Hanging-Bowls, Penannular Brooches and the Anglo-Saxon Connexion 9780904531251, 9781407318554
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English Pages [56] Year 1975
Polecaj historie
Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
Introduction
PENANNULAR BROOCHES
HANGING BOWLS
CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citation preview
Hanging-Bowls, Penannular Brooches and the Anglo-Saxon Connexion
David Longley
British Archaeological Reports 2 2 1 97 5
British A.rchaeological Reports 122
Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England GENERAL EDITORS
A.C.C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y.M. Hands
A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, B.A. ADVISORY EDI1DRS
NeilCossons, M.A., F.S.A., F.M.A. C.B. Burgess, M.A. Professor B.W. Cunliffe, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A. Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, B.A., :\LA., F.S.A. ProfessorG.D.B. Jones, \LA., D.Phil., F.S.A. P.A. l\Ie Ila rs, :'.'vl.A., Ph.D. Frances Lynch. \1.A., F.S.A. P.A. Rahtz, M.A.. F.S.A.
B. A. R. 22, 1975: "Hanging-Bowls, Penannular Brooches and the Anglo Saxon Connexion" © D. M. T. Longley, 1975.
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531251 paperback ISBN 9781407318554 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531251 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS Page Acknow ledge men ts L is t o f F igures I n troduct ion
I
P enannu lar Brooches
5
Hang ing Bow ls
1 5
Conc lus ions
3 2
Append ix ( hang ing-bow l g roups )
3 7
Abbrev iat ions
4 3
B ib l iography
4 4
AC KNO WLEDGE MENTS
I wou ld l ike t o e xpress my g rat itude t o Dr. L loyd R . L a ing o f L iverpoo l Un ivers ity f or h is h e lp a nd e ncourage men t i n t he p reparat ion o f t h is p aper , a nd t o Mrs. S . C . Hawkes o f Ox ford Un ivers ity f or h er h elp fu l c o m men ts.
L IST OF F IGURES Page F ig . I
Map :
Ro mano-Saxon Pot tery ( da ta :
Myres 1 956 a nd
2
Myres 1 969) .
2
1 959) . F ig . 2
Map :
Ear ly G er man ic Pot tery ( da ta :
F ig . 3
Map :
L a te Ro man Mi litary Meta lwork ( da ta :
a nd Dunn ing , 1 961; F ig . 4
Hawkes
4
Hawkes, 1 974) .
Penannu lar b rooch t ypes ( Fow ler ) F 2, G , H 2, H3 a nd H
6
( Sche ma t ized a nd n o t t o s ca le) . Hang ing b ow l w ith Group 4 a e scu tcheons . L oveden H i l l , No . 1 . F ig . 5
Approx .
a .
Base o f C ruc ifor m b rooch , Lym inge ;
b .
Penannu lar b rooch , Caerwen t ;
d .
Ter m ina l o f Cierwen t b rooch , 2 / 1;
Ha m H i l l ;
f .
( Based o n
s ca le) . 7
c . Ox-head , Mountsorre l ;
Brooch , A lfr iston , 2 /I .
e .
Ox-head ,
( 4b, c , d , ea nd f
f ro m p ho tographs) . F ig . 6
Map :
Penannu lar b rooches, Types F , F l a nd F 2 ( da ta :
9
Fow ler 1 963 a nd K i lbride-Jones 1 935-7) . F ig . 7
Map :
Penannu lar b rooches, Type G ( da ta :
Fow ler 1 963
9
w i th a dd it ions) . F ig . 8
Map :
Penannu lar b rooches, Types H , H I a nd H/F ( da ta :
1 1
F ow ler 1 963 w ith a dd i t ions) . F ig.9
F ig . 1 0
Map : Penannu lar b rooches, Types H 2 a nd H 3 ( da ta : Fow ler 1 963 w ith a dd it ions) . G roup I Hang ing-bow l e scutcheons: b , Cast le T iora m : Br idge :
c , Bag inton :
f , Eastry :
a , H i ldersham :
d , Wi lton :
1 1
1 7
e , Tu m me l
g , Faversha m .
( 9b , d , ea nd g a f ter K i lbr ide-Jones 1 936-7 ;
9 a , ca nd f
f ro m p ho tographs) . F ig . I I
Map :
Group I H anging-bow l e scutcheons a nd d iscs .
1 8
F ig . 1 2
Map :
Group 2 Hang ing-bow l e scutcheons a nd d iscs .
1 8
F ig . 1 3
G roup 2 H anging-bow l e scu tcheons a nd d iscs : No . 1 ;
b , Bag inton ;
e , Dover No . 3 ; F ig . 1 4
c , Faversha m ;
f , Dover No . 2 ;
G roup 3 Hang ing-bow l d iscs:
a , Dover
g , Wh itby .
a , Ca merton ;
b , Faversha m ;
c , K ingston . L a te Ro man me ta lwork :
2 1
d , Winchester ;
d , V er mand ;
e , Co lera ine h oard ;
2 3
;
Page f , Lydney ;
g , Co lchester .
Group 4 b H ang ing-bow l d iscs : i , Faversha m ;
h , Benty Grange ;
j ,d isc f ound w i th L u l lingstone b ow l .
( 13b, c , ha nd ia f ter K endr ick 1 932 ; t o Ro mano-Br i t ish a nt iqu it ies ; Dunn ing , 1 961; Henry 1 936) . F ig . 1 5
1 3e af ter B . M . g u ide
1 3g a f ter Hawkes a nd
1 3a , da nd ff ro m p ho tographs ;
G roup 4 H anging-bow l e scutcheons a nd d iscs ; b , Chester ton o n Fossway ; d , Barring ton ;
a , H i tchen ;
2 4
c , L u l lingstone ;
e , Ov ing ;
g , S toke Go ld ing , No . 1 ;
1 3 j af ter
f , Ca mer ton No . 2 ; h , K ingston No . 2 ;
i , S toke Go ld ing , No . 2 . ( A l l a f ter K i lbr ide-Jones 1 936-7) . F ig . 1 6
Map :
Group 3 Hang ing-bow l e scu tcheons a nd d iscs .
2 6
F ig . 1 7
Map :
G roup 5 Hang ing-bow l e scu tcheons .
2 6
F ig . 1 8
Group 5 Hang ing-bow l e scu tcheons : b , Chesse l Down ;
c , F inn ing ley ;
e , Naunhei m ( no s ca le) ; h , Benn iwor th ;
i , Hoprekstad ;
1 7a , b , c , d , e , f , g , ia nd
g , S leaford ;
j , Whitby ;
k , Ba l linderry .
1 7k a f ter Ra f tery 1 966 ;
jf ro m p ho tographs) .
Hang ing-bow l r im f or ms .
3 1
La te Ro man : a , Naunhe im ; I nbent : c , Chesse l Down . Ha m mered : Br idge . Fo ld o ver : I r ish b ow ls:
d , Bag inton ;
b , S traze b e i P iest 'any .
f , Cast le T iora m ;
1 , Winchester ;
g , Th m me l
i , Hawnby .
e , Ba l linderry ;
j , Miklesbostad .
( sca le a pprox . D iagra m t o s how t he r e la t ive n u mbers o f i nben t , h a m mered a a nd f o ld-over r i ms i n e ach g roup . ( 19 , aa nd b af ter V ierck ; K i lbr ide-Jones ;
1 9 ea nd
2 8
d , Bar ton ( no s ca le) ;
f , Faversha m ;
( IT h a f ter K i lbride-Jones 1 963-7 ;
F ig . 1 9
a , Hawnby ;
1 9 , c , d , 1 , g , h , iaf ter
jaf ter Henry ) .
A l l s ca les 1 / 1 e xcep t where i nd ica ted .
F igs . 1 3 ha nd 1 7 ir estored .
I NTRODUCTION
The t rad i t iona l image o f a n Ang lo S axon i nvasion , a cco mpan ied b y f ire a nd s word a nd w ith t he n a t ive B rit ish b eing e ither massacred o r d r iven westward , i s n o l onger g enera lly a ccepted .' t o p rove .
P eacefu l s et t le men t i s , h owever , d i f f icu lt
The ma teria l c u lture o f t he Ang lo-Saxons a nd S ub-Ro man B r itons i s ,
i n many r espects , v ery s i mi lar a nd i nd isputab ly ' Br it ish ' o b jects a re r are .
2
The r esu lt h as b een a n Ang lo-Saxon a t tr ibut ion t o t he ma jority o f f inds f ro m t he Eng l ish a reas i n p ost ' Adventus ' c ontex ts . I t i s b eco ming i ncreas ing ly a pparen t t ha t c er ta in a spects o f G er man ic i nf luence were b eing f e lt b y t he i nhab itan ts o f Eastern Br ita in t o an ot i ncons idera b le d egree a t ar e la t ive ly e ar ly d a te . I t i s i n s uch a s i tua t ion t ha t af ami l iar ity w ith G erman ic c u lture c ou ld b e a cqu ired b y t he Ro mano-Br itons a nd v ice v ersa . Th is must s ure ly h ave e ased t he t rans it ion f ro m Ro man B r ita in t o Ang loS axon Eng land . There i s s o me e v idence t ha t G er man ic s et t le ment h ad b egun a s e ar ly a s t he mid-fourth c entury .
Barbar ian a ux i liar ies were u sed i ncreas ing ly i n t he
l a te Ro man p er iod a nd i n B r ita in A l lectus i s k nown t o h ave made u se o f b arbar ian mercenar ies , p oss ib ly F ranks r ecru i ted b y Carausius b efore h im , wh i le A la mar in ic a l lies o f Constan t ius , s t i ll i n Br ita in , p layed a n impor tant p art i n t he e leva t ion o f C onstan t ine i n 3 06 . Any n ucleus o f G er mans s et t led i n Br i ta in c ou ld c onceivab ly a ct a s af ocus f or ' f r iends a nd r e la t ions ' o n t he Con t inent . Ev idence o f a more t ang ib le n a ture may b e l ooked f or i n t he p ot tery a nd meta lwork o f t he p er iod . Myres .
4
Ro mano-Saxon p ot tery was f irst i den ti f ied a s ac lass b y
Th is p ot tery i s d ecided ly Eas tern i n d istr ibut ion ( F ig . 1 ) a nd i s
whee l t hrown i n Ro mano-Br it ish f abr ics .
I n o r ig in i ti s c er ta in ly Ro man a nd
t he b eg inn ings o f t he s er ies a re t oo e ar ly t o h ave b een i nf luenced b y a ny f our th c en tury d ispos it ion o f t roops . N everthe less i n t he l a ter Ro man p er iod t here d oes s ee m t o h ave b een a f ru it fu l c rossfert i liza t ion b etween Ro man a nd G er man ic c eram ics .
Myres a rgues t ha t t h is i s at wo-way p rocess , a lthough
h e p laces t he Ro mano-Saxon s er ies f ir m ly o n t he ' Ro mano-Br it ish s ide o f t he c u ltura l d iv ide ' .
Never the less i ti s s ign if icant t ha t t he Ro mano-Br it ish p ot ters
were amenab le t o G erman ic i n f luence, a nd t he d istr ibut ion o f t he p ot tery p o in ts t o t he a reas where t h is was t o b e f ound . Myres h as i so la ted c er ta in c lasses o f G er man ic p ot tery wh ich h e c ons iders t o b e s ugges t ive o f e ar ly s et t le ment . These i nclude : ( 1 ) c re ma t ion u rns wh ich may i nd ica te t he b eg inn ings o f c er tain c re ma t ion c e meter ies i n t he l a te f our th c entury ;
( 2 ) i nhu ma t ion a ccessory v esse ls wh ich may a lso d a te t o t he l a te
f our th c en tury ;
( 3 ) t he s imp le v ar iety o f S tehende B ogen u rn a nd ( 4 ) J ut ish
a nd r e la ted t ypes o f p ot tery . These l ast t wo g roups Myres c onsiders t o d a te f ro m t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i f th c entury i n e astern E ng land ( F ig . 2 ) . The map s hows t ha t t he s a me a reas t ha t p roduced Ro mano-Saxon p ot tery a re i nvo lved e xcep t t ha t t he d istr ibut ion i s n ow more e x tens ive .
I f t he d a t ing i s c orrect t he
Ger m an ic h and- made t rad it ion c on t inued a longs ide t he Ro mano-Saxon S er ies a nd , : 1
-
C LC
I D
0 -
e a r l y p o t e r y
0
S
0
0
-
0
0
• 0
:
S.
u
0
L]
.
00 -
0
0
( . S
0
b f
' 0
0
0
\
2
R O M A N O
-
S A X O N
S
2
L r
1 1
?c .
/
C
D
2
w i th t he b reakdown o f t he Ro mano-Br it ish p ot tery i ndustry i n t he l a te f ourthe ar ly f i fth c entur ies , o u t lasted i t .
I t i s c onceivab le t ha t ' Ger man ic Ih and-
made p ot tery was i n u se b y t he n a t ive B r it ish a f ter t h is h ad t aken p lace, e sp ecia l ly i n c onsiderat ion o f Myres' v iews o n t he s ty list ic i n terchanges i n t he p ot tery o f t h is p er iod .
6
I n a dd it ion t o t he p ot tery , c er ta in meta lwork g roups b ear f ur ther s tudy i n t h is c onnex ion .
La te R o man b e lt f i t t ings h ave b een s tud ied b y Hawkes a nd
Dunn ing a ne d i f feren t ia ted i n to v arious t ypes .
These a re e ssen t ia lly t he f i t-
7
t i ngs f ro m mi litary ' c ingu la ' a nd i n 1 961 t he q uest ion was p osed ' does t he who le s er ies r ef lect s o me o therw ise u nknown d ispos it ion o f t roops?'
Hawkes h as
p o inted t o S tevens ' s uggest ion t ha t b arbar ian ' Co mi ta tenses ' may h ave b een b i l leted i n t he t owns a nd o n t he r ura l e sta tes o fs outhern Br ita in o u t t hat t hese a re t he s or t o f b e lt f i t t ings t hey wou ld h ave u sed .
a nd s he p o in ts T ypes l i lA,
I V , VA, V I a nd V I I h ave b een a ssigned a c on t inen ta l manu facture a nd may , p oss ib ly , r epresen t t he b e lt f i t t ings o f t he o r ig ina l ' Co mi ta tus ' i fS tevens i s f o l lowed . Types I a nd I a ppear t o h ave b een made i n B r it ish workshops a nd t o h ave b een i n troduced a s at ype a round t he s ame t ime , p resu mab ly d eve lop ing f ro m t he o r ig ina l c on t inen ta l mode ls .
The e v idence i s b y n o means c onclusive b ut
i ti s p oss ib le t ha t as ign i f ican t p ropor t ion o f t he mi li tary u sers o f t hese b elt f i t t ings were G er man ic.
F ur ther more Mrs Hawkes h in ts t ha t Type Ib uck les
may , i n f act , b e a n e le men t o f f e ma le d ress .
( They a re v ery n arrow a nd a l l t he
Type Ib uck les f ro m S axon g raves were worn b y wo men ) .
B e lts were a n e le men t
o f G er man ic f e ma le d ress a nd ' w ith G er man e le men ts p resen t i n t he p opu la t ion f ron ' t t he midd le o f t he f our th c entury i ti s n ot i mposs ib le t ha t t here were c hanges i n t he c ivi lian d ress o f l a te Ro mano-Br it ish men a nd wo men . Ev isons t heory o f F rank ish s et t le ment s outh o f t he Thames i n t he e ar ly f i f th c en tury i s n ot u n iversa l ly a ccep ted .
1 0
Nevertheless i ti s n ot u nreasonab le
t o s ee , i n t he b e lt f i t t ings d ecora ted i n t he ' quo it b rooch s ty le' , t he emp lace men ts o f b arbar ian f oedera t i ,
p robab ly G er man ic, i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he f i f th c en tury .
I f t he d e monstrab le G er man ic i nf luence r epresen ts t he e x istence o f s igni f ican t G er man ic e le ments i n t he p opu la t ion o f l a te Ro man a nd S ub-Ro man Br ita in t hen i tb eco mes c learer why s peci f ica l ly s ub-Ro mano-Br i t ish s ty les s ee m t o h ave l ef t s o l i t t le t race i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord .
The e ar ly Ang lo-Saxon meta l-
work may h ave b eco me t he l og ica l o utco me o f t he Ro mano-Br it ish me ta lwork ing t rad it ion , i ncreasing ly G er man icized a s s et t le men t p rogressed .
I n many c ases
we must e nv isage p eacefu l c u ltura l i n terchange w ith t he n ewco mers l i v ing i n c lose p rox im ity t o n a t ive B r it ish s et t le men ts i n s i tua t ions s im i lar t o t hose which may b e i n ferred f ro m t he e xcava t ions a t West S tow 12
a nd Cha lton .1 3
C erta in c lasses o f o b ject d o o ccur i n Ang lo-Saxon c on tex ts wh ich a re t hough t t o b e s pecif ica l ly C e lt ic, i n e ither manufacture o r i nsp ira t ion .
