Kom al-ahmer - Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012-2016 - Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-ahmer 1789693969, 9781789693966

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Chapter Title: Front Matter Book Title: Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012–2016 / Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Book Author(s): Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin Published by: Archaeopress. (2019) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrq0vn.1 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Coin Finds 2012–2016 Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin with contributions by

Maria Lucia Patanè and Mohamed Kenawi

This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:54:33 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:54:33 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Coin Finds 2012–2016 Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin

with contributions by: Maria Lucia Patanè and Mohamed Kenawi

Archaeopress Archaeology

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Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com

ISBN 978-1-78969-396-6 ISBN 978-1-78969-397-3 (e-Pdf)

© Italian-Egyptian Mission at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit and Archaeopress 2019 Front cover drawing: Cristina Mondin and Silvia Tinazzo, photo by Michele Asolati Back cover photo: Mohamed Kenawi Cover design: Mohamed El Awwad

DIPARTIMENTO DEI BENI CULTURALI ARCHEOLOGIA, STORIA DELL’ARTE, DEL CINEMA E DELLA MUSICA

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners.

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Archaeopress

Chapter Title: Table of Contents Book Title: Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012–2016 / Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Book Author(s): Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin Published by: Archaeopress. (2019) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrq0vn.2 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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Contents List of Figures���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iii List of Tables��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Preface ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Introduction The Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit Archaeological Project II First Phase: 2012–2016������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ix Part 1 Coin Finds 2012–2016�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli Introduction����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Conditions of the Coins and the Metallographic Analyses����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Coin Finds at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 The Late Imperial Coins from Kom al-Ahmer, Unit 4: The Finds and their Distribution������������������������������������������11 The Late Imperial Coins from Kom al-Ahmer: The Distribution of Types and Mints������������������������������������������������14 The Latest Evidence��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Catalogue��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������20 Bibliography��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 Part 2 Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 Cristina Mondin 1. Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 2. Methodology ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 3. Pottery Quantification (C. Mondin, M.L. Patanè)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 4. Contexts������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������65 4.1 Unit 4��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������65 4.1.1 Context 1 (Hence CX1) – Room A – Roman/Late Roman House �������������������������������������������������������������65 4.1.2 Context 2 (Hence CX2) – Room B – Roman / Late Roman House������������������������������������������������������������67 4.1.3 Context 3 (Hence CX3) – Room C – Roman / Late Roman Amphora Storage Building������������������������67 4.1.4 Upper fill context of Unit 4 (Hence UFC-U4)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 4.2 Unit 1 – The Cistern and Late Roman Structures������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 4.2.1 Context 4 (Hence CX4) – The Cistern ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 4.2.2 Context 5 (Hence CX5) – The Cistern Plundering �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 4.2.3 Context 6 (Hence CX6) – Last Phase of Occupation and Plundering�������������������������������������������������������73 4.2.4 Upper Fill Context of Unit 1 (Hence UFC-U1)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������73 4.3 Unit 2 – The Early Islamic presence����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������74 4.3.1. Context 7 (Hence CX7) – Phase Beneath the Cemetery����������������������������������������������������������������������������74 4.3.2 Context 8 (Hence CX 8) – Construction of the Monumental Tomb ��������������������������������������������������������76 4.3.3 Context 9 (Hence CX 9) – Usage Phase of the Monumental Tomb����������������������������������������������������������76 4.3.4 Context 10 (Hence CX10) – Abandonment and Plundering of the Monumental Tomb�����������������������78 4.3.5 Context 11 (Hence CX11) – Necropolis��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79 4.3.6 Upper Fill Context of Unit 2 (Hence UFC-U2)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79 4.4 Summary Chronology of the Contexts������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79 5. Pottery Corpus������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 5.1 Imported Fine Ware ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 5.1.1 African Red Slip Ware (ARSW)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 5.1.2 Late Roman D (LRD) / Cypriot Red Slip Ware���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������85 5.1.3 Other imports��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������89 5.2 Egyptian Fine Ware��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������89 5.2.1 Aswan Productions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������89 5.2.2 Alluvial Clay Red Slip Ware (Egy FW)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������93

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5.3 Imported Utilitarian Ware��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99 5.3.1 Calcite Black Ware�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99 5.3.2 Cypriot/South Turkey Ware��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99 5.3.3 Other Imported Table Ware ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99 5.4 Egyptian Utilitarian Ware ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������100 5.4.1 Marl Clay Production������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������100 5.4.2 Abu Mina Ware ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������100 5.4.3 Egyptian Imitations of Palestinian Coarse Ware / Egloff 115–116��������������������������������������������������������100 5.4.4 Egyptian Utilitarian Ware – Local/Regional Productions ����������������������������������������������������������������������102 5.4.4.1 Cooking �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������105 5.4.4.1.1 Cooking pots��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������105 5.4.4.1.2 Casseroles�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������113 5.4.4.1.3 Cooking pans�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������119 5.4.4.1.4 Lids������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������120 5.4.4.1.5 Other Cooking Objects���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������121 5.4.4.2 Food Preparation����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������121 5.4.4.2.1 Basins��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������121 5.4.4.2.2 Mortaria���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������123 5.4.4.2.3 Other Food Preparation Vessels�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������123 5.4.4.3 Serving and Consumption �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������124 5.4.4.3.1 Bottles and jugs���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������124 5.4.4.3.2 Basins and Bowls�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������127 5.4.4.3.3 Dishes��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������136 5.4.4.3.4 Painted Ware / Coptic pottery��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������137 5.4.4.4 Storage Vessels�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������141 5.4.4.4.1 Jars�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������141 5.4.4.4.2 Dolia����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������144 5.4.4.4.3 Large Basins���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������144 5.4.4.5 Utilitarian Vessels and Other Terracotta Objects���������������������������������������������������������������������������145 5.5 Imported Amphorae�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147 5.5.1 Late Roman Amphora 1 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147 5.5.2 Late Roman Amphora 4 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������150 5.5.3 Other Imported Amphorae��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������152 5.6 Egyptian Amphorae (M. Kenawi, C. Mondin)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������155 5.6.1 Spindle-shaped Amphora / AE 3-1.4 and AE 3-1.6�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������155 5.6.2 Bi-conical Amphorae / AE 3-4 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������156 5.6.3 AE 3T / Kellia 172 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������156 5.6.4 AE 7 / LRA 7 / Egloff 177 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158 5.6.5 Bag-shaped Amphorae / AE 5/6 / LRA 5/6 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������159 5.6.6 AE 8 / Egloff 167���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������160 5.6.7 Other Egyptian Amphorae���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������160 5.7 Miscellaneous����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������161 5.7.1 Glazed Ware ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������161 5.7.2 Lamps��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������163 6. Conclusions����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������165 Plates������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������166 Bibliography�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������289 Appendix 1 Fine Ware Quantification������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������294 Appendix 2��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������298

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Chapter Title: List of Figures Book Title: Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012–2016 / Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Book Author(s): Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin Published by: Archaeopress. (2019) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrq0vn.3 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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List of Figures Figure i: Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit in their regional context (Background Images Esri and OpenStreetMap).������������������������ ix Figure ii: Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, location of the excavated units.����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� x Figure iii: Kom al-Ahmer, excavated units between 2012 and 2016.����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� x Figure 1.1: Examples of split coins from the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer 2012–2016 (the numbering corresponds with that in the catalogue)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2 Figure 1.2: Examples of split Ptolemaic coins from the excavations at Alexandria (after Faucher 2013)�������������������������������������������� 2 Figure 1.3: Sample 1 (Bronze, Ptolemaic, authority and series undefined, dating from the 2nd or 1st century BC). Left–Right: Faces; split edges; a section of the same sample viewed through an optical microscope����������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 Figure 1.4: The microstructure of Sample 1, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)������ 4 Figure 1.5: Sample 2 (Bronze, Ptolemaic, authority and series undefined, dating from the 2nd or 1st century BC). Left–Right: Faces; split edges; part of a section of the same sample viewed through an optical microscope���������������������������������������������������������� 4 Figure 1.6: The microstructure of Sample 2, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)������ 5 Figure 1.7: Sample 3 (Alexandrian Tetradrachm from the later decades of the 3rd Century AD). Left–Right: Faces; split edge; part of the splitting of the same sample viewed through an optical microscope�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 Figure 1.8: The microstructure of Sample 3, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)������ 5 Figure 1.9: Sample 4 (Vota follis of AD 347–348, indeterminate mint). Left–Right: Faces; split edge; part of the splitting of the same sample viewed through an optical microscope��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Figure 1.10: The microstructure of Sample 4, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)���� 6 Figure 1.11: Sample 5 (AE4, late 4th or early 5th century AD, indeterminate authority and mint). Left–Right: Faces; splitting on the same sample viewed through an optical microscope���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Figure 1.12: The microstructure of Sample 5, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)���� 7 Figure 1.13: Sample 6 (AE4, late 4th or early 5th century AD, indeterminate authority and mint). Left–Right: Faces; split edges; splitting on the same sample viewed through an optical microscope������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Figure 1.14: The microstructure of Sample 6, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right) ��� 7 Figure 1.15. Three-dimensional model showing the distribution of the coins listed in Table 1.3 and their chronology. The markings identify the individual coins, projecting the reciprocal lying-positions onto an ideal plane which mirrors the slope of the Kom beneath. The model is shown in profile looking from west to east. Coins that can be dated from before the end of the 3rd century AD are shown in green. Yellow is used to represent the earliest of the late Roman coins, and purple to indicate the latest late Roman coins. The box marks the three coins in these categories that came from F4110, which corresponds to the street that divides the areas situated to the north (the storage building on the left of the diagram) from those situated to the south (the house on the right)������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Figure 1.16: Pattern of distribution of the mints represented by coin finds dating from AD 284 through the end of the 5th century AD from the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer (Graphic Version of Table 1.4)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 Figure 1.17: Late Roman coins from the Kom al-Ahmer excavations, 2012–2016 (the numbering corresponds to that of the catalogue). Some examples of illegible coins of small dimensions, with a diameter of 7–12 mm. Some examples of illegible coins of small dimensions with holes caused by oxidisation of the lead. Some examples of clipped coins������������������������������������������������� 17 Figure 1.18: Dodecanummium from the mint at Alexandria, dating to the period of the Persian occupation (AD 619–629) (KAC 1001)��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Figure 1.19: A coin similar to that in Figure 1.18, but in better condition (Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 200, 3 December 2008, Lot 339)���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Figure 2.1: Kom al-Ahmer, plan of Unit 4 with the house to the south and the amphora storage to the north. Rooms in black are discussed in this volume���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 Figure 2.2: Kom al-Ahmer, view of the in situ amphorae leaning against the walls of Room C������������������������������������������������������������ 70 Figure 2.3: Kom al-Ahmer, Unit 1, view of the northern slope of the Kom with fired brick structures��������������������������������������������� 70 Figure 2.4: Kom al-Ahmer, stratigraphic sondage inside the cistern��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72 Figure 2.5: Kom al-Ahmer, calcareous floor and traces of despoliation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72 Figure 2.6: Kom al-Ahmer, view of the south slope of the central Kom with a fired brick structure appeared after excavation�� 75 Figure 2.7: Kom al-Ahmer, Unit 2, F2056 partially excavated�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75 Figure 2.8: Kom al-Ahmer, monumental tomb��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 77 Figure 2.9: Kom al-Ahmer, soil burial found beneath the upper fill layers of Unit 2����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 Figure 2.10: Damanhour: Craftsman kneads clay on the floor with feet������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 102 Figure 2.11: Damanhour: Pottery kiln���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102 Figure 2.12: Damanhour: Craftsman fuels fire with sawdust (Samantha Tistoni)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 103 Figure 2.13: Sections of the pottery produced nowadays at Damanhour���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104 Figure 2.14: Section of fabrics F2, F4 and F6 found in the excavation of Kom al–Ahmer�������������������������������������������������������������������� 104 Figure 2.15: Lamp KAP 1313 (Henrik Brahe)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 164 Figure 2.16: Lamp KAP 1314 (Henrik Brahe)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 164 Figure 2.17: Lamp KAP 1319 (Henrik Brahe)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 164 Figure 2.18: Lamp KAP 1320 (Henrik Brahe)����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 164 Figure 2.19: Map of the Mediterranean with imports. 1. ARSW, Calcite Black Ware?, Amphorae; 2. Tripolitania Amphorae; 3. LRA 4, Levantine FW; 4. LRD, LRA 1, Cypriot/South Turkey Coarse Ware, Agora G 199, Agora M 54, Pamphylian Amphora; 5. Knidian Amphorae; 6. LRC, LRA 3; 7. Kapitän 1 and 2, LRA 2; 8. Crete Amphorae.���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 165

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Chapter Title: List of Tables Book Title: Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012–2016 / Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Book Author(s): Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin Published by: Archaeopress. (2019) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrq0vn.4 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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List of Tables Table 1.1: Particulars of cleaned samples analysed by means of an optical microscope, metallographic microscope, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The seventh, eighth and ninth columns indicate the metallic contents as percentages��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 Table 1.2: Identifiable coins of Ptolemaic and Roman Imperial Periods (until the closure of the provincial mint at Alexandria, i.e. before 294 AD) found during the 2012–2016 excavations at Kom Wasit and Kom al-Ahmer. Italics indicates the number of pieces discovered in 1942 during the archaeological investigations conducted at the Roman Baths and published in el-Khashab 194911 Table 1.3: Table of features of Unit 4, Kom al-Ahmer, which yielded more than five coins during the 2012–2016 excavations. The third column shows the chronology of the coins from each feature, datable before the end of the 3rd Century AD (if coins were present, the lines are highlighted in grey). In the fourth column, the earliest late Roman coins from their respective features are listed. The fifth column lists the latest late Roman coins from their respective features. The fourth and fifth columns list unidentifiable coins, and the last two columns indicate with an asterisk (*) the presence in each of the features of pieces that cannot be classified, but probably date to the 4th or the 4th–5th centuries AD������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 13 Table 1.4: Pattern of distribution of the mints represented by coin finds dating from AD 284 through the end of the 5th century AD from the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16 Table 1.5. Byzantine coins unearthed during the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer between 2012 and 2016 and at the Roman Baths in 1942 (el-Khashab 1949: 104–106).������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Table 2.1: Functional and provenance groups of pottery at Kom al-Ahmer������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 Table 2.2: Pottery quantifications of excavated features of Units 1,2, and 4������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 Table 2.3: Percentage of pottery quantifications����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 Table 2.4: Percentage of fine ware found in the three Units���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 Table 2.5: Quantification of pottery in CX1��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67 Table 2.6: Quantification of pottery in CX2��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 Table 2.7: Quantification of pottery in CX3��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 Table 2.8: Quantification of pottery in UFC-U4�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69 Table 2.9: Quantification of pottery in CX5��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 Table 2.10: Quantification of pottery in CX6������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73 Table 2.11: Quantification of pottery in UFC-U1������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 74 Table 2.12: Quantification of pottery in CX7������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76 Table 2.13: Quantification of pottery in CX8������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 77 Table 2.14: Quantification of pottery in CX9������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 78 Table 2.15: Quantification of pottery in CX10���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 78 Table 2.16: Quantification of pottery in CX11���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 80 Table 2.17: Quantification of pottery in UFC-U2������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 80 Table 2.18: General chronology of the contexts������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81

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Archaeopress

Chapter Title: Preface Chapter Author(s): Cristina Mondin, Michele Asolati, Giorgia Marchiori and Mohamed Kenawi Book Title: Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012–2016 / Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Book Author(s): Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin Published by: Archaeopress. (2019) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrq0vn.5 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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Preface The study results presented in this volume are the outcome of an intensive research programme involving two archaeological sites, the dig laboratory, and the researchers’ home universities from 2012 to 2016. The team is grateful to the Ministry of Antiquities for granting us the necessary permissions to work on the sites, and for facilitating our work with our Egyptian colleagues under the Ministers: Mohamed Ibrahim, Mamdouh alDamaty, and Khaled Anani. The Department of Foreign Missions provided the necessary paperwork and much support, and we particularly thank Mohamed Ismail, Hany Abu Alazem, and Nashwa Gaber for their help. At the Damanhour office we were helped by Ahmed Kamel, Abdel Rehim Ali, Ashraf Abdel Rahamn, Mohamed Ali, and Khaled Farahat. On the sites, we were accompanied by the following inspectors who also provided much assistance: Ra’fat el Gendy (2012); Mohamed Elfaziri, Marwa Abd al Hadi, Eman Mashaly, and Adel Ahmed el Besa (April–June 2014); Emad Abu Zid (September 2014); Ahmed Ali, Mahmoud Elsayed Nada, Ahmed Hassan Abdel Atty, and Mohamed Hussein (2015); and Alaa el-Nahas and Mohamed Younis (2016). The conservator inspectors who worked with the mission were Zakaria Batisha (2014), Ahmed Amin (2015), and Akram Zakaria (2016). In addition, the engineer Basioni Mohamed Basioni helped us construct the symbolic perimeter wall at Kom al-Ahmer (2016). Over the course of the five fieldwork seasons the mission trained the following inspectors: Ahmed al-Halawani and Ahmed Naem (2012); Samia Mohamed Faid, Omar Nabil Asabagh, Ahmed Naem, Essam Ragab Abdelgwad, Mohamed Younis Abozaid, Sahar Mohamed Shaat, Eman Mohamed Mashaly, and Shahawy Mohamed Shahawy (April–June 2014); Anter Abd El Rahman and Mohamed El Jammal (2015); and Amir Azoz and Ibrahim Naser Mohamed (2016). The mission also trained the following conservator inspectors: Mahmoud Khatab, Mohamed Khatab, Khalefa Abd Elmaged, and John Eskander (2014); and Nashwa Khalil Mohamed and Mayada Elsaid Rashad (2016). Thanks are due to the Department of Tourism Police in Damanhour for their efforts to secure our stay. We would also like to thank the Generals Ashraf Mahrous, Ihab Lotfy, Ahmed al-Ganbihy, Ahmed Efet, and Ihab Selim, and others who accompanied us, like Ayman, Shukri, and Karam, as well as many ghafirs on both sites. We rented our houses on a monthly basis from Nazih, Abdel Baset, and Mohamed Ratib. We also received much help from several people in the villages, including Masry (an electrician), Ahmed (a plumber), and Nousa (a cleaner). We are especially grateful to our cook Mohsen Ahmed Gad Zagloul, who provided two meals every day for all members of the mission, including the inspectors and policemen. Many specialists came from Quft, including Saeed Fekri (2012); Saeed Fekri, Saeed Gharib “Laurence”, and Mohamed al-Saghir (2014); Saeed Fekri, Saleh, al-Shazli Ali, Yehia Farouk, and Hassani Hassan (2015); and Abdu Ahmed Ali, Bakri Badri Mahmoud, al-Shazli Ali, and Saad Ahmed (2016). We would also like to thank the dozens of workers who excavated with the Qufti and the members of the mission, especially Gomma Helal, Ahmed Abdel Latif, Karm Gomma, Ibrahim Rgab, Abdu Basioni, Hosam Abdel Moneim, Mohamed Ahmed, Amr Ratib, and Rizq Abdel Aziz. The mission team included various supervisors, excavators, and illustrators from many different countries. We began in 2012 with a small team consisting of Cristina Mondin, Giorgia Marchiori, Valentina Gasperini (ceramicist), Ilaria Rosetti (archaeologist), Irene Cestari (laboratory), Barbara Rizzo (ceramicist), Virginia Fileccia (archaeologist), and Mohamed Kenawi. In 2013, a short survey took place with Amy Wilson and Natalie Marquez. In April–June 2014, the team expanded when the mission developed a large-scale archaeological dig. Thereafter, our team included many supervisors, including Cristina Mondin (Director), Marcus Müller, Giorgia Marchiori, Tiziana Prezio, and Mohamed Kenawi; and archaeologists who worked both at the sites and in the laboratory, including Maria Lucia Patanè, Giulia Marano, Monica Spaziani, Dionisia Pizzo, Carla Vallone, Barbara Cavallaro, Erika Cunsolo, Salvatrice Pantano, Luther Sousa, Sara Cole, Sarah Hitchens, Rim Saleh, Audrey Eller, Aude Simoney, Juliette Fayein (conservator), and Henrik Brahe (photographer). In September 2014, the mission continued its activities with Cristina Mondin, Giorgia Marchiori, Maria Lucia Patanè, Giulia Marano, Federica Faro, Jessica Distefano, Flavia di Grazia, Valentina Corsale, Enrico Catalano, Elisa Politano, Irene Cestari, Sarah Hitchens, and Amy Wilson. In 2014, Israel Hinojosa Baliño conducted a major topographic survey, and Gabriella Carpentiero conducted the geophysical survey of Kom Wasit.

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In 2015, the team worked for two months and two weeks, and comprised a larger number of specialists as supervisors, including Cristina Mondin (Director), Giorgia Marchiori, Marcus Müller, Nunzia Larosa, Amy Wilson, Ole Herslund, and Mohamed Kenawi. The team also comprised many archaeologists and Egyptologists, including Audrey Eller, Maria Lucia Patanè, Carla Vallone, Caterina Codispoti, Barbara Cavallaro, Giulia Marano, Jessica Distefano, Mario La Rosa, Federica Faro, Federica D’Asero, Martina Maenza, Elisa Politano, Sara Cole, Mia Čančarević, Haythem Mahdi, Giulia Raimondi, and Graziana Zisa; as well as two architects, Giada Bertoldo and Elisa De Rossi. Henrik Brahe photographed the archaeological units and some of the objects, and Louise Bertini began working on the animal bones. The team also included two numismatists, Michele Asolati (Director) and Cristina Crisafulli, who cleaned and studied all coins found since 2012. In 2016, the project continued with a large number of archaeologists and specialists in various sciences. Fieldwork took place on the sites over the course of two months. The team included Cristina Mondin, Giorgia Marchiori, Ole Herslund, Nunzia Larosa, and Audrey Eller as supervisors; several archaeologists, including Maria Lucia Patanè, Carla Vallone, Barbara Cavallaro, Haythem Mahdi, Bianca Badalucco, Andreas Valentin, Ellen Brzost-Andersen, Libbe Bjerknæs, Carolina Vedøe, Federica Faro, Giulia Raimondi, Roberta Colonna, Mette Lindbo Adamsen, Christian Albér Birkekvist, Christiane Maren Fisker, Sofie Amalie Breum, and Urška Furlan; and two architects, Anna Chodkowska and Marika Mielec. Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli continued studying the numismatic finds. Israel Hinojosa Baliño worked on the topography of the two sites and the photogrammetry of the units, while Amy Wilson worked in the laboratory and photographed many of the objects. Luciana Carvalho contributed to the mission by planning the construction of a protective wall around Kom al-Ahmer, and overseeing the construction of the first 10 metres of the wall. Louise Bertini continued her study of the animal bones, and Benjamin Pennington began conducting a drill auger on both sites. Nunzia Larosa supervised the excavations of Units 3, 5, and 10 at Kom Wasit; coordinated the bi-dimensional and three-dimensional survey (photogrammetric elaborations); and collaborated in geo-spatial data management (geographic information system) with Giorgia Marchiori and Israel Hinojosa Baliño. The mission also wishes to thank several people who contributed indirectly to the mission in different ways, such as Essam Barakat (videographer and graphic designer) for many of the object photographs presented in this volume as well as Nada Mahdi for working on some of the photographs and drivers like Ali Gohar, Ibrahim, Ahmed, and Ashraf Abu Taleb. Thanks, are also due to Hadir Mohamed who drew hundreds of pottery sherds with AutoCAD. The chapters in this volume were reviewed by Mohamed Kenawi, Miranda Williams, Tiffany Chezum, Amy Wilson, and Urška Furlan. Proofreading was carried out by Andrew Meadows, David Aston, and Andy Reyes. Thanks are also due to the contribution by Maria Lucia Patanè for her intensive work since 2014 on the pottery. Finally, thanks are due to the many institutions that contributed in different ways, including Siena University (2012); Padua University, Department of Cultural Heritage: Archaeology and History of Art, Cinema and Music (since 2014), the Italian-Egyptian Archaeological Center, and National Geographic (2014); the Archaeological Institute of America—Hawaii Branch (2013), the Egypt Exploration Society (2015). The Society of Libyan Studies (2014–2015); and Erasmus Mundus - al-Idrisi II Post-doc fellowship Research Grant that focused on the study of Roman and Late Roman pottery at Cairo University (2015-2016). Thanks are due to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Italian Embassy in Cairo, and its archaeological section for their financial support. Special thanks to Paolo Sabbattini, director of the Italian Cultural Institute in Cairo, Rosanna Pirelli and Giuseppina Capriotti, director of the Italian Archaeological Center in Cairo, and Cecile Safwat, secretary and administrator of the Italian Archaeological Center, Carmen Giradi of the Plastipak SRL Company donated plastic bags,1 and the Marchiori family donated T-shirts. Private donations were greatly helpful for certain research, and for the production of this volume. Thanks are due to Luciana Carvalho and Keith Raffan for their support and special thanks to Scott Seivwright for his contribution. Cristina Mondin, Michele Asolati, Giorgia Marchiori, and Mohamed Kenawi

1

Plastipak. http://plastipak.it/azienda/

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Archaeopress

Chapter Title: Introduction: The Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit Archaeological Project II First Phase: 2012–2016 Chapter Author(s): Mohamed Kenawi Book Title: Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012–2016 / Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Book Author(s): Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin Published by: Archaeopress. (2019) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrq0vn.6 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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Introduction

The Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit Archaeological Project II First Phase: 2012–2016 In 2012, fieldwork began at the two largest sites (after Kom al-Ghoraf) in Egypt’s western Delta, Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, to investigate them intensively and reveal their importance. Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit are located 6 km west of the Rosetta branch of the Nile, 35 km south of Rosetta, 40 km southeast of the port of ThonisHeracleion, and 52 km southeast of the port of Alexandria (Figures i–ii). Given their well-connected location with respect to these Mediterranean and Nile ports, it can be assumed that a significant volume of commercial traffic moved through these sites. Historical sources and Hellenistic and Roman geographers located the capital of the Metelite nome in this region, and our research has made it possible to identify the likely location of the nome capital, Metelis, at Kom al-Ahmer, at least during the Roman, Late Roman, and Early Arab periods. This short introduction discusses the results of the study of two cultural materials finds, coins and pottery that brought to light massive information that can be gathered from a Delta site. In the 1940s, at Kom al-Ahmer, Abd el-Mohsen el-Khashab conducted an excavation that resulted in the discovery of a large Imperial Roman bath complex; Hellenistic, Roman, Late Roman, and Islamic coins, and various other objects, which he published in his book entitled Ptolemaic and Roman Baths of Kom el-Ahmar.2 The coin finds from Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit provide valuable data for the circulation of coins in the region from the Early Ptolemaic to Late Roman and Byzantine periods. Over 1,400 coins have been collected during excavations, of which approximately 1,070 are presented and discussed in this volume. This large volume of coins, together with

Figure i: Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit in their regional context (Background Images Esri and OpenStreetMap). 2

El-Khashab 1949.

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Figure ii: Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, location of the excavated units.

Figure iii: Kom al-Ahmer, excavated units between 2012 and 2016.

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their related contexts, indicate a very active commercial site, which was well-connected with Alexandria and the Mediterranean. There can be no doubt that the meticulous excavation methods employed resulted to this high number of finds, in addition to the detailed conservation work conducted by experts Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli. During the excavations, all pottery sherds were collected, cleaned, and studied in detail. This resulted in a huge number of pottery sherds from the excavated areas. The study of the pottery presented in this volume focuses only on Kom al-Ahmer and, in particular, on three of six excavated units. Due to the sheer quantity of pottery finds, this study presents only the pottery from two fully studied units (1 and 2), as well as sub set of the pottery from Unit 4. Over 40,000 sherds are presented in this volume, which comprise a catalogue of 1,320 types. This catalogue is the most comprehensive of its kind for the Egyptian Delta. The mission database contains over 100,000 studied sherds and over 3,000 identified types which will be discussed in future publications (Figure iii). Alongside the Egyptian materials, hundreds of identified Eastern Mediterranean and North African pottery imports are discussed. Strong evidence for commercial exchange with a variety of ports confirms the importance of the site and its strategic location. An amphora storage building was discovered in Unit 4, and one of the five rooms of the storage building is presented in this volume. The data acquired from Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit since 2012 is huge and astonishing, and was entirely unanticipated from the survey data. Nevertheless, it represents, at the same time, the results of the excavation of less than 2% of the extent of the site. There are dozens of sites in the region which we would expect to provide similar data and information on the history of the Western Delta from the Late Dynastic to Early Islamic periods. It is hoped that this study will encourage other scholars to focus their attention on this under-studied region. Mohamed Kenawi

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Archaeopress

Chapter Title: Coin Finds 2012–2016 Chapter Author(s): Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli Book Title: Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012–2016 / Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Book Author(s): Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin Published by: Archaeopress. (2019) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrq0vn.7 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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Part 1

Coin Finds 2012–2016 Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli Introduction

Conditions of the Coins and the Metallographic Analyses

The numismatic results from the archaeological investigations carried out between 2012 and 2016 at the sites of Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit are clearly very significant, not only in terms of the number of specimens found (more than 1,050),1 but also in terms of these specimens’ chronological characteristics and distribution.2 These factors relate diachronically to the periods of use of the excavated areas. The finds are also important because they have greatly enriched the archaeological landscape of the western Nile Delta, and that of the lower reaches of the Nile in general.

Unfortunately, the condition of the coins discovered has tended to be poor, with the great majority of the coins being of small dimensions (especially AE3 and AE4 from the 4th–5th centuries AD), and displaying the effects of heavy oxidative degradation. These coins are very often completely mineralised and thus no longer decipherable or classifiable. However, their evident morphological characteristics allow us to make an initial determination of the groups to which they belong, and to formulate some hypotheses regarding their possible identification within fairly narrow margins of error. In this context, it is necessary to draw some attention to a very specific type of corrosive action affecting both Ptolemaic coins and Alexandrian tetradrachms from the latter years of the 3rd century AD, as well as partially legible or illegible examples from the Late Imperial Period (4th–5th centuries AD). This corrosive action results in a kind of deterioration that causes splitting (whether a single split or more than one) along the edges of the coins. In some cases, this results in the coin being divided into two ‘valves’ that remain connected at the centre, or in a sort of exfoliation of the edge of the coin into a series of oxidised strata—sometimes very conspicuous—punctuated by open gaps, parallel to the faces of the coin (Figure 1.1).

Although the two sites have been the focus of previous archaeological research,3 only Kom al-Ahmer had yielded (among other things) coin finds of clear importance. Although the excavations carried out at this site by the sebakheen in the 1930s and by Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) in 2008 do not seem to have yielded any coin finds,4 research conducted by Abd el-Mohsen el-Khashab in 1942 brought to light a few dozen coins with dates ranging from the early Ptolemaic Period to the mid-7th century AD, as well as two Islamic pieces from the 7th and 10th centuries AD, respectively.5 Kom al-Ahmer has therefore been included in critical overviews, some of these recent, relating to the presence of Antique and Byzantine coins in Lower Egypt, and in Egypt more generally.6 Thus, the site presents a significant contribution to the study, especially of the Ptolemaic, Late Imperial, and ProtoByzantine periods.

This characteristic, which in our own experience is rare outside the Delta,7 has been previously detected in some examples of Egyptian provenance (Figure 1.2), most of which are datable to the Late Ptolemaic Period.8 In this specific context, this peculiar corrosion, which has been proposed as proof that the coins were cast, seems, on the contrary, to indicate that they were minted. In numerous cases documented by the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, as well as other cases where both the face and the edge have been published, the surfaces of the coins showed no signs of splitting, or only showed this in very rare cases, even when the coins were corroded and unrecognisable. This

The excavations were preceded by surveys, the results of which were published in: Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 176–183; Kenawi 2014: 100–112; 2012; 2008. On the results of the excavation, see Kenawi and Rossetti 2013; Kenawi 2015: 291–294; 2014; Marchiori 2014; Mondin et al. 2016; Mondin et al. 2018. This contribution takes into consideration the coins found during the 2012–2016 excavations. The coins unearthed in 2017 and 2018 are not discussed here. 2  Some preliminary information in Asolati 2015. More detailed information in Asolati 2016a. 3  On the site of Kom Wasit, see Habachi 1947. 4  On the excavations by Achille Adriani see, in particular, Adriani 1940. On the 2008 excavations, see Kenawi 2014: 107–109. 5  El-Khashab 1949: 83–106. 6  See Noeske 2000a; Faucher 2011. 1 

7  A similar case involving some coins imitating Group 18 of Ebusus is recorded at Pompeii. These coins, which were certainly struck with a copper-based alloy with a high lead content, show the same sort of changes as our examples. We would like to thank Giacomo Pardini, who is studying the Pompeii material, for supplying this information. 8  Faucher 2013: 211–213.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Figure 1.1: Examples of split coins from the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer 2012–2016 (the numbering corresponds with that in the catalogue)

Figure. 1.2: Examples of split Ptolemaic coins from the excavations at Alexandria (after Faucher 2013)

peculiarity suggests that the corrosion occurred more easily at the weakest point of the coin’s flan (i.e., along the edge), on the so-called ‘third face’ of the coin that was not subject to direct pressure during the minting process.

copper or bronze, with which it is mixed in these coins, and it is freely diffused in the interdendritic spaces. After minting, the lead is compressed into an oblong morphology at right angles to the direction from which pressure was applied. This Pb longitudinal orientation will thus be more or less parallel to the minted faces.10 The direction of the breaks on the edges of the coins is therefore analogous to the orientation of the lead into lead-rich copper-based alloys. Consequently, these breaks develop first in the part of the coin that is less dense and weaker in a mechanical sense, because it has not been subject to direct force. It is in these places that the products of lead corrosion, which are concentrated by the decuprification process, can more easily create internal stress resulting from the increase in volume.

In fact, both the obverse and reverse of a struck coin are characterised by a stable and orderly metallic structure resulting from the direct transfer of energy by the force of the strike. On the other hand, the edge, which did not come under direct pressure from the hammer in Antiquity and was not struck directly, is the least resistant of the faces. Furthermore, all of the categories of coins displaying exfoliation or bivalved opening that have come to light during the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, or to which the cited literature refers, have been minted with a largely consistent lead content (10%– 25%).9 As is well known, lead does not dissolve in solid

The results of metallographic analyses conducted on certain coins displaying the characteristics outlined above support the arguments put forward thus far (Table 1.1). The analysed coins, which form part of a conspicuous, see the bibliography in n. 10. 10  Canovaro et al. 2011: 23; Canovaro et al. 2013; Asolati 2012a: 196– 197.

9  On the Ptolemaic coins, see Faucher 2013: 35–62. On the tetradrachm of the late 3rd century AD, see Cope et al. 1997: 12. On the lead component in Late Imperial bronze coins, which is sometimes very

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

private collection of antiquities assembled during the 20th century and consisting solely of items of Egyptian origin, comprise two Ptolemaic examples from the Late Hellenistic Period (samples 1 and 2, Figures 1.3– 1.6), a tetradrachm dating from the last decades of the 3rd century AD (sample 3, Figures 1.7–1.8), and three examples from Late Antiquity (samples 4, 5, and 6; Figures 1.9–1.14). Although they do not specifically come from Kom al-Ahmer or Kom Wasit, being finds from the Nile Delta area they are relevant to the topic studied here.11

however, beyond doubt that there is a considerable proportion of lead in the coins that were analysed. The distribution of lead in sample 2 seems to express a prevalent orientation approximately parallel to the faces of the coin (Figure 1.6). Although it is less obvious than in the other samples (Figures 1.4, 1.8, 1.12, and 1.14), it is nonetheless comparable with, and not dissimilar to, that which is evident in sample 4 (Figure 1.10). This evidence, while not contradicting that revealed by the metallographic microscope, could be due to mechanical stress, albeit a stress that has not modified the dendritic structure of the flan in any significant way. Essentially, in five out of the six cases, the microstructural evidence indicates that a plastic deformation has affected the flan, whereas the results relating to sample 2 do not appear wholly consistent and therefore do not allow us to exclude the possibility of some slight degree of mechanical action.

The coins were longitudinally cut, embedded, and polished for the metallographic analysis.12 In addition to confirming the presence of substantial amounts of lead, observation through a metallographic microscope at various levels of magnification led to the detection of an equiaxed grain structure in sample 1 and samples 3–6, with evident deformation lines (Figures 1.4, 1.8, 1.10, 1.12, and 1.14). This microstructure is incompatible with direct casting in a closed mould, and implies a plastic deformation that clearly indicates that the coins were struck. In sample 2, however, a dendritic structure was revealed (Figure 1.6), which is compatible with manufacture by direct casting. Analysis via scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated that the presence of lead permitted its quantification in all samples with a high level of accuracy (Table 1.1). However, this element is present in sufficiently large quantities to render the result unreliable in terms of the lead representation in each of the sections when compared to the whole body of their flans. It remains,

To sum up, far from proving their direct casting, the exfoliation or separation into valves apparent in these examples, like those found at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, does imply that they were hammered. This therefore leads us to reconsider the impact of manufacture by casting, especially with respect to late Ptolemaic coinage, for which the significance of the adoption of this technique is (in the absence of any surviving moulds) largely deductive.13 It is clear that the results outlined above do not necessarily imply that the samples themselves were official issues, but neither do they indicate that these same coins are imitative products.

N.

g

mm

h

Authority

Date

Pb%

Sn%

Cu%

Fig.

1

9.4

23

6

Ptolemies

2nd–1st century BC

14

4

82

1.3

2

10.8

22

12

Ptolemies

2nd–1st century BC

59

4

37

1.5

3

9.6

21

12

Provincial Egypt

After AD 280

55

4

41

1.7

4

2.8

15

12

Constans/Constantius II

AD 347–348

50

1

49

1.9

5

1.7

14

?

Uncertain Emperor

late 4th–early 5th century AD

46

3

51

1.11

6

1.4

12

?

Uncertain Emperor

late 4th–early 5th century AD

52

2

46

1.13

Table 1.1: Particulars of cleaned samples analysed by means of an optical microscope, metallographic microscope, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The seventh, eighth and ninth columns indicate the metallic contents as percentages

11  Our sincere thanks to a generous collector who prefers to remain anonymous. 12  The analyses were carried out in the Department of Industrial Engineering laboratories at the University of Padua. Our grateful thanks to Irene Calliari and Luca Pezzato for their collaboration and for the results that they communicated after the analyses were complete.

However, based on current evidence, the only trace of unofficial bronze coinage production in Ptolemaic Egypt involves coining (Faucher et al. 2011).

13 

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Figure 1.3: Sample 1 (Bronze, Ptolemaic, authority and series undefined, dating from the 2nd or 1st century BC). Left–Right: Faces; split edges; a section of the same sample viewed through an optical microscope

Figure 1.4: The microstructure of Sample 1, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)

Figure 1.5: Sample 2 (Bronze, Ptolemaic, authority and series undefined, dating from the 2nd or 1st century BC). Left–Right: Faces; split edges; part of a section of the same sample viewed through an optical microscope

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

Figure 1.6: The microstructure of Sample 2, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)

Figure 1.7: Sample 3 (Alexandrian Tetradrachm from the later decades of the 3rd Century AD). Left–Right: Faces; split edge; part of the splitting of the same sample viewed through an optical microscope

Figure 1.8: The microstructure of Sample 3, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Figure 1.9: Sample 4 (Vota follis of AD 347–348, indeterminate mint). Left–Right: Faces; split edge; part of the splitting of the same sample viewed through an optical microscope

Figure 1.10: The microstructure of Sample 4, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)

Figure 1.11: Sample 5 (AE4, late 4th or early 5th century AD, indeterminate authority and mint). Left–Right: Faces; splitting on the same sample viewed through an optical microscope

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

Figure 1.12: The microstructure of Sample 5, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)

Figure 1.13: Sample 6 (AE4, late 4th or early 5th century AD, indeterminate authority and mint). Left–Right: Faces; split edges; splitting on the same sample viewed through an optical microscope

Figure 1.14: The microstructure of Sample 6, as viewed through a metallographic microscope (left) and through SEM (right)

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Coin Finds at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit

One of the most significant revelations that emerges from an analysis of the coin finds concerns the different development of human presence at the two sites. The numismatic evidence supports the hypothesis that Kom Wasit was settled first, with Kom al-Ahmer as its continuation in the late Hellenistic and Roman periods. Other evidence indicates that the settlement of Kom Wasit dates to the late Dynastic period, preceding that of Kom al-Ahmer, which dates to the Hellenistic period. Due to the rising water table, which would have greatly undermined the stability of buildings made substantially of mudbricks, Kom Wasit was abandoned, possibly during the 1st century AD, whereas Kom alAhmer was developed further, to the extent of being equipped with the thermal baths mentioned above.16

Notwithstanding the generally poor condition of the coins collected during the 2012–2016 excavations at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, these investigations resulted in just over 1,050 numismatic finds. To these should be added several other small metallic items which, for reasons of shape, thickness, and dimension, are easy to confuse with Late Antique coins (and may have been used as coins either accidentally or deliberately). At the time of writing, the overall total of coins and similar specimens stands at 1,078 pieces. They have been classified variously as Ptolemaic, Roman Provincial, Roman Imperial, and Byzantine. Together with the numismatic results published by elKhashab,14 they represent one of the most interesting groups of coins to have emerged thus far from the Nile Delta area and, more generally, from Egypt as a whole.15 Indeed, the number of discovered coins in five years of investigations suggests that these two sites might have an extraordinary impact on the development of research involving numismatic finds from Antiquity in the Egyptian context. This should be taken into consideration in planning future excavations in Egypt.

At both sites, Ptolemaic coins have been found dating back as far as the first phase, i.e., the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC (Table 1.2). Series 1 (315/12–301 BC) in particular forms a high percentage of all Ptolemaic coins found at Kom Wasit—higher than at any other site in Egypt, including Alexandria.17 At Kom al-Ahmer, this series is represented by a single coin, representing just 1.6% of the 62 Ptolemaic coins discovered there (this series forms 2.1% of the total found at Alexandria). Series 2 coins (305–261 BC) have also been documented in significant numbers at both sites, and constitute around 12% of the totals at both;18 this is comparable to the percentage of Series 2 coins found at Alexandria (14.8%). This indicates that Kom al-Ahmer was already being developed in the first decades of the 3rd century BC, rather than in the middle of the 3rd century, as previously hypothesised.19 Ptolemaic coins were equally persistent at both sites, although they appear to have continued at Kom Wasit20 until the middle, or perhaps even the final phase of the 1st century BC.21

Archaeological investigations have been conducted at several units opened at various levels of the kom at both sites. The levels of the sites vary (especially at Kom al-Ahmer), largely due to the removal of the rich Nile silt by the sebakheen for use as fertiliser in previous decades. In certain areas of the kom, at both sites, these circumstances sometimes resulted in the removal of entire phases, which has greatly affected the establishment of a chronological framework. The numismatic documentation should be read with these specific environmental conditions in mind, as these often make it difficult to compare the data derived from the two sites.

16  Kenawi 2014: 112–113; Kenawi and Rossetti 2013; Marchiori 2014: 84–85; Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 177. 17  The comparison is based on data presented in Faucher 2011; however, this does not make clear the exact number of Greek examples found at Kom al-Ahmer by el-Khashab (1949) (see following note). In addition, the coin finds from Heracleion (Meadows 2006) and from Tell Atrib (Krzyżanowska 2009) are also taken into account. 18  In fact, at least four more examples that can be classed as Series 2 were found at Kom Wasit in 2017 (unpublished data). 19  Kenawi 2014: 107; Marchiori 2014: 81. 20  In addition to the pieces collected during the Italian-Egyptian excavations of 2012–2016, attention should also be drawn to an example recorded in Wilson and Grigoropoulos (2009: 177, fig. 17). The coin is unfortunately illegible in the photo, but its probable dimensions suggest that it should be dated to the second half of the 3rd–2nd century BC. 21  Some of the flans, of small dimensions and in extremely poor condition, lead us to question their dating to the 1st century BC. They seem comparable to the five-drachma examples referable to Series 9 (see Picard and Faucher 2012: 91–92). Furthermore, these coins may need to be given later dates than those proposed by Picard and Faucher due to inconclusive evidence concerning the dates in which they were in circulation in other areas of the Mediterranean. Indeed, these small bronzes were present, albeit in limited quantities (Reece 1977: 230; see also Buttrey 1997: 52), in neighbouring Cyrenaica, a region traditionally opposed to any influx of coin issues from outside the province, including those from Egypt. The presence of these small

We should start by emphasising the large disparity in the number of coins found at Kom Wasit and at Kom al-Ahmer, despite the relatively similar dimensions of the units excavated at each. At Kom Wasit, surveys and stratigraphic investigations have brought to light 70 coins, many in poor condition. Conversely, about 1,006 pieces have been collected at Kom al-Ahmer, mostly from Unit 4 (see Chapter 11, Volume I), situated in the vicinity of the thermal baths excavated in 1942. In this unit the archaeologists identified two structures with different rooms and separated by a street, which appear to be consistent with commercial activity of some sort.

El-Khashab 1949: 83-106. See the data published in Noeske 2000a; and in Faucher 2011, in light of which the quantitative and qualitative significance of the monetary finds at Kom Wasit and particularly at Kom al-Ahmer is evident.

14  15 

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

At Kom al-Ahmer the coin finds seem to indicate an interruption in coin circulation before the middle of the same century.22 Although, as mentioned above, non-numismatic archaeological evidence suggests that Kom Wasit was abandoned during the 1st century AD, the circulation of coins seems to have ceased well before this time, and did not resume until the end of the Roman period or perhaps even the beginning of the Byzantine period.

The chronological discrepancy of the Ptolemaic finds from Kom Wasit is also of particular interest, since it enables us to denote their original contexts (or, at any rate, two of these contexts) relatively clearly. Although only a limited number of coins have thus far been discovered at this site, the chronological primacy of the coins from Unit 9 rather than from Unit 10 is well-defined. Those from Unit 9 (the tower house) are ascribable to Series 1 (c. 315/12–301 BC), whereas the double eagle types from Unit 10 (the tholos bath complex) can be classified as Series 9 (c. 130–50 BC). The smaller coins may be dated even later. The numismatic evidence from Unit 2 seems to fit between the two series found in Units 9 and 10, with examples that can be assigned to Series 2, 3, and 6.

This evidence, in our opinion, allows us to reconsider the hypothetical date at which Kom Wasit was abandoned. The only documentation relating to the early Imperial phase consists of out-of-context pottery sherds, and recent stratigraphic excavations have not yielded any finds from the beginning of the Imperial period. Thus, a date of abandonment in the 1st century BC, long before the Roman conquest, cannot be excluded, and the archaeological evidence that post-dates this event may indicate subsequent episodic frequentation of the site until the 1st century AD.

However, the coin finds at Kom Wasit do not represent the sequence from the formation of the province of Egypt through Late Antiquity. Even coins from the late 4th–5th centuries AD are sporadic (see Table 1.2), and in any case, these coins may have been used well beyond their time of issue. Indeed, it is even possible that all of these finds are related to frequentation during the Byzantine Period, as documented by burials in the area of the tholos bath complex (Unit 10), and new archaeological evidence from Unit 2 (not discussed in this volume), together with a few other coins: an Anastasian nummus from Unit 1, a dodecanummium of the second half of the 6th or first decades of the 7th century AD found in Unit 2, and two dodecanummia from the time of Justinian I in Unit 12. These pieces most likely indicate the occasional frequentation of Kom Wasit, probably for the purposes of looting and recovery of reusable building material.

bronzes has been connected with the period in which Cyrenaica was ceded to Egypt by Mark Antony and with the subsequent circulation of Alexandrian bronze coins from the reign of Cleopatra VII within the region (Asolati 2011: 45–46; Crisafulli 2014: 336). The presence of small Egyptian bronzes was presumably facilitated by the similarity of their size and weight to the bronze coins in use during the last years of Ptolemaic domination of the area (all the evidence suggests that these were in circulation for a very extensive period, possibly even until the 2nd century AD). On the other hand, it is worth noting that these Cyrenaican issues circulated quite freely throughout the Mediterranean, particularly the central Mediterranean, and the central and southern Tyrrhenian coast of Italy, where they form a significant percentage of the foreign coins collected in that area (Stannard and Ranucci 2016). However, in this same context, there is a lack of Alexandrian Ptolemaic five-drachma pieces, although larger Series 9 specimens portraying a double eagle have been documented in significant quantities (personal communication, Clive Stannard, whom we thank). The Cyrenaican bronzes might plausibly have circulated in Italy after the cession of Cyrenaica to Rome in 96 BC and, more probably, after 75 BC (when the Roman province was established) (Stannard and Ranucci 2016). The hypothesis that the five-drachma bronze coins were issued in the last decades of the 2nd - first half of the 1st century BC appears to be contradicted by their absence from finds in Italy, where they could have circulated beside the Alexandrian bronzes of the double eagle type and/or together with those Cyrenaican of the same diameter, passing through the Cyrenaica itself. Instead, this absence supports the hypothesis that they were issued after the Series 9 coins with the double eagle and after the Cyrenaican issue began circulating (i.e., not at the end of the 2nd century BC but in the second half of the 1st century). A date during the reign of Cleopatra VII thus seems more plausible, as already proposed by Picard (2005: 5). 22  These assumptions derive both from evidence that emerged during the excavation of Unit 5 and from data published in el-Khashab (1949: 83–92). Unfortunately, as noted by Naster (1949), el-Khashab’s publication (especially that of the coins) is not very accurate because the pieces listed are not numbered sequentially and the quality of the photographs is poor. Furthermore, the relationship between the catalogue and the photographs is not always clear. These factors have caused later scholars much confusion concerning, for example, the number of Ptolemaic coins published by el-Khashab. Naster (1949) records 42 pieces, Noeske (2000a) counts 41, and Faucher (2011) as many as 96. Since it is not clear from where the latter calculation derives, the best estimate appears to be 45 Ptolemaic coins (see Table 1.2).

In contrast, at Kom al-Ahmer not only are the latest attestations of the Ptolemaic Period more recent, but significant numbers of locally produced provincial coins are also frequently found. As Table 1.2 shows, recent finds mainly date to the last decades of the 3rd century AD; they include a bronze piece of Augustus minted during the first years of the 1st century AD, five pieces from the reign of Hadrian (including one tetradrachm), and a bronze coin displaying a bust of Antoninus Pius. A hole in the latter coin may indicate that it was worn as a pendant and therefore could have continued to be used until a much later time. Consequently, its loss could have occurred as late as the 3rd century AD, which may be further confirmed by the fact that it was found in a layer that post-dates AD 284. We should also add to the results of the recent excavations those coins that were brought to light in 1942 during the excavations of the baths, and which cover part of the first two centuries of the Imperial Period, from the reign of Claudius to that of Antoninus Pius and thereafter some phases of the 3rd century. 9

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II These data suggest the continuity of the settlement at Kom al-Ahmer, despite the long interruption spanning part of the 1st century BC and a substantial part of the 1st century AD, until the end of Caligula’s reign. Part of this gap can be explained by a trend visible at many other sites in Upper and Lower Egypt, where there have been few finds of Series 8 (115–113 BC). It is difficult to understand the absence of the Ptolemaic Series 9 (first half of the 1st century BC) and Series 10 (37–30 BC), which are mainly attested at Alexandria and in the surrounding areas. However, it should be observed that, in general, the coins of Cleopatra VII are much less common than those of previous phases, except for Series 1 and 7, and their absence from Kom al-Ahmer may be less significant.23

that began under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus,27 and worsened under the Severan dynasty28 until the closure of the mint itself and the possible transfer of its staff to Syria (during Caracalla’s reign).29 This can also be perceived at the province capital, where only three coins bearing the names of Marcus Aurelius, Diadumenianus, and Alexander Severus can be dated to the period from AD 161 to AD 253.30 The reopening of the mint under Macrinus does not seem to have had a significant impact on circulation. The difficulties faced by the Alexandrian mint in supplying the Egyptian market can be seen, for example, during the reign of Alexander Severus, when a series was produced in Rome for circulation in Egypt. This series is characterised by typical Egyptian features but shows a clear ‘Roman’ style.31 However, an ample supply of coinage can be seen from the reign of Gallienus to that of Diocletian (see Table 1.2), as a result of an extraordinary increase in production that reached its peak during the Tetrarchy.32 During this period, Egyptian production not only had a huge effect at the local level, but also began, remarkably, to extend far beyond the provincial borders to very remote locations.33

Much more noticeable in this context is the almost total absence of coins datable to the early decades of the Imperial Period. The recently published excavations at Alexandria offer a very interesting reference framework in which it is clear that coin circulation was very strictly controlled, even in the capital of the province, and the spread of issues from outside Egypt were clearly prohibited, at least until Diocletian’s reform.24 In urban excavations, coins circulated during the Augustan and Tiberian periods account for about 40% of the finds from the 1st to the 3rd centuries AD.25 This makes comparison with the situation at Kom alAhmer unconstructive, even though the chronology of the archaeological stratigraphies investigated there between 2012 and 2016 seems to offer a convincing explanation. Units 1–4 comprise Late Roman and Byzantine phases, while Unit 5 uncovered layers from the Hellenistic Period. Similarly, although the presence of Hellenistic coins is clearly attested in the thermal baths, the evidence from el-Khashab’s excavations seems to date the construction of the building to the 2nd century AD.

The coins produced during this period were found in clear phases, both during the excavation of the thermal baths in the 1940s and in Unit 4 between 2012 to 2016. Differently, a tetradrachm of Carinus and the coins from the 4th and 5th centuries found in Unit 5 (in the Hellenistic layers) should be considered residual also due to the activities of the sebakheen. Numismatic documentation regarding the last centuries of the Imperial Period mostly derives from Units 1–4 at Kom al-Ahmer (see Chapters 11-13, Volume I), despite some differences between units in terms of the number of specimens and their chronology. Units 1 and 3, which are very close to one another and located on the highest part of the central mound, were not affected by the activities of the Sebakheen and contained Late Roman and Byzantine coins dating to at least the end of the 6th century. Unit 3 has yielded few coins because it has been only partially excavated. The coins that appear to be the oldest are all illegible and belong to the AE4 category, which could date to very late Roman phases or the proto-Byzantine Period. Units 1 and 2 have, however, yielded many more coins. In both cases,

Therefore, if we exclude this early Imperial Period, we find that the remaining Imperial coins that precede the 4th century (see Table 1.2) are distributed in a manner and number not dissimilar to those found at nearby Alexandria.26 The second half of the 1st century and the 2nd century up until the reign of Antoninus Pius are represented solely by local currency. The absence of coins after the reign of Antoninus Pius is probably attributable to the decline in Alexandrian production

Christiansen 2004: 106–115. Christiansen 1988: I, 285–304. 29  Savio 2007: 112, with the previous bibliography. 30  Picard 2012: nos. 1231–1232, 1236. In this context also, there is no integration of external issues with the local circulation. A single provincial coin from other mints is reported in Marcellesi 2012: 191, no. 1347. A similar trend is attested also at Tell Atrib; Krzyżanowska 2009: 159–162. 31  Savio 2007: 124–125, with the previous bibliography. 32  Callu 1968: 187 ff.; Christiansen 1976: 243–52, table 3b; Christiansen 1985: 79; Milne 1971: 25. 33  Amandry 2005; Asolati 1996; 2012b; Crisafulli 2012: 268–269; Gorini 2011: 27–28; Savio and Marsura 2012. 27  28 

Faucher 2011: 442; Picard and Faucher 2012: 104. We employ in the Catalogue, the chronological subdivision into series of the Ptolemaic bronze coins, proposed in this last contribution and recently used in several other publications. The series are the following: S01 315/12– 301 BC; S02 305–261 BC; S03 261–c. 240 BC; S04 c. 240–c. 220 BC; S05 c. 220–197 BC; S06 197–c. 150 BC; S07 c. 150–pre-115 BC; S08 115/14 and 114/13 BC; S09 c. 130–50 BC; S10 37-30 BC. 24  On this question, see Savio 2007: 26–27, with the previous bibliography. 25  Picard 2012. 26  Picard 2012: 143–169. 23 

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

Kom Wasit

Kom al-Ahmer

315/12–301 BC (S01)

5

1

305–261 BC (S02)

4

4+4

261–c. 240 BC (S03)

2

3+1

c. 240–c. 220 BC (S04)

11

c. 220–197 BC (S05)

18

197–c. 150 BC (S06)

2 (S6E)

c. 150–pre-115 BC (S07)

5 (A, C, D, E x 2) + 1 (S6D) 3 (B x 2, C)

c. 130–50 BC (S09)

8

Unidentified, 3rd–2nd century BC

1

9

Unidentified, 2nd–1st century BC

13

2

TOTAL

35

62

Augustus

1

Claudius

2

Nero

13

Galba

1

Vespasian

1

Trajan

1

Hadrian

4+5

Antoninus Pius

14+1

Gallienus

4

Claudius II Gothicus

8

Aurelian

13

Probus

2+1

Carinus

2

Diocletian

3

Unidentified, 1st–2nd century AD

6 (AE)

Unidentified, second half of the 3rd century AD

9 (tetrdr)

TOTAL

91

Table 1.2: Identifiable coins of Ptolemaic and Roman Imperial Periods (until the closure of the provincial mint at Alexandria, i.e. before 294 AD) found during the 2012–2016 excavations at Kom Wasit and Kom al-Ahmer. Italics indicates the number of pieces discovered in 1942 during the archaeological investigations conducted at the Roman Baths and published in el-Khashab 1949

The Late Imperial Coins from Kom al-Ahmer, Unit 4: The Finds and their Distribution

the clearly identifiable coins date from the second half of the 4th to the beginning of the 5th century AD.34 However, in Unit 1, there are also two nummi of Marcian (AD 450–457), which somehow link the coins of the 4th century with those of the 6th. Even if it seems plausible from these two units that these coins circulated during the 4th–5th centuries, we cannot exclude the possibility that they belong exclusively to the Byzantine phases or to the phases of transition between the Byzantine period and the Arab conquest.

The case of Unit 4 is different and particularly interesting. The unit comprises two buildings, a storage building and a house, situated to the north and south respectively of a street made of close-packed concrete.35 Each building is subdivided into a series of rooms. Around 820 coins have been found in this unit alone, representing approximately 83.4% of the numismatic material discovered thus far at Kom al-Ahmer, and 77.7% of the coins found at the two sites.

A similar situation is described in Morrison 2004: 408–409, which refers to the data assembled in Noeske 2000a.

34 

35 

Mondin et al. 2016.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II of the rooms where the coins were found. This suggests that the structures had probably a strong connection.

The 2016 archaeological excavations in the area of Room B of the southern structure, at levels below the foundations of the delimiting walls, yielded few specimens from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Three Alexandrian coins of Hadrian were recovered from the supporting and levelling layers of a floor level (F4081 and F4075), to which various fragments of decorated plaster seem to be connected. To these coins a Carinus tetradrachm (L B = AD 283–284) must be added. The latter establishes that the building’s phase of use precedes the 4th–5th centuries AD. The Carinus coin represents quite a sound terminus post quem for placing the floor level after AD 284, a period not much earlier than the building’s refurbishment, which conceivably began in the first decades of the 4th century.

Each find has been geo-referenced, and the distribution maps created from this data appear to show non-random concentrations of coins (see Chapter 11 and above all Figs 11.15, 11.54 and 11.104, Volume I). Some of these accumulations are very significant because they occur in such a way that the impact of natural phenomena such as possible rain erosion can be excluded (Figure 1.15). These latter eventualities may also be excluded on the basis of the pattern of coin distribution in the specific contexts of Rooms A and B, redefined in cross section through the use of a QGIS plugin36 and developed so as to take into account the inclination of the kom in this specific area (see Fig. 11.105, Volume I). This makes clear the homogeneous distribution of the coin finds in the Late Antique layers of both rooms, regardless of the differences in level.37

Almost all the coins come from more superficial levels of both structures, and can be dated (with rare exceptions) to between the reigns of Diocletian and Maximian Herculius and the AD 430s, with an extraordinary concentration of very small AE4 specimens. The coins that sit outside these chronological boundaries (excluding those pieces that date generically to between the 4th and 5th centuries) can be assigned to the Hellenistic and early Imperial phases (see also Table 1.3):

A more targeted 3D model (Figure 1.15), which takes into account only the coins listed in Table 1.3,38 clearly shows that the 4th and 5th centuries coins are distributed homogeneously, with no appreciable distinction with reference to the level, in all the features belonging to the Late Roman phases of use of the structures in Unit 4, including the road between them. This indicates more clearly the possible protracted circulation of many Late Roman issues. Furthermore, the most ancient coins (i.e., the Ptolemaic and provincial Alexandrian pieces) appear several times in these features alongside more recent pieces from the Imperial mints. Their presence may have been influenced in some way by the proximity of their layers to the present-day level, which may have resulted in some disturbances. However, the repetitiveness of this pattern allows us to exclude this possibility, unless we apply it to all the features in which the coins were found and all that was sealed within these features. Furthermore, the chronological coherence of the pottery finds allows us to discard this possibility with a fair degree of confidence.

