists of a well-preserved rim and neck fragment with a rosette impression on the neck in a circular die. As such, it relates to the amphorae from the Philadelphian kiln mentioned above (Marchand et al. 2018:133) and, to a lesser extent, to the above-mentioned amphora of the same date from the Ramesseum (see above).

AM/EG/M.3 Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 2003–2013 Surface 4 0 0

X Total

0

0

0

Total 4

Marl clay fabrics

0 4

Pl. 195:2 (13/0039/068) K5, porous, pink fabric, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallel: Tell el-Herr, fourth century BC: Defernez and Marchand 2006:73–74, fig. 4:1.

Egyptian marl amphorae of various and undetermined types (AM/EG/M.4) Several Egyptian marl amphorae do not belong to one of the recurring groups listed above or, because of their state of preservation, could not be ascribed to one of them. However, they can be considered as part of the same tradition and they illustrate the variety of this production, as observable in the Memphite region.

Pl. 195:3 (15/0008/017) Straw marl, bipartite fabric, green in, pink out, white surface, uncoated; d rim 12.0 cm. Pl. 195:4 (13/0040/150) Straw marl, green-grey surface, uncoated; pre-firing perforation on neck, filled with clay for repair (before firing); d. max. pres. 14.5 cm.

All the amphora toes made of marl fabrics are also listed in the present section. Fragments 13/0039/100 (pl. 196:3) and 14b/0006/007 (pl.  195:9) (plus another comparable,

Pl. 195:5 (15/0043/022) beige marl or mixed clay fabric, faintly bipartite break, grey-beige in, red-beige out, white 205

Kom Tuman II pottery and were probably handed down from generation to generation for some time after they were first acquired.

vegetal fibres, charcoal, few rounded sand quartz, ochre, smooth white-cream surface (self-slip), thumb impression on lower handle attachment; d.  max. pres. ca. 30.0 cm (exactly same fabric as LP.SJ.8 15/0032/006, col. pl. 7:1–2).

The fine ware imports of the third century BC and beyond are discussed at the end of the Ptolemaic section.

Pl. 195:6 (14/S/002) Straw marl, uncoated; d.  rim 15.8 cm. Stamp on neck: rosette in circular die.

III.3.1 East Greek pottery of the late Archaic and Classical periods

Pl. 195:7 (15/0065/012) K5, sandy, pink fabric, fine vegetable temper, ochre, uncoated; d. base 4.2 cm.

“East Greek pottery” is often used as a somewhat loose and generic terminology for qualifying the fine or semi-fine ware decorated pottery of the Greek Archaic and Classical periods typically found in the eastern Mediterranean, from Ionia and Cilicia, to the Levant and Egypt. It includes several relatively well-defined groups, such as Clazomenian Black Figure, “Wild Goat Style”, or Fikellura, as well as a wide range of much vaguer ensembles, whose identification is more challenging, such as “Banded Ware”, “Ionian cups”, or “Rosette bowls” (Cook and Dupont 1998; Smith 2009; Schaus 1985:49–50). The precise locations of the production centres of many of these groups have often been debated in the literature, in particular with regards to the finds from Naucratis. Already at the time of its first identification, Petrie formed the idea that the Clazomenian Black Figure of the late sixth century BC found at that site was in fact produced locally by Greek artisans who had settled in the Egyptian city (Petrie 1886:17–23, 46–54, pl. IV-X, and see below). The subject was subsequently debated by Cook, Boardman, and others (Cook 1952; Boardman 1958; Dupont 2016). While some of these questions were addressed with the help of neutron activation analysis of the fabrics, Boardman went a step further by introducing the idea of imports of raw clay. He notably suggested that the fine clay used for White Ground Chian fine ware would have been imported to Egypt as raw material from the east Aegean and shaped there by Chian artisans (Boardman 1956; Boardman 1998:344).

Pl. 195:8 (13/0039/082) K5, uncoated; d. base 4.3 cm. Pl. 195:9 (14b/0006/007) Straw marl, bipartite, green in, pink out, uncoated; d. base 7.4 cm. Pl. 196:1 (13/0039/083) K5, uncoated; d. base 3.8 cm. Pl. 196:2 (15/0039/013) K5, pink-beige, homogeneous fabric, no core, limestone, fine sand, straw, uncoated; d. base 6.1 cm. Pl. 196:3 (13/0039/100) K5, porous pink fabric, uncoated; d. base 7.4 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 base. AM/EG/M4 Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

48

0

1*

49

X

15

0

0

15

Total

64

*Stamp on neck

III.3 Imported fine wares

Now, while the subject is vastly discussed for the Greek Archaic period – notably because of the abundance of relevant finds from Naucratis – the question of the provenance of the pottery of East Greek tradition continues well into the fifth and fourth centuries BC, which is the period that is best represented at Kom Tuman. Recently, an interdisciplinary project combining neutron activation, petrographic, and X-ray fluorescence analyses was carried out on a series of fifth and fourth centuries BC closed forms of East Greek tradition found in the Levant. It has concluded that the latter were actually produced in central Crete and not in Eastern Greece as earlier assumed (Gilboa et al. 2017).

Besides the rich assemblage of locally-made fine wares, a significant number of fine ceramic imports were also identified at Kom Tuman. They range in date from the seventh century BC to the late Ptolemaic period. Those belonging still to the Late Period are discussed below according to presumed origin and chronology, and one of the sections assembles together a number of fragments of probable imports of undetermined provenance. Unlike the previous sections, individual fragments are often commented upon separately, as several types only occur as unique examples. One peculiarity of the fine ware section is that it includes a number of sherds that are significantly earlier than the bulk of the pottery discussed here. While some of them are surface finds, many were found in association with pottery of predominantly Persian date. The survival of imported fine wares beyond their period of production and initial diffusion is a well-known phenomenon in archaeology and is usually explained away by the fact that such artefacts tended to have a longer life than common, everyday

The present work does not claim to offer any definite answers to matters of provenance of the East Greek styles encountered here, let alone to assign all of the “East Greek” sherds from Kom Tuman to specific manufacturing centres. As much of the pottery in question is very fine, it is unlikely that such a task can be satisfactorily accomplished without the help of appropriate scientific

206

Late Period analyses, which were not included in the present study.106 Thus, instead of trying to trace an elusive origin for all of the sherds presented below, greater emphasis will be laid on observable stylistic and technological characteristics, presumed date, and especially their possible role within the context of the site.

Tell Sukas, early sixth century: Ploug 1973: 49, nos 161, 163. The same motif is found on a large plate from Lindos (Rhodes), first half of the sixth century BC: Blinkenberg 1931:282, no. 977, pl. 45.

Wild Goat Style (EGFW/WGS)

EGFW/WGS Imported fabrics, Wild Goat Style, estimated number of individuals

Pottery decorated in the “Wild Goat Style” is defined by an intricacy of elegant motifs combining animal and stylised floral designs arranged in friezes drawn in a diluted black glaze over a cream to white slip or self-slip, sometimes with added red and/or white paint. It is usually assumed to have been produced between the middle of the seventh and the middle of the sixth centuries BC in south Ionia, in places like Miletus and Samos (Dupont 1986; Cook and Dupont 1998:32–45), although regional versions of the style certainly existed elsewhere.107 It was probably inspired by the Corinthian pottery of the late eighth and seventh centuries BC, with whom it shares much of its aesthetics. Wild Goat Style was also widely traded throughout east and western Mediterranean and up to the Black Sea colonies (e.g. Denti 2008).

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

1

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

Fikellura (EGFW/FIK) This class of ceramic ware derives its name from the site of Fikellura on Rhodes, where it was first identified. It is found throughout the eastern Mediterranean between ca. 560 and the end of the sixth century BC, and its home is generally believed to have been the city of Miletus (Dupont and Thomas 2006:79–80; Smith 2009:342; Cook 1998:77; Seifert 2004:41, 54). Besides Miletus and Rhodes, Fikellura vases are also very common at Samos and Chios (see below). It is rare in Mainland Greece but well attested in the Pontus region, and clay analyses on a Fikellura hydria from Histria have pointed to a local manufacture (Dupont 1983; Bîrzescu 2016:143–144).

Only one Wild Goat fragment was identified during this project’s work at Kom Tuman and it consists of a surface find. Besides this one, at least two others were found at Mit Rahineh by the E. B. Coxe expedition, one of which comes from the area of the palace of Merneptah. They were dated to the late seventh and early sixth centuries BC (Schaus and Benson 1995:12–13, pl. 4:4b-c). The same date can be retained for our fragment.

The clay used for this production is described as containing “micaceous, gritty impurities”. Its colour is “pinkishbrown to buff, but sometimes ranges from a salmon-pink to greyish-brown or even chocolate” (Cook 1954:5). The slip is fine and pale and the paint brown-black to red and of varying thickness. Purple matte paint may be added, too. The dominant shape is a broad-shouldered amphora with tri-fide handles, but amphoriskoi, stamnoi, and cups are also attested.

Pl. 196:4 (15/S/034) fine imported, dense, dark pink fabric, no core, thin beige outer zones, some decomposed small limestone, small grits, smooth, cream slipped surface, black, slightly shiny glazed painted animal and floral decoration, added matte red paint; d. uncertain; h. pres. 3.1 cm.

In Egypt, Fikellura vases were found in particular at Tell Defenneh and Naukratis (Cook 1954:1–14, pls.1–14, especially pls.  10:1–4, 11:3; Schlotzhauer 2012:44–45; Weber 2012:235–236), as well as at Memphis itself, by Fischer during the 1915–1918 seasons at Kom el-Qala’a, in the area of the Temple of Ptah and the palace of Merneptah (Weber 2001:135–136; Schaus and Benson 1995:21, fig. 2:3, pl.  9:3a-c). A few fragments were identified in Cyrenaica, dated mostly to the third quarter of the sixth century BC (Schaus 1985:86–89).

Parallels: Vroulia (Rhodes), first quarter of the sixth century: Wallenstein 1973:25–26, pl. 10:5. Rhodes, “Camiran” oenochoe, first half of the seventh century: Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:77, section IID, pl. II:1–3.

The question acquires a further level of complexity if ones takes into consideration the evidence for long-haul transport of raw clay. An Aramaic customs register from Elephantine, dated to 475 BC, which lists the cargoes aboard Phoenician and Ionian ships coming into Egypt, mentions the presence of foreign “clay” amongst the imported products (Porten and Yardeni 1993:292–295). Even though the quantities are significant (one of the ships held 504 kg of clay), this material was likely employed for the fabrication of fine or table-wares, figurines, or for other industrial and domestic purposes (Briant and Descat 1998:72). However, it is also possible that it was meant for mixing into local clays, a process which would be much more economical in resource terms but very confusing for archaeologists trying to determine origins using tools such as petrography or NAA. 107  See for example at Sardis (Greenwalt 1970) or the Troad (Aslan and Pernicka 2013). 106 

Col. pl. 79:1–2 (07/0076/010) imported, fine, bipartite fabric, pink-orange out, grey in, fine sand, uncoated/selfslip, shiny black-brown paint; h. max. pres. 2.9 cm; d. not determined. Comments and parallels: palmettes are a very common motif on amphorae of the Fikellura style. They are often used as decorative element on the amphorae’s shoulders

207

Kom Tuman II just below the lower handle attachment or as part of a frieze, for example on Fikellura amphorae from Camiros on Rhodes, dated 575–525 BC (Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:84, section IID, pl. VI:1–3). Other parallels: Ialyssos (Rhodes), Tomb 4, second quarter of the sixth century BC: Laurenzi 1936:98, figs. 83–85. Sukas, fruit-stand, late seventh century BC, perhaps Rhodian: Ploug 1973:55–56, 66, no. 290, pl. XV.

EGFW/FIK Fikellura and other decorated East Greek wares of the Archaic period, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

0

7

9

X

0

0

0

0

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

Col. pl. 79:3–4 (14/0001/003) imported, fine, light beige fabric, finely sandy, smooth, shiny cream slip, black-brown shiny paint/glaze; perhaps open; h.  pres. 2.4 cm. Parallels: Samos, Heraion, from Miletus, Greek Archaic period: Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:137, v/4, fig. 28, pl. 33. Probably Naukratis, mid-sixth century BC, East Greek: Cook 1954:8, 13, pls. 8:4d, 14:3a. For the motif: Naukratis, footed bowl, sixth century BC: Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:76, section IID, pl. I:10.

10

Black Figure Clazomenian (EGFW/BF) Painted Clazomenian fine ware of the sixth century BC was first identified on the basis of the rich finds made at Tell Defenneh by W.M.F. Petrie. In the site’s initial publication, the latter expressed the idea that the ware represented a local production by East Greek potters who had settled in Egypt (Petrie 1888:62). Later, this opinion notably found support with Boardman, who attributed the Clazomenian vases of Egypt to Ionian exiles following the punitive expedition to North Ionia by the Persians in ca. 541 BC (Boardman 1958).

Col. pl. 79:5–6 (07/0076/011) imported, fine, dense pale brown fabric, white slip out, black floral motif; d.  pres. max. ca. 24.6 cm.

Without finds of actual Clazomenian pottery workshops or kilns in Egypt, the question of the ware’s origin cannot be securely ascertained, but in any case, it can be considered as derivative of the Attic Black Figure style of the Greek Archaic period. Back in the early 1950s, Cook argued quite convincingly that what we call Clazomenian Black Figure might have been manufactured at Clazomenae itself as well as at a number of workshops located in North Ionia as a substitute for the popular Black Figure Attic imports (Cook 1952).

Comments and parallels: similar motifs are found on the shoulder of a Fikellura neck-amphora from Camiros (Rhodes), second quarter of sixth century BC (Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:84, section IID, pl. VI:3). They are also found on a Chian chalice from Olbia, which has also been thought to be Rhodian. This piece probably belongs to the late sixth century BC (Lemos 1991:179–180, no. 1658, pl. 220).

A total of at least seven, possibly eight, fragments of decorated Clazomenian pottery were found in the excavations of Kom Tuman. The colour of the fabric, the use of incisions for outlines, the added white paint, and the nature of the glaze leave little doubt as to their identification. Another three sherds of Clazomenian Black Figure (two of which join and possibly all belonged to a single vessel) were found by the E. J. Coxe Expedition (Schaus and Benson 1995:24, pl. 10:6a-b).

Other parallel: Samos, Heraion, mid-sixth century BC: Isler 1978:147, no 505, pl. 67. Col. pl. 79:7–8 (07/0087/013) fine imported, bipartite fabric, faint grey in, reddish out, self-slip, slightly lustrous black and red-brown paint; d. body ca. 18.0 cm; h. max. 4.2 cm. Comments and parallels: the guilloche decoration is a trademark pattern of Fikellura pottery. It is used on friezes around amphorae’s and amphoriskoi’s lower bodies and/or shoulders (e.g. Cook 1954:6–7, pl. 6:3). Parallels: Samos, sixth century BC: Walter-Karydi 1973:117, pl. 7:71–72. Sardis, probably last third of sixth century BC: Greenewalt 1971:154, 167, F5, pl. 2.4. Uncertain East Greek decorated ware (Fikellura or Chian)

Col. pl. 79:11–12 (07/0074/001) imported, fine, homogeneous, pink-orange fabric, no core, black glaze, red glazed figurative motif with incised lines and added white paint; h. pres. 9.2 cm. Col. pl. 79:13–14 (07/0075/020) imported, fine, homogeneous, pink-orange fabric, no core, black and red glaze motifs with added white paint; d. max. pres. 10.8 cm.

Col. pl. 79:9–10 (14/0001/005) fine imported, slightly porous-cream fabric, uncoated, black painted bands out; h. pres. 2.0 cm. Parallels: Tell Suka, late seventh to sixth centuries BC: Ploug 1973:63, no. 234, pl. XII.

Col. pl. 79:15–16 (14/0001/004) imported, fine, homogeneous, pink-orange fabric, no core, red glaze, black figure, incised lines; h. pres. 4.5 cm. EGFW/BF “Clazomenian” Black Figure, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 208

Late Period Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

3

1

5

X

3

0

0

3

Total

Cumae, Ionian cup, end seventh century BC: Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:76, section IID, pl. I:24. Pl. 196:5 (13/0040/008) imported, fine, cream, fabric, greenish cream throughout, homogeneous break, tiny air voids, few ochre, tiny black grits, uncoated; d. max. body. 16.6 cm. Parallel: Tell Sukas, Ionian cup, late sixth to fifth century BC: Ploug 1973:34, no. 107.3, fig. b. Parallel in Egypt: Naucratis, temple of Milesian Apollo, first half of the sixth century BC, with a post firing dedicatory inscription to Apollo: Schlotzhauer 2012:103, Nau 55, pl. 12.

8

Ionian bowls/Ionian cups (EGFW/BC) Several fragments from Kom Tuman can be identified as belonging to the series of carinated bowls commonly described in the literature as Ionian bowls (Cook and Dupont 1998:129–131). These have out-splayed thinned rims, a pair of horizontal handles on the sides, and rest on a plain ring or a high pedestal base. On the most typical examples, the bend of the carination is smoothly curved. They are usually decorated with a combination of glazed surfaces and plain horizontal glazed bands; some may bear floral motifs or added red paint. The glazes are of varying thickness and sheen. Like other East Greek vessels, they were certainly manufactured in several production centres, but many seem to have come from Miletus in southern Ionia (Schlotzhauer and Villing 2006:60–62; Schlotzhauer 2001:122–125).

Pl. 196:6 (16/0015/041) imported, very fine, dense, yellowish beige fabric, eroded black glaze/slip in and out, very smooth surface; d. rim 11.0 cm. Pl. 196:7 (14/0007/007) imported, fine, pink, dense fabric, slightly shiny red glaze or slip in and out; d. rim 17.0 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Naucratis, sanctuary of Apollo (with post-firing incised dedicatory inscription to the god), 610–540 BC, probably Milesian: British Museum, Online Catalogue: 1886, 0401.572; for the inscription, see Gardner 1886:62, pl. XXXIII:274; Bernand 1970:666, no. 235.

These bowls are extremely frequent at Naucratis in the sixth century BC (Schlotzhauer 2012:45–54), where many were found in the Milesian temple of Apollo and bear postfiring dedicatory inscriptions to the god. They were also abundant in contemporary levels at Thonis-Heracleion in Egypt (Grataloup 2015:138, fig. 7.2:3–4; Fabre and Grataloup 2006:297–298, no. 409) and Tocra in Cyrenaica (Boardman and Hayes 1966:111–134).

Pl. 196:8 (13/0041/051) imported, fine, dense, pink, fabric, uncoated; d. base 7.0 cm. Pl. 196:9 (13/0040/011) imported, fine, light, pink-yellow, soft fabric, red-brown glaze; l. max. pres. 4.5 cm; section handle 1.7x1.0 cm.

The examples from Kom Tuman are made of at least two different fabrics. The first is light-coloured and slightly porous and the other is pink and dense. Two of the rims, with only traces of glaze adhering, illustrated below are characterised by a sharp bend on the inside of the vessel (pl. 196:6, col. pl. 80:1–2). Their diameter is unusually small compared to those of the typical Ionian bowls and although their profiles are not perfectly identical, they may be part of the same vessel.

Pl. 196:10 (16/0025/003–004) imported, fine fabric, red glaze out (eroded in?); d. rim 16.0 cm. Col. pl. 80:1–2 (16/0015/040) imported, fine, beige-pink fabric, faint, light grey core, very smooth surface, eroded black slip/glaze in and out; d. rim 11.0 cm. Col. pl. 80:3–4 (14/0001/040) imported, fine fabric, dark red matte glaze; section handle 1.0x0.5 cm.

Col. pl. 79:17–19 (13/0025/032) imported, fine fabric, black glaze, added red paint; d. base 13.0 cm. Parallel: Tell Sukas, Ionian cup, late sixth to fifth century BC: Ploug 1973:35, no. 118.2, fig. b. Sardes, ca. 500 BC, “pattern vase”: Gillis et al. 1995:53– 54, fig. 129, pl. 28:2–3. Parallel in Egypt: Naucratis, presumably from the necropolis area, second third of the sixth century BC: Schlotzhauer 2012:106–108, Nau 62, pl. 13h-i.

Col. pl. 80:5 (15/0057/005) imported, fine, dense, beige, homogeneous fabric, no core, no inclusions visible, black glaze in and out, reserved band on exterior, added matte red paint; d. max. pres. ca. 17.6 cm. Comments and parallels: this bowl is deeper than the usual Ionian bowls discussed above, although as a body sherd, its precise stance can be questioned. It can be compared to BM 1907,1201.705.5 and other East Greek bowls from the sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesus (BM online catalogue BM 1907,1201.705.5).

Col. pl. 79:20–21 (13/0047/022) imported, fine, dense, grey fabric, very fine, rounded sand quartz, red-black dull glaze or slip in and out, applied horizontally; d. max. pres. 19.8 cm. Parallels: Tell Sukas, Ionian cup, late sixth to fifth century BC: Ploug 1973:34, no. 105, pl. V.

Col. pl. 80:6–8 (15/0001/002) imported, fine fabric, black glaze in and out, reserved band out; d.  max. pres. ca. 18.0 cm. 209

Kom Tuman II body height. A series of similar juglets with flat and ring bases and round mouth occur in the Classical period at Athens (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:78, 254, nos 255–261, fig. 3, pl. 12). They are also produced contemporaneously in the east Aegean and are found at the Heraion of Samos (Walter 1957:45, Beil. 63; Vierneisel and Walter 1959:18–19, 27, Beil. 31, 59) and at the acropolis of Lindos (Blinkenberg 1931:618, no. 2565, pl.  123). The fabric of our example rather evokes an East Greek than Attic provenance.

Parallel in Egypt: Probably Naucratis, sixth century BC: Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:76, section IID, pl. I:12. Also comparable to Attic band cups from the Athenian Agora of the mid to second half of the sixth century BC, see for example, Sparkes and Talcott 1970:90, 262, no. 390, pl. 18. EGFW/BC “Ionian bowls”/banded cups, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

2

2

12

X

8

0

0

Total

Pl. 196:11 (13/0063/003) imported, fine, brown-beige fabric, sand-quartz, small air voids, red-pink core, black slip/glaze; h. pres. 5.8 cm; section handle 2.7 × 2.0 cm.

8 20

Pl. 196:12 (16/0003/033) imported, fine, very hard, dense, bipartite fabric, light grey in, pink-orange out, white grits, fine sand, very smooth surface, black glazed paint; d. max. 16.8 cm.

East Greek Banded Ware (EGFW/BW) Several fragments identified here as East Greek belong to closed vessels that were simply decorated with horizontal bands in red-brown or black paint or semi-matte to glossy glaze. They correspond to the “banded style” which is recurrent in the eastern Mediterranean between the seventh and fourth centuries BC (e.g. Lehmann 2000; Gilboa et al. 2017; Ploug 1973:23–27).

Comments and parallel: this closed vessel with a strong narrowing at the base may have belonged to an East Greek lydion of the late Archaic to early Classical period: Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:76, section IID, pl. I:25. Pl. 196:13 (14/0001/037) imported, fine fabric, uncoated, brown painted horizontal band; h. pres. 2.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0065: 1 BS.

While it is mostly known for the Archaic period, this style remains very frequent until the fourth century BC. Several of the water jars found in the early fourth century BC fill of a well at Ephesus are decorated in this manner (Trinkl 2006). Similarly, they were frequent in the Kofina Ridge excavation on Chios, in particular in the lower level of the fill of Well H (Area A) that was dated to the third quarter of the fourth century BC (Anderson 1954:145–146, nos 124–132, fig. 16, pls. 7c, 10a-b).

Col. pl. 80:18 (13/0040/018) imported, fine fabric, uncoated, black-brown painted bands; d. max. 12.0 cm. Comments and parallels for 14/0001/037 (pl. 196:13) and 13/0040/018: These two fragments compare with a sixth century sherd from Abusir, identified as East Greek Banded Ware (Weber 2012:402, A 10, pl. 57h). NAA results for this piece relate it to the “ITAN Group”, whose geographical origin could not be determined. Other pieces belonging to the same compositional group include fragments that are believed to be of probable Knidian manufacture.

Col. pl. 80:9–11 (14/0001/045) imported, fine fabric, uncoated; dark brown glaze on handle; d. neck ca. 11.0 cm. Comment: This piece is perhaps Clazomenian and could have belonged to a Fikellura amphora (see above). Col. pl. 80:12–14 (16/0023/010) imported, fine, light brown, hard, dense fabric, much decomposed limestone, polished self-slip, black-brown glazed paint; d.  max. 32.0 cm.

Other parallel: East Greek Banded Ware, Tell Jemmeh, Iron II-Persian period: Martin 2014:765, fig. 14.3l. Col. pl. 80:19–20 (07/0023/008) imported, fine, reddish fabric, grey-brown surface, cream slip, black painted band on foot; d. base 9.1 cm. Parallels: From Chalkis(?), sixth to fifth century BC, perhaps Rhodian: Gillis et  al. 1995:35–36. fig. 70, pl. 20:9. Miletus, fifth century BC, local Banded Ware: Voigtlander 1982:42, 118, no. 56, fig. 47. Amphora, probably Rhodian, unknown find spot, fifth century BC: Müller 1959:55, pl. 55:4. EGFW/BW Banded ware, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Comments and parallel: only a fragment of this jar is preserved and its upper part could also have displayed figurative motifs, such as on an amphora of the Wild Goat Style from Tell Sukas (late seventh to early sixth century BC): Ploug 1973:60, nos 188, 191, pls. X-XI. Col. pl. 80:15–17 (16/0015/001) imported, fine fabric, finely porous, pink break, yellowish, very smooth surface, uncoated, black glazed bands; d.  body 7.0 cm; h.  pres. 9.8 cm. Comments and parallels: This small juglet is decorated with a couple of black-brown glazed painted bands at mid 210

Late Period Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

13

5

0

18

X

6

0

0

6

XI

0

0

1

Total

Col. pl. 81:3–4 (14/0001/053) imported, fine fabric, orange slip/matte glaze out; d. rim 11.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 rim.

1

Col. pl. 81:5–6 (14/0001/182) fine imported, homogeneous, beige fabric, cream surface, red slip/matte glaze; d. rim 11.7 cm.

25

III.3.2 Uncertain imports of probable East Greek origin (EGFW?)

Pl. 196:14 (14/0007/009) imported, fine, greyish, dense fabric, pale beige outer zones, finely porous, red slip/matte glaze in and out; d. rim 11.0 cm. Amphora with wide flat base

The fragments listed below are probably East Greek in origin. Many are covered with red or black-brown matte or faintly shiny glazes. According to parallels, they probably fall within the late sixth to the late fifth century BC.

Col. pl. 81:7–9 (14b/0006/006) imported, fine, pink, dense, hard fabric, fine sand, small voids, thick blackbrown metallic glaze out and under base; d.  base 15.0–16.0 cm. Incrusted pebbles inside base.

Possible situla One rim sherd from our assemblage was tentatively linked to the group of East Greek situlae (Cook 1954:29– 37; Cook and Dupont 1998:116–118). These jars with elongated body, restricted mouth, and a pair of horizontal handles below the rim were often decorated in the Black Figure technique and mostly found in Egypt, at the sites of Defenneh, Naukratis, and Memphis in the late seventh and sixth centuries BC.108 Their place of manufacture remains a subject of debate, with Rhodes, Naucratis, and the region of east Doria all being candidates (Weber 2006:149–150).

Parallels: Tell Sukas, East Greek, probably late sixth century BC: Ploug 1973:81, 83, no. 378b, pl. XIX. Samos, Heraion, sixth century BC: Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:148, W 2/21, fig. 32. EGFW(?) East Greek table amphorae, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

The fragment from Kom Tuman differs from the usual situlae by lacking the distinctive ridge below the rim. It is also undecorated, but it is possible that slip and/or decoration have been eroded away.

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Surface

Total

0

0

3

X

4

0

0

4 7

Other closed vessels Pl. 196:15 (15/0030/008) imported, fine(?), sandy, whitecream fabric, many shells and black rocks, some mica, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Comment and parallel: this rim might have belonged to a short-necked dinos, such as those found at Miletus in the sixth and fifth centuries BC (Voigtlander 1982:43,123, no. 72, fig. 12, pl. 17:3).

EGFW(?) Possible situla, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

3

Total

Col. pl. 81:1–2 (15/0041/016) imported, fine, beige-grey fabric, light pink outer zone, finely porous, limestone, round ochre, fine sand, pink smoothed slip; d. rim 26.5 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Tell Defenneh, (with ledge below rim), ca. 525 BC: Weber 2006:149–150, fig. 19; Weber 2012:363, pl. 50e-f.

Area

2013–2016

VII

Pl. 196:16 (13/0047/017) imported, fine, white fabric, angular, red and black inclusions, many sand-quartz, no core, white surface, in and out, uncoated; d. rim 12.4 cm.

1

Pl. 196:17 (14/0001/054) imported, fine fabric, dark brown slip; d. rim 11.2 cm.

Table amphorae

Pl. 197:1 (14/0001/047) imported, fine fabric, black slip out; d. rim 14.0 cm.

These sherds may have belonged to table amphorae similar to those found at the Heraion of Samos in the sixth century BC (e.g. Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:130, IIIb/1, fig. 26, pl. 30).

Pl. 197:2 (13/0035/063) imported, fine, brownbeige fabric, faint grey core, mica, uncoated; d. rim 14.8 cm. Parallel: Dydima, probably later sixth to early fifth century BC: Schattner 1996:178, fig. 111:72–73.

108  For the Memphis situla, see Schaus and Benson 1995:26–27, fig. 2:6, pl. 11:2–5.

211

Kom Tuman II Col. pl. 81:10–11 (13/0042/013) imported, fine, white speckled, dark fabric, dark grey surface in and out, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm.

Pl. 197:10 (15/0054/004) imported, fine, sandy beige fabric, no core, shell, fine sand, many small air holes, smooth surface, hard-fired, uncoated; d. base 11.2 cm. Parallel (for 14/0001/152 and 15/0054/004): East Greek oenochoe, unknown provenance, sixth century BC: Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:76, section IID, pl. I:19.

Col. pl. 81:12–13 (15/0061/018) imported, fine, beigegrey, white-speckled fabric, few small air holes, brownbuff surface, greyish, slightly shiny glaze out applied by dipping; d. rim 4.0 cm. Parallel: Tell el-Hesi, Persian period, Stratum Vd, East Greek import and Stratum V: Bennet, Blakely, and Toombs 1980:95–96, nos 19, 23, figs. 66, 77, 89.

Pl. 197:11 (14/0001/152) imported, fine, very dense, yellowish fabric, no core; d. base 6.3 cm. Pl. 197:12 (14/0017/006) imported, fine, light grey, finely porous fabric, no core, fine sand, few rounded quartz, uncoated; h.  pres. 3.8 cm; section handle 2.6 × 2.5 cm.

Col. pl. 81:14–16 (16/0003/037) imported, fine, hard, dense, pink fabric, no core, well-smoothed, buff surface, black glazed paint on rim; d. rim 4.0 cm.

Pl. 197:13 (13/0046/047) imported, very fine, smooth pink fabric, uncoated; d. base 15.0 cm.

Col. pl. 81:17–19 (14/0001/148) imported, fine, pink fabric, slightly porous, light beige core, uncoated, red painted band on rim; d. rim 8.9 cm.

Pl. 197:14 (13/0041/052) imported, fine, bright pink fabric, uncoated; d. base 5.4 cm.

Pl. 197:3 (14/0001/034) imported, fine fabric, red slip polished in and out; d. rim 9.0 cm.

Pl. 197:15 (13/0039/089) imported, very fine, hard, bright pink fabric, white surface, tiny red and black grits, shells uncoated (eroded); d. base 5.0 cm.

Pl. 197:4 (14b/0001/033) imported, fine, pink, hard, dense fabric, no core, light pink-salmon surface, uncoated (or eroded?), very smooth surface; d. knob 0.7 cm.

Pl. 197:16 (13/0046/013) imported, fine, light beige, dense, hard fabric, uncoated; d. base 4.7 cm.

Pl. 197:5 (13/0041/050) imported, fine, pink, homogeneous fabric, no core, uncoated; d. max. pres. 11.0 cm.

Pl. 197:17 (15/0008/002) imported, fine, finely porous, beige fabric, no core, small air holes, light pink, smooth surface, traces of shiny beige slip out; d. base 4.4 cm.

Pl. 197:6 (13/0039/088) imported, fine, hard, dense, bipartite fabric, green to pink, ochre, tiny dark grits, chamotte, sometimes large, uncoated, black paint; d. base 7.0 cm.

Col. pl. 81:20–21 (15/0049/003) imported, very fine, dense, buff to beige-pink fabric, homogeneous break, very smooth surface, limestone and ochre inclusions, uncoated; d. base 6.0 cm.

Pl. 197:7 (15/0018/002) imported, fine, beige fabric, no core, small white grits, uncoated; d. rim 6.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim.

Pl. 198:1 (14/0001/150) imported, fine, very smooth, white-cream fabric, no core, small air voids, fine sand, uncoated; d. base 5.4 cm.

Comments and parallels: the cup-shaped mouth of this small jug may be related to Black Glazed lekythoi of the Athenian repertoire of late Classical-early Hellenistic date (Rotroff 1997:169–171, fig. 69:1110). However, unlike the fragment from Kom Tuman, these vessels are glazed and have ribbon section handles reaching from the shoulder to below the flaring rim. Moreover, most of them have a trefoil rather than a round mouth (see also Thompson 1934:417, E1333, fig. 103; Bruneau 1970:257, D183, pl. 147).

Pl. 198:2 (13/0039/107) imported, fine, dense, beigeyellow fabric, no core, oxides (very few), small air holes, very finely porous, uncoated; d. base 9.5 cm. Col. pl. 82:1–2 (14/0001/151) imported, fine, very smooth, white-cream fabric, no core, small air voids, fine sand, uncoated; d. base 6.4 cm. Parallel for 14/0001/150 (pl. 198:1) and 14/0001/151: Samos, Heraion, Samian, sixth century BC: Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:148, W 2/22, fig. 32.

Pl. 197:8 (13/0044/003) imported, fine, finely porous, pink fabric, no core, traces of red slip/glaze out; d.  base 4.2 cm.

Col. pl. 82:3–4 (13/0025/058) imported, fine, micaceous fabric, smooth, cream surface, uncoated; d. base 9.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 base. Parallel: Samos, mid sixth century BC, base of a jug or table amphora: Isler 1978:162, Beil. 22:630.

Pl. 197:9 (15/0049/004) imported, fine, very hard, finely porous fabric, bipartite, grey in, dark beige-brown out, small elongated air holes very smooth, beige surface, uncoated; d. base 2.2 cm. 212

Late Period Pl. 198:4 (13/0025/041) fine fabric, perhaps import, multicoloured inclusions, smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm; d. base 9.7 cm; h. 3.7 cm. Parallel: Kition-Bamboula (Cyprus), sewer 113, late fifth early fourth century BC: Salles 1983:65, no. 192, fig. 25.

EGFW(?) Uncertain types, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

34

1

0

35

X

7

0

0

Total

7

IFW Import fine ware (uncertain origin), imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

42

III.3.3 Fine ware imports of uncertain provenance (IFW)

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

11*

0

0

11

X

3

0

0

3

XI

0

0

1

1

VII

Perhaps Melian Both spirals motifs and cross-hatchings are commonly found on Melian table amphorae of the Greek Archaic period (late seventh to first half of the sixth century BC). However, if the surface treatment and design of this fragment compare well to Melian ware, its fabric is quite different. Melian fabrics tend to be reddish or pink-brown in the break, not light pink.

Total

15

*Of which two complete profiles

East Greek or Egyptian Pl. 198:5 (16/0014/006) imported(?), fine fabric, white surface; uncoated; d. body 27.0 cm.

Col. pl. 82:5–6 (15/0073/002) imported, fine, light pink, dense fabric, few inclusions visible, very small air holes, white-cream surface, black glazed motifs; d.  ca. 15.0 cm. Parallels: Delos, “Melian” pottery, dated 650/40–580/70 BC, probably from Naxos: Zaphiropoulou 2003:179, 233, nos 57, 306, pls. XLIII-XLIV, CLXXV. Unprovenanced, Milesian, late seventh to early sixth century: Schauenburg 1954:14, pl. 4:1. Cypriot or Levantine

Comments and parallels: this jar is of uncertain provenance. Its shape compares to East Greek hydriae of the late sixth to early fifth century BC with glazed band decoration, such as those found at Athens (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:200– 201, 347, no. 1580, fig. 13). The fabric of this jar, however, looks Egyptian rather than foreign. Col. pl. 82:9–10 (14/0001/032) fine, pink fabric, uncoated; d. rim 10.4 cm. Pl. 198:6 (13/0041/053) imported, fine, beige fabric, red slip; d. body 6.0 cm.

Col. pl. 82:7–8 (16/0003/105) imported, fine, dense, yellowish fabric, no core, yellowish pink surface in, few inclusions visible, nearly no air holes, glossy red slip; d.  max. mouth (est.) 4.4 x 3.1 cm; d.  max. pres. 12.6 cm.

Pl. 198:7 (13/0046/007) fine, hard, dense fabric, grey surface out, pink in, no visible inclusions, uncoated; d. base 7.5 cm. IFW Imported or Egyptian fine ware (uncertain origin), estimated number of individuals

Comments and parallels: This jug can be compared to trefoil oinochoae from Olynthus in the later fifth or first part of the fourth century BC (Robinson 1950:215, 218, no. 298, pl.  153). It also resembles another juglet from Stratum Vd at Tell el Hesi (Bennet, Blakely, and Toombs 1980:162, fig. 147:10). The shoulder is almost horizontal and the handle rises high above the rim. The red-brown slip as well as the fabric suggests an east Greek or Levantine production.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

1

0

0

1

Total

4

III.3.4 Cypriot fine and semi-fine imports (CYP)

On Cyprus, similar shapes appear in the Plain White VI ware of the Cypro-Classical period (Gjerstad 1948:89, fig. LXIII:16; Karageorghis 1978:13, no. 6, 23, no. 5, pls. VII–VIII, XLIV).

While Cypriote fine ware imports, in particular juglets of the Black-on-Red class, are occasionally turning up at Egyptian sites in the late Third Intermediate and Saite periods, their rarity beyond that is striking. The situation does not seem to change much until a series of fine glazed wares from Cyprus appears in Alexandria in the early second century BC and, especially, the emergence and diffusion of the Cypriote sigillata in the early Imperial period (Élaigne 2012:162).

East Greek(?) Pl. 198:3 (13/0025/039) fine fabric, perhaps import, greyblack slip in and out; d.  rim 13.8 cm; d.  base 11.0 cm; h. 3.2 cm. 213

Kom Tuman II For earlier times, three decorated sherds from a Persian period deposit at Tell Balamun were tentatively attributed to Cyprus (Spencer 1999:29–30, pl. 27a:7–9) but these are something of an exception. This state of affairs cannot be solely due to sherd misidentification and has to be taken at face value. It also cannot be explained away by a lack of trade and exchange (direct or indirect) between Egypt and Cyprus as these are well evidenced throughout the Persian period, notably with mortaria, basket handle jars and Egyptian small finds on Cyprus (e.g. Clerc 2014). Rather, it points to a clear Egyptian preference for vessels from East Greece and Attica when it comes to decorated wares.

Kition, Agios Georgios necropolis, juglet Bichrome V, Cypro-Archaic II: Hadjisavvas 2012:103–104, no. 2, fig. 58; Fourrier 2014:147, fig. 41. Col. pl. 82:19 (04–05/0117) imported, fine fabric, uncoated, black and red painted decoration, concentric circles on neck; d. not registered. Comments and parallels: this large fragment of an amphora neck belongs without doubt to the Bichrome ware of Cyprus. The frieze of concentric circles around the neck is a motif that is already attested in the seventh century BC (Lamb 1936:27, pls. XI:21, XII:4). However, the best parallels for this particular piece come from Amathus, in the late Cypro-Archaic period and early fifth century BC. One is from the sanctuary of Aphrodite (Fourrier 2006:78, fig. 373) and the other from the North Rampart (Fourrier 2009:41, figs. 101–102). Another good parallel can be cited from Tel ‘Ira, Level VI (end of Iron Age-Persian period), dated to the fifth century BC (Freud 1999:216, figs. 6.41, 6.101:4).

Mirroring the situation elsewhere in the country, only a handful of Cypriot imports other than transport jars and mortaria were recovered at Kom Tuman. With the exception of the Black-on-Red fragment that is certainly earlier (and is a surface find), all of them fall between the sixth and late fifth centuries BC and most are large decorated vessels, belonging to the White Painted and Bichrome classes. Two are decorated with compass-drawn concentric circles, a motif that becomes preponderant on vases of the Cypriote White Painted IV and Bichrome IV and V wares (Gjerstad 1948:56–59).

Red Slip Pl. 198:8 (14/0014/001) imported, fine, dense, orange-pink fabric, small air holes, no core, thin red slip; d. rim 3.2 cm.

White Painted

Comments and parallels: this one-handled neck with mushroom rim may be identified as a Red Slip III juglet from Cyprus. Comparanda are found in the CyproClassical I Pyre L from Salamis (Karageorghis 1970:178, pl. XXV:19, 70, 60). The shape is also known in Plain White (IV): Gjerstad 1948:87–88, fig. XLIV:12 Black-on-Red

Col. pl. 82:11–12 (15/0098/017) imported, fine, finely porous beige fabric, few air holes, very few, very small black grits, white surface; h. pres. 3.8 cm. Comments and parallels: this handle may have belonged to a White Painted juglet with trefoil mouth similar to one found in the north rampart deposit of Amathus (early fifth century BC): Fourrier 2009:18–19, fig. 84. Col. pl. 82:13–14 (13/0040/016) imported, fine, bipartite fabric, beige-yellow in, pink out, pink surface, uncoated, black-brown painted concentric circles; h. pres. 3.8 cm.

Pl. 198:10 (16/S/048) very fine imported, dense, beige fabric, no core, few visible inclusions, few white, silt-size sand, shiny red slip, black painted decoration; d. body ca. 10.0 cm; h. pres. 1.8 cm.

Col. pl. 82:15–16 (13/0025/047) imported, fine fabric, uncoated; black paint; d. rim 21.5 cm.

CYP Cypriote fine ware imports, estimated number of individuals

Comments and parallels: this wide mouth jar with everted neck may belong to a group of late Archaic amphorae from Cyprus. The thickened, out-turned rim and painted surfaces are typical of this group (Fourrier 2009:36, fig. 124). A good parallel can be cited from Marion, Tomb 47 (White Painted VI): Gjerstad et  al. 1935:314, pl. XCIX:10. Kition-Bamboula, sewers, Locus D, Cypro-Classical, White Painted V: Salles 1983:61, no. 180, fig. 23.

Area VII

2013–2016 5

2003–2013 1

Surface 1

Total 7

X Total

1

0

0

1 8

Plain White The four sherds listed below are ascribed here to Cypriote Plain White amphorae with ring base and horizontal handles (see parallels below). These vessels are usually undecorated, though some have plain horizontal bands on the body.109

Bichrome Col. pl.82:17–18 (14/0001/036) imported, fine fabric, uncoated, black-brown painted spirals; h. pres. 2.5 cm Parallel: Salamis, Tomb 23, flask Bichrome V, CyproArchaic I-II: Karageorghis 1970:51, pl. CIII:41.

For example, an amphora from Tomb 23 at Ras el-Basit (Syria) that was dated to the early sixth century BC (Courbin 1993:52, fig. 7:5). 109 

214

Late Period Col. pl. 82:20–21 (14/0001/195) imported, fine pinkorange fabric, small air holes, beige inner zone, quartz, black grits, few straw impressions, decomposed limestone, few shells, red slip out; d. base 12.7 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0052: 1 base; 16/0038: 1 base.

En-Gedi, Late Iron Age (Level V): Stern 2007:96–98, pl. 7:9, Photo 39. Col. pl. 83:7–8 (14b/0001/013) imported, pink, sandy fabric, pink surface, beige core, white inclusions, uncoated; d. rim 4.2 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 handle. Comments and parallels: perhaps a pilgrim flask of the late Iron Age. These are more common in southern Palestine than in the north (Singer-Avitz 1989:129). Lachish, Residency, Level I (second quarter of the sixth century BC to ca. 400 BC): Tufnell 1953:133, 140, pl. 103:679. Tel Michal, Stratum VIII, 430–400 BC: Singer-Avitz 1989:129, fig. 9.5:15.

Col. pl. 83:1–2 (16/0003/006) imported, fine, porous fabric, small air holes, small black grits, white surface, self-slip high burnish; h.  pres. 5.2 cm; section handle 2.3 × 2.1 cm. Col. pl. 83:3–4 (14b/0001/015) imported, fine, pink-beige fabric, cream beige, smooth surface, no core, uncoated; d. max. pres. ca. 37.0 cm. Parallels: Amathus, Tomb 7, third burial stratum, CyproArchaic I: Gjerstad et al. 1935:30–45, pl. XI:2, upper row, second from left. Marion, Tomb 14, Cypro-Classical: Gjerstad et  al. 1935:219–224, pls. XLI, CXXXIV:12.

Pl. 198:11 (14/0014/009) imported, bipartite, fine fabric, grey in, pink out, white speckled, angular inclusions, larger limestone, rare, elongated air holes, uncoated; d. base 12.0 cm.

Pl. 198:10 (15/0096/005) imported, gritty, medium-fine, pink-beige fabric, many inclusions, mainly red ochre, beige surface, uncoated; d. base 12.0 cm.

Pl. 198:12 (15/0061/015) imported, pink speckled fabric, white surface, white specks, round ochres, uncoated; d. base 8.0 cm.

Cypriote semi-fine “Plain White” imports, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

4

0

0

4

Total

Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine ware imports, estimated number of individuals Area

7

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

3

0

0

3

Total

6

III.3.6 Black Glaze, Black Figure, Red Figure, and other glazed decorated Greek pottery

III.3.5 Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine ware imports Similarly to their Cypriote counterparts, and even more so, Syro-Palestinian fine imports of the Persian period are very rare in Egypt. This contrasts strongly with the abundance of transport jars that were brought in from this region. Again, as in the case of the Cypriote fine wares, this was probably due to a preference for the appearance of the East Greek and Attic productions (or in case of closed forms, for the products these vessels held). This being said, it is possible that some of the ring bases of small closed vessels of uncertain provenance belonged to Levantine rather than Ionian jugs and juglets.

One hundred and forty-five Black Glaze fine ware pottery fragments dating to the late Archaic and Classical periods were recovered from the site of Kom Tuman, and most of those were ascribed an Attic origin. The majority of them are undecorated (plain Black-Glaze) and about two-thirds belong to small open vessels, such as skyphoi, bolsals, and kantharoi. The closed vessels are also mostly represented by undecorated small shapes, in particular lekythoi and choai. Only a few sherds bear witness to the presence of larger vases, such as craters and table amphorae. One single complete profile was evidenced for this phase and it belongs to a small sturdy salt cellar shape. Obviously, when found in a fragmentary condition, some of the pieces listed among plain Black Glaze wares, in particular the skyphoi handles or some of the ring bases, could also have belonged to Red Figure or Black Figure vases.

Col. pl. 83:5–6 (14/0001/159) imported, fine, pink-beige, gritty fabric, small, angular black inclusions, mica, no core, uncoated; d. rim 4.1 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 neck. Parallels: Tel ‘Ira, Level VI (Iron Age II): Freud 1999:219, 237, figs. 6.45:1–4, 6.61:7. Lachish, Residency, Persian period: Tufnell 1953:133, pl. 103:665. Tel Michal, Stratum XI, late sixth to early fifth century BC: Singer-Avitz 1989:119, fig, 9.1:5.

In her study of Attic fine ware in Egypt in the 1980s, Venit stated that the bulk of Attic imports reached Egypt between 580 and 540 BC, and that a quantitative decline is notable as early as 530 BC. Because this date is anterior 215

Kom Tuman II to the Persian invasion, she did not consider the latter as a causal effect of the decline but preferred to suggest “a general waning interest in the eastern market on the part of the Attic merchants in the period after about 540” (Venit 1982:181); this conclusion was still echoed two decades later (Smoláriková 2002:59). The date of this presumed decrease in imports also corresponds to the massive influx of Attic Red Figure to Etruria, and the two phenomena have often been considered as interconnected. Kom Tuman, on the other hand, suggests a different story since the large majority of the Attic pieces found here belong to between the fifth and the late fourth centuries BC, thus supporting the general chronological range of the pottery assemblage from the site. As no clear representative level of the Saite period was so far identified at Kom Tuman, we cannot know whether Attic imports would have been even more frequent back then, but one can say that they are definitely not rare in the Persian period, and that some places in Egypt, like Memphis, Naukratis, Tell el-Herr, or ThônisHerakleion, were still receiving significant amounts of Attic fine and table-wares at that time. The persistence of a substantial eastward pottery trade throughout this phase is also evidenced by the abundant finds of Attic pottery from the palace of Amathus on Cyprus from the seventh to the later part of the fourth century (Petit 1996:211), as well as in the Levant in the Persian period (Shefton 2000; Stewart and Martin 2005). Similarly, several authors have observed an abundance of Attic pottery imports in Asia Minor during the late Classical period (e.g. Berlin 2002:137–138).

Three sherds found in different contexts in 2007 most probably belonged to Black Figure Type A amphorae, dating to the late sixth century BC. A complete example of the type, which provides parallels for the rim as well as the handle described below, is found in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum (Boardman 1975:18, pl. 31:1, 32:1–2; col. pl. 83:14). Of unknown provenance, the Ashmolean vase can be dated to 530–520 BC. Col. pl. 83:9–10 (07/0080/031) Attic fine ware, no core, thick black glaze in and out, red paint on top of rim; d. rim 14.8 cm. Comments and parallels: usually the rims of type A amphorae are either entirely black glazed or have a reserved band on the top. However, an amphora by the potter and vase painter Exekias from Orvieto, like the one from Kom Tuman, also possesses a thin red-painted line on top of the rim (Mackay 2010:183, pl.  46). The same holds true for another Black Figure amphora of unknown provenance kept in the Ashmolean Museum and attributed to the Painter of Berlin 1686 (Beazley, Payne, and Price 1931:98, section IIIh, pls. IV:3, Vickers 1999:23, no. 12). Both vases are fine quality pieces decorated with elaborate representations by skilled artists. Col. pl. 83:11–13 (07/0140/003) Attic fine ware, homogeneous pink fabric, black glaze; h.  pres. 4.6 cm; sect. 4.6x1.7 cm. Parallel: Vulci (Etruria), Black Figure amphorae: Walters 1927:7–8, pls. 36:1a-1d, 37:2a-b.

In any case, the number of Red Figure fragments at Kom Tuman is certainly greater than Black Figure ones. The same seems to hold true for the results of the Portugueseled team working on the palace mound which yielded Red Figure pottery of the fifth century, but no Black Figure (Trinidade Lopes and Fonseca Braga 2011:250–251, figs. 3c, 7). Petrie’s Greek pottery finds from the area of the palace of Merneptah also date to the late Classical period (Petrie 1909b:14, pl. xlvi:5–6). Moreover, a muchcommented Red Figure fragmentary rhyton, signed by the potter Sotades and depicting Persians defeating Greeks, suggests that Attic artists and/or artisans were producing vessels with an eastern (probably Persian) audience in mind (Colburn 2018:84; Kahil 1972).

Col. pl. 84:1–3 (07/0076/001) Attic fine ware, red glaze, black glazed figurative motifs with incised lines and added white paint, uncoated inside; h. pres. 4.7 cm. Comments and parallels: The superimposed profiles on this fragment evoke chariot scenes, such as those seen on Type B amphorae by Exekias (Mackay 2010: 243– 253, 265–274, pls. 58–59, 63–66). The two figures of our fragment are comparable to the typical image of the wedded pairs in a chariot, though in principle the bride’s flesh is coloured with added white (e.g. Moore 1987:11, no. 30, pl. 8).

The general impression gathered from publications and fieldwork reports is that Attic glazed pottery (including Black and Red Figure) is significantly more frequent at Kom Tuman than at most contemporary sites in Egypt. A few exceptions may be the Western Delta sites of Alexandria, Heracleion, and Naukratis, where numerous Black Glaze fragments (from Attica and elsewhere in Greece) were evidenced from the fifth to the second centuries BC.110

Pl. 198:13 (13/0046/006) Attic fine ware, homogeneous pink fabric, black glaze floral motifs; d. max. pres. 14.2 cm. Cups Black Figure cups were wine drinking vessels and were often decorated with Dionysiac scenes. Two of the fragments below certainly belonged to such objects, whether eye-cups (Lamb 1936:23, pl.  XVII:6; Burow 1980:41–42, pl.  32:1–5) or cup-skyphoi (e.g. Schmaltz 2012:29, no. 41). The third bears traces of a black glazed motif on a red glazed background near the handle, but not enough of it is preserved to allow for a clear identification.

Black Figure closed vessels Type A amphora 110 

For Naukratis, see Coulson 1996:29.

216

Late Period Col. pl. 84:4–5 (15/0073/001) Attic fine ware, slightly porous, pink, homogeneous fabric, no core, few small air holes, black figure motifs, incised lines: dancing maenad and satyr; d. max. pres. 18.0 cm. Parallels: Athens, Agora, well of the late Archaic period, Leafless Group (early fifth century): Lynch 2011:218, fig. 74.

from Cyrene, Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, late fifth century BC: McPhee 1997:86–87, no. 48:A-B, pl. 25. Olynthus, Red Figure bell crater, Dionysiac scene, early fourth century BC: Robinson 1933:120–123, pls. 86-LXXXVII. Thasos, Silene Gate Area, Îlot II, fifth century BC: Grandjean 1988:224–225, pl. 73:7. Kition Bamboula, fourth century BC: Salles 1993:187, no. 222, fig. 198. Athens, Agora, Side A: Menealos pursuing Helen; Side B: group of three women and a man, well of the mid-fifth century BC: Boulter 1953:64–65, pl. 23. Halicarnassos, Maussoleion, 430–400 BC: Vaag, Nørskov, and Lund 2002:106, C1-C2, pls. 11, 60.

Col. pl. 84:6–8 (16/0003/039) Attic fine ware, dense, orange fabric, no core, few inclusions visible, few air holes, black glaze in, black glazed floral motif out; d. rim 12.0–13.0 cm. Parallels: Kaunos, cup-skyphos, early fifth century: Schmaltz 2012:26, no. 30. Saloniki, cup by the Caylus painter (Leafless Group), 490– 480 BC: Burrow 1980:41, pls. 31:1–4. Tell Jemmeh, Attic Black Figure, attributed to the Painter of Elaios I, ca. 480 BC: Martin 2014:755, 766, fig. 14a.

Col. pl. 84:9–11 (14/0001/143) Attic fine ware, pink, fine fabric, black glaze in and out, black glaze wiggles over reserved surface; d. max. (est.) 32.5 cm.

Pl. 198:14 (16/0009/002) Attic fine ware, black glaze, traces of black glazed design out; h. pres. ca. 4.8 cm.

Col. pl. 84:12–14 (14b/0001/001) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out, red glaze laurel frieze below rim; d. rim 39.0 cm. Squat lekythoi and choai

ABF Attic Black Figure, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

3

0

5

X

1

0

0

1

Total

The squat lekythos is a typical Attic shape, but it is also found in Corinth and in Ionia. It displays the short body and wide ring base of the chous and the narrow neck and calyx-shaped mouth of the lekythos, with which it shared the function of oil container. It is most popular in the second half of the fifth and the earlier part of the fourth century BC.

6

Red Figure The majority of the Red Figure fragments from Kom Tuman belong to small containers used for holding unguents and oils, such as lekythoi and squat lekythoi. Sherds of bell-craters and kalyx craters, both typical shapes of Red Figure production, are also attested.

The squat lekythoi fragments found at Kom Tuman compare well to vessels from Athens and Corinth in the second quarter of the fifth century BC and, like them, are predominantly painted with women’s genre scenes (Herbert 1977:61–64, nos 133–146, pl.  24; Richter and Milnes 1935:15). Besides showing plain mortals in their homes, some have religious connotations and depict goddesses and maenads or women at altars.111 As suggested by the parallels cited below, these vases, also with female genre scenes, occur at several other Egyptian sites in the Persian period.

Craters The craters illustrated below clearly belong to the Classical period. It has been noted that this shape becomes increasingly rare in Hellenistic times on the Greek mainland, notably at centres such as Athens and Corinth, and seems to all but disappear from the pottery repertoire after about 175 BC at the Athenian Agora (Rotroff 1997:14–15, 135). Rotroff suggests that this reflects a change in custom and that wine and water started being mixed in smaller vessels such as pitchers, rather than in large containers.

Col. pl. 84:15–17 (13/0025/037) Attic fine ware, black glaze, red glazed motifs; d. max. pres. 7.0 cm. Col. pl. 84:18–20 (13/0025/038) Attic fine ware, black glaze, red glazed motifs; d. base 5.3 cm.

Bell crater Pl. 198:15 (13/S/038) Attic fine ware, Red Figure motifs: profile of a young man and laurel frieze; h. pres. 3.9 cm.

111  For a Red Figure lekythos showing a maenad with omphalos cup in front of an altar, see Mitzuka 1981:17–18, pl.  16:2–3 (unknown provenance, dated ca 440 BC). Images of a winged Nike running or flying towards an altar with one extended hand are also rather common; see, for example, at Geneva: Bruckner 1962:26, pl. 22:17. For women at altars, see parallels below.

Comments and parallels: this body sherd probably belonged to a bell crater. For the frieze, see a parallel 217

Kom Tuman II Comments and parallels: these two fragments from [13/0025] may belong to the same vessel, although they do not join. The scene on the vessel’s body included the figure of a woman advancing to the right. Only the lower part of her garment is preserved as well as a frieze of ovules just below the floor line. In terms of style, the complex folds of the dress are indicative of a date towards the end of the fifth or early in the fourth century BC. Parallels: Kaunos in the last quarter of the fifth century: Schmaltz 2012:115–116, nos 273–274. Sardis, from Athens, late fifth to early fourth century BC: Ramage 1997:92, pl. 41: Att 111. Ruvo (Italy), lekythos in the manner of the Meidas Painter, showing festival to Apollo, ca. 390: Hafner 1951:32–33, pl. 27:1–4. Unprovenanced, squat lekythos showing a woman playing ball, ca. 430 BC: Follmann 1971:58, pl. 48:1–2. Parallel in Egypt: Thonis-Herakelion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:140–143, fig. 7.4:7.

pl. xlvi:6). They are also known elsewhere in Egypt, for example at Alexandria (Breccia 1912:58, no. 142, fig. 137), Thonis-Herackeion, and Elephantine (see parallels below). Col. pl. 84:21–22 (07/0075/028) Attic fine ware, dark pink-beige, dense and hard fabric, no visible inclusions, black glaze background, red glaze motifs; d. base 3.3 cm. Internal parallel: 16/S/0056/003: 1 base. Parallels: Sardis, from Athens, late fifth to early fourth century BC: Ramage 1997:92, pl. 41: Att 112. Unknown provenance, Turin, Museo Archeologico, first quarter of the fourth century BC: Lo Porto 1969: part III,1, p. 8, pl. 13:3. Kaunos, Squat lekythos, fourth century BC: Schmaltz 2012:119, no. 286. Parallels in Egypt: Tell el-Herr, Phase V: Defernez 2001:349, pl. LXXVII:227. Thonis-Heracleion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:140– 141, fig. 7.4:7. Elephantine, fourth century BC: Aston 1999:262–263, pl. 84:2287.

Pl. 199:1 (14/0001/001) Attic fine ware, dense dark pink fabric, black glaze, red glazed motifs; d. body 7.8 cm. Comments and parallels: the woman on this fragment does not hold anything in her extended hand. She strides towards an altar crowned by a Ionic volute that can be compared to an altar in a similar scene on a contemporary lekythos kept in Turin.112 Her attitude is also paralleled on a number of lekyhtoi showing women in domestic scenes, standing in front of kalathoi baskets (Ashmolean Museum, Select exhibition: 92, pl.  44:334; Cairo Museum 26209: Beazley 1963:1363, no. 8). Parallels: Kaunos, squat lekythos, end of fifth century BC: Schmaltz 2012:117, no. 279. Parallels in Egypt: Tell Muqdam, late fifth century BC: Redmount and Friedman 1997:65–66, fig. 10. Tell el-Herr, Level V: Defernez 2001:347–348, pl. LXXVII:225a-d. Thonis-Heracleion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:140, fig. 7.4:5.

Col. pl. 84:23–24 (07/0137/001) Attic fine ware, pink fabric, no core, red and black glaze; h. max. pres. 3.8 cm. Uncertain closed shape Col. pl. 84:25–26 (VII/0002) Attic fine ware, homogeneous, pink fabric, no core, black glaze out, redglazed motifs out, hand and elbow; h. pres. 2.8 cm. Comments and parallels: this sherd belongs to a closed vessel that was larger than a lekythos. The inner surface is left uncoated. It shows a hand extended to the right and what is perhaps the elbow of a second personage. The style of the drawing is typical of the second part of the fifth century BC. It can be compared to that of a skyphos from Amathus dated to the second half of the fifth century BC (Petit 1996:215, fig. 12). See also, Eleutherna (Crete), Attic Red Figure 400–375 BC: Erickson 2010:76, no. 95, figs. 3:12, 3:13.

Palmette lekythoi

Attic Red Figure, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Palmette squat lekyhtoi appear at Athens around the last quarter of the fifth century BC. They are usually small sized and bear a single large palmette on their front, underlined by one or more rarely two red glazed thin band(s) just above the ring base. They are often dated to the first half of the fourth century BC (Robinson 1950:146–160, nos 98–163, pls. 102–103-106, 122; Berlin 2002:147, no. 6, pl. 2).

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

4

3

12

X

1

0

0

1

XI

0

0

1

1 14

They occur here in several examples, and their presence at Memphis is supplemented by a near complete example from the area of the palace of Merneptah (Petrie 1909a:14,

Black or Red Figure Attic lekythoi A couple of lekythoi shoulder fragments from Area VII could belong to either Black or Red Figure vessels. In both cases, they date to the fifth century, possibly to the

Here the woman holds a tambourine in her left hand: Lo Porto 1969: part III,1, p. 8, pl. 12:6.

112 

218

Late Period Col. pl. 84:29–30 (16/0003/012) Attic fine ware, orangebeige, homogeneous fabric, very fine, metallic black glaze in and out; d. rim 3.0 cm.

very late sixth century BC. Two other lekythoi shoulders are known from the area of the palace of Merneptah at Memphis (Clairmont 1955:115, 126, nos 255, 139, pls. 25:9, 28:8; Venit 1982:324, no. B 361). One of them, with short strokes on the lower neck, resembles 03–04/0079/001 (pl.  199:2). It was initially classified as Red Figure but later attributed to a Black Figure vase and dated to the late sixth century BC (Weber 2012:394, M8, pl. 55c).

Comments and parallel: this lekythos mouth might have belonged to either a squat or a standard lekythos. The particular profile of its rim finds a good parallel at Pompei, with a Red Figure squat lekythos of the end of the fifth century: Holmberg, Jacobsson and Schallin 1985:79, fig. 243, pl. 35:9–10.

Pl. 199:2 (03–04/0079/001) orange, homogeneous fabric, shiny black glazed motifs; d. max. pres. ca. 6.5 cm.

Pl. 199:3 (15/0005/001) Attic fine ware, black glaze out; d. max. pres. 5.4 cm.

Comments and parallels: lekythoi with two rows of black glazed strokes on the shoulder can belong to either Black or Red Figure vessels. In the first case, they can be associated with examples of the first half of the fifth century BC, notably with those of the Class of Athens 581 (Moore and Philippides 1986:45–47, nos 930–1075, pls 85). Such lekythoi were widely exported and examples are known from Olbia, in the early and mid-fifth century BC (Nazarcuk 2010:150, pl. 77:B-36, B-37, B-38; Handberg and Hjarl Petersen 2010:251–252, pl. 152:Da-602).

Attic Black or Red Figure lekythoi, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

1

0

1

X

3

0

0

3

Total

4

White Ground Lekythos

However, the same decorative pattern still occurs on a proliferous group of Red Figure lekythoi dubbed Class 6L and dated to the third quarter of the fifth century BC on the basis of finds from stratified contexts at Corinth and Athens (Cook 1984). The same pattern on the shoulder is found on vases by the Carlsruhe Painter in the Ashmolean Museum from an unspecified Greek provenance and dated to ca 450 BC (Beazley 1927:28, Inv. 1914.15, Inv. 1916.9, pl. XVIII:1–2). Other parallel: Kaunos, Attic Black Figure, second quarter of the fifth century BC: Schmaltz 2012:22–23, no. 10. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara, surface find, dated late sixth to early fourth century BC: Aston and Aston 2010:160, pl. 47:444. Saqqara, area of Akhethetep’s chapel, Q Tombs, well q1, Late Period (fifth century BC): Lecuyot et  al. 2013:266, q1.P78 (S.P.658), pl. O.

White ground lekythoi are mostly associated with the spectacular funerary vases bearing post-firing, finely drawn painted scenes (Kurtz 1975). However, several classes of small white ground lekythoi were also decorated in the usual glazed technique with geometric and/or floral motifs and occur in domestic, as well as funerary settings. Among those are series of small vases bearing meander motifs and friezes, like our example, that have been attributed by Haspels to the Beldam Painter and were dated to the second or third quarter of the fifth century BC (Haspels 1936:181–182; Ure and Dunman Ure 1954:21, pl. 12:7). Similar vases were found in tombs of the Classical period at Eleusis in the mid to late fifth century BC (Mylonas 1975a:170, 187, pls.  270β:239, 280:279), but they were also widely exported, including to Egypt (see parallels below). They are also found in the Levant, for example at Mishmar ha’Emek (Stern 1982:68, fig. 82), and as far away as Scythia (e.g. Gavrilyuk 2007:638, fig. 9.9).

Col. pl. 84:27–28 (16/0003/013) Attic, very fine, pale orange, homogeneous fabric, no core, black glaze and black glazed motifs; d. max. pres. 5.0 cm.

Only one fragment of White Ground lekythos was found at Kom Tuman, but as many as 22 of them are accounted for in the Persian period levels of Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001:179–198).

Comments and parallels: a similar black glazed palmette decoration accompanied by the strokes on the neck is found on the shoulders of Red Figure lekythoi attributed to the Painter of the Bowdoin box in the Ashmolean Museum (Beazley 1927:28–29, Inv. 1914.8, Inv. 564, pl.  XXXVIII:4, 6; pl. 199:5). The same motif on the shoulder, in the same technique, is found on a lekythos with White Ground body of the early fifth century BC by the Athena Painter (Boardman and Robertson 1979:14, nos. 26–27, pl. 23:3–7). Other parallel: Tell Jemmeh, Black Figure lekythos: Martin 2014:755, 767, fig. 14.5i.

Col. pl. 84:31–32 (13/0060/001) Attic import, dark beige fabric, no core, no inclusions visible, very finely porous, dark beige surface in, narrow wheel-marks, white slip out, black glazed shiny paint; d. body 7.4 cm. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara with meanders on mid body in black over white ground, dated third quarter of the fifth century BC and attributed to the Beldam Painter: Venit 1982:525, D 11, pl. CCLVII. 219

Kom Tuman II Tell el-Herr, Phase pl. XXXIV:97d-e.

VI:

Defernez

Pl. 199:7 (14/0001/018) fine imported, pink fabric, black slip out; h. pres. 6.5 cm; section handle 2.6x3.6 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0041: 1 handle.

2001:188–189,

Karnak, group of white-ground lekythoi, one of which perhaps by the Beldam Painter, second quarter of the fifth century BC: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:291, fig.120:g-h.

Pl. 199:8 (13/0040/005) fine imported, pink-yellow fabric, black glaze all round; h. max. pres. 4.0 cm; section handle 1.2 × 1.0 cm. Parallels: Athens, Agora, Attic Amphora Type B, ca 500 BC: Lynch 2011:243, no. 104, fig. 95, pl. 11. Athens, Agora, Attic pelikai, fifth century BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:49–50, 237, nos 13–23, fig. 2, pls. 1–2. Table amphorae (perhaps Laconian)

Attic White Ground, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

The two amphorae listed below are comparable to a fragment of a large neck-amphora from the Agora at Athens, painted with a red-glazed band on the rim and dated to the late fifth century BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:188–189, 338, no. 1461, fig. 12, pl.  61). They are also similar to Laconian table amphorae with glazed paint (Pelagatti 1992:130–133),113 as well as to amphora necks found at Olynthus (Chalcidice) in “Pre-Persian” levels, probably belonging to the late Archaic or early Classical period (Mylonas 1933:34, pl. 31:54B).

Black glaze pottery (or with lost Black or Red Figure) Attic table amphorae Table amphorae are one of the most common shapes of Attic Black and Red Figure production throughout the sixth and fifth centuries BC. Those simply covered by a black glaze or with plain banded decoration are much rarer (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:47) and it is well possible that the fragments illustrated below belonged to decorated vessels.

Col. pl. 85:2–4 (15/0065/010) fine imported, beige, dense fabric, very smooth surface, small air holes, red-brown painted glazed bands in and out; d. rim 12.8 cm. Parallels: Tocra, Cyrenaica, third quarter of the sixth century, identified as Laconian: Boardman and Hayes 1966:88, 90, nos 951–955, pls. 65–66. Parallel in Egypt: Marsa Matruh, identified as possible Laconian, probably 600 BC: Johnston 2006:27–28, fig. 23.

Necked amphora (Type A or B) Col. pl. 85:1 (15/0005/005) Attic fine ware, pink, hard fabric, black glaze in and out, turned red in places, added thin black line; d. rim 20.9 cm. Comments and parallels: this amphora was probably simply black-glazed and not decorated with figured motifs. The added red paint around the neck is a feature evidenced on Attic Black-Glaze pelikai in the late Archaic/ early Classical period (Lynch 2011:245–246, fig. 96).

Col. pl. 85:5–6 (15/0030/002) fine, imported, hard, dense, pink fabric, no core, finely porous, small white grits and air holes, very smooth, orangey surface, uncoated, blackbrown paint on neck; d. rim 11.0 cm. Parallels: Kommos (Crete), Building Q (ca. 600 BC), identified as a Laconian amphora: Johnston 1993:358– 362, no. 91, fig. 7, pl. 78.

Type B amphorae Pl. 199:4 (15/0009/001) Attic fine import, dark pinkbrown fabric, dense and hard, no core, black slip/glaze in and out; d. neck 13.2 cm (perhaps too wide). Parallel: Athens, Agora, ca. 520–500 BC, Attic amphora Type B: Lynch 2011:243–244, no. 105, fig. 96. Amphorae (Type B) or pelikai

Choai, oinochoai, olpai, and lekythoi Col. pl. 85:7–8 (07/0027/073) Attic fine ware, dark redbrown fabric, black glaze; h. pres. 5.9 cm; section handle 4.0x1.6 cm. Comments and parallel: the convex section of this handle is typical of the late Archaic and early Classical oinochoai. For example, on a late sixth to early fifth century Black Figure oinochoe of unknown provenance (Mayence 1926:part III.H.H, p. 2, pls. 5:3, 6:2).

The handles and rims listed below could belong to either Type B table amphorae or to pelikai, which are small-sized amphorae with sack-shaped bodies (Richter and Milnes 1935:4–5). They were probably used as oil containers and are most common during the Red Figure period (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:49–50, 237, nos 13–23, fig. 2, pls. 1–2).

Col. pl. 85:9–10 (15/0005/004) Attic fine ware, dark pink fabric, black glaze out and in rim; d. max. pres. 2.6 cm.

Pl. 199:6 (13/0063/002) imported (Attic?), very fine, hard, yellowish beige fabric, very dense no core, black glaze; h. ca. 3.3 cm; section handle 1.2x1.2 cm.

For other examples of Laconian transport and table amphorae, see Boitani 1992:56–59.

113 

220

Late Period Pl. 199:9 (14/0001/046) Attic fine ware, black glaze out, d. max. pres. 7.8 cm.

Pl. 199:18 (15/0049/002) Attic fine ware, dark pink-brown homogeneous fabric, no core, finely porous, many finely decomposed limestone, beige surface in and out, black glaze out, fluted moulded decoration; d.  base 13.0 cm (oinochoe).

Comments and parallels: this neck fragment probably belonged to a trefoil, high neck chous or oinichoe with slender neck, such as those found on the Athenian Agora in the early to mid-fourth century: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:60–63, 245, nos 127–129, fig. 2, pl.  7; Rotroff 1997:125–127, 294, nos 474–476, fig. 35, pl. 47. Other parallels: Athens, Keramikos, child burial in amphora, olpe, 450/440 BC: Kunze-Götte, Tancke, and Vierneisel 1999:41, no. 114.1, pl. 25:8.

Comments and parallels: moulded fluting on the body of Attic Black Glaze vessels is typically found in association with the kantharoi of the fourth century BC (see below). It also occurs on mugs of the fifth century BC but with a very low ring base (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:72–74). Indeed, the combination of a high ring base and moulded fluting of the body on a closed form is somewhat unusual but can be compared with trefoil mouth oinochoae from the Athenian Agora, dating to ca. 450 BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:60, 243, no. 102, fig. 2), and Olynthus in the early fourth century BC (Robinson 1950:217, no. 295, pls. 154, 159).

Pl. 199:10 (13/0025/036) Attic fine ware, black glaze out; d. max. pres. 2.0 cm. Parallel: flattened bent handles such as the two listed below are found on Attic choai and olpai of the fifth and fourth centuries BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:60–63, 78–79, 244–245, 254–255, nos 105–138, 262–283, figs. 2–3, pl. 13).

Other approximate parallels but with a less well-defined base are found with two black glazed oinochoai bought in Alexandria (claimed to have been found on Cyprus), today in the Copenhagen National Museum (Blinkenberg and Friis Johansen, CVA Copenhagen National Museum 4 (no date): 139, pl. 178:8–9).

Pl. 199:11 (14/0001/057) Attic fine ware, black glaze; h. pres. 2.2 cm; section handle 0.5x1.1 cm. Parallel: Aegina, Milos and unknown provenance, Attic Black Glaze, 425–350 BC: Gillis and al. 1995:77–78, figs. 195–198, pl. 34:8–11.

Col. pl. 85:11–13 (15/0022/028) Attic fine ware, homogeneous, hard, dense, light beige fabric, rare black particles, black and red-brown glazed bands; d.  body 6.0 cm. Parallel: Athens, Agora, trefoil mouth olpe, late sixth century BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:76–77, 253, no. 245, pl. 12. Rhodes, San Giorgio, necropolis of Ialyssos, Attic, fifth century BC: Laurenzi 1936:44–45, fig. 28, lower row, fourth from left.

Pl. 199:12 (14/0001/155) Attic fine ware, dark grey fabric, dull black glaze; h.  pres. 4.6 cm; section handle 0.8x1.4 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 handle. Parallel: Athenian Agora, olpe, Attic, matte black glaze, ca 500–480 BC: Lynch 2011:251, no. 117, fig. 103. Pl. 199:13 (14/0001/059) Attic fine ware, black glaze out; d. base 5.2 cm.

Col. pl. 85:14–15 (14b/0001/010) Attic fine ware, dark pink fabric, very shiny black glazed bands; d. max. pres. 6.3 cm.

Pl. 199:14 (14/0001/048) Attic fine ware, black glaze out; d. base 4.0 cm (squat lekythos or chous). Parallel in Egypt: Tell Muqdam, late fifth century (420– 400 BC): Friedman and Redmount 1997:64, fig. 9b.

Guttus The name guttus designates a small oil jug (askos) with squat, often angular, body; wide ring base; and ring handle on the shoulder that was produced in the late Greek Classical period. It is represented by at least two fragments at Kom Tuman. The first is a full-standing base and body (not illustrated) and the second a narrow neck with a strong overhang rim. The shape is evidenced at the Athenian Agora and in many examples in tomb furnishings at Olynthus (where they were called lagynoi). Their frequency at that site in both glazed and plain variants suggests that they were a local Chalcidician production in the second quarter of the fourth century BC (Robinson 1950:245–246). The pieces from Kom Tuman, however, look rather Attic on the basis of both glaze and fabric.

Pl. 199:15 (13/0046/005) Attic fine ware, dark pink, fine, homogeneous fabric, thick black metallic glaze out (orientation uncertain); d. body 5.0 cm. Pl. 199:16 (14/0001/139) Attic fine ware, pink fabric, black glaze out, d. max. 6.6 cm (chous or squat lekythos). Pl. 199:17 (16/0003/068) Attic fine ware, dense fabric, no core, air holes, grey surface, black glaze out, reserved under base; d. base 7.2 cm. Comments and parallels: this fragment may come from a round-mouth jug with low ring base such as those attested in the Athenian Agora and dated to the last quarter of the fifth century BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:69, 249, nos 186–187, fig. 3, pl. 10).

Pl. 200:1 (14/0001/050) Attic fine ware, black glaze out; d. rim 4.5 cm. 221

Kom Tuman II glaze assemblage). This contrasts sharply with the situation at Tell el-Herr, where containers are by far more frequent than open shapes (Defernez 2001:174–175).

Parallels: Athens Agora, black glaze (one fired red), 400–320 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:157, 160, 319, nos 1192–1196, fig. 11, pl. 39. Athens, Agora, Black Glaze, 325–290 BC: Rotroff 1997:172–173, 352, fig. 71, pl. 83. Athens, Agora, Black Glaze, 350–320 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:160, 319, nos 1194–1196, fig. 11, pl. 39. Olynthus, early fourth century BC: Robinson 1933:224, nos 813, 815, pl. 172. No provenance 350–300 BC: Gillis et  al. 1995:70, fig. 171, pl. 32:6.

Kylikes (drinking cups) These are the typical drinking cups of Archaic and Classical Athens and were often produced in Black and Red Figure. Many handles of such vases have survived at Kom Tuman; for the greatest part, these can be associated with the high, elaborate handle shapes of fifth century B.C (see Sparkes and Talcott 1970:11). The rims display a variety of types, and one of them may have belonged to a stemless cup.

Amphoriskoi with stamped decoration

In Egypt, they are notably reported at Thonis-Heracleion (Grataloup 2015:140, fig. 7.3:5).

Two fragments of Attic Black Glaze amphoriskoi with stamped decoration were found at Kom Tuman. They correspond to a type well-known at Athens between ca 430 BC and the beginning of the fourth century BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:156, 316–317, nos 1149–1159, fig. 11, pls. 38, 48). These small vessels were commonly exported and are found in significant quantities in the Pichvnari necropolis on the Georgian Black Sea coast during the Greek Classical period (Kakhidze 2007:1152, fig. 32).

Col. pl. 85:20–21 (07/0025/037) Attic fine ware, pale red-orange fabric, no core, black glazed; handle section 0.95x0.9 cm. Col. pl. 85:22–23 (16/0003/063) Attic fine ware, dense, pink fabric, no core, black glaze in and out; d.  rim 17.0 cm. Internal parallels: 16/S: 1 rim. Parallels: Karantina, off Klazomenai, fifth century BC layers: Güngör 2004:125, fig. 2. Artyushchenko II necropolis, north-eastern Black Sea, Attic or Asia Minor, fifth century BC: Kashaev 2011:190, fig. 2:1. Athens, Agora, Attic, Type C cup, 520–510 BC to midfifth century BC: Lynch 2011:257, no. 131, fig. 111; Sparkes and Talcott 1970:91–92, 264, nos 404, 411–413, fig. 4, pl. 19.

Col. pl. 85:16–17 (16/0003/032) Attic fine ware, dense, reddish-orange fabric, thick black glaze out, stamped decoration; d. body 6.5 cm. Parallel: No provenance, Brussels, Musées Royaux d’art et d’histoire: Mayence and Verhoogen 1949: part IIIL&IIIN, p. 2, pl. 2:18. Rhodes, fourth century BC: Blinkenberg and Friis Johansen, CVA Copenhagen National Museum 4 (no date):140, pl. 179:8. Col. pl. 85:18–19 (14/0001/002) Attic fine ware, black glaze, metallic shine, pre-firing stamped decoration; h. pres. 2.5 cm. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara, Tomb of Meryneith, Late Period, interpreted as East Greek: Dunsmore 2014:288, no. 138. Tell el Herr, Phase VB: Defernez 2001:261–262, pl. LVI:163.

Col. pl. 85:24–26 (16/0003/010) Attic fine ware, hard, pink-orange fabric, very smooth surface, shiny black glaze in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm. Comments and parallel: this rim could originate from a deep Acrocup, such as one from the Athenian Agora, ca. 475 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:95–97, 266, no. 442, fig. 5, pl. 20.

Attic(?) Back Glaze, imported fabrics, closed vessels, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

24

5

0

29

X

7

0

0

7

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

Pl. 200:2 (15/0026/002) Attic fine ware, dark pink, very fine fabric, black glaze; h.  pres. 5.8 cm; section handle 1.1x0.9 cm. Parallel: Artyushchenko II necropolis (north-eastern Black Sea), Attic or Asia Minor, fifth century BC: Kashaev 2011:190, fig. 2. Pl. 200:3 (16/0003/066) Attic fine ware, dense, orange, hard and fine fabric, thick black glaze, reserved under handle; d. max. pres. ca 15.7 cm. Comments and parallels: this handle could belong to a sixth to fifth century Siana or Band cup, like those of the Athenian Agora (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:88–90, 262, nos 387–391, fig. 4, pl. 18).

37

Open shapes Black glazed fragments of open shapes, mainly drinking cups, are fairly common at Kom Tuman and in any case more so than closed shapes (over two-thirds of the black 222

Late Period Pl. 200:4 (13/0039/091) Attic fine ware, black glaze; d. rim (est.) 21.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/S: 1 base. Parallels: Athens, Agora, Type C cups ca 500 BC: Lynch 2011:258–2-60, nos 132–136, fig. 112. Athens, Agora, ‘Type C cups’, ‘Vicups’, and ‘Acrocups’, first quarter to first half of the fifth century BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:92–94, 264–265, nos 414–431, 434–445, figs. 4, 5, pl. 20.

Parallels for skyphoi bases: Karantina (island off Klazomenai), dated ca 480 BC: Güngör 2004:125, fig. 6a. Athens, Agora, fifth century BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:84–85, 259–260, nos 334–354, fig. 4, pls. 16–17. Athens, Agora, mid-fifth century BC: Boulter 1953:74–75, no. 28, fig. 2, pl. 29; see pl. 200:15. Eleutherna (Crete), Attic 500–480 BC and first half of the fourth century BC: Erikson 2010:70, 73, nos 72–74, 84–89, figs. 3.10, 3.13–3.14. Parallel in Egypt: Thonis-Herakleion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:140, fig. 7.3:9.

Pl. 200:5 (14b/0006/002) Attic fine ware, dark orange, hard fabric, black glaze in and out; d. max. pres. 4.3 cm. Parallel: Athens, Agora, well of the late Archaic period, cup of sub-type A, early fifth century: Lynch 2011:219, no. 76, fig. 76.

Pl. 200:13 (14b/0006/001) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out; d. rim 14.0–15.0 cm. Pl. 200:14 (14b/0001/011) Attic fine ware, beige-pink, hard fabric, metallic black glaze in and out; d. rim 9.2 cm.

Pl. 200:6 (16/0050/001) Attic fine ware, dense, pink fabric, no core, black glaze in and out; d. rim 16.0 cm. Parallels: Athens, Agora, cup-skyphos, ca. 500 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:109–110, 276, no. 572, fig. 6, pl. 25. Athens, Agora, Attic, Type C cup, 520–510 BC: Lynch 2011:257, no. 130, fig. 110.

Col. pl. 86:1–3 (16/0003/001) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out, reserved under ring base and under bottom of base; d. base 8.0 cm.

Pl. 200:7 (13/0040/006) Attic fine ware, dark grey, dense, hard fabric, black glaze all round; l. 2.6 cm; section handle 0.7x0.5 cm.

Col. pl. 86:4–5 (13/0044/002) Attic fine ware, dark pink, dense fabric, black glaze in and out; d. rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 BS.

Skyphoi

Cup-skyphoi

Skyphoi are deep-sided drinking vessels with straight, horizontal handles and low ring bases. They seem to have been slightly more frequent at Kom Tuman than the stemmed kylixes. Like the latter, they notably find Persian period parallels at Thonis-Heracleion (Grataloup 2015:140, fig. 7.3:8–10).

This shape is a small variant of the skyphos but with concave rim and a base characterised by the rounded profile of its standing surface. It occurs in Black Glaze, Black Figure, and Red Figure starting from the end of the sixth century BC until the Classical Period (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:109–110). Cup-skyphoi have also been identified at Thonis-Herakleion in the Persian period (Grataloup 2015:140, fig. 7.3:5).

Pl. 200:8 (13/0042/010) Attic fine ware, pink fabric, beige break slightly porous structure, black glaze; l. pres. 3.0 cm; section handle 0.6x0.5 cm. Parallels: Athens, Agora, skyphoi, late sixth to fifth century BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:84–85, 259–260, nos 334–354, fig. 4, pls. 16–17. Parallel in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:178–179, fig. 34m.

Col. pl. 86:6–7 (14/0001/130) Attic fine ware, dark pink fabric, no core, black glaze in and out; d.  max. 9.0 cm. Parallel: Athens, Agora, cup-skyphos, sixth to late fifth century: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:109–112, 275, 279, nos 562, 617, fig. 6, pls. 25, 27. Pl. 200:16 (14/0001/058) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out; d. base 5.5 cm.

Pl. 200:9 (13/0040/001) Attic fine ware, dark pink, very dense fabric, black glaze in and out; d. base 8.0 cm.

Bolsals

Pl. 200:10 (13/0040/004) Attic fine ware, pink-yellow fabric, black glaze in and out, pale added red slip under base; d. base 7.4 cm.

Bolsals are a type of stemless cup-skyphos with wide ring base and two thick horizontal handles on the sides. The shape evolved during the 430s and continued into the first decade of the fourth century BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:107–108). Two Attic Black Glaze bolsals were found on the Porticello wreck (Eiseman and Ridgeway 1987:26– 28, figs. 3.1–3.2; Gill 1987). Both bear a circle of stamped ovules and palmettes inside their bases and compare well with the examples from Kom Tuman.

Pl. 200:11 (13/0040/002) Attic fine ware, light pinkyellow fabric, black glaze in and out; d. rim 13.0 cm. Pl. 200:12 (15/0039/002) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out, reserved and added red slip under base; d. base 8.0 cm. 223

Kom Tuman II Like other typical Black Glaze Attic products, this shape was also widely exported to the Black Sea area (Kakhidze 2007:1152, fig. 29). One probable example was found at Karnak, dated to the mid fifth century (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:292, fig. 120k), and others are known from Thonis-Herakleion (Grataloup 2015:140, fig. 7.3:1).

They were also exported eastwards in the second quarter of the fourth century BC and are found at Chyton on Klazomenai (Özbay 2004:144–145, fig. 14b), Troy (Berlin 2002:149–150, nos 32–46, pls. 7–9), and Cyprus (e.g. Jehasse 1978:70–74; Hayes 1991:9, fig. II:6). They are also encountered at Alexandria in the first phase of the Ptolemaic period (Harlaut and Hayes 2018:29–32, fig. 2; Élaigne 2012:70, fig. 21:10069/41, 4479/12).

Col. pl. 86:8–9 (16/0003/011) Attic fine ware, hard, salmon fabric, very smooth surface, shiny black glaze in and out; d. rim 16.2 cm.

Besides the several feet ascribable to this shape, only one kantharos rim, one body fragment, and one handle were identified among our assemblage.

Col. pl. 86:10–11 (14/0001/042) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out, impressed ovules inside base; d.  base 11.3 cm. Parallels: Porticello wreck, early fourth century BC: Gill 1987:31–32, fig. 1. Karantina, off Klazomenai, last quarter of the fifth century: Güngör 2004:125, fig. 8. Athens, Agora, ca. 420 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970: 107–108, 273, no. 539, fig. 6.

Rim Col. pl. 86:17–18 (07/0067/001) fine imported, greyish pink fabric, mica, grey core in thicker part of walls, shiny black-silvery glaze in and out; d. rim 12.0 cm. Comments and parallels: only the rim and neck of this vessel is preserved. The profile of the lip, forming a cornice on the exterior, is very specific and is known on Attic kantharoi of the fourth century BC, both at Athens (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:118–121, 283, nos 661–663, 704, figs. 1, 7, pls. 28, 29) and elsewhere, for example at Thasos (Blondé 1989:497–500, fig. 8:55–56, fig. 9:65; Blondé 1985:304, fig. 16:129) or in the cities of the Black Sea (Gavriljuk 2008:252–253). See also: Halikarnassos, Mausoleion, Well A, third quarter of the fourth century-third quarter of third century BC, non-Attic Black Glaze: Vaag, Nørskov and Lund 2002:162, H4, pl. 28. Ephesus, south Gate of Tetragonos Agora, last quarter of the fourth century BC: Gassner 1997:37, pl. 2:59. Corinth, third quarter of third century BC: James 2018:168, no. 96, fig. 16.

Col. pl. 86:12–14 (16/0003/067) Attic fine ware, dense, hard, brown fabric, no core, black glaze in and out; d. rim 18.0 cm. Col. pl. 86:15–16 (14b/0001/009) Attic fine ware, finely porous pink fabric, medium hard, few white limestone inclusions, black glaze in and out, reserved under ring base; d. base 11.0 cm. Pl. 200:17 (15/0039/001) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out, reserved under resting surface of ring base; d. base 12.1 cm. Parallel: Athens, Agora, cup-skyphos, ca. 480 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:109–110, 276, no. 578, fig. 6, pl. 25.

Handle

Kantharoi

Col. pl. 86:19 (07/0082/028) Attic fine ware, homogeneous pink fabric, black glaze; h. pres. 2.0 cm.

Kantharoi are the dominant type of drinking cups in late Classical and early Hellenistic Greece (Rotroff 1997:83–85). Their appearance in the Greek repertoire seems to pre-date the mid-fourth century BC, as they are evidenced in the fill of a ‘bothros’ at Halicarnassos that was sealed by the construction of the Maussoleion, around 365 BC (Vaag, Nørskov, and Lund 2002:85).

Body sherd Pl. 201:1 (05–06/0068/176) fine, pink, imported fabric, thick black glaze in and out, moulded decoration; h. pres. 5.5 cm; d. not determined. Parallels: Athens Agora (Attic and Corinthian Black Glaze), 375–350 BC and 350–325 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:118–121, 283, 287, nos 670, 711, pls. 28–29. Thasos, Public Well (330 BC post quem), Hellenistic: Blondé 1989:497–500, fig. 9:71. Thorikos, Cistern 1, 325–315 BC: Docter, Monsieur, and van de Put 2011:80, no. 11, fig. 5. Amathus, Cyprus, sanctuary of Aphrodite, Hellenistic: Burkhalter 1987:366 fig. 5:25. Halicarnassos, Maussoleion, Deposit D, pre-Maussoleion date (i.e. before 365 BC): Vaag, Nørskov and Lund 2002:111, C13, pl. 12, fig. 13.

Their bodies are occasionally ribbed and rest on a bevelled foot. The rim is modelled for the earlier examples or plain for the later ones, after ca. 350 BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:122), and the spurred vertical handles are mouldmade, reaching from rim to shoulder. They are well-known throughout Attica and in particular from the Athenian Agora (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:117– 124, 282–287, nos 648–723, fig. 7, pls. 28–29; Rotroff 1997:83–85, 242–247, nos 1–51, figs. 4–6, pls. 1–5). 224

Late Period Bases

a flat, slightly concave or low ring base; two horizontal handles on the sides; and a high, thinned rim. The type was produced as early as the Geometric period until about 500 BC in the Black Glaze technique (Stibbe 1992). The added white paint found on our example is also documented on some of the Laconian vessels of the second quarter of the sixth century BC (Stibbe 1992:83). Lakainai are also found at the Athenian Agora in a late sixth to early fifth century BC context, and those with added white are particularly frequent in the fifth century BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:109, 275, no. 562, pl.  25:562). To my knowledge, they have not been identified in Egypt so far, but they are known from Tocra in Cyrenaica (Boardman and Hayes 1966:91, nos 988–991, pls. 67–68).

Pl. 201:2 (13/0025/033) Attic fine ware, homogeneous pink fabric, no core, red-brown glaze out; d. base 6.3 cm. Internal parallel: 16/S: 1 base. Parallel: Thorikos, Cistern 1, 325–315 BC: Docter, Monsieur, and van de Put 2011:80, no. 12, fig. 5. Parallel in Egypt: Thonis-Heracleion, dated to the Hellenistic period: Grataloup 2006:338, no. 397. Pl. 200:3 (VI.O11/0008/027) Attic fine ware, homogeneous pink fabric, no core, red-brown glaze out; d. base 9.2 cm. Parallels: Didyma, mid-fifth to first half of the fourth century BC, from an oinochoe or a cantharos: Schattner 1996:168–170, fig. 106:12. Isthmia, fill of a well, Layers 16–6 (dated to the end of the fourth century BC), Attic kantharos: Anderson-Stojanovic 1993:274, 282, 289, nos 8, 52–55, 84, figs. 3, 10, 84, pls. 61, 64. Base of cup-skyphos, first half of the fifth century BC, Attic “pattern vase”, first half of fifth century BC: Gillis et al. 1995:55, fig. 133, pl. 28:7.

Col. pl. 86:22–23 (15/0005/002) imported fine fabric, black glaze in and out, reserved under base, added white paint underneath; d. base 7.0 cm. Various bases Pl. 201:7 (13/0004/003) Attic fine imported, dark pink, very dense fabric, black glaze in and out; d. base 9.5 cm. Comments and parallels: this base with incurved sides is similar to the typical bases of the one-handlers of the Classical period (e.g. Boulter 1953:84, no. 62, fig. 3, pl. 201:9). However, a series of thirty handle-less bowls with comparable bases were found on the late fifth century BC Alonessos shipwreck and were identified as South Italian Black Glaze (Hadjidaki 1996:583, fig. 27).

Pl. 200:4 (13/0044/001) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out; d. base 8.2 cm. Parallel: Thasos, Silene Gate quarter, period 3, Attic kantharos, dated ca. 375 BC: Grandjean 1988:165, pl. 59:5. Pl. 200:5 (14/0018/001) Attic fine ware, light pink, homogeneous fine fabric, black glaze in and out, reserved band out; d. base 8.0 cm. Parallels: Thasos, Silene Gate quarter, Period 4, base of Attic cantharos, dated ca 350 BC: Grandjean 1988:168, pl. 59:7. Athens, Agora, ca 350 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970: 118–119, 283, no. 658, pl. 28. Athens, Agora, 300–290 BC: Rotroff 1997:84–85, 243, fig. 4:12, pl. 2. Ephesus (south Gate of Tetragonos Agora), last quarter of the fourth century BC: Gassner 1997:37, pl. 2:59. Parallel in Egypt: Tell el-Herr, Phase IVA (mid to first quarter of fourth century BC): Defernez 2012:23–24, 41, fig. G.

Pl. 201:8 (13/0040/003) Attic fine ware, dark pink, very dense fabric, black glaze in and out; d. base 10.2 cm. Parallels: see above, 13/0004/003 (pl. 201:7). Modelled ring bases Col. pl. 86:24–25 (15/0005/003) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out, reserved band on side of base; d.  base 10.0 cm. Col. pl. 87:1–2 (15/0032/001) Attic fine ware, dense, pink fabric, shiny black glaze in and out, reserved bands on and under base, turned brown in places; d. base 7.5 cm. Comments and parallels for 15/0005/003 (col. pl. 86:24– 25) and 15/0032/001: The reserved bands under the base and the thick foot find parallels in the fifth century (Maffre 1971:689–691, nos 36–38, figs. 43–45). For the shape, see also on Karantina, off Klazomenai, fifth century BC: Güngör 2004:125, figs. 3b, 4. Athens, Agora, ca. 480 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:99– 100, 267, no. 454, fig. 5.

Pl. 201:6 (15/0045/001) Attic fine imported, dark beige fabric, no visible inclusions, black glaze in and out; d. max. pres. 4.9 cm. Col. pl. 86:20–21 (04–05/0108) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out; d. base 5.3 cm; d. body 9.6 cm.

Pl. 201:10 (13/0046/002) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out, reserved band under base; d. base 11.0 cm.

Other Black Glazed drinking vessels Lakaina

Pl. 201:11 (14/0001/144) Attic fine ware, pink fabric, metallic black glaze in and out, reserved under base; d. base 10.0 cm.

One flat base sherd from Kom Tuman may belong to a lakaina, a type of deep skyphos of Laconian origin. It has 225

Kom Tuman II Pl. 201:12 (07/0008/028) Attic, imported, fine, pink-beige fabric, thick black glaze in and out; d. base 7.1 cm. Parallel: Athens, Eridanos necropolis, fifth century: Knigge 1966:131, fig. 17:15.

This shape is characterised by its modelled rim and rests on a low and wide ring base that often bore stamped and rouletted decoration on its interior. It is known at Athens from about 475 to 350 BC (Jehasse 1978:38 and parallels below). In Egypt, it is reported from ThonisHerakleion in the Persian period (Grataloup 2015:140, fig. 7.3:3).

Small echinus bowls/salt cellars As shown by the parallels cited below, these small bowls with incurved sides and ring bases mostly date to the end of the fifth and the fourth centuries BC and span the transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic period. Their small sizes and shallow, thick-set proportions mean that they often survive as complete profiles in the archaeological record.

Col. pl. 87:9–11 (13/0025/035) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out, reserved red band; d. rim 13.5 cm. Parallels: Athens, Agora well, mid fifth century BC: Boulter 1953:115, fig. 3. Halikarnassos, Mausoleion, Trench R12, layer 1, first quarter of the fourth century BC, Attic Black Glaze: Vaag, Nørskov, and Lund 2002:124–125, F8b, pl. 15. Athens, Agora, 430–375 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:130–131, 294–295, nos 817–822, fig. 8, pl. 32. Karantina, off Klazomenai, last quarter of the fifth century BC: Güngör 2004:125, fig. 10b. Rhodes, San Giorgio, necropolis of Ialyssos, Attic, fifth century BC: Laurenzi 1936:44–45, fig. 28, lower row, third from left. Small bowls

As shown by examples from the Kerameikos (Knigge 1976:52, fig. 20, pl.  82:222:3–4) and in the Pierides collection (Maffre 1971:689–691, no. 36–37, figs. 43–44), the shape is widespread in the fifth century BC but it continues into the fourth century BC (see parallels below). It is also well-known elsewhere in Egypt, although most of the salt cellars from Naukratis, dated primarily to the fifth century BC, are of a different (and earlier) type with flat bases and convex sides (Coulson 1996:20–21, fig. 9). Col. pl. 87:3–5 (13/0046/004) Attic fine ware, dark pink, homogeneous fabric, black glaze in and out; d. rim 10.7 cm; d. base 6.7 cm; h. 4.5 cm. Internal parallel: 16/S: 1 rim. Parallels: Ephesus (south Gate of Tetragonos Agora), Hellenistic, fourth to third centuries BC: Gassner 1997:40, pl. 4:75–76. Athens, Kerameikos, child burial, ca. 450 BC: KunzeGötte, Tancke, and Vierneisel 1999:148, no. 609.2, pl. 96:1, beil.3. Paphos, probably fourth to third century BC: Hayes 1991:5, 9, fig. II:5. Parallels in Egypt: Saqqara, Anubieion, Attic Black Glaze, Late Dynastic: French and Bourriau 2018:177–178, fig. 34j. Naucratis, Attic Black Glaze, with post-firing graffito under base, 400–350 BC: Gardner 1886: pl. XXXIV:602; Bernand 1970:673, no. 317; British Museum Online Catalogue museum number: 1910, 0222.215.

Pl. 201:13 (13/0046/001) Attic fine ware, black glaze in; d base 2.5 cm. Pl. 201:14 (13/0046/003) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out reserved under base; d. base 4.6 cm. Plate with internal rim and thickened edge Plates, which unlike bowls are primarily intended for consumption of solid rather than liquid sustenance, are much rarer than drinking vessels in the present assemblage. The majority of them belong to Hellenistic types (see below) and only one was deemed late Classical. The scarcity of imported Attic Black Glaze plates in this phase mirrors the situation in Archaic and Classical Greece, where plates and platters were not a common shape for food consumption and presentation. They were rather reserved for funerary or votive purposes and scholars have suggested that food for the living was mainly served in bowls, wooden platters, or on bread (Roberts 1986:48, with references).

Col. pl. 87:6–8 (07/0036/031) Attic fine ware, thick black glaze in and out, reserved under base; d.  rim 9.3 cm; d. base 6.5 cm; h. 2.6 cm. Internal parallel: 16/S: 1 rim. Parallels: Athens, Agora, ca. 250 BC(?): Rotroff 1997:162, 340, no. 992, fig. 62, pl. 75.

Pl. 201:15 (14/0001/043) Attic fine ware, black glaze in and out; d. rim 20.0 cm. Parallels: Athens, Agora well, mid fifth century BC (with impressed egg and dot frieze on rim): Boulter 1953:83, no. 52, fig. 3. Athens, Agora, impressed decoration and palmettes inside base, 400–374 BC: Sparkes and Talcott 1970:147, 309, no. 1047, fig. 10, pls. 36, 59. Ephesus, south Gate of Tetragonos Agora, fourth to third century BC: Gassner 1997:46–47, pl. 6:109.

Salamis, Cyprus, fourth century BC: Jehasse 1978:39, no. 113, fig. 26. Karantina, off Klazomenai, last quarter of the fifth century BC: Güngör 2004:125, fig. 10a. Dish with modelled rim 226

Late Period Attic and other Greek Black Glaze, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 26*

2003–2013 22

Surface 0

Total 48

X XI Total

26 0

0 0

0 8

26 8 82

*Of which one complete profile

Lid The fragment below has a solid stem and narrow resting base. It was interpreted as the knob of a lid rather than the base of a footed cup, as those always have a much deeper depression underneath, comparable to those of the modelled bases seen above. Col. pl. 87:12–14 (16/0003/002) Attic fine ware, hard fabric, few visible inclusions, no core, black glaze with reserved band; d. knob 3.9 cm. Parallel: Athens, Kerameikos cemetery, child burial in an amphora, lid of a pyxis, 480/470 BC: Kunze-Götte, Tancke, and Vierneisel 1999:23, no. 52.1, pl. 14:8. Attic Black Glaze, imported fabrics, lids estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

1

227

IV The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period IV.1 Egyptian production

The pottery catalogued below was found in what are essentially the same stratigraphic units as the material discussed in the previous sections, but because it clearly belongs to later historical phases, it is discussed separately. While some of the sherds attributed to the Persian period are representative of types that continue until the late fourth or even into the early third century BC, none of the material analysed hereafter can be any earlier than the time of Alexander the Great, thus justifying their being set apart. All of the types discussed in this section are indeed fully compatible with a Ptolemaic date and a few even extend into the early Roman period.114

IV.1.1 Closed vessels IV.1.1.1 Cooking pots The emergence of a wide variety of function-specific cooking vessels, nearly all derived from Greek forms, may be considered as one of the hallmarks of the Ptolemaic and Roman periods in Egypt. In the Third Intermediate and Late Periods, cooking vessels, whether open, like the hemispherical bowls, or closed, like the globular jars, were in principle not employed for a single function only. Many of them do not bear traces of heat exposure and probably also served for storing or serving foodstuffs. Another important difference between the cooking vessels of the Ptolemaic period and those of earlier times is the fact that the former represent a much wider range of shapes and thus cooking styles and cuisines. Some shapes are specifically adapted to boiling or stewing, while others are made for baking, frying, or roasting.

The fact that they were not found in levels that are stratigraphically distinct from the Late Period assemblages demonstrates that many of the archaeological horizons at Kom Tuman are refuse fills or levelling layers that were deposited mostly during the Ptolemaic period with a few pieces added in the very early Roman phase, probably after the structures they covered had fallen into disuse. The range of types relating to this phase is more restricted than that of the previous one, and specialised cooking wares of Greek tradition form a large proportion thereof. This corresponds to Ptolemaic assemblages elsewhere in the country. To cite but one example, cooking wares represent 26 percent of the whole assemblage amongst the Ptolemaic pottery finds of Kom Hadid/Naucratis (Berlin 2001:31).

The diffusion of Greek type cooking vessels is something that has been observed throughout the eastern Mediterranean. It is certainly partly linked to the settlement of Greeks throughout the region, but the scale of the phenomenon also suggests a more widespread cultural influence that is not limited to the actual movement of people. PTL.CP.1.i Stew pots (Cythrai)

The local ceramic production of this phase is also characterised by a distinct shift from the frequent occurrence of marl and mixed clay fabrics to a greater dominance of Nile silt fabrics, even for the production of fine wares. This phenomenon is observable throughout Lower Egypt;115 in that respect, the proportions of silt versus marl and mixed clay wares in the Ptolemaic and Roman phases are closer to those of the Third Intermediate Period, when Nile silt ceramics were prevalent.

This stew pot type is, by far, the most common of the Ptolemaic cooking vessels identified at Kom Tuman. Two of them, coming from the same context, are a complete vessel and a complete profile respectively. Both belong to the same generic type with a wide rounded base, squat, smooth body, and a short neck with plain rim with a very slight internal ledge for accommodating a lid. They mainly differ from each other by their handles, placed just below the neck, which are horizontal in one case and vertical in the other. Their fabric is a fine, hard, and micaceous silt, typical of the Ptolemaic period. In the Greek world, from where the shape clearly originates, similar cooking vessels, described as stewpots or cythrai, occur for example at Athens and Corinth. At Corinth, they are reported from well-dated deposits ranging from the last two decades of the fourth century to shortly before the destruction of the town by Mummius in 146 BC (McPhee and Pemberton 2012:14–17, 96, III-9, fig. 11; Edwards 1975:122–124, nos 656–658, pls. 27–28,

As pointed out by one of this book’s reviewers, a newly published volume on the pottery of Syene may also be relevant to this section: Rembart 2020. Unfortunately, the present author was not able to consult it before the manuscript went into print. 115  Already in 1997, talking about the Ptolemaic assemblages of north Sinai, P. French noted that “At this time there seem to be many differences between Upper and Lower Egypt, not least because in the second half of the period, most Egyptian-made vessels, even as far south as Saqqara, are of Nile fabrics, while in Upper Egypt marls continue to be common” (op. cit. French 1997:142). 114 

229

Kom Tuman II 61). The Athenian instances straddle the Late Classical and Hellenistic period (Rotroff 2006: 307, 309, nos 595, 618, figs. 75, 78, pls. 64, 66; Thompson 1934:368, C70, fig. 51).

Parallel: Alexandria, early third century BC: Harlaut 2002:266, fig. 3b. Col. pl. 87:17–18 (05–06/0068/002) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 13.3 cm; d. body 19.6 cm; h. 15.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallels: Alexandria, second century BC: Harlaut 2002:268, fig. 5e. Naucratis (Kom Hadid), third century BC: Berlin 2001:33, 82, fig. 2.17:5.

In Egypt, after Bats (Bats 1988:46–48), these cooking vessels have often been called ‘caccabai’ (especially in the French literature) and have been published from Ptolemaic levels at Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:76– 77, pl.  23:257–260), Tell el Herr, Mendes (see parallels below), Alexandria (Ballet and Harlaut 2001:316–317, fig. 9.70), and elsewhere. Among external parallels, the type with vertical handles is definitely not as frequent as the one with horizontal handles, but a series of tall ledge rim cooking pots from Naucratis seem to have been mostly fitted with vertical handles (Berlin 2001:33, fig. 2.18). In general, vertical handles on cooking pots seem more common towards the end of the Ptolemaic period, but with rather different rim profiles (e.g. Marchand 2011:223, group 5).

Tell Timai, late fourth to early third century BC: Hudson 2016:90, fig. 11:46. Parallel on Cyprus, Vouni, Cypro-Classical: Gjerstad 1948:91, fig. LXXI:5. PTL.CP.1.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Three different variants, each occurring in one or two examples, were added to this group. One has a much wider mouth than the standard examples and the others have no ledges inside their rims. One of the latter has a narrow mouth opening and no evidence of handles.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

15

1*

0

16

X

6

0

0

6

Total

22

*Complete vessel

PTL.CP.1.i Variant: wide mouth; Nile silt fabrics

PTL.CP.1.i Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 201:18 (15/0096/001) Micaceous J1, thin red slip, d. rim 24.0 cm. Parallels: Mendes, Necropolis, Area of the Sarcophagus of Nepherites I, Ptolemaic period: Hummel and Schubert 2004:143, 154, pl. E:4–6. Alexandria, Cricket Ground, late fourth to early third century BC: Harlaut and Hayes 2018:169, C12, pl. 4.

Pl. 201:16 (13/0040/147) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 14.2 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 rim. Parallels: Thonis-Heracleion, Ptolemaic period: Grataloup 2015:154, fig. 7.12:4. Tebtynis, second half of the first century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:77, pl. 23:258. Tell el-Herr, Phase III (Ptolemaic): Defernez 2012:21–22, 36, fig. A-2. Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, probably Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:316– 317, fig. 9:70. Mendes, Necropolis, Area of the Sarcophagus of Nepherites I, Ptolemaic period: Hummel and Schubert 2004:143, 155, pl. E:18.

PTL.CP.1.i Variant: no internal ledge; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 202:1 (13/0041/064) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 13.4 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0039: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0038: 1 rim; 15/0005: 1 rim. Parallel: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B3, early to late Roman, with Ptolemaic intrusions: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:325, fig. 9:117.

Pl. 201:17 (15/028/0060) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0043: 1 rim; 15/0093: 1 rim. Parallel: Tebtynis, third to early second century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:77, pl. 23:257.

Pl. 202:2 (14b/0010/0005) Micaceous J1, uncoated, wellsmoothed; d. rim 13.0 cm; soot traces on rim and upper body. PTL.CP.1.i Variant: no internal ledge, narrow mouth; Nile silt fabrics

Col. pl. 87:15–16 (05–06/0068/003) J1 Hard, uncoated: d. rim 13.0 cm; d. body 23.0 cm; h. 19.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 13/0046: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 14/0001: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0045: 2 rims, 1 base (1 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0008: 1 rim; 15/0096: 1 rim, 1 base (1 est. ind.).

This narrow mouth cooking pot corresponds to a rare type that was identified at Naucratis and Coptos in the late fourth to early third century BC (Berlin 2001:33, fig. 2.17:11–24). Some of the vessels grouped in this category at Naucratis either made of marl fabrics or bearing painted decoration might not have been used as cooking vessels. 230

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Pl. 202:3 (16/0015/065) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 10.0 cm; soot out. Internal parallel: 15/0052: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Balamun, fifth century BC, Trench E2: Spencer 1999:34, pl. 32:8.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

0

0

6

X

4

0

0

4

Total

2003–2013

Surface

Total

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2

PTL.CP.1.iii Collared rim cooking pots

PTL.CP.1.i variants Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

VII

These cooking vessels were found in great quantities at Alexandria, where they were coined “collared rim cooking pots”, in French “marmites à collerettes” (Harlaut 2002:268, fig. 6b). They clearly represent a local Egyptian adaptation of a Greek type cooking vessel (Berlin 2001:32), but Harlaut is of the opinion that they diverge too much from the Greek tradition to be called cythrai. Nonetheless, and whatever they are called, their shape makes them well suited to stewing as well. These vessels are particularly typical of first century BC contexts, but at Tebtynis they occur already much earlier, namely in the second half of the third and early second centuries BC (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:78, pls. 24–27).

10

PTL.CP.1.ii Cooking pot with high neck These cooking jars with a high, relatively narrow neck and globular body can also be linked to the functional type of the cythrai. Such cooking vessels are found commonly in Ptolemaic contexts at Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:82–82, pls. 29–30). Unlike the Tebtynis examples, which tend to have a flattened rim, those from Kom Tuman have a complex internal ledge, probably meant to receive a lid. This very feature is found on cooking pot rims from Ptolemaic Naucratis (Berlin 2001:33–34, 86, 88, figs. 2.19:7–8, 2.20:11–13), second and first centuries BC Alexandria (Harlaut and Hayes 2018:202, H29, pl. 30; Lamarche 2003:159, nos. 89–90, pl.  18), and as late as the fourth century AD at Tell Ashmunein (Bailey 1991:40, pl.  72 right hand side column). Only two rims of this type were found at Kom Tuman and, considering their small quantities, they may better be grouped together with the collared rim cooking pots discussed below.