The o b jects i n
q uest ion a re h ang ing-bow ls a nd p enannu lar b rooches , a nd i ti s h oped t ha t t he d iscuss ion o f t hese t wo s e lected g roups may i nd ica te a n a rea where c rossc u ltura l c on tact d oes s ee m t o h ave t aken p lace a nd t ha t , f urther more, s o me a spects o f Ang lo-Saxon meta lwork may b e s hown t o owe t heir d eve lopmen t t o a c on t inua t ion o f t he Ro mano-Br it ish t rad it ion .
3
4
PENANNULAR BROOCHES
The p enannu lar b rooch h as b een e x tensive ly s tud ied , most r ecen t ly b y E lizabeth F ow ler who h as i so la ted t he s peci f ica l ly Dark Age t ypes a s F , G a nd H b ut a lso i ncludes A 5, 1 3 3 a nd D 7 a s v ar ian ts o n o lder t ypes .1 4
I n a dd i-
t i on c erta in e ar lier t ypes a re f requen t ly f ound i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves, t he c on tex t t hereby d a t ing t he m .
These must r epresen t s urv iva ls o f b rooch f or ms
f ro m t he Ro mano-Br it ish p er iod a nd , a s L eeds n o ted , ' g ive t he l i e t o t he e xt er mina t ion o f B r i t ish i nhab itan ts i n t he a rea o f t he s et t le men ts . ‚ -° L eeds s uggested t ha t o n o ccas ion , h owever , t heir o ccurrence i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves migh t b e d ue t o l oot ing f ro m Ro man v i l las , p ar t icu lar ly where o ther s pecif ic a l ly R o man f inds were a ssocia ted .
On t he o ther h and i ti s e qua lly r easonab le
t o s ee s uch e xamp les a s t he r esu lt o f t rade o r e ven a s i nd ica t ing t he g raves o f s ub-Ro mano-Br it ish n a t ives .
L eeds ' ma in p oin t , t hough , was t ha t t hese p en-
a nnu lars were b as ica l ly a B r it ish s urviva l a nd g ave r ise t o t he more n u merous c lasses o f a nnu lar b rooches i n t he Eng lish a reas .
I n e f fect , t herefore , t he
t ypes o f a nnu lar b rooches c o m mon ly d escr ibed a s Ang lo-Saxon a re r ea lly t he l oca l d eve lopmen t o f t he p enannu lar b rooch u nder t he i n f luence o f G er man ic meta lwork s ty les , c o mp le men t ing t he d issi m i lar d evelopmen t i n t he H igh land Z one a t t h is t ime .
An i n terest ing b rooch i n t h is d evelopment c o mes f ro m
A ifr iston ( Fig . 5 f ) . I th as a w ide f la t tened h oop l ike a c o m mon a nnu lar t ype e xcep t t ha t t he h oop i s n o t c o mp leted a nd i ti s , i n f act . p enannu lar . The p in , h owever , i s f astened t o a n i nner p enannu lar , ad ev ice a lso met w i th o n f la t tened a nnu lars .
The t er m ina ls o f t he A lfr is ton e xa mp le a re d ecora ted w i th t he h eads
o f a n i ma ls wh ich r e mind o ne o n t he o ne h and o f t he o pposed b east h eads o n l a te Ro man mi li tary b uck les , a nd , o n t he o ther , o f t he z oo mor ' oh ic Fb rooches o f s outhern S co t land a nd t he Co tswo lds .
t er mina ls o f
Th is b rooch s ee ms t o b e
a n i n ter med ia te s tage b etween t he t rue p enannu lar a nd t he w ide a nnu lar t ypes , p oss ib ly a d eve lopmen t wh ich t ook p lace i n o rder t o p rov ide f la t f i e lds o n t he b rooches wh ich c ou ld a cco m moda te t he s cro l l work a nd ' quo it b rooch a n i ma ls ' wh ich were a c o m mon f ea ture o f meta lwork i n t he s outh a nd e ast .
Th is t aste
i n meta lwork i s d er ived b as ica l ly f ro m t he l a te R o man p er iod , s een i n R o man B ri ta in i n p ieces s im i lar t o t hose o f t he C o lera ine h oard a nd s een i n G er man ic c on tex ts a t V er mand ( Fig . 1 4d a nd e ) . Th is , t hen , i s t he p ostu la ted d eve lopment o f t he p enannu lar b rooch i n e astern Eng land a nd t he e xp lana t ion f or t heir w idespread o ccurrence i n ' Ang loS axon ' g raves .
On t he o ne h and , t hey r epresen t s urv iva l o f t rue Ro mano-Br i t ish
p enannu lar t ypes among t he n a t ive Br i t ish i n t h is a rea ( conv incing s uppor t f or t h is i s d e mons tra ted b y t he o ccurrence o f t he most c o m mon t ype o f p enannu lar i n Ang lo-Saxon c on tex ts d istr ibu t ion ) . 1 6
t ype C
-
i n t he s ame a rea a s i t s R o mano-Br it ish
On t he o ther h and t hey r epresen t ad evelop ment o f t he p enan-
n u lar t ype t o p rov ide a w ider f ie ld i n o rder t o a cco m moda te a c er ta in l a te Ro man t aste i n meta lwork .
There i s n o r eason why t h is d eve lopmen t s hou ld
n ot h ave t aken p lace s pon taneous ly among t he r a te R o man Br itons a l though i ti s q u ite l ike ly t ha t G er man ic i n f luence i n t h is p ar t o f Eng land was a d ecid ing e le men t .
5
H2 H 3
F i g .4 : p enannu la r b rooch t ype s ( s chema t ized) ;
h ang ing-bow l .
b
e f
F i g . 5
I n o ther p ar ts o f B r ita in t he p enannu lar b rooch was d eve lop ing a long d i ffere n t l ines .
I n t he f o l lowing d iscuss ion E l izabeth F ow ler 's c lass if ica t ion i s f o l-
l owed w i thout , h owever , n ecessar i ly a ccep t ing h er d a t ing a nd i t s imp lica t ions . Type F Th is i s t he f am i l iar p enannu lar b rooch w i th ' zoo morph ic' t er m ina ls . g ood e xa mp le i s t he Caerwen t b rooch ( Fig . 5 b ) .
A
F ow ler s ugges ted t ha t t he p ro-
t otype f or F was t he c lass E s er ies wh ich i t se lf h ad d eve loped o ut o f t he f irs t c en tury t ypes D4 a nd D 5.
1 7
No e xa mp les o f E a re r e liab ly d a ted t o a ny e ar lier
t han t he f our th c en tury , h owever , s o i t wou ld s ee m t ha t a t s o me s tage i n t he f ourth c en tury , a t t he e ar l iest , t ype F d eveloped o ut o f t he E c lass .
The d istr i-
b u t ion o f E i s t oo g enera l ised
t o i nd ica te where t h is migh t h ave b een e xcep t
t ha t I re land c an b e r u led o ut .
F ow ler s uggests S cot land d ue t o t he i n f luence o f
f irst t o t h ird c en tury S cot t ish s nake b race lets wh i le t he f act t ha t Ro man s nake a rm lets were r each ing t he C e lt ic west i n t he f our th c en tury i s d e monstra ted a t Freestone H i l l .
1 8
Af irst c en tury s p ira l b race let f ro m Cambr idgesh ire p o ints
t o s im i lar i nf luences i n s outhern B r ita in , h owever , a nd i ti s s ign i f ican t t ha t t he S na i lwe ll a rm let b e longs t o t he s a me s outh-wes tern S choo l a s t he R ose Ash b ow l.
1 9
I t s ee ms p oss ib le t ha t t ype F c ou ld h ave o r ig ina ted i n e i ther S cot land o r s o me more s outher ly r eg ion , p robab ly d ur ing t he f our th c en tury .
Two c en tres
o f p roduct ion a re i nd ica ted b y t he d istr ibut ion map , ( F ig . 6 ) o ne i n s outhern S cot land a nd t he o ther i n t he S evern/Avon r eg ion .
The s outher ly d is tr ibut ion
may h ave a s ign if icance wh ich b eco mes more a pparen t i n r e la t ion t o t he d istr ib ut ion o f t ype G b rooches s o i t s d iscuss ion w i ll b e d eferred f or t he mo men t . Type F was t rans m it ted t o I re land , e ither f ro m s ou thern S co t land o r t he Br isto l Channe l , where e labora t ion w ith e na me l ( Fl) a nd f ur ther e labora t ion w ith ' u lt i ma te La T ene' d ecora t ion ( 1 72) t ook p lace.
Th is l ast f eature was a p ecu l-
i ar ly I r ish d evelopmen t a s r egards t he F s er ies f or a l though F 2s were p robab ly made o n ma in land B r ita in , a s t he l ead d ie f ro m D inas P owys i nd ica tes , t h is i s s ure ly a r esu lt o f I r ish i nf luence.
2 0
The t wo F b rooches f ro m Gwynedd a re
a lso b es t s een a s t he r esu lt o f t rade w ith I reland a l though t he migra t ion o f Cunedda a nd h is b and migh t p rov ide a n a l terna t ive c ontext . C . F . C . Hawkes h as s hown h ow i t was p oss ib le f or a n a t ive t rad i t ion o f b ronze work ing t o p ers ist t hrough t he Ro man p er iod , p ossib ly t o emerge a ga in w ith t he b reakdown o f Ro man mass p roduct ion .
2 1
I n p art icu lar , Hawkes was
c oncerned w i th o x-head b ucket a t tach men ts a nd s howed t ha t t h is C e lt ic t rad it ion s urv ived b es t , t hough n ot u naf fected b y R o man r ea lis m , i n Wa les a nd t he West Mid lands .
H e d id , h owever , d etect a b arbar isa t ion c reep ing i n a t t he e nd o f
t he s er ies t ha t was n either Ro man n or C e lt ic.
The Twyford e xamp le must r e-
p resen t t h is a s d oes p oss ib ly t he 1 956 e scutcheon f ro m D inorben .
2 2
Now t ha t
d oubt h as b een c ast o n t he Ang lian a ssocia t ions o f t he Twyford e scutcheon b oth may p oss ib ly b e d a ted l a te t h ird c en tury .
2 3
On t he o ther h and t here i s more
t han a s usp icion t ha t s o meth ing o f t he p urer C elt ic t rad it ion s urv ived t he Ro man o ccupa t ion a nd t h is w i l l b e d iscussed b e low w i th r eference t o t he c rucif or m b rooch s er ies .
F or t he p resen t p urpose t he l a te t h ird c entury o x-head
f ro m Moun tsorre l i s o f g rea t i mpor tance ( Fig . S c ) .
Th is e xamp le i s f ar f ro m
t he c urves a nd s p ira ls o f t he Ham H i l l a nd D inorben 1 912 e scutcheons y et i ti s
8
9
e qua lly f ar f ro m Ro man r ea lis m a nd i n i t s s ty liza t ion i t mus t r epresen t ac ont inua t ion o r , r a ther , ad eve lop men t o f t he Ce lt ic t rad i t ion .
2 4
I n t he p resent
c ontex t i t s impor tance l i es i n t he s i mi lar ity b etween t h is p iece a nd t he t er m ina ls o f t ype F p enannu lar b rooches .
The s im i lari ty i s s o s tr ik ing t ha t o x-heads s uch
a s t he Moun tsorre l e xamp le must r epresen t o ne o f t he ma jor i nf luences b eh ind t he d eve lop men t o f t ype F ( Fig . 5 c a nd d ) . f ro m t he s a me a rea . n ow minus h orns
-
An e xamp le o f t ype F a ctua l ly c o mes
A c ur ious f ea ture i n t h is d eve lopmen t o f t he ' ox-head '
-
i s t ha t l a ter e xa mp les o f t he F s er ies , p ar t icu lar ly t hose
wh ich o ccur i n I re land s ee m t o g et c loser t o t he I ron Age o r ig ina ls i n t heir c urvi ng a nd u npra ised s nouts .
2 6
A p art icu lar ly s tr ik ing e xamp le c o mes n e ither f ro m
t he C e lt ic a rea n or f ro m a p enannu lar b rooch
t he a n i ma l h ead a t t he b ase o f a
-
c ruci for m b rooch f ro m L ym inge w i th i t s a l mond e yes a nd s p ira l n ostr i ls i s s o much i n t he s ty le o f t he Ham H i l l e scutcheon t ha t o ne wonders wha t s pans t he f ive h undred y ears o r s o t ha t d iv ides t he m ( Fig . 5 a a nd e ) . Type H Th is t ype h as a s tronger c la im t o S cot t ish a ncestry . t er m inals we l l s een i n t he Pan t-y-Saer b rooch .
I th as f la t e xpand ing
F ow ler d er ives t ype H f ro m Aa
p enannu lars , c er ta in S cot t ish e xamp les o f wh ich h ave s ign if ican t ly f la t tened t er m ina ls wh ich s ee m t o f oreshadow H . One o f t he most i n terest ing f ea tures o f Hb rooches i s t heir d istr ibut ion ( Fig . 8 ) . The f ive o ccurrences i n e astern Eng land a re a l l , a s f ar a s c an b e a scerta ined , i n Ang lo-Saxon c on texts a nd t h is must d a te t hese p ar t icu lar e xa mp les t o t he l a te f our th c entury a t t he v ery e ar lies t . The c o in e v idence f or t he Norr ie's Law e xamp les , i ft hese a re r ea l ly b rooches , h as b een d iscred ited s o t hese a re n o h elp i n d a t ing a nd t he h ang ing-bow l e scutcheon f ro m Tu m me l B r idge i s a n o ld o ne , whereas t he b rooches a re n ew , s o t he d a t ing o f t h is h oard must r e ma in u ncer ta in , e ven a ssu m ing t here was a gree men t o n t he h ang ing-bow l .2 7 Three f actors , h owever , may h e lp t o n arrow d own t he l im its o f t h is s er ies . ( 1 ) Hb rooches a re a bsen t f ro m Trapra in Law . d oes n ot b eg in b efore t he e ar ly f i f th c entury .
Th is i s s uggest ive t ha t t he s er ies ( 2 ) The o ccurrence a t Ang lo-Saxon
s ites b ut a bsence f ro m R o mano-Br it ish s i tes a rgues f or a d a te when Ro manoBr it ish s i tes c an n o l onger b e d istingu ished a s s uch
-
p oss ib ly 4 50 p lus .
( 3 )
Mou lds f or a d eve loped f or m o f H , a t t he mo men t u n ique a nd p ossib ly f or m ing a b r idge b etween t he o r ig ina l t ype H a nd t he more f lor id t ypes wh ich o ccur i n I r ish c on tex ts s uch a s t he Tara b rooch , o ccur a t t he Mo te o f Mark . 28
Th is s i te was
o ccup ied f ro m t he f i f th c entury t o t he e ar ly s even th .2 9 A l l i n a l l, t hen , i t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he ma in c urrency o f t ype H t ook p lace b e tween t he e ar ly f i f th c entury a nd t he l a te s ix th c en tury .
F ro m a n o r ig in i n
S co t land t ype H was d isse m ina ted d own t he e ast c oast o ne way a nd t o I re land t he o ther .
The e ast c oast e xa mp les p robab ly r epresen t ad ispersion o f i nf luence
a long t h is c oast f ro m P ict land t o t he Ang lo-Saxon a reas a nd when t he h ang ingb ow ls er ies i s d iscussed i ti s h oped t ha t t h is w i l l b e s een a s at wo-way p rocess . I n I re land t ype H p icks u p e na me l a nd b eco mes t ype H i .
' Trade ' f ro m I re land
w i l l t hen a ccoun t f or t he K enf ig a nd S ci l ly I s les e xamp les o f H i .
The p la in H
b rooch f ro m Pant-y-Saer c ou ld a lso h ave c o me f ro m I re land ( t he l ong p in l ooks I r ish) .
I t may b e a mistake t o a ssocia te ( as F ow ler d oes) H b rooch p rovenances
w ith t hose o f E ware e specia l ly w i th a v iew t o u s ing t h is t o d a te t he b rooches . 3 0
1 0
b r i
1 1
Never theless , as im i lar s ort o f west c o st
t rade r oute d oes s ee m t o b e i n
o pera t ion a lthough p robab ly a t as l igh t ly e ar lier d a te .
E ware i s a lready k nown
f ro m F :fe a nd Mid loth ian a nd p erhaps more r e ma ins t o b e r ecogn ised a long t he e ast c oast
i n Ang lo-Saxon c on tex ts .
I f t h is i s t he c ase t hen , t he H b rooches
3 1
( and h ang ing-bow ls , s ee b e low ) p robab ly r epresen t a n e ar lier man ifes ta t ion o f s eaborne c on tact d own b oth t he e ast a nd west c oasts
o f B r ita in l ink ing n ot o n ly
t he C e lt ic a reas b ut P icts a nd Ang lo-Saxons a s we l l .
A a nd B ware a lso a t tes t
t o t rade c onnex ions i n t he f i fth a nd s ix th c entur ies b ut o n ly r ound t he s outhern h a lf o f t he I r ish S ea .3 2 Type H/F Th is c o mpos i te t ype c o mb ines e le men ts o f b oth t ype H a nd t ype F .
I to ccurs
o n ly i n I re land a nd p oss ib ly d eveloped t here w ith t he a rr iva l o f Hb rooches o u t o f t he a lready p resen t Ft ypes .