Ptolemy I/II, bronze, house (F4008), 18.23 g, 31 mm Ptolemy, bronze, storage (F4096), 7.24 g, 24 mm Ptolemy, bronze, house (F4011), 1.63 g, 19 mm Ptolemy, bronze, house (F4020), 7.12 g, 24 mm Hadrian, Alexandrian bronze, storage (F4084), 1.78 g, 15 mm Alexandrian bronze, (1st–2nd century AD), street (F4110), 5.70 g, 23 mm Alexandrian bronze, (1st–2nd century AD), house (F4001), 1.01 g, 12 mm With the sole exception of the bronze coin from F4008, which clearly stands out from the others on account of its size, all of the pieces on this short list have weights and diameters comparable to those of Late Roman coins found in the same features. Therefore, without completely excluding the possibility of an intrusive presence, it is easy to assume that these examples may have been reused during the 4th and 5th centuries. This is especially plausible in case of coins weighing less than 2 grams and measuring less than 20 mm in diameter. Although the presence of the piece from F4008 can perhaps be considered residual, in our opinion the possibility of its reuse cannot be excluded.

These circumstances, rather than suggesting hoarding, allow us to assume the frequent and continuous use of coins in these structures, especially during the 4th century and the first decades of the 5th century. We may also presume that some earlier coins were reused in this period, as they appeared similar to later issued coins in terms of their dimensions and metallic composition. This may have included provincial Alexandrian coins and perhaps even Ptolemaic ones. If these assumptions are correct, it seems plausible to classify the area, not only as characterised by economic activities of

Moreover, the distribution of the coins from the more superficial features of the individual rooms in each of the two structures (Room A, Room B, Room C, and the space to the west of Wall 4048) is perfectly coherent in chronological terms. This demonstrates the contemporaneity and homogeneity of the length of use

https://plugins.qgis.org/plugins/Qgis2threejs/ (last accessed July 2017). 37  Marchiori, Chapter 11 in Volume I. 38  We would like to thank Giorgia Marchiori for preparing this illustration using the QGIS Qgis2threejs plug-in. 36 

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

feature

no. of coins

coins before AD 284

earliest late Roman coins

latest late Roman coins

late 4th–early 5th century AD

5th century AD

House 4065

7

280–281

388–395

4021

12

285–286

361–363

*

4017

58

294–295

425–435

*

4004

9

Late 3rd century AD

388–402

*

4007

8

296–307

364–388

*

4014

32

308

425–435

*

4020

42

3rd–2nd century BC

305–306

388–402

*

4001

19

1st–2nd century AD

314–315

388–395

*

4018

47

317–318

425–435

*

4000

41

300–320s

388–402

*

4011

21

323–329

388–402

4019

40

330–337

425–435

*

4016

8

364–378

430–435

*

4008

19

378–388

383–392

*

4022

22

383–392

404–406

*

4002

29

388–402

425–435

*

425–435

*

3rd–2nd century BC

261–240

*

*

Street 4110

44

1st–2nd century AD

313–315

Storage Building 4095

30

Late 3rd century AD

425–435

*

4096

75

291

425–435

*

4097

23

310s–320s

406–408

*

4092

24

378–383

425–435

4084

72

350–361

425–435

*

4087

8

364–383

364–383

*

4090

28

348–350

425–435

*

2nd–1st century BC

126–127

*

Table 1.3: Table of features of Unit 4, Kom al-Ahmer, which yielded more than five coins during the 2012–2016 excavations. The third column shows the chronology of the coins from each feature, datable before the end of the 3rd Century AD (if coins were present, the lines are highlighted in grey). In the fourth column, the earliest late Roman coins from their respective features are listed. The fifth column lists the latest late Roman coins from their respective features. The fourth and fifth columns list unidentifiable coins, and the last two columns indicate with an asterisk (*) the presence in each of the features of pieces that cannot be classified, but probably date to the 4th or the 4th–5th centuries AD

considerable importance and continuity, and plausibly related to commercial businesses of which the large number of 4th and early 5th century amphorae in the storage building provides some evidence, but also to suppose that the area had a lively economic vitality.

At any rate, no issues datable later than the reigns of Theodosius II–Valentinian III have been found in Unit 4, leading us to envisage that the area was abandoned, or its use significantly changed, around the middle or in the second half of the 5th century. This date is 13

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Figure 1.15. Three-dimensional model showing the distribution of the coins listed in Table 1.3 and their chronology. The markings identify the individual coins, projecting the reciprocal lying-positions onto an ideal plane which mirrors the slope of the Kom beneath. The model is shown in profile looking from west to east. Coins that can be dated from before the end of the 3rd century AD are shown in green. Yellow is used to represent the earliest of the late Roman coins, and purple to indicate the latest late Roman coins. The box marks the three coins in these categories that came from F4110, which corresponds to the street that divides the areas situated to the north (the storage building on the left of the diagram) from those situated to the south (the house on the right)

much earlier than that suggested by the evidence from Units 1–3. Alternatively, it may simply indicate that the higher part of the site in the area of Unit 4 was removed by the sebakheen. This possibility seems to be supported by the pottery finds in the area, which are dated to no later than the 5th century AD, consistent with the coin finds. This trend is interesting in the overall context of the kom, as Unit 4 is located a short distance from the Roman baths (about 150 m distant from Units 1–3) that remained in use until the Byzantine Period and perhaps even after the Arab conquest.

Imperial issues. It seems reasonable to suppose that the tetradrachms remained in circulation for a long time, judging from their presence in many features of Unit 4 alongside later Imperial coins. However, the previous currency was quite rapidly replaced by Imperial coins, especially by the heir of the antoninianus, i.e. the radiate fraction of follis. This latter, which came from foreign mints, evidently became the vehicle for the flow of antoniniani prior to Diocletian’s monetary reform. In fact, two specimens issued in the name of Diocletian and produced by the mints of Heraclea and Antioch have been found in these features.

The Late Imperial Coins from Kom al-Ahmer: The Distribution of Types and Mints

During the joint reign of Constantine the Great and Licinius I (AD 310s–320s) the documentation is relatively rich, with types that are characteristic of this period (i.e., iovi conservatori [avgg], of predominantly eastern origin [Licinian]; and soli invicto comiti, of western origin [Constantinian]). This distribution pattern of geographical origin is also supported by the mints attested in the finds from this

A more detailed analysis of the comprehensive numismatic data from Kom al-Ahmer reveals clearly the almost constant presence of bronze coinage dating to the 4th–5th centuries AD. In particular, there is clear continuity between the final phases of Alexandrian provincial production and the circulation of the first 14

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

period, with Rome and Siscia appearing alongside the eastern mint of Antioch.39 The Alexandrian mint played no role during this period, although it is represented by three examples from an earlier phase, and it is a steady presence at the site from the beginning of the 330s.

same situation is discernible at Abu Mina,43 Kellia,44 and even Alexandria itself where, although the number of attestations from this period increases, almost 70% of the coins are the result of local subsidiary production,45 perhaps issued to make up for the lack of official supply.46

In the latter years of Constantine I’s reign, and in the decade after his death until the monetary reforms of AD 348, the number of finds increases noticeably, with the most common types being gloria exercitvs/1 st. and 2 st., divvs constantinvs, victoriae dd avggq nn, vot/xx/mvlt/xxx. These clearly demonstrate that Kom al-Ahmer was integrated into the distributive framework of the Mediterranean region. Eastern issues start to predominate as part of an increasingly clear and progressive regionalisation of currency (the mint at Rome formed an almost exclusive exception).

The coin finds remain limited for the decade from AD 378–388, when the smaller AE4 with the Vota type becomes dominant. During this period, pieces from the mint at Constantinople appear for the first time and in significant quantities. This mint, together with another overlooking Propontis (Cyzicus), produced a large proportion of the recognisable coins. A new period of abundance commenced in AD 388 and continued until the beginning of the 5th century. The leading protagonist of this period is the AE4 with the salvs reipvblicae 2 type, the eastern version of which ceased to be produced by AD 395, while the western mints stopped producing it by AD 403. The original place of issue of coins found at Kom al-Ahmer is not always easy to recognise due to the poor state of preservation of many of these coins. In no case, however, has a western mint for this type been identified, suggesting that their geographical circulation may have been limited to the East.

The most common type for the entire 4th century is, however, the fel temp reparatio/FH, especially the later reformed version, the AE3 produced after AD 350 (having a significantly reduced weight). Considering the poor state of preservation of most of these examples, it cannot be ruled out that some of them might result of imitative productions, made by casting, a process often documented in Egypt through considerable quantities of terracotta moulds.40 However, there is no proof that this was the case. The period extending from the reform of Constantius II and Constans (AD 348) to the death of Julian (AD 363) is nevertheless characterised by the first AE4s of the type spes reipvblice and by an AE3 of Julian with the Vota. All in all, this period follows the general pattern of finds that occurs throughout the Mediterranean region, while, as far as supplies are concerned, the few recognisable mint marks relate once again to Rome and to the eastern mints of Antioch and Alexandria.

After this period, the coin finds decrease once again, although the number of finds remains comparable to that of finds pre-dating AD 388. The AE4 with the cross type within the legend concordia avg(gg) (AD 404– 406), is especially prominent, as is the cross type within a crown, which is dated later (AD 425–435). However, there are also AE3s with the type virtvs exerciti, gloria romanorvm/3 or 2 Emperors. All these types indicate a structured and dynamic circulation after the beginning of the 5th century. The period after AD 425 is characterised once again by coins issued by the mint at Rome, struck in the name of Valentinian III. In general, however, this phase sees a predominance of eastern issues, although it is usually not possible to attribute these to specific mints with any great degree of precision.

In the first part of the following period (AD 364–378), the monetary presence declines, following a pattern that is extremely common in the eastern part of the Empire, where coin production after AD 364 seems to have been visibly reduced.41 This was particularly true with respect to certain monetary types (secvritas reipvblicae and gloria romanorvm 6–8) which were issued in very considerable quantities in the West.42 The

As stated above, no examples later than AD 435 have been recorded from Unit 4 at Kom al-Ahmer, but more recent Imperial coins have come from other contexts. We refer exclusively to three AE4s issued under the emperor Marcian, two of which were discovered in Unit

39  A Constantinian example from the Treviri mint (RIC, VII, 174, n. 127) was discovered during the 2017 excavation campaign. 40  At least one mould of this type, so far unpublished, is in the collection at the Egyptian Museum in Turin. It is one of the finds of Carlo Anti’s excavations at Tebtynis. For details of these excavations, see Anti 1936. For a more detailed analysis of the presence of moulds in Egypt, see Barakat 2005; Barakat and Picard 2002; De Witte 1902; Noeske 2000b (especially pp. 817–819). A considerable number of cast coins of this type have been found at Alexandria (Marcellesi 2012: nos. 1519–1520, 1575–1598). 41  Asolati 2010: 307–311. 42  On this, see RIC, IX: 18

Noeske 2000a: II, 60–64, 172–173. Noeske 2000a: II, 228–229. In contrast, consider the evidence of the coin finds at Karanis (see Haatvedt and Peterson 1964: especially 319–336). 45  Marcellesi 2012: 274, in comparison with the phase 348–363 (see pp. 272–274). 46  A similar conclusion may be drawn from the analysis of the finds at Kom al-Dikka (see Lichocka 2005a and 2005b [especially p. 303]). 43  44 

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Rom.

Sis.

284–330

2

1

330–348

1

348–363

1

Sir.

Her.

Nic.

Cyz.

1 1

364–388

1

3

388–403 403–435

Con.

1

Ant.

Ale.

OR.

TOTAL

3

3

2

12

1

2

3

9

1

2

3

1

1

1

1

9

2

3

7

30

33

3

3

42

77

3

435–491 TOTAL

7

1

1

1

4

2

4

5

4

10

Table 1.4: Pattern of distribution of the mints represented by coin finds dating from AD 284 through the end of the 5th century AD from the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer

Figure 1.16: Pattern of distribution of the mints represented by coin finds dating from AD 284 through the end of the 5th century AD from the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer (Graphic Version of Table 1.4)

mm (unfortunately illegible) comprise the corpus of the numismatic material found at the site, the great majority of which comes from Unit 4. While a significant part of these flans only provides a generic idea of their monetary past, many at least preserve their original shape (Figure 1.17), helping to define the real number of the coins of this period present in the context of the kom. A comparison of these flans with the identifiable coins shows that many can probably be classified as belonging to the period between the end of the 4th century and the first half of the 5th century AD, significantly integrating the records of the period. Some have been affected by oxidative phenomena typical of 5th-century coins such as, for example, perforation due to the thickening of lead during the casting of the

1, and the third found in close vicinity to Unit 4. Bronze coins issued later than the middle of the 5th century are relatively common at Alexandria47 and at Abu Mina;48 thus, their absence at Kom al-Ahmer, and in Unit 4 in particular, is even more remarkable. The last issues whose dating is certain do not entirely complete the overall picture of coin finds from the 4th and 5th centuries at Kom al-Ahmer. A considerable quantity of small flans measuring between 9 and 14 Marcellesi 2012: nos. 2181–2194. Noeske 2000a: II, 87–90 and 179. Numerous examples of the bronze types post-dating 450 were also found in the hoard of Abu Mina 1983. See Noeske 2000a: II, 48–52. 47  48 

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

Figure 1.17: Late Roman coins from the Kom al-Ahmer excavations, 2012–2016 (the numbering corresponds to that of the catalogue). Some examples of illegible coins of small dimensions, with a diameter of 7–12 mm. Some examples of illegible coins of small dimensions with holes caused by oxidisation of the lead. Some examples of clipped coins

flan, whose oxidisation caused the separation (Figure 1.17, nos. 725 and 829).49 In the case of other coins, 49 

earlier issues may have been clipped to obtain weight values that conformed to the standards used from the last decades of the 4th century onwards (Figure 1.17). Several examples of coins that have been cut in half

Buttrey et al. 1981: 124–126.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II have been encountered among the specimens from Kom al-Ahmer, although their condition does not always entirely rule out the possibility that they may have broken naturally. This phenomenon of clipping has been observed in many parts of the Mediterranean region, but it is visible chiefly in specimens from coin hoards, which generally tend to be in a better state of preservation than excavated coins.50 Several instances have been reported from three hoards found in Egypt itself, buried around AD 405. One of these hoards consists almost entirely of clipped coins, along with a few lead flans of small dimensions and some bronze coin blanks measuring 8–10 mm.51 To these it is necessary to add the hoard of Luxor (also buried around AD 405), which includes among its 289 pieces a few AE3s whose dimensions have been reduced by clipping.52 Overall this phenomenon seems to have continued well into the 6th century AD, but in our case it can plausibly be traced to the first half of the 5th century AD, if not to the last decades of the 4th.

East.55 Moreover, the circulation of bronze coins minted outside Byzantine Egypt was highlighted by the 1942 excavation of the thermal baths, where a follis of Justin I–Justinian I was discovered.56 Among the dodecanummia that can be assigned to the period of Heraclius, attention should be drawn to one from Unit 1, which is of a type with a frontal portrait between a star and a crescent that several publications have ascribed to the period of the Persian occupation of Egypt (AD 618–628).57 Others have hypothesised that it might be an Islamic issue after the Arab conquest,58 or minted during the reign of Anastasius and therefore should be viewed in the more general context of the overall reorganisation of Byzantine bronze coinage.59 However, these hypotheses have met with much criticism.60 Unfortunately, the coin’s context at Kom alAhmer is of little assistance in helping us choose among the various possibilities, although it does help confirm the circulation of this specific issue in the Nile Delta area, as well as its presence at Alexandria.61

In conclusion, even a body of poorly preserved pieces may be seen to have informative qualities by which it is possible to further define the role played by bronze coins at the site, and, more generally, the circulation of coins in the Nile Delta during the 4th–5th centuries AD.

The circulation of locally minted Byzantine coins resumed after the Persian occupation. Although there is no numismatic evidence of this from the 2012–2016 excavations, those of 1942 provide proof of this.62 Nevertheless, it is clear that at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, as well as in many other parts of the region, there was a distinct interruption in the presence of coins after the reign of Heraclius that can be explained by the Arab conquest.

The Latest Evidence As mentioned above, the latest numismatic evidence from the Kom al-Ahmer excavations (2012–2016) can be dated to the Byzantine Period and is concentrated between the reigns of Justinian I and Heraclius. This evidence largely consists of dodecanummia and hexanummia from the Alexandrian mint, which are common in Egyptian contexts, but also includes two nummi of Justinian I from the mints of Carthage and Rome, respectively. The presence of these coins at this site is unsurprising since western nummi of these types have been found in large quantities at Abu Mina,53 and more or less contemporary Italian nummi even appear at Antinoupolis.54 These finds can be explained in the context of the Byzantine reconquest of Vandal Proconsular Africa and Ostrogothic Italy, and the subsequent return of Imperial troops to the

However, it cannot be determined with certainty how long locally produced Byzantine pieces remained in circulation. This is especially true in the case of the dodecanummia, which could have conceivably remained in use beyond the second half of the 7th century AD, alongside Arab-Byzantine imitations that, by reproducing this type of dodecanummia (IB), sustained 55  Morrisson 2003; 2001; 1999. Touratsoglou (2010) remains sceptical that this explanation holds good for all Vandalic and Ostrogothic nummi found in the East. 56  The Byzantine coins found during the excavation of the thermal complex have been reconsidered in Noeske (2000a: II, 217–218, nos. 103–110), where they are dated on the basis of the DOC. This differs a little from el-Khashab’s work. In particular, Noeske attributes to Constans II (DOC, II, 2, no. 105) one of the five dodecanummia of Heraclius, but there is no reason for doing so. The descriptions provided by el-Khashab may refer only to issues of Heraclius (1 piece DOC, II, 2, no. 191 = Domaszewicz and Bates 2002: Pl. I, no. 2; 1 piece no. 193 = Domaszewicz and Bates 2002: B2a; 1 piece no. 196 = Domaszewicz and Bates 2002: B3a; 2 pieces no. 197 = Domaszewicz and Bates 2002: B3b). 57  On this attribution, see Picard and Morrisson 2012: 302; Morrisson 2004: 409, especially n. 27; and Domaszewicz and Bates 2002: 100–102, all with the previous bibliography. See also Noeske 2000a: I, 159. 58  Domaszewicz and Bates 2002: 100, with the previous bibliography. 59  Domaszewicz and Bates 2002: 102. 60  Picard and Morrisson 2012: 302; Domaszewicz and Bates 2002: 100, each with the previous bibliography. 61  Picard and Morrisson 2012: nos. 3021–3075. 62  El-Khashab 1949: 105–106.

Asolati 2005: 15–22; 2016b: 202. We refer here to the so-called Egypt 1 hoard (see Pearce 1938: 117– 118; RIC, X: 138). With regard to the other two hoards, the first (Egypt 3: Pearce 1938: 119–122; RIC, X: 138) included at least 63 coins which ‘originally were Æ3s’, whereas the second (Egypt 4: Pearce 1938: 122–123; RIC, X: 138–139) contained a piece cut in half and an AE3 cut down to a quarter. See also the Egyptian hoard at El Kab, buried around AD 370, which also contained cut coins (Volk 1983: 83, quoting Bingen 1948: 167–168). 52  Lallemand 1973: 158–159. This has the type fel temp reparatio/ FH, secvritas reipvblicae/Victory and gloria romanorvm/ Emperor with labarum and captive. 53  Noeske 2000a: II, 128–134, 192–195. The Vandal nummi belong to the same category (see pp. 96–97, 181–182). 54  Castrizio 2010: 75, n. 2. 50  51 

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

Figure 1.18: Dodecanummium from the mint at Alexandria, dating to the period of the Persian occupation (AD 619– 629) (KAC 1001)

Authority

Denomination

Figure 1.19: A coin similar to that in Figure 1.18, but in better condition (Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 200, 3 December 2008, Lot 339) 1942 Excavations

2012–2016 Excavations

Roman Baths Anastasius

nummus

Justin I/Justinian I

M

Justinian I

Kom al-Ahmer

IB

Unit 2

1

nummus/lion

Unit 2

1

sporadic Unit 2

1

S

Unit 2

1

IB

Unit 1

1

Unit 2

1

Unit 3

1

Unit 1

1 +1 Persian

Unit 2

1

Unit 1

1

Justin II/Maurice Tiberius II

IB

1

Justin I/Phocas

IB

2

IB

5

Heraclius Justinian I /Heraclius

Unit 1

1

Unit 12

2

Unit 2

1

1

nummus/A Justinian I/Maurice

Kom Wasit

S TOTAL

9

11

4

Table 1.5. Byzantine coins unearthed during the excavations at Kom al-Ahmer between 2012 and 2016 and at the Roman Baths in 1942 (el-Khashab 1949: 104–106).

the local Byzantine system of accounting.63 This interruption in the presence of coins is also documented at the nearby site of Kom al-Ghoraf, where a hoard was found that included gold coins, the earliest of which can be dated to the end of Heraclius’ reign.64 As the rate of consumption of these coins does not support a prolonged circulation, the impact of the Arab conquest, both here and at other Egyptian sites including Kom alAhmer, should not be underestimated.

remark, to note that the investigations conducted by el-Khashab at the bath complex led to the discovery of an anonymous fals dated to after the reforms of Abd alMalik ibn Marwan (AD 695–730s), and a dinar dated to the year 154 of the Hegira (AD 771).66 These pieces—together with fragments of glazed ceramic-ware dating from the 10th century onwards and bearing graffiti (which appear comparable with 13th-century imports from Anatolia)67 as well as structures, possibly of the 10th century, which were discovered during the 2012–2015 excavations68— seem to support the hypothesis that the ancient capital of Metelis was located at Kom al-Ahmer, rather than at Kom al-Ghoraf, as hypothesised by some scholars.69

Although the 2012–2016 excavations have not revealed any Islamic coins,65 it seems appropriate, as a closing Domaszewicz and Bates 2002. Sist 2013a: 109; 2013b: 49–50. The best images of the gold coins are in Kamel 2016: 151 (114–115). 65  This was further confirmed by the archaeological investigations carried out in 2017. 63 

El-Khashab 1949: 106. See also Noeske 2000a: II, 218. Mondin et al. 2018: 236. 68  Kenawi 2015: 292; Kenawi and Rossetti 2013. 69  Sist 2011: 152–153; 2013a: 109; 2013b: 49. 66 

64 

67 

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Kom al-Ahmer

Islamic and Coptic sources clearly record a continued settlement at Metelis after the Arab conquest,70 but the excavations at Kom al-Ghoraf have identified no phases later than the mid-7th century AD.71 In contrast, the evidence from Kom al-Ahmer described above allows us to extend the period of the site’s occupation up to the 10th century AD,72 maybe even the 13th century. When these elements are considered together with the Hellenistic-Roman urban structures and the considerable dimensions of the bath complex, they produce a picture of an extensive and distinct site that appears unlike any other in the area.

Mint of Alexandria Greek Coins Ptolemaic Kings Ptolemy I bronze (hemiobol), 305–282 BC (S02) Obv. Head of Alexander III r., with the horn, wearing the mitra. Rev. [ΠΤΟΛΕΜ]ΑΙΟΥ; eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; to l., aphlaston above helmet. Sv., no. 172; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 31–50 *KAC 1. AE; 4.79 g; 18 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 5, F5049 [170]

Catalogue

bronze (hemiobol), 305–282 BC (S02) Obv. Head of Alexander III r., with the horn, wearing the mitra. Rev. ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ; eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; to l., aphlaston and ΔΙ. Sv., no. 157; Picard and Faucher 2012: no. 55 *KAC 2. AE; 5.16 g; 18 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 5, F5056 [180]

The Catalogue collates the files of the coins discovered in the course of the 2012–2016 excavations at the sites of Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit. The coins are catalogued first according to the individual site at which each was found. Within this context, the coins are then divided according to their date of issue, starting with Egyptian productions and proceeding through the Greek period up to the end of provincial minting: the Ptolemaic bronze coins are listed according to the subdivision into series proposed by Picard and Faucher (see note 23). Roman Imperial coins then follow and, finally, Byzantine issues. No examples of productions from Greek mints or provincial issues from outside Egypt had been found at either of the sites up to and including 2016.

bronze (diobol), 305–282 BC (S02) Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. [ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ] ΒΑΣΙ[ΛΕΩΣ]; eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; to l., A (?) and a part of a monogram or letter. Cf. SNG Danish: nos. 76–86; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 116–139 *KAC 3. AE; 11.30 g; 26 mm; h 1. 2015, Unit 5, F5054 [179] Ptolemy II bronze (diobol), 282–261 BC (S02) Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; to l., monogram over shield; between legs, I. Sv., 576; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 157–162v *KAC 4. AE; 18.01 g; 28 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 5, F5054 [178]

Details are provided on the issuing authority, the face value and chronology. There then follows a brief description of the obverse and reverse, with bibliographic references for comparison. Since more than one example can sometimes correspond with a given description, the descriptions are followed by catalogue numbers preceded by the letters KAC (Kom al-Ahmer) or KWC (Kom Wasit). Pondometric data follows, together with any apposite notes concerning the reading of the type of each coin, and the piece’s condition. Finally, excavation particulars are supplied.

Ptolemy II/Ptolemy III bronze (diobol), 261–ca. 240 BC (S03) Obv. Head of Zeus r. Rev. [---] BAΣIΛE[---]; eagle standing l. on thunderbolt Sv., no. 415β; SNG Danish: no. 155; for the chronology see Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 283–286 *KAC 5. AE; 18.23 g; 31 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [213]

Entries of coins with photographic illustrations are marked by symbols placed before the serial number. An asterisk (*) indicates coins illustrated in the photographic section at the end of the Catalogue. The symbol § indicates coins illustrated in Figure 1.1 within the text, and the symbol ‡ indicates coins illustrated in Figure 1.17 within the text.

Ptolemy V/Ptolemy VIII bronze, ca. 185–180 BC (S6D)73 Obv. Head of Zeus r. with floral diadem. Rev. ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ [---]Σ[---]; eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; to l., six-pointed star; between legs, [K]. On the r. wing, rectangular countermark with a cornucopia (?). Sv., no. 1375; SNG Danish: no. 269 We are grateful to Catharine Lorber for this personal communication by email: “In AJN 22 (2010), Thomas Faucher and I assigned Sv. 1375 and SNG Milano 310 (the only variant we knew of at the time) to Series 6d, based on their representation in the Sacred Animal Necropolis hoards published by Martin Price...My current view is that Series 6e must have been in circulation before the invasions of Antiochus IV, because it seems to provide the prototypes of the imitative bronze coinage issued in his name. That allows me to suggest that Series 6d might fall somewhere around the years 185-180”.

73 

Kenawi 2014: 113; 2015: 291; Marchiori 2014: 86. Sist 2011: 142; 2013a: 109; 2013b: 46. 72  Marchiori 2014: 86; Kenawi and Rossetti 2013. 70  71 

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 *KAC 6. AE; 24.86 g; 30 mm; h 12. 2012, Unit 1, FN/A [0215]

*KAC 19. AE; 1.78 g; 15 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [819]

Ptolemies

tetradrachm, AD 127–129 Obv. [---]; laureate bust r. Rev. [ΠATHP] ΠATPIΔOC; clasped hands; field illegible. RPC, III, nos. 5715, 5728 *KAC 20. AR (MI); 14.92 g; 31 mm; h 12 (Large bubble of corrosion filling part of the obverse field). 2016, Unit 4, F4075 [1150]

bronze, III–II century BC Sv.? KAC 7. AE; 20.13 g; 31 mm; h? (conical edges). Obv. and Rev. illegible. Coin, year 2012 KAC 8. AE; 9.55 g; 21 mm; h? (conical edges, exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible (traces of types). 2012, Unit 1, F1004 [0076]

tetradrachm, AD 128–129 Obv. ΑΥΤ Κ[ΑΙ ΤΡ]ΑΙ ΑΔΡΙΑ СЄΒ; laureate and draped bust r. Rev. Euthenia reclining l. on sphinx, holding ears; in ex., [L TP]IC KAI / (ΔЄ). RPC, III, no. 5731 *KAC 21. AE; 14.28 g; 30 mm; h 11. 2016, Unit 4, F4069 [712]

KAC 9. AE; 8.76 g; 22 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F1051 [0069] KAC 10. AE; 8.01 g; 22 mm; h? (conical edges). Obv. and Rev. illegible (crusted). 2015, Unit 5, F5048 (from the surface/western extension of Unit 5) [237]

bronze, AD 129–130 AD Obv. Laureate head r. Rev. Headdress of Isis; across field, L-IΔ. RPC, III, no. 5764 *KAC 22. AE; 2.10 g; 15 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4081 (from the sieve) [1175]

KAC 11. AE; 7.12 g; 24 mm; h? (conical edges, exfoliated, with part of the leaves missing). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [543]

bronze, AD 133–134 Obv. Laureate bust r. Rev. Agathodaemon and Uraeus standing erect, facing one another, crowned with skhent (to l., Agathodaemon enfolding caduceus; to r., Uraeus enfolding sistrum); to l., [L I]; in the middle, H. Dattari (Savio), no. 7902 *KAC 23. AE; 20.83 g; 34 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4081 [1174]

KAC 12. AE; 6.96 g; 23 mm; h? (conical edges, exfoliated, mineralized). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2012, Unit 1, F1008 [0109] KAC 13. AE; g 3.57; mm 21; h? (conical edges, naturally fragm.? ca. a half). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 5, F5048 (from the surface/western extension of Unit 5) [237] KAC 14. AE; 3.35 g; 18 mm; h? (conical edges, fragm. ca. ⅓). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 4, F4067 [664]

Antoninus Pius bronze, AD 144–145 Obv. [---]T AI[---]; laureate head r. Rev. Agathodaemon standing erect, crowned with skhent; across field, L-H (?). RPC, online, no. 14856 *KAC 24. AE; 6.77 g; 22 mm; h 12 (holed). 2016, Unit 4, F4072 [899]

KAC 15. AE; 1.63 g; 19 mm; h? (conical edges with sprues). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [232] bronze, II–I century BC (?) Sv.? KAC 16. AE; 7.24 g; 24 mm; h? (conical edges with sprues; completely mineralized, with cracks on both faces; white and spotted oxidations). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1071]

Probus tetradrachm, AD 280–281 Obv. A K M AYP ΠPOBOC CЄB; laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Eagle standing l., head r., holding wreath in beak; across field, L-S. Geissen and Weiser 1974–1983, IV, no. 3150 *KAC 25. MI; 7.61 g; 19 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 4, F4065 [607]

KAC 17. AE; 2.58 g; 17 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated, fragm. ca. ¼). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [1139] Roman Provincial Coins – Egypt Augustus

Carinus Caesar

bronze, ca. AD 1–12 Obv. [---]; bare head r. Rev. Capricorn r.; above, star; field illegible. RPC, I, nos. 5025, 5034 *KAC 18. AE; 8.50 g; 25 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 2, F? (inside the western cut) [417], 0992 Backside: 1643; Altitude 7 m 739

tetradrachm, AD 282–283 Obv. A K M A KAPINOC K; laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Tyche standing l., holding rudder and cornucopia; to l., LA. Geissen and Weiser 1974–1983, IV, nos. 3171–3172 *KAC 26. MI; 8.26 g; 20 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 5, F5024 [151]

Hadrian

Carinus

bronze, AD 126–127 Obv. Laureate head r. Rev. Sistrum; across field, L-IA. RPC, III, no. 5702

tetradrachm, AD 283–284 Obv. [---]NOC CЄB; laureate and cuirassed bust r. (partially visible).

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 38. MI; 9.61 g; 21 mm; h 12. Obv. [---] (traces of letters); laureate bust r.; Rev. Female figure standing l. with attribute illegible; to l., L and maybe letter Γ; r. field illegible. 2015, Unit 4, F4065 [589]

Rev. Elpis advancing l., holding flower in r. hand and raising skirt with l.; across field, L-B. Geissen and Weiser 1974–1983, IV, nos. 3177–3179 *KAC 27. MI; 5.20 g; 19 mm; h 12 (incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4075 [1148]

KAC 39. MI; 5.08 g; 17 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 5, F5031 [141]

Diocletian tetradrachm, AD 285–286 Obv. [A K Γ O]YA ΔIOKΛHTIANOC CЄB; laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Dikaiosyne standing l., holding scales and cornucopia; across field, L-B. Geissen and Weiser 1974–1983, IV, nos. 3214–3215 *KAC 28. MI; 6.96 g; 21 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [554]

KAC 40. MI; 5.00 g; 19 mm; h 6. Obv. [---] (traces of letters); cuirassed bust r.; Rev. Figure standing; field illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [134] KAC 41. MI; 4.45 g; 20 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated, some fragments are missing). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [347] KAC 42. MI; 4.14 g; 17 mm; h? (exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2012, Unit 1, F1025 [0231]

tetradrachm, AD 288–289 D/ [---]ΔI•[---]; laureate, diademed and cuirassed, bust r. R/ Eusebeia standing l. by altar; across field, L-Є. Geissen and Weiser 1974–1983, IV, nos. 3244–3246 KAC 29. AE; 7.78 g; 21 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 4, F4065 [612]

KAC 43. MI; 3.26 g; 22 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated, incomplete; divided into two valves, of which a lot is missing). Obv. [---]; part of a draped bust r. (?); Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1003]

tetradrachm, AD 294–295 Obv. [---]; laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Nike advancing right, holding wreath and palm, across field, L-IA. Geissen and Weiser 1974–1983, IV, no. 3272 *KAC 30. MI; 7.20 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [345]

‡KAC 44. MI; 1.83 g; 14 mm; h? (cut in antiquity, ca. ¼, exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4050 [708] KAC 45. MI; 1.50 g; 16 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ⅓). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 2, F045 [382]

Uncertain emperor

Greek and Provincial Extra-Egyptian Coins and Roman Imperial Coins

bronze, I–II century AD Dattari (Savio)? KAC 31. AE; 5.70 g; 23 mm; h? (completely mineralized, conical edges, in 3 fragments, mendable?; it may also be a Late Ptolemaic bronze?). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1258]

Roman Imperial Coins Diocletian antoninianus, AD 291, mint of Heraclea Obv. IMP C C VAL DIO[---] ; radiate, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]A MI[---]; Emperor standing r., holding parazonium, and receiving Victory from Jupiter standing l., holding sceptre; between, B; in ex., •X[--]. RIC, V, 2, p. 249, no. 284C *KAC 46. MI; 2.00 g; 22 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1114]

KAC 32. AE; 1.11 g; 15 mm; h? (conical edges, with sprues). Obv. Head r.; Rev. Traces of type. 2014, Unit 1, F1076 [235] KAC 33. AE; 1.01 g; 12 mm; h? (conical edges, with sprues). Obv. Bust r.; Rev. Traces of type in a partially visible dotted circle. 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [068]

antoninianus, 285 AD, mint of Antioch Obv. IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS [P F] AV[G]; radiate, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [IOV E]T HERCV CONSER AV[GG]; Jupiter and Hercules standing facing, between, H; in ex., XXI. RIC, V, II, p. 256, no. 323C *KAC 47. MI; 4.02 g; 22 mm; h 6. 2015, Unit 4, F4063 [591]

KAC 34. AE; 0.58 g; 13 mm; h? (crusted, conical edges, with sprue). Obv. [---]; head r.; Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 4, F4066 [622] KAC 35. AE; 0.55 g; 11 mm; h? (conical edges, ca. ¼, incomplete). Obv. and Rev. illegible (crusted). 2016, Unit 4, F4081 [1179]

Maximian

bronze, II century AD Dattari (Savio)? *KAC 36. AE; 9.09 g; 32 mm; h? (large flan, halved). Obv. illegible; Rev. Part of a draped figure reclining l. (?) (Nile?). 2014, Unit 2, F48 [402]

follis, AD 308, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---]; bust r. (almost illegible). Rev. GENIO IMPERATORIS; Genius standing l., holding patera and cornucopiae; across field, P-B / R; in ex., ALE. RIC, VI, p. 674, nos. 72–73 *KAC 48. AE; 5.89 g; 25 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [304]

tetradrachm, second half of the III century AD Dattari (Savio)? *KAC 37. MI; 10.22 g; 19 mm; h 2. Obv. [---] (traces of letters); laureate and cuirassed bust r.; Rev. figure reclining l.; above, L [-]. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [339]

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

Constantius I

2015, Unit 4, F4065 [608]

radiate fraction, AD 305–306, mint of Alexandria Obv. IMP C CONSTANTIVS P F AVG; radiate, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. CONC[---]; Emperor standing r., holding parazonium, and receiving Victory from Jupiter standing l., holding; between, A; in ex., ALE. RIC, VI, p. 670, no. 59a *KAC 49. AE; 2.82 g; 22 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [536]

Licinius I for Licinus II follis, AD 321–323, mint of Antioch Obv. [---]IN LICIN[---]; cuirassed and helmeted bust l., spear across r. shoulder, shield on l. arm. Rev. [---]ERVATORI; Jupiter standing l. with Victory on globe and eagle on sceptre; at his feet, eagle (to l) and a captive (to r.); to r., X / IIΓ; in ex., [SMA]NTΔ. RIC, VII, p. 682, no. 36 *KAC 56. AE; 2.18 g; 19 mm; h 12. 2012, Unit 1, F1026 [0225]

radiate fraction, AD 295–299, mint of Heraclea, Cyzicus, Antioch, Alexandria Obv. FL VAL CONS[---]NOB CAES; radiate, draped and cuirassed (?) bust r. Rev. [CONC]ORDI[A---]; Emperor and Jupiter standing facing; field and ex. illegible. RIC, VI, p. 531, no. 15, p. 581, nos. 18a, 19a, p. 621, no. 61a, p. 667, no. 48a *KAC 50. AE; 2.53 g; 22 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

Constantine I follis, AD 313–315, mint of Siscia Obv. [---]ANTINVS P F [AVG]; laureate bust r. (the rest of the type is not legible because of extensive oxidation). Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI; Jupiter standing l. with Victory and sceptre; at his feet, eagle standing l., head turned r.; to r., B; in ex., SIS. RIC, VI, p. 485, nos. 233c, 234c; VII, p. 423, no. 6 *KAC 57. AE; 3.94 g; 23 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1255]

Uncertain emperor radiate fraction, AD 296–307, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---]; radiate bust r. Rev. CONCORDIA MILITVM; Emperor standing r., receiving Victory from Jupiter standing l., holding sceptre; between, B; in ex., ALE. RIC, VI, p. 667, nos. 46a–48b, p. 670, nos. 59a–60b, p. 675, nos. 84–85 *KAC 51. AE; 2.30 g; 22 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4007 [161]

follis, AD 313–318, uncertain mint Obv. IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG; bust r. Rev. SOLI [---]; Sol standing l., holding globe and raising hand; field and ex. illegible. Cf. RIC, VII, tav. 1, no. 99 KAC 58. AE; 2.37 g; 20 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4012 [221] follis, AD 310s–320s, uncertain mint Obv. [---] CONST[---]; head r. Rev. [---]ST[---]; type illegible. RIC? KAC 59. AE; 2.03 g; 20 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

radiate fraction, AD 295–307, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. [---]; radiate bust r. Rev. CONCORDIA[---]; Emperor and Jupiter standing facing; field and ex. illegible. Cf. RIC, VI, p. 531, no. 15 KAC 52. AE; 2.40 g; 23 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

follis, AD 335–337, uncertain mint Obv. [---]; diademed head r. Rev. GLORIA EX[---]; two soldiers standing facing one another with spear and shield, between them, two standards; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 60 *KAC 60. AE; 1.30 g; 18 mm; h 12. 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0262]

Licinius I follis, AD 314–315, mint of Rome Obv. [---]IN[---]; laureate bust r. Rev. [---]ICTO [---]; Sol standing l., holding globe and raising hand; across field, R / X – [F]; ex. illegible. RIC, VII, p. 299, nos. 29–30 KAC 53. AE; 2.85 g; 21 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [059]

Constantine I for Constantine II follis, AD 330–335, uncertain mint Obv. [---]ANTINVS [---]; diademed and draped bust r. Rev. [---]; two soldiers standing facing one another with spear and shield, between them, a standard; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 1028 KAC 61. AE; 1.09 g; 13 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [340]

follis, AD 317–318, mint of Rome Obv. [IM]P LIC[---]; bust r. Rev. IOVI CO[---]ORI; Jupiter standing l. with thunderbolt and sceptre; field illegible; in ex., RT. RIC, VII, p. 307, no. 86, p. 309, no. 100 KAC 54. AE; 1.07 g; 20.5 mm; h 6 (ca. a half because of oxidation). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [413]

Emperor and mint uncertain (possibly Constantine I for one of his sons)

follis, AD 314–315, mint of Antioch Obv. [---]LICIN LICINIV[---]; laureate head r. Rev. [---]ORI AVGG; Jupiter standing l. with Victory and sceptre; at his feet, eagle standing l., head turned r., holding wreath in beak; to r., I; ex. illegible. RIC, VII, p. 677, no. 12 KAC 55. AE; 2.61 g; 19 mm; h 6.

follis, ca. AD 320–337 Obv. [---] (traces of letters); head r. Rev. illegible. RIC? KAC 62. AE; 1.38 g; 16 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [566]

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Rev. [---]A EXER[---]; two soldiers standing facing one another with spear and shield, between them, a standard; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 1028 *KAC 71. AE; 1.02 g; 16 mm; h 6. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1268]

Constantine I per Helena follis, AD 323–329, uncertain mint Obv. [---]LENA[---]; draped bust of Helena r. Rev. SECVRIT[---]; Securitas standing l., holding olive branch in extended r. hand and raising robe with l. hand; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 35 KAC 63. AE; 1.34 g; 16 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [235]

Constans/Constantius II (before AD 348) follis, AD 347–348, mint of Rome Obv. [---] (traces of letters); diademed bust r. Rev. [---]; two Victories standing facing, each holding wreath and palm; in ex., RP. RIC, VIII, p. 253, nos. 75–78 *KAC 72. AE; 0.83 g; 12 mm; h 12 (exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1034]

Family of Constantine I follis, AD 330–337, uncertain mint Obv. Legend illegible; diademed head r. Rev. GLORIA EXERCITVS; two soldiers standing facing one another with spear and shield, between them, two standards; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 60 KAC 64. AE; 1.44 g; 17 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [453]

follis, AD 347–348, uncertain mint Obv. illegible. Rev. [---]; two Victories standing facing, each holding wreath and palm; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 140 KAC 73. AE; 0.91 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1057 [122]

KAC 65. AE; 1.01 g; 15 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [497] follis, AD 335–347, uncertain mint Obv. [---]; head r. (perhaps Constantine I). Rev. [---]; two soldiers standing facing one another with spear and shield, between them, a standard; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 1028 *KAC 66. AE; 1.75 g; 17 mm; h 6. 2016, Unit 4, sporadic find SW corner [670] H: 6.172 MASL

follis, AD 347–348, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. Legend illegible; diademed bust r. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within wreath; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 1305 KAC 74. AE; 2.80 g; 15 mm; h 12 (mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]LT / [XX]X. 2016, Unit 4, found in backfill in southeastern part of unit [1210] H= 6.274

Constans (before AD 348) follis, AD 347–348, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---]ANS P[---]; diademed head r. Rev. Legend illegible in wreath; ex. illegible. RIC, VIII, p. 541, nos. 34, 37, 40, 43 KAC 67. AE; 1.14 g; 17 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 1, F1029 [134]

*KAC 75. AE; 1.04 g; 5 mm; h? (ca. a half). Obv. [---]; Rev. VOT / XX / MVL[---]; ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1115] KAC 76. AE; 0.66 g; 15 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. VOT / XX / [MVLT] / XXX. 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [065]

Constantius II (before AD 348)

Sons of Constantine I for Divus Constantine

follis, AD 347–348, mint of Cyzicus Obv. CONSTANTIVS P F AVG; diademed head r. Rev. VOT / XX / MVLT / XXX within wreath; in ex., SMKΔ. RIC, VIII, p. 493, no. 48 *KAC 68. AE; 1.46 g; 16 mm; h 2. 2012, Unit 1, F1025 [0232]

follis, AD 337–340, mint of Nicomedia Obv. [---]NVS[---]; veiled head of Divus Constantine r. Rev. Constantine, veiled, driving quadriga r.; above, the manus Dei; in ex., SMNB. RIC, VIII, p. 472, no. 18 *KAC 77. AE; 1.22 g; 16 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 1, F1029 [135]

follis, AD 347–348, mint of Antioch D/ [---]TIVS P F AVG; diademed head r. R/ [VOT] / XX / MVLT / XXX within wreath; in ex., SMANA. RIC, VIII, p. 521, no. 113 KAC 69. AE; 1.62 g; 16 mm; h 7. 2012, A coin found during the survey around the bath area.

follis, AD 340–351, mint of Alexandria Obv. Veiled head of Divus Constantine r. Rev. Constantine, veiled, standing r.; across field, [V]N-MR; in ex., SMALA. RIC, VIII, p. 541, no. 32 KAC 78. AE; 1.09 g; 12 mm; h 6. 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0270]

follis, AD 347–348, uncertain mint D/ [---]TIVS P F AVG; diademed head r. R/ [VOT] / XX / MVLT / XXX within wreath; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 1305 KAC 70. AE; 1.05 g; 16 mm; h 12 (fragm. ca. a half). 2012, A coin found during the survey around the bath area.

follis, AD 337–340, uncertain mint Obv. [---]; veiled head of Divus Constantine r. Rev. Constantine, veiled, driving quadriga r.; above, the manus Dei; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, I, no. 1041 *KAC 79. AE; 1.72 g; 14 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4007 [156]

Constantine II/Constantius II follis, AD 337–347, uncertain mint Obv. D N CONSTAN[---] P F AVG; diademed head r.

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 KAC 94. AE; 1.86 g; 14 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]S P F[---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 1, F1029 [138]

Constantius II (after AD 348) AE3, AD 355–361, mint of Rome Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; helmeted soldier to left, shield on left arm, spearing falling horseman; in ex., [R](wreath)T. RIC, VIII, p. 278, no. 310 *KAC 80. AE; 1.90 g; 18 mm; h 6. 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0263]

KAC 95. AE; 1.85 g; 20 mm; h 6 (mineralized, exfoliated). Obv. [---] (traces of legend); Rev. [---] (traces of legend). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0259] KAC 96. AE; 1.79 g; 18 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [512] *KAC 97. AE; 1.77 g; 17 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]EMP[---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1144]

AE3, AD 350–361, mint of Antioch Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; helmeted soldier to left, shield on left arm, spearing falling horseman; field illegible; in ex., ANA. Cf. RIC, VIII, p. 524, nos. 153ff., p. 528, nos. 187Aff. KAC 81. AE; 1.91 g; 16 mm; h 6. 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 98. AE; 1.72 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [070] KAC 99. AE; 1.59 g; 14 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]S P F A[VG]; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [1251] KAC 100. AE; 1.54 g; 14 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [226]

AE2, AD 351–355, mint of Alexandria Obv. D N CONSTAN[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. FEL T[---]PARATIO; helmeted soldier to left, shield on left arm, spearing falling horseman; l. field illegible, in ex., ALEA o Δ. RIC, VIII, p. 544, no. 78 *KAC 82. AE; 2.66 g; 18 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (coins from sieve) [1233]

KAC 101. AE; 1.43 g; 16 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [047] KAC 102. AE; 1.40 g; 14 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 2, F033 [209] KAC 103. AE; 0.59 g; 14 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 2, F042 [366]

AE3, AD 350–361, uncertain mint Obv. D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO; helmeted soldier to left, shield on left arm, spearing falling horseman; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, tav. II, no. 2295 *KAC 83. AE; 2.98 g; 19 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]S P F AVG; Rev. [---] TEMP REPA[---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [503]

Constans/Constantius II (after AD 348) AE2, AD 348–350, uncertain mint Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]RATIO; helmeted soldier to left, shield on left arm, spearing falling horseman; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, nos. 2625, 2295 *KAC 104. AE; 5.08 g; 21 mm; h 11. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [913]

KAC 84. AE; 2.47 g; 18 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [834]

Constantius II/Constantius II for Constantius Gallus/Constantius II for Julian III

KAC 85. AE; 2.37 g; 15 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4007 [159]

AE3, AD 350–361, uncertain mint Obv. illegible. Rev. FEL TEMP REPARATIO; helmeted soldier to left, shield on left arm, spearing falling horseman; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, tav. II, no. 2295 KAC 105. AE; 2.19 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [906]

KAC 86. AE; 2.26 g; 19 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [031] KAC 87. AE; 2.19 g; 14 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4006 [142] *KAC 88. AE; 2.18 g; 19 mm; h 12. Obv. D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVG; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [447]

KAC 106. AE; 1.78 g; 15 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 89. AE; 2.17 g; 17 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [400]

KAC 107. AE; 0.44 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1228]

KAC 90. AE; 2.16 g; 18 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]PARATIO. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [032]

Julian III

KAC 91. AE; 2.13 g; 17 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]S P F [AVG]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [354]

AE3, AD 361–363, uncertain mint Obv. [---]; helmeted, diademed and cuirassed bust l., with spear and shield. Rev. VOT / X / [MVLT / XX] within wreath; ex. illegible. Cf. RIC, VIII, p. 423, no. 227 KAC 108. AE; 2.20 g; 17 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [563]

KAC 92. AE; 2.13 g; 15 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]VS P F [AVG]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 1, F1029 [136] KAC 93. AE; 2.12 g; 18 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4 (found below backfill) [655] H: 5.193 MASL

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Constantius II/Julian III

Gratian

AE4, AD 355–363, uncertain mint Obv. Legend illegible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. SPES REIPVBLICE; Emperor in military dress standing l., holding spear and globe; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 2504 KAC 109. AE; 2.01 g; 17 mm; h 6 (a quarter missing because of oxidation). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2012, Unit 4, F4017 [404]

AE3, AD 378–383, mint of Cyzicus Obv. D N GRATIANVS P F AVG; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. CONCORDIA AV[GGG]; Roma, helmeted, seated on throne facing, head l., holding globe and spear, r. leg bare; in ex. SMK[-](?). RIC, IX, p. 243, no. 18(a) *KAC 118. AE; 2.01 g; 17 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [956]

KAC 110. AE; 1.22 g; 16 mm; h 6. (a quarter missing because of oxidation) Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0249]

AE4, AD 378–383, uncertain mint Obv. [---] GRATI[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. illegible (Vota?). RIC? KAC 119. AE; 0.83 g; 15 mm; h?. 2015, Unit 5, F5048 (from the surface/western extension of Unit 5) [237]

Constantius II/Constantius II for Julian III/Julian III AE4, AD 355–363, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Emperor in military dress standing l., holding spear and globe; in ex., ALEA. RIC, VIII, p. 545, nos. 87–89 KAC 111. AE; 1.09 g; 14 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [401]

Valentinian I/Valens/Gratian AE3, AD 364–375, mint of Cyzicus Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Victory l., with wreath and palm; in ex., SMKB. RIC, IX, p. 241, nos. 11(a–b)2, 13(a–c) KAC 120. AE; 2.51 g; 19 mm; h 12. 2012, Unit 1, F1003 [0060]

AE4, AD 355–363, uncertain mint Obv. Legend illegible; draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. SPES REIPVBLICE; Emperor in military dress standing l., holding spear and globe; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 2504 KAC 112. AE; g 1.61; mm 15; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [342]

AE3, AD 364–375, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---] P F [AVG]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Victory advancing l., with wreath and palm; in ex., ALEA. RIC, IX, pp. 298–299, nos. 3(a–b), 5(a–c) *KAC 121. AE; 1.63 g; 14 mm; h 6 (exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 113. AE; 1.58 g; 13 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. illegible (crusted); Rev. [---]BLI[CE]. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1226] Valentinian I

AE3, AD 364–375, uncertain mint Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Victory l., with wreath and palm; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 527 KAC 122. AE; 1.64 g; 16 mm; h 6 (mineralized, exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1026 [0228]

AE3, AD 364, mint of Sirmium Obv. [---] VALEN[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. unidentified Vota within wreath; ex. illegible. RIC, IX, p. 159, no. 8 KAC 114. AE; 1.85 g; 17 mm; h 6. 2014 [194]

Procopius

AE3, AD 364–375, uncertain mint Obv. [---]TINI[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. illegible. RIC? KAC 115. AE; 1.80 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, many fragments of the Rev. leaf are missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [227]

AE3, AD 365–366, mint of Constantinople Obv. [---]OCO[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. REPAR[---]; Emperor standing facing, head r., holding labarum and resting hand upon shield; in ex., CONSB. RIC, IX, p. 215, no. 19 KAC 123. AE; 1.50 g; 18 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [054]

Valens

Emperor and mint uncertain

AE3, AD 364–378, uncertain mint Obv. [D N] VALEN[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Victory advancing l., with wreath and palm; field and ex. illegible. RIC? *KAC 116. AE; 2.90 g; 19 mm; h 6 (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [280]

AE3, AD 364–383 Type Securitas Reipublicae Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE; Victory advancing l., with wreath and palm; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 527 KAC 124. AE; 1.89 g; 15 mm; h 12 (mineralized, with cracks on both faces). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]BLICAE. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [815]

AE3, AD 364–378, uncertain mint Obv. [---]LENS P F[---]; diademed head r. (partly legible, die not perfectly centred). Rev. illegible. RIC? §KAC 117. AE; 1.19 g; 13 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4016 [330]

KAC 125. AE; 1.65 g; 15 mm; h 12. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 *KAC 126. AE; 1.59 g; 15 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (coins from sieve) [1233]

AE4, AD 388–395, mint of Constantinople Obv. D N THEODOSIVS P F[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; field illegible; in ex., CON[-]. RIC, IX, p. 234, no. 86(b), p. 236, no. 90(a) *KAC 137. AE; 1.30 g; 14 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [072]

KAC 127. AE; 1.58 g; 15 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1246] *KAC 128. AE; 1.57 g; 13 mm; h 12 (exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [1182]

AE4, AD 378–388, uncertain mint Obv. D N THEODO[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Vota within wreath; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 377 KAC 138. AE; 0.91 g; 14 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [256]

KAC 129. AE; 1.51 g; 16 mm; h 12 (very corroded coin, uncertain identification). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4087 [892] KAC 130. AE; 1.38 g; 16 mm; h 6 (mineralized, exfoliated, part of the Rev. leaf is missing). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [16]

AE4, AD 388–395, uncertain mint Obv. [---]DOSIVS[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; l. field illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 1115 *KAC 139. AE; 0.76 g; 11 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [926]

Valentinian II AE3, AD 378–383, mint of Cyzicus Obv. [---]LENTI[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [CONCOR]DIA AVGG; Roma, seated facing, holding globe; field illegible; in ex., [S]MKA’. RIC, IX, p. 243, no. 17(b)1 *KAC 131. AE; 2.16 g; 19 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [268]

Emperor and mint uncertain AE3, AD 364–388 Type Gloria Romanorum (6, 8) Obv. Legend illegible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM; Emperor advancing r., holding labarum and dragging captive; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 338 §KAC 140. AE; 2.12 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated). Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4007 [157]

AE4, AD 383–392, uncertain mint Obv. Legend partly legible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. illegible. RIC? KAC 132. AE; 0.92 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---] VALENTINI[---]; Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [196]

KAC 141. AE; 1.32 g; 15 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4050 [1091]

KAC 133. AE; 0.54 g; 13 mm; h? (corroded and crusted). Obv. D N VALENTI[---]; Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [671] 5.900 m ASL

KAC 142. AE; 0.81 g; 16 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [20]

AE4, AD 388–392, uncertain mint Obv. [---]TINIANVS[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 1115 *KAC 134. AE; 1.22 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [932]

Arcadius AE4, AD 388–392, mint of Constantinople Obv. [D] N ARCADIVS [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. SALVS [---]; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; to l.., P; in ex., CON[-]. RIC, IX, p. 234, no. 86(c) *KAC 143. AE; 1.23 g; 13 mm; h 6. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

Valentinian I/Valentinian II AE3, AD 364–388, uncertain mint Obv. D N VALENTINI[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. illegible (corroded). RIC? KAC 135. AE; 2.09 g; 14 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1029 [139]

AE4, AD 388–392, mint of Nicomedia Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]E; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; in ex., SMNΓ; l. field illegible. RIC, IX, p. 262, no. 45(c)3, 5 *KAC 144. AE; 0.79 g; 13 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [302]

Theodosius I AE3, AD 379–383, mint of Constantinople Obv. D N THEODOSIVS P F AVG; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG; Constantinopolis, seated facing, holding globe and sceptre; in ex., CONSB. RIC, IX, p. 228, no. 57(d)1 *KAC 136. AE; 2.19 g; 19 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [029]

AE4, AD 388–495, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---]ADIV[---]; illegible bust (crusted). Rev. SALVS [---]; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; to l., •. RIC, IX, pp. 303–304, nos. 20(c)3–4, 23(b) *KAC 145. AE; 0.76 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1245]

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 157. AE; 0.71 g; 11 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]. 2014, Unit 1, F1071 [211]

Arcadius for Aelia Eudoxia AE3, AD 395–403 AD, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. [---]; draped bust r., with elaborate headdress, of Aelia Eudoxia. Rev. [---]; female figure seated facing; field and ex. illegible. Cf. RIC, X, nos. 77–84 KAC 146. AE; 1.42 g; 15 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (found during cleaning) [611]

Uncertain emperor AE4, AD 388–395, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---]S P F AVG; diademed head r. Rev. [---]CAE; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; field illegible; in ex., [AL]EΔ. RIC, IX, pp. 303–304, nos. 20, 23 KAC 158. AE; 1.01 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 4, F4065 [594]

Valentinian II/Theodosius I/ Arcadius AE4, AD 378–388, uncertain mint Obv. [---] P F AVG; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. VOT / V within wreath; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 1565 KAC 147. AE; 0.73 g; 11 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4016 [327]

AE4, AD 388–395, uncertain mint (Eastern) Type Salus Reipublicae 2 Obv. [---]; diademed head r. Rev. [---]; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; to l., +; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 1115 KAC 159. AE; 1.02 g; 12 mm; h 6. 2012, Unit 1, F1004 [0075]

AE3, AD 378–383, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. [---]LENTI[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [CONCORDIA AVGG]; Constantinopolis/Roma seated facing, holding globe; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 141 KAC 148. AE; 2.64 g; 17 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [445]

Honorius AE3, AD 395–401, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. [---] HON[---]; head r. Rev. [---]; Emperor standing facing, holding spear and shield, being crowned by Victory; field and ex. illegible. RIC, X, nos. 56–76 KAC 160. AE; 0.69 g; 14 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [338]

Emperor and mint uncertain AE4, AD 378–388 Type Vota within wreath Obv. Legend illegible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Legend partly legible (Vota) within wreath; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 377 KAC 149. AE; 1.40 g; 14 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. VOT [---] within wreath. 2015, Unit 4, F4065 [590]

AE4, AD 404–406, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. [D N] HON[---]; small diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [CON]CORD[---]; cross; ex. illegible. RIC, X, nos. 106–141 KAC 161. AE; 0.36 g; 10 mm; h 2. 2014, Unit 4, F4003 [115]

KAC 150. AE; 1.23 g; 12 mm; h 12. Obv. [---] P F AVG; Rev. [VOT / ---] / MV[LT / ---] within wreath; ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [863]

AE4, AD 408–423, mint of Rome Obv. D N HONO[---]S P F AVG; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---] AVGG; Victory l. with wreath and palm; ex. illegible. RIC, X, no. 1357 KAC 162. AE; 0.80 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [427]

KAC 151. AE; 1.10 g; 12 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. VOT / X / MVLT / XX within wreath; ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1002] KAC 152. AE; 1.00 g; 13 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. unidentified Vota within wreath. 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [204]

Valentinian II/Theodosius I/Arcadius/Honorius

KAC 153. AE; 0.93 g; 12 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. VOT [---] within wreath. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [362]

AE4, AD 388–395, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. Legend partly illegible; diademed head r. Rev. SALVS REIPVBLICAE; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; to l., +; ex. illegible. RIC, IX, pp. 303–304, nos. 20, 23 KAC 163. AE; 1.38 g; 12 mm; h 12. Obv. D N [---]; Rev. [---]; to l., +. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [027]

KAC 154. AE; 0.31 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized). Obv. illegible; Rev. unidentified Vota within wreath. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [510] KAC 155. AE; 0.27 g; 14 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; Rev. unidentified Vota within wreath. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [481]

KAC 164. AE; 0.83 g; 11 mm; h 6. Obv. D N [---]; Rev. [---]; to l., +. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [931] Arcadius/Honorius

AE4, AD 383–395 Type Victoria Auggg (1) Obv. Legend illegible; diademed bust r. Rev. VICTORIA AVG(GG); Victory l. with wreath and palm; field and ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 389 KAC 156. AE; g 0.97; mm 12; h? (mineralized and exfoliated, some parts of the Rev. leaf are missing). Obv. illegible; Rev. VI[---]. 2014, Unit 2, F033 [210]

AE3, AD 395–401, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. Legend illegible; bust r. Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITI; Emperor standing facing, holding spear and shield, being crowned by Victory; field and ex. illegible. RIC, X, nos. 56–76

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 KAC 181. AE; 0.99 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [110]

KAC 165. AE; 1.79 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [012] KAC 166. AE; 1.01 g; 14 mm; h 6 (fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [418]

KAC 182. AE; 0.94 g; 12 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [129]

Emperor and mint uncertain

KAC 183. AE; 0.94 g; 12 mm; h 12. Obv. [---] (traces of letters); Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4012 [229]

AE4, AD 388–403 Type Salus Reipublicae 2 Obv. Legend illegible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. SALVS REIPVBLICAE; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; to l., P; ex. illegible. Cf. LRBC, II, no. 1115 KAC 167. AE; 1.38 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F1054 [093]

KAC 184. AE; 0.92 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2012, Unit 1, F1015 [0154] KAC 185. AE; 0.89 g; 14 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [856]

KAC 168. AE; 1.30 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [267]

KAC 186. AE; 0.85 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [003]

*KAC 169. AE; 1.28 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1235]

KAC 187. AE; 0.81 g; 12 mm; h 6. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 2, F022 [085]

KAC 170. AE; 1.20 g; 14 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [278]

KAC 188. AE; 0.80 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1048]

KAC 171. AE; 1.20 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, re-opening, clean-up of the fill [651]

KAC 189. AE; 0.79 g; 12 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]BLICAE; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [030]

KAC 172. AE; 1.15 g; 12 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, sporadic find outside Unit 4 [751]

*KAC 190. AE; 0.70 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1066]

KAC 173. AE; 1.08 g; 12 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2012, Unit 1, F1026 [0229]

KAC 191. AE; 0.70 g; 6 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; to l., P; ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [847 + 860 (two halves of the same coin)]

KAC 174. AE; 1.04 g; 11 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 2, F032 [206]

KAC 192. AE; 0.66 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [907]

KAC 175. AE; 1.02 g; 11 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1042]

KAC 193. AE; 0.65 g; 13 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [999]

*KAC 176. AE; 1.01 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]S P F AVG; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1254]

KAC 194. AE; 0.61 g; 14 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [528]

KAC 177. AE; 1.00 g; 13 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; to l., P; ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [679]

KAC 195. AE; 0.58 g; 13 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4012 [220]

KAC 178. AE; 0.99 g; 15 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, re-opening, clean-up of the fill [651]

KAC 196. AE; 0.58 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, sporadic find outside Unit 4 [085]

KAC 179. AE; 0.99 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [254]

KAC 197. AE; 0.58 g; 13 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 (from sieve) [672]

KAC 180. AE; 0.99 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [131]

KAC 198. AE; 0.58 g; 12 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F1068 [168]

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II *KAC 214. AE; 0.36 g; 10 mm; h 6. Rev. [---]DIA AV[---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [686]

KAC 199. AE; 0.55 g; 14 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [869]

*KAC 215. AE; 0.25 g; 8 mm; h? (perhaps an imitation). Rev. [---] (traces of letters). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 200. AE; 0.53 g; 13 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, 15/09/14, Unit 4, F4014 [270]

AE3, AD 406–408, mint of Heraclea/Nicomedia/Cyzicus Obv. Legend partly legible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM; three Emperors standing facing; the two outermost are taller, hold spears, and rest hands on shields; the innermost is smaller, holds a spear and globe; in ex., mint mark. RIC, X, nos. 141a–159 *KAC 216. AE; 1.55 g; 17 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]-VS P F A[VG]; Rev. [---]A ROMANO[---]; in ex., S[---]. 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1120]

KAC 201. AE; 0.50 g; 11 mm; h 12 (fragm. ca. ¼). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 2, F030 [212] KAC 202. AE; 0.49 g; 11 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [685] KAC 203. AE; 0.43 g; 15 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [516]

KAC 217. AE; 1.13 g; 12 mm; h 12. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1289]

KAC 204. AE; 0.42 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [669]

Honorius/Theodosius II

KAC 205. AE; 0.37 g; 12 mm; h 12 (cup-shaped after mintage). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F1057 [112]

AE3, AD 408–423, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. Legend illegible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Legend illegible; two Emperors standing facing, heads turned to one another, each holding a spear and resting on shield; ex. illegible. RIC, X, nos. 395–406 *KAC 218. AE; 0.66 g; 14 mm; h 9. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [911]

KAC 206. AE; 0.35 g; 12 mm; h 12 (broken, ca. a half; recent break). Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000] KAC 207. AE; 0.29 g; 13 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [514]

KAC 219. AE; 0.15 g; 10 mm; h? (cut, ca. ⅓). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1053]

KAC 208. AE; 0.28 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; Rev. [---]; field and ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [513]

Valentinian III AE4, AD 425–435, mint of Rome Obv. [---]; diademed head r. Rev. [---]; Victory advancing l., carrying trophy on r. shoulder and dragging captive; to l., Q e P; ex. illegible. RIC, X, no. 2106 *KAC 220. AE; 0.96 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [831]

Theodosius II AE4, AD 430–435, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. [---]; bust r. Rev. VO[---] within wreath; ex. illegible. RIC, X, nos. 456–459 KAC 209. AE; 0.74 g; 9 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4016 [328]

AE4, AD 425–435, mint of Rome Obv. [D] N VAL[---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. [---]; Victory l. with wreath and palm; field and ex. illegible. RIC, X, nos. 2107–2108, 2118–2119, 2121 *KAC 221. AE; 0.88 g; 12 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [095]

Arcadius/Honorius/Theodosius II AE4, AD 404–406, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. Legend illegible; small diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. CONCORDIA AVG(GG); cross; ex. illegible. RIC, X, nos. 106–141 KAC 210. AE; 0.96 g; 12 mm; h 12. Rev. [---]; ex. illegible (traces of letters). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [096]

Theodosius II/Valentinian III AE4, AD 425–435, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. Legend illegible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Latin cross within wreath; ex. illegible. RIC, X, nos. 440–455 KAC 222. AE; 0.93 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [284]

KAC 211. AE; 0.75 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]RDIA[--]; ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4002 (found in bag of bronze 085)

KAC 223. AE; 0.90 g; 12 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [097]

KAC 212. AE; 0.51 g; 9 mm; h 12. Rev. CON[---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4015 [310]

KAC 224. AE; 0.83 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [440]

*KAC 213. AE; 0.37 g; 9 mm; h 12. Obv. [---] (traces of letters); Rev. [---]DIA A[---]. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [403]

*KAC 225. AE; 0.78 g; 10 mm; h?. 2016, sporadic found outside Unit 4 [769]

30 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 KAC 226. AE; 0.69 g; 11 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [370]

AE2, IV century AD RIC? KAC 242. AE; 3.91 g; 23 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [058]

KAC 227. AE; 0.68 g; 12 mm; h 12. 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0275] KAC 228. AE; 0.57 g; 11 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, found during the clean-up of the backfill from the NE sector, level 5.734 [1218]

KAC 243. AE; 2.90 g; 22 mm; h? (worn and crusted). 2016, Unit 4, F4101 [1207] KAC 244. AE; 2.82 g; 23 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1128]

KAC 229. AE; 0.53 g; 11 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4010 [174]

KAC 245. AE; 1.00 g; 17 mm; h? (mineralized, partly preserved). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [493]

*KAC 230. AE; 0.48 g; 11 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000]

AE3, IV century AD (ante AD 364) RIC? KAC 246. AE; 1.98 g; 16 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r.; Rev. unidentified Vota within wreath; ex. illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4016 [320]

KAC 231. AE; 0.45 g; 11 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [968] KAC 232. AE; 0.42 g; 11 mm; h 6. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [928]

AE3, IV century AD RIC? KAC 247. AE; 2.55 g; 18 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0254]

*KAC 233. AE; 0.41 g; 11 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [506] *KAC 234. AE; 0.28 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge; perhaps an imitation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1288]

KAC 248. AE; 2.37 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge, thick flan, perhaps struck at the mint of Alexandria) 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1105]

*KAC 235. AE; 0.26 g; 8 mm; h 12. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1057]

KAC 249. AE; 2.30 g; 16 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [507]

AE4, AD 430–455, uncertain mint D/ [---]; diademed bust r. R/ [---]X[---] within wreath (?); ex. illegible. Cf. RIC, X, nos. 456–459, 2129–2130, 2136 KAC 236. AE; 0.51 g; 11 mm; h 12. 2012, A coin found during the survey around the bath area.