The examples from Kom Tuman lack the characteristic ledge inside the rims for accommodating a lid, while it is most frequent on the pots from Tebtynis and ubiquitous on those from Naucratis/Kom Hadid. PTL.CP.1.iii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 202:6 (13/0041/065) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0040: 1 rim; 14/0001: 11 rims (3 est. ind.). Parallel: Tebtynis, end of the first century BC to early first century AD: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:80, pl. 27:282. Approximate parallel: Naucratis/Kom Ge’if, NW Hiatus A-B, late second to first century BC: Berlin 1997b:147, 206, fig. 6.29:4–5.

PTL.CP.1.ii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 202:4 (13/0039/004) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 12.4 cm. Parallels: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:316–317, fig. 9:71. Alexandria, Gabbari Sector 2: Lamarche 2003:158–159, pl. 18:89–91. Alexandria, Gabbari Sector 5, mid-second century BC: Rapasse 2003:381, figs. 10–11.

Pl. 202:7 (15/0008/028) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 7 rims (4 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim. Parallels: Naucratis/Kom Hadid, second century BC: Berlin 2001:88, fig. 2.20:5–6. Naucratis/Kom Ge’if, N5, mid first century BC: Berlin 1997b: 284, fig. 6.68:2. Tell Timai, first century BC: Hudson 2016:37, fig. 8: IV.16. Tebtynis, end second to early first century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:80, pl. 27:286. Tebtynis, House 2700, mid to third quarter of the first century BC: Marchand 2011:226, Group 5d (2773–21, 2704–92).

Pl. 202:5 (13/0041/066) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 13.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:325, fig. 135:n. PTL.CP.1.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

231

Kom Tuman II the same name (Enklaar 2003:391–396, fig. 1; Enklaar 1985).116

PTL.CP.1.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

0

0

12

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Most of the jars classified in this category are made of Nile silt fabric; only four were produced in marl wares. One body sherd, made of a mixed clay fabric, is decorated with white and black paint.

14

PTL.J.1 Nile silt fabrics

The table below lists other fragments (mainly handles and round bases) of Ptolemaic period cooking pots.

Pl. 202:8 (13/0040/145) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 24.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0046: 1 rim; 13/0060: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0005: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim. Parallels: Tell el Balamun, surface find, Ptolemaic: Spencer 1996:24, pl. 86:13. Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:323, fig. 134:l.

PTL.CP Undetermined type, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

25

0

0

25

X

21

0

0

21

Total

Pl. 202:9 (16/0014/009) J1 Hard, red slip out; d. rim 18.0– 22.0 cm.

46

PTL.J.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

IV.1.1.2. Jars PTL.SJ Storage jars

Area

Many of the storage jars of the Ptolemaic phase broadly continue the pharaonic potting tradition. Only a few diagnostic fragments of those were recovered in the course of the work at Kom Tuman. All were made of Nile silt fabrics. They were very small and too poorly preserved to be deemed worth drawing and are counted here together with the coarse ware jars of the period (see below, PTL. CSW).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

2

0

10

X

5

0

0

5

XI

0

0

1

Total

1 16

PTL.J.1 Mixed clay fabrics Col. pl. 88:1–2 (14/0001/158) mixed beige-pink, mediumfine fabric, pink core, small white grits, uncoated, brown and white paint; d. max. 23.0 cm.

PTL.J.1 Wide mouth jars/hydriai These wide mouth jars can be equated with the Greek hydriae (or water jars) of the Hellenistic period that are found in Black Glaze and West Slope wares in the Greek world (e.g. Lungu 2013:69–71). They are securely represented here by 15 rims to which may be added one large body sherd fragment. In addition, some of the ring bases of closed shapes listed below could theoretically have been associated with such forms.

PTL.J.1 Marl and mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

In Egypt, this shape is widespread in the Ptolemaic period, in particular from the late second century BC, and it continues into Roman times, but with thinner walls and more complex rim moulding (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:153, pl. 73:673; Harlaut 2000:156, figs. 8–9, photo 11a-b; Hodgson 2013). They are found predominantly in Nile silt fabrics at Plinthine (Pesenti and Saleh 2018:28, fig. 10:8018.24) or Tanis (Harlaut 2000:156, figs. 8–9). They are very common at Naucratis/Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001:40–41), and the rim shape was also adopted on some of the imported and Egyptian “Hadra vases” that were first identified in the Alexandrian necropolis of

PTL.J.2 Round mouth jugs

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

2

0

4

X

1

0

0

1

Total

5

These jugs at Kom Tuman are usually (but not always) made of a micaceous fine Nile silt fabric and are either covered with a thin red slip or more rarely left uncoated. They possess a single vertical handle reaching from the shoulder to a relief ridge about two-thirds up the neck, Although Hadra vases are predominantly associated with the funerary sphere in Egypt, they do occur in domestic contexts as well. A near complete example with typical painted decoration of bands and garlands comes from Athribis in the second half of the second century BC (Mysliwiec and Poludnikiewicz 2003:146, colour pl. 9:4).

116 

232

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period unlike jugs from Alexandria with the handle attachment on the rim (Ballet and Harlaut 2001:314, fig. 9.59). The bestpreserved examples show that they had a globular body and were standing on a ring base. Many of them are decorated on the neck and shoulder with varying combinations of pinkish-white painted horizontal and wavy bands. Their fabric, surface treatment, and decoration correspond to those used for a series of bowls with thick rim that are discussed below.

347–348, nos 1580–1585, fig. 13, pl. 70). Although they are definitely later in date than the above-mentioned specimens, the vessels discussed here may be seen as a continuation and local development of this same trend and may still echo the East Greek traditions of the previous centuries. PTL.J.2 Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 88:3–4 (14/0001/006) Micaceous J1, red slip, white paint; d. rim 12.8 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0030: 1 rim; 15/0043: 1 rim; 1 shoulder (2 est. ind.); 16/0044: 1 handle.

They are virtually unknown, or at least went unnoticed and/or unpublished at other Egyptian sites, though they are quite common at Kom Tuman, in association with the mixed late fifth to fourth centuries BC material with Ptolemaic intrusions. The nature of their fabrics and their shape are both compatible with a date between the mid-fourth and early third centuries BC, while their preponderance at Kom Tuman suggests that they belonged to a very localised production.

Col. pl. 88:5 (14/0037/001) Micaceous J1, thin red slip, pink-white paint; d. rim 13.7 cm. Col. pl. 88:6–7 (07/0080/030) Micaceous J1, thin red slip out, red-brown fabric, grey core, white painted wavy and horizontal bands on neck and shoulders; d. rim 11.3 cm.

While the fine, micaceous fabric of these vases is to be associated with the Ptolemaic period, the type of decoration does not find good comparanda in the Egyptian repertoire. The shape itself is not extremely common at Egyptian sites, with the exception of Naucratis where several jug rims of this (or closely related types) were inventoried (Berlin 2001:39, figs. 2.36–2.37:1–4). In an earlier context of the late Saite period, similar Nile silt jugs (one of which is complete) were found at Qedua (Hamza 1997:83, fig. 3:6). The complete vessel from the latter site is extremely close to the Kom Tuman jugs in terms of shape, but the former is uncoated and decorated with red, and not white/pink, painted bands.

Col. pl. 88:8–9 (07/0087/001) Micaceous J1, thin red slip, white painted horizontal straight and wavy bands on neck; d. rim 10.7 cm. Col. pl. 88:10–11 (07/0087/011) J1 Hard, uncoated, brown fabric, white painted horizontal plain and wavy bands on neck; d. rim 14.2 cm. Col. pl. 88:12 (16/0003/062) Micaceous J1, red slip, white paint; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 1 rim; 15/0067: 1 rim.

Interestingly, good morphological parallels for this shape are provided by a series of Greek, one-handled, plain ware jugs with a ridge below an out-turned rim. In Athens, the shape is considered as “the standard water vessel of Hellenistic Athens” (op. cit. Rotroff 2006:74). While they share many traits with the Kom Tuman jugs and may just be contemporary with them, the Athenian examples have much longer necks, they are never decorated, and are made of a light-coloured fabric that is quite different in appearance to the Egyptian red-slipped Nile silts (Rotroff 2006: 73–76, nos 13–40, figs. 3–7, pls. 23–7).

Col. pl. 89:1 (15/0061/033) J1/J1 Coarse, red slip, pink paint; d. rim 12.0–13.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 rim. Col. pl. 89:2 (15/0026/011) J1/J1 Red, red slip, white paint; d, rim 10.9 cm. Col. pl. 89:3 (15/0061/032) J1 Hard, thin red slip, white painted wavy band on neck and horizontal band on rim; d. rim 15.0 cm. Pl. 202:10 (16/0003/078) J1 Hard, uncoated(?), concretions/deposit out; d. rim 11.5 cm. Parallel: Tell el Balamun, Trench E2, Ptolemaic: Spencer 1999:34, pl. 32:3.

However, in terms of their decoration, these vases stand intriguingly close to the iconography attested on East Greek hydriae and table amphorae of the sixth and fifth centuries BC. The decoration of the Kom Tuman jugs particularly recalls that of the small Samian and Milesian table amphorae with alternate wavy and horizontal bands in black, red, or brown glaze or glossy paint, in contexts dated to ca. 600 BC (Furtwängler and Kienast 1989:122, fig. 23:12; Seifert 2004:19, pl. 51). They are also very close to a series of presumably Chian one-handled hydriae found in the late sixth and fifth centuries BC at the Athenian Agora that are decorated in a very similar manner with horizontal and wavy bands on the neck (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:200,

Pl. 202:11 (07/0079/002) J1, red slip in and out; d.  rim 13.2 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0065: 1 rim. Pl. 203:1 (15/0061/037) dense brown silt or mixed fabric, no core, few vegetable fibres, mica, uncoated; d.  rim 15.0 cm. Pl. 203:2 (15/0026/012) J1/J1 Red, red slip; d. base 8.0 cm. 233

Kom Tuman II Pl. 203:3 (16/0050/002) J1 Hard, red slip, faint white painted bands on body and rim; d. rim 12.0 cm.

One marl fabric rim was placed into the second variant; it probably dates to the late Ptolemaic period.

PTL.J.2 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

PTL.J.3.i Straight neck; Nile silt fabrics

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

15

8

0

23

X

21

0

0

21

Total

Pl. 203:4 (13/0035/0005) micaceous silt, uncoated; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 rim; 15/0024: 1 rim; 15/0030: 1 rim. Parallel: Tell Timai, late fourth to early third century BC: Hudson 2016:93, fig. 14:68 (with second handle presumed).

44

PTL.J.3 Table amphorae Egyptian versions of Greek transport amphorae are a well-known phenomenon of the Late and Ptolemaic periods whose manifestations are well evidenced at Kom Tuman. The jars entered into this category are far less well documented at Egyptian sites and seem to represent local equivalents to the so-called table amphorae of the Greek tradition.

Pl. 203:5 (14/0001/103) J1, uncoated; d. rim 10.4 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0018: 1 rim. Pl. 203:6 (14b/0001/057) J1, red slip; d. rim 13.0 cm. Pl. 203:7 (13/0047/001) Micaceous J1, thin red slip out; d. rim 13.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim.

As suited to their function, they are smaller than the transport amphorae but like them have a well-defined neck, thickened rim, and a pair of handles from shoulder to neck. They also always had a ring base, instead of a pointed or chamfered toe, so as to stand on a flat surface, and it can be assumed that the same holds true for the Egyptianmade examples. In effect, ring bases of presumably closed vessels made of both the micaceous and the hardfired Nile silt fabrics of the Ptolemaic phase were regular occurrences in the large mixed-date assemblages of Kom Tuman. While some might have belonged to one-handled jugs, others were most certainly bases of table amphorae and hydriae.

Pl. 203:8 (13/0041/088) Micaceous J1, cream slip or “bloom”; d. rim 12.0 cm. PTL.J.3.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

9

0

0

9

X

9

0

0

9

Total

One of the jars illustrated here (14b/0001/057, pl. 203:6) has a rim profile that is very close to that of the round mouth jugs discussed above, but contrarily to the jugs, the two-handled jars grouped here normally do not bear any painted decoration. All examples are made of Nile silt fabrics and no unambiguous example of marl or mixed clay fabrics table amphorae was identified so far.

18

PTL.J.3.ii Bulge neck; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 203:9 (15/0026/013) J1 Hard, pink slip; d.  rim 11.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallel: Kom Hadid/Naucratis, third century BC, marl fabric Egyptian transport amphora with beaded rim: Berlin 2001:44, 160, fig. 2.56:2.

According to a stratified example from Tell Timai, the fragments listed below belong in the early Ptolemaic period (see parallel below). The shape is also found in the Roman Imperial period at Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:122, pl. 56:516), where it is compared to Greek Hellenistic prototypes of the third century BC (Edwards 1975:111–112, nos 628–630, pls. 23, 60).

Pl. 203:10 (16/0025/016) J1, pink slip, perhaps same vessel as 16/0025/017 (col. pl. 89:4–5); d. rim 12.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0025: 1 rim. Pl. 203:11 (14/0001/013) J1, pink slip, brown paint; d. rim 15.0 cm.

Two variants can be identified here. The first has a plain straight neck and thickened rim and the second has a short bulge neck and is sometimes covered with a pink slip. One of them is white slipped and decorated with brown painted bands. The bulge of the neck is directly evocative of the Chian amphorae of the late fifth century BC. The fabric of several of these jars, however, may be hard and rather micaceous, thus closer to the typical Ptolemaic local wares than to earlier vessels.

Col. pl. 89:4–5 (16/0025/017) J1, pink-red slip, perhaps same vessel as 16/0025/016 (pl. 203:10); d. rim 13.0 cm. Pl. 204:1 (VI.O.11/0008/028) J1, uncoated, d.  rim ca 13.0 cm. PTL.J.3.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 234

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

1

0

7

X

2

0

0

2

Total

PTL.J.5 Jugs and juglets with modelled rim: oinochoai and narrow neck juglets The jugs illustrated below all have a single handle reaching from the rim or upper neck to the shoulder. They are divided into two variants on the basis of morphological and technological differences, but it seems likely that both were primarily used as tablewares.

9

PTL.J.3.ii Bulge neck; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 204:2 (13/0041/071) mixed, sandy pink fabric, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Parallel: Naucratis/Kom Ge’if, N5, late second to mid first century BC, coarse slipped marl fabric, Ptolemaic: Berlin 1997b:280, fig. 6.66:20.

Vessels of the first variant (PTL.J.5.i) are larger than those of the second; they have an out-splayed modelled rim and a single handle attached on the rim. They are clearly related to the Greek oenochoe shape and were certainly used as tableware. They were produced in both Nile and marl fabrics. A good marl ware parallel for the Nile silt fragment illustrated here comes from the second to first century BC Tomb B1 of the Gabbari necropolis in Alexandria (Ballet and Harlaut 2001:314, fig. 9:58). Both marl and Nile silt examples are plentiful at sites such as Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:99–101, pl. 43: 383–391; Marchand 2011:226, Group 7a), Thonis-Heracleion (Grataloup 2015:145, fig. 7.7:1–2), and Naukratis (Berlin 1997b:156, 174, 210, figs. 6.4:16, 6.13:19, 1.31:21; Berlin 2001:39, fig. 2.38:5–15) but rarer at Karnak (Masson 2011:281, figs. 80–81).

PTL.J.3.ii Mixed clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

PTL.J.4 Jars with short, grooved neck These jars, though uncommon, form a relatively homogeneous group at Kom Tuman. In terms of typology and technology, they could belong to either the Late Dynastic period or the Ptolemaic period, but parallels from elsewhere suggest a date in the latter phase for them. The single example with short neck was probably used as a cooking pot as it bears traces of soot on its surface.

Vessels of the second variant (PTL.J.5.ii) are globular jugs and juglets with modelled rim and cordon neck that are very much related to the globular juglets with narrow neck of the Late period (see above, LP.FW.JG.1). Like them, the smaller variants might have been used as toiletries, but the larger ones were probably tablewares. The only example of this group identified here is made of a mixed clay fabric, covered with a red slip. Its rim is slightly pinched, but this seems to be the result of an accidental distortion rather than from the potter’s intention of forming a trefoil mouth.

Although later in date, they certainly present a continuity with the globular jars/cooking jars with short neck of the Late Period (see above LP.J.3). PTL.J.4 Nile silt fabrics

PTL.J.5.i Jug with modelled rim: Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 204:3 (13/0055/008) J1, uncoated(?), blackened in and out; d. rim 10.0 cm. Parallel: Naucratis/Kom Gei’f, NW1B, early Ptolemaic: Berlin 1997b:152, fig. 6.2:6.

Pl. 204:5 (13/0025/003) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 9.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 15/0067: 1 rim. Parallel: Balamun, Temple of Amun E5, Ptolemaic Period: Spencer 1999:36, pl. 40:7.

Pl. 204:4 (13/0004/001) J1 Hard, uncoated(?), burnt; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 13/0025: 1 rim; 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallel: Tebtynis, third century BC (early Ptolemaic): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:122–123, pl. 56:523.

PTL.J.5.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

PTL.J.4 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

6

0

0

6

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

8

0

0

8

X

0

0

0

0

Total

8

PTL.J.5.i Jug with modelled rim: marl clay fabrics Pl. 204:6 (16/0032/001) white-speckled pinkish marl fabric, white slip; d. rim 13.0–14.0 cm.

6

235

Kom Tuman II Parallel: Thonis-Heracleion, Persian period: Grataloup 2015:143, fig. 7.7:4.

PTL.J.7 Strainer jugs Only one single example of a strainer jug was found at Kom Tuman. These vessels have an integrated filter protecting the vase’s content from dirt or insects falling in and are said not to appear in the Egyptian pottery repertoire before the late Ptolemaic and Roman periods (e.g. Ballet 2004:217, fig. 217:27; Lecyuot and Schmitt 2019:160– 163, fig. 58:12–16). However, this conclusion may now need to be reviewed as an example of a strainer jug made of Ptolemaic Black Ware is known from Buto and probably dates to the third century BC (Pl. 204:10). In addition, one strainer jug with widening neck, direct rim, and a white slipped painted surface was recovered from a sealed early Ptolemaic deposit in a house cellar at Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007a:63, fig. 37:92). The pink-cream slip on the example illustrated below suggests that it probably belonged to similar early models of the strainer jugs’ production.

PTL.J.5.i Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

PTL.J5.ii Juglet with cordon neck; mixed clay fabrics Col. pl. 89:6–7 (14/0001/025) mixed fabric, red slip; d. rim 4.4 cm. Parallel: Tebtynis, late Ptolemaic, Nile silt fabric: Marchand 2011:223–224, Group 7b. Tebtynis, third century BC, Nile silt fabric: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:110–111, pl 51:60.

PTL.J.7 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 204:9 (14/0038/002) J1, pink-cream slip; d. neck max. 6.3 cm. Parallels: Tebtynis, between second half of the third century BC and beginning of third century AD: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:108–109, pl. 50:438–448. Tell el-Herr (see above).

PTL.J.5.ii Mixed clay fabric, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

PTL.J.7 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

1

PTL.J.6 Jugs or bottle with funnel necks

Area

These small jugs or bottles, made of micaceous, Nile silt fabrics, are characteristic of the late Ptolemaic phase and certainly continue into the early Roman period.

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0 1

PTL.J.8 Spouted jars Spouted vessels were produced over much of the Egyptian ceramic sequence from early times to the Roman period, and at least two of the Nile silt spouts found at Kom Tuman belonged to Ptolemaic jugs with spouts on the shoulder. At Kysis these are dated to the early Roman period and are said to be absent from the Ptolemaic repertoire (Ballet 2004:216, fig. 215:18), but they are known elsewhere in the country at that time. Spouted vessels are indeed attested at the Shatby necropolis in Alexandria in black glaze (Breccia 1912:62, no. 156, pl. L:85) and in marl clay fabrics at Karnak in Ptolemaic times (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:309–310, fig. 129:a-c).

Pl. 204:7 (14/0045/035) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm. Parallels: Tebtynis, Ptolemaic-Roman: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:106, pl. 48:426, 428. Tebtynis, House 2700, mid to third quarter of first century BC: Marchand 2011:227, Group 8b. Pl. 204:8 (13/0025/007) Nile D, red slip burnished; d. rim 10.8 cm. PTL.J.6 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2003–2013

Total

PTL.J.6 Nile silt fabrics

Area

2013–2016

PTL.J.8 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 204:11 (16/0011/008) J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  max. 16.0 cm. Pl. 204:12 (13/0055/002) J1 Hard, white slip; d. body ca. 10.0–15.0 cm.

3

236

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period PTL.FW.CL.2 Small jars with thin walls

PTL.J.8 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals. Area

2013–2016

2003–2 013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Locally-made fine wares of the Ptolemaic to early Roman periods are not common at Kom Tuman. Nevertheless, a few sherds belonging to small, thin-walled vessels can be classified as such. Some of them are decorated, and the nature of their fabrics, plus the combination of their lightcoloured slips and banded red or red-brown decoration, are all typical of the Ptolemaic phase and are evidenced at other sites of the country in that period (for example, Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:123–124, pl. 57:525–532).

2

IV.1.1.3. Fine wares PTL.FW.CL.1 Unguentaria

PTL.FW.CL.2 Nile silt fabrics

Unguentaria are originally Greek containers for perfumes and scented oils, used for the toilette of the living and as votive offerings for the dead (Rotroff 1997:175– 178; Rotroff 2006:137–160, nos 401–524, figs. 61–68, pls. 51–57). They were produced in Egypt in marl and Nile silt fabrics throughout the Ptolemaic and into the early Roman periods. They tend to be more frequent in funerary contexts (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:129– 130), which may explain their scarcity at Kom Tuman.

Col. pl. 89:8 (16/0007/010) Micaceous J1, pink slip, red paint; d. body 8.5 cm. PTL.FW.CL.2 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

The unguentaria identified here were always made of Nile silt fabrics, like those from Saqqara (French 1987:14–15, fig. 1), Tell Balamun (Spencer 1999:33, pl.  32:1; Spencer 2003:11, pl.  14:8), Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:143–144, pl.  T:17–19), and the majority of those from Naucratis (Berlin 1997b:141; Berlin 2001:36–38). Those found at Alexandria, on the other hand, were usually made of marl fabrics (Ballet and Harlaut 2001:313). One base and two body sherds from context [14/0001] (not illustrated) were made of Ptolemaic Black Ware.

Total

VII

15

8

0

23

X

21

0

0

21

Total

VII

4

0

0

4

X

0

0

0

0 4

PTL.FW.CL.3 Marl clay fabric Pl. 204:15 (13/0040/090) K5, medium-coarse green marl, uncoated; d. base 3.6 cm. Parallels: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:313, fig. 9:55. Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:311, fig. 129:m. PTL.J.B Ring base with narrow body, marl fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

PTL.FW.CL.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Surface

Total

Only a single marl ring base clearly ascribable to the Ptolemaic period was recovered so far. It is made of a local marl fabric and might have belonged to an amphoriskos imitating east Greek prototypes.

Pl. 204:14 (15/0059/009) J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  base 2.0 cm. Parallel: Mendes, Area of the sarcophagus of Nepherites, Ptolemaic period: Hummel and Schubert 2004:143–144, 160, pl. T:17.

2003–2013

Surface

PTL.FW. CL.3 Amphoriskos(?)

Pl. 204:13 (14/0045/019) J1 Hard, uncoated(?), eroded surface; d. rim 2.8 cm. Parallels: Tebtynis Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:129– 130, pl. 59:562. Tell Timai, second half of the fourth century BC: Hudson 2016:88, fig. 8:28.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Total

PTL.FW.CL.1 Nile silt fabrics

Area

2013–2016

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

IV.1.1.4 Other undetermined jars A number of sherds not obviously belonging to any of the types described above are gathered here. Most are handle fragments and ring bases that could belong to jugs or table amphorae.

44

*Of which 1 in Ptolemaic Black Ware; ºnear complete profiles

237

Kom Tuman II What is most striking in the compilation of these generally undefined fragments is a very sharp dominance of ring bases over both round and flat bases. This may be seen as the establishment of a trend that was already apparent in the Late Period, in particular with regard to small vessels (see above, p. 79).

PTL.J.B Nile silt fabrics, flat bases (estimated number of individuals) Area

PTL.J Nile silt fabrics

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

0

0

12

X

1

0

0

1

Total

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

57

3

0

60

X

12

0

0

12

Total

2

0

0

2

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

3

0

0

3

X

0

0

0

0

Total

Although they do not find good parallels in Late Period and Ptolemaic assemblages at Egyptian sites, they most probably date to the second half of the fourth century BC and the early Ptolemaic period (third century BC).

3

One of them has a pair of horizontal handles below the rim and considerably thinner walls. Another (without slip, nor decoration) was visibly used as a cooking pot.

PTL.J.B Nile silt fabrics, ring bases (estimated number of individuals) 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

65

1

0

66

X

8

0

0

8

Total

PTL.O.1 Nile silt fabrics Pl. 205:3 (13/0041/098) J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  rim 17.8 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0016: 1 rim.

74

PTL.J.B Nile silt fabrics, round bases (estimated number of individuals) 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4

0

0

4

X

1

0

0

1

4

These vessels are made of a hard, micaceous fabric. They have very simple shapes, with a smoothly curved body and relatively thick walls and are sometimes covered with a thin red slip. Some of them are also decorated with light pink to cream painted motifs (usually plain horizontal bands). The complete example preserved in this assemblage has a flat base, but it is likely that some had ring bases too. They are technologically related to the dishes with thickened rims (PTL.O.2), to the crateroids (PTL.O.6), and to the round mouth jugs (PTL.J.2).

72

2013–2016

Total

X

PTL.O.1 Dishes with direct rims

PTL.J Marl and mixed clay fabrics, rims and handles (estimated number of individuals)

Area

2

IV.1.2.1 Dishes and bowls

13

PTL.J Nile silt fabrics, handles (estimated number of individuals)

Area

Total

0

Just like the closed shapes, many of the open vessels of the Egyptian Ptolemaic period were inspired by Greek models. Some types certainly continued with little change from the Late Period, but dishes with internally grooved rims (sometimes called “fish-plates”) and echinus bowls clearly become the dominant serving vessels of the time, while cooking bowls of Hellenic inspiration are also introduced en masse. At Kom Tuman, however, other open forms make their appearance and were visibly common at the site.

PTL.J Nile silt fabrics, rims (estimated number of individuals)

Area

Surface

0

IV.1.2 Open vessels

Pl. 205:2 (16/0001/013) J1 Hard/J1 Coarse, uncoated; section 1.5x2.6; h. pres. 3.6 cm.

Area

2003–2013

2

Total

Pl. 205:1 (15/0043/003) J1, uncoated; d. base 4.3 cm. Parallel: Tell el-Balamun, Ptolemaic, Trench E3: Spencer 1999:34, pl. 32:9.

Area

2013–2016

VII

Pl. 205:4 (14b/0010/007) J1, uncoated; d. rim 18.0 cm. Pl. 205:5 (15/0054/003) J1/Micaceous J1, orange break, uncoated; d. rim 19.0 cm. Pl. 205:6 (16/0003/100) Micaceous J1, red slip in; d. rim 19.0–20.0 cm.

5

238

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Pl. 205:7 (13/0041/097) J1 Hard, uncoated; d.  rim 21.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0028: 1 rim.

Naukratis, dated to the early Ptolemaic period is similar in shape (Coulson and Leonard 1981:27, fig. 13:24). Their general profile is also very comparable to that of the typical mortarium shape of the Late Period (M.1).

Pl. 205:8 (16/0003/099) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 21.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0035: 1 rim.

PTL.O.2 Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 90:1–3 (13/0040/120) Micaceous J1, red slip in, pink slip out and in rim; d. rim 27.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0005: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim.

Pl. 205:9 (16/0003/048) J1, uncoated; d. rim 28.0 cm. Col. pl. 89:9 (15/0030/010) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out, pink-white paint; d.  rim 19.8; d.  base 7.7 cm; h. 5.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14b/0006: 1 rim; 14b/0010: 1 base; 15/0032: 1 base; 16/0041: 1 base.

Col. pl. 90:4 (07/0087/020) Micaceous J1, thin brown-red slip out, white painted horizontal bands and wavy lines; d. rim 26.5 cm. PTL.O.2 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Col. pl. 89:10 (15/0018/005) Micaceous J1, red slip, white-pink paint on rim and body; d. rim 20.5 cm. Col. pl. 89:11–12 (15/0026/019) Micaceous J1, red slip, pink paint; d. rim 22.0 cm. Variant: cooking bowl type; Nile silt fabrics

Area VII

2013–2016 5

2003–2013 2

Surface 0

Total 7

X Total

3

0

0

3 10

PTL.O.3.i Echinus bowls

Pl. 205:10 (15/0005/011) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. rim 24.5 cm, soot in and out. Internal parallel: 15/0005: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 complete profile, 2 rims, a base (3 est. ind.). Variant: handles below rim; Nile silt fabrics

Like a great many other Egyptian tablewares of the Ptolemaic period, the locally-made echinus bowl derives from a Greek (Attic) form, that first appears at Athens in the early fifth century BC (e.g. Talcott 1936:341–342, P5147, fig. 9) and is characterised by a sharply in-turned rim and a ring base. By the fourth century BC, the shape had become widespread in the Greek world. A development from a shallow to a deeper form, accompanied by the passage from a relatively wide to a narrow ring-base, may be observed between the early fourth and the mid to second centuries BC (e.g Edwards 1975:30; Rotroff 1997:161–164).

Col. pl. 89:13 (15/0005/010) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. rim 15.2 cm. PTL.O.1 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variants) Area VII

2013–2016 5

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 5

X XI Total

25º 0

0 0

0 1*

25 1 31

The production of echinus bowls in Egypt is conventionally thought to have started around the time of Alexander the Great or just after, under the influence of imported Greek wares. The shape imitates the Greek models rather closely though later on, bases may also be flat or rounded. It is extremely widespread at all sites with Ptolemaic levels, such as Buto, Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:24–37, pls. 1:10–14, 2:16–31, 4:32–46, 5:47–63), Tell el Herr (Dixneuf 2007a:76–78, figs. 43:137–138, 44:139–142, 45:151–155), Naucratis (Berlin 2001:30, figs. 2.6–2.8), Tell Balamun (Spencer 1996:70–71, pl. 51:8–9), Alexandria (Ballet and Harlaut 2001:302, figs. 9.1–8), or Tanis (Brissaud 1987: pl.  IX:116). Its ubiquity and abundance in domestic assemblages designate the shape as one of the standard tablewares of the period. However, it is more than likely that its appearance in the local Egyptian repertoire did not coincide exactly with the political change brought about by the Macedonian conquest. It is quite possible that such bowls were already being manufactured at an earlier date in the fourth century BC, at least in those parts of the country that were particularly prone to Greek influence.

*Complete vessel; ºof which one complete profile

PTL.O.2 Large plates with thickened rims These plates with thick walls and wide mouth diameters belong to the same technological group as the bowls and dishes with direct rim discussed above (PTL.O.1) and the jugs with round mouths (PTL.J.2). They are also made of a highly micaceous Nile silt fabric and decorated with white to pink paint over a red slip. One of the examples illustrated here comes from the same context as two jugs with round mouth produced in the same ware. Like the dishes with simple rim (PTL.O.1) they do not find good parallels elsewhere, but an undecorated bowl from 239

Kom Tuman II Pl. 206:7 (VIO.11/0008/018) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. base 5.6 cm.

Echinus bowls are still found well into the Roman period. Complete examples originate from below the construction level of the podium of a second century AD temple at Tell Ashmunein (Bailey 1991:38, pl. 71b).

PTL.O.3.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

At Kom Tuman, they regularly occur as fragments in mixed date assemblages. Several of the complete profiles or complete vessels are surface finds. One large fragment of a large bowl (15/S/076, pl.  206:4) bears a post firing incised “A” below the rim. Another (13/S/008, pl. 206:5) belongs to a local version of the colour-coated ware (see also below, p. 266). In all cases, the relatively deep proportions of the bowls listed here support a date well into the Ptolemaic phase.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

29*

2º

3*

34

X

6º

0

0

6

XI

0

0

1+

1

VII

Total

41

*of which 2 complete profiles; ºof which one complete profile; + complete vessel

PTL.O.3.ii Tulip bowls/bowls with out-turned rims

PTL.O.3.i Nile silt fabrics

This type may be seen as a derivative of the bowls with out-splayed rims and low carination of the Late Period, but it also relates to one of the most common, if not the most common, Greek bowl type of the Hellenistic period (Rotroff 1997:156–160, nos 866–959).

Pl. 205:11 (13/0025/008) Micaceous J1, thin red slip in and out; d. rim 9.2 cm; d. base 4.3 cm; h. 3.7 cm. Parallels: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:302, fig. 9:2.

Local versions of the shapes are known elsewhere in Egypt, notably at Naucratis in the third century BC (Berlin 2001:68, fig. 2.10:12–14). They are very elusive at Kom Tuman, and one of them is a small-sized variant that was found as a complete profile.

Pl. 206:1 (05–06/0013/002) J1 Hard, red slip in and out; d. rim 11.0 cm; d. base 5.4 cm; d. max. 12.0 cm; h. 5.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 9 rims (4 est. ind.); 13/0060: 1 rim; 14/0001: 4 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Tell Timai, late fourth to early third century BC: Hudson 2016:90, fig. 10:43. Tebtynis, House 2700, mid to third quarter of first century BC: Marchand 2011:225, Group Ia (2773–10).

PTL.O.3.ii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 206:8 (13/0060/007) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 15.0 cm.

Pl. 206:2 (13/0046/031) Micaceous J1, thin red slip in and out, string cut base; d. rim 10.8 cm; d. base 4.7 cm; h. 6.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 1 base; 15/0061: 1 rim; 15/0096: 1 rim; 16/0001: 1 complete profile.

Col. pl. 90:5–6 (14/0001/016) J1, uncoated; d. rim 9.0 cm; d. base 3.5 cm; h. 5.2 cm. Parallels: Saqqara, Akhethetep’s mastaba, Tomb F7, Late Period, marl fabric: Lecuyot et al. 2013:15, F7.P16 (S.P.620a), pl. A. Elephantine, third century BC: Aston 1999:283, pl. 92:2456.

Pl. 206:3 (13/S/0009) Micaceous J1, red slip in; d.  rim 14.7 cm; d. base 7.7 cm; h. 7.3 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0005: 1 complete profile, 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Parallels: Tell Timai, late fourth to early third century BC: Hudson 2016:90, fig. 10:44. Tell el Balamun, Tomb 2, pit 1, Ptolemaic: Spencer 2003:21–22, pl. 35:7.

Douch necropolis, Tomb 74, Room IV-E, probably Roman period: Dunant et al. 2005:38, fig. 102. PTL.O.3ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

Pl. 206:4 (15/S/076) J7 hard, brown-red core, red slip burnish in and out, post-firing incised A below rim; d. rim 20.8 cm. Internal parallels (shape only): 13/0049: 4 rims (2 est. ind.).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2*

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

2

*of which one complete vessel

Pl. 206:5 (13/S/008) Micaceous J1, red slip in and dripping down out (colour-coated); d. rim 11.8; d. base 5.4 cm; h. 6.6 cm.

PTL.O.4.i Plates with grooved rims (“fish plates”) These plates have mouth diameters ranging from 19.0 to 30.0 cm, a groove of varied depth inside the rims, and rest on a wide, low ring base. In Egypt, like the echinus bowls, they were virtually always produced in Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 206:6 (13/0045/013) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 23.8 cm. 240

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Pl. 207:2 (13/0001/009) J1 Hard, red slip in and out; d. rim 27.8 cm.

and are considered as one of the most typical classes of serving vessels of the Ptolemaic period. Like the echinus bowls, they are also directly derived from the Greek Hellenistic repertoire, where the basic shape appears in the fourth century BC (Rotroff 1997:142–145, nos 631– 700). Although they are often coined “fish plates” in the literature referring to Egyptian sites, the term does not correspond to the shape defined as “fish plate” in Greece itself, which is characterised by a distinctive cupula inside the base.

PTL.O.4.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

16*

2

0

18

2

0

0

Total

2 20

*Of which one complete profile

Plates with grooved rims are found in abundance throughout Egypt in Ptolemaic and Roman times, for example at Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:58– 63, nos 167–192, pls. 13–14), Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007a:76–78, figs. 44:145–148, 45:156–157), Naucratis (Berlin 2001:28–29, figs. 2.1–2.2), and Alexandria (Ballet 2001:303, figs. 9.9–9.15; Ballet 2017:37, 58–59, pl. 4:MAJ 167–168, MAJ 248–250). The shape was very often produced in the local Ptolemaic Black Ware at that time (see below, and Dixneuf 2007a:76, fig. 44:146–147).

PTL.O.4.ii Large plates with modelled rim Other plates are represented in the Ptolemaic style repertoire of Kom Tuman but with very limited frequency. PTL.O.4.ii Nile silt fabrics Pl. 207:3 (15/0052/002) J1 Red, red slip in and out; d. rim ca. 24.5 cm.

Many of the plates with internally grooved rims from Kom Tuman are relatively thin walled and most of them were covered by a red slip. The only complete profiles are smallsized examples in Ptolemaic Black Ware with rouletted decoration inside the base (see below, PTL.O.5.ii).

Pl. 207:4 (13/0039/053) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 34.4 cm. Parallel: Tell el Herr, Ptolemaic, silt uncoated: Dixneuf 2007a:66, fig. 39:101.

PTL.O.4.i Nile silt fabrics

PTL.O.4.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 206:9 (13/0035/037) J1 Hard, uncoated; d. rim 31.0 cm. Parallel: Naucratis (Tell Hadid), late third century: Berlin 2001:52, fig. 2.2:15. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 1 rim.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Pl. 206:10 (VII.B12/0007/027) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 19.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim. Parallel: Naucratis (Tell Hadid), late third century BC: Berlin 2001:50, fig. 2.1:1.

2

PTL.O.5 Ptolemaic Black Ware Fragments of Nile silt Ptolemaic Black Ware are recurrent in the assemblage from Kom Tuman. The ware was initially called “Memphis Black Ware” because, in the course of his excavations in the area of the Palace of Apries, Petrie described “black pottery […] all found together as a heap of fragments from a factory north east of the glazing kilns” (op. cit. Petrie, Mackay, and Wainwright 1910:44), suggesting that it was produced locally. However, the shapes represented on the accompanying illustration (mostly moulded flasks and lamps) have not much in common with the Black Ware repertoire of the Ptolemaic period and instead are evocative of a Roman production (as already noted by Petrie). Since then, Black Ware kilns of the Ptolemaic period, producing the common Black Ware shapes, were securely identified at Buto/Tell Fara’in (Charlesworth in Seton-Williams 1967:151; Charlesworth 1969:23–26).

Pl. 206:11 (13/0047/010) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 23.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0040: 1 rim; 13/0046: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 complete profile, 1 rim (2 est. ind.); 15/0028: 1 rim; 15/0049: 1 rim; 15/0096: 1 rim. Parallels: Tell el Herr, Phase III (Ptolemaic): Defernez 2012:22, 36–37, fig. A-3. Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:303, fig. 9:9. Pl. 207:1 (VI.O11/0008/014) J1 Hard, red slip in and out; d. rim 25.6 cm. Parallels: Tell Timai, late fourth to early third century BC: Hudson 2016:889–103, fig. 10:39–40. Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:303, fig. 9:10.

This ware is very well known, especially from the Memphite area and northwards throughout the Delta (e.g. Dixneuf 2007a:76, fig. 44:139–150; Ballet 2001:303, figs. 241

Kom Tuman II 9.11–9.12; Spencer 2003:21–22, pl. 34:1–13; Grataloup 2015:147–149). It is probably not as commonly attested in the Fayum (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:9–10, 12), but it is well-known at Karnak and occurs as far south as Qasr Ibrim (Jacquet-Gordon 1997). Shapes, as well as colour, clearly represent an attempt by Egyptian potters at imitating the Attic black glaze pottery of the fourth and third centuries BC. Although the ware shows a wide range of technical variations in terms of fabric fineness and surface treatment, it is easily identifiable by the grey colour of both its surface and break, which is the result of a firing process in a reductive atmosphere.

In any case, this claim does make sense in the light of the material from Kom Tuman, and the evidence here may also suggest that the production of black tableware in Egypt started earlier than the last quarter of the fourth century BC. PTL.O.5.i Echinus bowls; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 207:5 (13/0049/003) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 12.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 complete profile (shallow). Parallels: Naucratis (Tell Hadid), end second century: Berlin 2001:66, fig. 2.9:9. Tebtynis, third century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:30, pl. 2:18.

The shapes produced in this ware are mainly open ones, and at Kom Tuman only one very fragmentary closed form has been found so far, an unguentarium from [14/0001] (not illustrated). The most common shapes are plates with grooved rims and echinus bowls, but plates with overhang rims, dishes with flanged rims, and one example of a kantharos also occur. The plates with overhang rims imitate the Hellenistic Black-Glazed fish plates of the fourth and third centuries BC (Rotroff 1997:146–149, nos 709–733). One of those from Kom Tuman is preserved as a complete profile and shows the internal cupula inside the base that is characteristic of the type.

Pl. 207:6 (13/0025/009) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 16.3 cm. Parallels: Tell Timai, early second century BC: Hudson 2014:31, fig. 3:2. Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first centuries BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:302, fig. 9:5. Alexandria, Cinema Majestic, Ptolemaic (second century BC): Ballet 2017:43, pl. 1 MAJ 90. Naucratis (Tell Hadid), end of the second century BC: Berlin 2001:66, fig. 2.9:19 Tell el Balamun, Tomb 2, Pit 1, Ptolemaic: Spencer 2003:21–22, pl. 34:9. Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:336, fig. 139:g

The deep bowls, either with a triangular, flattened rim or lug handle below the rim, do not find parallels at Egyptian sites. Most of the examples collected here have no traces of slip remaining, but a few have slipped and burnished surfaces. The plates with grooved rims often bear a rouletted decoration inside the base, and one plate with flanged rim has a riling line on top of the rim.

Pl. 207:7 (13/0039/051) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 19.0 cm. Small variant (‘salt cellar’); Nile silt fabrics

The kantharos is of the spurred handle variety and probably had a simple rim. It is a rare shape in the Ptolemaic Black Ware repertoire, but it constitutes one of the most frequent drinking vessels at Greek sites, in particular in the fourth and early third centuries BC (Rotroff 1997:84–85, nos 1–35).

Col. pl. 90:7–10 (16/0003/009) Micaceous J1, black slip burnished in and out; d. rim 6.4 cm; d. base 3.6 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:335, fig. 139:a PTL.O.5.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant)

The question of the earliest production of Black Ware in Egypt is still rather unclear. Like all Greek-influenced elements of the local material culture, it is generally dated no earlier than the Macedonian conquest. At Naucratis, Berlin dates the ware to the late third or early second century BC (Berlin 2001:30), mostly resting on the date proposed for the Black Ware production kilns found at Tell Fara’in/Buto. However, on the basis of finds from the New Kingdom necropolis at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010:153–154, pl.  45:402), the Astons suggested that it might have been introduced already in the fifth century BC. Admittedly this particular claim can easily be disputed as it seems to rest on a single find, and a surface find at that, but it has the merit of putting into question the kind of overly direct relationship between relatively sudden geo-political changes and material culture that is often assumed by archaeologists and historians alike.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

1

0

13

X

1*

0

0

Total

1 14

*Complete profile

PTL.O.5.ii Plates with grooved rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 207:8 (13/0049/004) Micaceous J1, uncoated, rouletted decoration inside base; d.  rim 18.5 cm; d.  base 9.2 cm; h. 3.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 1 rim, 1 base (2 est. ind.); 13/0025: 1 base; 13/0049: 1 base; 14/0001: 1 complete 242

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period begin around 400 BC, if not earlier (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:147–148; Rotroff 1997:146–149). One complete Ptolemaic Black Ware example of this shape was recovered from one of the Ptolemaic Black Ware kilns of Tell Fara’in/Buto, dated to the third century BC (see parallels below).

profile, 3 rims, 6 bases; 15/0005: 1 rim; 15/0096: 1 rim. Parallel: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:303, fig. 9:11. Pl. 207:9 (13/0060/005) Micaceous J1, black slip polished/ burnished in and out, rouletted decoration in; d. base 10.6 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 base. Parallel: Tell Balamun, Ptolemaic settlement, Ptolemaic period: Spencer 1996:69, pl. 45:19.

Pl. 208:2 (14/0043/002) Micaceous J1, black slip; d. rim 19.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base. Parallels: Tell el Balamun, Tomb 2, pit 1, Ptolemaic: Spencer 2003:21–22, pl. 34:2. Alexandria, Gabbari Bridge, Tomb SP2040, B20, second century BC: Lamarche 2003:147, no. 51, pl. 11.

Pl. 207:10 (07/0036/016) Micaceous J1, uncoated, dark grey “smoked” fabric, grey core; d. base 11.2 cm. Parallel: Tell Balamun, Tomb 2, pit 1, Ptolemaic: Spencer 2003: 21–22, pl. 34:10.

Pl. 208:3 (14/0001/213) Micaceous J1, black slip burnished in and out; d. rim 20.0 cm. Parallels: Buto/Tell Fara’in, Ptolemaic, probably third century BC, kiln 9: Charlesworth 1969:30, fig. 3:4. Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first centuries BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:303, fig. 9: 16–17. Tebtynis, first half of the third century BC to early Roman: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:44–46, pl.  8: 100–102.

Pl. 208:1 (13/0035/036) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 30.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 13/0046: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0038: 1 rim; 14/0044: 1 rim; 15/0005: 1 rim; 15/0061: 1 rim. Parallels: Alexandria, Cinema Majestic, Ptolemaic (second century BC): Ballet 2017:58, pl. 4 MAJ 167. Naucratis (Tell Hadid), second century BC: Berlin 2001:54, fig. 2.3:21. Tell Balamun, Ptolemaic settlement, Ptolemaic period: Spencer 1996:69, pl. 45:22. Tell Balamun, Tomb 2, pit 1, Ptolemaic: Spencer 2003: 21–22, pl. 34:1. Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:336, fig. 139:n.

Col. pl. 90:13–14 (13/0046/032) Micaceous J1, black slip in and out, traces of burnishing; d. rim 18.7 cm; d. base 7.0 cm; h. 4.2 cm. Deep bowls with triangular rim; Nile silt fabrics General parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:336, fig. 139:j.

Col. pl. 90:11–12 (14/0045/020) Micaceous J1, black slip burnished out (traces); rouletted decoration inside base; d. rim 21.0 cm; d. base 9.0 cm; h. 3.7 cm.

Pl. 208:4 (15/0008/029) Micaceous J1, uncoated, black surface; d. rim 18.0 cm.

PTL.O.5.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Pl. 208:5 (13/0049/005) Micaceous J1, uncoated, black surface; d. rim 21.2 cm.

Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

32*

2

0

34

5

0

0

5

Total

Deep bowl with handle below rim; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 208:6 (07/0087/012) Micaceous J1, uncoated, smoked surface; d. rim 20.0 cm. Misfired sherd (waster); Nile silt fabrics

39

*Of which 3 complete profiles

Pl. 208:7 (14/0018/003) Nile silt, black ware(?), misfired; d. rim undetermined. Kantharos; Nile silt fabrics

PTL.O.5.iii Other open shapes in Ptolemaic Black Ware Plates with overhang rim; Nile silt fabrics

Pl. 208:8 (15/0005/008) Micaceous J1, black slip burnished, d. rim 9.0–13.0 cm. Parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:338, fig. 140:d. PTL.O.5.iii Diverse shapes and shapes that cannot be securely attributed to a specific type (includes 11 Ptolemaic Black Ware bases), Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

Plates with overhang rim in Ptolemaic Black Ware, such as the one illustrated below, are inventoried in the Ptolemaic period assemblage at Naucratis where (like at Kom Tuman) they are by far outnumbered by the other bowl and dish types of the times (Berlin 2001:29, fig. 2.4:8–5). Their shape is derived from the larger Attic fish plates with central depression inside the base that 243

Kom Tuman II Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

12*

0

0

12

7

0

0

7

Total

association with another crateroid type (PTL.O.6.ii), jugs (PTL.J.2), and bowls (PTL.O.1–2) of the same period.

19

They have approximate parallels at Tebtynis in second and first century BC levels (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:98, pl.  42:381; Marchand 2011:226, Group 6c), although the shape does not seem to have been common at that site. Other parallels come from Tell el-Maskhuta (Holladay 1982:55–57, pl.  19:4) in the fifth century BC and further south in the Nile valley, at Karnak (in marl fabrics) and, in Nile silts, at Elephantine in the Late Period and fourth century BC (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:270, fig. 107:s; Aston 1999:224, 256, pls. 69:1991, 81:2228).

*Including one complete profile

IV.1.2.2. Crateroids and cooking bowls PTL.O.6.i-ii Crateroids The vessels here termed crateroids are all broadly inspired by the Greek crater shape, that is, a large open bowl with an upper body carination and a ring base. Greek craters were serving vessels used during the symposium for mixing wine and water. They are mainly known in Greece in the Black or Red-Figured styles of the Archaic and Classical periods (see above, p. 217). They continued to be produced, in smaller numbers, in the Hellenistic period in plain wares or with simple, coarsely painted decoration.117 Morphologically, they are not that different from some of the Egyptian types illustrated below, but there is no hard evidence to suggest that the Egyptian-made crateroids, in settlement contexts, fulfilled the same function as the Greek ones.118

PTL.O.6.i Nile silt fabrics Pl. 208:9 (13/0040/125) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out; d. rim 24.7 cm. Pl. 208:10 (14/0045/021) J1/J1 Coarse, red slip out and in rim; d. rim 24.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0052: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0054: 1 handle; 16/0038: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

All examples of this shape here are made of Nile silt fabrics.

Pl. 209:1 (16/0011/006) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 29.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0036: 1 rim.

PTL.6.i Crateroid bowls; Nile silt fabrics These vessels have a wide mouth diameter and usually two vertical handles on the sides, reaching from rim to carination. Some have no handles preserved and one example shows a lug handle just below the rim. They vaguely recall the Greek column crater shapes (see below, p. 245) but are shallower and don’t have the same offset neck. Unfortunately, no complete profile of the shape survives so far, but a ring base would have brought them somewhat nearer to Greek models. As a matter of fact, they are closest to a local crateroid shape with ring base, also with horizontal, plain, and wavy bands decoration, that is evidenced in the late Persian period (fourth century BC) at Tell ‘Arqa in Syria (Thalmann 1990:55, fig. 1:4).

Pl. 209:2 (14/0038/003) J1, red slip, pink slip out, red paint traces out; d. rim ca. 30.0 cm. Pl. 209:3 (16/0003/098) J1 straw-rich, red slip out; d. rim 31.0 cm. Pl. 209:4 (16/0003/097) J1, dull red slip out; d.  rim 32.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Pl. 209:5 (16/0003/055) J1 Hard, red slip (traces); d. rim 32.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14b/0001: 5 rims (2 est. ind.).

The majority of these vessels at Kom Tuman are made of the hard, micaceous Nile silt fabric common in the fourth century BC and the Ptolemaic period. They form a homogeneous group that is amongst the most frequent at the site. Some of them belong to the red slipped, pink painted ware that is also found in

Pl. 210:1 (16/0025/015) J1 hard, thin red slip in and out; d. rim 33.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0018: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0039: 1 rim; 16/0034: 1 rim; 16.0038: 1 rim.

For example, at the Athenian Agora (Rotroff 2006:105–107, 267–269, nos 207–225, figs. 36–38, pls. 29–32). 118  This phenomenon is not restricted to Egypt. Berlin also notes the presence of crateroid shapes of Greek inspiration at Tell Anafa. She also underlines that in Palestine, imitations of column craters only occur at sites that “had Greek and/or Phoenician inhabitants, whereas no examples of the Corinthian-type column crater are attested from sites within the Hasmonean kingdom” (Berlin 1997a:133).

Pl. 210:3 (16/0003/079) Micaceous J1, brown surface, grey core, uncoated; d. rim 34.0 cm.

Pl. 210:2 (07/0025/008) J1 Hard, thick white slip in and out; d. rim 33.0 cm.

117 

Pl. 210:4 (13/0047/008) J1 Hard, red slip out; d.  rim 30.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0096: 1 rim. 244

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Pl. 211:1 (14b/0010/006) J1 straw-rich, thin red slip out, dripping down in rim; d. rim 39.0 cm.

PTL.O.6.ii Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 91:4–5 (07/0036/033) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out, brown and white painted horizontal bands; d. rim 21.0 cm. Internal parallels: 16/0015: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

Pl. 211:2 (16/0003/023) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 46.0 cm. Internal parallels: 15/0026: 1 rim; 15/0057: 3 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0061: 5 rims (3 est. ind.); 15/0073: 2 rims; 1 BS (2 est. ind.); 16/0015: 7 rims (4 est. ind.); 16/0023: 1 rim; 16/0025: 1 rim.

Col. pl. 92:1–3 (13/0060/006) Micaceous J1, thin red slip, black paint; d. rim 29.0 cm.

Col. pl. 90:15 (14b/0001/055) Micaceous J1, uncoated, pink painted cross on handle; d. rim ca. 32.0 cm.

Pl. 211:3 (VII.D9-D10/0001/007) Nile D, white slip out d. rim 22.0 cm.

Col. pl. 91:1 (15/0094/004) Micaceous J1, red slip, white painted decoration on body and top of rim; d. rim 33.0 cm.

Pl. 211:4 (07/0008/017) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 22.8 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0049: 2 rims (1 est. ind.).

Col. pl. 91:2 (14/0001/194) Micaceous J1, thick red slip in and out; white-pink paint; d. rim 33.0–34.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 8 rims, 1 handle (6 est. ind.); 15/0067: 1 handle.

Pl. 211:5 (07/0056/001) Micaceous J1, thin red slip out; d. rim 25.5 cm. Pl. 211:6 (13/0055/001) Micaceous J1, uncoated, black paint(?) or soot(?) on top of rim; d. rim 30.0–31.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0029: 1 rim. Parallels: Tebtynis, late third century BC (column crater): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:97, pl. 40:372. Karnak, Ptolemaic: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:320, fig. 133:c

Col. pl. 91:3 (14b/0001/062) J1, red slip, white painted decoration; d. rim ca. 40.0 cm. PTL.O.6.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

26

1

0

27

X

31

0

0

31

Total

Pl. 212:1 (15/0057/009) Micaceous J1, uncoated(?); d. rim 36.0–37.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 9 rims (4 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 rim; 15/0018: 1 rim; 15/0026: 2 rims (1 est. ind.); 15/0052: 1 rim.

58

PTL.6.ii “Column crater” derivative These wide mouth jars are close to the column crater shape of the Greek world, in particular to those of Corinthian tradition (e.g. Boulter 1953:91, pl.  33:98–99; Rotroff 2006:105–107). They have a straight ‘neck’ and a flattened square or modelled rim, though none of the examples from Kom Tuman preserves any traces of handles. They are always made of the micaceous Nile silt clay fabric of the late fourth century BC and Ptolemaic period.

Pl. 212:2 (13/0040/121) J1 Hard, red slip; d. rim 34.8 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 15/0005: 8 rims (4 est. ind.); 16/0015: 5 rims (2 est. ind.). PTL.O.6.ii variant: large size, coarse ware; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 212:3 (15/0005/012) J1/J1 Coarse, thin red slip; d. rim 28.4 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0005: 1 rim.

Like the preceding group, some belong to the red-slipped, pink-painted ware, while others are decorated with black paint over a red slip. They are mainly encountered at northern Egyptian sites in the early Ptolemaic period (e.g. Dixneuf 2007a:76, fig.44:150 – classified as “lekane”) and at Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:96–97, nos 371–377, pls. 40–41).

PTL.O.6.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals (including variant) Area

One variant from Kom Tuman is made of a coarser Nile silt fabric and is of much larger size (pl. 212:3). It possesses four vertical ribbed handles on the sides and is covered by a thin red slip. The general shape, except for the handles that are vertical instead of horizontal, refers directly to fifth century BC Greek models (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:54–55, pl. 3:58).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

7

0

19

X

18

0

0

18

Total

37

PTL.6.iii Lekanai; Nile silt fabrics Like the crateroids, the jars illustrated below, always produced in Nile silt fabrics, do not belong to the 245

Kom Tuman II traditional Egyptian repertoire but were taken over from Greek lekanai.119 Similar vases (classified either as lekanai or craters) are found in Nile silt fabrics during the early Ptolemaic period at Tebtynis (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:95, pl.  38:361–362) and Kom Hadid/Naucratis (Berlin 2001:41, fig. 2.43:4, 6–8). The absence of relief ledge or ribbing inside the rim of the Kom Tuman examples has to be noticed and may point to a relatively early date for this general type.

rim, and an angular bend at mid body. Their rim does not possess the characteristic ledge that is most common on Ptolemaic cooking bowls. In fact, they still recall the hemispherical bowls of the Late Period, which, as seen above, often functioned as cooking vessels (LP.O.11). They find parallels in early Ptolemaic levels, for example at Tell Timai (Hudson 2016:88, fig. 9:35) and Thonis-Heracleion (Grataloup 2015:154, fig. 7.11:15).

Pl. 212:4 (13/0040/148) Micaceous J1, red slip; d.  rim 29.0 cm.

PTL.O.7.i Nile silt fabrics Pl. 213:3 (15/0024/002) Micaceous J1, uncoated, soot out; d. rim 30.5 cm.

Pl. 213:1 (VI.O-11/0008/010) J1 Hard, red slip in and out; d. rim 32.9 cm.

Pl. 213:4 (VII.B12/0007/011) J1 Hard, uncoated, white painted bands below rim; d. rim 32.0 cm.

Pl. 213:2 (13/0041/067) J1/J1 Coarse, red slip in and out; d. rim 37.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0001: 3 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0045: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 15/0067: 1 rim; 15/0096: 1 rim. Parallel: Naucratis/Kom Ge’if, NW10, first century BC, identified as crater: Berlin 1997b:244, fig. 6.48:1.

Col. pl. 92:4–5 (13/0025/004) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. rim 29.3 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim, 1 handle (2 est. ind.); 13/0046: 5 rims, 1 BS (3 est. ind.); 14/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim; 14b/0006: 1 rim; 15/0039: 1 rim.

PTL.O.6.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 11

2003–2013 3

Surface 0

Total 14

X Total

3

0

0

3 17

PTL.O.7.i Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

PTL.O.6 Undetermined type, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII

2013–2016 5

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 5

X Total

3

0

0

3 8

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

7

1

0

8

X

4

0

0

4

XI

0

0

2

2

Total

14

PTL.O.7.ii Cooking bowls with straight upper sides and ledge rim (casseroles or lopades) These wide-mouthed cooking vessels have a long, inwardsloping rim that is marked by a ledge on the inside. They are common at Alexandria, where they are considered as a hallmark of the mid- to late Ptolemaic phase (Ballet 2017:67). With an estimated 26 individuals, they are also the most common of the cooking bowl types in our assemblage.

PTL.O.7 Cooking bowls All of the cooking bowls described below clearly belong to a Ptolemaic tradition, just as is the case for the closed cooking pots discussed above. Like all of the Greek inspired shapes of this phase, the question of a time-frame for their introduction in Egypt remains open and some at least may have been produced locally already in the first half of the fourth century BC. They are represented by 68 estimated individuals in the assemblages considered here, thus only slightly less numerous than the 72 estimated closed cooking vessels.

Together with the two following types (PTL.O.7.iii-iv), they can be considered as local variants of the lopades of the Greek Classical and Hellenistic period (Rotroff 2006:178–186, nos 636–675, figs. 82–85, pls. 67–69; Sparkes and Talcott 1970:227–228, nos 1959–1982, fig. 18, pl. 95; Gassner 1997:103).

PTL.O.7.i Cooking bowls with bent sides: Nile silt fabrics

PTL.O.7.ii Nile silt fabrics

These bowls are always made of Nile silt fabrics. They are thin walled, have a wide mouth opening, a squared

Pl. 213:5 (13/0046/029) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 35.0 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 rim.

On this shape and its functions in the Greek world, see Rotroff 2006:109–114.

119 

246

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period PTL.O.7.iv Lopades with carinated sides and ledge rim

Parallels: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:316, fig. 9:67. Kom Hadid (Naucratis), third century BC: Berlin 2001:90, fig. 2.21:5 Tebtynis, House 2700, mid to third quarter of the first century BC: Marchand 2011:226, Group 3c (2704–51). Approximate parallel: Cyprus, Kition Bamboula: Salles and Rey 1993:246, 248, no. 442, fig. 225.

Still in the same vein as the two previous types, this cooking bowl type has a carination on the lower body but a slightly restricted mouth. Its rim profile is very close to that of the cooking pot type discussed in the closed vessel section (PTL.CP.1.i). This strong parallelism suggests that they belong to the same chronological phase, but it is not common at Egyptian sites (see parallels below). It can be noted that similar open cooking vessels were found amongst the locally produced material of Thasos in the first half and third quarter of the fourth century BC (Blondé 1985:335, fig. 53:330), at Isthmia at the end of the same century (Anderson-Stojanovic 1993:275, no. 15, fig. 4), as well as at Kition-Bamboula in the Hellenistic period (Salles and Rey 1993:247–249, no. 451, fig. 224).

Pl. 214:1 (15/0049/005) Micaceous J1, thin red slip; d. rim 27.0 cm. Parallel: Kom Hadid (Naucratis), third century BC: Berlin 2001:90, fig. 2.21:8. PTL.O.7.ii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

23

0

0

23

X

3

0

0

PTL.O.7.iv Nile silt fabrics Pl. 214:2 (13/0039/003) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d.  rim 24.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0039: 9 rims (4 est. ind.). Parallels: Naucratis/Kom Ge’if, N2, early Ptolemaic: Berlin 1997b:143, 162, fig. 6.57:20.

3

Total

26

PTL.O.7.iii Lopades with ledge rim and bent sides

Tanis, Sacred Lake, Ptolemaic: Brissaud 1987: pl. XIII:189. Thonis-Heracleion, Ptolemaic period: Grataloup 2015:1154, fig. 7.11:16.

These cooking vessels belong to the same tradition as those of the preceding group with an inward, smooth sloping rim and a carination on the lower body. The upper walls are straight instead of sloping outwards from the carination as in the previous type. An approximate parallel from Tebtynis is classified as “lopades” (Ballet and Ploudnikeiwicz 2012:68–70).

PTL.O.7.iv Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

PTL.O.7.iii Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 92:6–7 (15/0005/009) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. rim 36.0 cm. Approximate parallels: Tell Timai, second half of the fourth century BC (with modelled rim): Hudson 2016:88, fig. 9:36. Tebtynis, first century AD (with vertical handles): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:71, pl. 19:222. Cyprus, Kition Bamboula: Salles and Rey 1993:247–248, no. 451, fig. 224.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

7

0

0

7

X

3

0

0

3

XI

0

0

1

Total

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

5

0

0

5

X

1

0

0

1

Total

6

PTL.O.7 Undetermined cooking bowl base Two sherds from [15/0061] belong to Ptolemaic cooking bowls with ring bases. Pl. 214:3 (15/0061/045) J1, thick red slip in and out; d. base 10.8 cm; soot in. Internal parallel: 15/0061: 1 base.

PTL.O.7.iii Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

VII

2013–2016

PTL.O.7.i-iv Undetermined type, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

0

0

0

0

1

X

2

0

0

2

11

Total

247

2

Kom Tuman II PTL.O.7.v Shallow cooking pan with bent sides

Tebtynis, House 2700, mid to third quarter of first century BC: Marchand 2011:225, Group 3a (2704–55). Tebtynis, surface, unsecure context: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012: 74–75, pl. 22:244.

These shallow cooking vessels with bent sides and direct rim possess two or more handles, either on or just below the rim. They might be best described as cooking pans and as suggested by Ballet may derive from an Italic, rather than Greek, prototype (Ballet 2017:68–69). In accordance with this suggestion, several such pans of presumed Campanian and Etruscan origin were found in first century BC contexts in the House of Dionysos at Paphos (Hayes 1991:78–79). However, the shape is also well-represented in the local pottery production at Athens. It occurs during the full-blown Hellenistic period, in the second and first centuries BC but with fifth century BC antecedents (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:228– 229, nos 1983–1992, fig. 17, pl.  96; Rotroff 2006:186– 189, nos 679–683, fig. 86, pls. 70–71). Whatever their origin may have been, they are widely distributed around the eastern Mediterranean, although they never appear in great quantities at any site (Berlin 2001:35). This holds true for Kom Tuman too, where they are rather rare and correspond to variants of the late Ptolemaic or early Roman period.

PTL.O.7.v Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

7

0

0

7

X

0

0

0

0

XI

0

0

1

1

Total

8

PTL.O.7.v Cooking pan; Marl clay fabrics Pl. 214:6 (13/0046/034) gritty pink-orange marl, large white inclusions, air holes, well-smoothed, uncoated, soot out; d. rim 40.0 cm. PTL.O.7.v Marl clay fabrics, estimated number of individuals

One isolated example is made of a marl clay fabric and has no handle preserved. Marl fabric cooking wares are unusual, but a small number of cooking pots and pans made of calcareous and “ochre-coloured” fabrics are published from the Gabbari Bridge necropolis at Alexandria. Some of these were dated to the Ptolemaic period (end of the third to end of the second century BC) and others to the first century AD.120

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

IV.1.2.3 Beakers and saucers PTL.O.8 Beaker with straight sides and flat base

It is worth noting that the majority of these forms at Kom Tuman (including the best-preserved ones and the marl fabric example) come from context [13/0046], which was relatively rich in Ptolemaic elements (25 percent).

This small vessel with thick walls and flat base stands somewhat between the small beakers with flat base and straight sides of the Late Period (see above, LP.O.21.i) and the flat based beakers of the late Ptolemaic and Roman period (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:140, pl. 62:610– 611). Only one example of the shape was identified and comes from a levelling/surface layer in Area X.

PTL.O.7.v Nile silt fabrics Pl. 214:4 (13/0046/033) Micaceous J1, red slip in and out, soot out; d. rim 27.0 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 3 rims (3 est. ind.). Parallel: Alexandria, Ptolemaic: Ballet 2017:69, pl. 7: MAJ 199.

PTL.O.8 Nile silt fabrics Col. pl. 92:8–10 (16/0003/031) Micaceous J1, uncoated; d. rim 11.0; d. base 6.1 cm; h. 9.2 cm.

Pl. 214:5 (13/0046/030) Micaceous J1, uncoated, blackened surfaces; d. rim 40.0 cm. Parallels: Kom Hadid (Naucratis), end second century BC: Berlin 2001:114, fig. 2.33:3.

PTL.O.8 Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

The marl clay fabric cooking vessels from Tomb B1, dated to the Ptolemaic period are cooking dishes or pans with low carination. Their diameter is smaller than the examples from Kom Tuman and they possess a characteristic groove inside the rim (Ballet and Harlaut 2001:315, nos 63–64). They were attributed to a Mareotide production. As far as I can judge, the calcareous pan from Kom Tuman is not made of any of the well-known Mareotide fabrics. The Alexandrian marl cooking vessels of the Roman period are cooking pots and pans, sometimes covered by a red slip (Lamarche 2003:153, nos 71–73, pl. 14, photo 13).

120 

1

IV.1.2.4 Bases of open vessels A considerable number of Ptolemaic sherds are bases belonging to undetermined open vessels, probably echinus bowls or plates with internal groove. Like for the closed 248

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period PTL.CSW/SJ Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

vessels, these are mostly of the ring-base type and have diameters of about 10.0 cm. PTL.O.B.1 Ring base; Nile silt fabrics Pl. 215:1 (15/0022/017) Micaeous J1, red slip burnished in and out; d. base 8.4 cm. PTL.O.B.1 Nile silt fabrics, ring bases, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

36

1

0

37

X

15

0

0

15

Total

X Total

3

0

0

3 11

X Total

1

0

0

1 5

Area VII

2013–2016 1

2003–2013 0

Surface 0

Total 1

X Total

0

0

0

0 1

IV.2.1 Amphorae from the East Aegean The amphorae discussed in the following sections are not found before the late fourth century BC and some of them are undoubtedly confined to the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods. However, like the local wares of the same phase, they were recovered from mixed date assemblages that contained considerable amounts of Persian period material. AM/MSH Amphorae with mushroom rims

PTL.O.B.2 High pedestal bases, Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals Total 8

Total 4

IV.2 Imported amphorae

Pl. 215:2 (13/0046/055) J1, uncoated; d. base 19.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 base; 13/0049: 1 base; 14/0001: 2 bases; 14/0044: 1 base; 14/0045: 1 base; 15/0049: 1 base; 16/0014: 1 base; 16/0015: 2 bases. Parallel: Karnak, Ptolemaic, red slip: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:327, fig. 136:j.

Surface 0

Surface 0

PTL. Lids Nile silt fabrics, estimated number of individuals

These bases probably belonged to crater or lekane-related shapes, inspired by Greek Hellenistic types. In Egypt, Nile silt lekanai with high ring bases are also found at Tebtynis, in contexts ranging from the third century BC to the early first century AD (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012: 94–95, pl.  38:357–358, 364). At that site, these pedestal vessels are explicitly compared to Athenian grey ware examples.

2003–2013 0

2003–2013 0

Only one non-container of the Ptolemaic period was identified. It consists of a simple lid and comes from Area VII (not illustrated).

PTL.O.B.2 High pedestal base; Nile silt fabrics

2013–2016 8

2013–2016 4

Ptolemaic non-containers

52

Area VII

Area VII

Mushroom rims are a typical feature of south-east Aegean amphorae in the fourth and early third centuries BC. Many of the type’s variants seem to disappear about 250 BC (Empereur and Tuna 1989:280) but thick rims with rounded upper surfaces (such as 15/0036/010, pl. 215:9), continue into the second century BC (Lawall 2004a:451, pl. 199:29–32). Mushroom rims are often associated with the region of Knidos, where workshops producing this shape have been excavated (Empereur, Hesse, and Tuna 1999; Empereur 1988), but they are also found on Rhodes (see below, pp. 253–254), in the area of Ephesos (Gassner 1997:107–108, 111, pl. 35:410–411; Lawall 2004b); Erythrai (Carlson and Lawall 2005–2006); Dydima (Wintermeyer and Bumke 2004:109, Type Am1); and Halikarnassus (Nørskov 2004; Vaag, Nørskov and Lund 2002:60–62), among others.121 Besides those from Knidos, workshops are known on Kos, from the fifth century onwards (Papuci-Wladyka 1997; Kantzia 1994; Hein et al. 2008), Clazomenai (Doger 1986:470–471; Lawall 2002:203); Skopelos, the ancient

IV.1.3 Non-containers and coarse wares PTL.CSW Large storage jars As stated above, the dating of fragments of large coarseware vessels is often rather tentative. However, one large basin type identified at Kom Tuman certainly ought to be seen as Ptolemaic. It is related to the large neckless storage jars discussed above (CSW.1.i) but it is made of a harder fabric, has straighter walls, and has an angular moulding on top of the rim. It finds a good parallel at Tebtynis. Col. pl. 93:1–2 (14/0045/045) J1 Coarse, hard red fabric, thin red slip; d. rim 26.0 cm.

See also Empereur and Picon 1986a:112–113. Besides the east Aegean, mushroom rim amphorae were also made in the Cyrenaica (Göransson 2007:63–68, nos 37–70). 121 

Parallel: Tebtynis (Ptolemaic-early Roman): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:196, pl. 98:850. 249

Kom Tuman II Peparethos (Doulgéri-Intzessiloglou and Garlan 1990: 376, Types 2 and 4, figs. 21–22, 29–31); and Paros (Empereur and Picon 1986b:504–505, fig. 9a-b). Mushroom rims are also particularly common on Samos, including in association with Samian stamps (Grace 1971).

Internal parallels: 13/0025: 3 rims (3 est. ind.); 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0001: 5 rims (4 est. ind.). Pl. 215:4 (16/0014/017) imported, hard, pink fabric, buff surface, uncoated; d.  rim 16.2 cm; perhaps Graeco-Italic. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 4 rims (4 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim. Parallels: Thasos, Period 4 (340–250 BC), ca. 360 BC, unprovenanced: Grandjean 1992:553–555, fig. 5:37. Ephesus, Hellenistic contexts, Graeco-Italic: Bezeczky 2004:85, fig.1:1. Berenike, Hellenistic levels, Graeco-Italic: Riley 1979:131–133, D43-D44, fig. 70. Capistello wreck, early third century BC, Graeco-Italic: Frey, Hentschel, and Keith 1978:288, fig. 11.

Whatever their provenance, they were widely traded around the Mediterranean, and they figure prominently amongst the cargo of several shipwrecks of the Hellenistic period. With over 300 individuals, they notably formed the largest contingent amongst the amphorae found on the Hellenistic Kyrenia shipwreck (first year of the third century BC)122 where they were considered as Rhodian by Virginia Grace (Bass and Katzev 1968:172; Katzev 1969:55; pl. 217:1) and confirmed so by Lawall (Lawall 2011d:674). Mushroom rims are fairly frequent at Kom Tuman among fifth to third century BC assemblages. However, no complete example of the shape was recovered and determining their specific provenance is not always a straightforward exercise. Identification may be informed by specific morphological details, fabrics, and, more rarely, stamps. Thus, some of these rims are ascribed a specific origin on the basis of both shapes and fabrics, which are by no means uniform. One of them (13/0063/008, pl. 215:5) is made of a light beige, fine fabric that may be linked to the city of Didyma (Wintermeyer 1984:244, AH 1). Others (like 15/0036/010, pl.  215:9) rather relate to a typical, micaceous Samian fabric with few limestone inclusions (Whitbread 1995:123–133). Those with a thick, widely out-splayed rim (like 16/0014/017, pl. 215:4) correspond more generally to a south Ionian/Carian origin,123 although they also compare with Will’s Graeco-Italic Types a and b, the earliest in the author’s sequence (Will 1982:341–346, pl. 85:a-c; Blanck 1978:95).

Pl. 215:5 (13/0063/008) imported, fine fabric, soft beigecream to yellow surface, no core, few inclusions visible, few quartz, microfossils, possible mica, isolated, pink, angular rock, very smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 14.8 cm. Probably south-east Aegean. Internal parallels: 15/0008: 1 rim; 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallels: Molyvoti (Thrace), early fourth century BC, from the southeast Aegean: Arrington et al. 2016:35, 39, fig. 27:10. Ephesos, South Gate of the Tetragonos Agora, drain fill, Hellenistic period (no later than last third of second century BC), from the west coast of Asia Minor: Gassner 1997:107–108, 111, pl. 35:411. Kardamaina (ancient Halasarna), Kos, fourth century BC: Georgopoulou 2001:111, fig. 2. Pl. 215:6 (13/0040/038) imported dark brown fabric, many white angular/elongated grits, no core, brown surface, dense hard, few limestone, angular black ochre/charcoal, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 2 rims (2 est. ind.).

Mushroom rim amphorae are by no means exceptional in Egypt. They are known at Saqqara (French and Bourriau 2018:196–197, 236, figs. 41a-e, 54d) and found in quantity in the fourth and third centuries BC at Mendes (Hummel and Schubert 2004:137–138, 151, pl.  A:1– 14); at Buto, where they were identified as Rhodian and Knidian (Kan-Senol 2019:234–239, figs. 86:17–18, 87:1, 3–4); and in the Ptolemaic levels of Tell el-Herr, where they were identified as Samian and Knidian (Dixneuf 2007a:52, fig. 32:17, 23). Samian mushroom rims were also recognised at Tebtynis in a second century BC context (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:165, pl. 79:714).

Probably Samian Pl. 215:7 (07/0008/007) imported fine, dense, and hard fabric, well-sorted limestone, rare iron oxides, crushed shell, well-smoothed surface, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Parallel: Athens, Agora, late fourth century BC: Lawall 2004a:452, pl. 197:19–20.

Pl. 215:3 (13/0004/008) imported, fine beige fabric, buff surface, perhaps early Rhodian or Knidian, uncoated; d. rim 18.0 cm.

Pl. 215:8 (13/0040/039) imported pink homogeneous fabric, few sand quartz, ochre, black grits, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 16.4 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0040: 1 rim. Parallels: Samos, second half of the fourth century BC: Isler 1978:133, Beil. 10:426. Thasos, Public Well, filled after ca. 330 BC, Samian: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:229–230, fig. 6:40.

122  Lawall demonstrates that the date of the wreck should fall in between 301 and not much beyond 294 BC (Lawall 2011d:680). 123  See in particular VI.O11/0008/002 (pl.  215:10) classified below as Knidian.

250

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period two productions is rendered more complex by the fact that, at least in the third century BC, Rhodian fabricants were also stamping amphorae not made on the island itself, but on the mainland that was part of the Rhodian perea. This practice was evidenced archaeologically in the case of the producer Hieroteles whose stamp appears on the production of the Hisarönü workshop at the entrance of the Knidian peninsula (Empereur and Tuna 1989:287–288), but further research suggest that it may have concerned other Rhodian producers as well (Rasmussen and Lund 2004). A concrete example of this practice is encountered in the case of the producer Aristocles and his family, who are mentioned below.

Thasos, Period 4, 340–250 BC, Samian, ca. 340 BC: Grandjean 1992:553, fig. 5:36. Pl. 215:9 (15/0036/010) imported fine, beige-pink fabric, finely porous, unevenly distributed white inclusions, buff surface, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm. AM/MSH Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

22

2

0

24

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Thus, the most secure Knidian fragments from Kom Tuman are five stamped handles belonging to the wellknown group of the prow stamps. These stamps are widely distributed, from Olbia, on the Black Sea coast (Lawall et al. 2010:373, L-65, pl. 271) to Cyprus (Calvet 1972:49– 50; Calvet 1982:46; Calvet 1993:73), but about half of them come from Alexandria and Lower Egypt and their dating falls between the end of the fourth and the beginning of the third century BC (Johnston 2013–2015:15–16, figs. 37–38, 40).

26

AM/KN Knidian amphorae Transport amphorae were already produced on the Knidian peninsula in the Archaic period (Empereur and Tuna 1988:344), but they mostly developed in the third century BC, contemporarily with the Rhodian jars. By that time, and like the Rhodian amphorae, they were often stamped and distributed in vast quantities throughout the east Mediterranean. The typical Knidian shapes of the Hellenistic period were thus identified on the basis of stamped examples (Grace 1985:13–18, 46–49, pls. 2:4–9, 3:13–18; Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970:317–354).

Originally, Grace classified prow stamps as Samian (Grace 1971:82–84). This assumption was later revised and a Knidian origin was put forward (Börker 1986). This proposal was further supported by petrological analyses (Whitbread 1995:108–116) and finds of prow stamps amongst the material from the Resadiye workshop (Empereur 1988:161, fig. 3).

Monachov established a typological sequence of Knidian amphorae based on complete examples from Black Sea sites (Monachov 1999b). According to his analysis, amphorae of the earlier types (no later than the third quarter of the fourth century BC) have thick mushroom rims and chamfered toes. Jars of the subsequent variety are partly contemporary to the mushroom rim types. They have plain ball rims, sometimes in association with a restricted mouth (cf. 13/0025/054, col. pl. 93:3–4) and ring toes. Although ring toes are often seen as a hallmark of Hellenistic Knidian jars, some Knidian amphorae with ball rims also had thick stump bases (Grace 1985:46–47, pl. 2:6). Moreover, ring toes are not unique to Knidos: they also occur on amphorae of the Nikandros group (Lawall 2004b:177–182, figs. 1, 7–8), as well as on Rhodian (Monachov 2005:74, fig. 2.2), and Koan jars (Georgopoulou 2004).

The two prow stamps illustrated here are square and show the prow of a ship on the right. On the first stamp the two letters AP may be read on the top left side of the dice. The second bears an inscription running on two sides that reads Sosikrates ([ΣΩ]ΣΙΚΡΑ[ΤΗΣ]), which is one of the 24 names recorded on prow stamps (Grace 1971:83–84, note 82). Another two stamps (07/0027/072, col. pl.  93:11–13; 15/0093/002, col. pl. 94:1–3) bear a ligatured monogram with the letters ΑΠΟ in rectangular frames. According to their fabrics and shape they may belong to an early Rhodian, or, more likely, early Knidian stamped amphora of the mid-fourth century BC. Numerous parallels for these stamps are known at Salamis (Calvet 1972:19–20, nos 18–23, pl. 2:19) and Kition-Bamboula on Cyprus (Calvet 1982:15, nos 9–10; Calvet 1993:64, no. 70)124, as well as at Iasos (Levi 1967:558, no. 39), Koroni (Vanderpool, McCredie, and Steinberg 1962:51, no. 110, pl. 19), and in Egypt, at Herakleion-Thonis (Grataloup 2010:155, fig. 12.7:1; Grataloup 2006:338, no. 386), Alexandria (Senol 2015a:177–178, fig. 15), and Naukratis (Coulson, Wilkie, and Rehard 1986:542, no. 32; Rehard 1996:156,

From this short survey, one cannot fail to notice a number of analogies between many of the Knidian and Rhodian jar types in the late third and first half of the fourth century BC, which can also be extended, to a lesser degree, to Koan amphorae. These similitudes are often doubled by a similarity in fabrics’ composition (Whitbread 1995:129) and, in the absence of stamps, attributing a fragment to one group or another may amount to little more than educated guesswork. Such similarities, especially with regards to fabrics, come as no surprise considering the geographic proximity of the Rhodian island and the Knidian peninsula. Moreover, the connection between the

124  Calvet (1972) suggests that the monogram stands for ΑΠΟ (e.g. Απολλοϕανης, ΑππολΠωνιος).

251

Kom Tuman II no. 32). The same die appears on both mushroom-rim and thickened rim Knidian amphorae in the Black Sea region, in the area of Chersonesos and Olbia (Monachov 1999b:163, 165, figs. 3, 5).

Internal parallels: 13/0025: 1 rim; 13/0065: 1 handle. Parallel: Olbia, Period 5 (200–140/130 BC), early third century and first half of the second century BC, attributed to Knidos and the Knidian region: Lawall et al. 2010:383, 395, L-124, L-296, pls. 295, 298.

The Cypriote, Koroni, and Naukratite examples, following Grace for the Delian specimen, were ascribed a Rhodian origin and dated to the end of the fourth to early third century BC, before ca. 240 BC. The stamps from Alexandria and Thonis-Herakelion, on the other hand, following Monachov’s identification, were attributed to a Knidian production. The latter seems more likely as similar stamps were found in the Resadiye workshop together with prow stamps (Tuna and Empereur 1990:558, fig. 7; Empereur 1988:160, fig. 2).

Stamped handles Col. pl. 93:5–7 (07/0070) imported, medium fine fabric, reddish throughout in the break (2.5YR 5/6 to 5YR 6/6), with a cream-coloured to buff surface (5Y 8/1), partly decomposed, tightly-set limestone, angular, white quartz, dark grits, uncoated; h. pres. 4.5 cm; handle section 4.6x3.1 cm. Prow stamp on handle: Sosiskrates. Parallel: British Museum BM B144 (Börker 1986: fig. 3). Col. pl. 93:8–10 (14/S/0032) imported, homogeneous, reddish fabric, no core, light brown surface, mica inclusions, limestone (half-decomposed), white and dark grits, angular white quartz, smooth surface, uncoated; d. neck ca. 14.0 cm; section handle 1.5x3.6 cm. Prow stamp: prow; AP?

Finally, a total of four rims were identified as Knidian. One of them is a thick wedge rim that finds parallels at the Temple of Apollo Patroos at Athens, in association with material dating to ca. 310 BC (Lawall 2009:392–393, fig. 4:2) and at Halikarnassos in a well whose main fill was dated no later than the third quarter of the fourth century BC (Nørskov 2004:291).

Col. pl. 93:11–13 (07/0027/072) imported, homogeneous, fine fabric, hard and dense, pinkish-beige break (7.5YR 6/6–7.5YR 7/6), yellowish beige surface, moderately well-sorted angular, white, opaque and translucent sand quartz, grey grits breaking on the surface; h. pres. 4.6 cm; sect. 5.0×2.7 cm. Stamped handle with monogram. Parallel in Egypt: Naukratis, first half of the third century BC, attributed to Rhodes but with question mark: Rehard 1996:156, no. 32, fig. 62.

In Egypt, a similar rim from the early Ptolemaic levels of Tell el-Herr was also tentatively attributed to a Knidian production (Dixneuf 2007a:52, fig. 32:23). The Tell elHerr example is made of a homogeneous light brown fabric and is covered by a beige slip, while the one from Kom Tuman is uncoated. It should be born in mind that some of the other mushroom rims and ring toes discussed in separate sections may also be of Knidian origin.

Col. pl. 94:1–3 (15/0093/002) imported, pink fabric, many small mineral inclusions, white and dark grits, light pinkbeige surface, uncoated; d. neck ca. 13.0 cm. Stamped handle with monogram (for parallels, see 07/0027/072, col. pl. 93:11–13). Toes

Col. pl. 93:3–4 (13/0025/054) imported, gritty pink fabric, grey surface, uncoated; probably Knidian; d. rim 15.6 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallels: Olbia, Period 5 (200–140/130 BC), Knidian: Lawall et al. 2010:393–394, L-278, L-281, pl. 297. Parallel: Museum of Chersonesos, unknown provenance, mid-third century BC: Monachov, Kusnetsova and Churekova 2017:113, Kn. 8. Athens, Olympieon, stamped Knidian, dated mid-second century BC (same parallel for ring toe 14/0045/040, pl. 215:12): Grace 1985:48–49, pl. 3:15. Muhaltepe workshop, Knidian peninsula, third century BC: Empereur and Tuna 1988:344–345, fig. 4:d-f.

Pl. 215:12 (14/0045/040) imported, fine hard beige fabric, no core, very smooth cream surface, uncoated; d. toe 1.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base. Parallels: Ephesos, south gate of the Tetragonos Agora, ascribed to Knidos, no later than last third of the second century BC: Gassner 1997:107, 112, pl. 37:423. Rhodes shipwreck, amphora with straight wide neck and ball rim, attributed to Knidos, ca. 300 BC: Bass 1974:335, fig. 2; see pl. 216:2. Athens, Olympieon, amphora with restricted mouth, stamped Knidian, dated mid second century BC (same parallel for 13/0025/054 , col. pl. 93:3–4): Grace 1985:48–49, pl. 3:15. Grand Congloué shipwreck (France), Knidian, 210–200 BC: Grace 1985:46, pl. 2:5.

Pl. 215:10 (VI.O11/0008/002) imported pink, homogeneous fabric, light pink-beige surface, fine limestone and ochre inclusions, uncoated; d. rim 16.8 cm. Pl. 215:11 (13/0065/006) imported, fine, brown homogeneous fabric, mica, fine sand, straw(?) unmixed clay in break, no core; d. rim 11.0 cm.

252

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Parallels in Egypt: Alexandria, Gabbari bridge excavations, dated first century BC, Knidian: Kaan-Senol 2003:193– 194, fig. 7. Naukratis, survey, Knidian, late fourth century BC: Coulson 1996:54, fig. 27:297. Tebtynis, late second century AD, uncertain provenance: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:165, pl. 79:715.

In addition to the stamped handle, the letter bêta was painted in red ink before firing at mid-height of the neck, under the handle. This recalls the amphora series by the producer Aristocles (Aritoxleus) which bear secondary stamps of a retrograde bêta under the handle (Nicolaou and Empereur 1986:519–520, fig. 4). Aristocles who worked simultaneously at Knidos and on Rhodes in the first quarter of the second century BC belonged to a dynasty of producers active in both centres at that time. His brother, the producer Hippocrates, also used secondary stamps of retrograde bêta, but from another die.

Pl. 216:1 (16/0001/014) imported, finely porous, light pink fabric, no core, pink-orange, gritty surface, some very large but rare limestone, apart from the limestone, inclusions are predominantly small and well-sorted, uncoated; d. base (on ring) 5.9 cm. Parallels: Ephesos, south gate of the Tetragonos Agora, ascribed to Knidos, no later than last third of the second century BC: Gassner 1997:107, 112, pl. 37:424. Berenike, Hellenistic, Knidian: Riley 1979:129, D35, fig. 69.

Col. pl. 95:1–6 (07/0082/043) imported, homogeneous light red-brown fabric, pale pink surface, no core, thin cream slip; d. rim 14.0 cm; d. max. pres. 35.0 cm. Stamped handle and dipinto B on neck below handle. Parallels: Rhodes, Rhodes Museum (probably from the island), second half of the third century BC: Maiuri 1921–1922:269, fig. 10. Parallel in Egypt: Tell el-Herr, early Ptolemaic, undetermined origin: Dixneuf 2007a:52, fig. 32:22.

AM/KN Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

9*

4º

1

14

X

1

0

0

1

XI

0

0

2+

2

+

Total

AM/KN/RH Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals

17

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

*of which one monogram stamp; ºof which one monogram stamp and 3 prow stamps; +prow stamps

VII

1

1

0

2

X

1

0

0

1

AM/KN/RH Knidian or Rhodian amphorae

Total

A large fragment of an amphora with long neck, folded mushroom rim, and stamped handle (07/0082/043, col. pl.  95:1–6) illustrates a generic type characteristic of the mid- to late fourth century BC, continuing into the early third century BC (Lawall 2004a:452, fig. 197:15–16). It is often associated with the beginning of the Rhodian production and finds over 300 parallels on the Kyrenia shipwreck (Monachov 2005:71–72, fig.1.1; Katzev 1969; 1970; Empereur and Hesnard 1987:18, 58, no. 7, pl.  2). Nearly forty of the Rhodian amphorae from the Kyrenia wreck are stamped on top of the handle, just like our example, but none of the stamps recorded from the wreck seems a good match for the one from Kom Tuman (Lawall 2011d:674–676).

3

AM/RH Rhodian amphorae Rhodian wine jars are generally very common in Hellenistic times throughout the eastern Mediterranean, including Egypt where they are particularly predominant in the city of Alexandria (Senol 2015b; 2015c; 2016; 2017). They can be identified with a fair degree of confidence on the basis of shape (although confusion with Koan and Knidian amphorae is possible), and with more accuracy still thanks to the stamps that were nearly always impressed on the jars’ handles from the early stages of the production in the fourth century BC to the early imperial period. The stamps typically name the eponym magistrates, the month of the year, and the “producer” (workshop, or possibly estate, owner) on one handle and the potter on the other (Finkielsztejn 2001:33–34). Thus, beside identification with the island of Rhodes, they also provide fairly secure chronological anchors.

However, besides Rhodes, the same amphora shape is also known for contemporary Knidian jars (Monachov 1999b:163–164, fig. 4:1). The s tamp on the amphora from Kom Tuman could not be deciphered with certainty but it may be read as a monogram made of the letters omicron and pi. Similar stamps were found at various Alexandrian locations (Senol 2015a:182, 187–188, nos 30, 46, 50, figs. 30, 46, 50). Like the previous monogram stamps they were mostly identified as Knidian on the basis of finds from the Resadiye workshop. An exception is a similar stamp from Naukratis on a very fragmentary handle that was classified as Rhodian (Rehard 1996:153, no. 18, fig. 59).

Unlike Chian or Lesbian wine, Rhodian wine was not a high-quality product and its wide diffusion in the eastern Mediterranean might have been linked to a greater affordability. Some scholars have proposed a more complex picture with regards to their high incidence in the eastern (especially Egyptian) markets and have argued that only the jars were produced on Rhodes while

253

Kom Tuman II the wine itself was coming from elsewhere.125 In the case of the Rhodian jars from Alexandria, Fraser argued that they were filled with wine from Laodicea ad Mare, in Syria (Fraser 1972:167–168). While it may seem farfetched, this suggestion is partly based on Strabo who states that Laodicea-on-the-sea “provides most of the wine for the Alexandrians” (Strabo C752§ 9),126 and partly on the rarity of mentions of Rhodian imports in Egyptian written documents (Kruit and Worp 2000:91–93). It was also advanced as an explanation for the presence of a supposedly important Laodicean community on Rhodes.

Internal parallels: 13/0039: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.). Comments and parallel: The shape of this rim is not very specific but the rising oval handles suggest that the piece may have belonged to an early Rhodian (proto-Rhodian) production: Grace 1963:322, fig. 1:1–2. Many parallels for this shape occur at Dydima in the third and second centuries BC, made in a local yellowish fabric (Wintermeyer and Bumke 2004:109–110, Am 1a). Parallel in Egypt: Tebtynis, identified as Rhodian, first half of the third century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:161, pl. 76:698.

As already seen above, the common Rhodian amphora shape of the earliest part of the production is characterized by a medium to long cylindrical neck, overhang mushroom rim, rising handles with round angle, and an egg-shaped to elongated body ending in a chamfered toe. In the subsequent phase, in the third and the first part of the second century BC, rims are ball-shaped and the bent of the handles becomes more angular (Monachov 2005; Finkielsztejn 2001:47–51, pls. A-C).

Stamped handles Col. pl. 94:4–7 (13/0025/001) Imported, hard dense, redpink fabric micaceous small inclusions light pink surface, uncoated; l. max. pres. 8.3 cm. Stamped with the eponym Puthogeneus (ΠΥΘΟΓΕΝΗΣ), Period IVb. “ΕΠΙ […] illegible ΝΕΥΣ”

To some extent, identification is also helped by fabric characterisation, although Rhodian amphora producers did not all make use of a single fabric (Whitbread 1995:59–67). This is epitomized at Kom Tuman where, in spite of the very small number of Rhodian sherds, at least two Rhodian fabrics could be identified. The fabric versus shape relationship of Rhodian amphorae is further complicated by the fact that petrological analyses conducted on the material from Ephesus have suggested that Rhodian shapes were made locally in the region of Ephesus, as well as on Kos (Bezeczky 2013:40).

Comments and parallels: The magistrate eponym ΠΥΘΟΓΕΝΗΣ was active in Period IVb of the Rhodian stamps sequence (ca. 150–147 BC). Matrices bearing his name are not always rectangular, but also rhomboidal and circular. They are extremely common at Alexandria (Senol 2016:295–312). See also at Istria, Rhodian, stamped handle reading “epi PuthogeNeus Daliou (Canarache 1957:251, no. 592).

The scarcity of Rhodian jars at Kom Tuman stands in stark contrast with their frequency at Alexandria. This may be partially due to the chronology of Kom Tuman, where Ptolemaic material is not as well represented as that of the Late Period, but it most likely reflects differing trade networks and suppliers. While it has been suggested that, because of their stamped handles, the proportion of Rhodian jars versus other amphora types has often been overestimated at Alexandria, as well as at other sites (e.g. Riley 1979:124), the very limited amount of Rhodian at Memphis is undeniable.

Toes Pl. 216:4 (13/0039/120) imported, hard dense, red-pink fabric, micaceous, small inclusions, light pink surface, uncoated; d. toe 5.5 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0049: 1 base; 14b/0001: 2 bases (2 est. ind.); 15/0061: 1 base. Parallels: Ephesus, south gate of the Tetragonos Agora, third century BC, Rhodian: Gassner 1997:106, pl. 37: 418; Delos, third century BC, Rhodian: Grace and SavvatianouPetropoulakou 1970:302–303, pl. 53:E3, E5. Olbia, sector NSG, end fourth first half of the third century BC, Rhodian: Lejpunskaja 2010:65, pl. 35, 3–4, 6. Modica, Sicily identified as late Koan: Rizzone 1997:112, 116, no. 16. Parallels in Egypt: Alexandria, Gabbari bridge excavations, late third to second century BC, identified as Rhodian: Kaan-Senol 2003:193, fig. 4. Potmark/dipinto

Rims (proto-Rhodian) Pl. 216:3 (14/0001/077) imported, homogeneous, reddish fabric, no core, light brown surface, mica inclusions, limestone, white and dark grits, angular, white quartz, smooth surface, uncoated; d. rim 12.6 cm. 125  It is certain that transport jars were produced in enormous quantities on Rhodes itself. This is evidenced not only by the amount of Rhodian stamped handles discovered at sites throughout the eastern Mediterranean, but also by the vast deposit of amphorae from the Villanova workshop, on the north-eastern coast of the island (Maiuri 1921–1922). 126  Translation from Roller 2014:702.

254

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Col. pl. 94:8 (13/0004/014) imported, hard dense, redpink fabric, micaceous, small inclusions, light pink surface, uncoated (possibly early Rhodian), post-firing red dipinto at base of neck: linear pattern (rectangle?); d. max. pres. ca. 18.2 cm.

handles at the site. One was lost in the plundering of the magazine (see introduction) and is only recorded by a photograph. The other two come from Area VII and have visually matching fabrics. The first one bears the name “Apollonios” (probably the producer) in one line, as is the rule with Koan bifide handles (Sztetyłło 1976:98). This name is known from other Koan stamps on Cyprus, on the Black Sea coast, at Tyras (Staerman 1951:40, fig. 5) and Istria, as well as in Egypt (Tell Atribis). The Cypriote examples come from Hellenistic levels at Salamis (Calvet 1972:46, no. 94) and Nea Paphos (Sztetyłło 1991:93, no. 217) respectively. The Egyptian one from Tell Atribis is fragmentary, with only one half of the double-barrelled handle preserved, and was dated to the second or first century BC (Sztetyłło 2000:130, no. 171). None of these show the flower visible on the stamp from Kom Tuman. The closest parallel for our piece is certainly a handle from the sanctuary area at Istria, dated to the second century BC. No flower appears on the line drawing but one is mentioned in the accompanying text (Canarache 1957:279, no. 713).

AM/RH Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area VII X

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

14*

0

1º

15

2

0

0

Total

2 17

*Of which one stamped handle; ºstamped handle

AM/KO Koan amphorae with bifide handles The amphorae with bifide handles, long neck, and thin ball rims listed below are associated with the Koan production of the Hellenistic period. These amphorae were widely exported throughout the eastern Mediterranean and are very frequent at Egyptian sites in the Ptolemaic period (Marangou and Marchand 2007:244). As a matter of fact, they are also the most common of the imported jars of the Ptolemaic period in the present assemblages.

The second Koan stamp from Kom Tuman reads AΡ[I] ΣΤΕΑ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑ ΦΑΝΙΑΣ over three lines, with, at the end of the inscription, a trident (or a flower?). No exact parallels were found for it but the name Aristeas Phanias occurs on two amphorae handles from Labraunda (Säflund 1980:18, nos 27–28).129 These fragments were dated to the first century BC; they take up two lines and not three (Aristea[s) is only spelled once) and has an inverted rose in the external corner.

Besides the rims and handles, a few Koan toes were identified among our material, similar to those evidenced on bifide handle jars found at Koan sites (e.g. Georgopoulou 2004). They definitely share some features with the contemporary Knidian and Nikandros toes but tend to have a softer profile.

Rims

Over 33 fragments of bifide handles amphorae were found at Kom Tuman. This is a considerable amount, but one should note that some of them may actually originate from other centres of the eastern Mediterranean. Doublebarrelled handles are indeed found on amphorae of various origins in the Hellenistic period, including on Rhodian jars (Hesnard 1986). Fabric differentiation helps to some extent in this respect, but some of the Koan and Rhodian fabrics do also show strong similarities with one another.127 In sum, as for the other groups, the most telling criterion here again has to be stamped handles, which occur from the late second to the first century BC.

Pl. 216:5 (13/0046/051) imported, hard, beige dense fabric, no inclusions visible, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 5 rims (4 est. ind.); 13/0035: 1 rim; 14/0001: 2 rims (2 est. ind.); 14/0045: 1 rim; 14b/0001: 1 rim. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, third to early first century BC, attributed to Kos: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:382, fig. 157:f. Pl. 216:6 (14b/0001/045) imported, fine, pink, dense fabric, no core, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Pl. 217:2 (13/0073/002) imported, dense, hard, beigebrown fabric, few mica, small-sized angular inclusions, no core, dark beige-brown surface, uncoated; d. rim 9.0– 11.0 cm. Handle

Stamps are generally rare on bifide handles,128 but it has been claimed that Egypt has produced the highest quantity of Koan stamped handles in the whole of the eastern Mediterranean (Johnsson 2004:142). As a matter of fact, three examples of stamps on bifide handles were recovered at Kom Tuman, which is a relatively high ratio with regard to the overall low occurrence of stamped

Pl. 217:3 (13/0040/042) imported, fine, dense, light beigeyellow fabric, cream surface, no core, uncoated; h. pres. 16.5 cm; section handle 3.8×2.0 cm.

Whitbread noted a compositional similarity between his Rhodian Class 3 fabric and his Koan Class 4 fabric (Whitbread 1995:98). 128  Some were found at Argos in late second to early first century BC contexts (Lenger 1957:176–178, nos 120–122), at Dydima (Jöhrens 2004:160–161, A29–35), and at Tell Keisan (Halpern-Zylberstein 1980:252, pl. 87:85–86, 103). 127 

I wish to express my gratitude to Alan Johnston of the British Museum who kindly brought my attention to the existence of these parallels at Labraunda. 129 

255

Kom Tuman II at Kom Tuman. Although Chian wine was still imported in significant quantities into Egypt at that time (e.g. Kaan-Senol 2019:231), not a single base characteristic of the Hellenistic phase was recovered at the site, and the only possible Chian fragment that could be identified here is a stamped handle belonging to either an amphora or a large lagynos.

Internal parallels: 13/0046: 3 handles (2 est. ind.); 13/0049: 1 handle; 14/0001: 24 handles (12 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 handle; 15/0039: 1 handle; 16/0015: 1 handle. Parallel in Egypt: Tebtynis, Koan, second century BC: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:164, pl. 78:711. Stamped handles

However, similar stamps are also found on amphorae of the Nikandros group (see parallels below).

Col. pl. 94:9–13 (07/0071) imported, fine and dense fabric, homogeneous break, red (2.5YR 6/8–2.5YR 5/8), very small mineral inclusions: micas, tiny, rounded sandquartz, very rare, very small limestone, cream to light grey surface (7.5YR 8/1 to 2.5Y 7/1–2.5Y 8/3), uncoated; section 2.0x4.3 cm. Stamped handle in rectangular die reading ΑΠOΛΛONIOΣ; flower.

Col. pl. 96:6–9 (07/0027/020) imported, homogeneous, red-pink fabric, cream-grey surface, no core, uncoated; h. max. pres. 7.7 cm; sect. handle 4.2x3.0 cm. Stamped handle: monogram ΑP. Comments and parallels: The monogram AP is evidenced on Chian amphorae and lagynoi handles found at Delos (Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970:362–363, nos E 231, E 235, pl. 60). This stamp could also be related to the monogram AΠ, which occurs on an amphora from Ephesus ascribed to the Nikandros group on the basis of shape and fabric (Lawall 2007:50, AH51, pl. 10). However, the Chian attribution is more likely, not only because the appearance of the Kom Tuman stamp is closer to those from Delos, but also because the fragment’s fabric does not look like the fabrics of the other supposed Nikandros amphorae at Kom Tuman.

Col. pl. 96:1–5 (07/0069) Imported fabric (see description of 07/0071, col. pl. 94:9–13), uncoated; d.  rim 14.0 cm. Stamped handle, three lines of inscription: ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΑ ΦΑΝIΑΣ with trident. Toes Pl. 218:1 (13/0040/028) imported, hard, dense, pink, bright fabric, small, white inclusions, few air voids, uncoated; d. base 3.5 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0040: 1 base. Parallels: Ephesos, south gate of the Tetragonos Agora, no suggested provenance, perhaps Nikandros group, no later than last third of the second century BC: Gassner 1997:112, pl. 37:426. Parallels in Egypt: Tebtynis, second century BC context, Nikandros group: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:163, pl. 78:710. Alexandria Gabbari bridge excavation, attributed to Kos, second century BC: Kaan-Senol 2003:197, fig. 14.

AM/CH(?) Imported fabric, estimated number of individuals Area

2003–2013 4*

Surface 0

Total 39

X Total

5

0

0

5 44

Surface

Total

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0 1

*Stamped handle

AM/NIK Amphorae with overhang rim (Nikandros Group) Amphorae of the Nikandros Group were first identified by Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou (Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970:365–367) on Delos and labelled after one of the name stamps that was often impressed on their handles. They were produced between the mid third and the end of the second century BC (possibly later), most probably in the region of Ephesus where they are particularly common (Gassner 1997:107; Lawall 2004b; Lawall et  al. 2010:374–375; Bezeczy 2013:61). Another possible origin for them is the island of Kos, as advocated by Grace and Savvatianou in their original publication (Grace and Savvatianou-Petropoulakou 1970: 366). It appears, from the Delian material, that many of the names occurring on these amphorae also turn up on Koan jars and inscriptions. And indeed, as will be seen below, one of the fragments attributed here to the Nikandros group does bear a stamp that is also found on a bifide handle from Istria, presumably of Koan origin (see also below). Another sherd is ambiguous and bears a name that also appears on Miletus.

AM/KO Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals. 2013–2016 35

2003–2013

1*

Total

Pl. 128:2 (15/0073/021) imported, dark pink, hard fabric with some large air holes, dark, small grits, some large limestone, no core, homogeneous break, buff surface, uncoated; d. base 1.4 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, dated third to early first century BC, attributed to Kos: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:383, fig. 157:g.

Area VII

2013–2016

VII

*of which 3 stamped handles

AM/CH(?) Possible Chian amphora Contrasting with their abundance in the Persian period, Chian amphorae are virtually absent from the Ptolemaic assemblages

256

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period In terms of shape, the majority of the jars of the Nikandros group have an overhang mushroom rim, but some also have a plain ball rim. They have a full ovoid body that progressively narrows down to an often sharply defined ring toe. Monogram stamps are found on examples of the third quarter of the third century and in the second century BC, and name stamps seem to be confined to the second half of the second century BC (Lawall 2004b; Lawall 2007:49).

Maresha that is dated to the second century BC, before 112 BC (Finkielstejn 2004:155–157, fig. 8). However, the name Bion also appears on Miletus both on amphora stamps and city coinage dating to the mid-third century BC (Jöhrens 2009:208–209, nos 3–4). The fourth stamp ought to be read as “Kαιυστρ” (Kaistr[ios?]), as on a Nikandros group stamp from Naukratis in the British Museum (Johnston 2013–2015:7, fig. 9, BM 2011,5003.294).

In Egypt, Nikandros amphorae were found at Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2012:383, fig. 157:h-j), Buto (Senol 2019:239), Alexandria (see parallels below), and Tebtynis, at the latter site often with post-firing ink inscriptions on the neck or shoulder (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:162–163, pls.  77:703–706, 78:707–710). Examples with stamped handles were found, among others, at Tebtynis (Marchand and Marangou 2007:245) and Naukratis (Johnston 2013–2015:11–12, figs. 9, 26–27).

Rims Col. pl. 96:10–11 (13/0040/040) imported, hard fabric, pink-brown, very dense, few inclusions, rare quartz, rare ochre, grey surface, uncoated (perhaps Nikandros); d. rim 13.8 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Alexandria, shipwreck, Qait Bay I, not stamped, Nikandros group: Senol 2010:127, fig. 1.

Only five fragments belonging to this group could be identified with reasonable certainty at Kom Tuman, four of which are stamped. Their fabric is generally hard, medium-fine, dense, and red-brown in colour; it includes quartz and, in one case, ochre particles. The best-preserved piece (the only one without a stamp) has a relatively short neck, a long overhang rim, sloping shoulders, and oval handles that are slightly pinched at the lower attachment point. For the time being, no toe found at the site has been formally linked to the Nikandros group, although some of the ring toes of socalled Knidian type would be possible candidates for such an identification (see above). At any rate, the fact that three of the four Nikandros fragments discussed here are stamped handles suggests that the group is likely to be larger than appears here.

Pl. 218:3–4 (13/0039/121) imported, hard-fired, redbrown fabric, brown core, red outer zones, small, angular, white inclusions, small, rounded sand, no mica, cream surface, uncoated; d. rim 16.3 cm. Stamped handle naming “Α∆ΑΙΟΥ”. Parallels: for shape only, not for stamp: Athenian Agora, G 11:1, ca. 140 BC, Nikandros group, with stamp naming “NIKANDROS”: Lawall 2004b:177–179, fig. 1. Kusadasi (S-W of Ephesus), Hellenistic, Nikandros group, not stamped: Senol 2010:127, fig. 2. Istria, Hellenistic, Α∆ΑΙΟΥ on bifide handle: Canarache 1957:279, no. 712. Stamped handles Col. pl. 97:1–3 (07/0072) imported, medium fine fabric, buff, gritty surface, uncoated; section handle 2.9x3.3 cm. Stamped handle: MÉΛ[ANOΣ].

The stamped handles display rectangular to oval dies. The first is preserved with the neck and rim. The stamp on top of the handle reads “ADAIOU”. While the shape of the rim fits well with the Nikandros group, the stamp is also found on a double-barrelled handle from Istria (Canarache 1957:279, no. 712).

Col. pl. 97:4–7 (07/0105/007) imported, reddish fabric, no core, yellowish pink, gritty surface, uncoated; h. pres. 6.1 cm. Stamped handle: BIΩ in square die. Parallel in Egypt: Fayoum: Empereur 1977:230, no. 863.

The second handle is preserved as a small fragment only. The fabric is coarser than those of the other Nikandros amphorae evidenced here, and the section of the handle is round. Only three letters are visible on the stamp, reading MEΛ[…]. It can be completed as Melanos, a name known from stamped handles of the Nikandros group found in southern Ionia, at sites such as Ephesus (Lawall 2007:51–52, AH.59a-c, pl.  11) and Pergamon (Burow 1998:115–116, nos 536–539, pl. 35), at Maresha in the Levant (Finkielsztejn 2004:158, fig. 9), and in Egypt, notably in the Fayoum (Criscuolo 1982:120, no. 161).

Col. pl. 97:8–11 (03–04/0002) imported, homogeneous, beige fabric, no core, pale, yellowish pink surface, uncoated; h. pres. 0.9 cm; section handle 3.4x2.2 cm; stamped handle Kαιυστρ. AM/NIK Imported individuals Area

The third stamp reads “BIΩ”. As with Melanos, the name ‘Bion’ or ‘Bionos’ is also evidenced in connection with the Nikandros group. It is found on a Nikandros amphora from

fabrics,

estimated

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2*

3º

0

5

X

0

0

0

0

Total *Of which one stamped handle; ºstamped handle

257

number

5

of

Kom Tuman II AM/ERY Amphorae with cup rim (Erythraean amphorae/ Dressel 24 antecedents)

Parallel: Dydima, ca. 100 AD, no origin proposed: Wintermeyer and Bumke 2004:113–114, Am 5.1, fig. 1026.

Although they are well-known from literary sources,130 amphorae from the city of Erythrae on the Ionian mainland, just across the strait from the island of Chios, do not figure very prominently in the archaeological record of the east Mediterranean in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. They were first identified at Athens in the fourth century BC (Jöhrens 1999:163–164, nos 24–27) and subsequently on the fifth century BC Taktas Burnu shipwreck, where they composed the major part of the ship’s amphora cargo (Carlson 2003:586–587; Carlson 2006). In the subsequent Hellenistic period, the production of Erythraean amphorae is better documented by the excavation of a pottery workshop located to the north of the city’s acropolis (Lungu 2010:45, Özyiğit 1989). The excavator dated this workshop to the second half of the third century BC at the latest. Others argued for placing these amphorae with cup-shaped rims and full pointed toes towards the end of the second and first half of the first centuries BC, on the basis of parallel finds from Ilion and Ephesus (Carlson and Lawall 2005–2006:37–38). Whether they appear in the third or second century BC, these amphorae may be seen as precursors of the Roman Dressel 24 that was widely distributed in the central and eastern Mediterranean and likely produced in the East Aegean, including on nearby Chios, from the late Hellenistic period onwards (e.g. Auriemma and Quiri 2004:49, figs. 7, 10; Panella 1986:624–625; Opait and Tsaravopoulos 2011).131

Col. pl. 97:12–13 (13/0040/036) imported, soft, pinkbeige fabric, angular white grits, beige surface, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallel: Erythrae, acropolis area, Erythraean, probably end of the second to early first century BC: Lungu 2010:49, pl. 26:4. Parallel in Egypt: Karnak, second to third centuries BC, unidentified provenance: Jacquet-Gordon 2012:386, fig. 159b. Bases Pl. 218:6 (14/0001/092) imported, hard, grey-pink fabric, grey surface, uncoated; d. toe 3.2 cm. Internal parallels: 14/0001: 1 base; 14/0045: 1 base. Parallel in Egypt: Tebtynis, surface layer, identified as Pamphilian, late Ptolemaic(?): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:168, pl. 80:722. AM/ERY Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

At Kom Tuman, only a few cup-shaped rims and three toes were tentatively identified as Erythraean. They all come from mixed contexts dating from the fifth century BC to the Late Ptolemaic-early Roman period. They are usually made of a rather hard pink fabric that seems to correspond to at least some of the late Hellenistic Erythraian fabrics (Carlson and Lawall 2005–2006:38).