P la in t ype H i s r e la t ive ly u nco m mon i n I re land ,
s oon d eve lop ing i n to t he c o mposite c lass wh ich i n t urn l eads o n t o t he r icher c lass o f b rooch e xe mp li f ied b y p ieces s uch a s t he Tara a nd Breada lbane b rooches . Type H 2 Th is t ype (s ee F ig . 9 ) h as c ircu lar f la ttened t er m ina ls .
F ow ler h as s ug-
g ested a R o mano-Br it ish o r ig in f or t h is t ype o n t he b as is o f i t s p rovenance
3 3
The S i lchester e xa mp le c ou ld b e l a ter , h owever , a s t here i s e v idence f or a
3 4
c on t inua t ion o f o ccupa t ion a t S i lchester i n to t he f i f th c en tury a nd p oss ib ly l a ter . The Co lchester e xa mp le i s s o mewha t a no ma lous b u t c ou ld h ave f ound i t s way d own t he e ast c oast f ro m S cot land .
N ever the less , t he Trapra in e xamp le , o dd
t hough i ti s , g ives a T . A. Q . f or t he s tar t o f H 2 i n t he l a te f our th c en tury .
I t
i s a lso p ossib le t ha t t he e xa mp les f ro m G la morgan , P e mbroke a nd Chesh ire a re t he r esu lt o f I r ish i n f luence a nd i n t h is r espect t he Oga m s tone f ro m S i lchester i s s uggest ive.
The S i lchester a nd L inney e xa mp les b oth h ave a s im i lar d ecora-
t i on o f i ncised l ines o n t he t er m ina ls .
I f t h is i s i n f act t he c ase 1 2 i s s een a s
as outhern S cot t ish o r I r ish d evelop men t r a ther t han Ro mano Br it ish , a l though l a te f our th c entury i s a n a ccep tab le s tar t ing p o in t f or t he s er ies . Type H 3 Th is e na mel led v ar ian t i s b asica l ly a n I r ish e labora t ion a nd t he s er ies i s c on f ined ma in ly t o I re land .
Af ur ther d eve lop ment o f t he c ircu lar t er m ina l
t ype , h owever , b eca me v ery p opu lar i n P ict land .
Th is i s t he t ype w ith a
c en tra l b oss s urrounded b y c ast r ibb ing wh ich l a ter s prouted l a tera l p ro ject ions o r cusps. 3 5 A mou ld , i n a l l p robab i lity f or a b rooch o f t he Croy t ype , was f ound i n t he 1 913 Mote o f Mark e xcava t ions .
3 6
The Mote o f Mark , t herefore ,
p rov ides e v idence f or t he c on t inua t ion o f t he e name lled H 3 s er ies i n to t he s ixth c en tury a nd a lso f or t he b eg inn ings o f t he P ict ish f or m a t l eas t b y t he l a te s ixth c entury .3
7
Type D 7 For t h is t ype w i th c aste l la ted t er m ina ls t here i s l i tt le t ha t c an b e a dded t o Fow ler 's s uggest ion t ha t t h is i s ap ost Ro man e labora t ion o n t he w idespread Ro mano-Br it ish D 6 b rooch .
An o r ig in i n t he s ou th-east
i s e nv isaged ( Co lches-
t er , R ichborough a nd Woodcut ts ) wh i le t he t ype i s c arried west a nd e labora ted i n t he p ost Ro man p er iod ( Dunadd , Cast letown a nd Cork ) .3 8
1 2
Type Th is i s t he most n u merous Dark Age p enannu lar b rooch i n ma in land Br ita in . The t ype i s c haracter ized b y t h ickened f aceted t er m ina ls o ften d ecora ted w i th f our d ots w ith in a l ozenge.
F ow ler s uggests t ha t Gd eve lopes o u t o f Do r E
3 9
a nd t ha t i tp ossib ly b eg ins a t t he s a me t ime a s F .
4 °
Th is wou ld p lace i t s o ri-
g in i n t he l a te 4 th c en tury a nd t he r ough ly s im i lar s outher ly d is tr ibu t ion o f t he t wo t ypes ( F igs . 6a nd 7 ) s ugges ts t ha t t hey a re c on te mporary . s ign if ican t d if ferences h owever : B r ita in ;
There a re
( 1 ) Gi s f ar more w idespread i n s outhern
( 2 ) Gi s v irtua l ly a bsen t f ro m I re land ;
Law whereas t here a re t hree e xa mp les o f F .
( 3 ) G i s a bsen t f ro m Trapra in
Th is i s importan t f or i t wou ld
s ee m t o i nd ica te t ha t Gh ad n ot c o me i nto f ash ion b efore t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i f th c entury . The a bsence f ro m Trapra in migh t b e d ue t o l oca l p reference b ut t here a re Gt ypes i n S outhern S cot land a nd mou lds f ro m t he Mote o f Mark a nd Dunadd i nd ica te t ha t t hey were b eing made t here i n t he f i f th a nd s ix th c en tur ies . Nevertheless , p erhaps a b road c on te mporaneity i s i nd ica ted i nvo lv ing t he s a me t wo meta lwork ing a reas a s t ype F .
-
s outhern S co t land a nd t he S evern/Cotswo ld
a rea
-
Af ur ther i nd ica t ion t ha t t ype G might b e l a ter t han F i s t he b ound-
a ry l ine G d istr ibut ion s ee ms t o t race a long t he g enera l d irect ion o f t he F osse Way .
I t i s t e mp t ing t o s ee t h is a s ad e marca t ion b etween p ossib le C elt ic a nd
S axon a reas .
S uch a d ichoto my i s n ot l ike ly t o h ave b een a pparen t i n t he l a te
f our th c en tury , d esp ite t he p resence o f G er man ic f edera tes i n t he Dorches ter r eg ion :
i n f act i th as b een a rgued t ha t t here was a c er ta in amoun t o f mix ing
o f c u ltures a t t h is p er iod .
Wha t s ee ms t o b e r epresen ted i n t he t ype G d is-
t r ibut ion i s as i tua t ion where a p o lar iza t ion may h ave b een t ak ing p lace, p oss ib ly f ro m t he l a te f i f th c entury o nwards , af eature n ot e v iden t i n t ype F d is tr ibut ion .
Al a te f i f th c entury d a te i s a t l east s uggested b y t he a ssocia t ion
o f o ne o f t he Fa ir ford b rooches w ith t wo s aucer b rooches .
The f act t ha t s o me
o f t hese G b rooches d o o ccur i n ' Ang lo-Saxon ' c ontex ts may imp ly s o me s ort o f c u ltura l i n terchange a long t he b order .
A s tar t ing p o in t a round t he mid-
f i fth c entury , t herefore , i s s uggested f or t he G s er ies .
The s carcity o f t he
t ype i n I re land i s p oss ib ly d ue t o t he f act t ha t t ype F was a lready we l l e stabl i shed .
The d istr ibut ion map o f t ype G a ga in i nd ica tes w idespread c onnex ions
a long t he west c oast o f B r ita in , av ery l a te e xamp le o ccurr ing i n t he n in th c en tu
Trewh idd le b oard i n Cornwa l l b eing p ara l le l led b y ab rooch f ro m
S kye . CONCLUS IONS F ro m a s tudy o f t he p enannu lars o f t h is p er iod c er ta in t rends emerge. I n e astern Eng land a n e vo lut ion t ook p lace f ro m t he p enannu lar t o t he w ide f la t a nnu lar u nder t he i n f luence o f l a te Ro man meta lwork s ty les a l though much o lder p enannu lar t ypes c on t inue , p erhaps , t o b e p roduced f or a market l ower d own t he s ocia l s ca le .
I n t he n orth a nd v i est n ew v ar ia t ions o n
p enannu lar were p roduced .
t he t rad it iona l
These s how a c ons iderab le o ver lap i n d a t ing a nd
r eg iona l d istr ibut ion a nd o n t he o ne h and p robab ly r ef lect t he d i fference b etween e xpensive a nd c heap b rooches a nd , o n t he o ther , ac ons iderab le amoun t o f c on tact b etween t he s upposed ly d if feren t a reas o f Dark Age Br i ta in . w ise l inks d own e ast a nd west
Coast-
Br ita in a re e v iden t a s we l l a s c onnex ions
1 3
b e tween t he west c oast o f Br ita in a nd I re land .
T he d istr ibut ion maps o f
v arious t ypes o f p enannu lar b rooches p robab ly r epresent a n e x tension o f t he t rade a long t he western s eaways a lready i nd ica ted b y t he d istr ibut ion o f Med i terranean a nd Gau lish impor ted p ot tery . 4 2 Ang lo-Saxon o b jects h ave b een o ccasiona l ly i den t if ied a t Dark Age s i tes i n t he west .
Rh ine land g lass, f or exa mp le , o ccurs i n c onsiderab le q uant i ty a t
t he Mo te o f Mark a nd D inas Powys .
I ti s u n like ly t ha t t he f ragments r ecovered
r epresent t he u se o f G er man ic g lassware b y t he Ce lts, who d o n o t s ee m t o h ave b een a b le t o manufacture t he ir own , b ut r a ther t ha t t he b roken g lass was b rough t t o t he s i te f or t he manufacture o f e na me ls .
Ger man ic s crap me ta l a lso o ccurs
a t D inas Powys a nd t here i s n o r eason why t hese r aw ma ter ia ls s hou ld n o t h ave b een o bta ined t hrough t rade . 43 S im i 1ar ly a n u mber o f Ce lt ic p enannu lars o ccur i n Ang lo-Saxon c ontex ts a nd , a lthough i th as b een s uggested t ha t t hese may r ep resen t p lunder , Hb rooches i n e astern Eng land c an h ard ly r epresent p lunder f ro m P ict land .
Trade must h ere b e e nv isaged a nd i fh ere why n ot , f or e xa mp le,
i n t he c ase o f t he F a nd G b rooches o f t he west t v l id lands .
1 4
HANG ING BO WLS The h ang ing-bow l ' prob le m ' h as p rovoked much c ontroversy a nd a d iverge nce o f o p in ion wh ich h as b een c onf ined n ot o n ly t o t he d a t ing o f t he o b jects b ut a lso t o t heir u se , o r ig ins a nd makers . Each s tudy h as r esu lted i n an ew s o lut ion2 t he l a test , b y Mrs . F ow ler a l mos t d eny ing t he e x istence o f ap rob le m a tal . 4t 1 The ' prob le m ' o f t he h ang ing-bow ls l i es i n t he f act t ha t t he g rea t ma jor ity h ave b een d iscovered i n Ang lo-Saxon c on tex ts wh i le a t t he s a me t ime d isp lay ing e le men ts t ha t a re a t o nce C elt ic i n ' f ee l' a nd f oreign t o t he Ang lo-Saxon r epert o ire .
Us ing F ow ler 's c a ta logue a s as tar t ing p o in t an ew a tte mp t h as b een
made t o d ef ine f ive ma in g roups b ased o n t he s hape a nd d esign o f e scutcheons a nd d iscs . The a ppend ix l i sts t he d iscs a nd e scu tcheons f ro m a pprox i ma tely 8 5 d iff eren t b ow ls .
The c lassi f ica t ion i s , h owever , o f i nd iv idua l d iscs o r e scu tcheons
a nd where d issi m i lar e scutcheons o ccur o n t he s a me b ow l t hese h ave b een l is ted s epara te ly .
A t ypo logy o f h ang ing b ow ls c an o n ly b e f u l ly mean ingfu l
i ft he b ow ls a re c onsidered a s a who le a nd s ize , r im f or ms e tc. t aken i nto a ccoun t .
On t he o ther h and many o f t he e scutcheons a re n ot k nown i n a ssocia-
t i on w i th a ny b ow l.
The g roup ings t herefore a re o f c o mp lete d iscs a nd e scu-
t cheons ( not o f d ecora t ive e le men ts a bstracted f ro m t heir c on tex t o n t he e scut cheon ) a nd i ti s h oped t ha t t h is method w il l p rove u sefu l i n p rov id ing a g enera l p icture o f t he c on te mporaneity o r o therw ise , a nd more par t icu lar ly , t he d ist r ibut ion o f c erta in f ash ions o n h ang ing b ow ls . The d a t ing o f t hese b ow ls h as b y n o means b een f ir m ly e stab lished , p ar t ly t hrough a l ack o f d a tab le a ssocia t ions , i fa ny , a nd p ar t ly t hrough a l ack o f a gree men t o n t he s ty list ic i n f luences i nvo lved . I t i s a lso q u ite p ossib le t ha t t he b ow ls h ad a l ong l ife b efore t hey were b ur ied o r d iscarded a nd i n s o me i ns tances e scu tcheons h ave b een f ound p ierced , e v iden t ly f or h ang ing a s p endan t • 45 FUNCTION The u se o f h anging b ow ls h as r ecen t ly b een f u l ly d iscussed i n a n impor tan t a r t icle b y Dr . V ierck . 46
I t i s t here s uggested t ha t t he t ype e vo lved f ro m La te
Ro man b ow ls w i th s uspens ion r ings wh ich were c o m mon ly emp loyed i n c on junct ion w ith t r ipod s tands .
The f o ld ing t r ipod was a c o m mon La te Ro man d ev ice f or
s uppor t ing b ow ls , h owever , a nd was n ot l im ited t o as ing le f unct ion , s o wh i le i t may b e a ccep ted t ha t h ang ing b ow ls were, i n f act , s upported b y t r ipods i ti s s t i l l b y n o means c lear wha t f unct ion t hey f u lf i lled .
I t i s c onceivab le t ha t
s im i lar b ow ls c ou ld b e p ut t o d ivergen t u ses a nd among t hose p ossible a re a s b ap t is ma l b ow ls , h andwash ing a t t he t ab le , r i tua l l us tra t ion a nd w ine s erv ing o r mix ing .
Dr . V ierck s ee ms t o f avour a r e lig ious c on tex t f or t he b ow ls ,
1 5
s eeing i n t he m a d eve lop men t f ro m t he r i tua l t r ipod o f t he c lass ica l p er iod
4 7
t o ac lose c onnex ion w i th t he Chr ist ian Church f ro m i t s i ncep t ion i n Br i ta in . Wh i le s o me o f t he b ow ls i n a l l p robab i li ty d id f ind u se i n t he Chr ist ian Church a nd s o me d o s ee m t o b ear s pecif ica l ly Chr ist ian s y mbo lis m ( e .g . Wh itby No . 1 ) , t he p resen t s ta te o f t he e v idence wou ld s ee m t o i nd ica te a s ecu lar u se f or t he ma jor ity o f t he b ow ls .
The a ssocia t ion o f l ad les w ith t he e scut-
c heons a t Wh itby a nd t he b ow ls a t S ut ton Hoo , t he c lose c onnexion o f t he d r inki ng h orn c o mp lex w i th t he sma ller b ow ls f ro m S ut ton Hoo a nd a p a lm c up a nd d r ink ing h orn moun ts w ith o ne o f t he Loveden H i l l b ow ls s uggests t ha t t he b ow ls may h ave b een r ecep tacles f or d r ink ;
p oss ib ly w ine, a s i ron b ound
wooden b eer o r mead b uckets a lso o ccur a t S ut ton Hoo a nd Loveden H i l l .
4 8
The ' Gododd in ' i n for ms u s t ha t t he B r itons d rank w ine o u t o f g lass , g o ld a nd s i lver v esse ls a nd b eer a nd mead o ut o f d r ink ing h orns i n t he l a te s ix th c ent ury a nd t he ' Gwarchan T udfw lch ' d escr ibes t he h ero a s ' t rybedaw t r aw t ' wh ich i s t aken t o mean t ha t t he h ost ( t he h ero ) h as many t r ipods ( ' trybedaw t ') a t h is d isposa l w ith wh ich t o e n ter ta in h is g ues ts . 49
The h ang ing b ow l was c erta in ly
ap rest ige i t em a s i t s i nclus ion i n many Ang lo-Saxon g raves t est i f ies a nd i t may b e t ha t t h is p res t ige was c on ta ined i n t he warr ior 's a b i lity t o e n terta in h is g uests . The ma jor ity o f b ow ls a ssocia ted w ith b ur ia ls c o me f ro m i nhu ma t ions wh i le o n ly 4 a re k nown f ro m c re ma t ions ( a ll f ro m Loveden H i l l) . a t Loveden H i l l h ang ing b ow ls a ctua l ly c on ta ined t he c re ma t ion .
I n t wo c ases Cre ma t ions
i n meta l b ow ls a re a lso k nown f ro m o ther s i tes a nd i th as b een s uggested t ha t t h is p ract ice b elongs t o t he l a ter p er iod o f h ea then is m r a ther t han t o t he e ar l ier p hases o f s et t le men t .
Hang ing b ow ls i n i nhu ma t ions h ave a lso b een k nown
5 0
t o c on ta in f ood o f fer ings a s i nstanced b y t he o n ions a nd c rab a pp les a t F ord Down .
5 1
Wh i le s o f ew b ow ls h ave b een f ound w i th a ny d a teab le a ssocia t ions ,
mos t o f t hose t ha t h ave wou ld s ee m t o b elong t o t he s even th c en tury . Group 1 .
( F igs . 1 0 a nd 1 1) .
Th is g roup i ncludes a l l t he o penwork e s-
c u tcheons a nd i s s ubd iv ided t o t ake i n to a ccoun t d i fferences i n t he o penwork p a t tern .