KAC 250. AE; 2.25 g; 18 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [042] KAC 251. AE; 2.24 g; 18 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [335]

Marcian AE4, AD 450–457, uncertain mint (Eastern) Obv. Legend illegible; bust r. Rev. Monogram of Marcian, S below, all within wreath. RIC, X, nos. 535–565, 567–570 *KAC 237. AE; 1.15 g; 12 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]; bust r.; Rev. Monogram of Marcian, S below, all within wreath. 2012, Unit 1, F1004 [0073]

KAC 252. AE; 2.07 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). Rev. unidentified Vota within wreath; ex. illegible. 2015, Unit 5, F5028 [131] KAC 253. AE; 2.00 g; 17 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1060]

KAC 238. AE; 1.13 g; 11 mm; h? (exfoliated). Rev. Monogram of Marcian (only the r. part is readable). 2014, Unit 1, F1076 [231]

KAC 254. AE; 1.97 g; 18 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [200] KAC 255. AE; 1.93 g; 14 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; bust r. 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

*KAC 239. AE; 0.59 g; 11 mm; h?. Rev. Monogram of Marcian; above, cross. 2016, sporadic find outside Unit 4 [769]

KAC 256. AE; 1.87 g; 16 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [038]

Emperor and mint uncertain follis, first decades of the IV century AD RIC? KAC 240. AE; 2.84 g; 20 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; laureate head r. (large head); Rev. [---]; illegible type within dotted border. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [046]

KAC 257. AE; 1.84 g; 17 mm; h? (completely mineralized, with cracks on both faces; exfoliated along the entire edge). Rev. [---]; standing figure (male?). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [821] KAC 258. AE; 1.72 g; 17 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [023]

follis/AE1, IV century AD RIC? KAC 241. AE; 1.18 g; 20 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, broken). Obv. [---] (traces of letters); upper part of the head; Rev. [---] (traces of letters); part of a standing figure (?). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [420]

KAC 259. AE; 1.68 g; 17 mm; h? (mineralized, with cracks on both faces; exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1116]

31 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 280. AE; 1.00 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized, partly preserved). 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [661]

KAC 260. AE; 1.65 g; 16 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2012, Unit 1, F1025 [0225] KAC 261. AE; 1.63 g; 16 mm; h? (exfoliated). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [421]

KAC 281. AE; 0.94 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized, with cracks on both faces; exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 262. AE; 1.64 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [841]

KAC 282. AE; 0.93 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. ¼). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [359]

KAC 263. AE; 1.52 g; 17 mm; h? (mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [908]

KAC 283. AE; 0.91 g; 16 mm; h? (mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [355]

KAC 264. AE; 1.50 g; 16 mm; h? (cut? ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [078]

KAC 284. AE; 0.84 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized and crusted). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1270]

KAC 265. AE; 1.48 g; 16 mm; h? (exfoliated, part of a leaf is missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [333]

KAC 285. AE; 0.83 g; 17 mm; h? (crusted, ca. a half, cut in antiquity?). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 266. AE; 1.44 g; 16 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [265]

KAC 286. AE; 0.81 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [818]

KAC 267. AE; 1.44 g; 16 mm; h? (in 3 parts, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [062]

‡KAC 287. AE; 0.80 g; 15 mm; h? (AE3, halved in antiquity, completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [854]

KAC 268. AE; 1.38 g; 15 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r.; Rev. illegible (traces of the type). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [011]

KAC 288. AE; 0.77 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼). 2015, Unit 5, F5002 [187]

KAC 269. AE; 1.30 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized, with cracks on both faces; exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1036]

KAC 289. AE; 0.74 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge, ca. a half, cut in antiquity?). 2016, 4/5/16, Unit 4, F4090 [918]

KAC 270. AE; 1.28 g; 16 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; bust r.; Rev. standing figure (?). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [081]

KAC 290. AE; 0.71 g; 15 mm; h? (incomplete, completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1058]

KAC 271. AE; 1.24 g; 16 mm; h? (halved). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [386]

KAC 291. AE; 0.71 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, a part of a leaf separated; fragm. ca. ⅓). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [141]

KAC 272. AE; 1.23 g; 17 mm; h? (mineralized). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2014, Unit 2, F005, SL 002 [244]

KAC 292. AE; 0.70 g; 14 mm; h? (crusted, incomplete along the edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 273. AE; 1.20 g; 16 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated, ca. ¼). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1142]

‡KAC 293. AE; 0.69 g; 16 mm; h? (completely mineralized, partly preserved, ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4 (found below backfill) [657]

KAC 274. AE; 1.14 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4012 [218]

KAC 294. AE; 0.68 g; 15 mm; h? (holed; crusted: the incrustations form parallel lines due to contact with some organic material, wood?, with parallel fibres). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 275. AE; 1.13 g; 16 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ⅔, in 2 parts, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [080] KAC 276. AE; 1.10 g; 16 mm; h? (fragm). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0253]

KAC 295. AE; 0.65 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half: cut in antiquity?). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 277. AE; 1.08 g; 16 mm; h? (crusted, with cracks on both faces; exfoliated; incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 296. AE; 0.63 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated; ca. ¼: cut in antiquity?). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [866]

KAC 278. AE; 1.08 g; 16 mm; h? (completely mineralized, only oxidation; ca. a half: perhaps halved in antiquity?). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1121]

KAC 297. AE; 0.62 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1015 [0155] KAC 298. AE; 0.60 g; 12 mm; h? (crusted, ca. ¼, incomplete). Obv. [---]; bust r. (chin and neck are partly visible) 2016, sporadic find out of the Unit 4 [1147]

KAC 279. AE; 1.05 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [485]

32 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 KAC 317. AE; 1.48 g; 15 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [010]

‡KAC 299. AE; 0.58 g; 17 mm; h? (crusted, ca. a half, halved in antiquity). Obv. [---]; diademed head r. (partly visible). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 318. AE; 1.40 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0252]

KAC 300. AE; 0.58 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge; fragm. ca. ¼). Obv. [---] (traces of letters); diademed bust r. (partly visible) 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (coins from sieve) [1233]

KAC 319. AE; 1.16 g; 18 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [542]

KAC 301. AE; 0.54 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated along the entire edge; ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [919]

KAC 320. AE; 1.15 g; 17 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [239] KAC 321. AE; 1.14 g; 19 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [269]

KAC 302. AE; 0.50 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, partly preserved). 2014, Unit 1, F1029 [133]

KAC 322. AE; 1.26 g; 16 mm; h?. 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 303. AE; 0.43 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. ⅓; exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1051]

KAC 323. AE; 1.07 g; 16 mm; h? (fragm. heavy crusted, ca. ⅓). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [538]

KAC 304. AE; 0.43 g; 13 mm; h? (clipped?). Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. (bust larger than the flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [546]

KAC 324. AE; 1.06 g; 17 mm; h? (mineralized, partly preserved, ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [480]

KAC 305. AE; 0.42 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [929]

KAC 325. AE; 0.96 g; 10 mm; h? (fragments mineralized, unmendable). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0261]

KAC 306. AE; 0.39 g; 15 mm; h? (preserved ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [182]

KAC 326. AE; 0.92 g; 18 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half, mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [407]

AE3, second half of the IV century AD RIC? KAC 307. AE; 2.45 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated). Obv. [---] (traces of letters); diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r.; Rev. Illegible type within dotted border (partly visible). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [009]

KAC 327. AE; 0.83 g; 13 mm; h? (fragments mineralized and exfoliated, ca. ¼). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [334] KAC 328. AE; 0.76 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. exfoliated, completely mineralized). 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [998]

KAC 308. AE; 1.72 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. [---]; diademed head r. 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [977]

KAC 329. AE; 0.66 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. ¼). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [408]

KAC 309. AE; 0.82 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized). Obv. [---]; diademed head r. 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [986]

KAC 330. AE; 0.65 g; 13 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. ¼). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [424]

AE3, IV–early V century AD RIC? KAC 310. AE; 2.41 g; 16 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [187]

KAC 331. AE; 0.64 g; 13 mm; h? (crusted, mineralized, fragm. ca. ¼). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1247] KAC 332. AE; 0.63 g; 13 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. ¼). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0265]

AE3, IV–V century AD RIC? KAC 311. AE; 2.01 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0265]

KAC 333. AE; 0.62 g; 14 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half). Rev. Part of a standing figure. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [049]

KAC 312. AE; 1.90 g; 15 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [195]

KAC 334. AE; 0.62 g; 13 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1045]

§KAC 313. AE; 1.75 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [262]

KAC 335. AE; 0.55 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized fragm. ca. ¼, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1041]

KAC 314. AE; 1.73 g; 16 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0256] KAC 315. AE; 1.71 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, crusted with traces of charcoal; exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1292]

KAC 336. AE; 0.53 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1072] KAC 337. AE; 0.51 g; 15 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [530]

KAC 316. AE; 1.64 g; 17 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [468]

33 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 356. AE; 0.26 g; 10 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed head r. (larger than the flan); Rev. [---]; standing figure (die not perfectly centred, type partly legible). 2014, Unit 1, F1075 [230]

KAC 338. AE; 0.44 g; 14 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, crusted, mineralized) 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1242] KAC 339. AE; 0.44 g; 10 mm; h? (crusted, mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge, fragm. ca. ¼). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [1248]

AE4, IV–V century AD RIC ? KAC 357. AE; g 1.27; mm 13 (larger fragm.); h? (completely mineralized, 2 fragments). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1056]

KAC 340. AE; 0.43 g; 13 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4082 [980]

KAC 358. AE; 1.14 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, fragm. ca. a half, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [495]

KAC 341. AE; 0.39 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, crusted). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [1249] KAC 342. AE; 0.33 g; 15 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge; completely mineralized, with cracks on both faces; edge incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1006]

KAC 359. AE; 1.14 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0269] KAC 360. AE; 1.04 g; 10 mm (very large fragm.); h? (in 5 fragments, unmendable, completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4000 Northern extension [768]

KAC 343. AE; 0.32 g; 15 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1020]

KAC 361. AE; 0.80 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, a part of a leaf separated). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [386]

KAC 344. AE; 0.30 g; 12 mm; h? (very small fragment, ca. ⅙). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [035]

KAC 362. AE; 0.75 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, fragm. ca. ⅓). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [091]

AE3, first half of V century AD RIC? KAC 345. AE; g 1.60; mm 13; h?. Obv. [---]; bust r.; Rev. [---]LOR[--]; type illegible. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [448]

KAC 363. AE; 0.74 g; 9 mm (very large fragment); h? (completely mineralized, in fragments, unmendable). 2016, Unit 4 (found below backfill) [656]

AE3/AE4, IV–V century AD RIC? KAC 346. AE; 1.03 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [958]

KAC 364. AE; 0.72 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized). 2014, 15/09/14, Unit 4, F4014 [282] KAC 365. AE; 0.72 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized) 2014, Unit 1, F1071 [212]

KAC 347. AE; 0.90 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1274]

KAC 366. AE; 0.68 g; 9 mm (larger fragm.); h? (4 fragments completely mineralized, only oxidation)? 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [949]

KAC 348. AE; 0.56 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 367. AE; 0.65 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized)? 2012, Unit 1, F1026 [0227]

KAC 349. AE; 0.45 g; 10 mm (fragm.); h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. ¼, exfoliated along the entire edge). 2014, Unit 1, F1069 [185]

KAC 368. AE; 0.65 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. ⅓, thick flan). 2012, Unit 1, F1005 [0082]

KAC 350. AE; 0.43 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation, deep cracks). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [974]

KAC 369. AE; 0.63 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half)? 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [564]

KAC 351. AE; 0.41 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm.). 2016, Unit 4, F4070 from sieve [723]

KAC 370. AE; 0.61 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. ¼; exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 352. AE; 0.36 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 371. AE; 0.58 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [971]

KAC 353. AE; 0.26 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [858]

KAC 372. AE; 0.56 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4027 [1087]

AE4, IV century AD RIC? KAC 354. AE; 1.62 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4015 [312]

KAC 373. AE; 0.54 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2012, Unit 1, F1002 [0068]

KAC 355. AE; 1.59 g; 14 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [451]

KAC 374. AE; 0.53 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2012, Unit 1, F1003 [0032]

34 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

KAC 395. AE; 0.41 g; 9 mm (larger fragm.); h? (3 fragments, completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1050]

KAC 375. AE; 0.52 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [385] KAC 376. AE; 0.52 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half, completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (coins from sieve) [1233]

KAC 396. AE; 0.40 g; 10 mm (very large fragm.); h? (in 2 fragments, unmendable, completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [964]

KAC 377. AE; 0.52 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, partly preserved). 2014, Unit 1, F1075, level 1.517 [223]

KAC 397. AE; 0.40 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. exfoliated). Sporadic fragment, without bag number

KAC 378. AE; 0.51 g; 14 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half, completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [442]

KAC 398. AE; 0.39 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half, in fragments, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [071]

KAC 379. AE; 0.51 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in fragments, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

KAC 399. AE; 0.39 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. a half?). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [484]

KAC 380. AE; 0.51 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [034]

KAC 400. AE; 0.39 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1070]

KAC 381. AE; 0.51 g; 10 mm; h? (in 2 fragments, mendable, completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [289]

KAC 401. AE; 0.38 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. exfoliated, completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [955]

KAC 382. AE; 0.49 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [136]

KAC 402. AE; 0.38 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm.). 2016, sporadic find out of the Unit 4 [1147] KAC 403. AE; 0.37 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm., partly preserved). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [388]

KAC 383. AE; 0.49 g; 10 mm; h? (in fragments, mineralized, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [498]

KAC 404. AE; 0.37 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1082]

KAC 384. AE; 0.48 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (from sieve) [1233] KAC 385. AE; 0.47 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [261]

KAC 405. AE; 0.37 g; 7 mm; h? (4 fragments, unmendable, completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000]

KAC 386. AE; 0.47 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2012, Unit 1, F1015 [0156]

KAC 406. AE; 0.36 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (coins from sieve) [1233]

KAC 387. AE; 0.47 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F022 [084]

KAC 407. AE; 0.36 g; 10 mm; h? (fragments, unmendable, mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [060]

KAC 388. AE; 0.46 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 2, F032 [230]

KAC 408. AE; 0.36 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4010 [179]

KAC 389. AE; 0.46 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [433]

KAC 409. AE; 0.34 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 1, F1057 [113]

KAC 390. AE; 0.45 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2012, Unit 1, F1002 [0049]

KAC 410. AE; 0.34 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1077]

KAC 391. AE; 0.45 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1029 [137] KAC 392. AE; 0.44 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 3, F16 [3]

KAC 411. AE; 0.34 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1130]

KAC 393. AE; 0.43 g; 10 mm; h? (in 2 fragments, mineralized, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [367]

KAC 412. AE; 0.34 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4000 Northern extension [771]

KAC 394. AE; 0.41 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [364]

KAC 413. AE; 0.33 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1117]

35 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 414. AE; 0.33 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [225]

KAC 433. AE; 0.24 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [466]

KAC 415. AE; 0.33 g; 7 mm; h? (fragments mineralized, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [492]

KAC 434. AE; 0.24 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [535] KAC 435. AE; 0.24 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1291]

KAC 416. AE; 0.32 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1014]

KAC 436. AE; 0.23 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [853]

KAC 417. AE; 0.31 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1074] KAC 418. AE; 0.31 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 437. AE; 0.23 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in 2 fragments, unmendable, incomplete). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [061]

KAC 419. AE; 0.30 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [838]

KAC 438. AE; 0.22 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [105]

KAC 420. AE; 0.30 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [373]

KAC 439. AE; 0.22 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [558]

KAC 421. AE; 0.29 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 440. AE; 0.21 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in 2 fragments, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [391]

KAC 422. AE; 0.28 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 441. AE; 0.21 g; 10 mm; h? (in 2 fragments, mineralized, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [392]

KAC 423. AE; 0.28 g; 8 mm (larger fragm.); h? (completely mineralized, in fragments, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [369]

KAC 442. AE; 0.21 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [021]

KAC 424. AE; 0.27 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [965]

KAC 443. AE; 0.21 g; 9 mm (very large fragm.); h? (in 3 fragments, mineralized, unmendable; probably incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [677]

KAC 425. AE; 0.26 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [104]

‡KAC 444. AE; 0.21 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [936]

KAC 426. AE; 0.26 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, fragments, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [436]

KAC 445. AE; 0.21 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [948] KAC 446. AE; 0.21g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4093 [959]

KAC 427. AE; 0.26 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1017] KAC 428. AE; 0.26 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1282]

KAC 447. AE; 0.20 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [375]

KAC 429. AE; 0.25 g; 19 mm; h? (fragments of oxidation, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4025 [581]

KAC 448. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [274] KAC 449. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼). 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 430. AE; 0.24 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [414]

KAC 450. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm.). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [1263]

KAC 431. AE; 0.24 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, in 3 fragments, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [295]

KAC 451. AE; 0.20 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [1063]

KAC 432. AE; 0.24 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1075]

KAC 452. AE; 0.20 g; 6 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1061]

36 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 KAC 473. AE; 0.17 g; 6 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 453. AE; 0.19 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half, completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [379]

KAC 474. AE; 0.16 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [360]

KAC 454. AE; 0.19 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 1, F1070 [192]

KAC 475. AE; 0.16 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [014]

KAC 455. AE; 0.19 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [434]

KAC 476. AE; 0.16 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [394]

KAC 456. AE; 0.19 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [411]

KAC 477. AE; 0.16 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [500]

KAC 457. AE; 0.19 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [975]

KAC 478. AE; 0.15 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000]

KAC 458. AE; 0.19 g; 8.5 mm; h? (mineralized, incomplete?). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [432]

KAC 479. AE; 0.15 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1021]

KAC 459. AE; 0.18 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [515]

KAC 480. AE; 0.15 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (from sieve) [1233]

KAC 460. AE; 0.17 g; 9 mm; h? (fragments mineralized, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [299]

KAC 481. AE; 0.15 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in 2 fragments mineralized, unmendable, some parts missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [489]

KAC 461. AE; 0.18 g; 8 mm; h? (2 fragments, unmendable, completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [963]

KAC 482. AE; 0.15 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 2, F039 [305]

KAC 462. AE; 0.18 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1089]

KAC 483. AE; 0.15 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [496]

KAC 463. AE; 0.18 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1279]

KAC 484. AE; 0.14 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm.). 2014, Unit 1, F1057 [114]

KAC 464. AE; 0.18 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1027]

KAC 485. AE; 0.13 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [969]

KAC 465. AE; 0.18 g; 6 mm; h? (2 fragments, unmendable, completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1049]

KAC 486. AE; 0.12 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm.). 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [707] KAC 487. AE; 0.12 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [855]

KAC 466. AE; 0.17 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1052]

KAC 488. AE; 0.12 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 467. AE; 0.17 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1155]

KAC 489. AE; 0.12 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. ¼). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [389]

‡KAC 468. AE; 0.17 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 490. AE; 0.11 g; 13 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [483]

KAC 469. AE; 0.17 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [039]

KAC 491. AE; 0.11 g; 9 mm; h? (in 5 fragments mineralized, partly mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [484]

KAC 470. AE; 0.17 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4093 [950]

KAC 492. AE; 0.11 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1022]

KAC 471. AE; 0.17 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [107]

KAC 493. AE; 0.11 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [121]

KAC 472. AE; 0.17 g; 6 mm; h? (2 fragm. completely mineralized, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [852]

37 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 515. AE; 0.06 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [947]

KAC 494. AE; 0.10 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [393]

KAC 516. AE; 0.06 g; 5 mm; h? (tiny fragm. of coin, thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [449]

KAC 495. AE; 0.10 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 517. AE; 0.05 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1065]

KAC 496. AE; 0.10 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [479]

KAC 518. AE; 0.04 g; 6 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1007]

KAC 497. AE; 0.10 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 2, F030 [211]

KAC 519. AE; 0.03 g; h? (fragments completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1016]

KAC 498. AE; 0.10 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [368]

KAC 520. AE; 1.08 g; 8 mm (larger fragm.); h? (15 fragments completely mineralized, probably belonging to more than one coin). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 499. AE; 0.10 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [429]

AE4, late IV–early V century AD RIC? §KAC 521. AE; 2.08 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 500. AE; 0.10 g; 8 mm; h? (fragments mineralized, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [098] KAC 501. AE; 0.09 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1098]

KAC 522. AE; 1.93 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [377]

KAC 502. AE; 0.09 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm.). 2016, Unit 4, F4069 (from sieve) [725]

KAC 523. AE; 1.78 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [064]

KAC 503. AE; 0.09 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1278]

KAC 524. AE; 1.71 g; 13 mm; h? (exfoliated). Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r.; Rev. [---]; standing figure. 2014, Unit 2, F033 [217]

KAC 504. AE; 0.09 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm ca. ¼, completely mineralized). 2012, Unit?, F1028 [288]

KAC 525. AE; 1.70 g; 13 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1054 [096]

KAC 505. AE; 0.09 g; 5 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized, only oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1275]

KAC 526. AE; 1.69 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [236] KAC 527. AE; 1.66 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4099 [1164]

KAC 506. AE; 0.08 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [487] KAC 507. AE; 0.08 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 3, F016 [37]

KAC 528. AE; 1.58 g; 12 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [706]

KAC 508. AE; 0.07 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [461]

KAC 529. AE; 1.52 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated along the entire edge; a large part of a leaf is missing). 2016, Unit 4, found during the clean-up of the backfill from the NE sector, level 5.803 [1217]

KAC 509. AE; 0.07 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1044] KAC 510. AE; 0.07 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [206]

KAC 530. AE; 1.49 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [675]

KAC 511. AE; 0.07 g; 6 mm (very large fragm.); h? (completely mineralized, in 2 fragments mineralized, unmendable, incomplete). 2014, Unit 2, F041 [328]

KAC 531. AE; 1.46 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, 2 fragments, mendable, incomplete). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [066] KAC 532. AE; 1.46 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge, with cracks on both faces). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [812]

KAC 512. AE; 0.07 g; 6 mm; h? (fragm.). 2016, Unit 4, F4061 [691] KAC 513. AE; 0.07 g; 6 mm; h? (2 fragments completely mineralized, unmendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1286]

KAC 533. AE; 1.44 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [455] KAC 534. AE; 1.43 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [296]

KAC 514. AE; 0.06 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [979]

38 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 KAC 557. AE; 1.15 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [997]

KAC 535. AE; 1.43 g; 12 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4061 [719]

KAC 558. AE; 1.13 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [987]

KAC 536. AE; 1.40 g; 14 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4000 Northern extension [765]

KAC 559. AE; 1.13 g; 13 mm; h? (exfoliated, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 537. AE; 1.35 g; 14 mm; h?(completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1131]

KAC 560. AE; 1.12 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4087 [892]

KAC 538. AE; 1.30 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [358]

KAC 561. AE; 1.12 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2014, Unit 2, F033 [234]

KAC 539. AE; 1.29 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge, with cracks on both faces). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [925]

KAC 562. AE; 1.11 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, half of a leaf is missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4010 [176]

KAC 540. AE; 1.28 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F005, SL 002 [247]

KAC 563. AE; 1.11 g; 13 mm; h?. 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 541. AE; 1.26 g; 14 mm; h? (a fragm. missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [099]

KAC 564. AE; 1.11 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [970]

KAC 542. AE; 1.26 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated, completely mineralized). Obv. [---]; bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1078]

‡KAC 565. AE; 1.09 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, halved in antiquity). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [069]

KAC 543. AE; 1.25 g; 13 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [687]

‡KAC 566. AE; 1.09 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1079]

KAC 544. AE; 1.24 g; 12 mm; h?. 2015, Unit 5, F5028 [133]

‡KAC 567. AE; 1.08 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4027 [1086]

KAC 545. AE; 1.23 g; 16 mm; h? (mineralized). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [870]

KAC 568. AE; 1.07 g; 14 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, sporadic find, found outside (near the hut) [659]

KAC 546. AE; 1.23 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [024]

KAC 569. AE; 1.07 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [361]

KAC 547. AE; 1.22 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [537]

KAC 570. AE; 1.06 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized and crusted). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1271]

KAC 548. AE; 1.22 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [277]

KAC 571. AE; 1.04 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [668]

KAC 549. AE; 1.21 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [989]

KAC 572. AE; 1.03 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

KAC 550. AE; 1.20 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, a part of a leaf is separated). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [103]

KAC 573. AE; 1.03 g; 11 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed head r. 2014, Unit 1, F1054 [094]

KAC 551. AE; 1.20 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [462]

KAC 574. AE; 1.02 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [912]

KAC 552. AE; 1.19 g; 15 mm; h? (with cracks on both faces). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [799]

KAC 575. AE; 1.02 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [682]

KAC 553. AE; 1.18 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [398]

KAC 576. AE; 1.01 g; 14 mm; h? (broken into 3 parts, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [402]

KAC 554. AE; 1.17 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [567]

KAC 577. AE; 1.01 g; 14 mm; h? (AE4, mineralized, exfoliated, 2 fragments, mendable, incomplete). 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 555. AE; 1.17 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2016, sporadic coin outside of the unit [1183]

KAC 578. AE; 1.00 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge; with cracks on both faces, part of one of two leaves missing). 2016, Unit 4, F4000 Northern extension [784]

KAC 556. AE; 1.15 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [1090]

39 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 579. AE; 1.00 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1100]

KAC 600. AE; 0.87 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [357]

‡KAC 580. AE; 1.00 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1253]

KAC 601. AE; 0.86 g; 14 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge; with cracks on both faces). 2016, Unit 4, F4061 [756]

KAC 581. AE; 0.99 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2012, Unit 1, F1014 [0141]

KAC 602. AE; 0.86 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1285]

KAC 582. AE; 0.98 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (coins from sieve) [1233]

KAC 603. AE; 0.86 g; 11 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed head r.; dotted border. 2014, Unit 1, F1056 [105]

KAC 583. AE; 0.97 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0260]

KAC 604. AE; 0.85 g; 12.5 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [524]

KAC 584. AE; 0.97 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. [---] (traces of letters); diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [279]

KAC 605. AE; 0.84 g; 14 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [527]

KAC 585. AE; 0.96 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, some fragments are missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [349]

KAC 606. AE; 0.84 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; incomplete; exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1132]

KAC 586. AE; 0.94 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized, thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [531]

KAC 607. AE; 0.84 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [1139]

KAC 587. AE; 0.94 g; 11 mm; h? (thick flan). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. (small). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [251]

KAC 608. AE; 0.84 g; 11 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, sporadic find outside Unit 4 [694]

KAC 588. AE; 0.93 g; 14 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1035 [0032]

KAC 609. AE; 0.82 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 (under amphora 9, east side Room E) [1141]

KAC 589. AE; 0.93 g; 13 mm; h? (exfoliated, incomplete: part of one of two leaves missing). 2016, sporadic founds out of Unit 4 [1154]

‡KAC 610. AE; 0.81 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated; ca. a half, cut in antiquity). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 590. AE; 0.92 g; 14 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [488]

KAC 611. AE; 0.80 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [117]

KAC 591. AE; 0.92 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [862]

KAC 612. AE; 0.80 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1138]

KAC 592. AE; 0.91 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [491]

KAC 613. AE; 0.79 g; 12 mm; h?. 2015, Unit 5, F5022 [158]

KAC 593. AE; 0.90 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized. exfoliated along the entire edge; incomplete, with cracks on both faces). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1127]

KAC 614. AE; 0.78 g; 13 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4061 [718] KAC 615. AE; 0.78 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 594. AE; 0.89 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, in 3 fragments, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [452]

KAC 616. AE; 0.78 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 595. AE; 0.89 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, in 2 fragments). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [197]

KAC 617. AE; 0.77 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, missing a part). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [397]

KAC 596. AE; 0.88 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [026]

KAC 618. AE; 0.77 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 597. AE; 0.88 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized). Obv. [---]; head r. (visible on the mineralized surface). 2016, Unit 4, re-opening, clean-up of the fill [651] KAC 598. AE; 0.88 g; 12 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [683]

‡KAC 619. AE; 0.75 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized ca. a half, cut in antiquity?). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [846]

KAC 599. AE; 0.87 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4000 Northern extension [773]

KAC 620. AE; 0.75 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [201]

40 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 KAC 643. AE; 0.58 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, partly preserved ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 621. AE; 0.74 g; 13 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F033 [208] KAC 622. AE; 0.74 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4009 [165]

KAC 644. AE; 0.58 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized, with cracks on both faces). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 623. AE; 0.72 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, some fragments are missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [456]

KAC 645. AE; 0.58 g; 11 mm; h?. Obv. [---] P F AV[G]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r.; Rev. illegible (traces of the type). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [830]

KAC 624. AE; 0.72 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, ca. a half, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [435]

KAC 646. AE; 0.56 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2014, Unit 2, F032 [215]

KAC 625. AE; 0.72 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 647. AE; 0.56 g; 13 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1113]

KAC 626. AE; 0.71 g; 12 mm; h 9 (thick flan). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r.; Rev. [---]; standing figure. 2014, Unit 4, F4016 [331]

KAC 648. AE; 0.56 g; 12 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 627. AE; 0.71 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [526]

KAC 649. AE; 0.56 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. [---], head r. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [843]

‡KAC 628. AE; 0.71 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1080]

KAC 650. AE; 0.55 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [526]

KAC 629. AE; 0.70 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, partly preserved). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 651. AE; 0.55 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4007 [152]

KAC 630. AE; 0.70 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [837]

KAC 652. AE; 0.54 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4010 [177]

KAC 631. AE; 0.69 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---] (traces of letters). 2014, Unit 4, F4012 [216]

KAC 653. AE; 0.54 g; 12 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0274]

KAC 632. AE; 0.69 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F042 [386]

KAC 654. AE; 0.53 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized, with cracks on both faces, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1064]

KAC 633. AE; 0.69 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

KAC 655. AE; 0.53 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4025 [583]

KAC 634. AE; 0.68 g; 15 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [409]

KAC 656. AE; 0.51 g; 13 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [446]

KAC 635. AE; 0.67 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated along the entire edge, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1044]

KAC 657. AE; 0.50 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized; 2 fragments, mendable, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [1252]

KAC 636. AE; 0.65 g; 15 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [486]

KAC 658. AE; 0.50 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 5, F5101 [301]

KAC 637. AE; 0.64 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [511]

KAC 659. AE; 0.49 g; 14 mm; h? (completely mineralized, incomplete, ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1126]

KAC 638. AE; 0.63 g; 15 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014 [191]

‡KAC 660. AE; 0.48 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. a half, cut in antiquity?). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 639. AE; 0.63 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [396]

KAC 661. AE; 0.46 g; 12 mm; h? (ca. a half, incomplete). 2016, sporadic find out of the Unit 4 [1147]

KAC 640. AE; 0.63 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, with cracks on both faces, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [1250]

KAC 662. AE; 0.46 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1068 [168]

‡KAC 641. AE; 0.61 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 663. AE; 0.46 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, in 3 fragments, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [341]

KAC 642. AE; 0.60 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [518]

41 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 685. AE; 0.30 g; 11 mm; h? (ca. a half, incomplete, exfoliated). 2016, sporadic find out of the Unit 4 [1147]

KAC 664. AE; 0.44 g; 11 mm; h? (cut ca. ¼, mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4007 [154] KAC 665. AE; 0.43 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [525]

KAC 686. AE; 0.30 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

KAC 666. AE; 0.43 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half; completely mineralized; exfoliated along the entire edge). 2015, Unit 4, F4065 [613]

KAC 687. AE; 0.29 g; 11 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [800]

‡KAC 667. AE; 0.43 g; 11 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4050 [711] KAC 668. AE; 0.42 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). Rev. ex., SM[-]. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 688. AE; 0.28 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 1, F1054 [101]

KAC 669. AE; 0.41 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 (from the sieve) [1084]

KAC 690. AE; 0.18 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm.). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1290]

KAC 689. AE; 0.26 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4072 [901]

KAC 670. AE; 0.40 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [253] KAC 671. AE; 0.40 g; 13 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [410]

AE4, late IV–V century AD RIC? KAC 691. AE; 2.14 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [140]

KAC 672. AE; 0.39 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated; ca. ½, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1146]

KAC 692. AE; 0.77 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [188]

KAC 673. AE; 0.39 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

AE4, early V century AD (first decades) RIC? KAC 693. AE; 0.36 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). Obv. [---]; small diademed head r. 2014, Unit 4, F4015 [311]

KAC 674. AE; 0.39 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. ⅓). 2016, Unit 4, F4087 (from sieve) [903]

AE4, first half of V century AD RIC? KAC 694. AE; 0.22 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4075 [776]

KAC 675. AE; 0.38 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [465] KAC 676. AE; 0.38 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. a half, incomplete, with cracks on both faces). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1118]

KAC 695. AE; 0.33 g; 11 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4000 Northern Extension [772]

‡KAC 677. AE; 0.37 g; 10 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [676]

AE3+AE4 (two coins jointed by copper oxide), V century AD RIC? KAC 696. AE; 1.20 g; 13+10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

KAC 678. AE; 0.34 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [521]

AE4, V century AD RIC? KAC 697. AE; 1.64 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [443]

KAC 679. AE; 0.34 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1276] KAC 680. AE; 0.34 g; 10 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [684]

KAC 698. AE; 1.50 g; 11 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [207]

‡KAC 681. AE; 0.33 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. a half, cut in antiquity?, exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1005]

KAC 699. AE; 1.38 g; 11 mm; h? (thick flan). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0266] KAC 700. AE; 1.38 g; 11 mm; h? (exfoliated, thick flan). 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 682. AE; 0.32 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼, incomplete). Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. (partially visible). 2016, sporadic coin found outside of the unit [1183]

KAC 701. AE; 1.30 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, some fragments are missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [422]

KAC 683. AE; 0.31 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [201]

KAC 702. AE; 1.28 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 684. AE; 0.30 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half). 2015, Unit 4, F4066 [624]

42 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

KAC 703. AE; 1.19 g; 12 mm; h?. Rev. [---]; standing figure in military dress (?) (partly visible). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [399]

KAC 724. AE; 0.80 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [376]

KAC 704. AE; 1.19 g; 11 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4016 [326]

‡KAC 725. AE; 0.80 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, holed by lead oxidation). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1043]

KAC 705. AE; 1.19 g; 11 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 1, F1054 [099]

KAC 726. AE; 0.79 g; 10 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [102]

KAC 706. AE; 1.18 g; 10 mm; h? (thick flan, exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1002 [0045]

KAC 727. AE; 0.79 g; 9 mm; h? (thick flan). 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [681]

KAC 707. AE; 1.11 g; 12 mm; h? (thick flan). Obv. and Rev. illegible (traces of the types). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [022]

KAC 728. AE; 0.78 g; 13 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [230]

KAC 708. AE; 1.08 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [063]

‡KAC 729. AE; 0.76 g; 10 mm; h? (thick flan). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1069]

KAC 709. AE; 1.08 g; 11 mm; h? (thick flan, mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 3, F016 [38]

KAC 730. AE; 0.75 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [356]

KAC 710. AE; 1.06 g; 9 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

KAC 731. AE; 0.75 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half, mineralized). 2012, Unit 1, F1002 [0055]

KAC 711. AE; 1.05 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1229]

KAC 732. AE; 0.75 g; 10 mm; h?. 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 712. AE; 0.99 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [354]

KAC 733. AE; 0.74 g; 14 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. a half, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [214]

KAC 713. AE; 0.97 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [924]

KAC 734. AE; 0.74 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, thick flan, exfoliated). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 714. AE; 0.96 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 2, F005, SL 004 [298]

KAC 735. AE; 0.73 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [502]

‡KAC 715. AE; 0.96 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge; a part of a leaf is missing) 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1059]

KAC 736. AE; 0.72 g; 10 mm; h? (thick flan, exfoliated). 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0264] KAC 737. AE; 0.72 g; 10 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 2, F040 [324]

KAC 716. AE; 0.95 g; 11 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 1, F1076 [236]

KAC 738. AE; 0.71 g; 11 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [540]

KAC 717. AE; 0.93 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 2, F005, SL 004 [293]

KAC 739. AE; 0.71 g; 9 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [138]

KAC 718. AE; 0.93 g; 10 mm; h? (thick flan). 2014, Unit 1, F1069 [177]

KAC 740. AE; 0.70 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, sporadic find outside unit [201]

KAC 719. AE; 0.92 g; 12 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 1, F1054 [091]

KAC 741. AE; 0.70 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, in two halves, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [303]

KAC 720. AE; 0.88 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, incomplete, thick flan). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

‡KAC 742. AE; 0.70 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 721. AE; 0.86 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated fragm., incomplete). 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [266]

§KAC 743. AE; 0.69 g; 10 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F40208 [212]

KAC 722. AE; 0.86 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4087 [888]

KAC 744. AE; 0.69 g; 10 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [211]

KAC 723. AE; 0.83 g; 11 mm; h?. 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 745. AE; 0.68 g; 12 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [383]

43 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 746. AE; 0.67 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [043]

KAC 767. AE; 0.57 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, a fragment is missing). 2014, 17/09/14, Unit 4, F4018 [431]

KAC 747. AE; 0.66 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [205]

KAC 768. AE; 0.57 g; 10 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [921]

KAC 748. AE; 0.65 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 769. AE; 0.56 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [905]

KAC 749. AE; 0.65 g; 10 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [464]

‡KAC 770. AE; 0.55 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, sporadic founds [867]

KAC 750. AE; 0.65 g; 10 mm; h? (imitation?; thick flan). Obv. [---]; diademed head r. (stylized); dotted border; Rev. illegible (traces of the type); part of a dotted border. 2015, Unit 5, F5024 [150]

KAC 771. AE; 0.54 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [470] KAC 772. AE; 0.54 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [914]

KAC 751. AE; 0.65 g; 9 mm; h? (incomplete hole because of lead oxidation, thick flan). 2014, Unit 2, F0030 [262]

KAC 773. AE; 0.54 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [988]

KAC 752. AE; 0.64 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [849]

KAC 774. AE; 0.54 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [209]

KAC 753. AE; 0.64 g; 10 mm; h? (thick flan, exfoliated). Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. (small); Rev. [---]; Victory l. (?). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [505]

KAC 775. AE; 0.53 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [499]

KAC 754. AE; 0.64 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, surface find, without bag number

KAC 776. AE; 0.53 g; 10 mm; h? (thick flan; holed by lead oxidation). 2014, Unit 2, F005 SL 002 [256]

KAC 755. AE; 0.63 g; 12 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half, mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [430]

KAC 777. AE; 0.53 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [998]

KAC 756. AE; 0.63 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [380]

KAC 778. AE; 0.52 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [372]

KAC 757. AE; 0.63 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge; ca. a half, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1133]

KAC 779. AE; 0.51 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [382] KAC 780. AE; 0.51 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1076 [234]

KAC 758. AE; 0.63 g; 9 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 2, F032 [216]

‡KAC 781. AE; 0.51 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [876]

KAC 759. AE; 0.62 g; 11 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [281]

KAC 782. AE; 0.51 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [242]

KAC 760. AE; 0.62 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [936]

KAC 783. AE; 0.50 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [857]

KAC 761. AE; 0.61 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000]

KAC 784. AE; 0.50 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [352]

‡KAC 762. AE; 0.61 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [1024] (between amphorae of Room E)

KAC 785. AE; 0.49 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [100]

KAC 763. AE; 0.59 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [036]

‡KAC 786. AE; 0.49 g; 10 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4000 Northern Extension [767]

KAC 764. AE; 0.59 g; 10 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 1, F1073 [196]

KAC 787. AE; 0.49 g; 8 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed head r. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [013]

‡KAC 765. AE; 0.57 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1076]

KAC 788. AE; 0.47 g; 10 mm; h? (cut? ca. ⅔). 2014, Unit 4, F4013 [244]

KAC 766. AE; 0.57 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 2, F032 [207]

KAC 789. AE; 0.47 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F030 [213]

44 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

KAC 790. AE; 0.47 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated along the entire edge; cracked on one of two faces; incomplete hole because of lead oxidation). 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [902]

‡KAC 813. AE; 0.41 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; halved in antiquity). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811] KAC 814. AE; 0.41 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F056 [451]

KAC 791. AE; 0.46 g; 11 mm; h? (incomplete). 2014, Unit 1, F1054 [100]

KAC 815. AE; 0.41 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4087 [896]

KAC 792. AE; 0.46 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811] KAC 793. AE; 0.46 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [836]

KAC 816. AE; 0.41 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [842]

KAC 794. AE; 0.45 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1058 [144]

KAC 817. AE; 0.40 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized; in 3 fragments, partly mendable, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [864]

KAC 795. AE; 0.45 g; 11 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [562]

‡KAC 818. AE; 0.40 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1280]

KAC 796. AE; 0.45 g; 10 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; head r. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [523]

KAC 819. AE; 0.40 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [426]

‡KAC 797. AE; 0.45 g; 9 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4061 [755]

KAC 820. AE; 0.40 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000]

KAC 798. AE; 0.44 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [286]

KAC 821. AE; 0.39 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [544]

KAC 799. AE; 0.44 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [494]

KAC 822. AE; 0.39 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized; in 3 fragments, unmendable; incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1068]

KAC 800. AE; 0.43 g; 13 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [378]

KAC 823. AE; 0.39 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 1, F1070 [193]

KAC 801. AE; 0.43 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 824. AE; 0.39 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F042 [387]

KAC 802. AE; 0.43 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4007 [167]

KAC 825. AE; 0.39 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [423] ‡KAC 826. AE; 0.39 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [848]

KAC 803. AE; 0.43 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [298]

KAC 827. AE; 0.39 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. o clipped). Rev. Part of a wreath. 2014, Unit 2, F56 [448]

KAC 804. AE; 0.43 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, sporadic find before excavation, without bag number KAC 805. AE; 0.43 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [984]

KAC 828. AE; 0.38 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized; in 2 fragments, unmendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [875]

KAC 806. AE; 0.43 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

‡KAC 829. AE; 0.37; 10 mm; h? (holed by lead oxidation). Rev. illegible, traces of a dotted border. 2016, sporadic found outside Unit 4 [769]

‡KAC 807. AE; 0.43 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [873]

‡KAC 830. AE; 0.37 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. a half). 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [998]

KAC 808. AE; 0.42 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [365] KAC 809. AE; 0.42 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1075, level 1.569 [224]

KAC 831. AE; 0.37 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized; fragm. ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1272]

KAC 810. AE; 0.42 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, 4, F4014 [276]

KAC 832. AE; 0.37 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [250]

KAC 811. AE; 0.42 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [412]

KAC 833. AE; 0.36 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [439]

KAC 812. AE; 0.42 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [018]

45 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 834. AE; 0.36 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [028]

KAC 856. AE; 0.30 g; 11 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed head r. 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [111]

‡KAC 835. AE; 0.36 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (coins from sieve) [1233]

KAC 857. AE; 0.30 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [982]

KAC 836. AE; 0.35 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, some tiny fragments are missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [477]

KAC 858. AE; 0.30 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [101] KAC 859. AE; 0.30 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [390]

KAC 837. AE; 0.35 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1054 [0090]

KAC 860. AE; 0.30 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1004]

KAC 838. AE; 0.35 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). Obv. [---]; head r. 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [861]

KAC 861. AE; 0.30 g; 9 mm; h? (crusted). 2014, Unit 2, F038 [273]

KAC 839. AE; 0.35 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, in fragments, partly mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [560]

KAC 862. AE; 0.30 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. a half). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 840. AE; 0.35 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1081]

‡KAC 863. AE; 0.30 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4093 [952]

‡KAC 841. AE; 0.34 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [859]

KAC 864. AE; 0.29 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [301]

‡KAC 842. AE; 0.34 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [920] KAC 843. AE; 0.34 g; 8 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1043 [0020]

KAC 865. AE; 0.29 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, fragments, partly mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4007 [153]

KAC 844. AE; 0.34 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1083]

KAC 866. AE; 0.29 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [346]

KAC 845. AE; 0.33 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1013]

KAC 867. AE; 0.29 g; 9 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed bust r. (very small). 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [005]

KAC 846. AE; 0.33 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated, some fragments are missing). 2014, Unit 1, F1056 [106]

KAC 868. AE; 0.29 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [850] KAC 869. AE; 0.29 g; 9 mm; h?. 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [998]

KAC 847. AE; 0.33 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, in 3 fragments, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [273]

KAC 870. AE; 0.28 g; 11 mm; h? (cup-shaped after mintage). 2012, Unit 1, F1006 [0097]

KAC 848. AE; 0.33 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F040 [321]

‡KAC 871. AE; 0.28 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized, exfoliated along the entire edge). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1234]

KAC 849. AE; 0.33 g; 7 mm; h?. 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [998]

KAC 872. AE; 0.28 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [954]

KAC 850. AE; 0.32 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 2, F025 [350]

KAC 873. AE; 0.28 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [189]

KAC 851. AE; 0.32 g; 10 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [909]

KAC 874. AE; 0.28 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ⅓, exfoliated, mineralized). 2015, Unit 4, above F4065 (during cleaning) [611]

KAC 852. AE; 0.32 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [133]

‡KAC 875. AE; 0.28 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [930]

KAC 853. AE; 0.32 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [381]

‡KAC 876. AE; 0.28 g; 9 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed head r. 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1067]

‡KAC 854. AE; 0.32 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [798] ‡KAC 855. AE; 0.31 g; 9 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; diademed head r. 2016, sporadic find out of Unit 4 [1129]

KAC 877. AE; 0.28 g; 7 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

46

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 KAC 878. AE; 0.27 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, broken into two halves). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [082]

KAC 900. AE; 0.23 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, in 3 fragments, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [482]

KAC 879. AE; 0.26 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; small diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. 2014, Unit 2, F42 [373]

KAC 901. AE; 0.23 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [243] KAC 902. AE; 0.23 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 (coins from the sieve) [1122]

KAC 880. AE; 0.26 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4025 [582]

KAC 903. AE; 0.23 g; 7 mm; h? (thick flan, mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [292]

KAC 881. AE; 0.26 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 1, F1070 [194]

KAC 904. AE; 0.23 g; ? mm; h? (completely mineralized; in 5 fragments, unmendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [556]

KAC 882. AE; 0.26 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. a half, cut?). 2016, Unit 4, F4087 [900]

KAC 905. AE; 0.22 g; 12 mm; h? (completely mineralized; in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1008]

‡KAC 883. AE; 0.26 g; 10 mm; h?. Rev. traces of the type. 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [985]

KAC 906. AE; 0.22 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [550]

KAC 884. AE; 0.26 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized fragm., thick flan). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1073]

KAC 907. AE; 0.22 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000]

KAC 885. AE; 0.25 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [190]

KAC 908. AE; 0.22 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [551]

KAC 886. AE; 0.25 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4022 [576]

KAC 909. AE; 0.22 g; 7 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4097 [1113]

KAC 887. AE; 0.25 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 1, F1071 [208]

KAC 910. AE; 0.21 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [555]

KAC 888. AE; 0.25 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [271]

KAC 911. AE; 0.21 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. ¼). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [057]

KAC 889. AE; 0.25 g; 9 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [472]

KAC 912. AE; 0.21 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [501]

KAC 890. AE; 0.25 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, in 3 fragments, partly mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [291]

KAC 913. AE; 0.21 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4011 [263]

KAC 891. AE; 0.25 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

‡KAC 914. AE; 0.21 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, 1/5/16, sporadic finds [865]

KAC 892. AE; 0.24 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4087 [895]

‡KAC 915. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h? (in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [1262] KAC 916. AE; 0.20 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [517]

KAC 893. AE; 0.24 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized; in 2 fragments, mendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [1295]

KAC 917. AE; 0.20 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [109]

KAC 894. AE; 0.24 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized and fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [504]

KAC 918. AE; 0.20 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [428]

KAC 895. AE; 0.24 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [529]

KAC 919. AE; 0.20 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, surface find (“salvage area”), without bag number

KAC 896. AE; 0.24 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000]

‡KAC 920. AE; 0.20 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half is missing). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [829]

KAC 897. AE; 0.24 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1075, level 1.567 [227]

KAC 921. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [467]

KAC 898. AE; 0.24 g; 8.5 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [283]

KAC 922. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4016 [321]

‡KAC 899. AE; 0.24 g; 7 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [946]

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAC 944. AE; 0.16 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. mineralized, ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [395]

KAC 923. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼). Rev. illegible: part of a double dotted border is visible (good style, official issue). 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [673]

KAC 925. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h?. 2016, sporadic founds out of Unit 4 [1154]

KAC 945. AE; 0.16 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, in 3 fragments, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [832] KAC 946. AE; 0.16 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [915]

KAC 926. AE; 0.20 g; 8 mm; h?. 2012, a coin found during the survey around the bath area

KAC 947. AE; 0.16 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1055]

KAC 927. AE; 0.20 g; 8 mm; h? (hole in centre caused by lead oxidation). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [106]

KAC 948. AE; 0.16 g; 7 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [285]

KAC 924. AE; 0.20 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [917]

‡KAC 949. AE; 0.15 g; 8 mm; h? (mineralized, some fragments are missing). 2014, Unit 4, F4008 [208]

KAC 928. AE; 0.20 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1046] KAC 929. AE; 0.20 g; 7 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [363]

KAC 950. AE; 0.15 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1047]

KAC 930. AE; 0.20 g; 7 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

‡KAC 951. AE; 0.15 g; 8 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (coins from sieve) [1233]

KAC 931. AE; 0.19 g; 10 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4004 [135]

KAC 952. AE; 0.15 g; 7 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 1, F10 [213] KAC 953. AE; 0.14 g; 9 mm; h? (in 2 fragments, mendable). 2014, Unit 1, F1057 [115]

KAC 932. AE; 0.19 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [391]

KAC 954. AE; 0.14 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4092 [976]

KAC 933. AE; 0.19 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [067]

KAC 955. AE; 0.14 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1015]

KAC 934. AE; 0.19 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, in 3 fragments, partly mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [384] Issuing Authority and Mint Undetermined, AE4, V century AD

KAC 956. AE; 0.13 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half is missing). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 935. AE; 0.19 g; 9 mm; h?. Obv. [---]; head r. (partly visible; flan much smaller than the die) 2016, Unit 4, F4096 [1119]

‡KAC 957. AE; 0.13 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized; ca. a half, cut in antiquity?). 2016, Unit 4, F4094 [989]

KAC 936. AE; 0.18 g; 11 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 [1284]

KAC 958. AE; 0.13 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized, fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4002 [079]

KAC 937. AE; 0.18 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [300]

KAC 959. AE; 0.13 g; 8 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 1, F1069 [183]

KAC 938. AE; 0.18 g; 9 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [454]

KAC 960. AE; 0.12 g; 10 mm; h? (in 2 parts, mendable). 2014, Unit 2, F005, SL 002 [249]

KAC 939. AE; 0.18 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4000 [052]

KAC 961. AE; 0.12 g; 9 mm; h? (fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4017 [401]

‡KAC 940. AE; 0.17 g; 10 mm; h?. 2016, sporadic find out of the Unit 4 [1147]

‡KAC 962. AE; 0.12 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half is missing). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 941. AE; 0.16 g; 18 mm; h? (completely mineralized; in 4 fragments, incomplete). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [845]

KAC 963. AE; 0.12 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized, ca. a half is missing). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 (from the sieve) [811]

KAC 942. AE; 0.16 g; 9.5 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). 2014, Unit 4, F4021 [559]

KAC 964. AE; 0.11 g; 8 mm; h? (mineralized, small fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [533]

KAC 943. AE; 0.16 g; 9 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [444]

KAC 965. AE; 0.11 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm. completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4087 [886]

48 This content downloaded from 80.180.50.243 on Sun, 29 Mar 2020 10:55:59 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

‡KAC 966. AE; 0.11 g; 7 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [872] KAC 967. AE; 0.10 g; 12 mm; h? (broken into two parts). 2014, Unit 4, F4001 [118]

KAC 987. AE (oxidation, perhaps a late Roman coin). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [434]

KAC 968. AE; 0.09 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm ca. a half, in 2 fragments, mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4016 [329]

KAC 989. AE (oxidation, perhaps a late Roman coin). 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [508]

KAC 988. AE (oxidation, perhaps a late Roman coin). 2014, Unit 4, F4009 [168]

Imitations of Roman Imperial Coins

KAC 969. AE; 0.09 g; 7 mm (very large fragm.); h? (completely mineralized; in 2 fragments, unmendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [923]

Issuer and mint uncertain AE4, V century AD Obv. Diademed head r. Rev. Victory l. with wreath and palm (?).

KAC 970. AE; 0.08 g; 8 mm; h? (fragm.). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [294]

*KAC 990. AE; 0.47 g; 9 mm; h 4 (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 4, F4010 [173] AE4, V century AD Obv. IIII IIII; linear elements possibly related to a bust; large dotted border, partly visible. Rev. Victory l. (?) within large dotted border, partly visible.