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

10

0

0

10

X

0

0

0

0

Total

10

IV.2.2 Amphorae of presumed Cypriote origin AM/CYP(?) Cypriote(?) amphorae The most typical transport container of Cyprus in the Cypro-Archaic and Cypro-Classical periods was certainly the basket handle jar, examples of which are evidenced in moderate quantities at Kom Tuman (see above, BHJ). Besides these, it seems evident that, just like in Egypt (see above, pp. 165–166 and below, pp. 263–264), Cypriote cities also produced their own versions of Greek-style amphorae from the Cypro-Classical period onwards, and especially in the Hellenistic period. Part of this production was exported, notably to Egypt and the Levant, as evidenced by archaeological finds (see parallels below). Besides, they also appear in the Zeno archives which make mention of amphorae from Kourion and Paphos (Kruit and Worp 2000:86–87). However, in terms of morphology they are often difficult to distinguish from other Aegean types and identification often has to rely on fabric. Thus, with the exception of the stamped examples of the third century BC onwards, they are quite likely to go entirely unreported.

In Egypt, cup-shaped rim amphorae are also reported from the Ptolemaic levels of Tebtynis (second century BC) where they were identified as coming from Smyrna or Erythrea (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:166–167, pl.  79:717– 719). One rim found at Buto was equated to the Dressel 24 amphora type and compared to unpublished examples from Alexandria (Kaan-Senol 2019:240, fig. 87:21). Rims Pl. 218:5 (13/0035/088) imported, hard, well fired, pink fabric, few voids, light grey core in wider areas, no mica, dense, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. 130  See Lungu 2010:44, referring to Pliny (NH., XXXV, 46) and Theophrastus, De odor., 52 (=Athenaeus, Deipn., I. 32b). 131  Dressel 24 occur at Ephesos where they were linked to Ionia (in particular the region of Kusadasi) on the basis of their fabric (Meriç 2002:90–91, 95, pl. 47:K572–573). At Ephesos, these rims were found in late first and early second century AD contexts. Like the Dressel 24, the Erythraean jars with cup-shaped rim may have been used as oil rather than wine containers (Lungu 2010:51).

This may be precisely the case at Kom Tuman, where only three amphora sherds were ascribed a possible Cypriote provenance. Of those illustrated here, the first is a splayed-out rim that can be broadly compared to fifth 258

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period were also entered into this section. Their fabrics are not entirely consistent with each other and, in all cases, are quite different from that of the rim discussed above. The first type (14/0001/087, col. pl.  91:16–17) is a peg toe made of a fabric that may relate to Göransson’s fabric B (Göransson 2007:49–50). Both have the same high quartz-sand content, but the Kom Tuman fragment is also characterised by the presence of abundant small, rounded pebbles that are not reported in Göransson’s fabric B.

and fourth century BC North Aegean models but whose light-coloured, coarse fabric is strikingly different from that of other North Aegean fragments. It corresponds to the description of the most common Cypriote amphora fabric attested in some of the third century BC contexts at Alexandria (Senol and Kaan Senol 2013:60). These finds were mostly identified as Cypriote on the basis of complex monogram, anepigraphic, and Cypriote syllabary stamps. The second is a handle fragment, without stamp, made of another light-coloured fabric that resembles closely those used for some of the mortaria, presumably of Cypriote provenance.

The second type (14/0001/097, col. pl. 98:1–3) is also an empty stump shape, made of a finer fabric that could pass for an East Aegean product. Besides the morphological parallel from Euesperides, it also is comparable to a surface find from Saqqara that was attributed a North Aegean origin (Aston and Aston 2010:164, pl. 49:460).

Finally, the third (16/0015/111) is a small chamfered toe (diameter of 5.0 cm), made of a very gritty light pink fabric, fired to a greenish-white surface (not illustrated). Pl. 218:7 (13/0004/009) imported, very coarse, white fabric, numerous poorly sorted inclusions, few grey pebbles, many ochres (yellowish red); d.  rim 13.0 cm. Parallel in Egypt: Alexandria, stamped with a syllabary sign: Senol and Kaan Senol 2013:66–67, 72, 80, CyA9, CyA10, CyAS7, CyAS23, figs. 9a-b, 10a-b, 21a-b 37a-c. Jaffa, third century BC, Cypriote: Finkielstejn 2013:93, no. 41.

Finally, the third type (14/0001/091, pl.  218:9) is a full pointed toe, made of a fabric that is fairly similar to that of the second, although the same shape is evidenced on Erythraeian amphorae of the second to early first centuries BC (Lungu 2010:49, pl. 26:6). Rim Col. pl. 97:14–15 (13/0045/001) imported, white-speckled, marl-like, pink fabric, rich in inclusions: limestone, sandquartz, possibly grog, grey surface, uncoated; d. rim ca. 23.0 cm. Parallel: Ephesos, Fill, B1 late Augustean-Flavian, unprovenanced amphora (d. rim 22.8 cm): Meriç 2002:92, K 512, pl. 42. Also, Spanish, Beltran amphora, Roman period: Paphos, House of Dionysos, first to second century AD: Hayes 1991:88–89, fig. XXXIX:9. Toes

Pl. 218:8 (16/0029/012) imported, white, gritty, sandy fabric, quartz rich, no core, ochre inclusions, similar to some mortaria fabrics, uncoated; d. neck 11.8 cm. AM/CYP(?) Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

2

0

0

2

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Col. pl. 97:16–17 (14/0001/087) imported, brown, sandy fabric, many pebbles inclusions (mainly grey and black), no core, uncoated; d. toe 5.6 cm. Pitched inside. Parallel: Euesperides, Area P, early to mid-fourth century BC: Göransson 2007:71, no. 102.

3

IV.2.3 Amphorae of presumed North African/Cyrenaican origin AM/CYR(?) Amphorae from Cyrenaica(?)

Col. pl. 98:1–3 (14/0001/097) imported, fine, hard, pink fabric, beige surface, uncoated; d. toe 4.5 cm. Parallel: Euesperides, Area Q, second half of the fourth to first half of the third centuries BC: Göransson 2007:71, no. 98.

One single rim and a few toes from Kom Tuman were tentatively associated with Cyrenaica, perhaps more precisely with Euesperides/Berenike. The wide mouth and sharply out-turned rim of the first example, as well as the marl-like aspect of its fabric, may support such an identification. It seems to correspond in terms of both fabric and shape to Göransson’s Cyrenaican Amphora 3, dated to the late fourth and first half of the third century BC (Göransson 2007:60–62, nos 20–36).

Pl. 218:9 (14/0001/091) imported, pink hard fabric, white surface, uncoated; d. toe 2.4 cm. Parallels: Euesperides, Lower City, surface survey, probably fourth century BC: Göransson 2007:110, no. 194. Euesperides, Area P, 261–258/250 BC, identified as “Cyrenaican B” amphora: Göransson 2007:75–77, no. 114.

While their association with Cyrenaica is equally speculative, three toes (all coming from the same context) 259

Kom Tuman II Ephesos, fill B1, late Augustean-Flavian, undetermined provenance: Meriç 2002:91, 96, pl. 49:594, 595. AM/EUS Imported individuals Area

fabrics,

estimated

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

4

0

0

4

X

0

0

0

0

Total

with large mineral inclusions that is attested for some of the cuff rims tentatively classified here as Brindisian (e.g. 13/0040/031, pl.  219:4; 13/0025/055, pl.  219:6). Indeed, cuff rims are not exclusive to Brindisi and also appear on Tripolitan amphorae of the second and first centuries BC, but the handles of the Tripolitan jars tend to be irregular in section, which is clearly not the case for the Kom Tuman finds (e.g. Keay 1989:40–42, nos 198–199, 205, fig. 12).

of

The first two Brindisian stamps bear the name VEHILI in a rectangular die, which is connected to the patrician family of M. Vehilius, praetor in 44 BC. This family-owned estates and amphorae workshops at La Rosa and Apani in Puglia that were active in the first part of the first century BC (Palazzo 1992:130, fig. 43:4; Palazzo 2005:441; Palazzo 2013:163– 164; Sciarra 1966:133–134, no. 38). Amphorae bearing his stamp are widespread in Italy and are also evidenced in Spain, Switzerland, France, and Turkey (Cipriano and Carre 1989:95; Palazzo 2013:174, figs. 126–128).

4

IV.2.4 Amphorae from the Italian peninsula AM/BR Brindisi amphorae Brindisi amphorae were produced from the mid-second to the late first century BC in several workshops in the surroundings of Brindisi, in the Puglia region (Manacorda 2001; Manacorda 1994; Palazzo 1989; Palazzo 1994; Palazzo 2013). These amphorae were stamped with the family name of the workshop and estate owner (often of noble birth), and sometimes with that of the vilicus (slave or freedman) who was entrusted with the production – often referred to as “servile name” in the literature (Palazzo 2013:10–11; Bezeczky 2002; Manacorda 1988; Callender 1965:xxvi). They may sometimes present examples of bilingual stamps with the name of the owner in Latin characters and that of the slave in Greek characters. Of the three different names identified as Brindisian that were recovered at Kom Tuman so far, one refers to a wellknown owner family and the two others were identified as servile names. All three find parallels in Lower Egypt, in particular at Alexandria.

The other two stamps bear two different servile names of Greek lineage. The first reads [A]RCHELA, a name known from the Giancolo workshop in Puglia (Righini 1993:176, no. 16, pl.  54d). The second reads APOLLONIDES, a name that was found in association with the abovementioned Vehilius at the La Rosa workshop (Palazzo 2005 :447). The name also occurs on amphorae types attached to the Giancolo and Apani workshops of the late second and early first centuries BC (Sciarra 1966:124, no. 4; Callender 1965:71, no. 108; Palazzo 2013:86–95; Desy 1989:69, no. 415). The stamp is known in Egypt, notably in the Fayoum (Criscuolo 1982:127, no. 179); at Coptos, also with a Vehilius stamp (Ariel 2003:198–199, SAH20, SAH22); and at Memphis itself, from Petrie’s excavations in the area of the Palace of Apries (Petrie, Mackay, and Wainwright 1910:46, pl. XLI:17).

The general shape of the Brindisian amphorae probably derived from late Corinthian/Peloponnesian models (Opait 2010:155–156). They typically display a wide ovoid body, handles of rounded section that were often stamped, and full stump or bulbous bases. The shape of their rims as well as the height of their necks varied considerably. It is generally assumed that they were used for shipping olive oil, although some may have held wine. Unlike other contemporary Italian amphorae, they were not mainly exported to western Europe but rather towards the east Mediterranean, including Egypt (Loughton 2014:77–78, fig. 59; Loughton 2003).

Brindisi amphorae with thick band rims Pl. 219:1 (13/0040/032) Brindisi, uncoated; d.  rim 17.5 cm. Internal parallel: 14b/0001: 1 rim. Parallels: Apani workshop (Brindisi), stamped with VEHILI: Palazzo 2013:27–29, fig. 98. Parallels in Egypt: Tebtynis, identified as North African, second century BC (not stamped): Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:171, pl. 81:737.

At Kom Tuman, a small group of thickened rims, cuff rims, and bulb-shaped toes, as well as three stamped handles, were ascribed a Brindisian provenance. The stamped handles are surface finds or come from mixed contexts, but they are nonetheless important as they provide a secure reference for the most typical Brindisi fabric encountered at Kom Tuman (see above, introduction, p. 8). This fabric is evidenced for both the cuff rim and the thickened rim versions of the type, as well as for the bulbous toes. It contrasts strongly with a much coarser and grittier fabric

Pl. 219:2 (14/0001/076) Brindisi, uncoated, d.  rim 16.0 cm. Internal parallel: 16/0015: 1 rim. Parallels: Apani (Brindisi), production centre, stamped with [D]EMET[RI], second to first centuries BC: Palazzo 2013:27–29, fig. 103.

260

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Ephesus, Tetragonos Agora, second half of the first century BC, Brindisi, Giancola, Type 7A: Bezeczky 2004:86, no. 9.

Stamped handles Pl. 219:9 (16/S/056/008) Brindisi, uncoated; sect. 2.0 × 3.4 cm. Latin stamp on handle G(?) VEHILI.

Pl. 219:3 (15/0039/011) Brindisi, uncoated; d.  rim 14.5 cm.

Col. pl. 98:6–8 (03–04/0006) Brindisi, uncoated; h. max. pres. 4.9 cm; section handle 1.8x2.7 cm. Latin stamp reading VEHILI in an oval die. Parallel in Egypt: Alexandria, Tanis, Hermopolis, and Oxyrhynchus http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/ VExhibition/the_site/jug.html) and Palazzo 2006:402, Table 4.

Cuff rims Pl. 219:4 (13/0040/031) imported, pink fabric, abundant, rounded, sand quartz, shell, few large ochre, uncoated; d. rim 17.0 cm. Parallels: Apani workshop (Brindisi), first century BC: Palazzo 1989:549, fig. 4:24–25. Apani workshop (Brindisi), end of the second century BC, with bulbous toe: Cipriano and Carre 1989:68–70, fig. 2. Comments: The sloping handle of this fragment is also found on Graeco-Italic amphorae produced in various parts of Italy: Astura (Latium), Republican period: Hesnard et al. 1989:24, fig. 5.

Col. pl. 98:9–11 (07/0101/009) Brindisi, uncoated; h. pres. 7.1; sect. handle 2.4x2.7 cm. Latin stamp on handle: [A] RCHELA. Parallels in Egypt: Akoris, Ptolemaic period: Kawanishi and Suto 2005:179, no. 340; Palazzo 2006:392–393, fig. 4. Col. pl. 98:12–15 (07/0021/020) Brindisi, uncoated; h. max. pres. 7.5 cm; sect. handle 3.1x2.2 cm. Latin stamp on handle: APOLLONIDES in a rectangular die. Parallels in Egypt: Tell Atrib, where both “Apollonides” and “Apolonides” are evidenced: Sztetyłło 2000:59, 137; Mysliwiec 1988:183–184, pl. 40a. Akoris: Kawanishi and Suto 2005:177, no. 335; Palazzo 2006:392, fig. 3.

Pl. 219:5 (07/0053/006) Brindisi, uncoated; d.  rim 16.0 cm. Parallel: Apani (Brindisi), first century BC, stamped with C.ANI[NI]: Palazzo 2013:14–15, fig. 92. Alexandria, Tripolitana, early first century BC: KaanSenol 2018:201, cat. 166. Pl. 219:6 (13/0025/055) imported, black fabric, red core, limestone rich, uncoated; d. rim 14.0 cm. Parallel: Apani workshop (Brindisi), stamped amphora, mid second to late first century BC: Palazzo 1989:549, fig. 2:9–12. Parallel in Egypt: Karanis, Ptolemaic, stamped “Heraios” (in Greek characters) and “Baton” in Latin characters: Palazzo 2013:16, fig. 33.

Bulbous toes Pl. 219:10 (13/0040/027) Brindisi, uncoated; d. base 5.0 cm. Parallels: Apani (Brindisi), Brindisi amphora, end of the second century BC: Cipriano and Carre 1989:68–70, fig. 3. Didyma, fourth century BC, unprovenanced amphora: Schattner 1996:178, 215, fig. 110:60. Parallel in Egypt: Tebtynis, Brindisi amphorae, second century BC and second to third centuries AD: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:170, pl. 81:732–735.

Pl. 219:7 (14/0001/079) imported, hard, dense, pink fabric, grey surface, uncoated; d. rim 15.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 13/0025: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 14/0045: 1 rim. Parallel: Apani workshop (Brindisi), first century BC: Palazzo 1989:548–549, fig. 3:13–14; Palazzo 2013:15–18, fig. 29. Dydima, first century BC, probably Brindisi: Wintermeyer and Bumke 2004:113, Am 4.3, fig. 1023. Parallel in Egypt: Tebtynis, Brindisi amphora, second century AD: Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:169, pl. 81:729.

Pl. 219:11 (14/0001/086) imported fabric, beige-brown surface, multicoloured inclusions, large, angular, white stones; d. toe 4.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0046: 1 base; 14/0001: 3 bases (3 est. ind.). AM/BR Imported individuals.

Pl. 219:8 (16/0001/019) Brindisi, uncoated; d.  rim 13.0 cm. Col. pl. 98:4–5 (13/0046/052) Brindisi, cream surface; d. rim 17.0 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0046: 1 rim. Parallel: Apani (Brindisi), first century BC, stamped with APELAES: Palazzo 2013:15–18, fig. 45.

Area

fabrics,

number

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

12

4*

1

17

X

4

0

0

4

Total *Of which 3 stamps; •stamp

261

estimated

•

21

of

Kom Tuman II IV.2.5 Amphorae of uncertain provenance

Necks

AM/UN Undetermined amphorae from the Hellenistic to early Roman period

The two amphora neck fragments illustrated below are of unusual appearance in that their fabrics look foreign but their manufacture could be Egyptian. The first is a wide neck with coarsely made handles attached directly onto it. The shape is unusual but, in association with plain handles and thick rims, such wide necks are also evidenced on amphorae of West Greek origin found on the Porticello wreck (Eiseman and Ridgeway 1987:48–50, C29-C31, figs. 4–13, 4–14). It is broadly comparable to specimens from the region of Halicarnassus with bifide handles (Lawall et al. 2010:395, L-293, pl. 298). These are dated to the Hellenistic period (late third to early second century BC) and are characterized by a relatively coarse fabric. Similar pieces are also evidenced at Dydima at the same time, presumably of local manufacture (Wintermeyer and Bumke 2004:111–112, AM2.15, fig. 996).

A number of amphorae fragments of the Hellenistic to early Roman period could not be assigned to any specific provenance. They are discussed here individually. Amphora with high narrow neck and ball rim This very distinctive type only occurs in two examples in our material. It finds a parallel of undetermined origin in the Public Well at Thasos, which was filled between 350 and 330 BC (Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:234, fig. 10:62). The fabric of the Thasian fragment is fine with little mica; rare opaque, white inclusions; and a beige-pink surface (7.5YR 7/4). The shape of our example (but not really the fabric) also recalls the third century BC production on Cyprus, where very long necks are most typical (Finkielstejn 2013:94, fig. 42b).

Col. pl. 99:5–6 (14/0050/003) imported, medium-coarse fabric, faint beige core, many black pebble inclusions, looks like foreign fabric but manufacture looks Egyptian, self-slip; d. max. pres. 19.8 cm. Parallel: Marion, Tomb 9, Hellenistic, classified as Plain White but may not be local: Gjerstad et al. 1935:209, pl. CXLVIII:2.

Col. pl. 99:1–2 (13/0046/050) imported, very hard, dark pink to brown fabric, occasional grey core, conspicuous white inclusions, white surface, uncoated, neck tied with string in drying process; d. rim 11.5 cm. Internal parallel (approximate): 15/0096: 1 rim. Amphorae with narrow mouth

Pl. 220:2 (14/0075/002) imported, dense, finely porous, pink-beige fabric, no core, few mica, few white rounded inclusions, cream-grey gritty surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. 19.2 cm. Internal parallel: 15/0096: 1 BS.

Amphorae with narrow mouth were produced in a variety of places from the East Aegean to North Africa, mostly between the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Only a single example of this shape was found at Kom Tuman.

Toes Empty pointed toes are uncommon for Greek-style transport amphorae of the Hellenistic period. However, a few of those were tentatively identified among our material. They only find sporadic parallels in the literature, all of which point to dates in the late Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods and occur on amphorae from the East Aegean, Italy, Spain, and North Africa (see parallels below).

Pl. 220:1 (15/0030/005) imported, medium-fine, porous, red fabric, no core, white inclusions, shells, air holes, some round ochre, red surface, uncoated; d. rim 7.0 cm. Parallel: Ephesos, South gate of the Tetragonos Agora, undetermined provenance, Hellenistic, no later than last third of second century BC: Gassner 1997:108, 111, pl. 36:413.

Pl. 220:3 (13/0004/006) imported, pink, hard, fine fabric, uncoated; d. max. pres. 17.2 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 bases. Parallels: Thasos Public Well ca 330 BC, undetermined origin, dated no later than ca. 420 BC: Blondé, Muller, and Mulliez 1991:240, fig. 12:78. Ephesos, first quarter of the first century AD, undetermined provenance: Meriç 2002:95, pl. 48:K590. Dydima, fifth century BC, ascribed a Black Sea or Etruscan origin: Schattner 1996:178, 213–214, fig. 110:58. Parallel in Egypt: Naukratis, survey, “Koan derivative”, first century BC: Coulson 1996:55, fig. 27:181.

Handle The fragment listed below belongs to an amphora with high neck and a bifide handle. The handle is not made like those of the typical Koan amphorae, by pressing together two rods of clay, but by carving a deep ridge along the middle of the handle. Again, this is evocative of an amphora from Maresha, attributed to Cyprus on the basis of its stamp (Finkielstejn 2013:94, fig. 42b). Col. pl. 99:3–4 (15/0073/024) imported, fine, dense, pink fabric, small air holes, white surface in and out, pale, beige outer zones, in parts very highly fired (nearly sintered), very small black grits, few rounded ochre, uncoated; h. 26.3 cm; section handle 3.8x1.8 cm.

Pl. 220:4 (14/0001/094) imported, hard, pink fabric, cream surface; d. toe 3.5 cm. 262

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period that they were often in or near surface levels, where they were affected by frequent changes of humidity levels and erosion. The heaviest fragments (toes and handles) are those that are the most often preserved, while body sherds and rims, which are thinner and more prone to fully decompose, are very uncommon. Indeed, only five Nile silt amphora rims were recovered throughout both excavation areas (against 37 marl fabric ones).

Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 base. Parallels: Tour d’Agnello Shipwreck, Graeco-Italic, Type A-B, 350–250 BC: Loughton 2014:17, 22, fig. 11, first on bottom row. Euesperides/Berenike, Area Q, attributed to a Sicilian production second half of the fourth to first half of the third century BC: Göransson 2007:122, no. 232. Euesperides/Berenike, dated to the early Roman period but found in a Hellenistic context, Spanish “Beltran Form 1”: Riley 1979:159–160, D142, fig. 76. AM/Uncertain, Ptolemaic-Roman, imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

11

1

0

12

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Nearly all of the rims belong to the type illustrated by fragment 13/0040/054 (pl. 220:5). Their very simple profile with direct, squared rim and smooth neck corresponds to the Ptolemaic variant AE 2 (Dixneuf 2011:93–94, fig. 68–69). The absence of a well-marked band rim is often interpreted as a departure from the Greek original models that the Egyptian amphorae had drawn upon (Ballet and Poludnikiewicz 2012:177). One other, non-illustrated and poorly preserved example has a groove under the rim.

14

The high, massive handles of 14/0001/206 (pl. 220:7) and 13/0046/046 (col. pl.  99:7–8) (which join the neck well below the rim) were most probably inspired by Rhodian amphora types. The fabric of the latter fragment is different from the common Nile silt brown amphora ware and should instead be interpreted as a silt-rich, mixed clay fabric. It is much grittier and sandier than the usual Nile silt amphorae, and its reddish tinge with cream surface also differs from the uniform brown of the standard type.

IV.3 Egyptian amphorae (AM/EG) Notwithstanding a few earlier instances, the large-scale production of standard amphorae in Egypt only starts being well documented in the archaeological record towards the mid Ptolemaic period, at the end of the third century BC. As far as the Delta and the Nile valley are concerned, this production is mostly made up of alluvial and Mareotid clay fabrics (Dixneuf 2007b:145). In some areas of the south of the country, on the other hand, in particular at Coptos, it might have been dominated by a marl clay fabric production (Lawall 2003:165–170). By the later Ptolemaic period, judging from the situation on the ground, Nile silt amphorae are not only produced in much greater quantities than the marl ones ever were, but they also rapidly develop independently from Aegean prototypes into their own typological groups. They were fashioned from very particular fabrics that are as a rule limited to amphora manufacture, thus allowing for the fairly secure identification of body sherds.132 This phenomenon probably went hand in hand with the proliferation of Greek-style vine-making estates in suitable regions of the Egyptian countryside. The success of these enterprises must have been rapid and unequivocal as, by the late Ptolemaic period, Egyptian wine jars are generally far more numerous than their imported counterparts throughout the country.

With the exception of the first, which seems to imitate closely the solid bulbous toes of the Brindisi amphorae, all of the bases illustrated here are comparable to fragments from Ptolemaic contexts at Tell el Herr (Defernez 2012:21,36, fig. A-1) and Alexandria (Kaan-Senol 2003:199, no. 21) and to some of the Roman period AE 3 amphorae from Buto (Dixneuf 2019:227–228, fig. 85:6–7). Besides the marl fabric amphorae discussed above at the end of the Late Period section, one fragment made of a fine, dense, and presumably marl fabric is listed here because it does clearly belong to the Ptolemaic period. It is unfortunately not illustrated, but it consists of a thinwalled rounded base that may have belonged to a PseudoRhodian or Pseudo-Knidian jar of Egyptian manufacture (e.g. Kaan-Senol 2018:38, 58, figs. 11, 33). In spite of the presence of these locally made products, the bulk of the Ptolemaic amphorae at Kom Tuman are clear imports,134 thus contrasting with the situation at Tebtynis, where, according to one count, over 60 percent of all transport containers (including those from the Levant and Cyprus) are made of Egyptian fabrics (Marangou and Marchand 2007:241).

This, however, is not reflected at Kom Tuman, where these amphorae remain relatively rare in both excavation areas. The only exception is the very large assemblage [14/0001] where twenty fragments of Nile silt amphora toes were recovered.133 Like the Mareotid jars, all Nile silt amphorae were always strongly eroded and damaged, suggesting

AM/EG/M Egyptian Pseudo-Rhodian or Pseudo-Knidian/ undetermined

132  A range of Ptolemaic and Roman Nile silt amphorae fabrics are described in Dixneuf 2011:31–35. 133  Compare with 151 AE2 toes from Buto Sectors PI and PIK (Dixneuf 2019:201, Table 40).

Imported amphorae of Hellenistic to early Roman date amount to 165 estimated individuals, against 61 Egyptian-made ones for the same chronological phase. 134 

263

Kom Tuman II Not illustrated (13/0004/022): medium fine, hard, pinkred marl, smooth, yellowish pink surface, uncoated; d. max. pres. ca. 20.0 cm.

20 toes (20 est. ind.); 14b/0001: 1 base; 15/0005: 1 base; 15/0061: 1 base. Parallel: Mendes, Sarcophagus area, Ptolemaic period: Hummel and Schubert 2004:143, 152, pl. C:10.

Parallel: Alexandria, second century BC, Egyptian PseudoRhodian: Kaan-Senol 2018:38, fig. 11.

Pl. 221:3 (VII.B12/0007/004) brown Nile silt fabric, micaceous, uncoated; black pitch inside; d. base 3.9 cm; d. max. pres. 12.5 cm.

Eregli E shipwreck (Black Sea), early Hellenistic, Pontic amphora type: Davis et al. 2018:62, fig. 5B.

AM/EG/S Nile silt fabric, estimated number of individuals.

AM/EG/M5 Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals. Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

1

Area VII

2013–2016 49

2003–2013 3

Surface 0

Total 52

X Total

5

0

0

5 57

AM/EG/MAR Mareotis amphorae

AM/EG/S Egyptian silt amphorae

A total of only three fragments of the typical Mareotis amphorae were recovered at Kom Tuman. This production was linked to the development of vineyards west of Alexandria, and the large-scale production of amphorae in the region is believed to begin in the third century BC and expand rapidly in the Roman Imperial period (Dixneuf 2011:61, 98–106; Dixneuf 2019:229–230; Empereur and Picon 1989:227–228; Empereur and Picon 1998). Of the three sherds counted here, one is a small rim fragment and the other two are toes, representing at least two, possibly three, individuals. Not a single Mareotis body sherd was positively identified. Both toes, in spite of their heavy and solid proportions, are strongly eroded.

Rims Pl. 220:5 (13/0040/054) brown Nile silt, dense, micaceous fabric, uncoated; d. rim 12.0 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0001: 1 rim; 14/0001: 1 rim; 15/0005: 1 rim. Parallel: Kom Hadid/Naucratis, first century BC: Berlin 2001:45–46, 162, fig. 2.57:1, 3. Pl. 220:6 (VI.O11/0008/006) brown Nile silt, dense, micaceous fabric, uncoated; d. rim 16.0 cm. Parallel: Naucratis/Kom Ge’if, NW6C-8, second century BC: Berlin 1997b:188, fig. 6.20:15.

Pl. 221:4 (16/0003/028) Mareotis, beige-white speckled fabric, cream-buff surface, packed with well sorted black and white, angular inclusions, few ochre, homogeneous, no core, uncoated; plaster deposit inside base, hardened around vegetal fibres (perhaps strings); d. base 3.9 cm. Parallel: Lake Mareotis survey, early Roman: Tomber and Thomas 2011:40, fig. 4.5:12.

Handles Pl. 220:7 (14/0001/206) brown Nile silt, cream slip; d. neck 12.6 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0004: 2 handles (1 est. ind.); 13/0025: 7 handles (4 est. ind.); 13/0046: 2 handles (1 est. ind.).

Col. pl. 100:1–3 (14b/0006/005) Mareotis, beige, whitespeckled fabric, cream-buff surface, packed with wellsorted black and white angular inclusions, few ochre, homogeneous, no core, uncoated; d. toe 4.9 cm.

Col. pl. 99:7–8 (13/0046/046) Nile silt or mixed, sandygritty, red fabric, cream surface (slip?); d. neck 14.2 cm. Internal parallel: 13/0004: 1 handle. Parallel (for 14/0001/206, pl. 220:7, and 13/0046): Naucratis/Kom Ge’if, NW-8B, second half of the second century BC: Berlin 1997b:145–146, 190, fig. 6.21:5.

AM/EG/MAR Marl clay fabric, estimated number of individuals Area

Bases Pl. 221:1 (15/0043/019) brown Nile silt, dense fabric, red core, micaceous, very sandy, uncoated; d. base 6.3 cm.

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

0

0

1

X

2

0

0

2

Total

Pl. 221:2 (VI.O11/0008/001) brown Nile silt, bipartite fabric, grey in, red-brown out, uncoated; d. base 3.5; d. max. pres. 14.7 cm. Internal parallels: 13/0025: 6 bases (6 est. ind.); 13/0040: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 13/0046: 3 bases (3 est. ind.); 14/0001:

3

IV.4 Fine ware imports of the Hellenistic and early Roman periods The earliest fragments included in the present section cannot be dated before the very end of the Persian period, 264

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Tel Anafa (Israel), Phoenician semi-fine ware, 100–80 BC: Berlin 1997a:46, no. 29, pls. 6, 74. Paphos, second century BC: Hayes 1991:20, fig. X:14. Parallel in Egypt: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis Tomb B1, Rhodian, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001:309–310, figs. 9:33–35, 9:169.

and the latest belong to the late Ptolemaic or early Roman phase. Following the structure of the first part of the imported fine ware section, sherds are discussed here by presumed area of origin and broad chronological order, starting with those of presumed East Greek provenance. Black Glazed (mostly Attic) wares are grouped together. Lagynoi (EGFW/LAG)

Pl. 221:5 (14/0001/044) fine ware import, uncoated; d. base 11.3 cm. Parallel: Paphos, second century BC: Hayes 1991:20, fig. XI:15.

Lagynoi are wine containers that could have been used for both serving and transport, thanks to their long and narrow necks. They display a wide ring base, squat body, a long, tapering neck, and a single handle reaching from shoulder to below the rim. They were most popular between ca 150 and 50 BC, but their production began earlier. They are found at Koroni (Vanderpool, McCredie, and Steinberg 1962:39, pl. 21:50) in the third century BC and still occur on the Antikythera wreck in the first century BC (Edwards 1965:21, figs. 9–10, 28:9).

EGFW/LAG Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

0

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

Total

While they are generally considered as East Greek (and indeed are known by a Greek name), lagynoi have long been associated with the Ptolemies’ Lagynophoria that is described by Atheneaus (Atheneaus VII.276a-c). This Dionysiac festival included a racing contest in which participants had to compete holding a full lagynos in their hands, without spilling any of its content. In her study of the pottery from Tel Anafa, Berlin emphasises the Alexandrian connection of the shape and suggests that the first Alexandrian lagynoi (those used in the festival) were made of metal, while clay imitations of the originals were produced in areas that were under Ptolemaic direct rule or influence in the third and second centuries BC, in the same manner as the Hellenistic mould made bowls might have been created in Athens after Alexandrian metal prototypes (Berlin 1997a:42–43).135 This would fit with the vessels’ distribution, which is mostly confined to Cyprus (Hayes 1991:18–21, figs. X-XI) and Eastern Greece, in particular Rhodes and Chios.136 The existence of the original metal versions of the shape may also explain the relative scarcity of locally-made lagynoi in Egypt, including Alexandria.137

2

Rhodian and Delian (EGFW/RH/DL) Two fragments of imported unguentaria (not belonging to the same vessel) were found in the large context [14/0001]. They clearly belong to the Hellenistic period (second to first centuries BC) and may originate from Rhodes or the island of Delos. Their date corresponds to the time when the island of Delos had become a free port and thus a major transit centre in the Mediterranean trade (Rauh 1993).138 Besides these, one plate with a distinctive flattened rim, covered with a reddish-brown to black slip, was also tentatively attributed to an early Hellenistic Rhodian production, after parallels from Alexandria (see below). Pl. 221:6 (16/0001/009) imported, fine, orange fabric, dense, no core, red-brown to black glaze in and out; d. rim 14.0 cm. Parallels: Rhodes, end fourth to early third century BC: Giannikouri, Patsiada, and Philimonos 2000:67–69, pls. 8a, 9a, 10a-b, 13b, 14a-b. Parallels in Egypt: Alexandria, late fourth to early third century BC: Harlaut and Hayes 2018:42, fig. 7:50–53 (with other references to Rhodian material).

Col. pl. 100:4–5 (13/0040/149) imported, fine, beigeyellow fabric, slightly porous, homogeneous, red glazed band out; d. base 13.4 cm. Parallels: Athens, red glaze on white ground, Cypriote, second to first century BC: Rotroff 1997:229, 393–394, nos 1527–1532, figs. 90–91, pl. 117.

Pl. 221:7 (14/0001/041) imported, fine fabric, orange slip; d. rim 2.4 cm. Parallel: Delos, beige fabric, brown slip, Hellenistic Period: Bruneau 1970:255, D161, pl. 46.

For Hellenistic mouldmade bowls, (see below pp. 266–267). They are also evidenced in the Levant (Papanicolaou Christensen and Friis Johansen 1971:21, nos 89–94). 137  However, lagynoi were also made locally in Egypt. Two examples are known from Kom Hadid (Naucratis) (Berlin 2001:40, 126, fig. 2.39:14) and one complete example was recovered from kiln debris at nearby Kom Dahab (Coulson and Leonard 1983:68–69, fig. 4A). Several others, mostly made of marl clay fabrics, were found in Tomb B1 of the Gabbari necropolis at Alexandria (Ballet and Harlaut 2001:311–312, nos 39–43) and in the Cesareum (Ballet 2017:90, MAJ 323, pl. 13). Finally, one Nile silt lagynos is known from Athribis (Tell Atrib) in the late third to early second century BC (Mysliwiec and Poludnikiewicz 2003:146, fig.9:8). 135  136 

Col. pl. 100:6–7 (14/0001/055) imported fine fabric, uncoated; d. base 2.3 cm. Parallel: Delos, beige fabric, uncoated, Hellenistic Period: Bruneau 1970:254, D160, pl. 46.

138 

265

On unguentaria, see also above, p. 237.

Kom Tuman II EGFW/RH/DL Imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

2

0

0

2

X

1

0

0

1

Total

Rotroff first dated their introduction to 240–224 BC, on the basis of stamped Rhodian amphorae handles found in association with them in Athenian deposits. She also linked their creation to the procession of the Ptolemaia, inaugurated by the Athenians in 224–223 BC in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes, where silver bowls that were used as models of the clay versions might have been displayed. The down-dating of the Rhodian amphora stamps sequence by Finkielsztejn (Finkelsztejn 2001) led her subsequently to lower the date of the first mould-made bowls by an equal amount, to 225–200 BC (Rotroff 2005:23–24). The end of their production is situated in the mid-first century BC, so coincides conveniently with the end of the Hellenistic period (Neuru, in Hayes 1991:13).

3

Asia Minor Colour-Coated (semi-glazed) Only one example of fine ware Colour-Coated (or semiglazed) bowl was discovered at Kom Tuman. The surface treatment was obtained by dipping the leather hard vessel upside down into a glaze solution so as to cover the inside of the vessel and the upper part of its exterior walls.

They are frequent at mainland Greek and East Greek sites, mainly in the last quarter of the third and in the second century BC. Corinth (Edwards 1986), Ionia (Laumonier 1977; Fenn 2014), and Athens (Rotroff 1982:2–10) have all been put forward as plausible production centres for these bowls. While it is extremely likely that they were made in several regions of the Greek world, in particular East Greece, many of them seem to have originated from Ephesian workshops (e.g. Günay Tuluk 2001:59–60; Rogl 2014).

This technique was popular in western Asia Minor and might have been practiced in the region already in the late fourth century BC (Rotroff and Oliver 2003:24). At the Kofina Ridge excavations on Chios, semi-glazed plates and footed bowls with bent sides were found in a pit (Well H, Area A) filled between ca. 325 and about 275/250 BC (Anderson 1954:132–134, 152, 159, nos 212, 215–217, 219, figs. 15–16). Similarly, the colour-coated technique is evidenced at Corinth, at least from the second quarter of the fourth down to the middle of the second century BC, on both carinated (or out-turned rims) and echinus bowls (Edwards 1975:28–33, nos 1–16, 26, 27,30, pls. 1–2, 43–44; McPhee and Pemberton 2012:30–31). At Athens this surface treatment was common for tulip-shaped bowls and, by the late second and early first century BC, semi-glazed vessels had superseded fully glazed ones (Rotroff 1997:159–160).

The fragment from Kom Tuman probably belongs to the earlier part of the production and finds good parallels at Samos in the late third century BC (Isler 1978:121, pl.59:312; Tölle-Kastenbein 1974:117,122, fig. 194D) and Ephesos, also in the Hellenistic period more generally (Gassner 1997:71–74, 79, pl. 18:235; Dereboylu 2001:43, no. 205, pl. 22). East Aegean mould-made bowls seem to have been circulated in significant quantities in the Mediterranean and are found as far west as Berenice (Benghazi) in the Hellenistic Period (Kenrick 1985:104–118). They are also well-known in Egypt, notably at Alexandria (Ballet and Harlaut 2001:306–308, figs. 9.26–9.30, 9.164–168; Lamarche 2003:113–115, photos 1–11; Élaigne 2012:86– 91, 95–97, fig. 26), but also at less “prestigious” sites, such as Tell el-Balamun (Spencer 2003:22, Colour pl. 4c, pl. 34:14–18).

Col. pl. 100:8–9 (14/0001/147) imported, very fine, dark pink fabric, dull black glaze in and on upper part out; d. rim 11.5 cm; d. base 5.2 cm; h. 3.4 cm. Parallel: Paphos, House of Dionysos, third century BC, identified as Cypriote: Hayes 1991:26, 29, fig. XIV:6. EGFW/CC Imported fabric, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1*

0

0

1

X

0

0

0

0

Total

At Alexandria, the Ionian origin postulated by Laumonier was generally retained, and most bowls were ascribed an Ephesian origin on the basis of X-Ray fluorescence analyses (Élaigne 2012:90–91; Élaigne 2002:162, fig. 8). A smaller number of moulded bowl fragments were linked to a Knidian production (Élaigne 2012:112–113, fig. 33). However, the appearance of the fabric and of the surface treatment of the fragment illustrated here does not correspond fully to the descriptions provided by Élaigne for the Alexandrian fragments of either Pergamenian or Knidian provenances. The same is true of the details of the moulded decoration.

1

*One complete profile

Hellenistic mould-made bowl (EGFW/MOULD) Only one sherd of a Hellenistic mould-made bowl (or “Megarian” bowl) figures among the material studied here. Like the lagynoi, these bowls have a special connection with Alexandria as their manufacture is thought to have been influenced by Alexandrian metal (silver) prototypes.

Col. pl. 100:10–11 (07/0053/001) imported, fine fabric, homogeneous, red break, very fine limestone inclusions, 266

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period Pl. 221:8 (16/0001/007b) Attic pink-salmon fabric, black glaze in and out, incised grooves; d. max. pres. 4.0 cm. Parallel in Egypt, Alexandria, British Consulate, third quarter of fourth century BC: Harlaut and Hayes 2018: 28–29, fig 1:8.

brown-black glaze, moulded decoration of vegetal motifs; perhaps Ephesian; h. max. pres. 4.8 cm. EGFW/MOULD Imported fabric, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

1

0

0

1

Plates

X

0

0

0

0

Plates already occur in the Classical period in Greece, but they definitely become more common in the third century BC and beyond (Roberts 1986:48, and above, p. 226).

Total

1

Attic and other Black Glaze of the Hellenistic period (ABG/HEL)

Pl. 221:10 (14/0001/145) Attic pink fabric, black glaze in and out; d. rim 10.0–20.0 cm.

On the basis of style and/or technique, a few sherds of (presumably) Attic Black Glaze ware were ascribed to the Hellenistic period. They are certainly rarer than the Black Glaze of the fifth and earlier fourth centuries BC, a feature that has been emphasised at Sardis (Rotroff and Oliver 2003:19), and that may hold true for other places in Asia Minor. Unlike the material ascribed to the Persian period, these are only represented by open shapes.

Comments and parallels: this sherd might have belonged to a bowl with out-turned rim and wide ring base of a type that appears at Athens in the last quarter of the fifth century BC, but the specific outward curve of its wall is more typical of the second half of the fourth century BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:128–129). An approximate parallel for our fragment comes from the Athenian Agora. It is decorated with impressed palmettes and rouletting inside the base and dated to ca. 310 BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970: 294, no. 808, fig. 8).

Kantharoi and related shapes As seen above, the production of kantharoi continues well into the Hellenistic period at Athens (see above, p. 224) and three kantharoi as well as one related shape were recovered at Kom Tuman. Two of them come from the same context but they are unlikely to be from the same vessel. The first is a relatively thick-walled, bowl-like shape, sitting on a raised stand with groups of incised grooves or ribs on the exterior. It probably belongs to a tall-stemmed Attic kantharos. The other, with a raised button inside the base, is decorated in the same fashion and should rather be linked to a calyx-cup. A better-preserved example of this shape comes from the British Consulate site at Alexandria and was dated to the end of the fourth century BC (Harlaut and Hayes 2018:28–29, fig. 1:8). Harlaut writes that the internal button in the example from Alexandria was decorated with a relief mask, but this is clearly not the case for the button from Kom Tuman, whose well-preserved surface is smooth. Another similar base comes from Naukratis and is published as the base of a moulded vase. It was found in a late Hellenistic context and is then probably residual (Berlin 1997b:148, 280, fig. 6.66:1).

Halicarnassos, Mausoleion, Well A, Deposit H, third or first half of the second century BC: Vaag, Nørskov and Lund 2002:163, H16, pl. 29. Other parallels, glazed by dipping (colour-coating), come from Corinth in the first quarter to mid-second century BC: James 2018:179, nos 209, 212, figs. 29–30. Only the shape of these dishes can be compared to the Kom Tuman example, but not their surface treatment. Pl. 221:11 (13/0039/090) Attic(?) pink-salmon fabric, black glaze in and out; d rim 12.5 cm. Parallel: Dydima, Straße III, third to second century BC, Black Glaze, unprovenanced: Wintermeyer and Bumke 2004:27, no. 253, fig. 187. Hemispherical bowl with incised grooves below the rim (Attic or Campanian) Pl. 221:12 (14/0001/146) Attic(?) dark pink, very fine fabric, black glaze in and out, grooves below rim; d. rim 10.0 cm.

The examples from Kom Tuman are very fragmentary, but morphological parallels from the Athenian Agora dated to the second quarter of the third century BC show that they could also have been decorated in the West Slope technique (Rotroff 1991:69, nos 1, 9, figs. 1, 4, pls. 14–15; pl. 221:9).

Comments and parallels: the grooves below the rim of this vessel are similar to those of the ‘bolster cup’, a rare shape of the early Hellenistic period (Rotroff 1997:96, 259, no. 164, fig. 13, pl. 15- dated ca. 300 BC). It can also be compared to bowls from Isthmia, dated to the second quarter of the third century BC. They have grooves below the rim and incised tendrils in West Slope style. They were identified as Attic and Corinthian respectively (AndersonStojanovic 1993:290, nos 89–90, fig. 15, pl. 64). Another approximate parallel, with impressed decoration on the

Col. pl. 100:12–13 (16/0001/008) Attic pink-salmon fabric, black glaze in and out, incised grooves; d. max. pres. 8.5 cm. Parallel: Sardis, first half of the third century BC: Rotroff and Oliver 2003:21, no. 10, pl. 4. 267

Kom Tuman II rim, comes from the Athenian Agora in a context of about 375 BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:297, no. 853, fig. 9, pl. 59). However, because of the ribbing under the rim, it is also possible that this sherd belongs to the Italian “Campana A or B” Black slip ware of the mid second century BC (Mlynarczyk 2002:119, no. 23, fig. 2; Lamboglia 1950:65, no. 16, fig. 25).

third quarter of the fourth century BC (Sparkes and Talcott 1970:131–132, 295, nos 832–833, pl. 33, fig. 8). Pl. 222:1 (14/0001/177) Attic pink fabric, black glaze in and out, chattering decoration; d. rim 14.6 cm; d. base 8.2 cm; h. 4.2 cm. Parallel: Isthmia, fill of a well, Layer 16 (end of the fourth century BC), Attic, with chattering decoration and stamped palmette: Anderson-Stojanovic 1993:271–274, no. 6, fig. 3. Parallels in Egypt: dish with high ring base of imported black glaze from the Hadra necropolis at Alexandria: Enklaar 1998:19–23, fig. 22.

Echinus bowls A number of small bowls with inturned rims were dated to the Hellenistic rather than the late Classical period because of their decoration, the thinness of their walls, and/or the quality of their slips. The first two are covered with a silvery metallic glaze that is typical of the early Hellenistic period in Attica (Thompson 1934:430). Parallels for this surface treatment are found, for example, in the Eridanos cemetery in tombs of the late fourth century BC (SchlörbVierneisel 1966:86–88, Beil. 57:2, 57:4). At Naukratis, they come from unstratified contexts and were dated principally to the third and second centuries BC (Coulson 1996:20).

Col. pl. 101:1–3 (VII/0003) Attic pink fabric, black glaze in and out; d. rim 10.5 cm. ABG/HEL Imported fabric, estimated number of individuals Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Two echinus type bowls bear rouletting and chattering decoration inside their bases. These decoration techniques were made with different tools, resulting in different patterns: chattering is indicated by triangular V-shaped, often overlapping strokes, while rouletting is characterized by regular incisions of equal width and length (McKenzieClark 2015). Such ornamental technique(s) exist from the fifth century onwards but become more common in the late fourth and early third century BC (Handberg and Petersen 2010:194).

10*

6*

1

17

X

0

0

0

0

XI

0

0

2*

2 19

*Of which 1 complete profile

West Slope “West Slope” is a generic name given to a Hellenistic class of black glazed pottery decorated with added white motifs whose name originally comes from finds made on the west slope of the Acropolis at Athens (Rotroff 1997:39). Some West Slope vases were certainly produced at Athens, but the style was widely adopted by pottery manufacturers both in Greece and throughout the East Aegean in centres such as Pergamon (Schäfer 1968:45) and Ephesus (Gassner 1997:59–60).139 It was mainly circulated in the East Mediterranean, from Egypt to the Black Sea (e.g. Bouzek 1990:48–51, figs. 12, 13:2, 4–5; Lungu 2013).

Pl. 100:14–15 (07/0053/017) imported, orange Attic fabric, thick black-silvery glaze in and out; d. rim 11.3 cm. Comments and parallels: Athens, Aeropagus: Thompson 1934:371, fig. 55:D7. This parallel was found in a large pithos into which Hellenistic household waste was deposited. The fill from this pithos included coins ranging in date from the early fourth century to the establishment of the Athenian cleruchy in Delos in ca. 166 BC and is not believed to go much beyond that date (Thompson 1934:369–370). Troy, first part of the fourth century BC: Berlin 2002:152, no. 71, pl. 13.

A technological (and contemporary) equivalent to the Greek West Slope is the Gnathia ware that was produced in southern Italy and Sicily. It has been claimed that most of the white painted black glaze vases found in the Hellenistic period at Alexandria and at Libyan sites belonged to this production (Kenrick 1985:66–81).140 The sherds from Kom Tuman, on the other hand, are presumed to be Attic.

Col. pl. 100:16–17 (07/0067/003) Attic, greyish-pink fabric, shiny black-silvery glaze in and out; d. max. pres. 17.0 cm.

Pl. 222:2 (14/0018/002) Attic, dark pink fabric, black glaze in and out, added white paint out; d. rim 14.0 cm.

Dishes with rouletting decoration

See also Rotroff 2002. See also in Élaigne 2012, where the only Black Glaze with added white pottery is Apulian. Harlaut and Hayes (2018) published a small amount of West Slope ware and some Gnathia too, all from Alexandria. They also state that the latter is far less frequent in residential contexts than what it appeared to be at the Chatby necropolis (Harlaut and Hayes 2018:106–107). 139  140 

Similar rouletting on the interior of open shapes is found at Naukratis, from unstratified layers but dated to the fifth century BC (Coulson 1996:24–25, fig. 10:575). At the Athenian Agora, they are mostly attributed to the mid or 268

The Ptolemaic to Early Roman Period EGFW/PERG Imported fabric, estimated number of individuals

Parallel: Isthmia, fill of a well, Layer 1, dated to the second quarter of the third century BC, also with grooves below rim, identified as Corinthian imitating Attic: AndersonStojanovic 1993:294, nos 125, 126, pls. 66–67. Labraunda, Hellenistic period, uncertain production centre: Hellström 1965:17, 60, no. 80, pl. 8.

Area

2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

1

1

0

2

X

0

0

0

0

XI

0

0

1

1

2003–2013

Surface

Total

0

0

0

0

X

1

0

0

1

Total

West Slope imported fabrics, estimated number of individuals (WS) Area

2013–2016

VII

1

Eastern Terra Sigillata A (ETS A) This ware is very common in the late Ptolemaic and early Roman periods in Egypt and easily identifiable. It is characterised by a yellowish beige, homogeneous, fine fabric, covered by an even, red, rather matte glaze that was applied by double dipping from the rim. It is mainly found in association with open shapes and probably originated in Syria around 150 BC (Slane 1997; Hayes 1991:32– 35). It is found in great quantities throughout Syria and Palestine, Cyprus, East Greece, Cyrenaica, and somewhat less frequently on the Greek mainland (see parallels below and Bes 2015:12–16, 61–76).

3

Sigillata Thirteen sherds can be classified as sigillata productions and thus clearly extend the chronological spectrum of the site into the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods.

The most common shape at Kom Tuman is a shallow plate, often with impressed circles and palmettes inside the base. This corresponds to one of the prevalent shapes of the Eastern Sigillata production in the first century BC (Papanicolaou Christensen and Friis Johansen 1971:57).

Pergamenian Sigillata One single sherd from Kom Tuman was identified as Pergamenian Sigillata. This ware is widespread in the west coast of Asia Minor and was sent as far north as Olbia on the Black Sea (Meyer-Schlichtmann 1988:206–207), but it is rare on Cyprus (Hayes 1991:5–6) and in Egypt, where it is only reported in small quantities at Alexandria (Élaigne 2012:73–85; Élaigne and Ballet 2017:125–126).

Pl. 222:3 (14/0001/161) Eastern Sigillata A, red slip in and out; d. rim 10.0 cm. Internal parallel: 14/0001: 1 rim. Parallels: Ephesos, well filling B1, first quarter of the first century AD: Meriç 2002:42–43, pl. 15:K136. Cyrene, Temple of Demeter and Persephone, late second century BC to 10 AD: Kenrick 1987:8, no. 75, fig. 5. Tel Anafa (Israel), late second to early first century BC: Slane 1997:312, no. 194, pl. 19.

The Kom Tuman sherd illustrated below consists of a low and wide foot with a sharp profile that compares with skyphoi of the second quarter of the first century BC in Pergamon (Meyer-Schlichtmann 1988:69–70, pl.  29:28, 30–31). The fabric of this sherd also corresponds to the red to red-brown fine fabric of Pergamon, although the well-defined red core is reportedly unusual for this ware (Schäfer 1968:28). The colour of the slip is not uniform. It ranges from black to red and is typical of the Pergamenian Sigillata production of the late Hellenistic and early Roman period.

Col. pl. 101:8–9 (07/0036/017a-b) Eastern Sigillata A, red slip in and out; d. base 16.2 cm (probably all same vessel, no join). Parallels: Cyrene, Temple of Demeter and Persephone, late second to end of first century BC: Kenrick 1987:8, no. 70, fig. 5. Tel Anafa (Israel), late second to early first century BC: Slane 1997:289, no. 70, pl. 7. Athens: South Slope of the Acropolis, late Hellenistic, Cistern 14: Vogeikoff-Brogan 2000:297, no. 2, fig. 2. Parallel in Egypt: Alexandria, Gabbari necropolis, Tomb B1, second to first century BC: Ballet and Harlaut 2001: fig. 9:25.

Col. pl. 101:4–6 (16/0003/008) imported, fine, red-brown fabric, red core, matte black glaze in and out, turned red in places; d. base 8.5 cm. Parallels: Athens Agora, identified as possible Pergamenian Sigillata, first century BC: Rotroff 1997:409, no. 1655, fig. 98. Pergamon, late second century BC to early first century AD: Meyer-Schlichtmann 1988:63–64, 69–70, nos 1, 28, pls. 4:28, 7:1, 8:28. Parallel in Egypt: Alexandria, Cinema Majestic, Pergamenian Sigillata, first century BC: Élaigne and Ballet 2017:127, pl. 18:MAJ 483.

Col. pl. 101:10–11 (13/0035/090) Eastern Sigillata A, red slip in and out; d. rim 27.3 cm.

269

Kom Tuman II Parallels: Ephesos, well filling A (late HellenisticAugustean): Meriç 2002:42–43, pl. 15:K129–130. Cyrene, Temple of Demeter and Persephone, late second to end of the first century BC: Kenrick 1987:8, no. 70, ig. 5. Athens: South Slope of the Acropolis, Cistern 14, late Hellenistic: Vogeikoff-Brogan 2000:297, no. 1, fig. 2. Athens, Agora, deposit ante-dating the Sullan destruction of 86 BC: Rotroff 2014:96, fig 1:2. Parallel in Egypt: Naucratis (Kom Hadid), late second to early first century BC: Berlin 2001:28, 58, fig. 2.5:8. ETS Imported fabric, estimated number of individuals 2013–2016

2003–2013

Surface

Total

VII

Area

6

4

1

11

X

0

0

0

Total

0 11

IV.5 The Roman period and beyond Pottery dated to the Roman Imperial and late Imperial periods is very uncommon at Kom Tuman and only 12 sherds were classified as such. They either come from near surface levels or are surface finds. Most of them are fragmentary, the only exception being a two-handled jar with ring base and ribbing on the upper body found in the upper clearance of Area X. It was part of one of the assemblages that were collected in the direct aftermath of the illegal digging activity that led to the first investigation of the area (see introduction, p. 2). Nile silt two-handled jar Pl. 222:4 (14b/0006/013) Nile B hard, uncoated; d.  rim 11.8 cm; d. body 16.0 cm; d. base 7.5 cm; h. 26.0–27.5 cm. Parallel: Thonis-Heraklion, second century AD: Grataloup 2006:345, no. 490. Same body shape but narrow neck: Buto, workshop output from Sector P3, second to third centuries AD: Lecuyot and Schmitt 2019:160, fig. 58:11. In marl fabric, Coptos, dated fourth century AD but found in a trench with first century AD material: Berlin 2003:107, fig. 82:R1.30 (pl. 222:5). Late Roman 1/B amphora Col. pl. 101:12–13 (14/0001/160) imported, pink fabric, medium-fine, no core, small grey grits, fine sand, uncoated; d. rim 6.2 cm. Comment and parallel: This amphora is characterised by its short neck with an angular ridge below the handle attachment. It corresponds to a Late Roman 1/B amphora type of the fifth to sixth centuries AD. It is, for example, paralleled at Amathous, on Cyprus (Demesticha 2013: 172–173, fig. 3b-c, with references). 270

V Conclusions The general overview of the pottery material recovered so far from the excavations of Kom Tuman highlights a number of points regarding the site’s function and chronology. It also provides new information on trends of local pottery production and consumption and confirms existing considerations on wider Mediterranean trade patterns between the fifth and the second centuries BC.

style (e.g. Dixneuf 2007:61, fig. 35:58–64). The presence of residual material going back to both the New and the Old Kingdoms should, however, also be noted here. The exact origin of these earlier sherds remains unanswered. At any rate, the findings from the pottery analysis certainly point to a very long history of near-continuous occupation in the general area of Kom Tuman. This may not be very surprising considering the importance of Memphis in preIslamic Egypt, but, on the other hand, the near absence of material dating to the Third Intermediate Period and, to a lesser extent, the early Saite period remains unexplained and would deserve further investigation.

V.1 Interpreting the site The various structures from which the material originates have been identified as official quarters, probably including storage magazines, and they were likely associated with the Persian period mercenaries’ garrison mentioned by Herodotus in his Histories. Besides these, excavations have also revealed the existence of industrial quarters a short distance away from the base of Apries’ palace mound, with evidence for glass, faience, and/ or metal production as well as a lapidary workshop. Their functions are discussed in more detail elsewhere (see references in Introduction) and they were dated to the Persian and Ptolemaic periods. The sherds coming from the thick deposition layers above the floors are indeed compatible with this interpretation and contained a combination of tablewares, cooking wares, numerous transport and/or storage vessels, the majority of which are imports, and a wide range of fine wares, both for the table (plates, drinking bowls, and cups) and for personal hygiene (flagons, flasks, unguent pots). The majority of the Late Period fine ware assemblage is of Egyptian manufacture but betrays clear oriental (Neo-Assyrian/ Persian and East Greek) influences. The imported fine wares predominantly come from Attica and the Greek world. Cypriote and Levantine fine wares are very rare.

V.3 Dominant shapes and quantitative data The diagnostic sherds of the Late and Ptolemaic periods examined in the present work were classified into 336 non-fabric specific type variants. The great majority of them refer to definite vessel shapes, but others, such as closed vessel bases or unidentified amphora handles, are unspecific, broad groups. The number of shape categories increases to 431 if fabric groups (silt, marl, Oasis, and imports) are taken into consideration and decreases to 183 if specific type variants are clustered within general shape groups. Results from these alternative classifications are set out in Appendix 1, where each type variant/group appears by order of frequency. Amongst the most numerous categories are non-specific types, such as handles of undetermined Aegean amphorae, and fragments of undetermined Levantine torpedo jars (mostly handles and shoulders). These occupy the top-two places in our list (Table 1), with non-specific large basins with straight sides (CSW.2.i) in the fourth position. The top three fabric-specific types are small Nile silt saucers with flat bases (type LP.O.20.ii, 208 individuals), Nile silt ring-stands (ST.1, 153 individuals), and marl and mixed clay fabric dishes with low carination and overhang rim (type LP.O.9.iii, 150 individuals).

V.2 Chronology and stratigraphy Many of the ceramic assemblages from the site are of mixed date and, not surprisingly, this is especially true of those that are mainly made up of sherd material. The major part of these assemblages cover a timespan ranging from the very end of the Saite period to the end of the Persian period around the second half of the fourth century BC, i.e. from the First Persian period, the interval of the Thirtieth Dynasty, and the short-lived Second Persian period. They mostly find parallels in the Late Period cemeteries at Saqqara (Aston and Aston 2010; Quibell and Hayter 1927:32, pl.  VII:4), and at the settlement site of Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2001). Several of these assemblages also include sherds dating to the Ptolemaic period, which again compare with material from Tell elHerr, notably from the “cellar”, an assemblage that also holds many sherds that are still very much of a Late Period

If we regroup the types into non fabric-specific categories that encompass related typological variants, a few appear as of preponderant importance (Table 3). First are dishes with low carination and overhang rim (LP.O.9, 422 individuals), second are Chian amphorae from the early fifth century to the first decade of the fourth century (AM/ CH, 377 individuals), third are small saucers/beakers (LP.O.20, 371 individuals), and fourth are bottles with high, narrow neck (LP.O.5, 343 individuals). Hemispherical bowls are also common, ranking ninth in the list (LP.O.11, 205 individuals). The number of lids with maximum diameters of 6.0–15.0 cm (L.1 to L.5 and L.7), thus fitting necked jars or jugs, is relatively high, with an estimated 271

Kom Tuman II total of 242 individuals. This suggests that many of these lids could have functioned with the very common bottle shapes (LP.J.5), while lids of larger dimensions (L.6) were perhaps used in association with the hemispherical cooking bowls (LP.O.11).

The dishes LP.O.9 are certainly not the only pottery production at Kom Tuman to present a clear Neo-Assyrian or Persian influence, and many of the fine ware shapes share the same attribute. This phenomenon has been recognised at other sites in Egypt, in particular in the north of the country at Tell el-Herr and Thônis-Herakleion in the Persian period (Defernez 2009; Defernez 2010; Grataloup 2015:143–145). The same trend is also evidenced in the southern Levant, and a local production of Neo-Assyrian Palace Ware style was identified in the region of Tell elHesi and Tell Jemmeh in Philistia, already in the seventh century BC (Engström 2004; Ben Shlomo 2014a:74–79; Ben Shlomo 2014b). The interpretation of what these vessels may exactly represent in such contexts is subject to much debate in the literature (e.g. Hunt 2016:71–75) and is not addressed here.

Compared to those of the Late Period, vessels belonging to the later fourth century and the Ptolemaic period are not only less numerous but also represent a less diverse repertory of shapes. The most common types at this time are imported amphorae (164 individuals). Nile silt crateroid shapes (PTL.O.6), often decorated with painted bands and wavy lines, come second with 120 individuals; in third position, with 94 representatives, are Nile silt cooking pots (PTL. CP.1), and in the fourth place are Ptolemaic Black Ware open shapes (PTL.O.5) with 72 individuals. Egyptian silt amphorae are only the seventh most common type for the period, with 57 estimated individuals, certainly continuing into the Roman period.

Another significant component of the Late Period assemblage is transport amphorae, both Levantine and Aegean. This observation cannot but fail to bring to mind the lines by Herodotus where he explains the Persian strategy for providing troops and travellers with water along the eastern route into Egypt (III:5–7):

V.4 Late Period trends The 422 identified dishes with carinated base and overhang rim (type LP.O.9), besides being the most common vessels at the site, also happen to be one of the most homogeneous groups represented here. They are resolutely linked to the urban/residential environment of Late Period Memphis, as they are absent or very uncommon in the contemporary necropolises at Saqqara and Abusir. Their dimensions and capacity make them well-suited to holding individual food rations that could have been spooned out with utensils, bread, or hands, since the overhang of their rims renders them most unpractical for drinking. Their high level of standardisation, in particular within variant LP.O.9.iii, is striking. If we assume, following Herodotus (II.154), that Ionian and Carian mercenaries were billeted at Kom Tuman in the fifth century BC, it is tempting to interpret these distinctive dishes as soldiers’ individual ration bowls, or the remains of formal, state-sponsored banquets. In this respect, the fact that their shape betrays an eastern influence may be a further hint at their connection with one of the official state organisations of the Persian rulers.

“Earthen jars full of wine are brought into Egypt twice a year from all of Greece and Phoenicia besides: yet one might safely say there is not a single empty wine jar anywhere in the country. What then (one may ask) becomes of them? I shall explain this too. Each governor of a district must gather in all the earthen pots from his own township and take them to Memphis and the people of Memphis must fill them with water and carry them to those arid lands of Syria; so the earthen pottery that is brought to Egypt and unloaded or emptied there is carried to Syria to join the stock that has already been taken there.” Whether one chooses to see any truth in Herodotus’ report or not, the proportion of Levantine and in particular Aegean jars is significant at Kom Tuman. The first represent 10.5 percent and the latter 14 percent of the Late Period pottery material at the site, with a combined total of 24.5 percent. It is difficult to compare such proportions with those gathered from other broadly contemporary sites in the country, primarily because statistical data is not always published for a variety of logistical or methodological reasons. And even if statistical results are provided, the sites’ contexts, their time range, and the amount of material they yielded may not always be suited to such comparisons, not to mention matters of methodology, which may impact results in more than one way.

The various types of bottles LP.J.4 and LP.J.5 figure amongst the most common short-term storage or closed serving vessels of the Late Period assemblage. These two categories are also extremely frequent in the Saqqara necropolis but, at least judging from the published corpus, are very rare at Tell el-Herr. The nature of their content remains unknown as no residue analysis was carried out on these vessels, but their elongated shape and relatively narrow opening make them well suited for holding liquids.141 Several of the better-preserved examples at Kom Tuman were found in a secondary position and had been re-used for building water drains below the floors, but others were found in deposition layers together with other Late Period sherds.

Nonetheless, while substantial, the proportions of imports found at Kom Tuman do not seem to come even close to those evidenced at two Late Period sites for which quantitative data were made available. The first is Tell el-Herr in the eastern Delta and the second Plinthine, on the shores of lake Mareotis. At Tell el-Herr, statistical analyses of the ceramics recovered in a series of preliminary soundings made in the Persian period fortress in the 1990s showed that imports amounted to an astonishing 64 percent of the

141  Lecuyot even calls them “beer jars”, based on their general resemblance to the Old Kingdom beer jars (Lecuyot et al. 2013:426).

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Conclusions V.5 The Ptolemaic period and concluding remarks

whole material (Gratien 1996:53). Such numbers may be used to give credence to the above-mentioned statement by Herodotus, but large amounts of imported jars are also reported from the western confines of the Delta. In effect, results from the Late Period site of Plinthine, where the pottery is predominantly Saite rather than Persian in date, also point to a similarly high proportion of imports. Aegean fine wares and amphorae combined amount to 40 percent of the totality of the pottery material at that site and Levantine imports to 15 percent (Dhennin and Redon 2013:38). While this is considerably higher than the proportions estimated from the work at Kom Tuman, a note of caution has to be introduced as absolute quantities may not be comparable in all cases. In effect, the number of fragments and pots used for producing the statistics at Tell el-Herr is not specified, and the assemblage from Plinthine comes from a single deposit and only consists of a total of 49 individuals. But notwithstanding these limitations in the data’s interpretation, it remains undeniable that Kom Tuman and other north Egyptian sites were major recipients in the flourishing Eastern Mediterranean trade networks that operated at this time.

The pottery material from Kom Tuman suggests that the site’s occupation was continuous between the Late and the Ptolemaic period, with no clear break between the two. The passage from one phase to the other did not leave any tangible marks in the stratigraphic record of the site. Therefore, the attribution of a particular pottery type to the former rather than the latter phase may sometimes appear arbitrary. Some pottery groups that were ascribed here to the Late Period certainly continued and even expanded into the Ptolemaic phase. This is particularly true of the marl fabric Egyptian amphorae (AM/EG/M), some of the saucer bowls (LP.O.20-LP.O.21), and Attic Black Glaze kantharoi. It could also be the case with some of the marl fabric fine ware juglets (LP.FW.JG.1) and the coarse wares, which are often problematic to date with much precision. On the other hand, some of the vases classified in the Ptolemaic section, such as the one-handled jugs (PTL.J.2) or the crateroids (PTL.O.6), may have started before the last quarter of the fourth century BC. As at other contemporary sites in Egypt, the Ptolemaic period at Kom Tuman is characterised by the increased presence of specialised cooking vessels, mostly of Greek tradition. These consist of both open and closed forms, amounting to a total of 162 individuals altogether. Closed cooking shapes are clearly dominant and are represented by 64 percent of the total, while the remaining 36 percent are made up of cooking bowls and pans.

Within the Aegean jar corpus, the evidence from Kom Tuman clearly shows that Chian products were dominant in the fifth century BC. From the early fourth century BC onwards, Chian imports significantly decrease in numbers, to the apparent benefit of the North Aegean products that become particularly frequent at that time. Such a shift has not been noticed at other Egyptian sites so far, but a similar pattern has been observed at contemporary Black Sea sites. Dupont noted that, in the Pontic region, the North Aegean Zeest’s “Samian” and “Proto-Thasian” amphorae supplanted some of the Ionian imports in the fourth century BC, perhaps as a result of the weakening of some of the Ionian cities under Persian pressure. Thus, at the end of the sixth century, Chian, Clazomenian, and Zeest’s “beakerbased” amphorae each represent about 30 percent of amphora material. In the first half of the fifth century BC, Chian products reach 40 percent, but the “beaker-based” amphorae decrease to 20 percent and Clazomenian even more so, to the advantage of the “Proto-Thasian” which suddenly come up to 20 percent of all imports (Dupont 1999:144–145).

Imported amphorae of the Hellenistic period are significantly more numerous than the locally made ones and amount to 17 percent of the totality of the material for that phase. This stands in sharp contrast with the recently published material from the French-led excavations at Buto, where quantities of imported amphorae were said to be “not so huge to use the NMI (Minimum Number of the Individuals (sic.) method)” (Kaan-Senol 2019:231). Indeed, only 1068 amphorae sherds (including both diagnostics and body sherds) were tallied for three years of excavation seasons (2002–2004) and these range in date from the fifth century BC to the Roman Period. Again, as in the Late Period, the frequency of transport jar imports at Memphis in Ptolemaic times hints at the importance of the site and its harbour in the international trade networks of the time.

The parallelism between the Memphite region and Black Sea sites with regard to Aegean imports in the fifth and fourth centuries BC is not only reflected in the transport jars, but also in the imported fine ware repertoire. Ionian Banded Wares, Attic palmette lekythoi, amphoriskoi with stamped decoration, and kantharoi were all popular imports in both areas. The same type of analogy was pointed out between Naukratis and the Greek colonies of the north coast of the Black Sea, starting in the seventh century BC onwards (e.g. Posamentir 2006).

Amongst the imported amphorae, Koan ones are the most frequent (44 individuals). They are followed by south Ionian mushroom rim amphorae (26 individuals), and by amphorae from Brindisi (21 individuals). The frequency of the Brindisi products at the site stands in sharp contrast with the situation elsewhere in Egypt where they are usually not so prominent compared to other contemporary imported jars. For example, only a single Brindisi amphora was recovered in the course of the 2002–2004 excavation seasons by the French-led project at Buto (Kaan-Senol 2019: Table 43).

This suggests that northern Egypt, or at least some of its major harbours, belonged to a north-south trading route whose centre probably oscillated with the Eastern Greek cities’ fortunes, from Rhodes and Samos to the Thracian coast. 273

Kom Tuman II Rhodian and Knidian jars are found in equal quantities (17 individuals). They are both less frequent than Brindisi amphorae and are clearly not as common as they are at Alexandria (see above). As with the amphorae, the nature of the imported fine wares at the site from the late fourth to the second centuries BC continues the traditions of the Persian period. Attic Black Glaze remains the dominant element (22 individuals) while the East Greek production is less numerous (6 elements). The time range of the site still encompasses the first century BC, when Eastern Terra Sigillata makes its first appearance in the region. Eastern Terra Sigillata, some lamps, and Nile silt wine amphorae suggest that pottery was still being discarded on the site of Kom Tuman in Roman times. However, these remains are probably too tenuous to be used as arguments for a continuous occupation of the site after the first century BC. It seems rather that occupation of the palace foothills dwindled away at this time and that the end of the Ptolemaic period marked a turn in the history of this quarter of ancient Memphis. Historical and archaeological sources inform us of the longevity, size, and political significance of the human settlement at Memphis throughout ancient Egyptian history, but a great deal of detail on how the city’s topography, organisation, and harbour facilities changed over time remain obscure. It is hoped that the work at Kom Tuman, including the analysis of its pottery material, will bring a new piece to this puzzle.

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BAR IN TERNATIONAL SE RIE S 3037 (I) BAR IN TERNATIONAL SE RIE S 3037 (I) ‘Pottery studies are always important for comparative studies. This is especially true for the post-pharaonic epochs in Egypt. ‘Pottery studies are always important for comparative studies. This work is therefore of great importance, as the results obtained This is especially true for the post-pharaonic epochs in Egypt. from it contribute to a better understanding of the everyday culture This work is therefore of great importance, as the results obtained of these periods in Egypt. Furthermore, the analysis of imported from it contribute to a better understanding of thetoeveryday culture pottery not only reveals the relations of Memphis the (eastern) of these periodsregion, in Egypt. the city analysis of imported Mediterranean butFurthermore, also embeds the and its surroundings pottery not only reveals the relations of Memphis to the (eastern) in a larger political and economic context.’ Mediterranean region, but also embeds the city and its surroundings Dr Laura Rembart, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften in a larger political and economic context.’ Drbook Laura Wissenschaften ‘As the only toRembart, deal withÖsterreichische pottery of thisAkademie date and der from this area it does indeed fill a large gap in our knowledge of Memphis at this ‘As theItonly booktotobecome deal with pottery of thisstandard date andreference from thisvolume, area time. is likely a well-thumbed it does indeed fill athe large gapcontains in our knowledge of Memphis atprimary this especially because book an enormous amount of time. It is likely to become a well-thumbed standard reference data. As Egypt was in close contact with the other civilisations volume, which especially because theand book contains an enormousduring amount primary bounded the Central Eastern Mediterranean theofsecond data. Egypt in close contact with theisother civilisations which half ofAsthe Firstwas Millennium BC, this book certainly of interest to bounded the Central and Eastern Greek, Mediterranean during the second those working in the Phoenician, Persian and Roman worlds, half the First Millennium BC, thisprevalent book is certainly of interest to withof imports from these areas being in this book.’ those working in the Phoenician, Greek, Persian and Roman worlds, Dr David Aston, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften with imports from these areas being prevalent in this book.’ Dr David Aston, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften This is volume I of a two-volume set. This presents a comprehensive study of the pottery from the Persian and This isbook volume I of a two-volume set. Graeco-Roman periods at Memphis/KomTuman. The material analysed originates This presents a comprehensive study ofand theartisanal pottery quarters from thethat Persian from book a complex of administrative, residential, lay at and the Graeco-Roman periods at Memphis/KomTuman. material analysed foot of the palace of Apries mound in the northernThe part of the ruin field.originates The bulk from complexfinds of administrative, and artisanal quarters that lay atfrom the of theaceramic consists of localresidential, Egyptian vessels, but imports, principally foot of the palace of Apries mound in the northern part of the ruin field. The bulk East Greece and the Levant, are represented in significant proportions throughout the of the ceramic finds local Egyptian vessels, but imports,typology, principally from excavation areas. Theconsists pottery of is discussed according to chronology, context, East andand the is Levant, are represented significant proportions the and Greece function, thoroughly illustratedin with line drawings andthroughout photographs. excavation areas. The on pottery is discussed according toare chronology, context, Statistical data, based thousands of recorded sherds, presentedtypology, in the appendices and function, and inis the thoroughly illustrated line results drawings and are integrated interpretation of the with site. The shedand newphotographs. light on the Statistical data, based on thousands of recorded sherds, are presented in the appendices nature of the city and the life of its inhabitants from the time of Herodotus to that of and areofintegrated Zenon Caunos. in the interpretation of the site. The results shed new light on the nature of the city and the life of its inhabitants from the time of Herodotus to that of Zenon of Caunos. Sabine Laemmel read Classical Archaeology and Egyptology at the University of Geneva and completed her DPhil in Near Eastern Archaeology at the University of Sabine read Archaeology and ceramicist Egyptology at the University of Oxford Laemmel in 2003. She has Classical been working as a freelance at various sites in Egypt Geneva and completed her DPhil in Near Eastern Archaeology at the University of since 2004. Oxford in 2003. She has been working as a freelance ceramicist at various sites in Egypt since 2004. Printed in England Printed in England

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B A R I N T E R NAT I O NA L S E R I E S 3 0 3 7 ( I I ) B A R I N T E R NAT I O NA L S E R I E S 3 0 3 7 ( I I )

Kom Tuman II Kom Tuman II

Late Period to Graeco-Roman Pottery Late Period to Graeco-Roman Pottery Volume II Volume II SABINE A. LAEMMEL SABINE A. LAEMMEL

2021 2021

297mm HIGH

B A R I N T E R NAT I O NA L S E R I E S 3 0 3 7 ( I I )

2021

Kom Tuman II Late Period to Graeco-Roman Pottery Volume II SABINE A. LAEMMEL Preface by Galina A. Belova

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Published in 2021 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 3037 (II) Kom Tuman II: Late Period to Graeco-Roman Pottery, Volume II ISBN  978 ISBN  978 ISBN  978 ISBN  978

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doi  https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407358000 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © Sabine A. Laemmel 2021 Cover image  Kom Tuman Area VII @ CES RAS/S. Ivanov The Author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. Links to third party websites are provided by BAR Publishing in good faith and for information only. BAR Publishing disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third-party website referenced in this work.

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Contents VOLUME I List of Diagrams ................................................................................................................................................................ xi List of Plates..................................................................................................................................................................... xiii List of Colour Plates...................................................................................................................................................... xxiii List of Maps.................................................................................................................................................................... xxix List of Tables................................................................................................................................................................... xxxi List of Abbreviations in Text and Tables.................................................................................................................... xxxiii Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................... xxxvii I.

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 1 I.1 The site...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 I.2 The pottery................................................................................................................................................................ 2 I.3 Methodology............................................................................................................................................................. 2 I.4 Fabrics....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 I.4.a Nile fabrics ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 I.4.b Mixed clay fabrics............................................................................................................................................. 5 I.4.c Marl fabrics....................................................................................................................................................... 6 I.4.d Imported fabrics................................................................................................................................................ 7 I.5 Manufacturing techniques and regional styles ......................................................................................................... 8 I.5.a Manufacturing techniques................................................................................................................................. 8 I.5.b Regional styles.................................................................................................................................................. 8

II.  The Residual Material from the Old Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period...............................................11 II.1 Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period......................................................................................................... 11 II.2 Middle Kingdom to Second Intermediate Period.................................................................................................. 15 II.3 New Kingdom....................................................................................................................................................... 18 II.4 Third Intermediate Period ..................................................................................................................................... 24 III. Late Period.................................................................................................................................................................. 27 III.1 Egyptian Production ........................................................................................................................................... 27 III.1.1 Closed Vessels.......................................................................................................................................... 27 III.1.2 Open vessels............................................................................................................................................. 84 III.1.3 Specialised vessels................................................................................................................................. 131 III.1.4 Lids........................................................................................................................................................ 135 III.1.5 Pot stands............................................................................................................................................... 142 III.1.6 Uncertain shape/stand(?) (fine ware)..................................................................................................... 144 III.1.7 Coarse wares.......................................................................................................................................... 144 III.1.8 Production vessels.................................................................................................................................. 152 III.2 Coarse ware imports and imitations.................................................................................................................. 154 III.2.1 Levantine jars and imitations................................................................................................................. 154 III.2.2 Mortaria.................................................................................................................................................. 168 III.2.3 Imported Aegean amphorae and local imitations................................................................................... 173 III.3 Imported fine wares........................................................................................................................................... 206 III.3.1 East Greek pottery of the late Archaic and Classical periods................................................................ 206 III.3.2 Uncertain imports of probable East Greek origin (EGFW?)................................................................. 211 III.3.3 Fine ware imports of uncertain provenance (IFW)................................................................................ 213 III.3.4 Cypriot fine and semi-fine imports (CYP)............................................................................................. 213 III.3.5 Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine ware imports................................................................................. 215 III.3.6 Black Glaze, Black Figure, Red Figure, and other glazed decorated Greek pottery ............................ 215

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Kom Tuman II IV. The Ptolemaic to early Roman period.................................................................................................................... 229 IV.1 Egyptian production........................................................................................................................................... 229 IV.1.1 Closed vessels.......................................................................................................................................... 229 IV.1.2 Open vessels............................................................................................................................................ 238 IV.1.3 Non-containers and coarse wares............................................................................................................ 249 IV.2 Imported amphorae............................................................................................................................................. 249 IV.2.1 Amphorae from the East Aegean ............................................................................................................ 249 IV.2.2 Amphorae of presumed Cypriote origin ................................................................................................. 258 IV.2.3 Amphorae of presumed North African/Cyrenaican origin....................................................................... 259 IV.2.4 Amphorae from the Italian peninsula....................................................................................................... 260 IV.2.5 Amphorae of uncertain provenance......................................................................................................... 262 IV.3 Egyptian amphorae (AM/EG) ........................................................................................................................... 263 IV.4 Fine ware imports of the Hellenistic and early Roman periods......................................................................... 264 IV.5 The Roman period and beyond........................................................................................................................... 270 V. Conclusions............................................................................................................................................................... 271 V.1 Interpreting the site.............................................................................................................................................. 271 V.2 Chronology and stratigraphy............................................................................................................................... 271 V.3 Dominant shapes and quantitative data............................................................................................................... 271 V.4 Late Period trends................................................................................................................................................ 272 V.5 The Ptolemaic period and concluding remarks.................................................................................................... 273

VOLUME II Plates................................................................................................................................................................................ 275 Colour Plates................................................................................................................................................................... 499 Maps................................................................................................................................................................................. 601 Appendix 1....................................................................................................................................................................... 607 Appendix 2....................................................................................................................................................................... 619 Appendix 3....................................................................................................................................................................... 699 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................... 701 Illustration Credits.......................................................................................................................................................... 729

iv

List of Diagrams Diagram 1. Old Kingdom shapes........................................................................................................................................ 15 Diagram 2. Middle Kingdom shapes.................................................................................................................................. 18 Diagram 3. New Kingdom shapes...................................................................................................................................... 24 Diagram 4. Third Intermediate Period shapes.................................................................................................................... 26

v

List of Plates Plate 1: Old Kingdom: necked jars; beer jars; Meidum bowls......................................................................................... 276 Plate 2: Old Kingdom: Meidum bowls; Meidum bowl variants; dishes with internal rim............................................... 277 Plate 3: Old Kingdom: dishes with internal rim; bowls with angular rim; handmade deep bowls.................................. 278 Plate 4: Old Kingdom: vats; large dishes with internal rim; miniatures; coarse wares; stands........................................ 279 Plate 5: Middle Kingdom: storage jar; short neck jar with narrow mouth; short neck jar with wide mouth; spouted jar.................................................................................................................................................... 280 Plate 6: Middle Kingdom: large bowl; vat; beaker; fish dish; vat; bowl with incised decoration.................................... 281 Plate 7: New Kingdom: funnel neck jars; beer jar; jar round base; necked jar; neckless jars.......................................... 282 Plate 8: New Kingdom: Bes jar; storage jar...................................................................................................................... 283 Plate 9: New Kingdom: storage jars; amphorae............................................................................................................... 284 Plate 10: New Kingdom: amphorae; funnel neck jars; large pilgrim flasks; Canaanite jars; dishes................................ 285 Plate 11: New Kingdom: dishes; open vessel with flat base; relief bowl; small bowls with thin walls........................... 286 Plate 12: New Kingdom: carinated dishes with painted rim; large carinated dishes with overhang or triangular rim; large dish with internal rim ................................................................................................. 287 Plate 13: New Kingdom: stands; bread moulds; Third Intermediate Period: storage jars................................................ 288 Plate 14: Third Intermediate Period: large amphora; globular jars; neckless jars; dish with direct rim; bowls; wide mouth bowls/jars; funnels........................................................................................... 289 Plate 15: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i....................................................................................................... 290 Plate 16: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i....................................................................................................... 291 Plate 17: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i; neckless storage jars wide body LP.SJ.1.ii.................................. 292 Plate 18: Late Period: neckless storage jars wide body LP.SJ.1.ii; neckless storage jars uncertain LP.SJ.1; neckless storage jar variants LP.SJ.1 var............................................................................................. 293 Plate 19: Late Period: neckless storage jar variants LP.SJ.1 var; neckless storage jars with narrow mouth LP.SJ.2; storage jars with thickened rim LP.SJ.3; storage jars with modelled rim LP.SJ.4............................................................ 294 Plate 20: Late Period: storage jars with modelled rim LP.SJ.4......................................................................................... 295 Plate 21: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5.............................................................................................. 296 Plate 22: Late Period: storage jar with short neck LP.SJ.5; storage jars with short neck and thick rim LP.SJ.6....................................................................................................................................... 297 Plate 23: Late Period: storage jar with short neck and thick rim LP.SJ.6; storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. a; storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. b; storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. c; storage jar with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. d...................................................... 298

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Kom Tuman II Plate 24: Late Period: storage jar with modelled neck LP.SJ.7.i var. d; storage jars with carinated shoulders LP.SJ.8.............................................................................................................................................................. 299 Plate 25: Late Period: Oasis necked storage jars LP.SJ.9.i; Oasis neckless storage jars LP.SJ.9.ii; large pilgrim flasks LP.PF.1.i........................................................................................................................... 300 Plate 26: Late Period: keg LP.PF.1.ii................................................................................................................................ 301 Plate 27: Late Period: handled cooking pots with plain or flattened rim LP.CP.1.i; cooking pots with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii..................................................................................................................... 302 Plate 28: Late Period: cooking pots with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii.................................................................................. 303 Plate 29: Late Period: jars with short to medium neck LP.J.1; jars with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i....................... 304 Plate 30: Late Period: jars with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i; jars with high neck and triangular or rolled rim LP.J.2.ii; globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i.............................................................................. 305 Plate 31: Late Period: globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i; globular jars with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii........................................................................................................................................................ 306 Plate 32: Late Period: globular jars with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii; globular jars with short, everted neck LP.J.3.iii....................................................................................................................................................... 307 Plate 33: Late Period: globular jars with short, everted neck LP.J.3.iii; globular jars with thickened, rounded, or cuff rim LP.J.3.iv.......................................................................................................................... 308 Plate 34: Late Period: globular jars with thickened, rounded, or cuff rim LP.J.3.iv; other globular jars and related vessels LP.J.3.v; globular jars with triangular rim LP.J.3.vi; bottle with short neck LP.J.4........................... 309 Plate 35: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4; bottles with direct plain rim LP.J.5.i............................................ 310 Plate 36: Late Period: bottles with direct plain rim LP.J.5.i; bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii.............................. 311 Plate 37: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii.......................................................................................... 312 Plate 38: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii; bottles with cordon neck LP.J.5.iii................................. 313 Plate 39: Late Period: bottles with modelled neck LP.J.5.iv; bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v............................. 314 Plate 40: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v......................................................................................... 315 Plate 41: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v; bottles with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi.......................... 316 Plate 42: Late Period: bottles with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi; bottles bases LP.J.5......................................................... 317 Plate 43: Late Period: bottles bases and shoulders LP.J.5................................................................................................. 318 Plate 44: Late Period: bottles/jars with everted neck LP.J.6.i; sausage jars with ball rim LP.J.6.ii; neckless bag-shaped jars with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii; globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv...................................................................................................... 319 Plate 45: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv.................................................... 320 Plate 46: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv; small globular neckless jars with thickened rim LP.J.7.i.................................................................................................. 321 Plate 47: Late Period: small globular neckless jars with thickened rim LP.J.7.i; hole-mouth jars LP.J.7.ii..................... 322

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List of Plates Plate 48: Late Period: neckless globular jars with wide mouth variant a LP.J.7.iii var. a................................................ 323 Plate 49: Late Period: neckless globular jar with wide mouth variant a LP.J.7.iii var. a; neckless globular jars with wide mouth variant b LP.J.7.iii var. b; neckless globular jars with wide mouth LP.J.7.iii; small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i.......................................................................................... 324 Plate 50: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i.......................................................................................... 325 Plate 51: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i.......................................................................................... 326 Plate 52: Late Period: small jars with short neck variants LP.FW.J.1.i var.; small jars with very short neck LP.FW.J.1.ii............................................................................................................................................. 327 Plate 53: Late Period: small jar with very short neck LP.FW.J.1.ii; small jars with short neck and handles on sides LP.FW.J.1.iii; small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2....................... 328 Plate 54: Late Period: small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2...................................................................... 329 Plate 55: Late Period: small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2; small neckless jars with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i..................................................................................................................................... 330 Plate 56: Late Period: small neckless jars with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i; small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii......................................................................................................................................... 331 Plate 57: Late Period: small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii; small neckless jars with band rim LP.J.3.iii............................................................................................................................................................. 332 Plate 58: Late Period: small jars/bottles with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4.......................................................................... 333 Plate 59: Late Period: small jars/bottles with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4; bottles with flattened rim LP.FW.J.5; small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6.................................................................................. 334 Plate 60: Late Period: small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6; bottles and jars with trumpet neck LP.FW.J.7; jugs with cordon neck LP.FW.J.8.i................................................................................................................. 335 Plate 61: Late Period: jug with cordon neck LP.FW.J.8.i; jugs or bottles with ledge below rim LP.FW.J.9.......................................................................................................................................................................... 336 Plate 62: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10.................................................................................................................... 337 Plate 63: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10 ................................................................................................................... 338 Plate 64: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10; small jars with carinated shoulder LP.FW.J.11; fine ware jar with incised decoration LP.FW.J.12.................................................................................................................................. 339 Plate 65: Late Period: juglets with ovoid body LP.FW.JG.1............................................................................................. 340 Plate 66: Late Period: juglets with ovoid body variants LP.FW.JG.1 var.; wide-based juglets LP.FW.JG.2; small flasks with out-splayed rim LP.FW.JG.3.i; squat or globular small flasks LP.FW.JG.3.ii; small flasks uncertain type LP.FW.JG.3................................................................................................... 341 Plate 67: Late Period: small flask uncertain type LP.FW.JG.3; juglets with elongated body LP.FW.JG.4; flasks with carinated body LP.FW.JG.5; small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1................................................. 342 Plate 68: Late Period: small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1; miniature torpedo LP.FW.T; jars with flattened bases, large LP.CL.B.1.a; jars with flattened bases, small LP.CL.B.1.b.................................................... 343 Plate 69: Late Period: jars with flattened bases, small LP.CL.B.1.b; jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a....................................................................................................................................................................... 344

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Kom Tuman II Plate 70: Late Period: jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a; jars with ring bases, small LP.CL.B.2.b; small jars with ring bases, variants LP.CL.B.2.b var......................................................................... 345 Plate 71: Late Period: small jars with ring bases, variants LP.CL.B.2.b var.; large and medium-sized jars with rounded to pointed bases LP.CL.B.3.a; small jars with rounded, pointed and carinated bases LP.CL.B.3.b.......................................................................................................... 346 Plate 72: Late Period: small jars with rounded, pointed and carinated bases LP.CL.B.3.b.............................................. 347 Plate 73: Late Period: jar with concave base LP.CL.B.4; plates/dishes with thick walls, small to medium diameter LP.O.1.i; plate/dish with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii.................................................................................................................................................... 348 Plate 74: Late Period: plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii; plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter variants LP.O.1.ii var................................................................................ 349 Plate 75: Late Period: plate/dish with thick walls, wide diameter variant LP.O.1.ii var.; small dishes with scraped base LP.O.1.iii; plate/dish with flanged rim LP.O.1.iv; medium-sized plates/dishes with direct rim LP.O.2.i....................................................................................................... 350 Plate 76: Late Period: medium-sized plates/dishes with direct rim LP.O.2.i.................................................................... 351 Plate 77: Late Period: large plates/dishes with direct rim LP.O.2.ii................................................................................. 352 Plate 78: Late Period: large plate/dishe with direct rim LP.O.2.ii; plates/dishes with triangular rim LP.O.2.iii; small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i............................................................................... 353 Plate 79: Late Period: small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i; small dishes with bent sides variants LP.O.3.i var......................................................................................................................................... 354 Plate 80: Late Period: small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i; large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii.............................. 355 Plate 81: Late Period: large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii; large dish with bent sides variant LP.O.3.ii var................................................................................................................................................. 356 Plate 82: Late Period: large dishes with bent sides variants LP.O.3.ii var.; large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii; large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4......................................................... 357 Plate 83: Late Period: large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4; dishes and bowls with out-turned rim LP.O.5; conical bowls with direct rim LP.O.6.i............................................................... 358 Plate 84: Late Period: conical bowls with direct rim LP.O.6.i; small hemispherical bowls with thick base LP.O.6.ii; large dishes with carinated sides LP.O.7.i........................................................................................................ 359 Plate 85: Late Period: dishes and bowls with high carination and internally thickened rim LP.O.7.ii; large, deep carinated dishes LP.O.7.iii....................................................................................................... 360 Plate 86: Late Period: large, deep carinated dishes LP.O.7.iii; dishes with high carination and short rim LP.O.7.iv; large dish with slanting rim LP.O.7.v.............................................................................................................. 361 Plate 87: Late Period: large dishes with slanting rim LP.O.7.v; large bowls with modelled or thickened rim LP.O.7.vi.................................................................................................................................................... 362 Plate 88: Late Period: large bowls with modelled or thickened rim LP.O.7.vi................................................................. 363 Plate 89: Late Period: large dishes with overhang rim LP.O.7.vii; small bowls with soft carination and thick walls LP.O.8.i; small bowls with soft carination and thin walls LP.O.8.ii....................................... 364

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List of Plates Plate 90: Late Period: dishes with low carination and flanged rim LP.O.9.i; dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii...................................................................................................................... 365 Plate 91: Late Period: dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii; dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii............................................................................................................................. 366 Plate 92: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii............................................................... 367 Plate 93: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii; dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv............................................................................................................... 368 Plate 94: Late Period: dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv........................................................ 369 Plate 95: Late Period: dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv; medium size dishes and bowls with simple modelled rim LP.O.10.i............................................................................... 370 Plate 96: Late Period: medium size dishes and bowls with simple modelled rim LP.O.10.i; deep bowls with complex modelled rim LP.O.10.ii.......................................................................................................... 371 Plate 97: Late Period: deep bowls with complex modelled rim LP.O.10.ii; dishes with cuff rim and wavy sides LP.O.10.iii; small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i................................................... 372 Plate 98: Late Period: small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i; medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii............................................................................ 373 Plate 99: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii........................................ 374 Plate 100: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii...................................... 375 Plate 101: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii; large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii.......................................................................................... 376 Plate 102: Late Period: large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii.................................... 377 Plate 103: Late Period: large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii; hemispherical bowls with straight or everted sides LP.O.11.iv........................................................................................ 378 Plate 104: Late Period: hemispherical bowl with straight or everted sides LP.O.11.iv; small hemispherical bowl variants LP.O.12; dishes with thickened rim small variant LP.O.13.i.................................... 379 Plate 105: Late Period: dishes with thickened rim large variant LP.O.13.ii; fine ware bowls and beakers with straight rim LP.O.14; small bowls with direct or thinned rim LP.O.15................................................ 380 Plate 106: Late Period: small bowls with direct or thinned rim LP.O.15; beakers with carinated base and high walls LP.O.16.i........................................................................................................................................... 381 Plate 107: Late Period: beakers with carinated base and high walls LP.O.16.i; beakers with carinated base and short sides LP.O.16.ii; ovoid beakers with wavy walls LP.O.16.iii.................................................... 382 Plate 108: Late Period: ovoid beakers with wavy walls LP.O.16.iii; beakers with ribbed body and carinated base LP.O.16.iv; small carinated bowls LP.O.17.............................................. 383 Plate 109: Late Period: small carinated bowls LP.O.17; small bowls with curved sides and flattened rim LP.O.18........................................................................................................................................ 384 Plate 110: Late Period: small bowls with curved sides and flattened rim LP.O.18; salt cellars LP.O.19; saucer-lids with low carination LP.O.20.i.......................................................................................................... 385

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Kom Tuman II Plate 111: Late Period: saucer-lids with low carination LP.O.20.i; saucer lids with low carination variants LP.O.20.i var.; small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides LP.O.20.ii............................................................. 386 Plate 112: Late Period: small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides LP.O.20.ii; small beakers with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i........................................................................................................... 387 Plate 113: Late Period: small beakers with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i; tulip-shaped beakers LP.O.21.ii; saucer-lamps LP.O.22..................................................................................................................................... 388 Plate 114: Late Period: vats LP.O.23................................................................................................................................ 389 Plate 115: Late Period: vats LP.O.23................................................................................................................................ 390 Plate 116: Late Period: vats LP.O.23................................................................................................................................ 391 Plate 117: Late Period: vat LP.O.23; large bowls with perforations below rim LP.O.24................................................. 392 Plate 118: Late Period: large bowls with perforations below rim LP.O.24; chalices LP.O.25.i....................................... 393 Plate 119: Late Period: chalices LP.O.25.i; miniature dishes LP.O.25.ii; handmade bowls LP.O.25.iii; open vessels with flat bases LP.O.26.i............................................................................... 394 Plate 120: Late Period: open vessel with flat base LP.O.26.i; open vessels with concave bases LP.O.26.ii; open vessels with ring bases LP.O.26.iii........................................................................................................................... 395 Plate 121: Late Period: open vessels with ring bases LP.O.26.iii; open(?) vessel with convex base LP.O.26.iv; open vessels with raised out-splayed bases LP.O.26.v; funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1............................................................................................................................................................ 396 Plate 122: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1.............................................................................. 397 Plate 123: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1.............................................................................. 398 Plate 124: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1.............................................................................. 399 Plate 125: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1; funnels with in-turned to straight sides variants FU.1 var......................................................................................................................................... 400 Plate 126: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides variants FU.1 var.; funnels with everted sides FU.2........................................................................................................................................ 401 Plate 127: Late Period: funnels with everted sides FU.2; funnel base FU.B.................................................................... 402 Plate 128: Late Period: funnel bases FU.B; torches T; incense burners IB..................................................................... 403 Plate 129: Late Period: incense burners IB; lids with pinched or solid knob and direct rim L.1; coarsely-shaped lids with pinched or solid knob and bend on rim L.2.i.................................................. 404 Plate 130: Late Period: coarsely-shaped lids with pinched or solid knob and bend on rim L.2.i; lids with sharp bent sides and high, solid knob L.2.ii; lids with small button knob L.3.i................................................ 405 Plate 131: Late Period: lids with small button knob L.3.i; lids with wide knob L.3.ii; lids with knob and ledge or groove on rim L.4; dome-shaped lids L.5; large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6........................................ 406 Plate 132: Late Period: large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6........................................................................................... 407 Plate 133: Late Period: large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6; other lids L.7; large coarse ware lids L.8; stopper L.9............................................................................................................................. 408 Plate 134: Late Period: low, squat stands with modelled or thickened rim ST.1.............................................................. 409 xii

List of Plates Plate 135: Late Period: low, squat stands with modelled or thickened rim ST.1; high stand with straight sides ST.2................................................................................................................................... 410 Plate 136: Late Period: high stand with simple rim ST.3; stand with thin walls and simple rim ST.4; uncertain shape/stand(?) UN; large jar/pithos with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i ........................ 411 Plate 137: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i ................................................................................. 412 Plate 138: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i ................................................................................. 413 Plate 139: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i ; large storage jars with globular body and handles on upper body CSW.1.ii................................................................................................ 414 Plate 140: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i............................................................ 415 Plate 141: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i............................................................ 416 Plate 142: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i; basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim variant CSW.2.i var.; basin with everted sides and modelled rim CSW.2.ii......................................................................................................................... 417 Plate 143: basin with everted sides and modelled rim CSW.2.ii; basins with flat base and low, straight sides CSW.2.iii..................................................................................................................................................... 418 Plate 144: basin with flat base and low, straight sides CSW.2.iii; large bowl/basin with curved sides and grooved walls CSW.3.ii; large bowl with round base and internal ledge CSW.3.iii; basin with curved sides variant CSW.3; wide basins with cupula base and flanged or up-turned rim CSW.4.................................. 419 Plate 145: wide basins with cupula base and flanged or up-turned rim CSW.4; platters or bread trays (“dokka”) CSW.5............................................................................................................................................ 420 Plate 146: platter or bread tray (“dokka”) CSW.5; large plates and platters CSW.6........................................................ 421 Plate 147: large plate or platter variant CSW.6 var.; braziers with straight sides and wavy top CSW.7.i; brazier with straight sides and fenestrated walls CSW.7.ii............................................................................................... 422 Plate 148: braziers or pot stands with high foot and restricted body CSW.7.iii............................................................... 423 Plate 149: sunken basin CSW.8; production vessels with v-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i........................................................................................................................................................... 424 Plate 150: production vessels with v-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i; production vessels with straight or slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii........................... 425 Plate 151: production vessels with straight or slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii; production vessels with high sides variants PV.1 var.; production vessel with wide mouth PV.2; production vessels with low walls and wide mouth PV.3................................................................................................. 426 Plate 152: torpedo jars with short neck TP.1..................................................................................................................... 427 Plate 153: torpedo jars with short neck TP.1..................................................................................................................... 428 Plate 154: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1; torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 1: rounded rim TP.2.a............................................................................................................................................................ 429 Plate 155: torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 1: rounded rim TP.2.a...................................................................... 430 Plate 156: torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 1: rounded rim TP.2.a; torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 2: flattened rim TP.2.b................................................................................................................... 431

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Kom Tuman II Plate 157: torpedo jar with very short rim Variant 2: flattened rim TP.2.b; torpedo jars with very short rim other variant TP.2; torpedo jars with short, internally thickened rim and wide shoulders TP.3; torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4..................................................................... 432 Plate 158: torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4...................................................................................... 433 Plate 159: torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4; torpedo jars with flat (or nearly flat) shoulders TP.5........................................................................................................................................... 434 Plate 160: torpedo jars with flat (or nearly flat) shoulders TP.5; torpedo jars with overhang shoulders and short rim TP.6............................................................................................................................. 435 Plate 161: torpedo jars with overhang shoulders and short rim TP.6; torpedo jars with rounded shoulders TP.7; torpedo jars with narrow shoulders and long neck TP.8; torpedo jar bases TP.9.................................... 436 Plate 162: torpedo jar bases TP.9; basket handle jars BHJ............................................................................................... 437 Plate 163: basket handle jars BHJ..................................................................................................................................... 438 Plate 164: basket handle jar BHJ; Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/S; Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M.............................................................................................................................. 439 Plate 165: Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M............................................................................................. 440 Plate 166: Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M; mortaria with wedge rim M.1............................................ 441 Plate 167: mortaria with wedge rim M.1.......................................................................................................................... 442 Plate 168: mortaria with wedge rim M.1; mortaria with overhang rim M.2.................................................................... 443 Plate 169: mortaria with overhang rim M.2...................................................................................................................... 444 Plate 170: mortaria with out-turned rim M.3; mortarium with modelled rim M.4; mortaria with flat bases MB.1........................................................................................................................................... 445 Plate 171: mortaria with flat bases MB.1; mortaria with ring bases MB.2; Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M............................................................................................................................................................................ 446 Plate 172: Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M............................................................................................................................. 447 Plate 173: Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M; mortarium of uncertain provenance M/UN; Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL....................................................................................................................................... 448 Plate 174: Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL; Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1....................................... 449 Plate 175: Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1; Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 2 AM/SM.2........................................................................................................................................................... 450 Plate 176: Samian/Milesian amphora Variant 2 AM/SM.2; Lesbian amphorae AM/L..................................................... 451 Plate 177: Lesbian amphorae AM/L; possible Lesbian amphorae AM/L?; Chian amphora Variant 1 AM/CH.1.......................................................................................................................................................................... 452 Plate 178: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1............................................................................................................... 453 Plate 179: Chian amphorae Variant 2 AM/CH.2; Chian amphorae Variant 3 short neck AM/CH.3.i; Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii............................................................................................................ 454 Plate 180: Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii; Chian amphorae Variant 4 AM/CH.4.............................. 455

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List of Plates Plate 181: Chian amphorae Variant 4 AM/CH.4; Chian amphora Variant 5 AM/CH.5; Chian amphorae cup-shaped toes AM/CH.1-4, 5(?)................................................................................................................... 456 Plate 182: Chian amphorae cup-shaped toes AM/CH.1-4, 5(?); Chian amphorae chamfered toes AM/CH.3-4, 5(?)...................................................................................................................................... 457 Plate 183: Chian amphorae chamfered toes AM/CH.3-4, 5(?); Chian amphora with pot mark AM/CH............................................................................................................................................................................. 458 Plate 184: Chian amphorae with pot mark AM/CH; “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red-painted amphora AM/PT.1............................................................................................................................................................. 459 Plate 185: “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red-painted amphora AM/PT.1; “Proto-Thasian”/CHian amphora with short neck and dipinto dotted circle AM/PT.2; “Proto-Thasian” amphora with long neck AM/PT.3; North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT)..................................................... 460 Plate 186: North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT)..................................................................... 461 Plate 187: North Aegean amphorae: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA)................................................................ 462 Plate 188: North Aegean amphorae: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA)................................................................ 463 Plate 189: North Aegean amphora: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA); North Aegean amphora AM/NA; North Aegean amphorae: spinning top toes AM/NA.B.1; North Aegean amphorae: thickened toes AM/NA.B.2............................................................................................................................. 464 Plate 190: North Aegean amphorae: thickened toes AM/NA.B.2; possible North Aegean amphorae AM/GR............................................................................................................................................................................. 465 Plate 191: possible North Aegean amphorae AM/GR...................................................................................................... 466 Plate 192: Corinthian amphorae AM/COR; Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA............................ 467 Plate 193: Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA; Egyptian amphorae with ball/thickened rim AM/EG/M.1; Egyptian amphora with overhang or band rim AM/EG/M.2....................................... 468 Plate 194: Egyptian amphorae with overhang or band rim AM/EG/M.2; Egyptian amphorae with thickened rim AM/EG/M.3....................................................................................................................................... 469 Plate 195: Egyptian amphora with thickened rim AM/EG/M.3; other Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/M.4........................ 470 Plate 196: other Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/M.4; East Greek Wild Goat Style EGFW/WGS; Ionian bowls EGFW/BC; Banded Ware EGFW/BW; uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW?.......................... 471 Plate 197: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW?.............................................................................................. 472 Plate 198: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW?; fine ware imports of uncertain provenance IFW; Cypriote fine and semi-fine imports CYP; Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine imports; Attic Black Figure ABF; Attic Red Figure ARF................................................................................................ 473 Plate 199: Attic Red Figure ARF; Attic Black or Red Figure ABF/ARF; Black Glaze pottery closed vessels ABG........................................................................................................................................................... 474 Plate 200: Black Glaze pottery closed vessel ABG; Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG.......................................... 474 Plate 201: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG; Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pots (cythrai) PTL.CP.1.i; stew pots variant PTL.CP.1.i var.................................................................................................... 476

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Kom Tuman II Plate 202: Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pot variant PTL.CP.1.i var.; cooking pots with high neck PTL.CP.1.ii; collared-rim cooking pot PTL.CP.1.iii; wide-mouth jars/hydriae PTL.J.1; round mouth jugs PTL.J.2................................................................................................................................................. 477 Plate 203: Ptolemaic to early Roman: round mouth jugs PTL.J.2; table amphorae with straight neck PTL.J.3.i; table amphorae with bulge neck PTL.J.3.ii............................................................................................. 478 Plate 204: Ptolemaic to early Roman: table amphorae with bulge neck PTL.J.3.ii; jars with short, grooved neck PTL.J.4; jugs/juglets with modelled rim PTL.J.5.i; jugs/bottles with funnel neck PTL.J.6; strainer jug PTL.J.7; spouted jars PTL.J.8; unguentaria PTL.FW.CL.1; amphoriskos PTL.FW.CL.3.................................................................................................................................................................... 479 Plate 205: Ptolemaic to early Roman: undetermined jars PTL.J; dishes with direct rim PTL.O.1; echinus bowl PTL.O.3.i.................................................................................................................................................... 480 Plate 206: Ptolemaic to early Roman: echinus bowls PTL.O.3.i; tulip bowl PTL.O.3.ii; plates with grooved rim “fish plates” PTL.O.4.i......................................................................................................................... 481 Plate 207: Ptolemaic to early Roman: plates with grooved rim “fish plates” PTL.O.4.i; large plates with modelled rim PTL.O.4.ii; Ptolemaic Black Ware echinus bowls PTL.O.5.i; Ptolemaic Black Ware plates with grooved rim “fish plates” PTL.O.5.ii.......................................................................................... 482 Plate 208: Ptolemaic to early Roman: Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with grooved rim “fish plate” PTL.O.5.ii; Ptolemaic Black Ware other shapes PTL.O.5.iii; crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i .............................................. 483 Plate 209: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i.................................................................................... 484 Plate 210: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i.................................................................................... 485 Plate 211: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i ; “column crater” derivatives PTL.O.6.ii...................................................................................................................................................... 486 Plate 212: Ptolemaic to early Roman: “column crater” derivatives PTL.O.6.ii; lekane PTL.O.6.iii............................... 487 Plate 213: Ptolemaic to early Roman: lekanai PTL.O.6.iii; cooking bowls with bent sides PTL.O.7.i; cooking bowl with straight upper sides and ledge rim “lopas” PTL.O.7.ii.................................................... 488 Plate 214: Ptolemaic to early Roman: cooking bowl with straight upper sides and ledge rim “lopas” PTL.O.7.ii; lopas with carinated sides and ledge rim LP.O.7.iv; undetermined cooking bowl PTL.O.7; shallow cooking pans PTL.O.7.iv............................................................................................................ 489 Plate 215: Ptolemaic to early Roman: open vessel with ring base PTL.O.B.1; open vessel with pedestal base PTL.O.B.2; mushroom rim amphora AM/MSH; Knidian amphora AM/KN........................................................... 490 Plate 216: Knidian amphora AM/KN; Rhodian amphorae AM/RH; Koan amphorae AM/KO....................................... 491 Plate 217: Koan amphorae AM/KO.................................................................................................................................. 492 Plate 218: Koan amphorae AM/KO; Nikandros amphora AM/NIK; Erythraean(?) amphorae/Dressel 24 antecedents AM/ERY; Cypriote(?) amphorae AM/CYP?; Cyrenaican(?) amphora AM/CYR(?).................................... 493 Plate 219: Brindisi amphorae AM/BR.............................................................................................................................. 494 Plate 220: Undetermined amphorae Hellenistic and Roman periods AM/UN; Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/S.......................................................................................................................................................... 495 Plate 221: Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/S; Mareotis amphora AM/EG/MAR; East Greek lagynos EGFW/LAG; Rhodian and Delian fine ware EGFW/RH/DL; Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL......................................................................................................................................................................... 496 Plate 222: Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL; West Slope; Eastern Terra Sigillata A ETS A; Roman period: two-handled jar........................................................................................................................ 497 xvi

List of Colour Plates Colour plate 1: Old Kingdom: beers jar; dish with angular rim; Middle Kingdom: zirs; bread mould; New Kingdom: funnel neck jar......................................................................................................................................... 500 Colour plate 2: New Kingdom: funnel neck jars; jug; dishes........................................................................................... 501 Colour plate 3: New Kingdom: carinated dishes with painted rim; large carinated bowls or bowls with restricted rim; bread mould............................................................................................................................ 502 Colour plate 4: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5 ................................................................................... 503 Colour plate 5: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5.................................................................................... 504 Colour plate 6: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5.................................................................................... 505 Colour plate 7: Late Period: storage jar with carinated shoulder LP.SJ.8; Oasis necked storage jar LP.SJ.9.i.............................................................................................................................................. 506 Colour plate 8: Late Period: large pilgrim flask LP.PF.1.i................................................................................................ 507 Colour plate 9: Late Period: kegs LP.PF.1.ii..................................................................................................................... 508 Colour plate 10: Late Period: cooking pot with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii; jar with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i................................................................................................................................................ 509 Colour plate 11: Late Period: globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i; globular jar with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii........................................................................................................................................................ 510 Colour plate 12: Late Period: other globular jar LP.J.3.v; bottle with short neck LP.J.4.................................................. 511 Colour plate 13: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4............................................................................................ 512 Colour plate 14: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4............................................................................................ 513 Colour plate 15: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii.............................................................................. 514 Colour plate 16: Late Period: bottle with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii; bottle with cordon neck LP.J.5.iii; bottle with groove below rim LP.J.5.v......................................................................................... 515 Colour plate 17: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v; bottle with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi.......................................................................................................................................... 516 Colour plate 18: Late Period: bottle with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi; neckless bag-shaped jar with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii........................................................................................................ 517 Colour plate 19: Late Period: bottle base LP.J.5; neckless bag-shaped jar with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii................................................................................................................................................. 518 Colour plate 20: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv........................................ 519 Colour plate 21: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv; hole-mouth jar LP.J.7.ii; neckless globular jar with wide mouth variant a LP.J.7.iii var. a.............................................. 520 Colour plate 22: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i; small jars with short neck variants LP.FW.J.1.i var.; small jar with short neck and handles on sides variant

xvii

Kom Tuman II LP.FW.J.1.iii var.; small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2; small neckless jar with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i; small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii......................................................... 521 Colour plate 23: Late Period: small neckless jar with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii; small neckless jar with band rim LP.FW.J.3.iii; small jar/bottle with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4; small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6; jugs with cordon neck LP.FW.J.8.i.................................................. 522 Colour plate 24: Late Period: jug with plain rim LP.FW.J.8.ii; jug with spouted handle LP.FW.J.8.iii; jugs or bottles with ledge below rim LP.FW.J.9........................................................................................ 523 Colour plate 25: Late Period: jug uncertain type LP.FW.J.8; jugs or bottles with ledge below rim LP.FW.J.9; Bes vases LP.FW.J.10.................................................................................................. 524 Colour plate 26: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10; small jars with carinated shoulder LP.FW.J.11............................ 525 Colour plate 27: Late Period: fine ware jar with incised decoration LP.FW.J.12; small jar/juglet with brushed slip LP.FW.J.13; juglets with ovoid body LP.FW.JG.1; juglets with ovoid body variants LP.FW.JG.1 var........................................................................................................................ 526 Colour plate 28: Late Period: wide-based juglet LP.FW.JG. 2; small flask with out-splayed rim LP.FW.JG.3.i; squat or globular small flask LP.FW.JG.3.ii; juglet with elongated body LP.FW.JG.4; small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1; miniature torpedo LP.FW.T; jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a............................. 527 Colour plate 29: Late Period: large jars with rounded bases LP.CL.B.3.a; plates/dishes with thick walls, small to medium diameter LP.O.1.i ................................................................................................................................. 528 Colour plate 30: Late Period: plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii; plate/dish with scraped base LP.O.1.iii; plate/dish with flanged rim LP.O.1.iv; large plate/dish with direct rim LP.O.2.ii...................... 529 Colour plate 31: Late Period: small dish with bent sides variant LP.O.3.i var.; small dish with bent sides LP.O.3.i; large dish with bent sides LP.O.3.ii; large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4.................................... 530 Colour plate 32: Late Period: large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4; dish with out-turned rim LP.O.5; small hemispherical bowls with thick base LP.O.6.ii.......................................................................................... 531 Colour plate 33: Late Period: dish with low carination and flanged rim LP.O.9.i; dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii; dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii.............................................................................................................................................. 532 Colour plate 34: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii; dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv; small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i .................................................................................................................................................... 533 Colour plate 35: Late Period: small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i; medium-sized hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii.......................................................................... 534 Colour plate 36: Late Period: large-sized hemispherical bowl diameter over 30.0 cm LP.O.11.iii; small hemispherical bowl variant LP.O.12; dish with thickened rim large variant LP.O.13.ii; fine ware bowls and beakers with straight rim LP.O.14.............................................................................................................................. 535 Colour plate 37: Late Period: small bowl with direct rim LP.O.15; beakers with carinated base and high walls LP.O.16.i; beakers with carinated base and short sides LP.O.16.ii; small carinated bowls LP.O.17...................... 536 Colour plate 38: Late Period: small carinated bowls LP.O.17; salt cellar LP.O.19.......................................................... 537 Colour plate 39: Late Period: salt cellars LP.O.19; saucer-lid with low carination variant LP.O.20.i var.; small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides LP.O.20.ii; small beaker with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i; tulip-shaped beaker LP.O.21.ii; saucer lamps LP.O.22.......................................................................... 538

xviii

List of Colour Plates Colour plate 40: Late Period: vats LP.O.23...................................................................................................................... 539 Colour plate 41: Late Period: vat LP.O.23; chalice LP.O.25.i; funnel base FU.B; incense burner IB; lid with pinched or solid knob and direct rim L.1; coarsely-shaped lid with solid knob and bend on rim L.2............................................................................................................................................................................... 540 Colour plate 42: Late Period: funnel with in-turned to straight sides variant FU.1 var.; lids with sharp bent sides and high, solid knob L.2.ii...................................................................................................................... 541 Colour plate 43: Late Period: lid with small button knob L.3.i; lid with knob and ledge or groove on rim L.4; coarse ware lid L.8; high stand with straight sides ST.2..................................................................................... 542 Colour plate 44: large storage jar with globular body and handles on upper body CSW.1.ii; platter or bread tray (“dokka”) CSW.5; large plate CSW.6.............................................................................................. 543 Colour plate 45: basin with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i.................................................... 544 Colour plate 46: large vat or basin with out-turned, modelled rim CSW.3.i; large bowl with round base and internal ledge CSW.3.iii............................................................................................................................................. 545 Colour plate 47: large vat or basin with out-turned, modelled rim CSW.3.i; brazier or pot stand with high foot and restricted body CSW.7.iii.................................................................................................................... 546 Colour plate 48: sunken basin CSW.8.............................................................................................................................. 547 Colour plate 49: production vessel with V-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i; production vessel with straight or slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii; production vessel with wide mouth PV.2; production vessel with low walls and wide mouth PV.3; torpedo jar with short rim Variant 2: flattened rim TP.2.b........................................................................... 548 Colour plate 50: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1............................................................................................................ 549 Colour plate 51: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1............................................................................................................ 550 Colour plate 52: torpedo jar with flat (or nearly flat) shoulder TP.5; basket handle jar BHJ; torpedo jar with overhang shoulder and short rim TP.6; Egyptian imitation of Levantine jar TP/EG/S...................................................................................................................................................... 551 Colour plate 53: basket handle jar BHJ............................................................................................................................ 552 Colour plate 54: Egyptian imitation of Levantine jar TP/EG/M; Egyptian imitation of basket handle jar BHJ/EG/M; mortarium with wedge rim M.1................................................................................................... 553 Colour plate 55: mortarium with wedge rim M.1; mortarium with out-turned rim M.3; Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M.............................................................................................................................................. 554 Colour plate 56: Egyptian mortarium M/EG/M; Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL.......................................................... 555 Colour plate 57: Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL............................................................................................................ 556 Colour plate 58: Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1; Samian/Milesian amphora Variant 2 AM/SM.2...... 557 Colour plate 59: Lesbian amphorae AM/L; Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1.......................................................... 558 Colour plate 60: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1..................................................................................................... 559 Colour plate 61: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1; Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii....................................................................................................................................................................... 560

xix

Kom Tuman II Colour plate 62: Chian amphora Variant 3 short neck AM/CH.3.i................................................................................... 561 Colour plate 63: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 562 Colour plate 64: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 563 Colour plate 65: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 564 Colour plate 66: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 565 Colour plate 67: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 566 Colour plate 68: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii................................................................................... 567 Colour plate 69: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii; Chian amphorae Variant 4 AM/CH.4........................................................................................................................................................... 568 Colour plate 70: Chian amphora Variant 4 AM/CH.4; Chian amphorae Variant 5 AM/CH.5.......................................... 559 Colour plate 71: Chian amphorae Variant 5 AM/CH.5..................................................................................................... 570 Colour plate 72: Chian amphora cup-shaped toe AM/CH.1-4, 5(?); Chian amphora chamfered toe AM/CH.3-4, 5(?); Chian amphorae with pot mark AM/CH; “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red painted amphora AM/PT.1............................................................................................................................................................. 571 Colour plate 73: “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red painted amphorae AM/PT.1; “ProtoThasian”/Chian amphorae with short neck and dipinto dotted circle AM/PT.2; North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT).............................................................................................................. 572 Colour plate 74: “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red painted amphora AM/PT.1; North Aegean amphora: Mendean or Thasian AM/NA (MT).................................................................................................................. 573 Colour plate 75: North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT); North Aegean amphora: Peparethian or related AM/NA(PEPA); North Aegean amphorae: spinning top toes AM/NA.B.1.................................. 574 Colour plate 76: North Aegean amphora: spinning top toe AM/NA.B.1; North Aegean amphora: thickened toe AM/NA.B.2; Corinthian amphora AM/COR.............................................................................................. 575 Colour plate 77: North Aegean amphora: thickened toe AM/NA.B.2; Corinthian amphora AM/COR; Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA.................................................................................................. 576 Colour plate 78: Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA; Egyptian amphorae with ball/thickened rim AM/EG/S.1 and AM/EG/M.1............................................................................................................. 577 Colour plate 79: East Greek Fikellura and possible Chian EGFW/FIK; Clazomenian Black Figure EGFW/BF; Ionian bowls EGFW/BC............................................................................................................................... 578 Colour plate 80: Ionian bowls EGFW/BC; Banded Ware EGFW/BW............................................................................. 589 Colour plate 81: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW(?)................................................................................. 580 Colour plate 82: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW(?); fine ware imports of uncertain provenance IFW; Cypriote fine and semi-fine imports CYP......................................................................................................................... 581 Colour plate 83: Cypriote fine and semi-fine imports CYP; Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine imports; Attic Black Figure ABF...................................................................................................................................... 582 Colour plate 84: Attic Black Figure ABF; Attic Red Figure ARF; Attic Black or Red Figure ABF/ARF; Attic White Ground lekythos AWG............................................................................................................... 583

xx

List of Colour Plates Colour plate 85: Black Glaze pottery closed vessels ABG; Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG.............................. 584 Colour plate 86: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG................................................................................................. 585 Colour plate 87: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG; other Black Glaze ABG; Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pots (cyhtrai) PTL.CP.1.i............................................................................................................................ 586 Colour plate 88: Ptolemaic to early Roman: wide mouth jar/hydria PTL.J.1; round mouth jugs PTL.J.2.............................................................................................................................................................................. 587 Colour plate 89: Ptolemaic to early Roman: round mouth jugs PTL.J.2; table amphora with bulge neck PTL.J.3.ii; juglet with cordon neck PTL.J.5.ii; small jar with thin walls PTL.FW.CL.2; dishes with direct rim PTL.O.1......................................................................................................................................... 588 Colour plate 90: Ptolemaic to early Roman: large plates with thickened rim PTL.O.2; tulip bowl PTL.O.3.ii; Ptolemaic Black Ware echinus bowl variant PTL.O.5.i var.; Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with grooved rim “fish plate” PTL.O.5.ii; Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with overhang rim: fish plate PTL.O.5.iii; crateroid bowl PTL.O.6.i.............................................................................................................................. 589 Colour plate 91: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i; “column crater” derivatives PTL.O.6.ii....................................................................................................................................................... 590 Colour plate 92: Ptolemaic to early Roman: “column crater” derivative PTL.O.6.ii; cooking bowl with bent sides PTL.O.7.i; lopas with ledge rim and bent sides PTL.O.7.iii; beaker with straight sides PTL.O.8............................................................................................................................................................................ 591 Colour plate 93: Ptolemaic to early Roman: large storage jar PTL.CSW; Knidian amphora AM/KN............................ 592 Colour plate 94: Knidian amphora AM/KN; Rhodian amphorae AM/RH; Koan amphora AM/KO............................... 593 Colour plate 95: Knidian or rhodian amphora AM/KN/RH............................................................................................. 594 Colour plate 96: Koan amphora AM/KO; possible Chian amphora AM/CH(?); Nikandros amphora AM/NIK........................................................................................................................................... 595 Colour plate 97: Nikandros amphorae AM/NIK; Erythraean(?) amphora/Dressel 24 antecedent AM/ERY; Cyrenaican(?) amphorae AM/CYR(?).............................................................................................................................. 596 Colour plate 98: Cyrenaican(?) amphora AM/CYR(?); Brindisi amphorae AM/BR....................................................... 597 Colour plate 99: undetermined amphorae of the Hellenistic and Roman periods AM/UN; Egyptian amphora AM/EG/S............................................................................................................................................ 598 Colour plate 100: Mareotis amphora AM/EG/MAR; East Greek lagynos EGFW/LAG; Rhodian and Delian fine ware EGFW/RH/DL; East Greek Colour-Coated EGFW/CC; Hellenistic mould-made bowl EGFW/MOULD; Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL........................................................... 599 Colour plate 101: Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL; Pergamenian Sigillata EGFW/PERG; Eastern Terra Sigillata A ETS A; Late Roman period: Late Roman amphora 1........................ 600

xxi

List of Maps Map. 1: Plan of Memphis.................................................................................................................................................. 602 Map 2: Concession of CES RAS at Memphis.................................................................................................................. 603 Map 3: “Dimick Building” Area VII at Kom Tuman....................................................................................................... 604 Map 4: Industrial quarter in Area VII–VI......................................................................................................................... 605 Map 5: Area X “Rescue Area”.......................................................................................................................................... 606

xxiii

List of Tables Table 1: Fabric-specific types........................................................................................................................................... 607 Table 2: Non fabric-specific types.................................................................................................................................... 612 Table 3: Non fabric-specific typological groups............................................................................................................... 616

xxv

Plates

275

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0039/015)

3 (07/0025/034)

6 (13/0041/111)

.