The Eastwe l l e scutcheon i s t yp ica l o f g roup l a .
Eastwe ll i t se lf
i s p la in , a s i s Cast le T iora m , a l though t he Bag in ton a nd H i ldersha m e scutc heons a re d ecora ted .
l b i s a n o penwork d es ign v ery s im i lar t o l a a l though
f our p e ltas a re i nvo lved i n t he make-up a s o pposed t o t he t wo o f g roup l a . The t wo e scu tcheons wh ich a t p resen t c o mpr ise t h is g roup a re n ot s tr ict ly i den t ica l .
The Tunne l B r idge e xa mp le d oes , h owever , a ppear t o b e an ega-
t ive o f t he Wi lton p a ttern .
There d oes a lso s ee m t o b e al ink b etween t he
t wo e scutcheons o f l c i n t he o rnamen ted h orseshoe s hape a round a c en tra l e le men t a nd t he c ircu lar e le men t a t t he b ase o f t he h oop .
Th is i s s een a s a
r oset te o n t he Eastry e xa mp le a nd a s t he c ur ls i n t he a n i ma ls ' t a i ls o n Faversha m No . 1 . The d es ign o f t he l a a nd l b e scutcheons i s s o s im i lar t ha t s o me c onnex ion must b e e nv isaged a l though t he d is tr ibut ion map o f fers n o s o lut ion ( see F ig . 1 1) . The Tu m me l
B r idge b ow l h as b een d a ted t o t he f i f th c en tury b y a ssocia-
t i on w ith t ype H p enannu lars i n t he s a me h oard , whereas a nother b ow l w i th Group 1 e scutcheons f ro m H i ldersha m h as b een d a ted t o t he s even th c entury b y i t s c on tex t i n a warr ior b ur ia l o f t ha t d a te .
The H i ldersha m b ow l h as
a pp lied a n i ma ls wh ich may b e c o mpared w ith t hose o f t he Lu l lingstone b ow l ,
1 6
e
g
F i g .1 0
1 8
f or wh ich a l a te s ix th-ear ly s even th c en tury d a te w i l l b e s uggested b e low , a nd a pp lied b ands wh ich a re s im i lar t o t he s ixth-seven th c entury ' b e lt moun t ' f ro m Drox ford , Han ts .
5 2
I t s hou ld b e n oted t ha t t he H i ldersha m b ow l i s i n av ery
f rag men tary c ond it ion a nd was p robab ly o ld when b ur ied .
A d a te r ange f ro m
t he f i f th t o t he l a te s ix th-ear ly s even th c en tur ies may , t herefore , b e s uggested f or t h is g roup . Not e veryone wou ld a ccep t af i f th c en tury d a te f or t he T u m me l B r idge e xa mp le b ut a l low ing a f i f th/s ixth c en tury d a te f or t he d epos it ion o f t he h oard o n t he e v idence o f t he p enannu lars ( see p age
)a nd , g iven t he f act t ha t
t he b rooches a re n ew , whereas t he e scutcheon i s o ld , t hen a f i f th c entury d a te f or t he e scutcheon s ee ms r easonab le.
F ur ther more , t he T u m me l B r idge e s-
c utcheon p rov ides a l ink b etween s uch Ro man p ieces a s t he R ichborough a nd J ewry Wa ll o penwork p laques .5 3 a b le p er iod , t hen , s ee ms l ikely .
Ac on t inua t ion o f t h is mot i f o ver a c ons ider-
Group i c c onsists o f t he o penwork e scutcheons f ro m Eas try a nd Faversha m ( F ig . 1 0 , fa nd g ) O zanne s uggested t ha t t he Faversha m e scutcheon c annot d a te e ar lier t han 6 40 .54
Th is a ssu mp t ion r es ts o n t hree a rgu men ts :
( 1 ) t he s i m-
i lar ity b etween t he Faversha m a n i ma ls a nd t he B en ty Grange a n i ma ls wh ich Haselhof f c ons idered t o b e s peci f ica l ly C e lt ic ;
( 2 ) Hase ihof f 's b elief t ha t
C e lt ic i nf luence o n Ang lo-Saxon o rna men t d oes n ot a n te-da te I r ish miss ionary a ct iv i ty b eg inn ing c. 6 34 ;5 5 Chr ist ian ' .
( 3 ) t ha t t he Faversha m e scutcheon i s ' paten t ly
The o pposed a n i ma l mot i f i s , h owever , v ery a ncien t a nd t he s ame
f or ms c rop u p a ga in a nd a ga in .5 6 O f ten a c en tra l f igure was i nc luded i n t he d e s ign , s y mbo l izing t he Grea t Goddess o r L ord o f t he b easts a nd t h is r e lig ious s y mbo l is m was p erpetua ted i n t he Dark Ages b y Chr is t ian izing t he s ub ject i n to ' Dan ie l i n t he L ion 's D en ' .
I n t he c ase o f t he Faversha m e xa mp le , i th as b een
a rgued , ac ross f u lf i l ls t h is f unct ion . A Chr ist ian c on tex t n eed n ot b e t he c ase i n t he Faversha m e xamp le ; t he mot if c er ta in ly n eed n ot b e d ue t o C e lt ic i nf luence
-
o pposed b eas t a re j ust a s much a p art o f t he Ger man ic h er itage a s
t he C e lt ic.
La te Ro man meta lwork f ound , f or e xa mp le , i n t he g raves o f
Ger man ic mercenar ies o n t he Con t inen t i s r e levan t t o t he Faversha m e scutcheon a nd V ermand p rov ides g ood e xa mp les ( F ig . 1 4d ) .
Amongst t he m a s pear moun t
h as t wo p a irs o f b easts v ery s im i lar t o t he Faversha m o nes w ith p unched d ot d ecora t ion b ack .
-
t he d i fference b eing t ha t t he Ver mand o nes a re d isposed b ack t o
The t op p a ir e ven h as a g eo metr ic o rna men t wh ich c ou ld b e i n terpreted
a s ac ross b etween t he a n i ma ls .
O f e ven g rea ter r e levance a re t he n u merous
b uck les , a t tr ibu ted b y Hawkes a nd Dunn ing t o l ate f ourth c en tury mi litary u n its i n B r ita in .
5 7
Ad er iva t ive ' Br it ish ' t ype o f p ossib ly l a te f our th c en tury d a te
f ro m C o lchester ( see F ig . 1 4g ) h as t wo o pposed b eas ts wh ich b ear a s tr ik ing r ese mb lance t o t he Faversha m b easts . They h ave p unched d ot d ecora t ion , l arge r ing a nd d ot e yes , t he g ap ing ' snout ' a nd t he c o mb e le men t . The p in i s v ague ly c rucifor m i n s hape a nd i s e ven more s o o n o ther e xa mp les .
I ti s d i f-
f i cu lt n ot t o s ee s o me f orm o f i nf luence f ro m o ne p iece t o t he o ther .
S treng-
t hen ing t he e v idence i n f avour o f s eeing t he i nf luence o f l a te Ro man b e lt f i t t ings b eh ind g roup l c a re a g rou Br i t ish t e mp le a t Lydney .
o f b uck les f ro m t he l a te f our th c en tury Ro mano Two ( nos . 1 30 a nd 1 01) b e long t o t he s ame g roup
a s t he C o lchester e xa mp le , b ut t he t h ird , d escr ibed b y Whee ler a s a' co m mon Ro man t ype' i s v ery s uggest ive o f t he s hape o f t he Faversha m e scutcheon ( excep t ing t he f act t ha t t he b uck le i s d evo id o f d ecora t ion ) ( F ig . 1 4f ) . b uck le must b e l a te f our th c en tury i n d ate.
1 9
Th is
I gnor ing t he r easonab le p oss ib i lity
-
t ha t t he Faversha m c ross migh t b e n o more t han a d ecora t ive e le men t , a Chr ist ian s y mbo l wou ld n ever the less n o t b e o ut o f p lace i n l a te f our th c en tury e ar ly f i f th c entury Ken t . Group 2 .
I n c onsequence a d a te f or i c a round 4 00 i s s uggested .
The d ist ingu ish ing f eature o f g roup 2 i s t he d iv is ion o f t he e scut-
c heon o r d isc i n to t wo e le men ts ; a n o rna men ted b order z one a round a c en tra l e le men t . I n t he ma jor ity o f e x tan t e xamp les t he b order z one t akes t he f or m o f ar unn ing s cro l l o r av ar ia t ion o n t h is .
Group 2 a h as a n o rna men ted c en tra l
e le men t a nd a n e xter ior s cro l l work p ane l.
A lthough s tr ict ly , g roup 2 a s hou ld
c o mpr ise t wo i ndependen t z ones i n s o me e xa mp les t he c en tra l e le men t b eco mes a ss im i la ted w i th t he b order z one , p robab ly u nder t he i n f luence o f t he g roup 4 d esign .
Th is c an b e s een o n t he Faversha m d isc ( F ig . 1 3c) a nd i n more d e-
v e loped f or m o n t he Winchester d isc ( F ig . 1 3d ) .
Group 2 b c o mpr ises t wo Dover
e xa mp les wh ich wh i le c onfor m ing t o t he b as ic p a t tern h ave a l eaf a nd d ot b order i n p lace o f t he r unning s cro l l . Group 2 c c o mpr ises t hose e xa mp les wh ich r etain t he b order r unning s cro l l b ut wh ich h ave a v oided c en tra l e le ment . s ib ly o r ig ina l ly c on ta ined a n e name l.
Th is p os-
The S ut ton H oo , No . 3e scutcheon h as
b een i ncluded i n t h is g roup b ecause i t s ee ms t o b e as che ma t ized r epresen ta t ion o f t he s p ira ls o n t he Chester ton d isc. The Bag in ton b ow l h as a n e scutcheon wh ich c lear ly f a l ls i n to g roup 1 . s ame b ow l , h as a b asa l d isc wh ich b e longs t o g roup 2 ( Fig . 1 3b ) .
The
A p redo m inan t
f ea ture o f g roup 2 i s t he r unn ing s cro l l a nd a lthough s o me e xamp les o f g roup 2 a re u ndoub ted ly l a te t he r unn ing s cro ll c an b e av ery e ar ly mot if i n G er man ic c on texts .
I to ccurs o n l a te Ro man meta lwork f ro m V er mand , f or e xamp le, a nd
i n B r itain o n t he e ar ly f i fth c entury mi litary b uck le f ro m Muck ing .5 9
I n t he l a te
f i f th-ear ly s ixth c en tur ies i to ccurs o n s aucer b rooches i n a n a rrange men t v ery s im i lar t o t ha t o f g roup 2 e scutcheons .
The mot i f d id h ave a l ong c urrency ,
h owever , t urn ing u p i n P ict land o n t he Dun ichen s y mbo l s tone , f or e xamp le , a nd i n more e labora te f or m o n t he Aber le mno s tone .
6 0
La ter s t i l l , i n t he e igh th
6 1
c entury , f ro m a n Ang lo-Saxon workshop , i to ccurs o n t he B ischof s hofen c ross . The l arge h ang ing-bow l f ro m t he S ut ton Hoo ' sh ip b ur ia l' h as e scu tcheons a nd d iscs wh ich b e long t o Group 2 a . These a re s et w i th r ed a nd b lue e na me l a nd mi l lef ior i g lass a nd t h is b ow l i s p robab ly t he f ines t i n t he s er ies . The b ow l h owever , was o ld a nd p a tched when d epos i ted a nd t h is s hou ld b e t aken i nto a ccoun t when c ons ider ing t he d a te o f i t s manufacture.
The l a tes t e v idence s ee ms t o
f avour a d a te o f c . 6 30 f or t he d eposi t ion o f t he g rave g oods wh ich a lso i nclude t wo sma l ler h ang ing b ow ls .6 2 The Wh itby e scu tcheon ( no . 3 ) may a lso b e l a te i n t he s er ies a s t he monastery a t Wh itby was n ot f ounded u n t i l 6 57. 6 3 The e scutcheon i s p ierced f or h ang ing a s ap endan t , h owever , a nd may h ave b een v ery o ld when l ost . Desp ite t he l a te c haracter o f many o f t he g roup 2 e xamp les a n e ar ly s tar t t o t he s er ies s hou ld n o t b e e xcluded a nd t h is s ugges t ion i s r einforced b y t he t wo e scutcheons a nd o ne d isc f ro m Dover .
Kendr ick h as a lready s uggested a Ro man-
i z ing s choo l p roducing t hese a nd o ther works i n t he f our thf i f th c en tur ies 64
a nd
wh i le i ti s d i f f icu lt t o a ccep t s uch a n e ar ly d a t ing f or s o me o f t he o ther e xa mp les c ited , s uch a s t he Lu l lingstone b ow l , t he l eaf a nd d o t a rrange men t o n t he Dover p ieces d oes s ee m t o b e d er ived f ro m Ro man p roto types . Dover No . 2o ccurs o n t he , p robab ly Ro man ,
2 0
A s im i lar d es ign t o
Newhaven House ( Derbs .) d isc a nd
C
d
g
F i g .1 3
t he z ig-zag a nd d ot o ccurs o n e ar ly G er man ic p o t tery a nd more s ign if ican t ly o n Ro mano-Saxon p o t tery .6 5 An i n terest ing f ea ture o f t he Dover e scutcheons i s t he c en tra l e le men t o n No . 2a nd No . 3 .
Both s ee m t o s uggest a p rototype ' Durrow s p ira l ' wh i le t he
i n terven ing l eaves o n No . 3a re a lso r em in iscen t o f t he ' Durrow ' p a t tern . The ' Durrow ' t r iske le ( N . B . f our a r ms o n t he Dover p ieces) i s t he p redo m inan t f ea ture o f g roup 4 a nd i s t rad it iona l ly d a ted t o a round t he mid s even th c en tury . However , o ne s hou ld b eware o f d a t ing a l l e xamp les o f t h is t ype o f o rna men ta t ion t o t he s even th c entury o n t he b as is o f t he B ook o f D urrow . i l lu m ina ted manuscr ip t t o s urv ive .
Durrow i s t he e ar liest
B efore Durrow , manuscr ip t e labora t ion was
c h ief ly i n t he f or m o f d ecora ted i n it ia l l et ters .
When Durrow a ppears , t he
s p ira l p a t terns a re i n a mature f or m , t he d es ign h ad a lready b een b rough t t o a l most r ig id p er fect ion .
There a re a lso many i ns tances i n t he B ook o f D urrow
where i ti s o bv ious t ha t meta lwork d esigns f or med t he p roto types f or many o f t he e le men ts .
C o lours c opy t hose o f c on te mporary e na mels , f or i nstance , a nd
S t . Ma t thew 's r obes l ook l ike mi l lef ior i o r c lo isonne e na me l ling .6 6 Th is b eing t he c ase , i ti s l i kely t ha t t he manuscr ip t s p ira ls c op ied t he meta lwork s p ira ls r a ther t han t he o ther way a round . On t he o ther h and , i td oes n ot s ee m l ike ly t ha t o ut o f d a te moti fs wou ld b e c op ied a nd t he ' Durrow s p ira ls ' mus t h ave b een c urren t a t l east u n t i l t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury . Th is i s t he more e v iden t b y t he w idespread o ccurrence o f ' Durrow s p ira ls ' o n c lass I P ict ish s y mbo l s tones .
We may a ssu me t hen t ha t t he moti f c on t inued o n meta lwork i n-
t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c entury b u t i n ad eveloped f or m wh ich i n n o way p recludes t he c urrency o f t he moti f a t a n e ar l ier d a te o r p re jud ices t he s uggest ion t ha t t he Dover e xa mp les a re l a te R o man . Group 3 .
Th is g roup c on ta ins v aria t ions o n ac ross p a t tern o n ac ircu lar
d isc a s i l lustra ted ( see F ig . 1 4) .
The s im i lar ity o f t he d es igns o n a l l t he
e scutcheons a nd t he a ssocia t ion o f t he K ings ton b rooch w i th t he K ings ton b ow l s uggests a l a te s ix th c en tury d a te f or t h is g roup . Group 4 .
Th is i s b y f ar t he l argest g roup a nd i s b ased o n v ar ia t ions o f
t he f am i liar ' d eve loped t ru mpet p a t tern ' o r ' Durrow s p ira ls ' p a t tern .
Many
o f t he e xa mp les r eta in a s tr ik ing a dherence t o t h is t r iske le p a t tern a nd t here i s l i tt le v ar ia t ion w i th in t he g roup ( Fig . 1 5) .
S o me e xa mp les , h owever , d is-
p lay n ot t r iske les b ut a d eve lop men t o f t he Dover s wast ika .
S ut ton H oo , No .