KAC 971. AE; 0.08 g; 7 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1000] KAC 972. AE; 0.08 g; 6 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4084 [874] KAC 973. AE; 0.05 g; 8 mm; h? (completely mineralized). 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (from sieve) [1233]

KAC 991. AE; 0.36 g; 11 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4110 (from sieve) [1233]

KAC 974. AE; 0.04 g; 6 mm (larger fragm.); h? (completely mineralized; in 2 fragments, unmendable). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [927]

Byzantine Coins Justinian I

KAC 975. AE; 0.02 g; 4 mm; h? (completely mineralized, only copper oxidation: coin?). 2016, Unit 4, F4090 [922]

12 nummi, AD 527–565, mint of Alexandria Obv. [D] N IVSTINI [AN]VS [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. I + B; in ex., AΛЄξ. MIBE, I, no. 165 *KAC 992. AE; 5.17 g; 19 mm; h 8. 2014, Unit 2 (near the cemetery) [449]

‡KAC 976. AE; 0.45 g; 9 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 [666] KAC 977. AE; 0.35 g; 8 mm; h? (with sprues). 2014, Unit 1, F1069 [187]

nummus, AD 533–538, mint of Carthage Obv. Traces of letters; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Letter A. MIBE, I, no. 193 *KAC 993. AE; 0.36 g; 9 mm; h 6. 2014, surface find “salvage area”, without bag number

KAC 978. AE; 0.20 g; 7 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4, F4022 (from sieve) [672] ‡KAC 979. AE; 0.17 g; 7 mm; h?. 2016, Unit 4 (found below backfill) [658] Oxidations (maybe a coin or another small bronze object), IV– VI century AD (?)

nummus, after AD 55274, mint of Rome Obv. [---]; bust facing. Rev. Lion r. within wreath. MIBE, I, no. 232 KAC 994. AE; 0.86 g; 10 mm; h? (exfoliated). 2014, Unit 2, F038 [275]

KAC 980. AE; 1.12 g; 11 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F005, SL 001 [247] KAC 981. AE; 0.80 g; 18 mm; h? (oxidation, perhaps a late Roman coin) 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [475]

Justinian I/Mauritius Tiberius

KAC 982. AE; 0.65 g; 15 mm; h? (two fragments completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [471]

6 nummi, AD 527–602, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Letter S; dotted border. Cf. MIBE, I, no. 166 *KAC 995. AE; 2.89 g; 14 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F47 [416]

KAC 983. AE; 0.28 g; 10 mm; h? (two fragments completely mineralized, non-mendable). 2014, Unit 4, F4014 [275]

Justin II/ Mauritius Tiberius

KAC 984. AE; 0.11 g; 7 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 4, F4020 [509]

12 nummi, AD 565–602, mint of Alexandria Obv. Legend illegible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. I + B; in ex., AΛЄξ. Cf. MIBE, II, no. 67

KAC 985. AE; 0.09 g; 7 mm (larger fragm.); h? (very tiny fragments completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4018 [425] KAC 986. AE; 0.05 g; h? (two fragments completely mineralized). 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [490]

74 

For the chronology of this issue see Asolati 2012a: 56-66.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II *KAC 996. AE; 3.87 g; 18 mm; h 7 (fragm. ca. a half, cut). Rev. In ex., A[ΛЄξ]. 2014, Unit 1, F1075 [229]

Kom Wasit

*KAC 997. AE; 3.35 g; 17 mm; h 6. 2014, Unit 2, F039 [303]

Greek Coins

Mint of Alexandria

Ptolemaic Kings

*KAC 998. AE; 1.40 g; 13 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ¼). Obv. [---]; a part of a head; Rev. B (part of the type I+B). 2014, Unit 3, F16 [33]

Ptolemy I bronze (chalkon), 315/12–301 BC (S01) Obv. Head of Alexander III r., with the horn, wearing the mitra. Rev. Eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; to l., different parts of legend. Sv., nos. 28, 30–31, 50, 52–54, 56, 58; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 4–25 *KWC 1. AE; 0.81 g; 10 mm; h 1. Rev. To l., A(ΛE). 2016, Unit 9, F9008 [086]

Heraclius 12 nummi, AD 613–618, mint of Alexandria Obv. ðOmIn [---]; Busts of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine facing, each wearing chlamys and crown; between heads +. Rev. I and B with cross potent on two steps between; in ex., AΛЄξ. MIB, III, no. 200b *KAC 999. AE; 4.95 g; 17 mm; h 12. 2014, Unit 1, F1074 [213]

*KWC 2. AE; 0.54 g; 9 mm; h 12. Rev. L. field illegible. 2016, Unit 9, F9017 [180]

12 nummi, AD 613–618, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---] (traces of letters); Busts of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine facing, each wearing chlamys and crown; between heads +. Rev. illegible. MIB, III, no. 200a–b KAC 1000. AE; 8.88 g; 23 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 2, F001 (emended 002) [014]

KWC 3. AE; 0.85 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible (identification based on the flan morphology). 2016, Unit 9, F9000 [015] KWC 4. AE; 0.76 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible (crusted; identification based on the flan morphology). 2016, Unit 9, F9008 [078] KWC 5. AE; 0.67 g; 11 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible (crusted; identification based on the flan morphology). 2016, Unit 9, F9008 [099]

12 nummi, AD 619–629, mint of Alexandria (struck during the Persian occupation) Obv. Crowned facing bust, with cross on crown; flanked by star (not visible) and cresc. Rev. illegible. MIB, III, no. 202 (for the attribution cf. Picard and Morrisson 2012: 302) *KAC 1001. AE; 2.61 g; 17 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F1050 [0068]

bronze (hemiobol), 305–282 BC (S02) Obv. Head of Alexander III r., with the horn, wearing the mitra. Rev. ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ; eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; to l., aphlaston above helmet. Sv., no. 172; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 31–50 KWC 6. AE; 3.78 g; 21 mm; h 12 (in 2 fragments, mendable). Rev. [ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ]; l. field illegible. 2015, Unit 3, F? (close to the huge pit) [?]

Uncertain emperor 6 nummi, AD 527–642, mint of Alexandria Obv. illegible. Rev. Letter S, dotted border (?). MIB? KAC 1002. AE; 2.29 g; 14 mm; h?. 2012, Unit 1, F1028 [0250]

KWC 7. AE; 3.23 g; 17 mm; h 12 (in 2 fragments, mendable). Rev. [ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ]; to l., aphlaston (illegible) above helmet. 2015, Unit 2, F2041 [173v] bronze (hemiobol), 305–282 BC (S02) Obv. Head of Alexander III r., with the horn, wearing the mitra. Rev. [ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ] (traces of letters); eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; to l., aphlaston and TI. Sv., no. 157A; for the dating cf. Picard and Faucher 2012: 25–28 KWC 8. AE; 3.69 g; 19 mm; h 6. 2015, Unit 2, F2013 [69]

Emperor and mint uncertain AE4, maybe byzantine VI–VII century AD (?) RIC/MIB? KAC 1003. AE; 2.37 g; 15 mm; h? (fragment of a thick and large flan, ca. ¼). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 2, F033 [280]

bronze (diobol), 305–282 BC (S02) Obv. Laureate head of Zeus r. Rev. [ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ] ΒΑΣΙ[ΛΕΩΣ]; eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; l. field, letters or monograms illegible. Cf. SNG Danish: nos. 76-86; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 116– 139 *KWC 9. AE; 15.65 g; 29 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 2, F2021 [150]

Small Objects in Coin Form Possibly Used as Coins Fragm. of bronze object, jointed with a lead fragment (?) KAC 1004. AE; 1.92 g; 17x8 mm 2014, Unit 4, F4019 [476] Bronze fragm., cast (?) KAC 1005. MI; 5.06 g; 22x14 mm 2015, Unit 5, F5068 [210]

Ptolemy II/Ptolemy III bronze (hemiobol), 261–ca. 240 BC (S03) Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon r. Rev. ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; eagle with open wings standing l. on thunderbolt; field illegible.

Nailhead KAC 1006. AE; 5.85 g; 17 mm 2016, Unit 4, F4095 [1001]

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

Cf. Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 184–219 *KWC 10. AE; 6.40 g; 21 mm; h 12. Rev. [---]; field illegible. 2015, Unit 2, F2024 [114]

KWC 21. AE; 0.52 g; 16 mm; h? (conical edges). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10000 [009]

*KWC 11. AE; 3.40 g; 19 mm; h 12. Rev. [---]; field illegible. 2015, Unit 2, F2007 [38]

bronze, III–II century BC Sv.? KWC 22. AE; 4.63 g; 22 mm; h? (conical edges, with sprues, mineralized). Obv. and Rev. illegible (crusted). 2015, Unit 3, F3001 [17]

Ptolemy V/Ptolemy VIII bronze (module 3), 197–ca. 150 BC (S06E) Obv. Head of Isis r., wreathed with corn. Rev. [ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ]; eagle standing l. on thunderbolt, with closed wings, looking back at cornucopia on r. wing. Sv., nos. 1154; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 408–412 *KWC 12. AE; 7.38 g; 22 mm; h 12. 2015, sporadic find, without bag number

bronze, II–I century BC Sv.? KWC 23. AE; 9.35 g; 23 mm; h 6? (exfoliated along the entire edge. Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon r. (central hole). Rev. Eagle (?) 2016, Unit 10, F10033 [067] *KWC 24. AE; 8.45 g; 26 mm; h? (completely mineralized and crusted). Obv. and Rev. illegible 2016, Unit 10, F10001 [017]

bronze (module 2), 197–ca. 150 BC (S06E) Obv. Helmeted male head r. Rev. [ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ]; eagle standing l. on thunderbolt, with closed wings. Sv., nos. 1156–1157; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 429–433 *KWC 13. AE; 2.05 g; 15 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 2, F2012 [64]

*KWC 25. AE; 8.93 g; 24 mm; h? (completely mineralized and crusted; exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible 2016, Unit 10, F10001 [018] *KWC 26. AE; 8.31 g; 26 mm; h? (completely mineralized; some fragments are missing). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10001 [019]

Ptolemies

*KWC 27. AE; 8.01 g; 22 mm; h?. Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon r.; Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10107 [147]

bronze (40 units), ca. 130–50 BC (S09) Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon r. Rev. ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; two eagles standing left on thunderbolt, with closed wings; l. field illegible. Sv., no. 1426; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 593–873 KWC 14. AE; 10.80 g; 22 mm; h 12 (exfoliated along the entire edge: divided almost completely into two valves). Rev. [---]; l. field illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10083 [132]

*KWC 28. AE; 7.62 g; 26 mm; h? (exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon r. (?); Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10055 [069] *KWC 29. AE; 7.32 g; 22 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10006 [025]

*KWC 15. AE; 8.83 g; 21 mm; h? (completely mineralized, with cracks on the Obv.; exfoliated along the entire edge). Obv. illegible; Rev. [---]; l. field illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10051 [068] (found between two mudbricks)

KWC 30. AE; 6.91 g; 21 mm; h? (completely mineralized, cracked on the faces and along the edge, crusted). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10005 [034]

*KWC 16. AE; 6.90 g; 20 mm; h 12. Rev. [---]; l. field illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10010 [101]

KWC 31. AE; 6.05 g; 26 mm; h? (exfoliated and with concentric cracks on the surface). Obv. and Rev. illegible 2016, Unit 10, F10000 [011]

*KWC 17. AE; 6.81g; 20 mm; h 12. Rev. [---]MAIOY [---]; to l., cornucopia. 2016, Unit 10, F10006 [098] *KWC 18. AE; 4.67 g; 19 mm; h 12. Rev. [---]; l. field illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10008 [035]

KWC 32. AE; 5.04 g; 23 mm; h? (completely mineralized; exfoliated; fram. ca. ½). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10007 [031]

KWC 19. AE; 4.16 g; 19 mm; h?. Obv. Illegible; Rev. [---]; l. field illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10006 [099]

*KWC 33. AE; 4.72 g; 21 mm; h? (cracked because of the lead oxidation). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10006 [022]

bronze (5 units?), ca. 130–50 BC (S09) Obv. Head of Zeus Ammon r. Rev. B-A (or similar) across field; eagle standing r., with closed wings. Sv., nos. 1732–1733; Picard and Faucher 2012: nos. 874–981 *KWC 20. AE; 0.85 g; 16 mm; h? (conical edges). Obv. Traces of the type; dotted border; Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10064 [086]

*KWC 34. AE; 4.09 g; 23 mm; h? (exfoliated, a valve is missing; the valve preserved is crusted). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10000 [081] KWC 35. AE; 3.51 g; 20 mm; h? (crusted, mineralized; incomplete). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 10, F10076 [109]

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Greek and Provincial Extra-Egyptian Coins and Roman Imperial Coins

KWC 49. AE; 0.26; 12 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F2 [17]

Roman Imperial Coins

KWC 50. AE; 0.68 g; 11 mm; h? (one face completely crusted). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 12, F12001 [008]

Constantius II/Julian III AE3, AD 350–363, mint of Rome Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. Type illegible; in ex., R(symbol illegible)(letter uncertain). RIC? KWC 36. AE; 1.45 g; 14 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F2 [35]

AE4, V century AD RIC? KWC 51. AE; 1.47 g; 9 mm; h? (completely mineralized). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 3, F3017 [89]

Emperor and mint uncertain

KWC 52. AE; 1.71 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 6, F6002 [8]

AE3, IV century AD RIC? KWC 37. AE; 3.62 g; 21 mm; h? (mineralized, crusted). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 5, F5018 [49]

KWC 53. AE; 0.95 g; 10 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F2 [11] KWC 54. AE; 0.94 g; 9 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F12 [112]

AE3, IV–V century AD RIC? KWC 38. AE; 0.48 g; 14 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm.). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 2, F2004 [19]

KWC 55. AE; 0.81 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F8 [91]

AE4, IV century AD RIC? KWC 39. AE; 0.77 g; 13 mm; h? (cut, ca. ¼). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 5, F5009 [26]

KWC 56. AE; 0.72 g; 11 mm; h? (incomplete hole caused by lead oxidation). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F2 [18] KWC 57. AE; 0.59 g; 11; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half, exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F7 [113]

AE4, IV–V century AD RIC? KWC 40. AE; 0.18 g; 10 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm.). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 5, F5000 [4]

KWC 58. AE; 0.53 g; 11 mm; h?. (incomplete hole caused by lead oxidation, exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F2 [25]

AE4, late IV–early V century AD RIC? KWC 41. AE; 1.19 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 12, F12001 [009]

KWC 59. AE; 0.46 g; 11 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. a half). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 3, F3013 [71] KWC 60. AE; 0.29 g; 8 mm; h? (incomplete hole because of lead oxidation). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F2 [21]

KWC 42. AE; 1.17 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized, exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F3 [40]

KWC 61. AE; 0.26 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F2 - sieved [45]

KWC 43. AE; 1.17 g; 12 mm; h? (mineralized). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 6, F6002 [5]

KWC 62. AE; 0.23 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, incomplete). Obv. [---]; bust r.; Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 3, F3006 [58]

KWC 44. AE; 1.07 g; 12 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F11 [102] KWC 45. AE; 0.90 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F2 [37]

KWC 63. AE; 0.10 g; 9 mm; h? (mineralized, fragm. ca. ⅓). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2014, Unit 1, F02 [024]

KWC 46. AE; 0.87 g; 13 mm; h? (mineralized, incomplete). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2015, Unit 6, F6002 [10]

Roman Imperial or Byzantine Coins Emperor and mint uncertain

KWC 47. AE; 0.87 g; 13 mm; h?. Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 9, F9000 [013]

AE4, last third of V–first half of VI century AD Obv. illegible. Rev. monogram uncertain. RIC/MIB? KWC 64. AE; 0.43 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F8 pit (out of sieve) [114]

KWC 48. AE; 0.54 g; 11 mm; h? (fragm. ca. ½). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 12, F12001 [009]

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016 *KWC 69. AE; 4.36 g; 19 mm; h?. Obv. illegible. 2016, Unit 12, F12001 [011]

AE4, V–VI century AD RIC/MIB? KWC 65. AE; 0.46 g; 8 mm; h? (exfoliated). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 12, F12001 [009]

Justin II/Mauritius Tiberius 12 nummi, AD 565–602, mint of Alexandria Obv. [---]; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. I + B; in ex., A[ΛЄξ]. Cf. MIBE, II, no. 67 *KWC 70. AE; 4.60 g; 18 mm; h 12. 2015, Unit 2, F2013 [76]

KWC 66. AE; 0.09 g; 7 mm; h? (fragm.). Obv. and Rev. illegible. 2016, Unit 12, F12001 [009] Byzantine coins Anastasius

Objects in Coin Form Possibly Used as Coins

AE4, AD 491–518, mint of Constantinople Obv. illegible. Rev. monogram of Anastasius within dotted border. MIBE, I, no. 40 KWC 67. AE; 0.54 g; 10 mm; h?. 2014, Unit 1, F02 [16]

Small, illegible, lead disk (weight, tessera?) KWC 71. PB; 3.24 g; 17 mm. 2016, Unit 10, F10002 [013] Small, illegible, lead disk (weight, tessera?) KWC 72. PB; 3.67 g; 19 mm. 2016, Unit 10, F10010 [089]

Justinian I 12 nummi, AD 527–565, mint of Alexandria Obv. legend illegible; diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. I + B; in ex., AΛЄξ. MIBE, I, no. 165 *KWC 68. AE; 5.11 g; 19 mm; h 6. Obv. [---]. 2016, Unit 12, F12001 [009]

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Bibliography

10): 213–223. Alexandria:   Centre d’études alexandrines. Barakat, F. and Picard, O. 2002. Moules monétaires du Bas-Empire d’Hermopolis Magna au Musée grécoromain. Études Alexandrines 6: 275–313. Bingen, J. 1948. Le trésor de monnaies no. 3 d’El Kab (petits bronzes romains; vers 370 après J.-C. Chronique d’Egypte 45–46: 162–180. Buttrey, T.V. 1997. The coins, in P. G. Warden, A. Oliver, P. Crabtree and J. Monge (eds) The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. Final Report VI: 1–66 and pls. 1–12. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Buttrey, T.V., Johnston, A., MacKenzie, K.M. and Bates, M.I. 1981. Greek, Roman and Islamic Coins from Sardis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Callu, J.-P. 1968. La politique monétaire des empereurs romains de 238 à 311. Paris: E. de Boccard. Canovaro, C., Calliari, I., Gottardello, S. and Asolati, M. 2011. Caratterizzazione miscrostrutturale di nummi ufficiali e imitativi del V sec. d.C. La Metallurgia Italiana 2 (February): 21–25. Canovaro, C., Calliari, I., Asolati, M., Grazzi, F. and Scherillo, A. 2013. Characterization of bronze Roman coins of the fifth century called nummi through different analytical techniques. Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing 339. http://link. springer.com/article/10.1007/s00339-013-7730-3. (accessed 07 June 2019) Castrizio, D. 2010. Le monete della necropoli nord di Antinoupolis (1937–2007). Florence: Ist. Papirologico G. Vitelli. Christiansen, E. 1976. The Roman coins of Alexandria. A preliminary report, in H.A. Cahan and G. Le Rider (eds) Actes du 8ème Congrès International de Numismatique, New York-Washington, Septembre 1973: 243–252. Paris: Association internationale des Numismates professionnels. Christiansen, E. 1983–1984. The Roman coins of Alexandria (30 B.C.–A.D. 296). A survey of collections. Nordisk Numismatisk Årsskrift: 5–58. Christiansen, E. 1985. The Roman coins of Alexandria (30 B.C. to A.D. 296). An inventory of hoards. Coin Hoards 7: 77–140. Christiansen, E. 1988. The Roman Coins of Alexandria. Quantitative Studies, vols. I–II. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Christiansen, E. 2004. Coinage in Roman Egypt. The Hoard Evidence. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. Cope, L.H., King, C.E and Clay, T. 1997. Cope’s analyses, in L.H. Cope, C.E. King, J.P. Northover and T. Clay (eds) Metal Analysis of Roman Coins minted under the Empire (British Museum, Occasional Paper 120): 1–66. London: British Museum Press. Crisafulli, C. 2012. La riforma di Aureliano e la successiva circolazione monetale in Italia, in M. Asolati and G. Gorini (eds) I ritrovamenti monetali e i processi storico-

Adriani, A. 1940. Annuaire du Musée gréco-romain (19351939). Alexandrie: Municipalité d’Alexandrie Amandry, M. 2005. La diffusion des bronzes et billons alexandrins dans le monde romain, in F. Duyrat and O. Picard (eds) L’exception égyptienne? Production et échanges monétaires en Égypte hellénistique et romaine, Actes du colloque d’Alexandrie, 13–15 avril 2002. (Études Alexandrines 10): 285–298. Alexandria:   Centre d’études alexandrines. Anti, C. 1936. Scavi di Tebtynis (1930–1935), in Atti del IV Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia, Firenze, aprile– maggio 1935. (Aegyptus, Serie scientifica 5): 473–478. Milan: Società editrice Vita e Pensiero. Asolati, M. 1996. Rapporti tra Istria ed Egitto nel III sec. d.C. alla luce di un ripostiglio di tetradrammi alessandrini rinvenuto a Rovigno (Istria). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Padova 85: 271–280. Asolati, M. 2005. Il tesoro di Falerii Novi. Nuovi contributi sulla monetazione italica in bronzo degli anni di Ricimero (457–472 d.C.), with an appendix by L. Allegretta (Numismatica Patavina 4). Padua: Esedra editrice. Asolati, M. 2010. Cirene tardo antica e bizantina: un approccio numismatico, in M. Luni (ed.) Cirene nell’antichità (Monografie di Archeologia Libica 30): 305–315. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider. Asolati, M. 2011. Nummi Aenei Cyrenaici. Struttura e cronologia della monetazione bronzea cirenaica di età greca e romana (325 a.C.–180 d.C.) (Monografie di Archeologia Libica 32). Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider. Asolati, M. 2012a. Praestantia nummorum. Temi e note di numismatica tardo antica e alto medievale (Numismatica Patavina 11). Padua: Esedra editrice. Asolati, M. 2012b. L’eccezione egiziana: monete provinciali di zecca alessandrina nella circolazione cirenaica. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica 113: 247–264. Asolati, M. 2015. Ritrovamenti monetali dall’antica Metelis (Egitto, Delta occidentale)?. International Numismatic e-Newsletter 19 (July): 14–15. Asolati, M. 2016a. Coin finds from Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, near Alexandria, Egypt (2012–2015). The Numismatic Chronicle 176: 446–458. Asolati, M. 2016b. La distribuzione della moneta bronzea ufficiale e imitativa in età tardo antica: i casi dei gruzzoli di Gortyna 2011 (IV sec. d.C.) e di Aquileia 2011 (V sec. d. C.), in J. Chameroy and P.-M. Guihard (eds) Produktion und Recyceln von Münzen in der Spätantike, 1. Internationales Numismatikertreffen, 15.–16. mai 2014, Mainz. (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Tagungen 29): 199–215. Mainz: Verlag des RömischGermanischen Zentralmuseums. Barakat, F. 2005. Gussmünzen im römischen Ägypten, in F. Duyrat and O. Picard (eds) L’exception égyptienne? Production et échanges monétaires en Égypte hellénistique et romaine, Actes du colloque d’Alexandrie, 13–15 avril 2002. (Études Alexandrines 58

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Michele Asolati and Cristina Crisafulli: Coin Finds 2012–2016

economici nel mondo antico (Numismatica Patavina 12): 255–282. Padua: Esedra editrice. Crisafulli, C. 2014. Presenza di moneta “straniera” di età greca e romana in Cirenaica dagli scavi urbinati e dal medagliere del Museo Archeologico di Cirene, in M. Luni (ed.) Cirene greca e romana (Monografie di Archeologia Libica 36): 333–355. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider. Dattari (Savio) = Savio, A. (ed.) 2007. Numi Auggg. Alexandrini. Catalogo della Collezione Dattari. Trieste: Giulio Bernardi Editore. De Witte, T.A. 1902. Moules monétaires romains en terre cuite. Revue Belge de Numismatique 58: 29–36. DOC = Bellinger A.R., Grierson P., Hendy M.F. 1966-1992. Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, vols I-V, Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Trustees for Harvard University. Domaszewicz, L. and Bates, M. L. 2002. Copper Coinage of Egypt in the Seventh Century, in J.L. Bacharach (ed.) Fustat finds. Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles, and Other Artifacts from the Awad Collection: 88–111. Cairo and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. Faucher, T. 2011. La circulation monétaire en Égypte hellénistique, in T. Faucher, M.-C. Marcellesi and O. Picard (eds) Nomisma: la circulation monétaire dans le monde grec antique, Actes du colloque international, Athènes, 14–17 avril 2010: 433–454. Athens: École française d’Athènes. Faucher, T. 2013. Frapper monnaie. La fabrication des monnaies de bronze à Alexandrie sous les Ptolémées. Alexandria:  Centre d’études alexandrines. Faucher, T., Coulon, L., Frangin, E. and Giorgi, C. 2011. Un atelier monétaire à Karnak au IIe s. av. J.-C. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Oriental 111: 143–165. Geissen, A. and Weiser, W. 1974–1983. Katalog alexandrinischer Kaisermünzen der Sammlung des Instituts für Altertumskunde der Universität zu Köln, vols. 1–5. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. Gorini, G. 2011. Il Veneto romano e l’Egitto attraverso la documentazione numismatica, in E.M. Dal Pozzolo, R. Dorigo and M.P. Pedani (eds) Venezia e l’Egitto: 25– 28. Treviso: Zel Edizioni. Haatvedt, R.A. and Peterson, E.E. 1964. Coins from Karanis. The University of Michigan Excavations 1924–1935, E.M. Husselman (ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Habachi, L. 1947. Finds at Kôm el Wist. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 47: 285–287. Kamel, A. 2016. . ‫تالل وأثار محافظة البحيرة‬, (in Arabic, Tellal we Athar Muhafezt al-Beheira). Damanhour. Kenawi, M. 2008. The Koms: What Do We Know about the Roman Presence in Beheira (Western DeltaEgypt)? (first glance), in M. Dalla Riva and H. Di Giuseppe (eds) Meetings between Cultures in the Ancient Mediterranean, Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Rome, 22–26 Sept.

2008. Rome. Bollettino di Archeologia  http:// bollettinodiarcheologiaonline.beniculturali.it/ Kenawi, M. 2012. Beheira Survey: Roman Pottery from the Western Delta of Egypt. Surface Pottery Analysis— Kilns. Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 42: 309–317. Kenawi, M. 2014. Alexandria’s Hinterland:  Archaeology of the Western Nile Delta, Egypt. Oxford: Archaeopress. Kenawi, M. 2015. The Economy of the Western Nile Delta: Kom al-Ahmer, Metelis, and Trade with the Mediterranean, in D. Robinson and F. Goddio (eds) Thonis-Heracleion in Context (Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Monograph 8): 283–295. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology. Kenawi, M. and Rossetti, I. 2013. Kom al-Ahmer I (antica Metelis?). Rapporto preliminare sulle Missioni 2008–2012, in R. Pirelli (ed.) RISE VI Ricerche Italiane e Scavi in Egitto: 169–182. Cairo: Centro Archeologico El-Khashab, A. 1949. Ptolemaic and Roman Baths of Kom el-Ahmar (Supplément aux Annales du service des antiquités de l’Égypte, Cahier 10). Le Caire: Imprimerie de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale Krzyżanowska, A. 2009. Les monnaies, in A. Krzyżanowska and K. Myśliwiec, Tell Atrib: 1985– 1995. II. Les Monnaies. Contexte Archéologique: 75–210. Varsovie: Centre d’Archeologie Mediterraneenne de l’Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Editions Neriton. Lallemand, J. 1973. Trésor de petits bronzes romains découverts en Égypte: Constance II–Constant à Arcadius-Honorius. Chronique d’Égypte 48: 157–178. Lichocka, B. 2005a. Late Roman Coin-finds from Kom elDikka in Alexandria, in C. Alfaro, C. Marcos and P. Otero (eds) XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática, Madrid, 2003, Actas = Proceedings = Actes, I: 763–769. Madrid:  Ministerio de Cultura. Lichocka, B. 2005b. Bilan des decouvertes monetaires dans les fouilles polonaises d’Alexandrie, in F. Duyrat and O. Picard (eds) L’exception égyptienne? Production et échanges monétaires en Égypte hellénistique et romaine, Actes du colloque d’Alexandrie, 13–15 avril 2002 (Études Alexandrines 10): 299–311. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie oriental. LRBC = Carson, R.A.G., Hill, P.V. and Kent, J.P.C. 1960. Late Roman Bronze Coinage, I–II. London: Spink and Son. Marcellesi, M.C. 2012. Les monnaies grecques et provinciales romaines. Études Alexandrines 25: 171–197. Marchiori, G. 2014. Decline, Migration, And Revival: Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit, a History of a Forgotten City, in H. Platts et al. (eds) Proceedings of the TwentyThird Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, London 2013: 79–89. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Meadows, A. 2006. Monetary Habits, in F. Goddio and M. Clauss (eds) Egypt’s Sunken Treasures: 324–331. Munich and London: Prestel. MIB = Hahn, W. 1973–1981. Moneta Imperii Byzantini, vols. I–III. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. MIBE, I = Hahn, W. and Metlich, M.A. 2000. Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire (Anastasius I–Justinian I, 491– 59

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II 565). Vienna: Österreichische Forschungsgesellschaft für Numismatik, Institut für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte, Universität Wien. MIBE, II = Hahn, W. and Metlich, M.A. 2009. Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire Continued (Justin II–Revolt of the Heraclii, 565–610). Vienna: Österreichische Forschungsgesellschaft für Numismatik. Milne, J.G. 1971. Catalogue of Alexandrian Coins. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum. Mondin, C., Asolati, M., Kenawi, M., Marchiori, G., and La Rosa, N 2016. Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit Archaeological Project: primi risultati della campagna di scavo 2016. Studi di Egittologia e di Papirologia 13: 65–74. Mondin, C., Asolati, M. and Kenawi, M. 2018. Kom alAhmer I. Campagne di scavo 2014-2016, in G. Capriotti Bittozzi (ed) Ricerche Italiane e Scavi in Egitto – RISE VII: 233-244. Cairo: Centro Archeologico Italiano Morrisson, C. 1999. La diffusion de la monnaie de Carthage hors d’Afrique du Ve au VIIe siècle, in S. Lancel (ed.) Numismatique, langues, écritures et arts du livre, spécificités des arts figurés, Actes du VIIe colloque international réunis dans le cadre du 121e congrès des Sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Nice, 21 au 31 octobre 1996: 109–118. Paris: CTHS. Morrisson, C. 2001. Caratteristiche ed uso della moneta protovandalica e vandalica, in P. Delogu (ed.) Le invasioni barbariche nel meridione dell’Impero: Visigoti, Vandali, Ostrogoti: 151–180. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino. Morrisson, C. 2003. L’atelier de Carthage et la diffusion de la monnaie frappée dans l’Afrique vandale et byzantine (439–695). Antiquité Tardive 11: 65–84. Morrisson, C. 2004. La monétarisation en Égypte et en Syrie-Palestine du IVe à la fin du VIIe  siècle: le témoignage de l’archéologie. Antiquité Tardive 12: 405–413. Naster, P. 1949. Review of el-Khashab 1949. Revue Belge de Numismatique 95: 147–148. Noeske, H.Ch. 2000a. Münzfunde aus Ägypten I. Die Münzfunde des ägyptischen Pilgerzentrums Abu Mina und die Vergleichsfunde aus den Dioecesen Aegyptus und Oriens vom 4.–8. Jh. n. Chr., vols. I–III. (Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike 12). Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. Noeske, H.Ch. 2000b. Bemerkungen zum Münzumlauf vom 5. bis zum 7. Jahrhundert n.Chr. in Ägypten und Syrien, in B. Kluge and B. Weisser (eds) XII. Internationaler Numismatischer Kongress Berlin 1997, Akten—Proceedings—Actes 2: 812–820. Berlin: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin. Pearce, J.W.E. 1938. More Late Aes from Egypt. The Numismatic Chronicle V, 18: 117–128. Picard, O. 2005. L’apport des monnaies des fouilles d’Alexandrie, in F. Duyrat and O. Picard (eds) L’exception égyptienne? Production et échanges

monétaires en Égypte hellénistique et romaine, Actes du colloque d’Alexandrie, 13–15 avril 2002. (Études Alexandrines 10): 81–90. Cairo: Institut français d’archéologie oriental. Picard, O. 2012. Les monnaies de la province d’Auguste à la réforme de Dioclétien (30 av. J.-C.-297/8 ap. J.-C.). Études Alexandrines 25: 125–169. Picard, O. and Faucher, T. 2012. Les monnaies lagides. Études Alexandrines 25: 17–107. Picard, O. and Morrisson, C. 2012. Les monnaies byzantines de la réforme d’Anastase au début du monnayage abbaside. Études Alexandrines 25: 291–314. Reece, R. 1977. The coins, in J.A. Lloyd (ed.) Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Bengazi (Berenice) 1: 229–232. Hertford. RIC = The Roman Imperial Coinage, vols I–X, 1923–2007. London. RPC = Roman Provincial Coinage, vols I–, 1992–. London– Paris Savio, A. 2007. Tetradrammi alessandrini. Milan: CUEM. Savio, A. and Marsura, S. 2012. Nuove considerazioni sulla circolazione della monetazione alessandrina extra Aegyptum, in M. Asolati and G. Gorini (eds) I ritrovamenti monetali e i processi storico-economici nel mondo antico (Numismatica Patavina 12): 217–254. Padua: Esedra editrice. Sist, L. 2011. Kôm el-Ghoraf, un antico insediamento del Delta occidentale. Scienze dell’Antichità 17: 139–154. Sist, L. 2013a. Missione Archeologica in Basso Egitto: gli scavi di Kôm el-Ghoraf, antica Metelis, in B. Cassani (ed.) Sapienza nel Mediterraneo. Accordi di collaborazione culturale e scientifica: programmi, progetti e attività: 108–111. Rome: Università La Sapienza. Sist, L. 2013b. Metelis ritrovata. Sapere 79, 2: 46–50. SNG, Danish = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, vols. 1–43, 1942–1979 and Supplement, Acquisitions 1942–1996. 2002. Copenhagen: E. Munksgaard. Stannard, C. and Ranucci, S. 2016. Cyrenaican Coin in Central Italy, in M. Asolati (ed.) Le monete di Cirene e della Cirenaica nel Mediterraneo. Problemi e prospettive, Atti del V Congresso Internazionale di Numismatica e di Storia Monetaria Padova, 17–19 marzo 2016. (Numismatica Patavina 13): 157–190. Padua: Esedra editrice. Sv. = Svoronos, J.N. 1904–1908. Τὰ νομίσματα τοῦ κράτους τῶν Πτολεμαίων, vols. I–IV. Athens. Touratsoglou, I. 2010. “Vandales” et “Ostrogoths” dans le Péloponnèse. Nomismatika Chronika 28: 31–43. Volk, T.R. 1983. Donazione Chiellini 1883–1983. I rinvenimenti monetali da Santo Stefano ai Lupi. Catalogo della mostra. Livorno: Comune di Livorno, Assessorato alla cultura; Museo civico “Giovanni Fattori”. Wilson, P. and Grigoropoulos, D. 2009. The West Delta Regional Survey. Beheira and Kafr el-Sheikh Provinces (Egypt Exploration Society Excavation Memoir 86). London: Egypt Exploration Society.

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Archaeopress

Chapter Title: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Chapter Author(s): Cristina Mondin Book Title: Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II: Coin Finds 2012–2016 / Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Book Author(s): Michele Asolati, Cristina Crisafulli and Cristina Mondin Published by: Archaeopress. (2019) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrq0vn.8 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms

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Part 2

Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Cristina Mondin 1. Introduction

its state of preservation as well as the presence of any surface treatments. The first phase of this process was to divide sherds into provenance groups based on their fabrics: Egyptian (from Aswan to the Delta) and Imported, and later into provenance and functional groups (Red Slip Ware, Utilitarian Ware, Amphorae, etc.).3 Subsequently, adjoining sherds were noted. Our objective is to record vessels, not sherds.4

The study of the pottery from the site of Kom al-Ahmer deals with the materials excavated and recorded from 2012 until 2016. The analysis includes materials coming from Units 1, 2 and 4. In this volume, materials coming from Unit 3 have been excluded, because the unit was not fully excavated apart from the topsoil.1 Unit 5 is not included due to the earlier date of that part of the site from the 4th to 3rd centuries BC. Therefore, this volume presents the Late Roman/Early Byzantine and Early Islamic pottery.2

The detailed study of pottery at Kom al-Ahmer is fundamental for various reasons: to provide a better understanding of the chronology of the site, to recognise objects of trade, in addition to identifying what type of human activities took place on the site. With this perspective, the division of provenance and functional groups is essential (Table 2.1). Every record is approached with a standardised method. During the second phase of the pottery study, we processed forms and fabrics. Imported fabrics were described with reference to the main corpus publications (for example Hayes 1972 for fine ware, Bonifay (various) for African Red Slip ware, Meyza 2007 for Late Roman D, and Pieri 2005 for Late Roman 1 and 4 amphorae, etc.). The fabrics of Egyptian productions are divided into two main groups: imported fabrics (Aswan ware, marl clay, Abu Mina productions, cooking pots – Palestinian tradition) and local/regional productions which used alluvial clay or calcareous clay (descriptions of fabric will be presented in the pottery catalogue).5

All pottery sherds found in Units 1 and 2 during the excavations conducted in 2012 and 2014 are studied and presented here. The pottery coming from Unit 4 is dealt with in a different manner because of the contexts that the unit bordered; i.e. a Roman/Late Roman house, an amphora storage building, and a street in between. Unit 4 produced a large quantity of sherds and complete amphorae which required long periods of study for processing and reordering their data. For this reason, the last phase of the house’s occupation, the street between the two structures, and one of the amphora storage rooms are presented here in detail. The chronology and typology of this study is partially influenced by evidence collected during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. In particular, the in-depth excavation of Room B in the house allowed us to have an overview of the earliest to latest phases of the building’s occupation. This additional information will be used only to clarify the typology (as is the case of the imported amphora KAP 1169 identified as a Cretan amphora) and to offer more chronological data which cannot be neglected.

It was not possible to identify a local pottery workshop at Kom al-Ahmer. Therefore, the term ‘local/regional’ pottery is used for the most common alluvial and calcareous clays, based on the supposition that coarse/ 3 Glass, faience, metal, worked bone, terracotta figurines and other organic materials (bones, seeds, etc.) were separated from pottery and terracotta before the start of the study process. These classes are studied by specialists.. 4 It is important to note that the joining of sherds could not be completed for amphorae and utilitarian ware features that yielded a vast amount of pottery. For this reason, these two classes of materials are accounted and numbered as sherds and not vessels. 5 Pottery produced with alluvial or calcareous clay is inserted within the same local/regional group because the shape of the containers is the same. Abu Mina productions are not so far from the Lake Mareotis production area, which used calcareous clay, although the Abu Mina productions are characterised by different forms of vessels and decorations from the local/regional group.

2. Methodology All pottery sherds were collected from the excavations by sieving the soil, and the study process started at that time. All pottery sherds and terracotta objects were washed or properly cleaned, taking into consideration 1 In the future, excavation of Unit 3 will be resumed. Few pottery sherds were found during the surface excavation, and for this reason the entire material from this unit will be presented in forthcoming publications. 2 Maria Lucia Patanè and Mohamed Kenawi made contributions to this chapter.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Fine ware (FW)

Import

African Red Slip Ware (ARSW) Late Roman D or Cypriot Red Slip Ware (LRD) Phocean Red Slip Ware (LRC) Other/not identified

Egyptian

Aswan productions (Asw FW)

Import

Calcite black ware

Alluvial clay RSW (Egy FW) Utilitarian ware

Cypriot/south Turkey ware Other/not identified Egyptian

Marl fabric ware Abu Mina ware Cooking pot – Palestinian tradition Local/regional productions

Amphorae

Import

Cooking

Cooking pots, casseroles, cooking pans, lids, others

Preparation

Basins, mortaria, others

Serving and consumption

Bottles, jugs, basins, bowls, dishes, painted ware, others

Storage

Jars, dolia, basins, others

Miscellaneous

Saqiyah pots, pot stands, others

Late Roman Amphora 1 (LRA 1) Late Roman Amphora 4 (LRA 4) Other/not identified

Egyptian Miscellaneous

Mareotis spindle-shaped amphorae, bi-conical amphorae, AE 3T, AE 7, AE 5/6, AE 8, others Glazed ware Lamps

Table 2.1: Functional and provenance groups of pottery at Kom al-Ahmer

utilitarian ware was produced in areas with abundant clay and were usually not traded over long distances.

number is preceded by the prefix ‘KAP’ which stands for ‘Kom al-Ahmer Pottery’.

Pottery quantification is made for each group separately. Rims, handles, bases and body sherds were counted and weighed. Significant objects6 were then recorded into the site’s database where every object was described in detail, photographed, and drawn.

The chronology of the vessels is distinguished by their context date, which is based exclusively on Kom alAhmer’s stratigraphy; the “parallels” date may also be based on the comparison with pottery from other sites; and the conjectural date is based on a combination of Kom al-Ahmer contexts and parallels found at other sites.

The catalogue presents the pottery from the three units altogether (1, 2 and 4). The order of the sub-type of the functional pottery gives a possible chronological suggestion. This volume offers an overview of the excavated units along with the majority of our drawings, even if the variations of the profiles are minimal, or the form is well known. As will be discussed in the catalogue, sometimes it is impossible to be certain of the use of the vessels, and their sub-division into forms/functional groups could be made (in these cases the reasons are explained in the catalogue). Each vessel

The rim diameter (diam. in the catalogue) is the measure of the upper part of the lip. The base diameter is the measure of the foothold of the vessel. The height in the catalogue is specified only for complete profiles. Dimensions are in centimetres; dimensions of inclusions are in millimetres. Additional information is presented with drawing symbols. Drawings show the profile of the vessel/object on the left side,7 while the right side is dedicated to the external shape of the vessel. Inner surface decorations or treatments are represented near to the left section

6 The definition of ‘significant object’ is based upon the identifiable characteristics of pottery, i.e. rims, as well as all other parts of objects that could be recognised based on shape, fabric, decorations and treatment of surfaces.

Reconstruction lines which do not reach the mid-line indicate that the diameter is lacking.

7

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

or on the upper part of the drawing as an above view. Base characteristics are represented on the lower part of the drawing. If the positioning of the profile is uncertain, an asterisk is inserted close to the end of the profile. Sometimes the diameter of large forms is mentioned in number on the drawing (for example KAP 1057); or if the ray of the projection of the outer surface is partial, a zig-zag line is added to the interrupted construction line (for example KAP 1056). Painted decorations are symbolised by a varying density of dots (white: low concentration; red: medium concentration; brown/black: high concentration). Surface treatments of glazed ware are usually poorly preserved, and for this reason these decorations are represented by photos or with a detailed description in the catalogue.8

ware (21,836 sherds – 44 imports and 21,792 Egyptian); transport vessels are 50.05% (22,542 amphorae sherds – 7,729 imports and 14,813 Egyptian productions), and miscellaneous objects amount to 0.16% of the total assemblage (74 vessels – in this group there are glazed ware, lamps, saqiyah pots, pottery supports, building materials, etc. – Tables 2.2 and 2.3). Altogether, 584 sherds of fine tableware have been studied (Appendix 1). Of the latter, 42.98% (251 vessels) are ARSW; 18.32% (107 vessels) are LRD; 1.54% (9 vessels) are other imports from Mediterranean areas. Egyptian fine ware can be divided into two main groups: the first has Kaolinitic fabric produced in the Aswan area representing 14.21% (83 vessels) of the total of fine ware; and the second is Egyptian fine ware manufactured with alluvial clay and represent 22.95% (134 vessels).

The following abbreviations are used in the text; AE – Egyptian Amphorae ARSW – African Red Slip Ware Asw FW – Aswan Fine Ware CX – Context Egy FW – Alluvial Clay Red Slip Ware ERSWA – Egyptian Red Slip Ware A ERSWB – Egyptian Red Slip Ware B F0000 – Feature 0000 FW – Fine Ware KAC – Kom al-Ahmer Coin KAO – Kom al-Ahmer Object KAP – Kom al-Ahmer Pottery LRA – Late Roman Amphora LRC – Late Roman C or Phocean Red Slip Ware LRD – Late Roman D or Cypriot Red Slip Ware UFC-U – Upper Fill Context of Unit

251 vessels of ARSW are divided between the units as followings: 68.52% (172 vessels) from Unit 4; 23.51% (59 vessels) out of Unit 1; and 7.97% (20 vessels) from Unit 2. On the contrary, the percentage distribution of LRD imports are: 25.23% (27 vessels) from Unit 4; 24.30% (26 vessels) from Unit 1, and 50.47% (54 vessels) from Unit 2. 83 Aswan FW were discovered at Kom al-Ahmer: 7.23% (6 vessels) from Unit 4; 28.92% (24 vessels from Unit 1, and 63.85% (53 vessels) from Unit 2. Egyptian red slip ware presents 46,27% (62 vessels) of the fine ware and come from Unit 4; while in Unit 1, they are 23.13% (31 vessels), and in Unit 2, 30.60% (41 vessels). The comparative study of fine ware between the three units (Table 2.4) allows us to observe the evolution of the imports in the Late Roman/Early Byzantine layers of the site. Egyptian FW probably produced locally or regionally are represented consistently throughout the three units. But the presence of the ARSW shows a gradual decrease from the contexts dated to the firsthalf of the 5th century AD until the Late Roman/Early Byzantine phase of the site (attested in Unit 2 context CX7). The reduction of fine ware produced in North Africa shows a progressive substitution of LRD and table ware produced in Upper Egypt.

3. Pottery Quantification (C. Mondin, M.L. Patanè) The excavation of Units 4, 1 and 29 yielded 45,036 pottery sherds, of which 46.67% (21,017 sherds) are from Unit 4; 32.48% (14,628 sherds) are from Unit 1, and 20.85% (9,391 sherds) are from Unit 2. Egyptian provenance are 81.92% (36,893 sherds) and 18.08% (8,143 sherds) are imported. Fine ware represents the 1.30% of the total assemblage (584 vessels – 367 imports and 217 Egyptian productions); 48.49% are utilitarian

Amphorae comprise more than 50% (22,542 sherds – 50.05%) of the sherds found in the excavation. Among them, imported sherds are 34.29% (7,729 sherds), while 65.71% (14,813 sherds) are Egyptian productions. The majority of imports are LRA 1 (3,716 sherds) and LRA 4 (1,635 sherds). Among Egyptian productions, no amphorae manufactured in the Aswan area were discovered. The most common Egyptian productions attested in the site are AE 7 and AE 3T. In the storage building of Unit 4, mid-Roman amphorae Mareotis spindle-shaped (AE 3-1.4 and 3-1.6) and bi-conical shaped (AE 3-4) are attested. In Units 1 and 2 bag-

Drawings were made by Audry Eller (AE), Giulia Marano (GM), Cristina Mondin (CM), Maria Lucia Patanè (MLP), Valentina Gasperini, Elisa Politano (EP), Barbara Rizzo (BR) and Aude Sinomy (AS). Graphic designers Hadeer Mohamed and Cristina Mondin. 9 Units are presented in chronological order: Unit 4 which has the earliest layers; Unit 1 which has a chronology between Unit 4 and Unit 2; Unit 2 which has the most recent dates. 8

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Context

Fine Ware

Utilitarian w.

Amphorae

Misc.

Imp.

Egy.

Imp.

Egy.

Imp.

Egy.

CX1

−

2

1

486

276

528

3

CX2

24

8

5

1752

522

976

4

CX3

29

3

2

540

143

2248

0

UFC-U4

152

55

3

5738

2643

4871

3

Unit 4

205

68

11

8516

3584

8623

10

CX4

−

−

−

24

7

8

−

CX5

6

10

13

586

126

161

1

CX6

2

9

2

545

87

274

6

UFC-U1

77

36

5

7615

2526

2494

8

Unit 1

85

55

20

8770

2746

2937

15

CX7

28

15

0

289

38

526

0

CX8

1

17

1

270

92

182

1

CX9

5

6

3

291

48

192

5

CX10

8

6

2

586

243

277

12

CX11

10

16

3

953

273

518

7

UFC-U2

25

34

4

2117

705

1558

24

Unit 2

77

94

13

4506

1399

3253

49

Total

367

217

44

21792

7729

14813

74

Table 2.2: Pottery quantifications of excavated features of Units 1,2, and 4

Table 2.3: Percentage of pottery quantifications

Imports of utilitarian ware are few (44 vessels). Egyptian utilitarian productions are prevalent: in Unit 4, 8,516 sherds were collected (40.52% of the pottery of the Unit); 8,770 sherds are from Unit 1 (59.95% of the pottery of the Unit) and 4,506 sherds come from Unit 2 (47.98% of the pottery of the Unit).

shaped amphorae or AE 5/6 produced also in the Early Islamic Period are attested.10 10 Fabrics of the different types of Egyptian amphorae are similar, and as such, it is impossible to propose an identification of small body sherds.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

minted by Theodosius II / Valentinian III in AD 425–435. It is interesting to note the absence of Marcianus coins in this unit. On the contrary, two coins minted by this emperor and dated AD 450–457 were found in Unit 1 (KAC 237–KAC 238). Imported fine ware can help to outline the last phase of the use of the house and the amphora storage building. ARSW forms are common in this unit; where the most recent present forms are Hayes 57 (9 vessels), Hayes 59 (6 vessels), Hayes 61 (8 vessels), Hayes 62 (2 vessel), Hayes 67/71 (5 vessels) and Hayes 67 (24 vessels). The chronology of forms Hayes 61, Hyaes 62 and Hayes 67 first and second type is usually fixed until AD 450.12 The presence of one rim of LRC form Hayes 3B –KAP 109 and 8 vessels of LRD form Hayes 2 allowed us to conjecture a chronology of c. AD 450 or some years later. Inside the deposit of the spoliation episode excavated in 2017, pottery with the same characteristics as the room contexts were discovered. However, two rims of ARSW form Hayes 91A, usually dated to the second-half of the 5th century, were unearthed.13 This allowed us to fix the spoliation date of the house immediately after the abandonment of the structures during the second-half of the 5th century AD.

Table 2.4: Percentage of fine ware found in the three Units

4. Contexts 4.1 Unit 4 Excavation of Unit 4 started in September 2014 and continued until 2019. Two structures (a house and an amphora storage building) were identified a few centimetres beneath the topsoil (Figure 2.1). Higher parts of the structures were probably removed by the sebakheen during the first-half of the 20th century. Layers of soil were cut down to the same level, which allowed us to excavate in a homogeneous chronological site. Indeed, in this unit we do not have evidence of abandonment and areal plundering, in contrast to Units 1 and 2.

4.1.1 Context 1 (Hence CX1) – Room A – Roman/Late Roman House The excavation of the house defined a number of rooms within its boundaries.14 The date of the layers are homogeneous and reflect the use of the room. CX1 is the deposit excavated in Room A. During the excavation, the abandonment deposits (F4017, F4021 and F4065) and residual levels of use (F4066, F4067 and F4068) were recognised. No coins were found. The study classified and analysed 1,296 sherds (Table 2.5). 62.04% are amphorae (804 sherds – 65.67% Egyptian amphorae – 528 sherds – and 34.33% imported – 276 sherds). Utilitarian wares are 37.65% (486 sherds). Only two vessels are fine ware produced with alluvial clay. Cooking ware represents 51.47% of the utilitarian ware (250 sherds); while pottery for food preparation is 7.79% (38 sherds); serving and consumption ware represent 32.85% of the Egyptian utilitarian ware (160 sherds); storage vessels are 7.28% (35 sherds) and the miscellaneous coarse ware is 0.61% (3 sherds – Appendix 2).

Four contexts are presented in this section: Context 1 is the result of the excavation of Room A of the house; Context 2 comprises the features of the last phase of use of Room B of the house; Context 3 is the assemblage of the features excavated in Room C of the amphora storage Building. The last context, Context 4, deals with the upper fill layer excavated from the topsoil; it is then the surface layers that covered walls, rooms and also the spoliation episode of the wall F4139 that was excavated during the 2017 season.11 The house and the amphora storage building of Unit 4 are earlier in date than the structures found in Units 1 and 2. In particular, the large quantity of coins found within the levels allows us to hypothesise that the last phase of life of the two buildings occurred over a short period of time. As explained by Asolati and Crisafulli in this volume, the most recent readable coins found were

Hayes 1972: 100–111. Michel Bonifay had proposed a chronology until AD 430 for the export in Sicily of form Hayes 61 (Bonifay 2016: 557, 2.6.1). Form Hayes 67 third type or Bonifay 41C is attested only in Unit 1. Hayes 1972: 112–116; Bonifay 2004: 171–173. 13 This context will be discussed in future publication. Hayes 1972: 140–144. 14 This study examines only the deposit found until the latest floor of Room A. The pottery found in the deposits which cover the lower floor will be presented in future publications. 12

The features which covered the spoliation episode are F4008, F4011 and F4013.

11

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Figure 2.1: Kom al-Ahmer, plan of Unit 4 with the house to the south and the amphora storage to the north. Rooms in black are discussed in this volume

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Table 2.5: Quantification of pottery in CX1

The almost complete absence of fine ware excludes the possibility that the room being used for dining. Based on the finds, it is more probable that the room was a storage one or a room related to the kitchen. In order to further define the room’s function, the abundant presence (more than 250 fragments)15 of painted plaster is relevant. The high quality of the plaster associated with the coarse pottery poses the question about the role of the room in the house. The position of the room, located along the small street which runs in between the house and the amphora storage building, suggests its use as a taberna, a retail shop inside of the house.

– 522 sherds). Utilitarian wares are 53.45% of the pottery found in the room (1752 sherds). Fine wares are 0.97% of the total assemblage, in detail: 24 imported vessels and 8 Egyptian fine tableware. Two small sherds of two mould-made lamps were also collected. Cooking ware comprises approximately 50.62% of the utilitarian ware (886 sherds); while pottery for food preparation is 2.59% (45 sherds); serving and consumption ware is about 37.67% (659 sherds); storage vessels are 8.39% (147 sherds) and the miscellaneous coarse ware are 0.73% (5 sherds – Appendix 2). The composition of the deposit found in Room B is different compared with Room A (CX1). CX2 has a large quantity of utilitarian ware. The majority are cooking wares, but a significant quantity is represented by serving and consumption forms which are tableware like the 32 vessels of fine ware. In this context, fragments of fine plaster are rare. Compared with Room A, Room B does not have any exceptional characteristics. The data from the other rooms is incomplete, so currently the use of Room B is only speculative, especially since this room was directly connected to the east part of the house. However, the absence of good finishing for the walls allows us to hypothesise that the room served a private function, possibly as a service room.

The chronology of the last phase of usage of the room is set to AD 425–450 or sometime shortly thereafter. 4.1.2 Context 2 (Hence CX2) – Room B – Roman / Late Roman House The second room of the house, excavated in depth, is located on the south-side of Room A. In 2016, excavations were extended beneath the floor, but in this chapter the last phase of the occupation of the room is presented. In context 2, a large number of coins was found (175 examples), among them are coins minted by Theodosius II / Valentinian III and dated AD 425–435 (KAC 222, KAC 224 and KAC 233). The deposit was divided into five features (F4014, F4018, F4019, F4020, and F4022).16

Pottery and coins confirm the chronology of the last phase of the building’s life to AD 425–450+.

3,291 sherds were brought to light in this context (Table 2.6). 45.52% are amphorae (1498 sherds – 65.15% Egyptian amphorae – 976 sherds – and 34.84% imported

4.1.3 Context 3 (Hence CX3) – Room C – Roman / Late Roman Amphora Storage Building The second building, identified as one used for amphora storage, was excavated between 2016 and 2017.17 The

See Volume I Chapter 15 (KAO 141–KAO 143). 16 Features F4014 and F4018 covered a large area in comparison with Room B; the enclosed walls were defined only after the removal of F4018. 15

17

Features F4084 and F4090.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Table 2.6: Quantification of pottery in CX2

Table 2.7: Quantification of pottery in CX3

titulus pictus on the shoulder.18 Three amphorae are LRA 4 from Gaza (KAP 1139 and KAP 1142–KAP 1143). Five are Egyptian amphorae: one example preserved the body and belongs to AE 3T type KAP 1224. The other four amphorae are AE 7 (types KAP 1235–KAP 1237 and KAP 1245). No lids or traces of a sealing system were found in this context. Amphorae were lying on the body, and in some cases, upside down. Amphorae were stood upon the clay ground floor.

study of the pottery is still in progress. Room C is the only room presented of the complex in this volume (Table 2.7). The L-shaped room is the largest one, and it contains a series of well-preserved amphorae (17 amphorae) and one storage vessel (Figure 2.2). Containers were leaned against the north and east walls of the room. The remains of Room C were discovered a few centimetres beneath the topsoil, and the destruction of the upper part of the room probably damaged the amphorae deposit. Indeed, the anthropomorphic vessel KAP 1086 was found in F4084 in numerous fragments, although it was probably stored in good condition.

The presence of both imported and Egyptian amphorae proves that the site was directly involved in Mediterranean-Egyptian trade activities. Different scholars believe that the amphorae were used for the

Eleven large vessels were discovered in good condition (F4090 – Appendix 2): one jar type KAP 993 and ten amphorae. Five amphorae are imported: of which, two are LRA 1 (KAP 1090–KAP 1091) both with red-painted

The study of imported amphorae and their epigraphy is postponed for future publication of the Kom al-Ahmer/Kom Wasit Project.

18

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Table 2.8: Quantification of pottery in UFC-U4

4.2 Unit 1 – The Cistern and Late Roman Structures

transport of wine.19 The absence of lids and the position of the vessels allows to hypothesise that empty amphorae were stored in this structure. In this case, they might have been reused for a different purpose, probably in the transport of another product or as a storage container.

Excavations in this area started in 2012 and continued until 2014. The unit is located on the northern slope of the central kom, where a fired brick structure is visible in profile (Figure 2.3). The name Kom al-Ahmer means “the red hill”, because of the abundance of pottery and fired brick fragments on the surface of the site. This is particularly clear on the two higher kiman: the eastern one which is used as modern cemetery, and the central kom, where Units 1 and 2 are located.

100 coins were found in Room C; among the most recent is one that was minted by Theodosius II / Valentinian III and dated to AD 425–435 (KAC 232) and one which was minted by Valentinian III and dated to AD 425–435 (KAC 220). Pottery imports confirm the chronology proposed for the buildings to be AD 425–450+.

The central kom was not subject to the sebakheen activities. After the removal of the topsoil deposit, abandonment layers and evidence of plundering were detected. The stratigraphy allowed us to recognise the sequence of the last phases of occupation of the area which is presented here as context 6.21 After the excavation of these deposits, and due to a looting episode that happened between 2013 and 2014, a second plundering episode was identified and excavated. Context 5 is the stratigraphic sequence of the cistern plundering. Context 4 contain the stratigraphic sequence found inside the cistern, which is the only sealed context of the Unit. From the last context, few pottery sherds were found, but their association with coins allows us to determine the last phase of cistern’s use.

4.1.4 Upper fill context of Unit 4 (Hence UFC-U4) 13,465 pottery sherds from upper fill levels of Unit 4 were studied and classified as the other pottery coming from all contexts (Table 2.8).20 As mentioned above, the chronology of this unit is actually well-known. Thanks to the discovery of two rims of ARSW form Hayes 91A in the plundering context excavated in 2017, it is possible to fix the end of the activity in the Unit 4 area to the 5th century AD (Appendix 2). 19 Pieri 2005: 81–85, 110–114, 128–129, 132; Dixneuf 2011: 138– 142, 154. 20 Features comprised in this context are F4000, F4001 (which covered the upper levels of the street and Room A), F4002 (area central-west of the Unit), F4003 (above Room C of the storehouse), F4004 (south-west part of the Unit), F4005 (south part of the Unit), F4006 (west part of the Unit), F4007 (above the west external part of the house, street and storehouse), F4008 (above the east part of the house, street and storehouse), F4009 (above the street and the south west external part of the storehouse), F4010 (north-west area), F4011 (above room E and F), F4012 (central and south part), F4013 (above Rooms C and D), F4015 (central and south part), F4016 (central and south part), F4023, F4050, F4095 (west of the storehouse), 4096 (west of the storehouse) and F4110 (street between the house and the storehouse).

4.2.1 Context 4 (Hence CX4) – The Cistern A stratigraphic sondage inside the cistern allowed us to understand the moment of abandonment of this cylindrical structure (F1080 – Figure 2.4). A series of flattened fine silt levels,22 created by the natural water deposit, were The context was divided in various features: F1062, F1063, F1065, F1067, F1068, F1069, F1070, F1071, F1073, F1074 and F1076. 22 Inside the cistern, features F1050, F1051, F1052, F1053 and F1054 were recognised. It is impossible to determine the time necessary to fill up the cistern with silt deposits, however 21

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Figure 2.2: Kom al-Ahmer, view of the in situ amphorae leaning against the walls of Room C

Figure 2.3: Kom al-Ahmer, Unit 1, view of the northern slope of the Kom with fired brick structures

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

limestone blocks that were used to cover the cistern had been removed away (F1080 – Figure 2.5).25 In the fill deposit, 903 pottery sherds were collected: 17.83% are Egyptian amphorae (161 sherds), 13.95% are imported amphorae (126 sherds – mainly LRA 1 – Table 2.9), 68.89% are Egyptian utilitarian ware (586 sherds); 1.44% are imported utilitarian wares (13 vessels). Imported fine wares are few and counted six fragments in addition to ten produced in Egypt (Appendix 1). Only three poorly preserved coins were found (KAC 603, KAC 725, and KAC 846).

documented. Pottery sherds were rare (Appendix 2): one was found on the top of the deposit (F1050 – Egyptian utilitarian ware body sherd) and 31 sherds were found at the bottom of the deposit (F1054). In addition to pottery, 10 coins were found. Particularly interesting for the chronology of the context, one is minted during the Persian occupation and dated AD 619–629 and found in F1050 (KAC 1001). Alluvial layers characterise the central part of cistern deposit (F1051–F1053), where a Hellenistic coin was found (KAC 9). In the lower part of the fill, eight coins were found (F1054), but only one coin was readable: AD 388–402 (KAC 167). The other 7 coins were generically datable to 4th–5th centuries AD. From the same lower fill layer, three diagnostic sherds were found: type KAP 256 is a small imported jug; type KAP 1019 which is a storage vessel produced with Nile clay, and an Egyptian amphora type KAP 1269. The amphora is form AE 8 (type 1 B or C) / Egloff 167,23 and it is a late imitation of the imported LRA 1. For this type of amphora, the chronology proposed by Dixneuf is from the mid-7th century AD.24 According to the AE 8 amphora and the coin (KAC 1001), it is possible to establish the abandonment date of the cistern as happening during the second-half of the 7th century or first-half of the 8th century AD. It is possible to suggest that coins from F1054 that dated until 5th century could have fallen down into the cistern while it was still in use. This allows us to hypothesise the chronology of construction of the cistern to the 4th–5th centuries AD.