9 (14/0013/008)

2 (14/0054/017)

4 (07/0060/012)

5 (15/0045/013)

7 (14/0045/046)

8 (14/0013/006)

10 (14/0007/012)

11 (15/0101/005)

12 (13/0048/007)

13 (13/0039/052) 14 (14/0055/010)

16 (VI.O11/0008/025) 15 (07/0086/012) 0

Plate 1: Old Kingdom: necked jars (Nile silt: 1-4; marl fabrics: 5); beer jars (Nile silt: 6-11); Meidum bowls (Nile silt: 12-16) 276

5 cm

Plates

1 (07/0018b/014)

2 (VII.D10/0005/013)

3 (15/0098/016)

4 (VII.F9/Pit9/11/009) 5 (VII.D10/0005/020)

6 (VII.B12/0019/015) 7 (VII.D9-D10/0001/017)

8 (07/0003/054,056-057)

9 (15/0067/020)

11 (07/0003/039)

10 (16/0011/014)

12 (13/0041/101)

0

13 (16/0009/017) Plate 2: Old Kingdom: Meidum bowls (Nile silt: 1-6); Meidum bowl variants (Nile silt: 7-11); dishes with internal rims (Nile silt: 12-13) 277

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

278

Plates

1 (07/0008/039)

2 (07/0120/007)

3 (07/0003/048)

4 (15/0107/004) 5 (16/0011/009)

6 (14/0010/018) 7 (15/0043/008)

8 Abusir (after Bárta 1995: fig. 1 (not to scale) © M. Bárta

9 (07/0014/006)

10 (13/0035/004)

11 (07/0079/019)

13 (13/0063/037)

12 (07/0001/005)

15 (13/0041/102)

14 (07/0086/008)

0

Plate 4: Old Kingdom: vats (Nile silt: 1-2); large dishes with internal rim (Nile silt: 3-6); miniatures (Nile silt: 7-9) ; coarse wares (Nile silt: 10-13); stands (Nile silt: 14-15) 279

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0065/003)

3 (15/0073/025)

2 (14/0001/198)

5 (07/0008/010)

4 (07/0003/022)

7 (15/0092/004)

6 (13/0001/004)

8 (14/0021/008)

9 (14/0014/014)

10 (14/0054/015)

11 (16/0021/011)

0

5 cm

Plate 5: Middle Kingdom: storage jar (Nile silt: 1); short neck jar with narrow mouth (Nile silt: 2); short neck jar with wide mouth (marl fabric: 3); short neck jars with narrow mouth (marl fabrics: 4-10); spouted jar (Nile silt: 11) 280

Plates

1 (13/0001/002)

2 (13/0041/103)

3 (16/0009/018)

4 (03-04/0103/002)

6 (14/0001/068) 5 (15/0073/020) 0

Plate 6: Middle Kingdom: large bowl (Nile silt: 1); vat (Nile silt: 2); beaker (Nile silt: 3); fish dish (marl fabric: 4); vat (marl fabric: 5); bowl with incised decoration (marl fabric: 6) 281

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (VII.F9/Pit 9/011/007) 2 (07/0025/006)

3 VII.D10/0005/021

4 (VII.B12/0007/016)

5 (14b/0001/066) 6 (15/0045/011)

7 (07/0003/006)

8 (13/0039/013)

10 (07/0003/020) 9 (14/0001/214)

0

5 cm

Plate 7: New Kingdom: funnel neck jars (Nile silt: 1-5); beer jar (Nile silt: 6); jar round base (Nile silt: 7); necked jar (Niles silt: 8); neckless jars (Nile silt: 9-10) 282

Plates

1 (15/0026/006)

2 (15/0026/006)

3 (13/0042/005)

4 (14/0054/013)

0

Plate 8: New Kingdom: Bes jars (Nile silt: 1-3); storage jar (marl fabric: 4) 283

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0049/011)

2 (14/0010/016)

3 (07/0032/002)

4 (14/0032/002) 5 (07/0003/028)

6 (16/0009/014)

7 (16/0025/033) 8 (16/0009/023) 0

Plate 9: New Kingdom: storage jars (marl fabrics: 1-3); amphorae (marl fabrics: 4-8) 284

5 cm

Plates

285

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0002/004)

2 (07/0003/034)

3 (VII.B12/0007/062)

4 (14/0010/033)

5 (14/0055/006)

7 Amarna (after Kemp 1981: fig. 6:182) © EES

6 (13/0040/142)

9 (VII.D9-D10/0001/020) 8 (VII.D10/0005/016) 10 (VII.D10/0005/015) 0

5 cm

Plate 11: New Kingdom: dishes (Nile silt: 1-4); open vessel with flat base (Nile silt: 5); relief bowl (Nile silt: 6); small bowls with thin walls (Nile silt: 8-10) 286

Plates

287

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0077/003)

2 (15/0061/050)

5 (15/0036/015)

3 (15/0098/009)

6 (16/0021/012)

4 (15/0041/013)

7 (13/0046/041)

8 (13/0048/001)

9 (16/0021/019)

10 (15/0036/009) 0

5 cm

Plate 13: New Kingdom: stands (Nile silt: 1-2); bread moulds (Nile silt: 3-6); Third Intermediate Period: storage jars (Nile silt: 7-8; mixed clay fabrics: 9-10) 288

Plates

3 (07/0025/029) 1 (15/0034/006)

4 (13/0041/085)

2 (13/0035/023)

8 (16/0021/005)

7 (14/0014/0003)

10 (14/0042/005)

9 (13/0035/068)

11 (16/0032/004)

13 (14/0014/004)

6 (14/0017/005)

5 (14/0010/001)

12 (13/0041/077)

14 (07/0119/009)

15 (15/0034/002)

0

5 cm

Plate 14: Third Intermediate Period: large amphora (Nile silt: 1); globular jars (Nile silt: 2-6); neckless jars (Nile silt: 7-8); dish with direct rim (Nile silt: 9); bowls (Nile silt: 10-11); wide mouth bowls/jars (Nile silt: 12-13); funnels (Nile silt: 14-15) 289

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0042/002)

2 (07/0060/013)

3 (16/0007/009)

4 (14/0055/001)

5 (14/0013/001)

6 (14/0054/002) Plate 15: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i (Nile silt: 1-6) 290

0

5 cm

Plates

2 (14/0007/002)

1 (14/0019)

4 (14/0001/193) 3 (14/0006/001)

0

Plate 16: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i (Nile silt: 1-4) 291

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0025/009+012)

2 (VII.D10/0005/005)

3 (14b/0006/011)

4 (13/0001/014)

5 (07/0018a/002)

6 (15/0073/017) 0

Plate 17: Late Period: neckless storage jars LP.SJ.1.i (Nile silt: 1-3); neckless storage jars with wide body LP.SJ.1.ii (Nile silt: 4-6) 292

5 cm

Plates

1 (16/0021/003)

2 (07/0018a/004)

4 (13/0001/013)

3 (07/0025/014)

6 (07/0008/009)

5 (14/0047/008)

7 (13/0063/023)

8 (13/0035/009)

9 (13/0055/013) 0

5 cm

Plate 18: Late Period: neckless storage jars with wide body LP.SJ.1.ii (Nile silt: 1-3); neckless storage jars uncertain LP.SJ.1 (Nile silt: 4-6); neckless storage jar variants LP.SJ.1 var. (Nile silt: 7-9) 293

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0109/002)

3 (07/0025/022) 2 (15/0067/011)

5 (15/0022/015) 4 (VII.D-10/0003/021) 6 (14/0006/005)

7 (13/0001/022) 8 (14/0001/184)

9 (14/0017/003) 12 (15/0008/007) 10 (14/0032/004)

11 (13/0041/070)

15 (13/0041/026) 13 (14/0054/007)

14 (13/0049/017)

0

5 cm

Plate 19: Late Period: neckless storage jar variants LP.SJ.1 var. (Nile silt: 1-2); neckless storage jars with narrow mouth LP.SJ.2 (Nile silt: 3-6); storage jars with thickened rim LP.SJ.3 (Nile silt: 7; marl fabrics: 8-9); storage jars with modelled rim LP.SJ.4 (Nile silt: 10; marl and mixed clay fabrics: 11-15) 294

Plates

1 (07/0014/017)

2 (15/0039/016)

4 (14/0017/002)

3 (15/0024/006)

6 (07/0008/029)

5 (15/0052/008)

7 (14b/0001/025) 8 (15/0061/043)

9 (13/0040/074) 10 (13/0049/021)

13 (VII.B12/0019/005) 11 (16/0029/001)

12 (VII.B12/0007/051) 0

5 cm

Plate 20: Late Period: storage jars with modelled rim LP.SJ.4 (marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1-13) 295

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0119/007)

2 (VII.D9-D10/0001/003)

3 (07/0018b/007)

4 (07/0022/005)

5 (13/0055/009) 6 (03-04/0117/006)

7 (VII.F9/Pit 9/004)

8 (13/0035/072) 9 (VII.B12/0019/007)

0

5 cm

Plate 21: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5 (Nile silt: 1-5; mixed clay fabrics: 6-9) 296

Plates

1 (03-04/0140/002)

3 (07/0022/013) 2 (15/0003/014) 0

5 cm

Plate 22: Late Period: storage jar with short neck LP.SJ.5 (mixed clay fabric: 1); storage jars with short neck and thick rim LP.SJ.6 (Nile silt: 2-3) 297

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0001/196)

2 (VII.B12/0007/015)

4 (13/0040/106)

3 (13/0001/015)

6 (13/0039/008)

5 (16/0015/056)

7 (13/0039/009)

8 (15/0039/020)

10 (13/0039/027)

9 (16/0003/022)

12 (15/0022/014)

11 (13/0039/026)

0

5 cm

Plate 23: Late Period: storage jar with short neck and thick rim LP.SJ.6 (Nile silt: 1); storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7 var. a (Nile silt: 2-5); storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7 var. b (Nile silt: 6-8); storage jars with modelled neck LP.SJ.7 var. c (Nile silt: 9-11); storage jar with modelled neck LP.SJ.7 var. d (Nile silt: 12) 298

Plates

1 (15/0028/008)

2 (13/0073/007)

4 (14/0063/001) 3 (14/0001/197)

6 (15/0030/009)

5 (14/0060/004)

7 (15/0049/006)

8 (15/0005/020)

0

5 cm

Plate 24: Late Period: storage jar with modelled neck variant LP.SJ.7 var d (Nile silt: 1); storage jars with carinated shoulder LP.SJ.8 (Nile silt: 2-5; marl fabric: 6; mixed clay fabrics: 7-8) 299

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0009/006)

2 (13/0042/0015)

3 (15/0039/009) 4 (15/0028/005)

5 (07/0003/003)

6 (13/0040/141)

0

Plate 25: Late Period: Oasis necked storage jars LP.SJ.9.i (Oasis fabrics: 1-3); Oasis neckless storage jar LP.SJ.9.ii (Oasis fabric: 4); large pilgrim flasks LP.PF.1.i (Oasis fabrics: 5-6) 300

5 cm

0

2 cm

1 (15/0111)

Plates

0

Plate 26: Late Period: keg LP.PF.1.ii (Oasis fabric: 1) 301

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

2 (07/0087/036)

1 (13/0039/005)

4 (VII.B-12/0042/008) 3 (15/0061/034)

6 Arad, Strata X-VIII (re-drawn from Singer-Avitz 2002: fig. 14: CP 8)

5 (15/0079/001 & 15/0081)

8 (16/0050/003)

7 (15/0018/003)

9 (07/0087/034)

0

5 cm

Plate 27: Late Period: handled cooking pots with plain or flattened rim LP.CP.1.i (Nile silt: 1-5); cooking pots with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii (Nile silt: 7-9) 302

Plates

2 (VII.B-12/0027/015) 1 (16/0011/005)

4 (15/0067/013) 3 (14b/0001/054)

6 (15/0061/036) 5 (15/0061/035)

7 (15/0094/005) 8 (16/0023/001)

9 (16/0038/001)

10 (13/0042/004) 0

Plate 28: Late Period: cooking pots with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii (Nile silt: 1-10)

303

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0039/011)

2 (13/0039/012)

3 (07/0079/012)

6 (13/0062/002)

5 (15/0109/005)

4 (14b/0006/012) 9 (VII.B12/0007/025)

8 (15/0043/001) 7 (13/0049/008) 10 (13/0047/006)

12 (13/0055/021) 11 (13/0040/073) 13 (13/0039/014)

14 (07/0003/035)

15 (14/0001/199)

16 (14/0007/004)

0

5 cm

Plate 29: Late Period: jars with short to medium neck LP.J.1 (Nile silt: 1-10; marl fabrics: 11-12); jars with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i (Nile silt: 13-16) 304

Plates

2 (13/0039/041)

3 (14/0007/005)

1 (15/0039/021)

6 (14b/0010/003) 4 (13/0040/072)

5 (16/0015/023)

!

9 (15/0105/007) 7 (13/0041/025)

8 (VII.B12/0007/053)

11 (13/0039/042)

10 (16/0015/022)

14 (13/0049/010) 12 (13/0041/082)

13 (13/0041/084) 0

5 cm

Plate 30: Late Period: jars with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i (Nile silt: 1; mixed clay fabrics: 23); jars with high neck and triangular or rolled rim LP.J.2.ii (marl fabrics: 4-10; mixed clay fabric: 11): globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i (Nile silt: 12-14) 305

Kom Tuman II

2 (123/0049/009)

1 (16/0032/002)

5 (15/0036/001)

4 (15/0045/008)

3 (13/0041/079)

6 (16/0003/052)

8 (14/0054/003)

7 (VII.B-12/0042/005)

9 (07/0014/002)

11 (14/0063/005+14/0063/006) 10 (15/0100/004)

14 (15/0034/001)

12 (13/0041/081) 13 (13/0035/015)

0

5 cm

Plate 31: Late Period: globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i (Nile silt: 1-11); globular jars with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii (Nile silt: 12-14) 306

Plates

2 (14/0060/002)

1 (16/0003/047)

4 (13/0035/016) 3 (16/0003/091)

5 (13/0047/002)

6 (14/0006/004)

8 (15/0047/002)

7 (15/0026/014)

9 (13/0040/113)

10 (15/0030/011)

11 (15/0061/039)

0

5 cm

Plate 32: Late Period: globular jars with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii (Nile silt: 1-8); globular jars with short, everted neck LP.J.3.iii (Nile silt: 9-11) 307

Kom Tuman II

2 (15/0061/038)

1 (15/0098/002)

3 (13/0001/017)

4 (13/0001/018)

5 (13/0055/007)

6 (15/0098/007) 8 (16/0025/014)

7 (13/0042/003)

10 (07/0056/003)

9 (14/0001/011)

0

5 cm

Plate 33: Late Period: globular jars with short, everted neck LP.J.3.iii (Nile silt: 1-2); globular jars with thickened, rounded, or cuffed rim LP.J.3.iv (Nile silt: 3-10) 308

Plates

1 (13/0035/017)

3 (07/0035/002)

6 (14/0006/002)

9 (15/0067/014)

12 (13/0040/111)

2 (15/0061/040)

4 (03-04/0138/072)

7 (13/0045/006)

10 (13/0063/025)

13 (13/0041/074)

5 (13/0065/005)

8 (14/0042/003)

11 (07/0066/005)

14 (03-04/0138/075)

0

5 cm

Plate 34: Late Period: globular jars with thickened, rounded, or cuffed rim LP.J.3.iv (Nile silt: 12); other globular jars and related vessels LP.J.3.v (Nile silt: 3-11); globular jars with triangular rim LP.J.3.vi (Nile silt:12-13); bottle with short neck LP.J.4 (Nile silt: 14) 309

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0041/080)

2 (VII.F9/Pit 9/007)

4 (VII.F9/Pit 9/020)

3 (VII.F9/Pit 9/008)

7 (03-04/0138/066)

8 (VII.B12/0019/009) 5 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/016) 6 (VII.D10/0001/002)

0

5 cm

Plate 35: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4 (Nile silt: 1-4); bottles with direct plain rim LP.J.5.i (Nile silt: 5-8) 310

Plates

3 (13/0063/027)

2 (13/0035/022)

4 (16/0014/008)

5 (13/0047/004)

1 (VII.D10/0001/001)

6 (13/0046/036)

9 (16/0014/004)

7 (13/0039/070)

8 (14/0006/006)

10 (03-04/0138/069) 11 (07/0014/021)

13 (03-04/0138/077) 12 (16/0007/028)

0

5 cm

Plate 36: Late Period: bottles with direct plain rim LP.J.5.i (Nile silt: 1-6; marl fabrics: 7-8; mixed clay fabric: 9); bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii (Nile silt: 10-13) 311

Kom Tuman II

3 (07/0039/003)

1 (03-04/0138/076) 2 (16/0025/007)

4 (03-04/0138/078) 5 (VII.B12/0007/050)

7 (16/0015/061)

10 (07/0060/007)

12 (13/0040/077)

8 (13/0040/112)

6 (07/0119/012)

9 (07/0018a/014)

11 (16/0023/002)

13 (15/0045/003)

14 (13/0039/084+13/0039/086)

0

5 cm

Plate 37: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii (Nile silt: 1-11; marl fabrics: 12-14) 312

Plates

3 (07/0079/015) 1 (13/0040/076)

2 (14/0001/180)

5 (15/0008/020)

4 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 18:140) © EES/D. Aston

6 (13/0063/026)

7 (16/0001/001)

8 (13/0035/024) 10 (15/0041/003)

12 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:255) © EES/D. Aston

9 (13/0035/073) 11 (16/0015/021)

0

Plate 38: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii (marl fabrics: 1-2); bottles with cordon neck LP.J.5.iii (Nile silt: 3-8; marl fabrics: 9-11) 313

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (03-04/0138/074)

2 (07/0008/034) 3 (03-04/0138/065)

5 (13/0047/003)

6 (07/0079/017)

4 (13/0048/003)

9 (15/0041/006) 7 (14/0032/006)

8 (13/0045/005)

10 (14/0047/006) 12 (07/0152/001b)

13 (07/0079/020) 11 (16/0003/112)

0

5 cm

Plate 39: Late Period: bottles with modelled neck LP.J.5.iv (Nile silt: 1-11); bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v (Nile silt: 12-13) 314

Plates

2 (VII.F9/Pit 9/011/013) 1 (VII.F9/Pit 9/011/014)

3 (07/0110/003)

6 (07/0119/017) 5 (07/0119/010)

8 (07/0119/003) 4 (07/0110/007) 7 (07/0152/001a)

9 (07/0119/018)

11 (07/0119/011) 12 (07/0110/002) 10 (07/0119/022) 0

Plate 40: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v (Nile silt: 1-12) 315

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

3 (07/0119/019) 1 (07/0056/010)

2 (07/0119/021)

4 (07/0111/006) 5 (07/0110/001)

6 (07/0030/007)

7 (07/0119/013)

9 (VII.F9/Pit 9/010) 10 (VII.C9/0001/001) 8 (07/0030/003) 0

5 cm

Plate 41: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v (Nile silt: 1-4); bottles with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi (Nile silt: 5-10) 316

Plates

2 (07/0152/001c) 3 (07/0022/012)

4 (07/0003/011) 5 (VII.D9-D10/0001/005)

1 (VII.F9/Pit 9/018) 6 (07/0003/049) 10 (13/0047/007)

7 (13/0035/028)

11 (07/0152/019e)

9 (VII.F9/Pit 9/021)

12 (VII.B12/0019/006)

8 (07/0022/017) 0

Plate 42: Late Period: bottles with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi (Nile silt: 1-6); bottle bases LP.J.5 (Nile silt: 7-12) 317

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0031/007)

2 (13/0071)

4 (14/0047/007)

3 (14/0047/001)

6 (07/0152/001d) 5 (14/0014/002)

8 (13/0039/085)

9 (15/0054/002) 7 (16/0003/092) 0

Plate 43: Late Period: bottle bases and shoulders LP.J.5 (Nile silt: 1-7; marl fabrics: 8-9) 318

5 cm

Plates

3 (13/0047/005) 2 (13/0048/004)

4 (13/0049/011)

5 (13/0041/087)

1 (16/0021/001+002)

6 (13/0039/017)

8 (07/0087/023)

11 (14/0032/007)

9 (07/0022/011)

7 (13/0040/108)

10 (13/0001/019)

13 (07/0022/016) 12 (13/0035/021) 0

5 cm

Plate 44: Late Period: bottles/jars with everted neck LP.J.6.i (Nile silt: 1-5); sausage jars with ball rim LP.J.6.ii (Nile silt: 6-8); neckless bag-shaped jars with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii (Nile silt: 9-11); globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv (Nile silt: 12-13) 319

Kom Tuman II

2 (16/0021/004)

4 (15/0101/001) 1 (16/0050/004) 3 (13/0035/020)

5 (07/0003/050) 6 (13/0036/003)

7 (07/0008/019)

9 (07/0119/020) 8 (07/0119/006)

10 (07/0003/038)

13 (07/0014/020)

11 (07/0060/008)

12 (07/0044/005)

0

5 cm

Plate 45: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv (Nile silt: 113) 320

Plates

321

Kom Tuman II

2 (16/0009/001)

1 (14/0001/019)

4 (13/0041/075)

3 (13/0040/107)

5 (07/0003/015)

7 (14/0001/173) 6 (13/0063/042)

8 (13/0046/011) 9 (07/0079/018)

11 (15/0071/001)

10 (13/0035/013)

13 (07/0014/011) 12 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/017) 0

5 cm

Plate 47: Late Period: small globular neckless jars with thickned rim LP.J.7.i (Nile silt: 1-6; marl and mixed clay fabrics: 7-8); hole-mouth jars LPJ.7.ii (Nile silt: 9-13) 322

Plates

1 (13/0041/076)

2 (13/0035/010)

3 (15/0105/002)

4 (13/0063/028)

5 (13/0035/012) 6 (14/0032/008)

8 (14/0032/009)

7 (15/0098/010)

10 (07/0014/025) 9 (13/0042/011) 0

5 cm

Plate 48: Late Period: neckless globular jars with wide mouth variant a LPJ.7.iii var. a (Nile silt: 1-10) 323

Kom Tuman II

2 (14/0032/010) 1 (VII.B12/0019/008)

4 (07/0056/014) 3 (07/0106/001)

5 (07/0018b/003) 6 (13/0049/013)

7 (13/0039/073)

10 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 31:281) © EES/D. Aston

8 (14/0001/202)

11 (13/0049/046)

9 (16/0023/007)

12 (14/0001/242) 0

5 cm

Plate 49: Late Period: neckless globular jar with wide mouth variant a) LP.J.7.iii var. a (Nile silt: 1); neckless globular jars with wide mouth variant b LP.J.7.iii var. b ( (Nile silt: 2-6); neckless globular jar with wide mouth LP.J.7.iii (marl fabric: 7); small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i (Nile silt: 8-9; marl fabrics: 11-12) 324

Plates

1 (16/0025/024)

4 (16/0014/003)

7 (13/0040/079)

10 (13/0025/017)

3 (13/0049/019) 2 (15/0026/020)

5 (15/0063/004)

8 (15/0045/004)

11 (14/0001/245)

14 (15/0008/011)

13 (15/0101/003 & 15/0101/004) 16 (16/0029/004)

6 (15/0020/006)

9 (15/0018/007)

12 (13/0040/080)

15 (15/0005/034)

17 (15/0022/022) 0

Plate 50: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i (marl fabrics: 1-17) 325

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0025/016)

4 (13/0040/012)

2 (15/0073/004) 3 (13/0063/018)

5 (14/0001/241)

7 (13/0039/069)

6 (14/0001/240)

9 (15/0003/005) 8 Memphis (after Petrie 1909a: pl. XLVI:36) © EES

11 (13/0040/078)

12 (15/0018/008) 10 Memphis (after Petrie 1909a: pl. XLVI:63) © EES 0

Plate 51: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i (marl fabrics: 1-12) 326

5 cm

Plates

2 (13/0041/029)

1 (14/0001/243)

3 (13/0040/68)

5 (13/0040/069) 4 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 17:132) © EES/D. Aston

7 (15/0039/010)

6 (15/0028/004)

8 (14b/0001/026) 9-10 Memphis (after Petrie 1909a: pl. XLVI:48, 50) © EES

11 (14/0045/010)

13 (15/0039/005)

14 (13/0041/083)

12 (13/0041/069)

16 (14/0001/125) 15 (13/0039/076)

17 (07/0077/004)

0

5 cm

Plate 52: Late Period: small jars with short neck variants LP.FW.J.1.i var. (marl fabrics: 1-2; mixed clay fabrics: 3-14); small jars with very short neck LP.FW.J.1.ii (marl fabrics: 15-17) 327

Kom Tuman II

328

Plates

1 (14/0001/122)

4 (14/0001/126)

7 (13/0049/044)

10 (13/0063/019)

13 (15/0011/002)

2 (14/0001/123)

5 (14/0001/127)

8 (15/011/001)

11 (15/0003/008)

3 (14/0001/124)

6 (14/0001/129)

9 (14/0001/128)

12 (15/0003/007)

14 (14/0001/260)

15 (14/0001/263)

16 (13/0049/045) 17 (14/0001/264) 18 (15/0022/025) 0

Plate 54: Late Period: small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2 (marl fabrics: 1-18) 329

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0001/261)

3 (14/0001/265) 2 (14/0001/262)

5 (15/0096/003)

4 (14/0001/175)

6 Bes vase from Memphis, UCL 19409 drawn by V. Yarmolovich (published in Petrie 1909a: pl. XLVI:39)

7 Thônis-Herakleion (after Grataloup 2012: fig. 4, Type 1) © C. Grataloup

9 (14/0001/021)

8 Tell el-Herr (after Defernez 2011: fig. 1) © C. Defernez

11 (14/0001/253)

10 (15/0022/021)

12 (16/0003/045)

0

5 cm

Plate 55: Late Period: small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2 (marl fabrics: 1-5); small neckless jars with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i (marl fabrics: 9-12) 330

Plates

1 (14/0001/251b)

3 (13/0049/018)

2 (14/0001/256)

4 (13/0041/070)

5 (16/0009/010)

6 (15/0071/002)

7 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/010)

10 (16/0034/003)

14 (13/0063/017)

9 (15/0005/031)

8 (13/0025/018)

12 (13/0025/019)

11 (15/0016/002)

15 (14/0045/009)

13 (16/0009/004)

16 (13/0073/005) 0

5 cm

Plate 56: Late Period: small neckless jars with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i (marl fabrics: 1-3; mixed clay fabrics: 4-5); small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii (Nile silt: 6-7; marl fabrics: 8-16) 331

Kom Tuman II

2 (13/0001/026) 3 (15/0093/009) 1 (15/0093/008) 4 (15/0093/003 & 15/0093/004) 6 (14/0001/251) 5 (14/0001/252) 7 (14/0010/027) 9 Tell Muqadam (after Redmount and Friedman 1997: fig. 9a) © C. Redmount/ R. Friedman

8 (16/0038/012)

10 (14/0017/001)

11 (13/0064/001)

12 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 31:280) ©EES/D. Aston

14 (13/0039/043)

13 (14/0001/183)

0

5 cm

Plate 57: Late Period: small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii (marl fabrics: 1-8); small neckless jars with band rim LP.FW.J.3.iii (Nile silt: 10-11; marl fabric: 13; mixed clay fabric: 14) 332

Plates

1 (07/0119/002)

6 (VII.B12/0019/016)

7 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 23:195) © EES/ D. Aston

5 (13/0035/014)

8 (16/0011/002)

12 (15/0045/002)

4 (14/0010/024)

3 (13/0035/019)

2 (07/0079/021)

9 (15/0041/001)

13 (13/0040/086)

10 (14/0045/003)

11 (15/0005/024)

14 (13/0047/016)

15 (13/0041/030)

17 (13/0041/028)

16 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 16: 114) © EES/D. Aston

19 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 18:146) © EES/D. Aston 18 (16/0003/044) 0

5 cm

Plate 58: Late Period: small jars/bottles with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4 (Nile silt: 1-6; marl fabrics: 8-18) 333

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0067/008)

2 (14/0001/023)

3 (15/0022/010)

4 (13/0040/070)

7 (13/0039/078)

6 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 17:133) © EES/D. Aston 8 (13/0040/085)

9 (07/0014/016) 5 Nimrud (after Oates 1959: pl. XXXVIII:81-85; 87-90) © Cambridge University Press

10 (15/0003/015)

13 (14/0001/174) 11 (15/0008/021)

12 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 31:282) © EES/ D. Aston

0

5 cm

Plate 59: Late Period: small jars/bottles with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4 (mixed clay fabrics: 1-4); bottles with flattened rim LP.FW.J.5 (marl fabrics: 7-9); small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6 (Nile silt: 10-11; marl fabric: 13) 334

Plates

2 (13/0025/022) 1 (16/0003/053) 3 (13/0025/021)

4 (13/0025/013)

5 (13/0060/003)

7 (15/0011/003)

6 (13/0041/031)

8 (14/0001/250)

9 (15/0003/006)

10 (16/0003/110) 11 (14b/0010/002)

12 (16/0038/017)

13 (15/0057/008)

15 (13/0035/074) 17 (14/0045/007) 14 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 16:121) © EES/ D. Aston

16 (13/0039/072)

0

5 cm

Plate 60: Late Period: small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6 (marl fabric: 1; mixed clay fabrics: 2-3); bottles and jars with trumpet neck LP.FW.J.7 (marl fabrics: 4-10; mixed clay fabrics: 11-13); jugs with cordon neck LP.FW.J.8.i (marl fabrics: 15-17) 335

Kom Tuman II

336

Plates

2 (13/0039/075)

1 (13/0039/019)

3 (14/0045/014)

5 (13/0044/006)

0

5 см

4 (16/0023/012) 6 (13/0035/099)

7 (13/0060/002)

8 (15/0038/014)

9 (13/0044/005)

12 (07/0075/029) 10 (14/0001/249) 11 (14/0045/013)

15 (07/0075/030) 13 (14/0001/167)

14 (14/0001/248) 0

Plate 62: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10 (Nile silt: 1; marl fabrics: 2-15) 337

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

338

Plates

3 (13/0039/010)

1-2 (14/0034/001)

4 (14/0001/205)

5 (13/0041/116)

6 (15/0022/029)

7 (14/0058/003) 8 (13/0040/083)

9 (13/0046/017) 10 (15/0020/011)

11 (15/0008/010) 0

Plate 64: Late Period: Bes vase LP.FW.J.10 (mixed clay fabric: 1-2); small jars with carinated shoulder LP.FW.J.11 (Nile silt: 3-4; marl fabrics: 5-9; mixed clay fabric: 10); fine ware jar with incised decoration LP.FW.J.12 (marl fabric: 11) 339

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

2 (13/0004/002)

3 (16/0007/006) 1 Nimrud (after Oates and Oates 1958: pl. XXI) © Cambridge University Press

4 (13/0025/026)

5 (VII.B12/0007/005) 6 (14/0009)

8 (14/0001/247)

7 (14/0001/246)

9 (VII.B12/0007/006) 10 (13/0001/025) 11 (14/0031/001)

13 (13/0035/080) 14 (16/0003/043)

12 (16/0015/024)

16 (15/0003/004)

15 (07/0092/008)

17 (15/0026/003) 18 (13/0046/019) 0

Plate 65: Late Period: juglets with ovoid body LP.FW.JG.1 (Nile silt: 2-3; marl fabrics: 4-18) 340

5 cm

Plates

1 (16/0001/011)

5 (15/0022/006)

2 (14/0045/008)

3 (13/0025/027)

4 (15/S/0102)

6 (16/0003/036) 7 (15/0039/006)

8 (15/0003/002-003) 9 (16/0003/102) 10 (15/0067/003) 11 (14/0001/024)

14 (14/0001/273) 13 (14/0001/268) 12 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:249) © EES/D. Aston 19 (15/0022/003) 17 (13/0025/025) 16 (07/0056/007) 20 (15/0022/013) 15 (13/0040/015)

18 (15/0008/006) 0

5 cm

Plate 66: Late Period: juglets with ovoid body variants LP.FW.JG.1 var (marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1-11); wide-based juglets LP.FW.JG.2 (marl fabrics: 13-14); small flasks with out-splayed rim or alabastra LP.FW.JG.3.i (marl fabrics: 15-16); squat or globular small flasks LP.FW.JG.3.ii (marl fabrics: 17-18); small flasks uncertain type LP.FW.JG.3 (marl fabrics: 19-20) 341

Kom Tuman II

1 (05-06/0155/005)

2 (13/0039/071)

5 (15/0022/020)

3 (14/0001/257)

6 (14/0061/002)

4 (13/S/0027)

7 (13/0041/112)

8-9 Sidon (re-drawn from Cullican 1975: fig. 1) 10 (15/0003/001)

12 (VII.D10/0005/018) 13 (15/0054/001)

11 (07/0087/031)

0

5 cm

Plate 67: Late Period: small flask uncertain type LP.FW.JG.3 (marl fabric: 1); juglets with elongated body LP.FW.JG.4 (marl fabrics: 2-4; mixed clay fabric: 5); flasks with carinated body LP.FW.JG.5 (marl fabrics: 6-7); small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1 (Nile silt: 10-12; marl fabric: 13) 342

Plates

3 (15/0073/005)

2 (15/0001/001)

1 (14/0001/026)

5 (13/0025/024)

4 (16/0041/002)

6 Memphis (after Petrie 1909: pl. XLVI:1) © EES 7 (16/0001/005)

8 (16/0029/002)

9 (07/0137/006) 10 (16/0001/004)

11 (14/0001/200) 12 (16/0023/004)

14 (16/0007/005)

17 (13/0040/088)

15 (13/0041/089)

13 (15/0073/015)

16 Morgantina (Sicily) (after Sjökvist 1960: pl. 20, fig. 11:50 © American Institute of Archaeology/ AJA

19 (14b/0001/034)

18 (14/0001/178)

0

5 cm

Plate 68: Late Period: small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1 (marl fabrics: 1-3; mixed clay fabric: 4); miniature torpedo LP.FW.T (marl fabric: 5); jars with flattened bases, large LP.CL.B.1a (Nile silt: 7-9); jars with flattened bases, small LP.CL.B.1b (tubular body, Nile silt: 10-12; globular body, Nile silt: 13-15; tubular body, marl fabrics: 17-19) 343

Kom Tuman II

1 (16/0007/003)

5 (15/0005/037)

9 (15/0063/005)

13 (16/0015/034)

2 (13/0040/071)

3 (16/0003/107)

6 (VII.B12/0007/001)

10 (16/0003/080)

7 (15/0041/002)

11 (15/0022/012)

4 (13/0039/080)

8 (13/0040/087)

12 (15/0073/007)

14 (15/0039/003)

15 (07/0087/029)

16 (15/0008/022)

17 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 16:111) © EES/D. Aston 0

5 cm

Plate 69: Late Period: jars with flattened bases, small LP.CL.B.1b (tubular body, marl fabric: 1; mixed clay fabrics: 2-3; globular body, marl fabrics: 4-8; mixed clay fabric: 9 ; globular body out-splayed and convex bases, marl fabrics: 10-15); jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a (Nile silt: 16) 344

Plates

1 (15/0043/013)

5 (13/0035/081)

9 (16/0003/072)

2 (07/0106/003)

6 (15/0005/036)

10 (14/0001/267)

3 (13/0040/091)

4 (13/0073/006)

7 (14b/0010/017)

8 (14/0001/275)

11 (15/0005/038)

12 (13/0035/078) 13 (16/0014/002)

15 (14/0045/004)

17 (16/0032/003)

14 (14b/0001/036) 16 (13/0046/016)

18 (13/0035/079)

19 (15/0005/035) 0

5 cm

Plate 70: Late Period: jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a (marl fabric: 1); jars with ring bases, small LP.CL.B.2.b (marl fabrics: 2-14; mixed clay fabrics: 15-17); small jars with ring bases variants LP.CL.B.2.b var. (marl fabrics: 18-19) 345

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0022/027)

2 (14/0001/276)

3 (14/0001/274)

4 (VII.B12/0007/002)

5 (16/0029/003) 7 (07/0008/020) 6 (16/0051)

8 (07/0003/002)

10 (07/0008/036) 9 (07/0003/001)

11 (07/0003/036)

13 (13/0040/013) 12 (15/0098/008)

16 (14/0043/004) 14 (16/0003/090) 17 (16/0009/006) 15 (13/0001/020)

0

5 cm

Plate 71: Late Period: small jars with ring bases variants LP.CL.B.2.b var. (marl fabrics: 1-4; mixed clay fabric: 5); large and medium-sized jars with rounded to pointed bases LP.CL.B.3.a (Nile silt: 6-12; marl fabric: 13; mixed clay fabric: 14); small jars with rounded, pointed, and carinated bases LP.CL.B.3.b (rounded: Nile silt: 15-17) 346

Plates

1 (13/0040/082)

2 (14/0045/005)

3 (16/0001/002)

4 (16/0001/003)

8 (13/0046/014)

6 (14/0043/001)

7 (16/0025/002)

5 (16/0023/003)

9 (16/0025/025)

13 (13/0044/007)

17 (07/0092/009)

12 (13/0041/032)

10 (13/0046/015)

11 (16/0015/035)

14 (15/0020/004)

15 (13/0040/009) 16 (16/0003/015)

18 (13/0041/054)

21 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:257) © EES/ D. Aston 19 (16/0003/049)

20 (13/0039/081)

0

5 cm

Plate 72: Late Period: small jars with rounded, pointed, and carinated bases LP.CL.B.3.b (rounded: Nile silt: 1; rounded: mixed clay fabric: 2; pointed: Nile silt: 3-5; pointed: marl fabrics: 6-11; button bases: marl fabrics: 12-17; carinated bases: marl fabrics: 18-20) 347

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0008/012)

2 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 17:139) © EES/ D. Aston

4 (16/0050/008)

3 (VII.F9/Pit 9/001)

6 (VII.D10/0005/027)

5 (07/0003/008)

8 (VII.B12/0007/020)

7 (13/0041/096)

9 (VII.D10/0005/023)

10 (VII.D9-D10/0001/021)

11 (04-05/0094/005) 0

5 cm

Plate 73: Late Period: jar with concave base LP.CL.B.4 (marl fabric: 1); plates/dishes with thick walls, small to medium diameter LP.O.1.i (Nile silt: 3-10); plate/dish with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii (Nile silt: 11) 348

Plates

1 (13/0035/033)

2 (13/0035/046)

3 (15/0043/002)

4 (07/0120/003)

5 (07/0008/004)

6 (15/0041/012)

7 (15/0059/005)

8 (15/0059/007)

0

Plate 74: Late Period: plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii (Nile silt: 1-6); plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter variants LP.O.1.ii var. (Nile silt: 7-8) 349

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0045/015)

3 (13/0046/037)

2 (13/0042/012) 4 (14/0031/003)

6 (07/0060/011)

5 (07/0120/002)

7 (07/0056/009)

8 (07/0018b/001)

9 (VII.D9-D10/0001/008)

10 (13/0047/020-021)

12 (14/0017/007)

11 (13/0063/022)

14 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/005) 13 (15/0092/002)

0

5 cm

Plate 75: Late Period: plate/dish with thick walls, wide diameter variant LP.O.1.ii var. (Nile silt: 1); small dishes with scraped base LP.O.1.iii (Nile silt: 2-4); plates/dishes with flanged rim LP.O.1.iv (Nile silt: 5-8; marl fabrics: 9-11; mixed clay fabric: 12); medium-sized plates/dishes with direct rim LP.O.2.i (Nile silt: 13-14) 350

Plates

2 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/006)

1 (13/0045/008)

3 (15/0009/003)

4 (14/0010/008)

5 (13/0035/034)

6 (07/0002/007)

8 (14b/0001/029)

7 (15/0065/006)

9 (15/0052/005) 10 (16/0050/007)

12 (16/0038/010)

11 (13/0035/070)

0

Plate 76: Late Period: medium-sized plates/dishes with direct rim LP.O.2.i (Nile silt: 1-7; marl fabrics: 8-12) 351

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (VII.B12/0019/003)

2 (13/0055/015)

3 (VII.D10/0005/014)

4 (07/0137/009)

5 (13/0035/032)

6 (14/0047/009)

7 (15/0109/003) 0

Plate 77: Late Period: large plates/dishes with direct rims LP.O.2.ii (Nile silt: 1-7) 352

5 cm

Plates

1 (14/0045/036)

2 (15/0063/002)

3 (13/0045/009)

4 (VII.B12/0007/060)

6 (14/0063/003)

9 (VII.B12/0007/023)

12 (VII.B12/0007/021)

5 (14/0038/009)

7 (13/0039/059)

8 (13/0040/128)

10 (13/0041/094)

11 (15/0011/005)

13 (05-06/0155/004)

14 (14/0007/006)

15 (13/0039/061)

16 (13/0040/127)

17 (13/0040/130)

0

5 cm

Plate 78: Late Period: large plate/dish with direct rim LP.O.2.ii (marl fabric: 1); plates/dishes with triangular rim LP.O.2.iii (Nile silt: 2-3); small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i (Nile silt: 4-17) 353

Kom Tuman II

1 (14b/0011/001)

2 (07/0056/013)

4 (13/0041/095)

3 (16/0003/103)

6 (13/0035/048)

5 (14/0039/001)

8 (13/0047/013)

7 (13/0040/129)

9 (14/0021/005)

11 (13/0001/021)

14 (13/0040/098)

10 (13/0039/060)

12 (15/0022/008)

15 (16/0021/015)

13 (13/0039/095)

0

5 cm

Plate 79: Late Period: small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i (Nile silt: 1-6); small dishes with bent sides variants LP.O.3.i var (Nile silt: 7-11); small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i (marl fabrics: 1215) 354

Plates

1 (13/0041/072)

2 (14/0047/010)

4 (13/0049/022)

3 (15/0003/009)

5 (VI.O11/0008/012)

6 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/008)

7 (VII.F9/Pit 9/015-016)

8 (14/0001/008)

9 (07/0032/004) 10 (16/0014/011)

11 (VII.D9-D10/0001/014) 12 (07/0120/001)

13 (VII.B12/0007/063) 0

5 cm

Plate 80: Late Period: small dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.i (marl fabrics: 1-3; mixed clay fabric: 4); large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii (Nile silt: 5-13) 355

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0049/008)

2 (14/0047/002)

3 (07/0119/008)

4 (14/0001/211)

5 (14/0044/004)

6 (15/0036/008)

7 (15/005/019)

8 (13/0035/045) 0

5 cm

Plate 81: Late Period: large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii (Nile silt: 1-7); large dish with bent sides variant LP.O.3.ii var. (Nile silt: 8) 356

Plates

2 (15/0045/009)

1 (07/0079/016)

3 (VII.D9-D10/0001/013) 4 (16/0021/016)

5 (14/0001/065)

6 (13/0055/018)

7 (14b/0001/058)

8 (13/0039/048)

9 (13/0035/026) 10 (13/0047/009)

0

5 cm

Plate 82: Late Period: large dishes with bent sides variants LP.O.3.ii var. (Nile silt: 1-3); large dishes with bent sides LP.O.3.ii (marl fabrics: 4-5); large dishes/lids with modelled rims LP.O.4 (Nile silt: 6-10) 357

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0044/005)

2 (13/0041/041)

3 (14/0037/003)

4 (13/0040/093)

5 (16/0021/017)

7 (14/0010/026) 6 (14/0014/013)

9 (07/0056/006) 8 (03-04/0138/064) 0

5 cm

Plate 83: Late Period: large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4 (marl fabrics: 1-5); dishes and bowls with out-turned rim LP.O.5 (Nile silt: 6-7); conical bowls with direct rim LP.O.6.i (Nile silt: 8-9) 358

Plates

1 (VII.B-12/0007/057) 2 (VII.D9-D10/0001/002)

3 (15/0049/007) 4 (14/0038/008)

5 (14/0001/009)

6 (14/0005) 7 (13/0064/003)

9 (13/0035/038)

8 (VII.D10/0005/012)

11 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/015)

10 (07/0025/017)

13 (15/0090/004)

12 (VII.D10/0005/025)

0

5 cm

Plate 84: Late Period: conical bowls with direct rim LP.O.6.i (Nile silt: 1-2; marl fabric: 3); small hemispherical bowls with thick base LP.O.6.ii (Nile silt: 4-7); large dishes with carinated sides LP.O.7.i (Nile silt : 8-9; marl fabrics: 10-13) 359

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0032/011)

2 (13/0046/039)

3 (15/0090/006)

4 (16/0025/010)

5 (14/0001/014)

6 (14/0032/012)

7 (13/0048/005) 0

Plate 85: Late Period: dishes and bowls with high carination and internally thickened rim LP.O.7.ii (Nile silt: 1-3; marl fabric: 4); large, deep carinated dishes LP.O.7.iii (Nile silt: 5-7) 360

5 cm

Plates

1 (15/0098/011)

3 (15/0020/005) 2 (16/0023/005)

4 (VII.B12/0019/014)

5 (13/0048/008)

6 (14/0014/007)

7 (14/0010/004)

9 (14/0010/005) 8 (13/0025/040)

0

5 cm

Plate 86: Late Period: large, deep carinated dishes LP.O.7.iii (Nile silt: 1; mixed clay fabric: 2); dishes with high carination and short rim LP.O.7.iv (Nile silt: 3-7; marl fabric: 8); large dish with slanting rim LP.O.7.v (Nile silt: 9) 361

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0049/016)

2 (14/0013/003)

4 (13/0035/039) 3 (15/0009/004)

5 (13/0039/036)

6 (13/0039/049)

7 (13/0039/035)

0

Plate 87: Late Period: large dishes with slanting rim LP.O.7.v (Nile silt: 1-2); large bowls with modelled or thickened rim LP.O.7.vi (Nile silt: 3-7) 362

5 cm

Plates

1 (13/0049/037)

2 (13/0040/124)

3 (14/0006/003)

4 (14/0054/004)

5 (14/0032/013)

6 (15/0018/006)

7 (14b/0001/027)

8 Abu Id (after Aston 1996c: pl. IV:56) © D. Aston

0

5 cm

Plate 88: Late Period: large bowls with modelled or thickened rim LP.O.7.vi (Nile silt: 1-5; marl fabrics: 6-7) 363

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0035/049)

2 (13/0039/034)

3 (14/0010/010)

4 (16/0025/021)

7 (13/0047/018) 5 (13/0040/123)

8 (13/0039/050)

6 (14/0045/031)

9 (16/0025/023)

10 (16/0003/041) 0

5 cm

Plate 89: Late Period: large dishes with overhang rims LP.O.7.vii (Nile silt: 1-4); small bowls with soft carination and thick walls LP.O.8.i (Nile silt: 5-6; marl fabric: 7); small bowls with soft carination and thin walls LP.O.8.ii (Nile silt: 8-10) 364

Plates

1 (07/0056/002)

2 (15/0001/003)

3 (14/0045/029)

4 (07/0111/005)

5 (16/0015/038)

6 (07/0151/003)

8 (13/0004/021) 7 (14/0010/012)

10 (15/0098/012) 9 (07/0111/004)

12 (07/0025/023) 11 (14/0014/005)

14 (15/0045/006)

13 (14/0026/001)

0

5 cm

Plate 90: Late Period: dishes with low carination and flanged rim LP.O.9.i (Nile silt:1-4; marl fabrics: 5-8); dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii (Nile silt: 9-13; marl fabric: 14) 365

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0086/007)

2 (07/0111/002)

3 Sulantepe (after Lloyd and Gokçe 1953: fig. 6:30) © British Institute at Ankara

5 (13/0040/133)

4 (13/0039/062)

6 (14/0001/210)

8 (14/0001/209)

7 (14/0045/030)

9 (14/0050/005)

11 (13/0035/043) 10 (13/0039/063)

13 (07/0075/015)

12 (15/0041/010)

0

5 cm

Plate 91: Late Period: dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii (marl fabrics: 1-2); dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii (Nile silt: 4-13) 366

Plates

2 (16/0003/089)

1 (16/0003/081)

3 (VII.B12/0007/056)

5 (13/0040/100)

4 Al Mina (after Du Plat Taylor 1959: fig. 6:13) © Cambridge University Press

6 (16/0003/016)

8 (07/0075/013)

11 (16/0021/018)

14 (15/0003/012)

7 (13/0041/034a)

9 (13/0041/034b)

12 (14/0045/018)

10 (16/0014/007)

13 (13/0040/101)

15 (16/0029/005)

16 (13/0025/042)

18 (16/0009/007)

17 (15/0065/014)

0

5 cm

Plate 92: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii (Nile silt: 1-3; marl fabrics: 5-14; mixed clay fabrics: 15-18) 367

Kom Tuman II

2 (16/0001/012)

1 (14/0044/010)

3 (15/0043/015)

4 (13/0039/094)

6 (13/0046/008)

5 (07/0075/010)

8 (15/0107/003) 7 (15/0098/013)

10 (14/0001/033)

9 (13/0039/045)

11 (13/0055/017)

12 (15/0026/018)

13 (16/0015/037)

14 (15/0039/007)

0

5 cm

Plate 93: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii (mixed clay fabrics: 1-9); dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv (Nile silt: 10-12; marl fabrics: 13-14) 368

Plates

1 (15/0003/013)

4 (VII.B12/0007/061)

2 (14/0001/067)

3 (14b/0006/015)

6 (14/0001/066)

5 (14b/0001/030)

8 (VII.B12/0007/012)

7 (16/0003/104)

9 (13/0040/102)

10 (16/0029/006)

11 (14/0054/011)

12 (13/0041/033)

13 (16/0038/009) 14 (14/0001/270)

15 (14/0001/062) 0

5 cm

Plate 94: Late Period: dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv (marl fabrics: 1-15) 369

Kom Tuman II

2 (15/0008/016) 1 (14b/0006/014)

4 (13/0065/004)

3 (15/0061/049)

5 (14/0010/007)

6 (14/0014/012)

8 (VII.D10/0005/026)

7 (14/0014/011)

9 (14/0055/002)

10 (13/0035/040)

11 (14/0045/028)

0

5 cm

Plate 95: Late Period: dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv (mixed clay fabrics: 1-4); medium size dishes and bowls with simple modelled rim LP.O.10.i (Nile silt: 5-11) 370

Plates

1 (07/0066/004)

2 (VII.B12/0019/002)

3 (07/0086/009)

4 (14/0010/017)

5 (14/0045/033)

6 (14/0013/002)

7 (13/0063/032)

0

5 cm

Plate 96: Late Period: medium size dishes and bowls with simple modelled rim LP.O.10.i (Nile silt: 1-2; marl fabrics: 3-4); deep bowls with complex modelled rim LP.O.10.ii (Nile silt: 5-7) 371

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0003/014)

2 (07/0056/012)

3 (13/0073/004) 4 (13/0001/006)

5 (16/0025/008)

6 (14/0021/003)

7 (15/0008/023) 8 (13/0041/090)

9 (07/0087/027)

0

5 cm

Plate 97: Late Period: deep bowls with complex modelled rim LP.O.10.ii (Nile silt: 1-2); dishes with cuff rim and wavy sides LP.O.10.iii (marl fabrics: 3-4); small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i (Nile silt: 5-9) 372

Plates

1 (VII.B12/0007/019) 2 (15/0030/012)

4 (15/0041/011)

3 (16/0025/020) 5 (16/0007/014)

7 (07/0111/003) 6 (13/0039/055)

8 (14/0060/001)

9 (07/0008/031)

0

5 cm

Plate 98: Late Period: small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i (Nile silt: 14); medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii (Nile silt: 5-9) 373

Kom Tuman II

2 (14/0045/032) 1 (13/0039/054)

3 (VII.B12/0007/059) 4 (15/0043/004)

5 (VII.B12/0007/018)

6 (15/0059/006)

7 (07/0018a/007)

8 (13/0055/006)

9 (VII.B12/0007/054)

0

5 cm

Plate 99: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii (Nile silt: 1-9) 374

Plates

1 (14/0006/009)

2 (16/0011/007)

3 (14/0050/004)

4 (14/0017/004)

5 (07/0025/024)

6 (15/0073/018)

7 (13/0041/091)

8 (VII.B12/0007/064)

0

Plate 100: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii (Nile silt: 1-8) 375

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0049/012)

2 (15/0036/002)

3 (14/0037/002)

4 (15/0005/017)

5 (14/0010/002)

6 (15/0059/004)

0

5 cm

Plate 101: Late Period: medium size hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii (Nile silt: 1-2; mixed clay fabric: 3); large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii (Nile silt: 4-6) 376

Plates

1 (16/0003/042)

2 (07/0025/028)

3 (14/0010/025)

4 (14/0010/003)

5 (13/0041/092)

6 (07/0018b/006)

0

5 cm

Plate 102: Late Period: large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii (Nile silt: 1-6) 377

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0109/001)

2 (VII.D9-D10/0001/011)

3 (15/0090/007)

4 (14/0014/008)

5 (15/0061/044)

6 (13/0035/027)

7 (07/0086/005)

8 (16/0001/010)

0

5 cm

Plate 103: Late Period: large size hemispherical bowls diameters 30.0 cm and over LP.O.11.iii (Nile silt: 1-4; marl fabric: 5); hemispherical bowls with straight or everted sides LP.O.11.iv (Nile silt: 6-8) 378

Plates

2 (16/0007/013) 1 (16/0021/008)

3 (15/0107/002)

6 (16/0003/061)

9 (15/0008/015)

4 (13/0039/056)

7 (15/0022/007)

10 (14/0001/271)

5 (07/0036/009)

8 (16/0034/005)

11 (13/0039/046)

12 (14/0038/004) 13 (13/0040/122) 14 (15/0052/001)

0

5 cm

Plate 104: Late Period: hemispherical bowl with straight or everted sides LP.O.11.iv (Nile silt: 1); small hemispherical bowl variants LP.O12 (Nile silt: 2-6; marl fabrics: 7-10; mixed clay fabric: 11); dishes with thickened rim small variant LP.O.13.i (Nile silt: 12-14) 379

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0039/057)

2 (13/0039/058)

3 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pls. 29:250) © EES/D. Aston

4 (15/0005/025)

6 (13/0049/014) 5 (14b/0010/004)

7 (14/0010/006)

8 (13/0063/021)

9 (13/0046/044)

10 (16/0007/007) 13 (VII.D10/0005/024) 12 (07/0085/003)

15 (14/0039/003) 11 (VII.B12/0019/012-013)

14 (07/0086/006) 0

5 cm

Plate 105: Late Period: dishes with thickened rim large variant LP.O.13.ii (Nile silt: 1-2; marl fabrics: 4-5); fine ware bowls and beakers with straight rim LP.O.14 (Nile silt: 6-7; marl fabrics: 8-9; mixed clay fabric: 10); small bowls with direct or thinned rim LP.O.15 (Nile silt: 11-15) 380

Plates

1 (14/0013/005) 2 (13/0040/103)

5 (13/0063/031)

4 (14/0045/022)

6 (VII.D10/0005/001)

3 (14/0001/070)

7 (07/0142/003) 8 (15/0057/007)

10 (14/0001/255) 11 (14b/0010/019) 9 (15/0065/004-005)

13 (16/0025/001) 12 (13/0040/007)

15 (14/0001/254)

14 (14/0018/007)

16 (VII.D9-D10/0001/009)

0

5 cm

Plate 106: Late Period: small bowls with direct or thinned rim LP.O.15 (Nile silt: 1; marl fabrics: 2-3); beakers with carinated base and high walls LP.O.16.i (Nile silt: 4-6; marl fabrics: 7-16) 381

Kom Tuman II

382

Plates

2 (16/0009/003)

3 (14/0050/007)

1 (14/0001/022)

4 (14/0021/001)

5 (14/0021/002)

6 (14/0021/004)

9 (14/0061/004) 7 (13/0047/012)

8 (13/0035/018)

11 (14/0007/008) 10 (13/0040/134)

13 (14/0060/003)

16 (13/0039/077)

12 (14/0014/006)

14 (07/0151/002)

17 (14/0001/269)

15 (16/0007/004)

18 (13/0025/072) 0

5 cm

Plate 108: Late Period: ovoid beakers with wavy walls LP.O.16.iii (marl fabrics: 1-3); beakers with ribbed body and carinated base LP.O.16.iv (Nile silt: 4; marl or mixed clay fabric: 5); small carinated bowls LP.O.17 (Nile silt: 6-13; marl fabrics: 14-18) 383

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0008/014)

4 (13/0063/016)

2 (14/0001/266)

5 (13/0041/113)

8 (15/0022/024)

7 (15/0067/004)

10 (15/0026/005)

3 (14b/0001/035)

6 (15/0022/005)

9 (16/0003/075)

12 (14/0045/012) 11 (15/0057/004)

14 (15/0022/009)

15 (14b/0001/059)

13 (14/0001/064)

16 (VII.B12/0007/058)

17 (13/0047/011)

19 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/018)

18 (14/0055/005)

0

Plate 109: Late Period: small carinated bowls LP.O.17 (marl fabrics: 1-14); small bowls with curved sides and flattened rim LP.O.18 (Nile silt: 15-18; marl fabric: 19) 384

5 cm

Plates

385

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0005/026)

2 (14/0001/071)

5 (15/0073/013)

9 (13/0040/132)

12 (16/0015/042)

16 (14/0045/025)

20 (15/0036/006)

23 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/004)

4 (15/0049/009)

3 (16/0007/016)

7 (13/0040/131)

6 (14/0001/015)

10 (16/0009/029)

17 (07/0003/024; 029-030)

11 (14/0001/272)

14 (15/0041/009)

13 (15/0073/014)

18 (16/0029/008)

21 (07/0022/008)

24 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/003)

8 (15/0069/003)

15 (14/0042/004)

19 (13/0039/065)

22 (07/0119/0025)

25 (04-05/0094/002) 0

5 cm

Plate 111: Late Period: saucer-lids with low carination LP.O.20.i (marl fabric: 1; mixed clay fabrics: 2-5); saucer-lids with low carination variants LP.O.20.i var. (Nile silt: 6-10; marl fabrics 11-12); small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides LP.O.20.ii (Nile silt: 13-25) 386

Plates

2 (07/0022/014)

1 (07/0022/006)

4 (VII.D9-D10/0001/015)

5 (14b/0001/061)

7 (07/0031/005)

8 (13/0025/059)

17 (13/0039/064)

6 (13/0073/009)

9 (13/0040/135)

11 (15/0092/001)

10 (13/0001/008)

13 (13/0035/053)

3 (07/0120/004)

12 (13/0035/097)

15 (13/0035/055)

14 (13/0035/054)

16 (07/0003/047)

19 (07/0003/031)

18 (14/0021/006)

21 (07/0003/004)

20 (07/0003/023)

22 (07/0003/019)

0

5 cm

Plate 112: Late Period: small dishes with flat base and straight everted sides LP.O.20.ii (Nile silt: 1-11); small beakers with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i (Nile silt: 12-22) 387

Kom Tuman II

9 (VII.D9-D10/0001/001)

14 (15/0095/005)

17 (13/0040/137)

18 (16/0046/004)

21 (16/0003/077)

11 (15/0026/007)

10 (15/0043/006)

13 (07/0137/002)

8 (13/0039/067)

7 (07/0001/009)

6 (07/0001/004)

5 (07/0003/046)

4 (07/0003/005)

3 (07/0008/026)

2 (07/0065/001)

1 (07/0014/010)

15 (16/0046/003)

19 (13/0040/136)

22 (15/0065/007)

24 (15/0026/016)

12 (16/0003/086)

16 (16/0003/040)

20 (16/0003/050)

23 (14b/0001/060)

0

5 cm

Plate 113: Late Period: small beakers with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i (Nile silt: 1-7); tulip-shaped beakers LP.O.21.ii (Nile silt: 8-10); saucer-lamps LP.O.22 (Nile silt: 11-24) 388

Plates

2 (13/0073/008) 1 (07/0066/001)

3 (13/0045/007)

4 (13/0039/006)

5 (15/0061/041)

6 (15/0028/007)

7 (15/0061/042)

0

Plate 114: Late Period: vats LP.O.23 (Nile silt: 1-7) 389

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0073/019)

2 (13/0045/012)

3 (13/0063/024)

4 (05-06/0155/003)

5 (13/0046/040)

7 (13/0040/097)

6 (14/0001/028)

0

Plate 115: Late Period: vats LP.O.23 (Nile silt: 1-5; marl fabrics: 6-7) 390

5 cm

Plates

1 (16/0015/020)

2 (13/0039/047)

3 (15/0071/004)

4 (14b/0001/024)

5 (13/0060/004)

Plate 116: Late Period: vats LP.O.23 (marl fabrics: 1-5) 391

0

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (16/0001/020)

2 (13/0055/005) 3 (07/0018b/018)

4 (07/0059/001)

5 (07/0018b/005)

6 (13/0048/002) 0

Plate 117: Late Period: vat LP.O.23 (marl fabric: 1); large bowls with perforations below rim LP.O.24 (Nile silt: 2-6) 392

5 cm

Plates

1 (16/0025/005)

2 (15/0030/013)

4 (15/0034/003) 3 (07/0025/033)

5 (13/0035/006)

6 (15/0028/010)

7 (14/0044/001)

10 (16/0003/054)

8 (15/0073/016)

11 (05-06/0155/002)

9 (07/0060/018) 0

5 cm

Plate 118: Late Period: large bowls with perforations below rim LP.O.24 (Nile silt: 1-5); chalices LP.O.25.i (Nile silt: 6-11) 393

Kom Tuman II

1 (16/0015/052)

2 (15/0039/004)

5 (13/0041/099)

6 (14b/0010/008)

9 (15/0005/027)

3 (14b/0001/028)

7 (15/0067/005)

4 (14b/0001/022)

8 (05-06/0015/032)

10 (13/0055/019) 11 (07/0014/026)

12 (VI.O11/0008/009)

13 (VII.B12/0019/011) 14 (16/0046/006)

15 (13/0049/015)

16 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/020) 17 (07/0002/006)

18 (13/0035/071) 19 (13/0063/029)

21 (14b/0010/009)

20 (15/0016/001)

0

5 cm

Plate 119: Late Period: chalices LP.O.25.i (marl fabrics: 1-2; mixed clay fabrics: 3-4); miniature dishes LP.O.25.ii (Nile silt: 5-6; marl fabrics: 7-9); handmade bowls LP.O.25.iii (Nile silt: 10-11); open vessels with flat bases LP.O.26.i (Nile silt: 12-19; marl fabrics: 20-21) 394

Plates

1 (16/0009/008)

4 (14/0010/009)

5 (07/0039/001)

7 (07/0018a/003)

6 (15/0061/048)

8 (15/0020/002)

11 (13/0040/138)

3 (13/0040/140)

2 (07/0018b/008)

9 (VII.D9-D10/0001/010)

12 (13/0035/050)

14 (05-06/0036/017)

15 (13/0035/051)

10 (14/0044/003)

13 (13/0040/139)

16 (14/0065/001)

18 (16/0003/073)

17 (15/0065/008)

19 (14b/0001/006)

0

5 cm

Plate 120: Late Period: open vessel with flat base LP.O.26.i (mixed clay fabric: 1); open vessels with concave bases LP.O.26.ii (Nile silt: 2-7); open vessels with ring bases LP.O.26.iii (Nile silt, small: 8-12; medium: 13-16; large: 17; marl fabrics, small: 18; mixed clay fabric, medium: 19) 395

Kom Tuman II

1 (14b/0001/005) 3 (16/0009/009)

5 (16/0001/007a) 4 (15/0020/003)

2 (13/0040/146)

7 (07/0014/009) 6 (VI.O11/0008/003)

9 (07/0018b/015) 8 (14/0054/001)

10 (14/0010/023)

11 (07/0014/001)

12 (07/0066/006)

0

5 cm

Plate 121: Late Period: open vessel with ring base LP.O.26.iii (mixed clay fabric, medium: 1); open(?) vessel with convex base LP.O.26.iv (Nile silt: 2); open vessels with raised or out-splayed bases LP.O.26.v (Nile silt: 3-4; marl fabric: 5); funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1 (Nile silt: 6-12)

396

Plates

1 (07/0018a/008)

2 (07/0003/007)

3 (16/0021/009)

4 (07/0120/006)

5 (07/0035/001)

6 (13/0055/003)

7 (07/0025/019)

0

Plate 122: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1 (Nile silt: 1-7) 397

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0066/002)

2 (07/0025/003)

3 (07/0137/004)

4 (07/0031/002)

0

5 (07/0018b/011) Plate 123: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1 (Nile silt: 1-5) 398

5 cm

Plates

1 (07/0018b/010)

2 (07/0018a/012)

3 (07/0025/021)

4 (07/0077/005)

5 (13/0041/073)

6 (07/0025/030) 0

Plate 124: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1 (Nile silt: 1-6) 399

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0018b/002)

2 (07/0025/018)

3 (16/0014/013)

4 (15/0094/002-15/0094/003)

0

5 cm

Plate 125: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides FU.1 (Nile silt: 1-2); funnels with in-turned to straight sides variants FU.1 var. (Nile silt: 3-4)

400

Plates

1 (13/0049/007)

2 (07/0018a/011)

3 (07/0031/006)

5 (07/0018a/006)

4 (13/0035/029)

6 (07/0018a/001)

7 (13/0039/007)

0

5 cm

Plate 126: Late Period: funnels with in-turned to straight sides variants FU.1 var. (Nile silt: 1-3); funnels with everted sides FU.2 (Nile silt: 4-7) 401

Kom Tuman II

1 (VII.D9-D10/0001/006)

2 (15/0036/003)

3 (07/0137/008)

4 (VII.D10/0005/002)

6 (16/0025/018)

5 (VI.O11/0008/004)

0

5 cm

Plate 127: Late Period: funnels with everted sides FU.2 (Nile silt: 1-5); funnel base FU.B (Nile silt: 6) 402

Plates

403

Kom Tuman II

3 (13/0044/008)

2 (15/0073/011)

1 (16/0003/019) 4 (13/0035/060)

7 (13/0036/002)

11 (13/0035/057)

15 (07/0152/019d)

18 (07/0032/006)

5 (07/0060/017)

8 (15/0071/003)

9 (07/0003/012)

12 (07/0003/016)

13 (07/0060/014)

16 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/002)

20 (07/0120/005)

19 (07/0044/004)

6 (07/0003/017)

10 (16/0009/011)

14 (07/0014/008)

17 (07/0060/010)

21 (07/0032/007) 0

5 cm

Plate 129: Late Period: incence burners IB (marl fabrics: 1-3); lids with pinched or solid knobs and direct rim L.1 (Nile silt: 4-16); coarsely-shaped lids with pinched or solid knob and bend on rim L.2.i (Nile silt: 17-21) 404

Plates

1 (07/0003/033;043;027)

2 (07/0152/019c)

3 (07/0063/001)

6 (07/0019/001)

5 (07/0065/002)

8 (07/0025/005)

4 (13/0035/059)

7 (13/0035/058)

10 (15/0039/008) 9 (15/0057/010)

12 (15/0008/026)

11 (14/0001/201)

15 (03-04/0138/071)

18 (15/0052/003)

13 (16/0021/010)

16 (07/0022/009)

19 (VII.B12/0019/004)

22 (07/0079/014)

20 (16/0015/044)

23 (07/0014/012)

14 (13/0063/033)

17 (07/0003/025)

21 (13/0035/061)

0

5 cm

Plate 130: Late Period: coarsely-shaped lids with pinched or solid knob and bend on rim L.2.i (Nile silt: 1-9; marl fabric: 10); lids with sharp bent sides and high, solid knob L.2.ii (Nile silt: 11-19; marl fabric: 20); lids with small button knob L.3.i (Nile silt: 21-23)

405

Kom Tuman II

2 (13/0049/035)

3 (13/0049/036)

1 (14/0001/017)

6 (15/0043/014)

4 (13/0063/034)

5 (13/0063/035)

8 (16/0007/008)

9 (05-06/0036/002)

10 (05-06/0033/006)

12 (07/0119/005)

13 (07/0032/005)

14 (13/0039/093)

16 (14b/0001/031)

17 (16/0003/021)

7 (15/0109/004)

11 (13/0039/066)

15 (15/0018/009)

18 (16/0050/006)

19 (13/0035/035)

21 (VII.D10/0005/003) 20 (13/0041/068)

23 (16/0023/006) 22 (15/0005/018)

0

5 cm

Plate 131: Late Period: lids with small button knob L.3.i (Nile silt: 1-3); lids with wide knob L.3.ii (Nile silt: 4-5; marl fabric: 6); lids with flattend knob and ledge or groove on rim L.4 (Nile silt: 7-8); dome-shaped lids L.5 (Nile silt: 9-11; marl fabrics: 12-18); large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6 (Nile silt: 19-23)

406

Plates

1 (16/0007/012)

2 (16/0025/027)

3 (15/0059/002)

4 (14/0045/026)

5 (13/0039/037)

6 (13/0041/100)

7 (15/0061/046)

8 (VII.B-12/0007/055)

9 (16/0034/001)

0

Plate 132: Late Period: large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6 (Nile silt: 1-9) 407

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0040/119)

2 (13/0035/042)

3 (07/0001/012)

4 (16/0003/088)

7 (15/0005/016)

5 (13/0035/056)

6 (07/0056/008)

8 (07/0151/007)

9 (13/0063/001)

10 (16/0009/012)

12 (13/0025/060)

11 (15/0036/014)

14 (14/0045/047)

13 (14/0045/048)

0

5 cm

Plate 133: Late Period: large lids with cup-shaped knob L.6 (Nile silt: 1-8); other lids L.7 (mixed clay fabric: 9; Nile silt: 10); coarse ware lids L.8 (Nile silt: 11); stoppers L.9 (Niles silt: 12-14) 408

Plates

1 (13/0063/036)

2 (13/0039/029)

3 (13/0039/024)

4 (13/0055/014) 5 (13/0039/021)

6 (15/0105/001)

8 (13/0039/022)

7 (07/0142/002)

9 (14/0045/034)

11 (16/0001/015)

10 (13/0039/025)

0

5 cm

Plate 134: Late Period: low, squat stands with modelled or thickened rim ST.1 (Nile silt: 1-11) 409

Kom Tuman II

1 (VI.O11/0008/005)

2 (13/0039/028)

3 (13/0039/030)

4 (13/0039/023)

6 (16/0003/007)

5 (15/0008/027)

8 (13/0046/054)

7 (16/0003/0003)

10 (13/0039/020)

9 (14b/0001/065)

0

Plate 135: Late Period: low, squat stands with modelled or thickened rim ST.1 (Nile silt: 1-5; marl fabrics: 6-7; mixed clay fabrics: 8-9); high stand with straight sides ST.2 (Nile silt: 10) 410

5 cm

Plates

411

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0035/002) 5 cm

0

2 (15/0052/011)

3 (02/0011) Scale 1:4

0

0

Plate 137: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i (Nile silt: 1-3) 412

5 cm

10 cm

10 cm 0

0

0

5 cm

5 cm

Plates

1 (05-06/0057/008)

2 (14/0007/001)

Plate 138: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i (Nile silt: 1-3)

413

3 (13/0039/033) Scale 1:4

Kom Tuman II

1 (02/0009/002) Scale 1:4

0

10 cm

0

10 cm

02/0009/001

2 (02/0009/001) Scale 1:4

3 (15/0073/029) Scale 1:4

0

10 cm

Plate 139: large jars/pithoi with in-turned to straight rim CSW.1.i (Nile silt: 1-2); large storage jar with globular body and handles on upper body CSW.1.ii (Nile silt: 3)

414

Plates

0

10 cm

1 (16/0014/018) Scale 1:6

5 cm

0

2 (15/0028/009)

3 (15/0073/030) Scale 1:6

4 (13/0041/109)

0

10 cm

0

5 cm

Plate 140: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i (Nile silt: 1-4) 415

Kom Tuman II

0

10 cm

1 (15/0073/028) Scale 1:6

0

10 cm

2 (07/0079/013) Scale 1:4

0

10 cm

3 (02/0007) Scale 1:6

4 (07/0018a/015)

0

5 cm

Plate 141: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i (Nile silt: 1-4) 416

Plates

1 (05-06/0057/009)

2 (VII.C9/0001/002)

3 (13/0041/110)

4 (07/0092/007)

5 (07/0018a/009)

0

5 cm

Plate 142: basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i (Nile silt: 1-2); basins with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim variant CSW.2.i var (Nile silt: 3-4); basin with everted sides and modelled rim CSW.2.ii (Nile silt: 5)

417

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0061/052)

2 (14b/0010/016)

3 (14/0010/022)

4 (15/0009/005)

5 (16/0009/024)

0

5 cm

Plate 143: basins with everted sides and modelled rim CSW.2.ii (Nile silt: 1-2); basins with flat base and low, straight sides CSW.2.iii (Nile silt: 3-5)

418

Plates

1 (14/0038/001)

2 (13/0063/038) 3 (16/0001/006)

0

4 (13/0001/012)

5 (13/0035/003) Scale 1:4

5 cm

0

10 cm

0

10 cm

6 (07/0086/013) Scale 1:4

7 (13/0039/031)

0

5 cm

Plate 144: basin with flat base and low, straight sides CSW.2.iii (Nile silt: 1); large bowl/basin with curved sides and grooved walls CSW.3.ii (Nile silt: 2); large bowl with round base and internal ledge CSW.3.iii (Nile silt: 3); basin with curved sides variant CSW.3 (Nile silt: 4); wide basins with cupula base and flanged or up-turned rim CSW.4 (Nile silt: 5-7) 419

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0054/012)

2 (14/0051/001)

3 (15/0059/001)

4 (14/0055/003) 0

5 (07/0031/004) Scale 1:4

6 (07/0086/014) Scale 1:4

0

0

5 cm

10 cm

10 cm

Plate 145: wide basins with cupula base and flanged or up-turned rim CSW.4 (Nile silt: 1-3) ; platters or bread trays (”dokka”) CSW.5 (Nile silt: 4-6) 420

Plates

1 (14/0017/008)

2 (13/0035/041)

3 (13/0039/038)

4 (13/0040/151)

5 (15/0061/051)

6 (13/0035/044) 0

5 cm

Plate 146: platter or bread tray (”dokka”) CSW.5 (Nile silt: 1); large plates and platters CSW.6 (Nile silt: 2-6) 421

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0035/001)

2 (13/0055/012)

4 (15/0061/053)

3 (07/0085/007)

5 (13/0039/032) 0

5 cm

Plate 147: large plate or platter variant CSW.6 var. (Nile silt: 1); braziers with straight sides and wavy top CSW.7.i (Nile silt: 2-4); brazier with straight, fenestrated walls CSW.7.ii (Nile silt: 5)

422

Plates

1 (13/0040/153)

2 (14/0001/207)

3 (14b/0001/063)

4 (16/0003/030)

5 (15/0065/013)

0

Plate 148: braziers or pot stands with high foot and restricted body CSW.7.iii (Nile silt: 1-5)

423

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

0

10 cm

1 (14/0075/001) Scale 1:4

4 (13/0044/012)

2 (13/0039/016) 3 (13/0046/043)

7 (13/0044/0011) 5 (13/0046/042)

6 (VII.B12/0019/001)

0

5 cm

Plate 149: sunken basin CSW.8 (Nile silt: 1); production vessels with V-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i (Nile silt: 2-7) 424

Plates

1 (15/0003/016)

2 (15/0022/019) 3 (13/0025/005)

4 (13/0040/117)

5 (13/0041/078)

7 (13/0040/116)

6 (15/0105/005)

9 (15/0098/003)

10 (14/0045/023) 8 (14/0058/001+002)

0

5 cm

Plate 150: production vessels with V-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i (Nile silt: 1-2); production vessels with straight to slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii (Nile silt: 3-10) 425

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0044/006) 2 (15/0105/006)

4 (15/0105/003)

3 (15/0098/005)

6 (14/0045/024) 5 (15/0022/018)

7 (13/0025/012)

8 (13/0039/040)

0

5 cm

Plate 151: production vessels with straight or slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii (Nile silt: 1-3); production vessels with high sides variants PV.1 var. (Nile silt: 4-5); production vessel wide mouth PV.2 (Nile silt: 6); production vessels low walls and wide mouth PV.3 (Nile silt: 7-8) 426

Plates

2 (14/0045/042)

3 (16/0025/031)

4 (13/0063/010) 1 (14/0010/014+14/0021/007)

6 (13/0042/014)

5 (14/0010/015)

7 (13/0063/011)

8 (14/0050/002)

9 (16/0009/021)

10 (15/0090/003)

12 (13/0049/033)

11 (14/0010/028)

Plate 152: torpedo jars with short neck TP.1 (imported fabrics: 1-12) 427

0

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

2 (14/0001/106) 1 (07/0087/039)

3 (03-04/0138/067)

4 (03-04/0138/070)

5 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/019)

6 (07/0039/002)

8 (13/0063/009)

7 (07/0014/015)

10 (16/0038/006)

11 (15/0092/003)

9 (07/0001/003)

0

Plate 153: torpedo jars with short neck TP.1 (imported fabrics: 1-11) 428

5 cm

Plates

1 (VII.F9/Pit 9/003)

2 (13/0039/104)

3 (15/0101/006)

4 (07/0032/003)

5 (07/0066/003)

6 (14/0038/005)

7 (03-04/0138/068)

0

5 cm

Plate 154: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1 (imported fabric: 1); torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 1: rounded rim TP.2.a (imported fabrics: 2-7) 429

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0069/001-002)

2 (16/0029/010-011)

3 (15/0052/010) 0

5 cm

Plate 155: torpedo jars with very short rim Variant 1: rounded rim TP.2.a (imported fabrics: 1-3) 430

Plates

431

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0092/004)

2 (VII.D10/0001/003)

3 (14/0054/008) 4 (14/0032/001)

5 (15/0090/002)

6 (07/0079/001+011)

7 (07/0137/007) 8 (07/0087/037) 07/0087/040 d. rim 10.5 cm

10 (13/0040/061) 9 (07/0087/040)

0

5 cm

Plate 157: torpedo jar with very short rim Variant 2: flattened rim TP.2b (imported fabric: 1); torpedo jar with very short rim other variant TP.2 (imported fabric: 2); torpedo jars with short, internally thickened rim and wide shoulders TP.3 (imported fabrics: 3-5); torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4 (imported fabrics: 6-10)

432

Plates

2 (VII.B12/0007/007)

1 (15/0093/006)

3 (16/0011/015)

4 (14b/0001/047)

6 (16/0007/017) 5 (VII.B12/0007/008)

8 (15/0022/001) 7 (15/0041/014) Plate 158: torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4 (imported fabrics: 1-8) 433

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0055/023)

2 (07/0014/018)

3 (13/0039/101)

4 (13/0040/058)

5 (13/0049/034)

6 (13/0040/060) 0

5 cm

Plate 159: torpedo jars with short rim and short shoulders TP.4 (imported fabrics: 1-2); torpedo jars with flat (or nearly flat) shoulders TP.5 (imported fabrics: 3-6)

434

Plates

2 (13/0040/059)

1 (13/0041/059)

4 (15/0093/007) 3 (15/0026/009)

6 (07/0082/017)

5 (16/0003/026)

8 (VI.O11/0008/020)

7 (16/0023/013)

9 (13/0039/103)

10 (16/0003/027)

0

5 cm

Plate 160: torpedo jars with flat (or nearly flat) shoulder TP.5 (imported fabrics: 1-8); torpedo jars with overhang shoulders and short rim TP.6 (imported fabrics: 9-10) 435

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0036/006)

2 (13/0040/064)

4 (13/0063/012)

3 (14/0001/105) 5 (07/0025/002)

6 (15/0036/013)

7 (14/0001/107)

8 (14/0010/029)

11 (14/0054/010)

9 (15/0036/012)

10 (13/0004/013) 0

5 cm

Plate 161: torpedo jars with overhang shoulders and short rim TP.6 (imported fabrics: 1-3) ; torpedo jars with rounded shoulders TP.7 (imported fabrics: 4-7); torpedo jars with narrow shoulders and long neck TP.8 (imported fabrics: 8-9); torpedo jar bases TP.9 (imported fabrics: 10-11) 436

Plates

1 (13/0039/102) 2 (07/0056/004) 3 (16/0003/004)

5 (14/0007/010)

4 (14/0055/008)

7 (13/0045/004)

6 (13/0063/014)

9 (13/0049/025)

8 (07/0106/002)

11 (13/0025/043)

10 (13/0048/012)

12 (13/0045/003)

14 (14/0001/108)

13 (16/0007/019)

0

5 cm

Plate 162: torpedo jar bases TP.9 (imported fabrics: 1-10); basket handle jars BHJ (imported fabrics: 11-14) 437

Kom Tuman II

2 (14b/0010/012)

1 (13/0039/002)

3 (14b/0010/013) 4 (14/0001/190)

6 (14/0010/030)

5 (14/ 0001/189)

7 (13/0004/011) Plate 163: basket handle jars BHJ (imported fabrics: 1-7)

438

0

5 cm

Plates

1 (13/0025/044)

3 (13/0035/007)

2 (13/0004/005) 4 (13/0048/011)

5 (VI.O11/0008/023)

6 (13/0039/097) 7 (13/0040/062)

0

Plate 164: basket handle jar BHJ (imported fabric: 1); Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/S (Nile silt: 2-5); Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M (marl fabrics: 6-7)

439

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (16/0003/057)

2 (13/0039/098) 3 (15/0065/011)

5 (16/0003/038)

4 (13/0040/063)

6 (13/0073/001) 7 (14b/0010/011) 0

Plate 165: Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M (marl fabrics: 1-7) 440

5 cm

Plates

1 (13/0035/082)

2 (14/0001/109)

3 (07/0008/011)

handle scar

4 (16/0001/016)

5 (07/0008/032)

7 (13/0039/001)

6 (VII.D9-D10/0001/004)

8 (13/0039/108)

9 (13/0035/085) 0

5 cm

Plate 166: Egyptian imitations of Levantine jars TP/EG/M (marl fabrics: 1-6 mixed clay fabric: 7); mortaria with wedge rim M.1 (imported fabrics: 8-9) 441

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0039/110)

2 (14/0055/007)

3 (14/0045/044)

4 (15/0061/030)

5 (15/0049/012)

6 (15/0043/016)

7 (16/0025/032) 0

Plate 167: mortaria with wedge rim M.1 (imported fabrics: 1-7) 442

5 cm

Plates

443

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0035/086)

2 (13/0035/083)

3 (05-06/0015/004)

4 (15/0061/031)

5 (16/0009/022)

6 (16/0032/007) 0

Plate 169: mortaria with overhang rim M.2 (imported fabrics: 1-6)

444

5 cm

Plates

1 (15/0005/030)

2 (15/0054/009)

3 (16/0003/060)

5 (15/0005/029) 4 (05-06/0036/007)

7 (14b/0001/052) 6 (15/0054/010) 0

5 cm

Plate 170: mortaria with out-turned rim M.3 (imported fabrics: 1-3); mortarium with modelled rim M.4 (imported fabric: 4); mortaria with flat bases MB.1 (imported fabrics: 5-7) 445

Kom Tuman II

446

Plates

1 (13/0055/020)

2 (16/0029/007)

3 (14b/0011/003)

4 (13/0040/065)

5 (13/0040/066)

7 (VII.D10/0005/006)

6 (15/0054/008)

0

Plate 172: Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M (marl fabrics: 1-7)

447

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0001/187)

2 (15/0026/010)

3 (16/0015/076+16/0015/077)

4 (15/0003/018)

5 (16/0038/005)

6 (15/0061/020 & 15/0061/022) 7 (05-06/0155/001)

9 (13/0049/024)

8 (VII.D10/0001/011)

0

5 cm

Plate 173: Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M (marl fabrics: 1-2); mortarium of uncertain provenance M/UN (uncertain fabric: 3); Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL (imported fabrics: 4-9) 448

Plates

1 (15/0039/012)

2 (16/0014/016) 3 (07/0085/002)

4 (07/0031/001)

5 (03-04/0112/024)

7 (15/0067/016)

6 (07/0087/022)

8 (15/0054/005)

11 (13/0040/034)

9 (15/0098/015)

12 (14/0061/007)

10 (13/0063/006)

0

5 cm

Plate 174: Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL (imported fabrics: 1-2); Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1 (imported fabrics: 3-12) 449

Kom Tuman II

3 (14/0058/004) 1 (15/0094/007)

4 (13/0040/017)

7 (15/0011/004)

2 (05-06/0137/002)

5 (16/0032/006)

6 (07/0025/013)

8 (07/0092/006) 9 (16/0009/019)

10 (16/0021/020)

11 (13/0041/001)

12 (13/0039/116)

0

Plate 175: Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1 (imported fabrics: 1-6); Samian/ Milesian amphorae Variant 2 AM/SM.2 (imported fabrics: 7-12)

450

5 cm

Plates

451

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0043/003)

2 (14/0007/003)

3 (13/0041/011) 4 (15/0030/006)

5 (13/0063/005) 6 (16/0025/030)

8 (07/0025/015)

9 (14b/0001/042)

7 (07/0025/001)

10 (VII.F9/Pit 9/11/001)

11 (13/0039/114) 12 (13/0004/010) 0

5 cm

Plate 177: Lesbian amphorae AM/L (imported fabrics: 1-9); possible Lesbian amphorae AM/L? (imported fabrics: 10-11); Chian amphora Variant 1 AM/CH.1 (imported fabric: 12) 452

Plates

1 (07/0080/034)

2 (13/0040/047)

3 (VII.D10/0005/004)

5 (13/0036/004) 4 (14b/0001/043)

7 (VII.D-10/0005/011) 6 (VII.D-10/0005/009-010)

0

Plate 178: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1 (imported fabrics: 1-7)

453

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

2 (13/0040/043)

1 (VII.B12/0007/31)

3 (13/0040/045) 4 (15/0059/003)

5 (15/0093/005)

6 (13/0041/017)

7 (15/0096/012)

0

5 cm

Plate 179: Chian amphorae Variant 2 AM/CH.2 (imoprted fabrics: 1-3); Chian amphorae Variant 3 short neck AM/CH.3.i (imported fabrics: 4-5); Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabrics: 6-7) 454

Plates

2 (13/0039/115)

1 (VII.B12/0007/049) 3 (15/0094/008)

5 (15/0067/017)

6 (15/0016/005)

4 (13/0041/016)

0

Plate 180: Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabrics: 1-5); Chian amphora Variant 4 AM/CH.4 (imported fabric: 6) 455

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

456

Plates

1 (13/0040/021)

2 (16/0038/004)

3 (13/0049/027)

4 (14/0001/090) 5 (15/0096/007)

6 (13/0039/118) 7 (07/0060/016)

8 (07/0087/041)

9 (VII.B12/0007/010)

12 (13/0040/023) 11 (13/0063/007) 10 (15/0052/009)

0

Plate 182: Chian amphorae cup-shaped toes AM/CH.1-4, 5(?) (imported fabrics: 1-7); Chian amphorae chamfered toes AM/CH.3-4, 5(?) (imported fabrics: 8-12) 457

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0028/002)

3 (14/0001/095) 2 (15/0096/010)

4 (16/0003/096)

7 (15/0043/021)

5 (13/0040/022)

6 (13/0040/020)

9 (13/0040/026) 8 (14/0042/001)

11 (07/0101/003)

10 (15/0043/020)

0

5 cm

Plate 183: Chian amphorae chamfered toes AM/CH.3-4, 5(?) (imported fabrics: 1-10); Chian amphora with pot mark AM/CH (imported fabric: 11) 458

Plates

1 (14/0001/186)

2 (14b/0001/046)

3 (14/0001/185)

4 (VII.B-12/0007/048)

0

5 cm

Plate 184: Chian amphorae with potmarks AM/CH (imported fabrics: 1-3); “Proto-Thasian”/ Chian red-painted amphora AM/PT.1 (imported fabric: 4) 459

Kom Tuman II

1 (14b/0001/039)

3 (05-06/0057/014)

2 (07/0080/033)

4 (VII.D10/0001/015) 5 (13/0040/035)

7 (13/0025/052)

8 (14/0045/039) 6 (13/0041/003)

9 (13/0044/009)

0

5 cm

Plate 185: “Proto-Thasian”/Chian red painted amphora AM/PT.1 (imported fabric: 1); “ProtoThasian”/Chian amphora with short neck and dipinto dotted circle AM/PT.2 (imported fabric: 2); “Proto-Thasian” amphorae with long neck AM/PT.3 (imported fabrics: 3-6); North Aegean amphorae Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT) (imported fabrics: 7-9) 460

Plates

1 (14/0001/081)

2 (13/0045/002)

3 (13/0046/049)

5 (14/0042/002)

4 (16/0007/021)

7 (13/0039/112) 6 (13/0046/048)

8 (15/0018/004) 9 (VII.B12/0007/013) 0

5 cm

Plate 186: North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT) (imported fabrics: 1-9) 461

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0151/006)

2 (07/0151/008)

3 (15/0096/009)

5 (15/0093/001)

4 (15/0043/018)

0

5 cm

Plate 187: North Aegean amphorae: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA) (imported fabrics: 1-5) 462

Plates

2 (14/0044/007)

3 (13/0041/005)

4 (13/0040/033) 1 Alonnesos shipwreck, Solocha II (from Matzouka 2004: pl. 38) © E. Mantzouka 0

5 cm

Plate 188: North Aegean amphorae: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA) (imported fabrics: 2-4) 463

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0041/008)

2 (13/0040/041)

4 (16/0003/095)

5 (15/0008/018)

3 (07/0027/067)

7 (13/0039/117) 6 (13/0039/119)

9 (13/0040/025)

10 (14/0001/088)

8 (16/0001/017)

11 (14/0001/089) 0

5 cm

Plate 189: North Aegean amphora: Peparethian and related AM/NA (PEPA) (imported fabric: 1); North Aegean amphora AM/NA (imported fabric: 2); North Aegean amphorae: spinning top toes AM/NA.B.1 (imported fabrics: 3-8); North Aegean amphorae: thickned toes AM/NA.B.2 (imported fabric: 9-11) 464

Plates

1 (VII.B12/0007/009)

2 (14b/0001/041) 3 (15/0008/019)

4 (14b/0001/040)

6 (13/0025/053)

5 (15/0003/020)

7 (13/0040/024) 0

5 cm

Plate 190: North Aegean amphorae: thickned toes AM/NA.B.2 (imported fabrics: 1-5); possible North Aegean amphorae AM/GR (imported fabrics: 6-7) 465

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0040/044)

2 (13/0041/004)

0

Plate 191: possible North Aegean amphorae AM/GR (imported fabrics: 1-2)

466

5 cm

Plates

467

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0137/005)

2 (07/0087/042)

4 (07/0087/030)

6 (16/0003/024)

3 (14/0001/085) 5 (13/0025/057)

7 (13/0065/003)

8 (15/0101/002)

9 (13/0040/056)

11 (14/0001/098) 10 (13/0040/055)

0

Plate 193: Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA (imported fabrics: 1-6); Egyptian amphorae with ball/thickened rim AM/EG/M.1 (marl fabrics: 7-10); Egyptian amphora with overhang or band rim AM/EG/M.2 (marl fabric: 11) 468

5 cm

Plates

469

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0001/101)

2 (13/0039/068)

3 (15/0008/017)

4 (13/0040/150)

6 (14/S/002) 5 (15/0043/022)

8 (13/0039/082) 7 (15/0065/012)

9 (14b/0006/007)

0

5 cm

Plate 195: Egyptian amphora with thickened rim AM/EG/M.3 (marl fabric: 1); other Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/M.4 (marl fabrics: 2-9) 470

Plates

1 (13/0039/083) 2 (15/0039/013)

3 (13/0039/100)

4 (15/S/034) 5 (13/0040/008)

7 (14/0007/007)

8 (13/0041/051)

6 (16/0015/041)

9 (13/0040/011)

10 (16/0025/003-004) 11 (13/0063/003)

13 (14/0001/037)

16 (13/0047/017)

14 (14/0007/009)

17 (14/0001/054)

12 (16/0003/033)

15 (15/0030/008)

0

5 cm

Plate 196: other Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/M.4 (marl fabrics: 1-3); East Greek Wild Goat Style EGFW/WGS (imported fabric: 4); Ionian bowls EGFW/BC (imported fabrics: 5-10); Banded Ware EGFW/BW (imported fabrics: 11-13); uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW(?) (imported fabrics: 14-17) 471

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0001/047)

4 (14b/0001/033)

2 (13/0035/063)

5 (13/0041/050)

3 (14/0001/034)

6 (13/0039/088)

8 (13/0044/003) 7 (15/0018/002)

9 (15/0049/004)

11 (14/0001/152)

10 (15/0054/004)

13 (13/0046/047)

14 (13/0041/052)

12 (14/0017/006)

15 (13/0039/089)

16 (13/0046/013)

17 (15/0008/002) 0

Plate 197: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW(?) (imported fabrics: 1-17) 472

5 cm

Plates

1 (14/0001/150) 3 (13/0025/039)

2 (13/0039/107)

4 (13/0025/041)

6 (13/0041/053)

7 (13/0046/007)

10 (15/0096/005)

13 (13/0046/006)

5 (16/0014/006)

8 (14/0014/001)

11 (14/0014/009)

14 (16/0009/002)

9 (16/S/048)

12 (15/0061/015)

15 (13/S/0038) 0

5 cm

fabrics: 11-12); Attic Black Figure ABF (imported fabrics: 13-14); Attic Red Figure ARF (imported fabric: 15) 473

Kom Tuman II

2 (03-04/0079/001)

1 (14/0001/001)

3 (15/0005/001)

4 (15/0009/001) 5 Lekythos Ashmolean Museum AN1914.8 © Ashmolean Museum

6 (13/0063/002) 7 (14/0001/018)

9 (14/0001/046)

13 (14/0001/059)

8 (13/0040/005)

10 (13/0025/036)

11 (14/0001/057)

14 (14/0001/048)

15 (13/0046/005)

12 (14/0001/155)

16 (14/0001/139)

17 (16/0003/068) 18 (15/0049/002)

0

Plate 199: Attic Red Figure ARF (imported fabric: 1); Attic Black or Red Figure ABF/ARF (imported fabrics: 2-3); Black Glaze pottery closed vessels ABG (imported fabrics: 4-18) 474

5 cm

Plates

1 (14/0001/050) 3 (16/0003/066) 2 (15/0026/002)

5 (14b/0006/002)

4 (13/0039/091)

6 (16/0050/001)

9 (13/0040/001)

7 (13/0040/006)

10 (13/0040/004)

12 (15/0039/002)

8 (13/0042/010)

11 (13/0040/002)

13 (14b/0006/001) 14 (14b/0001/011)

15 Athens, Agora, (after Boulter 1953: fig. 2:28) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens

16 (14/0001/058)

17 (15/0039/001)

0

5 cm

Plate 200: Black Glaze pottery closed vessel ABG (imported fabric: 1); Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG (imported fabrics: 2-17) 475

Kom Tuman II

4 (13/0044/001)

5 (14/0018/001)

6 (15/0045/001)

7 (13/0004/003)

9 Athens, Agora (after Boulter 1953: fig. 3:62) © American School of Classical Studies at Athens

8 (13/0040/003)

11 (14/0001/144)

10 (13/0046/002)

13 (13/0046/001)

3 (VI.O11/0008/027)

2 (13/0025/033)

1 (05-06/0068/176)

12 (07/0008/028)

15 (14/0001/043)

14 (13/0046/003)

17 (15/0028/006)

16 (13/0040/147)

18 (15/0096/001)

0

5 cm

Plate 201: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG (imported fabrics: 1-15); Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pots (cythrai) PTL.CP.1.i (Nile silt: 16-17); stew pot variant PTL.CP.1.i var. (Nile silt: 18) 476

Plates

1 (13/0041/064) 2 (14b/0010/005)

3 (16/0015/065)

5 (13/0041/066)

4 (13/0039/004)

6 (13/0041/065)

7 (15/0008/028)

9 (16/0014/009)

8 (13/0040/145)

11 (07/0079/002)

10 (16/0003/078)

0

5 cm

Plate 202: Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pot variants PTL.CP.1.i var. (Nile silt: 1-3); cooking pots with high neck PTL.CP.1.ii (Nile silt: 4-5); collared rim cooking pots PTL.CP.1.iii (Nile silt: 67); wide mouth jars/hydriai PTL.J.1 (Nile silt: 8-9); round mouth jugs PTL.J.2 (Nile silt: 10-11) 477

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0061/037)

2 (15/0026/012)

3 (16/0050/002) 4 (13/0035/0005)

5 (14/0001/103) 6 (14b/0001/057)

7 (13/0047/001) 8 (13/0041/088)

9 (15/0026/013)

0

10 (16/0025/016)

5 cm

11 (14/0001/013)

Plate 203: Ptolemaic to early Roman: round mouth jugs PTL.J.2 (Nile silt: 1-3); table amphorae with straight neck PTL.3.i (Nile silt: 4-8); table amphorae with bulge neck PTL.J.3.ii (Nile silt: 911) 478

Plates

479

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0043/003)

2 (16/0001/013)

4 (14b/0010/007)

3 (13/0041/098)

5 (15/0054/003)

6 (16/0003/100)

7 (13/0041/097)

8 (16/0003/099) 9 (16/0003/048)

11 (13/0025/008)

10 (15/0005/011)

0

5 cm

Plate 205: Ptolemaic to early Roman: undetermined jars PTL.J (Nile silt: 1-2); dishes with direct rim PTL.O.1 (Nile silt: 3-9); dish with direct rim variant: cooking bowl type (Nile silt: 10); echinus bowl PTL.O.3.i (Nile silt: 11) 480

Plates

1 (05-06/0013/002)

2 (13/0046/031)

4 (15/S/076)

3 (13/S/0009)

5 (13/S/0008)

7 (VI.O.11/0008/018)

6 (13/0045/013)

9 (13/0035/037)

8 (13/0060/007)

10 (VII.B12/0007/027) 11 (13/0047/010)

0

Plate 206: Ptolemaic to early Roman: echinus bowls PTL.O.3.i (Nile silt: 1-7); tulip bowl PTL.O.3.ii (Nile silt: 8); plates with grooved rim ”fish plates” PTL.O.4 .i (Nile silt: 9-11) 481

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (VI.O11/0008/014)

2 (13/0001/009)

3 (15/0052/002)

4 (13/0039/053)

6 (13/0025/009)

5 (13/0049/003)

7 (13/0039/051) 8 (13/0049/004)

9 (13/0060/005)

10 (07/0036/016)

0

5 cm

Plate 207: Ptolemaic to early Roman: plates with grooved rim ”fish plates” PTL.O.4 .i (Nile silt: 1-2); large plates with modelled rim PTL.O.4.ii (Nile silt: 3-4); Ptolemaic Black Ware echinus bowls PTL.O.5.i (Nile silt: 5-7); Ptolemaic Black Ware plates with grooved rim “fish plates” PTL.O.5.ii (Nile silt: 8-10) 482

Plates

1 (13/0035/036)

2 (14/0043/002)

3 (14/0001/213)

4 (15/0008/029) 5 (13/0049/005)

6 (07/0087/012) 7 (14/0018/003)

8 (15/0005/008) 9 (13/0040/125)

10 (14/0045/021)

0

5 cm

Plate 208: Ptolemaic to early Roman: Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with grooved rims “fish plate” PTL.O.5.ii (Nile silt: 1); Ptolemaic Black Ware other shapes PTL.O.5.iii (Nile silt: 2-8); crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i (Nile silt: 9-10) 483

Kom Tuman II

1 (16/0011/006)

2 (14/0038/003)

3 (16/0003/098)

4 (16/0003/097)

5 (16/0003/055)

0

Plate 209: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i (Nile silt: 1-5) 484

5 cm

Plates

1 (16/0025/015)

2 (07/0025/008)

3 (16/0003/079)

4 (13/0047/008) Plate 210: Ptolemaic to ealry Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i (Nile silt: 1-4)

485

0

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

486

Plates

1 (15/0057/009)

2 (13/0040/121)

3 (15/0005/012)

4 (13/0040/148)

0

Plate 212: Ptolemaic to early Roman: “column crater” derivatives PTL.O.6.ii (Nile silt: 1-3); lekane PTL.O.6.iii (Nile silt: 4) 487

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (VI.O-11/0008/010)

2 (13/0041/067)