2 , f or e xa mp le, h as a z oo morph ic s was t ika wh ich s uggests a l ink w ith g roup 4 b . Group 4 b s ee ms t o b e a ssocia ted w ith t he i deas a pparen t i n 4 a a nd i s c haract er ized b y i n ter laced a n i ma ls . I t i s d i f f icu lt t o a rr ive a t a ny s tar t ing p o in t f or t he Group 4 s er ies b ut a p oss ib le l a te R o man d a te h as a lready b een s ugges ted f or t he Group 2 D over e scutcheons a nd d iscs o n wh ich t he b eg inn ings o f as p ira l p a t tern c an b e s een a nd t he f our th c en tury o penwork b ronze f ro m V eru la m iu m i s b ut o ne o b ject wh ich d e mons trates t ha t i n f luences were a pparent wh ich c ou ld g iven a n e ar ly s tar t t o t he s er ies . 6 7
The v ery g rea t u n i for m ity f ound i n Group 4 , h owever ,
s uggests t ha t t he ma jor ity a t l east a re c on te mporary a nd a f ew p o in ters r eg ard ing d a t ing a re h ere s uggested . Tha t t he ' Durrow s p ira ls ' mo t if was u sed o n meta lwork i n t he s even the igh th c entur ies i s c lear f ro m e xa mp les s uch a s t he Ardagh Cha lice , t he
2 2
C
b
e
h
J F i g .1 4
C
a
d
e
I
g F i g . 1 5
A th lone Cruci f ix ion P laque a nd t he B rechbennoch o f S t . Co lu mba . Whether i t
w as u sed o n h ang ing-bow ls a f ter t he mid-seven th c en tury i s a no ther q ues t ion . The d istr ibut ion o f g roup 4 b ow ls s hows t ha t t hey a re v irtua l ly a bsen t f ro m Northu mbr ia , w ith t he e xcep t ion o f a n a no ma lous , u nprovenanced e xa mp le, d esp ite t he f act t ha t t h is g roup i s w idespread j r s ol i t hern Eng land . The mot if mus t h ave b een i n troduced i n to Nor thu mbr ia b y c rits men who r eproduced o n manuscr ip t t he meta lwork f or ms w ith wh ich t hey v ere f am i liar . t hat a l most n o Nor thu mbr ian h ang ing-bow l b ears
The f act
g roup 4 mot if s uggests t ha t
t he h ang ing-bow l w ith c ircu lar e scutcheon was ging o ut o f f ash ion b y t he mids even th c en tury .
I t i s p robab le h owever t ha t t h ( h anging-bow l w i th o b long
e scutcheons c on t inued i n u se a nd i ti s i n teresi
t o n ote t ha t t he o ne g roup4
d isc wh ich c an b e d a ted t o t he l a te s eventh c eit ry , t he r epousse p la te f ro m S t . N in ian 's I s le , o ccurs o n ab ow l wh ich h as u nused o b long e scutcheons .6 8 Th is d isc i s s econdary t o t he b ow l b ut d oes s ee m t o h ave b een o ld i t se lf when u sed f or t h is p urpose .
T he h ang ing-bow l ' p er s e' d oes s ee m t o h ave b een i n
d ecline d ur ing t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury a nd a l though t he s er ies c on t inued i n I re land t o al a ter d a te n o ma in land B r i t ish b ow l c an b e c er ta in ly d a ted l a ter t han t he s even th c entury . On t he o ther h and t wo Group 4 a b owls a re k nown f ro m warrior g raves d a ted t o a t l east s eventh c entury a nd t he Group 4 b e scutcheon f ro m B en ty Grange c ou ld a lso b e l a te .
The Lowbury H i l l b ow l i s a ssocia ted w i th a l ea f-shaped s pear-
h ead ( C2 ) a nd a c urved c one s ugarloa f s h ie ld b oss .6 9
S ugarloa f s h ie ld b os-
s es s ee m t o b e ad eve lopmen t o f t he s eventh c entury a nd , more p art icu lar ly , t o b e i ncreas ing ly c o m mon i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c entury .7 0 The Winchester B ow l i s a ssocia ted w i th a s eax wh ich i s c er ta in ly s even th c entury . F ur ther more t he Winches ter b ow l i s i n v ery g ood c ond it ion a nd t he Lowbury H i ll b ow l i s i n r easonab le c ond i t ion c o mpared w ith s o me e xamp les . B enty Grange i s s o met i mes c la i med a s a Chr is tian b ur ia l o n t he b as is o f t he s i lver c rosses o n t he h e l met a nd l ea ther c up . o f t he s even th c en tury .
Th is wou ld p lace i ti n t he s econd h a lf
Th is i s t he d a te f avoured b y Bruce- M i tford f or t he
b ur ia l a nd i n t he s ame a r t ic le h e d raws a t ten t ion t o t he s im i lar ity b etween t he c rea tures o n t he f ragmen tary e scutcheons a nd t hose o f t he ' IN ' monogra m f ro m S t . J ohn i n t he Durha m C a thedra l A I 1 0 manuscr ip t .
The B en ty Grange
h ang ing-bow l , t herefore , i s n ot l i ke ly t o h ave b een made much b efore t he midd le o f t he s even th c en tury . d The Lu l l ingstone b ow l i s r epresen ta t ive o f Group 4 a nd a t Caenby f rag men ts o f a' doub le-axe ' mot if a t tached t o ac ircu lar p la te a nd o rnamen ted w ith t hree s trand i n ter lace i s v ery r em in iscen t o f t he Lu l lings tone e scutcheons .
7 2
Assoc-
i a ted w ith t he Caenby b ur ia l i s at aper ing p la te i n as ty le d escr ibed b y Wi lson a s af usion b etween S ty le Ia nd S ty le i . H e i s h ere t a lk ing a bout o ne o f t he '
Tap low h orn- moun ts b u t t he r ese mb lance b etween t he Tap low a nd Caenby p ieces i s c ons iderab le .
Ad a te f or t he i n troduct ion o f S ty le I i n to Eng land i s
s t i l l ad eba teab le p o in t b ut l a te s ix th/ear ly s even th c entury s ee ms r easonab le f or t he ' f usion s ty le' .
B y a na logy w ith Caenby , l a te s ix th c entury/ear ly s even th
may b e s uggested f or t he L u l lings tone b ow l.
Mou lds w i th t hree-strand c losely
s paced i n ter lace r ese mb l ing t he Caenby a nd Lu l lingstone i n ter lace o ccur a t t he Mote o f Mark a l though i t s hou ld b e n oted t ha t Caenby i s a n i ma l i n ter lace -
whereas t he Mote o f Mark i s n ot .
R ecen t e xcava t ions i nd ica te t ha t t h is s i te
2 5
2 6
was d estroyed e ar ly i n t he s even th c en tury w ith o ccupa t ion i n t he f i f th a nd s ix th .
On t he b as is o f t hese e xa mp les o ne wou ld l ike t o d a te t he ma jori ty o f
G roup 4 e scu tcheons t o t he p er iod f ro m t he l a te s ix th c entury t o t he mids even th . Group 5 .
Th is g roup i s c haracter ised b y a l l t hose e scutcheons o f t r i-
a ngu lar o r o vo id s hape .
5 a i ncludes a l l t he p la in v ers ions o f t h is t ype i nclud-
i ng t hose w ith b u lbs a t t he b ase o f t he e scutcheon .
5 b i ncludes a l l t he d ecora-
t ed e xamp les o f t h is t ype i nclud ing t hose w ith t r iangu lar o r p e ltalike a ppendages ( b irds ' t a i ls ) . Two b ow ls o f g roup 5 c an b e d a ted b y t heir a ssocia t ion i n g raves .
The
F ord Down b ow l was a ssocia ted w ith t wo l ea f-shaped s pearheads ( C3) , a s ugar l oa f s h ie ld b oss , a n i ron b uck le w ith t hree g arnets ' en c abochon ' a nd as eax a nd s hea th f i t t ings .
S ty le I d ecora t ion o n t he p o m me l a nd t he b ird-
f igure a t t he t ip o f t he s hea th c onf ir m a s even th c en tury d a te f or t he s eax wh i le t he s ugarloaf s h ie ld b oss s uggests t ha t t he g rave may b e a s l a te a s t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c entury .
The b ow l f ro m Bar ton o n Hu mber
'
i s d a ted t o t he s even th c entury o n t he b as is o f a n i n ter lace d isc a ssocia ted w i th t he b ow l i n a ?f e ma le b ur ia l . t he mid s even th c entury .
'
Aga in , t h is b ur ia l may b e a s l a te a s
The s tudded i n ter lace o n t he d isc r ese mb les t ha t
o f t he g rea t b uck le f ro m S ut ton Hoo , h owever , a lthough t he Bar ton d isc h as at i gh ter a rrange men t a nd a v ery s im i lar i n ter lace i s t o b e f ound o n s o me o f t he ' f us ion s ty le' d r ink ing h orn moun ts f ro m Tap low .
C lose ly s paced t hree-s
s trand i n ter lace s im i lar t o t ha t o n t he Caenby p ieces , s uggested a s ap ara l le l b y V ierck , was b eing manufactured a t t he Mote o f Mark i n t he l a te s ix the ar ly s even th c entury .7 6
I ti s c onceivab le , t hen , t ha t t h is g rave b e longs t o
t he f irst h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury . Two o f t he Wh itby e xamp les b elong t o g roup 5 a wh i le t wo o thers b e long t o 5 b .
These c ou ld p oss ib ly d a te t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury wh i le
o ne e scutcheon ( Fig . 1 8 , j ) has t r iquetra d ecora t ion wh ich may b e a s l a te a s t he e igh th o r n in th c en tur ies . The B enn iwor th e scutcheon h as a g roup 4 mot i f ( F ig . 1 8 , h ) a dap ted t o f i t t he i nverted p ear s hape a nd s hou ld b e d a ted a ccord ing ly . The Faversham ( F ig . 1 8 , f ) a nd Needha m Market e scutcheons h ave a s im i lar d ecora t ion o f t r iske les a nd s p ira ls b ut t he Faversham e xamp le i s n o t i den t ica l .
Fro m wha t c an b e s een o f t he Needha m Mark e t
e scutcheon
a nd t he c en tra l e le men t o f t he Needha m Market d isc, h owever , t hese s hou ld a lso b e d a ted w ith t he B enn iworth e xa mp le . N ear ly a l l t hese 5 b e scutcheons h ave, o r d id h ave , p e lta o r t r iangu lar s haped ' ta i ls ' . Af ew o f t he p la in e xa mp les h ad a s im i lar b u lb a t t he b ase o f t he e scutcheon ( e .g . F ig . 1 8 , b ) . The t wo F inn ing ley b ow ls b oth h ave t h3 i nben t r im f or m wh ich Kendr ick c ons idered was a c on t inua t ion o f t he l a te f our th c en tury I rchester t ype o f b ow l wh i le a t S lea ford i n L inco lnsh ire i s a nother b ow l w i th i nben t r im a nd o utward f acing b ird 's h ead t er m ina ls ( F ig . 1 8 , g ) . t h is e ar ly r im .
7 7
The Chesse l Down e xamp le h as
I t may b e p ossib le t ha t t he s itua t ion h ere i s o ne o f d eve lop men t
f ro m a l a te f our th c en tury t ype r epresented b y t he S leaford b ow l, a cqu ir ing
2 7
C
f
I-
I
F i g .1 8
e labora t ion i n t he f ar m o f ab u lb a t t he b ase o f t he e scutcheon , wh i le t he p la in t ype c on t inued , i t se lf d eve lop ing a s tronger b ow l r im a nd l arger e scu tcheons . The t a i led t ype was f ur ther e labora ted , p robab ly i n t he s econd ha lf o f t he s ix th c en tury , b y s p ira l o rnamen t a nd t he r eso lut ion o f t he b u lb i n to a t r iangu lar t a i l . Wh itby No . 2 wou ld a ppear t o b e t he l a tes t Br i t ish e xamp le o f t h is s er ies . I tp robab ly h ad a t a i l b u t t h is i s no w miss ing . The b ow l c annot h ave b een d epos ited a t Wh itby b efore t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury a nd i t may e ven b e l a ter t han t h is .
The Hawnby b ow l w ith i t s v ery l ong t er m ina ls a nd
f o lded-over r i m must a lso b e l a te .
The p unched d ot d ecora t ion i s d isconcer-
t i ng ly r em in iscen t o f t he s i lver b ow l , No . 1 , f ro m S t . N in ian 's I s le .
7 8
I tl ooks , i n f act , a s t hough g roup 5 i s av ery l ong r unn ing s er ies .
I t
p ossib ly c o mpr ises s o me o f t he e ar liest a nd s o me o f t he l a test o f a l l h ang ingb ow ls . b ow ls
The g rea test c oncen tra t ion o f g roup 5 e xamp les -
-
r epresen t ing f i f teen
o ccurs i n t he York s h ire/Linco ln s h ire a rea a nd i ti s l ike ly t ha t t he
g roup 5 e scutcheon r e ma ined p opu lar i n t h is a rea t hroughout t he c urrency o f t he h ang ing-bow l . P oss ib ly t he e ar lies t e xamp les owe a l ot t o c on t inen ta l i nf luence d ur ing t he R o man p er iod .
B ow ls f ro m Bar ton ( F ig . 1 8d ) a nd
S i lches ter c an b e p ara l le l led a t Naunhei m a nd S nokrau .7 9
The S lea ford t ype
o n t he o ther h and p robab ly r epresen ts a n a t ive a t te mp t t o c onver t a n I rches ter t ype b ow l i n to a h ang ing-bow l . Af us ion o f t he t wo g roups p roduced t he s tandard g roup 5 e scutcheon i n t he s outh i n t he l a te Ro man/sub-Ro man p er iod ( e .g . Chesse l Down a nd S arre) wh i le f ur ther n orth t he s a me d evelop men t was t aking p lace , a l though s t i l l r eta in ing o utben t h ooks a t Arnelif fe w ith Wh i tby No . 2p robab ly r epresen t ing t he l ast s tage i n t he d eve lop men t o f g roup 5 o n ma in land Br i ta in . I r ish a nd Con t inen ta l c on tex ts T he e longa ted e scutcheon , o f ten b ird s haped , s ee ms t o h ave h ad a c on t inu ed e x istence i n I re land h owever . Many o f t he l a ter e xamp les c o me f ro m V ik ing g raves i n Norway a nd Sweden a nd i t s ee ms b est t o r egard t hese a s l oot f ro m I re land r a ther t han Br i ta in ( Fig . 1 8 , i ) . were n ot u nknown i n I re land Bann .
-
Ear lier h ang ing-bow ls
ag roup 1 e scutcheon was f ound i n t he r iver
F ur ther more , wh i le B r it ish h ang ing-bow ls s ee m t o b e u ni for m ly
h em ispher ica l a nd i n t he g rea t ma jor i ty o f c ases i n b ron ze , I r ish b ow ls a re k nown i n wood , s tone a nd meta l a nd i n h em ispher ica l , o va l a nd t r iangu lar s hapes . 8 0
Thus , i t migh t b e a rgued , t he h ang ing-bow l was a c o m mon v es-
s e l i n I reland were i tn ot f or t he f act t ha t s o f ew I r ish e xa mp les h ave s urv ived . Those t ha t h ave s urv ived s ee m i n g enera l t o b e l a ter t han t he Br it ish s eries , t he Ba l linderry No . 1' hang ingla mp ' , f or e xa mp le , is po s s i b l y as l a te a s t he e ar ly e leven th c en tury .
A lthough t he p ract ice i n Chr ist ian
I reland o f n ot b ury ing g rave g oods w i th t he d ead h as n o d oubt g rea t ly r educed t he n u mber o f s urv iva ls i ti s , n ever the less , u n like ly t ha t t he h ang ing-bow l c an h ave b een v ery c o m mon i n I re land .
I ft he R iver Bann e scutcheon i s
a ccepted a s a n o u t lier o f t he S cot t ish g roup 1 s er ies ( Fig . 1 1) t hen t h is a ga in r educes t he n u mber o f e ar ly e xa mp les a nd , a s s ee ms t o h ave b een t he c ase w ith t ype F a nd t ype H p enannu lar b rooches , t he I r ish h ang ing-bow l s er ies s ee ms t o h ave b een a d eve lopmen t a nd 3 1ahora L ion o f a ma in land Br it ish meta lwork t ype , wh ich c on t inues b eyond t he currency o ft h e ma i nl a n dt ype .
2 9
8 2
A sma l l n u mber o f c ircu lar e scutcheons d o o ccur i n Norweg ian c on tex ts b ut t hese h ave a d ecided ly ' l a te' a ppearance b ear ing l i t t le r ese mb lance t o t he B r it ish s er ies .
They d o , h owever , s ee m t o r ef lect c on te mporary t rends i n
I r ish meta lwork ( see H enry 1 936 , p ls . XXXV I a nd XXXV I I ) .
O f more im med i-
a te c onsequence a re t he c on t inen ta l e xa mp les o ccurr ing o uts ide Norweg ian g raves .
Dr . V ierck h as a rgued t ha t t he d eve lopmen t o f h ang ing b ow ls i s i n t i-
ma tely c onnected w ith t he h istory o f t he Church f ro m i t s Ro man b eg inn ings t o i t s d evelop men t i n t he Ang lo S axon p er iod . 8 3 I n s uppor t o f t h is a rgu men t h e c ites t he o ccurrence o f e scutcheon f inds o n t he c on t inen t a ssocia t ing t he m w i th n earby c entres o f i nsu lar miss ionary a ct iv ity .