Two body sherds of ARSW were found but could not be dated. The other four imported fine wares are LRD. Two examples are Hayes 2 (types KAP 78 and the base KAP 84), and two are late form Hayes 2 or an intermediate form Hayes 2/3 (type KAP 86). The rim KAP 78 is similar to the cups presented by Paul Reynolds from the third quarter of the 5th century until the early 6th century AD. The bowl KAP 86 could be dated to the second quarter of the 6th century AD.26 Four vessels are Asw FW (types KAP 132, KAP 146, KAP 151 and a body sherd). The chronology of the Aswan pottery is not well defined. Imported rims at Kom al-Ahmer can be compared with those found in alAshmunein and al-Fustat. Bowl rim KAP 132 is compared with that from al-Ashmunein in a context dated AD 650–800+, and the small bowl KAP 146 has a parallel at alFustat that was found in a pit dated to the second-half of the 9th century AD.27 One small body sherd of a yellowgreen glazed ware was found. It is impossible to determine the shape or the typology, but the characteristics of the surface treatments are similar to the types KAP 1285 and KAP 1294; parallels at al-Fustat date from the second-half

4.2.2 Context 5 (Hence CX5) – The Cistern Plundering During the 2014 excavation season, a huge plundering cut (F1032) was discovered wherein some of the external

Table 2.9: Quantification of pottery in CX5 the massive presence of mud brick structures suggests that it took place over a relatively short period. 23 Egloff 1977: 213, pl. 57.7. 24 Dixneuf 2011: 174–179, fig. 177–178.

25 The context included the following features: F1030, F1031, F1043, F1044, F1046, F1048 and F1056. 26 Reynolds 2011a: 57–61. 27 Bailey 1998: 10, C28; Gayraud and Vallauri 2017a: 71, 5624–7.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Figure 2.4: Kom al-Ahmer, stratigraphic sondage inside the cistern

Figure 2.5: Kom al-Ahmer, calcareous floor and traces of despoliation

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

of the 9th to the 10th centuries AD.28 The chronological range resulting from the study of the pottery deposit in this context is very broad, from the third quarter of the 5th to the 10th centuries AD. Such a wide range should not be a surprise as the deep looters’ cut involved a substantial soil deposit and disturbed numerous layers (Appendix 2). In conclusion, it is possible to assume that the plundering activity took place during the 9th–10th centuries AD, and it probably disturbed the underlying stratigraphy that dates from at least the end of the 5th century AD.

brushstrokes in dark yellow and pale green opaque glaze. This type of surface treatment was spread from the 10th to the 13th centuries AD. A similar form and decoration is attested in Alexandria at Kom al-Dikka. At Kom al-Ahmer, it dates from the 10th to the 11th centuries AD.31 Based on these parallels it is possible to date the plundering to the 10th–11th centuries AD. 16 coins were discovered; the chronology is similar to those found in CX4: the most ancient coin dates to the 1st–2nd centuries AD (KAC 32), while the most recent was minted by Heraclius in AD 613–618 and found in F1074 (KAC 999). These coins were probably left during the last phase of the structures’ life, which may have been during the 7th century AD. However, this is only a suggestion, as many coins remained in circulation for a long time after they were struck.

4.2.3 Context 6 (Hence CX6) – Last Phase of Occupation and Plundering Context 6 is the most significant episode of plundering that encompassed all of the structures in Unit 1. 925 sherds were found and studied. Among them 29.62% are Egyptian amphorae (274 sherds); 9.41% are imported amphorae (87 sherds); 58.92% are Egyptian utilitarian ware (545 sherds); two are the vessels of imported utilitarian ware (Table 2.10, Appendix 2).29 Despoliation of the area also involved the calcareous floor (F1034) where the negative impression of the stone blocks is still visible today on the mortar.30

4.2.4 Upper Fill Context of Unit 1 (Hence UFC-U1) The plundering episode, described above, caused destruction and a mixture of pottery and other materials. 12,761 pottery sherds were recorded.32 19.54% are Egyptian amphorae (2,494 sherds) and 19.79% are imported amphorae (2,526 sherds). 59.67% are Egyptian utilitarian ware (7,615 sherds); 5 vessels of utilitarian ware were imported. 0.89% of the total pottery of UFC-U1 is fine table ware: 36 were produced in Egypt and 77 imported from Mediterranean areas (Table 2.11). Pottery found in these levels gave us an overview of the period of occupation on the upper part of the kom (Appendix 2).

This plundering episode covered that of context CX5, which is a terminus post quem for this context. In fact, glazed ware was discovered in this context. Five vessels comprised of green and yellow Early Islamic glazed sherds were brought to light. The best preserved is the dish KAP 1293, which is decorated with dipped

Table 2.10: Quantification of pottery in CX6 28 Gayraud and Vallauri 2017a: 153–154, 10381–1; 238–243, 9060–4; 213–215, close to 8694–7; 238–243, 9060–7. 29 The context includes eleven features: F1062, F1063, F1065, F1067, F1068, F1069, F1070, F1071, F1073, F1074 and F1076. 30 Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit 1, chapter 12, figure 12.18.

Scanlon 1993: 311, n. 1; François 1999: 22. Features: F1000, F1001, F1002, F1003, F1004, F1005, F1006, F1008, F1009, F1011, F1012, F1013, F1014, F1015, F1016, F1018, F1021, F1022, F1023, F1025, F1026, F1027, F1028, F1029, F1035, F1037, F1045, F1058, F1059, F1060 and F1061.

31 32

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Table 2.11: Quantification of pottery in UFC-U1

4.3 Unit 2 – The Early Islamic presence

4.3.1. Context 7 (Hence CX7) – Phase Beneath the Cemetery

Unit 2 was completely covered by more than 2 metres of Nile silt. Along the south slope, a corner of a fired brick structure was visible (Figure 2.6). The excavations identified the remains of the structure as a monumental tomb (F2057). This tomb was probably associated with the close burials located in the northeast area of the Unit. Five contexts were identified. Context 7 comprised the most ancient layer found in the Unit: it was a massive deposit that was cut during the construction phase of the monumental tomb. This deposit was partially excavated until an earlier mud brick structure was discovered.33

This massive layer (approximately 50 cm thick), named F2056, was partly excavated on the west side of the Unit (Figure 2.7). 896 pottery sherds were discovered. 58.71% are Egyptian amphorae sherds, 32.25% are Egyptian utilitarian ware (Table 2.12). Fine table ware is attested with 43 sherds, or 4.80% of the pottery (Appendix 1 and 2).34 This context was a mix of the abandonment phase of the mud brick structure and the preparation of the floor (F2051). The floor, and also CX7, were cut by the foundation pit for the construction of the monumental tomb F2057. Furthermore, this context was probably damaged by plundering activities that targeted the fired brick tomb (CX10).

Context 7 was cut and covered by Context 8 which comprised the layers of the construction phase of the monumental tomb. The life of the monumental tomb (F2057) can be associated with some soil layers which are the remains of the use of the structure, or Context 9. Context 10 involves the abandonment of the tomb and plundering of its fired bricks. In the north-east part of the Unit, massive layers were partially excavated and some graves were discovered (CX11). The graves and the monumental tomb were covered by the silt that enclosed the summit of the central kom (UFC-U2).

No coins were found in this context. Chronology is mainly based on imported and local fine ware that was collected during the excavation. 28 imported fine ware vessels were found: 9 sherds of ARSW; 16 of LRD; 1 rim of LRC or Phocean RSW; 1 Levantine FW rim and 1 unidentified body sherd. Egyptian FW is attested with 15 vessels: four from the area of Aswan and 11 local/ regional red slip ware. Among ARSW, a form Hayes 99A/B (KAP 39) dated AD 490–580 and a small body sherd, with a stamped decoration similar to style E in the classification proposed by Hayes and dated AD 480–600, were found. Five LRD vessels are type Hayes 2 (KAP 82), eight vessels are Hayes 9 of which KAP 87, KAP 91, and KAP 97, in addition to two small bowl Hayes 5 (KAP 105 and KAP 107). The presence of LRD is usually documented from the late 5th to the 7th centuries AD. KAP 110 is a rim Hayes 3E of LRC, which in Mediterranean contexts is dated during the 6th century AD.

The partial usage of the central kom as a cemetery define the last phase of the Kom al-Ahmer long occupation period. Therefore, later frequentation of the site is related to modern plundering episodes.

33 A mud brick wall was discovered under the small portion of CX7 and excavated during 2014 archaeological season. The dig was suspended because the end of the excavation period.

34

This context includes only F2056.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Figure 2.6: Kom al-Ahmer, view of the south slope of the central Kom with a fired brick structure appeared after excavation

Figure 2.7: Kom al-Ahmer, Unit 2, F2056 partially excavated

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Table 2.12: Quantification of pottery in CX7

Among the documented Egyptian productions are Asw FW (KAP 143) and string decoration attested in Egy FW (KAP 187), which is comparable to similar sherds from al-Fustat in contexts dated until the second-half 9th– 10th centuries AD. However, (KAP 143) has parallels at al-Ashmunein, Kallia and Abu Mina in contexts that date from the 6th to the 9th centuries AD.35 String decoration was in use for centuries. It is also interesting to emphasise the absence of glazed ware.

Context 8 includes three features: F2049, F2052 and F2054. No coins were found in this context. 564 sherds were collected: 48.58% are amphorae (274 sherds) of which 66.42% were produced in Egypt (182 sherds) and 33.58% are imports (92 sherds). 48.05% are utilitarian ware (271 sherds) and only one vessel was imported. The remaining 3.37% are table ware, among them one body sherd of Early Islamic glazed ware. 18 fine ware vessels were found, of which, 15 are Asw FW (Table 2.13, Appendix 2). Unlikely, it is not possible to date the imports from Upper Egypt because the forms have a wide range of time periods. In this context, Asw FW sherds are dated in the Delta and Middle Egypt starting from the 5th century AD. KAP 116 has parallels at the site of al-Ashmunein in a context dated to the 8th–10th centuries AD.36 A chronology related to the Early Islamic Period is confirmed by the presence of a small sherd of glazed ware. The study of glazed ware in Unit 2 allows us to hypothesise the presence of the Early Islamic Period until 10th–11th centuries AD (KAP 1294 and KAP 1302).

The rich presence of LRD fine ware and the stratigraphy allow us to suggest a chronology of the area prior to the construction of the cemetery from the last quarter of the 5th to the 7th centuries AD. This chronology is well defined thanks to a coin found in CX10, or the plundering of the monumental tomb and associated layers that had damaged CX7. It is a partially readable coin minted in Alexandria by Justinian I/Mauritius Tiberius and dates to AD 527–602 (KAC 995). These coins were used until the arrival of the Arabs. Therefore, it is possible to fix the chronology of CX7 from the second quarter of the 6th century to the end of the 7th century AD or shortly afterwards.

4.3.3 Context 9 (Hence CX 9) – Usage Phase of the Monumental Tomb

4.3.2 Context 8 (Hence CX 8) – Construction of the Monumental Tomb

Two features (F2005 and F2055) were excavated on the top of the monumental tomb. In particular, F2005 was the filler of a circular installation, found in the centre of the tomb. 550 sherds were collected and studied (Table 2.14, Appendix 2). 43.64% of the sherds are amphorae (240 sherds) of which 80% are Egyptian and 20% are imported. 53.45% are utilitarian vessels (294 sherds), only three vessels are imported. 11 sherds are fine table ware, in detail 5 LRD imported from

CX8 layers are located between two floor levels: F2051, which does not have relations with any structure, and F2046, which is the floor of the tomb and seals CX8. This stratigraphic sequence is interpreted as the construction phase of the monumental tomb (Figure 2.8).

35 Bailey 1998: 14, 19, similar to C293; 20–21, C320; Ballet 2003: 77, fig. 4.10; Engemann 2016: 51, E110.

36

Bailey 1998: 14, 18, C243.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Figure 2.8: Kom al-Ahmer, monumental tomb

Table 2.13: Quantification of pottery in CX8

Asia Minor, 6 Egyptian fine ware (3 from the region of Aswan and 3 produced with alluvial clay – Appendix 1). Three lamps were found; the KAP 1320 – SCA 178 is a wheel-made lamp with the wick-hole made on the shoulder. The production of wheel-made lamps is

rare in the Roman and Early Byzantine Periods. This technology became common from the Early Islamic Period onward. Seven coins were found in F2005 and none in F2055; the coins were minted during the 4th– 5th centuries AD.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Table 2.14: Quantification of pottery in CX9

Table 2.15: Quantification of pottery in CX10

There are few datable sherds within this context which follows CX8’s date thanks to Asw FW and glazed ware of the 10th or the 11th centuries AD. Regarding this context, more information can be acquired from the glass which is well attested in F2005.

related with the fired-brick structure (Appendix 2). 1,134 pottery sherds were found and catalogued (Table 2.15). 45.86% are amphorae (520 sherds: 277 sherds – 53.27% – are Egyptian amphorae; 243 sherds – 46.73% – are imported). 51.85% are utilitarian ware (588 sherds). Only two utilitarian imported vessels were found. Fine wares are 1.23% of the total amount of the pottery, in detail 6 Egyptian fine tableware (4 Asw FW and 2 Egy FW) and 8 imported vessels (2 ARSW and 6 LRD). Five vessels are Early Islamic glazed ware.

4.3.4 Context 10 (Hence CX10) – Abandonment and Plundering of the Monumental Tomb In Unit 2, evidence of extensive plundering was detected in the excavation.37 This episode involved all contexts 37

A coin dating to AD 527–602 was probably moved from the underlying stratigraphy (KAC 995). The presence of Islamic glazed ware (KAP 1288, KAP 1292, KAP 1299, KAP 1303 and KAP 1306) set the chronology to

Features: F2042, F2045, F2047 and F2048.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Figure 2.9: Kom al-Ahmer, soil burial found beneath the upper fill layers of Unit 2

the 9th–10th centuries AD. CX11 can be dated to the Early Islamic Period similarly to CX9 and CX10. However, the absence of coins and the poor condition of preservation of the glazed ware does not permit a precise chronology.

the Early Islamic Period. In detail, the small fragment of bowl KAP 1306 has a graffito decoration which is similar to the radian style attested at Alexandria, where this pottery is dated from the 13th to the beginning of the 14th centuries AD; parallels at alFustat date to the second-half of the 10th century AD.38

4.3.6 Upper Fill Context of Unit 2 (Hence UFC-U2)

4.3.5 Context 11 (Hence CX11) – Necropolis

Unit 2 was covered by about 2.30 metres of Nile silt. Plundering, combined with Nile silt collapsing from the upper part of the mound, caused a twisting of the stratigraphy in this area. The stratigraphy compromised the chronology of many layers.39 The presence of glazed ware in numerous features allowed us to confirm the last phase of occupation of this area was probably during the 10th or 11th century AD. This is confirmed by the presence of Roman pottery in the same layers of Early Islamic ware (Table 2.17, Appendix 1, 2).

During 2014 season, seven skeletons were excavated. The burials were simple, and the bodies were buried directly in earthen pits with no grave goods (Figure 2.9). The burials were situated beneath a massive layer of Nile silt on the eastern part of the Unit (F2012). 1,780 pottery sherds were collected (Table 2.16, Appendix 2). 44.44% are amphorae (791 sherds), of which 65.49% are Egyptian amphorae (518 sherds), and 34.51% are imported amphorae (273 sherds). 54.83% are utilitarian ware (976 sherds); three utilitarian vessels are imported. Fine wares are 1.46% of the total amount of the pottery of CX11 (26 vessels), in particular 16 Egyptian fine tableware (6 Asw FW and 10 Egy FW) and 10 imported vessels (4 ARSW and 6 LRD). A mould-made lamp was found (KAP 1318) in addition to four glazed ware vessels that date to

4.4 Summary Chronology of the Contexts Table 2.18 provides a general chronology of all the excavated contexts. 39 Features: F2001, F2002, F2003, F2004, F2012, F2015, F2016, F2017, F2018, F2019, F2020, F2021, F2022, F2023, F2024, F2027, F2028, F2029, F2031, F2032, F2033, F2035, F2039, F2040, F2041 and F2044.

François 1999: 111–112; Gayraud and Vallauri 2017a: 284– 286, similar to 8750–6a.

38

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Table 2.16: Quantification of pottery in CX11

Table 2.17: Quantification of pottery in UFC-U2

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Unit

Context

Conjectural date

Validity of the contexts

4

CX1

AD 425–450+

Good, but with earlier materials

CX2

AD 425–450+

Good, but with earlier materials

CX3

AD 425–450+

Good, but with earlier materials

UFC-U4

5th century AD

Good, but with earlier materials

CX4

Second half of the 7th–first half of the 8th centuries AD

Good

CX5

9th–10th centuries AD

Quite good, but with mixed pottery date back at least from the 6th century AD

CX6

10th–11th centuries AD

Quite good, but with mixed pottery date back at least from the 6th century AD

UFC-U 1

5th–11th centuries AD

Not good, mixed pottery and other materials (also Hellenistic coins were found)

CX7

Second quarter of the 6th–end of the 7th centuries AD or some decades later

Good

CX8

10th–11th centuries AD

Quite good, but with mixed materials

CX9

Early Islamic Period

Not good, mixed material

CX10

Early Islamic Period

Not good, mixed material

CX11

Early Islamic Period

Not good, mixed material

UFC-U 2

Early Islamic Period

Not good, mixed material

1

2

Table 2.18: General chronology of the contexts

5. Pottery Corpus

The large dish Hayes 52B is presented by two vessels from Unit 1 (both from context UFC-U1 – KAP 4–5) and one from Unit 4 (context UFC-U4). Both sherds are poorly preserved but the profile and decoration permit us to identify the rims as late variants of Hayes 52B, which was in use until the end of the 4th century AD or the beginning of the 5th century AD.43 Both sherds have a dolphin mould-made applied decoration, which is attested in this type of rim44 as well as Hayes 51B45 with a similar shape. The fabric is fine type C which was produced in central Tunisia.

5.1 Imported Fine Ware 5.1.1 African Red Slip Ware (ARSW)40 ARSW is the most well-known ware used during the Late Roman Period. A massive exportation of this fine table ware started during the 3rd century AD, which was mainly produced in Proconsular Africa. ARSW is well attested in all three units presented in this volume. ARSW constitutes 68.53% of the imported fine ware in Unit 4 (172 vessels); 23.50% of the imported fine ware in Unit 1 (59 vessels); and 7.97% of the imported fine ware in Unit 2 (20 vessels). Primary considerations have been published about the decrease of these imports after the Vandals’ invasion of North Africa.41 The decline of ARSW imports was substituted by LRD pottery and by the increase of Upper Egyptian Fine Ware imports (Aswan ware). None of the ARSW vessels have been preserved intact.

One example of form Hayes 54 was found in Unit 4 (context UFC-U4) – KAP 6. The large dish could be identified with the form described by Hayes and dates to the mid–late 4th century AD.46 The production of these forms is usually located in south Byzacena, but the production sites are not identified, and Bonifay assumes a larger area of production of types C and E.47 Nine vessels of Hayes 57 were found at Kom al-Ahmer. The fabric of all the sherds is fine, type C, and the production area is Central Tunisia. All the sherds came from Unit 4 (contexts CX2, CX3 and UFC-U4). Two of them are published here (KAP 7–KAP 8). Hayes dates form 57 to the end of the 4th century AD.

One of the earliest imported fine wares found in the units is the ARSW large dish Hayes 50 and the dish Hayes 53. Five vessels were identified, three from Unit 4 (contexts CX3 and UFC-U4 – KAP 3) and two from Unit 1 (context UFC-U1 – KAP 1–KAP 2). Fabrics are all attributable to type C which is widely described by Hayes and Bonifay. This type of fabric and form were commonly produced by central Tunisian ateliers.42

Form Hayes 59 which is characterised by a flat rim with grooves, sometimes with vertical impressed lines, is present at Kom al-Ahmer with twelve vessels. This form is one of the best represented African forms in Mediterranean contexts. The fabric is type D, produced in north Tunisia. Experts date this form between AD 320 to AD 410 at least. At Kom al-Ahmer,

40  Regarding the production, provenance, chronology and distribution of ARSW, data is based on the main publications of: Hayes 1972; Hayes 1980; Atlante I 1981; Mackensen 1993; Bonifay 2004; Hayes 2008; Bonifay 2016. 41 Mondin 2016 and related bibliography. 42 Hayes 1972: 69–73, 78–82; Bonifay 2016: 523–524, 556, 2.3.

Hayes 1972: 76–78. Hayes 1972: 215. 45 Atlante I 1981: 158. 46 Hayes 1972: 82–83. 47 Bonifay 2016: 524. 43 44

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II 41). The diffusion of this form in the Roman world dates to the 6th century AD.57

six dishes of Hayes 59 were found in context UFC-U4 among them KAP 9, KAP 10, KAP 12, KAP 13. Six large dishes come from Unit 1, context UFC-U1 (one of them is KAP 11).

From the same context, UFC-U1 of Hayes 104, comes one of the large plate Hayes 105 / Bonifay 57A (KAP 42); a second example comes from context UFC-U2. Both plates were found in surface layers; therefore it is difficult to propose a chronology for these contexts. This form dates from AD 580 to the first-half of the 7th century AD.58

Thirteen dish rims of Hayes 61A have been collected from Unit 4 and one from Unit 1. Based on Bonifay’s48 fabric description, the provenance of this production is within northern Tunisia, in the area of al-Mahrine. These come from Unit 4 and date back to the 5th century AD (KAP 14–KAP 16).49 Bonifay fixes the chronology of Hayes 61A to AD 430.50

The most common decorations of ARSW are stamped (15 body and base sherds). The majority of these come from Unit 4 (contexts CX3 and UFC-U4). Various motifs were recognised, the most common is the square Hayes 69 which is associated with palm branches, probably type Hayes 4 or with two semicircle decorations (KAP 44–KAP 45) and also with a stylised bird (KAP 43). Circles are present in various types: Atlante I 20, Hayes 25, Hayes 32o and Hayes 36 (KAP 47–KAP 50). KAP 51 is a small body sherd that has several motifs: circles organised in various style types (Hayes 135 and Hayes 136), squared motif (Hayes 71h), and an unusual motif which is similar in decoration to Hayes 70f, but has a pinecone shape. KAP 52 has a square decoration type Hayes 71. KAP 53 is the only sherd which has one rosette decoration similar to type Atlante I 212, found in context UFC-U4.

Two vessels, form Hayes 62, were found in context CX3 (KAP 17). This form appears in Mediterranean contexts around the mid-4th until the mid-5th centuries AD.51 The most common ARSW form found at Kom al-Ahmer is the large bowl Hayes 67 and the similar Hayes 68 form. 68 vessels were found during the excavation of Units 4 and 1 (contexts: CX2, CX3 types KAP 18 and KAP 27, UFC-U4 types KAP 19– KAP 26, and UFC-U1 types KAP 28–KAP 31). The chronology of this bowl is AD 360–480.52 The fabric of the forms found at Kom al-Ahmer is type D, produced in northern Tunisia, according to the characteristics described by Hayes and Bonifay. The rim Hayes 68 type KAP 31 found in Unit 1 is decorated with notches on the rim. A small flat rim shape was found in Unit 1 context UFC-U1 (KAP 32) and can be identified with form Hayes 70. The chronology of the form in Mediterranean contexts is AD 380– mid-5th century AD.53 The fabric is D, probably from northern Tunisia. The Red slip coated the inner surface and the flat rim only.

There are a few decorations that applied relief motifs. Two dolphins are presented in KAP 5 and KAP 6. A third example of a body sherd of UFC-U4 (KAP 54) has unclear decorated motif. A squared element and possibly a drapery (perhaps a tunic) may be interpreted as the decoration of a soldier’s body; no parallels have been found.

Among the imports of ARSW found in Unit 4 is a small rim sherd which can be identified as the large dish Hayes 76 (KAP 33). This profile appears in the second quarter of the 5th century AD. The fabric is D, and the red slip coats the inner surface and the rim. The outer surface is poorly preserved.

Hayes 50 KAP 1. F1058 Hayes 50 A/B rim and body (four joining sherds) of a large dish. Fabric C. Diam. 40 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F4084 – CX3. Parallels date: AD 280–400+; context date of CX3: AD 425–450+.

Four sherds of Hayes 91 were found in Units 1 and 2 (contexts: UFC-U1, CX7 and UFC-U2). Two rims (one of them is KAP 34) are type Hayes 91 and date to between AD 450 and the mid6th century AD.54 Two bases are poorly preserved, but they are comparable to late profiles of this form (KAP 35–KAP 36); both sherds are decorated with rouletting bands and their fabric is D.

KAP 2. F1011 Hayes 50 B rim sherd of a dish with a large limestone close to the rim. Fabric C. Diam. 22 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 280–400+.

The large bowl type Hayes 93, fabric D, is attested with one rim only which came from context CX7. Production dates to AD 490–550.

Hayes 53 A KAP 3. F4008 Rim sherd of a dish with two burnished bands on the inner surface. Fabric C. Diam. 24.2 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 350–430+; context date: 5th century AD.

The ARSW form 99 is present with four small rims. It is hard to distinguish variants A from B due to the lack of preserved bases. Based on Mediterranean contexts, the chronology for variants A/B is AD 490–580.55 Rim KAP 40, found in context CX11, is similar to variant C; parallels date to AD 560–620.56 The fabric of all of these sherds is type D, which were most likely produced in the Carthage region.

Hayes 52 B KAP 4. F1011 Flat rim of a dish with applied dolphin decoration. Fabric C. Diam. 22 cm? (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 280–early 5th century AD.

The large dish form Hayes 104 A / Mackensen 33 is present at Kom al-Ahmer with one rim found in context UFC-U1 (KAP

KAP 5. F1029 Flat rim of a dish with applied dolphin decoration. Fabric C. Diam.? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F4110 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 280–400+.

Bonifay 2016: 524. One vessel was discovered in Unit 1 CX6. 50 Bonifay 2016: 557, 2.6.1. 51 Hayes 1972: 107–111; Fulford 1984: 49–51; Bonifay 2004: 171. 52 Bonifay 2016: 556. 53 Hayes 1972: 119; Bonifay 2016: 557, 2.4.2. 54 Hayes 1972: 140–144; Bonifay 2004: 179. 55 Hayes 1972: 152–155; Rodziewicz 1976: 37, B25; Bonifay 2016: 558, 2.7. 56 Hayes 1972: 155; Bonifay 2016: 558, 2.7. 48

49

Hayes 1972: 160–166; Mackensen 1993: 611–612; Bonifay 2004: 181– 183. 58 Hayes 1972: 166–169; Bonifay 2004: 183–185. 57

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer Hayes 54

Hayes 67/71

KAP 6. F4007 Flat rim of a large dish. Fabric C/E. Diam. 32 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: mid-3rd–late 4th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 18. F4084 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4018 – CX2; F4022 – CX2; F4016 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Mahrine form 14.2 (Mackensen 1993: 600). Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: 5th century AD.

Hayes 57

Hayes 67

KAP 7. F4006 Hayes 57 or 58A flat rim of a dish. Fabric C. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F4084 – CX3; F4050 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4 (4 vessels). Parallels date: AD 325–400; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 19. F4002 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 38 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4018 – CX2; F4084 – CX3; F4016 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: 5th century AD. KAP 20. F4002 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 8. F4007 Hayes 57 or 58A flat rim of a dish. Fabric C. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 325–400; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 21. F4002 Rim, body of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 34 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: 5th century AD.

Hayes 59 KAP 9. F4011 Hayes 59 flat rim of a dish. Fabric D. Diam. rim 22 cm, base 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 320–410; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 22. F4001 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 32 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4004 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 10. F4002 Hayes 59 flat rim of a dish. Fabric D. Diam.? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 320–410; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 23. F4014 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4019 – CX2; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 11. F1011 Hayes 59 flat rim of a dish (two joining sherds). Fabric D. Diam. 34 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1006 – UFC-U1; F1025 – UFC-U1; F1028. Parallels date: AD 320–410.

KAP 24. F4007 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1022 – UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: 5th century AD. KAP 25. F4110 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4019 – CX2; F4004 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 12. F4007 Hayes 59 flat rim of a dish. Fabric D. Diam. 35.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4001 – UFC-U4; F4002 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 320–410; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 26. F4096 Rim, body, base of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. rim 26 cm, base 6.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 13. F4011 Hayes 59 base of a dish. Fabric D. Diam. base? cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 320–410; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 27. F4084 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 35.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4020 – CX2. Parallels date: AD 360–450; context date: AD 425–450+.

Hayes 61A KAP 14. F4011 Hayes 61A rim of a dish. Fabric D. Diam. 35 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4050 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 325–430; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 28. F1005 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1029 – UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 360–450.

KAP 15. F4007 Hayes 61A rim of a dish (five joining sherds). Fabric D. Diam. 32 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4004 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 325–430; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 29. F1011 Rim of a bowl Hayes 67 – Bonifay 41C. Fabric D. Diam. 31.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1022 – UFC-U1 (3 vessels); F1028 – UFC-U1. Parallels date: second half 5th century.

KAP 16. F4084 Hayes 61A rim of a dish. Fabric D. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4007 – UFC-U4; F1062 – CX6. Parallels date: AD 325–430; context date of CX3: AD 425–450+.

KAP 30. F1026 Rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: second half 5th century.

Hayes 62 KAP 17. F4084 Hayes 62A rim of a dish. Fabric D. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels date: mid-4th–mid 5th centuries AD; context date: AD 425–450+.

Hayes 68 ?

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KAP 31. F1026 Rim of a bowl; notches on-going the preserved part of the rim. Fabric D. Diam. 38 cm (dr. CM).

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Stamp decorations

Context: UFC-U1 Parallels: Athens – AD 480+ (Hayes 2008: 228, fig. 34.1102); Abu Mina – AD 460–480 (Engemann 2016: 36, D21). Parallels date: 5th century AD ?.

KAP 43. F4002 Flat base with stamped decoration. Stylised bird alternating with squared motifs Hayes 69 style A(ii)–A(iii) – Mackensen 55–60 date back to AD 350–480. The decoration is inside two concentric grooves. Fabric D. Diam. base 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Hayes 70 ? KAP 32. F1029 Hayes 70 rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam.? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 375–mid 5th century AD.

KAP 44. F4001 Body sherd with stamped decoration. Two semicircles alternating with squared motifs Hayes 69 style A(ii)–A(iii) – Mackensen 55–60 date back to AD 350–480. Fabric D (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Hayes 76 ? KAP 33. F4011 Hayes 76 small fragment of a large dish rim. Fabric D. Diam.? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 425–475; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 45. F4003 Low ring foot base sherd with stamped decoration. Two semicircles alternating with squared motifs Hayes 69 style A(ii)–A(iii) – Mackensen 55–60 date back to AD 350–480. The decoration is inside three concentric grooves. Fabric D. Diam. base 9 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Hayes 91 KAP 34. F1005 Hayes 91 A/B rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 16 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F2056 – CX7 (small sherd). Parallels date: AD 450–mid 6th century AD; context date of CX7: second quarter 6th–end of 7th+ centuries AD.

KAP 46. F4009 Body sherd with stamped decoration. Palm branches type Hayes 4? style A(ii) – Mackensen 5.2 alternate to squared motifs Hayes 69 style A(ii)–A(iii) – Mackensen 55–60 date back to AD 350–480. The decoration is inside two concentric grooves. The central line of the palm branches is dotted. Fabric D (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 35. F2040 Base of a bowl with a rouletting decoration. Fabric D. Diam. base 6 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 450–mid 6th century AD. KAP 36. F1027 Base of a bowl with at least four rouletting decoration bands. Fabric D. Diam. base? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 450–mid 6th century AD.

KAP 47. F1026 Body sherd with stamped decoration. Circle decoration with at least three concentric circles and a lozenge around it type Atlante I 20 – Mackensen 16.1 associated with palm branches type Hayes 4?. The decoration is inside two concentric grooves. Fabric D (ph. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Hayes 93 KAP 37. F2056 Hayes 93? rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels date: AD 490–550; context date: second quarter 6th– end of 7th+ centuries AD. Hayes 99

KAP 48. F4001 Body sherd with stamped decoration. Palm branches type Hayes 4 alternating with three circles with lozenge type Hayes 36 style A(ii)–A(iii) – Mackensen 16.3. The decoration is inside two concentric grooves. Outside the grooves are squared motifs Hayes 69? poorly preserved. Fabric D (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 38. F2030 Hayes 99 A/B rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F1002 – UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 490–580. KAP 39. F2056 Hayes 99 A/B rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels date: AD 490–580; context date: second quarter 6th– end of 7th+ centuries AD.

KAP 49. F1022 Body sherd with stamped decoration. Three circles type Hayes 25 style A(ii) distributed in circle probably around the base. The decoration is inside three concentric grooves. Fabric C? (ph. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 40. F2038 Hayes 99 C rim of a bowl. Fabric D. Diam. 19.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels date: AD 490–580. Hayes 104 A

KAP 50. F1026 Body sherd with stamped decoration. Five circles with semicircular dots type Hayes 33q style A(ii) –A(iii) – Mackensen 17 probably distributed in circle around the base. The decoration is inside two concentric grooves. Fabric D (ph. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 41. F1008 Rim of a dish. Fabric D. Diam. 36.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 530–580. Hayes 105 KAP 42. F1008 Rim of a dish. Fabric D. Diam. 31.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F2040 – UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 580–first half 7th centuries AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 51. F4007 Body sherd with stamped decoration. Two concentric grooves divide the stamped decorations. Outside the grooves, there are a square type Hayes 71h – Mackensen 61.1 and a pine cone style Hayes 70f. Inside the grooves, there is a pine cone, a motif type Hayes 135, and a series of circles type Hayes 136. Fabric D? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

5.1.2 Late Roman D (LRD) / Cypriot Red Slip Ware LRD is one of the most common fine wares spread throughout Mediterranean sites in Late Antiquity.59 At Kom al-Ahmer, 107 vessels are identified. The late production of Cyprus and south Turkey fine ware is characterised by few forms compared to contemporary ARSW production. At Kom al-Ahmer, forms Hayes 1, 2, 5, 9, 10 and Meyza K1 are attested.

KAP 52. F4084 Base sherd with stamped decoration. A square type Hayes 71 style A (ii) – Mackensen 62.2 is associated with another type of stamp decoration, poorly preserved. The decoration is inside two concentric grooves. Fabric D (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

The dish Hayes 1 with plain thick rim and low ring foot base is attested with nine vessels (KAP 61–KAP 68). They come from contexts CX3, UFC-U4 and UFC-U1. No complete vessel was found at the site. This form is common in Mediterranean contexts and dates from the late 4th century to the third quarter of the 5th century AD.60 Henrick Meyza identified a bowl from K1 in between forms Hayes 1 and 2. This type is documented at Kom al-Ahmer by two rim sherds (KAP 69–KAP 70), which date to AD 380–450.61 Both examples come from Unit 4 (contexts CX2 and UFC-U4).

KAP 53. F4110 Body sherd with stamped decoration. Eight-petal rosette similar to type Atlante I 212 style A (ii). Petals have two different alternating motifs, with central dot or rounded hollow. Fabric D (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Form Hayes 2 is present at the site of Kom al-Ahmer with 27 vessels (KAP 71–KAP 86). It is worth to mention that this profile is also found in Unit 4 contexts (CX2 and UFC-U4). Seven rims (KAP 71–KAP 75) and one base (KAP 76) are recognised as form Hayes 2. The beginning of the production dates back to the mid-5th century AD. 21 vessels were found in Units 1 and 2 (contexts CX5, UFC-U1, CX7, CX9, CX10 and UFC-U2). The end of the diffusion of this form took place during the middle or third quarter of the 6th century AD. The vessels found in Unit 4 correspond with the chronology proposed by Meyza who dated the appearance of this form to the beginning of the 5th century AD.62 It is also important to highlight the presence of five vessels in context CX7 that date to the second quarter of the 6th until the end of 7th centuries AD or some decades later. Two rims with a sinuous profile were found in Unit 1 (context CX5 – KAP 86). They can be a transitional form between Hayes 2 and 3 as the biconical body with rouletting decorations and dimensions are comparable to form 2 while the rounded plain rim is similar to form 3. Plain rims characterise also the late form of Hayes 2 that dates to the first four decades of the 6th century AD.63

Applied decoration KAP 54. F4050 Body sherd with applied decoration. Fabric C? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. Bases KAP 55. F4084 Ring foot base with traces of a stamp decoration inside three concentric grooves. The form may be Hayes 67. Fabric D. Diam. base 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 56. F4002 Low ring foot base of a big bowl or dish. The form can be Hayes 59 or 61. Fabric D. Diam. base 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F1005 – UFC-U1. Context date of UFC-U4: 5th century AD.

Dish Hayes 9 is the most common imported fine ware alongside Hayes 2. This form is attested with 36 vessels (KAP 87–KAP 104). Seven vessels come from Units 1, and 29 vessels come from Unit 2. In Mediterranean contexts, this type dates between the middle of the 6th until the end of the 7th centuries AD. The form is the evolution of Hayes 2 and apparently continues with its development towards form Hayes 10. The rims (27 sherds) and bases (9 possible identifications) of Hayes 9 come from contexts CX6, UFC-U1, CX7, CX8, CX9, CX10, CX11 and UFC-U2. The most common form is Hayes 9A, which dates to AD 550–600 (KAP 87–KAP 99). There are two rims form Hayes 9B and form Hayes 9C (KAP 100–KAP 101). These two types date from AD 580 to the end of the 7th century.64

KAP 57. F4010 Low ring foot base with two concentric grooves. The form may be Hayes 67. Fabric D. Diam. base 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 58. F4011 Low ring foot base with two concentric grooves. The form may be Hayes 67. Fabric D. Diam. base 9.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 59. F4019 Low ring foot base. The form may be Hayes 67. Fabric D. Diam. base 11.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

The small bowl Hayes 5 is attested in Unit 1 (KAP 106) and Unit 2 (KAP 105, KAP 107). The two bowls from Unit 2 come from context CX7. Form Hayes 5 dates from the beginning of

KAP 60. F4012 Small fragment of a ring foot base. The form may be Hayes 56 or the type 73–76. Fabric D. Diam. base? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Regarding the bibliography used for the typology and chronology of LRD, the most important are: Hayes 1972; Hayes 1980; Meyza 2007; Poblom and Fırat 2011; Reynolds 2011a. 60 Hayes 1972: 372–373; Meyza 2007: 44–45. 61 Meyza 2007: 50–51. 62 Hayes 1972: 373–376; Meyza 2007: 51–53. 63 Reynolds 2011: 61. 64 Hayes 1972: 379–382; Reynolds 2011a: 61–65. 59

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 66. F4050 Rim sherd. Red slip on inner surface; runs of dark red slip on rim and outer surface. Fabric: fine and red. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: late 4th–third quarter 5th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

the 6th century until the end of the 6th or early 7th centuries AD.65 One rim (KAP 108) is identified as the large dish Hayes 10 or Meyza K4B. This form evolves from Hayes 9, and it is less common. Hayes dates this form to the mid-7th century AD;66 but new discoveries of this form allowed Meyza to refine the typology and to expand the chronology to the end of the 6th century AD until the end of LRD production.67 This chronology is confirmed by Jerome Poblom, who identified a similar production in Sagalassos in contexts that date to the end of the 6th century AD.68

KAP 67. F1025 Small dish rim. Poorly preserved orange-red slip coats both surfaces; the rim is not coated with slip. Fabric: fine and light brownish-red. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: late 4th–third quarter 5th centuries AD.

LRD are present at Kom al-Ahmer with the main important forms. It is essential to mention the presence of form Hayes 2 in Unit 4, CX2. In relation with ARSW imports, LRD became predominant in Units 1 and 2, where contexts are dated after the Vandal invasions of Africa Proconsularis.

KAP 68. F4016 Low ring foot base possibly form Hayes 1. Orange-red thin slip coats both surfaces. Fabric: fine, red, with rare limestone. Diam. base 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: late 4th–third quarter 5th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

Hayes 1 KAP 61. F4010 Rim and body of a dish. A thick red slip coats the inner surface; the slip on the rim is reddish-brown and thinner; on the outer surface is light brown, irregularly distributed and poorly preserved. Fabric: fine, orange, with rare large limestone. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4084 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: late 4th–third quarter 5th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

Meyza K1 KAP 69. F4020 Bowl rim. Badly preserved red slip irregularly coats both surfaces and rim. Fabric: fine, buff, with rare mica and limestone. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels date: AD 380–450; context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 62. F4084 Rim of a dish. A thick red slip coats the inner surface; on the rim the slip is reddish-brown and irregularly distributed; on the outer surface the slip is red and thinner than that on the inner surface. Fabric: fine and buff. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels date: late 4th–third quarter 5th centuries AD; context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 70. F4009 Bowl rim. A shiny brown slip coats both surfaces; the rim is darker than surfaces. Fabric: fine, dark red, with rare mica and sand. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 380–450; context date: 5th century AD. Hayes 2

KAP 63. F4019 Rim of a dish. A thick red slip coats the inner surface; the rim and the outer surface are coated with irregularly distributed light red slip. Fabric: fine, brownish-red, with rare limestone. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels date: late 4th–third quarter 5th centuries AD; context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 71. F4000 Two joining sherds of a rim. Light red slip coats surfaces; the outer surface has a rouletting band decoration under the rim. Fabric: fine, reddish-light brown, with rare limestone. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 64. F4020 Rim sherd. Inner and outer surfaces are coated with irregularly distributed brownish-red slip; the rim is not coated with slip. Fabric: fine with rare limestone and light red-orange. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4009 – UFC-U4 (without slip). Parallels date: late 4th–third quarter 5th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 72. F4008 Rim sherd. Red slip coats surfaces but not the rim. The rim is decorated with a wavy line and the outer surface with rouletting bands. Fabric: fine, reddish brown, with voids. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 65. F4110 Two joining sherds of a rim. Badly preserved dark red slip coats the inner surface; the rim and the outer surface are coated with irregularly distributed dark red slip. Fabric: fine and red. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: late 4th–third quarter 5th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 73. F4001 Rim sherd. A thin reddish-brown slip coats surfaces, outside the slip is matte. The outer surface is decorated with rouletting bands. Fabric: fine, reddish brown, with voids and rare limestone. Diam. 32? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F4009 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD. KAP 74. F4008 Rim sherd. The inner surface is burnished and coated with a light brown-red slip; the outer surface is ribbed and decorated with one rouletting band; this surface is coated with thin light brown-red slip. Fabric: fine and light brown-orange. Diam. 32 cm (dr. CM).

Meyza 2007: 56–57. Hayes 1972: 382–383. 67 Meyza 2007: 70. 68 Poblom and Fırat 2011: 53. 65 66

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 84. F1046 Low ring foot base. Inner surface is coated with thin, light red slip. Fabric: fine and red with rare limestone. Diam. base ? (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD.

Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD. KAP 75. F4008 Rim sherd. Surfaces are coated with thin, light, red slip; the outer surface is decorated with one rouletting band. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 85. F1011 Low ring foot base. Surfaces are coated with thin, red slip. The outer surface is decorated with a rouletting band at least. Fabric: fine and reddish light brown. Diam. base? (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F2042 – CX10. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD.

KAP 76. F4000 Low ring foot base form Hayes 2?. Surfaces are coated with red slip except on the ring foot. Fabric: fine and dark red. Diam. base 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 86. F1048 Rim of a bowl type Hayes 2 with sinuous profile like form Hayes 3?. Surfaces are coated with orange slip, the rim is not slipped. The outer surface is decorated with irregular rouletting bands; the inner surface is smoothed. Fabric: fine, light red with sand. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F1044 – CX5. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 46, D9h). Parallels date: first four decades 6th century AD.

KAP 77. F1011 Rim sherd. Surfaces are coated with thin, matte, red slip; the outer surface is decorated with one rouletting band. Fabric: fine and orange. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD.

Hayes 9 KAP 87. F2056 Rim form Hayes 9A. Surfaces are coated with red slip, the rim is coated with thin red slip; the outer surface is decorated with a rouletting band. Fabric: fine, light red with rare limestone. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels date: AD 550–600; context date: second quarter 6th– end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 78. F1008 Rim sherd. Surfaces are coated with thin, light orange slip; the outer surface is decorated with rouletting bands. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. 23 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1048 – CX5; F1016 – UFC-U1. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD. KAP 79. F1028 Rim and body sherd. Surfaces are coated with shiny red slip; the outer surface and the rim are decorated with rouletting bands. Fabric: fine and red. Diam. 30 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD.

KAP 88. F2040 Rim form Hayes 9A. Surfaces are coated with light red slip, the slip is irregularly distributed on the rim. The outer surface is decorated with a rouletting band and the inner surface is ribbed. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–600.

KAP 80. F2033 Rim sherd. Reddish-brown slip on surfaces, dark brown slip on the rim; one rouletting band on the outer surface. Fabric: fine and buff. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F2005 – CX9; F2048 – CX10; F2045 – UFC-U2. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD.

KAP 89. F2040 Rim form Hayes 9A. Surfaces are coated with reddish dark brown slip, the rim is coated with thin yellow slip; the outer surface is rough and decorated with two rouletting bands. Fabric: fine, light red with rare voids. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–600.

KAP 81. F1005 Rim sherd. Surfaces are coated with matte dark red slip; the outer surface is decorated with one rouletting band at least. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. 24 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD.

KAP 90. F2040 Rim form Hayes 9A. Surfaces are coated with orange-red, mottled slip. Fabric: fine, orange with rare voids. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2 (3 vessels); F2056 – CX7; F2048 – CX10 (2 vessels); F2012 – UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–600; context date of CX7: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 82. F2056 Rim sherd. Surfaces are coated with thin, light red slip; the rim is not coated with slip. The outer surface is decorated with two rouletting bands at least. A rim sherd similar to this example is dated to the early 6th century AD.69 Fabric: fine and buff. Diam.? (dr. CM). Context: CX7 (5 vessels). Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD; context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 91. F2056 Rim form Hayes 9A. Badly preserved red slip coats both surfaces but not the rim. Fabric: fine, light red with rare voids. Diam. 26 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels date: AD 550–600; context date: second quarter 6th– end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 83. F1002 Low ring foot base. Surfaces are coated with red slip except on the ring foot. The outer surface is decorated with rouletting bands. Fabric: fine and red. Diam. base 16.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: 5th–third quarter 6th centuries AD. 69 

KAP 92. F2040 Rim form Hayes 9A. Surfaces are coated with reddish dark red slip, the rim is coated with thin red slip; the outer surface is decorated with two rouletting bands. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM).

Reynolds 2011a: 61.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Context: UFC-U2; F2039 – UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–600.

Parallels date: AD 580–7th century AD; context date of CX7: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 93. F2040 Two joining rim sherds form Hayes 9A. Surfaces are coated with reddish-orange, mottled slip. Fabric: fine, orange with rare voids and limestone. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–600.

KAP 101. F2052 Small sherd of rim form Hayes 9C. A thin orange-red slip coated both surfaces. The slip was spread with a brush. The rim is decorated with two grooves and an incised wavy line. Fabric: fine and buff. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels date: AD 580–7th century AD.

KAP 94. F2016 Rim form Hayes 9A. Surfaces are coated with red-orange, thin slip, but it does not coat the rim. The outer surface is rough. Fabric: fine, light red with rare mica. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–600.

KAP 102. F1005 Low ring foot base form Hayes 9. Surfaces are coated with matte, red slip. The outer surface is decorated with a rouletting band. Fabric: fine and orange-red. Diam. base 21.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F2056 – CX7 (2 vessels); F2038 – CX11. Parallels date: AD 550–7th century AD; context date of CX7: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 95. F2040 Rim form Hayes 9A. A thin, light red slip coats both surfaces but not the rim. The outer surface is decorated with rouletting bands. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F1074 – CX6; F2005 – CX9; F2015 – UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–600.

KAP 103. F1035 Low ring foot base form Hayes 9. Surfaces are coated with thin, matte, red slip. The outer surface is decorated with a rouletting band at least. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. base 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F2056 – CX7; F2005 – CX9; F2045 – UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–7th century AD; context date of CX7: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 96. F2033 Rim form Hayes 9A. A orange-red slip coats both surfaces but not the rim. The outer surface is decorated with one rouletting band. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels date: AD 550–600.

KAP 104. F1026 Low ring foot base form Hayes 9. Surfaces are coated with thin, matte, red slip which is poorly preserved. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. base 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 550–7th century AD.

KAP 97. F2056 Rim form Hayes 9A. A mottled, light red slip coats both surfaces but not the outer part of the rim. The preserved outer surface is decorated with a rouletting band. Fabric: fine and light red. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels date: AD 550–600; context date: second quarter 6th– end of 7th centuries AD+.

Hayes 5 KAP 105. F2056 Bowl rim form Hayes 5. A thick dark red slip coats both surfaces, but not the outer part of the rim. Fabric: fine, orange with rare limestone and sand. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels date: 6th–early 7th centuries AD; context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 98. F2038 Rim form Hayes 9A. A thin, matte, light red slip coats both surfaces but not the rim. The preserved outer surface is decorated with one rouletting band. Fabric: fine and orangered. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11 (4 vessels); F2030 – CX11. Parallels date: AD 550–600.

KAP 106. F1004 Flat base with ribbing body form Hayes 5. Surfaces are painted with thin, matte, red slip which is poorly preserved. Fabric: fine, orange with limestone. Diam. base 7 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: 6th–early 7th centuries AD.

KAP 99. F1015 Rim form Hayes 9A. The outer surface is decorated with different style of rouletting bands and the plain part is irregularly burnished. Reddish-brown shiny slip coat the inner surface; the same slip is matte and thicker on the outer surface. The slip does not coat the outer surface of the rim. Fabric: fine, reddish-brown with rare mica and limestone. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F2056 – CX7. Parallels date: AD 550–600; context date of CX7: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 107. F2056 Concave base with ribbing body form Hayes 5. Surfaces are coated with thick dark red slip. Fabric: fine and light reddishbrown. Diam. base 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels date: 6th–early 7th centuries AD; context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+. Hayes 10

KAP 100. F1026 Rim form Hayes 9B. Badly preserved, matte, light red slip coats both surfaces but not the outer rim. The slip was spread with a brush. The preserved outer surface is decorated with one rouletting band. Fabric: fine, light red with small limestone. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F1002 – UFC-U1; F2056 – CX7.

KAP 108. F2040 Rim of a large dish form Hayes 10/Meyza K4B. Badly preserved red-orange slip coats both surfaces. Fabric: fine and orange. Diam. 37.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels date: end 6th–7th centuries AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

5.1.3 Other imports

5.2 Egyptian Fine Ware

Late Roman C (LRC) / Phocean Red Slip Ware

5.2.1 Aswan Productions

The LRC imports are rare in the contexts at Kom al-Ahmer, and they are represented by two rims only. Both rims are Hayes 3 form which dates to the third quarter of the 5th century AD.70 In Beirut deposits, this form appears in contexts that date to the mid-5th century AD.71 The rim (KAP 109) Hayes 3B found in Unit 4 is an early version of this form. KAP 110 comes from context CX7 and is identified as Hayes 3E which dates to the 6th century AD.72

The Aswan Fine Ware production is typically associated with the Aswan region and its hinterland. It is characterised by pink Kaolinitic clay which was described by Hayes in the section dedicated to Egyptian Red Slip Ware A (hence ERSWA).76 At Kom al-Ahmer, the abundance of inclusions in the Aswan fabrics and the high percentage of the salt in the soil often causes the detachment of these surfaces. Bailey has identified, in his publication of al-Ashmunein, more than 700 vessels from the area of Aswan.77 He gave a significant overview about exports along the Nile river. Aswan ware was also found at numerous sites in the Nile Delta.78

KAP 109. F4110 Dish rim form Hayes 3B. The slip is reddish-brown, thick and shiny. The rim is decorated with three rouletting lines. Fabric: fine, dark red with lime and rare sand. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

At Kom al-Ahmer, 83 vessels of Aswan Fine Ware were studied. The majority (77 vessels) come from Units 1 and 2. The characteristics of the clay are recurring surface treatments that are quite different and may be divided into three groups. In detail, Group A is characterised by surfaces coated with red slip; Group B has surfaces partially coated by red / brown slip or are without slip; Group C is characterised by a yellowishwhite slip that coats both surfaces.

KAP 110. F2056 Dish rim form Hayes 3E. The slip is red and poorly preserved. The rim is decorated with three rouletting lines. Fabric: fine, dark red with rare lime. Diam.? (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels date: 6th century AD; context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

Group A includes the ERSWA described by Hayes and the Group O of Alexandria and Kellia.79 At Kom al-Ahmer, only open forms are present, and they can be divided into three sub-groups. The first sub-group A1 (KAP 112–KAP 140) has surfaces coated with red slip. The slip is thick, sometimes shiny; a wide range of colours for the slip (from light orange to reddish-brown) is attested. Sometimes the slip on the outer rim is more dark red or reddish-brown. Vessels of this group are only attested in Unit 4.80

Levantine Late Roman Red Ware ? Three distinguishable imported fabrics were found at Kom al-Ahmer, which could not be associated with the imports described above. The fabric and slip are similar to Eastern Sigillata A.73 Three sherds (one rim, KAP 111, and two body sherds from F4110) are characterised by fine granules and light yellow clay and are coated with a thick brownish-red slip. The profile can be compared with ARSW form Hayes 86 that dates back to the late 5th–early 6th centuries AD or Fulford 27, or Bonifay 75.74 Rouletting bands and a blunt cone body allowed us to compare this form also to LRD Hayes 9A, which appears from the mid-6th century AD until the third quarter of the same century in Beirut.75 The form found at Kom al-Ahmer comes from context CX7 which could be dated from the second quarter of the 6th century until the end of the 7th century AD.

The second sub-group A2 (KAP 141–KAP1 47) has the inner surface coated with a thin red slip that is matte; the rim has a brownish-red slip. The outer surface could be coated with the same slip of the inner surface or uncoated. This group is part of the Aswan fine ware described by Bailey at al-Ashmunein81 and often is included in the ERSWA. Vessels of this type come from Units 1 and 2. The third sub-group A3 is characterised by very fine pink clay which has small inclusions. Soft fabric and irregular fractures allow us to hypothesise that the firing process did not reach high temperatures. Surfaces are coated with light red / buff, thick and shiny slip (KAP 148–KAP 150).

KAP 111. F2056 Dish rim with grooves and rouletting decorations on the outer surface. The slip is dark red. Fabric: soft, fine, yellow with rare mica and faceted fracture. Diam. 38 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

Group B is fine table ware which is sometimes partially coated with red slip or is uncoated. This group can be divided into two sub-groups. The first B1 includes five small bowls with an exterior flange beneath the rim (KAP 151–KAP 155). The clay is less fine than those described in group A. The rim and the flange are coated with matte, thick and dark red or brown slip. The second sub-group B2 includes four poorly preserved sherds apparently without surface treatments (KAP 156–KAP 159). Group C is represented at Kom al-Ahmer by six vessels (KAP 160–KAP 165). Surfaces are coated with a matte, thick yellowish-white slip; there are no traces of painted Hayes 1972: 387–388. Bailey 1998: 1. 78 Rodziewicz 1976: 54–60; Egloff 1977; Ballet 2003: 76–85; Martin 2017. 79 Hayes 1972: 387–397; Rodziewicz 1976: 54–60; Ballet 2003: 76–42. 80 Evidence recorded during the 2017 excavations showed the presence of ERSWA also beneath the floors of Room B of the house, so the imports from Aswan date to at least the 3rd-4th centuries AD. 81 Bailey 1998, 8. 76 77

Hayes 1972: 336–337. Reynolds 2011b: 208. Hayes 1972: 337. 73  Atlante II 1985: 9–10. 74  Hayes 1972: 133–135; Fulford 1984: 57; Bonifay 2004: 201–203. 75  Hayes 1972: 379–382; Reynolds 2011a: 63–65. 70  71  72 

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 116. F2052 Large dish rim. Similar to the Egy FW KAP 217. Surfaces are poorly preserved. Diam. 38.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 6th–8th centuries AD or 8th–10th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 18, C164f or C243); Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 46, E8). Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

decoration. Dishes and bowls of this group came from features which contained Early Islamic glazed ware as well. This group can be identified with the Aswan Medieval White ware production which dates back between the 9th and the 11th centuries AD.82 Few sherds of Aswan fine ware are decorated. The only painted decoration is KAP 113 with irregular white and black lines and dots on the red slip. Stamped decorations are preserved on a body sherd KAP 134, which can be part of a large plate or tray decorated with palm branches and rosette. More common are the rouletting decorations found in types KAP 117– KAP 118, KAP 128, and KAP 150. Notches on the lip are impressed by thumbs on the rim KAP 151.

KAP 117. F1060 Large dish rim. The outer surface has a rouletting band decoration, the rim is grooved. Surfaces are poorly preserved. Similar to ARSW production, Hayes 82?. Diam. 30.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Hayes 1972: 390, 85b; Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 58, O28); Elephantine – second quarter 5th–early 7th+ centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 70, T220); al-Ashmunein – second half 5th–first quarter 6th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14, C145); al-Fustat – last third of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 174, similar to 7824–19). Conjectural date: 5th–7th centuries AD.

Upper Egyptian imports represented 14.21% (83 vessels) of the fine ware imports and only 0.18% of the pottery found on the site. Until now, no examples of amphorae or utilitarian ware produced in the Aswan region have been found at Kom al-Ahmer. There are only dishes and bowls of fine tableware. Six vessels (rim KAP 112, base KAP 113 and four body sherds from context UFC-U4 – 2.20% of the fine ware in the Unit) were discovered in Unit 4. Aswan tableware is more common in Unit 1 (24 vessels – 17.14% of the fine ware in the Unit) and Unit 2 (53 vessels – 30.99% of the fine ware in the Unit).

KAP 118. F2005 Large dish rim similar to the ARSW Hayes 87b. The outer surface has a rouletting band decoration. The slip is light orange. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Parallels: Hayes type K (Hayes 1972: 388, fig. 85a; 391–392); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 58, O29b); Elephantine – second quarter 5th–early 7th+ centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 70, similar to T220a); Tod – end 4th–5th centuries AD (Pierrat 1996: 200–204, fig. 70); al-Ashmunein – 5th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14, C173); Kellia (Ballet 2003: 78, similar to fig. 4.13). Context date: Early Islamic period.

Group A1 KAP 112. F4084 Small bowl with flange rim. The slip on the outer surface of the rim is reddish-brown. This profile is similar to the flange cups and bowls presented by Bailey in contexts from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD. This type of profile at Kom al-Ahmer is presented in groups A1 and B1. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 5th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14 and 17, similar to C210). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 119. F1060 Large dish rim. Surfaces are poorly preserved. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 104 or 105. Diam. 36 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria – late 6th–7th centuries AD (Rodziewicz 1976: 62, Wb6); Elephantine – second quarter 6th–mid 7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 72, similar to T226b); Tod – end 5th–mid 7th centuries AD (Pierrat 1996: 200–204, similar to fig. 99); al-Ashmunein – 8th–10th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 21, C338); Abu Mina – second half 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 47, similar to E17). Parallels date: AD 580–mid 7th century AD; context date: 5th– 11th centuries AD.

KAP 113. F4110 Ring foot base of a large dish. Red slip coats both surfaces; the inner is decorated with black and white painted flowers? and concentric bands. The decoration is poorly preserved. Diam. base 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Elephantine – first quarter 4th–6th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 62, T106a). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 114. F1028 Dish rim. The outer surface is poorly preserved. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Elephantine – half 6th–7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 74, similar to T231a); al-Ashmunein – 9th–10th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 13, C113). Conjectural date: 6th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 120. F1002 Dish rim. Surfaces are badly preserved. Diam. 17 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 675–750 (Bailey 1998: 21, similar to C343); Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 49, similar to E55). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 115. F2049 Three joining sherds of a dish rim. The slip on the outer surface of the rim is matte and reddish-brown. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels: Elephantine – first half 6th–7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 73–74, T230b); al-Ashmunein – 5th–7th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14, similar to C116); Elephantine (Katzjäger 2014: 598, fig. 2.2). Conjectural date: 5th–7th centuries AD.

82

KAP 121. F1005 Bowl rim and bi-conical body. Diam. 18 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 59, O40d); Elephantine – 6th–7th/8th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 101–102, similar to T344b); al-Ashmunein – 7th century AD (Bailey 1998: 19, C274); Marea (Majcherek 2008: 111, similar to n. 15); al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 137, 9938–2). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Bailey 1998: 36–37. See also: Rodziewicz 1976: 61–62, group W.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 122. F2038 Bowl rim, imitation of the ARSW form Hayes 99 (AD 490–620) and LRD form Hayes 9. The outer surface is poorly preserved. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: similar to Hayes type P (Hayes 1972: 392); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 59, O35b); Elephantine – 6th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 74, T234); al-Ashmunein 5th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14, 17, similar to C214). Conjectural date: 6th–8th centuries AD.

Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 58, similar to O22; Rodziewicz 1984: 386, similar to 22); Elephantine – second quarter 5th–7th/8th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 95–96, similar to form T323); al-Ashmunein – 6th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 22, similar to C344); Elephantine (Katzjäger 2014: 599, similar to fig. 4.2); al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 137, similar to 9938–4). Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 129. F2042 Bowl rim, the outer surface of the rim is coated with reddishbrown slip: this characteristic allows us to include this profile also in the Asw FW (Kom al-Ahmer group B1), but the quality of the surface treatment is better than the other vessels Asw FW found in the site. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Bailey underlines that profiles like those are common for a long period, at least from the end of the 4th to 10th centuries AD. Context: CX10. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 58, similar to O24); Kellia (Egloff 1977: 83, similar to n. 40); al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 22, similar to C361); Elephantine (Katzjäger 2014: 599, fig. 4.5); al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 90–91, similar to 8305–2). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 123. F2033 Bowl rim. Surfaces are poorly preserved. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Elephantine – 6th–7th/8th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 101–102, similar to T344d); al-Ashmunein AD 400–550 (Bailey 1998: 14, 17, similar to C204); Lake Mareotis (Tomber and Thomas 2011: 49, n. 74); al-Fustat – last third of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 174, similar to 7824– 19). Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 124. F2054 Bowl rim. The outer surface is poorly preserved. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels: Hayes 1972: 388, fig. 85c; Elephantine – second quarter 5th–end of 7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 96, T324a); Tod – end of the 5th–mid 7th centuries AD (Pierrat 1996: 200–204, fig. 109); al-Ashmunein – 5th–7th centuries (Bailey 1998: 19, similar to C272); Marea – late 5th–third half 6th centuries AD (Majcherek 2008: 111, n. 4); Lake Mareotis (Tomber and Thomas 2011: 49, n. 76); Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 50, E92). Parallels date: 5th–7th centuries AD; context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 130. F2004 Bowl rim with a flange beneath the rim. The slip is shiny, light orange and does not coat the outer surface beneath the flange. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 91. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 57, similar to O21a); alAshmunein – 6th–10th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 23, similar to C383); Abu Mina – second half 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 50, similar to E80). Parallels date: AD 450–mid 6th century AD; context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 131. F2040 Bowl rim. The slip is light red-orange and it is poorly preserved. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Elephantine (Gempeler 1992: 64–65, T202); alAshmunein – 6th–7th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 13, similar to C114). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 125. F2052 Bowl rim. Surfaces are coated with badly preserved light orange slip. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels: Elephantine – second quarter 5th– end of 7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 96, T324a); al-Ashmunein – 6th century AD (Bailey 1998: 18, C261). Parallels date: second quarter 5th–7th centuries AD; context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 132. F1046 Large bowl rim with bi-conical body. The outer surface is poorly preserved. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels: Elephantine – second half 4th–5th/6th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 65, T203b); al-Ashmunein – AD 650–800+ (Bailey 1998: 10, C28); Abu Mina – 8th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 48, E48). Conjectural date: 8th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 126. F1014 Bowl rim. The outer surface is badly preserved. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Tod – end 4th–5th centuries AD (Pierrat 1996: 193–199, fig. 87); al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 17, similar to C128bis). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 133. F1035 Closed form? rim. The outer surface is coated with light red, matte, thick slip. The inner surface does not have slip and traces of wheel marks are evident. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Elephantine – probably 8th/9th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 120–121, similar to T510 without decorations). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 127. F2041 Bowl rim. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 59, O35a; Rodziewicz 1984: 385, similar to 16); Elephantine – second quarter 5th– mid 7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 96, similar to T325a); al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 20, similar to C304). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 134. F2049 Body sherd of a large dish. The slip is light orange, matte, and is badly preserved. The flange of the dish has a series of palms and rosette stamp decoration (palms are similar to ARSW Hayes 17 and rosette are similar to ARSW Hayes 44a – Mackensen 18). Diam. of the internal basin 38? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8.

KAP 128. F2040 Flanged bowl rim. The outer rim is decorated with a rouletting band and it is coated with reddish-brown slip. The outer surface is slipped only in the upper part. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 51, E110); al-Fustat – second half 9th–10th centuries AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 137, 9901–1; 254–255, 5035–10). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

Parallels: Elephantine – second half 6th–first half 7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 83, T261; 36, rosette stamp 30b); al-Ashmunein – second half 4th–second quarter 6th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 26–27, palm decoration similar to C477). Parallels date: 6th–first half 7th centuries AD.

KAP 144. F1011 Bowl rim. Diam. 20 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 59, similar to O40a); al-Ashmunein – 7th–9th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14, 18, similar to C246); Abu Mina – 6th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 51, E113). Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 135. F2017 Flat base. The slip is light brown and coats only the inner surface. Diam. base 4 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 136. F1002 Low ring foot base. Diam. base 13.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 145. F2028 Large bowl rim. The outer surface has no slip. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 58–59, O32b); Elephantine – second quarter 4th–last quarter 6th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 69–70, T219); al-Ashmunein – 6th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 16, similar to C166–168); Lake Mareotis (Tomber and Thomas 2011: 49, n. 78); Abu Mina – second half 5th–7th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 51, E104); al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 145, 10348–4). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 137. F2049 Low ring foot base. The slip is red and well preserved. Diam. base 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD. KAP 138. F2045 Low ring foot base. The outer surface is poorly preserved. Diam. base 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 146. F1031 Bowl rim. Surfaces are coated with light orange slip; the rim has browned slip. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 59, similar to O37c); al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 71, similar to 5624–7). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 139. F2040 Low ring foot base. The light red slip on surfaces is poorly preserved. Diam. base 4 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 140. F2038 Low ring foot base. Surfaces are poorly preserved. Diam. base 2.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 147. F1015 Bowl rim. Diam. 9.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 20, similar to C310). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Group A2 KAP 141. F2054 Large dish rim. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 58–59, similar to O32a and O33); Elephantine – 6th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 79– 80, similar to T250b); Kellia (Ballet 2003: 77, fig. 4.11). Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

Group A3 KAP 148. F2054 Large bowl rim. The inner surface is poorly preserved. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 59, similar to O40e); al-Ashmunein – 6th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14, 19, similar to C270); Marea – mid 5th–end of 6th centuries AD (Majcherek 2008: 110, n. 1). Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 142. F2056 Large dish rim. Diam.? (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 58–59, similar to O32a and O33); Elephantine – second quarter 5th–end of 7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 96, T324a); Kellia (Ballet 2003: 77, fig. 4.11). Conjectural date: second quarter 6th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 149. F1015 Bowl rim. Imitation ARSW Hayes 99 (AD 490–620) and LRD Hayes 9. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 59, similar to O35b); Elephantine – 6th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 74, T234); Kellia (Ballet 2003: 78, fig. 4.12); al-Ashmunein – 5th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14, 17, similar to C214). Conjectural date: 5th–8th centuries AD.

KAP 143. F2056 Bowl rim. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). The production of this form has a long duration as it is attested from the 6th until the 8th centuries AD. At al-Fustat, some parallels were discovered in pits that date from the second half of the 9th to the 10th centuries AD. Context: CX7. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 59, similar to O40d; Rodziewicz 1984: 384, 8); al-Ashmunein – 6th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 14, 19, similar to C293; 20–21, C320); Kellia – 6th–7th until 8th centuries AD (Ballet 2003: 77, fig. 4.10); Marea (Majcherek 2008: 111, similar to n. 16); Lake Mareotis (Tomber and Thomas 2011: 49, n. 73); Abu Mina – 6th–9th

KAP 150. F2039 Flanged bowl rim. The outer rim has a rouletting band decoration. Diam. 9.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 58, O23b; Rodziewicz 1984: 385, 17); Elephantine – second quarter 5th–7th/8th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 95–96, similar to form T323);

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Group C

al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 22, similar to C344); Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 50, E85). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 160. F2047 Large dish rim. The outer surface is poorly preserved. Diam. 39 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 62, similar to W6a); alAshmunein – AD 650–800+ (Bailey 1998: 31, C588); al-Fustat – first half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 56, 7803–1). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

Group B1 KAP 151. F1048 Bowl with flange rim. The rim is coated with reddish-brown slip and decorated with notches. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 385, 18); al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 17, similar to C219). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 161. F2022 Large dish rim. The inner surface is poorly preserved. Diam. 37.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 6th–7th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 31, C611); Marea – second half 6th–early 7th centuries AD (Majcherek 2008: 110, n. 31); al-Fustat – first half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 56, 7803–1). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 152. F1005 Bowl with flange rim. The rim is coated with reddish-brown slip. Diam. 11.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Elephantine – mid 6th–end of 7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 96, T324b); al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 17, similar to C232); Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 49, E65). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 162. F2030 Bowl rim. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 675–750 (Bailey 1998: 20–21, C320); al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 90, similar to 8305–3). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 153. F1004 Bowl with flange rim. The outer rim is coated with reddishbrown slip. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 22, similar to C344). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 154. F1002 Bowl rim. The outer rim is coated with reddish-brown slip. Diam. 10 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 550–650 (Bailey 1998: 17, similar to C213); Marea (Majcherek 2008: 111, similar to 9); al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 153, 10428–8). Parallels date: mid 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 163. F2042 Bowl rim. The outer rim is poorly preserved. Diam. 8.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Parallels: al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 20, similar to C310). Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 164. F2039 Ring foot base of a large dish. Diam. base 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 155. F2041 Body sherd with reddish-brown slipped flange (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 22, similar to C353). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 165. F1073 Flat base of a bowl. Diam. base 4 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Context date: 6th–11th centuries AD.

Group B2

5.2.2 Alluvial Clay Red Slip Ware (Egy FW)

KAP 156. F2033 Flat rim of a bowl. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 59?. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 28, similar to C516); Abu Mina – first half 6th century AD (Engemann 2016: 46, similar to E1). Parallels date: 6th–7th centuries AD.

Egyptian Fine Ware found at Kom al-Ahmer is usually poorly preserved because of the low quality of the clay and the presence of salt in the soil. Vessels found at Kom al-Ahmer are open form (i.e. bowls and dishes). They are often an imitation of ARSW and/or LRD imports, and sometimes they imitate ERSWA. The quality of clay, working process, and firing process allow us to hypothesise local or regional production and diffusion. General characteristics of the local/regional productions are presented in the section dedicated to the utilitarian ware (paragraph 5.4.4).

KAP 157. F1000 Concave base of a bowl. Diam. base 4 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

The Egy FW described in this section is divided in three groups. The first is the Egyptian Red Slip Ware B (hence ERSWB), well described by Hayes and well attested at Kom al-Ahmer (KAP 166–KAP 245).83 The second group of Egy FW is similar to the description of Egyptian Fine Ware C proposed by Hayes.84 Only two sherds with these characteristics were found in context CX5 (KAP 246–KAP 247), where Early Islamic glazed ware was also found. The fabric is coarse and surfaces are coated with a shiny red slip, probably burnished. The third group is represented by two rims only, types KAP 248–KAP 249. They

KAP 158. F1011 Ring foot base of a bowl. Diam. base 3.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 159. F2032 Concave base of a similar form. Diam. base 3.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

83 84

Hayes 1972: 397–399. Hayes 1972: 399–401.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II are coated with a yellowish-white slip. This group may be an imitation of the Aswan Medieval production described above. Indeed, these sherds were found in the context UFC-U2 associated with Early Islamic glazed ware.

are common at Kellia in contexts dated from the 7th century AD.88 The following profiles have no parallels; types KAP 222– KAP 225. The two bowls KAP 226 and KAP 227 from context CX7 are common in Late Roman/Early Byzantine Egyptian and Mediterranean contexts. The wavy lip is typical of the ARSW Hayes 97 and dates to AD 490–550.89

Another one small sherd of rim (KAP 250) is characterised by a very fine light brown fabric. The rim is an imitation of ARSW Hayes 84/86 and dates to the mid-5th–early 6th centuries AD. The dish comes from context CX7.

There are few decorations in the Egyptian Fine Ware productions at Kom al-Ahmer. Three base sherds, all found in Unit 4, have stamp decorations. Two squared decorations were found in Unit 4: type KAP 228 is comparable to ARSW Hayes 67a; the second KAP 230 is similar to ARSW Hayes 69b. The third example has a circle decoration with a jagged circle outline, it is similar to ARSW Atlante I n. 21.

ERSWB is common in Unit 4 with the imitation forms of ARSW.85 The first form in this catalogue is a medium and large size dish with a plain rim (KAP 166–KAP 172). One example has a nearly complete profile (KAP 170). This form is attested in Unit 4 with seven rims (KAP 166–KAP 167 and KAP 170), and it was also found in Medieval contexts (CX6 and UFC-U1 – KAP 168–KAP 169 and KAP 171–KAP 172). The presence of ARSW forms Hayes 50 and 53 (types KAP 1–KAP 3) in the same context allows us to suggest that this form is an imitation of the most common African form. However, types KAP 169, KAP 171, and KAP 172 are more similar to the form ARSW Hayes 109, dated by Bonifay to AD 580–690+.86

It is worth noting that ERSWB bowls found in Units 1 and 2 are a high quality production with depurated clay, and the slip is regular and coats both surfaces. The earliest production, attested in Unit 4, is low quality. Indeed red slip local production has the same characteristics of the utilitarian ware and evident traces of plant remains are common.

The bowls with out-turned rim KAP 173–KAP 174 can probably be compared to form ARSW Hayes 53 attested at the site. These are presented in paragraph 5.1.1. Type KAP 176 is similar to form ARSW Hayes 59 (attested at the site KAP 9– KAP 13) which comes from Context UFC-U4.

KAP 166. F4010 Large dish rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 50. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 51, K1). Parallels date: AD 280–400+; context date: 5th century AD.

There are some bowls which are similar to ARSW Hayes 67, the most attested African import at Kom al-Ahmer. Types KAP 177–KAP 182 could be compared with this form and they come from the same contexts. Large dish KAP 183, with at least four lines of rouletting decoration on the outer surface, was found in Unit 4. The dish that can be compared with ARSW Hayes 82 dates to AD 430–500+.

KAP 167. F4000 Large dish rim. The red slip is present on the inner surface only. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 50. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 51, K1). Parallels date: AD 280–400+; context date: 5th century AD.

Six dishes with various shape-rounded rims were found in the three Units (KAP 186–KAP 191). They come from contexts CX6, UFC-U1, CX7 and UFC-U2. This dish form is similar to ARSW KAP 41–KAP 42 and ERSWA-Asw FW KAP 119. Rims type KAP 186–KAP 190 have string impressed decorations. This style of decoration appears at al-Ashmunein from at least the 6th century AD; it is attested at Kellia in form 63 (dating to the end of 7th–early 8th centuries AD), and at alFustat it is common in contexts that date to the second-half of the 9th century AD.87

KAP 168. F1067 Large dish rim. The red slip is present on the inner surface only. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 50. Diam. 31 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6; F4002 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 51, K1); al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 40, D72). Parallels date: AD 280–400+; context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 169. F1015 Dish rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 50. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 51, K1). Parallels date: AD 580–690+; context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Band rim bowls are frequently attested in contexts UFC-U4 (KAP 193–KAP 199), UFC-U1 (KAP 201), CX7 (KAP 202), CX8 (KAP 203–KAP 204) and UFC-U2 (KAP 200 and KAP 205). Types KAP 201–KAP 202 are similar to ARSW type Hayes 84– 86. The dishes KAP 203–KAP 205 seem to be inspired by LRD production, and in particular, form Hayes 9.

KAP 170. F4110 Dish rim. The inner surface is burnished but not coated with red slip. Diam. 28 cm, H. 5 cm, diam. base 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 51, K1). Parallels date: AD 280–400+; context date: 5th century AD.

Double-lip rim dishes are attested by two vessels from context UFC-U2 (KAP 206–KAP 207), similar to the form Kellia 69. Deep bowls KAP 208–KAP 209 were found in contexts CX7 and CX11. Flanged bowl KAP 212 can be compared to form ARSW Hayes 91 and Aswan productions (KAP 130).

KAP 171. F1076 Large dish rim. Surfaces are coated with dark red poorly preserved slip. Diam. 30? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6; F4096 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 51, similar to K1; Rodziewicz 1984: 387, similar to 31). Parallels date: AD 580–690+; context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Other small bowls, like types KAP 214–KAP 221, have plain rims that may also be found without a slip in the coarse ware local/regional production (types KAP 822–KAP 824; KAP 843; KAP 865–KAP 871). The profile of bowls KAP 217– KAP 219 (which is also similar to type KAP 216 and KAP 220) are comparable to the Asw FW type KAP 116; based on parallels they date between 6th–9th centuries AD; parallels Parallels for these forms are specified in the catalogue. Bonifay 2016: 561, 2.13. 87 Egloff 1977: 86; Bailey 1998: 52, D482, Gayraud and Vallauri 2017a: 71–72. 85

86

88 89

Egloff 1977: 88; Bailey 1998: 18, C243. Hayes 1972: 150–151; Bonifay 2016: 558, 2.7.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 183. F4008 Large dish rim. The outer surfaces have rouletting decorations and the rim is grooved. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 82. Diam. 44? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 430–500+; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 172. F1074 Large dish rim. Surfaces are coated with thin red slip, the inner surface has a groove. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. GM). Context: CX6. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 51, similar to K1); alAshmunein – 8th century AD (Bailey 1998: 52, D473). Parallels date: AD 580–690+; context date: 6th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 184. F4008 Large dish rim. The inner surface and rim are coated with cracked red slip; on the outer surface, the slip is thin, matte, and red. Diam. 30? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 173. F4007 Dish rim. The outer surface, beneath the rim, is uncoated by red slip. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 325–400; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 185. F4008 Large dish rim. Inner surface is coated with poorly preserved red slip; the rim has a groove. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 174. F1058 Flat rim of a dish. The red slip is matte and coats preserved surfaces. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 325–400; context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 186. F1068 Large dish rim. The rim has three lines of string impressed decoration. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 105. Diam. 40 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Parallels: string impressed decoration al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 71–72, 6208– 2/8/10). Parallels date: AD 580–mid 7th century AD; context date: 6th– 11th centuries AD.

KAP 175. F2023 Large dish rim. Light brown fabric; matte, thick red slip coats both surfaces. Diam. 34 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 52, K6). Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 176. F4008 Flat rim of a dish. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 59. Diam. 26 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 51–53, fig. 18.6). Parallels date: AD 320–410; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 187. F2056 Large dish rim. The rim has two lines of string impressed decoration. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 105. Diam. 36 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: string impressed decoration al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 71–72, 6208– 2/8/10). Conjectural date: AD 580–mid 7th century AD.

KAP 177. F4002 Dish rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 67. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 51–53, fig. 18.10). Parallels date: AD 360–480; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 188. F1003 Large dish rim. The rim has two lines of string impressed decoration. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 105. Diam. 38 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: string impressed decoration al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 71–72, 6208– 2/8/10). Parallels date: AD 580–mid 7th century AD; context date: 5th– 11th centuries AD.

KAP 178. F4002 Dish rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 67. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 188, type 3-1065). Parallels date: AD 360–480; context date: 5th century AD. KAP 179. F4020 Dish rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 67. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 51–53, fig. 18.9). Parallels date: AD 360–480; context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 189. F2002 Large dish rim. The outer surface is poorly preserved; the inner surface is coated with red slip and burnished. The rim has one line of string impressed decoration. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 105. Diam. 44 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Kellia – from 7th century AD (Egloff 1977: 87, similar to n. 76); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 387, similar to 31a); al-Ashmunein – 5th–7th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 52, similar to D484); Abu Mina – contexts first half 6th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 60, similar to F32); string impressed decoration al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 71–72, 6208–2/8/10). Parallels date: AD 580–mid 7th century AD; context date: Early Islamic period.

KAP 180. F4001 Large dish rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 67. Diam. 36 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: AD 360–480; context date: 5th century AD. KAP 181. F1014 Dish rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 67. Diam. 25 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 500–650 (Bailey 1998: 51, similar to D444). Parallels date: AD 360–480; context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 182. F1026 Large dish rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 67?. Diam. 38.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels date: AD 360–480; context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 190. F1008 Large dish rim. The rim has one line of string impressed decoration. Diam. 32 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 6th–7th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 52, D482bis); al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 71–72, 6208–8). Parallels date: AD 580–mid 7th century AD; context date: 5th– 11th centuries AD.

KAP 200. F2039 Bowl rim. The inner surface has irregular grooves. The slip is orange and coats rim and inner surface. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 191. F2056 Large dish rim. Poorly reserved red slip coats the inner surface and the outer rim. Diam. 32 ? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 52, D476); Abu Mina – contexts first half 6th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 60, similar to F33). Conjectural date: AD 580–mid 7th century AD.

KAP 201. F1002 Grooved bowl rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 84. Diam. 28 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K21). Parallels date: mid 5th–early 6th centuries AD; context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+. KAP 202. F2056 Grooved bowl rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 84. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 52, K18a). Parallels date: mid 5th–early 6th centuries AD; context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 192. F1011 Large dish rim. The fabric is light brown-yellow and slip is dark red. Diam. 39? cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 193. F4002 Bowl rim. The red slip and surface are poorly preserved. Diam. 26 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 51–53, fig. 18.7-8). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 203. F2054 Bowl rim. Imitation of LRD Hayes 9B. The outer surface has a rouletting decoration. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K20); Abu Mina – late 5th–early 7th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 61, similar to F48). Conjectural date: AD 550–early 7th century AD.

KAP 194. F4002 Bowl rim. The red slip coats rim and inner surface. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1001 – UFC-U1 Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 204. F2049 Bowl rim. Imitation of LRD Hayes 9B. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K20); Abu Mina – late 5th–early 7th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 61, similar to F48). Conjectural date: AD 550–early 7th century AD.

KAP 195. F4007 Bowl rim. Imitation of LRD Hayes 2?. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 205. F2045 Bowl rim. Imitation of LRD Hayes 9. Surfaces are poorly preserved, fabric is brown. Diam. 42 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels date: mid 5th–early 6th centuries AD; context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 196. F4016 Grooved bowl rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 84. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K21); Kom Abu Billo (Marchand and Simonie 2017: 916, fig. 2.14); Lake Mareotis (Tomber and Thomas 2011: 47, n. 66). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 206. F2040 Dish rim. The inner surface is coated with light red thin slip, the outer surface is uncoated. The fabric is light brown, dish between fine and coarse ware. Diam. 29.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Kellia – mid 5th–end of 6th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 87, similar to n. 69). Parallels date: mid 5th–6th centuries AD; context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 197. F4011 Grooved bowl rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 84. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K21); Sidi Selim (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 444, SS.P47). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 207. F2040 Dish rim. The inner surface is coated with light red thin slip, the outer surface is uncoated. The fabric has a grey core, dish between fine and coarse ware. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Kellia – mid 5th–end of 6th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 87, similar to n. 69). Parallels date: mid 5th–6th centuries AD; context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 198. F4110 Bowl rim. The fabric has organic voids on surface and in section. The slip is red, burnished and poorly preserved. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 199. F4018 Large dish rim. The fabric is fine with gold mica, rare limestone and some black rounded edge inclusions. Slip coats the inner surface and rim. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 500–650 (Bailey 1998: 45, similar to D286). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 208. F2056 Flat rim of a bowl. The slip is burnished on the inner surface. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 209. F2038 Flat rim of a bowl. The red slip is matte. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Abu Mina –second quarter 6th–early 7th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 59, similar to F23) Context date: Early Islamic Period.

Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K19); al-Ashmunein – 6th century AD (Bailey 1998: 44, D237); Abu Mina – contexts second half 7th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 60, similar to F29). Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD. KAP 218. F2040 Small sherd of a bowl rim; surfaces are poorly preserved. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K19). Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 210. F4096 Bowl rim. The inner surface and the rim are coated with red slip, burnished on the inner surface. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 219. F2038 Rim of a bowl. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K19); Abu Mina – contexts second half 7th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 60, similar to F29). Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 211. F1015 Bowl rim. Imitation of form LRD Hayes 2. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: similar to form LRD Hayes 2 (Hayes 1972: 373–376); al-Ashmunein – 6th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 44, D194); Abu Mina – late 5th–early 6th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 61, similar to F45 or F47). Parallels date: 6th–8th centuries AD.

KAP 220. F2005 Bowl rim. Light red slip is thin and opaque. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 400–550 (Bailey 1998: 45, similar to D251); Abu Mina – 8th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 61, similar to F51). Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 212. F4011 Bowl rim with flange. Surfaces are poorly preserved because the sherd was exposed to fire. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 52, K5); al-Ashmunein – AD 375–450 (Bailey 1998: 47, similar to D335); Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 51–53, similar to fig. 19.18); Abu Mina – AD 490–6th century AD (Engemann 2016: 59, similar to F20). Parallels date: AD 450–mid 6th century AD; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 221. F2028 Rim of a small bowl. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Kellia – mid 5th–end of 6th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 87, n. 67). Parallels date: mid 5th–6th centuries AD.

KAP 213. F4095 Bowl rim. Red slip coats both surfaces, but it is poorly preserved. The fabric is between fine and coarse ware. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina – mid 5th century AD–480 (Engemann 2016: 61, F46). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 222. F2041 Flange rim of a bowl, ribbed inner surface. Thin and matte red slip coats both surfaces. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 223. F2030 Badly preserved rim of a bowl/dish. Red slip coats only the inner surface. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Abu Mina – contexts second half 5th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 67, similar to F144). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 214. F4002 Bowl rim. Red, matte slip coats both surfaces. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 51–53, fig. 19.22). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 224. F2005 Bowl rim. Light red slip coats both surfaces. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 215. F4002 Bowl rim. Light red slip coats both surfaces. The fabric is fine, but the form has parallels in utilitarian ware. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 225. F2005 Flat rim of a bowl. Red slip is poorly preserved. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 216. F1060 Bowl rim. Red slip is poorly preserved. Imitation of ARSW form Hayes 99. Diam. 18 cm (dr. GM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: AD 490–620 (Hayes 1972: 152–155, form 99); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K19). Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 226. F2056 Curvy flat rim of a bowl. Imitation of ARSW form Hayes 97. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: AD 490–550 (Hayes 1972: 150–151, form 97); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, K31; Rodziewicz 1984: 388, similar to 41); al-Ashmunein – first half 6th century AD (Bailey 1998: 23–24, similar to C386 from Aswan). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 217. F1015 Bowl rim. Thin, light red slip coats both surfaces. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 237. F4002 Low ring foot base. The fabric has organic voids. Diam. base 12.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 227. F2056 Curvy flat rim of a bowl. Imitation of ARSW form Hayes 97. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: Hayes – AD 490–550 (Hayes 1972: 150–151, form 97); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, K31); Kellia (Egloff 1977: 85, similar to n. 55); Abu Mina – contexts 6th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 60, similar to F28). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 238. F4011 Two joining sherds of a low ring foot base. The fabric has organic voids. Diam. base 7.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 228. F4011 Low ring foot base with concentric grooves and squared stamp decorations. The decoration is type ARSW Hayes 69 – Mackensen 48. Red slip coats only the inner surface, it is cracked. The fabric has organic voids. Diam. base 16.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Hayes AD 350–470 (Hayes 1972: 219); Antinopolis (Borgia 2017: 162–163, Tav. XIX.83). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 239. F4008 Low ring foot base. Red slip coats the inner surface. The fabric has organic voids. Diam. base 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 240. F4015 Flat base. Red slip on the outer surface is poorly preserved. The fabric has rare organic voids. Diam. base 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 229. F4014 Body sherd with one circular groove and concentric circle and dot stamp decorations. The stamp decoration is type Atlante I n. 21. Red slip coats all surfaces. The fabric has organic voids (dr. CM). Context: CX2.

KAP 241. F4008 Ring foot base. Red slip coats both surfaces and was applied with a brush. The fabric has rare organic voids. Diam. base 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Parallels: Atlante I – AD 350–470 (Atlante I 1981: 125, 21). Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 230. F4084 Body sherd with concentric grooves and squared stamp decorations. The decoration is type ARSW Hayes 69 – Mackensen 56. Dark red slip coats both surfaces (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Hayes AD 350–470 (Hayes 1972: 219). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 242. F1028 Ring foot base. Red slip coats both surfaces and it is badly preserved. Diam. base 9.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 243. F1002 Ring foot base. The inner surface has three concentric grooves. Slip coats only the inner surface. Diam. base 12 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 231. F4008 Low ring foot base. Red slip coats both surfaces, but not the base. Diam. base 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 244. F1060 Ring foot base. Light red slip coats both surfaces. Diam. base 17.5 cm (dr. MLP). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 232. F4008 Low ring foot base. Red slip coats the inner surface. Diam. base 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 245. F1002 Low ring foot base. Red slip coats the inner surface; the outer is grey. Diam. base 16.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 233. F4016 Low ring foot base. Red slip is poorly preserved on the outer surface. Diam. base 12.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Other Egyptian fine ware

KAP 234. F4001 Low ring foot base. Red slip coats the inner surface. Diam. base 11 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1 (2 vessels). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 246. F1048 Small fragment of a dish ?, the rim has poorly preserved stamp decoration. The slip is red and shiny. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 235. F4002 Low ring foot base. Red slip coats the inner surface. Diam. base 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 247. F1056 Bowl rim with reddish-brown slip polished. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 236. F4002 Low ring foot base of a closed form?. Red slip coats the outer surface. The fabric has organic voids. Diam. base 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 248. F2017 Small bowl coats with yellowish-white, matte slip. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 249. F2028 Two joining sherds of a bowl rim are coated with a yellowishwhite, thin, matte slip. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

5.3.2 Cypriot/South Turkey Ware Although the imports of LRA 1 and LRD are plentiful at Kom al-Ahmer, there are few identified coarse ware imports from the same region.

KAP 250. F2056 Small sherd of grooved rim, the outer surface has at least two rouletting band decorations. Very fine light brown fabric, mica and rare small limestone inclusions. Surfaces are coated with red slip, poorly preserved on the inner surface. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1976: 53, similar to K21b); Abu Mina – contexts second half 7th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 90, decoration similar to G42). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 253. F2038 Cooking pot rim with a preserved flat handle. This type of cooking pot is common in the 6th century AD contexts. Fabric: orange with grey core; inclusions are quartz, limestone and rare mica. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Caesarea (Riley 1975: 35, n. 32); Carthage (Fulford, Peacock 1984: 189, fig. 37); Butrint (Reynolds 2004: 234, fig. 13.217); Elaiussa Sebaste (Ricci 2007: 173). Conjectural date: 6th century AD. KAP 254. F2005 Decorated ring foot base of a closed form (jug?). The outer surface has traces of a carved decoration made on raw clay. Jugs like this were found in the production site of SoliPompeiopolis located few kilometres west of Tarsus, along the Cilician coast of Turkey.91 In Cilicia this production dates back to the 5th and the 6th centuries AD. Fabric: yellowish-pink with a lot of inclusions typical of the LRA 1 production; quartz, limestone and reddish-brown and grey sand inclusions. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Parallels: Elaiussa Sebaste (Ferrazzoli and Ricci 2010: 803– 804). Conjectural date: 5th–6th centuries AD.

5.3 Imported Utilitarian Ware Imports of cooking and coarse ware are rare at Kom al-Ahmer. The majority of imports from Mediterranean contexts are fine ware and amphorae. There are only 44 vessels of imported utilitarian ware that have been identified at the site. The finds are mainly body sherds which will be discussed in detail in future publications. In this section some diagnostic sherds, that have been found in significant contexts, are presented.

5.3.1 Calcite Black Ware Two open forms of context CX3 were identified. The fabric is brownish dark grey, hard and with a lot of inclusions (the macroscopic observations allow us to identify: angular edges of calcite – 1.5 mm max – rare mica, sand). Surfaces are smooth, but they are irregular because of the coarse fabric. The body walls are thin although the fabric is coarse. This fabric is well known in central Mediterranean areas such as Sicily and North Africa, but also in the eastern Mediterranian areas like Turkey and Jordan. Calcite–black ware was produced in northern Tunisia, starting at least from the 5th to the 7th centuries AD.90

5.3.3 Other Imported Table Ware There are two imported vessels that have been found in Unit 1 at Kom al-Ahmer. KAP 255. F1043 Grooved foot base of a bowl; the outer surface has evident traces of a spatula used during the working process. The upper part of the outer surface is buff slipped. Fabric: pink with rare limestone and mica inclusions, faceted fresh fracture. Diam. base 4 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 251. F4084 Rim of a cooking pan with a flange on the outer surface. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Ephesus – 5th century AD (Turnovsky 2005: 218, profile similar to grey ware 4.5); Alexandria – from mid to the end of 5th century AD (Waksman and Tréglia 2007: 645–647, fig. 2). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 256. F1054 Out-turned rim, one handle and cylindrical body of a small jug. Jugs KAP 654–KAP 655 have a similar profile but are produced in Egypt. The imported jug KAP 256 was found inside the cistern together with the amphora KAP 1269. The chronology of this context dates to the second-half of the 7th century or first-half of the 8th century AD. However, the types attested in Unit 4 allow us to suggest a long duration for this form. Traces of light yellow and matte slip. Fabric: pink with mica, limestone and sand inclusions; faceted fresh fracture, soft fabric. Diam. 4.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX4. Conjectural date: 5th–first half 8th centuries AD.

KAP 252. F4084 Rim of a bowl. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

90 

Peacock 1984: 11; Giuliodori 2012: 303.

91 

Thanks are due to Adele Federica Ferrazzoli for the comparison.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II 5.4 Egyptian Utilitarian Ware

KAP 261. F1046 Shoulder and body of a jug. The shoulder has a cordon and beneath it this there is a brownish-black painted decoration. Fabric: light red with quartz, calcite and sand inclusions (dr. EP). Context: CX5. Parallels: Kellia (Egloff 1977: 135); Abu Mina – second half 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 99, similar to H30). Conjectural date: second half 7th–10th centuries AD.

Two types of Egyptian fabrics that have different characteristics from the western Delta clay are the Marl Clay and Abu Mina wares. The first is a light yellow fabric without evident inclusions; sherds found at the site are often soft. This is probably due to the post-depositional process and the acidity of the soil. Few vessels of this production have been found at Kom al-Ahmer.

KAP 262. F2005 Flat base, cylindrical body. Fabric: light pink, yellowish-white on the outer surfaces. Diam. base 3 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 394, similar to 99); Abu Mina – second half 7th–8th/9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 101, H75). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

The second Egyptian production attested at the site, but which does not include alluvial clay, is Abu Mina ware. This Egyptian import is quite rare at the site. The St. Mina Monastery complex is located approximately 100 km west of Kom al-Ahmer.

5.4.1 Marl Clay Production Recognizable Marl Clay vessels are attested in Unit 2. The clay used for this production comes from calcareous deposits which are probably located in desert areas.92

5.4.3 Egyptian Imitations of Palestinian Coarse Ware / Egloff 115–116

KAP 257. F2047 Upright jug rim with one handle. Fabric: yellow with white and red rounded edge inclusions. Diam. 6 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10; F4006 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD–Early Islamic Period ?.

There are several imports from the Palestinian region. The most common are Late Roman 4 amphorae. This transport vessel is common in Units 1, 2 and 4. Clearly during the transportation of these storage vessels other products were exported. Indeed, one of the most important coarse ware productions coming from the Palestinian territory are cooking pots characterised by a mechanical division between pots and lids.93 The commerce of this production is well attested in the east Mediterranean Late Roman and Early Byzantine contexts. However, it is important to underline that this production was imitated in numerous sites, as well as in Egypt. Gayraud and Tréglia94 point out that the main difference between the Palestinian and the Egyptian productions is the different style of rim. In Palestinian production, lids and pots were made at the same moment and divided after the wheel-throwing process. In Egypt, vessels were produced at different moments or rims were smoothed after the separation of pot and lid. The fabric allows us to distinguish this production from the local/ regional coarse ware productions mainly by the high quality of the firing process. The examples found at Kom al-Ahmer used Nile silt which contains mica, limestone and sand; colour is usually reddish-brown; pots are hard and have a faceted fracture.

KAP 258. F2042 Out-turned rim of a bowl, three preserved holes were made after the firing process – restoration traces?. Fabric: yellowpink with white and red rounded edge inclusions. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10; F1071 – CX6 (small rim sherd, body without holes) Context date: 6th–11th centuries AD.

5.4.2 Abu Mina Ware Four vessels were found in Units 1 and 2. Abu Mina pottery is distinguished by a light pink or yellow fabric; the fabric sometimes presents large inclusions. Both body sherds are painted jugs (KAP 259–KAP 260). Decorations have classical motifs which were also found at Kellia. The base of a closed vessel (KAP 261) has a light yellow outer surface, in contrast to fabric, which is light pink.

This production is attested in contexts which date back to the 4th century AD in the Middle East. In Egypt, at al-Fustat, it is attested in the 9th century AD.95 At Kom al-Ahmer, Palestinian style cooking pots are likewise attested in the Palestinian region from the second quarter of the 4th century AD. One vessel was found in Unit 4 (KAP 263). Six vessels (KAP 270– KAP 274) have a squared rim profile, different from the usual plain rim. These casseroles were found in contexts CX11 and UFC-U2 of Unit 2, where 26 sherds of Early Islamic Glazed ware were discovered. Part of glazed ware, the vessel KAP 1302 has a graffito decoration which can be dated to the second-half of the 10th to the third quarter of the 11th centuries AD.96 These contexts are related to the last phase of occupation at Kom alAhmer.

KAP 259. F2056 Flat base of a closed form; the outer surface has an incised decoration. Fabric: yellow with sand inclusions. Diam. base 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: this type of decoration is common in numerous productions, for example at Kellia – second half 6th–early 8th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 133–135) or in the Cilicia region as the type KAP 254 (the production dates back to 5th–6th centuries AD); Abu Mina – end of 8th–beginning 9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 100, similar to H54). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+. KAP 260. F2038 Shoulder and body of a jug. The shoulder has a cordon and beneath it there is a faded red painted decoration with dots and festoons. Fabric: yellowish-white with few inclusions but a large limestone (4 mm) broke the inner surface (dr. EP). Context: CX11. Parallels: Kellia (Egloff 1977: 135). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 263. F4004 Double-lip rim of a casserole with one preserved horizontal handle and ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. EP). Waksman et al. 2005: 314–315. Gayraud and Tréglia 2014: 367. 95 Gayraud and Vallauri 2017a: 41. 96 François 1999: 23. 93 94

92 

Aston 1996; Tomber 2006; Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 265.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 274. F2041 Squared rim with small flange of a casserole, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – beginning of the 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 100, pl. 47.5). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 264. F1015 Plain rim of a casserole with one preserved horizontal handle and ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 28 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 115, n. 69); Abu Mina – second half 7th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 72, similar to F240). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 275. F1015 In-turned rim of a casserole with one preserved horizontal handle and ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia (Ballet 2003: 116, n. 71); Marea (Majcherek 2008: 115, n. 68); Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 72, F241); Kom Abu Billo (Marchand and Simonie 2017: 916, fig. 3.19); al-Fustat – first decades 8th century AD (Gayraud and Tréglia 2017: 933, fig. 1.1). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 265. F2038 Small sherd of a cut rim casserole with one preserved horizontal handle. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Beirut – second half of the 4th – early 7th centuries AD, Marseille – mid 5th–third quarter of the 7th centuries AD (Waksman et al. 2005: fig. 1). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 276. F1025 In-turned rim of a casserole with one preserved horizontal handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F1031 – CX5; F1015 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 115, n. 67); Abu Mina – second half 7th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 72, F243); al-Fustat – 8th–9th centuries AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 41, 11370–20; 47–53, 4588–4; Gayraud and Tréglia 2017: 935, fig. 4.2, 7). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 266. F1068 Plain rim of a casserole. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD. KAP 267. F2052 Horizontal rim of a casserole, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX8. Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 277. F2039 Cut rim of a casserole. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Marseille, Alcazar – fourth quarter 6th–third quarter 7th centuries AD (Waksman, Reynolds, Bien, Tréglia 2005: fig. 1); al-Fustat – first decades 8th–9th centuries AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017a: 114–118, 9499–6; Gayraud and Tréglia 2017: 933–935, fig. 1.3). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 268. F2038 Horizontal rim of a casserole, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F2041 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 278. F2039 In-turned rim of a casserole. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: al-Fustat – first decades 8th–9th centuries AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 114–118, 9499–6; Gayraud and Tréglia 2017: 933–935, fig. 1.3). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 269. F2022 Cut rim of a casserole with ribbed outer surface. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 392, 82); Beirut – second half 4th–early 7th centuries AD, Marseille – mid 5th–third quarter 7th centuries AD (Waksman et al. 2005: fig. 1). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 279. F1025 Cut rim of a casserole with one preserved horizontal handle and ribbed outer surface. Diam. 25 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Beirut – second half 4th – early 7th centuries, Marseille – mid 5th–third quarter of the 7th centuries AD (Waksman et al. 2005: fig. 1); al-Fustat – 8th century AD (Gayraud and Tréglia 2017: 933–935, fig. 1.4). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 270. F2032 Squared rim of a casserole, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 271. F2030 Squared rim of a casserole, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 30? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 392, similar to 83). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 280. F2015 Two joining sherds of a lid with ribbed outer surface and wavy graffito decoration. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Beirut – second half of the 4th – early 7th centuries AD, Marseille – mid 5th–third quarter 7th centuries AD (Waksman et al. 2005: fig. 1); Abu Mina – 6th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 72, F252); al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 160–168, 10414–2). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 272. F2040 Squared rim of a casserole, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 273. F2030 In-turned and flange rim of a casserole, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F2040 – UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 281. F2005 Rim of a lid with, at least, one hole made before firing process. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9; F2035 – UFC-U2; F2041 – UFC-U2.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Parallels: Beirut – second half of the 4th–early 7th centuries AD, Marseille – mid 5th–third quarter 7th centuries AD (Waksman et al. 2005: fig. 1); Abu Mina – 6th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 72, similar to F251); al-Fustat – 9th century AD. (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 41, similar to 11370–18; 90–100, 8308–2). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD. KAP 282. F1035 Rim of a lid. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Beirut – second half of the 4th–early 7th centuries AD, Marseille – mid 5th–third quarter of the 7th centuries AD (Waksman et al. 2005: fig. 1). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD. KAP 283. F1011 Plain rim of a lid, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD. KAP 284. F2039 Rim of a lid with ribbed outer surface. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F2002 – UFC-U2. Parallels: Beirut – second half of the 4th–early 7th centuries, Marseille – mid 5th–third quarter of the 7th centuries AD (Waksman et al.2005, fig. 1). Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

5.4.4 Egyptian Utilitarian Ware – Local/Regional Productions We did not find traces of pottery production at the site as we are dealing with domestic and public areas. Egyptian coarse ware found at the site has low quality fabric. Characteristics of Nile silt pottery, for example at Alexandria, Kellia and in general in the western Delta region, have been described in numerous publications.97

Figure 2.10: Damanhour: Craftsman kneads clay on the floor with feet

With his premise about fabric, Cassianus Bassus in the Geoponica98 states that it is possible to find clay for pots everywhere. Herodotus99 specifies that clay was quarried for bricks from the Nile river. Recurring characteristics of pottery in the Delta area are due to the use of Nile silt. Today, modern pottery production sites use Nile silt for their vessels. In Damanhur’s hinterland, many craftsmen are involved in pottery production and use clay extracted from canals or fields. Therefore, to find clay is quite simple and the raw material is easy to work: the first phase of the pottery production process is to leave clay exposed to weathering for a few months. Rain, wind, and sun naturally crumble the collected clay. After that, the clay is softened with water. Between these two phases the clay is roughly purified through the use of a wide-mesh sieve (holes are more or less 1 cm in diameter, which allows the retention of only vegetal matter and big clay pellets). During the softening process, lightweight inclusions (essentially vegetal) are removed from the surface of the basins by craftsmen. After collecting clay from the basins, the raw material is stored inside the wheel-throwing room and, before modelling it, the clay is kneaded on the floor with feet (Figure 2.10). The wheel craftsman is stationary on the wheel and the assistants, who are usually relatives, help him with the clay and move vessels into the drying area. The firing process takes place in vertical kilns.100 These usually have a round plan, Rodziewicz 1976: 50; Ballet 2003: 97; Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 265; Kenawi 2014: 175. 98 Geoponica II: 49, 3. 99 Herodotus II: 136, 4. 100 Cuomo di Caprio 2007: 508–517. 97

Figure 2.11: Damanhour: Pottery kiln

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Figure 2.12: Damanhour: Craftsman fuels fire with sawdust (Samantha Tistoni) wherein the furnace is divided from the firing chamber by a perforated floor.

Fabric – F1 Alluvial clay. Colour: from red (10R 5/8) to reddish-brown (2.5YR 4/8); usually section has a range of colour from light red (10R 6/8) to light pink (2.5YR 7/4); a light grey or pale brown core is rare. Inclusions: sand, mica, rare limestone.

The lower walls of the firing chamber are stable and built with red bricks; the upper part of the chamber is rebuilt for each firing process with red bricks and mud (Figure 2.11). Kilns are usually 2.5 m high; the firing chamber, which contains raw vessels, is 1.7–1.8 m high. During firing activities, fuel is continuously inserted into the furnace, and the firing process lasts more or less three hours (Figure 2.12). Usually the fuel consists of small materials, such as waste ferom other productions; in the Damanhur area sawdust is the most common fuel. Pottery produced in these workshops have the same fabric characteristics as the Late Roman/Early Byzantine local and regional coarse ware vessels (Figure 2.13).

Fabric – F2 (Figure 2.14) Alluvial clay. Colour: from red (10R 5/8) to reddish-brown (2.5YR 3/6); usually section has a range of colours from red (10R 4/6) to light grey or pale brown (7.5YR 3/2). Inclusions: sand, mica, limestone, rare organic voids. Fabric – F3 Alluvial clay. Colour: from red (10R 5/8) to reddish-brown (2.5YR 3/6); usually section has a range of colours from red (10R 4/6) to light grey or pale brown (7.5YR 3/2). Inclusions: rounded edges small stones, mica, limestone, some organic voids.

The study of fabrics is based on macroscopic observations. The majority of fabrics are alluvial (F1 to F6), and there is one type of calcareous fabric (F7). Alluvial clay has a range of colours from red to brown; often the section is multi-coloured. Soft fabric and poorly preserved surfaces are probably due to the postdepositional process. Clay has recurrent types of inclusions, the difference between fabrics is based on quantity and dimensions. Calcareous fabric may be associated with the Mareotis clay. In this study, Mareotis pottery is included with the local/regional production because the shape of the object is similar to those of the alluvial clay pottery.101

Fabric – F4 (Figure 2.14) Alluvial clay. Colour: from red (10R 7/8) to reddish-brown (10R 4/6); usually section has a range of colours from red (10R 4/6) to light grey or pale brown (7.5YR 3/2). Inclusions: rounded edges small stones, mica, limestone (dimensions until 2 mm), many organic voids. Fabric – F5 Alluvial clay. Colour: red-orange surface (10R 7/8–4/8); dark grey-black section (10R 2.5/1). Inclusions: rounded edges stones, mica, limestone (dimensions until 6 mm), many organic voids. Usually the fabric is crumble.

101 As indicated in paragraph 5.4.2, Abu Mina is not far from Kom alAhmer, although the shapes of the identified vessels are different from other productions.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II

Figure 2.13: Sections of the pottery produced nowadays at Damanhour

Figure 2.14: Section of fabrics F2, F4 and F6 found in the excavation of Kom al–Ahmer

Fabric – F6 (Figure 2.14) Alluvial clay. Colour: surface colour from red (10R 4/10) to light red (10R 7/10); the inner surface and core are grey (10R 3/2–2.5/1). Inclusions: sand, mica, rare limestone.

basins 1 and 5 have similar profiles, but basin 1 is part of the preparation category, while basin 5 is part of serving and consumption category because of the different quality of the fabric.

Fabric – F7 Calcareous clay. Colour: pale brown (10YR 7/3) to brownishyellow (10YR 6/8). This clay is usually associated with the Mareotis productions.102 Inclusions: sand, mica, limestone, and rare organic voids.

Some forms of cooking pots and casseroles are presented all together because the shape is the same. However, numerous cooking pots do not have traces of exposure to fire and it is reasonable to believe that these forms were also used for other activities.

To have a better understanding of the pottery forms found in the excavation of these three units, we divided the local/ regional production into five functional categories.103 These categories (Table 2.1) are: cooking, preparation, serving and consumption, storage, and miscellaneous. All categories are associated with food, but miscellaneous includes other uses. The pottery is divided into sub-categories based on its form. Among some forms, the division into different functional categories is based on the quality of the clay. For example,

Utilitarian wares were mainly produced locally, although they have shapes that recur all throughout Egypt. Forms from different sites are easily recognised at Kom alAhmer: from Alexandria, Kellia, Buto, al-Ashmunein, Mons Claudianus, etc.104 The local production is then influenced by the surrounding areas and also from Mediterranean contexts. The high number of imported amphorae, and also some coarse ware, confirms the trade routes involved in this region during the Late Roman/Early Byzantine Period. We

For the description of fabric and related bibliography: Tomber and Thomas 2011: 38–39. 103 Putzeys, Poblome, and Bes 2005: 232–233.

104 Egloff 1977; Bailey 1998; Ballet 2003; Bonifay et al. 2002; Tomber 2006; Wilson and Grigoropoulos, 2009; Wodzińska 2010: 181–242; Kenawi 2014; Lecuyot 2017.

102

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

can find parallels for cooking pot types KAP 424 and KAP 425 with the coarse ware produced in southern Turkey that is attested at Kom al-Ahmer (KAP 253).105

4; one example is attested in context CX6 (Unit 1). Group 4B (KAP 317–KAP 337) is modelled with a lid seat more or less marked. Diameter ranges between 13 and 24 cm. This form is attested in Unit 4 and UFC-U1. The long duration of the form is also attested with the parallels that date to the first half of the 9th century AD at al-Fustat (KAP 324).108 Group 4C (KAP 338–KAP 341) has globular body with thin walls; type KAP 340 is fragmentary, but has a cylindrical body. Type KAP 339 has a preserved handle. The diameter ranges between 16 and 25 cm. Examples of these rims are attested in Unit 4 and contexts CX6 and UFC-U2. Group 4D (KAP 342–KAP 349) has different plain rims all characterised by an almost vertical profile with a slight lid seat. Rims have a diameter between 12 and 19 cm. KAP 349 is a variation with thicker walls and traces of at least one horizontal ear handle. Rims of this group are attested in Unit 4 and in the mixed levels of Units 1 and 2. Cooking pot group 4E (KAP 350–KAP 360) is a mixture of out-turned rims characterised by the absence of a neck. The diameters range between 12 and 24 cm. Also in this form, vessels probably have two handles. The outer surfaces are ribbed or smoothed. At Buto, the production of this form is attested at least from the 3rd century AD.109 At Kom al-Ahmer they are found in Unit 4 and in the uppermixed levels of Unit 1 (context UFC-U1).

5.4.4.1 Cooking Cooking vessels were mainly found in Units 1 and 4. No complete vessel was recovered. In this section, pottery with and without traces of burning are presented. The absence of burning traces may indicate a different use of a vessel. Yet, at present, we have no evidence to decide what other use these containers may have had. In the cooking section, cooking pots (KAP 285–KAP 440), casseroles (KAP 441–KAP 573), cooking pans (KAP 574–KAP 578), lids (KAP 579–KAP 604), and a pottery disc (KAP 605) are presented. 5.4.4.1.1 Cooking Pots Eleven forms of cooking pots are recognised. Other cooking pots are attested only with one example and are presented in ‘others’. Cooking pot 1 (types KAP 285–KAP 288) is characterised by an out-turned rim with a lid seat of varying depth. The examples of this cooking pot have ribbed outer surfaces and probably double handles. No complete profile was found. The diameter of the rim ranges between 13 and 15.5 cm. The same profile is also attested in casserole form 1. During the 2017 excavations, the presence of this type of cooking pot 1 was documented in the context beneath the floors of the house (Unit 4). It is not possible to determine the beginning of the use of this form, but certainly it was present before the second quarter of the 5th century AD. Examples of these cooking pots also came from Unit 1; contexts CX6 and UFC-U1 where mixed pottery dates from at least the 6th century AD until the Early Islamic Period are attested.

Cooking pot 5 (KAP 361–396) is the most attested at Kom al-Ahmer. It presents an out-turned rim of globular cooking pots with a more or less prominent lid seat. The diameter of rims are 13-21 cm. Neck is short and indistinct from rim and shoulder. Usually, the body is ribbed, and handles are attested. Among this form, there are also examples with thumbed decoration on the lip (KAP 390–KAP 396). This type is attested in Unit 4, context CX5 and in UFC-U1 of Unit 1, and with one sherd only form Unit 2. Other cooking pots are types KAP 397–KAP 399, which are attested in Unit 4 with three rims. The out-turned rim and the short and indistinct neck are similar to the first five cooking pot forms.

Cooking pot 2 (KAP 289–KAP 301) is characterised by a globular body with vertical rim/neck. The diameter of the rim ranges between 13 and 18 cm. The vessels often have ribbed outer surfaces and probably double flattened handles. This form is attested in both alluvial and calcareous clays. No complete profile was found. The diffusion of this type was common in the Delta for a long time. At Abu Mina this form is attested without an accurate dating.106 At Buto, the production of this form is attested from at least the 3rd century AD.107 At Kom al-Ahmer, it is present in the three different units.

Cooking pot 6 (KAP 400–KAP 406) has a globular body and ribbed rim. The diameter of the rim is 14–21 cm; type KAP 406 has a diameter of 10 cm and thick walls. Apart from variant KAP 406, cooking pots 6 have smoothed or ribbed outer surfaces. This form probably had two handles. Cooking pot 7 (KAP 407–KAP 413) has globular body and an in-turned indistinct rim. The rim has often a shallow groove on the outer surface. The rims have a diameter between 11 and 18 cm. No examples with handles are attested until now.

Cooking pot 3 (KAP 302–KAP 308) is present with a globular or sloping shoulder body. The rim is shorter and thicker in comparison to cooking pot 2, which is vertical or slightly out-turned. The diameter of the rim ranges between 15 and 19 cm; later types (KAP 307–KAP 308) have smaller diameters, from 8 to 11 cm. Often, these vessels have ribbed outer surfaces and probably double-handles. No complete profile was found.

Cooking pot 8 (KAP 414–KAP 423) has globular body, doublelip rim and the outer surface is with or without ribbing. The rim is separated from the shoulder, but the cooking pot does not have neck. The diameter of the rim ranges between 10 and 19 cm. In several cases, one handle is preserved, it is possible to consider that the form has two handles.

Cooking pot 4 (KAP 309–360) has an out-turned rim and no neck. The body is usually globular or with a sloping shoulder. The vessels often have ribbed outer surfaces and probably two handles. No complete profile was found. The difference between the rims allowed us to divide this group into five sub-groups. Group 4A (KAP 309–KAP 316) is characterised by a triangular shaped rim. The diameter ranges between 14 and 20.5 cm. Where handles are preserved, they are short and apparently not so useful in relation with the dimension of the vessel. These profiles are common in Unit

Cooking pot 9 (KAP 424–KAP 426) is inspired by the imported cooking pot from southern Turkey. At the site, one example of this imported cooking pot is attested (KAP 253). Small sherds of this form were found. They have a globular body with rounded or folded up rims similar to the original form. Handles are set up on the rim and are horizontal. KAP 426 is smaller and triangular-shape rim, although it has the same technical characteristics of KAP 425. All the examples of this form are attested in Unit 2 contexts CX10 and CX11

Riley 1979. Engemann 2016: 31, C43, C44 and C45. 107 Lecuyot 2017: 904–905, marmite type 2. In other sites: Benghazi (Riley 1979: 274, n. 570). 105

106

108 109

Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 66, similar to 10761–3. Lecuyot 2017: 904–905, marmite type 3.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II where Early Islamic glazed ware was also found. The Turkish production is attested in 6th century AD contexts.110

Parallels: Abu Mina – 2nd/1st centuries BC–1st AD and second quarter 6th–7th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 31, C43). Context date: AD 425–450+.

Cooking pot 10 (KAP 427–KAP 430) is a late version of cooking pot 7. Rims are out-turned and the globular body is usually ribbed. The form has a diameter ranging between 11 and 15.5 cm. No examples of preserved handles nor any complete forms are attested.

KAP 291. F4002 Rim with ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F1043 – CX5; F1046 – CX5. Context date: 5th–10th centuries AD.

Globular cooking pot 11 (KAP 431–KAP 434) includes two types of rims. The first is indistinct with plain rim (KAP 431–KAP 432) while the second is a ring rim (KAP 433–434). Both types are attested in Early Islamic contexts where glazed ware sherds were found.

KAP 292. F4016 Rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 293. F4008 Rim with one preserved handle and ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 14 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1022 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Abu Mina – AD 480–9th century AD (Engemann 2016: 31, C44). Context date: 5th century AD.

Other rims were found in Units 1 and 2; types KAP 435 and KAP 436 have parallels in Early Islamic contexts of al-Fustat (9th–10th centuries AD).111 The other types (KAP 437–KAP 438) have parallels in the Delta area in contexts that date to the 7th century AD.112 In the same context of cooking pots, rounded and ribbed bases were attested (KAP 439–KAP 440). The discovery of a complete form of cooking pot 2 during the 2017 excavation confirms the association of these rounded bases with cooking pot forms.

KAP 294. F4004 Rim with ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1030 – CX5; F1004 – UFC-U1; F1005 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 3rd century AD?–Early Islamic Period.

Cooking pot 1 KAP 285. F4007 Rim with ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Tod (Pierrat 1996: 200, similar to fig. 92). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 295. F4084 Rim with ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1003 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 286. F4004 Two joining sherds of a rim with one preserved handle and ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 13 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 296. F4002 Rim with one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1. Parallels: Kellia – 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 104, n. 146). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 287. F1073 Rim with ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6; F1011 – UFC-U1; F1059 – UFC-U1 (one preserved handle). Parallels: Abu Mina – 2nd/1st centuries BC–1st AD and mid 5th–7th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 32, similar to C66). Conjectural date: 4th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 297. F4016 Two joining sherds of a rim with one preserved handle and ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 18.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F4019 – CX2. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 54–55, fig. 20.1). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 288. F1011 Rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 13 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1002 – UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 5th–7th (Bailey 1998: 64, similar to E236); Abu Mina – 2nd/1st centuries BC–1st AD and 5th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 32, similar to C64). Conjectural date: 4th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 298. F4016 Rim with ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4009 – UFC-U4; F4050 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina – AD 480–9th century AD (Engemann 2016: 31, C44). Context date: 5th century AD.

Cooking pot 2 KAP 289. F2042 Rim with one preserved handle and ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Parallels: 3rd century AD (Lecuyot 2017: 204, fig. 4). Conjectural date: 3rd century AD ?–Early Islamic Period.

KAP 299. F4018 Three joining sherds of a rim with one preserved handle and ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4004 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina – 2nd/1st centuries BC–8th century AD (Engemann 2016: 31, C45). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 290. F4067 Rim with one preserved handle. Fabric F7. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1.

KAP 300. F4096 Rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4.

See paragraph 5.3.2. Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 56–58. 112 Dixneuf 2017, 955. 110 111

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 312. F4014 Double-lip rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Elephantine (Gempeler 1992: 157, profile similar to K318). Context date: AD 425–450+.

Parallels: Abu Mina – 2nd/1st centuries BC–8th century AD (Engemann 2016: 31, C45). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 301. F4096 Double-lip rim with one preserved handle, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1006 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 313. F4002 Rim, sloping shoulder, smoothed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4018 – CX2; F4019 – CX2; F4020 – CX2; F4084 – CX3; F4016 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1004 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

Cooking pot 3 KAP 302. F4020 Rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 314. F4016 Rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 303. F4019 Rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4009 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 315. F4018 Rim, sloping shoulder, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX2; F1029 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 304. F4008 Rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 316. F1076 Rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 14 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX6; F1059 – UFC-U1. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 305. F4096 Rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4021 – CX1; F4001 – UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Cooking pot 4B KAP 317. F4018 Double-lip rim, shallow lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4020 – CX2. Parallels: Elephantine (Gempeler 1992: 157, profile similar to K318); Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 73, similar F276). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 306. F4016 Rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 18.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 307. F2024 Rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F4001 – UFC-U4; F1004 – UFC-U1.