3 (15/0024/002)

4 (VII.B12/0007/011)

5 (13/0046/029) 0

5 cm

Plate 213: Ptolemaic to early Roman : lekanai PTL.O.6.iii (Nile silt: 1-2); cooking bowls with bent sides PTL.O.7.i (Nile silt: 3-4); cooking bowl with straight upper sides and ledge rim “lopas” PTL.O.7.ii (Nile silt: 5) 488

Plates

1 (15/0049/005)

2 (13/0039/003)

3 (15/0061/045)

4 (13/0046/033)

5 (13/0046/030)

6 (13/0046/034) 0

5 cm

Plate 214: Ptolemaic to early Roman: cooking bowl with straight upper sides and ledge rim “lopas” PTL.O.7.ii (Nile silt: 1); lopas with carinated sides and ledge rim PTL.O.7.iv (Nile silt: 2); undetermined cooking bowl PTL.O.7 (Nile silt: 3); shallow cooking pans PTL.O.7.iv (Nile silt: 4-5; marl fabric: 6) 489

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0022/017) 2 (13/0046/055)

3 (13/0004/008)

4 (16/0014/017)

6 (13/0040/038)

5 (13/0063/008)

7 (07/0008/007)

8 (13/0040/039)

11 (13/0065/006)

9 (15/0036/010)

12 (14/0045/040)

10 (VI.O11/0008/002) 0

5 cm

Plate 215: Ptolemaic to early Roman: open vessel with ring base PTL.O.B.1 (Nile silt: 1); open vessel with pedestal base PTL.O.B.2 (Nile silt: 2); mushroom rim amphorae AM/MSH (imported fabrics: 3-9); Knidian amphorae AM/KN (imported fabrics: 10-12) 490

Plates

491

Kom Tuman II

1 Kyrenia shipwreck (after Bass and Katzev 1968, p. 172) © G. and A. Bass

2 (13/0073/002)

3 (13/0040/042)

0

Plate 217: Ptolemaic period: Koan amphorae AM/KO (imported fabrics: 2-3) 492

5 cm

Plates

1 (13/0040/028) 2 (15/0073/021)

0

2 cm

3-4 (13/0039/121)

7 (13/0004/009) 5 (13/0035/088) 6 (14/0001/092)

9 (14/0001/091)

8 (16/0029/012)

0

5 cm

Plate 218: Koan amphorae AM/KO (imported fabrics: 1-2); Nikandros amphora AM/NIK (imported fabric: 3-4); Erythraean(?) amphorae/Dressel 24 antecedents AM/ERY (imported fabrics: 5-6); Cypriote(?) amphorae AM/CYP(?) (imported fabrics: 7-8); Cyrenaican(?) amphora AM/CYR(?) (imported fabric: 9) 493

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0040/032)

2 (14/0001/076)

3 (15/0039/011)

4 (13/0040/031)

5 (07/0053/006)

6 (13/0025/055)

7 (14/0001/079)

8 (16/0001/019)

9 (16/S/056/008)

10 (13/0040/027)

0

11 (14/0001/086) Plate 219: Brindisi amphorae AM/BR (imported fabrics: 1-11) 494

5 cm

Plates

1 (15/0030/005) 2 (14/0075/002)

4 (14/0001/094)

3 (13/0004/006)

6 (VI.O11/0008/006)

5 (13/0040/054) 7 (14/0001/206) 0

5 cm

Plate 220: undetermined amphorae Hellenistic and Roman periods AM/UN (imported fabrics: 1-4); Egyptian amphorae AM/EG/S (Nile silt: 5-7) 495

Kom Tuman II

496

Plates

1 (14/0001/177)

2 (14/0018/002)

3 (14/0001/161)

5 Coptos, marl fabric (after Berlin 2003: fig. 82: R1.30) © ASOR/A. Berlin

4 (14b/0006/013)

0

5 cm

Plate 222: Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL (imported fabric: 1); West Slope (imported fabric: 2); Eastern Terra Sigillata A ETS A (imported fabric: 3); Roman period: two-handled jar (Nile silt: 4) 497

Colour Plates

499

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (14/0010/032)

3-4 (14/0010/031)

5-6 (03-04/0114/0015-1)

7-8 (15/0045/012)

11 (07/0008/0040) 9-10 (13/0035/102)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 1: Old Kingdom: beer jar (Nile fabric: 1-2); dish with angular rim (Nile fabric: 3-4); Middle Kingdom: zirs (marl fabrics: 5-8); bread mould (Nile silt: 9-10); New Kingdom: funnel neck jar (Nile silt: 11)

500

Colour Plates

1 (VII/0009)

2 (13/0046/035)

4 (07/0060/004)

3 (14/0006/008)

5 (07/0060/005) 6 (07/0003/055) 7 (07/0056/017)

8 (07/0085/006)

9 (07/0137/013) 10 (13/0049/039)

11 (14/0032/014) 12 (16/0009/016)

0

Colour plate 2: New Kingdom: funnel neck jars (Nile fabrics: 1-8; marl fabric: 9); jug (marl fabric: 10); dishes (Nile silt): 11-12 501

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (13/0035/069)

2 (VII. B12/0007/026)

3 (14/0001/216)

4-5 (13/0035/077)

6 Tomb of Merneptah (after Aston, Aston and Brock 1998: pl. 8:73 © D. Aston)

7-8 (13/0035/067)

0

Colour plate 3: New Kingdom: carinated dishes with painted rim (Nile silt: 1-2); large carinated bowls or bowls with resricted rim (Nile silt: 3-5); bread mould (Nile silt: 7-8)

502

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (07/0152/014)

3-4 (03-04/0117/017)

0

Colour plate 4: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5 (Nile silt: 1-2 ; mixed clay fabrics: 3-4)

503

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (04-05/0099/010)

3-4 (05-06/0101/001)

0

Colour plate 5: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5 (mixed clay fabrics: 1-4)

504

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (03-04/0114/001) 3-4 (03-04/0114/004)

5-6 (03-04/0114/005)

7-8 (03-04/0114/002-3)

9-10 (03-04/0114/014)

11-12 (03-04/0138/004) 0

Colour plate 6: Late Period: storage jars with short neck LP.SJ.5 (mixed clay fabrics: 1-12)

505

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (15/0032/006)

3-4 (15/0009/006)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 7: Late Period: storage jar with carinated shoulder LP.SJ.8 (marl fabric: 1-2); Oasis necked storage jar LP.SJ.9.i (Oasis fabric: 3-4)

506

Colour Plates

1 (15/0005/013)

2 (15/0005/013) 0 0

5 cm

10 cm

3 Arad, Stratum VI (after Singer-Avitz 2002: fig 22: Fl 3)

Colour plate 8: Late Period: large pilgrim flask LP.PF.1.i (marl fabric: 1-2)

507

0

2 cm

Kom Tuman II

5 (14/0001/082)

6 (15/0045/007)

7 (16/0009/013)

8 (15/0063/001)

9-10 (13/0001/016) 1-4 (15/0111) 0

Colour plate 9: Late Period: kegs LP.PF.1.ii (Oasis fabrics: 1-10)

508

5 cm

Colour Plates

1 (15/0100/002)

2 (15/0100/002)

3-4 (13/0041/063) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 10: Late Period: cooking pot with groove on rim LP.CP.1.ii (Nile silt: 1-2); jar with high neck and band rim LP.J.2.i (Nile silt: 3-4)

509

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (16/0048)

3-4 (16/0047)

5 (15/0067/012)

0

Colour plate 11: Late Period: globular jars with grooves below rim LP.J.3.i (Nile silt: 1-4); globular jar with sloping neck LP.J.3.ii (Nile silt: 5)

510

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (05-06/0096/001)

3-4 (07/0110/006)

0

Colour plate 12: Late Period: other globular jar LP.J.3.v (Nile silt: 1-2); bottle with short neck LP.J.4 (Nile silt: 3-4)

511

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (03-04/0033)

3-4 (04-05/0099/002)

0

Colour plate 13: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4 (Nile silt: 1-4)

512

5 cm

Colour Plates

3-4 (04-05/0099/001)

5-6 (04-05/0099/006)

1-2 (04-05/0099/004)

0

Colour plate 14: Late Period: bottles with short neck LP.J.4 (Nile silt: 1-6)

513

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (13/0021)

3-4 (07/0130) 0

Colour plate 15: Late Period: bottles with ball or rolled rim LP.J.5.ii (Nile silt: 1-4)

514

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (VII.F9/Pit 9/009)

3 (13/0025/014)

4-5 (07/0152/020) 0

Colour plate 16: Late Period: bottle with ball rim LP.J.5.ii (Nile silt: 1-2); bottle with cordon neck LP.J.5.iii (marl fabrics: 3); bottle with groove below rim LP.J.5.v (Nile silt: 4-5)

515

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (04-05/0094/004)

3-4 (04-05/0099/005)

5-6 (07/0030/005+006) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 17: Late Period: bottles with groove below rim LP.J.5.v (Nile silt: 1-4); bottle with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi (Nile silt: 5-6)

516

Colour Plates

1-2 (03-04/0147A)

3-4 (07/0152/013) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 18: Late Period: bottle with ledge below rim LP.J.5.vi (Nile silt: 1-2); neckless bagshaped jar with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii (Nile silt: 3-4)

517

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (16/0044/001)

3-4 (07/0152/021) 0

Colour plate 19: Late Period: bottle base LP.J.5 (Nile silt: 1-2); neckless bag-shaped jar with plain ledge below rim LP.J.6.iii (Nile silt: 3-4)

518

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (07/0009/002)

3-4 (07/0044/003)

5-6 (15/0041/004)

0

Colour plate 20: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv (Nile silt: 1-6)

519

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (07/0022/004)

5-6 (15/0041/005) 3-4 (07/0044/001)

7-8 (13/0063/030) 0

Colour plate 21: Late Period: globular and elongated neckless jars with ledged rim LP.J.6.iv (Nile silt: 1-4); hole-mouth jar LPJ.7.ii (Nile silt: 5-6); neckless globular jar with wide mouth variant a LPJ.7.iii var. a (Nile silt: 7-8)

520

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (05-06/0004)

3-4 (05-06/0063)

6-7 (15/0041/007)

5 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 16:116) © EES/ D. Aston

8-9 (13/0035/076)

12-13 (13/0041/114) 10-11 (16/0014/001)

16-17 (15/0022/026)

14-15 (07/0023/007)

22-23 (16/0015/029) 18-19 (15/0073/006)

20-21 (13/0063/041) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 22: Late Period: small jars with short neck LP.FW.J.1.i (marl fabrics: 1-4); small jars with short neck variants LP.FW.J.1.i var. (marl fabrics: 6-9); small jar with short neck and handles on sides variant LP.FW.J.1.iii var. (marl fabrics: 10-11); small jars with ribs or bulges below rim LP.FW.J.2 (marl fabrics: 12-17); small neckless jar with ribbed body LP.FW.J.3.i (marl fabrics: 1819); small neckless jars with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii (Nile silt: 20-21; marl fabrics: 22-23)

521

Kom Tuman II

1 (14/0001/061)

2-3 (16/0046/002)

4 (07/0121/001)

7 (16/0023/011)

5-6 (15/0005/015) 8-9 (15/0032/003)

10 (13/0046/018) 11 (15/0036/004)

13-14 (15/0008/004)

12 (14/0001/149)

15 (13/0039/087)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 23: Late Period: small neckless jar with smooth body LP.FW.J.3.ii (mixed clay fabrics: 1); small neckless jar with band rim LP.FW.J.3.iii (Nile silt: 2-3); small jar/bottle with narrow mouth LP.FW.J.4 (Nile silt: 4); small jars with straight to conical neck LP.FW.J.6 (Nile silt: 5-6; marl fabrics: 7-9; mixed clay fabric: 10-11); jugs with cordon neck LP.FW.J.8.i (marl fabrics: 12-15) 522

Colour Plates

1-2 (14//0001/020) 3 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 30:265) © EES/D.Aston

4-6 (15/0008/001)

7 Nimrud (after Oates 1959: pl. XXXVIII:96; h. 12.3 cm © Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

9 (15/0057/011) 8 Saqqara (after Aston and Aston 2010: pls. 29:258, 57) © EES/D. Aston

12-13 (15/0094/006)

10-11 (15/0005/014)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 24: Late Period: jug with plain rim LP.FW.J.8.ii (marl fabrics: 1-2); jug with spouted handle LP.FW.J.8.iii (marl fabric: 4-6); jug/jar uncertain type LP.FW.J.8.iv (marl fabric: 9); jugs or bottles with ledge below rim LP.FW.J.9 (Nile silt: 10-13)

523

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (VII.B12/0007/032)

3-4 (15/0005/033) 5-6 (16/0015/027)

7-9 (07/0151/001a-b)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 25: Late Period: jug uncertain type LP.FW.J.8.i (marl fabrics: 1-2); jugs or bottles with ledge below rim LP.FW.J.9 (marl fabrics: 3-4; mixed clay fabrics: 5-6); Bes vase LP.FW.J.10 (marl fabric: 7-9)

524

Colour Plates

1-2 (15/0005/022) 3-4 (13/0065/001)

5-6 (15/0073/003) 7-8 (16/0003/014)

9-10 (15/0098/001)

11 (13/0040/114)

14-15 (13/0044/010)

12-13 (16/0003/087)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 26: Late Period: Bes vases LP.FW.J.10 (marl fabrics: 1-8); small jars with carinated shoulder LP.FW.J.11 (Nile silt: 9-11; mixed clay fabrics: 12-15)

525

Kom Tuman II

3-4 (13/0045/016)

1-2 (16/0003/035)

9-10 (14/0001/051) 5-6 (16/0011/004)

7-8 (05-06/0068/001)

12 (14/0045/011)

11 (14/0001/049)

13 (15/0022/004)

14 (16/0003/059)

17-18 (14/0001/176)

15-16 (14b/0001/037)

19-20 (15/0020/001)

21-22 (15/0005/023) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 27: Late Period: fine ware jar with incised decoration LP.FW.J.12 (marl fabrics: 1-2); small jar/juglet with brushed slip LP.FW.J.13 (marl fabrics: 3-4); juglets with ovoid body LP.FW.JG.1 (Nile silt: 5-6; marl fabrics: 7-16); juglets with ovoid body variants LP.FW.JG.1 var. (marl fabrics: 17-22) 526

Colour Plates

3-4 (07/0023/006)

1-2 (07/0061/001) 5-6 (15/0032/004)

7-8 (15/0008/005) 9-10 (15/0100/001)

13-14 (16/0015/032)

11-12 (14b/0006/004)

15-16 (16/0011/003)

17-18 (16/S/026) 19-20 (13/0040/081)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 28: Late Period: wide-based juglet LP.FW.JG.2 (marl fabrics: 1-2); small flask with out-splayed rim LP.FW.JG.3.i (marl fabric: 3-4); squat or globular small flasks LP.FW.JG.3.ii (marl fabrics: 5-8); juglet with elongated body LP.FW.JG.4 (marl fabric: 9-10); small pilgrim flasks LP.FW.PF.1 (marl fabrics: 11-14; Oasis fabric: 15-16); miniature torpedo LP.FW.T (marl fabric: 1718); jar with ring base, large LP.CL.B.2.a (marl fabric: 19-20)

527

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (05-06/0096/003)

3 (14/0001/191)

4-5 (15/0008/025)

8-9 (07/0152/011) 6-7 (04-05/0094/006) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 29: Late Period: large jars with rounded bases LP.CL.B.3.a (Nile silt: 1-2; marl fabric: 3); plates/dishes with thick walls, small to medium diameter LP.O.1.i (Nile silt: 4-9)

528

Colour Plates

1-2 (07/0135)

3-4 (13/0035/047)

5-6 (13/0035/031) 7-8 (VII.F9/Pit 9/002)

9 (13/0048/010) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 30: Late Period: plates/dishes with thick walls, wide diameter LP.O.1.ii (Nile silt: 1-4); plate/dish with scraped base LP.O.1.iii (Nile silt: 5-6); plate/dish with flanged rim LP.O.1.iv (Nile silt: 7-8); large plate/dish with direct rim LP.O.2.ii (marl fabric: 9)

529

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (16/0003/017)

5-6 (07/0152/003)

3-4 (13/0055/016)

7-8 (16/0014/010)

9-11 (16/0007/011) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 31: Late Period: small dish with bent sides variant LP.O.3.i var. (Nile silt: 1-2); small dish with bent sides LP.O.3.i (marl fabric: 3-4); large dish with bent sides LP.O.3.ii (Nile silt: 5-6); large dishes/lids with modelled rim LP.O.4 (Nile silt: 7-11)

530

Colour Plates

1-2 (16/0015/068)

3-5 (16/0025/006)

6-7 (07/0152/012) 8-9 (13/0064/002)

10-11 (15/0008/024) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 32: Late Period: large dishes/lids with modelled rims LP.O.4 (Nile silt: 1-5); dish with out-turned rim LP.O.5 (Nile silt: 6-7); small hemispherical bowls with thick base LP.O.6.ii (Nile silt: 8-11)

531

Kom Tuman II

3-4 (16/0015/043)

1-2 (13/0001/010)

5-7 (16/0015/039)

8 Persepolis (stone vessel) (after Schimdt et al. 1957: pl. 59:8) © Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

9-10 (15/0073/010)

11-13 (14/0001/179) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 33: Late Period: dish with low carination and flanged rim LP.O.9.i (marl fabric: 1-2); dishes with low carination and sloping-in rim LP.O.9.ii (marl fabrics: 3-7); dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii (Nile silt: 9-10; marl fabric: 11-13)

532

Colour Plates

1-2 (13/0045/011)

3-4 (16/0025/022)

5-6 (15/0003/011)

9-10 (14/0001/063)

7-8 (13/0045/010)

11-12 (13/0063/020) 13-14 (13/0046/038)

15-16 (16/0046/001) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 34: Late Period: dishes with low carination and overhang rim LP.O.9.iii (marl fabric: 1-2; mixed clay fabrics: 3-8); dishes with low carination and cordon below rim LP.O.9.iv (marl fabrics: 9-12); small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i (Nile silt: 1316)

533

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (15/0100/003)

3-4 (16/0025/019)

5-6 (15/0026/015)

7-8 (13/0040/099) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 35: Late Period: small hemispherical bowls diameters 16.0-20.0 cm LP.O.11.i (Nile silt: 1-4); medium-sized hemispherical bowls diameters 20.0-30.0 cm LP.O.11.ii (Nile silt: 5-6; mixed clay fabric: 7-8)

534

Colour Plates

1-2 (14b/0006/016)

3-4 (15/0026/017)

5-7 (14b/0011/002)

8 (14/0001/215)

9 (15/0034/004) 10 (14b/0010/001)

13 (15/0008/003) 11 (14b/0001/007-008) 12 (15/0057/013)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 36: Late Period: large-sized hemispherical bowl diameter over 30.0 cm LP.O.11.iii (Nile silt: 1-2); small hemispherical bowl variant LP.O.12 (Nile silt: 3-4); dish with thickened rim large variant LP.O.13.ii (marl fabric: 5-7); fine ware bowls and beakers with straight rim LP.O.14 (Nile silt: 8-9; mixed clay fabrics: 10-13) 535

Kom Tuman II

1-3 (14/0001/069) 4-5 (16/0021/006)

6-7 (15/0095/002)

8-9 (15/0020/007-008) 10-11 (07/0012/003)

16 (15/0041/008)

inscription

17 (13/0041/035) 12-15 (03-04/0148)

20-21 (16/0011/001) 18-19 (15/0005/039)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 37: Late Period: small bowl with direct rim LP.O.15 (marl fabric: 1-3); beakers with carinated base and high walls LP.O.16.i (Nile silt: 4-7; marl fabric: 8-9); beakers with carinated base and short sides LP.O.16.ii (Nile silt: 10-11; marl fabric: 12-15); small carinated bowls LP.O.17 (Nile silt: 16; marl fabrics: 17-21) 536

Colour Plates

1 (13/0041/115) 2-3 (16/0003/074)

4 (16/0038/002)

5 (15/0008/008) 6 (14b/0001/002)

7 (14b/0001/004)

11 (15/0067/002)

8-9 (14b/0006/003)

12 (15/0067/001)

15 (15/0026/004)

10 (14b/0001/003)

13 (16/0003/109)

16 (13/0040/010)

14 (16/0003/051)

18-20 (15/0022/016)

17 (15/0057/001+002+003)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 38: Late Period: small carinated bowls LP.O.17 (marl fabrics: 1-5; mixed clay fabrics: 6-17); salt cellar LP.O.19 (Nile silt: 18-20)

537

Kom Tuman II

4-6 (13/0001/011) 1-3 (16/0003/018)

9-10 (15/0020/009) 7-8 (14/0001/212)

13-14 (07/0134) 11-12 (13/0035/052)

17-19 (16/0003/005) 15-16 (07/0060/015)

20-21 (15/0026/008)

22-23 (16/0025/026) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 39: Late Period: salt cellars (Nile silt: 1-3; marl fabrics: 4-6); saucer-lid with low carination variant LP.O.20.i var. (Nile silt: 7-8); small dishes with flat base and straight, everted sides LP.O.20.ii (Nile silt: 9-14); small beaker with flat base and straight sides LP.O.21.i (Nile silt: 15-16); tulip-shaped beaker LP.O.21.ii (Nile silt: 17-19); saucer lamps LP.O.22 (Nile silt: 20-23) 538

Colour Plates

1-2 (16/0023/008)

3-4 (16/0014/012)

5-6 (14/0001/027)

7-8 (16/0014/005) Colour plate 40: Late Period: vats LP.O.23 (Nile silt: 1-4; marl fabrics: 5-8)

539

0

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-3 (16/0021/014)

4-5 (16/0025/009)

6-8 (13/0035/030)

11-12 (13/0035/098)

9-10 (15/0026/001)

13-14 (15/0005/028)

15-16 (13/0036/001)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 41: Late Period: vat LP.O.23 (marl fabric:1-3); chalice LP.O.25.i (mixed clay fabric: 45); funnel base FU.B (Nile silt: 6-8); incence burner IB (marl fabric: 9-10); lids with pinched or solid knob and direct rim L.1 (Nile silt: 11-12; marl fabric: 13-14); coarsely-shaped lid with solid knob and bend on rim L.2.i (Nile silt: 15-16)

540

Colour Plates

1-3 (15/0095/004)

4-5 (07/0029/001)

8 (07/0044/002) 6-7 (07/0044/002)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 42: Late Period: funnel with in-turned to straight sides variant FU.1 var. (Nile silt: 1-3); lids with sharp bent sides and high, solid knob L.2.ii (Nile silt: 4-8)

541

Kom Tuman II

5-6 (05-06/0057/004) 1-4 (03-04/0147B) А

A

B

В

С

D

С

D

7-8 (16/0025/034)

9-10 (14/0001/208) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 43: Late Period: lid with small button knob L.3.i (Nile silt: 1-4); lid with knob and ledge or groove on rim L.4 (Nile silt: 5-6); coarseware lid L.8 (Nile silt: 7-8); high stand with straight sides ST.2 (Nile silt: 9-10)

542

Colour Plates

1-2 (16/0003/029)

3-4 (15/0100/005)

5-6 (VII/0005)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 44: large storage jar with globular body and handles on upper part CSW.1.ii (Nile silt: 1-2); platter or bread tray (”dokka”) CSW.5 (Nile silt: 3-4); large plate CSW.6 (Nile silt: 5-6)

543

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (15/0095/001) Scale 1:6 0

10 cm

Colour plate 45: basin with flat base, high sides, and straight to everted rim CSW.2.i (Nile silt: 1-2)

544

Colour Plates

1-3 (14/0001/010)

4-6 (14/0001/192)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 46: Late Period: large vat or basin with out-turned, modelled rim CSW.3.i (Nile silt: 1-3); large bowl with round base and internal ledge CSW.3.iii (Nile silt: 4-6)

545

Kom Tuman II

1-3 (14/0001/012)

4-6 (13/0040/152)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 47: Late Period: large vat or basin with out-turned, modelled rim CSW.3.i (Nile silt: 1-3); brazier or pot-stand with high foot and restricted body CSW.7.iii (Nile silt: 4-6)

546

Colour Plates

1-3 (15/0073/027) Scale 1:4

0

Colour plate 48: sunken basin CSW.8 (Nile silt: 1-3)

547

10 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (15/0061/047)

3-4 (14/0001/007)

5 (13/0049/006)

6 (13/0040/143)

7-8 (15/0061/028) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 49: production vessel with V-shaped sides, plain rim, and flat or rounded base PV.1.i (Nile silt: 1-2); production vessel with straight or slightly bulging body and round or carinated base PV.1.ii (Nile silt: 3-4); production vessel with wide mouth PV.2 (Nile silt: 5); production vessel with low walls and wide mouth PV.3 (Nile silt: 6); torpedo jar with very short rim Variant 2: flattened rim TP.2.b (imported fabric: 7-8)

548

Colour Plates

1-2 (15/0095/003) 0

Colour plate 50: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1 (imported fabric: 1-2)

549

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (15/0094/0001) Colour plate 51: torpedo jar with short neck TP.1 (imported fabric: 1-2)

550

0

5 cm

Colour Plates

1 (15/0054/007) 2-3 (13/0040/067)

4-6 (16/0011/013)

7-8 (14/0001/104) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 52: torpedo jar with flat (or nearly flat) shoulder TP.5 (imported fabric: 1); basket handle jar BHJ (imported fabric: 2-3); torpedo jars with overhang shoulder and short rim TP.6 (imported fabric: 4-6); Egyptian imitation of Levantine jar TP/EG/S (Nile silt: 7-8) 551

Kom Tuman II

0

1-2 (13/0072/001)

Colour plate 53: basket handle jar BHJ (imported fabric: 1-2) 552

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (16/0003/101)

3-5 (16/0003/025)

6-7 (15/0061/029)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 54: Egyptian imitation of Levantine jar TP/EG/M (mixed clay fabric: 1-2); Egyptian imitation of basket handle jar BHJ/EG/M (marl fabric: 3-5); mortarium with wedge rim M.1 (imported fabric: 6-7) 553

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (14b/0001/050)

3-4 (16/0011/012)

5-6 (15/0022/002)

7-8 (15/0059/008) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 55: mortarium with wedge rim M.1 (imported fabric: 1-2); mortarium with outturned rim M.3 (imported fabric: 3-4); Egyptian mortaria M/EG/M (marl fabric: 5-8) 554

Colour Plates

1-2 (14/0001/188)

4 (14b/0006/008)

3 (14b/0006/009)

5 (14/0061/006) 6 (14/0001/074)

7-8 (14/0061/005)

0

Colour plate 56: Egyptian mortarium M/EG/M (marl fabric: 1-2); Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL (imported fabrics: 3-8)

555

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (05-06/0013/052)

3-5 (16/0011/011)

2 (07/0087/026)

8 (07/0080/037)

6-7 (14/0001/084)

0

Colour plate 57: Clazomenian amphorae AM/CL (imported fabrics: 1-8) 556

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (13/0004/007)

3 (15/0024/003+005)

4-5 (15/0003/019) 0

Colour plate 58: Samian/Milesian amphorae Variant 1 AM/SM.1 (imported fabrics: 1-3); Samian/Milesian amphora Variant 2 AM/SM.2 (imported fabric: 4-5) 557

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

3-5 (15/0061/027)

1-2 (16/0003/085)

6 (07/0053/005) 7-8 (15/0090/001)

9-10 (07/0016/026)

11 (VII.D-10/0003/004)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 59: Lesbian amphorae AM/L (imported fabrics: 1-5); Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1 (imported fabrics: 6-11) 558

Colour Plates

1 (14/0001/073)

3 (07/0111/001) 2 (07/0025/038)

4 (VII.B-12/0007/044)

5 (13/0063/015)

7 (VII.D-10/0005/008) 6 (VII.D-10/0005/007)

0

Colour plate 60: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1 (imported fabrics: 1-7)

559

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (VII.D-10/0003/044)

2 (VII.D-10/0003/045)

4 (15/0096/006)

3 (VII.B12/0007/028) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 61: Chian amphorae Variant 1 AM/CH.1 (imported fabrics: 1-2); Chian amphorae Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabrics: 3-4) 560

Colour Plates

1-3 (05-06/0041A/88)

0

Colour plate 62: Chian amphora Variant 3 short neck AM/CH.3.i (imported fabric: 1-3)

561

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

0

(05-06/0041AB1/090) Colour plate 63: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabric) 562

5 cm

Colour Plates

0

(05-06/0041AB1/090)

Colour plate 64: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabric)

563

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

0

(05-06/0041AB2/135) Colour plate 65: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabric)

564

5 cm

Colour Plates

0

(05-06/0041AB2/135)

Colour plate 66: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabric) 565

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

(05-06/0041A/001)

0

Colour plate 67: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabric)

566

5 cm

Colour Plates

0

(05-06/0041A/001)

Colour plate 68: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabric) 567

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1 (07/0092/005)

2 (13/0035/087)

3 (VII.B-12/0031/005)

4 (13/0041/012)

5 (15/0065/009)

6 (16/0007/020) 7 (15/0091/001) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 69: Chian amphora Variant 3 long neck AM/CH.3.ii (imported fabric: 1) ; Chian amphorae Variant 4 AM/CH.4 (imported fabrics: 2-7)

568

Colour Plates

2 (15/0073/022) 1 (VII.B12/0007/037)

4 (15/0030/004) 3 (15/0030/003)

5 (16/0023/016)

6 (16/0025/011)

7 (16/0038/003)

8 (16/0003/108)

0

Colour plate 70: Chian amphora Variant 4 AM/CH.4 (imported fabric: 1); Chian amphorae Variant 5 AM/CH.5 (imported fabrics: 2-8) 569

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

2 (15/0061/021) 1 (15/0036/011)

3 (14b/0010/010)

4 (16/0025/028)

5-6 (16/0003/056)

9 Buto J-Trenches: J1/171 [J1/171/026] 7-8 (15/0061/023)

0

Colour plate 71: Chian amphorae variant 5 AM/CH.5 (imported fabrics: 1-8) 570

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (14/0001/093) 3-4 (14/0001/096)

5-6 (13/0040/051)

7-8 (13/0025/002)

9-10 (13/0040/049)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 72: Chian amphora cup-shaped toe AM/CH.1-4, 5(?) (imported fabric: 1-2); Chian amphora chamfered toe AM/CH.3-4, 5(?) (imported fabric: 3-4); Chian amphorae with pot mark AM/CH (imported fabrics: 5-8); “Proto-Thasian” /Chian red painted amphora AM/PT.1 (imported fabric: 9-10) 571

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (07/0012/001b)

4-5 (14/0001/078)

3 (VII.B12/0007/033)

8 (VII.B12/0007/017)

6-7 (07/0080/023)

9 (13/0039/113)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 73: “Proto-Thasian” /Chian(?) red painted amphorae AM/PT.1 (imported fabrics: 1-3); “Proto-Thasian”/Chian amphorae with short neck and dipinto dotted circle AM/PT.2 (imported fabrics: 4-7); North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (M/T) (imported fabrics: 8-9)

572

Colour Plates

1-2 (07/0012/001a)

3 (14/0045/038)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 74: “Proto-Thasian”/Chian(?) red-painted amphora AM/PT.1 (imported fabric: 1-2); North Aegean amphora: Mendean or Thasian AM/NA (MT) (imported fabric: 3)

573

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (13/0001/001)

3-4 (13/0041/009)

5-6 (14b/0001/044)

9 (14/0045/041)

7-8 (13/0040/057)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 75: North Aegean amphorae: Mendean and Thasian AM/NA (MT) (imported fabrics: 1-4); North Aegean amphora: Peparethian or related AM/NA (PEPA) (imported fabric: 5-6); North Aegean amphorae: spinning top toes AM/NA.B.1 (imported fabrics: 7-9) 574

Colour Plates

1 (VII.B12/0025/021)

2-3 (14/0044/008)

4-5 (14/0001/083)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 76: North Aegean amphora: spinning top toe AM/NA.B.1 (imported fabric: 1); North Aegean amphora: thickned toe AM/NA.B.2 (imported fabric: 2-3); Corinthian amphora AM/COR (imported fabric: 4-5) 575

Kom Tuman II

3-4 (13/0040/029)

5-6 (15/0024/004)

1-2 (07/0128) 7-8 (15/0096/011) 0

Colour plate 77: North Aegean amphora: thickned toe AM/NA.B.2 (imported fabric: 1-2); Corinthian amphora AM/COR (imported fabric: 3-4); Late Period amphorae of East Aegean tradition AM/EA (imported fabrics: 5-8) 576

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-3 (15/0030/001)

4-6 (13/0062/001)

7-8 (13/0035/089)

9-10 (15/0003/017) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 78: Late Period amphora of East Aegean tradition AM/EA (imported fabric: 1-3); Egyptian amphora with ball/thickened rim AM/EG/S.1 (Nile silt: 4-6); Egyptian amphorae with ball/thickened rim AM/EG/M.1 (marl fabrics: 7-10) 577

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (07/0076/010)

3-4 (14/0001/003)

5-6 (07/0076/011)

9-10 (14/0001/005)

7-8 (07/0087/013)

13-14 (07/0075/020) 11-12 (07/0074/001)

15-16 (14/0001/004) 17-19 (13/0025/032)

20-21 (13/0047/022)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 79: East Greek Fikellura and possible Chian EGFW FIK (imported fabrics: 1-10); Clazomenian Black Glaze EGFW/BF (imported fabrics: 11-16); Ionian bowls EGFW/BC (imported fabrics: 17-21) 578

Colour Plates

1-2 (16/0015/040)

3-4 (14/0001/040)

6-8 (15/0001/002)

5 (15/0057/005)

9-11 (14/0001/045)

12-14 (16/0023/010)

18 (13/0040/018)

15-17 (16/0015/001) 19-20 (07/0023/008) 0

Colour plate 80: Ionian bowls EGFW/BC (imported fabrics: 1-8); Banded Ware EGFW/BW (imported fabrics: 9-20)

579

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (15/0041/016)

3-4 (14/0001/053)

5-6 (14/0001/182)

10-11 (13/0042/013)

12-13 (15/0061/018)

7-9 (14b/0006/006)

14-16 (16/0003/037)

20-21 (15/0049/003)

17-19 (14/0001/148)

0

Colour plate 81: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW(?) (imported fabrics: 1-21) 580

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-2 (14/0001/151) 3-4 (13/0025/058)

5-6 (15/0073/002) 9-10 (14/0001/032)

11-12 (15/0098/017)

7-8 (16/0003/105) 13-14 (13/0040/016)

15-16 (13/0025/047)

17-18 (14/0001/036)

20-21 (14/0001/195) 19 (04-05/0117)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 82: uncertain imports of East Greek origin EGFW(?) (imported fabrics: 1-4); fine ware imports of unertain provenance IFW (imported fabrics: 5-10); Cypriote fine and semifine imports CYP (imported fabrics: 11-21)

581

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (16/0003/006)

3-4 (14b/0001/015)

5-6 (14/0001/159) 7-8 (14b/0001/013)

9-10 (07/0080/031)

14 Black Figure Type A amphora (not to scale © Ashmolean Museum 11-13 (07/0140/003) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 83: Cypriote fine and semi-fine imports CYP (imported fabrics: 1-4); SyroPalestinian fine and semi-fine imports (imported fabrics: 5-8); Attic Black Figure ABF (imported fabrics: 9-13)

582

Colour Plates

4-5 (15/0073/001)

1-3 (07/0076/001)

6-8 (16/0003/039) 9-11 (14/0001/143)

12-14 (14b/0001/001)

15-17 (13/0025/037) 18-20 (13/0025/038)

23-24 (07/0137/001)

29-30 (16/0003/012)

25-26 (VII/0002)

31-32 (13/0060/001)

21-22 (07/0075/028)

27-28 (16/0003/013)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 84: Attic Black Figure ABF (imported fabrics: 1-7); Attic Red Figure ARF (imported farbics: 8-24); Attic Black or Red Figure ABF/ARF (imported fabrics: 25-30); Attic White Ground lekythos (imported fabric: 31-32)

583

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0005/005) 2-4 (15/0065/010)

5-6 (15/0030/002)

9-10 (15/0005/004)

7-8 (07/0027/073)

16-17 (16/0003/032)

14-15 (14b/0001/010) 11-13 (15/0022/028)

18-19 (14/0001/002)

20-21 (07/0025/037) 22-23 (16/0003/063)

24-26 (16/0003/010) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 85: Black Glaze pottery closed vessels ABG (imported fabrics: 1-19); Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG (imported fabrics: 20-26)

584

Colour Plates

1-3 (16/0003/001)

4-5 (13/0044/002) 6-7 (14/0001/130)

8-9 (16/0003/011)

10-11 (14/0001/042)

12-14 (16/0003/067)

15-16 (14b/0001/009)

17-18 (07/0067/001)

19 (07/0082/028)

20-21 (04-05/0108) 24-25 (15/0005/003)

22-23 (15/0005/002)

0

Colour plate 86: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG (imported fabrics: 1-25)

585

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

3-5 (13/0046/004) 1-2 (15/0032/001)

9-11 (13/0025/035)

6-8 (07/0036/031) 12-14 (16/0003/002)

17-18 (05-06/0068/002) 15-16 (05-06/0068/003)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 87: Black Glaze pottery open vessels ABG (imported fabrics: 1-11); other Black Glaze (imported fabric: 12-14); Ptolemaic to early Roman: stew pots (cythrai) PTL.CP.1.i (Nile silt: 15-18)

586

Colour Plates

1-2 (14/0001/158)

3-4 (14/0001/006)

5 (14/0037/001) 6-7 (07/0080/030)

8-9 (07/0087/001)

10-11 (07/0087/011)

12 (16/0003/062)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 88: Ptolemaic to early Roman period: wide mouth jar/hydria PTL.J.1 (mixed clay fabric: 1-2); round mouth jugs PTL.J.2 (Nile silt: 3-12)

587

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0061/033) 2 (15/0026/011)

3 (15/0061/032) 4-5 (16/0025/017)

6-7 (14/0001/025)

8 (16/0007/010)

9 (15/0030/010)

10 (15/0018/005)

11-12 (15/0026/019)

13 (15/0005/010)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 89: Ptolemaic to early Roman: round mouth jugs PTL.J.2 (Nile silt: 1-3); table amphora with bulge neck PTL.J.3.ii (Nile silt: 4-5); juglet with cordon neck PTL.J.5.ii (mixed clay fabric: 6-7); small jar with thin walls PTL.FW.CL.2 (Nile silt: 8); dishes with direct rim PTL.O.1 (Nile silt: 9-13) 588

Colour Plates

1-3 (13/0040/120)

4 (07/0087/020) 5-6 (14/0001/016)

7-10 (16/0003/009) 11-12 (14/0045/020)

13-14 (13/0046/032)

15 (14b/0001/055) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 90: Ptolemaic to early Roman : large plates with thickened rim PTL.O.2 (Nile silt: 14); tulip bowl PTL.O.3.ii (Nile silt: 5-6); Ptolemaic Black Ware echinus bowl variant PTL.O.5.i var. (Nile silt: 7-10); Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with grooved rim “fish plate” PTL.O.5.ii (Nile silt: 1112); Ptolemaic Black Ware plate with overhang rim: fish plate PTL.O.5.iii (Nile silt: 13-14); crateroid bowl PTL.O.6.i (Nile silt: 15) 589

Kom Tuman II

1 (15/0094/004)

2 (14/0001/194)

3 (14b/0001/062)

4-5 (07/0036/033)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 91: Ptolemaic to early Roman: crateroid bowls PTL.O.6.i (Nile silt: 1-3); “column crater” derivatives PTL.O.6.ii (Nile silt: 4-5)

590

Colour Plates

1-3 (13/0060/006)

4-5 (13/0025/004)

6-7 (15/0005/009)

8-10 (16/0003/031)

0

5 cm

Colour plate 92: Ptolemaic to early Roman: “column crater” derivative PTL.O.6.ii (Nile silt: 1-3); cooking bowl with bent sides PTL.O.7.i (Nile silt: 4-5); lopas with ledge rim and bent sides PTL.O.7.iii (Nile silt: 6-7); beaker with straight sides PTL.O.8 (Nile silt: 8-10)

591

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (14/0045/045)

5 cm

0

3-4 (13/0025/054)

2 cm

0 5 cm

0

0

0

8-10 (14/S/0032)

5 cm

0

5-7 (07/0070)

5 cm

0

2 cm

2 cm

11-13 (07/0027/072) Colour plate 93: Ptolemaic to early Roman : large storage jar PTL.CSW (Nile silt: 1-2); Knidian amphorae AM/KN (imported fabrics: 3-13)

592

Colour Plates

2 cm

0

1-3 (15/0093/002)

2 cm

0

6-7 (13/0025/001)

4-5 (13/0025/001) 0

5 cm

8 (13/0004/014)

0

5 cm

9-13 (07/0071)

0

2 cm

Colour plate 94: Knidian amphora AM/KN (imported fabric: 1-3); Rhodian amphorae AM/RH (imported fabrics: 4-8); Koan amphora AM/KO (imported fabric: 9-13)

593

Kom Tuman II

0

1-6 (07/0082/043) 0

2 cm

Colour plate 95: Knidian or Rhodian amphora AM/KN/RH (imported fabric: 1-6)

594

5 cm

Colour Plates

1-5 (07/0069)

2 cm

0

0

2 cm

6-9 (07/0027/020)

10 (13/0040/40)

11 (13/0040/40)

0

Colour plate 96: Koan amphora AM/KO (imported fabric: 1-5); possible Chian amphora AM/CH(?) (imported fabric: 6-9); Nikandros amphora AM/NIK (imported fabric: 10-11)

595

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

0

2 cm

2 cm

0

4-7 (07/0105/007)

1-3 (07/0072)

8-11 (03-04/0002)

0

2 cm

12-13 (13/0040/036)

14-15 (13/0045/001)

16-17 (14/0001/087) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 97: Nikandros amphorae AM/NIK (imported fabrics: 1-11); Erythraean(?) amphora/ Dressel 24 antecedent AM/ERY (imported fabrics: 12-13); Cyrenaican(?) amphorae AM/CYR(?) (imported fabrics: 14-17)

596

Colour Plates

1-3 (14/0001/097)

0

5 cm

4-5 (13/0046/052)

2 cm

0

6-8 (03-04/0006)

0 0

5 cm

9-11 (07/0101/009)

12-15 (07/0021/020) 0

2 cm

0

2 cm

5 cm

Colour plate 98: Cyrenaican(?) amphora AM/CYR(?) (imported fabric: 1-3); Brindisi amphorae AM/BR (imported fabrics: 4-15)

597

Kom Tuman II

1-2 (13/0046/050)

3-4 (15/0073/024)

5-6 (14/0050/003)

7-8 (13/0046/046)

0

Colour plate 99: undetermined amphorae of the Hellenistic and Roman periods AM/UN (imported fabrics: 1-6); Egyptian amphora AM/EG/S (Nile silt: 7-8)

598

5 cm

Colour Plates

4-5 (13/0040/149)

1-3 (14b/0006/005) 6-7 (14/0001/055)

8-9 (14/0001/147)

12-13 (16/0001/008)

10-11 (07/0053/001)

16-17 (07/0067/003)

14-15 (07/0053/017)

0

Colour plate 100: Mareotis amphora AM/EG/MAR (Mareotis fabric: 1-3); East Greek lagynos EGFW/LAG (imported fabric: 4-5); Rhodian and Delian fine ware EGFW/RH/DL (imported fabrics: 6-7); East Greek Colour-Coated EGFW/CC (imported fabric: 8-9); Hellenistic mouldmade bowl EGFW/MOULD (imported fabric: 10-11); Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL (imported fabrics: 12-17) 599

5 cm

Kom Tuman II

1-3 (VII/0003) 4-6 (16/0003/008)

7 Pergamon (after Japp 2014: fig. 9 © DAI Istanbul/ S. Japp)

8-9 (07/0036/017a-b)

10-11 (13/0035/090)

12-13 (14/0001/160) 0

5 cm

Colour plate 101: Black Glaze pottery of the Hellenistic period ABG/HEL (imported fabric: 1-3); Pergamenian Sigillata EGFW/PERG (imported fabric: 4-6); Eastern Terra Sigillata A ETS A (imported fabrics: 8-11); Late Roman period: Late Roman Amphora 1 (imported fabric: 12-13)

600

Maps

601

Kom Tuman II

pl. 4)

602

Maps

Map 2: CES RAS concession at Memphis

603

Kom Tuman II

Map :

604

Maps

Industrial quarter Areas VI-VII

605

Kom Tuman II

Map :

606

Appendix 1 Tables 1–3 illustrate the absolute and relative prevalence of the various morphological pottery types and pottery groups throughout the Kom Tuman excavations in the Late and Graeco-Roman periods. They include all of the finds from the excavation areas (Squares VI-VII and IXX) as well as all of the surface finds that were selected for the present study. As thus, these tables offer a compilation of the sherd counts that appear in the text at the close of the discussion of each pottery type.

AM/CH.3-4 import

80

LP.CL.B.1.b globular body marl and mixed

78

PTL.J.B ring base Nile

74

L.2.ii Nile

73

LP.SJ.1.i Nile

73

PTL.J unspecified Nile

72

LP.O.26.i Nile

70

Table 1 is the most detailed table of the three. It lists, by order of frequency, each morphological type according to their broad fabric groups (defined as Nile, marl, mixed clay fabrics, and imports).

LP.J.1 Nile

68

AM/EG/M.4 marl and mixed

64

LP.J.3.i Nile

64

LP.J.6.iv Nile

64

Table 2 lists, by order of frequency, each morphological type, without taking fabric differences into consideration. Thus, this table shows the frequency of the types independently of fabrics.

LP.SJ.1 unspecified Nile

64

AM/CH.4 import

63

LP.O.17 marl and mixed

63

LP.SJ.4 marl and mixed

62

TP.1 import

62

AM/NA (MT) import

61

L.6 + var Nile

61

BHJ import

59

Finally, Table 3 lists broad morphological and functional groups by order of frequency. All internal variants within each group are being combined together, irrespectively of their fabrics Table 1. Fabric-specific types

LP.O.19 + var marl and mixed

59

AM/EA unspecified Import

253

LP.SJ.8 Nile

59

TP unspecified import

224

AM/NA B.1 import

58

LP.O.20.ii + var Nile

208

CSW.5 Nile

58

CSW.2.i Nile

204

LP.O.21.i + var Nile

58

ST.1 Nile

153

PTL.O.6.i Nile

58

LP.O.9.iii marl and mixed

150

AM/EG/S Nile

57

LP.O.11.ii Nile

144

AM/NA unspecified import

56

FU.1 Nile

141

LP.FW.J.10 marl and mixed

56

LP.O.9.iii Nile

135

LP.O.2.i + var Nile

56

TP.2.a import

132

M.1 import

56

LP.FW.JG.1 marl and mixed

129

LP.FW.J.2 marl and mixed

54

LP.CL.B.2.b marl and mixed

123

LP.J.5.ii Nile

54

LP.O.3.i + var Nile

117

CSW.4 Nile

53

AM/CH.3.ii import

110

LP.O.1.i Nile

53

LP.FW.J.1.i +var marl and mixed

109

LP.O.23 Nile

53

LP.J unspecified Nile

107

PTL.O.B.1 Nile

52

LP.O.20.i Nile

104

LP.J unspecified marl and mixed

51

LP.O.9.iv marl and mixed

98

LP.O.16.i marl and mixed

48

LP.CL.B.3.a Nile

89

TP/EG/M marl and mixed

48

LP.J.5 unspecified Nile

85

TP.9 import

48

ABG open import

82

CSW.1.i Nile

47

(continued) 607

Kom Tuman II Table 1. Fabric-specific types (Continued) L.1 Nile

47

LP.O.2.ii Nile

30

LP.O.1.ii + var Nile

46

LP.FW.J.9 marl and mixed

29

PTL.CP.1 unspecified Nile

46

LP.J.7.iii Nile

29

AM/NA (PEPA) import

45

LP.O.3.ii + var Nile

29

AM/SM.1 import

45

LP.CL.B.3.b round base marl and mixed

28

LP.J.3.ii Nile

45

LP.O.3.i marl and mixed

28

TP.4 import

45

LP.SJ.1 var Nile

27

AM/KO import

44

AM/MSH import

26

LP.O.26.iii small size Nile

44

LP.J.2.ii marl and mixed

26

PTL.J.2 Nile

44

LP.O.11.i Nile

26

LP.CL.B.2.a Nile

43

PTL.O.7.ii Nile

26

LP.J.5.v Nile

43

EGFW BW import

25

LP.O.22 Nile

43

FU.2 Nile

25

PV.1.ii + var Nile

43

LP.O.4 + var Nile

25

AM/CH.1 import

42

AM/EG/M.2 marl and mixed

24

LP.J.5.iv Nile

42

LP.O.11.iii Nile

24

LP.O.20.i var Nile

42

LP.O.1.iii Nile

24

LP.O.7vii Nile

42

LP.O.24 Nile

24

IFW closed import

42

LP.O.7vi + var Nile

24

CSW.7.i Nile

41

L.5 marl and mixed

23

PTL.O.3.i Nile

41

LP.J.6.ii Nile

23

PTL.O.5.ii Nile

39

LP.SJ.1.ii Nile

23

LP.CL.B.2.b button base marl and mixed

38

CSW.2.ii Nile

22

LP.O.26.iii medium size Nile

38

LP.FW.J.11 Nile

22

ABG closed import

37

PTLCP1.i Nile

22

AM/CH.1-4 import

37

AM/BR import

21

L.2.i Nile

37

L.3.i Nile

21

LP.FW.J.3.ii marl and mixed

37

LP.FW.JG1 var marl and mixed

21

PTL.O.6.ii Nile

37

LP.J.5.iii Nile

21

MB2 import

36

LP.O.16.ii marl and mixed

21

AM/CL import

35

LP.O.23 marl and mixed

21

LP.SJ.7 Nile

35

TP.6 import

21

AM/L import

34

CSW.7.iii Nile

21

CSW.2.iii Nile

34

TP.2.b import

21

LP.J.2.i Nile

34

AM/NA B.2 import

20

LP.J.5.i Nile

34

CSW.6 Nile

20

LPCP1.ii Nile

33

EGFW/BC import

20

AM/EA import

32

LP.FW.J.4 marl and mixed

20

AM/SM.2 import

31

LP.J.5.vi Nile

20

LP.J.7.i Nile

31

LP.O.17 Nile

20

M/EG/M marl and mixed

31

PTL.O.4.i Nile

20

PTL.O.1 + var Nile

31

AM/CH.5 import

19

TP.5 import

31

LP.FW.J.3.i marl and mixed

19

L.9 Nile

30

LP.J.3v Nile

19

608

Appendix 1 LP.O.15 Nile

19

AM/GR import

12

LP.O.26.iii large size Nile

19

CSW.3.i Nile

12

M.2 import

19

LP.CL.B.3.a marl and mixed

12

PTL.O.5.iii Nile

19

LP.FW.J.3.iii marl and mixed

12

PTOL/BG import

19

LP.J.4 Nile

12

Uncertain

19

LP.O.14 Nile

12

LP.CL.B.2.a marl and mixed

18

LP.O.16.iii marl and mixed

12

LP.FW.J.11 marl and mixed

18

LP.O.7.iii Nile

12

LP.J.3.iv Nile

18

LP.SJ.5 Nile

12

LP.SJ.8 marl and mixed

18

AM/PT.1 import

11

MB.1 import

18

AM/PT.3 import

11

PTL.J.3.i Nile

18

CSW.7.ii Nile

11

AM/KN import

17

ETS import

11

L.5 Nile

17

FU.B Nile

11

LP.CL.B.1.a Nile

17

LP.CL.B.1.b globular body Nile

11

LP.J.5 unspecified marl and mixed

17

LP.J.3.iii Nile

11

LP.O.10.i + var Nile

17

LP.J.5.ii marl and mixed

11

LP.O.25.ii Nile

17

LP.J.7.ii Nile

11

PTL.O.6.iii Nile

17

LP.O.25.i marl and mixed

11

PV.1.i + var Nile

17

LP.O.26.ii Nile

11

T Nile

17

LP.O.26.iii medium marl and mixed

11

AM/RH import

17

LP.O.5 Nile

11

FU.1 var Nile

16

PTL.O.7.iii Nile

11

LP.J.1 marl and mixed

16

PTL.O.B.2 Nile

11

LP.SJ.6 Nile

16

AM/EG/M.1 marl and mixed

10

PTL.J.1 Nile

16

AM/ERY import

10

LP.O.12 + var Nile

15

CSW.1.ii Nile

10

LP.O.20.i marl and mixed

15

CSW.2 unspecified Nile

10

LP.SJ.5 marl and mixed

15

CSW.6 var Nile

10

AM/UND import

14

EGFW/FIK import

10

ARF import

14

L.8 Nile

10

LP.CL.B.3.b pointed base marl and mixed

14

LP.CL.B.3.b carinated base marl and mixed

10

LP.FW.J.1.iii+ var Marl and mixed

14

LP.FW.JG.4 marl and mixed

10

LP.FW.J.7 marl and mixed

14

LP.J.2.i marl and mixed

10

LP.FW.J.8.i marl and mixed

14

LP.J.3 unspecified Nile

10

LP.O.26.iv Nile

14

LP.J.5.iii marl and mixed

10

M.3 import

14

LP.O.10.ii Nile

10

PTLCP1.iii Nile

14

LP.O.16.i Nile

10

PTL.O.5.i Nile

14

LP.O.21.ii + var Nile

10

PTL.O.7.i Nile

14

LP.O.4 marl and mixed

10

ST.3 Nile

14

LP.O.7.i Nile

10

LP.CL.B.3.b button base marl and mixed

13

LP.O.9.iv Nile

10

LP.O.6.ii Nile

13

PTLCP1.i var Nile

10

PTL.J unspecified Nile

13

PTL.O.2 Nile

10

TP.1-2 import

13

AM/CH import

609

9

(continued)

Kom Tuman II Table 1. Fabric-specific types (Continued) AM/COR import

9

Table amphorae import

7

IB marl and mixed

9

TP.7 import

7

L.3.ii Nile

9

ABF import

6

LP.CL.B.1.b tubular body marl and mixed

9

CSW.3.iii Nile

6

LPCP1.i Nile

9

CSW.8 Nile

6

LP.FW.J.4 Nile

9

LP.FW.J.1.ii marl and mixed

6

LP.FW.J.6 marl and mixed

9

LP.J.5.i marl and mixed

6

LP.O.14 marl and mixed

9

LP.O.13.ii Nile

6

LP.O.15 marl and mixed

9

LP.O.23 var marl and mixed

6

LP.O.25.i Nile

9

LP.O.3.ii marl and mixed

6

LP.O.26v Nile

9

LP.O.7.ii Nile

6

LP.O.9.i Nile

9

LP.SJ.3 marl and mixed

6

PTL.J.3.ii Nile

9

LP.SJ.4 Nile

6

TP/EG/S Nile

9

LP.SJ.9.i Oasis

6

AM/CH.2 import

8

PTL.J.4 Nile

6

AM/CH.3.i import

8

PTL.O.7.iv Nile

6

CSW.3.ii Nile

8

PV3 Nile

6

Cypriote fine ware import

8

Syro-Palestinian FW import

6

EGFW/BF import

8

LP.FW.JG1 var Nile

6

LP.CL.B.1.b tubular body Nile

8

LP.PF.1.ii Oasis

6

LP.FW.J.1.i var Nile

8

CSW.3 var Nile

5

LP.J.6.i Nile

8

AM/NIK import

5

LP.J.6.iii Nile

8

LP.O.12 marl and mixed

5

LP.O.11.iv Nile

8

LP.O.13.i Nile

5

LP.O.6.i Nile

8

LP.O.1.iv marl and mixed

5

LP.O.7.iv Nile

8

LP.O.26.iii small size marl and mixed

5

LP.O.8.ii Nile

8

LP.O.26vi Nile

5

LP.O.9.i marl and mixed

8

LP.O.2.i marl and mixed

5

PTL.J.5.i Nile

8

LP.O.7.iii marl and mixed

5

PTL.O.6 unspecified Nile

8

LP.O.9.ii Nile

5

PTL.O.7v Nile

8

PTL.CSW Nile

5

Cypriote Plain White import

7

PTL.J.1 marl and mixed

5

L.4 Nile

7

PTL.JB round Nile

5

LP.CL.B.3.b round base Nile

7

ST.1 marl and mixed

5

LP.FW.PF.1 marl and mixed

7

ABF/ARF import

4

LP.O.18 marl and mixed

7

AM/EG/M.3 marl and mixed

4

LP.O.18 Nile

7

AM/EUS import

4

LP.O.1.iv Nile

7

AM/PT.2 import

4

LP.O.26.i marl and mixed

7

CSW.2.i var Nile

4

LP.O.7v Nile

7

LP.CL.B.3.b pointed base Nile

4

LP.O.9.ii marl and mixed

7

LP.FW.J.5 marl and mixed

4

LP.SJ.2 Nile

7

LP.FW.J.6 Nile

4

PTL.FW.CL.1 Nile

7

LP.FW.JG.3.ii marl and mixed

4

ST.2 Nile

7

LP.FW.JG.5 marl and mixed

4

610

Appendix 1 LP.FW.PF.1 Nile

4

LP.O.16.iv Nile

2

LP.O.10.iii marl and mixed

4

LP.O.20.i var marl and mixed

2

LP.O.13.ii marl and mixed

4

LP.O.7.vi + var marl and mixed

2

LP.O.25.iii Nile

4

LP.O.8.i marl and mixed

2

LP.O.26vi marl and mixed

4

LP.PF.1.i Oasis

2

LP.O.7.i marl and mixed

4

M/UN uncertain

2

LP.O.8.i Nile

4

PTLCP1.ii Nile

2

PTL.FW.CL.2 Nile

4

PTL.J.8 marl and mixed

2

PTL.J.B flat base Nile

4

PTL.O.3.ii Nile

2

TP.3 import

4

PTL.O.4.ii Nile

2

AM/CYP? import

3

PTL.O.7 unspecified Nile

2

AM/EG/MAR marl and mixed

3

PV2 Nile

2

AM/KN/RH import

3

TP.8 import

2

EGFW/RH import

3

ABG others import

1

L.1 marl and mixed

3

AM/CH(?) Hellenistic import

1

LP.CL.B.4 marl and mixed

3

AM/EG/M.5 marl and mixed

1

LP.FW.J.3.ii Nile

3

AM/EG/S.1 Nile

1

LP.FW.J.3.iii Nile

3

ARETINE import

1

LP.FW.J.9 Nile

3

AWG import

1

LP.FW.JG.2 marl and mixed

3

BHJ/EG/M marl and mixed

1

LP.FW.JG.3 marl and mixed

3

BHJ/EG/S Nile

1

LP.FW.JG.3.i marl and mixed

3

EGFW/CC import

1

LP.O.19 Nile

3

EGFW/MOULD import

1

LP.O.25.ii marl and mixed

3

EGFW/PERG import

1

LP.O.26.iii large size marl and mixed

3

L.2.i marl and mixed

1

LP.O.26.v marl and mixed

3

L.2.ii marl and mixed

1

LP.O.2.ii marl and mixed

3

L.3.ii marl and mixed

1

LP.O.2.iii Nile

3

LP.FW.J.10 Nile

1

M.4 import

3

LP.FW.J.7 Nile

1

PTL.J unspecified marl and mixed

3

LP.FW.J.8.i Nile

1

PTL.J.6 Nile

3

LP.FW.J.8.ii marl and mixed

1

WEST SLOPE import

3

LP.FW.J.8.iii marl and mixed

1

EGFW/LAG import

2

LP.FW.PF.1 Oasis

1

L.7 Nile, marl and mixed

2

LP.J.2.ii uncertain

1

LP.FW.J unspecified marl and mixed

2

LP.J.7.iii marl and mixed

1

LP.FW.J.12 marl and mixed

2

LP.O.11.iii marl and mixed

1

LP.FW.J.13 marl and mixed

2

LP.O.16.ii Nile

1

LP.FW.J.1.iii Nile

2

LP.O.16.iv marl and mixed

1

LP.FW.J.8 unspecified marl and mixed

2

LP.O.1.ii marl and mixed

1

LP.FW.T marl and mixed

2

LP.O.6.i marl and mixed

1

LP.J.3.vi Nile

2

LP.O.7.ii marl and mixed

1

LP.J.7.i marl and mixed

2

LP.O.7.iv marl and mixed

1

LP.O.10.i + var marl and mixed

2

LP.PF.1.i marl and mixed

1

LP.O.11.ii marl and mixed

2

LP.SJ.3 Nile

1

LP.O.16.iii Nile

2

LP.SJ.9.ii Oasis

1

611

(continued)

Kom Tuman II Table 1. Fabric-specific types (Continued)

L.2.ii

74

PTL.J.3.ii marl and mixed

1

LP.O.23

74

PTL.J.5.i marl and mixed

1

LP.SJ.1.i

73

PTL.J.5.ii marl and mixed

1

LP.SJ.4

68

PTL.J.7 Nile

1

LP.J.5.ii

65

PTL.J.B ring base marl and mixed

1

AM/EG/M.4

64

PT.L.L Nile

1

LP.J.3.i

64

PTL.O.7.v marl and mixed

1

LP.J.6.iv

64

PTL.O.8 Nile

1

LP.SJ.1 unspecified

64

Situale(?) import

1

AM/CH.4

63

ST.4 Nile

1

LP.O.19 + var

62

T marl and mixed

1

TP.1

62

TP.2 var import

1

AM/NA (MT)

61

WGS import

1

L.6

61

LP.CL.B.2.a

61

LP.O.2.i + var

61

Table 2. Non fabric-specific types LP.O.9.iii

285

BHJ

59

AM/E.A unspecified

253

AM/NA B.1

58

TP unspecified

224

CSW.5

58

LP.O.20.ii + var

208

LP.O.16.i

58

CSW.2.i

204

LP.O.21.i + var

58

LP.J unspecified

158

PTL.O.6.i

58

ST.1

158

AM/EG/S

57

LP.O.11.ii

146

AM/NA unspecified

56

LP.O.3.i + var

145

M.1

56

FU.1

141

LP.FW.J.2

54

LP.FW.JG.1

135

CSW.4

53

TP.2.a

132

LP.O.1.i

53

LP.CL.B.2.b

123

PTL.O.B.1

52

LP.O.20.i

119

L.1

50

LP.FW.J.1.i + var

117

LP.O.26.iii medium size

49

AM/CH.3.ii

110

LP.O.26.iii small size

49

LP.O.9.iv

108

TP.9

48

LP.J.5 unspecified

102

CSW.1.i

47

LP.CL.B.3.a

101

LP.O.1.ii + var

47

LP.CL.B.1.b globular body

89

PTL.CP.1 unspecified

46

PTL.J unspecified

88

AM/NA (PEPA)

45

LP.J.1

84

AM/SM.1

45

LP.O.17

83

LP.J.3.ii

45

ABG open

82

TP.4

45

AM/CH.3-4

80

AM/KO

44

LP.O.26.i

77

LP.J.2.i

44

LP.SJ.8

77

LP.O.20.i var

44

PTL.J.B ring base

75

PTL.J.2

44

612

Appendix 1 LP.J.5.v

43

LP.O.7.vi + var

26

LP.O.22

43

PTL.O.7.ii

26

PV.1.ii + var

43

EGFW/BW

25

AM/CH.1

42

FU.2

25

LP.J.5.iv

42

LP.O.11.iii

25

LP.O.7.vii

42

AM/EG/M.2

24

IFW closed shapes

42

LP.O.1.iii

24

CSW.7.i

41

LP.O.24

24

PTL.O.3.i

41

LP.J.6.ii

23

L.5

40

LP.SJ.1.ii

23

LP.FW.J.11

40

CSW.2.ii

22

LP.FW.J.3.ii

40

LP.O.16.ii

22

LP.J.5.i

40

LP.O.26.iii large size

22

PTL.O.5.ii

39

PTL.CP.1.i

22

L.2.i

38

AM/BR

21

LP.CL.B.2.b button base

38

L.3.i

21

ABG closed

37

LP.FW.JG.1 var

21

AM/CH.1-4

37

LP.O.14

21

PTL.O.6.ii

37

PTL.J.1

21

MB.2

36

TP.6

21

AM/CL

35

CSW.7.iii

21

LP.O.3.ii + var

35

TP.2.b

21

LP.O.4 + var

35

AM/NA B.2

20

LP.SJ.7

35

CSW.6

20

AM/L

34

EGFW/BC

20

CSW.2.iii

34

LP.J.5.vi

20

LP.CP.1.ii

33

LP.O.12 + var

20

LP.J.7.i

33

LP.O.25.i

20

LP.O.2.ii

33

LP.O.25.ii

20

AM/EA

32

PTL.O.4.i

20

AM/SM.2

31

AM/CH.5

19

LP.J.5.iii

31

LP.FW.J.3.i

19

M/EG/M

31

LP.J.3.v

19

PTL.O.1 + var

31

LP.O.10.i + var

19

TP.5

31

M.2

19

L.9

30

PTL.O.5.iii

19

LP.J.7.iii

30

HEL/BG

19

LP.FW.J.4

29

Uncertain

19

LP.O.15

28

LP.CL.B.3.b pointed base

18

LP.J.2.ii

27

LP.J.3.iv

18

LP.SJ.1 var

27

MB.1

18

LP.SJ.5

27

PTL.J.3.i

18

AM/MSH

26

T

18

LP.O.11.i

26

AM/KN

17

(continued) 613

Kom Tuman II Table 2. Non fabric-specific types (Continued) LP.CL.B.1.a

17

LP.O.5

11

LP.CL.B.1.b tubular body

17

PTL.O.7.iii

11

LP.O.7.iii

17

PTL.O.B.2

11

LP.O.9.i

17

AM/EG/M.1

10

PTL.O.6.iii

17

AM/ERY

10

PV.1.i + var

17

CSW.1.ii

10

AM/RH

17

CSW.2 unspecified

10

FU.1 var

16

CSW.6 var

10

LP.FW.J.1.iii + var

16

EGFW/FIK

10

LP.SJ.6

16

L.3.ii

10

LP.FW.J.3.iii

15

L.8

10

LP.FW.J.7

15

LP.CL.B.3.b carinated base

10

LP.FW.J.8.i

15

LP.FW.JG.4

10

AM/UNC

14

LP.J.3 unspecified

10

ARF

14

LP.O.10.ii

10

LP.O.16.iii

14

LP.O.13.ii

10

LP.O.18

14

LP.O.21.ii + var

10

LP.O.26.iv

14

PTL.CP.1.i var

10

LP.O.7.i

14

PTL.J.3.ii

10

M.3

14

PTL.O.2

10

PTL.CP.1.iii

14

AM/CH

9

PTL.O.5.i

14

AM/COR

9

PTL.O.7.i

14

IB

9

ST.3

14

L.4

9

LP.CL.B.3.b button base

13

LP.CP.1.i

9

LP.FW.J.6

13

LP.O.26.vi

9

LP.O.6.ii

13

LP.O.6.i

9

TP.1-2

13

LP.O.7.iv

9

AM/GR

12

PTL.J.5.i

9

CSW.3.i

12

PTL.O.7.v

9

LP.FW.PF.1

12

AM/CH.2

8

LP.J.4

12

AM/CH.3.i

8

LP.O.1.iv

12

CSW.3.ii

8

LP.O.26.v

12

Cypriote fine ware

8

LP.O.9.ii

12

EGFW/BF

8

AM/PT.1

11

LP.J.6.i

8

AM/PT.3

11

LP.J.6.iii

8

CSW.7.ii

11

LP.O.11.iv

8

ETS A

11

LP.O.8.ii

8

FU.B

11

PTL.O.6 unspecified

8

LP.J.3.iii

11

Cypriote Plain White

7

LP.J.7.ii

11

LP.O.7.ii

7

LP.O.26.ii

11

LP.O.7.v

7

614

Appendix 1 LP.SJ.2

7

LP.SJ.3

7

PTL.FW.CL.1

7

LP.O.2.iii LP.PF.1.i M.4

3 3 3

ST.2

7

PTL.J.6

3

Table amphorae

7

West Slope

3

TP.7

7

EGFW/LAG

2

ABF

6

L.7

2

CSW.3.iii

6

LP.FW.J unspecified

2

CSW.8

6

LP.FW.J.12

2

LP.FW.J.1.ii

6

LP.FW.J.13

2

LP.O.23 var

6

LP.FW.T

2

LP.O.8.i

6

LP.J.3.vi

2

LP.SJ.9.i

6

M/UNCERTAIN

2

PTL.J.4

6

PTL.CP.1.ii

2

PV.3

6

PTL.J.8

2

Syro-Palestinian Fine Ware

6

LP.PF.1.ii

6

PTL.O.3.ii PTL.O.4.ii

2 2

CSW.3 var

5

PTL.O.7 unspecified

2

AM/NIK

5

PV.2

2

LP.O.13.i

5

TP.8

2

PTL.CSW

5

ABG others

1

PTL.J.B round base

5

AM/CH(?) Hellenistic

1

ABF/ARF

4

AM/EG/M.5

1

AM/EG/M.3

4

AM/EG/S.1

1

AM/EUS

4

ARETINE

1

AM/PT.2

4

AWG

1

CSW.2.i var

4

BHJ/EG/M

1

LP.FW.J.5

4

BHJ/EG/S

1

LP.FW.JG.3.ii

4

EGFW/CC

1

LP.FW.JG.5

4

EGFW/MOULD

1

LP.O.10.iii

4

EGFW/PERG

1

LP.O.25.iii

4

LP.FW.J.10

1

PTL.FW.CL.2

4

LP.FW.J.8.ii

1

PTL.J.B flat base

4

LP.FW.J.8.iii

1

TP.3

4

LP.SJ.9.ii

1

AM/CYP(?)

3

PTL.J.5.ii

1

AM/EG/MAR

3

PTL.J.7

1

AM/KN/RH

3

EGFW/RH

3

PTL.L

1

LP.CL.B.4

3

PTL.O.7.iv

1

LP.FW.J.9

3

PTL.O.8

1

LP.FW.JG.2

3

Situla (?)

1

LP.FW.JG.3 unspecified

3

ST.4 TP.2 var

1 1

LP.FW.JG.3.i

3

WGS

1

LP.O.16.iv

3

615

Kom Tuman II Table 3. Non fabric-specific typological groups

LP.J.7

74

LP.O.9

422

EGFW Late Period

73

AM/CH

377

CSW.7

73

LP.O.20

371

PTL.O.5

72

LP.J.5

343

LP.J.2

71

AM/EA

285

LP.SJ.4

68

CSW.2

274

LP.O.21

68

AM/NA

252

PTL.O.7

68

TP unspecified

224

PTL.O.B

63

LP.O.11

205

LP.O.19

62

LP.SJ.1

187

TP.1

62

LP.O.3

180

L.6

61

LP.J.3

169

LP.CL.B.2.a

61

LP.CL.B.2.b

161

PV.1

60

LP.J

158

BHJ

59

ST.1

158

AM/EG/S

58

FU.1

157

CSW.5

58

LP.FW.JG.1

156

CSW.1

57

TP.2

154

LP.FW.J.10

57

M

146

LP.FW.J.2

54

Attic and other Greek Black Glaze

145

CSW.4

53

LP.FW.J.1

139

L.1

50

LP.O.1

136

TP/EG/M

48

LP.O.7

122

TP.9

48

LP.O.26.iii

120

TP.4

45

PTL.O.6

120

AM/KO

44

L.2

112

PTL.J.2

44

LP.CL.B1.b

106

LP.O.22

43

AM/EG/M

103

PTL.O.3

43

LP.J.6

103

LP.CP.1

42

LP.CL.B.3.a

101

IFW uncertain Late Period

42

LP.O.16

97

L.5

40

LP.O.2

97

LP.FW.J.11

40

PTL.CP.1

94

AM/CL

35

PTL.J

88

LP.CL.B.3.b round base

35

LP.J.1

84

LP.O.4

35

PTL.J.B

84

LP.SJ.7

35

LP.O.17

83

AM/L

34

LP.O.23

80

LP.O.10

33

LP.O.26.i

77

LP.O.25

33

LP.SJ.8

77

CSW.3

31

AM/SM

76

LP.FW.J.9

32

LP.CL.B.3.b

76

L.3

31

LP.FW.J.3

74

M/EG/M

31

616

Appendix 1 PTL.O.1

31

ETS

11

TP.5

31

AM/ERY

10

CSW.6

30

L.8

10

L.9

30

LP.FW.JG.3

10

LP.FW.J.4

29

LP.FW.JG.4

10

LP.O.15

28

PTL.J.5

10

PTL.J.3

28

PTL.O.2

10

LP.SJ.5

27

AM/COR

9

AM/MSH

26

IB

9

AM/PT

26

LP.O.26.vi

9

FU.2

25

TP/EG/S

9

LP.O.24

24

LP.PF.1

9

LP.O.6

22

EGFW Hellenistic

7

PTL.O.4

22

L.4

7

PTL/BG

22

LP.SJ.2

7

AM/BR

21

LP.SJ.3

7

LP.O.14

21

LP.SJ.9

7

PTL.J.1

21

PTL.FW.CL.1

7

TP.6

21

ST.2

7

LP.O.12

20

TP.7

7

LP.FW.J.8

19

CSW.8

6

UNCERTAIN

19

PTL.J.4

6

T

18

PV.3

6

AM/KN

17

Syro-Palestinian fine and semi-fine imports

6

LP.CL.B.1.a

17

AM/NIK

5

AM/RH

17

PTL.CSW

5

LP.SJ.6

16

AM/EUS(?)

4

LP.FW.J.7

15

LP.FW.J.5

4

LP.O.13

15

LP.FW.JG.5

4

Cypriote fine and semi-fine imports

15

PTL.FW.CL.2

4

AM/UNC Hellenistic-Roman

14

TP.3

4

LP.O.18

14

AM/CYP(?)

3

LP.O.26.iv

14

AM/EG/MAR

3

LP.O.8

14

AM/KN/RH

3

ST.3

14

LP.CL.B.4

3

LP.FW.J.6

13

LP.FW.JG.2

3

TP.1-2

13

PTL.J.6

3

LP.FW.PF.1

12

L.7

2

LP.J.4

12

LP.FW.J unspecified

2

LP.O.26.v

12

LP.FW.J.12

2

ETS

11

LP.FW.J.13

2

FU.B

11

LP.FW.T

2

LP.O.26.ii

11

M/UNCERTAIN

2

LP.O.5

11

PTL.J.8

2

(continued) 617

Kom Tuman II Table 3. Non fabric-specific typological groups (Continued) PV.2

2

TP.8

2

AM/CH(?) Hellenistic

1

ARETINE

1

BHJ/EG/M

1

BHJ/EG/S

1

PTL.J.7

1

PTL.L

1

PTL.O.8

1

ST.4

1

618

Appendix 2 Pottery by Context All of the find slips reporting pottery artefacts at Kom Tuman are listed below in numerical order, starting from 2013 up to 2016. As already stated in the introduction, pottery assemblages collected before 2013 were not taken into consideration here because the present author was not involved in their study (see Introduction, p. 1).

represented at the site. For single phase assemblages, or if an assemblage only includes sherds of a single fabric, the graph was obviously left out. 13/0001: FILL Square VII.C9-10; Planum /;N-S; W-E; H./lev. m. “from robbers’ redim”.

Each find slip number is accompanied by a description of its location, by a transcription of the comments made in the field by the excavator, by a sherd count resulting from the analysis of the pottery associated with it, and by a simple statistical evaluation. The sherd count is based on diagnostic fragments only. A diagnostic is defined as any element that allows identifying a particular vessel shape. It may include rims, bases, and handles, as well as body sherds, which are relatable to specific morphological types, thanks to their state of preservation or decoration. For example, New Kingdom Blue-Painted body sherds are counted as diagnostics if no Blue-Painted rim, base, or handle is otherwise present in the assemblage. Other less well-defined groups, such as Ptolemaic micaceous silt body sherds are, however, not taken into consideration in the count as they are less reliable.

Note: North section of square. • Total: 1593 elements; 340 diagnostics (262 estimated individuals); 1253 BS Of which 5 complete profiles • Token1: 1 (Levantine fabric) Size: Very large assemblage with many well-preserved, large fragments. Characteristics: This assemblage contains a large proportion of Aegean imports of the mid-fifth to early fourth century BC and slightly less imports from the Levant and Cyprus. However, it is mainly composed of Egyptian Nile silt and marl wares, including Egyptian marl amphorae, copying the Aegean models. Many of the local wares point to a date in the late sixth to early fourth centuries BC, but Ptolemaic to early Roman material (first century BC-early first century AD) is attested and represents about 8-9% of the assemblage. Old Kingdom, New Kingdom and possibly Middle Kingdom sherds could also be identified.

Sherd counts and statistics are both based on an estimated number of individuals and not a minimum number of individuals. While the minimum number of individuals is made up by rims and bases only and requires recording percentages of preservation, the estimated number of individuals includes handles and some large or specifically diagnostic body sherds in the count. Judgement on whether different fragments may belong to the same vessel is made in the field, during the recording process, by physical observation of fabrics, surface treatments, dimensions, and morphological details.

Date: mostly fifth to early fourth century BC with Ptolemaic and very few Roman elements. Statistics

The size, state of preservation, general characteristics, and date of the assemblages from each find slip are then summed-up in three sections that may be illustrated by up to three graphs.

Phases • • • • • •

The first section “Phases” shows the distribution of finds by chronological phase within the assemblage. Vessels used in connection with the high temperature technological production activities are counted separately and not entered in a defined phase. The second and third sections “Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage” and “Composition of the Late Period assemblage” exposes the proportions of various fabrics and coarse wares within the two main chronological phases

Roman: 2 elements (1%) Ptolemaic: 24 elements (9%) Late Period: 202 elements (77%) NK: 14 elements (5%) MK-SIP: 4 elements (2%) OK: 16 elements (6%)

  Cut-out sherd/roundel.

1

619

Phases • • • • Kom • •

Roman: 2 elements (1%) Ptolemaic: 24 elements (9%) Late Period: 202 elements (77%) NK: 14 elements Tuman II (5%) MK-SIP: 4 elements (2%) OK: 16 elements (6%)

13/0004: FILL

13/0001 Phases 250

Square VII.A/B/C12; Planum /N-S; W-E; H./lev. m. /; “in robbers’ redim east of Wall 23/30; in and around Building [4]”.

200 150 100

• Total: 1780 elements; 370 diagnostics (305 estimated individuals); 1410 BS Of which 5 complete profiles • Token: 1 (Nile silt)

50 0

Size: very large assemblage with many well-preserved large fragments.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 19 elements (79%) Ptolemaic Composition of the • Egyptian marl and mixed: 4 elements (17%) assemblage • Fine ware imports: 1 element (4%)

to

early

Roman

Characteristics: The assemblage contains numerous Aegean imports of the mid-fifth to early fourth century BC, but also some dating back to the second quarter of the sixth or mid-sixth century BC. Levantine and Cypriote imports are fairly numerous too and include basket handle jars and mortaria. Egyptian marl fine wares are well-represented and varied in types. Ptolemaic material amounts to about 11% of the total assemblage and only isolated examples of Roman sherds were found. Old and New Kingdom sherds 445also attested. are

• Nile silt: 19 elements (79%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 4 elements (17%) • Fine ware imports: 1 element (4%) 13/0001 Ptolemaic to early Roman 20 18 16 14 12 10

13/0001 Ptolemaic to early Roman

8

Date: mostly early fourth century BC with Of which 5 fifth completeto profiles • Token: 1 (Nile silt)few Roman elements. Ptolemaic and very

6 20 4 18 2 16 0 14

Size: very large assemblage with many well-preserved large fragments. Nile silt

12

Marl and mixed

10

Imported coarse wares

Characteristics: The assemblage contains numerous Aegean imports of the mid-fifth to early fourth Statistics

Fine imports

century BC, but also some dating back to the second quarter of the sixth or mid-sixth century BC. Levantine and Cypriote imports are fairly numerous too and include basket handle jars and mortaria. Egyptian marl fine wares are well-represented and varied in types. Ptolemaic material Phases amounts to about 11% of the total assemblage and only isolated examples of Roman sherds were found. Old and New Kingdom sherds are also attested.

8 Composition of the Late Period assemblage 6

• Nile silt: of 132 the elements (65%) Composition Late Period assemblage 4

Of which 3 complete profiles Egyptian marl and mixed: 23 elements (11%) which 2 complete profiles Nile Of silt: 132 elements (65%) Nile silt Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports wares Coarse wares: 10 elements (5%) Of•• which 3 complete profiles Aegean amphorae: 20 elements (10%) Composition ofmarl the Late Period assemblage Egyptian and mixed: 23 elements (11%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 15 elements (7%) Imported fine wares: 1(65%) element (less than 1%) Nile silt:2132 elements Of• which complete profiles which 31complete profiles • Of Uncertain: (less than 1%) Coarse wares:element 10 elements (5%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 23 elements (11%) Of which 2 complete profiles Aegean amphorae: 20 elements (10%) 13/0001 Late Period • Coarse wares: elements (5%) Levantine jars10and mortaria: 15 elements (7%) 140 • Aegean amphorae: 20 elements (10%) 120 Imported fine 1 element • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 15 elements(less (7%) than 1%) 100• Imported 1 fine wares: 1 element than 1%) Uncertain: element (less (less than 1%) 80• Uncertain: 1 element (less than 1%) 2

• • • • • • •

0

• Date: Roman: 2 elements (1%) mostly fifth to early fourth century BC with Ptolemaic and very few Roman elements. • Statistics Ptolemaic: 34 elements (11%) • Phases Late Period: 250 elements (82%) • NK: 4 elements (1%) • Roman: 2 elements (1%) • Ptolemaic: 34 elements • MK: 1 element (less (11%) than 1%) • Late Period: 250 elements (82%) • OK: 12 elements (4%) • NK: 4 elements (1%) • Uncertain: 2 elements (1%) • MK: 1 element (less than 1%)

•

60 40 140 20 120 0 100 80

• •

OK: 12 elements (4%) Uncertain: 2 elements (1%)

13/0004 Phases 300 250

13/0001 Late Period

200 150

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

100

Uncertain

50 0

60

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 81%; total imports: ca 18%; uncertain: 1% 40 13/0004: FILL 20

Square VII.A/B/C12; Planum /N-S; W-E; H./lev. m. /; “in robbers’ redim east of Wall 23/30; 0 in and around Nile silt Building Marl and [4]”. Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage •

mixed

wares

jars

coarse

semi-fine

Total: 1781 elements; 370 diagnostics (305 imports estimated individuals); 1410 BS wares

•

Nile silt: 27 elements (79%)

Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Importedof amphorae: 7 elements (21%)

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 81%; total imports: ca 18%; uncertain: 1%

446

13/0004: FILL total Egyptian: ca 81%; total imports: ca Late Period: • Nile silt: 27 elements (79%) Square VII.A/B/C12; Planum /N-S; W-E; H./lev. m. /; “in robbers’ redim east of Wall 23/30; 18%; uncertain: 1% • Imported amphorae: 7 elements (21%) in and around Building [4]”. •

Total: 1781 elements; 370 diagnostics (305 estimated individuals); 1410 BS 446

620

447

Appendix 2 13/0025: FILL/SURFACE CLEANING

13/0004 Ptolemaic to early Roman 30

Square VII.A/B/C13; N-S; W-E; H./lev. m. ca. 17.6017.40 north; 16.45-16.25 south; “in disturbed surface (surface cleaning)”

25 20 15

13/0004 Ptolemaic to early Roman

• Total: 2788 elements; 691 diagnostics (535 estimated individuals); 2097 BS Of which 13 complete profiles • Tokens: 7 (6 Nile silt fabric; 1 Levantine fabric)

10 30 5 25 0 20

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

15

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Size: Very large assemblage with many large, wellpreserved fragments.

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 10 • Nile silt: of 128 the elements (51%) Composition Late Period assemblage 5

• • • • • •

Of which 4 complete profiles Egyptian marl and mixed: 46 elements (18%) Nile silt Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports • Coarse wares:elements 7 elements (3%) Nile silt: 128 (51%) wares Of which 1 complete profile Of• which 4 complete profiles Aegean 50 elements (20%) Composition ofamphorae: the Late Period assemblage Egyptian marl andmortaria: mixed: 46 elements (18%) • Levantine jars and 17 elements (7%) •• Nile silt: 128 Imported fineelements wares: 2(51%) elements(3%) (1%) Coarse wares: 7 elements Of which 4 complete profiles Of• which complete Egyptian1marl and 13/0004 mixed:profile 46 elements (18%) Late Period • Coarseamphorae: wares: 7 elements Aegean 50 (3%) elements (20%) 140 Of which 1 complete profile Levantine jars and50mortaria: 17 elements (7%) 120• Aegean amphorae: elements (20%) Imported fine wares: 2 elements (1%) 100• Levantine jars and mortaria: 17 elements (7%) • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (1%) 0•

Characteristics: The assemblage contains great quantities of Aegean imported amphorae and a much smaller proportion of Levantine imports and Egyptian marl wares, which include locally-made marl amphorae. It also yielded a fair amount of coarse wares. Ptolemaic material makes up nearly 20% of the total assemblage and Roman sherds are present in small amounts. The local Nile silt and marl fabric collections both suggest a date in the fifth to early fourth century BC, as do most of the imports. Egyptian marl fine wares are very well represented by a great variety of types. Fine ware imports from Greece (mainly from Attica but also from East Greece) range in date from the sixth to the early fourth century BC and there is one decorated Cypriote amphora sherd belonging to the Cypro-Classical period. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom sherds are also present.

80

13/0004 Late Period

60 40 140 20 120 0 100 80

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

60

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Oasis

Uncertain

Late 40 Period: total Egyptian: ca 82%; total imports: ca 28% 13/0014: sherds – missing 20 13/0021: UNDER WALL/SINGLE VESSEL 0 Nile silt

Marl and

Coarse

Aegean Levantine Fine and

Date: mainly mid-fifth to early fourth century BC with a Ptolemaic component and few Roman intrusions.

Square VII.C10; mixed Profile North; 520.00;coarse W-E 235.00; of clear wares N-Sjars semi-fine H./lev. m. 16.20; “in north profile Square C9, in layer under Wall [4]”. wares imports • Total: 1 element Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 82%; total imports: ca 28%

Statistics

13/0014: sherdstotal – missing Late Period: Egyptian: ca 82%; total imports: ca 28%

448

• Roman: 1 (less than 1%) Square VII.C10; Profile North; N-S 520.00; W-E 235.00; H./lev. m. 16.20; “in north profile • of Ptolemaic: 101 elements (19%) 13/0021: UNDER WALL/SINGLE VESSEL Square C9, in layer under Wall [4]”. Of which 1 complete profile • Total: 1 element • Late Period: 392 elements (73%) Square VII.C10; Profile North; N-S 520.00; W-E 235.00; • Production vessels: 6 elements (1%) H./lev. m. 16.20; “in north profile of Square C9, in layer 448 Of which 1 complete profile under Wall [4]”. • TIP: 6 elements (1%) • NK: 6 elements (1%) • Total: 1 element • MK: 1 sherd (less than 1%) • OK: 16 elements (3%) Size: Single vessel base missing. • Uncertain: 6 elements (1%) Characteristics: Bottle with thickened rim. 13/0021: UNDER WALL/SINGLE VESSEL

13/0025 Phases

Date: late sixth to mid-fifth century BC.

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Late Period, Nile silt: 1 element

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

621

• • • •

Nile silt: 79 elements (78%) Marl and mixed fabrics: 2 elements (2%) Imported amphorae: 19 elements (19%) Fine ware imports: 1 element (1%)

13/0025 Ptolemaic to early Roman

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Kom Tuman II Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 79 elements (78%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Marl and mixed fabrics: 2 elements (2%) • Nile silt: 79 elements (78%) • Imported elements • Marl andamphorae: mixed fabrics: 19 2 elements (2%) (19%) • Imported amphorae: 19 (19%) • Fine ware imports: 1 elements element (1%) •

Characteristics: Coarse ware large basin or tray with straight walls. Date: undetermined, probably late fifth to mid-fourth century BC. Late Period, Nile silt: 1 element

Fine ware imports: 1 element (1%)

13/0025 Ptolemaic to early Roman

13/0035: FILL

90 80

Square VII.C9-C10, Profile: North; N-S: 5.68-5.20; W-E; H./lev. m. /; “in North profile C9-C10 in levels below Wall [4]”

70

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 126 the elements (32%) Composition Late Period assemblage

• • • • • • • •

Of which 5 complete profiles Egyptian marl and mixed: 104 elements (27%) which 1 complete profile(32%) Nile Of silt: 126 elements • Coarse wares: 16 elements (4%) Of which 5 3complete profiles Of which complete profiles Egyptian and99mixed: 104 elements • Aegean marl amphorae: elements (25%) Levantine and mortaria: 31 elements (8%) Of• which 1 jars complete profile • Imported fine wares: 13 elements (3%) •

(27%)

Coarse wares: 16 elements (4%) Of which 3 complete profiles Aegean amphorae: 99 elements (25%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 31 elements (8%) Imported fine wares: 13 elements (3%) Oasis: 1 sherd (less than 1%) Uncertain: 2 elements (1%) • Oasis: 1 sherd (less than 1%) 2 •complete Uncertain: profiles 2 elements (1%) 2 complete profiles

13/0025 Late Period 140 120

• Total: 5100 elements; 678 diagnostics (470 estimated individuals); 4422 BS Of which 2 complete vessels and 13 complete profiles Size: Very large assemblage, with many large, wellpreserved fragments. Characteristics: The assemblage contains many Levantine imports (amphorae and mortaria) and fair amounts of Aegean imported amphorae. The local silt ware ranges in date from the late sixth to the late fifth century BC and only rare elements can be dated from the mid-fourth century BC to the early Ptolemaic. Others could be earlier 450century BC. A single Roman intrusion is present sixth (body sherd). Egyptian marl fine wares are numerous. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom sherds are also found. Date: mostly fifth century BC, with a sixth century BC component, few Ptolemaic intrusions, and one small late Roman period stray fragment. Statistics Phases

100 80

• Ptolemaic: 8 elements (2%) • Phases Late Period: 392 elements (83%) 20 • TIP: 4 elements (1%) • Ptolemaic: 8 elements (2%) 0 • Late Period: 392 elements • NK: 17 elements (4%)(83%) Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain • TIP: 4 elements (1%) mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine • MK: 4 elements (1%) wares imports • NK: 17 elements (4%) • OK: 35 elements (7%) • MK: 4 elements (1%) Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 62%; total imports: ca 37%; uncertain: ca 1% • OK: 35 elements (7%) • Uncertain: 10 elements (2%) 13/0033 = 13/0004 • Uncertain: 10 elements (2%) Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 62%; Square VII.A/B/C12; Planum /N-S; W-E; H./lev. m. /; “in robbers’ redim east of Wall 23/30; total imports: ca 37%; uncertain: ca 1% in and around Building [4]”. 13/0035 Phases 60

40

•

Total: 1 element

13/0033 = 13/0004 Size: Single vessel, large fragment. Characteristics: Coarse ware large basin or tray with straight walls.

Square VII.A/B/C12; Planum /N-S; W-E; H./lev. m. /; Date: undetermined, probably late fifth to mid-fourth century BC. “inLaterobbers’ redim east of Wall 23/30; in and around Period, Nile silt: 1 element Building [4]”. 13/0035: FILL Square VII.C9-C10, Profile: North; N-S: 5.68-5.20; W-E; H./lev. m. /; “in North profile

levels below Wall [4]” • inTotal: 1 element •

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 C9-C10 0

Total: 5100 elements; 678 diagnostics (470 estimated individuals); 4422 BS Of which 2 complete vessels and 13 complete profiles

Size: Single vessel, large fragment.

Size: Very large assemblage, with many large, well-preserved fragments.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Characteristics: The assemblage contains many Levantine imports (amphorae and mortaria) and • Nile silt: 4 elements (50%) fair amounts of Aegean imported amphorae. The local silt ware ranges in date from the late sixth • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (13%) to the late fifth century BC and only rare elements can be dated from the mid-fourth century BC to the early Ptolemaic. Others could be earlier sixth century. A single Roman intrusion is present• Imported amphorae: 2 elements (25%) (body sherd). Egyptian marl fine wares are numerous. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom sherds• Fine ware imports: 1 element (13%) 622 are also found. Date: mostly fifth century BC, with a sixth century BC component and few Ptolemaic intrusions and one small late Roman period stray fragment. 5

13/0035 Ptolemaic to early Roman

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Appendix 2

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Date: Late sixth to early/mid-fifth century BC.

• Nile silt: 4 elements (50%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (13%) • Nile silt: 4 elements (50%) • Imported amphorae: 2 elements (25%) • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (13%) • Fine ware imports: element (13%) • Imported amphorae: 21elements (25%)

Statistics

•

Phases • Late Period: 4 individuals (100%)

Fine ware imports: 1 element (13%)

13/0035 Ptolemaic to early Roman

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

5

• Nile silt: 3 elements (75%) Of which 2 complete vessels • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (25%)

4 3 2

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25%

1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

13/0038: FILL

Fine imports

Square VII.A12; N-S; W-E; H./lev. m. 18.00-16.00; “in robbers’ redim”.

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

452

• Nile silt: 289 elements (74%) Of which 2 complete vessels and 13 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 33 elements (8%) • Nile silt: 289 elements (74%) • Coarse wares: 19 elements (5%) Of which 2 complete vessels and 13 complete profiles • Aegean amphorae: 12 33elements (3%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: elements (8%) • Coarse wares: elements (5%) • Levantine jars19and mortaria: 36 elements (9%) • Aegean amphorae: 12 elements (3%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (less than 1%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 36 elements (9%) • Uncertain: 2 elements (1%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (less than 1%) •

Note: east of Wall 30, 2.5 m section along the southern part of square. Discarded; Persian to Ptolemaic. Same character as 13/0001; 13/0025. Size: Medium sized. Characteristics: The assemblage contains large quantities of Aegean amphorae imports and few Levantine imports; many large coarse wares fragments and vessels related to the industrial production were also found. Amphorae notably include North Aegean and Chian types from midfifth to the mid-fourth century BC. Same character as 13/0001.

Uncertain: 2 elements (1%)

13/0035 Late Period 350 300 250 200 150 100

Date: fifth into fourth century BC, some Ptolemaic material.

50 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

13/0039: FILL

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 87%; total imports: ca 12%; uncertain: ca 1%

13/0036: FILL/DEBRIS (cf. 13/0035) ca 87%; total imports: ca Late Period: total Egyptian: Square VII.C13; Planum: /; N-S:/; E-W: /; H./lev. m. ca. Square VII.C10, Profile: North; N-S: 5.30; W-E 6.50; H./lev. m. 15.22; “in North profile C9-C10 12%; uncertain: ca 1% 16.00-15.50; “from disturbed robbers’ redim in west part in some layers under Wall [4]” of square, in lower layers” • Total: 5 elements: 4 diagnostics (4 estimated individuals); 1 BS. 13/0036: FILL/DEBRIS Of which 2 complete vessels(cf. 13/0035) Size: Small assemblage, with complete profiles. • Total: 3243 elements; 712 diagnostics (538 estimated Characteristics: The assemblage is made up of Nile silt lids, a jarW-E and one6.50; AegeanH./ import large individuals); 2531 BS Square VII.C10, Profile: North; N-S: 5.30; sherd of the mid- to third quarter of the sixth century BC. lev. m. 15.22; “in North profile C9-C10 in some layers Of which 25 complete profiles Date: Late sixth to early/mid-fifth century BC. under Wall [4]” • Tokens: 15 (3 Aegean amphora fabrics, 3 Levantine jar Statistics fabrics, 9 Nile silt fabrics) Phases • Total: 5 elements: 4 diagnostics (4 estimated • Late Period: 4 individuals (100%) individuals); 1 BS Size: Very large assemblage with many large, wellComposition of the Late Period assemblage Of which 2 complete vessels preserved fragments. •

Nile silt: 3 elements (75%) Of which 2 complete vessels Size:• Small with complete Aegeanassemblage, amphorae: 1 element (25%)

profiles.

Characteristics: The assemblage contains an abundance of Aegean amphorae imports (mainly mid-fifth to midfourth centuries BC). Levantine imports are less frequent and include mortaria, as well as transport jars. Local and 453 imported fine wares, mainly dating to the fifth century BC are

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25%

13/0038: FILL Characteristics: The assemblage is made up of Nile silt lids, a jar and one Aegean import large sherd of the mid- to third quarter of the sixth century BC.

623

Kom Tuman II well-represented. Ptolemaic silt wares and imported amphorae of the same period occur in small but nonnegligible proportions. One stamped amphora handle, most probably dating to the third century BC belongs to this group. The local Nile silt component comprises many ring-shaped pot-stands. New Kingdom and Old Kingdom intrusions occur.

Of which 18 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 125 elements (28%) Of which 3 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 28 elements (6%) Of which 3 complete profiles • Aegean amphorae: 74 elements (16%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 38 elements (8%) • Imported fine wares: 4 elements (1%) • Uncertain: 3 elements (1%)

Date: Mostly mid-fifth to early fourth century BC but with conspicuous Ptolemaic fragments. Some fragments can also be dated as early as the late sixth century BC.

•

13/0039 Late Period

Statistics

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Phases • • • • • • • •

Roman: 1 element (less than 1%) Ptolemaic: 55 elements (10%) Late Period: 450 elements (84%) Production vessels: 3 elements (1%) Of which 1 complete profile TIP: 3 elements (1%) NK: 7 elements (1%) OK: 13 elements (2%) Uncertain: 6 elements (1%)

500 450 400 350 300 250 500 200 450 150 400 100 350 50 300 0 250 200 150 100 50 0 Composition

Oasis

Uncertain

• Total: 2252 elements; 680 diagnostics (estimated individuals: 543); 1566 BS. 13/0040: FILL Of which 2 complete vessels and 27 complete profiles Tokens: 6 (Nile silts fabrics) + 1 cut from a Nile silt LPO3i dish

Square Planum: /; large, N-S:/; E-W: /;fragments. H./lev. m. ca. Size: VeryVII.B13, large assemblage with many well-preserved 17.40 (north)-16.18 andquantities lower;of Aegean “lower layerimports, of including Characteristics: The assemblage(south) contains large amphorae many Chian bulge neck generic North Aegean types of the same date (mid-fifth robbers’ redim andamphorae debrisand (disturbed)”.

13/0039 Phases

to mid-fourth century BC). Levantine imports are fairly frequent and include several basket handle jar fragments. Aegean fine ware imports are present and Egyptian fine wares (fifth to early fourth are fairly numerous. Ptolemaic silt wares are evidenced, including Note: fill, century wholeBC) square. several cooking vessels. Imported and local amphorae of the Roman period are attested as well as Late Ptolemaic to Roman fine wares. New Kingdom and Old Kingdom intrusions occur.

• Date: Total: 2246 toelements; 680 BCdiagnostics (estimated Mostly mid-fifth early fourth century but with conspicuous Ptolemaic fragments and few Roman pieces. Many of 1566 the localBS wares can be dated as early as the late sixth century BC. individuals: 543); Statistics Of which 2 complete vessels and 27 complete profiles • Phases Tokens: 6 (Nile silts fabrics) + 1 cut from a Nile silt • Ptolemaic: LPO3i dish 66 elements (12%)

of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

assemblage

• Late Period: 441 elements (81%) • Production vessels: 8 elements (1%) Size:• Very large (less assemblage with TIP: 2 elements than 1%) • NK: fragments. 9 elements (2%) preserved • MK: 1 sherd (less than 1%) • OK: 11 elements (2%)

Fine ware imports: 1 element (13%)

30 50 25 45 20 40 15 35 10 30 5

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

15

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

10 5

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0 Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse

Nile silt: 178 elements (40%) wares Of which 18 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 125 elements (28%) Of which 3 complete profiles Composition of the Period Composition of Late the Late assemblage Period • Coarse wares: 28 elements (6%) assemblage • Nile silt: 178 elementsprofiles (40%) Of which 3 complete which 18 complete profiles (16%) • Of Aegean amphorae: 74 elements • Nile silt: 178 elements (40%) •• Egyptian and mortaria: mixed: 125 Levantinemarl jars and 38elements elements(28%) (8%) Of which 3 complete profiles • Imported fine wares: 4 elements (1%) • Coarse wares: 28 elements (6%) Of which 3 complete profiles • Aegean amphorae: 74 elements (16%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 38 elements (8%) • Imported fine wares: 4 elements (1%)

many large, well-

Characteristics: The assemblage contains large quantities of Aegean amphorae imports, including many Chian bulge neck amphorae and generic North Aegean types of the same date (mid-fifth to mid-fourth century BC). Levantine imports are fairly frequent and include several basket handle jar fragments. Aegean fine ware imports are present and Egyptian fine wares (fifth to early fourth century BC) are fairly numerous. Ptolemaic silt wares are evidenced, including several cooking vessels. Imported and local amphorae of the Roman period are attested as well as Late Ptolemaic to Roman fine wares. New Kingdom and Old Kingdom intrusions occur.

13/0039 Ptolemaic to early Roman

•

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Note: fill, whole square.

•

35

25 0 20

Coarse wares

13/0040: FILL

13/0039 Ptolemaic to early Roman • Imported 8 elements (15%) • Nile silt:amphorae: 46 elements (84%) • 50Fine ware imports: element (1%) • Imported amphorae: 81elements (15%) •

Marl and mixed

Late total /;Egyptian: 74%; imports: (south) ca and lower; SquarePeriod: VII.B13, Planum: N-S:/; E-W: /;ca H./lev. m. ca.total 17.40 (north)-16.18 “loweruncertain: layer of robbers’ 25%; caredim 1% and debris (disturbed)”.

• Nile silt: of 46 elements (84%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman • Imported amphorae: 8 elements (15%) • Fine ware imports: 1 element (13%) • Composition Nile silt:of46 theelements Ptolemaic to(84%) early Roman assemblage

40

Nile silt

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 72%; total imports: ca 27%; uncertain: ca 1%

13/0039 Phases

45

Uncertain: 3 elements (1%)

Fine imports

Date: Mostly mid-fifth to early fourth century BC but with conspicuous Ptolemaic fragments and few Roman pieces. 624 455

456

Appendix 2 •

Many of the local wares can be dated as early as the late sixth century BC.

Imported fine wares: 15 elements (3%)

13/0040 Late Period 180 160

Statistics

140 120 100

Phases

80 60

• • • • • • • •

40

Ptolemaic: 66 elements (12%) Late Period: 441 elements (81%) Production vessels: 8 elements (1%) TIP: 2 elements (less than 1%) NK: 9 elements (2%) MK: 1 sherd (less than 1%) OK: 11 elements (2%) Uncertain: 5 elements (1%) •

20 0

•

Mostly fifth century going into508 the fourth century BC.(367 Some late sixth to fifth century BC • Date: Total: 3757 elements: diagnostics estimated elements are also present. Ptolemaic period ware is evidenced (about 6% of the total), as well as individuals); one possible Roman 3249 sherd. BS Of which 1 near complete vessel and 6 complete profiles Statistics Phases

Size:• Very large assemblage, with some well-preserved Ptolemaic: 24 elements (7%) Late Period: 316 elements (86%) large•sherds. • Production vessels: 1 element (less than 1%) • TIP: 3 elements (1%) Characteristics: This • NK: 6 elements (2%) is a very large assemblage with an • MK: 1of element (less than 1%) abundance Aegean amphorae imports, especially Chian • OK: 15 elements (4%) bulge• neck amphorae of the third quarter of the fifth century Uncertain: 1 element (less than 1%)

BC and other Aegean imports of the same date. Levantine imports are fewer. Egyptian marl fine wares are relatively abundant and are accompanied by a few fine ware imports, probably dating from the mid-sixth to the early fourth century BC. About 10% of the assemblage is made up of Ptolemaic material and one body sherd is possibly Roman. New Kingdom and Old Kingdom intrusions are present.

Fine ware imports: 3 elements (5%)

13/0040 Ptolemaic to early Roman

40 10 355 Nile silt

25 20

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Date: Mostly fifth century going into the fourth century BC. Some late sixth to fifth century BC elements are also present. Ptolemaic period ware is evidenced (about 6% of the total), as well as one possible Roman sherd.

15 Composition of the Late Period assemblage 10

•

Nile silt: 159 elements (36%) Of which 2 complete vessels and 19 complete profiles • Egyptian mixed: 111 elements (25%) Nile silt marl and Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports wares Of which 6 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 25 elements (6%) Composition of the2 complete Late Period assemblage Of which profiles 5 0

Statistics

Aegean 91 elements (21%) •• Nile silt: amphorae: 159 the elements (36%) Composition of Late Period assemblage

• •

Total: 3757 elements: 508 diagnostics (367 estimated individuals); 3249 BS

especially Chian bulge neck amphorae of the third quarter of the fifth century BC and other Aegean imports of the same date. Levantine imports are fewer. Egyptian marl fine wares are relativelyNorth-west abundant and are angle accompanied a few fine ware imports, probably dating from the Note: of bysquare; probably below mid-sixth to the early fourth century BC. About 10% of the assemblage is made up of Ptolemaic 13/0040. material and one body sherd is possibly Roman. New Kingdom and Old Kingdom intrusions are present.

• • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (2%) 13/0040 Ptolemaic to early Roman • Nile silt: 47 elements (71%) • Imported amphorae: 15 elements (23%) 50 • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (2%) 45 • Fine ware imports: 3 elements elements (5%) • Imported amphorae: 15 (23%)

300

Uncertain

which 1 nearPlanum: complete vessel 6 complete profiles Square Of VII.B13, /; and N-S:/; E-W: /; H./lev. m.; Size: Very large assemblage, someand well-preserved large sherds. “filling between Wallswith[31] [34]. Layer of soil mixed Characteristics: This ispottery”. a very large assemblage with an abundance of Aegean amphorae imports, with shells and

• Imported amphorae: 15 elements (23%) • Fine 3 elements (5%) Nile silt:ware 47 imports: elements (71%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

25 50 20 45 15

Oasis

13/0041: FILLangle of square; probably below 13/0040. Note: North-west

Uncertain: 5 elements (1%)

30

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Square VII.B13, Planum: /; N-S:/; E-W: /; H./lev. m.; “filling between Walls [31] and [34]. Layer of soil mixed with shells and pottery”.

• Nile silt: 47 elements (71%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (2%)

•

Coarse wares

13/0041: FILLtotal Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: ca 33% Late period:

500 450 400 • Uncertain: 5 elements (1%) 350 300 250 13/0040 Phases 200 500 150 450 100 400 50 3500 300 250 200 150 100 50 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 0

35

Marl and mixed

Late period: total Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: ca 33%

13/0040 Phases

40

Nile silt

• Of Levantine and mortaria: (9%) profiles which 2jars complete vessels 40 andelements 19 complete • Egyptian marl and mixed: 111 elements (25%) which 6 complete profiles Nile Of silt: 159 elements (36%) Coarse wares: 25 elements (6%) Of• which 2 complete vessels and 19 complete profiles Of which 2 complete profiles Egyptian and91mixed: 111 elements (25%) • Aegean marl amphorae: elements (21%) Levantine and mortaria: 40 elements (9%) Of• which 6 jars complete profiles

Phases • • • • • • • •

• Coarse wares: 25 elements (6%) Of which 2 complete profiles • Aegean amphorae: 91 elements (21%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 40 elements (9%) • Imported fine wares: 15 elements (3%)

625

457

Ptolemaic: 24 elements (7%) Late Period: 316 elements (86%) Production vessels: 1 element (less than 1%) TIP: 3 elements (1%) 457 6 elements (2%) NK: MK: 1 element (less than 1%) OK: 15 elements (4%) Uncertain: 1 element (less than 1%)

458

Kom Tuman II Note: from area of Wall 5 in the surrounding of a robbers’ pit.

13/0041 Phases 350

• Total: 386 elements: 39 diagnostics (36 estimated individuals); 347 BS Of which 1 complete profile

300 250

13/0041 Phases

200 350 150

Size: Medium sized.

300 100 250 50 200 0 150 100 50 0

Composition of The Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Composition The Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 22 elements (92%) • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (4%) • Imported amphorae: 1 element (4%) Nile silt: 22 elements (92%) Composition of The Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (4%) 13/0041 Ptolemaic to early Roman • Nile silt: 22 elements (92%) 25 • Marl and • Imported amphorae: element mixed fabrics: 1 1 element (4%)(4%) 20

•

Date: Late Saite to early Persian.

Imported amphorae: 1 element (4%)

Statistics

13/0041 Ptolemaic to early Roman

15 25

Phases

10 20 5 15 0 10

Characteristics: Nile silt fabrics dominate. Levantine imports are present as well as Egyptian marl, and Oasis fabrics but Aegean imports are scant, represented by body sherds only. Levantine products are represented by storage jars with short, modelled rims and mortaria. Imported fine ware (probably East Greek) is evidenced. New Kingdom sherds were also recorded.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

• Late Period: 29 elements (81%) • NK: 6 elements (17%) • MK: 1 element (3%)

5

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

13/0042 Phases

0•

Nile silt: 138 elements (44%) silt Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports Of Nile which 1 near complete vessel and 4wares complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 74 elements (23%) Of which 2 complete profiles Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Coarse wares: 8 elements (3%) Composition Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 138 the elements (44%) • Aegean amphorae: 63 elements (20%) Of which 1 near complete vessel and 4 complete profiles • Levantine jars and mortaria: 24 elements (8%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 74 elements (23%) • Imported wares: 6profiles elements (2%) • Nile silt: 138 elements (44%) Of which 2fine complete •• Uncertain: 3 elements (1%) Coarse wares: 8 elements (3%)

Of which 1 near complete vessel and 4 complete profiles • Aegean marl amphorae: elements (20%) • Egyptian and63mixed: 74 elements (23%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 24 elements (8%) Of• which 2 complete profiles Imported fine wares: 6 elements (2%) • Uncertain: 3 elements (1%) • Coarse wares: 8 elements (3%) • Aegean amphorae: 63 elements (20%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 24 elements (8%) • Imported fine wares: 6 elements (2%) • Uncertain: 3 elements (less than 1%)

35 30 25 20

15 10

459 5

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

0 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• • • • • •

13/0041 Late Period 160

140 120 100

• Nile silt: 15 elements (52%) Of which 1 complete profile 459 Nile silt: 15marl elements • Egyptian and mixed:(52%) 4 elements (14%) • which Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (21%) Of 1 complete profile Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (7%) Egyptian and 4 elements (14%) Oasis:silt: 1marl element (3%)mixed: • Nile 15 elements (52%) • Of Uncertain: element (3%) whichjars 11complete profile Levantine and mortaria: 6 elements (21%) • Egyptianfine marl wares: and mixed:24elements elements (14%) Imported (7%) Period • Levantine jars and 13/0042 mortaria: 6Late elements (21%) Oasis: 1 element (3%) 16 • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (7%) • Oasis: 1 element (3%) (3%) Uncertain: 1 element 14 • Uncertain: 1 element (3%) 12

80 60

10

40

8 16 6 14 4 12 2 10 0 8

20 0

13/0042 Phases

15 35 10 30 5 25 0 20

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 70%; total imports: 30%; uncertain: less than 1%

Late Period: 70%; total imports: 30%; 13/0042: FROMtotal WALL Egyptian: AND WALL DEBRIS uncertain: less than/;1% Square VII.C9; Planum: N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. /; “Wall [5] around robbers’ pit” Note: from area of Wall 5 in the surrounding of a robbers’ pit.

13/0042: FROM WALL AND (36 WALL DEBRIS • Total: 386 elements: 39 diagnostics estimated individuals); 347 BS Of which 1 complete profile

Size: Medium sized.