Wh i le t he e v idence w i l l n ot
a l low a n e xclusive , o r e ven p redo m inan t , u se o f h ang ing b ow ls b y t he c hurch i ti s c onceivab le t ha t o nce e stab lished , e ccles ias t ica l c onserva t is m p erpetua ted t heir emp loy men t a f ter t heir u se h ad b een d iscon t inued i n as ecu lar c ontex t . Th is migh t a ccoun t f or t he c on t inen ta l f inds a nd a lso s hed l igh t o n t he l a te a ss ocia t ions a t Wh itby a nd S t . N in ian 's I s le.
With r egard t o t he c on t inen ta l e x-
amp les t he o n ly o ne wh ich r ea l ly s ee ms t o f i t i n to t he Br i t ish s er ies i s t he d isc f ro m Lede. 8 4
Th is i s p ierced p resu mab ly f or h ang ing a s ap endan t a nd may
n ot h ave r eached L ede o n ah ang ing-bow l .
The u nassocia ted d isc f ro m
Ka iseraugst i s a lso s uperf icia l ly s im i lar t o t he Group 4 a s er ies b ut h as b een d escr ibed a s a Merov ing ian c opy o f a n I r ish mode l.
Dr . V ierck s ees t he e s-
c utcheon f ro m Imp f ingen a s d er iving f ro m e igh th c en tury Nor thu mbr ia . 8 5 As as tage i n t he d eve lop men t f ro m t he g roup 5 e scu tcheons t o t he l ater a n throp o morph ic I r ish e xa mp les ( as s een o n t he Mik lebos tad b ow l) t h is e xp lana t ion f i ts v ery we l l . R i m For m Men t ion h as b een made o f c er ta in ' ear ly ' a nd ' l a te' r im f or ms .
The d eve l-
o p men t o f t he r im f or m i s ap o in t t ha t h as b een made b y an u mber o f wri ters o n t he s ub ject . 8 6 Essen t ia l ly t he d eve lop men t o n ma in land B r ita in i s f ro m t he i nben t r im o f t he S leaford a nd Chessel Down b ow ls ( F ig . 1 9 c ) t o t he f o ldedo ver r im o f t he Winches ter a nd Hawnby b ow ls ( F ig . 1 9 , ha nd i ) .
Very e ar ly
o n i n t h is d eve lopmen t i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he i nben t r i m was t h ickened , b y h am mer ing , a lthough s t i l l i n s o me c ases r eta in ing t he o r ig ina l p rof i le ( as a t Bag in ton ) ( F ig . 1 9 , d ) . Th is d eve lop men t wou ld s ee m t o b e b orne o u t b y t he d a ted e xa mp les .
Group 4 , f urther more , al a te g roup o f r e la t ively s hort d ura-
t i on , h as b y f ar t he l argest p ropor t ion o f f o ld-over r i ms t o h a m mered r i ms whereas g roup 1 , a rgued a s e ssen t ia l ly e ar ly , h as a v ery h igh r a t io o f h a m mered r i ms . The o ther g roups a re f a ir ly e ven ly d iv ided . ( I n f ig . 1 9 t he o uter c ircle r epresents t he t ota l n u mber o f p oss ib le b ow ls i n e ach g roup .
Mos t f inds a re
o f s tray e scutcheons , h owever , a nd t he i nner c irc le r epresen ts t he n u mber o f a ctua l b ow ls i n e ach g roup measured a cross t he d iameter d if feren t ia ted b y t heir r im f or m .) -
-
3 0
e a
G ROUP 1
2
4
5
0 i n ben t r i m
F ig. 1 9 :
h amme red
1 0
b ow ls f o ld o ve r
Hang ing-bow l r im f or ms. 3 1
CONCLUS IONS The Dark Age h ang ing-bow l s equence i s ap roduct , f irst ly , o f i nf luences c om ing i n f ro m t he c ont inen t i n t he l a te Ro man p er iod , s een i n t he S i lchester a nd Barton ( Ca mbs .) b ow ls .
Deve lop ing f ro m t h is a re n a t ive a tte mp ts t o
p roduce s im i lar b ow ls b y a dd ing e scutcheons t o a lready e x ist ing t ypes o f b ow l . The f unct iona l a spect o f h anging-bow ls , t hough much d iscussed , h as s o met imes b een d is m issed a s o f l i t t le r e levance t o t he r ea l ' prob le m' . I rchester b ow ls may h ave b e longed t o s o me s or t o f w ine s erv ing k it
The -
a
s tra iner i s a ssocia ted w i th t he h oard a nd t he p oss ib i lity o f ap ost-Ro man u se i n s erv ing o r mix ing w ine h as b een d iscussed a bove .
Dr . V ierck h as s hown
h ow Ro man t r ipod s tands w ith t heir b ow ls may h ave s erved a s t he p rototype f or t he s er ies a nd h ow t he p ossib i lity o f av ar iety o f u ses s hou ld n ot b e e xc luded .
8 7
I n p ar t icu lar i t wou ld s ee m t ha t , a t l east i n t he l a ter p eriod , a n
a ssocia t ion w ith t he Church s hou ld n ot b e r u led o ut .
Fur ther more, o ne i s
a lso t e mp ted t o wonder whether t he v ery t h in b ronze b ow ls w i th s ing le z oomorph ic e scu tcheons a nd l oose r ings , t ypi f ied b y t he Rose Ash a nd You lton f inds , c an h ave p layed a ny p art i n t he d eve lopmen t .
There i s a dm it ted ly a
h uge c hrono log ica l v o id b etween t he l a te f irst c entury B . C./ 'ear ly f irst c ent ury A .D . o f t hese b ow ls a nd t he h ang ing b ow l s er ies b ut e xa mp les s uch a s t he o x-head f ro m Welshpoo l a nd t he b ucket moun t f ro m Moun t S orre l a re b eg inn ing t o b r idge t he g ap i n t he c on t inu ity o f t he western meta l work ing t rad it i on .
8 8
I ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t ab ow l , c o mparab le w ith t he o ne f ro m
Rose Ash , c om ing f ro m Po land , h as a z oo morph ic s pout e quipped w i th a s tra iner ( f or w ine ? ) .
8 9
I s i tp ossib le t ha t t he s tra iner o n t he Ba l linderry
' hang ing l a mp ' s erved a s im i lar p urpose? D is tr ibut ion o f t he e ar ly b ow ls i s , i n g enera l , i n t he s outh a nd e ast . Dur ing t he f i fth c en tury d evelop men t s ee ms t o h ave p roceeded i n more o r l ess t he s a me a reas w ith t he e xcep t ion t ha t t he o penwork s er ies i s i n troduced i nto t he n orth o f S cot land .
A t f irst t h is p resen ts a p rob le m i n t ha t a l l t he
e scutcheons o f g roup l a a nd l b a re v ery s i mi lar y et t here i s n oth ing a s y et t o b r idge t he l arge g ap b etween t he s outhern a nd t he n orthern e xa mp les . Con tact must h ave t aken p lace , h owever , a nd t he c ontex t may b e s uggested b y t he d is tr ibu t ion o f Hp enannu lar b rooches ( F ig . 8 ) .
I th as a lready b een
s uggested t ha t t he H b rooches i n G er man ic c ontex ts o n t he East C oast o f Eng land r epresen t l inks w i th P ict land i n t he f i f th a nd s ix th c en tur ies .
They
may , o f c ourse , h ave b een l ost b y P ict ish r a iders b u t i n e ither c ase i t s ee ms p oss ib le t ha t h ang ing-bow ls made t h is a t wo-way a f fa ir .
The a pprox i ma te
c onte mporaneity o f Hb rooches a nd g roup 1 h ang ing-bow ls i s a t tested b y t heir p resence t ogether i n t he Tu m mel B r idge h oard .
9 0
As r egards t he
d irect ion i n which t hese i nf luences a ppear t o h ave b een f low ing i th as b een s uggested t ha t t he H b rooches o r ig ina te i n S cot land .
Hang ing-bow ls , o n t he
o ther h and , c ou ld p oss ib ly h ave b een i n u se i n P ict iand a t t h is t ime b ut i t s ee ms p referab le t o r egard g roup 1 a s o r ig ina t ing i n Eng land o ut o f R o manoBr i t ish o penwork p laques s uch a s t he R ichborough a nd Leicester o nes . B ag in ton b ow l h as b een d a ted t o t he s even th c en tury .
9 1
The
The i n turned r im
c ou ld c onceivab ly b e d escr ibed a s a n e ar ly t ype, h owever , a nd a b asa l d isc h as a r unn ing s cro l l b order w i th a c en tra l mar igo ld r em in iscen t o f Dover
3 2
No . 1f or wh ich a n e ar ly d a te h as a lready b een s uggested ( F ig . 1 3a a nd b ) . Fur ther more t he s tar e le men ts o n t he e scutcheon a re v ery r em in iscen t o f t he ' eyes ' wh ich a re a r ecurren t f ea ture o f hA b uck les .
I ft he B ag in ton b ow l
i s n ot a s urv iva l i n al a te c on tex t t hen t he p ossib i lity r e ma ins t ha t i ti s b ased o n e ar lier p roto types .
The T u m me l B r idge a nd Cast le T iora m b ow ls b oth
h ave wha t F ow ler h as d ef ined a s ' l a ter ' r i ms s o a l l i n a l l ap r ior d eve lop men t i n t he s outh s ee ms l i ke ly .
Never the less t he g roup 1 mou ld f ro m Cra ig Phadr ig
s hows t ha t P ict iand was n ot o n ly t rad ing i n b ow ls b ut a lso p roducing i t s own .9 2 A t s o me p o in t , p robab ly i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i l th c entury , g roup 2 b eg ins t o d evelop .
The D over e scutcheons a re most l i ke ly t he e ar lies t a nd ,
a s t he g rea test c oncen tra t ion o f g roup 2 e scutcheons i s t o b e f ound i n K en t , t h is a ga in i nd icates a n o r ig in i n t h is r eg ion .
Group 2 d is tr ibut ion i s p r i mar i ly
u p t he East C oast a nd t h is f act i s i n terest ing i n t ha t i ta ga in i nd ica tes a n e xc hange o f i nf luences p robab ly s eaborne a long t he East C oast , a lbeit t he f ew e xa mp les a re s pread o ver a c en tury a nd a h a lf . B y t he s econd h a lf o f t he s ix th c entury g roup 4 h ad b egun t o d evelop a s h ad p robab ly t he d ecora ted e xa mp les o f t he o vo id g roup 5 .
B y f ar t he l argest
n u mber o f e scutcheons a re i n g roup 4 y et , e xclud ing t he e xcep t iona l S t . N in ian 's I s le d isc, t h is g roup s ee ms t o h ave h ad t he s hortest c urrency .
An
e scutcheon ( unpub lished ) h as b een h as b een f ound a t C la tchard 's Cra ig a nd i n v iew o f t he s uggested d a t ing o f g roup 4 a nd t he a bsence o f g roup 4 e scu tcheons f ro m Nor thu mbr ia , t he e scutcheon f ro m Wes t mor land s hou ld p robab ly a lso b e a ss igned a C e lt ic p rovenance .
I f mos t o f t he b ow ls a re f ound i n Ang lo-Saxon
c on texts a nd i ti s d i f f icu lt t o b elieve t ha t a l l t he b ow ls a re impor ts f ro m t he C e lt ic a reas t hen t he a l terna t ive e xp lana t ion i s e qua l ly d if f icu lt t o j usti fy . Whereas , f or t he o ther g roups , p rototype d es igns may b e l ooked f or i n R o man a nd s ub-Ro man B r i ta in ( and a d evelop men t o f t hese g roups w ith in t he Ang loS axon a reas s ee ms p laus ib le) i ft here i s a ny c onnex ion b etween g roup 4 e sc utcheons a nd s uch p ieces a s t he V eru lam iu m b ronze a nd t he c en tra l e le men t o f t he Dover e scutcheons t hen t h is d eve lopment must b e l ooked f or i n t he C e lt ic a nd P ict ish k ingdo ms o f t he west a nd n orth .
I n v iew o f t he e xa mp le
f ro m C latchard 's Cra ig a nd t he a pp l ied a n i ma ls o n t he Lu l lingstone b ow l t hen , b ear ing i n mind t he s im i lar a pp liques o n t he H i ldersha m b ow l w i th i t s g roup 1e scutcheons a nd t he f act t ha t a mou ld f or a g roup 1 e scutcheon c o mes f ro m Cra ig Phadr ig , P ict iand wou ld s ee m t o b e t he most l ike ly h o me f or g roup 4 i n i t s i n it ia l s tages o r a t l east t he h o me o f t he c raf ts men who p roduced t he b ow ls w i th g roup 4 e na me l led e scutcheons . B y t he mid-seven th c entury , i ti s s uggested , t he h ang ing-bow l was i n d ecline , a t l eas t i n ma in land B r ita in .
A c er ta in n u mber o f e xa mp les c an b e
f ound t o p ost-da te t h is b ut t hey mus t r epresen t t he l as t f l ing o f t he h ang ingb ow l t rad it ion , a t l eas t i n s ecu lar u se. There i s , h owever , a lways t he v ery g rea t p oss ib i lity t ha t t he e v idence f or t he l ast s tages d escr ibed h as b een s evere ly d istor ted b y t he a dven t o f Chr ist ian ity a nd t he d ecline i n t he p ract ice o f p lacing g rave g oods w i th t he d ead .
However t h is may b e, o ne wou ld s t i l l
e xpect s o me e v idence i n o ne f or m o r a nother .
The l a test b ow ls i n t he s er ies ,
o n p resen t e v idence , a re p ossib ly f our f ro m Wht iby , t he S t . N in ian 's I s le b ow l , p oss ib ly t he Winchester a nd I psw ich b ow ls a nd t he Witham b owl .
A l l
a re c oas ta l s i tes , o r a t l east a ccess ib le b y s ea , a nd a Northu mbr ian o r ig in
3 3
h as b een s uggested f or t he S t . N in ian 's I s le b ow l.
Ac o m mon s ource f or a l l
t hese l a te b ow ls i s p robab ly n ot l i ke ly b ut a c o m mon i nf luence may b e s uggest ed a t at ime when t he h ang ing-bow l was r ap id ly g o ing o u t o f f ash ion .
Not a l l
t hese b ow ls a re n ecessari ly l a te , i n p ar t icu lar t he I psw ich a nd Winches ter b ow ls n eed n ot b e , b ut o nce a ga in i td oes s ee m a s t hough t he East C oast r oute i s t he means b eh ind a d isse m ina t ion o f i nf luence . Throughout t h is d iscuss ion o f b ow ls a nd b rooches s tress h as b een l a id o n t he importance o f s eaborne t ra ff ic d own t he e ast a nd west Coasts o f ma in land Br ita in a nd t he l inks b etween I re land a nd western Br i ta in .
Th is i s t o s o me
e xten t mirrored b y t he d istr ibut ion o f impor ted p ottery o f c lasses A , B , D , a nd E wh ich h as , h owever , u p t o n ow , b een a l mos t e n t ire ly c onf ined t o C e lt ic s i tes .
9 3
I th as b een s uggested t ha t t h is i s p erhaps d ue t o t he i nf luence o f t he
C e lt ic Church wh ich c er ta in ly h ad t he Med iterranean c onnex ions t o o rgan ise s uch a t rade .
B ut t h is i s n o t a n e n t ire ly s a t isfactory e xp lana t ion , e specia lly
i n r espect o f t he p ro f it mot ive , a nd b es ides E ware d oes n ot c o me f ro m t he Med iterranean .
P erhaps f uture work w i ll e x tend t he impor ted p ot tery d is tr i-
b ut ion i n to t he Ang lo-Saxon a reas a s we l l . A t t h is p o in t an ote o f c au t ion s hou ld b e s ounded a bou t t he l oose u se o f t he word t rade e specia l ly when s uch a sma l l n u mber o f o b jects a re i nvo lved , s pread o ver a c ons iderab le p er iod o f t ime .
Never the less a l though c onnex ions
may h ave b een s porad ic a t b est a nd d ue a s much t o i nd ividua l migra tory c ra f tsmen a s t o t rade a s s uch , t he p a t tern o f c oast-w ise c onnex ions e x ists a nd i gnores a pparen t c u ltura l b oundar ies .
C er ta in ly n ot a l l t he ' Ce lt ic' o b jects i n Ang lo-
S axon g raves c an b e p ut d own t o r a id ing . The s ub-Ro man p er iod s aw t he n a t ive p opu la t ion o f Br ita in s ub jected t o t he i ncursions o f n ewco mers f ro m p ract ica l ly e very s ide.
The p rob le m o f
t he f a te o f t hese o r ig ina l i nhab itan ts , h owever , i s t hough t t o b e ap rob le mon ly i n t he Eng lish a rea .
The r eason f or t h is may b e t ha t o n t he o ne h and a rchaeo-
l og ica l e vidence i s s carce f or t he C elt ic a reas d ur ing t h is p er iod , a nd wha t e v idence t here i s , s erves o n ly t o d e monstra te t he ir c u ltura l u n ity a t t h is t ime. No g rea t c hange t herefore i s i nd ica ted i n t he a rchaeo logica l r ecord .