KAP 318. F4018 Double-lip rim, shallow lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4006 – UFC-U4; F4009 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 308. F1035 Rim and outer surface coated with light orange slip. Fabric F1. Diam. 8 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 56, 7803–6). Context date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 319. F4020 Rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4009 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Cooking pot 4A KAP 309. F4020 Double-lip rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F1005 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Elephantine (Gempeler 1992: 157, profile similar to K318). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 320. F4008 Rim, ribbed outer surface, shallow lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam. 13 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 321. F4020 Double-lip rim, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4001 – UFC-U4; F1005 – UFC-U1; F1058 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 310. F4020 Rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 322. F4020

KAP 311. F4007 Rim, sloping shoulder, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20. cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4050 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Double-lip rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 335. F4066 Rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F7. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 323. F4001 Rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1; F4020 – CX2; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F1029 – UFC-U1; F1058 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 336. F4018 Rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 19 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX2; F4020 – CX2; F4006 – UFC-U4 (one preserved handle); F4007 – UFC-U4; F1008 – UFC-U1 (one preserved handle). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 324. F1029 Rim, sloping shoulder, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. MLP). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 337. F4001 Rim with shallow lid seat, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 19 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4011 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 325. F1076 Rim, smoothed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F1. Diam. 18 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX6. Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

Cooking pot 4C KAP 338. F4020 Rim with shallow lid seat, smoothed walls. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 63, similar to E206). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 326. F4014 Rim, smoothed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 339. F4020 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 327. F4004 Rim, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F1. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4 Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 340. F1002 Rim with shallow lid seat, squared body. Fabric F2. Diam. 25 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – late 4th–8th (Bailey 1998: 70, E470). Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 328. F4084 Rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 329. F4020 Rim, sloping shoulder, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 341. F1070 Vertical plane rim, globular body. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX6; F4095 – UFC-U4; F2003 – UFC-U2; F2029 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 330. F4016 Rim, sloping shoulder, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F1006 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

Cooking pot 4D KAP 342. F4084 Rim with shallow lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F1009 – UFC-U1; F1025 – UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 62, E170). Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 331. F4020 Rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4002 – UFC-U4 (diam. 28 cm). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 343. F4016 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1004 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 54–55, fig. 20.7). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 332. F4010 Ribbed rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 344. F1025 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 333. F4015 Rim, sloping shoulder, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 20 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4013 – UFC-U4; F1025 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 345. F4095 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 650–800+ (Bailey 1998: 62, similar to E173). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 334. F1029 Rim, smoothed outer surface, shallow lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. MLP). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–9th centuries AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 346. F1043 Rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 18.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F2029 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

Context: CX1. Parallels: 3rd century AD (Lecuyot 2017: 204, fig. 5). Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 359. F4002 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina – 5th century AD (Engemann 2016: 73, similar to F271). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 347. F4096 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 348. F4002 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 12.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 360. F4084 Rim with shallow lid seat, smoothed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F1005 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1 Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 349. F4013 Out-turned plain rim, smoothed outer surface, one preserved horizontal handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Cooking pot 5 KAP 361. F4084 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4096 – UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1; F4018 – CX2. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Cooking pot 4E KAP 350. F4007 Rim with shallow lid seat, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4009 – UFC-U4. Parallels: 3rd century AD (Lecuyot 2017: 204, fig. 4). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 362. F4084 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4004 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 363. F4002 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 351. F4002 Rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 352. F4011 Rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam.? cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 364. F4002 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F4009 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 54–55, fig. 20.2). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 353. F4084 Rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 365. F4095 Rim with shallow lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4021 – CX1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 354. F4095 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 366. F4004 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1012 – UFC-U1 (outer surface is red slipped). Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 400–550 (Bailey 1998: 65, similar to E274). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 355. F4084 Rim with shallow lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 356. F4001 Rim with shallow lid seat, white-yellow poorly preserved slip coats the rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 21 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F1005 – UFC-U1 (without slip); F1015 – UFC-U1 (without slip). Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 367. F4020 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4095 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Tod (Pierrat 1996: 193, similar to fig. 29); alAshmunein – AD 500–650 (Bailey 1998: 66, E320). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 357. F4002 Double-lip rim with shallow lid seat, smoothed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4019 – CX2; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4013 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 368. F4001 Rim with shallow lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 66, similar to E340). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 358. F4066 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F1. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM).

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 379. F4096 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2. Parallels: Kellia (Egloff 1977: 98, n. 107); al-Ashmunein – AD 400–550 (Bailey 1998: 65, E281). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 369. F1015 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Red slip coats the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia – 7th century AD (Egloff 1977: 103, similar to n. 139); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 391, 64); Abu Mina – from the second half of the 5th century AD (Engemann 2016: 75, F297). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 380. F4096 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 370. F4084 Two joining sherds of a double-lip rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4004 – UFC-U4; F4016 – UFC-U4; F1004 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 381. F4016 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F2005 – CX9 (plain surface). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 371. F4020 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 382. F4008 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 400–550 (Bailey 1998: 66, E382). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 372. F4002 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 65, similar to E290). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 383. F4011 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F1022 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 373. F4096 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4001 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 384. F4002 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 374. F4014 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4020 – CX2; F4009 – UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 5th–early 6th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 66, E338). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 385. F1011 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 386. F1022 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 375. F4020 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4095 – UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1; F1022 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 387. F1044 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 376. F4084 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4095 – UFC-U4; F1022 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 388. F1015 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia – early 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 103, similar to n. 136). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 377. F4084 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3 (10 vessels, one with one preserved handle); F4004 – UFC-U4; F4016 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1006 – UFC-U1; F1011 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Elephantine – probably 6th–7th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 159, profile similar to K339). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 389. F1014 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 378. F4012 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 390. F4110 Rim with lid seat, thumbed on the lip, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM).

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 401. F4007 Ribbed rim, smoothed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Tod (Pierrat 1996: 193, fig. 30); al-Ashmunein – AD 400–550 (Bailey 1998: 65, E282). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 391. F4084 Rim with lid seat, thumbed on the lip, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4008 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia (Egloff 1977: 98, n. 108); Elephantine – 5th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 160, profile similar to K343b). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 402. F4001 Ribbed rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4004 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 403. F4110 Ribbed rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 392. F4095 Double-lip rim with lid seat and thumbed on the lip. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4001 – UFC-U4; F1025 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Elephantine – 5th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 160, profile similar to K343b); al-Ashmunein – AD 650–800+ (Bailey 1998: 66, similar to E342). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 404. F1005 Ribbed rim, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia – early 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 103, similar to n. 135). Conjectural date: 5th century AD ?.

KAP 393. F4095 Rim with lid seat, thumbed on the lip, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 405. F1044 Two joining sherds of a ribbed rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F1002 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD ?.

KAP 394. F4002 Rim with shallow lid seat, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 406. F4008 Small sherd of a ribbed rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 10 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 395. F1002 Rim with lid seat, thumbed on the lip, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Cooking pot 7 KAP 407. F4020 Rounded rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 396. F2041–004 Rim with shallow lid seat, thumbed on the outer rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 408. F4084 Plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4110 – UFC-U4; F2030 – CX11. Context date: 5th century AD.

Other cooking pots

KAP 409. F4096 Two joining sherds of an in-turned rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1011 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 74, similar to F289). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 397. F4013 Out-turned double-lip rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 398. F1060 Out-turned double-lip rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F2005 – CX9. Conjectural date: 5th century AD ?.

KAP 410. F4110 In-turned rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 399. F4110 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 411. F4020 In-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 100, similar to n. 110). Context date: 5th century AD.

Cooking pot 6 KAP 400. F4009 Ribbed rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – early 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 103, similar to n. 137). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 412. F1002 Plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 413. F1046 Ribbed rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F1002 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia (Ballet 2003: 116, similar to n. 73). Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

Cooking pot 9 KAP 424. F2038 Rim with one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Tell Abu Mandour (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 383, similar to TAM.P9); Abu Mina – from the second half of the 5th century AD (Engemann 2016: 72, F282). Conjectural date: 6th century AD?.

Cooking pot 8 KAP 414. F4008 Double-lip rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia (Ballet 2003: 117, n. 74); Abu Mina – from mid 5th century AD (Engemann 2016: 74, similar to F286). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 425. F2042 Folded up rim with one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Conjectural date: 6th century AD?. KAP 426. F2047 Folded out rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Parallels: Abu Mina – from AD 490 (Engemann 2016: 74, similar to F283). Conjectural date: 6th century AD?.

KAP 415. F4002 Double-lip rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 10 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 416. F2030 Plain rim, smoothed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F7. Diam. 13 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX11; F1002 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD ?.

Cooking pot 10 KAP 427. F1002 Plain out-turned rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 11 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 417. F2005 Double-lip rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 428. F1002 Plain out-turned rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 418. F4050 Ribbed rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 429. F1029 Out-turned rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. MLP). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 500–650 (Bailey 1998: 59–60, E42); Abu Mina – from mid 5th century AD (Engemann 2016: 74, similar to F278). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 419. F4016 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – 6th century AD (Egloff 1977: 101, similar to n. 122). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 430. F1029 Plain out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. MLP). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 420. F4002 Rim with shallow lid seat, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Cooking pot 11

KAP 421. F1011 Plain out-turned rim, smoothed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 19 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1025 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD ?.

KAP 431. F2027 In-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – second half 7th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 73, similar to F265). Conjectural date: 8th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 422. F4095 Two joining sherds of a rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 650–800+ (Bailey 1998: 67, similar to E359). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 432. F2027 In-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F2022 – UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – second half 5th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 73, F264). Conjectural date: 8th–9th centuries AD. KAP 433. F2027 Globular cooking pot. Plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 8th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 423. F1068 Rim with shallow lid seat, ribbed outer surface, one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Conjectural date: 5th century AD ?.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 434. F1031 Globular cooking pot with plain rim and one preserved horizontal handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels: Abu Mina – 8th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 73, similar to F263). Conjectural date: 8th–9th centuries AD.

Casserole 1 (KAP 441–KAP 444) is a bi-conical body of a casserole with out-turned rim and lid seat of various depths. The profile of the rim has the same shape of the cooking pots 1 (KAP 285–KAP 288). The diameter of the rims have a range between 13 to 32 cm. Casserole 2 is divided into three sub-groups (KAP 445–KAP 459). All examples come from Unit 4 except for one rim from Unit 1 context UFC-U1 (KAP 459). Casserole 2A has a flat rim with a raised lip (KAP 445–KAP 448). The diameters range between 10.5 and 19 cm. The profile is similar to bowls KAP 851–KAP 852, but casseroles have evident traces of fire exposure. Casserole 2B (KAP 449–KAP 453) is the parallel open form of the cooking pot 4B. Rims are out-turned (diameters 15–17 cm), and body is often ribbed, bi-conical, and some examples have handles. Few rims of this form were found at Kom al-Ahmer. Casserole 2C has different type of flat rims with or without raised lip (KAP 454–KAP 459). Thin walls and traces of fire exposure characterise the bodies. Rim diameter is between 15.5 and 22.5 cm.

Other cooking pots KAP 435. F2030 Plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 58, 7808–3). Conjectural date: 9th–10th centuries AD. KAP 436. F1015 Out-turned plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Elephantine – probably 5th–6th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 165, similar to K374); al-Ashmunein – AD 500– 650 (Bailey 1998: 59–60, E37); al-Fustat – 9th–10th centuries AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 56, 7803–5; 243.245, 9933–1). Conjectural date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

Two types of casseroles may be considered an intermediate form between casseroles 2 and 3 (KAP 460–461). Rims are in-turned and were found in Unit 4. The 2017 excavation of the first phase of the house has showed the presence of this form in earlier contexts. As explained above, the early phase of pottery from the house is not discussed, but the presence of these forms has allowed us to date the production from at least the 4th century AD.

KAP 437. F1015 Rim, sloping shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F1009 – UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 5th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 62, similar to E150); Baouit – 7th century AD (Dixneuf 2017: 955, similar to fig. 6–36). Conjectural date: 5th–7th centuries AD?.

Casserole 3 (KAP 462–KAP 573) has a bi-conical body and many variations of the rim shape. No complete vessel was found, but probably the base was rounded, similar to cooking pots (KAP 439–KAP 440). This form of casserole is divided into three sub-groups based on their dimension and handles. The inner surface was repeatedly coated with red slip with the likely intention of making the vessel waterproof. Casserole 3A is the most attested form (KAP 462–KAP 519). The body is carinated and walls are often ribbed on the inner surface and sometimes also on the outer surface. The rim is usually plain and more or less squared. The diameters range between 19 and 41 cm. The majority of casseroles 3A were found in Unit 4, but they are also attested in Unit 2 in contexts CX10 (KAP 511 and KAP 519), CX11 (KAP 506 and KAP 510) and UFC-U2 (KAP 490, KAP 505, KAP 507, and KAP 509) associated with Early Islamic glazed ware. The presence of these forms in Unit 2 contexts permits us to observe the continuation of this form throughout the Early Islamic Period. The late evolution involved the shape of the rim only. Casserole 3B (KAP 520–KAP 566) is similar to the form 3A, but usually smaller (diameters: 13–24 cm), often the upper part of the bi-conical body is concave. Many examples have handles. Type KAP 541 has traces of one elongated horizontal handle (sherds with this type of handle are also attested in CX3). Types KAP 552, KAP 562, KAP 564, KAP 565, and KAP 566 have horizontal grip handles. The form 3B is attested in the three Units. Casserole 3C (KAP 567–KAP 573) has horizontal grip handles (one preserved, but probably the second handle is missing), bodies have irregular ridges, and rims have a diameter of a large range between 21 and 45 cm. Casserole 3C is attested in Units 1 and 2 and can be considered an evolution of casserole 3A, but does not replace the form without a handle.

KAP 438. F4002 Out-turned double-lip rim, ribbed outer surface, one preserved horizontal handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4021 – CX1; F4011 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Baouit – 7th century AD (Dixneuf 2017: 955, similar to fig. 6–27). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 439. F4002 Rounded ribbed base. Fabric F2 (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4084 – CX3; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 440. F2038 Rounded ribbed base. Fabric F2 (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F1061 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–7th centuries AD?. 5.4.4.1.2 Casseroles Casseroles (KAP 441–KAP 573) are divided into three main forms. The first two forms (KAP 441–KAP 460) have a biconical body, handles, and rim profiles that are similar to some forms of cooking pots and bowls. Casseroles 1 and 2 are mainly attested in Unit 4, and some shapes can be an imitation of the Aegean casseroles that date back to the Roman Period.113 The third form (KAP 461–573) is the most common which presents a simple open form with bi-conical body and large variation of rims. Casserole 3 is attested in all units, and some parallels from al-Fustat allow us to recognise the persistence of this form until the Early Islamic Period.114

113 114

Casserole 1 KAP 441. F4022 Out-turned rim with lid seat, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Abu Mina – 2nd/1st centuries BC–1st AD (Engemann 2016: 33, C80). Conjectural date: 4th century AD–450+.

Riley 1979: 261–263, n. 501–514; Hayes 1991: 80. Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 170–174.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 442. F4065 Out-turned rim with lid seat, one preserved handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Parallels: Kom al-Khanziri (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 464, KEK.P6); Abu Mina – 2nd/1st centuries BC–1st AD and AD 490– early 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 32–33, similar to C77). Conjectural date: 4th century AD–450+.

Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – early 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 102, similar to n. 126). Context date: 5th century AD. Casserole 2C KAP 454. F4084 Out-turned rim with shallow lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

KAP 443. F4007 Out-turned rim with lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam. 13 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1; F4014 – CX2; F4018 – CX2; F4084 – CX3 (traces of one handle); F4009 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Conjectural date: 4th-5th centuries AD.

KAP 455. F4022 Flange rim with lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 111, type 45). Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

KAP 444. F4020 Out-turned rim with lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam. 32 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Conjectural date: 4th century AD–450+.

KAP 456. F4007 Flange rim with lid seat, badly preserved dark brown slip coats the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

Casserole 2A KAP 445. F4021 Horizontal flange and bead rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 10.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 457. F4019 Slightly dropped flange rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 116, type 62); Abu Mina – 1st BC–1st centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 32, C74). Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

KAP 446. F4021 Slightly dropped flange and bead rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 458. F4021 Slightly dropped and ribbed flange rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 375–450 (Bailey 1998: 70, E466); Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 115, type 52). Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

KAP 447. F4084 Flange and bead rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 448. F4021 Flange and bead rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1; F4065 – CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 459. F1011 Ribbed flange rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Elephantine – presumable 5th/6th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 153, profile similar to K229); Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 113, type 51). Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

Casserole 2B KAP 449. F4018 Out-turned rim with shallow lid seat, bi-conical body. Fabric F1. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Casserole 2/3 KAP 460. F4067 Horizontal flange rim, shallow lid seat, globular body. This is the evolution between form 2 and 3. Fabric F1. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Parallels: Elephantine – second half 1st–4th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 149–150, profile similar to K201a). Conjectural date: 4th century AD–450+.

KAP 450. F4011 Out-turned rim with shallow lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 110–111, type 44). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 461. F4022 In-turned rim with a small flange under the outer rim, globular body. Fabric F2. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Conjectural date: 4th century AD–450+.

KAP 451. F4012 Out-turned rim with shallow lid seat, one preserved handle, bi-conical body. Fabric F1. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Casserole 3A

KAP 452. F4001 Ribbed out-turned rim, one preserved handle and ribbed surfaces. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 462. F4095 In-turned rim (two joining sherds), ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 453. F4011 Out-turned rim with shallow lid seat, one preserved handle and ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam.? cm (dr. EP).

KAP 463. F4002 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. CM).

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1; F4014 – CX2; F4022 – CX2; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4011 – UFC-U4; F1029 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 475. F4020 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4005 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1005 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 464. F4007 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1; F4014 – CX2; F4022 – CX2; F1029 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 476. F4018 In-turned rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 34.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX2; F4022 – CX2; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 465. F2032 Plain rim, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F1059 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia (Egloff 1977: 95, n. 84). Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 477. F4008 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4; F4009 – UFC-U4; F1029 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 466. F2040 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F4018 – CX2; F1060 – UFC-U1; F2045 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 478. F1046 Triangular rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 28.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 467. F4095 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 35.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4004 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Majcherek 1992: 97, n. 40). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 479. F4095 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 468. F4008 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4004 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 480. F1046 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F4001 – UFC-U4; F1005 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 481. F4008 Double-lip rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 31 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 469. F4016 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 24 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F4084 – CX3. Parallels: Abu Mina – 5th century AD (Engemann 2016: 76, F320). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 482. F2056 In-turned rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7; F4011 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 470. F4084 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 33 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4001 – UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 483. F4011 In-turned rim (two joining sherds). Fabric F2. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 471. F4018 In-turned rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4009 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 484. F4016 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 30 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 472. F4096 In-turned rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 31.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 485. F4084 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 25 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 486. F4095 Plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 473. F4020 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 487. F1067 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface, black pitch on the inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6; F2038 – CX11. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 474. F4018 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 32 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 488. F4110 Plain rim, bi-conical body, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 500. F4016 Triangular ridge rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam.? cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 489. F4084 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface, poorly preserved red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 41 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Abu Mina – second half 5th century AD (Engemann 2016: 76, F317). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 501. F4084 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 33 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Kellia (Egloff 1977: 94, 81). Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 502. F4007 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 30 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 490. F2033 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 33.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F1015 – UFC-U1; F1018 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD–Early Islamic Period.

KAP 503. F4017 Triangular rim, rough body. Fabric F2. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 491. F1076 In-turned rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 35.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX6. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 504. F1005 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F2030 – CX11. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 492. F4020 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1076 – CX6; F1002 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 505. F2040 Double-lip rim, bi-conical body, ribbed body, matte red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 28.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F1004 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 493. F4021 Double-lip rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 506. F2038 Double-lip rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Alexandria (Majcherek 1992: 97, n. 41). Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 494. F4019 Plain out-turned rim, bi-conical body, lower part of the outer surface is ribbed. Fabric F3. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4066 – CX1; F4095 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 507. F2035 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2; F1015 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Abu Mina – second half 5th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 77, F328); al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 41, 11370–29). Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 495. F4084 Triangular rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 34.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F1046 – CX5. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 496. F4096 Triangular rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 508. F2056 Triangular rim, red painted slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 497. F4008 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F3. Diam. 25 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1; F1005 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 76, similar to F318). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 509. F2040 Triangular rim, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F3. Diam. 33 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period. KAP 510. F2038 Triangular rim, ribbed inner surface, poorly preserved red slip coats the inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F1011 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia – end 4th–early 5th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 95–96, n. 90); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 389, 42); Abu Mina – second half 7th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 77, similar to F327); al-Fustat – 10th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 243–245, 10048–1). Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 498. F1074 In-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 499. F4016 In-turned rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 511. F2042 Double-lip rim, bi-conical body, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

Context: UFC-U4; F4017 – CX1. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 523. F4002 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 512. F1022 Squared rim (eight joining sherds). Fabric F2. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 524. F4019 In-turned rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4020 – CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 513. F4110 Triangular rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 525. F4017 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1; F4005 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 514. F1015 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 29 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 526. F4011 In-turned rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 17 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 515. F1015 Double-lip rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 527. F1029 In-turned rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

KAP 516. F1015 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 32.5 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1; F1013 – UFC-U1; F1076 – CX6. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 528. F4095 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 529. F4020 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4007 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 517. F1065 Squared rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. MLP). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 530. F4110 Triangular rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 389, 42b). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 518. F2056 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 36 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+. KAP 519. F2042 Rounded rim, ribbed inner surface, red slip on rim and inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 33 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10; F1002 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia – end 4th–early 5th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 95–96, n. 90); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 389, 42a); alAshmunein (Bailey 1998: 44, D222); al-Fustat – first decades of the 8th–9th centuries AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 170–174, similar to 10785–17; Gayraud and Tréglia 2017: 933, fig. 1.1). Conjectural date: 8th century AD?–Early Islamic Period.

KAP 531. F4096 Plain rim (three joining sherds), bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 532. F4017 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Casserole 3B KAP 520. F4020 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4066 – CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 533. F4008 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 17 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – early 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 95, similar to 85). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 521. F4020 Plain rim, bi-conical body, one groove in the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 534. F4016 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 600–700 (Bailey 1998: 72, F14). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 522. F4016 Plain rim, globular body, ribbed surfaces, one preserved horizontal grip handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM).

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 546. F4018 Triangular rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 535. F4016 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 536. F4008 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4009 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 547. F4095 Triangular rim (two joining sherds), one groove on the inner surface, red slip coats the inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 537. F1030 Out-turned rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX5. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 4th century AD (Bailey 1998: 69, E432). Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 548. F4008 Triangular rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Baramus, Wadi al-Natrun – 5th–9th centuries AD (Konstantinidou 2010: 953, fig. 9.37). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 538. F4084 Out-turned double-lip rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 549. F4004 Triangular rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 550. F1046 Triangular rim, globular body. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Conjectural date: 5th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 539. F4020 Out-turned plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 551. F4096 Plain rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Majcherek 1992: 99, similar to n. 47). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 540. F4096 Triangular rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 541. F4016 Triangular rim (two joining sherds), bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. One horizontal handle; two parallels of this type of handles were found in F4084. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4084 – CX3. Parallels: Benghazi (Riley 1979: 276, handle similar to D590). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 552. F4110 Double-lip rim, ribbed inner surface, one preserved horizontal grip handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 18.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Kom Abu Billo (Marchand and Simonie 2017: 922, fig. 4.29). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 542. F4011 Triangular rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 553. F4002 Double-lip rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 554. F4002 Double-lip rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F1009 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 543. F1011 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 555. F1043 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Conjectural date: 5th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 544. F1043 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 556. F4084 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3 (10 vessels – one with traces of one horizontal grip handle). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 545. F1015 Triangular rim, bi-conical body, ribbed inner surface, inner surface is coated with red slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F1002 – UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–81, 7821–9). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 557. F4096 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 558. F4096 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period. KAP 569. F2056 Plain rim, ribbed outer surface, traces of one handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 559. F4084 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 570. F2056 Plain rim, bi-conical body, one preserved horizontal grip handle, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 560. F4095 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1059 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 561. F4096 Double-lip rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 571. F2038 Plain rim, one preserved horizontal grip handle, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 45 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Kom Abu Billo (Marchand and Simonie 2017: 916, fig. 3.20). Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 562. F1044 T-shape rim, bi-conical body, one preserved horizontal grip handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 19.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Conjectural date: 5th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 572. F2054 Plain rim, one preserved horizontal grip handle, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 45 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 563. F4012 Plain rim (two joining sherds), bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 564. F4003 Out-turned rim, bi-conical body, one preserved horizontal grip handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 573. F2033 Plain rim (two joining sherds), one preserved horizontal grip handle, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 565. F4096 In-turned rim (two joining sherds), bi-conical body, ribbed outer surface, one preserved horizontal grip handle, poorly preserved red slip in the inner surface. Fabric light brown with sand inclusions. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Benghazi (Riley 1979: 269–270, n. 545). Context date: 5th century AD.

5.4.4.1.3 Cooking Pans There are few types of cooking pans (KAP 574–KAP 578). The rims’ shape is similar to casseroles 3; the main difference is the short body of the form (depth between 2 to 4 cm). Rims have a diameter ranging between 17 to 34 cm. Like casserole 3, these cooking pans sometimes have their inner surface coated with red slip which makes the vessel waterproof. Sometimes surfaces are ribbed. Only one vessel was discovered in Unit 1 CX5; all others come from Unit 4.

KAP 566. F2038 Plain rim, bi-conical body, one preserved horizontal grip handle, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F4018 – CX2; F1022 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria (Majcherek 1992: 98, similar to n. 43). Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 574. F4020 Plain rim, flat base, red slip coats both surface (shiny inside). Fabric F1. Diam. rim 17; depth 2 cm; diam. base 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F2005 – CX9. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 400–550 (Bailey 1998: 38–39, similar to D61). Context date: AD 425–450+.

Casserole 3C KAP 567. F1014 Plain rim, bi-conical body, one preserved horizontal grip handle, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F3. Diam. 30.5 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 61, similar to 10756–12; 114–118, similar to 9501–9; 182– 188, 8887–3). Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 575. F4018 Plain rim (three joining sherds), flat base. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 23; depth 4 cm; diam. base 17.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX2. Parallels: Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 124, type 100). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 568. F1011 Plain rim, ribbed surfaces, one preserved horizontal handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria – beginning 7th century AD (Rodziewicz 1984, tav. 27.44); Elephantine (Gempeler 1992: 148, profile similar to K119); Abu Mina – around AD 480–9th century AD (Engemann 2016: 75, similar to F323).

KAP 576. F1043 Plain rim, flat base, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 26; depth 4 cm; diam. base 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Conjectural date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 577. F4008 T-shape rim, flat base. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 34; depth 3.5 cm; diam. base 31 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 588. F4022 In-turned rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 578. F4004 In-turned rim, flat base, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 25.5; depth 3.5 cm; diam. base 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 589. F4096 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 590. F2056 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 18.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

5.4.4.1.4 Lids Open forms with blunt-cone body were recognised as lids (KAP 579–KAP 604). Rim profiles are similar to some forms of dishes and bowls. They are identified as lids and included in the cooking functional group because rim surfaces are fired. A triangular rim shape characterises two vessels found in Unit 4 (KAP 579–KAP 580). The main common forms have plain rims (KAP 581–KAP 600), and type KAP 585 has impressed notches on the lip. Diameters of lids are between 13 and 32 cm. Knob handles are few (KAP 601–KAP 604). The first two examples have the string cut marks on the knob. Type KAP 604 has a small hole (diam. 2 mm) made before firing. Lids were found in all three Units.

KAP 591. F4006 Rounded rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 79, similar to F364). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 592. F1003 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 18.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 579. F4008 Triangular rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 137, type 14). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 593. F2005 Plain rim, a groove on the outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9; F1012 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period ?.

KAP 580. F4002 Triangular rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 594. F4084 Plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 581. F4021 Thin rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Parallels: Kom Abu Billo (Marchand and Simonie 2017: 920, fig. 4.28). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 595. F2042 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10; F2030 – CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 582. F4096 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 596. F4069 Plain rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4022 – CX2. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 583. F4022 Plain rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 27cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 79, similar to F363). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 597. F4110 Plain rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1 (diam. 24 cm). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 584. F1029 In-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 585. F2056 Plain rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F2. Diam. 28.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 598. F2056 Plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7; F2038 – CX11. Parallels: Kellia – end 4th–early 5th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 105, n. 151); Abu Mina – 8th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 79, similar to F366). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 586. F1069 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 32 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 599. F2032 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 587. F4001 Thin rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 600. F2030 Plain rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

Basin 2 (KAP 628–KAP 633) includes basins with a bluntcone body. Rare are comb decorations (KAP 632) and grooves made with spatulae (KAP 628). Rims are squared in a different shape FROM BASIN 1 ?]. The diameters attested are between 21 to 34 cm. The chronology of this form dates back to the second quarter of the 5th century AD (it is attested in Unit 4 – type KAP 628 and KAP 631) until at least the 10th century AD (contexts CX10, CX11, UFC-U1 and UFC-U2).

Knob handles KAP 601. F4084 Knob handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 2.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4022 – CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 602. F1067 Knob handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 3.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

The other two basins may be inserted in the food preparation functional group because of the coarse fabric. Type KAP 434 has an out-turned rim with a pinched decoration on the outer part of the rim. The only vessel was found in CX7 dated to the second quarter of the 6th to the end of the 7th centuries AD. Basin type KAP 635 has a triangular shape rim, bluntcone body, and the outer part of the rim is decorated with irregular notches impressed on a strip. This vessel was made with coarse fabric, and organic voids are numerous. The only attested sherd was found in Unit 4 and has parallels to a context dated to the 4th?–5th centuries AD in Karnak.116

KAP 603. F2005 Knob handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 2.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 604. F2039 Knob handle, hole made before firing. Fabric F2. Diam. 2.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

Basin 1

5.4.4.1.5 Other Cooking Objects

KAP 606. F4007 Out-turned rim, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 39.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4009 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1018 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

A coarse fabric terracotta disc, with abundant traces of vegetal material, has been included in the cooking functional group. This terracotta disc was found in Unit 4. These forms are more common in the Hellenistic contexts excavated at Kom Wasit and in Unit 5 at Kom al-Ahmer. Discs like this are usually associated with ovens and firing areas. This suggests that the disc was used in direct contact with the fire as a base for cooking food and bread without using cooking vessels.

KAP 607. F4000 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 33 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 63, F79). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 605. F4096 Fragmentary baking disc. Fabric F5. Diam. 33.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kom Wasit (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 393, KWI.P3); Karnak (Masson 2011: 271, fig. 8-9). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 608. F4096 Out-turned rim, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

5.4.4.2 Food Preparation Food preparation vessels include open forms made with coarse fabrics (mainly F4 and F5) which were used in the kitchen, but not in direct contact with fire. This category includes basins (KAP 606–KAP 635), mortaria (KAP 636–KAP 646), other coarse fabric basins (rarely decorated) and flat base large dishes (KAP 647–KAP 652).

KAP 609. F4016 Out-turned ribbed rim (two joining sheds). Fabric F5. Diam. 28 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4014 – CX2; F4020 – CX2; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4010 – UFC-U4; F4050 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F2001 – UFC-U2. Context date: 5th century AD.

5.4.4.2.1 Basins

KAP 610. F1008 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 34 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1014 – UFC-U1; F1018 – UFC-U1; F1022 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Kom al-Nawwam (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 405, similar to KEN.P9). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Two principal forms of basins are identified. Other basins are attested by one example only and are presented in ‘others’. Basin 1 (KAP 606–KAP 627) has an out-turned and corrugated rim with a wide range of diameters between 25 and 60 cm. The profile of basin 1 is similar to the profile of basin 5B (KAP 728–KAP 735); the difference in cataloguing is due to their different fabrics. Basin 1, included in the functional category of food preparation, has coarse fabric with evident traces of organic voids. The fresh fracture of the vessels is often grey, and surfaces are cracked. Basins 5B, which is included in the serving food functional group, has thin walls, fine fabric, regular fracture and well preserved surfaces, and sometimes the corrugate lip is decorated. Basin 1 is well attested in Egypt and also in the Cyrenaica region.115 At Kom al-Ahmer, this basin is attested in all contexts. The large quantity of this form in Unit 4 is probably due to the use of the structures as a house and amphora storage building.

KAP 611. F4018 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 30.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX2; F4001 – UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F1043 – CX5. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 63, F77); al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 160–168, 10420–1). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 612. F4016 Out-turned rim, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 36 cm (dr. CM).

Bailey 1998: 70, pl. 43; Guidotti 2008: 323–324; out of Egypt: Benghazi (Riley 1979: 340–342, n. 873 and 886).

115

116

David 2017: 968–969.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 623. F1002 Out-turned ribbed rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F4. Diam. 37 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia – AD 650–730 (Egloff 1977: 149, similar to n. 274); Kom Abu Ismail (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 417, IS.P27). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Context: UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4; F4009 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 55–56, fig. 21.5). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 613. F4000 Out-turned rim, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4017 – CX1; F4095 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 63, F78). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 624. F2040 Out-turned ribbed rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F3. Diam. 41.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – AD 490–second quarter 6th century AD (Engemann 2016: 63, similar to F76). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 614. F4002 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4021 – CX1; F4008 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 615. F4011 Out-turned rim, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 26 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 625. F2033 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 39 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 616. F4007 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 25 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4001 – UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 626. F2052 Out-turned double-lip ribbed rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 34.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX8. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 617. F4011 Out-turned rim, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 28 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F2005 – CX9; F2001 – UFC-U2. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 627. F1002 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 28.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. Basin 2

KAP 618. F1046 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F2045 – CX10. Parallels: Kom al-Nawwam (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 406, similar to KEN.P8); Kom Abu Ismail (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 417, IS.P12); al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 61, 10756–1). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 628. F4084 Plain rim, two grooves on the inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 34 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 629. F2038 Plain rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 29 cm (dr. AE). Context: CX11; F4002 – UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 9th century AD (Bailey 1998: 104, N195); al-Fustat – last third of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 205, similar to 8910–2). Context date: 5th – Early Islamic Period.

KAP 619. F1048 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 60? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels: Kellia – 5th century AD? (Egloff 1977: 149, similar to n. 273). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 630. F2042 In-turned rim. Fabric F5. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 620. F1014 Out-turned ribbed rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F4. Diam. 33 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 631. F1011 Slightly dropped flange and beaded rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 90–92, similar to 8307–7). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 621. F2039 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 48 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F2030 – CX11. Parallels: Abu Mina – 8th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 62, F73). Context date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period?.

KAP 632. F4000 T-shape grooved rim, comb decoration on the outer surface of the body. Fabric F3. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 622. F2041 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 37 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – second half 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 62, similar to F74). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 633. F1015 T-shaped rim, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 31 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 640. F4011 Out-turned rim. Fabric F4. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Other basins KAP 634. F2056 T-shaped grooved rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

Mortarium 3

KAP 635. F4001 Triangular grooved rim with notches impressed on the central strip. Fabric F3. Diam. 33 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia (Egloff 1977: 147, n. 268); Karnak – 4th?–5th centuries AD (David 2017: 968– 969, profile similar to fig. 3.16). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 641. F1043 Flat rim. Hemispherical body. Fabric F4. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F2030 – CX11. Parallels: Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 133, type 138). Parallel date: Roman period. KAP 642. F4000 Flat rim. Surfaces are coated with dark reddish-brown matte slip. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Caesarea (Riley 1975: 41, n. 66); Benghazi (Riley 1979: 298, similar to 679). Parallel date: Roman period.

5.4.4.2.2 Mortaria Mortaria are less common than basins at Kom al-Ahmer. No mortaria found in the excavation have traces of a grater. Fabrics are usually coarse and walls are thick. Three different forms are recognisable, but in few examples.

KAP 643. F1008 Flat rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Mortarium 1 has an out-turned rim with deep lid seat (KAP 636–KAP 638). No complete vessel was found and it was not possible to determine the diameter for most of these types. All types come from Unit 4.

KAP 644. F2055 Flat rim. At least two hanging holes made before firing. Fabric F4. Diam. 25 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Parallels: Kellia – 6th–7th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 150–151, n. 280); Abu Mina – AD 490–second quarter 6th century AD (Engemann 2016: 62, similar to F67). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

Mortarium 2 (KAP 639–KAP 640) has a T shaped rim, more or less distinct, and thick walls. The vessels were found in context UFC-U4. Mortarium 3 (KAP 641–KAP 645) has a slightly curved flat rim. The examples found at Kom al-Ahmer have plain surfaces. Diameter of the rims range between 22 and 29.5 cm. They were found in all the three units, also in contexts with Early Islamic glazed ware. The type KAP 644 has two residual holes made before firing. Type KAP 645 has traces of one hole too, but in that case it was made after firing, maybe for restoration of the mortarium. A well preserved mortarium of this form found in the excavation of Unit 4 in 2017 has a spout. This form is a Roman production well attested from the 1st century AD. At Schedia mortria like this are imported from Italy or Syria.117

KAP 645. F1002 Flat rim. One preserved restoration hole on the rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 29.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. 5.4.4.2.3 Other Food Preparation Vessels Type KAP 646 has a plain rounded rim with a spout made by bending the rim of the wheel-made pot with fingers. Only one example is attested. No traces of fire exposure are visible. Types KAP 647–KAP 649 are vessels which have been found in one example. These three types are included in the food preparation functional group because of their coarse fabric. However, these forms come from disturbed contexts.

Mortarium 1 KAP 636. F4016 Out-turned rim, lid seat. Fabric F5. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 637. F4021 Out-turned rim, lid seat. Fabric F5. Diam. 34 cm (dr. CM).

Types KAP 650–KAP 652 are basins with plain rims and coarse fabric which contain straw and vegetal remains. Types KAP 651 and KAP 652 are also attested in the Hellenistic and Roman layers at Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit. With reference to KAP 652, the shape of this large basin could be compared with the saggar vessels used for the firing process of faience, but in the case of Kom al-Ahmer (and also Kom Wasit) we have not found any indications of production workshops. 118 It is more probable that these forms were used in the kitchen. At Karnak these types of vessels are interpreted as bread plates in the Persian and Hellenistic periods.119 The example found at Kom al-Ahmer does not have traces of fire exposure.

Context: CX1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1996: 75, fig. 43.18). Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 638. F4021 Out-turned rim, lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+. Mortarium 2 KAP 639. F4000 T-shaped rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 36 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – AD 650–730 (Egloff 1977: 152, similar to n. 285). Context date: 5th century AD.

117

KAP 646. F1035 Out-turned rim with spout. Fabric F3. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

118  See Nicholson 2011 and related bibliography for the production and use of saggars. 119  Masson 2011: 271, fig. 7.

Martin (in press).

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 647. F1022 Plain rim, the outer surface is ribbed and with graffito wavy lines decoration. The lip has traces of white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1; F1028 – UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 90–92, profile similar to 8307–12). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

shoulder. The diameters range between 4.5 and 8 cm. This form is attested mainly in Unit 4, but also in Unit 1. Bottle 3 (KAP 670–KAP 673) has a short neck and band rim (diameter 5.5–8 cm). Better preserved sherds (KAP 670 and KAP 672) have an applied strainer between neck and shoulder. Type KAP 672 has traces of one handle. Other bottles rims are attested in one or two examples only (KAP 674–KAP 678). Type KAP 678 has a trefoil spout on the rim of the wheel-made pot. Body types KAP 679–KAP 680 have one blunt-conical spout, the first is white slipped and the second has a ribbed body. The small dimension of the spout allowed us to hypothesise their use as baby bottles.

KAP 648. F1027 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 19.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Few examples of jugs were found at Kom al-Ahmer. The classification of forms is just a suggestion. Jug 1 (KAP 681–KAP 682) is characterised by a squared rim with a groove on the outer surface; short neck. Diameter is around 11 cm. Parallels for jug 1 at Buto are attested in a larger form used during the firing process and dates to at least the 3rd century AD.120

KAP 649. F1076 Out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 33.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX6. Parallels: Elephantine – 5th or 6th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 183, profile similar to K517). Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

Jug 2 (KAP 683–KAP 686) is characterised by an out-turned rim, sometimes with lid seat. Diameters range between 13 and 15.5 cm.

KAP 650. F4084 In-turned rim. Fabric F5. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Jug 3 (KAP 687–KAP 692) has an out-turned rim which is possible to distinguish in jug 3A, found in Unit 4, (KAP 687– KAP 690) and jug 3B (KAP 691–KAP 692), attested in Unit 2. Form 3A has a range of diameters between 8.5 and 15 cm; the fabric is usually finer for the regional utilitarian ware. Form 3B is present with two rim sherds with triangular shape and conic neck. The provenance from context CX10, and UFC-U2 allow us to suggest a chronology between the 8th and the 10th centuries AD.

KAP 651. F4096 Out-turned rim. Fabric F5. Diam. 47.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Buto (Hartung et al. 2009: 133, abb. 17. 4). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 652. F4096 Out-turned rim and flat base of a low basin. Crumbly fabric type F5. Diam. 30 cm, height 8.5 cm, diam. base. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Buto (Hartung et al. 2009: 130, abb. 16.5); Karnak (Masson 2011: 271, fig. 7). Context date: 5th century AD.

Jug 4 has a cylindrical neck and triangular shaped rim with diameter of 7–8 cm (KAP 693–KAP 694). The rim and the medium quality of the clay (F3) allow us to distinguish this form from the other jugs with out-turned rims described before. The provenance of this form from Unit 2 allows us to hypothesise a chronology in the Early Islamic Period.

5.4.4.3 Serving and Consumption

Jug 5 (KAP 695–KAP 696) has a plain and slightly out-turned rim. Type KAP 696 has two handles and ribbed shoulder. The rim of KAP 695 is coated with white slip. Parallels with pottery from al-Fustat121 allow us to date this form to the Early Islamic Period.

In this section, the serving and consumption functional group is presented (KAP 653–KAP 992). However, part of the serving and consumption pottery is presented in the paragraphs dedicated to fine ware (KAP 1–KAP 250), imported utilitarian ware (KAP 255–KAP 262), and glazed ware (KAP 1284– KAP 1305). This functional group comprises the majority of the pottery of the site. Plain ware (KAP 653–KAP 929) is presented separately from the painted ware (KAP 930–KAP 992). Forms consist of bottles and jugs (KAP 653–KAP 715), basins and bowls (KAP 716–KAP 894), and dishes (KAP 895– KAP 929). Closed forms are presented ahead of open forms. In the section dedicated to painted ware, sherds coated with white slip are included. In the painted ware group, pottery is divided in vessels found in Unit 4 (KAP 930–KAP 954) and found in the other two units (KAP 955–KAP 992).

Type KAP 697 is the shoulder of a closed form with comb decoration, which comes from UFC-U4 dates back to the 5th century AD. Type KAP 698 is a body sherd with a vegetal impressed decoration; it comes from Unit 4. Several bases (KAP 699–KAP 715) attributable to similar vessels are documented, but none could be associated with the rim of bottles or jugs. Some of them have traces of white slip and the profiles have usually a ring foot base more or less high (KAP 701–KAP 704, KAP 708–KAP 709, and KAP 715). Base type KAP 699 has a high ring foot which is decorated with an impressed notched cordon.

5.4.4.3.1 Bottles and jugs

Bottle 1

Bottle 1 (KAP 653–KAP 655) is represented by four vessels with a rim diameter ranging between 5 and 7 cm. They are small bottles with one handle and a shallow lid seat. The profile is similar to the imported small bottle found in Unit 1, context CX4, type KAP 256.

KAP 653. F4008 Out-turned rim, shallow lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 7 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Bottle 2 (KAP 656–KAP 669) has a vertical out-turned rim; surfaces are coated with yellowish-white slip. Rims KAP 667– KAP 669 have a pinched decoration on the lip. Types KAP 665 and KAP 668 have a strainer applied between neck and

120 121

Lecuyot 2017: 904–905, marmite type 4. Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 160–168.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 666. F4014 Flange and slightly out-turned rim, thick white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 4 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Tod (Pierrat 1996: 197, fig. 67). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 654. F4050 Out-turned rim, shallow lid seat. Fabric F1. Diam. 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4006 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 655. F1025 Out-turned rim, shallow lid seat, elongated body. Fabric F2. Diam. 6 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–first half 8th centuries AD.

KAP 667. F1014 Flange and slightly out-turned rim with notched-lip decoration, thick yellowish-white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Bottle 2

KAP 668. F1069 Flange and slightly out-turned rim (two joining sherds) with notched-lip decoration, strainer fixed at the end of the neck, thick yellowish-white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 656. F4050 Vertical rim, poorly preserved white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 7 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 657. F4016 Rim, shallow lid seat, thick white slip. Fabric F1. Diam. 6.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 669. F4016 Out-turned ribbed rim, notched-lip decoration, thick white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 7 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 658. F4007 Out-turned rim, shallow lid seat, poorly preserved thick yellowish-white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 6 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Bottle 3 KAP 670. F1012 Slightly out-turned rim, strainer fixed at the end of the neck. Fabric F6. Diam. 5.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 659. F4012 Out-turned rim, poorly preserved thick white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 6.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 671. F2023 Rim, ribbed neck. Fabric F4. Diam. 7 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 660. F4020 Out-turned ribbed rim (two joining sherds), thick yellowishwhite slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 672. F1005 Rim, traces of one handle and strainer fixed at the end of the neck. Fabric F6. Diam. 5.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480–second half 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 85, F472). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 661. F4096 Horizontal flange and beaded rim, thick white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 4.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 673. F4020 Out-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 662. F1043 Horizontal flange and beaded rim, thin yellowish white slip. Fabric F7. Diam. 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Other bottle KAP 674. F4096 Rounded rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 663. F1068 Horizontal flange and beaded rim, thick white slip. Fabric F6. Diam. 4.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 675. F2038 Out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 664. F4011 Flange and slightly out-turned rim, thick yellowish-white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 676. F4096 Vertical rim, deformed profile (probably due to a handmade spout). Fabric F1. Diam. 4.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 665. F4020 Flange and slightly out-turned rim, strainer fixed at the end of the neck, thick yellowish-white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 6 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4002 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 677. F1011 Out-turned rim, shallow lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 678. F2030 Trefoil spout rim, poorly preserved white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 4.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F1005 – UFC-U1 (F6, with one handle). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 689. F4007 Out-turned triangular shape rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 8.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 690. F4002 Out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1001 – UFC-U1; F4067 – CX1 (one preserved handle); F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

Baby bottle KAP 679. F4022 Body sherd with applied spout, thick yellowish-white slip. Fabric F2 (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4084 – CX3; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – AD 400–450 (Egloff 1977: 224, similar to n. 199). Context date: 5th century AD.

Jug 3B KAP 691. F2042 Triangular shaped rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10; F2038 – CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 680. F4020 Ribbed body sherd with applied spout, thick yellowish-white slip on the outer surface. Fabric F2 (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4002 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F2056 – CX7; F2005 – CX9; F2038 – CX11; F2002 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 692. F2019 Triangular shaped rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period. Jug 4

Jug 1

KAP 693. F2033 Slightly curved out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 7 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 681. F4020 Ribbed square rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Kom al-Khanziri (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 464, KEK.P5); 3rd century AD (Lecuyot 2017: 204–205, fig. 6). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 694. F2031 Slightly curved out-turned rim, lip is coated with white slip. Fabric F3. Diam. 8 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 682. F4084 Ribbed square rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 11.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Kom al-Khanziri (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 464, KEK.P3). Context date: AD 425–450+.

Jug 5 KAP 695. F2017 Out-turned plain rim, matte white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

Jug 2 KAP 683. F4016 Out-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 696. F2002 Rim, double handle, ribbed shoulder. Poorly preserved. Fabric F3. Diam. 7 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 160–168, similar to 10420–1). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 684. F4002 Out-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1998: 106, similar to O13). Context date: 5th century AD.

Decorated body sherds and bases

KAP 685. F4096 Out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 697. F4007 Comb decoration shoulder. Fabric F2 (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 686. F2021 Out-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 698. F4007 Leaf printed on the outer surface, reddish-brown outer surface. Fabric F2 (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Jug 3A KAP 687. F4110 Out-turned rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 5th century AD (Bailey 1998: 106, similar to O19). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 699. F4020 Ring foot base, thumbed slip. Fabric F2. Diam. base 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 700. F4084 Ring foot base. Fabric F6. Diam. base 4.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 688. F4110 Out-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 701. F4015 Ring foot base, runs of white slip on the outer surface. Fabric F6. Diam. base 6.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4084 – CX3. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 713. F1029 Low ring foot base. Fabric F6. Diam. base 6 cm (dr. GM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 714. F1013 Ring foot base, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. base 9 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 702. F4096 Ring foot base, pinkish-white slip. Fabric F6. Diam. base 4.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 395, similar to 114; Majcherek 1992: 100, n. 52). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 715. F4015 Ring foot base, runs of white slip on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. base 7 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 703. F4001 Ring foot base, poorly preserved yellowish-white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. base 5.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

5.4.4.3.2 Basins and Bowls Basins 1 and 2, characterised by coarse fabric (mainly F3, F4 and F5 with evident traces of organic voids), were presented in the section dedicated to the food preparation (paragraph 5.4.4.2.1). In this functional group, it is not easy to separate basins from bowls because they have a similar shape although produced in different sizes; for this reason it is also difficult to distinguish the use between serving and consumption. Three forms of basin are recognised (KAP 716–KAP 735). Other basins are attested only in one example and are presented in ‘others’ (KAP 736–KAP 739). Four forms of bowls are documented (KAP 740–KAP 812 and KAP 827–KAP 832). Other open forms attested only with one sherd are included in ‘others’ from Unit 4 (KAP 813–KAP 826) and from Units 1 and 2 (KAP 833–KAP 835). Types KAP 836–894 are small vessels, poorly preserved, and usually attested with only one rim.

KAP 704. F4007 Low ring foot base, runs of white slip on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. base 6.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1011 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 705. F1074 Low ring foot base. Fabric F6. Diam. base 5 cm (dr. GM). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD. KAP 706. F4018 Low ring foot base. Fabric F1. Diam. base 5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX2; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

Basin 3 (KAP 716–KAP 719) has a T-shaped or flat rim and a wheel-made strip on the inner surface just below the rim. This large size open form has a diameter between 33 and 40 cm. Basin 3 is most common in Unit 4, but it is also attested in context UFC-U2.

KAP 707. F4007 Low ring foot base. Fabric F2. Diam. base 4 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4084 – CX3; F4008 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Basin 4 (KAP 720–KAP 727) has an out-turned flat rim with several shapes. Type KAP 727 comes from Unit 4 and is characterised by a quite fine fabric and more thin walls compared to the other rims of the form. Diameters range between 20 and 33.5 cm. The profile is most attested in Unit 4 and it could be dated at least to the 5th century AD.

KAP 708. F1074 Low ring foot base, runs of white slip on the outer surface. Fabric F6. Diam. base 7 cm (dr. MLP). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

Basin 5 (KAP 728–KAP 735) is the finest version of basin 1 described above in the section dedicated to food preparation. Type KAP 729 conserves the rim, body and part of the flat base. The out-turned rims are corrugate, and types KAP 733 and KAP 735 have notches and pinched decorations. The diameters range between 27 and 38 cm. Bodies are often ribbed and type KAP 735 has bi-conical body. This form of basin is attested in all the three units, and as such, the form has a long span of production.

KAP 709. F1068 Ring foot base, runs of white slip on the outer surface. Fabric F6. Diam. base 5.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD. KAP 710. F2056 Low ring foot base, runs of white slip on the outer surface. Fabric F6. Diam. base 6 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 90–92, 8391–6). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

The out-turned rims also characterise other types of basins (KAP 736–KAP 738), attested by one example. Type KAP 737 from UFC-U1 is decorated with comb lines, impressed cord and engraved geometrical decoration. Some suggestions about chronology of this type could be deduced from surface treatments: the engraved decoration is also attested in imports like types KAP 254 and KAP 259; string impressions are attested in Egy FW types KAP 186–KAP 190. Therefore, it is possible to assume the date of production as being during the 6th century AD.

KAP 711. F1060 Ring foot base. Fabric F3. Diam. base 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 712. F4018 Low ring foot base of an unguentarium?. Fabric F2. Diam. base 2.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4006 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Bowl/basin 1 (KAP 740–KAP 783 and associated bases KAP 784–KAP 786) have an out-turned rim, bi-conical body, and low ring foot base. Rims are characterised by a large quantity of

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II 874–KAP 877 are attested at al-Fustat in contexts that date to the second-half of the 9th century AD.126 Type KAP 889 has traces of red painted decoration, however badly preserved.

pinched or notched impressed decorations and many shaped rims are attested. The body is often ribbed on the inner surface. The diameters range between 15 and 40 cm. Types KAP 748– KAP 759 have the same profile of cooking pot 5, where the same type of rim decorations are present. Parallels for types KAP 780–KAP 783 are attested in Cyrenaica.122 Bowl 1 is mainly attested in Units 1 and 2, but it is also present in Unit 4.

Among these open forms, two rims of small bowls KAP 892893 have comparisons with some lids found at Abu Mina and produced with Mareotis clay.127 These lids come from contexts dated from the second-half of the 7th until the 8th–9th centuries AD.

Bowl/basin 2 (KAP 787–KAP 799) has T-shaped rim, while its body is ribbed inside or outside. Types KAP 796–KAP 798 are ribbed on the outer surface. Ridges have angular steps, the same surface treatment is attested in bowl 3 (KAP 800–KAP 807) and bowl 4 (KAP 808–KAP 809) which could be dated to the 5th century AD. Type KAP 790 has oblique incised irregular lines on the rim. A small sherd with a profile similar to type KAP 788 has traces of white painted decorations. Rims have a diameter ranging between 17.5 and 48 cm. This form of bowl/ basin is attested in all the units, and it has parallels in Egypt in contexts dated to the Early Islamic Period.123 The form is also attested outside of Egypt.124

Basin 3 KAP 716. F4021 T-shaped rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 38 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1; F4067 – CX1. Parallels: Abu Mina – 2nd/1st centuries BC–1st AD (Engemann 2016: 33, C85). Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 717. F4019 Flat rim, inner surface has a strip. Fabric F2. Diam. 39 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4022 – CX2; F4084 – CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Bowl 3 (KAP 800–KAP 807) has a triangular shaped rim and deep squared ridged body. The diameters are between 17 and 34.5 cm. Type KAP 803 has the body decorated with at least three lines of regular impressions. This form is attested in all the three units. Bowl 4 (KAP 808–KAP 812) has a plain rim and deep regular ridges on the body. The outer wall surface treatment is similar to those of bowl 3. The diameters range between 19.5 and 32 cm.

KAP 718. F4096 Flat rim, inner surface has a strip. Fabric F2. Diam. 33 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Bowls and basins with different shapes of rims are attested in Unit 4 (KAP 813–KAP 826). Type KAP 815 is characterised by a comb-made lozenge decoration. Triangular shape profiles KAP 817–KAP 824 have parallels with fine ware like ARSW, LRD, Asw FW, and Egy FW.

KAP 719. F2019 T-shaped rim, inner surface has a strip. Fabric F2. Diam. 40 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th century AD ?.

Bowl 5 (KAP 827–KAP 832) has a plain rim with a diameter range between 17.5 and 36 cm. The rim has a groove beneath it on the outer surface. The same profile is attested with painted decorations (KAP 987–KAP 990). This form comes from contexts of Units 1 and 2, and it is attested in context CX7 which dates back to the second quarter of the 6th century AD. The complete absence in Unit 4 and the abundant presence in the other two units allows us to exclude the presence of this form before 5th century AD.

Basin/bowl 4 KAP 720. F4022 T-shaped rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 721. F4016 Out-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F4012 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Types KAP 833–KAP 835 are forms attested with only one rim. They all come from Units 1 and 2. Type KAP 835 has a wavy comb decoration on the rim.

KAP 722. F4084 Out-turned rim with a groove. Fabric F3. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 71, F232). Context date: AD 425–450+.

Numerous vessels are bowls or cups of small dimension. Some of these forms imitate fine ware productions, like types KAP 836 or KAP 852, but in general they are represented by only a few examples and it unreasonable to propose a typology for them.

KAP 723. F1011 Flat rim with a groove. Fabric F2. Diam. 33.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

Six rims with similar profile are bowl types KAP 839–KAP 842 with an in-turned rim. They come from Units 4 and 1. This form is commonly found during the Hellenistic Period, but they are also attested during the Roman Period.125 At Kom al-Ahmer, this form is attested in the layers of Room B of the house and in the early phase of the house.

KAP 724. F4011 Out-turned rim with a groove. Fabric F3. Diam. 27 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Types KAP 853 and KAP 857 are cups with at least one handle and plain rims. Bowls types KAP 865–KAP 894 come from Units 1 and 2 and some of them are totally or partially coated by white slip. Bi-conical body and plain rim like forms KAP

KAP 725. F4002 Out-turned rim with a groove. Fabric F3. Diam. 32 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – 5th–7th centuries AD? (Egloff 1977: 150, decoration similar to n. 279). Context date: 5th century AD.

For comparisons at Benghazi, see: Riley 1979: 345–347, n. 922–925. Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 114–118. 124 Riley 1979: 345–347. 125 Tomber and Thomas 2011: 46–47. 122 123

126 127

Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83. Engemann 2016: 92, similar to G84 or G86.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 737. F1026 Out-turned rim. Graffito geometric incised decoration on the inner surface; two lines of impressed string decoration and remains of a comb decoration (horizontal and wavy lines) on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 42.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Huwaryia (Lake Mareotis) – 6th–7th centuries AD (Rodziewicz 1998: 251, rim decoration style fig. 10.1); Abu Mina – 8th–first half 9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 83, decoration similar to F427). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 726. F4095 Out-turned rim with a groove. Fabric F3. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Bonifay et al. 2002: 42, n. 7). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 727. F4096 Out-turned rim with a groove. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1059 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria (Bonifay et al. 2002: 42, n. 8). Context date: 5th century AD?. Basin 5

KAP 738. F1060 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F3. Diam. 37 cm (dr. MLP). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia – 7th century AD (Egloff 1977: 96, similar to n. 96). Conjectural date: 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 728. F4066 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 35 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1; F4067 – CX1; F4007 – UFC-U4; F1076 – CX6; F1001 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia – 5th century AD? (Egloff 1977: 148–149, n. 272). Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 739. F4095 Out-turned ribbed rim, thumbed on the lip; ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 46.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 729. F1035 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 37 cm, height 10.5 cm, diam. base 24 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

Bowl/Basin 1

KAP 730. F4050 Out-turned rim, ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 38 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4015 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F1011 – UFC-U1; F1029 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 740. F4002 Concave flat rim, thumbed decoration on the lip; ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 741. F1008 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations; ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 731. F2030 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 31 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX11. Parallels: Kellia – 6th century AD (Egloff 1977: 149, decoration similar to n. 276). Conjectural date: 5th–6th centuries AD?. KAP 732. F4110 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 35,5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 742. F2015 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations. Fabric F2. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 733. F1015 Out-turned ribbed rim with thumbed decoration. Fabric F1. Diam. 30 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 743. F2005 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations. Fabric F3. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 734. F4096 Out-turned ribbed rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 33.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Benghazi (Riley 1979: 340–342, n. 887); Kom alMahar (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 299, KM.P9); Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 63, similar to F86). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 744. F4016 Concave flat rim, thumbed decoration; ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 26 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4; F2005 – CX9. Parallels: Elephantine – second half 5th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 152, profile similar to K222a); al-Ashmunein – AD 400– 550 (Bailey 1998: 70, similar to E744). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 735. F2030 Out-turned rim with thumbed decoration; ribbed rim and inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Elephantine – probably 5th/6th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 153, profile similar to K225). Context date: Early Islamic Period. Other basins

KAP 745. F1030 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations. Fabric F1. Diam. 24 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX5. Parallels: Elephantine – second half 5th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 152, profile similar to K222a). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 736. F4008 Out-turned rim; ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 33.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 746. F1048 Concave flat rim, thumbed decoration. Fabric F1. Diam.? (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 747. F2005 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations. Fabric F3. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Parallels: Elephantine – second half 5th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 152, profile similar to K222a). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 758. F4016 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations; ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Elephantine – second half 5th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 152, profile similar to K222b). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 748. F1015 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations; ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 26 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 759. F1068 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations. Fabric F2. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Parallels: Elephantine – probably second half 5th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 152–153, profile similar to K223). Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 749. F4008 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations; ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 760. F4000 Out-turned ribbed rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F3. Diam. 36.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F2055 – CX9. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 55–56, similar to fig. 21.4). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 750. F2056 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations. Fabric F2. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 761. F2056 Out-turned rim, lid seat, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 751. F2056 Concave flat rim, thumbed decoration. Fabric F3. Diam. 28.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 762. F1015 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, ribbed surfaces, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 752. F2056 Concave flat rim, thumbed decoration. Fabric F3. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7; F2040 – UFC-U2. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 763. F1002 Out-turned rim, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 114, profile similar to n. 49). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 753. F4008 Concave flat rim, thumbed decoration; ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 24 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 764. F2040 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 754. F4002 Concave flat rim, thumbed decoration; ribbed surfaces. Fabric F3. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4014 – CX2; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 765. F1002 Out-turned rim, ribbed inner surface, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 755. F4008 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations. Fabric F2. Diam. 27 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 766. F2041 Out-turned ribbed rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F3. Diam. 40? cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 756. F1048 Concave flat rim, bi-conical body, thumbed decorations; ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels: Elephantine – second half 5th century AD (Gempeler 1992: 152, profile similar to K222a). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 767. F2040 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 757. F2056 Concave flat rim, thumbed decorations. Fabric F3. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 55–56, fig. 21.2). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 768. F2038 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F2054 – CX8. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 781. F1060 T-shaped rim, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F1. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 113, n. 43). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 769. F2038 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11; F2030 – CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 770. F2038 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, lid seat, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 28 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 782. F1011 Grooved rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 783. F1076 T-shaped grooved rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 771. F2015 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, lid seat, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 24 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 114, similar to n. 52). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 784. F4001 Ring foot base, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. base 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 772. F2056 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, lid seat. Fabric F3. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 114, n. 53 without painted decoration). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 785. F4016 Ring foot base, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. base 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 773. F1071 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6; F2001 – UFC-U2; F2012 – UFC-U2. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 786. F1046 Ring foot base. Fabric F2. Diam. base 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 774. F1014 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, lid seat, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

Bowl/Basin 2 KAP 787. F4066 T-shaped grooved rim. Fabric F7. Diam. 26 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 775. F2038 T-shaped rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 788. F4020 T-shaped grooved rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2 (3 vessels – the smaller with traces of white painted decorations); F4008 – UFC-U4; F4013 – UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Ashmunein (Bailey 1996: 75, fig. 43.20); Abu Mina – from the 6th century AD (Engemann 2016: 74, similar to F287). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 776. F1002 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, lid seat, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 777. F2045 Out-turned rim, thumbed on the lip, lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 789. F4001 T-shaped grooved rim, globular body. Fabric F3. Diam. 26 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1; F4084 – CX3. Parallels: Mons Claudianus (Tomber 2006: 129, type 123). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 778. F1001 T-shaped ribbed rim, thumbed on the lip, ribbed inner surface, graffito wavy line on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1025 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 790. F1002 T-shaped graffito rim, ribbed outer surface, traces of white slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 32.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 779. F1002 Plain rim, thumbed on the lip. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 791. F4096 T-shaped grooved rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 780. F1061 T-shaped grooved rim, thumbed on the lip, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 792. F1002 T-shaped grooved rim, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 26 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II Parallels: Kom Defshu (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 302, KDF.1.P3); al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 114–118, similar to 9502–15a-b). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 804. F4008 Grooved rim, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 793. F1011 T-shaped grooved rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 36 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Tanis (Bavay, Bovot and Lavigne 2000: 55–56, similar to fig. 21.1). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 805. F4016 T-shaped rim, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 34.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F2002 – UFC-U2. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 794. F2021 T-shaped grooved rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 31 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F4009 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 806. F4011 T-shaped rim, grooves surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 795. F1011 T-shaped rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 28 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Benghazi (Riley 1979: 345–347, n. 928). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 807. F4084 Triangular rim, spatula made, ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 796. F4004 T-shaped grooved rim, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 48? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F2002 – UFC-U2; F2012 – UFC-U2; F2019 – UFC-U2. Context date: 5th century AD.