13/0042 Late Period

Nile silt

6

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

4

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

2 Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 69%; total imports: ca 28%; uncertain: 3% Late 0 13/0044: FLOOR LAYERS Nile silt

Marl and

Coarse

Aegean

Levantine Fine and

Oasis

Uncertain

wares /; H./lev. jars coarse semi-fine Square: VII.B13;mixed N-S:/; W-E: m. /; “from ashy floor layers in Building 8 (second wares imports phase)”

Total:total 1034Egyptian elements: 110 diagnostics (8269%; estimated individuals); 914 BS Late•Period: (including Oasis): ca total imports: ca 28%; uncertain: 3%

Of whichtotal 2 complete profiles (including Oasis): ca 69%; Square VII.C9; Planum: /; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. /; Late Period: Egyptian 13/0044: FLOOR LAYERS Characteristics: Nile silt fabrics dominate. Levantine imports are present as well as Egyptian marl, “Wall [5] around robbers’ pit” total imports: ca 28%; and Oasis fabrics but Aegean imports are scant, represented by body sherds only. LevantineSquare: VII.B13; N-S:/; W-E: uncertain: /; H./lev. m. /;3% “from ashy floor layers in Building 8 (second products are represented by storage jars with short, modelled rims and mortaria. Imported fine phase)” ware (probably East Greek) is evidenced. New Kingdom sherds were also recorded. 626 • Total: 1034 elements: 110 diagnostics (82 estimated individuals); 914 BS Date: Late Saite to early Persian. Of which 2 complete profiles Statistics

461

Appendix 2 13/0044: FLOOR LAYERS

• Coarse wares: 6 elements (8%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (7%) • Imported fine wares: 4 elements (5%)

Square: VII.B13; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. /; “from ashy floor layers in Building 8 (second phase)” • Total: 1024 elements: 110 diagnostics (82 estimated individuals); 914 BS Of which 2 complete profiles • Tokens: 10 (6 Nile silt fabrics, 2 Levantine fabric, 1 Aegean fabric, 1 Egyptian marl fabric)

13/0044 Late Period 40

35 30 25 20 15

Size: medium to large assemblage.

10 5

0 Characteristics: Very small fragments mostly very worn Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine and blackened by fire. The assemblage includes imported wares imports Attic fine ware of fifth to early fourth century date, local Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca 12% fine wares of the fifth century BC, as well as East Aegean 13/0045: FILL and North Aegean amphorae and Levantine jars of fifth Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca 12% Square VII.B12, Planum: /; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. 16.30-16.00; “near northern border of and early fourth century BC (the latter only evidenced by square: in protective layer and robbers’ redim(?) above furnaces [7] and [8]”. body sherds). Some production vessels with white and 13/0045: FILL Note: east of Walls 30 and 33. grey deposits on the inside probably originate from the • Total: 182 elements: 36 diagnostics (33 estimated individuals); 146 BS period use 10 of(6the which 2 complete profiles /; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. • of Tokens: Nilefurnace silt fabrics, area. 2 Levantine fabric, 1 Aegean fabric, 1 Egyptian marl Square OfVII.B12, Planum: fabric) Size: Medium sized assemblage with some large well-preserved 16.30-16.00; “near northern border of square: fragments. in protective Size: medium to large assemblage. Characteristics: This assemblage includesabove large quantities of Aegean amphorae imports, while Date: fifth to early fourth century BC. layer and robbers’ redim(?) furnaces [7] and [8]”.

Characteristics: Very small fragments mostly very worn and blackened by fire. The assemblageLevantine imports and Egyptian marls are much less numerous. It also yielded Attic Black Glaze includes imported Attic fine ware of fifth to early fourth century date, local fine wares of theof the fourth century BC. The Egyptian silt fragments are often small. fifth century BC, as well as East Aegean and North Aegean amphorae and Levantine jarsNote: ofDate: fifth preponderance Statistics east of Walls 30century and 33. of fifth BC material (possibly late sixth century BC), but some and early fourth century BC (the latter only evidenced by body sherds). Some production vessels secure fourth century BC component is also evidenced. Few Ptolemaic intrusions. with white and grey deposits on the inside probably originate from the period of use of the furnace area. Phases • Statistics Total: 182 elements: 36 diagnostics (33 estimated Phases individuals);

146 BS Ptolemaic: 4 elements (12%) Of• which 2 complete profiles

Date: fifth to early fourth century BC.

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 1 element (1%) • Phases Late Period: 76 elements (93%) • Ptolemaic:vessels: 1 element (1%) • Production 2 elements (2%) • Late Period: 76 elements (93%) • NK: 1 element (1%) • Production vessels: 2 elements (2%) • OK: 2 elements (2%) • NK: 1 element (1%) •

• Late Period: 27 elements (82%) • Production vessels: 1 element (3%) Size:• Medium sized OK: 1 element (3%) assemblage

preserved fragments.

with some large well-

Characteristics: This assemblage includes large quantities of Aegean amphorae imports, while Levantine imports and Egyptian marls are much less numerous. It also yielded Attic Black Glaze of the fourth century BC. The Egyptian silt fragments are often small.

OK: 2 elements (2%)

13/0044 Phases 80 70 60 50 40

Date: preponderance of fifth century BC material (possibly late sixth century BC), but some secure fourth century BC component is also evidenced. Few Ptolemaic intrusions.

30 20 10 0

Statistics

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 1 element (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Phases

• Nile elements (47%) • Nile silt:silt:136element (100%)

• • • •

Composition of the Late Period assemblage •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 25 elements (33%) Of which 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 6 elements (8%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (7%) • Nile silt: 36fine elements (47%) • Imported wares: 4 elements (5%)

Ptolemaic: 4 elements (12%) Late Period: 27 elements (82%) Production vessels: 1 element (3%) OK: 1 element (3%)

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 25 elements (33%) Of which 1 complete profile 462

627

463

Kom Tuman II • Total: 1902 elements: 461 diagnostics (357 estimated individuals); 1441 BS Of which 12 complete profiles • Tokens: 5 (3 Nile silt fabrics; 2 Aegean fabrics)

13/0045 Phases 30 25 20

13/0045 Phases

15

Size: very large assemblage, medium to large sized sherds with generally fair surface preservation.

30 10 25 5 20 0 15 10 5

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 0 • Nile silt: of 2 elements (50%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • •

Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (25%) Imported amphorae: 1 element (25%)

•

Imported amphorae: 1 element (25%)

• Composition Nile silt:of2the elements (50%) Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 13/0045 Ptolemaic to early Roman • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (25%) 3 • Nile silt: 2 elements (50%) • Imported element (25%) • Marl andamphorae: mixed fabrics: 1 1 element (25%) 2

13/0045 Ptolemaic to early Roman

3 1 2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

1

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • •

Nile silt: 13 elements (48%) Egyptian mixed: 5 elements (19%) Nile silt marl and Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports wares Of which 2 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 1 element (4%) Composition ofamphorae: the Late Period assemblage • Aegean 5 elements (18%) Levantine andLate mortaria: 2 elements (7%) • Nile silt: of 13jars elements (48%) Composition the Period assemblage Importedmarl fine wares: 1 element (4%) (19%) • Egyptian and mixed: 5 elements Of which 2 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 1 element (4%) • Nile silt: 13 elements (48%) • Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (18%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements (19%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (7%) Of• which 2 fine complete profiles Imported wares: 1 element (4%) 0

• • • •

Coarse wares: 1 element (4%) Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (18%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (7%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (4%) 13/0045 Late Period

Date: Mostly Persian with Ptolemaic elements as well as isolated early Roman sherds. Also earlier intrusions (Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, and Saite). Statistics Phases • • • • • •

Ptolemaic: 84 elements (24%) Late Period: 256 elements (72%) Production vessels: 2 elements (less than 1%) TIP: 3 elements (1%) 464 NK: 3 elements (1%) OK: 9 elements (3%) 464

13/0046 Phases

300

14

250

12

200

10

150

8

100

6

50

4

0

2 0

Characteristics: This is undoubtedly a mixed assemblage but the bulk of the material can certainly be dated to the fifth century BC. The second largest component of the collection is made up by fragments dating to the fourth century BC, extending into the early Ptolemaic period. Fine wares are very well represented and include several Attic Black Glaze sherds. Local fine wares are mainly made of marl fabrics. The Ptolemaic part of the assemblage is evidenced by cooking wares and Ptolemaic Black Ware vessels. Imports from both the Levant (including Cyprus) and the Aegean are numerous and most of them fall within the period going from the fifth to the mid-fourth century BC. Local imitations of both Levantine and Aegean imports are also evidenced.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 71%; total imports: ca 29%

• Nile silt: 73 elements (87%) • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (1%) Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 71%; total imports: ca 29% Composition of the Ptolemaic to early • Imported amphorae: 8 elements (10%) Square VII.C13; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. 16.30-15.50; “eastern half of square; in robbers’ • Fine ware imports: 2 elements (2 %) redim”. 13/0046: FILL

13/0046: FILL • Total: 1909 elements: 461 diagnostics (357 estimated individuals); 1441 BS

Roman assemblage

• Nile silt: 73 elements (87%) 13/0046 Ptolemaic to early Roman • Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (1%) 80 m. 16.30-15.50; • Imported amphorae: 8 elements (10%) 70 Size: very large assemblage, medium to large sized sherds with generally fair surface preservation. “eastern half of square; in robbers’ redim”. • Fine ware imports: 2 elements (2 %) 60 Of which 12 complete profiles • 5 (3 Nile silt fabric; 2 Aegean Square Tokens: VII.C13; N-S:/; W-E: /; fabrics) H./lev.

Characteristics: This is undoubtedly a mixed assemblage but the bulk of the material can certainly be dated to the fifth century BC. The second largest component of the collection is made up50 by fragments dating to the fourth century BC, extending into the early Ptolemaic period. Fine wares 40 are very well represented and include several Attic Black Glaze sherds. Local fine wares are mainly made of marl fabrics. The Ptolemaic part of the assemblage is evidenced by cooking wares30and 628the Aegean 20 Ptolemaic Black Ware vessels. Imports from both the Levant (including Cyprus) and are numerous and most of them fall within the period going from the fifth to the mid-fourth 10 century BC. Local imitations of both Levantine and Aegean imports are also evidenced. 0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • • • •

Nile silt: 73 elements (87%) Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (1%) Imported amphorae: 8 elements (10%) Fine ware imports: 2 elements (2 %)

Appendix 2 century BC. Several fragments are clearly Ptolemaic. Local fine ware and imported fine wares of the late Period are evidenced. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period sherds are present.

13/0046 Ptolemaic to early Roman 80 70 60 50

Date: Mainly intrusions

40 30

fifth

century

BC

with

Ptolemaic

20

Statistics

10 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Phases

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• • • • • •

• Nile silt: of 101 the elements (39%) Composition Late Period assemblage

• • •

Of which 8 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 77 elements (30%) which 2 complete profile(39%) Nile Of silt: 101 elements Coarse wares: 17 elements (7%) Of• which 8 complete profiles Of which 1 complete profile Egyptian and36mixed: 77 elements • Aegean marl amphorae: elements (14%) Levantine and mortaria: 12 elements (5%) Of• which 2 jars complete profile • Imported fine wares: 12 elements (5%) Coarse wares: 17 elements (7%) Of which 1 complete profile

(30%)

Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 36 elements (14%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 12 elements (5%) • Imported fine wares: 12 elements (5%) Of which 1 complete profile • Uncertain: 1 element (less than 1%) •

13/0047 Phases 70 466 60 50 40 30 20

Uncertain: 1 element (less than 1%)

10

13/0047 Phases

0 70

13/0046 Late Period

60

120

50

100

40

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

80

30

elements (100%) 20 • Nile silt:4of Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

60

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 10

40

0 • Nile silt: 50 elements (77%) • Nile silt:4 elements (100%) Of which 1 complete profile

20 0

Ptolemaic: 4 elements (4%) Late Period: 65 elements (70%) TIP: 2 elements (2%) NK: 6 elements (6%) OK: 14 elements (15%) Uncertain: 2 elements (2%)

•

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Egyptian marl mixed: 5 elements (8%)

• Coarse wares: 4 elements (6%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Uncertain

• Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (6%) Composition of the Ptolemaic early Roman • Imported fine wares: 2 to elements (3%) assemblage

• Nile silt:silt:4 50elements elements (77%) • Nile (100%) 13/0047 Late Period Of which 1 complete profile 13/0047: FILL (WITH Composition of the Late Period assemblage Late Period: total 13/0048) Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 60 • Egyptian marl mixed: 5 elements (8%) Square VII.C10, Trench 1; N-S:/; E-W:/; H./lev. m. 14.60-14.40; “layer of broken bricks (top • Nile silt: 50 elements (77%) 24%; uncertain: less than 1% level)” 50 Of which 1 complete profile (6%) • Coarse wares: 4 elements • Egyptian marl mixed: 5 elements (8%) • Total: 770 elements: 116 diagnostics (93 minimum individuals); 653 BS 40 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (6%) 13/0047: (WITH 13/0048) Of FILL which 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 4 elements (6%) • Imported fine 2 elements (3%) 30 • Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric) • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 4 elements (6%) Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 24%; uncertain: less than 1%

• Size: Large size. 20 Square VII.C10, Trench 1; N-S:/; E-W:/; H./lev. m. 14.60Characteristics: Nileof siltbroken local material dominates, are rare, and only Levantine ones are10 14.40; “layer bricks (topimports level)” represented by diagnostic sherds. Most pottery is typical of the fifth to early fourth centuries BC,

•

some going back to late sixth century BC. Several fragments are clearly Ptolemaic. Local fine 600 ware and imported fine wares of the116 late Period are evidenced. Old minimum Kingdom and New Total: 769 elements: diagnostics (93 50 Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period sherds are present.

individuals); 653 BS Of which 1 complete profile Statistics • Phases Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)

Imported fine wares: 2 elements (3%)

13/0047 Late Period Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

40

Date: Mainly fifth century BC with Ptolemaic intrusions

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 91%; total imports: ca 9% 30

13/0048: FILL (WITH 13/0047) 20

Square VII.C10, Trench 1, N-S; 300.00-270.00; E-W: 530; H./lev. m. 14.40-14.20; “layer of 10 broken bricks (lower level)”

Ptolemaic: Size:•Large size.4 elements (4%) • Late Period: 65 elements (70%) • TIP: 2 elements (2%) • NK: 6 elements (6%) Characteristics: Nile silt local material • OK: 14 elements (15%) imports are rare, and only • Uncertain: 2 elements (2%) Levantine ones are

0•

dominates, represented by diagnostic sherds. Most pottery is typical of the fifth to early fourth centuries BC, some going back to late sixth

Total: 652 elements: 97 diagnostics (79 estimated individuals); 554 BS

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 91%; total imports: ca 9%

468

13/0048: FILLtotal (WITH 13/0047) ca 91%; total imports: ca 9% Late Period: Egyptian:

Square VII.C10, Trench 1, N-S; 300.00-270.00; E-W: 530; H./lev. m. 14.40-14.20; “layer of broken bricks (lower level)” •

629

467

Total: 652 elements: 97 diagnostics (79 estimated individuals); 554 BS 468

Kom Tuman II 13/0048: FILL (WITH 13/0047)

• Coarse wares: 7 elements (15%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 5 elements (11%)

Square VII.C10, Trench 1, N-S; 300.00-270.00; E-W: 530; H./lev. m. 14.40-14.20; “layer of broken bricks (lower level)”

13/0048 Late Period 35 30

• Total: 651 elements: 97 diagnostics (79 estimated individuals); 554 BS • Token: 1 Nile silt fabric

25 20 15 10

Size: Large size.

5 0

Characteristics: Nile silt local material dominates, imports are relatively uncommon but both Aegean and Levantine ones occur (the former represented by body sherds only). Most pottery is typical of the fifth century BC, some going back to late sixth century BC. However, one diagnostic fragment is clearly early Ptolemaic in date, and another is most likely Ptolemaic. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period sherds are present.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 89%; total imports: ca 11% 13/0049: FROM CLEANING WALLS Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 89%; total imports: VII.B13; Planum: /; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. /; “from cleaning Walls [31], [63] and [36] caSquare 11% and other walls”. •

Total: 874 elements: 190 diagnostics (154 estimated individuals); 687 BS

Of FROM which 6 complete profiles 13/0049: CLEANING WALLS

Token: 3 (1 Nile silt fabric, 1 Aegean amphora fabric, 1 uncertain fabric)

Size: Large assemblage with many small, eroded sherds, few larger fragments, especially large Square VII.B13; coarse wares fragments.Planum: /; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. /;

Date: Mainly fifth century BC with probably 2 Ptolemaic • Token: 1 Nile silt fabric intrusions.

“from cleaning Walls [31], [63] and [36] and other walls”. Characteristics: This assemblage contains a fairly high proportion of imports, mainly from the

Aegean but also from the Levantine coast and probably Cyprus. The majority of the imports point to a date in the fifth to early fourth century BC. Ptolemaic material represents about 14%

• ofTotal: elements: 190 diagnostics estimated the total 877 of the material. Sixth century BC, Old Kingdom,(154 and New Kingdom intrusions are Characteristics: Nile silt local material dominates, imports are relatively uncommon but both evidenced. Statistics individuals); 687 BS Aegean and Levantine ones occur (the former represented by body sherds only). Most pottery is century BC, with some Ptolemaic components. Of mid-fifth which to6 mid-fourth complete profiles typical of the fifth century BC, some going back to late sixth century BC. However, one Date: diagnostic fragment is clearly early Ptolemaic in date, and another is most likely Ptolemaic. Old Statistics Phases Token: 3 (1 Nile silt fabric, 1 Aegean amphora fabric, Kingdom and New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period sherds are present. Phases 1 uncertain fabric) Date: Mainly fifth century BC with probably 2 Ptolemaic intrusions. • Ptolemaic: 21 elements (14%) • Statistics Ptolemaic: 2 elements (3%) Of which 1 complete profile • Phases Late Period: 47 elements (59%) Size:•Large assemblage Late Period: 118 elementswith (77%) many small, eroded sherds, • TIP: 1 element (1%) •larger Production vessels: 3 elements (2%) few fragments, especially large coarse wares • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (3%) • TIP: 2 elements (1%) • NK: 8 elements (10%)(59%) fragments. • Late Period: 47 elements • NK: 3 elements (2%) • TIP: 1 element (1%) • MK: 2 elements (2.5%) • OK: 5 elements (3%) • NK: 8 elements (10%) • OK: 17 elements (22%) • Uncertain: 2 elements (1%) Characteristics: This assemblage contains a fairly high • MK: 2 elements (2.5%) • Uncertain: 2 elements proportion of imports, mainly from the Aegean but also • OK: 17 elements (22%) (2.5%) • Uncertain: 2 elements (2.5%) from the Levantine coast and probably Cyprus. The majority of the imports point to a date in the fifth to 13/0048 Phases early fourth century BC. Ptolemaic material represents 50 45 about 14% of the total of the material. Sixth century 470 40 35 BC, Old Kingdom, and New Kingdom intrusions are 30 evidenced. 25 Size: Large size.

20 15 10 5 0

Date: mid-fifth to mid-fourth century BC, with some Ptolemaic components. Statistics

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Phases

• Nile silt: of 1 element (50%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage •

Fine ware imports: 1 element (50 %)

• Ptolemaic: 21 elements (14%) Of which 1 complete profile • Late Period: 118 elements (77%) • Production vessels: 3 elements (2%) • TIP: 2 elements (1%) • NK: 3 elements (2%) • OK: 5 elements (3%) • Uncertain: 2 elements (1%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt: 1 element (50%) • Nile silt: 31 elements (66%) • Fine ware imports: 1 element • Egyptian marl and mixed: 4 elements (50 (9%) %) •

Coarse wares: 7 elements (15%)

• Levantineof jarsthe andLate mortaria: 5 elements (11%) Composition Period assemblage

• Nile silt: 31 elements (66%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 4 elements (9%)

469

630

Appendix 2 13/0055: PARTLY FROM WALL

13/0049 Phases 140

Square VII.C10; Trench 1; N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.: 15.00-14.70; “in Wall [46] and neighbouring ashes”.

120 100 80

• Total: 434 elements: 111 diagnostics (86 estimated individuals); 323 BS Of which 1 complete profile Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)

60

13/0049 Phases

40 20 140 0 120 100 80

Size: Large assemblage with some large fragments.

60 40 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 20

• Nile silt: 18 of elements Composition the(86%)Ptolemaic 0• Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (15%) assemblage • Imported amphorae: 2 elements (10%)

to

early

Roman

Ptolemaic • Nile silt: 1813/0049 elements (86%)to early Roman 20 the Ptolemaic to early1Roman assemblage • Composition Marl andofmixed fabrics: element (15%) 18 • Imported 2 elements (10%) 18 elements (86%) 16 • Nile silt:amphorae: 14 • 12 •

Marl and mixed fabrics: 1 element (15%) Imported amphorae: 2 elements (10%)

10

Date: Mostly late sixth to early fifth century BC, but few early to mid-Ptolemaic diagnostic sherds.

13/0049 Ptolemaic to early Roman

8 6 20 4 18 2 16 0 14

Characteristics: Levantine imports, including mortaria, are fairly numerous, but Aegean ones are much rarer. Nile silt wares dominate, many of which have blackened surfaces as a result of a use as cooking vessels. Other sherds are blackened by exposure to fire after breakage. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom intrusions are present.

Statistics Nile silt

12

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Phases

10

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 8 6

•

Nile silt: 58 elements (49%) Of which 4 complete profiles 2 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 29 elements (25%) 0 Of which 1 complete profile Nile silt Marl and mixed Imported coarse • Coarse wares: 5 elements (4%) wares • Aegean amphorae: 16 elements (14%) Composition of the Late assemblage • Levantine jars andPeriod mortaria: 10 elements (8%) 4

Fine imports

• • • • •

Ptolemaic: 3 elements (3%) Late Period: 71 elements (83%) NK: 2 elements (2.5%) OK: 7 elements (8.5%) Uncertain: 3 elements (3%)

•

Nile silt: 58 elements (49%) Of which 4 complete profiles Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 29 elements (25%) Of which 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 5 elements (49%) (4%) • Nile silt: 58 elements • Aegean amphorae: 16 elements (14%) Of• which 4 jars complete profiles Levantine and mortaria: 10 elements (8%)

13/0055 Phases 80

70 60 50 471

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 29 elements (25%) Of which 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 5 elements (4%) • Aegean amphorae: 16 elements (14%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 10 elements (8%)

40 30 20 10 0

471 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 3 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

13/0049 Late Period

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

70

• Nile elements (71.5%) • Nile silt:silt:351elements (100%) Of which 1 complete profile

60 50

•

Egyptian marl and mixed: 10 elements (14%)

• •

Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (6%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (6%)

• Coarse wares: 2 elements (2.5%) assemblage Composition of the Late Period

40 30 20 10 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: ca 22% 13/0051 (from small finds equal 13/0039, see 13/0039) Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 78%; total imports: ca13/0055: 22% PARTLY FROM WALL

Square VII.C10; Trench 1; N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.: 15.00-14.70; “in Wall [46] and neighbouring ashes”. •

Total: 434 elements: 111 diagnostics (86 estimated individuals); 323 BS Of which 1 complete profile Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)

• Nile silt: 51 elements (71.5%) 13/0055 Late Period Of which 1 complete profile 60 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 10 elements (14%) 50 • Coarse wares: 2 elements (2.5%) 40 • Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (6%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (6%) 30 20 10 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

631 Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca 12% Characteristics: Levantine imports, including mortaria, are fairly numerous, but Aegean imports are 13/0059: FROM WALL much rarer. Nile silt wares dominate, many of which have blackened surfaces as a result of a use Square VII.C11; Planum: /; N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.:/; “from Wall [23], at the level of bottom as cooking vessels. Other sherds are blackened by exposure to fire after breakage. Old Kingdom Size: Large assemblage with some large fragments.

•

Nile silt: 3 elements (100%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage •

Nile silt: 51 elements (71.5%) Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 10 elements (14%) Kom•Tuman II 2 elements (2.5%) Coarse wares: • Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (6%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (6%)

13/0060: FROM CLEANING WALLS

13/0055 Late Period

Square VII.C13; Planum: /; N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.:/, Plan 1; “From cleaning walls and planum”.

60 50 40

Note: in ¾ northern part of square.

30 20 10 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca 12% 13/0059: FROM WALL Late Period: total Egyptian:

ca 88%; total imports: ca 12%

• Total: 71 elements: 18 diagnostics (18 estimated individuals); 53 BS. Of which 1 complete profile Size: small assemblage, small to medium sized sherds. East Greek fine wares of the fifth attested. A number of fragments belong to the full-blown Ptolemaic period (third to second century BC).

Square VII.C11; Planum: /; N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.:/; “from Wall [23], at the level of Characteristics: bottom of test trench”. century BC are

13/0059: FROM WALL Note: from inside Wall 23

Square VII.C11; Planum: /; N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.:/; “from Wall [23], at the level of bottom of test trench”.

473

Note: from inside Wall 23

Date: mostly mid-fifth century BC to early Ptolemaic (early fourth century BC), but with a few elements as late as the second century BC.

• Total: 7 elements: 3 diagnostics (3 estimated individuals); 4 BS

Statistics

Size: Small assemblage, with small fragments.

Phases

Characteristics: This assemblage is made of small, to very small sherds with few diagnostics. It includes Old and New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period elements, as well as the usual Late Period sherds.

• Ptolemaic: 8 elements (44%) • Late Period: 10 elements (56%) • •

Ptolemaic: 8 elements (44%) Late Period: 10 elements (56%)

13/0060 Phases

Date:• Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Saite diagnostics, Total: 7 elements: 3 diagnostics (3 estimated individuals); 4 BS butSize:body sherds could be as late as Saite to Persian. Small assemblage, with small fragments.

12 10 8

Characteristics: This assemblage is made of small, to very small sherds with few diagnostics. It 6 includes Old and New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period elements, as well as the usual Late Statistics Period sherds. 4 Date: Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Saite diagnostics, but body sherds could be as late as2

Phases Saite to Persian.

0

Statistics

• Phases Late Period: 1 element (33%) • OK: 2 elements (67%) • Late Period: 1 element (23%) •

OK: 2 elements (67%)

13/0059 Phases 3

2

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage •

Nile silt: 8 elements (100%)

•

Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (30%)

Composition of the Ptolemaic Composition of the Late Period assemblage assemblage • Nile silt: 3 elements (30%)

to

early

Roman

• Coarse 2 elements (20%) • Nile silt: 8wares: elements (100%)

Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (10%) • Importedof finethe wares: 1 element (10%) Composition Late Period assemblage

1

13/0060 Late Period

0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 1 element (100%)Period assemblage Composition the Late 13/0060: FROM CLEANING WALLS

• Nile silt: 3 elements (30%) 4 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (30%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (20%) 3 Of which 1 complete profile 2 • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (10%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (10%) 1

/; N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.:/, Plan 1; “From cleaning walls and • Square NileVII.C13; silt: 1 Planum: element (100%) planum”. Note: in ¾ northern part of square. •

Total: 71 elements: 18 diagnostics (18 estimated individuals); 53 BS. Of which 1 complete profile

Size: small assemblage, small to medium sized sherds.

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 80%; total imports: 20%

13/0062: FROM WALL Characteristics: East Greek fine wares of the fifth century BC are attested. A number of fragments belong to the full-blown Ptolemaic period (third to second century BC). 632 Date: mostly mid-fifth century BC to early Ptolemaic (early fourth century BC), but with a few elements as late as the second century BC. Statistics

475

0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • • • • •

Nile silt: 3 elements (30%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (30%) Coarse wares: 2 elements (20%) Of which 1 complete profile Aegean amphorae: 1 element (10%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (10%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • •

Appendix 2

Nile silt: 2 elements (67%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (33%)

13/0062 Late Period

13/0060 Late Period 3

4 3

2

2 1

1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

0

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 80%; total imports: 20%

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 3 elements 100%

13/0062: FROM WALL Late Period: total Egyptian: 80%; total imports: 20%

13/0062: FROM WALL

13/0063: FROM WALL

Square VII.B13; Planum: 1; N-S: /; W-E: /: H./lev., m.:/; “From fallen bricks of Wall [31], Building [4]”.

Square VII.C12, N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.:/, Plan 1; “Inside Wall [32] (Building [4])”.

• Total: 42 elements: 4 diagnostics (4 estimated individuals); 38 BS.

Note: from the wall itself.

476

475

Size: Small assemblage, medium to small sized sherds.

• Total: 1366 elements: 214 diagnostics (170 estimated individuals); 1152 BS Of which 4 complete profiles

Characteristics: Only four diagnostic sherds are present in this assemblage, all of them closed vessels. Only one Aegean import body sherd is evidenced.

Size: Large assemblage with some well-preserved, large sherds.

Characteristics: This large assemblage contained a moderate Squaresecond VII.B13; Planum: 1; N-S: W-E: /: H./lev., m.:/; “From fallen bricks of Wall [31], Date: quarter of /;the sixth century to ca. 500 BC, Building [4]”. amount of Aegean amphorae imports (Chian, Samian, with one Ptolemaic element. North Aegean) and greater quantities of Levantine imports. • Total: 42 elements: 4 diagnostics (4 estimated individuals); 38 BS. Size: Small assemblage, medium to small sized sherds. The Nile silt wares are mostly typical of the late sixth to Statistics Late Period: total Egyptian:BC. 3 elements Characteristics: Only four diagnostic sherds are present in this assemblage, all of them closed early fifth centuries Old 100% Kingdom and New Kingdom vessels. Only one Aegean import body sherd is evidenced. 13/0063: FROM WALL to Third Intermediate Period intrusions are present. Phases Date: second quarter of the sixth century to ca. 500 BC, with one Ptolemaic element. Statistics

Note: from the wall itself. Date: late sixth to third quarter of the fifth century BC. Total: 1366 elements: 214 diagnostics (170 estimated individuals); 1152 BS Some• fragments may be as late as the fourth century BC • Of which 4 complete profiles and few distinct Ptolemaic sherds are present. Size: Large assemblage with some well-preserved, large sherds.

• Phases Late Period: 3 elements (75%) • Uncertain: 1 element (25%) • Late Period: 3 elements (75%) •

Square VII.C12, N-S:/; W-E:/; H./lev., m.:/, Plan 1; “Inside Wall [32] (Building [4])”.

Uncertain: 1 element (25%)

Characteristics: This large assemblage contained a moderate amount of Aegean amphorae imports

13/0062 Phases

Statistics (Chian, Samian, North Aegean) and greater quantities of Levantine imports. The Nile silt wares

are mostly typical of the late sixth to early fifth centuries BC. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period intrusions are present.

4

Phases Date: late sixth to third quarter of the fifth century BC. Some fragments may be as late as the

3

fourth century BC and few distinct Ptolemaic sherds are present.

2

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 4 elements (2%) • Phases Late Period: 144 elements (85%) • Ptolemaic: 4 elements (2%) • NK: 13 elements (8%) • Late Period: 144 elements (85%) • OK: 8 elements (5%) • NK: 13 elements (8%) • Uncertain: 1 element (1%) • OK: 8 elements (5%)

1

0

•

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Uncertain: 1 element (1%)

13/0063 Phases

• Nile silt: 2 elements (67%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (33%)

160 140 120

13/0062 Late Period • Nile silt: 2 elements (67%) 3 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (33%)

100 80 60 40

2

20 0

1

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

633

• • 476

Nile silt: 3 elements (75%) Imported amphorae: 1 element (25%)

Kom Tuman II Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Date: second quarter of the sixth to fifth century BC for Size: Medium sized assemblage with large, well-preserved fragments, complete profiles, and a completefragments. vessel. thenear earliest Going into late fifth to early fourth Characteristics: This assemblage notably includes a near complete small bowl with round scraped centuries BC for the latest.

• Nile silt: 3 elements (75%) • Imported amphorae: 1 element (25%)

base, a bowl with up-turned rim and round base (of exactly the same type as in [14/0005]) and a small version of a neckless storage jar of Saite-Persian type. It also yielded Clazomenian amphorae fragments of the second quarter to mid- sixth century BC as well as sherds of a basket Statistics handled jar.

13/0063 Ptolemaic to early Roman

Date: second quarter of the sixth to fifth century BC for the earliest fragments. Going into late

Phases fifth to early fourth centuries BC for the latest.

4

Statistics

• Phases Late Period: 5 elements (83%) • OK: 1 element (17%)(83%) • Late Period: 5 elements

3

13/0063 Ptolemaic to early Roman

2

•

OK: 1 element (17%)

4

13/0064 Phases

1 6

3 0 2

5 Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

4

3

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 1

Composition the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt:of 89 elements (62%)

2

•

0

• • • • •

1

Of which 4 complete profiles 0 • Egyptian 26 elements (18%) Nile silt marl and Marlmixed: and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports Nile silt: 89 elements wares • Coarse wares: 7 elements(62%) (5%) Aegean4amphorae: 6 elements (4%) Of• which complete profiles Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Levantine jars and and mortaria: 14 elements (10%) (18%) Egyptian marl mixed: 26 elements •• Nile silt: 89fine elements Imported wares:(62%) 2 elements (1%) Coarse wares: 7 elements Of which 4 complete profiles (5%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 26 elements (18%) 13/0063 Late Period Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (4%) • Coarse wares: 7 elements (5%) 100 Levantine jars and mortaria: 14 elements (10%) • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (4%) 90 Imported fine wares: 2 elements (1%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 14 elements (10%) 80 70 • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (1%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 4 elements (80%)Period assemblage Composition the Late Of which 2 complete vessels Imported fine wares: 1 element (20%)

•

60 50 13/0063 Late Period 40 100 30 90 20 80 10 700 60 Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain 50 mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine wares imports 40 30 Late Period: total Egyptian: 85%; total imports: 15% 20 10 13/0064: ACCUMULATION 0 SquareNile VII.B13, Plan /; H./lev. /; and “Potsherds accumulation silt Marl and1; N-S:/; Coarse W-E: Aegean Levantinem.Fine Oasis from Uncertain mixed [132])”. wares jars coarse semi-fine petrified tree (feature wares imports

• Nile silt: 4 elements (80%) Of which 2 complete vessels • Imported fine wares: 1 element (20%) 13/0064 Late Period 5 4 3 2

south of

• Total: 23 elements: 6 diagnostics (6 estimated individuals); 17 BS Of which 2 complete vessels Late Period: total Egyptian: 85%; total imports: 15%

1

479

0

Nile silt

Late Period: total Egyptian: 85%; total imports: 15% 13/0064: ACCUMULATION

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Square VII.B13, Plan 1; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. /; “Potsherds from accumulation south of Late Period: total Egyptian: 80%; total imports: 20% 478 13/0065: ACCUMULATION • Total: 23 elements: 6 diagnostics (6 estimated individuals); 17 BS Late Period: total Egyptian: 80%; total imports: 20% Square VII.C12-13; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. /; “from accumulation feature [138] (Galina)”. Of which 2 complete vessels

petrified tree (feature [132])”. 13/0064: ACCUMULATION

Square VII.B13, Plan 1; N-S:/; W-E: /; H./lev. m. /; “Potsherds from accumulation south of petrified tree (feature [132])”.

•

Total: 185 elements: 26 diagnostics (24 estimated individuals); 159 BS

13/0065: ACCUMULATION

Size: Small assemblage, medium sized sherds. Characteristics: The greater part of this assemblage is made of local Nile silt ware, but Egyptian 478

Square VII.C12-13; W-E: /; H./lev. /; “from marls, Levantine and AegeanN-S:/; imports are also clearly representedm. by both diagnostics and body sherds. It notably feature contains a [138]”. large sherd of a marl ware Bes jar. Both Levantine and Aegean accumulation

• Total: 23 elements: 6 diagnostics (6 estimated individuals); 17 BS Of which 2 complete vessels

imports are concordant with a fifth century BC date. Earlier intrusions were attested but are very few.

• Date: Total: 185 BC elements: fifth century (475-400 BC).26 diagnostics (24 estimated individuals); 159 BS Statistics

Size: Medium sized assemblage with large, well-preserved fragments, complete profiles, and a near complete vessel.

Size:•Small assemblage, medium sized sherds. Ptolemaic: 4 elements (17%)

Characteristics: This assemblage notably includes a near complete small bowl with round scraped base, a bowl with up-turned rim and round base (of exactly the same type as in [14/0005]) and a small version of a neckless storage jar of Saite-Persian type. It also yielded Clazomenian amphorae fragments of the second quarter to mid- sixth century BC as well as sherds of a basket handled jar.

Characteristics: The greater part of this assemblage is made of local Nile silt wares, but Egyptian marls, Levantine and Aegean imports are also clearly represented by both diagnostics and body sherds. It notably contains a large sherd of a marl ware Bes jar. Both Levantine and Aegean imports are concordant with a fifth century BC date. Earlier intrusions were attested but are very few.

Phases • •

634

Late Period: 19 elements (79%) OK: 1 element (4%)

Appendix 2 Date: fifth century BC (475-400 BC).

13/0071: SINGLE VESSEL

Statistics

Square VII.B13, Planum: /; N-S: 186.20; W-E: 123.20; H./ lev., m.; “Inside Furnace [119]”.

Phases

Note: just north of Wall 63.

• Ptolemaic: 4 elements (17%) • Late Period: 19 elements (79%) • OK: 1 element (4%)

• Total: 1 element Size: Single vessel, rim missing.

13/0065 Phases 20 18 16 14 12 10 20 8 18 6 16 4 14 2 12 0 10 8 6 4 2 0 Composition

Characteristics: The single vessel is a small bottle with carinated base. The rim is missing.

13/0065 Phases

Date: late sixth to fifth century BC. Late Period, Nile silt: 1 near complete vessel 13/0072: SINGLE VESSEL with sherds Square VII.B13; N-S:189.70; W-E: 121.70; H./lev. m. /; “standing upright in layer of ashes next to wall 34?”

of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 3 elements (75%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Imported amphorae: 1 element (25%)

Note: North side of square; jar with sherds inside. The jar is a basket handle jar of the late fifth or early fourth century. The small fragmentary sherds inside include Ptolemaic material but are very residual.

13/0065 Ptolemaic to 3 early Roman (75%) • Composition Marl andofmixed clay elements the Ptolemaic tofabrics: early Roman assemblage 4 • Imported 1 element • Marl andamphorae: mixed clay fabrics: 3 elements(25%) (75%) •

Imported amphorae: 1 element (25%)

3

13/0065 Ptolemaic to early Roman

• Total: 15 elements: 13 diagnostics (2 estimated individuals, mostly basket handle jar); 2 BS

4 2 3 1 2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

1

Imported coarse wares

Size: Small sized assemblage, mainly consisting of large body sherds from a single large jar (no base, no rim, less than 50% preserved).

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Characteristics: This assemblage mainly consists in large body sherds of a biconical basket-handle jar, possibly Cypriote. Two small accompanying body sherds are undoubtedly Ptolemaic and early Roman respectively (Ptolemaic silt ware and Eastern Sigillata).

• Nile silt: 8 elements (42%) Nile silt marl and Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports • Egyptian mixed: 5 elements (26%) wares • Coarse wares: 3 elements (16%) • Aegean 2 elements (11%) Composition ofamphorae: the Late Period assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 sherd (5%) • Nile silt: 8 elements (42%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements (26%) • Coarse wares: 3 elements (16%) • Aegean 2 elements (11%) • Nile silt: 8amphorae: elements (42%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 sherd (5%) 0

• • • •

Date: mid-sixth to early fifth century BC, with two Ptolemaic to early Roman small body sherd intrusions.

Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements (26%) Coarse wares: 3 elements (16%) Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (11%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 sherd (5%)

Statistics 481

Phases

13/0065 Late Period

• Ptolemaic: 1 element (50%) 481 • Late Period: 1 element (50%) (but very large sherd)

9 8 7 6

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

5 4

• Imported fine ware: 1 element (100%)

3 2 1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Uncertain

• Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (100%)

Late Period: total Egyptian: 84%; total imports: 16% 13/0071: SINGLE VESSEL Late Period: total Egyptian: 84%; total imports: 16%

Square VII.B13, Planum: /; N-S: 186.20; W-E: 123.20; H./lev., m.; “Inside Furnace [119]”. Note: just north of Wall 63. •

Total: 1 element

Size: Single vessel, rim missing.

635

1

Kom Tuman II

0

13/0073: IN LAYER

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

• Composition Nile silt:of6the elements (50%) Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements (42%) • Nile silt: 6 elements (50%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element • Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements(8%) (42%)

Square VII.C13, Planum: /; N-S: 174.30; W-E: 124.70; H./ lev., m.?; “in ashy layer south of mudbrick wall”.

•

Aegean amphorae: 1 element (8%)

13/0073 Late Period

Note: approximately centre of square. • Total: 101 elements: 21 diagnostics (15 estimated individuals); 80 BS.

7 6 5 4

Ptolemaic: 1size elementassemblage (50%) Size:• Medium with some large, well• Latefragments. Period: 1 element (50%) (but very large sherd) preserved

3 2

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

1

• Imported fineThis ware: 1assemblage element (100%) contains relatively few Characteristics: Composition of the Late Period assemblage Aegean and Levantine imports. Egyptian marls are well• Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (100%) represented.

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

13/0073: IN LAYER

Late Period: total Egyptian: 92%; total imports: 8% Square VII.C13, Planum: /; N-S: 174.30; W-E: 124.70; H./lev., m.?; “in ashy layer south of 13/0074: IN LAYER Date: mainly Late Period: total Egyptian: 92%; total imports: 8% mudbrick wall”. fifth century BC, some elements datable to Square VII.B13; N-S:184.70; W-E: 122.80; H./lev. m. /; “in profile [13], in layer next to Wall the fourth century BC. Few residual pieces from the sixth • Note: approximately centre of square. [63]” century BC.101 elements: 21 diagnostics (15 estimated individuals); 80 BS. • Total: 13/0074: IN LAYER • Total: 1 element. Size: Medium size assemblage with some large, well-preserved fragments. Condition: complete vessel. Characteristics: This assemblage contains relatively few Aegean and Levantine imports. Egyptian Statistics Square VII.B13; N-S:184.70; W-E:and 122.80; H./lev. m. /; Characteristics: small saucer lid with low carination rounded base. marls are well-represented. “inDate: profile [13], in layer next to Wall [63]” mid-fifth to early fourth century BC. Date: mainly fifth century BC, some elements datable to the fourth century BC. Few residual

Phases pieces from the sixth century BC.

•

• Phases Ptolemaic: 3 elements (20%) • Late Period:312 elements • Ptolemaic: elements (20%) (80%) •

Late Period, Nile silt: 1 element (complete vessel)

• Total: 1 element

Statistics

Condition: complete vessel.

Late Period: 12 elements (80%)

Characteristics: small saucer lid with low carination and rounded base.

13/0073 Phases 14 12

Date: mid-fifth to early fourth century BC.

10 8

• Late Period, Nile silt: 1 element (complete vessel)

6 4 2

2014

0

14/0001: FILL Square VII.A/B/C14, N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 18.0017.10; “in surface turab”.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Marl andof mixed fabric: 2 elements (67%) Roman assemblage Composition theclay Ptolemaic to early •

Imported amphorae: 1 element (33%)

Note: selected sherds only.

• Marl and mixed clay fabric: 2 elements (67%) • Imported amphorae: 1 element (33%)

• Total: 5646 elements: 2628 diagnostics (1924 estimated individuals); 3018 BS 483 Of which 4 complete vessels and 160 complete profiles • Tokens: 21 (9 Nile silt fabric; 4 marl fabrics; 6 Aegean amphorae fabrics; 2 Levantine jars fabrics)

13/0073 Ptolemaic to early Roman 3

2

Size: Very large assemblage, containing many large, wellpreserved sherds.

1

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Characteristics: This assemblage contains a high proportion of Aegean amphorae and Levantine jars and significant quantities of fine wares, both imported and local. This includes many Attic Black Glaze pottery sherds of the fifth to fourth centuries BC, and one sherd of Attic Red Figure (probably mid to late fifth century BC). Some isolated fragments of

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt:of 6 elements (50%) Composition the Late Period assemblage • •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements (42%) Aegean amphorae: 1 element (8%)

13/0073 Late Period 7 6 5 4

636

484

Appendix 2 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Greek imported fine ware are as late as the second century BC, so well into the Hellenistic period. Egyptian fine wares of the Persian period, such as Bes vessels fragments, are prominent. Local imitations of Aegean amphorae, torpedo jars, and mortaria made of Egyptian marl fabrics are evidenced. Several sherds (in particular thick bases) of Nile silt amphorae (Type AE2) could be identified, dating from the Ptolemaic to the early Roman period. Cooking wares of Ptolemaic date are also clearly attested, sometimes by rather large, well-preserved pieces.

• Nile silt: 603 elements (38%) Of which 4 complete vessels, 97 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 568 elements (36%) Of which 58 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 62 elements (4%) Of which 3 complete profiles • Aegean amphorae: 206 elements (13%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 99 elements (6%) • Imported fine wares: 38 elements (2%) • Oasis: 2 elements (less than 1%) • Uncertain: 2 elements • Oasis: 2 elements (less than(less 1%) than 1%)

Date: Mainly mid-fifth to mid-fourth century BC with an important late sixth to early fifth century component. Ptolemaic material makes up about 14% of the assemblage, with a few elements being as late as the second to first centuries BC and reaching into the early Roman period

•

14/0001 Late Period 700 600

• Roman: 8 elements (less than 1%) • Ptolemaic: 267 elements (14%) Of which 4 complete profiles (1 Attic Black Glaze) • Late Period: 1580 elements (82%) • Production vessels: 19 elements (1%) • TIP: 4 elements (less than 1%) • NK: 13 elements (1%) • MK: 4 elements (less than 1%) • OK: 24 elements (1%) • Uncertain: 5 elements (less than 1%)

500 400 300 200 100

0

•

14/0001 Phases

Total: 1 element

14/0006: TRENCH 1 LAYER 1

13.95-13.90; “Layer 1: in layer below 14.10 AMSL compact homogeneous layer of turab/silt”

Note: narrow W-E band to the east side of square. Size: Single vessel •

Total: 142 elements: 19 diagnostics (17 estimated individuals); 123 BS.

Size: small to medium sized sherds, some worn.

Characteristics: single complete vessel, bowl with upCharacteristics: This assemblage is rather mixed with few diagnostics. It includes many Old turned rim and round base. Kingdom and New Kingdom intrusions and but is mostly late sixth to fifth century BC.

of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Date: late sixth to fifth century BC.

Date: early fourth century BC. Statistics Phases

Late •Period, Nile12silt: 1 element (complete vessel) Late Period: elements (71%) • •

Fine ware imports: 15 elements (6%)

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Note: narrow W-E band to the east side of square.

Fine imports

• Total: 142 elements: 19 diagnostics (17 estimated individuals); 123 BS

•

Nile silt: 603 elements (38%) 0 Of which 4 complete vessels, 97 complete profiles Nile silt Marl and mixed Imported coarse • Egyptian marl and mixed: 568 elementswares (36%) Of which 58 complete profiles Composition the Late Period assemblage • Coarseofwares: 62 elements (4%) Of which 3 complete profiles • Nile silt: 603 elements (38%) • Aegean amphorae: 206vessels, elements (13%) profiles Of which 4 complete 97 complete •• Levantine jars and 99elements elements(36%) (6%) Egyptian marl and mortaria: mixed: 568 • Of Imported finecomplete wares: 38profiles elements (2%) which 58 Coarse wares: 62 elements (4%) Of which 3 complete profiles Aegean amphorae: 206 elements (13%)

Uncertain: 1 element (6%)

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S:173.00-175.60; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev. m. ca. 14.10-13.95-13.90; “Layer 1: in layer below 14.10 AMSL compact homogeneous layer of turab/silt”

14/0001 Ptolemaic to early Roman

Nile silt

NK: 1 element (6%)

• OK: 3 elements (18%) 14/0006: TRENCH 1 LAYER 1

50 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

•

Uncertain

• Square Total: 1 element VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S:173.00-175.60; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev. m. ca. 14.10-

200 50

•

Oasis

Characteristics: single complete vessel, bowl with up-turned rim and round base.

250 100

100

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Square VII.B14, N-S: Date: early fourth century BC. 187.81; W-E: 136.10; H./lev., m. 16.52; “OnNile a floor level,(complete near remains Late Period, silt: 1 element vessel) of wall(?)”.

• • Marl and mixed clays: 5 elements (2%) 14/0001 to early Roman • Nile silt: 200 elementsPtolemaic (75%) • Imported amphorae: 47 elements (18%) 250• Marl and mixed clays: 5 elements (2%) • Fine ware imports: 15elements elements • Imported amphorae: 47 (18%) (6%)

150 0

Coarse wares

14/0005: LEVEL, SINGLE VESSEL Size: Single FLOOR vessel

• Marl and mixed clays: 5 elements (2%) • Imported amphorae: 47 elements (18%) Nile silt:ware 200 elements (75%) • Fine imports: 15 elements (6%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

150

Marl and mixed

14/0005: FLOOR LEVEL, SINGLE VESSEL Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): 79%; total Square VII.B14, N-S: 187.81; W-E: 136.10; H./lev., m. 16.52; “On a floor level, near remains of imports: wall(?)”. 21%; uncertain: less than 1%

• Nile silt: of 200 the elements (75%) Composition Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

200•

Nile silt

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): 79%; total imports: 21%

14/0001 Phases 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 1800 600 1600 400 1400 200 1200 0 1000 800 600 400 200 Composition 0

Uncertain: 2 elements (less than 1%)

Fine imports

637 486

487

Kom Tuman II Total: 171 elements: 30 diagnostics (29 estimated individuals); 141 BS

Size: small to medium sized sherds, some worn. Characteristics: This assemblage is rather mixed with few diagnostics. It includes many Old Kingdom and New Kingdom intrusions and but is mostly late sixth to fifth century BC.

Size: Small sized assemblage with many small fragments and no very large sherds. Characteristics: Coarse wares and storage vessels are present, as well as silt ware household shapes. Fine wares are not well represented, but one possible East Greek very small fragment was identified. Levantine imports occur but no Aegean ones. Old and New Kingdom intrusions are fairly numerous.

Date: late sixth to fifth century BC. Statistics Phases • • • •

Date: early-sixth to early fifth century BC.

Late Period: 12 elements (71%) NK: 1 element (6%) OK: 3 elements (18%) Uncertain: 1 element (6%)

Statistics identified. Levantine imports occur but no Aegean ones. Old and New Kingdom intrusions are

fairly numerous. Phases

Date: early-sixth to early fifth century BC.

14/0006 Phases

• Statistics Late Period: 20 elements (69%) • Phases NK: 3 elements (10%) • Late Period: 20 elements • MK: 1 element (3%) (69%) • NK: 3 elements (10%) • OK: 5 elements (17%) • MK: 1 element (3%)

14 12 10 8

14/0006 Phases

6

•

14 4

OK: 5 elements (17%)

14/0007 Phases

12 2 10 0

25

8 6

20

4

15

2

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

10

0

• Nile silt: of 7 elements (58%)Period assemblage Composition the Late

5

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (25%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (8.5%) Nile silt: 7 elements (58%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (8.5%) Composition the Late Period assemblage Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 3 elements

0

• • (25%) 14/0006 Late Period • Nile wares: silt: 7 elements (58%) (8.5%) • Coarse 1 element 8 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (25%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (8.5%) 7 • Coarse wares: 1 element (8.5%) 6

•

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

14/0006 Late Period

4

• • • • • •

8 3 7 2 6 1 5 0 4 3

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

•

Nile silt: 10 elements (50%)

•

Coarse wares: 2 elements (10%)

Composition • Egyptianof marlthe andLate mixed:Period 3 elementsassemblage (15%)

Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (8.5%)

5

Uncertain

2

Late Period: total Egyptian: 91.5%; total imports: 8.5%

• Aegean amphorae: 1 element (5%) Nile silt: 10 elements (50%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (10%) Egyptian marl and mixed: elements (15%) • Imported fine wares: 2 elements 3 (10%) Coarse wares: 2 elements (10%) Aegean amphorae: 1 element (5%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (10%) Imported fine wares: 2 elements (10%)

1

14/0007: TRENCH 1 LAYER 2 0

silt Marl andTrench Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and 95.00-102.00; Oasis Uncertain SquareNile VII.C10-11, 1; N-S: 173.00-175.60; W-E: H./lev., m. ca. 13.90mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine 13.75; “in Layer 2, below 13.95 AMSL, compact homogeneous layer of silt/turab”. wares imports

14/0007 Late Period

12 Note: mostly inside VII.C10. Late Period: total Egyptian: 91.5%; total imports: 8.5% 10 Total: 171 elements: 30 diagnostics (29 estimated individuals); 141 BS 14/0007: TRENCH 1 LAYER 2 Size:Period: Small sizedtotal assemblage with many91.5%; small fragments no very large sherds. 8 Late Egyptian: totaland imports: 8.5% Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.60; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.90Characteristics: Coarse wares13.95 and AMSL, storage compact vessels are present, as well as of siltsilt/turab”. ware household shapes. 6 13.75; “in Layer 2, below homogeneous layer Fine wares are not well represented, but one possible East Greek very small fragment was 14/0007: TRENCH 1 LAYER 2 Note: mostly inside VII.C10. 4

Total: 171 elements: 30 diagnostics (29 estimated individuals); 141 BS

489

2

488 Square VII.C10-11, N-S: 173.00-175.60; Size: Small sized assemblageTrench with many1; small fragments and no very large W-E: sherds. 0 95.00-102.00; H./lev., ca.vessels 13.90-13.75; “inas Layer 2, Characteristics: Coarse wares andm. storage are present, as well silt ware household shapes. Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine Fine wares are not well represented, but one possible East Greek very small fragment was below 13.95 AMSL, compact homogeneous layer of silt/ wares imports turab”. Late Period: total Egyptian: 75%; total imports: 25% 488 14/0009: SINGLE VESSEL

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: Egyptian: totalH./lev., imports: 25% Square VII.B14,total Plan 0-1; N-S: 181.30;75%; W-E: 132.60; m. 16.28; “at bottom of robbers’

Note: mostly inside VII.C10.

pit, in remains of mudbrick wall”.

638

•

Total: 1 element

Size: Single vessel Characteristics: Single marl juglet with ovoid body. Date: fifth century BC.

50 40 30

Appendix 2

20 10 0

14/0009: SINGLE VESSEL

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Square VII.B14, Plan 0-1; N-S: 181.30; W-E: 132.60; H./ lev., m. 16.28; “at bottom of robbers’ pit, in remains of mudbrick wall”.

• Nile silt: 32 elements (62%) the Late Period assemblage • Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 6 elements (11.5%) • Nile wares: silt: 32 elements (62%) • Coarse 3 elements (5.5%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (11.5%) Of•• which 1 complete profile Coarse wares: 3 elements (5.5%) • Levantine and mortaria: 11 elements (21%) Of whichjars 1 complete profile

• Total: 1 element

•

Levantine jars and mortaria: 11 elements (21%)

Size: Single vessel

14/0010 Late Period 35

Characteristics: Single marl juglet with ovoid body.

30 25

Date: fifth century BC. • Late Period, marl: 1 element (complete vessel)

20 15 10

14/0010: TRENCH 1 LAYER 3

5 0

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.60; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.78-13.63; “In Layer 3, below 13.78 AMSL”.

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.60; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.63-13.48; “In Layer 4”. Note: below 14/0010. • Total: 155 elements: 18 diagnostics (17 estimated individuals); 137 BS • Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric cut from an Old Kingdom sherd) Size: Medium sized assemblage, with small, fragmentary sherds. Characteristics: Local Nile silt fabrics are the greatest component of this assemblage, but all diagnostics are small. Egyptian marls are relatively rare as are Levantine imports. Only one body sherd was tentatively identified as Aegean. On the other hand, earlier intrusions from the Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, Third Intermediate, and the earlier Saite period were conspicuous.

Date: Persian (late sixth to early fifth century BC). Statistics Phases Late Period: 52 elements (73%) TIP: 1 element (1%) NK: 6 elements (8%) MK: 1 element (1%) • NK: 6 elements (8%) OK: 11 elements (15%) • MK: 1 element (1%)

Date: second quarter of the sixth century BC to ca. 500 BC. Statistics

OK: 11 elements (15%)

Phases

14/0010 Phases 60

• • • •

50 40 30 20 10 0

Nile silt: 32 elements (62%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (11.5%) Coarse wares: 3 elements (5.5%)

Uncertain

14/0013: TRENCH 1 LAYER 4 Note: below 14/0010.

Characteristics: This is a mostly early Persian assemblage with Old, Middle, and New Kingdom intrusions. It mainly comprises local Nile silt wares of a domestic nature. One fragment of torpedo jar joins with a larger one from [14/0021]. Imported Levantine amphorae are wellrepresented but Aegean ware, either amphorae or fine ware, is only attested by few body sherds

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Oasis

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.60; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.6313.48; “In Layer 4”.

Size: medium sized assemblage, small to large sized sherds.

• • •

Coarse wares

14/0013: TRENCH LAYER 4 Late Period: total1 Egyptian: 79%; total imports: 21%

• Total: 481 elements: 79 diagnostics (71 estimated individuals); 402 BS Of which 1 complete profile • Token: 4 (Nile silt fabrics)

•

Marl and mixed

Late Period: total Egyptian: 79%; total imports: 21%

Note: below 14/0007, above 14/0013.

• • • • •

Nile silt

639

Late Period: 11 elements (65%) TIP: 1 element (6%) NK: 2 elements (12%) OK: 3 elements (18%)

491

Date: second quarter of the sixth century BC to ca. 500 BC. Statistics Phases •

Late Period: 11 elements (65%)

• •

NK: 2 elements (12%) OK: 3 elements (18%)

TIP: 1 element Kom•Tuman II (6%)

• OK: 3 elements (7%) • Uncertain: 1 element (2.5%)

14/0013 Phases 12 10

14/0014 Phases

8 35

6

30

4

25

2

20

0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

15

• Nile silt: of 8 elements (73%)Period assemblage Composition the Late • •

14/0014 Phases

15 35 10 30 5 25 0 20 10

Coarse wares: 1 element (9%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (18%)

5

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

• Nil e silt: 8 elements (73%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (9%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (18%)

• Nile silt: of 22 elements (76%) Composition the Late Period assemblage • Coarse wares: 1 element (3%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (14%) Nile silt: 22fine elements (76%) • Imported wares: 2 elements (7%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• • Coarse wares: 1 element (3%) 14/0014 • Nile silt: 22 elements (76%) Late Period • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (14%) 25 • Coarse wares: 1 element (3%) • Imported fine 2 elements (7%) • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 4 elements (14%)

14/0013 Late Period 9 8

20 •

7 6

Imported fine wares: 2 elements (7%)

14/0014 Late Period

15

5 4 3

25 10 492

2

20 5

1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

15 0

Uncertain

Nile silt

10

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Oasis

Uncertain

5

Late Period: total Egyptian: 82%; total imports: 18%

Late Period: total Egyptian: 79%; total imports: 21%

14/0014: TRENCH LAYER 5 Late Period: total1 Egyptian: 82%; total imports: 18%

0 14/0017: inside Wall Nile silt

Marl and

Coarse

Aegean

Levantine Fine and

jars coarseW-E: semi-fine Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.60; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.50-Square VII.B12,mixed Plan 1-2;wares N-S: 186.50-190.00; 114.00-115.00; H./lev., m. ca. 16.32-16.03; waresits foundation imports 13.45; “In Layer 5”. “from inside 2 bottom layers of Wall [33] and trench”.

14/0014: TRENCH 1 LAYER 5 • •

Total: 279 elements: 47 diagnostics (40 estimated individuals); 231 BS Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)

Total:total 21 elements: diagnostics (14 estimated Late•Period: Egyptian:14 79%; total imports: 21% individuals); 7 BS. Size: Smallinside assemblage, small to medium sherds. 14/0017: Wall Egyptian: Late Period: total 79%; total imports: 21%

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: Size: small assemblage, small to large sized sherds. 173.00-175.60; W-E: Characteristics: thisPlan assemblage a fair proportion of Old, Middle, and New Square VII.B12, 1-2; N-S:includes 186.50-190.00; W-E: 114.00-115.00; H./lev., m. ca.Kingdom 16.32-16.03; 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.50-13.45; “In (possibly Layer late 5”.Saite), but, in “from imports, but has nothing laterof than early mid-fifth century trench”. BC. Characteristics: the date of this assemblage is mainly sixth century any inside 2 bottom layers Wall [33]toand its foundation 14/0017: INSIDE WALL case, nothing is later than the early fifth century BC. Levantine imports are present but no Date: late sixth to mid-fifth century BC. •

Aegean amphorae.

• Date: Total: 279 elements: 47 diagnostics (40 estimated late Saite to very early Persian. individuals); 231 BS Statistics • Phases Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric) •

Square VII.B12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 186.50-190.00; W-E: Characteristics: this assemblage includes a fair proportion of Old, Middle, and New Kingdom 114.00-115.00; H./lev., m.early ca.to16.32-16.03; “from inside imports, but has nothing later than mid-fifth century BC. Date: late sixth to mid-fifth century BC.and its foundation trench”. 2 bottom layers of Wall [33]

Late Period: 29 elements (73%)

Size:•small TIP1:assemblage, 4 elements (10%) small to large sized sherds.

• Total: 21 elements: 14 diagnostics (14 estimated individuals); 7 BS

• NK: 2 elements (5%) • MK: 1 sherd (2.5%) Characteristics: the date of this assemblage is mainly sixth • OK: 3 elements (7%) century (possibly late (2.5%) Saite), but, in any case, nothing is • Uncertain: 1 element

Size: Small assemblage, small to medium sherds.

later than the early fifth century BC. Levantine imports are present but no Aegean amphorae.

Characteristics: this assemblage includes a fair proportion of Old, Middle, and New Kingdom imports, but has nothing later than early to mid-fifth century BC.

Date: late Saite to very early Persian. Statistics

Date: late sixth to mid-fifth century BC.

Phases • • • •

Total: 21 elements: 14 diagnostics (14 estimated individuals); 7 BS.

Size: Small assemblage, small to medium sherds.

Statistics 493

Late Period: 29 elements (73%) TIP: 4 elements (10%) NK: 2 elements (5%) MK: 1 sherd (2.5%)

Phases • Late Period: 11 elements (79%) • TIP: 1 element (7%) • OK: 2 elements (14%) 640

494

494

Statistics Phases

•

• Late Period: 11 elements (79%) • TIP: 1 element (7%) • OK: 2 elements (14%) Statistics Phases 12 • 10

• •

14/0017 Phases

Date: fifth to early fourth century BC with clear Ptolemaic elements.

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 4 elements (22%) • Phases Late Period: 9 elements (50%) • Production 1 sherd (6%) • Ptolemaic:vessels: 4 elements (22%) • Late Period: 9 elements • NK: 1 element (6%) (50%) • Production vessels: 1 sherd (6%) • OK: 2 elements (11%) • NK: 1 element (6%) • Uncertain: 1 element • OK: 2 elements (11%) (6%)

14/0017 Phases

6 12 4 10 2 8 0 6 4

•

2

Uncertain: 1 element (6%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

14/0018 Phases

• Nile silt: of 5 elements (45.5%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (27.5%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (18%) Nile silt: 5 elements (45.5%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (9%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (27.5%) • Nile silt: 5 elements14/0017 (45.5%) Late Period • Coarse wares: 2 elements (18%) 6 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (27.5%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements1(18%) • Imported fine wares: element (9%) 5

•

Imported fine wares: 1 element (9%)

4

14/0017 Late Period

3 6 2 5

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

1 4 0 3

Appendix 2

Characteristics: This assemblage contains a large proportion of Nile silt ware, mainly of the fifth to early fourth centuries BC. However, diagnostics of this group are small. They notably include Statistics two Attic imports, one dating to the late fifth or early fourth century BC, and the other a West Slope fragment, probably of the mid- to late fourth century BC. Ptolemaic sherds are evidenced, notably a waster of a possible Memphis Black Ware bowl. Old and New Kingdom sherds are Phases present.

Late Period: 11 elements (79%) TIP: 1 element (7%) OK: 2 elements (14%)

8

Total: 75 elements: 19 diagnostics (18 estimated individuals); 56 BS.

Size: Small assemblage, small sized sherds.

• Nile silt: of 2 elements (50%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Nile silt

2

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

•

Uncertain

• Nile silt: 2 elements (50%) • Fine ware imports: 2 elements (50%)

1

Late Period: total Egyptian: 91%; total imports: 9% 0 14/0018: STRATIFIED LAYERS Nile silt

Marl and

Coarse

Aegean

Levantine Fine and

Fine ware imports: 2 elements (50%)

Oasis

Uncertain

14/0018 Ptolemaic to early Roman

wares jars coarse W-E: semi-fine Square VII.B12,mixed Plan 1-2; N-S: 183.50-184.75; 114.50-115.90; H./lev., m. ca. 15.20-14.90; wares “area east of Furnace [90] in stratified layers belowimports 15.20 AMSL until 14.90”. 3

Late Period: total Egyptian: 91%; total imports: 9% 14/0018: STRATIFIED LAYERS 91%; total imports: 9% Late Period: total Egyptian:

495 2 Square VII.B12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 183.50-184.75; W-E: 114.50-115.90; H./lev., m. ca. 15.20-14.90; “area east of Furnace [90] in stratified layers below 15.20 AMSL until 14.90”.

14/0018: STRATIFIED LAYERS

14/0018 Ptolemaic to early Roman

496

3 1

495

Square VII.B12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 183.50-184.75; W-E: 114.50-115.90; H./lev., m. ca. 15.20-14.90; “area east of Furnace [90] in stratified layers below 15.20 AMSL until 14.90”.

2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

1

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 4 elements (44%)Period assemblage Composition the Late 0

• Total: 75 elements: 19 diagnostics (18 estimated individuals); 56 BS

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (11%) Nile silt Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (11%) wares Nile silt: 4 elements (44%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (22%) Composition ofmarl the Late Period assemblage • Imported fine wares: 1 element (11%) Egyptian and mixed: 1 element (11%)

• • • Nile silt: 4 elements (44%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (11%) Late Period • Egyptian marl and 14/0018 mixed: 1 element (11%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 5 • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (11%) elements (22%) • Imported fine 1 element • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 2 elements (11%) (22%)

Size: Small assemblage, small sized sherds. Characteristics: This assemblage contains a large proportion of Nile silt ware, mainly of the fifth to early fourth centuries BC. However, diagnostics of this group are small. They notably include two Attic imports, one dating to the late fifth or early fourth century BC, and the other a West Slope fragment, probably of the mid- to late fourth century BC. Ptolemaic sherds are evidenced, notably a waster of a possible Ptolemaic Black Ware bowl. Old and New Kingdom sherds are present.

4

•

Imported fine wares: 1 element (11%)

3

14/0018 Late Period

2 5

1 4 0 3

Nile silt

2

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

1 Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 55%; total imports: ca. 44%

Date: fifth to early fourth century BC with clear Ptolemaic elements.

14/0019: SINGLE VESSEL 0

silt Marl and Coarse Levantine Fine and Uncertain SquareNile VII.C10, Trenchwares 1, N-S: Aegean 175.5; W-E: 100.00; H./lev.,Oasis m. 13.45; “at face of profile mixed jars coarse semi-fine between Layers 5 and 6, layer of silt/turab”. wares imports

641

Note: at eastern border of C10. Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 55%; total imports: ca. 44% • Total: 1 element 14/0019: SINGLE VESSEL Size: Single vessel, complete, rim and handles missing. Square VII.C10, Trench 1, N-S: 175.5; W-E: 100.00; H./lev., m. 13.45; “at face of profile between Layers 5 and 6, layer of silt/turab”. Note: at eastern border of C10. •

Total: 1 element

497

Date: late sixth to mid-fifth century BC. Statistics Phases • • • •

Kom Tuman II Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 55%; total imports: ca. 44%

Late Period: 30 elements (83%) NK: 3 elements (8%) MK: 1 element (3%) Uncertain: 2 elements (6%)

14/0021 Phases 35 30

14/0019: SINGLE VESSEL

25 20

Square VII.C10, Trench 1, N-S: 175.5; W-E: 100.00; H./ lev., m. 13.45; “at face of profile between Layers 5 and 6, layer of silt/turab”.

15 10 5 0

Note: at eastern border of C10. • Total: 1 element

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 22 elements (73%) Composition the Late Period assemblage Of which 1 complete vessel

Size: Single vessel, complete, rim and handles missing.

• Nile silt: 22 elements (73%) Of which 1 complete vessel • Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (3%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (7%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (3%) • Levantine jars2and mortaria: 5 elements (17%) • Coarse wares: elements (7%)

Characteristics: Storage jar with thick walls and rounded base. The rim and handles are missing. Judging from the vessel’s condition, it was probably used for storage even after the handles and the rim were broken off and it might have been dug into a floor more or less up to the level of its mouth opening.

•

498

Levantine jars and mortaria: 5 elements (17%)

14/0021 Late Period 25

Date: fifth century BC.

20

• Late Period, Nile silt: 1 near complete profile

15 10

14/0021: TRENCH 1 LAYER 6

5

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.60; W-E: 95.00-122.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.45-13.35; “in Layer 6”.

0

Note: below 14/0013.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late period: total Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca. 17% 14/0026: TRENCH LAYER 7 ca 83%; total imports: ca. 17% Late period: total 1Egyptian:

• Total: 260 elements: 40 diagnostics (36 estimated individuals); 220 BS Of which 1 complete vessel

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1, N-S: 173.0-175.6; W-E: 95.0-102.0; H./lev., m. 13.35-13.20; “Layer 7”

14/0026: TRENCH 1 LAYER 7 •

Total: 35 elements: 6 diagnostics (6 estimated individuals); 29 BS.

Size: Small assemblage with no large fragments.

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1, N-S: 173.0-175.6; W-E: Characteristics: Few diagnostics were identified. Although small sized, they all point to a date from 95.0-102.0; H./lev., m. 13.35-13.20; the second quarter to the middle of the sixth (at the“Layer earliest) to7” mid-fifth century BC. Old and

Size: small assemblage, medium to small sized sherds.

New Kingdom intrusions (body sherds) are present.

Characteristics: This assemblage is mostly Saite to Persian in date. There are definitely no Ptolemaic sherds but fifth century BC ones are attested. One large fragment of torpedo amphora joins with a sherd from [14/0010], so the two assemblages can be considered as belonging together.

mid-sixth to fifth century BC. • Date: Total: 35 elements: 6 diagnostics (6 estimated Statistics individuals); 29 BS Phases

Late Period: 6 elements (100%) Size:•Small assemblage with no large fragments. Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Statistics

• Nile silt: 6 elements (100%) Characteristics: Few diagnostics were identified. 14/0031: TRENCH 154 CUTTING THROUGH WALL 156 Although small sized, they all point to a date from the Square VII.B12, Trench 154, N-S: 183.40-187.75; W-E: 114.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 14.80-14.30; second quarter the middle of Wall the [156], sixthbelow (at level the14.80”. earliest) “in Trench [154], into dismantling debris from to mid-fifth century BC. Old and New Kingdom intrusions • Total: 251 elements: 32 diagnostics (27 estimated individuals); 217 BS. (body sherds) are small present. Size: small assemblage, sized sherds, in fair to eroded condition.

Phases

assemblage. The majority can becentury dated to the mid-sixth to early fifth century BC. One sherd only Date: mid-sixth to fifth BC.

• • • •

Statistics

Date: late sixth to mid-fifth century BC.

Characteristics: The fragments are all rather small and bear witness to the residual nature of the is late fourth century BC or Ptolemaic in date.

Late Period: 30 elements (83%) NK: 3 elements (8%) MK: 1 element (3%) Uncertain: 2 elements (6%)

Phases • Late Period: 6 elements (100%)

642

499

Appendix 2 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

14/0031 Late Period 18

• Nile silt: 6 elements (100%)

16 14

14/0031: TRENCH 154 CUTTING THROUGH WALL 156

12 10 8 6 4

Square VII.B12, Trench 154, N-S: 183.40-187.75; W-E: 114.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 14.80-14.30; “in Trench [154], in dismantling debris from Wall [156], below level 14.80”.

2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 95%; total imports: ca. 5%

• Total: 249 elements: 32 diagnostics (27 estimated individuals); 217 BS.

14/0032: TRENCH LAYER 8 Late Period: total1Egyptian: ca 95%; total imports: ca. 5%

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.70; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.1513.00; “Layer 8”.

14/0032: TRENCH 1 LAYER 8 Note: under 14/0026.

Size: small assemblage, small sized sherds, in fair to eroded condition.

•

Total: 490 elements: 88 diagnostics (62 estimated individuals); 401 BS.

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.70; W-E: • Token: 1 (Oasis fabric) 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.15-13.00; “Layer 8”. Size: small to medium sized assemblage, many small sized sherds.

Characteristics: The fragments are all rather small and bear witness to the residual nature of the assemblage. The majority can be dated to the mid-sixth to early fifth century BC. One sherd only is late fourth century BC or Ptolemaic in date.

Characteristics: Late Period with relative high proportion of Old, Middle, and New Kingdom

The latest sherds are Saite to Persian. • intrusions. Note: under 14/0026. mid-sixth to early fifth century BC. • Date: Total: 489 elements: 88 diagnostics (62 estimated Statistics individuals); 401 BS Phases • Token: 1 (Oasis fabric) • Late Period: 41 elements (66%) • TIP: 1 element (2%) Size:•small medium NK: 9to elements (15%)sized assemblage, • MK: 1 element (2%) sherds. • OK: 7 elements (11%) • Uncertain: 3 elements (5%)

Date: mostly Saite to Persian period with rare mid-fourth century to Ptolemaic intrusions. Statistics

many small sized

Characteristics: Late Period with relative high proportion of Old, Middle, and New Kingdom intrusions. The latest sherds are Saite to Persian.

Phases

Date: mostly Saite to Persian period with rare mid-fourth century to Ptolemaic intrusions.

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 2 elements (7%) • Phases Late Period: 20 elements (74%) • Production 1 element (4%) • Ptolemaic:vessels: 2 elements (7%) • Late Period: 20 elements • TIP: 1 element (4%) (74%) • Production vessels: 1 element (4%) • NK: 1 element (4%) • TIP: 1 element (4%) • OK: 2 elements (7%) • NK: 1 element (4%) •

Date: mid-sixth to early fifth century BC. Statistics Phases

OK: 2 elements (7%)

• • • • • •

14/0031 Phases 25 20 15 10

Late Period: 41 elements (66%) TIP: 1 element (2%) NK: 9 elements (15%) MK: 1 element (2%) OK: 7 elements (11%) Uncertain: 3 elements (5%)

5

14/0032 Phases

0

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 2 elements (100%)Ptolemaic Composition of the Composition of the Late Period assemblage assemblage

•

501

to

early

Roman

• Nile silt: 17 elements (85%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (10%) Nile silt: 2 elements (100%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (5%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 27 elements (66%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt: 17 elements (85%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (10%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (5%)

• • 643

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (5%) • Coarse wares: 7 elements (17%) Nile silt: 27 elements (66%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (2%) • Levantine jars and 4 elements (10%) Egyptian marl andmortaria: mixed: 2 elements

14/0032 Late Period 30 25 20

(5%)

4 2 0

10 5 0

Kom Tuman II Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

•

•

Nile silt: 13 elements (68%)

•

Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%)

• Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (16%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (11%) • Imported fine 1 element • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 3 elements (5%) (16%)

• Nile wares: silt: 27 elements (66%) • Coarse 7 elements (17%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (5%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (2%) • Coarse wares: 7 elements (17%) • Levantine jars and1 element mortaria: • Aegean amphorae: (2%) 4 elements (10%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (10%)

14/0036 Late Period

14/0032 Late Period

14

30

12

25

10 8

20

6

15

4

10

2

5

0

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Nile silt

Uncertain

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 79%; total imports: ca. 21%

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 79%; total imports: ca. 21%

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca. 12% 14/0036: TRENCH LAYER 9 ca 88%; total imports: ca. 12% Late Period: total 1,Egyptian:

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.70; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.0414/0037: 12.90; “in Layer 9”.

14/0036: TRENCH 1, LAYER 9 •

Marl and mixed

INSIDE WALL

503

Total: 251 elements: 33 diagnostics (28 estimated individuals); 218 BS

Square VII.B13, Plan 2-3; N-S: 86.50-88.00; W-E: 120.20Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.70; W-E: 122.00; H./lev., m. ca. 17.20-16.10; “inside Wall 31”. Characteristics: Late Period with presence of Old, Middle, and New Kingdom intrusions. The 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. ca. 13.04-12.90; “in Layer 9”. latest sherds are Saite to Persian. • Total: 81 elements: 20 diagnostics (18 estimated • Total: 251 elements: 33 diagnostics (28 estimated individuals); 61 BS 502 individuals); 218 BS Of which 2 near complete profiles Size: small assemblage, many small sized sherds.

Size: small assemblage, many small sized sherds.

Size: Small assemblage with small sized fragments.

Characteristics: Late Period with presence of Old, Middle, and New Kingdom intrusions. The latest sherds are Saite to Persian.

Characteristics: This assemblage contains principally vessels made of local Nile silt, Egyptian marl, and mixed clay fabrics. Most of the fragments point to a date in the fifth century BC, but one sherd rather belongs to the later 14/0037: INSIDE WALL Persian or early Ptolemaic period (mid- to late Square VII.B13, Plan 2-3; N-S: 86.50-88.00; W-E: 120.20-122.00; H./lev.,fourth m. ca. 17.20-16.10; “inside Wall 31”. century BC).

Date: late sixth to mid-fifth century BC. Statistics

•

Date: fifth century BC, with later fourth century BC. Size: Small assemblage with small sized fragments.

Phases

Characteristics: This assemblage contains principally vessels made of local Nile silt, Egyptian marl,

Statistics and mixed clay fabrics. Most of the fragments point to a date in the fifth century BC, but one

Date: late sixth to mid-fifth century BC.

• Statistics Late Period: 19 elements (68%) • Phases NK: 4 elements (14%) • Late Period: 19 elements (68%) • MK: 1 sherd (4%) • NK: 4 elements (14%) • OK: 3 elements (11%) • MK: 1 sherd (4%) • Uncertain: 1 element • OK: 3 elements (11%) (4%) •

Total: 81 elements: 20 diagnostics (18 estimated individuals); 61 BS. Of which 2 near complete profiles

sherd rather belongs to the later Persian or early Ptolemaic period (mid- to late fourth century BC).

Phases Date: fifth century BC, with later fourth century BC. Statistics

• Phases Ptolemaic: 1 element (6%) • Late Period: 15 elements (83%) • Ptolemaic: 1 element (6%) • OK: 2 elements (11%)(83%) • Late Period: 15 elements

Uncertain: 1 element (4%)

•

14/0036 Phases

OK: 2 elements (11%)

14/0037 Phases

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 13 elements (68%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (11%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (16%) Nile silt: 13fine elements (68%) • Imported wares: 1 element (5%)

• Nile silt: of 1 element (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (11%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile elements (59.5%) • Nile silt:silt:19element (100%)

14/0036 Late Period

14 12 10 8

•

644

• •

Of which 1 near complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 4 elements (27%) Of which near 1 complete profile Coarse wares: 1 element (6.5%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (6.5%)

Appendix 2 • Production vessels: 1 element (5%) • OK: 1 element (5%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: 9 elements (59.5%) Of which 1 near complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 4 elements (27%) Of which near 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 1 element (6.5%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (6.5%)

14/0038 Phases 14 12 10 8 6 4

14/0037 Late Period 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

2

14/0038 Phases

0 14 12 10 8 6 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 4

• Nile silt: of 4 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 2 Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

• Nile elements (54%) • Nile silt:silt:47elements (100%)

Of which 1 complete vessel, 2 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 3 elements (23%) • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (15%)assemblage Composition of the Late Period • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman (8%) assemblage

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 93%; total imports: ca. 7%

14/0038: PIT • Nile elements (100%) Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 93%; total imports: • Nile silt:silt:74elements (54%) 14/0038 Late Period Square VII.B14, Plan 0-1; N-S: 186.70; W-E: 133.61; H./lev., m. 15.92; “in pit (bottom?), cutting Composition of the Late Period assemblage ca.through 7% mud brick walls” Of which 1 complete vessel, 2 complete profiles 8 silt: 7 elements (54%) 7 • Nile wares: • Coarse 3 elements (23%) Total: 97 elements: 19 diagnostics (19 estimated individuals); 77 BS. Of which 1 complete vessel, 2 complete profiles 6 14/0038: • Aegean 2 elements (15%) • Coarseamphorae: wares: 3 elements (23%) Of which 1PIT complete vessel, 2 complete profiles 5 • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (15%)1 element (8%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: Token: 1 (Levantine fabric) 4 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (8%) Square VII.B14, Plan 0-1; N-S: 186.70; W-E: 133.61; Size: Medium sized assemblage, mainly composed of small sized fragments but with one 3 complete vessel and one complete profile. H./lev., m. 15.92; “in pit (bottom?), cutting through mud 2 14/0038 Late Period Characteristics: 1 brick walls”This assemblage notably contains a complete bowl with upright rim (cf. 14/0005) 8

and a saucer with low carination. It also possesses a number of coarse wares and a fair 0 proportion of Aegean imports, followed by a lesser quantity of Levantine imports. It also 7 Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain includes full-blown Ptolemaic material, as well as a couple of possible very early Roman sherds 6 mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine Total: 97 elements: 19 diagnostics (19 estimated wares imports (together amounting to about 20% of the total). Old Kingdom material, although scant, is 5 individuals); 77 BS evidenced 4 Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 77%; total imports: ca. 23% Date: mainly fifth to early fourth century BC, with a clear Ptolemaic component. 3 14/0039: ON FLOOR OfStatistics which 1 complete vessel, 2 complete profiles 2 14/0039/001: Square VII.A14, Plan 1; N-S: 192.80; W-E: 132.70; H./lev., m. 17.30; “in floor of 1 Phases ashes and mud” (ceramic bowl) 0 Token: 1 (Levantine fabric) • Ptolemaic: 4 elements (21%) 14/0039/002: Square 1; N-S: 193.00; Nile silt Marl and VII.A14, Coarse Plan Aegean Levantine FineW-E: and 132.25; Oasis H./lev., Uncertainm. 17.05; “in layers of • Late Period: 13 elements (68%) jars mud” coarse semi-fine ashes and mud,mixed on floorwares of ashes and (ceramic stand). wares imports • Production vessels: 1 element (5%) Size:• Medium sized OK: 1 element (5%) assemblage, mainly composed of Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 77%; total imports: ca. 23% small sized fragments but with one complete vessel and 506 14/0039: ON FLOOR Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 77%; total imports:

one complete profile.

Square VII.A14, Plan 1; N-S: 192.80; W-E: 132.70; H./lev., m. 17.30; “in floor of ca.14/0039/001: 23% ashes and mud” (ceramic bowl)

Characteristics: This assemblage notably contains a complete bowl with upright rim (cf. 14/0005) and a saucer with low carination. It also possesses a number of coarse wares and a fair proportion of Aegean imports, followed by a lesser quantity of Levantine imports. It also includes full-blown Ptolemaic material, as well as a couple of possible very early Roman sherds (together amounting to about 20% of the total). Old Kingdom material, although scant, is evidenced

14/0039/002: Square VII.A14, Plan 1; N-S: 193.00; W-E: 132.25; H./lev., m. 17.05; “in layers of

ashes and mud, floor of ashes and mud” (ceramic stand). 14/0039: ONonFLOOR

14/0039/001: Square VII.A14, Plan 1; N-S: 192.80; W-E: 505 132.70; H./lev., m. 17.30; “in floor of ashes and mud” (ceramic bowl) 14/0039/002: Square VII.A14, Plan 1; N-S: 193.00; W-E: 132.25; H./lev., m. 17.05; “in layers of ashes and mud, on floor of ashes and mud” (ceramic stand).

Date: mainly fifth to early fourth century BC, with a clear Ptolemaic component.

• Total: 12 elements: 3 diagnostics (3 estimated individuals); 9 BS

Statistics Phases

Size: Small assemblage, mainly composed of two wellpreserved items.

• Ptolemaic: 4 elements (21%) • Late Period: 13 elements (68%)

Characteristics: This group essentially contains one near complete small dish or lid with low carination and round 645

506

Kom Tuman II • Nile wares: silt: 7 elements (50%) (7%) • Coarse 1 element Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean 5 elements (36%) • Coarseamphorae: wares: 1 element (7%) • Aegean amphorae: (36%)1 element (7%) • Levantine jars and5 elements mortaria:

base and a high stand of a type infrequently represented at Kom Tuman. Date: fifth century BC.

•

Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (7%)

14/0042 Late Period

Late Period, Nile silt: 3 elements (100%)

8 7

14/0042: FROM WALL

6

Square VII.B12, Plan 2-3; N-S: 86.20-88.00; W-E: 116.20-117.80; H./lev., m. 16.20-15.90; “inside Wall [32], Building [4]”.

4

5 3 2 1 0

• Total: 94 elements: 17 diagnostics (17 estimated individuals); 76 BS Of which 1 complete profile • Token: 1 (Aegean amphora fabric)

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 57%; total imports: ca. 43% 14/0043 (=14/0034=14/0044): ON ca WALL Late Period: total Egyptian: 57%; total imports: ca. 43%

Square VII.B14-15, Plan 0-1; N-S: 180.50-181.00; W-E: 138.00-141.00; H./lev., m. 15.70;

“in/on present surface of Wall [159]” 14/0043 (=14/0034=14/0044): ON WALL

Size: Small assemblage, mainly composed of small sized, eroded sherds. • Total: 12 elements: 3 diagnostics (3 estimated individuals); 9 BS

Note: wall running E-W on southern end of square.

• Total: 57 elements: 40 diagnostics (40 estimated individuals); 17 BS Square VII.B14-15, Plan 0-1; N-S: 180.50-181.00; W-E: Of which 3 complete and 1 near complete profiles H./lev., m.large 15.70; “in/on present Characteristics: This assemblage contains Characteristics: This group essentially contains one near completeAegean small dish orand lid with low138.00-141.00; Size: small assemblage, medium and sized sherds, generally in goodsurface condition. carination and round base and a high stand of a type infrequently represented at Kom Tuman. ofCharacteristics: Wall [159]” Levantine imports of the fifth to early fourth centuries The main component of the assemblage dates to the fifth century BC. Fine wares Date: fifth century BC. are rarer than in some other assemblages of the same date but Aegean amphorae are well BC. Nile silt local wares mainly date to the late Saite and represented. Late Period, Nile silt: 3 elements (100%) Note: wall running E-W on southern end of square. Persian periods but also include Third Intermediate Period Date: Persian but going into the fourth century BC. 14/0042: FROM WALL sherds. A couple of fragments may belong to the early Statistics Square VII.B12, Plan 2-3; N-S: 86.20-88.00; W-E: 116.20-117.80; H./lev., m. 16.20-15.90; “inside • Total: 57 elements: 40 diagnostics (40 estimated Ptolemaic period. Wall [32], Building [4]”. Phases individuals); 17 BS • Total: 94 elements: 17 diagnostics (17 estimated individuals); 76 BS • Ptolemaic: 6 elements (15%) Of which 1 fifth complete Of• which 3 complete Date: mainly toprofile early fourth centuries BC with Late Period: 32 elements and (80%)1 near complete profiles • Token: 1 (Aegean amphora fabric) • Production: 1 element (3%) probable Ptolemaic isolated elements Size: Small assemblage, mainly composed of small sized, eroded sherds. Old Kingdom: 1 element (3%) Size:• small assemblage, medium and large sized sherds, Characteristics: This assemblage contains Aegean and Levantine imports of the fifth to early fourth generally in good condition. Statistics centuries BC. Nile silt local wares mainly date to the late Saite and Persian periods but also Size: Small assemblage, mainly composed of two well-preserved items.

include Third Intermediate Period sherds. A couple of fragments may belong to the early Ptolemaic period.

Characteristics: The main component of the assemblage dates to the fifth century BC. Fine wares are rarer than in some other assemblages of the same date but Aegean amphorae are well represented.

Phases

Date: mainly fifth to early fourth centuries BC with probable Ptolemaic isolated elements Statistics

• Ptolemaic: 1 element (6%) Phases • Late Period: 14 elements (82%) • Ptolemaic: 1 element (6%) • Production vessels: 1 (82%) element ( 6%) • Late Period: 14 elements • Production vessels: 1 element ( 6%) • TIP: 1 element (6%) •

Date: Persian (including fourth century BC).

TIP: 1 element (6%)

Statistics

14/0042 Phases 16

Phases

14 12 10

• • • •

8 6 4 2 0

Ptolemaic: 6 elements (15%) Late Period: 32 elements (80%) Production: 1 element (3%) Old Kingdom: 1 element (3%) 14/0043 (=14/0034 and 13/0044) Phases 35

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

30

• Nile silt: of 1 element (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

25

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

20 15

• Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

10 507 5

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

0

• Nile silt: 7 elements (50%) Of which 1 complete profile

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

646

•

Nile silt: 6 elements (100%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage •

Nile silt: 13 elements (41%) Of which one complete profile

508

14/0043 (=14/0034 and 13/0044) Phases

by cooking wares, other utilitarian open and closed vessels, and imported amphorae. Ptolemaic to Roman (Imperial) elements are epitomised by cooking wares, and a Nile silt moulded lamp. However, the Persian period part of the assemblage is clearly quantitatively more important than the Ptolemaic to early Roman one.

35 30 25

Date: Persian but going into the fourth century BC, with Roman intrusions. Older fragments (Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Third Intermediate Period) were also recorded. 2 Appendix

20 15

Statistics

10

• • • • • •

5 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 0

• Nile silt: 6 elements (100%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Nile silt:silt:136 elements elements (41%) • Nile (100%) Of whichofone complete profile Composition the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian and mixed: 8 elements (25%) • Nile silt:marl 13 elements (41%) Of which one near complete profile Of which one complete vessel (Bes jar) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (25%) • Coarse wares: 5 elements (16%) Of which one near complete vessel (Bes jar) Of• which 2 complete Coarse wares: 5 elements profiles (16%) Of which 2 complete profiles • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (19%) •

Phases

Late Period: 145 elements (78%) • Roman: 1 element (1%) Production elements (2%) • Ptolemaic:vessels: 25 elements3(13%) TIP: 1 element • Late Period: 145(1%) elements (78%) • Production vessels: 3 elements (2%) NK: 4 elements (2%) • TIP: 1 element (1%) MK: 1 element (1%) • NK: 4 elements (2%) OK: 7 elements (4%) • MK: 1 element (1%) •

OK: 7 elements (4%)

14/0045 Phases 160 140 120 100 80

Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (19%)

60 40

14/0043 Late Period

20

14

0

12 10 8

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

6

• Nile silt: 18 of elements Composition the(72%)Ptolemaic • Imported amphorae: 6 elements (24%) assemblage • Fine ware imports: 1 element (4%)

4 2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

to

early

Roman

• Nile silt: 18 elements (72%) • Imported amphorae: 6 elements (24%) • Fine ware imports: 1 element (4%)

Late Period: total Egyptian: 81%; total imports: 19%

Late Period: total Egyptian: 81%; total imports: 19% 14/0045: CLEANING WALLS

Square VII.B14, Plan 0-1; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “from cleaning walls in central area of B14” 14/0045: CLEANING WALLS

510

14/0045 Ptolemaic to early Roman

20 18

Square VII.B14, Plan 0-1; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “from cleaning walls in central area of B14”

16

509

14 12

• Total: 451 elements: 218 diagnostics (187 estimated individuals); 232 BS Of which 9 complete profiles, 1 near complete profile • Token: 1 (Aegean amphora fabric)

10

Size: large assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds, generally in good condition.

10

14/0045 Ptolemaic to early Roman

8 20 6 18 4 16 2 14 0

Nile silt

12

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

8

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 6

66 elements (45.5%) 4 • Nile silt: of Composition the Late Period assemblage

Of which 8 complete profiles Egyptian marl and mixed: 46 elements (31.5%) which complete profile, 1 nearImported complete profile Fine imports Nile silt Marl and mixed coarse Nile Of silt: 661 elements (45.5%) wares Coarse wares: 9 elements (6%) Of•• which 8 complete profiles Aegean amphorae: 15 elements (10%) Composition ofmarl the Late Period assemblage Egyptian and mixed: 46 elements (31.5%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 8 elements (6%) Nile silt:166fine elements Imported wares: 1(45.5%) element (1%)1 near complete profile Of•• which complete profile, Of which 8 complete profiles Coarse wares: 9 elements (6%)(31.5%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 46 elements 14/0045 Late Period Of which 1 complete profile, 1 near complete profile Aegean amphorae: 15 elements (10%) 70 • Coarse wares: 9 elements (6%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 8 elements (6%) 60 • Aegean amphorae: 15 elements (10%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (1%) 50 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 8 elements (6%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (1%) 40 2

Characteristics: Many marl fine wares, including several Bes jars, as well as one imported Black Glaze fragment suggest placing a large part of this assemblage in the Persian period. This is corroborated by cooking wares, other utilitarian open and closed vessels, and imported amphorae. Ptolemaic to Roman (Imperial) elements are epitomised by cooking wares, and a Nile silt moulded lamp. However, the Persian period part of the assemblage is clearly quantitatively more important than the Ptolemaic to early Roman one.

• • • • • •

Date: Persian but going into the fourth century BC, with Roman intrusions. Older fragments (Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Third Intermediate Period) were also recorded.

0•

30

14/0045 Late Period

20 70 10 60 0 50

Nile silt

40

Statistics

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

30

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late 20 Period: total Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca. 17% 14/0047: IN FEATURE 10

Phases

Square VII.B13, Plan; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “in [132]” 0 •

• Roman: 1 element (1%) • Ptolemaic: 25 elements (13%)

Nile silt

Marl and

Coarse

Aegean

Levantine Fine and

Oasis

Uncertain

Total: 50mixed elements: 12 diagnostics (11 estimated wares jars coarse semi-fineindividuals); 38 BS Of which 1 complete vessel wares imports

Size: Medium sized assemblage with complete profile and well-preserved large sherds. Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca. 17%

647

14/0047: IN FEATURE Square VII.B13, Plan; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “in [132]” •

Total: 50 elements: 12 diagnostics (11 estimated individuals); 38 BS Of which 1 complete vessel

511

Kom Tuman II

14/0047: IN FEATURE

are attested as well. There are definitely no Ptolemaic or later sherds but a relatively high amount of Old Kingdom intrusions.

Square VII.B13, Plan; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “in [132]”

Date: sixth to early fifth century BC.

• Total: 50 elements: 12 diagnostics (11 estimated individuals); 38 BS Of which 1 complete vessel

Statistics

Size: Medium sized assemblage with a complete profile and well-preserved large sherds.

• Late Period: 30 elements (81%) • OK: 7 elements (19%)

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca. 17%

Phases

Characteristics: This assemblage is made up nearly entirely of Nile silt vessels and includes an assortment of open and closed shapes.

14/0050 Phases 35 30 25

Date: fifth century BC.

20

Statistics

10

15

14/0050 Phases

35 5 30 0

Phases

25

Characteristics: This assemblage is made up nearly entirely of Nile silt vessels and includes an assortment of open closed shapes. Late Period: 11 and elements (100%) Date: fifth century BC.

20 15 10

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 5

Statistics Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt: of 18 elements (60%) Composition the Late Period assemblage 0

Period: 11 elements (100%) • Late Nile silt: 8 elements (73%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage Of which 1 complete vessel • Nile silt: 8 elements (73%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (18%) Of which 1 complete vessel • Coarse wares: 1 element (9%) (18%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements

•

Phases

•

• •

Coarse wares: 1 element (9%)

• • •

14/0047 Late Period 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 100% 14/0050: TRENCH LAYER 10 100% Late Period: total1Egyptian:

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 173.00-175.70; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. “Layer 10”.

14/0050: TRENCH 1 LAYER 10 Total: 241 elements: 41 diagnostics (37 estimated individuals); 200 BS.

Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (10%) Nile silt: 18 elements • Coarse wares: 3 elements (60%) (10%) Of which 1 complete profile Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (3.5%) Composition ofmarl the Late Period assemblage Egyptian and mixed: 3 elements • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (13%) (10%) •• Nile silt: 18fine elements Imported wares: 1(60%) element (10%) (3.5%) Coarse wares: 3 elements Of which 1 complete profile Of• which complete Egyptian1marl and 14/0050 mixed:profile 3 elements (10%) Late Period • Coarseamphorae: wares: 3 elements (10%) Aegean 1 element (3.5%) 20 Of which 1 complete profile 18 Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (13%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (3.5%) 16 Imported fine 1 element • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 4 elements (3.5%) (13%) 14 12 • Imported fine wares: 1 element (3.5%)

10 8 14/0050 Late Period 6 20 4 18 2 16 0 14 Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain 12 mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine 10 wares imports 8 6 period: total Egyptian: 80%; total imports: 20% Late 4 14/0051: SINGLE VESSEL IN FURNACE 2 Square VII.B13, Plan 2; N-S: 186; W-E: 122.5; H./lev., m. 15.6; “from cleaning 0 Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain 12.94-12.80; Total: 1 elementmixed wares jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Furnace [123]”.

Size: Single vessel, complete profile.

Late period: total Egyptian: 80%; total imports: 20%

Of which 2 complete profiles

14/0051: SINGLE VESSEL IN FURNACE Late period: total Egyptian: 80%; total imports: 20% Square 1; N-S: 173.00-175.70; W-E: Size: veryVII.C10-11, small assemblage,Trench small to medium size sherds. 513 Square VII.B13, Plan 2; N-S: 186; W-E: 122.5; H./lev., m. 15.6; “from cleaning Furnace [123]”. 95.00-102.00; 12.94-12.80; “Layer Characteristics: This H./lev., assemblagem. mostly belongs to the Saite period 10”. (sixth century BC), but fifth Total: 1 element century BC sherds are attested as well. There are definitely no Ptolemaic or later sherds but a 14/0051: SINGLE VESSEL IN FURNACE relatively high amount of Old Kingdom intrusions. Size: Single vessel, complete profile. Total: 241 elements: 41 diagnostics (37 estimated Date: sixth to early fifth century BC. Square VII.B13, Plan 2; N-S: 186; W-E: 122.5; H./lev., m. individuals); 200 BS Statistics 15.6; “from cleaning Furnace [123]”. 513 Phases Of which 2 complete profiles • Late Period: 30 elements (81%) Total: 1 element • OK: 7 elements (19%) Size: very small assemblage, small to medium size sherds. Size: Single vessel, complete profile. 512 Characteristics: This assemblage mostly belongs to the Characteristics: Large coarse ware basin. Saite period (sixth century BC), but fifth century BC sherds

648

Appendix 2 Date: late sixth to late fifth century BC.

14/0055: TRENCH 1 LAYERS 8, 9, 10

Late Period, Nile silt coarse ware (complete profile) 14/0054: TRENCH 1 LAYER 11

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 75.00-75.70; W-E: 95.50-98.00; H./lev., m. 13.15-12.83; “from Layers 8,9,10, under wall”.

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 73.00-75.70; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. 12.83-12.70; “Layer 11”.

• Total: 55 elements: 14 diagnostics (12 estimated individuals); 41 BS

Note: below 14/0050.

Size: very small assemblage, small fragments.

• Total: 184 elements: 36 diagnostics (32 estimated individuals; 148 BS)

Characteristics: Nothing later than early fifth century could be identified, but the assemblage is small and the sherds are in relatively poor condition (very broken up).

Characteristics: Large coarse ware basin.

Size: small assemblage, small to medium size sherds. Date: late sixth to late fifth century BC. Late Period, Nile silt coarse ware (complete profile)

Characteristics: Nothing later than late sixth to early 14/0054: TRENCH 1 LAYER 11 Date: late sixth to early fifth century BC. fifth century BC could be identified. The assemblage also Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 73.00-75.70; W-E: 95.00-102.00; H./lev., m. 12.83-12.70; comprises “Layer 11”. many Old, Middle, and New Kingdom intrusions. Statistics Note: below 14/0050.

Date:• late sixth to early fifth century BC. Total: 184 elements: 36 diagnostics (32 estimated individuals; 148 BS).

Phases

Size: small assemblage, small to medium size sherds.

Statistics

Characteristics: Nothing later than late sixth to early fifth century BC could be identified. The • assemblage also comprises many Old, Middle, and New Kingdom intrusions

Late Period: 9 elements (69%) • NK: 1 element (8%) • MK: 1 element (8%) • OK: 2 elements (15%)

Phases Date: late sixth to early fifth century BC. Statistics

• Phases Late Period: 25 elements (78%) • NK: 2 elements (6%) • Late Period: 25 elements (78%) • MK: 2 elements (6%) • NK: 2 elements (6%) • MK: 2 elements (6%) • OK: 3 elements (9%) •

14/0055 Phases 10 9 8 7 6 5 10 4 9 3 8 2 7 1 6 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 Composition

OK: 3 elements (9%)

14/0054 Phases 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

14/0055 Phases

of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt: of 4 elements (44.5%) Composition the Late Period assemblage • Coarse wares: 2 elements (22.5%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (33%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Composition Nile silt:of4the elements Late Period(44.5%) assemblage 14/0055 Late Period • Coarse wares: 2 elements • Nile silt: 4 elements (44.5%) (22.5%) 5 • Levantine jars2and mortaria: • Coarse wares: elements (22.5%) 3 elements (33%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: 11 elements (44%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (24%) Nile silt: 11 elements • Coarse wares: 5 elements (44%) (20%) • Levantine jars and 3 elements (12%) Egyptian marl andmortaria: mixed: 6 elements

• • (24%) • Coarse wares: 5 elements (20%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (12%)

4

•

Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (33%)

14/0055 Late Period

3 5 2 4 1

14/0054 Late Period 12

3514 0

10

2

8

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

1

Aegean jars Levantine coarse wares

6

Late Period: total Egyptian: 67%; total imports: 33%

4

14/0060: WALL Nile FROM silt Marl and

0

Coarse

Aegean jars Levantine

Fine and semi-fine imports

Oasis

Fine and

Oasis

mixed wares coarse semi-fine Square VII.B12, Plan 2-3; N-S: 184.50-190.00; W-E: 114.25-115.00; H./lev., m. 16.00-15.80; wares imports “Inside Wall [33]”.

2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Late•Period: total imports: 33% Total:total 137Egyptian: elements: 67%; 17 diagnostics (15 estimated individuals); 119 BS.

Uncertain

• Token: 1 Nile silt 14/0060: FROM WALL Late Period: total Egyptian: 67%; total imports: 33%

Size: Small, fragmentary sherds. Square VII.B12, Plan 2-3; N-S: 184.50-190.00; W-E: 114.25-115.00; H./lev., m. 16.00-15.80; “Inside Wall [33]”. Characteristics: This assemblage mainly contains Nile silt wares. Levantine imports occur but no Aegean vessel 137 is represented. Old Kingdom(15 andestimated New Kingdom to Third Period • Total: elements: 17 diagnostics individuals); 119Intermediate BS. sherds also1 identified. • were Token: Nile silt

Late Period: total Egyptian: 88%; total imports: 12%

Late Period: total1Egyptian: 88%; total imports: 12% 14/0055: TRENCH LAYERS 8,9,10

Square VII.C10-11, Trench 1; N-S: 75.00-75.70; W-E: 95.50-98.00; H./lev., m. 13.15-12.83; Size: Small, fragmentary sherds. “from Layers 8,9,10, under wall”. •

Total: 55 elements: 14 diagnostics (12 estimated individuals); 41 BS.

Size: very small assemblage, small fragments.

649

Characteristics: This assemblage mainly contains Nile silt wares. Levantine imports occur but no516 Aegean vessel is represented. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period sherds were also identified.

Kom Tuman II 14/0060: FROM WALL

14/0061: IN ANCIENT PIT

Square VII.B12, Plan 2-3; N-S: 184.50-190.00; W-E: 114.25-115.00; H./lev., m. 16.00-15.80; “Inside Wall [33]”.

Square VII.B13, Plan 2-3; N-S: ca. 182.50-184.00; W-E: ca. 127.50-128.50; H./lev., m. ca. 16.15-14.00; “in pit below Tree [144]”

• Total: 136 elements: 17 diagnostics (15 estimated individuals); 119 BS • Token: 1 Nile silt

• Total: 63 elements: 29 diagnostics (23 estimated individuals); 34 BS Of which 1 complete profile

Size: Small, fragmentary sherds.

Size: small assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds, generally in good condition.

Characteristics: This assemblage mainly contains Nile silt wares. Levantine imports occur but no Aegean vessel is represented. Old Kingdom and New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period sherds were also identified. Date: mid- to late sixth century BC.

Characteristics: A date in the Persian period is supported by the fine ware component of the assemblage, which comprises Bes vessels and other small, marl clay vessels. Some of the imported Aegean amphorae, red-slipped lids, and coarse wares could go back to the mid-sixth century BC.

Statistics

Date: Persian Period, with sixth century BC elements.

Phases

Statistics

Square VII.B13, Plan 2-3; N-S: ca. 182.50-184.00; W-E: ca. 127.50-128.50; H./lev., m. ca. 16.1514.00; “in pit antique below Tree [144]” •

Date: mid- to late sixth century BC. Statistics

• Late Period: 12 elements (80%) Phases • TIP: 1 element (7%) • Late Period: 12 elements (80%) • Date: NK: 1 element (7%) • midTIP: element to1 late sixth(7%) century BC. • Statistics OK: 1 element (7%) • NK: 1 element (7%)

Phases Size: small assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds, generally in good condition. Characteristics: A date in the Persian period is supported by the fine ware component of the

which comprises Bes vessels and other small, marl clay vessels. Some of the imported • assemblage, Late Period: 23 elements (100%) Aegean amphorae, red-slipped lids, and coarse wares could go back to the mid-sixth century BC. Date: Persian Period, with sixth century BC elements.

Composition of the Late Period assemblage Statistics

• OK: 1 element (7%) Phases 14 12 10 8 6 14 4 12 2 10 0 8

• • • •

Total: 63 elements: 29 diagnostics (23 estimated individuals); 34 BS Of which 1 complete profile

Late Period: 12 elements (80%)Phases 14/0060 TIP: 1 element (7%) NK: 1 element (7%) OK: 1 element (7%)

Phases

• Nile silt: 11 elements (48%) • Late Period: 23 elements (100%) Of which 1 complete profile Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements (22%) • Nile silt: 11 elements (48%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements Of which 1 complete profile (9%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements (22%) • Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (13%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (9%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (4%) • Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (13%) • Imported fine 1 element (4%) • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 1 element (4%)

14/0060 Phases

•

6

Imported fine wares: 1 element (4%)

14/0061 Late Period

4 2

12

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

10

• Nile silt: of 9 elements (75%)Period assemblage Composition the Late • Egyptian marl: 1 element (8%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (8%) Nile silt: 9 elements (75%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (8%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage

8 6

• • Egyptian marl: 1 element (8%) • Nile silt: 9 elements (75%) Late Period 14/0060 • Coarse wares: 1 element (8%) 10 • Egyptian marl: 1 element (8%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (8%) 1 element (8%) 9 • Coarse wares:

4 2

0

8 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (8%) 7 6 14/0060 Late Period 5 10 4 9 3 8 2 7 1 6 0 5 Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain 4 mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine wares imports 3 2 Late1 Period: total Egyptian: ca 91.5%; total imports: ca 8.5% 0 14/0061: IN ANCIENT PIT Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 79%; total imports: ca 21% 14/0063: ACCUMULATION Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 79%; total imports: ca 21%

Square VII.B15, Plan 1; N-S: 180.90; W-E: 140.80; H./lev., m. 15.68; “attached to north face of wall [159]”; “cluster of ceramic vessels in small round brick enclosure”

14/0063: ACCUMULATION • Total: 15 elements: 7 diagnostics (6 estimated individuals); 8 BS Of which 2 complete vessels and 1 near profile

Square VII.B15, Plan and 1; near N-S: 180.90; Size: Small but with complete complete vessels.W-E: 140.80; H./ lev., m. 15.68; “attached to north face of wall [159]”; “cluster of ceramic vessels in small round brick enclosure” • Total: 15 elements: 7 diagnostics (6 estimated 517 individuals); 8 BS Of which 2 complete vessels and 1 near profile

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 91.5%; total imports: ca 8.5%

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 91.5%; total imports: ca 14/0061: IN ANCIENT PIT 8.5% 650

517

518

Appendix 2 Size: Small but with complete and near complete vessels.

Composition of the Late Period phase

Characteristics: The main components of the assemblage are two small local storage vessels, a Levantine import, and two saucer lamps. All can be considered as standard household objects.

• Nile silt: 4 elements (100%) 14/0066: FROM FUNRNACE [165] Square VII.B13, Plan 2; N-S: 185.00; W-E: 126; H./lev., m. 16.65-16.80; “from cleaning furnace [165]”

Date: late sixth to fifth century BC.

• Total: 62 elements: 20 diagnostics (16 estimated individuals); 42 BS Of which 1 near complete profile

Statistics Phases

The main components (100%) of the assemblage are two small local storage vessels, a Size: small assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds, • Characteristics: Late Period: 6 elements Levantine import, and two saucer lamps. All can be considered as standard household objects. generally in good condition. Date: late sixth to fifth century BC. Composition of the Late Period assemblage Statistics Characteristics: This assemblage includes several vessels Phases related to the high-temperature industry (faience or glass • Nile silt: 5 elements (83%) • Late Period: 6 elements (100%) production?). The other vessels, both local and imported Of which 2 complete vessels and 1 near complete Composition of the Late Period assemblage VII.B13, Planof 2; N-S: 126; H./lev., areSquare most typical the185.00; fifth W-E: century BC. m. 16.65-16.80; “from cleaning furnace profile • Nile silt: 5 elements (83%) [165]” Of whichjars 2 complete vessels and 1 near complete profile • Levantine and mortaria: 1 element (17%) Total: 62 elements: 20 diagnostics estimated individuals); 42 BSBC. • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (17%) Date:• Persian but going into the(16later fourth century •

14/0063 Late Period

Of which 1 near complete profile

Size: small assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds, generally in good condition.

Statistics Characteristics: This assemblage includes several vessels related to the high-temperature industry

6

(faience or glass production?). The other vessels, both local and imported are most typical of the

5

fifth century BC. Phases

4

Date: Persian but going into the later fourth century BC.

3

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 1 element (6%) Phases • Late Period: 14 elements (88%) • Ptolemaic: 1 element (6%) • Production vessels: 1 element (6%) • Late Period: 14 elements (88%) Of• which 1 near profile Production vessels:complete 1 element (6%)

2 1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Of which 1 near complete profile

14/0066 Phases

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca 17%

16

14/0065: FURNACE Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca 17%

14

Square VII.B12, Plan 2-3; N-S: 186.30-187.50; W-E: 115.00-116.50; H./lev., m. 15.60-15.80; 12 “from cleaning Furnace [86]”. 10

14/0065: FURNACE • Total: 28 elements: 5 diagnostics (5 estimated individuals); 23 BS.

8 6

Size: very small assemblage, small fragments.

Square VII.B12, Plan 2-3; N-S: 186.30-187.50; W-E: Characteristics: Small, broken up diagnostics, exclusively consisting in Nile silt vessels. 115.00-116.50; H./lev., m.BC.15.60-15.80; “from cleaning Date: late sixth to early fifth century Furnace Statistics [86]”.

4 2 0

Phases

• Total: 28 elements: 5 diagnostics (5 estimated • Late Period: 4 elements (100%) individuals); 23 BS Composition of the Late Period phase •

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 1 element (100%) Ptolemaic Composition of the Composition of the Late Period assemblage assemblage

Nile silt: 4 elements (100%)

Size: veryFROM smallFUNRNACE assemblage, 14/0066: [165] small fragments.

to

early

Roman

• Nile silt: 5 elements (36%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (21%) • Nile silt: 1 element (100%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (14%) • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (14%) 519 • Levantineof jarsthe andLate mortaria: 2 elements (14%) Composition Period assemblage

Characteristics: Small, broken up diagnostics, exclusively consisting of Nile silt vessels. Date: late sixth to early fifth century BC.

• • • • •

Statistics Phases • Late Period: 4 elements (100%)

651

Nile silt: 5 elements (36%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (21%) Coarse wares: 2 elements (14%) Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (14%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (14%)

520

Kom Tuman II Characteristics: The early Persian period is best represented here by a large sherd of a hemispherical bowl with thick matte red slip on the outside. The later elements (most likely as late as early Roman) are fragments of a possible Cnidian amphora (handle) that finds a parallel at the fortress of al-Zarqa/Maximianon (Brun 2007:517-519, fig. 17:4).

14/0066 Late Period 6 5 4 3 2

1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Date: mixed date from Persian to early Ptolemaic period with late Ptolemaic or early Roman elements (amphorae fragments).