On t he
h owever , t he e v idence s ee ms t o i nd ica te v ast c hanges a nd t h is must b e d ue i n p ar t t o ac lash o f c u lture t ha t was n ot met w i th i n t he west . Tha t i s t o s ay t he l arge ly u n-Ro man ized h igh land z one was a b le t o a bsorb i nc or ners p ossess ing a s im i lar b arbar ian c u lture w itf lout ma jor u pheava l , a nd t h is o n ly s erves t o emphas ize t he c hanges wh ich t ook p lace i n t he Ro man ized l ow land z one.
H ow t rue t h is p icture i s i s d i ff icu lt t o a ssess b ut t here a re
i nd ica t ions t ha t i t may b e q uest ioned o n s o me important a spects .
I t was s ug-
g ested a bove t ha t Ro mano-Saxon p ottery a nd c er ta in ' Br i t ish ' g roups o f mi lit ary b uck le a re t wo man ifesta t ions o f at rend i n t he l a te Ro man p er iod wh ich s hows a w i l lingness t o a dop t G er man ic e le men ts o f d esign .
I n t he c ase o f t he
p ot tery t h is i s c lear e nough a nd c er ta in ly t he b uck les d o owe t heir i nsp ira t ion t o c ont inen ta l i nf luence wh ich may h ave b een i n troduced i n to B r ita in b y G er man ic mercenar ies i n t he 4 th c en tury .
I t i s e qua l ly l ike ly , h owever , t ha t
t he s a me t rends wh ich l ed t o t h is p ar t icu lar l a te Ro man meta lwork s ty le o n t he c on tenen t ( e .g . a t V er mand ) were a lso p resen t i n Br ita in a nd i s s een i n f act o n p ieces i n t he Co lera ine h oard ( Fig . 1 3e) .
I t i s ag enera l l a te Ro man p rov incia l
s ty le a nd n ot s pecif ica l ly G er man ic i n i t s r oots a l though i t was a dop ted a nd a dap ted b y G er mans .
I n t h is c on text a nd b ear ing i n mind t he e ar ly p resence o f
3 4
G er mans i n Br ita in t he meta lwork o f l a te Ro man B r ita in c an l ay a s trong c la im t o af a ir s hare o f t he i n f luence b eh ind many o f t he p ieces t rad it iona lly l abel led Ang lo-Saxon .
L eeds l ong a go p o inted o ut t he s ign if icance o f t he p enannu lar
b rooches i n Ang lo-Saxon c on tex ts a nd i ti s s uggested a bove t ha t t he f la t a nn u lar d eve loped o ut o f t he p enannu lar i n o rder t o p rov ide a f i e ld f or t he s ty le o f meta lwork d ecora t ion c urrent a t t h is t ime .
L eeds i l lustra tes t hree b rooches
wh ich s how we l l t he s ort o f d eve lop men t wh ich was t ak ing p lace .
9 4
The a nnu lar
b rooches a re j ust o ne e le men t i n t he meta lwork ing r eperto ire o f t he Ang loS axon t ha t d isp lay i t s Ro mano-Br it ish b ackground i n f or m a nd s ty le.
Further-
more , o ne f inds i td if f icu lt t o a ccep t Hase lof fI s p ropos it ion t ha t n o C e lt ic i nf luence o n Eng lish o rnamen t a n tedates I r ish miss ionary a ct iv it ies b eg inn ing i n 6 34.
Apar t f ro m t he c ons iderab le i nf luence o n meta lwork e xer ted b y
9 5
t he n a t ive B r it ish i n t he Eng lish a reas , c ontact w i th t he o uts ide C e lt ic wor ld must s ure ly h ave b een c ont inuous .
Without g o ing i n to d eta i l t he p ara l le l d e-
v e lopmen t o f i n ter lace i n t he C e lt ic West a nd Ang lo-Saxon East may b e c ited . A lthough i ti s p oss ib le, a nd l ike ly , t ha t i n ter lace r eached t he t wo a reas i ndep enden t ly
-
v ia t he c on t inen t t o Ang lo-Saxon Eng land a nd d irect f ro m t he
Med iterranean t o t he C e lt ic West
-
i t i s h ard t o b el ieve t ha t n o c ross f er t i l iza-
t i on b etween t he t wo a reas t ook p lace .
The s im i lar it ies b etween t he Mote o f
Mark i n ter lace a nd t ha t o f t he Lu l lingstone b ow l h as a lready b een n oted a s h ave t he a rgu ments f or d a t ing i tc . 6 00 .
The o ppos ing b easts h eads o n t he
A lf r iston b rooch h ave a lready b een men t ioned a nd more t han l ike ly r epresen t i nf luence f ro m c onte mporary ' Ce lt ic' F p enannu lars .
S im i lar ly i fi ti s a ccep-
t ed t ha t al a te d eve lopmen t o f t he C e lt ic o x-proto me i nf luenced t he F s er ies t hen i ti s a lso p oss ib le t ha t as im i lar i n f luence c an b e s een a t work o n t he z oo morph ic f eet o f c erta in c rucifor m b rooches .
One f ro m Ly m inge ( Fig . 4 a )
i s p art icu lar ly r em in iscen t o f t he o x-head moun ts whereas a n e xamp le i n t he Corbr idge Museu m s ee ms t o h ave more i n c o m mon w ith t he b rooch d eve lopmen t .
I ti s n ot s uggested t ha t t hese c ruci for m b rooches a re i nf luenced d irec-
t l y b y imported p enannu lars o r b ucket mounts b u t r a ther , a nd more s igni f ica n t ly , t ha t t he n ame i n f luences were a va i lab le t o t he makers o f b oth t he C elt ic a nd t he Ang lo-Saxon b rooches , a nd t ha t t he a lready z oo morph ic f oot o f t he c rucifor m b rooch was r ein terpreted a ccord ing ly .
S o me F p enannu lars d o
o ccur i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves a nd s o d o al arger n u mber o f t ype G .
The t ype
Ge xamp les a re s ign if ican t ly d istr ibuted a long a h ypothet ica l b order l ine . H owever t he F a nd G e xa mp les f ound t heir way i n to ' Ang lo-Saxon ' g raves e ither b y t rade, p lunder o r e rran t c raf ts men t he e ast c oast ,
-
-
t he t ype H p enannu lars a long
whether i n it ia l ly l ost b y P ict ish r a iders o r r epresen ta t ive o f
s o me more p os it ive c on tact , s im i lar ly d e monstra te t he way i n wh ich i nf luence c ou ld b e t rans m it ted a cross a pparen t c u ltura l b oundar ies .
Th is i n terpreta t ion
i s s trengthened b y t he o ccurrence o f g roup 1 h ang ing-bow ls i n P ict iand .
A l-
t hough t he Cra ig Phadr ig mou ld s hows t ha t t hese b ow ls were b eing p roduced i n P ict iand , i ti s s uggested t ha t t he i n f luence i s f ro m t he S outh . I n c onclus ion , t hen , i t wou ld a ppear ho r n as tudy o f al im ited f i eld o f ma ter ia l t ha t t here i s e v idence t o s uggest , o n t he o ne h and , as urv iva l o f p robab ly t he b as is o f t he l a te Ro man p opu la t ion i n t he Eng lish a rea , e v idenced b y t he d istr ibut ion o f n a t ive B r it ish p enannu lar t ypes a nd t he c on t inua t ion o f La te Ro man mot i fs o n meta lwork .
On t he o ther h and t here wou ld a lso s ee m
t o b e ac er ta in amount , c er ta in ly n o t n eg lig ib le , o f c on tact b etween t he v ar ious
3 5
c u ltura l a reas o f B r ita in a t t h is t ime a nd w i th t h is t he t rans m iss ion o f i n f lue nces .
Th is e ssay h as b een c oncerned p r i mar i ly w i th t wo s er ies o f meta l-
work o b jects b ut t hese must s urely r epresen t b u t o ne e le men t i n al arger p a t tern o f move men t t o a nd f ro b etween c u ltura l a reas .
Th is f act h as a lways
b een a ccep ted w i th r egard t o t he C elt ic West a nd o ne f eels t ha t t he Ang loS axons s hou ld a lso b e i ncluded w i th in t h is p a t tern .
3 6
APPEND IX Escutcheons a nd d iscs g rouped b y t ype .
A n u mber f o l low ing a n ame d i f-
f erent ia tes b ow ls f ro m t he s a me l oca l ity wh i le a l et ter f o l low ing a n a me a nd n u mber d i f feren t ia tes d issi m i lar e scutcheons o r d iscs o n ac o m mon b ow l . Group 1 ( f igs . 1 0 a nd 1 1) l a
I l lustra ted
Bag in ton , No . l a ( 4 e scutcheons )
( f ig . 1 0 , c )
R iver Bann ( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 956 ,
Cast le T ioram ( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 0 , b )
Cra ig Phadr ig ( mou ld )
( descr ibed i n S tevenson , 1 973)
Eastwe ll ( escutcheon )
(Med . Arch . ,, 1 964, p 1 . 1 9c)
H i ldersha m ( 3 e scu tcheons )
( f ig . 1 0 , a )
p .
8 0 )
West Wickha m l b
i c
Tu m me l Br idge ( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 0 , e )
Wi lton ( 4 e scutcheons )
( f ig . 1 0 , d )
Eastry ( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 0 , f )
Faversha m No . 1( 3 e scutcheons )
( f ig . 1 01 g )
Group 2 ( f igs . 1 2 a nd 1 3) 2 a
Bag in ton , No . l b ( d isc)
( f ig . 1 3 , b )
B ekesbourne, No . l b ( d isc)
( Hase lho ff , 1 958 , p1. V I I )
Dover , No . l a ( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 3 , a )
Faversha m , No . 3 a ( d isc)
( f ig . 1 3 , c )
I psw ich ( d isc)
(W i lson , 1 973, p1. XLIX , c )
N eedha m Market , No . l a ( d isc)
( Henry , 1 936)
S ut ton Hoo , No . 1( escutcheons a nd
( Bruce- M it ford , 1 973 , p ls .
d iscs)
2 b
2 c
8a nd 9 )
Winchester , No . l b ( d isc)
( f ig . 1 3 , d )
Dover , No . l b ( escu tcheon )
( f ig . 1 3 , f )
Dover , No . i c ( d isc)
( f ig . 1 3 , e )
Bar laston , No . l b ( d isc)
( Henry , 1 936)
B ekesbourne , No . l a ( escutcheon )
( Hase lhof f , 1 958 , p1. WI )
(
B r it ish Museu m ( escutcheon )
‚
t)
Caphea ton ( 3 e scutcheons )
( Henry , 1 936)
Chesterton o n Fossway No . l b ( d isc)
(
‚ !
‚ ?
)
S u tton Hoo , No . 3( escutcheon )
( Bruce- M it ford , 1 973 , p l .24b )
Wh itby , No . 3( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 3 , g )
Group 3 ( f igs 1 4 a nd 1 6) Ca mer ton , No . 3( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 4 , a )
Faversha m , No . 2( 3 e scutcheons )
( f ig . 1 4 , b )
K ingston , No . l a ( 3 e scu tcheons)
( Kendr ick , 1 932)
K ingston , No . l b ( d isc)
( f ig . 1 4 , c )
3 7
Group 4 ( f igs . 1 5 a nd 1 6) 4 a
Bar las ton , No . l a ( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936)
Barr ington , No . 1( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 5, d )
Barr ington , No . 2( d isc)
( Henry , 1 936)
B irsay (mou ld )
( unpub lished )
Ca merton , No . 1( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 51 )
Ca merton , No . 2( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936)
Cha lton ( basa l d isc)
(Med . Arch ., XV I I , p 1 . V I )
Chesterton o n F ossway No . l a
( f ig . 1 5, b )
( 4 e scutcheons) C la tchard 's Cra ig ( escutcheon )
( unpub l ished )
Dover , No . 2( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936)
Greenw ich ( 3 e scutcheons )
( Henry , 1 936)
H i ldersha m , No . l b ( d isc)
( D . A. B ., f ig . 2 3 , b )
H itch in
( f ig . 1 5, a )
( escutcheon )
Key thorpe Co m mon ( 3 e scutcheons )
( l ost )
K ingston , No . 2( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 5, h )
Loveden H i l l , No . 1( 3 e scutcheons )
(Med . Arch ., 1 960 )
Loveden H i l l , No . 2( escutcheon )
(Med . Arch ., 1 960 )
Loveden H i ll , No . 3( escutcheon )
(Med . Arch ., 1 960 )
Loveden H i l l , No . 4( 3 e scu tcheons a nd
(Med . Arch ., 1 960 )
d isc) Lowbury H i l l , ( 3 e scutcheons)
( K i lbr ide-Jones , 1 936-7)
Lu l l ingstone ( 4 e scutcheons)
( f ig . 1 5, c )
Market Rasen ( escutcheon ) Midd leton Moor , No . 1( escutcheon )
4 b
?) ( Henry , 1 936)
Nor thu mber land ( 3 e scutcheons a nd d isc)
(Kendr ick , 1 932)
Ov ing ( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 5, e )
Ox ford ( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936)
S t . N in ian 's I s le ( ex ter ior b asa l d isc)
(W i lson , 1 973 , p 1 . XXV , b )
S toke G o ld ing , No. 1 ( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 5, g )
S toke Go ld ing , No . 2( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 5, i )
S ut ton Hoo No . 2( d isc)
( Bruce- M i t ford , 1 973 , p l .24a )
Tot ternhoe ( escutcheon )
( ?)
V ictor ia a nd A lbert Museu m ( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936 )
Winchester No . l a ( 3 e scutcheons )
( K i lb r ide Jones , 1 936-7)
j )
B en ty Grange , No . 1( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 4
Faversham , No . 4 a ( d isc)
( f ig . 1 4 i )
Faversha m , No . 4 b ( d isc)
( Kendr ick , 1 932)
Group 5 ( f igs . 1 7 a nd 1 8 ) 5 a
Arnclt f fe Cave ( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936)
Bar ton , No . 1( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 8 , d )
Bar ton , L incs . ( 3 e scutcheons )
( Cape lle a nd V ierck , 1 971,
Chesse l Down ( 3 e scutcheons)
( f ig . 1 8 , b )
f ig . 1 3) F inn ing ley , Nos . 1& 2 ( 3 e scutcheons )
( f ig . 1 8 , c )
Ford Down ( 3 e scutcheons )
(Musty , 1 969 )
Hawnby ( 3 e scutcheons )
( f ig . 1 8 a )
3 8
5 b
S arre ( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936)
S i lchester ( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936)
S lea ford ( 4 e scutcheons)
( f ig . 1 8 , g )
Twy ford ( 2 e scu tcheons )
( Henry , 1 936)
Wh itby , No . 4( escutcheon )
( Peers a nd Radford , 1 943)
Wh itby , No . 5( escutcheon )
( Peers a nd Rad ford , 1 943)
York , Cast le Yard ( 3 e scutcheons )
( Henry, 1 936)
Bas ingstoke ( 3 e scutcheons )
( Henry , 1 936)
B enn iwor th ( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 8 , h )
Faversha m , No . 3 b ( escutcheon )
( f ig . 1 8 f )
Man ton Co m mon ( 3 e scutcheonsj Needha m Market , No . l b ( escutcheon )
( Henry , 1 936)
Wh itby , No . 1
( f ig . 1 8 ,
Wh itby , No . 2
( Hase lhof f , 1 958,
j ) p 1 .
V I I )
Misce l laneous Group Barton (M i ldenha l l) (e s cutcheon a nd
( Henry , 1 936)
d iscs ) Ca istor ( 3 e scutcheons)
( Kendr ick , 1 932)
Gr ind low ( bow l o n ly)
( Ozanne, 1 962 , f ig . 9 a )
S t . N in ian 's I s le ( escutcheons )
(W i lson , 1 973 , p 1 . XXV , b )
Wh ite Horse H i l l ( d isc)
( Henry , 1 936)
Wi tha m ( escutcheons a nd d isc)
(W i lson , 1 973 , p 1 . L I )
York , Cast le Yard ( base p la te)
( Henry , 1 936)
There a re a n u mber o f d iscs a nd e scutcheons wh ich d o n o t f i t i n to a ny o f t he a bove d ef ined g roups a l though s o me d ecora t ive e le men ts o n t he m may r el a te t o e 1e iren ts p resen t o n t he g rouped d iscs a nd e scutcheons .
These h ave
b een i ncluded u nder a misce l laneous g roup f or t he s ake o f c o mp leteness a nd h ave b een c ons idered where a ppropr ia te.
3 9
REFERENCES 1 .
Leeds , 1 936 , p 1 . 1 .
2 .
A lcock , 1 971, f ig . 3 1.
3 .
P anegyr ici La t in i , V I I I , ( V ) 1 6 , 2 ;
4 .
Myres , 1 956 .
5 .
Myres , 1 969 .
6 .
Myres , 1 969 ,
7 .
Hawkes a nd Dunn ing , 1 961.
8 .
Hawkes , 1 974.
9 .
I b id .,
P .
P P .
3 93 .
Frere, 1 967, P . 3 46.
6 2-83 .
S ee a lso Hawkes , 1 972 a nd Hawkes , 1 972a .
1 0 .
Ev ison , 1 965 .
1 1.
Ev ison , 1 968 .
1 2 .
' Wes t S tow ' , C . A. 4 0 ;
1 3 .
' Cha lton ' , C . A. 3 7, P P . 5 5-61.
1 4 .