Bowl 4 KAP 808. F4096 Plain rim, triangular shaped strip with notched decoration. Fabric F2. Diam. 28.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 797. F1002 In-turned grooved rim, thumbed decoration, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 29 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 809. F4008 Plain rim, triangular shaped, ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 798. F1014 T-shaped rim, thumbed on the lip, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 17.5 ? cm (dr. AE). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 810. F4002 Plain rim, grooved outer surface, graffito decoration on the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4010 – UFC-U4; F4065 – CX1; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 799. F4016 T-shaped grooved rim, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface, ribbed inner surface. Poorly preserved red slip coats the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 811. F4001 Plain rim, grooved outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 19.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 812. F4008 Plain rim, grooved outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 32 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Bowl 3 KAP 800. F4084 Plain rim, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 31 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F2019 – UFC-U2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Other bowl/basin from Unit 4 KAP 813. F4002 Two joining sherds of a concave rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 30 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4021 – CX1; F4095 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 801. F4095 T-shaped rim, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 26 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 802. F4084 T-shaped rim, spatula made ribbed on the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 814. F1068 Concave rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – late 4th–8th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 104, N215). Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 803. F1011 Plain rim, spatula made ribbed and notches decoration on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 25 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD.

KAP 815. F4084 In-turned rim, lozenge comb decoration on outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 31 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 816. F4096 In-turned rim, rough body. Fabric F2. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 418, similar to 218). Context date: 5th century AD.

Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period. KAP 828. F1005 Plain rim, groove under rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 817. F2030 Triangular shaped rim, imitation of LRD Hayes 9. Fabric F1. Diam. 33.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX11. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 71–72, 6208–3). Conjectural date: second half 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 829. F1002 Plain rim, groove under rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 818. F1076 Triangular shaped rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 42.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX6. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 137–145, 9980–2). Conjectural date: second half 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 830. F2056 Plain rim, two grooves under rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period. KAP 831. F1035 Plain rim, groove under rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 819. F2017 Triangular shaped rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 43.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F2022 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: second half 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 832. F1027 Plain rim, two grooves under rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 25.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1002 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 820. F2038 In-turned, T-shaped, ribbed rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 28 cm (dr. AE). Context: CX11. Conjectural date: second half 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period. KAP 821. F1002 Triangular shaped rim. Similar to the Egy FW KAP 217. Fabric F2. Diam. 35 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

Other basins/bowls from Unit 1 and 2 KAP 833. F2005 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 26 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 822. F2018 Triangular shaped rim. Similar to the Egy FW KAP 217. Fabric F2. Diam.? cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 834. F1002 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 31 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 835. F1011 Comb decorated rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 31 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 823. F2040 Plain rim. Similar to the Egy FW KAP 217. Fabric F2. Diam. 26.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

Small Bowls and Cups

KAP 824. F2019 Triangular shaped rim. Similar to the Egy FW KAP 219. Fabric F1. Diam. 33.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 836. F4084 Triangular shaped rim, bi-conical body. Local imitation of Cypriot Sigillata form Hayes P41.128 Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3 Parallels: Mons Claudianus – first half 2nd century AD (Tomber 2006: 107–108, type 35); Schedia (Martin 2014: 605, fig. 11); Lake Mareotis – second half of the 2nd century AD (Tomber and Thomas 2011: 47, n. 61). Parallels date: 2nd century AD; context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 825. F4007 Out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4065 – CX1. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 826. F4007 In-turned rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Majcherek 1992: 98, similar to n. 42). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 837. F4001 Plain rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 838. F4096 Out-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 12.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4.

Bowl 5 KAP 827. F1060 Plain rim, groove under rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 36 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1.

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Atlante II 1985: 88.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 851. F4014 Slightly dropped flange and beaded rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 15.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Parallels: Elephantine – probably 2nd–3rd/4th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 65, similar to the profile of form T606) Conjectural date: 2nd–5th centuries AD. KAP 839. F4069 In-turned rim. Alluvial fabric: light brown similar to AE 7 – A4. Diam. 27 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4022 – CX2. Parallels: Buto (Hartung et al. 2003: 246, abb. 16. I). Parallels date: Hellenistic-Roman Period; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 852. F2038 Slightly dropped flange and beaded rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. AE). Context: CX11; F1045 – UFC-U1. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 840. F4007 In-turned rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4001 – UFC-U4. Parallels date: Hellenistic-Roman Period; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 853. F4016 Plain rim, at least one vertical handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2. Parallels: Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 69, similar to F197). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 841. F4096 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels date: Hellenistic-Roman Period; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 854. F4084 Slightly in-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 842. F4069 In-turned rim. Fabric F7. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4022 – CX2; F4084 – CX3 (with red slip inside). Parallels date: Hellenistic-Roman Period; context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 855. F1027 Plain rim, two grooves on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 843. F1002 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 856. F4011 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 13 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 844. F4067 Plain rim. Fabric F7. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 857. F4019 In-turned rim, at least one vertical handle. Fabric F2. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 845. F4018 Plain rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX2; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 858. F4084 Out-turned rim, light pink slip on surfaces. Fabric F3. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 846. F4001 Plain rim, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – 5th–7th centuries AD (Bailey 1998: 100, N25). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 859. F4110 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 10.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 847. F4110 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1005 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 860. F4007 Triangular shaped rim, poorly preserved surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 848. F1002 Plain rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 41, 11370–41). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 861. F4007 Dropped flange rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 23 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 849. F1015 Plain rim, ribbed and red slip surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 9.5 cm, height 5 cm, diam. base 3 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 862. F4010 Plain rim, bi-conical shoulder, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 14 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 850. F1002 Plain rim, a groove on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 11 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 863. F4021 Flat base, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. base 3.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 864. F4110 Ribbed rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 878. F1011 Flat rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 865. F1001 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 879. F2030 Triangular shaped rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 24 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 866. F2019 Plain rim. Fabric F7. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 880. F1060 Out-turned rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 867. F4010 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 881. F1013 Out-turned rim, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 868. F2045 Plain rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 882. F2056 Out-turned rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 16 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 869. F1060 Plain rim (two joining sherds). Fabric F7. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F1001 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 883. F2038 Out-turned rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 870. F1009 Plain rim (two joining sherds); inner surface is coated with thin and matte red slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1025 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 884. F2039 Out-turned rim, irregularly coated with white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 871. F2019 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F1002 – UFC-U1; F2038 – CX11; F2045 – UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 872. F1002 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 885. F2039 Out-turned rim, poorly preserved thick white slip, traces of red painted lines on the inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 873. F2045 Plain rim, both surfaces are coated with poorly preserved pinkish-white, matte slip. Fabric F1. Diam. 27 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 886. F2038 Out-turned rim, poorly preserved thick white slip, trace of a red painted band on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Abu Mina – AD 490–second quarter 6th century AD (Engemann 2016: 68, similar to F189). Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 874. F2030 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83, 7818–6. Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 875. F1002 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 887. F1046 T-shaped grooved rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 18.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 876. F2017 Plain rim, bi-conical body, rim is coated with matte white slip dripped along surfaces. Fabric F1. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F2042 – CX10 (without slip). Parallels: Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83, 7818–6. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 888. F1022 Flat rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 889. F2029 Plain rim, two grooves on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 877. F2040 Rounded rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 890. F2056 Band grooved rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 898. F1025 Slightly in-turned rim. Imitation of ARSW Hayes 105. Fabric F2. Diam. 35 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: AD 580–first half 7th century AD.

KAP 891. F1070 Plain rim, one preserved handle applied on top of the rim, pinkish-white thin slip. Fabric F1. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 899. F1001 Double-lip rim, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 25 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1005 – UFC-U1; F1011 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 892. F2038 Out-turned grooved rim, matte red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 392, 84); Abu Mina – second half 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 92, similar to G86). Conjectural date: second half 7th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 900. F4008 Thickened rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 901. F2033 Thickened rim, a groove on the outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 893. F2015 T-shaped grooved rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – 8th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 92, similar to G84). Conjectural date: second half 7th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 902. F1002 Plain rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 894. F2040 Band rim, matte red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F4. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 903. F1013 Thickened rim, ribbed surfaces. Fabric F1. Diam. 20 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 904. F1043 Thickened rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

5.4.4.3.3 Dishes There are few identified dishes (KAP 895–KAP 913), and they are without recurring characteristics. For this reason they are not divided into forms. It is not easy to separate dishes and lids. Forms without traces of fire exposure and with accurate internal surface treatments are presented with the dishes. Some profiles imitate fine ware, which is the case of type KAP 898 imitating ARSW Hayes 105, attested at Kom al-Ahmer (type KAP 42) in the same context. Types KAP 904–KAP 908 are coated with red slip and are an imitation of Egy FW attested at Kom al-Ahmer (types KAP 216–KAP 220).

KAP 905. F2056 Thickened rim, bi-conical body. Fabric F3. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD. KAP 906. F2030 Vertical rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX11. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

Small dish types KAP 914–KAP 929 have a plain rim, and the lip is blackened. The diameters range between 9 and 18 cm. Most of them preserve the flat base, and the higher range is between 2.5 and 3.8 cm. Usually these types of dishes are wheel-made; one type, KAP 915, is handmade. The form and the exposure to fire on the lip only allows us to assume that they were used as oil lamps. In fact, few mould-made lamps were found, which were the most common type of lamp in Late Roman/Early Byzantine Mediterranean contexts. Parallels for this type of dish/lamp are common in the Delta sites.

KAP 907. F2005 Thickened rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD. KAP 908. F2015 Thickened rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 30? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 6th–9th centuries AD.

KAP 895. F4011 Out-turned grooved rim (two joining sherds). Fabric F1. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4066 – CX1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 909. F2016 Rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Majcherek 1992: 99, similar to n. 48). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 896. F4020 Out-turned slightly depressed rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 26 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 910. F4021 In-turned rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 897. F2029 Out-turned grooved rim (two joining sherds). Fabric F2. Diam. 17 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 911. F1011 Rim, ribbed inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 15 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 924. F4016 Triangular shaped rim, flat base. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 15.5 cm, height 3.7 cm, diam. base 6.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 912. F1011 Rim, lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 22 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 913. F1004 Rim; poorly preserved red slip on surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. Dishes used as lamps

KAP 925. F4008 Triangular shaped rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 926. F4014 Double-lip rim, flat base. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 15 cm, height 3.3 cm, diam. base 6.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 914. F4008 Plain rim, flat base. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 12 cm, height 2.5 cm, diam. base 8.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4002 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Buto (Hartung et al. 2003: 241, abb. 13.7); Kom Ishu (Wilson and Grigoropoulos 2009: 293, KI.P7). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 927. F4084 Double-lip rim (two joining sherds), flat base. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 17 cm, height 3.5 cm, diam. base 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 915. F1067 Irregularly handmade dish. Fabric F4. Diam. rim 9 cm, height 2.8 cm, diam. base 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 928. F1043 Squared rim, flat base. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 12 cm, height 2.4 cm, diam. base 6 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 916. F4084 Plain rim, flat base. Fabric F1. Diam. rim 11 cm, height 2.5 cm, diam. base 5.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 929. F1002 Double-lip rim, flat base, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. Rim 13.5 cm, height 3 cm, diam. Base 6 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 917. F4020 Plain rim (two joining sheds), flat base. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 11.5 cm, height 2.7 cm, diam. base 4.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

5.4.4.3.4 Painted Ware / Coptic pottery Vessels with painted decoration are part of the food serving and consumption functional group. The vessels are few and are not well preserved; for this reason, it is hard to propose a typology. Types are divided into vessels found in Unit 4 (KAP 930–KAP 954) and in Units 1 and 2 (KAP 955–KAP 992).

KAP 918. F4011 Plain rim, flat base, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 13 cm, height 2.9 cm, diam. base 7 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4014 – CX2. Context date: 5th century AD.

Types KAP 930–KAP 931 are bottles with an applied strainer between the neck and shoulder. Their outer surface is coated with white slip, and the body is decorated with red and brown bands. Types KAP 932–KAP 933, KAP 939–KAP 945 and KAP 952–KAP 953 are decorated with painted dots on the rim. Dotted decoration associated with red and brown bands is typical of Coptic pottery. A baby bottle body sherd (KAP 934) with wavy brown bands and painted dots has parallels at Kellia.129 Type KAP 947 is a body sherd decorated only on the outer surface with bands and white dots. This form is similar to type 98 described in Kellia and named ‘pot à cuire’.130 At Kom al-Ahmer, no traces of fire are attested in this type and the form is similar to bowl 1. A parallel of this profile and decoration is attested in Unit 2 – type KAP 967, which is evidence that this form had a long duration. The shape of the body and dimensions allow us to hypothesise that this base type KAP 947 could be associated with rims types KAP 939– KAP 946. Parallels in Kellia131 are dated later than the types attested at Kom al-Ahmer, where these forms and painted decorations are dated to the 5th century AD. Type KAP 953 has a parallel in KAP 978 attested in Unit 1 UFC-U1.

KAP 919. F4008 Plain rim, flat base, ribbed outer surface. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 14 cm, height 3 cm, diam. base 6.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 920. F4084 Plain rim, flat base. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 7.5 cm, height 2.2 cm, diam. base 3.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 921. F1048 Plain rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD. KAP 922. F2039 Plain rim, red slip on the inner surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

Rare are the types found in Unit 4 which are also attested in Units 1 and 2. No parallels have been found for jug KAP 955.

KAP 923. F4021 Triangular shaped rim, flat base. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 13.5 cm, height 3.8 cm, diam. base 5.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Egloff 1977: 49–50. Egloff 1977: 97. 131 Egloff 1977: 97. 129 130

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 935. F4001 Body sherd, outer surface is coated with yellowish-white slip and it is painted over with brown wavy lines and dots decoration. Fabric F2 (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina – second half 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 83, F433). Context date: 5th century AD.

The body is decorated with three vertical, wavy, and brown bands painted over four white painted dots. The other part of the vessel is undecorated, and no handles are preserved. Type KAP 958 is white slipped and decorated with thin brown geometrical lines. The same style of decoration is attested on the small bowls types KAP 983–KAP 984. Body sherds and handle KAP 963 have the typical Coptic decorations catalogued by Egloff at Kellia.132 As in Unit 4, also in Units 1 and 2, no figural decorations were found.

KAP 936. F4084 Body sherd, outer surface is yellowish-white slipped and painted over with red and brown bands, wavy lines and dots. Fabric F1 (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Bands and dots associated in different styles are the most attested decorative motif of the open forms.133 The only bowl in good condition is type KAP 979, characterised by a vegetal (?) decoration on its rim and body. Surfaces are coated with thick white slip and a series of wavy irregular brown and red painted bands and dots. Type KAP 973, characterised by an alternation between brown and red bands, has parallels at al-Fustat dated to the first-half of the 9th century AD. This parallel is produced in glazed ware.134 Small bowls KAP 983–KAP 985 have plain rims, and are decorated with brown bands painted on the body. Type KAP 986 has a band rim, thin-walls, and surfaces are coated with greenish-grey slip. No parallels have been found for this rim. The context of Kom al-Ahmer dates back to second quarter of the 6th until the end of the 7th centuries AD or some decades later.

KAP 937. F4016 Body sherd, outer surface is yellowish-white slipped and painted over with red and brown bands and a preserved brown dot. Fabric F1 (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia (Ballet 2003: 168, n. 148). Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 938. F4096 Body sherd, outer surface is white slipped and painted over with a red horizontal band, brown wavy lines, bands and dots. Fabric F2 (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – 6th–7th centuries AD? (Egloff 1977: 226, decoration similar to n. 206; Ballet 2003: 169, n. 151). Context date: 5th century AD.

Painted Ware and Coptic Ware in Unit 4 KAP 930. F4018 Squared rim (9 sherds - 5 joining), cylindrical neck, perforated clay colander fixed among neck and shoulder. Outer surface is coated with white, matte and thick slip and painted with brown and red horizontal bands. Fabric F6. Diam. 5.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Elephantine (Gempeler 1992: 137, decoration similar to T734) Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 939. F4020 Thickened rim, slight lid-seat, outer surface and the rim are decorated with brown painted bands and white dots. Fabric F1. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 931. F4011 Cylindrical neck with two handles, perforated clay colander fixed among neck and shoulder. Outer surface is coated with white slip and shoulder is over painted with a brown wavy line. Fabric F6 (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Kom Abu Billo (Marchand and Simonie 2017: 916, fig. 3.16). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 940. F4008 Thickened out-turned rim, slight lid-seat, outer surface is decorated with a brown band, a white dot is painted on the lip. Fabric F1. Diam. 11.5? cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4014 – CX2. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 941. F4002 Thickened out-turned rim, slight lid-seat, outer surface is decorated with a brown band, rim has at least two white painted dots. Fabric F1. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – AD 650–730 (Egloff 1977: 97, n. 98); Abu Mina – late 5th–early 7th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 66, F140). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 932. F4011 Squared rim, surfaces are white slipped and the lip has a painted brown dot. Fabric F2. Diam. 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 933. F4020 Vertical rim which is partially coated with white slip. Fabric F1. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 934. F4001 Spout of a baby bottle, outer surface is white slipped and decorated over with red and brown wavy bands and brown dot. Fabric F2 (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 942. F4015 Double-lip out-turned rim (two joining sherds), slight lid-seat, outer surface is decorated with a brown band and a white dot, rim has white and brown irregularly painted dots. Fabric F1. Diam. 34 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – AD 650–730 (Egloff 1977: 97, similar to n. 98); Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 409, 173); Abu Mina – 5th century AD (Engemann 2016: 66, similar to F141). Context date: 5th century AD.

Egloff 1977: 47–60. This type of geometrical or band/dots decoration is attested also in the contexts of al-Fustat dated to the second-half of the 9th century (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83). 134 Gayraud and Vallauri 2017a: 47–48.

KAP 943. F4002 Thickened out-turned rim, which is decorated with white painted dots. Fabric F2. Diam. 20 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

132 133

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 944. F4095 Out-turned rim, which has at least two white painted dots; outer surface is decorated with a wavy brown band. Fabric F1. Diam. 24.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 953. F4020 Out-turned grooved rim, lip has a brown painted band painted over with white dots. Fabric F1. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Kellia – end 4th–early 5th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 97–98, similar to n. 100). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 945. F4096 Thickened rim, which is decorated with white painted dots. Fabric F1. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 390, similar to 45). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 954. F4110 Thickened rim, outer surface is white and painted brownishblack. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. Painted Ware and Coptic Ware in Units 1 and 2

KAP 946. F4016 Thickened out-turned rim, outer surface is decorated with a white painted dot and brown wavy band. Fabric F1. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina – AD 490–second quarter 6th century AD (Engemann 2016: 64, similar to F111). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 955. F1026 Rounded out-turned rim, body is decorated with four white dots connected by brown wavy bands (15 joining sherds). Fabric F2. Diam. 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 956. F2042 Rounded rim, traces of one handle, surfaces are coated with white slip, outer rim and surface are painted red. Fabric F3. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 947. F4084 Bi-conical body sherd, outer surface has brown and white painted bands, brown bands are over painted with white dots. Fabric F2 (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 410, similar to 174); Abu Mina – AD 490–second quarter 6th century AD (Engemann 2016: 64, F114). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 957. F2041 Out-turned rim; rim and outer surface are coated with yellowish-white slip, outer surface has a painted over brown band. Fabric F2. Diam. 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 948. F4020 Body sherd, outer surface is white slipped and over decorated with at least three rouletting bands made after slipping. Fabric F2 (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4009 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Tell Atrib – Late Roman / Early Byzantine (Myśliwiec 2009: 63, 70, pl. 8.1–2). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 958. F2003 Rounded rim and neck cordon; rim and outer surface are coated with yellowish-white slip, outer surface has traces of brown painted decoration. Fabric F3. Diam. 11 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 949. F4067 T-shaped rim, three grooves on the outer surface which is decorated with a white painted wavy band, the rim is decorated with white irregular dots. Fabric F3. Diam. 33 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 114, similar to n. 48). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 959. F2045 Rounded rim; rim and outer surface are coated with white slip. Fabric F3. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83, 7818–12). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 950. F4096 Dropped flat rim, rim and outer surface have white and brown painted decorations. Fabric F1. Diam. 29.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 960. F2027 Body sherd, outer surface is white slipped and decorated with red and brown paintings. Fabric F2 (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 951. F4110 Out-turned rim, lid seat, rim and outer surface have white painted decorations. Fabric F2. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 961. F1022 Body (three sherds of the same vessel), outer surface has traces of white slip, graffito decorations on the outer surface. Fabric F6 (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1; F1028 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 952. F4014 Dropped flat rim; outer surface, rim and upper part of the inner surface are coated with white slip, rim is decorated with brown dots alternated to red painted bands. Fabric F1. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 66, similar to F145). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 962. F2015 Body, outer surface is white slip and painted with brown decorations. Fabric F1 (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – end 8th–first half 9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 81, similar to F406). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 963. F2002 Handle sherd, surfaces are white slipped and decorated with red and brown vertical bands. Fabric F2 (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 973. F1043 Out-turned rim, surfaces are coated with white slip, inner surface and rim are painted with brown and red (badly preserved) bands. Fabric F1. Diam. 40? cm (dr. EP). Context: CX5. Parallels: al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 47–48, 4590–1; 347–348). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 964. F2030 Body, outer surface is white slip and painted with red and brown vegetal decorations. Fabric F1 (dr. EP). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 974. F1043 Plain rim. Rim is decorated with white painted dots, outer surface has a painted brown band. Fabric F2. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels: Kellia (Ballet 2003: 98, n. 46); al-Fustat (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83, 7818–6). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 965. F2030 Bi-conical body, outer surface is white slip and painted with red and brown bands. Fabric F2 (dr. EP). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 975. F1012 Plain rim decorated with white painted dots. Fabric F1. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83, 7818–6). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 966. F1031 Body, outer surface is white slip and painted with red and brown vegetal decorations. Fabric F1 (dr. EP). Context: CX5. Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD. KAP 967. F2015 Low ring foot, bi-conical body, outer surface is painted with white and brown motifs. Fabric F1 (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 409, similar to 173). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 976. F1046 Thickened rim. Rim and outer surface have traces of white slip. Fabric F1. Diam. 31 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5. Parallels: al-Fustat (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83, 7818–6). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 968. F2017 Body, outer surface is pinkish-white slip and painted with red and brown decorations. Fabric F2 (ph. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 81, F399). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 977. F2039 Plain rim. Rim has white dot and brown painted decoration; outer surface has a brown painted band under the rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 31.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: al-Fustat (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83, 7818–6). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 969. F2015 Body, outer surface is pinkish-white slip and painted with red and brown decorations. Fabric F1 (ph. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 81, F396). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 978. F1002 Flat rim. Inner surface of the rim has a red painted band which is over painted with brown dots and a wavy line. Fabric F2. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Alexandria – second half 6th–early 7th centuries AD (Rodziewicz 1984: 402, similar to 156); Huwaryia (Lake Mareotis) – 6th–7th centuries AD (Rodziewicz 1998: 251, fig. 10.2); Abu Mina – 8th century AD (Engemann 2016: 67, F172). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 970. F2017 Body, outer surface is yellowish-white slip and painted with brown decorations. Fabric F2 (ph. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – 8th–early 9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 81, F404). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 979. F1026 Double-lip out-turned rim, white slip coats both surfaces. Rim has vegetal decorations painted in red and brown-black. The body has band and dots decorations painted in red and brown on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 51 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F1022 – UFC-U1 (diam. 32 cm); F1028 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Huwaryia (Lake Mareotis) – 6th–7th centuries AD (Rodziewicz 1998: 251–252, similar to fig. 10.3); Abu Mina – contexts 6th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 90, similar to G45-50). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 971. F2017 Body, outer surface is partially white slip and it has a wavy comb decoration made after painting and before firing. Fabric F1 (ph. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – 8th century AD (Engemann 2016: 80, similar to F391). Context date: Early Islamic Period. KAP 972. F1011 Grooved rim. Rim and upper part of the outer surface are white slipped and painted with brown dots and bands. Fabric F2. Diam. 37? cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 61, decoration and profile similar to 10756–6). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 980. F2056 Squared out-turned rim, surfaces have white dots and brown painted decorations. Fabric F2. Diam. 37 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 113, profile similar to n. 41). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 990. F2005 Plain rim, a groove under the outer rim, outer surface and rim are decorated with white dots and white and black bands. Fabric F2. Diam. 23.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX9. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

KAP 981. F1022 Plain rim, surfaces are coated with white slip, outer surface has a brown painted decoration. Fabric kaolinitic? light yellow, sand. Diam. 13 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1; F1028 – UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 91, 8305–6/7). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 991. F2040 Plain rim, inner surface is coated with thin and matte red slip, lip is white painted with two brown painted dots. Fabric F3. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–83, 7818–6). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 982. F1031 Dropped flat rim, traces of brown painted band decorations on the inner surface. Fabric F2. Diam. 27.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX5. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 114–118, 9499–9). Context date: 9th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 992. F1035 Flat grooved rim of a lid, rim and outer surface are coated with white slip. Fabric F1. Diam. 35 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 983. F1069 Plain rim, inner surface is coated with yellowish-white slip and decorated with wavy brown painted lines. Fabric F1. Diam. 7 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6; F1073 – CX6. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th–11th centuries AD.

5.4.4.4 Storage Vessels

KAP 984. F1011 Slightly in-turned rim, surfaces are coated with yellowishwhite slip, an horizontal brown painted line decors the outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 53–56, 5305–3). Conjectural date: second quarter 6th–11th centuries AD.

The last of the functional groups of utilitarian ware presented here are storage vessels. This group included jars (KAP 993– KAP 1044), dolia (KAP 1045–KAP 1050), and large basins (KAP 1052–KAP 1059). One lid only can be associated with this typology of vessels (KAP 1051). 5.4.4.4.1 Jars At Kom al-Ahmer, three jar forms have been identified (KAP 993–KAP 1030). Other jars (KAP 1031–KAP 1044) have the same recurrent forms; however, due to the lack of sufficient examples, no typology is proposed. The insertion of these forms in the storage vessel functional group is based on the large dimensions of the vessels. Thickness of walls and coarse alluvial fabric with many vegetal remains allow us to distinguish this production from the serving and consumption functional group, and amphorae.

KAP 985. F2056 Plain rim, surfaces are coated with yellowish-white slip, a horizontal brown painted band decorates the outer surface. Fabric F1. Diam. 8.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+. KAP 986. F2056 Vertical rim, surfaces are coated with shiny greenish-grey slip. Fabric F7. Diam. 7 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 988. F2015 Plain rim, a groove under the outer rim, outer surface and the rim are decorated with white vertical lines. Fabric F1. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

Jar 1 (types KAP 993–KAP1011) has a vertical or slightly outturned rim grooved on the outer surface. Three variants can be identified: jar 1A (KAP 993–KAP 1002) has a step-shaped rim. The diameters range between 9 and 19 cm. Jar 1B (KAP 1003– KAP 1007) has a square or rectangular rim. The diameters range between 13 and 18 cm. Jar 1C (KAP 1008–KAP 1011) has a triangular rim, and the diameter ranges between 16.5 and 20.5 cm. The best preserved jar 1A (KAP 993) has been found in the amphora storage building together with the amphorae of Room C. No traces of handles are preserved on this jar 1 or on the other rims of form 1A. The only rim with one preserved handle is Jug 1B type KAP 1007; this jug is characterised also by a wavy cordon applied beneath the rim and notched decoration on the lip; traces of white painted slip on the rim are also attested (diameter 23 cm). This form may be considered a variant of jar 1B. Type KAP 1009 of jar 1C has traces of fire exposure. The majority of jar type 1 are attested in Unit 4, but they are also found in the other units (KAP 997, KAP 1000–KAP 1001).

KAP 989. F2041 Plain rim, a groove under the outer rim, bi-conical body (two joining sherds), outer surface and the rim are decorated with white vertical lines. Fabric F1. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

Jar 2 (KAP 1012–KAP 1017) has a collar rim, massive walls and two handles. This form may be considered similar to amphora form AE 5/6, but the abundant presence of straw on the fabric, which is rare in the AE 5/6, allows us to distinguish these two productions. Rims are plain and attested in all units, differently from amphorae AE 5/6, which are attested only in Units 1 and 2. The diameters range between 10 and 16.5 cm. The type KAP

KAP 987. F2041 Plain rim, a groove under the outer rim, outer surface is decorated with white dots and white and black vertical lines. Fabric F2. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: second quarter 6th century AD– Early Islamic Period.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II 1014 was found inside the cistern of Unit 1 (CX4) and could be dated to second-half of the 7th–first half of the 8th centuries AD.

Parallels: al-Fustat – first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 53–56, similar to 5305–4). Conjectural date: 5th century AD ?.

Jar 3 (KAP 1018–KAP 1030) has coarse fabric, thick walls and a cordon under the short neck. This form could be divided into two sub-groups: jar 3A (KAP 1018–KAP 1024) has out-turned rims and diameters around 20 cm. This form is attested in Unit 4, but also at Kom Wasit and in the Hellenistic phases of Kom al-Ahmer, and so this storage vessel was in use for a long period of time. Jar 3B (KAP 1025–KAP 1030) has squared rims which could be vertical or out-turned. Two types (KAP 1027–KAP 1028) have traces of white painted decoration on the rim. A wide range of diameters is attested, from 13.5 to 30.5 cm.

KAP 1002. F4007 Step-shaped rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. Jar 1B KAP 1003. F4020 Squared rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Kellia (Ballet 2003: 123, similar to n. 89). Context date: AD 425–450+.

The two rims (KAP 1031–KAP 1032) have the same rectangular profile, but the vessels are of different size. The other types of jars, (KAP 1033–KAP 1042), are known from only one example.

KAP 1004. F4084 Squared rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Jar 1A KAP 993. F4090 Step-shaped rim, ribbed outer surface, the shoulder is decorated with a wavy painted band. Fabric F2. Diam. 17.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Kellia – AD 400–450 (Egloff 1977: 109, n. 161). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1005. F4020 Squared rim. Fabric F1. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 1006. F4084 Squared slightly in-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 994. F4110 Step-shaped rim, traces of one handle. Fabric F2. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1007. F4084 In-turned squared rim, thumbed on the lip and appliquéd clay rope on the outer rim, one preserved handle, runs of white slip on the rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 23 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 75, similar to F304). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 995. F4096 Step-shaped rim, blackened surfaces. Fabric F3. Diam. 14.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 996. F4110 Step-shaped rim with traces of white painted decorations. Fabric F3. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Jar 1C KAP 1008. F4011 Out-turned squared rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 997. F1015 Step-shaped rim, surfaces are coated with red slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1; F1028 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?.

KAP 1009. F1029 Out-turned squared rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 20.5 cm (dr. GM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?. KAP 1010. F4013 Out-turned triangular shaped rim, slight lid seat. Fabric F2. Diam. 19 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 998. F4016 Step-shaped rim, blackened surfaces. Fabric F2. Diam. 18 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1011. F4002 Triangular shaped rim, the outer surface and rim are coated with red slip. Fabric F1. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 999. F4002 Step-shaped rim. Fabric F2. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F1008 – UFC-U1. Context date: 5th century AD. KAP 1000. F2056 Step-shaped rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 9 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX7. Conjectural date: 5th century AD?; context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

Jar 2 KAP 1012. F4096 Plain rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1001. F1068 Step-shaped rim, clay appliqué on the rim, blackened surfaces (at al-Fustat a similar profile with a major diameter is identified as cooking pot). Fabric F2. Diam. 14 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6

KAP 1013. F4001 Plain rim, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 1026. F4096 Out-turned rim, collar on cylindrical neck. Fabric F4. Diam. 21.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1014. F1054 Out-turned rim, one preserved handle. Fabric F4. Diam. 16.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX4. Parallels: Kellia – 7th–mid 8th centuries AD (Ballet 2003: 122, similar to n. 86). Context date: second half 7th–first half 8th centuries AD.

KAP 1027. F2030 Out-turned rim, traces of white slip on the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 1015. F4016 Plain rim, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4; F1000 – UFC-U1; F1011 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1; F1025 – UFC-U1. Parallels: Kellia (Ballet 2003: 122, similar to n. 88). Conjectural date: 5th–first half 8th centuries AD.

KAP 1028. F1012 Rim, neck with collar, surfaces are white slipped. Fabric F5. Diam. 22 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Buto (Hartung et al. 2003: 246, abb. 16.VII). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1016. F1002 T-shaped rim, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 11 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1; F1000 – UFC-U1; F2042 – CX10. Conjectural date: 5th–first half 8th centuries AD.

KAP 1029. F2030 Out-turned rim, neck with collar. Fabric F4. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Parallels: Kellia (Ballet 2003: 185, n. 178). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 1017. F2017 T-shaped rim, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: 5th–first half 8th centuries AD.

KAP 1030. F2038 Out-turned rim (two joining sherds), lid seat, collar on cylindrical neck. Fabric F3. Diam. 30.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

Jar 3A KAP 1018. F4065 Out-turned rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Other jars KAP 1031. F4020 Out-turned rim, traces of one handle. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1019. F4065 Out-turned rim. Fabric F4. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 1020. F4065 Out-turned rim, neck with collar. Fabric F3. Diam. 13 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1032. F4066 Out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 12.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Parallels: al-Ashmunein – AD 375–450 (Bailey 1998: 107, similar to O42). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1021. F4069 Double-lip rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1033. F4016 Out-turned rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 22.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1022. F4096 Out-turned rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 68, similar to F191). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1034. F4011 T-shaped rim, pinched decoration. Fabric F3. Diam. 18 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4084 – CX3. Parallels: Kellia – 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 105, similar to n. 153); Tod (Pierrat 1996: 196, decoration similar to fig. 56). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1023. F4096 Double-lip rim (two joining sherds), neck with collar. Fabric F4. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1035. F2056 Triangular rim, inner surface has traces of red slip, the outer surface has a wavy white painted band decoration. Fabric F3. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Parallels: Abu Mina – the second quarter 5th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 75, similar to F305). Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 1024. F4084 Double-lip rim, neck with collar. Fabric F4. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Context date: AD 425–450+. Jar 3B KAP 1025. F4084 Out-turned rim, neck with collar. Fabric F3. Diam. 20 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: Buto (Hartung et al. 2003: 246, abb. 16.VII); Kellia (Ballet 2003: 120, n. 82). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1036. F2019 Triangular rim, runs of white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 21 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II KAP 1037. F2052 Thickened rim, one preserved handle, blackened surfaces. Fabric F3. Diam. 11.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX8. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1046. F4011 Triangular shaped rim. Fabric F5. Diam.? cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–90, 7826–4). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1038. F2003 Triangular-shaped rim, one preserved handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F1070 – CX6; F1022 – UFC-U1. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 1047. F4084 Slightly in-turned rim. Fabric F5. Diam. 31 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Parallels: al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–90, 7826–4). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1039. F2045 Out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 15 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2; F1011 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1; F1023 – UFC-U1; F2038 – CX11. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1048. F4002 In-turned rim. Fabric F5. Diam. 40 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4065 – CX1. Parallels: Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 63, F92). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1040. F1015 Rim with collar and wavy graffito line on the shoulder, outer surface is red slipped. Fabric F3. Diam. 13.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F1035 – UFC-U1 (without decoration). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1049. F4002 In-turned rim. Fabric F5. Diam. 56 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4. Parallels: Kellia – 5th century AD (Egloff 1977: 168, n. 328); Abu Mina – around AD 480 (Engemann 2016: 63, F93). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1041. F1043 Out-turned rim. Fabric F3. Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F4095 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th–10th centuries AD.

KAP 1050. F4096 In-turned rim, lid seat. Fabric F5. Diam. 31 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1042. F1035 Double-lip rim, comb graffito lines on the shoulder. Light brown fabric with mica, sand and organic voids – similar to the AE 7 Dixneuf A4 (see the section dedicated to Egyptian amphorae 5.6). Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1051. F4002 Lid. Fabric F5. Diam. 39 cm, height 2.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4014 – CX2; F4016 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1043. F4001 Ribbed body sherd with at least one horizontal handle. Fabric F3 (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

5.4.4.4.3 Large Basins Large basin types KAP 1052–KAP 1056 are different from those presented in the section dedicated to food preparation. The main difference is the dimension; these basins have diameters larger than 50 cm. The walls are thick and fabrics are coarse. Two basins are decorated with wavy incised lines (KAP 1052–KAP 1053), and one has traces of drips of red slip (KAP 1054). Type KAP 1056 is decorated with a painted band and poorly preserved rouletting decoration on the outer surface. All of these large basins were found in Units 1 and 2.

KAP 1044. F4004 Ring foot base. Fabric F3. Diam. base (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD. 5.4.4.4.2 Dolia Few dolia have been found at Kom al-Ahmer. The large closed form type KAP 1045 has T-shaped rim, a diameter of 40 cm, and coarse fabric. One example has been found. Types KAP 1046–1050 have triangular shaped rims. The fabric is coarse (F5), and vessels are badly preserved. Types KAP 1048–KAP 1049 have in-turned rim; parallels are attested for a long period.135 Crumbly fabric and the post-depositional process caused damage to large containers, and numerous sherds with similar characteristics were recognised in Units 4 and 1, but their poor condition does not allow comparisons. Based on fabric, the lid type KAP 1051 could be associated with dolia forms.

The large basin types KAP 1057–1059 have a triangularshaped rim and cracked coarse fabric (F5). Diameter of these large basins is between 34 and 50 cm. Six vessels were identified, although these are the most attested types at Kom al-Ahmer. Indeed, the fabric and the post-depositional process caused damage to these containers, and numerous sherds of open forms with similar characteristics were recognised, but their poor condition does not allow a comparison. The majority of these forms are attested in Unit 4. KAP 1052. F1027 Out-turned rim (29 joining sherds), wavy graffito decoration, traces of at least one ear handle. Fabric F3. Diam. 56 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1; F2052 – CX8 (without wavy line); F2030 – CX11 (diam. 50 cm without decoration). Parallels: Abu Mina – late 5th–early 6th centuries AD but examples until the 8th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 63, similar to F81); al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 114–118, decoration similar to 9496–3). Context date: 5th century AD–Islamic Period.

KAP 1045. F4096 T-shaped rim. Fabric F4. Diam. 40 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Similar dolia are attested at al-Fustat in a Medieval context (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 80–90).

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 1053. F1074 Out-turned rim, graffito wavy line decoration. Fabric F3. Diam.? cm (dr. GM). Context: CX6. Parallels: Elephantine – first half 4th–first half 5th centuries AD (Gempeler 1992: 181, profile similar to K508); Abu Mina – late 5th–early 6th centuries AD but examples until the 8th9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 63, F81). Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

Saqiyah pots Saqiyah pots are vessels used in the water wheel system. The production of this type of pottery container is usually local and is attested in large quantities near water structures. This type of pot has several shapes depending on its provenance.136 At Kom al-Ahmer, no traces of this water system have been found, although some rims and bases (KAP 1060–KAP 1068) may have parallels with these pots. KAP 1060. F4065 Out-turned rim, the outer surface is light pink and irregularly burnished. Fabric F2. Diam. 10.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1054. F1074 Triangular shaped rim, traces of dark red-brown paintings. Fabric F4. Diam.? cm (dr. MLP). Context: CX6. Parallels: similar to al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 90–92, 8307–7). Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1061. F4021 Out-turned rim with terracotta remains on it. Fabric F2. Diam. 11.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1; F4110 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1055. F2042 Out-turned rim. Fabric F5. Diam.? cm (dr. EP). Context: CX10. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 1062. F4065 Out-turned rim, shoulder step, both surface are coated with irregularly distributed thin white slip. Fabric F2. Diam. 11.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 267–268, similar to fig. 187a). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1056. F2017 Squared rim, inner surface is decorated with a white painted band, outer surface has a rouletting decoration. Fabric F4. Diam. more than 50 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Parallels: Abu Mina – 8th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 63, similar to F80); profile and painted decoration al-Fustat – second half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 71–72, 5626–2; 137–145, 9979–6). Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 1063. F2001 Out-turned rim, the outer surface is yellowish-white and irregularly burnished. Fabric F3. Diam. 19 cm (dr. AE). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 1057. F4002 Plain rim. Crumbly fabric type F5. Diam. 49 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4000 – UFC-U4; F4015 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1064. F4020 Base. Fabric F2. Diam. base 5.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1984: 267–268, fig. 187c). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1058. F4002 Plain rim. Crumbly fabric type F5. Diam. 50 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4007 – UFC-U4 (diam. 56 cm). Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1065. F1060 Base. Fabric F2. Diam. base 3.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1059. F1015 Plain rim. Crumbly fabric type F5. Diam. 34 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Parallels: Abu Mina – attested in contexts 6th–9th centuries AD (Engemann 2016: 63, similar to F94). Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1066. F2005 Base. Fabric F2. Diam. base 2 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

5.4.4.5 Utilitarian Vessels and Other Terracotta Objects

KAP 1067. F2047 Base. Fabric F2. Diam. base 2 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

The last section of the local/regional pottery production is dedicated to the objects used for other purposes, as compared to the functional group already presented and associated with food. In this group, saqiyah pots (KAP 1060–KAP 1068), pot stands (KAP 1069–KAP 1071), cylindrical vessels of uncertain use (KAP 1072–KAP 1075), a strainer (KAP 1076), an unguentarium (KAP 1077), a miniature vessel (KAP 1078), a spindle (KAP 1079), a smoother (KAP 1080), terracotta discs (KAP 1084–KAP 1096), building materials (KAP 1087– KAP 1088) and other objects with unclear use (KAP 1081– KAP 1083) are presented. A large amphora (KAP 1089 – SCA 238) with anthropomorphic decoration is also discussed. The double handles and the alluvial fabric allow us to include this form in the group of storage vessels. However, the decoration persuades us to consider this vessel as a decorative or perhaps even a ritual container.

KAP 1068. F2038 Base. Fabric F2. Diam. base 3.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX11. Parallels: Marea (Majcherek 2008: 116, base similar to n. 71). Context date: Early Islamic Period. Pot stands Pot stands are rare at the site. Three examples have been identified. Two of them (KAP 1069–KAP 1070) come from Unit 4. The first is short, and the second is characterised by three graffito lines, which form an N, made before firing. The only example found in Unit 1 (KAP 1071) is decorated with

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Rodziewicz 1984: 267–268; Bailey 1998: 75–79; Majcherek 2008: 116.

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II horizontal lines etched with a comb. Pot stands are more common in Hellenistic layers.

Unguentarium From Unit 1, context UFC-U1, an almost complete unguentarium was found. The fabric is coarse, and the surface is not well elaborated, although it is coated with a red slip.

KAP 1069. F4019 Complete profile, warped. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 11 cm, height 2.5 cm, diam. base 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1077. F1005 Ovoid unguentarium without preserved rim (6 joining sherds). The body is deformed and with coarse graffito (no decoration); dark red slip on the outer surface with runs on the neck. Fabric F7 (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1070. F4002 Complete profile, an N-shaped graffito made before firing. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 10.5 cm, height 4.5 cm, diam. base 11.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Miniature Vessel

KAP 1071. F1022 Complete profile, comb decoration on the outer surface. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 15 cm, height 5.3 cm, diam. base 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD.

A small cup was found in Unit 4, with a complete profile. The fabric is coarse; nevertheless the shape is finely worked. Surfaces have traces of fire exposure. The context of this find does not help us understand the use of this small vessel. KAP 1078. F4096 Rim-base. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 5 cm, height 2.5 cm, diam. base 2 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Cylindrical Small Vessels Small cylindrical vessels have unclear use; Bailey interpreted them as baking pots.137 In general, they are attested in contexts from the 2nd century AD until the Late Roman/Early Byzantine Period.138 At Kom al-Ahmer, they have been found in Unit 4 and also in the mixed context UFC-U2 of Unit 2. The only complete example come from F4088, a deposit excavated in 2017 under the floor of Room B of the house (KAP 1072).

Spindle One spindle has been found in Unit 1. This is the only object that may be related to spinning activities. KAP 1079. F1074 Complete. Fabric F1, dark grey colour. Height 1.4 cm, diam. base 1.6 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6. Context date: 10th–11th centuries AD.

KAP 1072. F4088 Plain rim, ribbed body, flat base. Fabric F4. Diam. 7.5 cm; h. 5.5 cm; diam. base 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: levels under the last phase of the use of the house. Conjectural date: 3rd–first quarter 5th centuries AD.

Smoother

KAP 1073. F4096 Base, rough body. Fabric F4. Diam. base 6.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

One cylindrical object come from Unit 1 may be interpreted as a smoother. It has a cylindrical shape and rounded section; surfaces are smooth because of rubbing after firing. KAP 1080. F4021 Cylindrical object with wear surfaces. One extremity is fragmentary. Fabric F3. Preserved length 8.5 cm, diam. max 2.3 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1074. F4020 Base, rough body. Fabric F4. Diam. base 5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F1001 – UFC-U1. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 1075. F2033 Out-turned rim, rough body. Fabric F4. Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Others KAP 1081. F4096 Flat base with a hole made after firing process on purpose, traces of exposure to fire. The shape is the same of KAP 863. Fabric F3. Diam. base 3.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

Strainer Bottles with strainers are discussed above in the section dedicated to food serving and consumption (KAP 664–KAP 673 and KAP 930–KAP 931). One example of a complete profile strainer without a container has been found in Unit 4. The strainer has a cylindrical body with an out-turned rim. The base is flat with three holes made before firing.

KAP 1082. F4011 Unidentified object, almost intact. It is a small irregular halfbowl which was cut before firing. Fabric F1 (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1076. F4001 Rim-base. Fabric F2. Diam. rim 7 cm, height 7 cm, diam. base 5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4. Context date: 5th century AD.

KAP 1083. F4020 Unidentified fragmentary object (two joining sherds). Cylindrical object with collar applied by thumbs, possibly a dolium rim?. The object was decorated with at least two notches collars. Fabric F3 (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Parallels: Kellia – 6th–7th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 165, n. 323); Abu Mina – 7th century AD (Engemann 2016: 109, similar to H226); a similar profile of the vessel with a parallel

Bailey 1998: 72–73. Tomber 2006: 139, type 4; Guidotti 2008: 319, n. 157; Tomber and Thomas 2011: 49, n. 83.

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

decoration, but without ring appliqué, were discovered at alFustat in a context dated to the first half of the 9th century AD (Gayraud and Vallauri 2017: 47–53, 4588–6). Context date: AD 425–450+.

Anthropomorphic Amphora Among the amphora of the storage building context CX3, a double-handle closed form vessel was found. The amphora is badly preserved because of the low quality of the pottery and the post-depositional process (salty soil caused a general surface detachment). The amphora is characterised by an applied decoration. Both surfaces of the neck show two human faces, one is recognisable only by the ears. The best preserved part of the neck shows an elongated face with hair made with terracotta buttons. Cheeks are two applied discs. Mouth is open with a tongue outside. Handles have incised decoration. The shoulder is decorated as well, but the poor condition of the vessel does not allow to recognise the decoration. No parallels have been found for the entire vessel and few parallels have been identified for the decoration. Applied cordons and clay bottoms are attested at Kellia type 331.141 At Neapolis an imported vessel has a similar decoration on the handle, but the other parts of the vessel are missing. The chronology proposed for this parallel is the late 4th–5th centuries AD.142

Terracotta discs Terracotta discs have been found at both Kom al-Ahmer and Kom Wasit. They are made from recycled pottery sherds which have been clipped to a circular shape. These objects are usually interpreted as lids, but also as counters.139 Today, in the Anatolian plateau, different sizes of these terracotta discs are used as pieces of toys.140 Terracotta discs have different sizes, and they are more common in Hellenistic contexts. KAP 1084. F4020 Pottery disc modified from an Egyptian amphora body sherd. Fabric Nile silt light brown similar to the amphorae AE 7 fabrics. Diam. 4.5–5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Context date: AD 425–450+. KAP 1085. F2005 Pottery disc modified from one import amphora type Late Roman Amphora 1. Pinkish-yellow sandy fabric. Diam. 3.5–4 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX9. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

KAP 1089. SCA 238 F4084 Out-turned rim, applied and incised decorations. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 15 cm, height 5.3 cm, diam. base 12 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4020 – CX2. Parallels: Kellia – early 7th centuries AD (Egloff 1977: 169); Abu Mina (Engemann 2016: 66, similar decoration F142 or F143); Neapolis – late 4th–5th centuries AD (Carsana, Del Vecchio 2017: 413–415, fig. 6.26). Context date: AD 425–450+.

KAP 1086. F1074 Pottery disc modified from a painted ware vessel. Fabric F2 – local/regional close form production. Diam. 4.5–5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX11. Context date: Early Islamic Period.

5.5 Imported Amphorae

Building Materials

The study of the imported amphorae is preliminary and presents an overview of the most commonly attested types found during the excavation. The quantification and the study of the fabrics will be presented in future publications. These accounts may give a general idea of the trade routes to which Kom al-Ahmer was well connected during the Late Roman, Early Byzantine and Early Islamic periods.

Terracotta building materials are rare among terracotta objects. Two pipes are identified. The first (KAP 1087) is a cylindrical pipe from Unit 1. It was found in a secondary deposit, close to the oval structure built in fired bricks and coated with hydraulic mortar. The association with this structure allowed us to hypothesise that it was used for water. The second type of pipe (KAP 1088) is a fragment of rectangular hollow brick usually employed on walls for hot air circulation.

5.5.1 Late Roman Amphora 1 LRA 1 is the most common amphora attested in the three Units at Kom al-Ahmer. This amphora was produced in Cyprus, the southern coasts of the modern Turkey, and the upper coasts of Syria.143 From the same Mediterranean area, many other productions were imported, mainly the LRD (KAP 61–KAP 108), and also coarse ware (KAP 253–KAP 254). Based on tituli picti and previous chemical analysis, experts suggested that wine was the main product transported in LRA 1; however a titulus pictus mentioning the transport of olive oil was found as well.144 This amphora is largely imported in Egypt and in the Delta area.145

KAP 1087. F1037 Terracotta pipe. Fabric F3. Diam. rim 9 cm, height 19.5 cm, diam. rim 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Context date: 5th–11th centuries AD. KAP 1088. F4066 Heating rectangular pipe. Fabric F5 (dr. CM). Context: CX1. Context date: AD 425–450+.

Many examples found at Kom al-Ahmer have traces of red painted tituli picti positioned on the neck or on the shoulder. This tituli will be studied and published in future. One lid (KAP 1138) with the same fabric of LRA 1 was found. The production and trade of this amphora is attested from the second quarter of the 4th until at least the 7th centuries AD. The catalogue order of the LRA 1 is based on units or dimensions: LRA 1 from Unit 4 Egloff 1977: 61. The fabric is not described in detail, it has abundant gold mica. Carsana and Del Vecchio 2017: 413–415, fig. 6.26. 143 Pieri 2005: 80; Şenol and Alkaç 2017. 144 Peacock and Williams 1986: 187; Pieri 2005: 83. About the transport of wine: Pieri 2005: 81–85 and relative bibliography. 145 Some examples: Kom Abu Billo (Marchand and Simonie 2017: 912– 914); Baouit (Dixneuf 2017: 948–949). 141 

142 

Pieri 2005: 78; Tomber 2006: 241; Witte 2012: 243. The author noted toys at Kemerhisar, the ancient Tyana, in south Cappadocia (province of Niğde, Turkey). Different sizes of these discs are piled up as cones and the game consists of throwing stones to make the cones fall down.

139 140

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Kom al-Ahmer – Kom Wasit II (KAP 1090–KAP 1104), LRA 1 from Unit 1 and 2 (KAP 1105–KAP 1124), LRA 1 type Kellia 169 with small diameter of the rim (KAP 1125–KAP 1131), and at the end bases and the lid.

KAP 1094. F4016 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: light yellow, lime and sand inclusions (quartz, black and brown stones), hard. Diam. 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

The only two complete LRA 1 were found in the amphora storage building context CX3. The first type, KAP 1090, is characterised by a ribbed cylindrical body. A red titulus pictus is painted on the shoulder. The second complete vessel, KAP 1091, has a larger upper part of the body than the lower part, and a red titulus pictus is painted on the shoulder. Bent handles have an irregular section. Parallels allow us to classify these two amphorae as the form LRA 1A dated by Pieri from the end of the 4th to the 5th centuries AD.146 The other rims found in Unit 4 are poorly preserved (KAP 1092–KAP 1104). Diameters range between 6.5 cm to 11 cm. Types KAP 1103 and KAP 1104 have a slightly outturned rim.

KAP 1095. F4020 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellow with a lot of limestone and rounded edge inclusions (red, brown, and black), soft. Diam. 8.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2. Conjectural date: end 4th century AD–450+. KAP 1096. F4016 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellowish-pink, limestone and a lot of rounded edges inclusions (red and brown), soft. Diam. 8 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4095 – UFC-U4. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

Similar profiles are also found in Units 1 and 2 (KAP 1105–KAP 1124). No complete examples are attested in these contexts, and for this reason it is hard to propose a classification. The diameters range between 6.5 to 11 cm. Type KAP 1124 has a diameter of 13 cm, and it comes from context CX7, which dates to the second quarter of the 6th until the end of the 7th centuries AD.

KAP 1097. F4014 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellowish-pink, limestone and sand, soft. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX2; F1011 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

LRA1 types KAP 1124–KAP 1131 are distinguished by their small rim; Pieri calls them LRA 1 “sous-modules.”147 The diameter of these rims are from 3.5 cm to 6 cm. The small version of the rim-neck is mainly found in Unit 4. Parallels are available in Egypt as well as in Mediterranean contexts.148

KAP 1098. F4015 Rim, traces of one handle. Fabric: orange pink with yellow surface, mica and a lot of limestone and sand, hard. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

LRA 1 has a rounded small base which may be more or less pronounced (KAP 1132–KAP 1137). The type KAP 1137 has a clay residue on the inner surface of the base. The base of the complete forms has a groove around the bottom (KAP 1090– KAP 1091).

KAP 1099. F4016 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: pink with yellow core, limestone and sand, rare mica, soft. Diam. 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

LRA 1 Rims found in Unit 4 KAP 1090. F4090 Rim, two handles, oval body umbilical base. Red painted titulus pictus on the shoulder. Fabric: light orange with brown core; limestone, grey stones and sand inclusions, soft. Diam. rim 7 cm, height 49.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3; F4050 – UFC-U4 (diam. 10 cm). Conjectural date: end 4th century AD–450+.

KAP 1100. F4017 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: pink, limestone and a lot of inclusions (grey and brown), quite hard. Diam. 6.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX1 F1046 – CX5. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

KAP 1091. F4090 Rim, two handles, oval body umbilical base. Red painted titulus pictus on the shoulder. Fabric: pinkish-orange, limestone, grey stones and sand inclusions, hard. Diam. rim 7 cm, height 49 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX3. Conjectural date: end 4th century AD–450+.

KAP 1101. F4002 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: light red with yellow surfaces, limestone and sand inclusions, soft. Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4110 – UFC-U4. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

KAP 1092. F4002 Rim, two handles. Fabric: pinkish-yellow, limestone, grey stones and sand inclusions, soft. Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U4; F4020 – CX2; F4001 – UFC-U4; F4004 – UFC-U4; F4008 – UFC-U4. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

KAP 1102. F4004 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellowish-pink, a lot of limestone and black stones, soft. Diam. 9.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4011 – UFC-U4; F1002 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

KAP 1093. F4110 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: light red with yellow surfaces, a lot of inclusions (limestone, quartz, rounded edges stones). Diam. 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F4004 – UFC-U4; F4096 – UFC-U4; F1004 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

KAP 1103. F4002 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellow, limestone and rounded edges inclusions (grey and brown), soft. Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4; F2052 – CX8; F2038 – CX11. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD. KAP 1104. F4002 Rim. Fabric: orange-pink, limestone, hard. Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U4. Conjectural date: end 4th–5th centuries AD.

Pieri 2005: 70–72. 147 Pieri 2005: 76–77. 148 Egloff 1977: 113; Bonifay et al. 2002: 54–56, similar to nn. 64–68; Williams 2005; Tomber and Thomas 2011: 145, n. 57. 146

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Cristina Mondin: Late Roman and Early Islamic Pottery from Kom al-Ahmer

KAP 1115. F2042 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellow, a lot of inclusions (limestone, brown rounded edge stones). Diam. 11.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

LRA 1 Rims from Units 1 and 2 KAP 1105. F2056 Irregularly made rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: lightyellowish pink, limestone and rare sand inclusions. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7; F1043 – CX5; F1002 – UFC-U1; F1015 – UFC-U1; F2030 – CX11; F2038 – CX11. Context date of CX7: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 1116. F2041 Rim. Fabric: yellow, a lot of inclusions (limestone, reddishbrown rounded edge stones), hard. Diam. 7.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1106. F2056 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: light pink, a lot of inclusions (limestone and rounded edge stones). Diam. 8.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX7. Context date: second quarter 6th–end of 7th centuries AD+.

KAP 1117. F1031 Rim. Fabric: yellow with core and inner surface orange, a lot of inclusions (rounded edge stones and limestone, rare mica), hard. Diam. 6.5 cm (dr. EP). Context: CX5; F2056 – CX7. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1107. F2040 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: light brown with yellow surfaces, a lot of inclusions (limestone and rounded edge stones). Diam. 11 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F2044 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1118. F2017 Rim. Fabric: yellowish-orange with a lot of inclusions (brown stones and rare mica), soft. Diam. 7 cm (dr. EP). Context: UFC-U2. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1108. F2040 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: light brown with yellow core, a lot of inclusions (limestone, quartz, rounded edge stones). Diam. 10 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F1012 – UFC-U1; F1060 – UFC-U1; F2038 – CX11; F2001 – UFC-U2; F2033 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1119. F1046 Rim. Fabric: yellowish with a lot of inclusions (brown and white stones), hard. Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX5; F1001 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1109. F2042 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: light yellow, a lot of inclusions (limestone and sand). Diam. 9.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX10. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1120. F1060 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellowish light red with brown and white stones, hard. Diam. 7 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1110. F2054 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellow with a lot of inclusions (limestone, grey and brown rounded edge stones). Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX8; F1011 – UFC-U1; F2020 – UFC-U2; F2039 – UFC-U2. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1121. F1006 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellowish-pink, limestone and a lot of rounded edges inclusions (red and brown), soft. Diam. 8.5 cm (dr. BR). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD. KAP 1122. F1068 Rim (two joining sherds), one preserved handle, traces of red paintings (titulus pictus?). Fabric: light red with yellow surfaces, limestone and rounded edge inclusions (grey and brown), hard. Diam. 8 cm (dr. CM). Context: CX6; F1076 – CX6; F1008 – UFC-U1; F1014 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1111. F1013 Rim. Fabric: light red, a lot of inclusions (limestone, quartz, rounded edge stones). Diam. 7 cm (dr. AS). Context: UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD. KAP 1112. F2015 Rim. Fabric: light red with yellow surfaces, a lot of inclusions (limestone, grey and brown rounded edge stones). Diam. 9 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F4017 – CX1; F1011 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1123. F2002 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: light red, limestone and a lot of stones (grey and brown), hard. Diam. 9.5 cm (dr. CM). Context: UFC-U2; F1060 – UFC-U1. Conjectural date: end 5th–7th centuries AD.

KAP 1113. F2033 Rim, one preserved handle. Fabric: yellowish light red, a lot of inclusions (limestone, brown rounded edge stones –