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 71.5%; total imports: ca 28.5% 14/0074 Statistics Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 71.5%; total imports: ca Square VII.B/14. Plan: /; N-S…; W-E…; H./lev., m… “In ashy floor north of Wall [159]”. 28.5% Date: mixed date from Persian to early Ptolemaic period with late Ptolemaic or early Roman Total: 3 elements: 2 diagnostics (2 estimated individuals); 1 BS. Phases elements (amphorae fragments). Size: very small assemblage, mainly one small saucer lamp. Statistics 14/0074 Characteristics: This assemblage mainly consists in a small saucer lamp with rounded base and Ptolemaic: 3 elements (43%) Phases straight shallow sides (preserved as a complete profile). This type, made in the common• Nile J1 fabric, is found from the second half of the sixth century to the late fifth century BC. • Late Period: 4 elements (57%) • Ptolemaic: 3 elements (43%) Square VII.B/14. Plan: /; N-S…; W-E…; H./lev., m… “In Date: Saite to Persian period. • Late Period: 4 elements (57%) ashy floor north of Wall [159]”. Date: mixed date from Persian to early Ptolemaic period with late Ptolemaic or early Roman Statistics

elements (amphorae fragments). 14/0075 Phases

Phases

• Late Total: 3 elements: 2 diagnostics (2 estimated Period, Nile silt: 1 element (50%) individuals); 1 BS NK: 1 element (50%) but very small fragment

Statistics 4.5 4 Phases

3.5 3• Ptolemaic: 3 elements (43%) 2.5• Late Period: 4 elements (57%) Nile silt: 1 complete profile (100%) 2 1.5 14/0075 Phases 14/0075: ON FLOOR 1 Square VII.B14, Plan 1; N-S: 181.70; W-E: 137.50; H./lev., m. 15.84; “on ashy floor north of4.5 0.5 4 Wall [159], on and in ashy floor” 0 3.5 Total: 41 elements: 7 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 34 BS. 3 2.5 Size: small to medium sized assemblage, medium sized sherds with several large coarse ware 2 fragments. Surface preservation is mainly fair, but the coarse wares are generally in a poorer state 1.5 of preservation than sherds made of other fabrics. Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 1 Characteristics: The early Persian period is best represented here by a large sherd of a hemispherical 0.5• Imported amphorae: 3 elements (100%) bowl with thick matte red slip on the outside. The later elements (most likely as late as early Roman) 0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Size: very small assemblage, mainly one small saucer lamp. Characteristics: This assemblage mainly consists in a small saucer lamp with rounded base and straight shallow sides (preserved as a complete profile). This type, made in the common Nile J1 fabric, is found from the second half of the sixth century to the late fifth century BC.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Date: Saite to Persian period. are fragments of a possible Cnidian amphora (handle) that finds a parallel at the fortress of alComposition of the Late Period assemblage

Zarqa/Maximianon (Brun 2007:517-519, fig. 17:4).

Statistics

• Nile silt:amphorae: 3 elements (75%) • Imported 3 elements (100%)

Phases

Composition of the to Period earlyLate Roman assemblage Composition of Ptolemaic the Late assemblage 14/0075 Period 521 4 • Imported amphorae: 3 elements (100%)

•

Aegean amphorae: 1 element (25%)

Late Period(75%) assemblage • Composition Nile silt:of3the elements 3 • Nile silt: 3 elements (75%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (25%)

Late Period, Nile silt: 1 element (50%) NK: 1 element (50%) but very small fragment

2

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

1 4

•

Aegean amphorae: 1 element (25%)

14/0075 Late Period

0 3

Nile silt: 1 complete profile (100%)

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

2

14/0075: ON FLOOR

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25% 1

2014b

Square VII.B14, Plan 1; N-S: 181.70; W-E: 137.50; H./ lev., m. 15.84; “on ashy floor north of Wall [159], on and in ashy floor”

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

522

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25%

Total: 41 elements: 7 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 34 BS

2014b Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25%

2014b

Size: small to medium sized assemblage, medium sized sherds with several large coarse ware fragments. Surface preservation is mainly fair, but the coarse wares are generally in a poorer state of preservation than sherds made of other fabrics.

14b/0001: FILL Square X.B6-B7, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 16.8714.90; “in layer of robbers’ debris and surface turab”. 652

522

Appendix 2 Note: body sherds discarded on the field.

14b/0001 Ptolemaic to early Roman 30

• Total: 519 elements: 495 diagnostics (363 estimated individuals); 24 BS

25 20

Of which 1 complete vessel and 24 complete profiles

15

14b/0001 Ptolemaic to early Roman

10

Size: large sized assemblage but only diagnostic sherds were kept on site, medium to large sized sherds, generally in good condition.

30 5 25 0

Nile silt

20

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

15

Composition of the Late Period assemblage Characteristics: This assemblage is characterised by a 10 • Nile silt: 90 elements (28%) rather abundant presence of fine ware Greek imports, Composition of the Late Period assemblage Of which 1 complete vessel and 19 complete profiles 5 including Attic Red Figure of the late fifth to fourth • Egyptian marl and mixed: 61 elements (19%) century BC. East Greek fine ware or locally produced Of which complete profiles 0 • Nile silt: 905 elements (28%) Nile silt and mixed Fine imports Coarse wares: 57 Marl elements (18%) Imported coarse vessels of East Greek type, probably datable to the fifth Of• which 1 complete vessel andwares 19 complete profiles Of which 6 complete profiles century BC are evidenced. Levantine and Aegean imports • Composition Egyptian and54mixed: 61 elements (19%) • Aegean marl amphorae: elements (17%) of the Late Period assemblage Levantine and mortaria: 42 elements (13%) are14b/0001: fairly FILL frequent and include at least one basket handle Of• which 5 jars complete profiles • Nile silt: 901 complete elements (28%) Of which profile jarSquare (late SaitePlanto/; N-S: Persian elements X.B6-B7, /; W-E:period). /; H./lev., m.Some 16.87-14.90; “in layer of are robbers’ debris and • Coarse wares: 57 elements (18%) which 1fine complete vessel and 19 complete profiles • Of Imported wares: 12 elements (4%) surface turab”. Egyptian6marl and mixed:profiles 61 elements (19%) late sixth to early fifth centuries BC but they are few. Of• which complete Of which 5 complete profiles Late Period Note: body sherds discarded on the field. of Ptolemaic to possibly 14b/0001 However, brown amphorae • Aegean 54 elements (17%) • Coarseamphorae: wares: 57 elements (18%) 100 • Total: 520 elements: 495 diagnostics (363 estimated individuals); 24 BS early Roman date were also recovered. Only two New Of whichjars 6 complete profiles • Levantine and mortaria: 42 elements (13%) 90 Of which 1 intrusions complete vesselwere and 24 identified complete profiles andno oneOld Roman lamp • Aegean amphorae: 54 elements (17%) Kingdom and Kingdom 80 which 1 complete profile Of 70• Levantine jars and mortaria: 42 elements (13%) Size: large sizedrecognized. assemblage but only diagnostic sherds were kept on site, medium to large sized sherds were • Imported fine wares: 12 elements (4%) Of which 1 complete profile 60 sherds, generally in good condition. 50• Imported fine wares: 12 elements (4%) Characteristics: This assemblage is characterised by a rather abundant presence of fine ware Greek

40 Date: mostly sized Ptolemaic imports, includingPersian Attic Red but Figurewith of thesome late fifthlarge to fourth century BC. East Greek fine ware or 30 locally produced vessels of East Greek type, probably datable to the fifth century BC are fragments too, some as late as the first century BC. 20 evidenced. Levantine and Aegean imports are fairly frequent and include at least one basket handle 100

14b/0001 Late Period

10

jar (late Saite to Persian period). Some elements are late sixth to early fifth centuries BC but they 90 0 are few. However, brown amphorae of Ptolemaic to possibly early Roman date were also 80 Statistics recovered. Only two New Kingdom intrusions were identified and no Old Kingdom were 70 recognized. 60

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

50 Date: mostly Persian but with some large sized Ptolemaic fragments too, some as late as the first Phases Late 40 period: total Egyptian: ca 65%; total imports: ca 23%

century BC.

30 14b/0006

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 39 elements (11%) Phases • Late Period: 316 elements (87%) • Ptolemaic: 39 elements (11%) • NK: 5 elements (1%) • Late Period: 316 elements (87%) • Uncertain: 3 elements (1%) • NK: 5 elements (1%) •

20

Square X.B6-B7, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 14.90-14.46; “in layer under turab”. 10 0

•

Uncertain: 3 elements (1%)

Total: 87 elements: 81 diagnostics (70 estimated individuals); 4 BS

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late period: total Egyptian: ca 65%; total imports: ca 23%

524

14b/0006 Late period: total Egyptian: ca 65%; total imports: ca 34%

14b/0001 Phases

Square X.B6-B7, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 14.90-14.46; “in layer under turab”.

350

• Total: 87 elements: 81 diagnostics (70 estimated individuals); 4 BS 14b/0006

300

250

Square X.B6-B7, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 14.9014.46; “in layer under turab”.

200 150 100 50

• Total: 85 elements: 81 diagnostics (70 estimated individuals); 4 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 5 complete profiles

0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Tokens: 2 (Nile silt fabrics)

• Nile silt: of 24 elements (62%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • •

Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 8 elements (21%) Imported amphorae: 7 elements (18%)

Size: large assemblage (only diagnostics kept during excavation), medium to large sherds.

• Nile silt: 24 elements (62%) • Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 8 elements (21%) • Imported amphorae: 7 elements (18%)

523

Characteristics: Fifth and fourth centuries BC sherds dominate but the assemblage continues into the Ptolemaic period and includes undeniable early Roman material.

653

524

• •

Kom Tuman II

• • •

Amongst the later fragments is notably one sherd of Maerotis amphora of early Roman date.

Of which 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 11 elements (18%) Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile Coarse wares: 15 elements (24%) Of which 3 complete profiles Aegean amphorae: 9 elements (15%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (6%) Imported fine wares: 3 elements (5%)

14b/0006 Late Period 25

Date: mainly late fifth to fourth century BC but including Of which 1 complete vessel and 5 complete profiles few early Roman sherds. Tokens: 2 (Nile silt fabrics)

20 15

Size: large assemblage (only diagnostics kept during excavation), medium to large sherds.

Statistics Characteristics: Fifth and fourth centuries BC sherds dominate but the assemblage continues into the Ptolemaic period and includes undeniable early Roman material. Amongst the later fragments is notably one sherd of Maerotis amphora of early Roman date.

Phases

Date: mainly late fifth to fourth century BC but including some early Roman sherds.

10 5 0

Nile silt

Statistics

• Roman: 1 element (1%) Phases • Ptolemaic: 6 elements (9%) • Roman: 1 element (1%) • Late Period:662 elements • Ptolemaic: elements (9%) (89%) • NK: 1 element (1%) (89%) • Late Period: 62 elements •

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 74%; total imports: 26% 14b/0010: FILLtotal Egyptian: 74%; total imports: 26% Late Period:

Square X.B6, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 14.15-13.34; “dense soil from trench south of gate”.

NK: 1 element (1%)

14b/0010: FILL • Total: 208 elements: 49 diagnostics (49 estimated individuals); 159 BS.

14b/0006 Phases

Square X.B6, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 14.1513.34; “dense soil from trench south of gate”.

70 60

526

50 40

• Total: 208 elements: 49 diagnostics (49 estimated individuals); 159 BS Of which 2 complete profiles

30 20 10 0

Size: small assemblage, but only diagnostic sherds were kept on site, medium to large sized sherds, generally in good condition.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 4 elements (67%) Ptolemaic to Composition of the • Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1 element (17%) assemblage • Imported amphorae: 1 element (17%)

early

Roman

Date: mostly Persian but with some large sized Ptolemaic fragments too.

• Nile silt: 4 elements (67%) • Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1 element (17%) • Imported amphorae: 1 element (17%)

Characteristics: Fine wares include what looks like local imitations of East Greek bowls of the sixth to fifth century BC and Nile silt small jars. Levantine and Aegean imports are fairly frequent and include at least one basket handle jar (late Saite to Persian period).

14b/0006 Ptolemaic to early Roman 4.5

Of which 2 complete profiles

Date: mostly Persian but with some large sized Ptolemaic Size: small assemblage, but only diagnostic sherds were kept on site, medium to large sized sherds, fragments too.condition. generally in good

4 3.5 3

Date: mostly Persian but with some large sized Ptolemaic fragments too.

2.5

525 Statistics Characteristics: Fine wares include what looks like local imitations of East Greek bowls of the sixth

2

to fifth century BC and Nile silt small jars. Levantine and Aegean imports are fairly frequent and include at least one basket handle jar (late Saite to Persian period).

1.5 1

Phases Date: mostly Persian but with some large sized Ptolemaic fragments too.

0.5 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Statistics

Fine imports

• Phases Ptolemaic: 7 elements (14%) • Late Period: 41 elements (84%) • Ptolemaic: 7 elements (14%) • Uncertain: 1 element • Late Period: 41 elements (2%) (84%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 20 elements (32%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

• •

•

Of which 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 11 elements (18%) which complete vessel and 1 complete profile Nile Of silt: 201 elements (32%) Coarse wares: 15 elements (24%) Of• which 1 complete profile Of which 3 complete profiles Egyptian and9 elements mixed:(15%) 11 elements (18%) • Aegean marl amphorae: Levantine and mortaria: 4 elements Of• which 1 jars complete vessel and(6%) 1 complete profile • Imported fine wares: 3 elements (5%) •

Uncertain: 1 element (2%)

14b/0010 Phases 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

• Coarse wares: 15 elements (24%) Of which 3 complete profiles 14b/0006 Late Period 25 • Aegean amphorae: 9 elements (15%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (6%) 20 • Imported fine wares: 3 elements (5%) 15 10

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • •

5 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Late Period: total Egyptian: 74%; total imports: 26%

Oasis

Uncertain

654

Nile silt: 6 elements (86%) Fine ware imports: 1 element (14%)

Appendix 2 Composition assemblage

of

the

Ptolemaic

to

early

Roman

Characteristics: Items such as hemispherical bowls, saucer bowls, and locally-made mortaria suggest a date primarily in the Persian to late Persian period (mostly fifth but also into the early fourth century BC).

• Nile silt: 6 elements (86%) • Fine ware imports: 1 element (14%)

Date: Persian period into fourth century BC.

14b/0010 Ptolemaic to early Roman

Statistics

7

Size: very small assemblage, but only the diagnostic sherds were kept at the time of the excavation, large sized sherds in fair condition.

6

Phases Characteristics:

5 4 3 7 2 6 1 5 0 4

14b/0010 Ptolemaic to early Roman

•

Items such as hemispherical bowls, saucer bowls, and locally-made mortaria suggest a date primarily in the Persian to late Persian period (mostly fifth but also into the early fourth BC). 7 elements (100%) Latecentury Period: Date: Persian period into fourth century BC.

Statistics Composition of the Late Period assemblage Phases

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

3

Imported coarse wares

• Late Period: 7 elements (100%) • Nile silt: 3 elements (43%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (43%) Nile silt: 3 elements (43%) Of•• which 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (43%) • Coarse wares: 1 element Of which 1 complete profile (15%)

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 2 12 elements (29%) 1 • Nile silt: of Composition the Late Period assemblage

Of which 2 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 10 elements (24%) Nile silt Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports • Coarse wares: 8 elements (29%) (20%) Nile silt: 12 elements wares Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (10%) Of• which 2 complete profiles Composition of the Late assemblage • Levantine jars andPeriod mortaria: 6 elements (15%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 10 elements (24%) •• Imported wares: 1(29%) element (2%) Nile silt: 12fine elements Coarse wares: 8 elements Of which 2 complete profiles (20%) Late Period • Egyptian marl and14b/0010 mixed: 10 elements (24%) Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (10%) 14 • Coarse wares: 8 elements (20%) Levantine jars and4 elements mortaria: • Aegean amphorae: (10%)6 elements (15%) 12 Imported fine 1 element • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 6 elements (2%) (15%) 10 • Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%)

•

0

• • • • • •

8

14b/0011 Late Period 4 3 2 1 0

14b/0010 Late Period

6

Coarse wares: 1 element (15%)

Nile silt

14 4 12 2 10 0 8

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 100% Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

6

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

2015Period: total Egyptian: 100% Late

Uncertain

15/0001: IN LAYER

Square VII.B12-C12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 183.50-173.00; W-E: 112.70-115.70; H./lev., m. 15.28-15.08; 2015 “in sand near lowest layer (floor?) of furnace building”.

4

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 73%; total imports: ca 27% 2

14b/0011: FROM WALL 0

SquareNile X.B6, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 14.90-14.58; “from inside Wall [196]” silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain mixed wareslintel jars coarse gate; semi-fine Note: wall on side of eastern of the stone pottery is contaminated. wares

imports

• Total: 35 elements; 7 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 28 BS Late Period: total Egyptian: 73%; total imports: ca 27% Of which 1 completecaprofile 14b/0011: FROM total WALL Egyptian: ca 73%; total imports: Late Period: caSquare 27%X.B6, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 14.90-14.58; “from inside Wall [196]” Note: wall on side of eastern lintel of the stone gate; pottery is contaminated.

• Total: 35 elements; 7 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 28 BS 14b/0011: FROM WALL Of which 1 complete profile

Square X.B6, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 14.9014.58; “from inside Wall [196]”

•

Total: 137 elements: 26 diagnostics (25 estimated individuals); 111 BS.

15/0001: LAYER Of IN which 1 complete profile

Size: medium assemblage, small to medium sized fragments.

Date: fifth to fourth century BC and 1-2; some early Ptolemaic (body sherds only). Square VII.B12-C12, Plan N-S: 183.50-173.00; W-E: Statistics 112.70-115.70; H./lev., m. 15.28-15.08; “in sand near Phases layer (floor?) of furnace building”. lowest • Late Period: 21 elements (84%) 528

• Total: 137 elements: 26 diagnostics (25 estimated individuals); 111 BS Of which 1 complete profile 528 medium assemblage, small to medium sized Size: fragments.

Note: wall on side of eastern lintel of the stone gate; pottery is contaminated.

Date: fifth to fourth century BC and some early Ptolemaic (body sherds only).

• Total: 35 elements; 7 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 28 BS Of which 1 complete profile

Statistics Phases

Size: very small assemblage, but only the diagnostic sherds were kept at the time of the excavation, large sized sherds in fair condition.

• Late Period: 21 elements (84%) • OK: 4 elements (16%)

655

529

•

Kom Tuman II •

OK: 4 elements (16%)

Characteristics: the date of the assemblage is mainly based on the presence of local fine wares,

imported amphorae, and locally-made marl amphorae of the late fifth and fourth century BC. Phases

15/0001 Phases

Date: mostly Late Period, but clearly going into the fourth century BC.

25

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 1 element (1%) • Phases Late Period: 89 elements (94%) • Ptolemaic:vessels: 1 element (1%) • Production 1 element (1%) • Late Period: 89 elements (94%) • OK: 3 elements (3%) • Production vessels: 1 element (1%) • Uncertain: 1 element • OK: 3 elements (3%) (1%)

20 15

•

OK: 4 elements (16%)

15/0001 Phases

10

Token: 2 (1 Nile silt fabric, 1 Aegean amphora fabric)

Size: medium to large sized assemblage, medium sized sherds.

25 5

•

20 0

Uncertain: 1 element (1%)

15/0003 Phases

15 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

10 5

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

• Nile silt: of 9 elements (43%)Period assemblage Composition the Late

• • • • •

• •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (10%) Coarse wares: 7 elements (33%) which 1 complete profile Nile Of silt: 9 elements (43%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (10%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (10%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%) Coarse wares: 7 elements (33%) • Nile silt: 9 elements (43%) Egyptian1marl and 15/0001 mixed:profile 2 elements (10%) Late Period Of• which complete • Coarse wares: 7 elements (33%) 10 Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (10%) Of which 1 complete profile 9 Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (10%) 8 7 • Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%)

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 1 element (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Composition of the Late Period assemblage

6 5 15/0001 Late Period 4 10 3 9 2 8 1 7 0 6 Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain 5 mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine wares imports 4 3 Late 2 period: total Egyptian: ca 85%; total imports: ca 15% 1 15/0003: IN LAYER 0 SquareNile VII.A12, Plan N-S: 201.00-190.00; W-E:Fine 112.00-121.00; silt Marl and 1; Coarse Aegean Levantine and Oasis H./lev., Uncertainm. mixed waresturab jars coarse semi-fine (compacted layer) of surface from level 17.50 downwards”. wares imports

• Nile elements (30%) • Nile silt:silt:127element (100%) •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 45 elements (51%) Of which 1 complete vessel, 7 complete profiles Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Coarse wares: 5 elements (6%) • Aegean amphorae: 7 elements (8%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (4%) • Nile silt: 27fine elements (30%) • Imported wares: 1 element (1%)

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 45 elements (51%) Of which 1 complete vessel, 7 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 5 elements (6%) 17.50-; “in lower • Aegean amphorae: 7 elements (8%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (4%) • Total: 231 elements: 111 diagnostics (95 estimated individuals); 111 BS. Late•period: total Egyptian: 85%; and total7imports: 15% Of which 1 completecavessel completecaprofiles • Imported fine wares: 1 element (1%) 15/0003: IN LAYER Late period: total Egyptian: ca 85%; total imports: ca 15% Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 201.00-190.00; W-E: 112.00-121.00; H./lev., m. 17.50-; “in lower 530 (compacted layer) of surface turab from level 17.50 downwards”.

15/0003: IN LAYER • Total: 231 elements: 111 diagnostics (95 estimated individuals); 111 BS. •

50 45 40 35 30 25 530 20 15 10 5 0

Of which 1 complete vessel and 7 complete profiles

Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 201.00-190.00; W-E: 112.00-121.00; H./lev., m. 17.50-; “in lower (compacted layer) of surface turab from level 17.50 downwards”. • Total: 231 elements: 111 diagnostics (95 estimated individuals); 120 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 7 complete profiles • Token: 2 (1 Nile silt fabric, 1 Aegean amphora fabric)

531

15/0003 Late Period

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late period: total Egyptian: 87%; total imports: 13% 15/0005: FILLtotal (incomplete) Late period: Egyptian: 87%; total imports: 13%

Square X.F2-G2, Plan 1; N-S: 349.00-335.00; W-E: 211.00-220.00; H./lev., m. 15.00-; “in lower layers of surface turab from level 15.00 downwards”.

Size: medium to large sized assemblage, medium sized sherds.

15/0005: FILL (incomplete) Note: selected elements only (amphorae and torpedoes absent). •

Total: 184 elements: 174 diagnostics (151 estimated individuals); 10 BS.

Square X.F2-G2, N-S: 349.00-335.00; W-E: Size: Medium assemblage, Plan medium 1; to large size sherds. 211.00-220.00; H./lev., m. 15.00-; “incentury lower layers ofthird century Characteristics: This assemblage comprises many fourth BC and Ptolemaic BC elements, including Memphis Black Ware. Local fine wares are well-represented and surface turab fromearly level 15.00 downwards”.

Characteristics: the date of the assemblage is mainly based on the presence of local fine wares, imported amphorae, and locally-made marl amphorae of the late fifth and fourth century BC.

range in date from the late fifth to the third century BC. Local silt-made cooking vessels of Ptolemaic and early Roman date are also evidenced.

Note: selected elements andof the torpedoes Date: mainly fourth century to earlyonly Roman(amphorae with residual sherds fifth century BC. absent). Not valid for statistics

Date: mostly Late Period, but clearly going into the fourth century BC.

15/0008: FLOOR?

• Square Total: 184Plan elements: 174 diagnostics (151 H./lev., estimated VII.A12, 1; N-S: 197.60-196.60; W-E: 120.00-120.30; m. 17.10-16.90; “in debris/sediment; relation to a floor is not evident”. individuals); 10 BS

Statistics

• •

656

Total: 185 elements: 112 diagnostics (101 estimated individuals); 72 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 10 complete profiles Token: 1 (marl clay fabric)

Size: medium assemblage, medium sized sherds. Characteristics: This assemblage includes a significant amount of fine wares, typically dating to the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Some are of foreign origin, but many appear to have been locallymade although of East Greek inspiration. East Greek imported amphorae and Levantine jars are

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Appendix 2

Size: Medium assemblage, medium to large size sherds.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Characteristics: This assemblage comprises many fourth century BC and Ptolemaic third century BC elements, including early Ptolemaic Black Ware. Local fine wares are well-represented and range in date from the late fifth to the third century BC. Local silt-made cooking vessels of Ptolemaic and early Roman date are also evidenced.

• Composition Nile silt:of6the elements (75%) Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Imported amphorae: 1 element (13%) • Nile silt: 6 elements (75%) • Fine ware import: element (13%) • Imported amphorae:11 element (13%) •

Fine ware import: 1 element (13%)

15/0008 Ptolemaic to early Roman 7 6

Date: mainly fourth century to early Roman with residual sherds of the fifth century BC.

5 4 3

Not valid for statistics

2 1

15/0008: FLOOR?

0

Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 197.60-196.60; W-E: 120.00-120.30; H./lev., m. 17.10-16.90; “in debris/ sediment; relation to a floor is not evident”.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 34 elements (39%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

•

• Total: 184 elements: 112 diagnostics (101 estimated individuals); 72 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 10 complete profiles • Token: 1 (marl clay fabric)

Of which 1 complete vessel and 6 complete profiles Egyptian marl and mixed: 40 elements (46%) which complete profiles Nile Of silt: 344 elements (39%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (1%) •

Of which 1 complete vessel and 6 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 40 elements (46%) Of which 4 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 1 element (1%) • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (7%) • Levantine jars and6 elements mortaria: • Aegean amphorae: (7%) 5 elements (6%) • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 5 elements (1%) (6%) • Imported fine 1 element

Size: medium assemblage, medium sized sherds. Characteristics: This assemblage includes a significant amount of fine wares, typically dating to the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Some are of foreign origin, but many appear to have been locally-made although of East Greek inspiration. East Greek imported amphorae and Levantine jars are also found, as well as Egyptian-made marl amphorae and one mortarium fragment of local manufacture of probable late fifth or fourth century date.

•

Imported fine wares: 1 element (1%)

15/0008 Late Period 45 40 35 30 25 20

15 10

Date: mainly fourth century BC, but some fragments are late Ptolemaic in date.

5 0

Statistics

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 86%; total imports: 14%

Phases

15/0009: Trench 1 EXTENSION Late Period: total Egyptian: 86%; total imports: 14%

• Ptolemaic: 8 elements (8%) Phases • Late Period: 87 elements (86%) • Ptolemaic: 8 elements (8%) • OK: 5 elements (5%) (86%) • Late Period: 87 elements • Islamic: element • OK: 51elements (5%) (1%)

15/0009: TRENCH Note: east of Wall 30; south 1 of EXTENSION Wall 32.

•

Square VII.C12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 175.50-172.80; W-E: 115.50-116.80; H./lev., m. 15.95-15.05; “in east extension of Trench 1. Context is “Furnace Building” in floor levels also disturbed areas”. •

Islamic: 1 element (1%)

15/0008 Phases

Date: mid-fifth to mid to late fourth century BC. Statistics

Note: east of Wall 30; south of Wall 32. Phases •

Ptolemaic: 1 element (3%)

• Total: elements: 33 diagnostics (30 estimated • Late 76 Period: 28 elements (93%) individuals); 43(3%) BS • NK: 1 element Of which 1 complete profile Size: small assemblage, small to large sized sherds. Characteristics: This assemblage includes a large fragment of an Oasis amphora, which is unusual at Kom Tuman.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Nile silt: 6 elements (75%) Imported amphorae: 1 element (13%) Fine ware import: 1 element (13%)

15/0008 Ptolemaic to early Roman 7

Total: 76 elements: 33 diagnostics (30 estimated individuals); 43 BS.

Square OfVII.C12, Planprofile 1-2; N-S: 175.50-172.80; W-E: which 1 complete Size: small assemblage, small to m. large15.95-15.05; sized sherds. 115.50-116.80; H./lev., “in east extension assemblage a large Building” fragment of anin Oasis amphora, which is unusual ofCharacteristics: Trench 1.This Context isincludes “Furnace floor levels at Kom Tuman. also disturbed areas”.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

• • •

533

657

534

Kom Tuman II • Total: 55 elements: 18 diagnostics (17 estimated individuals); 37 BS

Date: mid-fifth to mid to late fourth century BC. Statistics

Size: small assemblage, small to large sized sherds.

Phases

Characteristics: This assemblage is mainly fifth century BC in date, clearly extending until the end of the century. VII.B13, Profile 80; N-S: 190.00-188.00; W-E: ca. 125.60-125.80; H./lev., m. ca. 17.00It Square comprises a relatively high proportion of fine wares. 15.25; “in profile and neighbouring spaces, context is ‘furnace building several floors’, from The late sixth century is represented by sherds of imported cleaning process of profile” transport amphorae. Note: profile perpendicular to Wall [31] in northern part of square; wall 31 running E-W and

• Ptolemaic: 1 element (3%) • Late Period: 28 elements (93%) • NK: 1 element (3%)

profile N-S.

15/0009 Phases

Total:century 55 elements: 18 diagnostics (17 estimated individuals); 37 BS Date:• fifth BC.

30

Size: small assemblage, small to large sized sherds.

25

Characteristics: this assemblage is mainly fifth century BC in date, clearly extending until the end of Statistics

20

the century. It comprises a relatively high proportion of fine wares. The late sixth century is represented by sherds of imported transport amphorae.

15

Phases Date: fifth century BC.

10

Statistics

15/0009 Phases

5

• Phases Late Period: 16 elements (94%) • Production vessels: 1 (94%) element (6%) • Late Period: 16 elements

0 30 25

•

20

Production vessels: 1 element (6%)

15/0011 Phases

15

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 10

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

• Nile silt: of 1 element (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 5 Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

• Nile silt:silt:17element (100%) • Nile elements (24.5%) •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (11%)

• Coarse wares: 6 elements (20.5%) assemblage Composition of the Late Period Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean 9 elements Composition ofamphorae: the Ptolemaic to early (32%) Roman assemblage

• Nile silt: 7 elements (24.5%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (4%) • Nile silt: 1 element (100%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (4%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (11%) Composition of the Late (4%) Period assemblage • Oasis: 1 element • Coarse wares: 6 elements (20.5%) Nile silt: 7 elements (24.5%) Of•• which 1 complete profile Late Period Egyptian marl and 15/0009 mixed: 3 elements (11%) • Aegean amphorae: 9 elements (32%) 10 • Coarse wares: 6 elements (20.5%) Of whichjars 1 complete profile 9 • Levantine and mortaria: 1 element (4%) 8 • Aegean amphorae: 9 elements (32%) • Imported fine 1 element (4%) 7 • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 1 element (4%) 6 • Imported fine wares: 1 element (4%) • Oasis: 1 element (4%) 5 4 3 2 1 10 0 9

•

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 4 elements (25%)Period assemblage Composition the Late • Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (37.5%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (12.5%) Nile silt: 4amphorae: elements (25%) • Aegean 4 elements (25%)

• • Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (37.5%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (12.5%) • Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (25%)

Oasis: 1 element (4%)

15/0009 Late Period

Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis 8 mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine 7 wares imports 6 5 Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): 56%; total imports: Late 4 15/0011: CLEANING PROFILE 3 2 1 0 Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Uncertain

15/0011 Late Period 7

ca 44%

6 5

3 Uncertain

2

535 1 0

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): 56%; total imports: ca 44% 15/0011: CLEANING PROFILE Late Period: total Egyptian

imports: ca 44%

536

4

Nile silt

(including Oasis): 56%; total

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 85%; total imports: ca 25% 15/0014: FILLtotal Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25% Late Period: 535

15/0011: CLEANING PROFILE

Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 348.00-341.00; W-E: 218.00-220.00; H./lev., m. 15.09-; “in loose surface turab”.

15/0014: FILL

Square VII.B13, Profile 80; N-S: 190.00-188.00; W-E: ca. 125.60-125.80; H./lev., m. ca. 17.00-15.25; “in profile and neighbouring spaces, context is ‘furnace building several floors’, from cleaning process of profile”.

Note: sherds mostly discarded on site.

• X.F2, Total: 3 diagnostics individuals) Square Plan 1; (3N-S: 348.00-341.00; W-E: 218.00Size: very small assemblage, but no body sherds (presumably not kept in the course of the 220.00; H./lev., m. 15.09-; “in loose surface turab”. excavation), small to medium size sherds.

Date: probably late fifth to fourth century BC. Note: sherds mostly discarded on site. Statistics

Note: profile perpendicular to Wall [31] in northern part of square; wall 31 running E-W and profile N-S.

• Phases Total: 3 diagnostics (3 individuals) •

658

Late Period: 3 elements (100%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • •

Nile silt fabrics: 2 elements (67%) Egyptian marl fabrics: 1 element (33%)

Appendix 2 Size: very small assemblage, but no body sherds (presumably not kept in the course of the excavation), small to medium size sherds.

15/0016 Phases 35 30 25

Date: probably late fifth to fourth century BC.

20 15

Statistics

10 5

15/0016 Phases

0 35

Phases

30 25

• Late Period: 3 elements (100%)

20 15 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt: of 5 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 5

• Nile silt fabrics: 2 elements (67%) • Egyptian marl fabrics: 1 element (33%)

• Nile elements (29%) • Nile silt:silt:59elements (100%)

10

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (26%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (6%) Composition of the Late Period • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (19%)assemblage Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (19%)

15/0014 Late Period

• Nile elements (100%) • Nile silt:silt:95elements (29%) 15/0016 Late Period ofmarl the Late Period assemblage • Composition Egyptian and mixed: 8 elements (26%) 10 silt: 9 elements (29%) 9 • Nile wares: • Coarse 2 elements (6%) 8 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (26%) • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (19%) 7 • Coarse wares: 2 elements (6%) 6 • Aegean amphorae: • Levantine jars and6 elements mortaria: (19%)6 elements (19%)

3

2

1

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

5 • 4 3 2 1 10 0 9

Uncertain

Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (19%)

15/0016 Late Period

Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain 8 mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine 7 wares imports Late Period: total Egyptian: 100% 6 5 15/0016: FILL Late period: total Egyptian: ca 61%; total imports: ca 38% 4 Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 347.00-342.00; W-E: 211.00-218.00; H./lev., m. 14.55-; “in more 15/0018: FILL OF ROOM 3 compact lower layers of surface turab”. 2 Square X.G2, Plan 1; N-S: 340.00-338.00; W-E: 214.00-219.00; H./lev., m. 13.62; 1 • Total: 139 elements: 40 diagnostics; (37 estimated individuals) 99 BS. Room 200” Joins with 15/0026 0 Size: small assemblage, small to medium size sherds. silt 99 Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine andindividuals); Oasis Uncertain • Nile Total: elements: 30 diagnostics (28 estimated 69 BS mixed wares vessels jarsand 1coarse semi-fine Of which 2 complete complete profile Characteristics: This assemblage is characterised by a significant amount of local fine wares and wares imports

Late Period: total Egyptian: 100% 15/0016: FILL

“in fill of

Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 347.00-342.00; W-E: 211.00locally-made marl clay (late“in fifthmore to fourth centuries BC). The imported 218.00; H./lev., m.amphorae 14.55-; compact lower layers East Greek North Aegean amphorae are mostly dating from the last quarter of the fifth century to the Late period: total Egyptian: ca 61%; total imports: ca 38% ofand surface turab”. end of the fourth century BC (and are thus early Ptolemaic), but some that are as early as the late 15/0018: FILLtotal OF ROOM sixth century BC are also attested. Late period: Egyptian: ca 61%; total imports: ca 38% Square X.G2, Plan 1; N-S: 340.00-338.00; W-E: 214.00-219.00; H./lev., m. 13.62; “in fill of Date: late fifth to fourth century BC. • Total: 139 elements: 40 diagnostics; (37 estimated Room 200” Joins with 15/0026 Statistics individuals) 99 BS 15/0018: FILL OF ROOM • Total: 99 elements: 30 diagnostics (28 estimated individuals); 69 BS Phases

Of which 2 complete vessels and 1 complete profile

Ptolemaic: 5 elements (16%) Size:•small assemblage, small to medium size sherds. • •

539

Square X.G2, Plan 1; N-S: 340.00-338.00; W-E: 214.00219.00; H./lev., m. 13.62; “in fill of Room 200” Joins with 15/0026.

Late Period: 31 elements (81%) NK: 1 element (3%)

Characteristics: This assemblage is characterised by a significant amount of local fine wares and locally-made marl clay amphorae (late fifth to fourth centuries BC). The imported East Greek and North Aegean amphorae are mostly dating from the last quarter of the fifth century to the end of the fourth century BC (and are thus early Ptolemaic), but some that are as early as the late sixth century BC are also attested.

• Total: 99 elements: 30 diagnostics (28 estimated individuals); 69 BS Of which 2 complete vessels and 1 complete profile Size: medium to small assemblage, medium to large sized sherds.

Date: late fifth to fourth century BC.

Characteristics: One Nile silt locally-made, moulded lamp 538is definitely of Roman date, but the majority of the assemblage is rather earlier ranging from the early fourth century BC to the early Ptolemaic period.

Statistics Phases

Date: mostly fourth century BC but going into the Roman period.

• Ptolemaic: 5 elements (16%) • Late Period: 31 elements (81%) • NK: 1 element (3%) 659

539

Kom Tuman II moulded lamp (Roman period) 1 Egyptian Size: medium to small assemblage, medium to large sized sherds. Characteristics: One Nile silt locally-made, moulded lamp is definitely of Roman date, but Characteristics: the Statistics This assemblage includes many coarse majority of the assemblage is rather earlier ranging from the early fourth century BC to the early wares in J1 Coarse. The date is principally Saite-Persian Ptolemaic period. Phases (late sixth to fifth century BC). Only two small body Date: mostly fourth century BC but going into the Roman period. sherds may be situated in the Ptolemaic period. As they are Statistics • Phases Ptolemaic: 6 elements (21%) the only later elements, the possibility remains that they • Late Period:622 elements are intrusive. • Ptolemaic: elements (21%) (79%) •

Late Period: 22 elements (79%)

Date: late sixth to fifth century BC, but presence of two Ptolemaic body sherds.

15/0018 Phases 25 20

Statistics

15

Phases

10 5

• Late Period: 25 elements (100%)

0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Nile silt: 13 elements (52%) Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements (28%) Of which 1 near complete profile • Coarse wares: 2 elements (8%) Of which 1 complete profile • Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (12%)

• Nile silt: of 6 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile elements (32%) • Nile silt:silt:67elements (100%)

Of which 2 complete vessels and 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (27%) Composition of the Late(5%) Period assemblage • Coarse wares: 1 element • Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (14%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (18%) • Nile silt: 7 elements (32%)(5%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element

• • • • •

Of which 2 complete vessels and 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (27%) Coarse wares: 1 element (5%) Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (14%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (18%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%)

15/0020 Late Period 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

15/0018 Late Period

540 0

8

Nile silt

7

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

6 5

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca 12%

4

15/0022: Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca 12%

3

Square VII.A12, Plan 1, N-S: 201.00-192.50; W-E: 113.00-121.00; H./lev., m.: 16.80-16.70; “in compact layer of bricks and turab, whole area”.

2

15/0022: • Total: 227 elements: 72 diagnostics (70 estimated individuals); 155 BS.

1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Of which 7 complete profiles

Uncertain

Size: medium assemblage,Plan medium1, sizedN-S: fragments, good surface preservation. Square VII.A12, 201.00-192.50; W-E: Late Period: total Characteristics: Mainly local wares of m.: the fifth16.80-16.70; century BC, with a significant proportion of fine wares, 113.00-121.00; H./lev., “in compact Egyptian: ca 64%; total imports: ca 37% including a Bes jar. Production vessels are represented by several fragments. Only about 8 sherds layer oflater bricks and turab, whole area”. may be than the Persian period. Levantine amphorae are more numerous than Aegean ones 15/0020: DEBRIS Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 64%; total imports: ca 38% and the assemblage also includes locally-made mortaria, as well as one sherd of a black glaze Attic Square VII.A12, Plan 0-1; N-S: 201.00-196.00; W-E: 113.00-121.00; H./lev., m. 16.94-16.80;chous “in or juglet. A number of sherds are intrusions of the Old Kingdom. • Total: 227 elements: 72 diagnostics (70 estimated compact layers of brick debris/turab”. Date: third quarter of the fifth century BC to about 300 BC. 15/0020: DEBRIS individuals); 155 BS • Total: 65 elements: 28 diagnostics (25 estimated individuals); 37 BS. Statistics Of which 1 complete vessel, 1 complete profile, and 2 near complete profiles Of which 7 complete profiles Phases Size: smallVII.A12, assemblage, small Square Planfragments. 0-1; N-S: 201.00-196.00; W-E: • Ptolemaic: 1 element (1%) Characteristics: This assemblage coarse wares in J1“in Coarse. The date is principally 113.00-121.00; H./lev.,includes m. many 16.94-16.80; compact Size: medium assemblage, medium sized fragments, good Saite-Persian (late sixth to fifth century BC). Only two small body sherds may be situated in the• Late Period: 61 elements (87%) layers of brick debris/turab”. preservation. • Production vessels: 4 elements (6%) Ptolemaic period. As they are the only later elements, the possibility remains that they aresurface intrusive.

•

late sixth century BC, 28 but presence of two Ptolemaic sherds. • Date: Total: 65to fifth elements: diagnostics (25 body estimated Statistics individuals); 37 BS Phases Of which 1 complete vessel, 1 complete profile, and 2 • Late Period: 25 profiles elements (100%) near complete

Characteristics: Mainly local wares of the fifth century BC, with a significant proportion of fine wares, including a Bes jar. Production vessels are represented by several fragments. Only about 8 sherds may be later than the Persian period. Levantine amphorae are more numerous than Aegean ones and the assemblage also includes locally-made mortaria as

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Nile silt: 13 elements (52%) Size:•small assemblage, small fragments. Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile • • •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements (28%) Of which 1 near complete profile Coarse wares: 2 elements (8%) Of which 1 complete profile Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (12%)

Of which 2 complete profiles OK: 4 elements (6%)

660

542

Appendix 2 15/0024: FILL/SURFACE

well as one sherd of a black glaze Attic chous or juglet. A number of sherds are intrusions of the Old Kingdom.

Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 346.50-341.00; W-E: 218.00220.00; H./lev., m. 15.19-; “in loose surface turab”

Date: third quarter of the fifth century BC to about 300 BC.

• Total: 212 elements: 71 diagnostics (49 estimated individuals); 141 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 2 complete profiles

Statistics Phases

Size: small to medium sized assemblage, small to medium sized sherds.

• Ptolemaic: 1 element (1%) • Late Period: 61 elements (87%) • Production vessels: 4 elements (6%) Of which 2 complete profiles • OK: 4 elements (6%)

Characteristics: This assemblage includes a significant proportion of Ptolemaic wares. Unlike many other assemblages, has346.50-341.00; very fewW-E: fine218.00-220.00; wares. Some of15.19-; the “in loose Square X.F2, Planit1; N-S: H./lev., m. surface turab” sherds join with fragments from [15/0026]. •

Total: 212 elements: 71 diagnostics (49 estimated individuals); 141 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 2 complete profiles

Date: fifth to first century BC. Size: small to medium sized assemblage, small to medium sized sherds.

15/0022 Phases 70

Characteristics: This assemblage includes a significant proportion of Ptolemaic wares. Unlike

Statistics many other assemblages, it has very few fine wares. Some of the sherds join with fragments from

60

[15/0026].

50

Phases Date: fifth to first century BC.

40

Statistics

30

• Phases Ptolemaic: 4 elements (8%) • Late Period:445 elements • Ptolemaic: elements (8%) (92%)

20 10 0

•

Late Period: 45 elements (92%)

15/0022 Phases

15/0024 Phases

70

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

60

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 50

(100%) Ptolemaic 40 • Nile silt: 1 element Composition of the Composition of the Late Period assemblage 30 assemblage

to

early

Roman

20 •

Nile silt: 23 elements (38%) Of which 2 complete profiles • Nile silt: 1 element (100%) 0 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 30 elements (49%) Of which 3 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 1 element (2%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (2%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (7%) • Imported fine wares: 1 to element (2%) assemblage the Ptolemaic early Roman • Composition Nile silt:of23 elements (38%) • Oasis: 1 element (2%) Nile silt:21 element (100%) Of• which complete profiles 10

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 4 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

the Late Period assemblage • Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 30Period elements (49%) 15/0022 Late Nile silt:323complete elements (38%) Of profiles 35 • which Of which 2 complete profiles 30 • Coarse wares: 1 element (2%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 30 elements (49%) 25 • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (2%) Of which 3 complete profiles element (2%) 20 • Coarse wares: • Levantine jars1and mortaria: 4 elements (7%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (2%) 15 • Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (7%) 10 • Oasis: 1 element (2%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%) 5• 0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt:silt:412elements (100%) • Nile elements (27%)

Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile

• Egyptianof marlthe andLate mixed:Period 14 elements (31%) Composition assemblage •

•

Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 14 elements (31%) • Coarse wares: 12 elements (27%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (9%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (7%)

Oasis: 1 element (2%)

Nile silt

35

Marl and mixed

Coarse Aegean Levantine 15/0022 Late PeriodFine and wares jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Coarse wares: 12 elements (27%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (9%) Nile silt: 12 elements (27%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (7%)

Uncertain

30

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 90%; total imports: ca 10% 25

15/0024: FILL/SURFACE 20

15/0024 Late Period

15 10

16 543

5 0

544

14 Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

12

Uncertain

10 8 6

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 90%; total imports: ca 10%

4

15/0024: FILL/SURFACE Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 90%; total imports: ca 10%

2 0

543

661

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 84%; total imports: ca 16% 15/0026: FILL OF ROOM Square X.G2, Plan 1; N-S: 340.00-338.00; W-E: 215.00-219.00; H./lev., m. 13.57-; “in ashy fill of Room [200]”.

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • • • • • •

Kom Tuman II Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 84%; total imports: ca 16%

Nile silt: 19 elements (45%) Of which 2 complete profiles Egyptian marl and mixed: 12 elements (29%) Coarse wares: 2 elements (5%) Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (5%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (14%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%)

15/0026 Late Period 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

15/0026: FILL OF ROOM Square X.G2, Plan 1; N-S: 340.00-338.00; W-E: 215.00219.00; H./lev., m. 13.57-; “in ashy fill of Room [200]”. • Total: 207 elements: 65 diagnostics (50 estimated individuals); 142 BS Of which 2 complete profiles

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 79%; total imports: ca 21%

Size: medium assemblage, small to medium size sherds.

15/0028: FILL/SURFACE Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 79%; total imports: ca 21%

Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 346.00-341.00; W-E: 218.00-220.00; H./lev., m. 15.09-; “in loose surface turab”

15/0028: FILL/SURFACE

Characteristics: This assemblage has elements dating from the Persian to late Ptolemaic periods, but the majority of the sherds are late fifth and fourth century BC. There are some imported Attic fine wares of fifth to fourth century date and locally-made fine ware vessels. Some of the sherds join with fragments from [15/0024].

Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 346.00-341.00; W-E: 218.00220.00; H./lev., m. 15.09-; “in loose surface turab” • Total: 156 elements: 48 diagnostics (42 estimated individuals); 108 BS. • Token: 1 (marl clay fabric)

Date: fifth to first century BC.

Size: medium assemblage, small to medium size sherds

Statistics

Characteristics: Levantine torpedo jars are wellrepresented, but Aegean amphorae are more common, as are Egyptian marl clay copies of both. There is also an Oasis storage jar and significant amounts of coarse wares.

Phases • Ptolemaic: 7 elements (14%) • Late Period: 42 elements (84%) • NK: 1 element (2%)

Total: 156century elements: 48 diagnostics (42 estimated individuals); 108 BS. Date:• fourth BC to early Ptolemaic period with • Token: 1 (marl clay fabric) possible Roman intrusions. Size: medium assemblage, small to medium size sherds

Characteristics: Levantine torpedo jars are well-represented, but Aegean amphorae are more Statistics

15/0026 Phases

common, as are Egyptian marl clay copies of both. There is also an Oasis storage jar and significant amounts of coarse wares.

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Phases Date: fourth century BC to early Ptolemaic period with possible Roman intrusions. Statistics

• Phases Roman: 1 element (2%) • Ptolemaic: elements • Roman: 1 7 element (2%) (17%) • Late Period:734 elements • Ptolemaic: elements (17%) (81%) •

Late Period: 34 elements (81%)

15/0028 Phases 40 35 30

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 7 elements (100%)Ptolemaic Composition of the Composition of the Late Period assemblage assemblage

to

25

early

Roman

20 15 10

•

Nile silt: 19 elements (45%) Of which 2 complete profiles • Nile silt: 7 marl elements (100%) • Egyptian and mixed: 12 elements (29%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (5%) • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (5%) assemblage Composition of the Late Period • Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (14%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%)

5 0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Nile silt: 19 elements (45%) 15/0026 Late Period Of which 2 complete profiles 20 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 12 elements (29%) 18 16 • Coarse wares: 2 elements (5%) 14 • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (5%) 12 10 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (14%) 8 • Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%) 6 4 2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 79%; total imports: ca 21% 15/0028: FILL/SURFACE

Oasis

• Nile silt: of 7 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile elements (26%) • Nile silt:silt:79elements (100%)

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (18%) • Coarse wares: 9 elements (26%) Composition of the Late Period • Aegean amphorae: 7 elements (21%)assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (6%) • Oasis: 1 element (3%)

• Nile silt: 9 elements (26%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (18%)

Uncertain

662

546

25 20 15 10

Appendix 2

5 0

• • • •

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Coarse wares: 9 elements (26%) Aegean amphorae: 7 elements (21%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (6%) Oasis: 1 element (3%)

• Composition Nile silt:of5the elements (83%) Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Imported 1 element (17%) • Nile silt:amphorae: 5 elements (83%) •

Imported amphorae: 1 element (17%)

15/0028 Late Period 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

15/0030 Ptolemaic to early Roman 6 5 4 3 2 1

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

0

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 73%; total imports: ca 27% 15/0030: FILL/DEBRIS Late Period: total Egyptian

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

(including Oasis): ca 73%;

• Nile silt: of 8 elements (24%)Period assemblage Composition the Late

Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 346.00-340.00; W-E: 211.00-213.00; H./lev., m. 14.54-; “in more total imports: ca 27% compact layer of brick debris/turab”

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 9 elements (27%) • Coarse wares: 3 elements (9%) Nile silt: 8amphorae: elements (24%) • Aegean 5 elements (15%) • Levantine jars and 6 elements (18%) Egyptian marl andmortaria: mixed: 9 elements • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (6%)

• • (27%) Of which 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 3 elements (9%) • Tokens: (2 marl 1; clayN-S: fabrics from ribbed jars, 2 Nile W-E: silt fabrics, 1 fine import fabric) Square X.F2,5 Plan 346.00-340.00; 211.00• Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (15%) Size: medium assemblage, medium to large size fragments. 213.00; H./lev., m. 14.54-; “in more compact layer of brick • Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (18%) Characteristics: Several East Greek and North Aegean imports are present, including a stamped debris/turab”. • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (6%) amphora of probable North Aegean origin. The latest elements are probably early Ptolemaic (late Note: West side of Gate.

15/0030: FILL/DEBRIS • Total: 106 elements: 43 diagnostics (40 estimated individuals); 63 BS

fourth century BC).

Note: West side of Gate.

Date: late sixth to fourth century BC.

15/0030 Late Period

Statistics

• Phases Total: 106 elements: 43 diagnostics (40 estimated individuals); 63 BS • Ptolemaic: 6 elements (15%) Of which 1 1complete profile Of which complete profile • Late Period: elements • Tokens: 5 (2 33 marl clay(83%) fabrics from ribbed jars, 2 Nile • TIP: 1 element (3%) silt fabrics, 1 fine import fabric)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Size: medium assemblage, medium to large size fragments. Characteristics: Several East Greek and North Aegean imports are present, including a stamped amphora of probable North Aegean origin. The latest elements are probably early Ptolemaic (late fourth century BC).

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

549

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 60%; total imports: ca 40% 15/0032: FILL/DEBRIS Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 60%; total imports: X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 346.00-344.00; W-E: 213.00-218.00; H./lev., m. 14.44-; “in compact caSquare 40% layer of bricks and turab”

Date: late sixth to fourth century BC.

548 • Total: 63 elements: 20 diagnostics (19 estimated individuals); 43 BS

15/0032: FILL/DEBRIS Size: small assemblage, small to medium size sherds

Statistics

Characteristics: This assemblage comprises several sherds of Attic Black Glaze ware and local fine

wares. Imported Greek amphorae and locally-made imitations as well as Square X.F2, North Planand 1;East N-S: 346.00-344.00; W-E:marl 213.00locally-made marl Levantine jars point to a date in the late fifth to mid-fourth century BC. 218.00; H./lev., m. 14.44-; “in compact layer of bricks and Date: fourth century BC to Ptolemaic period. turab”.

Phases • Ptolemaic: 6 elements (15%) Of which 1 complete profile • Late Period: 33 elements (83%) • TIP: 1 element (3%)

Statistics Phases

• Total: 63 elements: 20 diagnostics (19 estimated • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (11%) individuals); 43elements BS (89%) • Late Period: 17 15/0032 Size: small assemblage, smallPhases to medium size sherds.

15/0030 Phases

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

35

Characteristics: This assemblage comprises several sherds of Attic Black Glaze ware and local fine wares. Imported North and East Greek amphorae and their locally-made marl imitations as well as locally-made marl Levantine jars point to a date in the late fifth to mid-fourth century BC.

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Date: late fifth century BC to Ptolemaic period. Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • •

Nile silt: 5 elements (83%) Imported amphorae: 1 element (17%)

663

550

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 60%; total imports: ca 40% 15/0032: FILL/DEBRIS Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 346.00-344.00; W-E: 213.00-218.00; H./lev., m. 14.44-; “in compact layer of bricks and turab”

Kom•Tuman Total: 63IIelements: 20 diagnostics (19 estimated individuals); 43 BS Size: small assemblage, small to medium size sherds

Characteristics: This assemblage comprises several sherds of Attic Black Glaze ware and local fine Period intrusions. Diagnostic Levantine imports were Statistics wares. Imported North and East Greek amphorae and locally-made marl imitations as well as recorded, but Aegean transport amphorae are only locally-made marl Levantine jars point to a date in the late fifth to mid-fourth century BC. represented by a few body sherds. Phases Date: fourth century BC to Ptolemaic period. Statistics

Date: sixth to early fifth century BC.

• Phases Ptolemaic: 2 elements (11%) • Late Period:217 elements • Ptolemaic: elements (11%) (89%) •

Statistics

Late Period: 17 elements (89%)

Phases

15/0032 Phases 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

• • • •

Late Period: 7 elements (64%) TIP: 2 elements (18%) OK: 1 element (9%) Uncertain: 1 element (9%) 15/0034 Phases 8

7 6

15/0034 Phases

5 4 8 3550 7 2 6 1 5 0 4

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 2 elements (100%)

3

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

2

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

1 0

• Nile elements (100%) Nile silt:silt:42elements (24%)

• the Late Period assemblage • Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 6 elements (35%) • Nile silt: 4 elements (24%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (12%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (35%) • Aegean 4 elements (23.5%) • Coarseamphorae: wares: 2 elements (12%) • Imported wares: 1 element • Aegean fine amphorae: 4 elements (23.5%) (5.5%) •

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 5 elements (72%)Period assemblage Composition the Late • Egyptian marl: 1 element (14%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (14%) Nile silt:of5the elements Composition Late Period(72%) assemblage

• • Egyptian 1 15/0034 element (14%) Period • Nile silt:marl: 5 elements (72%) Late 6 • Egyptian jars • Levantine mortaria: 1 element (14%) marl: and 1 element (14%)

Imported fine wares: 1 element (5.5%)

5

15/0032 Late Period

•

Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (14%)

15/0034 Late Period

4

7 6

6 3

5

5 2

4

4 1

3

3 0

2

2

1

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

1

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 86%; total imports: ca 14% 0

Uncertain

Nile silt Marl and 15/0036: FLOORS mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine

Oasis

Uncertain

Oasis

Uncertain

Square VII.C13, Profile 81; N-S: 180.50-178.50; 127.00-128.50; H./lev., m. 15.90-15.05; wares W-E: imports Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 71%; total imports: ca 29% “Extension of Profile 81, several floors of ‘furnace building’” Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 86%; total imports: ca 14% 15/0034: PROFILE • Total: 92 elements: 34 diagnostics (32 estimated individuals); 56 BS Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 71%; total imports: ca 29% 15/0036: OfFLOORS which 1 complete profile ca 86%; total imports: ca 14% Square VII.B13, Profile 81; N-S: 187.00-180.50; W-E: ca. 127.30-127.50; H./lev., m. ca. 16.55Late Period: total Egyptian: • VII.C13, Token: 2 Profile (Nile silt 15.05; “in Profile [81], mostly brickwork of various walls” Square 81;fabric) N-S: 180.50-178.50; W-E: 127.00-128.50; H./lev., m. 15.90-15.05; 15/0034: PROFILE “Extension of Profile 81, several floors sized of ‘furnace Size: small assemblage, mainly medium sherds,building’” generally in good condition Note: profile running N-S 15/0036: FLOORS • Total: 92 elements: 34 diagnostics (32 estimated individuals); 56 BS • Total: 50 elements: 11 diagnostics (11 estimated individuals); 39 BS Of which 1 complete profile Square VII.B13, Profile 81; N-S: 187.00-180.50; W-E: Of which 1 complete profile Square VII.C13, Profile • Token: 2 (Nile silt fabric) 81; N-S: 180.50-178.50; W-E: ca.Size: 127.30-127.50; H./lev., m.size ca.sherds 16.55-15.05; “in Profile small assemblage, small to medium 127.00-128.50; m. sized 15.90-15.05; of Size: small assemblage,H./lev., mainly medium sherds, generally“Extension in good condition

[81], mostlyThis brickwork various walls”. Characteristics: assemblage isof predominantly Late Period with some Old Kingdom and Third 81, several floors of ‘furnace building’”. Profile Intermediate Period intrusions. Diagnostic Levantine imports were recorded, but Aegean transport amphorae are only represented by a few body sherds.

Note: profile running N-S

• Total: 90 elements: 34 diagnostics (32 estimated individuals); 56 BS Of which 1 complete profile • Token: 2 (Nile silt fabric)

Date: sixth to early fifth century BC. Statistics

• Total: 50 elements: 11 diagnostics (11 estimated Phases individuals); 39 BS • Late Period: 7 elements (64%) Of• which 1 complete TIP: 2 elements (18%) profile Uncertain: 1 element (9%) Size:•small assemblage, small to medium size sherds.

Size: small assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds, generally in good condition.

Characteristics: This assemblage is predominantly Late Period with some Old Kingdom and Third Intermediate

Characteristics: Local wares are represented by typical 551 Late Period shapes, such as globular jars with short necks,

•

OK: 1 element (9%)

664

552

552

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • • • • •

hemispherical bowls, and funnels. Imports include Aegean amphorae with mushroom rims (no earlier than the fourth century BC) and torpedo jars.

Nile silt: 13 elements (54%) Of which 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (8%) Of which 1 complete profile Coarse wares: 2 elements (8%) Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (17%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (13%)

Appendix 2

15/0036 Late Period 14 12 10

Date: Persian but extending into the fourth century BC, with two early Ptolemaic intrusions (small sherds); older fragments (Old Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period) were also recorded.

8 6 4 2 0

Nile silt Statistics Characteristics: Local wares are represented by typical Late Period shapes, such as globular jars with

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine

Oasis

Uncertain

wares imports short necks, hemispherical bowls, and funnels. Imports include Aegean amphorae with mushroom rims (no earlier than the fourth century BC) and torpedo jars. Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: ca 30% Phases Date: Persian but extending into the fourth century BC, with two early Ptolemaic intrusions (small 15/0039: FILLtotal Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: sherds); older fragments (Old Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period) were also recorded. Late Period:

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 2 elements (6%) • Phases Late Period: 24 elements (75%) • TIP: 2 elements (6%) • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (6%) • Late Period: 24 elements • NK: 1 element (3%) (75%) • TIP: 2 elements (6%) • OK: 2 elements (6%) • NK: 1 element (3%) • Uncertain: 1 element • OK: 2 elements (6%) (3%) •

ca 30%

Square X.G2, Plan 1; N-S: 338.00-335.50; W-E: 215.00-220.00; H./lev., m. 16.30-14.70; “in loose surface turab, south of Room [200]”.

15/0039: FILL Note: Room [200] is the one south of the stone Gate. •

Total: 421 elements: 118 diagnostics (103 estimated individuals); 302 BS

Square Of X.G2, 1; vessel N-S:and338.00-335.50; which 1Plan complete 5 complete profiles W-E: 215.00220.00; H./lev., m. 16.30-14.70; “in loose surface turab, south of Room [200]”.

Uncertain: 1 element (3%)

Note: Room [200] is the one south of the stone Gate.

15/0036 Phases 30

• Total: 420 elements: 118 diagnostics (103 estimated individuals); 302 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 5 complete profiles • Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)

25 20 15 10 5

Size: medium assemblage, small to large sized sherds.

0

Characteristics: This assemblage is mainly fourth century BC in date but the Ptolemaic period is also clearly attested, and few sherds may be as late as early Roman (first century BC). The presence of Attic Black Glaze imports of the late fifth or early fourth century BC and locally-made fine ware, some as late as the fourth century BC, were recorded. The early Ptolemaic period is clearly attested by Aegean amphorae imports. Some amphorae are as late as the first century BC. Local• Ptolemaic cooking Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)wares are also well-represented.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 1 element (50%) Ptolemaic Composition of the • Imported amphorae: 1 element (50%) assemblage

to

early

Roman

• Nile silt: 1 element (50%) • Imported amphorae: 1 element (50%) 15/0036 Ptolemaic to early Roman

Size: medium assemblage, small to large sized sherds.

Date: fourthThis century BCis to early Roman (first century BC). period is Characteristics: assemblage mainly fourth century BC in date but the Ptolemaic

2

also clearly attested, and few sherds may be as late as early Roman (first century BC). The presence of Attic Black Glaze imports of the late fifth or early fourth century BC and locally-

Statistics made fine ware, some as late as the fourth century BC, were recorded. The early Ptolemaic

period is clearly attested by Aegean amphorae imports. Some amphorae are as late as the first century BC. Local Ptolemaic cooking wares are also well-represented.

1

Phases Date: fourth century BC to early Roman (first century BC). Statistics 553

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

• Phases Ptolemaic: 15 elements (15%) • Late Period: 87 elements (84%) • Ptolemaic: 15 elements (15%) • Uncertain: 1 element • Late Period: 87 elements (1%) (84%)

Fine imports

•

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

•

Uncertain: 1 element (1%)

15/0039 Phases

• Nile silt: of 13 elements (54%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

•

Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (8%) which complete profile Nile Of silt: 131 elements (54%) Coarse wares: 2 elements (8%) Of•• which 1 complete profile Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (17%) Egyptian marl andmortaria: mixed: 2 elements • Levantine jars and 3 elements (13%)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

(8%) Of which 1 complete profile 15/0036 Late Period • Coarse wares: 2 elements (8%) 14 • Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (17%) 12 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (13%) 10 8

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

6

665

4 2 0

554

Nile silt

Marl and

Coarse

Aegean

Levantine Fine and

Oasis

Uncertain

• • •

Nile silt: 12 elements (80%) Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1 element (7%) Imported amphorae: 2 elements (13%)

Kom Tuman II Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Characteristics: Fine wares are well represented in this assemblage and include local “eggshell” marl wares, as well as Nile silt, small neckless jars with a red slip typical of the late sixth to early fifth centuries BC. The amphora material points to a secure date in the mid-to late fifth century BC thanks to Chian examples with bulge neck.

• Nile silt: 12 elements (80%) • Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1 element (7%) • Imported amphorae: 2 elements (13%)

•

15/0039 Ptolemaic and early Roman

Date: Saite to Persian period. Size: small assemblage, medium sized sherds in fair condition, many belonging to the same vessels

14

Characteristics: Fine wares are well represented in this assemblage and include local “eggshell” marl

12

wares, as well as Nile silt, small neckless jars with a red slip typical of the late sixth to early fifth Statistics centuries BC. The amphora material points to a secure date in the mid-fifth century BC thanks to

10

Chian examples with bulge neck.

8 6

Phases Date: Saite to Persian period.

15/0039 Ptolemaic and early Roman

4 14 2 12 0 10

Statistics

• Phases Late Period: 24 elements (96%) • Late Period: 24 elements • NK: 1 element (4%) (96%) Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

8

•

Fine imports

30

27 elements (31%) 4 • Nile silt: of Composition the Late Period assemblage

• • • • • • •

25

Of which 3 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 24 elements (28%) Of which complete vessel and 1 complete profile 0 Nile silt: 271 elements (31%) Nile silt and mixed Fine imports • Coarse wares: 11 Marl elements (13%) Imported coarse Of which 3 1complete profile wares Of which complete profile Egyptian and 24 elements (28%) • Aegean amphorae: 11mixed: elements (13%) Composition ofmarl the Late Period assemblage Levantine jars and mortaria: 11 elements Of•• which 1 complete vessel and (13%) 1 complete profile silt: 27fine elements • Nile Imported wares: 2(31%) elements (2%) Of which 3 complete profile Coarse wares: 11 elements (13%) • Oasis: 1 element (1%) Egyptian1marl and mixed:profile 24 elements (28%) Of• which complete Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile 15/0039 Late Period Aegean 11 elements (13%) • Coarseamphorae: wares: 11 elements (13%) 30 Of which 1 complete profile Levantine jars and mortaria: 11 elements (13%) 25 • Aegean amphorae: 11 elements (13%) Imported fine wares: 2 elements (2%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 11 elements (13%) 20 • Imported Oasis: 1 element (1%) fine wares: 2 elements (2%) 15 • Oasis: 1 element (1%) •

20 15 10 5

0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 12 elements (50%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

• • • •

5 30 0 25 20

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Of which 2 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (25%) • Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (13%) Nile silt: 12 elements (50%) Levantine and mortaria: 2 elements (8%) Of• which 2 jars complete profiles • Imported fine wares: 1 element (4%)

•

15/0039 Late Period

10

NK: 1 element (4%)

15/0041 Phases

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 6 2

Total: 89 elements: 45 diagnostics (25 estimated individuals); 44 BS Of which 2 complete profiles

Uncertain

15

Egyptian marl and mixed: 6 elements (25%) Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (13%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (8%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (4%)

Late period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): 72%: total imports: 28% 10

15/0041 Late Period

15/0041: TRENCH/FLOOR LAYERS 5

Square VII.B13-C13, Profile 81; N-S: 186.30-178.50; W-E: 127.40-128.60; H./lev., m. 15.05- 14 14.90-14.75; “in trench for Profile [81], from floor layers of ‘furnace building’” 0 Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

12

Uncertain

10

557

8 556

Late period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): 72%: total imports: 28%

6

15/0041: TRENCH/FLOOR LAYERS Late period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): 72%: total Square VII.B13-C13, Profile 81; N-S: 186.30-178.50; W-E: 127.40-128.60; H./lev., m. 15.05imports: 28% 14.90-14.75; “in trench for Profile [81], from floor layers of ‘furnace building’”

15/0041: TRENCH/FLOOR LAYERS

4 2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

556

Square VII.B13-C13, Profile 81; N-S: 186.30-178.50; W-E: 127.40-128.60; H./lev., m. 15.05-14.90-14.75; “in trench for Profile [81], from floor layers of ‘furnace building’”.

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25% 15/0043: FILL/SURFACE Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25%

Square X.F2-G2, Plan 1; N-S: 347.00-338.00; W-E: 118.00-120.00; H./lev., m. 15.00-14.70; “in loose surface turab”

15/0043: FILL/SURFACE • Total: 268 elements: 99 diagnostics (85 estimated individuals); 169 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 6 complete profiles

• Total: 89 elements: 45 diagnostics (25 estimated individuals); 44 BS Of which 2 complete profiles

Size: medium assemblage, small large 347.00-338.00; sized sherds Square X.F2-G2, Plan 1; toN-S: W-E: 118.00Characteristics: Fourthm. century BC to early Ptolemaic cooking vessels are evidenced, some possibly 120.00; H./lev., 15.00-14.70; “in loose surface turab”.

•

Size: small assemblage, medium sized sherds in fair condition, many belonging to the same vessels

going into early Roman (first century BC). Levantine and Aegean imports are found as well as an early Nile silt local amphora of Aegean shape (late fourth-early third century BC). Coarse wares are relatively268 abundant. Total: elements: 99 diagnostics (85 estimated Date: fourth century BC Ptolemaic period. individuals); 169to BS Statistics Of which Phases

666

• • •

1 complete vessel and 6 complete profiles

Ptolemaic: 9 elements (11%) Late Period: 75 elements (88%) OK: 1 element (1%)

Appendix 2 Size: medium assemblage, small to large sized sherds.

15/0045: PAVING

Characteristics: Fourth century BC to early Ptolemaic cooking vessels are evidenced, some possibly going into early Roman (first century BC). Levantine and Aegean imports are found as well as an early Nile silt local amphora of Aegean shape (late fourth-early third century BC). Coarse wares are relatively abundant.

Square A.VII.C12, Trench 1; N-S: 175.50-172.80; W-E: 113.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 15.32-14.95-14.60; “in brickwork of paving/platform for ‘furnace building’”. • Total: 143 elements: 40 diagnostics (39 estimated individuals); 103 BS

Date: fourth century BC to Ptolemaic period.

Size: medium assemblage, small to large sized sherds.

Statistics

Characteristics: This is a very mixed assemblage of Late Period to early Ptolemaic date with numerous intrusive older sherds (Old, Middle, and New Kingdom). There are also Attic Black Glaze imports of the sixth to fifth century BC and local fine ware of the same date. Fourth century BC to early Ptolemaic cooking wares are present as well asSquare an Oasis LateTrench Period keg. A.VII.C12, 1; N-S: 175.50-172.80; W-E: 113.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 15.32-14.95-

Phases • Ptolemaic: 9 elements (11%) • Late Period: 75 elements (88%) • OK: 1 element (1%)

14.60; “in brickwork of paving/platform for ‘furnace building’”

15/0043 Phases

Total:century 143 elements: (39 estimated individuals); 103 BS Date:• fifth BC40todiagnostics Ptolemaic.

80

Size: medium assemblage, small to large sized sherds

70

Characteristics: This is a very mixed assemblage of Late Period to early Ptolemaic date with Statistics

60 50

numerous intrusive older sherds (Old, Middle, and New Kingdom). There are also Attic Black Glaze imports of the sixth to fifth century BC and local fine ware of the same date. Fourth century BC to early Ptolemaic cooking wares are present as well as an Oasis Late Period keg. Phases

40 30 20

Date: fifth century BC to Ptolemaic.

10 0

• Statistics Late Period: 27 elements (69%) • Phases NK: 2 elements (5%) • Late Period: 27 elements • MK: 2 elements (5%)(69%) • NK: 2 elements (5%) • OK: 7 elements (18%) • MK: 2 elements (5%) • Uncertain: 1 element • OK: 7 elements (18%) (3%)

15/0043 Phases

80

70 60 50 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 40

• Nile silt: of 9 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 30

•

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 20

15/0045 Phases

10 • Nile silt: 23 elements (31%) • Nile silt: 9 elements (100%) 0

30

Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 16 elements (21%) Of whichof 1 complete profile Composition the Late Period assemblage • Coarse wares: 20 elements (27%) Of which 4 complete profiles theelements Ptolemaic to (31%) early Roman • Composition Nile silt:of23 • Aegean amphorae: 10 elements (13%) assemblage Levantine and mortaria: 5 elements Nile silt:19 jars elements (100%) Of•• which complete vessel and(7%) 1 complete profile • Imported fine wares: 1 element (1%) the Late Period assemblage • Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 16 elements (21%)

• • • •

25 20 15 10 5 0

Nile silt:123complete elements (31%) Of• which profile 15/0043 Late Period Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile 25 Coarse wares: 20 elements (27%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 16 elements (21%) Of which 4 1complete profiles Of which complete profile 20 • Coarseamphorae: wares: 20 elements (27%) Aegean 10 elements (13%) Of which 4 complete profiles 15 Levantine jars and10mortaria: 5 elements (7%) • Aegean amphorae: elements (13%) 10 • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 5 elements (1%) (7%) Imported fine 1 element 5 0 25

•

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 12 elements (44%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

• • • • • •

Imported fine wares: 1 element (1%)

15/0043 Late Period Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

20

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Uncertain: 1 element (3%)

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian79%; total imports: 21% 15

15/0045: PAVING

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements (26%) • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (7%) Nile silt: 12jars elements (44%) • Levantine and mortaria: 4 elements (15%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (4%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements • Oasis: 1 element (4%)

(26%) Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (7%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (15%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (4%) Oasis: 1 element (4%)

10 5 0

559 Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian79%; total imports: 21% 15/0045: PAVING Late Period: total Egyptian79%; total imports: 21%

667

559

560

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Kom Tuman II

• • •

Nile silt: 2 elements (33%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (33%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (33%)

15/0047 Late Period

15/0045 Late Period 2.5

14 12

2

10 8

1.5

6

1

4

0.5

2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

0

Uncertain

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 33%

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 74%; total imports: ca 26%

15/0049: TRENCH 15/0047: FLOOR Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 74%; Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 33% Square X.G2, Plan 1; N-S: 339.80-337.50; W-E: 216.50-219.00s; H./lev., m. 13.30-13.20; “inSquare VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “in trench” total imports: ca 26% floor of Room [205]”. • Total: 30 elements: 23 diagnostics (22 estimated individuals); 7 BS 15/0049: TRENCH Note: south of stone Gate Size: small assemblage, large sized sherds in fair condition 15/0047: FLOOR • Total: 35 elements: 8 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 27 BS Characteristics: Several of the Egyptian fine wares in this assemblage belong to the fifth century BC, Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S:with /; W-E: /; H./lev., but an imported Attic Black Glaze vessel fluted body could be asm. late/;as“in 350-300 BC. Some Size: small assemblage, small sized sherds in fair condition Square X.G2, Plan 1; N-S: 339.80-337.50; W-E: 216.50of the locally-made material, such as a cooking pot with horizontal handle and a fish plate, also fall trench”. Characteristics: Diagnostic sherds are few and small in this assemblage. However, marl beakers with within an early Ptolemaic time frame. 219.00s; H./lev., m. 13.30-13.20; floornecks of Room direct rims, and red slipped globular jars with“in cordoned suggest [205]”. a date in the late sixth to Date: Persian period to fourth century BC, into the early Ptolemaic period. early fifth century BC. Contemporary Levantine torpedo jar imports are represented by a couple • Total: 30 elements: 23 diagnostics (22 estimated of diagnostic sherds, but Aegean amphorae were only tentatively identified as body sherds. Note: south of stone Gate. individuals); 7 BS Date: late Saite to early Persian period. 562

• Statistics Total: 35 elements: 8 diagnostics (7 estimated Phases individuals); 27 BS • •

Size: small assemblage, large sized sherds in fair condition.

Late Period: 6 elements (86%) OK: 1 element (14%)

Size: small assemblage, small sized sherds in fair condition.

Characteristics: Several of the Egyptian fine wares in this assemblage belong to the fifth century BC, but an imported Attic Black Glaze vessel with fluted body could be as late as 350-300 BC. Some of the locally-made material, such as a cooking pot with horizontal handle and a fish plate, also fall within an early Ptolemaic time frame.

Characteristics: Diagnostic sherds are few and small in this assemblage. However, marl beakers with direct rims, and red slipped globular jars with cordoned necks suggest a date in the late sixth to early fifth century BC. Contemporary Levantine torpedo jar imports are represented by a couple of diagnostic sherds, but Aegean amphorae were only tentatively identified as body sherds.

Date: Persian period to fourth century BC, into the early Ptolemaic period.

Date: late Saite to early Persian period.

Statistics 561

Statistics

Phases

Phases

Statistics

• Phases Ptolemaic: 4 elements (18%) • Late Period:417 elements • Ptolemaic: elements (18%) (77%) • Late Period: 17 elements • NK: 1 element (5%) (77%)

• Late Period: 6 elements (86%) • OK: 1 element (14%)

•

15/0047 Phases

NK: 1 element (5%)

15/0049 Phases

7

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Nile silt: of 2 elements (33%)Period assemblage Composition the Late • •

• Nile silt: 4 elements (100%)Ptolemaic Composition of the Composition of the Late Period assemblage assemblage

Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (33%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (33%)

• Nile silt: 2 elements (33%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (33%) 15/0047 Late Period 2.5 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (33%) 1.5 1

• •

Nile silt: 2 elements (12%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements (41%)

• •

Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (18%) Imported fine wares: 3 elements (18%)

• Nile silt: 4 elements (100%) • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (12%)

2

668

15/0049 Late Period 8 7

to

early

Roman

present. East Aegean amphorae are more frequent than Levantine ones.

10 8 6 4 2 0

Date: third quarter of the fifth century BC to about 350 BC. Statistics Phases • • •

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

15/0052 Phases

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

• Nile elements (100%) Nile silt:silt:24elements (12%)

• the Late Period assemblage • Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 7 elements (41%) • Nile silt: 2 elements (12%) • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (12%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements (41%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (12%)3 elements (18%) • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 3 elements (18%) • Imported fine 3 elements (18%) •

Appendix 2

Ptolemaic: 5 elements (9%) Late Period: 47 elements (89%) OK: 1 element (2%)

Imported fine wares: 3 elements (18%)

15/0049 Late Period 8 7 6

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

5

• Nile silt: of 5 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

4

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

3

• Nile elements (28%) • Nile silt:silt:513elements (100%)

2

•

Egyptian marl and mixed: 15 elements (32%) Of which 1 complete profile Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Coarse wares: 3 elements (6%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 8 elements (17%) • Nile silt: 13jars elements (28%) • Levantine and mortaria: 5 elements (11%) • Imported fine wares: 3 elements 15 (6%)elements (32%) • Egyptian marl and mixed:

1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca. 48%; total imports: ca. 52%

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca. 52%; total imports: ca. 48%

Of which 1 complete profile 563 • Coarse wares: 3 elements (6%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 8 elements (17%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 5 elements (11%) • Imported fine wares: 3 elements (6%)

15/0052: FILL/DEBRIS Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 347.00-345.00; W-E: 204.00209.00; H./lev., m. 14.50-14.40; “in compact brick material/turab”.

564

15/0052 Late Period 16

• Total: 180 elements: 56 diagnostics (53 estimated individuals); 124 BS Of which 2 complete profiles • Tokens: 2 (Nile silt fabrics)

14 12 10 8 6 4

Size: medium assemblage, medium sized fragments, good surface preservation.

2 0

Characteristics: This assemblage is of domestic character. It includes various types of cooking pots and cooking bowls as well as locally-made crateroid shapes. Lids, stands, and fine wares are also present. East Aegean amphorae are more frequent than Levantine ones.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 34% 15/0054: FILLtotal Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 34% Late Period:

Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 343.00-340.00; W-E: 213.00-215.00; H./lev., m. 14.30-13.50; “in loose and compact fill”

15/0054: FILL41 diagnostics (39 estimated individuals); 55 BS Total: 94 elements: Size: small assemblage, small to large sized sherds

Square X.F2, 1; N-S: W-E: 213.00Characteristics: ThisPlan assemblage notably343.00-340.00; includes an unusual handle-less marl clay pilgrim flask, locally-made marl saltm. cellars, and other typically“in fifth loose century BC localcompact fine wares. Some 215.00; H./lev., 14.30-13.50; and imported amphorae of the sixth to fifth centuries BC were recorded as well as fourth century to fill”. early Ptolemaic cooking wares.

Date: third quarter of the fifth century BC to about 350 BC.

Date: fifth century BC to Ptolemaic period.

Statistics

Total: Statistics96 elements: 41 diagnostics (39 estimated individuals); 55 BS Phases

Phases

•

Ptolemaic: 2 elements (5%)

Late Period: 37 elementssmall (95%) to large sized sherds. Size:•small assemblage,

• Ptolemaic: 5 elements (9%) • Late Period: 47 elements (89%) • OK: 1 element (2%)

Characteristics: This assemblage notably includes an unusual handle-less marl clay pilgrim flask, locally-made marl salt cellars, and other typically fifth century BC local fine wares. Some imported amphorae of the sixth to fifth

669 565

Kom Tuman II Note: for ‘furnace building’.

centuries BC were recorded as well as fourth century to early Ptolemaic cooking wares.

• Total: 65 elements: 34 diagnostics (30 estimated individuals); 31 BS Of which 1 complete profile • Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)

Date: fifth century BC to Ptolemaic period. Statistics

Size: Small assemblage, small to medium sized sherds (NB: it is possible that some sherds from 15/0057, 15/0065, and 15/0067 were mixed after washing because the mats were blown over by the wind).

Phases • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (5%) • Late Period: 37 elements (95%)

Characteristics: This assemblage includes East Greek decorated ware of the of sixth and fifth centuries BC, and local imitations of them. Altogether it has a relatively high proportion of locally-made fine wares of the Persian period (fifth to fourth century BC). Some cooking wares date from the fourth century BC to the early Ptolemaic period. However, imports of transport and • Total: 66 elements: 34 diagnostics (30 estimatedamphorae individuals); 31 BS jars Of which 1 completethan profile Aegean, suggesting an earlier are rather Levantine • Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric) period than the Ptolemaic rule for most of the assemblage.

15/0054 Phases 40

35 30 25 20 15 10

15/0054 Phases

5 0 40

35

Size: Small assemblage, small to medium sized sherds (NB: it is possible that some sherds from 15/0057, 15/0065 and 15/0067 were mixed after washing because the mats were blown over by the wind) Date: fifth to late fourth century BC.

30 25 20

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 15

Nile silt: of 2 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic 10 •

Characteristics: This assemblage includes East Greek decorated ware of the of sixth and fifth centuries BC, and local imitations of them. Altogether it has a relatively high proportion of Statistics locally-made fine wares of the Persian period (fifth to fourth century BC). Some cooking wares date from the fourth century BC to the early Ptolemaic period. However, imports of transport amphorae and jars are rather Levantine than Aegean, suggesting an earlier period than the Phases Ptolemaic rule for most of the assemblage.

to early Roman assemblage

5 Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

• Nile elements (35%) • Nile silt:silt:213elements (100%)

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements (19%) • Coarse wares: 9 elements (24%) Composition of the Late Period • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (3%) assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 5 elements (14%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (5%) • Nile silt:silt:132 elements elements (35%) • Nile (100%)

Date: fifth to late fourth century BC.

• Statistics Ptolemaic: 2 elements (7%) • Phases Late Period: 22 elements (73%) • TIP: 3 elements (10%) • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (7%) • Late Period: 22 elements • NK: 1 element (3%) (73%) • TIP: 3 elements (10%) • OK: 1 element (3%) • NK: 1 element (3%) • Uncertain: 1 element (3%) • OK: 1 element (3%)

the Late Period assemblage • Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 7 elements (19%) 15/0054 Late Period 14 • Nile wares: • Coarse 9 elements (24%) silt: 13 elements (35%) marl and mixed: 7 elements(3%) (19%) 12 • Egyptian • Aegean amphorae: 1 element • Coarse wares: 9 elements (24%) 10 • Levantine jars and1 element mortaria: • Aegean amphorae: (3%) 5 elements (14%) 8 • Imported fine 2 elements (5%) • Levantine jars wares: and mortaria: 5 elements (14%) 6•

25

15/0054 Late Period Nile silt

10

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Uncertain: 1 element (3%)

15/0057 Phases

Imported fine wares: 2 elements (5%)

4 2 14 0 12

•

20 Oasis

15

Uncertain

10

5

8

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 78%; total imports: ca 22% 6

0

15/0057: PLATFORM/PAVING 4

Square VII.C12, Trench 1; N-S: 175.50-172.80; W-E: 113.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 14.60-14.00; “in 2 brickwork of paving/platform”. 0 Note: for ‘furnace building’. Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 2 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 566

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 78%; total imports: ca 22%

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

15/0057: PLATFORM/PAVING Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 78%; total imports: ca 22%

• Nile elements (17.5%) • Nile silt:silt:24elements (100%) Square VII.C12, Trench 1; N-S: 175.50-172.80; W-E: 113.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 14.60-14.00; “in Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 12 elements (54.5%) brickwork of paving/platform”. 15/0057: PLATFORM/PAVING • Coarse wares: 2 elements (9%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage Note: for ‘furnace building’. • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (5%)

Square VII.C12, Trench 1; N-S: 175.50-172.80; W-E: 113.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 14.60-14.00; “in brickwork of paving/platform”.

• Nile silt: 4 elements (17.5%) 566 Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 12 elements (54.5%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (9%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (5%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (9%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%) 670

567

15/0059 Phases 16

14

Appendix 2

12

• •

10

Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (9%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%)

8 6

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 4

15/0057 Late Period

2

14

0 • Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

12 10

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

8 6

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Nile silt: 8 elements (53%) • Nile silt: 1 element (100%) • Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 2 elements (13%) the Late Period assemblage Of which 1 complete profile • Nile silt: 8 elements (53%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (7%) (13%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements Of which complete profile Of which 1 1complete profile • Coarse wares: 1 element (7%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (7%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: (7%) 3 elements (20%) • Levantine jars and1 element mortaria:

4 2

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 81%; total imports: ca 19% 15/0059: UNDER TRENCH Late Period: totalFLOOR, Egyptian: ca 81%; total imports: ca 19%

Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “from under the floor in south part so • actually in VII-J9?”

15/0059: UNDER FLOOR, TRENCH • Total: 97 elements: 17 diagnostics (17 estimated individuals); 80 BS Of which 2 complete profiles

Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (20%)

15/0059 Late Period

9

8 Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; Size: small assemblage, medium to large sized /; sherds, one near complete vessel. Some very small 7 fragments in poor condition “from under the floor in south part so actually in VII-J9?”. 6

•

Characteristics: The main component of this assemblage is a large coarse ware basin with flanged 5 sides of Late Period date. Other large fragments include typical mid-fifth to fourth century BC 4 elements, with thick walls, Chian amphora with neck, and a mortarium. Total: such 97as plates elements: 17 adiagnostics (17bulgeestimated 3 However, one fragment comes from an unguentarium of probable early Ptolemaic date (in any individuals); 80 BS 2 case no earlier than the mid-third century BC).

Of mainly which 2 complete profiles Date: mid-fifth to fourth century BC, one small early Ptolemaic sherd, some residual earlier elements too (late sixth to fifth century BC). Statistics Size: small assemblage, medium to large sized sherds, one Phases near complete vessel. Some very small fragments in poor • Ptolemaic: 1 element (6%) condition. • •

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

15/0060: UNDER Late Period: totalFLOOR/PARADISE Egyptian: ca 73%; total imports: ca 27% Square XII.H12, Plan /; N-S: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “from ‘under floor’”.

Note: PARADISE 15/0061: LAYER/DEBRIS

Square X.F2-G2, Plan 1-2; N-S: 347.00-337.00; W-E: 211.00-213.00; H./lev., m. 16.40-16.20-16.00; “in compact layer of brick material/ turab”. 568 • Total: 570 elements; 219 diagnostics (189 estimated individuals); 351 BS Of which 5 complete profiles • Tokens: 4 (2 Nile silt fabrics, 1 Levantine fabric, 1 Aegean amphora fabric)

Date: mainly mid-fifth to fourth century BC, one small early Ptolemaic sherd, some residual earlier elements too (late sixth to fifth century BC).

Size: large assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds, generally in good condition.

Statistics Phases

Characteristics: Fine wares are abundant in this assemblage and include Attic imported Black Glaze vessels (probably of the fifth century BC). Characteristic of the local fine wares are thin- walled bowls of Persian type, and mixed clay fabric bowls with red glazed or painted and burnished bands on the exterior, imitating East Greek vessels. Imported Aegean amphorae are numerous and several bear painted bands on rims and handles. North Aegean types are conspicuous (fifth to early fourth century BC). Local marl clay amphorae are also present but few. The Levantine imports in the assemblage (torpedo jars, basket handle jars, and mortaria) are consistent with a date in the fifth century BC.

• Ptolemaic: 1 element (6%) • Late Period: 15 elements (88%) • NK: 1 element (6%) 15/0059 Phases 16

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • •

0

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 73%; total imports: ca 27%

Late Period: 15 elements (88%) NK: 1 element (6%)

Characteristics: The main component of this assemblage is a large coarse ware basin with flanged sides of Late Period date. Other large fragments include typical mid-fifth to fourth century BC elements, such as plates with thick walls, a Chian amphora with bulge neck, and a mortarium. However, one fragment comes from an unguentarium of probable early Ptolemaic date (in any case no earlier than the mid-third century BC).

•

1

Nile silt: 8 elements (53%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (13%) Of which 1 complete profile

671

569

0

Total: 24 elements: 2 diagnostics; 22 BS

Ptolemaic Nile

Ptolemaic marl

Imported amphorae

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

New Kingdom-Third Intermediate Period: 1 BS

•

Nile silt: 55 elements (34%) Of which 1 complete profile Square X.F2-G2, Plan 1-2; N-S: 347.00-337.00; W-E: 211.00-213.00; H./lev., m. 16.40-16.20- • Egyptian marl and mixed: 28 elements (17%) 16.00; “in compact layer of brick material/ turab”. • Coarse wares: 18 elements (11%) Of whichjars 3 complete profiles • Levantine and mortaria: 29 elements The latest the assemblage are individuals); represented by • Total:elements 574 elements;in219 diagnostics (189 estimated 351 BS • Aegean amphorae: 27 elements (17%) Of which 5 complete profiles Of• which 1 complete profile Ptolemaic Black Wares, micaceous thin-walled cooking Levantine jars and mortaria: 29 elements (18%) • Tokens: 4 (2 Nile silt fabrics, 1 Levantine fabric, 1 Aegean amphora fabric) • Imported fine wares: 4 elements (3%) pots, echinus bowls, and especially later Ptolemaic to Of which 1 complete profile Size: large assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds, generally in good condition • Imported fine wares: 4 elements (3%) early Roman Nile silt and Mareotis amphora fragments. Characteristics: Fine wares are abundant in this assemblage and include Attic imported Black Glaze vessels (probably of the fifth century BC). Characteristic of the local fine wares are thin- walled 15/0061 Late Period bowls of Persian type, and mixed clay fabric bowls with red glazed or painted and burnished bands Date: mixed date with a predominance of early fifth to on the exterior, imitating East Greek vessels. Imported Aegean amphorae are numerous 60and several bear painted bandsBC on rims and handles. typesofareearly conspicuous (fifth to mid-fourth century sherds and aNorth fair Aegean amount 50 early fourth century BC). Local marl clay amphorae are also present but few. The Levantine Ptolemaic. There are also a few sherds that certainly imports in the assemblage (torpedo jars, basket handle jars, and mortaria) are consistent with 40 a date in the BC. belong to fifth the century late Ptolemaic and early Roman periods. 15/006 1: LAYER/DEBRIS Kom Tuman II

(18%)

30

The latest elements in the assemblage are represented by Ptolemaic Black Wares, micaceous thinwalled cooking pots, echinus bowls, and especially later Ptolemaic to early Roman Nile silt20and Statistics Mareotis amphora fragments. 10

Date: mixed date with a predominance of early fifth to mid-fourth century BC sherds and a fair 0 amount of early Ptolemaic. There are also a few sherds that certainly belong to the late Ptolemaic Phases Nile silt and early Roman periods. Statistics

• Ptolemaic: 26 elements (14%) Phases • Late Period: 161 elements (85%) • Ptolemaic: 26 elements (14%) • Production vessels: 1 element (1%) • Late Period: 161 elements (85%) • NK: 1 element (1%) • Production vessels: 1 element (1%) •

Oasis

Uncertain

571

FINDSLIP MISSING • Total: 15 elements: 8 diagnostics (8 estimated individuals); 7 BS Size: very small assemblage, medium sized fragments. Characteristics: some elements may be also fifth century BC. Date: fourth century date possibly into early Ptolemaic. 570

Statistics

FINDSLIP MISSING

theelements Ptolemaic to (96%) early Roman assemblage • Composition Nile silt:of25 • Imported 1 element (4%) • Nile silt:amphorae: 25 elements (96%)

• Total: 15 elements: 8 diagnostics (8 estimated individuals); 7 BS Phases Size: very small assemblage, medium sized fragments.

Imported amphorae: 1 element (4%)

some elements may be also fifth century BC. • Characteristics: Late Period: 8 elements (100%)

15/0061 Ptolemaic to early Roman

Date: fourth century date possibly into early Ptolemaic.

30

Statistics

Composition of the Late Period assemblage Phases

25

•

Late Period: 8 elements (100%)

•

Oasis: 1 element (13%)

• Nile silt: 3 elements (38%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (25%) • Nile silt: 3 elements (38%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (25%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (25%) • Oasis: 1 element (13%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (25%)

20 15 10

5

Ptolemaic Nile

Ptolemaic marl

Imported amphorae

15/0063 Late Period

Fine imports 4

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 55 elements (34%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

• •

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

15/0063

NK: 1 element (1%)

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

•

Aegean jars

15/0063 Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 62%; total imports: ca 38%

15/0061 Phases

0

Coarse wares

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 62%; total imports: ca 38%

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

•

Marl and mixed

Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 28 elements (17%) • Coarse wares: 18 elements(34%) (11%) Nile silt: 55 elements Of which 3 complete profiles Of• which 1 complete profile Aegean amphorae: 27 elements (17%) Egyptian marl andmortaria: mixed: 28 elements • Levantine jars and 29 elements (18%) Of which 1 complete profile Coarse wares: 18 elements (11%) • Imported fine wares: 4 elements (3%)

3 2 1

(17%)

0

Of which 3 complete profiles • Aegean amphorae: 27 elements (17%) 15/0061 Late Period

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 100%

60

Total imports: 0%

50

15/0065: FILL

40 30

Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 347.00-343.00; W-E: 218.00-220.00; H./lev., m. 15.00-14.00; “in loose fill and compact layers”

20

Note: East of Gate

672

10 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine

Oasis

Uncertain

•

Total: 153 elements; 47 diagnostics (45 estimated individuals); 106 BS Of which 5 complete profiles

Size: small assemblage, medium sized sherds

Appendix 2 • Coarse wares: 8 elements (21%) Of which 3 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (8%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (5%) • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (5%)

Total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 100% 15/0065: FILL Square X.F2, Plan 1; N-S: 347.00-343.00; W-E: 218.00220.00; H./lev., m. 15.00-14.00; “in loose fill and compact layers”.

15/0065 Late Period 14

Note: East of Gate

12 10

• Total: 153 elements; 47 diagnostics (45 estimated individuals); 106 BS Of which 5 complete profiles

8 6 4 2

Size: small assemblage, medium sized sherds.

0

(NB: it is possible that some sherds from 15/0057, 15/0065, and 15/0067 were mixed after washing because the mats were blown over by the wind).

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 82%; total imports: ca 18% 15/0067: TRENCH Late Period: total1Egyptian: ca 82%; total imports: ca 18%

Square VII.C12, Trench 1; N-S: 175.50-172.80; W-E: 112.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 13.90-12.90; “in different layers of Trench 1”

15/0067: TRENCH 1 • Total: 165 elements; 70 diagnostics (65 estimated individuals); 95 BS

Characteristics: Mid-fourth century BC to early Ptolemaic elements dominate the assemblage and are represented by local and imported pottery. One single sherd might be early Roman in date.

•

Of which 1 complete profile

Square Trench 1; size N-S: 175.50-172.80; Size: smallVII.C12, assemblage, small to medium sherds, with a few large ones W-E: 112.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 13.90-12.90; “in different (NB: some sherds from 15/0057, 15/0065 and 15/0067 were perhaps mixed together after washing the mats layers ofbecause Trench 1”. were blown over by the wind)

Date: mid-fourth century BC to Ptolemaic period.

•

Statistics

Characteristics: A few sherds of cooking wares are definitely Ptolemaic in date. Some typical table wares of the second half of the fourth century BC and the early Ptolemaic period are attested. Fragments earlierelements; periods (Old to70 New diagnostics Kingdom, and Third Period) are wellTotal: of165 (65Intermediate estimated represented and even represented by some large sherds.

individuals); 95 BS Of which 1 complete profile

Date: fifth and fourth centuries BC Statistics

Phases Date: mid-fourth century BC to Ptolemaic period.

Phases

Size: small assemblage, small to medium size sherds, • Ptolemaic: 7 elements (11%) with •a few large ones. (NB: some sherds from 15/0057, Late Period: 47 elements (73%) 15/0065, and 15/0067 • TIP: 2 elements (3%) were perhaps mixed together after • NK: 3 elementsthe (5%)mats were blown over by the wind) washing because

Statistics

• Phases Ptolemaic: 5 elements (10%) • Late Period:539 elements • Ptolemaic: elements (10%) (87%) • Late Period: 39 elements • MK: 1 element (2%) (87%) •

Nile silt

• •

MK: 1 element (2%)

OK: 5 elements (8%) Uncertain: 1 element (less than 1%)

Characteristics: A few sherds of cooking wares are definitely Ptolemaic in date. Some typical table wares of the second half of the fourth century BC and the early Ptolemaic period are attested. Fragments of earlier periods (Old to New Kingdom, and Third Intermediate Period) are well-represented, including by some large sherds.

15/0065 Phases 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Date: fifth and fourth centuries BC Statistics Phases

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 5 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• • • • • •

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile elements (30.5%) • Nile silt:silt:512elements (100%) •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 12 elements (30.5%) Of which 2 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 8 elements (21%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage Of which 3 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (8%) • Nile silt: 12jars elements (30.5%) • Levantine and mortaria: 2 elements (5%) • Imported fine wares: 2 elements 12 (5%)elements (30.5%) • Egyptian marl and mixed:

Of which 2 complete profiles

673

Ptolemaic: 7 elements (11%) Late Period: 47 elements (73%) TIP: 2 elements (3%) NK: 3 elements (5%) OK: 5 elements (8%) Uncertain: 1 element (less than 1%)

574

Kom Tuman II Statistics

15/0067 Phases

• •

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 15/0067 Phases 0 50 45 40 35 30 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 25 20 15 • Nile silt: 7 elements (100%) 10 Composition of the Late Period assemblage 5 0 • Nile silt: 12 elements (26%)

Phases

Total: 13 elements: 6 diagnostics (5 estimated individuals); 7 BS. Of which 1 complete profile

Size: small assemblage, the assemblage mainly consists in a near complete torpedo jar Characteristics: A small saucer/lid of Persian period date was found at the bottom of the torpedo

Late jar. Period: 5 elements (100%) Date: late sixth to fifth century BC.

Composition of the Late Period assemblage Statistics Phases

Period: (100%) (40%) • Late Nile silt:5 elements 2 elements Composition Late Period assemblage Of whichof1thecomplete vessel • Nile wares: silt: 2 elements (40%) (20%) • Coarse 1 element Of which 1 complete vessel • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (40%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (20%) Of• which 1 jars complete profile Levantine and mortaria: 2 elements (40%)

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Of which 1 complete profile

• Nile silt: 7 elements (100%)

15/0069 Late Period

Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 15 elements (32%) • Coarse wares: 4 elements (9%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (13%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (13%) • N••le Imported silt: 12 elements (26%) fine wares: 4 elements (9%) Nile silt: 7 elements (100%)

• • • • •

2.5 2 1.5

Of which 1 complete profile 15/0067 Late Egyptian marl and mixed: 15Period elements (32%) • Nile silt: 12 elements (26%) 16 Coarse wares: 4 elements (9%) Of which 1 complete profile 14 • Egyptian marl and mixed: 15 elements (13%) (32%) Aegean amphorae: 6 elements 12 • Coarse wares: 4 elements (9%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (13%) 10 • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (13%) 8 • Levantine Imported fine wares: 4 elements (9%) jars and mortaria: 6 elements (13%)

1

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

6•

Nile silt

12

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 60%; total imports: ca 40% 15/0071: DEBRIS Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 60%; total imports: ca 40%

15/0067 Late Period

2 14

0

Imported fine wares: 4 elements (9%)

4 16 0

0.5

Square VII.B12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 183.40-181.50; W-E: 115.00-116.80; H./lev., m. 15.20-14.13; “in brick debris [179] on east side of Wall [23]”

Oasis

15/0071: DEBRIS • Total: 68 elements; 10 diagnostics (10 estimated individuals); 58 BS

Uncertain

Size: small assemblage, small fragments

Square VII.B12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 183.40-181.50; W-E: Characteristics: This assemblage appears to be mostly Saite to Persian in date. The fifth century BC 8 is represented, but the fourth century BC and the Ptolemaic period are most certainly not. 115.00-116.80; H./lev., m. 15.20-14.13; “in brick debris 15/0069: IN SITU 6 Date: sixth to early fifth of century BC.[23]”. [179] on east side Wall Square VII.B13, Profile North; N-S: 190.00; W-E: 124.70; H./lev., m. ca. 15.80; “in north profile 4 10

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 34%

Statistics

of 2B13, in situ position, upright standing” 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

• Phases Total: 68 elements; 10 diagnostics (10 estimated individuals); 58 BS

Uncertain

575

Size: small assemblage, small fragments.

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 34% 15/0069: IN SITU Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 34%

This assemblage appears to be mostly Saite to Persian in date. The fifth century BC is represented, but the fourth century BC and the Ptolemaic period are most 575certainly not.

Square VII.B13, Profile North; N-S: 190.00; W-E: 124.70; H./lev., m. ca. 15.80; “in north profile Characteristics: of B13, in situ position, upright standing”

15/0069: IN SITU

Square VII.B13, Profile North; N-S: 190.00; W-E: 124.70; H./lev., m. ca. 15.80; “in north profile of B13, in situ position, upright standing”.

Date: sixth to early fifth century BC.

• Total: 13 elements: 6 diagnostics (5 estimated individuals); 7 BS. Of which 1 complete profile

Statistics

Size: small assemblage, the assemblage mainly consists in a near complete torpedo jar.

Late Period, Nile silt: 10 elements (100%)

Phases

15/0073: UNDER WALL

Characteristics: A small saucer/lid of Persian period date was found at the bottom of the torpedo jar.

Square VII.C12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 180.80-175.50; W-E: 115.50-117.30; H./lev., m. 15.80-15.00; “in layer of turab and bricks under former Wall [32]”.

Date: late sixth to fifth century BC.

674

576

• •

Note: east of Wall [30]

Appendix 2

Nile silt: 4 elements (67%) Imported amphorae: 2 elements (33%)

15/0073 Ptolemaic to early Roman 5

• Total: 252 elements; 103 diagnostics (89 estimated individuals); 149 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 2 complete profiles • Token: 1 (Levantine jar fabric)

4 3

• •

15/0073 Ptolemaic to early Roman

2 5

Size: large sized assemblage, medium sized sherds with many larger coarse ware fragments.

Nile silt: 4 elements (67%) Imported amphorae: 2 elements (33%)

1 4 0 3

Characteristics: This assemblage contains significant amounts of coarse ware fragments, but also a range of fine wares that are mostly dateable from the mid- to late sixth century BC. It notably includes an East Greek Black Figure sherd with decoration of Maenad and Satyr, as well as several local fine ware vessels of the late Saite to Persian period. There are also several very distinctive high-footed marl fabric incense burners that seem to be specific to Memphis.

Ptolemaic Nile

Ptolemaic marl

Imported amphorae

Fine imports

2 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt: of 22 elements (29%) Composition the Late Period assemblage 1

Of which 2 complete profiles Egyptian marl and mixed: 16 elements (21%) 0 Of which complete vessel • Nile silt: 221 elements (29%) Ptolemaic Nile Fine imports Coarse wares: 13 Ptolemaic elementsmarl (17%)Imported amphorae Of•• which 2 complete profiles Aegean 9 elements (12%) Composition ofamphorae: the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl andmortaria: mixed: 16 elements • Levantine jars and 13 elements (17%) (21%) Nile silt:122fine elements Imported wares: 3(29%) elements (4%) Of•• which complete vessel Of which 2 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 1315/0073 elements (17%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 16 elements (21%) Late Period Late Period, Nile silt: 10 elements (100%) Of which 1 complete vessel • Aegean amphorae: 9 elements (12%) 25 15/0073: UNDER WALL • Coarse wares: 13 elements (17%) Aegean amphorae (mostly early fifth to early third century • Levantine jars and9 elements mortaria: • Aegean amphorae: (12%)13 elements (17%) Square VII.C12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 180.80-175.50; W-E: 115.50-117.30; H./lev., m. 15.80-15.00; “in 20 BC) and Levantine and/or Cypriote jars, basket handle jars • Imported fine wares: 3 elements (4%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 13 elements (17%) layer of turab and bricks under former Wall [32]” • Imported fine wares: 3 elements (4%) and mortaria (mostly sixth to early fifth century BC) also 15 Note: east of Wall 30 •

make• up a significant part of the(89 assemblage. Total: 253 elements; 103 diagnostics estimated individuals); 149 BS

15/0073 Late Period

10

Of which 1 complete vessel and 2 complete profiles Token: 1 (Levantine jar fabric)

25 5

Date:• Mostly Persian with earlier intrusions (Old Kingdom, Size: large sized assemblage, medium sized sherds with many larger coarse ware fragments. 20 Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom to Third Intermediate 0 Characteristics: This assemblage contains significant amounts of coarse ware fragments, but also a Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and 15 Period, and Saite). There are notably a few later Persian mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine range of fine wares that are mostly dateable from the mid- to late sixth century BC. It notably wares imports includes anclearly East Greek Black Figure sherdfourth with decoration of Maenad and Satyr, as well as several vessels, dating to the century BC, possibly 10 local fine ware vessels of the late Saite to Persian period. There are also several very distinctive Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: ca 33% into the early Ptolemaic period. high-footed marl fabric incense burners that seem to be specific to Memphis.

Oasis

Uncertain

5

15/0077: FROM WALL Aegean amphorae (mostly early fifth to early third century BC) and Levantine and/or Cypriote jars, basket handle jars and mortaria (mostly sixth to early fifth century BC) also make Square up0 a VII.C11, Trench 1; N-S: 175.70; W-E: 105.00; H./lev., m. 13.50; “elements from inside Statistics Nile silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain significant part of the assemblage. Wall [23]”. Date: Mostly Persian with earlier intrusions (Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom to

Phases Third Intermediate Period, and Saite). There are notably a few later Persian vessels, clearly dating to the fourth century BC, possibly into the early Ptolemaic period.

wares

jars

coarse wares

semi-fine imports

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: ca 33%

• Statistics Ptolemaic:

6 elements (6%) • Phases Late Period: 76 elements (85%) • Ptolemaic: 6 elements (6%) • NK: 2 elements (2%) • Late Period: 76 elements (85%) • MK: 2 elements (2%) • NK: 2 elements (2%) • OK: 3 elements (3%) • MK: 2 elements (2%) •

mixed

578

15/0077: FROM WALL Late Period: total

Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: VII.C11, Trench 1; N-S: 175.70; W-E: 105.00; H./lev., m. 13.50; “elements from inside caSquare 33% Wall [23]”. 15/0077: FROM WALL

OK: 3 elements (3%)

Square VII.C11, Trench 1; N-S: 175.70; W-E: 105.00; H./ lev., m. 13.50; “elements from inside Wall [23]”.

15/0073 Phases 80

• Total: 17 elements: 3 diagnostics (3 estimated individuals); 14 BS

70 60 50 40

Size: very small assemblage, very small fragments with very few diagnostics.

30 20 10 0

Characteristics: Two of the diagnostics sherds appear to be Old and New Kingdom respectively. The latest date of the assemblage is suggested by body sherds presumably dating to the Saite and Persian periods.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Date: 577 late sixth to early fifth century BC.

• Nile silt: 4 elements (67%) • Imported amphorae: 2 elements (33%)

675

578

Late Period: 13 elements (100%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage •

Kom•Tuman II Total: 17 elements: 3 diagnostics (3 estimated individuals); 14 BS Size: very small assemblage, very small fragments with very few diagnostics

Characteristics: Two of the diagnostics sherds appear to be Old and New Kingdom respectively. Statistics

Nile silt: 6 elements (46%) Of which 1 near complete profile and 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 4 elements (31%) Aegean amphorae: 1 sherd (8%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (15%)

• • •

15/0078-81 Late Period

The latest date of the assemblage is suggested by body sherds presumably dating to the Saite and Persian periods. 7

Phases Date: late sixth to early fifth century BC.

6

Statistics

5

• Phases Late Period: 1 element (33%) • NK: 1 element (33%) • Late Period: 1 element (33%) • NK: 1 element (33%) • OK: 1 element (33%) •

4 3 2

OK: 1 element (33%)

1

15/0077 Phases

0

Nile silt

1.2

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

1

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 77%; total imports: ca 23%

0.8

15/0083: VESSEL Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 77%; total imports: ca 23%

0.6

Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 196.00; W-E: 117.10; H./lev., m. 16.45-16.40; “standing upright in floor [231] in a pit lined by sand mortar”

0.4

15/0083: VESSEL • Total: 24 elements; 3 diagnostics (3 estimated individuals); 21 BS

0.2 0

Of which 1 near complete profile

Square VII.A12, 1; N-S:in 196.00; W-E:vessel, 117.10; H./ Size: small assemblage, Plan mainly consisting one near complete good preservation Characteristics: This assemblage is mainly made up of a in globular with wide base and lev., m. 16.45-16.40; “standing upright floorjar[231] inrounded a shoulder (rim missing), made of a coarse J1 fabric and originally covered with a red slip. pitflattened lined by sand mortar” Nothing amongst the fragmentary sherd material found in association with this vessel is later than

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

the fifth century BC, and such a date is compatible with that of the jar.

• Nile silt: of 1 element (100%)Period assemblage Composition the Late

Persian24 period.elements; 3 diagnostics (3 estimated • Date: Total: 15/0078-15/0081 Statistics individuals); 21 BS 1; N-S: 197.40; W-E: 116.70; H./lev., m. 16.80; “pottery accumulation • Square NileVII.A12, silt: 1 Plan element (100%) Phases Of which 1 near complete profile [219] on floor [218] •

•

Total: 78 elements: 13 diagnostics (13 estimated individuals); 65 BS

15/0078-15/0081 Of which 1 near complete profile and 1 complete profile

Late Period: 3 elements (100%)

Composition the Late Period assemblage Size: small ofassemblage, mainly consisting of one near Size: medium sized assemblage, mainly consisting in two near complete vessels and few small • Nilevessel, silt: 1 element (33%) complete good preservation. sherds Near complete profile Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 197.40; W-E: 116.70; H./ • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (67%) Characteristics: The two near complete vessels are datable to the fifth century BC, more likely the lev., m. 16.80; “pottery accumulation [219] on floor [218]. Characteristics: This assemblage is mainly made up of a early fourth century BC. The first is a handled cooking pot with short, straight rim, and wide

rounded, smooth body, bearing traces of use. It relates to types that are at any rate earlierglobular than the jar with wide rounded base and flattened shoulder period. The second is a low ring stand, which is less useful for dating purposes as it is • Ptolemaic Total: 78 elements: 13 diagnostics (13 estimated (rim missing), made of a coarse J1 fabric and originally found throughout the Late Period and until early Ptolemaic times. individuals); 65 BS covered with a red slip. Nothing amongst the fragmentary Date: fifth to early fourth century BC. Of which 1 near complete profile and 1 complete profile Statistics sherd material found in association with this vessel is later

than the fifth century BC, and such a date is compatible with579that of the jar.

Size: medium sized assemblage, mainly consisting of two near complete vessels and few small sherds.

Date: Persian period.

Characteristics: The two near complete vessels are datable to the fifth century BC, more likely the early fourth century BC. The first is a handled cooking pot with short, straight rim, and wide rounded, smooth body, bearing traces of use. It relates to types that are at any rate earlier than the Ptolemaic period. The second is a low ring stand, which is less useful for dating purposes as it is found throughout the Late Period and until early Ptolemaic times.

Statistics Phases • Late Period: 3 elements (100%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Date: fifth to early fourth century BC.

• Nile silt: 1 element (33%) • Near complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (67%)

Statistics Phases

15/0083 Late Period 2.5

Late Period: 13 elements (100%)

2

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

1.5 1

• Nile silt: 6 elements (46%) Of which 1 near complete profile and 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 4 elements (31%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 sherd (8%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (15%)

0.5 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 100%

676

15/0084: VESSEL Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 127.20; W-E: 118.00; H./lev., m. 16.70; “standing upright in brickwork of Wall [229]” •

Total: 5 elements; 4 diagnostics (4 estimated individuals); 1 BS

580

Appendix 2 Late Period: total Egyptian: 100%

Size: very small assemblage, 1 large sherd.

15/0084: VESSEL

Characteristics: well-preserved neck of an amphora of North Aegean type.

Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 127.20; W-E: 118.00; H./ lev., m. 16.70; “standing upright in brickwork of Wall [229]”. • Total: 5 elements; 4 diagnostics (4 estimated individuals); 1 BS Of which 1 complete profile Size: medium sized assemblage, mainly consisting of two near complete, and one complete vessels in good to fair condition. The largest vessel has a thick limestone deposit inside and is partly covered by soot. These are accompanied by two small sherds with eroded surfaces. Characteristics: The complete and near complete vessels consist of a large Nile silt jar (base and rim missing), a small marl jar with ribbed body (upper part missing), and a small rounded base bowl with in-turned rim. They all fit a date in the fifth to early fourth century BC (in any case pre-Ptolemaic). Date: fifth to early fourth century BC.

Date: first part of fourth century BC Statistics Phases Late Period, Aegean amphora: 1 element (100%) 15/0086: ON FLOOR Square VII.A12, Plan 1, Trench …; N-S: 197.00-196.00; W-E: 115.80-117.80; H./lev., m. 16.62-16.30; “in floor [231] near vessel FNR 83, Trench…”. Note: near main pot of 15/0083. • Total: 128 elements; 20 diagnostics (18 estimated individuals); 108 BS Of which 1 complete profile Size: small assemblage, medium sized to small sherds in good condition.

Statistics

• Late Period: 4 elements (100%)

Characteristics: This assemblage contains a fair amount of typical Persian period fine wares. Aegean amphorae dominate quantitatively over Levantine ones. No element later than the Persian period could be singled out.

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Date: Persian period.

• Nile silt: 1 element (25%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (50%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (25%)

Statistics

Phases

Phases • Late Period: 16 elements (89%) • OK: 2 elements (11%)

15/0084 Late Period 2.5

15/0086 Phases

2 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

1.5 1 0.5 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late period: Total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25% 15/0085: ON FLOOR Late period: total Egyptian: ca 75%; total imports: ca 25%

Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 194.90; W-E: 117.00; H./lev., m. 16.61-16.80; “in floor [218]”.Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Total: 1 element 15/0085: ON FLOOR

Size: very small assemblage, 1 large sherd

• Nile silt: of 8 elements (50%)Period assemblage Composition the Late Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (6%) • Coarse 2 elements (13%) Nile silt: 8wares: elements (50%) Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (13%) Of• which 1 complete profile • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (6%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element • Uncertain: 2 elements (13%)

Characteristics: well-preserved neck of an amphora of North Aegean type

•

Statistics

• • Coarse wares: 2 elements (13%)

Square VII.A12, Plan 1; N-S: 194.90; W-E: 117.00; H./ Date: first part of fourth century BC lev., m. 16.61-16.80; “in floor [218]”. Phases

Total: 1 element Late Period, Aegean amphora: 1 element (100%)

15/0086 Late Period

15/0086: ON FLOOR

9

Note: near main pot of 15/0083

6

Square VII.A12, Plan 1, Trench …; N-S: 197.00-196.00; W-E: 115.80-117.80; H./lev., 8 677m. 16.6216.30; “in floor [231] near vessel FNR 83, Trench…” 7 5

(6%)

0

Square VII.C11, Test trench; N-S: 175.50-174.50; W-E: 102.00-104.00; H./lev., m. 12.65-12.20; “Test trench in Trench 1, upper layer” • •

Composition of the Late Period assemblage Kom Tuman II

Size: small assemblage, medium sized to small sherds in fair condition

•

• • •

Nile silt: 8 elements (50%) Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (6%) Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (13%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (13%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (13%) Uncertain: elements (13%) • Levantine2jars and mortaria: 1 element (6%) • Uncertain: 2 elements (13%)

Total: 44 elements; 9 diagnostics (9 estimated individuals); 34 BS Token: 1 (marl fabric)

Characteristics: The Saite date advanced here is mainly suggested by Chian white slipped and painted amphorae, as well as by torpedo jars with long shoulders. The Egyptian component of the material corroborates such a date with marl fabrics ribbed amphorae, and large carinated bowls, as well as Statistics with Nile silt hemispherical bowls.

(6%)

Date: Saite, nothing later than the mid-sixth century BC, with few Old Kingdom, New Kingdom,

Phases and Third Intermediate Period intrusions. Statistics

• Phases Late Period: 8 elements (89%) • OK: 1 element (11%)(89%) • Late Period: 8 elements

15/0086 Late Period 9

•

8

OK: 1 element (11%)

7

15/0090 Phases

6 5

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4 3 2 1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 69%; total imports: ca 19%; total uncertain: ca 13% 15/0088: FLOOR Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 69%; total imports: ca Square VII.A12; Plan 1; N-S:197.15; W-E: 114.40; H./lev. m. 16.69; “on Floor [223], near to 19%; total uncertain: ca 13% Wall [232]” •

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Total: 1 element

15/0088: FLOOR Size: very small assemblage, fragmentary base of a vessel

• Nile silt: of 2 elements (24%)Period assemblage Composition the Late

Square VII.A12; Plan 1; N-S:197.15; W-E: 114.40; H./lev. m. 16.69; “on Floor [223], near to Wall [232]”.

• • (13%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (13%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (50%)

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element (13%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (13%) Nile silt: 2 elements (24%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (50%) 583 Egyptian marl and mixed: 1 element

• Total: 1 element Size: very small assemblage, fragmentary base of a vessel.

584

15/0090 Late Period 5

Characteristics: storage jar.

4

Date: fourth century BC to early Ptolemaic.

3 2

Statistics

1

Phases

0

• Late Period, Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late period: total Egyptian: ca 38%; total imports: ca 63%

15/0090: TRENCH 1

15/0091: ON WALLS Late period: total Egyptian: ca 38%; total imports: ca 63%

Square VII.C11, Test trench; N-S: 175.50-174.50; W-E: 102.00-104.00; H./lev., m. 12.65-12.20; “Test trench in Trench 1, upper layer”.

15/0091: ON WALLS • Total: 2 elements: 1 diagnostic; 1 BS

Square VII.A12; Plan 1; N-S:193.00; W-E: 115.20; H./lev. m. 16.55; “on top of Wall [33], partly under Wall [34](?)” Size: very small assemblage, mostly one medium sized fragment, good surface preservation

Square VII.A12; 1; amphora N-S:193.00; W-E: Characteristics: fragmentPlan of Chian with straight neck115.20; H./lev. m.Date: 16.55; “on top of Wall [33], partly under third quarter of fifth to very early fourth century BC Wall [34](?)”.

• Total: 43 elements; 9 diagnostics (9 estimated individuals); 34 BS • Token: 1 (marl fabric)

Statistics

• Phases Total: 2 elements: 1 diagnostic; 1 BS •

Late Period, Aegean amphora: 1 element (100%)

Size: very small assemblage, mostly one medium sized 15/0092: TRENCH fragment, good preservation. Square VII.C11, Testsurface trench; N-S: 175.50-174.50; W-E: 102.00-104.00; H./lev., m. 12.20-11.85;

Size: small assemblage, medium sized to small sherds in fair condition.

“Test trench in Trench 1, lower layer”

• Total: 54 elements: 14 diagnostics (14 estimated individuals); BS Characteristics: fragment of Chian amphora with40straight Size: small assemblage, medium sized sherds neck.

Characteristics: The Saite date advanced here is mainly suggested by Chian white slipped and painted amphorae, as well as by torpedo jars with long shoulders. The Egyptian component of the material corroborates such a date with marl fabrics ribbed amphorae, and large carinated bowls, as well as with Nile silt hemispherical bowls.

Characteristics: Basket handle jars and Levantine torpedo jars are evidenced but no Aegean transport amphorae, suggesting a date in the sixth century BC. The local pottery ranges in date

Date: third ofIntermediate fifth to very fourth century BC. of older from the end quarter of the Third to the early end of the Saite period. The proportion

sherds (Old, Middle, and New Kingdom) is relatively high and some of them are unusually large.

Date: sixth century BC. Statistics Statistics

Phases Phases

Date: Saite, nothing later than the mid-sixth century BC, with few Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Third Intermediate Period intrusions.

• 678

• Late Period: 9 elements (64%) • MK: 1 element (7%) Late Period, Aegean • OK: 3 elements (21%) amphora:

1 element (100%) 585

Appendix 2 15/0092: TRENCH

15/0093: FILL/SURFACE

Square VII.C11, Test trench; N-S: 175.50-174.50; W-E: 102.00-104.00; H./lev., m. 12.20-11.85; “Test trench in Trench 1, lower layer”.

Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 111.00-107.00; W-E: 82.00-85.00; H./lev., m. 14.50-13.00; “in turab upper layers”.

• Total: 54 elements: 14 diagnostics (14 estimated individuals); 40 BS

• Total: 90 elements; 24 diagnostics (22 estimated individuals); 66 BS Of which 2 near complete profiles

Size: small assemblage, medium sized sherds.

Size: small assemblage, some large sherds and two near complete vessels.

Characteristics: Basket handle jars and Levantine torpedo jars are evidenced but no Aegean transport amphorae, suggesting a date in the sixth century BC. The local pottery ranges in date from the end of the Third Intermediate to the end of the Saite period. The proportion of older sherds (Old, Middle, and New Kingdom) is relatively high and some of them are unusually large.

Characteristics: The two near complete vessels in this assemblage are a large, imported amphora of probable North Aegean origin, dated to the fourth century BC, and a locally-made fine ware neckless jars with button base of the late fifth to early fourth century BC. Other imported amphorae in the assemblage can be securely dated to 525-500BC. One stamped handle of an Aegean amphora is of a well-known type of the late fourth-early third century BC of Rhodian or Knidian provenance.

Date: sixth century BC. Statistics Phases • • • •

Late Period: 9 elements (64%) MK: 1 element (7%) OK: 3 elements (21%) Uncertain: 1 element (7%) •

Date: mainly fourth century BC until the early third century BC.The two near complete vessels in this assemblage are a large, imported amphora of Characteristics: probable North Aegean origin, dated to the fourth century BC, and a locally-made fine ware neckless jars with button base of the late fifth to early fourth century BC. Other imported Statistics amphorae in the assemblage can be securely dated to 525-500BC. One stamped handle of an Aegean amphora is of a well-known type of the late fourth-early third century BC of Rhodian or Knidian provenance.

Uncertain: 1 element (7%)

Phases Date: mainly fourth century BC until the early third century BC.

15/0092 Phases 10 9• 8 7 6 5 10 4 9 3 8 2 7 1 6 0 5

Statistics

• Phases Ptolemaic: 2 elements (9%) • Late Period: 19 elements (86%) • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (9%) • OK: 1 element (5%) (86%) • Late Period: 19 elements

Uncertain: 1 element (7%)

15/0092 Phases

•

15/0093 Phases 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

4 3 2 1 0

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Composition the Late • Nile silt: of 5 elements (56%)Period assemblage •

Egyptian marl: 1 element (11%)

•

Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (11%)

• Coarse 2 elements (22%) • Nile silt: 5wares: elements (56%) Composition of the Late assemblage • Levantine jars andPeriod 1 element (11%) • Egyptian marl: 1 mortaria: element (11%) • Nile silt: 5 elements (56%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (22%) 15/0092 Late Period • Egyptian marl: 1 element (11%) • Levantine jars2and mortaria: 1 element (11%) 6 • Coarse wares: elements (22%) 5

OK: 1 element (5%)

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 1 element (50%) Ptolemaic Composition of the • Imported amphorae: 1 element (50%) assemblage

15/0092 Late Period

4 6 3

to

early

Roman

15/0093 Ptolemaic to early Roman

5 2

• Nile silt: 1 element (50%) 2 • Imported amphorae: 1 element (50%)

4 1 3 0

Nile silt

2

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

1

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain 1

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 89%; total imports: ca 11% 0 Nile silt Marl and Coarse 15/0093: FILL/SURFACE

mixed

wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain coarse semi-fine wares W-E: imports 111.00-107.00; 82.00-85.00; H./lev., m.

Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 14.50-13.00; “in turab upper layers” 0 Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 89%; total imports: ca 11% • Total: 90 elements; 24 diagnostics (22 estimated individuals); 66 BS 15/0093: FILL/SURFACE Of which 2 nearEgyptian: complete profiles Late Period: total ca 89%; total imports: ca 11% Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 111.00-107.00; W-E: 82.00-85.00; H./lev., m. 14.50-13.00; “in Size: small assemblage, some large sherds and two near complete vessels turab upper layers” •

Total: 90 elements; 24 diagnostics (22 estimated individuals); 66 BS Of which 2 near complete profiles

Size: small assemblage, some large sherds and two near complete vessels

679

586

Ptolemaic Nile

Ptolemaic marl

Imported amphorae

Fine imports

587

0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Kom Tuman II • •

Nile silt: 1 element (50%) Imported amphorae: 1 element (50%)

Characteristics: This assemblage is principally made of a near complete fifth century BC torpedo jar. In terms of near complete vessels, it also holds contemporary locallymade jars and imported Aegean amphorae (mid- to late fifth century BC). Another two large fragments are to be dated to the mid- to late fourth century BC.

15/0093 Ptolemaic to early Roman 2

1

Date: fifth to fourth century BC, including late fourth century BC. 0

Ptolemaic Nile

Ptolemaic marl

Imported amphorae

Statistics

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

587 Phases

• Nile silt: 4 elements (20%) • Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 3 elements (16%) the Late Period assemblage Of• which 1 near complete profile Nile silt: 4 elements (20%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (16%) • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (32%) Of which 1 near complete profile Of• which 1 near complete profile Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (32%) • Levantine mortaria: Of whichjars 1 nearand complete profile 6 elements (32%)

• Ptolemaic: 2 elements (7%) • Late Period: 28 elements (93%)

•

15/0094-0095 Phases 30 25

Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (32%)

20 15

15/0093 Late Period

10

7

5

6 5

0

4

30

3

25

2

15/0094-0095 Phases

20

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

1

15

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

• Nile silt: of 2 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 10 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Uncertain

5

• Nile elements (46%) • Nile silt:silt:213elements (100%) 0

Of which 4 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (11%) 15/0094-0095: FILL/SURFACE • Coarse wares: 3 elements (11%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage Late period: total Egyptian: ca 36%; total imports: ca 64% Of which 1 complete profile Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 111.00-107.00; W-E: 82.00-85.00; H./lev., m. 13.00-12.00; “in • Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (18%) turab lower layers/ fragments of possible complete vessel” theelements Ptolemaic to (46%) early Roman assemblage • Composition Nile silt:of13 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (14%) 15/0094-0095: FILL/SURFACE FS1: Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 109.00; W-E: 84.00; H./lev., m. 12.20; “on floor(?) north of• Nile silt: 2 elements (100%) Of which 1 near complete profile Of which 4 complete profiles water duct/pottery accumulation 3 or 4 complete vessels (broken)” Composition of the Late Period assemblage and mixed: 3Late elements Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 111.00-107.00; W-E: FS2: Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 110.10-109.30; W-E: 81.10-82.60; H./lev., m. 12.40;• “in Egyptian marl 15/0094-0095 Period (11%) • Nile silt: 13 elements (46%) layers of mud/silt turab, just north of water duct; pottery accumulation [258]” • Coarse wares: 3 elements (11%) 82.00-85.00; H./lev., m. 13.00-12.00; “in turab lower 14 Of which 4 complete profiles • fragments Total: 86 elements; 35 diagnostics (30 estimatedvessel”. individuals); 51 BS Of complete 12 • which layers/ of possible complete Egyptian1marl and mixed:profile 3 elements (11%) Of which 6 complete and near complete profiles wares: 3 elements (11%) • Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (18%) 10 • Coarse Size: small assemblage, one near complete vessel and primarily well-preserved large sherds. Of which 1 complete profile • Levantine jars and mortaria: 4 elements (14%) 8 FS1: Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 109.00; W-E: 84.00; Characteristics: This assemblage is principally made of a near complete fifth century BC torpedo • Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (18%) 6 • which Of 1 jars near profile Levantine andcomplete mortaria: 4 elements (14%) jar. In terms near complete vessels, it also holds of contemporary locally-made jars and imported H./lev., m. of12.20; “on floor(?) north water duct/pottery Aegean amphorae (mid- to late fifth century BC). Another two large fragments are to be dated4 to Of which 1 near complete profile accumulation 3 orcentury 4 complete vessels (broken)”. the mid- to late fourth BC. Late period: total Egyptian: ca 36%; total imports: ca 64%

2

Date: fifth to fourth century BC, including late fourth century BC.

FS2: Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 110.10-109.30; W-E: Statistics 81.10-82.60; H./lev., m. 12.40; “in layers of mud/silt turab, Phases just north of water duct;(7%) pottery accumulation [258]”. • Ptolemaic: 2 elements •

0 14

15/0094-0095 Late Period

Nile silt

12

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

10

Late Period: total Egyptian: 68%; total imports: 32% 8

Late Period: 28 elements (93%)

15/0096: TRENCH 6

• Total: 86 elements; 35 diagnostics (30 estimated individuals); 51 BS Of which 6 complete and near complete profiles

Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 111.00-107.00; W-E: 82.00-85.00; H./lev., m. 14.50-12.00; “from 4 all layers in complete extension area” 2 588 0

Size: small assemblage, one near complete vessel and primarily well-preserved large sherds.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

589

Late Period: total Egyptian: 68%; total imports: 32% 15/0096: TRENCH Late Period: total Egyptian: 68%; total imports: 32%

Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 111.00-107.00; W-E: 82.00-85.00; H./lev., m. 14.50-12.00; “from all layers in complete extension area” 589

680

Appendix 2 15/0096: TRENCH

15/0096 Late Period

Square VII.I9-J9, Trench; N-S: 111.00-107.00; W-E: 82.00-85.00; H./lev., m. 14.50-12.00; “from all layers in complete extension area”.

14 12 10 8 6

• Total: 60 elements: 40 diagnostics (36 estimated individuals); 20 BS Of which 1 complete profile • Tokens: 2 (1 Nile silt fabric, 1 marl fabric)

4 2 0

Size: medium assemblage, large sized sherds in good condition.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 45%; total imports: ca 55% 15/0097: TRENCH Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 45%; total imports: ca 55%

Square VII.C13, Trench 1; N-S: 174.40-174.80; W-E: 114.50-116.70; H./lev., m. 12.90-12.8012.65; “in small trench near limestone paving, in Trench 1, below level of limestone paving”

Characteristics: This assemblage is mixed in date. Its Persian period character transpires with several fragments of marl and Nile silt fine wares, imported Chian and North Aegean amphorae, and coarse wares. The Ptolemaic period is represented by sizeable fragments of Nile silt cooking wares, echinus bowls, and plates with ridged rim, some of which made in Ptolemaic Wares. • are Total: 62 elements: 40 diagnosticsBlack (36 estimated individuals); 20 BS

15/0097: TRENCH • Total: 40 elements; 4 diagnostics (4 estimated individuals); 35 BS •

Token: 1 (Levantine jar fabric)

Square Trench 1; sherds N-S:in fair 174.40-174.80; W-E: Size: veryVII.C13, small assemblage, small sized condition 114.50-116.70; H./lev., m. 12.90-12.80-12.65; “in small Characteristics: This assemblage is small and only yielded a small number of diagnostic sherds. Amongnear those, limestone the most usefulpaving, for dating purposes are a rim of a locally-made and the trench in Trench 1, below level mortarium of carinated base of a marl clay bottle or beaker. Both best fit a date in the mid-fifth century BC. limestone paving”. Date: Persian period, with Saite elements. Statistics

Of which 1 complete profile Tokens: 2 (1 Nile silt fabric, 1 marl fabric)

• Phases Total: 39 elements; 4 diagnostics (4 estimated Date: Persian to Ptolemaic period. individuals); BS (100%) Size: medium assemblage, large sized sherds in good condition. • Late Period: 435 elements • Token: 1 (Levantine fabric) Characteristics: This assemblage is mixed in date. Its Persian period character transpires with several Composition of the Late Periodjar assemblage Statistics fragments of marl and Nile silt fine wares, imported Chian and North Aegean amphorae, and • Nile silt: 2 elements (50%) coarse wares. The Ptolemaic period is represented by sizeable fragments of Nile silt cooking wares, Size:• very small assemblage, small Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (50%) sized sherds in fair echinus bowls, and plates with ridged rim, some of which are made in Ptolemaic Black Wares. Phases condition. Date: Persian to Ptolemaic period. •

Statistics

• Phases Ptolemaic: 8 elements (21%) • Late Period: 27 elements (75%) • Ptolemaic: 8 elements (21%) • OK: 1 element (3%) (75%) • Late Period: 27 elements •

Characteristics: This assemblage is small and only yielded a small number of diagnostic sherds. Among those, the most useful for dating purposes are a rim of a locally-made mortarium and the carinated base of a marl clay bottle or beaker. Both best fit a date in the mid-fifth century BC.

OK: 1 element (3%)

15/0096 Phases 30

Date: Persian period, with Saite elements.

25 20

591

Statistics

15 10

Phases

5 0

• Late Period: 4 elements (100%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 8 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Nile silt: 2 elements (50%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (50%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile elements (15%) • Nile silt:silt:84elements (100%) • •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements (26%) Coarse wares: 1 element (4%) Composition the Late Period assemblage Of whichof 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 12 elements (44%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (4%) • Nile silt: 4 elements (15%)(7%) • Imported fine wares: 2 elements

15/0097 Late Period 3

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 7 elements (26%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (4%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 12 elements (44%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (4%) • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (7%)

2

1

0

590Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 100% 15/0098: FURNACE BUILDING

681

Square VII.B12-B13, Plan 1; N-S: 189.90-187.00; W-E: 118.50-125.80; H./lev., m. 16.00-15.20; “in northern corridor of ‘furnace building’ in turab, ashes fragments” •

Total: 88 elements; 25 diagnostics (25 estimated individuals); 63 BS

Size: medium assemblage, small to medium sized sherds in fairly good condition Characteristics: This assemblage includes a fair amount of marl wares, including jars with cordoned

•

Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • • • • •

Kom Tuman II Late Period: total Egyptian: 100%

Nile silt: 11 elements (57.5%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (15.5%) Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (11%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (11%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%)

15/0098 Late Period 12

15/0098: FURNACE BUILDING

10

Square VII.B12-B13, Plan 1; N-S: 189.90-187.00; W-E: 118.50-125.80; H./lev., m. 16.00-15.20; “in northern corridor of ‘furnace building’ in turab, ashes fragments”.

8

6 4 2

• Total: 88 elements; 25 diagnostics (25 estimated individuals); 63 BS

0

Size: medium assemblage, small to medium sized sherds in fairly good condition.

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 73%; total imports: ca 27%

Note: room south of stone gate

15/0100: ACCUMULATION • Total: 38 elements: 9 diagnostics (8 estimated individuals); 29 BS Square X. G2, Plan 1; N-S: 339.00; W-E: 218.50; H./ lev., m. ca. 13.50; “in situ in turab layers about 30 cm above floor level of Room [205], pottery accumulation [212]”.

Date: mostly fifth century BC, with earlier intrusions (Saite, Old Kingdom).

Note: room south of stone gate

Statistics

• Total: 38 elements: 9 diagnostics (8 estimated individuals); 29 BS Of which 2 complete vessels

Phases Ptolemaic: 1 element (4%) Late Period: 19 elements (76%) Production vessels: 2 elements (8%) NK: 1 element (4%) OK: 2 elements (8%)

Size: small assemblage, mainly consisting of two complete vessels. Characteristics: The main components of this assemblage are a small complete neckless marl juglet with carinated base and a round-bodied cooking pot. The cooking pot can be securely dated from the late fifth to early fourth century BC. The date of the juglet is less secure and could be anything between the second half of the fifth and the end of the fourth century BC.

15/0098 Phases 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Date: late fifth to fourth century BC. Phases • Late Period: 8 elements (100%)

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 1 element (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile elements (57.5%) • Nile silt:silt:111element (100%)

• Nile silt: 4 elements (50%) Of which 1 complete vessel • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (25%) Of which 1 complete vessel • Coarse wares: 1 element (13%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (12%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (15.5%) • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (11%) Composition Period assemblage • Levantineof jarsthe andLate mortaria: 2 elements (11%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%)

• • • • •

Nile silt: 11 elements (57.5%) 15/0098 Late Period Egyptian marl and mixed: 3 elements (15.5%) 12 Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (11%) 10 Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (11%) 8 Imported fine wares: 1 element (5%) 6 4 2 0

Nile silt

Uncertain

15/0100: ACCUMULATION Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 73%; total imports: X. G2, Plan 1; N-S: 339.00; W-E: 218.50; H./lev., m. ca. 13.50; “in situ in turab layers caSquare 27% about 30 cm above floor level of Room [205], pottery accumulation [212]”

Characteristics: This assemblage includes a fair amount of marl wares, including jars with cordoned shoulders and a juglet with bifide handle. It is also characterised by a significant proportion of vessels used in connection with high temperature technological production.

• • • • •

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 73%; total imports: ca 27%

Oasis

Uncertain

682

15/0100: ACCUMULATION Square X. G2, Plan 1; N-S: 339.00; W-E: 218.50; H./lev., m. ca. 13.50; “in situ in turab layers

593

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • • • •

Nile silt: 4 elements (50%) Of which 1 complete vessel Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (25%) Of which 1 complete vessel Coarse wares: 1 element (13%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (12%)

Appendix 2 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

15/0100 Late Period 5

• • • • • •

4 3 2 1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Nile silt: 18 elements (43%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (19%) Coarse wares: 4 elements (10%) Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (7%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 8 elements (19%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%)

Uncertain

15/0101 Late Period

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca 12% 15/0101: FILL total Egyptian: ca 88%; total imports: ca 12% Late Period:

Square VII.C12, Plan 1-2; N-S: 179.60-178.60; W-E: 115.30-120.00; H./lev., m. 15.00-14.50; silt material in Trench [255]”

15/0101: FILL • Total: 244 elements; 71 diagnostics (50 estimated individuals); 171 BS •

Token: 1 (Levantine jar fabric)

20 18 16 14 12 “in 10 8 6 4 2 0

Square VII.C12, Planmedium 1-2; fragments, N-S: 179.60-178.60; W-E: Size: medium size assemblage, good surface preservation 115.30-120.00; H./lev., m. 15.00-14.50; “in silt material Characteristics: This assemblage is of a domestic character with Persian period cooking pots, storage Nile silt and fine wares being well represented. Imported Aegean and Levantine amphorae and in jars, Trench [255]” Levantine/Cypriote mortaria are also evidenced. It also includes at least one sherd of a vessel used in connection with high temperature production activities.

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: 71%; total imports: 29%

• Total: 242 elements; 71 diagnostics (50 estimated individuals); 171 BS • Token: 1 (Levantine jar fabric)

15/0105: FLOORS Late Period: total Egyptian: 72%; total imports: 28% 594

Square VII.A12, Plan 2, Trench [253]; N-S: 197.00-196.00; W-E: 118.50-120.50; H./lev., m. 16.70-16.30-16.00; “several floor layers in Room [225] in Trench [253]”

15/0105: FLOORS • Total: 58 elements; 14 diagnostics (14 estimated individuals); 44 BS

Size: medium size assemblage, medium fragments, good surface preservation.

Of which 1 complete profile

Size: smallVII.A12, assemblage, mainly sized sherds[253]; in good condition Square Planmedium 2, Trench N-S: 197.00Characteristics: This 118.50-120.50; assemblage includes many utilitarian such as funnels, ring stands, 196.00; W-E: H./lev., m.vessels, 16.70-106.30storage vessels, and coarse wares. It also has torpedo amphorae and mortaria, as well as one 16.00; “several floor layers in Room [225] in Trench Lesbian amphora body sherd (no later than the sixth century BC) and vessels related to the high temperature technological production [253]”.

Characteristics: This assemblage is of a domestic character with Persian period cooking pots, storage jars, and fine wares being well represented. Imported Aegean and Levantine amphorae and Levantine/Cypriote mortaria are also evidenced. It also includes at least one sherd of a vessel used in connection with high temperature production activities.

Date: mostly late sixth to early fifth century BC.

• Statistics Total: 58 elements; 14 diagnostics (14 estimated Phases individuals); 44 BS Late Period: 9 elements (64%) Of• which 1 complete profile • •

Production vessels: 3 elements (21%) OK: 2 elements (14%)

Size: small assemblage, mainly medium sized sherds in good condition.

Date: mainly fifth century BC, some Saite and earlier residual sherds; one early Ptolemaic body sherd.

Characteristics: This assemblage includes many utilitarian vessels, such as funnels, ring stands, storage vessels, and coarse wares. It also has torpedo amphorae and mortaria, as well as one Lesbian amphora body sherd (no later Phases Date: mainly fifth century BC, some Saite and earlier residual sherds; one early Ptolemaic body than the sixth century BC) and vessels related to the high sherd. temperature technological production. • Statistics Late Period: 42 elements (82%) Statistics

• Phases Production vessels: 1 element (2%) • Late Period: 42 elements • TIP: 2 elements (4%) (82%) • Production vessels: 1 element (2%) • OK: 4 elements (8%) • TIP: 2 elements (4%) • OK: 4 elements (8%) (2%) • Uncertain: 1 element •

Date: mostly late sixth to early fifth century BC. Statistics

Uncertain: 1 element (2%)

Phases

15/0101 Phases 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

• Late Period: 9 elements (64%) • Production vessels: 3 elements (21%) • OK: 2 elements (14%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • • • • • •

Nile silt: 18 elements (43%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (19%) Coarse wares: 4 elements (10%) Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (7%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 8 elements (19%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%)

683

596

Kom Tuman II and bear traces of use. One diagnostic sherd of a small hemispherical bowl might have been used Statistics

15/0105 Phases 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 10 3 9 2 8 1 7 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 Composition 0

in connection with high temperature technologies, although probably not specifically made for such use.

Phases Date: Mostly fifth to early fourth century BC with Old Kingdom intrusions.

Statistics and bear traces of use. One diagnostic sherd of a small hemispherical bowl might have been used

connection with high temperature(71%) technologies, although probably not specifically made for Phases • in Late Period: 5 elements such use. • OK: 2 elements (29%) • Late Period: 5 elements (71%)

15/0105 Phases

Date: Mostly fifth to early fourth century BC with Old Kingdom intrusions. • OK: 2 elements (29%) Statistics 6 5

1 0 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt: of 2 elements (40%)Period assemblage Composition the Late

Imported fine wares: 1 element (11%)

• Egyptian marl: 1 element (20%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (40%) Nile silt:of2the elements Composition Late Period(40%) assemblage

15/0105 Late Period

3

15/0107 Phases

2

• Nile silt:marl: 5 elements (56%) Late • Egyptian 1 15/0105 element (11%) Period Of which 1 complete profile • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (22%) 6 • Egyptian marl: 1 element (11%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (22%) 5 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (11%) •

• Late Period • Egyptian 1 15/0107 element (20%) • Nile silt:marl: 2 elements (40%) 2.53 • Egyptian jars marl: and 1 element (20%) • Levantine mortaria: 2 elements (40%)

6 2 5 1

•

4 0

Nile silt

3

Late Period: 5 elements (71%) OK: 2 elements (29%)

3 6 2 5 1 4 0 3

Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl: 1 element (11%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (22%) Nile silt: 5 elements (56%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (11%) Composition of1the Late Period assemblage Of• which complete profile

4

• •

4

of the Late Period assemblage

• Nile silt: of 5 elements (56%)Period assemblage Composition the Late

•

15/0107 Phases

Phases

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

2

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (40%)

Uncertain

15/0107 Late Period

1.53 2.53

Late 1 Period: total Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: ca 33% 15/0107: FLOORS 0

0.53

silt MarlPlan and 1-2, Coarse Aegean Fine and Oasis SquareNile VII.A12, Trench [254]; Levantine N-S: 197.00-196.00; W-E: Uncertain 112.70-114.60; H./lev., m.1.53 mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine 16.62-16.22; “In floor [223] and in lower floor layers, in Trench [254]” wares imports

Nile silt

Marl and

Coarse

mixed

wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and

mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine • Total: 40 elements: 7 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 33 BS -0.47 Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: ca 33% wares imports 0.53 Size: Small assemblage, medium sized to small sherds 15/0107: FLOORS Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 67%; total imports: ca 33% Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 60%; total imports: ca 40% Characteristics: Local wares are preponderant and imports are only represented by a few sherds of Square VII.A12, Plan [254]; N-S:fragments 197.00-196.00; W-E: 112.70-114.60; m. Levantine torpedo jars1-2, andTrench mortaria. Several relate to cooking pots of theH./lev., Persian period 15/0109:Nile TRENCH, OCCUPATION LEVELS silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and 16.62-16.22; “In floor [223] and in lower floor layers, in Trench [254]”

15/0107: FLOORS •

-0.47

Total: 40 elements: 7 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 33 BS

jars

coarse wares

semi-fine imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Oasis

Uncertain

597Period: total Egyptian: ca 60%; total imports: ca 40% Late

Size: Small assemblage, medium sized to small sherds

Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2, Trench [254]; N-S: 197.00Characteristics: Local wares are preponderant and imports are only represented by a few sherds of TRENCH, OCCUPATION LEVELS 15/0109: Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 60%; total imports: ca 40% 196.00; H./lev., m.relate 16.62-16.22; “In LevantineW-E: torpedo112.70-114.60; jars and mortaria. Several fragments to cooking pots of the Persian period floor [223] and in lower floor layers, in Trench [254]”. 15/0109: TRENCH, OCCUPATION LEVELS 597

• Total: 40 elements: 7 diagnostics (7 estimated individuals); 33 BS

Square VII.C12, Trench 1; N-S: 175.50-174.80; W-E: 112.70-116.50; H./lev., m. 12.80-12.30; “in trench under/ near limestone slabs [237] in layers of mud/silt”.

Size: Small assemblage, medium sized to small sherds.

• Total: 172 elements; 16 diagnostics (16 estimated individuals); 156 BS

Characteristics: Local wares are preponderant and imports are only represented by a few sherds of Levantine torpedo jars and mortaria. Several fragments relate to cooking pots of the Persian period and bear traces of use. One diagnostic sherd of a small hemispherical bowl might have been used in connection with high temperature technologies, although probably not specifically made for such use.

Size: small assemblage, many small and worn sherds, few diagnostics and all diagnostics are small. Characteristics: Diagnostics are small or very small but some can be dated to the late sixth and fifth century BC. The material from this context clearly consists in broken up pottery used as fill.

Date: Mostly fifth to early fourth century BC with Old Kingdom intrusions.

Date: Saite to Persian but not earlier than the late sixth century BC. Some possible later fifth or fourth century sherds.

684

598

598

Square VII.C12, Trench 1; N-S: 175.50-174.80; W-E: 112.70-116.50; H./lev., m. 12.80-12.30; “in trench under/near limestone slabs [237] in layers of mud/silt” •

Appendix 2

Total: 172 elements; 16 diagnostics (16 estimated individuals); 156 BS

Size: small assemblage, many small and worn sherds, few diagnostics and all diagnostics are small

Statistics Characteristics: Diagnostics are small or very small but some can be dated to the late sixth Date: and fifth Persian period. century BC. The material from this context clearly consists in broken up pottery used as fill.

Date: Saite to Persian but not earlier than the late sixth century BC. Some possible later fifth or Phases Statistics fourth century sherds. Statistics

• Phases Late Period: 14 elements (88%) • Production vessels: 1 (88%) element (6%) • Late Period: 14 elements • Production vessels: 1 element (6%) • NK: 1 element (6%) •

Phases • Late Period: 4 elements (100%)

NK: 1 element (6%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

15/0109 Phases 16

• Aegean amphorae: 1 element (25%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (25%) • Oasis: 1 element (25%) Of which 1 complete vessel • Uncertain: 1 sherd (25%)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

15/0111 Late Period 1.2 1

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 10 elements (71.5%) Composition the Late Period assemblage

0.8

• • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (14.5%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (7%) • Imported fine wares: 1 element (7%)

0.4

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (14.5%) • Coarse wares: 1 element (7%) Nile silt: 10fine elements (71.5%) • Imported wares: 1 element (7%)

0.6

0.2 0

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 25%; total imports: ca 50%; total uncertain: 25%

15/0109 Late Period

2016 Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 25%; Late 16/0001: SURFACE/FILL total imports: ca 50%; total uncertain: 25%

12 10

Square VII.C12-D12, Plan 0-1; S-N: 167.00-172.30; W-E: 114.00-119.00; H./lev., m. approx. 16.20-15.25; “in loose surface layers, above ‘fill of bastion surface’”

8

2016•

Only selected elements: 26 diagnostics (not suitable for statistics) 599 Size: very large assemblage, mostly discarded on site, many, large, well-preserved sherds and several complete profiles 16/0001: SURFACE/FILL

6 4

2 0

Nile silt

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Characteristics: This assemblage was not considered in its entirety, as only a few selected diagnostics were kept for study at the time of the excavations. Some nearly complete vessels include bottles Square VII.C12-D12, Plan 0-1;However, S-N: 167.00-172.30; of the late Saite to early Persian period. the context is mixed W-E: and also includes early Ptolemaic wares, as suggested crateroid shapes16.20-15.25; and lekanai that are“in probably no earlier than the 114.00-119.00; H./lev.,bym. approx. loose later fourth century BC, as well as by imported amphorae of Hellenistic types. Fine wares are surface layers, by above bastion surface’”. notably evidenced fifth to‘fill fourthof century BC Attic Black Glaze imports.

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 93%; total imports: ca 7%

Date: mostly late Persian to early Ptolemaic (fourth to third century BC).

15/0111: FILL?total Egyptian: ca 93%; total imports: ca 7% Late Period:

• Only selected elements: 26 diagnostics (not suitable for • Ptolemaic: 8 elements Square VII.C12, Plan 1-2, in Trench [255]; N-S: 179.00; W-E: 117.60; H./lev., m. 14.30; “east of Of which 1 complete profile statistics). Wall [259] in compact silt layer” • Late Period: 18 elements 15/0111: Note: WallFILL? [259] is a small wall parallel to Wall [30] and built to the east of it 16/0003: FILL/SURFACE Size: very large assemblage, mostly discarded on site, • Total: 19 elements: 4 diagnostics (4 estimated individuals); 15 BS Square X.F3, Plan 0-1; S-N: 343.00-348.00; W-E: 222.00-228.00; H./lev., m. approx. 14.90-14.20; Square VII.C12, Plan vessel 1-2, in Trench [255]; N-S: 179.00; • Of which 1 complete many, large, “in loose surfacewell-preserved turab and robbers pit”sherds and several complete W-E: 117.60; H./lev., m.with14.30; “east ofsmall Wall [259] Size: mainly one complete vessel, few accompanying residual sherds in profiles. • Only selected elements: 125 diagnostics (not suitable for statistics) compact siltThe layer”. Characteristics: main component of this assemblage is a large, stamped Oasis keg of the fifth Of which 2 complete vessels, 12 complete profiles, 1 near complete profile century BC, possibly early fourth century BC. Characteristics: Thismostly assemblage wasmany, notlarge, considered Size: very large assemblage, discarded on site, well-preservedinsherds, complete Date: Persian period (fifth century BC) and complete profiles Note: Wall [259] is a small wall parallel to Wall [30] and itsvessels, entirety, as only a few selected diagnostics were kept Statistics for find slip of [16/0001], only a few diagnostics were nearly selected for study at the built to the east of it. forCharacteristics: study atLikethe time the excavations. Some Phases time of the excavations and the majority of the material was discarded on site. What was kept complete vessels thePersian lateperiod, Saitesuch toasearly includes large amounts include of fine waresbottles belongingof to the Bes jars and imported • Late Period: 4 elements (100%) • Total: 19 elements: 4 diagnostics (4 estimated Persian period. However, the context is mixed and also Composition of the Late Period assemblage individuals); 15 BS includes early Ptolemaic wares, as suggested by crateroid 601 Aegean amphorae: 1 element (25%) Of•• which 1 complete vessel shapes and lekanai that are probably no earlier than the Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (25%) • Oasis: 1 element (25%) later fourth century BC, as well as by imported amphorae Of which 1 complete vessel vessel, with few accompanying Size: mainly one complete of Hellenistic types. Fine wares are notably evidenced by • Uncertain: 1 sherd (25%) small residual sherds. fifth to fourth century BC Attic Black Glaze imports. Characteristics: The main component of this assemblage is a large, stamped Oasis keg of the fifth century BC, possibly early fourth century BC.

Date: mostly late Persian to early Ptolemaic (fourth to third century BC).

685

600

Kom Tuman II • Ptolemaic: 8 elements Of which 1 complete profile • Late Period: 18 elements 16/0003: FILL/SURFACE

burnished red slip typical of the late Saite and Persian periods. It also has J1 Red, thick-walled plates with white slip, imported mortaria, torpedo jars and amphorae of the same date. It also includes two sherds that may belong to the second half of the fourth century BC.

Square X.F3, Plan 0-1; S-N: 343.00-348.00; W-E: 222.00228.00; H./lev., m. approx. 14.90-14.20; “in loose surface turab and robbers pit”.

Date: mostly Persian period with two sherds of the late fourth to third century BC; Old and New Kingdom intrusions.

• Only selected elements: 125 diagnostics (not suitable for statistics) Of which 2 complete vessels, 12 complete profiles, 1 near complete profile

Statistics Phases • • • • •

Size: very large assemblage, mostly discarded on site, many, large, well-preserved sherds, complete vessels, and complete profiles. Characteristics: Like for find slip [16/0001], only a few diagnostics were selected for study at the time of the excavations and the majority of the material was discarded on site. What was kept includes large amounts of fine wares belonging to the Persian period, such as Bes jars and imported Attic pottery, as well as cooking wares characteristic of the later fifth and fourth centuries BC. A local marl fabric imitation of a basket handle jar also points to a late fifth to fourth century BC date.

Ptolemaic: 2 elements (3%) Late Period: 54 elements (89%) TIP: 2 elements (3%) NK: 2 elements (3%) OK: 1 element (2%) 16/0007 Phases 60 50 40 30 20 10

16/0007 Phases

0 60 50

Amongst the imported amphorae are several Mendean and North Aegean pieces of the same date. The imported fine wares include several Attic pieces, notably a goodquality Red Figure fragment of the early Red Figure style (probably around 450 BC).

40 30 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 20

• Nile silt: of 2 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 10 Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

• Nile elements (48%) • Nile silt:silt:226elements (100%)

Of which 1 complete vessel • Egyptian marl and mixed: 9 elements (17%) • Coarse wares: 3 elements (5%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Aegean amphorae: 7 elements (13%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 9 elements (17%) • Nile silt:silt:262 elements elements (48%) • Nile (100%)

Date: mostly late Persian to early Ptolemaic (fourth century BC). • Ptolemaic: 14 elements Of which 1 complete profile • Late Period: 107 elements • Uncertain: 4 elements

• • • •

16/0007: FILL/SURFACE

16/0007 Late Period Of whichof1thecomplete vessel Composition Late Period assemblage

30 Egyptian and mixed: 9 elements (17%) • Nile silt:marl 26 elements (48%) Of which 1 complete vessel 25 Coarse wares: 3 elements (5%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 9 elements (17%) Aegean 7 elements (13%) 20 • Coarseamphorae: wares: 3 elements (5%) Levantine jars and7 elements mortaria: (13%)9 elements (17%) 15 • Aegean amphorae: 10

Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 190.00-201.00; W-E: 112.70-114.50; H./lev., m. 16.62-16.15; “in partly stratified layers of turab”.

•

Levantine jars and mortaria: 9 elements (17%)

16/0007 Late Period

5 30 0

Nile silt

25

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

20

• Total: 205 elements; 67 diagnostics (61 estimated individuals); 138 BS Of which 1 complete vessel • Tokens: 2 (1 Nile silt fabric, 1 Aegean amphora fabric)

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late 15 Period: total Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: ca 30% 16/0009: FILL/OCCUPATION 10 Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 190.00-195.50; W-E: 115.00-121.00; H./lev., m. ca. 16.70-16.15; 5 “from occupation layers inside workshop building” 0

Size: medium assemblage, medium sized to small sherds in fair condition.

•

Total: 250 elements; 81 diagnostics (76 estimated individuals); 167 BS

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: ca 30%

603

16/0009: FILL/OCCUPATION Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 190.00-195.50; W-E: 115.00-121.00; H./lev., m. ca. 16.70-16.15; caSquare 30% “from occupation layers inside workshop building”

Characteristics: This assemblage includes many fine ware vessels, including Bes vessels and Nile silt bottles with

•

686

Total: 250 elements; 81 diagnostics (76 estimated individuals); 167 BS 603

Appendix 2 16/0009: FILL/OCCUPATION

• Imported fine wares: 2 elements (3%) • Oasis: 1 element (2%)

Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 190.00-195.50; W-E: 115.00-121.00; H./lev., m. ca. 16.70-16.15; “from occupation layers inside workshop building”.

16/0009 Late Period 18 16

• Total: 248 elements; 81 diagnostics (76 estimated individuals); 167 BS Of which 1 near complete vessel

14 12 10 8 6 4

Tokens: 2 (Nile silt fabrics)

2 0

Size: medium size to large assemblage, small to medium sized fragments.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 73%; total imports: ca 27% 16/0011: CLEANING Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 73%; Square VII.C12, Trench 1, Profile S & E; S-N: 172.30-173.00; W-E: 116.80-116.60-113.90; total imports: ca 27% H./lev., m. 15.30-13.23; “from cleaning from all layers, complete height”

Characteristics: Late sixth to fifth century sherds include a fragment of an Attic Black Figure skyphos. Local fine wares (mostly of the sixth and fifth centuries BC), table, and cooking wares are also evidenced. Imports of transport jars, both Aegean and Levantine, also belong to the later sixth and fifth centuries BC.

Note: around Trench 1 on south-east side

16/0011: CLEANING • Total: 85 elements; 32 diagnostics (32 estimated individuals); 53 BS Of which 2 complete profiles

Size: small assemblage, Trench medium size in good Square VII.C12, 1,sherds Profile Scondition. & E; S-N: 172.30Characteristics: Late Period fine wares are conspicuous in this assemblage. They are represented by 173.00; W-E: 116.80-116.60-113.90; H./lev., m. 15.30Persian type bowls with sharp carination, small marl ware closed vessels, and an Oasis fabric small 13.23; cleaning all layers, complete height” pilgrim“from flask. Large fragments from of a hemispherical bowl with white slip and a handled cooking pot

Date: nothing later than the fifth century BC with many which 1older near complete vessel residual,Ofmuch sherds, including Old Kingdom, New • Tokens: 2 (Nile silt fabrics) Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, and possibly Middle Size: medium size to large assemblage, small to medium sized fragments Kingdom fragments.

with groove rim are typical of the fifth to early fourth century BC. Aegean and Levantine imports are consistent with such as date. Besides the pilgrim flask mentioned above, Oasis wares are also Note: around Trench side. evidenced by body sherds of1aton leastsouth-east two large vessels.

Date: mainly fifth century BC with few elements extending into the fourth century BC, possibly Characteristics: Late sixth to fifth century sherds include a fragment of an Attic Black Figure into the early Ptolemaic period; also Old and New Kingdom intrusions. Total: 85 elements; 32 diagnostics (32 estimated skyphos. Local fine wares (mostly of the sixth and fifth centuries BC), table, and cooking• wares are also evidenced. Imports of transport jars, both Aegean and Levantine, also belong to theStatistics later individuals); 53 BS Statistics sixth and fifth centuries BC. Phases Of which 2 complete profiles Date: nothing later than the fifth century BC with many residual, much older sherds, including • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (6%) Phases Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, and possibly Middle Kingdom • Late Period: 26 elements (81%) fragments. Size:• small assemblage, medium size sherds in good NK: 1 element (3%) condition. • OK: 2 elements (6%) • Statistics Late Period: 59 elements (78%) • Uncertain: 1 element (3%) • Phases TIP: 3 elements (4%)

Characteristics: Late Period fine wares are conspicuous in this assemblage. They are represented by Persian type bowls with sharp carination, small marl ware closed vessels, and an Oasis fabric small pilgrim flask. Large fragments of a hemispherical bowl with white slip and a handled cooking pot with groove rim are typical of the fifth to early fourth century BC. Aegean and Levantine imports are consistent with such as date. Besides the pilgrim flask mentioned above, Oasis wares are also evidenced by body sherds of at least two large vessels.

• Late Period: 59 elements • NK: 9 elements (12%)(78%) • TIP: 3 elements (4%) • MK: 1 element (1%) • NK: 9 elements (12%) • OK: 4 elements (5%) • MK: 1 element (1%) •

OK: 4 elements (5%)

16/0009 Phases 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Date: mainly fifth century BC with few elements extending into the fourth century BC, possibly into the early Ptolemaic period; also Old and New Kingdom intrusions.

0

Statistics

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 16 elements (28%) Composition the Late Period assemblage •

• •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 17 elements (28%) Of which 1 near complete vessel • Coarse wares: 9 elements (28%) (15%) Nile silt: 16 elements • Aegean marl amphorae: Egyptian and6 elements mixed:(10%) 17 elements • Levantine jars and mortaria: 8 elements (14%) Of• which 1 fine near complete Imported wares: 2 elements vessel (3%) • Oasis: 1 element Coarse wares: 9 (2%) elements (15%)

Phases

(28%)

• • • • •

• • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (10%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 8 elements (14%)

Ptolemaic: 2 elements (6%) Late Period: 26 elements (81%) NK: 1 element (3%) OK: 2 elements (6%) Uncertain: 1 element (3%) 604

687

605

Kom Tuman II are not as well represented as in other assemblages from Kom Tuman and there are no imported fine wares. Coarse ware is well evidenced. Amongst the amphora material are one mushroom rim type of the fourth century BC and Chian toes of the fifth century BC. Marl clay imitations of torpedo jars are attested but all amphorae are actual • Total: 167 elements; 59 diagnostics (57 estimated individuals); 110 BS imports.Of which 2 complete profiles and 1 near complete profile

16/0011 Phases 30 25 20 15 10 5

16/0011 Phases

0 30

Size: medium assemblage, medium to large sherds, mainly diagnostic fragments (probably most

body sherds on site) Date: fifth discarded to fourth century BC into the early Ptolemaic Characteristics: This assemblage is mainly Persian in date but includes a fair amount of fourth century period.

25

BC and early Ptolemaic material, such as salt cellars. Fine wares are not as well represented as in other assemblages from Kom Tuman and there are no imported fine wares. Coarse ware is well evidenced. Amongst the amphora material are one mushroom rim type of the fourth century BC Statistics and Chian toes of the fifth century BC. Marl clay imitations of torpedo jars are attested but all amphorae are actual imports.

20 15 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 10 • Nile silt: 2 elements (100%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Phases Date: fifth to fourth century BC into the early Ptolemaic period.

5 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

0 • Nile silt: 5 elements (19%) • Nile silt: 2 elements (100%)

Statistics

• •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 5 elements (19%) Coarse wares: 5 elements (19%) Of whichof 2 complete profiles Composition the Late Period assemblage • Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (16%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (23%) • Nile silt:silt:15element elements (19%) Oasis: (4%) •• Nile 2 elements (100%)

• Phases Ptolemaic: 4 elements (7%) • Late Period:453 elements • Ptolemaic: elements (7%) (93%) •

16/0014 Phases

• Composition Egyptianofmarl and mixed: 5 elements (19%) the Late Period assemblage 16/0011 Late Period • Coarse wares: 5 elements (19%) • Nile silt: 5 elements (19%) 7 Of• which complete Egyptian2marl and mixed:profiles 5 elements (19%) 6 • Coarseamphorae: wares: 5 elements (19%) • Aegean 4 elements (16%) 5 Of which 2 complete profiles • Levantine jars and mortaria: 6 elements (23%) 4 • Aegean amphorae: 4 elements (16%) • Oasis: 1 element • Levantine jars and (4%) mortaria: 6 elements (23%) 3 2

•

6

60

50 40 30 20 10

Oasis: 1 element (4%)

0

16/0011 Late Period

1 7 0

Late Period: 53 elements (93%)

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

5

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 3 elements (75%) Ptolemaic Composition of the • Imported amphora: 1 element (25%) assemblage

4 Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 61%; total imports: ca 39% Late 3 16/0014:

FILL/MODERN PIT

to

early

Roman

2 Square X.F3, Plan 0-1; S-N: 246.00; W-E: 225.00; H./lev., m. approx. 15.90-15.40?; “in robbers pit”. • Nile 1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

silt: 3 elements (75%) • Imported amphora: 1 element (25%)

Uncertain

606

Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 61%; total imports: ca 39%

16/0014 Ptolemaic to early Roman

4

16/0014: FILL/MODERN PIT Late Period: total Egyptian (including Oasis): ca 61%; Square X.F3, Plan 0-1; S-N: 246.00; W-E: 225.00; H./lev., m. approx. 15.90-15.40?; “in robbers 3 total imports: ca 39% pit”. 2

16/0014: FILL/MODERN PIT

607

606

1

Square X.F3, Plan 0-1; S-N: 246.00; W-E: 225.00; H./lev., m. approx. 15.90-15.40?; “in robbers pit”.

0

• Total: 169 elements; 59 diagnostics (57 estimated individuals); 110 BS Of which 2 complete profiles and 1 near complete profile

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 13 elements (25%) Composition the Late Period assemblage •

• •

Size: medium assemblage, medium to large sherds, mainly diagnostic fragments (probably most body sherds discarded on site).

• • • •

Characteristics: This assemblage is mainly Persian in date but includes a fair amount of fourth century BC and early Ptolemaic material, such as salt cellars. Fine wares

Egyptian marl and mixed: 11 elements (21%) Of which 2 complete profiles and 1 near complete profile • Coarse wares: 11 elements(25%) (20%) Nile silt: 13 elements • Aegean marl amphorae: elements (26%) Egyptian and14mixed: 11 elements (21%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (6%) Of• which 2 complete profiles and 1 near complete Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%)

profile Late(20%) Period Coarse wares: 1116/0014 elements 16 Aegean amphorae: 14 elements (26%) 14 Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (6%) 12 Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%) 10 8 6 4 2

688

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • •

few of the cooking wares are certainly fourth century BC to early Ptolemaic in date. The amphorae material is mostly imported and belongs also primarily to the second half of the fifth and the first half of the fourth century BC. Among those, both Levantine and Aegean transport vessels are evidenced.

Nile silt: 13 elements (25%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 11 elements (21%) Of which 2 complete profiles and 1 near complete profile Coarse wares: 11 elements (20%) Aegean amphorae: 14 elements (26%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 3 elements (6%) Imported fine wares: 1 element (2%)

• • • •

Date: mostly third quarter of the fifth to fourth century BC, with Ptolemaic elements.

Appendix 2

Statistics Phases •

Ptolemaic: 51 elements (13%)

•

Uncertain: 3 elements (1%)

• OK: 1 element (less than 1%) • Late Period: 347 elements (86%) • Uncertain: 3 elements (1%) • OK: 1 element (less than 1%)

16/0014 Late Period 16 14

16/0015 Phases

12

10

400

8

350

6

300

4

250

2

200

0

150 Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

100 50 0

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 34% 16/0015: FILLtotal Egyptian: ca 66%; total imports: ca 34% Late Period:

Square X.G3, Plan 0-1; S-N: 334.00-341.00; W-E: 222.70-228.00; H./lev., m. approx. 14.4013.70; “in space between wall and east profile, in compacted layers of turab and earth” Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

16/0015: FILL • Total: 1198 elements: 495 diagnostics (402 estimated individuals); 702 BS

• Nile silt: of 44 elements (86%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Of which 3 complete vessels and 19 complete profiles • Token: 1 (NilePlan silt fabric) Square X.G3, 0-1; S-N: 334.00-341.00;

• •

W-E: 222.70-228.00; H./lev., m. approx. 14.40-13.70; “in space between wall and east profile, in compacted layers of turab and earth”.

Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1 element (2%) Imported amphorae: 6 elements (11%)

• Nile silt: 44 elements (86%) • Marl 608 and mixed clay fabrics: 1 element (2%) • Imported amphorae: 6 elements (11%)

• Total: 1197 elements: 495 diagnostics (402 estimated individuals); 702 BS Of which 3 complete vessels and 19 complete profiles • Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)

16/0015 Ptolemaic to early Roman 50

609

45 40 35 30 25

Size: very large assemblage, small to large sherds, with generally fair surface preservation. Several near complete and complete vessels.

16/0015 Ptolemaic to early Roman

20 15 50 10 45 5 40 0 35

Characteristics: This assemblage is functionally varied with fine wares, cooking wares, table wares, lids, stands, transport amphorae, coarse wares, and food storage vessels being all well represented. It includes many fine ware imports from Greece and East Greece dating mostly to the fifth and early fourth centuries BC. Many of these are open shapes. Egyptian fine wares of the same period are also frequent. Some of these go back to the Saite period. Nile silt table and cooking wares are evidenced and primarily date to the fifth century BC. One complete bottle (height of 25.0 cm) belongs to a type that appears in the late sixth but continues throughout the fifth century BC. A few of the cooking wares are certainly fourth century BC to early Ptolemaic in date. The amphorae material is mostly imported and belongs also primarily to the second half of the fifth and the first half of the fourth century BC. Among those, both Levantine and Aegean transport vessels are evidenced.

Nile silt

30

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

25

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 20 15

• Nile silt: of 84 elements (24%) Composition the Late Period assemblage 10

Of which 3 complete vessels and 5 complete profiles Egyptian marl and mixed: 85 elements (24%) which complete profiles Nile Of silt: 8412elements (24%)Imported coarse Nile silt Marl and mixed Fine imports Coarse wares: 33 elements (10%) wares Of• which 3 complete vessels and 5 complete profiles Of which 2 complete profiles Egyptian and 85 elements (24%) • Aegean amphorae: 66mixed: elements (19%) Composition ofmarl the Late Period assemblage Levantine jarscomplete and mortaria:profiles 58 elements (17%) Of•• which 12 Nile silt: 84 elements (24%) • Imported wares: 21 elements Of which 3fine complete vessels and 5(6%) complete profiles 5

• •

0

•

• Coarse wares: 33 elements (10%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 85 elements (24%) Of which 2 12complete profiles 16/0015 Late Period Of which complete profiles wares: 33 elements (10%) 90 • Coarse • Aegean amphorae: 66 elements (19%) Of which 2 complete profiles 80 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 58 elements (17%) 70 • Aegean amphorae: 66 elements (19%) • Imported fine wares: 21 elements (6%) 60 • Levantine jars and mortaria: 58 elements (17%) 50 •

Imported fine wares: 21 elements (6%)

40

16/0015 Late Period

30 20 90 10 80 0 70

Nile silt

60

Date: mostly third quarter of the fifth to fourth century BC, with Ptolemaic elements.

50

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

40

Late 30 period: total Egyptian: ca 58%; total imports: ca 42% 20 16/0019: TRENCH 154

Statistics

10 Square VII.B12, Trench [154]; S-N: 183.40-184.75; W-E: 112.80-116.80; H./lev., m. below 13.80; “in0 trench [154] below base level 13.80 of Wall [23]”

Phases

•

Nile silt

Marl and

Coarse

Aegean

Levantine Fine and semi-fine wares imports

jars 5 BS coarse Total: 6 mixed elements;wares 1 diagnostic;

Oasis

Uncertain

Late period: total Egyptian: ca 58%; total imports: ca 42%

• Ptolemaic: 51 elements (13%) • Late Period: 347 elements (86%)

16/0019: TRENCH Late period: total154 Egyptian: ca 58%; total imports: ca 42%

610

Square VII.B12, Trench [154]; S-N: 183.40-184.75; W-E: 112.80-116.80; H./lev., m. below 13.80; “in trench [154] below base level 13.80 of Wall [23]” •

689

Total: 6 elements; 1 diagnostic; 5 BS 610

Kom Tuman II 16/0019: TRENCH 154

16/0021 Phases 25

Square VII.B12, Trench [154]; S-N: 183.40-184.75; W-E: 112.80-116.80; H./lev., m. below 13.80; “in trench [154] below base level 13.80 of Wall [23]”.

20 15 10

• Total: 6 elements; 1 diagnostic; 5 BS

16/0021 Phases

5 25 0 20

Size: very small assemblage, small to medium sherds.

15

Characteristics: This assemblage is mainly made of the shoulder fragment of a torpedo jar of Persian period date.

10 5 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

15 elements (67%) 0 • Nile silt: of Composition the Late Period assemblage

Date: late sixth to fifth century BC.

•

Statistics

•

Phases

•

• Late Period: 1 element (100%)

•

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Of which 1 near complete vessel Egyptian marl and mixed fabrics: 5 elements (23%) which complete vessel Nile Of silt: 151 elements (67%) Coarse wares: 1 element (5%) Of• which 1 near complete vessel Of which 1 complete profile Composition of the Late Period assemblage Egyptian marl and mixed fabrics: 5 elements • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (5%) • Nile silt: 15 elements (67%) Of which 1 complete vessel Of which 1 near complete vessel 16/0021 Late Period • Egyptian marl and mixed fabrics: 5 elements (23%) Coarse wares: 1 element (5%) 16 Of which 1 complete vessel Of which 1 complete profile 14 • Coarse wares: 1 element (5%) Aegean amphorae: 1 element (5%) Of which 1 complete profile 12 10 • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (5%) •

8

• Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (100%)

16/0021 Late Period

6 16 4 14 2

Late Period: total imports: 100%

12 0

Nile silt

10

16/0021: TRENCH 154

8

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

6

Late 4 Period: total Egyptian: ca 95%; total imports: ca 5%

Square VII.B12, Trench [154]; S-N: 181.60-183.40; W-E: 112.80-116.80; H./lev., m. 15.20-14.00; “extension of Trench [154]: inside Wall [23], in trench of Wall [30], in material (beside) east of Wall [23]”.

16/0023: FILL BETWEEN WALLS 2 0 Square X.G3, Profile 1-2; S-N: 336.00-340.00; W-E: 220.00-222.00; H./lev., m. 14.74-14.34; “in Nile siltturab Marlbetween and Coarse Aegean [309] Levantine Fine and Oasis wall” Uncertain compacted Walls [198], and [211] and ‘new’

•

mixed

wares

jars

coarse

semi-fine

imports individuals); 88 BS Total: 131 elements; 46 diagnosticswares (43 estimated Of which 1 complete vessel and 2 complete profiles Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 95%; total imports: ca 5% Size: medium sized assemblage, medium sized to large fragments in good condition 16/0023: FILLtotal BETWEEN WALLSca 95%; total imports: ca 5% Late Period: Egyptian:

• Total: 170 elements; 31 diagnostics (27 estimated individuals); 139 BS Of which 1 complete vessel, 1 near complete vessel, and 1 complete profile

Square X.G3, Profile 1-2; S-N: 336.00-340.00; W-E: 220.00-222.00; H./lev., m. 14.74-14.34; “in 612 compacted turab between Walls [198], [309] and [211] and ‘new’ wall”

16/0023: FILL BETWEEN WALLS •

Total: 131 elements; 46 diagnostics (43 estimated individuals); 88 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 2 complete profiles

Square X.G3, Profile medium 1-2; S-N: 336.00-340.00; W-E: Size: medium sized assemblage, sized to large fragments in good condition 220.00-222.00; H./lev., m. 14.74-14.34; “in compacted turab between Walls [198], [309] and [211] and ‘new’ wall”.

Size: medium assemblage, small to medium sized sherds in good condition. Characteristics: The presence of many Nile silt fabric, red slipped and burnished vessels in this assemblage points to a date in the second half of the sixth century BC, possibly early in the next century. Aegean amphorae are not numerous and also belong to the same period.

• Total: 134 elements; 46 diagnostics (43 estimated individuals); 88 BS Of which 1 complete vessel and 2 complete profiles Size: medium sized assemblage, medium sized to large fragments in good condition.

Date: late sixth to fifth century BC. Statistics

Characteristics: The best-preserved fragments in this assemblage is a fifth to early fourth century BC cooking pot with traces of use, a crateroid jar, and a small complete rounded base carinated jar of the same date. There are also several contemporary or slightly earlier fine ware vessels, including a well-preserved fragment of a Bes jar. The amphora material consists in Aegean and Levantine products as well as their local imitations.

Phases • • • •

(23%)

Late Period: 22 elements (81%) TIP: 2 elements (7%) NK: 2 elements (7%) Uncertain: 1 element (4%)

690

612

Appendix 2 Size: medium assemblage, medium sized sherds, in fair

Date: Persian period.

Characteristics: The best-preserved fragments in this assemblage is a fifth to early fourth century BC condition. cooking pot with traces of use, a crateroid jar, and a small complete rounded base carinated jar of Statistics the same date. There are also several contemporary or slightly earlier fine ware vessels, including a well-preserved fragment of a Bes jar. The amphora material consists in Aegean and Levantine Characteristics: products as well as their local imitations.

This assemblage is characterised by Persian period fine wares, torpedo jars, and basket handle jars. The fine wares include several probably locally-made versions of East Greek small vessels of the sixth to early fifth century BC. Coarse and utilitarian wares of the same date include pigeon pots/funnels and hemispherical bowls, both of which already occur throughout the sixth century BC. The latest elements are represented by crateroid jars made of micaceous Nile silt fabrics. Several fragments of large Oasis jars are also evidenced, most probably belonging to the period going from the Twenty-Fifth to the Twenty-Ninth Dynasty.

Phases Date: Persian period to fourth century BC Statistics

• Phases Ptolemaic: 1 element (2%) • Late Period: 41 elements (95%) • Ptolemaic: 1 element (2%) • NK: 1 element (2%) (95%) • Late Period: 41 elements •

NK: 1 element (2%)

16/0023 Phases 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Date: mostly Persian period, late sixth to mid-fifth century BC, but a few sherd are as late as the mid-fourth century BC to the Ptolemaic period. Statistics

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 1 element (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Phases

• Nile elements (43.5%) • Nile silt:silt:118element (100%)

• • • •

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Of which 1 complete vessel and 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (20%) Composition of the Late Period • Coarse wares: 6 elements (14.5%) assemblage Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (12%) • Nile silt: 18jars elements (43.5%) • Levantine and mortaria: 2 elements (5%) Imported wares: 2 elements Of• which 1 fine complete vessel(5%) and 1 complete

profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (20%) • Coarse wares: 6 elements (14.5%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 5 elements (12%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (5%) • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (5%)

Ptolemaic: 5 elements (7%) Late Period: 62 elements (89%) NK: 2 elements (3%) MK: 1 element (1%) 16/0025 Phases 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 613

16/0023 Late Period 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 5 elements (100%)Ptolemaic Composition of the Composition of the Late Period assemblage assemblage

to

early

Roman

•

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Nile silt: 26 elements (42%) Of which 4 complete profiles • Nile silt: 5 marl elements (100%) • Egyptian and mixed: 10 elements (16%) Of which 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 6 elements (8%) Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (10%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 11 elements (18%) • Imported wares: 3 elements (5%) • Nile silt: 26fine elements (42%)

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 78%; total imports: ca 22% 16/0025: FILLtotal BETWEEN WALLSca 78%; total imports: ca 22% Late Period: Egyptian:

Of which 4 complete profiles 16/0025 Late Period marl and mixed: 10 elements (16%) 16/0025: FILL BETWEEN WALLS Of which 1 complete profile • Total: 254 elements; 85 (70 estimated individuals) diagnostics; 169 BS 25 Of which 5 complete profiles • Coarse wares: 6 elements (8%) 20 Size: medium assemblage, medium sized336.00-340.00; sherds, in fair condition Square X.G3, Plan 1-2; S-N: W-E: 220.00• Aegean amphorae: 6 elements (10%) 15 Characteristics: This assemblage characterised by Persian period fine wares, torpedo • jars,Levantine and 222.00; H./lev., m. fromis14.34 down; “in compacted turab jars and mortaria: 11 elements (18%) basket handle jars. The fine wares include several probably locally-made versions of East Greek 10 between Walls [198], [309] and [211] and ‘new’ wall” • Imported fine wares: 3 elements (5%) small vessels of the sixth to early fifth century BC. Coarse and utilitarian wares of the same date Square X.G3, Plan 1-2; S-N: 336.00-340.00; W-E: 220.00-222.00; H./lev., m. from 14.34 down; • Egyptian “in compacted turab between Walls [198], [309] and [211] and ‘new’ wall” 30

5 include pigeon pots/funnels and hemispherical bowls, both of which already occur throughout

sixth century BC. The latest elements are represented by crateroid jars made of micaceous Nile 0 • the Total: 254 elements; 85Oasis (70jarsestimated individuals) silt fabrics. Several fragments of large are also evidenced, most probably belonging to Nile silt the period going from the BS Twenty-Fifth to the Twenty-Ninth Dynasty. diagnostics; 169 Date: Persian period, late profiles sixth to mid-fifth century BC, but a few sherd are as late as the Of mostly which 5 complete mid-fourth century BC to the Ptolemaic period. Statistics Phases • •

Ptolemaic: 5 elements (7%) Late Period: 62 elements (89%)

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66.5%: total imports: ca 33.5%

691

16/0029: UNDER FLOOR Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 200.00-201.00; W-E: 115.00-121.00; H./lev., m. 16.60-16.40; “in/under floor of northern corridor [277]”

•

Nile silt: 26 elements (42%) Of which 4 complete profiles • Egyptian marl and mixed: 10 elements (16%) Of which 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 6 elements (8%) Aegean II amphorae: 6 elements (10%) Kom•Tuman • Levantine jars and mortaria: 11 elements (18%) • Imported fine wares: 3 elements (5%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

16/0025 Late Period 30

• Nile silt: 14 elements (53%) Of which 1 complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (31%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (8%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (4%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (4%)

25 20 15 10 5 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

16/0029 Late Period 16

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66.5%: total imports: ca 33.5%

14

12 16/0029: UNDER FLOOR Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 66.5%: total imports: ca 10 Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 200.00-201.00; W-E: 115.00-121.00; H./lev., m. 16.60-16.40; 33.5% 8 “in/under floor of northern corridor [277]” 6

16/0029: UNDER FLOOR

4

615 2 0

Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 200.00-201.00; W-E: 115.00-121.00; H./lev., m. 16.60-16.40; “in/under floor of northern corridor [277]”.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 92%; total imports: ca 8% 16/0031: APRIES Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 92%; total imports: ca 8%

• Total: 173 elements; 29 diagnostics (27 estimated individuals); 144 BS Of which 1 complete profile • Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric)

Square II, Plan /; S-N: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. /; “under platform of Apries palace, under the floor”

16/0031: APRIES Total: 66 elements; 11 diagnostics; 55 BS

Old Kingdom: 3 elements; bread mould: 1 rim; various: 2 BS

Square II, Plan /;2 elements: S-N: /;bowl W-E: H./lev.,1 rim; m.various: /; “under Middle Kingdom-SIP: incised/;decoration: 1 BS platform of Apries palace, under thePainted floor” New Kingdom: 9 elements: funnel neck jar Blue (Nile silt): 1 shoulder; dish direct/out-

Size: small assemblage, many small sized sherds, but many probably belonging to same vessels.

turned rim: 1 rim; small bowl: 1 rim; bread mould: 1 BS; various: 5 BS

Third 66 Intermediate Period-Saite: 9 elements: bowls: rims; various: 3 BS Total: elements; 11 diagnostics; 556BS

Saite: 13 elements: Levantine import: 2 BS; undetermined import: 1 BS; various: 10 BS

Characteristics: Several vessels typical of the late sixth century BC are represented, such as neckless storage jars with thickened rims, neckless, red-slipped small jars with ridges below the rim, and funnels. The first two are made up by a maximum of 3 broken vessels. However, dishes with low carination and overhang rim and burnished white slip suggest a date in the fifth (possibly early fifth) 144 century • Total: 173 elements; 29 diagnostics (27 estimated individuals); BS Of which profile century BC. BC, rather than1 complete in the sixth

Uncertain: 18 BS 3 elements; bread mould: 1 rim; various: Old Kingdom: 16/0032: PIT FILL 2 BS

Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 197.00-200.00; W-E: 118.50-120.00; H./lev., m. 16.80-16.00; “in fill of large pit in NE corner of Square A12”

Middle Kingdom-SIP: 2 elements: bowl incised • Total: 84 elements; 21 diagnostics (21 estimated individuals); 63 BS Of which 1 complete profile 1 BS decoration: 1 rim; various: Size: small assemblage, mostly small sized sherds in fair condition

Characteristics: This assemblage is quite fragmentary in character includes Aegean amphorae and New Kingdom: 9 elements: funnel neck jar but Blue Painted Levantine torpedo jars typical of the mid-sixth to mid-fifth century BC. Only two fragments are • Token: 1 (Nile silt fabric) (Nile silt): later 1 shoulder; dish direct/out-turned 1 rim; significantly and belongs to the early Ptolemaic period (orrim: mid-fourth century BC). The Size: small assemblage, many small sized sherds, but many probably belonging to same vessels assemblage comprises many fragments of vessels and implements small bowl:also1 rim; bread mould: 1 BS; various: 5 BS related to faience Date: late Saite to early Persian (550-450 BC) production. Characteristics: Several vessels typical of the late sixth century BC are represented, such as neckless storage jars with thickened rims, neckless, red-slipped small jars with ridges below the rim, andmostly Persian period (fifth century BC). Date: funnels. The first two are made up by a maximum of 3 broken vessels. However, dishes Third with low Intermediate Period-Saite: Statistics Statistics carination and overhang rim and burnished white slip suggest a date in the fifth (possibly early rims; various: 3 BS fifth) century BC, rather than in the sixth century BC. Phases Phases Date: late Saite to early Persian (550-450 BC)

Saite: 13 elements: Levantine import: 2 BS; undetermined import: 1 BS; various: 10 BS

Statistics

• Phases Late Period: 26 elements (96%) • TIP: 1 element (4%) (96%) • Late Period: 26 elements •

9 elements: bowls: 6

Uncertain: 18 BS

TIP: 1 element (4%)

16/0029 Phases

16/0032: PIT FILL

30 25

Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 197.00-200.00; W-E: 118.50-120.00; H./lev., m. 16.80-16.00; “in fill of large pit in NE corner of Square A12”.

20 15

10 5

• Total: 84 elements; 21 diagnostics (21 estimated individuals); 63 BS Of which 1 complete profile

0

Size: small assemblage, mostly small sized sherds in fair condition.

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • • • • •

Nile silt: 14 elements (53%) Of which 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 8 elements (31%) Coarse wares: 2 elements (8%) Aegean amphorae: 1 element (4%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (4%)

692

617

Appendix 2 Characteristics: This assemblage is quite fragmentary but includes Aegean amphorae and Levantine torpedo jars typical of the mid-sixth to mid-fifth century BC. Only two fragments are significantly later and belong to the early Ptolemaic period (or mid-fourth century BC). The assemblage also comprises many fragments of vessels and implements related to faience production.

16/0032 Late Period 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Date: mostly Persian period (fifth century BC).

0

Nile silt

Statistics

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: ca 30%

Phases • • • •

16/0034: LAYERS/TRENCH Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: ca 30%

Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2, Trenches 286 and 287; S-N: 192.50-196.60; 192.50-194.30; W-E: 118.30-200.00; 116.40-118.00; H./lev., m. 16.60-16.20; “Trench [286]: under area [279] in stratified layers” 16/0034: LAYERS/TRENCH

Ptolemaic: 2 elements (9%) Late Period: 17 elements (82%) • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (9%) TIP: 1 element (5%) (82%) • Late Period: 17 elements NK: 1 element (5%) • TIP: 1 element (5%) •

• • 18 • 16 • 14 12 10 18 8 16 6 14 4 12 2 10 0 8 6 4 2 0

•

NK: 1 element (5%)

Ptolemaic: 2 elements (9%) 16/0032 Late Period: 17 elements (82%) Phases TIP: 1 element (5%) NK: 1 element (5%)

jars. A few body sherds also belonged to vessels that were used in connection with high temperature production activities.

• Date: Total: elements; 24the diagnostics mostly 80 Persian (third quarter of fifth century BC to(23 ca. 330estimated BC). individuals); 56 BS Statistics Of which 1 complete profile Phases

16/0032 Phases

•

Ptolemaic: 1 element (4%)

Late Period: 22 elements fragments (96%) Size:•small assemblage, of medium size, wellpreserved surfaces.

Characteristics: This assemblage is characterised by some typical household wares of the Persian period and includes one crateroid jar of late Persian or very early Ptolemaic date. Imports are not numerous and are only represented by a few fragments of East Aegean amphorae and Levantine jars. A few body sherds also belonged to vessels that were used in connection with high temperature production activities.

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 1 element (50%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage •

Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1 element (50%)

• Composition Nile silt:of1the element (50%) Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 16/0032 Ptolemaic to early Roman 2 • Nile • Marl and silt:mixed 1 elementclay (50%)fabrics: 1 element (50%) •

Marl and mixed clay fabrics: 1 element (50%)

16/0032 Ptolemaic to early Roman

Date: mostly Persian (third quarter of the fifth century BC to ca. 330 BC).

2 1

Statistics

1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Phases

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

Total: 80 elements; 24 diagnostics (23 estimated individuals); 56 BS

which 1 complete profile Square Of VII.A12, Plan 1-2, Trenches 286 and 287; S-N: Size: small assemblage, fragments of medium size, well-preserved surfaces 192.50-196.60; 192.50-194.30; W-E: 118.30-200.00; Characteristics: This assemblage is characterised by some typical household wares of the Persian 116.40-118.00; H./lev., [286]: period and includes one crateroidm. jar of16.60-16.20; late Persian or very“Trench early Ptolemaic date. Imports are not numerous are onlyinrepresented by alayers”. few fragments of East Aegean amphorae and Levantine under areaand[279] stratified

• Ptolemaic: 1 element (4%) • Late Period: 22 elements (96%)

• •

Nile silt: 8 elements (46%) Nile silt Marl and mixed Imported coarse Fine imports Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (12%) wares Of which 1 complete profile • Coarseofwares: 2 elements (12%) Composition the Late Period assemblage • Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (18%) • Nile silt: of 8 elements (46%)Period assemblage Composition the Late • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (12%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (12%) Of which 1 complete profile • Nile silt: 8wares: elements (46%) • Coarse 2 elements (12%) • Aegean marl amphorae: • Egyptian and3 elements mixed:(18%) 2 elements (12%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (12%)

16/0034 Phases 25 20 15 618

Of which 1 complete profile • Coarse wares: 2 elements (12%) • Aegean amphorae: 3 elements (18%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (12%)

10 5

618 0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage •

Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

693

• • •

Nile silt: 14 elements (64%) Of which 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (9%) Coarse wares: 2 elements (9%)

619

Date: mostly fifth century BC (Persian), also a few sherds of the mid- to late fourth century BC into the Ptolemaic period.

16/0034 Phases

Statistics

25

Phases

20

Kom Tuman II 15

• • •

10

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 5

16/0038 Phases

• Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

60

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

40

0

50

30

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

20

• Nile silt:silt:141 element elements • Nile (100%)(64%) Of whichof1thecomplete profile Composition Late Period assemblage • Egyptian and mixed: 2 elements (9%) • Nile silt:marl 14 elements (64%) Of which 1 complete profile (9%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (9%) • Aegean amphorae: 2 elements (9%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (9%) • Levantine jars and2 elements mortaria: • Aegean amphorae: (9%) 2 elements (9%) •

Ptolemaic: 4 elements (7%) Late Period: 55 elements (92%) OK: 1 element (2%)

10

0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Levantine jars and mortaria: 2 elements (9%)

• Nile silt: of 4 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Composition of the Late Period assemblage

16/0034 Late Period

• Nile elements (18%) • Nile silt:silt:410elements (100%)

16

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 20 elements (36%) • Coarse wares: 5 elements (9%) Composition of the Late Period • Aegean amphorae: 8 elements (15%)assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 10 elements (18%) • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (4%)

14 12 10 8

• • • • • •

6 4 2 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 82%; total imports: ca 18%

Nile silt: 10 elements (18%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 20 elements (36%) Coarse wares: 5 elements (9%) Aegean amphorae: 8 elements (15%) Levantine jars and mortaria: 10 elements (18%) Imported fine wares: 2 elements (4%)

16/0038 Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 82%; total imports: ca 18%

16/0038 Late Period

Square VII.C12, Trench 1; S-N: 172.50-174.70; W-E: 114.00-117.00; H./lev., m. 13.12-12.82; “in 25 excavation(?) floor [268] of Trench 1”

16/0038 •

Total: 278 elements; 72 diagnostics (60 estimated individuals); 206 BS

621

20

Square VII.C12, Trench 1; S-N: 172.50-174.70; W-E: 114.00-117.00; H./lev., m. 13.12-12.82; “in excavation(?) floor [268] of Trench 1”.

15

620

10 5

• Total: 278 elements; 72 diagnostics (60 estimated individuals); 206 BS

0

Size: medium size assemblage, small and very small fragments.

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 63%; total imports: ca 37% 16/0040: SINGLE (and sherds) Late Period: totalVESSEL Egyptian: ca 63%; total imports: ca 37%

Square VII.A12, Plan 1-2; S-N: 192.50; W-E: 117.80; H./lev., m. ca. 16.65; “standing upright in situ in layers of lime/sand dust”

Characteristics: The late Persian sherds are crateroid shapes and cooking pots. Fine wares form a large proportion in this assemblage and they mostly belong to the late fifth century BC. Imports are well represented by Aegean amphorae, Levantine jars (including basket handle jars), and mortaria. Some of the amphorae and Levantine jars could go back to the sixth century BC.

16/0040: SINGLE VESSEL (and sherds) • Total: 25 elements; 5 diagnostics (5 estimated individuals); 20 BS Of which 1 complete profile

Size: small assemblage,Plan mainly one S-N: vessel (only base and rim missing) accompanied by small Square VII.A12, 1-2; 192.50; W-E: 117.80; H./ fragmentary sherds. Surfaces are in fair condition lev., m. ca. 16.65; “standing upright in situ in layers of Characteristics: Unfortunately, the largest preserved profile of the assemblage misses both its base lime/sand dust”. and rim, which makes its precise identification more of a challenge. However, the ovoid body shape, the fabric, and the slip all suggest that the pot was a globular jar with short neck, typical of

Saite and early Persian period (600 BC to the early fifth century BC). The few other (small) • the Total: 25 in elements; 5 jardiagnostics fragments found association with the can be dated to the(5sameestimated phase. individuals); 20 BS Date: Late Saite to early Persian (550-500 BC, possibly a bit earlier too from 600 BC onwards). Of which 1 complete profile Statistics

Date: mostly fifth century BC (Persian), also a few sherds of the mid- to late fourth century BC into the Ptolemaic period.

Phases

Size:•small assemblage, mainly one vessel (only base and Late Period: 5 elements (100%) rim missing) accompanied by small fragmentary sherds. Composition of the Late Period assemblage Surfaces are in fair condition. • Nile silt: 4 elements (80%)

Statistics

Of which 1 complete profile

Phases

• Aegean amphorae: 1 element (20%) Characteristics: Unfortunately, the largest preserved profile of the assemblage misses both its base and rim, which makes its precise identification more of a challenge. However, the ovoid body shape, the fabric, and the slip all suggest that the pot was a globular jar with short neck, typical of the Saite and early Persian period (600 BC to the

• Ptolemaic: 4 elements (7%) • Late Period: 55 elements (92%) • OK: 1 element (2%)

694

622

Appendix 2 early fifth century BC). The few other (small) fragments found in association with the jar can be dated to the same phase.

16/0041 Phases 7 6 5

Date: Late Saite to early Persian (550-500 BC, possibly a bit earlier too from 600 BC onwards).

4 3 2

16/0041 Phases

1

Statistics

7 0 6

Phases

5 4 3

• Late Period: 5 elements (100%)

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 2

• Nile silt: of 2 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 1

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

• Nile element (17%) • Nile silt:silt:21elements (100%)

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (33%) • Coarse wares: 2 elements (33%) Composition Period assemblage • Levantineof jarsthe andLate mortaria: 1 element (17%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

• Nile silt: 4 elements (80%) Of which 1 complete profile • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (20%) 16/0040 Late Period 5 4 3

1

2

0.5 2.5

1

0 2

0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

•

Nile silt: 2 elements16/0041 (100%) Late Period

•

Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (17%)

• Nile silt: 1 element (17%) 2.5 Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (33%) • Nile silt: 1 element (17%) 2 • Coarse wares: 2 elements (33%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (33%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (17%) 1.5• Coarse wares: 2 elements (33%)

Oasis

16/0041 Late Period Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

1.5

Uncertain

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late 1 Period: total Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca 17% 16/0043: UNDER FLOOR

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 80%; total imports: ca 20%

0.5

Square VII.A12, Plan 2; S-N: 200.00-201.00; W-E: 117.60; H./lev., m. ca. 16.35; “in ground under Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 80%; total imports: ca 20% 0 floor of corridor [277], it is feature [291]; elements of probable drain” silt Marl and Coarse Aegean Levantine Fine and Oasis Uncertain Square X.F3, Plan 1-2; S-N: 340.30-341.00; W-E: 219.00-222.00; H./lev., m. 15.19-14.26; “inside • Nile Total: 279 elements; 43 diagnostics (30 estimated individuals); 236 BS mixed wares jars coarse semi-fine Wall [199]” Of which 3 complete vessels and 1wares complete profile imports 16/0041: FROM WALL • Total: 29 elements: 8 diagnostics (8 estimated individuals); 20 BS Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca 17% • Token: 1 (Aegean amphora fabric) 16/0041: FROM WALL

16/0043: UNDER Square X.F3, Plansmall 1-2;sized S-N: 340.30-341.00; Size: small assemblage, fragments, in fair conditionW-E: 219.00Late Period: totalFLOOR Egyptian: ca 83%; total imports: ca 17% Square VII.A12, Plan 2; S-N: 200.00-201.00; W-E: 117.60; H./lev., m. ca. 16.35; “in ground 222.00; H./lev., m. 15.19-14.26; “inside Wall [199]”. Characteristics: This assemblage is made up of rather fragmentary and clearly mixed material. It under floor of corridor [277], it is feature [291]; elements of probable drain” includes Saite fine ware (particularly a New Year pottery flask), but also early Ptolemaic sherds 16/0043: UNDER FLOOR such as cooking bowls. • Total: 279 elements; 43 diagnostics (30 estimated individuals); 236 BS • Date: Total: 28 elements: 8 diagnostics (8 estimated Of which 3 complete vessels and 1 complete profile mixed Saite to early Ptolemaic period. individuals); 20 BS Square VII.A12, Plan 2; S-N: 200.00-201.00; W-E: 117.60; Statistics • Phases Token: 1 (Aegean amphora fabric) H./lev., m. ca. 16.35; “in ground under floor of corridor [277], it is feature [291]; elements of probable drain”. • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (26%) Size:• small assemblage, small sized fragments, in fair Late Period: 6 elements (75%) condition. • Total: 279 elements; 43 diagnostics (30 estimated individuals); 236 BS Characteristics: This assemblage is made up of rather Of which 3 complete vessels and 1 complete profile fragmentary and clearly mixed material. It includes Saite fine ware (particularly a New Year pottery flask), but also Size: medium assemblage, mainly one near complete early Ptolemaic sherds such as cooking bowls. closed vessel, two complete and near complete small bowls. Fair surface preservation. Date: mixed Saite to early Ptolemaic period. Characteristics: This assemblage includes several Nile Statistics silt bottles of various types covered by an unburnished red slip. Two complete, or near complete such bottles may be Phases reconstructed from sherds and a dozen other containers of 623 related types are represented by rim and base fragments • Ptolemaic: 2 elements (26%) only. Small sized, Nile and marl open shapes are also • Late Period: 6 elements (75%) present, some of which in complete and near complete conditions. There are several torpedo jars fragments, but

695

624

624

Kom Tuman II Statistics

no sherds from Aegean amphorae. All of the elements are chronologically consistent and point to a date between the second half of the sixth century BC to early fifth century BC.

later date (fifth to mid-fourth century BC), such as a handle of a round-mouth jug with pink-white painted decoration.

Phases Date: fifth to mid-fourth century BC Statistics

Size: medium Date: mainlyassemblage, 550-500mainly BC. one

near complete closed vessel, two complete complete small bowls. Fair surface conditions

• Phases Ptolemaic: 1 element (13%) and near • Late Period:17element elements • Ptolemaic: (13%) (88%)

Late Period: 7 elements (88%)BC), such as a handle of a round-mouth jug with pink-white later•date (fifth to mid-fourth century Characteristics: This assemblage includes several Nile silt bottles of various types covered painted by an decoration. Statistics unburnished red slip. Two complete, or near complete such bottles may be reconstructed from 16/0044 Phases Date: fifth to mid-fourth century BC sherds and a dozen other containers of related types are represented by rim and base fragments 8 only. Small sized, Nile and marl open shapes are also present, some of which in complete andStatistics near 7 Phases complete conditions. There are several torpedo jars fragments, but no sherds from Aegean Phases amphorae. All of the elements are chronologically consistent and point to a date between6 the 5 • Ptolemaic: 1 element (13%) second half of the sixth century BC to early fifth century BC. • Late Period: 30 elements (100%) 4 • Late Period: 7 elements (88%) Date: mainly 550-500 BC 3

Statistics

Composition of the Late Period assemblage Phases •

Late Period: 30 elements (100%)

• Composition Nile silt:of28 elements (93%) the Late Period assemblage Of which 3 complete vessels and near complete profiles • Nile silt: 28 elements (93%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: elements (7%) Of which 3 complete vessels and2near complete profiles •

6 5 4 3

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (7%)

2

1 element (100%) 1 • Nile silt: of Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

16/0043 Late Period

0 Composition of the Late Period assemblage

35

• Nile elements (86%) • Nile silt:silt:16element (100%)

30 25

•

Of which 1 near complete profile Coarse wares: 1 element (14%)

•

Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

•

Coarse wares: 1 element (14%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

20

15

5 Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

16/0044 Late Period

• Composition Nile silt:of6the elements (86%) Late Period assemblage 6 Of which 1 near complete profile 5 • Nile silt: 6 elements (86%) • Coarse wares: 1 complete element (14%) Of which 1 near profile 7

10

0

16/0044 Phases

2 1 8 0 7

Uncertain

4 3

16/0044 Late Period

2

Late Period: total Egyptian: 100%

7 1

16/0044: IN ROBBERS PIT Late Period: total Egyptian: 100%

6 0

Square X.F3, Plan 1-2; S-N: 346.20; W-E: 225.40; H./lev., m. ca. 14.00; “in robbers’ pit, ceramic 5 maybe in situ”

16/0044: IN24ROBBERS PIT (8 estimated individuals); 16 BS • Total: elements; 8 diagnostics

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

4

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

3 Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 100%

Of which 1 near complete profile

2 Size: small assemblage, in one nearW-E: complete vessel with missing rim and broken Square X.F3, Planmainly 1-2;consisting S-N: 346.20; 225.40; H./lev., up small sherds, surfaces are in fairly good condition. 1 m. ca. 14.00; “in robbers’ pit, ceramic maybe in situ”.

•

Characteristics: The near complete vessel is a large bottle with carinated base made of a Nile0 silt fabric, and covered by a thick, matte red slip. It probably dates to the late Saite or early PersianNile silt period (ca. 550-500 BC). The sherd material on the other hand includes small fragments of Total: 24 elements; 8 diagnostics (8 alsoestimated

individuals); 16 BS Of which 1 near complete profile

626 Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 100% 625

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 100%

Size: small assemblage, mainly consisting of one near complete vessel with missing rim and broken up small sherds, surfaces are in fairly good condition.

16/0046

Characteristics: The near complete vessel is a large bottle with carinated base made of a Nile silt fabric, and covered by a thick, matte red slip. It probably dates to the late Saite or early Persian period (ca. 550-500 BC). The sherd material on the other hand also includes small fragments of later date (fifth to mid-fourth century BC), such as a handle of a round-mouth jug with pink-white painted decoration.

• Total: 36 elements; 10 diagnostics (10 estimated individuals); 26 BS Of which 2 complete profiles and 1 near complete profile

Square X.G2, Plan 2; S-N: 220.06; W-E: 337.96; H./lev., m. 13.46 ; “in southern part of room [288]”.

Size: small assemblage, well-preserved, large size fragments, including four complete profiles of small and medium sized containers.

Date: fifth to mid-fourth century BC.

696

626

Appendix 2 16/0048: SINGLE VESSEL Characteristics: This assemblage is made up of several well-preserved hemispherical cooking bowls, red slip Square X.G3, Plan /; S-N: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 13.30 ; “in burnished lamps, and a medium sized red slip jar, eastern profile”. all characteristic of the fifth century BC. Imports are virtually absent and are only evidenced by one Chian • Total: 1 complete vessel amphora handle. Sherds of a very unusual storage jar of unknown provenance with carinated shoulder and a highly Size: small assemblage, one vessel, fair surface preservation. burnished surface were identified. Its provenance remains 16/0046 undetermined. Square X.G2, Plan 2; S-N: 220.06; W-E: 337.96; H./lev., m. 13.46 ; “in southern part of room [288]” Characteristics: This find slip number relates to a single, Date:• Persian (fifth century BC). small sized globular jar with cordon on the neck. It is Total: 36 elements; 10 diagnostics (10 estimated individuals); 26 BS Of which 2 complete profiles and 1 near complete profile made of a Nile silt fabric and covered with an unburnished Statistics Size: small assemblage, well-preserved, large size fragments, including four complete profiles of red slip. It belongs to the sixth or fifth century BC and small and medium sized containers isbowls, certainly contemporary with the jar from find slip Characteristics: This assemblage is made up of several well-preserved hemispherical cooking Phases red slip burnished lamps, and a medium sized red slip jar, all characteristic of the fifth century [16/0047]. BC. Imports are virtually absent and are only evidenced by one Chian amphora handle. Sherds of

very unusual storage of unknown (100%) provenance with carinated shoulder and a highly • a Late Period: 10jarelements burnished surface were identified. Its provenance remains undetermined.

Date: sixth to fifth century BC.

Date: Persian (fifth century BC)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

• Late Period, Nile silt 1 element (100%)

Statistics

• Phases Nile silt: 7 elements (70%) Late Period: elements (100%) Of• which 2 10complete profiles and 1 near complete Composition of the Late Period assemblage profile • Nile wares: silt: 7 elements (70%) (10%) • Coarse 1 element Of which 2 complete profiles and 1 near complete profile • Aegean 1 element (10%) • Coarseamphorae: wares: 1 element (10%) • Aegean amphorae: 1 element (10%) • Uncertain: 1 element (10%) •

16/0049: SINGLE VESSEL Square X.G3, Plan /; S-N: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 12.62 ; “in southern profile”. • Total: 1 complete vessel

Uncertain: 1 element (10%)

16/0046 Late Period

Size: small assemblage, one vessel, in several sherds with mediocre surface preservation.

8 7 6

Characteristics: The only vessel from this find slip number is a very large coarse ware basin with straight walls, with missing rim. It cannot be ascribed a more precise date than a general Late Period one.

5 4

3 2 1 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Date: Late Period.

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 80%; total imports: ca 10%; uncertain: 10% • Late Period, coarse ware: 1 element (100%) 16/0047: SINGLE VESSEL Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 80%; total imports: ca Squareuncertain: X.G3, Plan /;10% S-N: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 13.01; “in southern profile of room(?)”. 10%; 16/0050 •

Total: 1 complete vessel

Size: small SINGLE assemblage, one vessel. 16/0047: VESSEL

Square X.G3(?), Plan /; S-N: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 13.90; “in western profile along plastered wall”.

Square X.G3, Plan /; S-N: /; W-E: /; H./lev., m. 13.01; “in southern profile of room(?)”.

627

Note: probably Rescue Area

• Total: 1 complete vessel

• Total: 25 elements; 12 diagnostics (12 estimated individuals); 13 BS Of which 2 complete profiles

Size: small assemblage, one vessel. Characteristics: The single complete vessel bearing this find slip number is a medium sized Nile silt globular jar with ribbed, short neck and covered with an unburnished red slip. It belongs to the sixth century BC, possibly still in the Saite period though a date in the early Persian occupation cannot be excluded. It is certainly contemporary with the jar from find slip [16/0048].

Size: small assemblage, medium to large sherds, one complete profile. Characteristics: This complete profile is a local neckless jar most typical of the late sixth to fifth century BC. The rest of the assemblage includes Attic Black Glaze of the fifth century BC, Persian period cooking pots, as well as sherds of Aegean amphora imports and Levantine jars.

Date: sixth to fifth century BC • Late Period, Nile silt: 1 element (100%) 697

Kom Tuman II uncoated but also worn by having been sunk into a floor. The jar dates broadly to the Late Period.

Date: fifth to early fourth century BC. Statistics

Date: probably Late Period.

Phases

• Late Period, Nile silt: 1 element (100%)

• Ptolemaic: 2 elements (17%) • Late Period: 10 elements (83%) 16/0050 Phases 12 10 8 6 4 2

16/0050 Phases

0 12 10 8

6 Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 4

• Nile silt: of 2 elements (100%) Composition the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage 2 Composition of the Late Period assemblage 0

• Nile elements (50%) • Nile silt:silt:25elements (100%)

Of which 1 complete profile Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (20%) Of whichof 1 complete profile Composition the Late Period assemblage • Levantine jars and mortaria: 1 element (10%) Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman • Imported fine wares: 2 elements (20%) assemblage • Nile silt:silt:52elements (50%) • Nile elements (100%) •

16/0050 Late Period Of whichof1thecomplete profile Composition Late Period assemblage

6 • Egyptian and(50%) mixed: 2 elements (20%) • Nile silt:marl 5 elements Of which complete profile 5 Of which 1 1complete profile • Egyptian marl and mixed: 2 elements (20%) 4 • Levantine and mortaria: 1 element (10%) Of whichjars 1 complete profile • Imported fine 2 elements (20%) jars wares: and mortaria: 1 element (10%) 3 • Levantine 2

•

Imported fine wares: 2 elements (20%)

16/0050 Late Period

1 6 0

Nile silt

5

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

4

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

Late 3 Period: total Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: ca 30% 16/0051: SINGLE VESSEL; Floor? 2

Square VII.A12, Plan 2; S-N: 193.60; W-E: 119.40; H./lev., m. ca. 16.40; “in ’living area’, sunk 1 into the ground” 0

•

Total: 1 complete vessel

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean jars

Levantine Fine and coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

629

Late Period: total Egyptian: ca 70%; total imports: ca 30% 16/0051: SINGLE VESSEL; Floor?ca 70%; total imports: ca 30% Late Period: total Egyptian:

Square VII.A12, Plan 2; S-N: 193.60; W-E: 119.40; H./lev., m. ca. 16.40; “in ’living area’, sunk into the ground”

16/0051: SINGLE VESSEL; FLOOR? • Total: 1 complete vessel

Square VII.A12, Plan 2; S-N: 193.60; W-E: 119.40; H./ lev., m. ca. 16.40; “in ’living area’, sunk into the ground”.

629

• Total: 1 complete vessel Size: very small assemblage, one vessel base, poor surface preservation. Characteristics: Single, incomplete, Nile silt closed vessel with rounded base (in several fragments). The surface is 698

Area VII Ptolemaic to early Roman 700 600 500 400 300 200 100

Appendix 3 0

• • • • • •

This appendix sums up the data presented in Appendix 2 for Area VII and Area X. Area VII Phases Appendix 3

• This Roman: elements than 1%) 2 for Area VII and Area X. appendix14 sums up the data (less presented in Appendix VII • Area Ptolemaic: 822 elements (10%) • Phases Late Period: 6685 elements (81%) • Roman: 14vessels: elements (less 1%) • Production 67than elements (1%) • Ptolemaic: 822 elements (10%) • TIP: 62 elements (1%) • Late Period: 6685 elements (81%) • NK: 189 elements • Production vessels: 67(2%) elements (1%) • TIP: 62 35 elements (1%) (less than 1%) • MK-SIP: elements • NK: elements (2%) • OK: 330189elements (4%) • MK-SIP: 35 elements (less than 1%) • Uncertain 71(4%) elements (1%) • OK: 330date: elements • Uncertain date: 71 2 elements (1%) (less than 1%) • Islamic/Modern: elements •

4000

Uncertain: 14 elements (less than 1%)

Area VII Late Period 3000 2500 2000

1500 1000 500 0

• • • • • • • • •

3000 2000 1000 0

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: of 642 the elements (78%) Composition Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Egyptian marl and mixed: 23 elements (3%) • Imported coarse wares: 127 elements (15%) Nile silt:ware 642 elements (78%) • Fine imports: 30 elements (4%)

• • Egyptian marl and mixed: 23 elements (3%) • Imported coarse wares: 127 elements (15%) • Fine ware imports: 30 elements (4%)

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

• •

Roman: 2 elements (less than 1%) Ptolemaic: 217 elements (11%)

•

Production vessels: 1 element (less than 1%)

Roman: 2 elements (less than 1%) Ptolemaic: 217 elements (11%) Late Period: 1652 elements (87%) Production vessels: 1 element (less than 1%) TIP: 1 element (less than 1%) NK: 12 elements (1%) • TIP: 1 element (less than(less 1%) than 1%) MK-SIP: 2 elements • NK: 12 elements (1%) OK: 4 elements (less than %) • MK-SIP: 2 elements (less than 1%) Uncertain date: (less 8 elements (less than 1%) • OK: 4 elements than %) •

Uncertain date: 8 elements (less than 1%)

Area X Phases 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Area VII Ptolemaic to early Roman 700 600 500 400

631

300 200

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage

100

• Nile silt: of 186 the elements (86%) Composition Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Inported coarse wares

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 11 elements (5%) • Imported coarse wares: 19 elements (9%) Nile silt:ware 186 elements (86%) • Fine imports: 1 element (less than 1%)

Fine imports

• • Egyptian marl and mixed: 11 elements (5%) • Imported coarse wares: 19 elements (9%) Area X Ptolemaic to early Roman • Fine ware imports: 1 element (less than 1%)

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 3040the elements Composition Late(46%) Period assemblage

• Egyptian marl and mixed: 1694 elements (25%) • Coarse wares: 372 elements (6%) Nile silt: 3040 elements (46%) • Aegean amphorae: 854 elements (13%) • Levantine coarse wares: 551 elements Egyptian marl and mixed: 1694(8%) elements (25%) • Imported fine and semi-fine wares: 145 elements (2%) • Oasis: 11 elements (less than 1%) • Uncertain: 14 elements (less than 1%)

200 180 160 140 120 100 80

Area VII Late Period

2000

•

Phases • Late Period: 1652 elements (87%)

5000

2500

Coarse wares: 372 elements (6%) • Nile silt: 3040 elements (46%) Aegean amphorae: 8541694 elements (13%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: elements (25%) • Coarse wares: 372 elements Levantine coarse wares:(6%) 551 elements (8%) • Aegean fine amphorae: elements (13%) Imported and854 semi-fine wares: 145 elements (2%) • Levantine coarse wares: 551 elements (8%) Oasis: 11 elements (less wares: than145 1%) • Imported fine and semi-fine elements (2%) • Oasis: 11 elements (less than(less 1%) than 1%) Uncertain: 14 elements

Area X

6000

3000

Fine imports

3500

7000

3500

Inported coarse wares

Phases Area X

8000

• •

Marl and mixed

Composition of the Late Period assemblage

Islamic/Modern: 2 elements (less than 1%)

Area VII Phases

0

Nile silt

60

699

40

20 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

632

Composition of the Ptolemaic to early Roman assemblage • Nile silt: 186 elements (86%) • Egyptian marl and mixed: 11 elements (5%) Imported coarse wares: 19 elements (9%) Kom•Tuman II • Fine ware imports: 1 element (less than 1%)

Area X Ptolemaic to early Roman 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40

20 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Imported coarse wares

Fine imports

Composition of the Late Period assemblage • Nile silt: of 506 the elements (31%) Composition Late Period assemblage •

• • • • • • • •

Egyptian marl and mixed: 371 elements (22%)

Nile silt: 506 elements (31%) Egyptian marl and mixed: 371 elements (22%) Coarse wares: 243 elements (15%) Aegean amphorae: 250 elements (15%) Levantine jars243 andelements mortaria: • Coarse wares: (15%) 214 elements (13%) • Aegean fine amphorae: 250 elements (15%) Imported wares: 65 elements (4%) • Levantine jars and mortaria: 214 elements (13%) Oasis: 2 elements (less than 1%) • Imported fine wares: 65 elements (4%) Uncertain: 1 element (less • Oasis: 2 elements (less than 1%) than 1%) •

633

Uncertain: 1 element (less than 1%)

Area X Late Period 600 500 400

300 200 100 0

Nile silt

Marl and mixed

Coarse wares

Aegean Levantine Fine and jars coarse semi-fine wares imports

Oasis

Uncertain

634

700

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Illustration Credits Plates

Pl. 65:1 small vessels from Nimrud: after Oates and Oates 1958: pl. XXI; © Cambridge University Press.

Pl. 4:8 miniature pot from Abusir, after 1995, fig. 1; courtesy of M. Bárta.

Pl. 66:12 bottle from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:249; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 8:2 Bes jar reconstruction: courtesy of Victoria Yarmolovich.

Pl. 68:6 miniature torpedo jar from Memphis: after Petrie 1909a: pl. xlvi:1; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 11:7 snake bowl from Amarna, in Kemp 1981: fig. 6:182; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Pl. 12:6 large bowl from the Tomb of Ramesses IV, after Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998: pl. 13:119, courtesy of David Aston.

Pl. 68:16 “medicine bottle” from Morgantina (Sicily): after Sjöqvist 1960: fig. 11:50; courtesy of the Archaeological Institute of America and the American Journal of Archaeology.

Pl. 38:4 bottle from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 18:140; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 69:17 ring base jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 16:111; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 38:12 bottle from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:255; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 72:21 jar with carinated base from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:257; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 49:10 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 31:281; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Pl. 51:8 small jar from Memphis: after Petrie 1909a: pl. xlvi:36; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 73:2 jar with concave base from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 17:139; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 51:10 small jar from Memphis: after Petrie 1909a: pl. xlvi:63; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 88:8 large bowl from Abu ‘Id: after Aston 1996c: pl. IV:56; courtesy of David Aston.

Pl. 52:4 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 17:132; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 91:3 bowl from Sulantepe: after Lloyd and Gokçe 1953: fig. 6:30; courtesy of the British Institute at Ankara.

Pl. 52:9-10 small jars from Memphis: after Petrie 1909a: pl. xlvi:48, 50; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 92:4 bowl from Al Mina: after Du Plat Taylor 1959: fig. 6:13; © Cambridge University Press.

Pl. 53:2-3 small jars from Memphis: after Petrie 1909a: pl. xlvi:31, 37; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 105:3 small bowl from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:250; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 55:6 small jar from Memphis, Petrie Museum: courtesy of Victoria Yarmolovich.

Pl. 176:2 Samian amphora from Athens: after Grace 1971: fig. 3:3; courtesy of the Trustees of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Pl. 55:7 Bes jar from Thonis-Heracleion: after Grataloup 2012: fig. 4; courtesy of Catherine Grataloup.

Pl. 188:1 Peparethian amphora from the Alonnesos shipwreck: after Mantzouka 2004: pl. 38; courtesy of Eleftheria Mantzouka.

Pl. 55:8 Bes jar from Tell el-Herr: after Defernez 2011: fig. 1; courtesy of Catherine Defernez. Pl. 57:9 small jar from Tell Muqadam: after Redmount and Friedman 1997: fig. 9a; courtesy of Renee Friedman.

Pl. 194:7 Egyptian amphora from Naucratis: after Berlin 2001: fig. 2.56:1; courtesy of the American School of Oriental Research and Andrea Berlin.

Pl. 57:12 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 31:280; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 199:5 Lekythos, Ashmolean Museum AN1914.8; © Ashmolean Museum.

Pl. 58:7 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 23:195; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 200:15 Skyphos, Athenian Agora: after Boulter 1953: fig. 2:28; courtesy of the Trustees of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Pl. 58:16 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 16:114; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 201:9 One-handler, Athenian Agora: after Boulter 1953: fig. 3:62; courtesy of the Trustees of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Pl. 58:19 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 18:146; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 216:2 Knidian amphora from a shipwreck off Rhodes: after Bass 1974: fig. 2; courtesy of George and Ann Bass.

Pl. 59:5 small jars from Nimrud: after Oates 1959: pl. XXXVIII; © Cambridge University Press.

Pl. 217:1 Rhodian amphora from the Kyrenia shipwreck: after Bass and Katzev 1968:172; courtesy of George and Ann Bass.

Pl. 59:6 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 17:133; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 221:9 Calyx-cup from the Athenian Agora; after Rotroff 1991: fig. 4; courtesy of the Trustees of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Pl. 59:12 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 31:282; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Pl. 60:14 bottle from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 16:121; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

Pl. 222:5 Handled jar from Coptos; after Berlin 2003: fig. 82:R1.30; courtesy of Andrea Berlin and the American Schools of Oriental Research.

Pl. 61:15 bottle from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:256; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society.

729

Kom Tuman II Colour plates Colour plate 3:6 large carinated bowl, from the tomb of Merneptah (Thebes), after Aston, Aston, and Brock 1998: pl. 8:73; courtesy of David Aston. Colour plate 22:5 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 16:116; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Colour plate 24:3 small jar from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 30:265; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Colour plate 24:7 jug with spouted handle from Nimrud: after Oates 1959: pl. XXXVIII:96; © Cambridge University Press. Colour plate 24:8 jug with spouted handle from Saqqara: after Aston and Aston 2010: pl. 29:258; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society. Colour plate 33:8 stone dish from Persepolis: after Schmidt et al. 1957: pl. 59:8; courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Colour plate 83:14 Type A amphora, Ashmolean Museum AN1965.100; © Ashmolean Museum. Colour plate 101:7 Pergamenian Sigillata bowl from Pergamon: after Japp 2014: fig. 9; courtesy of Sarah Japp and Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Abteilung Istanbul.

Maps Map 1: Map of ancient Memphis: after Jeffreys 1985: pl. 4; courtesy of the Egypt Exploration Society and D. Jeffreys.

730

BAR INTERNATIONAL SE RIE S 3037 (II) BAR INTERNATIONAL SE RIE S 3037 (II) ‘Pottery studies are always important for comparative studies. This is especially true for the post-pharaonic epochs in Egypt. ‘Pottery studies are always important for comparative studies. This work is therefore of great importance, as the results obtained This is especially true for the post-pharaonic epochs in Egypt. from it contribute to a better understanding of the everyday culture This work is therefore of great importance, as the results obtained of these periods in Egypt. Furthermore, the analysis of imported from it contribute to a better understanding of the everyday culture pottery not only reveals the relations of Memphis to the (eastern) of these periods in Egypt. Furthermore, the analysis of imported Mediterranean region, but also embeds the city and its surroundings pottery not only reveals the relations of Memphis to the (eastern) in a larger political and economic context.’ Mediterranean region, but also embeds the city and its surroundings Laura Rembart, Österreichische in a largerDr political and economic context.’ Akademie der Wissenschaften Dr Laura Rembart, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften ‘As the only book to deal with pottery of this date and from this area it does indeed fill a large gap in our knowledge of Memphis at this ‘As the only book to deal with pottery of this date and from this area time. It is likely to become a well-thumbed standard reference volume, it does indeed fill a large gap in our knowledge of Memphis at this especially because the book contains an enormous amount of primary time. It is likely to become a well-thumbed standard reference volume, data. As Egypt was in close contact with the other civilisations which especially because the book contains an enormous amount of primary bounded the Central and Eastern Mediterranean during the second data. As Egypt was in close contact with the other civilisations which half of the First Millennium BC, this book is certainly of interest to bounded the Central and Eastern Mediterranean during the second those working in the Phoenician, Greek, Persian and Roman worlds, half of the First Millennium BC, this book is certainly of interest to with imports from these areas being prevalent in this book.’ those working in the Phoenician, Greek, Persian and Roman worlds, David Aston, Akademie der Wissenschaften with importsDr from these areasÖsterreichische being prevalent in this book.’ Dr David Aston, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften This is volume II of a two-volume set. This isbook presents a comprehensive volume II of a two-volume set. study of the pottery from the Persian and Graeco-Roman periods at Memphis/KomTuman. The material analysed originates This presents a comprehensive study ofand theartisanal pottery quarters from thethat Persian from book a complex of administrative, residential, lay at and the Graeco-Roman periods at Memphis/KomTuman. The material analysed originates foot of the palace of Apries mound in the northern part of the ruin field. The bulk from complexfinds of administrative, and artisanal quarters that lay atfrom the of theaceramic consists of localresidential, Egyptian vessels, but imports, principally foot of the palace of Apries mound in the northern part of the ruin field. The bulk East Greece and the Levant, are represented in significant proportions throughout the of the ceramic finds local Egyptian vessels, but imports,typology, principally from excavation areas. Theconsists pottery of is discussed according to chronology, context, East Greece and the Levant, are represented in significant proportions throughout the and function, and is thoroughly illustrated with line drawings and photographs. excavation areas. The pottery is discussed according to chronology, typology, context, Statistical data, based on thousands of recorded sherds, are presented in the appendices and function, and inis the thoroughly illustrated line results drawings and are integrated interpretation of the with site. The shedand newphotographs. light on the Statistical data, based recorded sherds, aretime presented in the appendices nature of the city andon thethousands life of its of inhabitants from the of Herodotus to that of and areofintegrated Zenon Caunos. in the interpretation of the site. The results shed new light on the nature of the city and the life of its inhabitants from the time of Herodotus to that of Zenon of Caunos. Sabine Laemmel read Classical Archaeology and Egyptology at the University of Geneva and completed her DPhil in Near Eastern Archaeology at the University of Sabine read Archaeology and ceramicist Egyptology at the University of Oxford Laemmel in 2003. She has Classical been working as a freelance at various sites in Egypt Geneva and completed her DPhil in Near Eastern Archaeology at the University of since 2004. Oxford in 2003. She has been working as a freelance ceramicist at various sites in Egypt since 2004. Printed in England Printed in England

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