K l ibr ide-Jones , 1 935-6 a nd 1 935-7 ;
1 5.
Leeds , 1 945.
1 6 .
Fow ler , 1 963 ,
1 7.
I b id .,
1 8 .
I b id . P . 1 03 . f ig . 1 9 .
1 9 .
Proc. Ca mb . Ant iq . S oc., XL V J I ( 1953) , p .25f ( f ig .4 ) .
P .
P .
Med . Arch . X I I I , 1 969 .
S avory , 1 956 ;
Fow ler , 1 963 .
1 14.
1 01.
'
Frees tone H i ll ;
Ra f tery , P .R .I . A., 1 969 , P . 6 2 ,
Rose Ash ;
F ox , 1 961. 2 0 .
A lcock , 1 963 .
2 1.
Hawkes , 1 951, p .172-199 .
2 2 .
D inorben ; Gardner a nd S avory , 1 964 , f ig . 2 1. 1 951, p .1. I X .
2 3 .
Gardner a nd S avory , 1 964 , P P . 1 45-6 .
2 4 .
Ha m H i l l a nd D inorben ( 1912) e scutcheons i l lustra ted i n Hawkes , 1 951, p 1 . V II , 1 , 2 .
2 5.
K i lbr ide-Jones , 1 935-7, n o .
2 6 .
K i lbr ide-Jones , 1 937, i l lustra tes many o f t he I r ish e xa mp les .
2 7.
Wainwr igh t , 1 955 , p . 1 11 .
2 8 .
Cur le , 1 913 .
2 9 .
La ing , 1 973, p . 1 21-5 .
4 0
Twyford ;
Hawkes ,
8 7 ( ad m it ted ly a p oor e xa mp le) .
3 0 .
Fow ler , 1 963 ,
1 11.
3 1.
Tho mas , 1 959 .
3 2 .
I b id .
3 3.
Fow ler , 1 963 , p . 1 11.
3 4.
Frere , 1 967, p . 3 77.
3 5.
E .g . Croy a nd Loch Fyne ;
3 6 .
Cur ie, 1 913 i l lustra tes a c ast f ro m t he mou ld .
3 7.
La ing , 1 973 ,
3 8 .
Fow ler , 1 963 ,
3 9 .
E .g . Cur ie , 1 913 ,
P l .
4 0 .
Fow ler , 1 963 ,
1 01-2 .
4 1.
S kye b rooch i l lus tra ted i n P .S . A.S ., v o l . LXXXV I I? 1 952-3 ,
p .
Wi lson , 1 973 , p is . XXXV I I I , aa nd XLI ,c.
1 21-5 .
p .
1 13 .
p .
P p .
1 4/8 .
p 1 . XX IX . 4 2 .
Tho mas , 1 959 ;
4 3 .
Mote o f Mark ;
4 4 .
Kendr ick , 1 932 ;
4 5.
E .g . Ca merton
4 6 .
V ierck , 1 970 .
4 7.
V ierck , 1 970a .
4 8 .
Bruce- M it ford , 1 972 ;
4 9 .
Gresha m , 1 942 ,
5 0 .
Dav idson a nd Webster , 1 967.
5 1 .
Mus ty , 1 969 , f ig . 4 ,e .
5 2.
V ierck , 1 970 ,
5 3 .
I b id , f ig . 7 1, 1 a nd 2 .
5 4.
O zanne , 1 962 , p .
5 5 .
Hase lof f , 1 958 , P .
5 6 .
Tho mas , 1 961, e specia lly f ig . 1 3 .
5 7.
Hawkes a nd Dunn ing , 1 961.
5 8 .
Whee ler , 1 932a , n o . 1 01: p .86 , n os . 1 30 a nd 1 33 : p .
5 9 .
P eacock a nd Tho mas , 1 967. Cur ie , 1 913 . H enry , 1 936 ; -
K i lbr ide-Jones , 1 936-7 ;
Fow ler , 1 968 .
F enne l, 1 960 .
254 ;
p .
V ierck , 1 970 ,
I X ; f ig .12 ,2 ;
P l .
Much ing ;
A lcock , 1 963 .
s ee f ig . 3 a .
2 2
p .
2 4-5.
Mus ty , 1 969 , f ig . 4 ,e.
.
8 9-90
V er mand ; P . Lasko , f ig .4 .
D inas Powys ;
.
' The K ingdo m o f t he Franks ' ,
9 0
.
London , 1 971,
An t iq . J . XLV I I , 1 968 .
6 0 .
Dunn ichen : E . C. P . M .S .,
6 1.
Lasko , op .2 t
P l . 2 ;
f ig . 1 20 .
4 1
Aber le mno : E . C. P . M .S ., p 1 .9 .
6 2.
Bruce- M itford , 1 972 , p p . 5 4-9 .
6 3 .
B ede, I I , 2 4 .
6 4 .
Kendr ick , 1 932 , p .169 1 .
6 5.
Newhaven House d isc:
6 6 .
S ee f or e xa mp le Tho mas , 1 971, i l l. 8 0 .
6 7.
Wheeler , 1 932 , p .300 .
6 8 .
Wi lson , 1 973 .
6 9 .
Ev ison , 1 963 , f igs . 2 6 a nd 2 7.
7 0 .
I b id , p .3 8-96.
7 1.
Bruce- M i tford , 1 974 , p .242 a nd n ote 5 ( p .250 ) .
7 2 .
Aker man , 1 855, P l . XV .
7 3 .
Wi lson , 1 971, p .135-6 a nd f ig . 3 1d .
7 4.
Musty , 1 969 .
7 5.
Capel le a nd V ierck , 1 971.
7 6 .
La ing , 1 975.
7 7.
Kendr ick 1 932 ,
P .
1 62 ;
O zanne , 1 962-3 , f ig . 1 5, b .
Kennet , D .H ., J ourna l o f t he Nor tha mp ton
Musue m a nd Ar t Ga l lery , 4 , 1 968 , p p . 5 -39 . 7 8 .
Wi lson , 1 973 .
7 9 .
H enry , 1 936, p 1 . XX , 1 -4 .
8 0 .
Ra f tery , 1 966, p p . 2 9-38 .
8 1.
H encken , 1 935-7 , p p . 1 91-213 .
8 2 .
For t he I r ish g roup s ee Henry , 1 956 .
8 3 .
V ierck , 1 970a .
8 4 .
Henry , 1 936 , p 1 . XXX I I , 8 .
8 5 .
Ka iseraugst : V ierck , 1 970 , f ig . 8 ,4 : f ig .1 ,3 .
8 6 .
S ee n ote 4 4 .
8 7.
V ierck , 1 970 .
8 8 .
We 1shpoo l :
8 9 .
Megaw , 1 963 .
9 0 .
Henry , 1 936 , p 1 . XX I I I , 2 .
9 1.
Fow ler , 1 968 , p .299 .
9 2 .
S tevenson , 1 973 .
Imp f ingen :
An t iq .J ., XLI , 1 961, p l .x .
4 2
V ierck , 1 970 a ,
9 3 .
Tho mas , 1 959 ;
P eacock a nd Tho mas , 1 967.
9 4 .
L eeds , 1 936, p 1 . I .
9 5.
Hase lof f , 1 958 .
ABBREVIATIONS Ant iq .J .
' An t iquar ies J ourna l' , London .
Arch .J .
' Archaeo log ica l J ourna l' , London .
C .A .
' Curren t Archaeo logy ' , London .
D .A. B .
' Dark Age Br ita in ' , D .B . Harden , ( e .d .) London , 1 956.
E .C. P . M .S .
' Ear ly C hr ist ian a nd P ict ish Monu men ts o f S cot land ' , H . M .S .O . Ed inburgh , 1 964.
J .R .S .
' Journa l o f R o man S tud ies ' , London .
J .R .S . A.I .
' Journa l o f t he Roya l S ociety o f An t iquar ies o f I reland ' , Dub l in .
Med . Arch .
' Med ieva l Archaeo logy ' , London .
P .P .S .
' Proceed ings o f t he Preh istor ic S ociety ' , London .
P .R .I .A.
' Proceed ings o f t he Roya l I r ish Acade my' , Dub l in .
P .S . A.S .
' Proceed ings o f t he S ociety o f An t iquar ies o f S cot land ' , Ed inburgh .
4 3
B I BL I OGRA P I TY
Aker man, 1 855
Aker man , J .Y ., R e ma ins o f Pagan S axondo m , London , 1 855.
A lcock , 1 963
A lcock , L ., D inas P owys , Cardi f f , 1 963 .
A lcock , 1 971
A lcock , L ., Ar thur 's Br ita in , London , 1 971.
B ede
H istor ia E ccies iast ica G en t is Ang lo r um ' .
Bruce- M it ford , 1 972
Bruce- M it ford , R ., S utton Hoo , Br it ish Museu m Gu ide , London , 1 972 .
Bruce- M i t ford , 1 974
Bruce- M i t ford , H ., Aspects o f Ang lo-Saxon Archaeo logy ; 1 974.
Capel le a nd V ierck
London,
Capel le , T . a nd V ierck , H ., ' Mode ln d er Merow inger
-
u nd
Wik ingerzeit ' , Frfh mi t te la 1ter 1 iche S tud ien , 5 , 1 971. Cur ie
Cur ie , A .O .,
" Repor t o n t he
Excava t ion o f aV itr i f ied For t k nown a s t he Mote o f Mark' , P .S . A.S ., 4 8 , 1 913-14 , p p .1256 8 . Dav idson a nd Webster
Dav idson , H .R . E l lis a nd Webs ter , L .
' The Ang lo-Saxon b ur ia l a t
Coo mbe (Woodne s bo r ough ) , Ken t ' , Med . Arch ., X I , 1 967, p p .1-41. Ev ison , 1 963
Ev ison , V .1 . ,
' Sugarloa f s h ie ld
b osses' , An t iq .J ., XLI I I , 1 963 , p p . 3 8-96 . Ev ison , 1 965
Ev ison , V . L , ' The F if th Century I nvas ions S outh o f t he Tha mes , London , 1 965.
Ev ison , 1 968
Ev ison , V .1 .,
' Quo it b rooch
s ty le b uck les ' , An t iq .J ., XLV I I I , 1 968 , p p . 2 31-249 . Fenne l
F enne l , K .R .,
' Hang ing-bow ls w ith
p ierced e scutcheons ' , I V , 1 960 , p p . 1 27-8 .
4 4
Med-Arch .,
Foster a nd Dan ie l
Foster , 1 .L 1. a nd Dan ie l , G . ( eds .) Preh istor ic a nd Ear ly Wa les , London 1 965 .
Fow ler , 1 960
Fow ler , E .,
' The Or ig in a nd
Deve lop men t o f t he P enannu lar Brooch i n Europe' , P .P .S ., XXV I , 1 960 . F ow ler , 1 963
Fow ler , E .,
' Celt ic Meta lwork i n
t he 5 th a nd 6 th c entur ies A .D .
' ,
Arch . J ., CXX . 1 963 , p p . 9 8-160 . Fow ler , 1 968
Fow ler , E .,
' Hang ing- T hw ls ' , i n
S tud ies i n Ancien t Europe , e d . Co les a nd S i mpson , p p .2 87-310 . F ow ler a nd Rahtz
Fow ler , P . a nd Rah tz, P . , ' So merset , A .D . 4 00-700 1, i n P .J . Fow ler ( ed .) Archaeo logy a nd t he Landscape , p p . 1 87-221 .
Fox
F ox , A .,
' The I ron Age b ow l f ro m
Rose Ash , Nor th Devon , An t iq .J ., XL1, 1 961, p p . 1 86198 . Frere
Frere, S .S . ,, Br itann ia , London , 1 975.
Gardner a nd S avory
Gardner , W. a nd S avory , H .N ., D inorben , Card if f , 1 964 .
G i ldas
De Excid io e t Conquestu Br itann iae.
Gresha m
Gresham , C .A .,
' The Book o f
Aneir in ' , An t iqu ity , XV I , 1 942 , p p . 2 37-257. Hawkes
Hawkes , C .F . C.,
' Bronze Workers ,
Cau ldrons a nd Bucket An i ma ls i n I ron Age a nd Ro man Br ita in ' , i n Gr i mes , W. F . ( ed .) Aspects o f Archaeo logy , London , 1 951, p p . 1 72-199 . Hawkes, 1 972
Hawkes , S . Chadw ick ,
' A La te
Ro man Buck le f ro m Tr ipon t iu m ' , Trans . B ir m ingham a nd Warwcks . Arch . S oc., 8 5 , 1 972 , p p .1 45-159 .
4 5
Hawkes, 1 972a
Hawkes , S . Chadw ick ,
' More La te
Ro man Mi litary B e lt F it t ings
i n
Excava t ions a t S hakenoak Far m , Par t I I : S ite F ' , 1 972 , p p . 7 4-77, b y A. C. C. Brodr ibb , A .R . Hands a nd D .R . Wa lker . Hawkes, 1 974
Hawkes , S . Chadw ick ,
' So me Recen t
F inds o f La te Ro man Buck les ' , B r itann ia , V , 1 974 , p p . 3 86-393 . Hawkes a nd Dunn ing
Hawkes , S .C . a nd Dunn ing , G .C ., ' So ld iers a nd S et t lers i n Br ita in ' , Med . Arch ., V ( 1961) , p p .1 -70 .
Hase lof f
Haselof f , G .,
' Frag men ts o f a
Hang ing-Bow l f ro m B ekesbourne' , Med . Arch ., 2 , 1 958 , p .72-103 . Henc k en
Hencken , H .O 'Ne i l l, ' Ba l linderry Crannog No . 11, P .R .I . A., XLI I I , 1 935-7 , p p . 1 03-239 .
Henry , 1 936
H enry , F .,
' Hang ing-bow ls ' ,
J .R .S . A.I ., LXV I p t .I I , 1 936 , p p . 2 09-246 . Henry , 1 956
' I r ish Ename ls o f t he Dark Ages a nd t heir r ela t ion t o C lo isonne t echn iques ,'in D . A. B ., p p .7 1-98 .
Henry , 1 965
H enry , F ., I r ish Ar t i n t he Ear ly Chr ist ian p er iod t o A .D . 8 00 , London , 1 965.
Kendr ick , 1 932
Kendr ick , T .D ., ' Br it ish Hang ingB ow ls ' , An t iqu ity , V I , 1 932 , p p . 1 61-184.
Kendr ick , 1 938
Kendr ick , T .D ., . Ang lo-Saxon Ar t t o A. D . 9 00 , London , 1 938 .
K i lbr ide-Jones , 1 935-6
K i lbr ide-Jones , H . E. ,,
' S co ts
Z oo morph ic P enannu lar Brooches ' , P .S . A.S ., LXX , 1 935-6, p p .124-38 . K i lbr ide-Jones , 1 936-7
K i lhr jde-Jones H . E.. ' A Bronze Hang ing Bow l f ro m Cast le T iora m, Mo ic lar t : a nd a s uggesteu a bso lu te Chrono logy f or Br it ish Hang ingB ow ls ' , P .S . A.S ., LXX I , 1 936-7, p p . 2 06-247.
4 6
K i lbr ide-Jones , 1 937-8
K i lbr ide-Jones , H .E.,
' The
Evo lut ion o f P enannu lar Brooches w i th Z oo morph ic T er m ina ls i n Grea t Br ita in a nd I re land ' , P .R .I .A . XLI I I , 1 935-7, p p .379-455. La ing , 1 973
La ing , L .R .,
' The Mote o f Mark ' ,
C . A., 3 9 , J u ly 1 973 , p p . 1 21-5. La ing , 1 975
La ing , L .R .,
' The Mote o f Mark
a nd t he Or ig ins o f Ce lt ic I n ter lace' , Ant iqu ity , XLIX , 1 975 , P P . 9 8-108 . Leeds , 1 936
Leeds , E .T ., Ear ly Ang lo-Saxon Ar t a nd Archaeo logy , Ox ford , 1 936.
L eeds , 1 945
L eeds , E .T .,
' The d istr ibut ion
o f t he Ang les a nd S axons Archaeol og ica l ly c onsidered ' , Archaeo log ia , 9 1, 1 945, p p . 1 -106 . Megaw
Megaw , J .V .S .,
' A Br it ish b ronze
b ow l o f t he B e lg ic I ron Age f ro m Po land ', An t iq .J ., XLI I I , 1 963 , p p .2 7-37. Mu s ty
Musty , J ., ' The Excava t ion o f Two Barrows, o ne o f S axon d a te , a t F ord , Laverstock , n ear S a lisbury , Wi lts .' , An t iq .J ., XLIX , 1 969 , p p . 9 8-117.
Myres , 1 956
Myres , J .N .L .,
' Ro mano-Saxon
Pot tery ' , i n D . A. B . ,, p p .1 6-39 . Myres , 1 969
Myres , J .N .L ., Ang lo-Saxon Pot tery a n d t he S et t le ment o f Eng land , Ox ford , 1 969 .
O zanne
O zanne , A .,
' The P eak Dwel lers ' ,
Med . Arch ., 6 -7, 1 962-3 , p p .1 5-52 . P eacock a nd Tho mas
P eacock , D . a nd Tho mas , A . C., ' C lass E impor ted Post-Ro man Pot tery :
A s uggested o r ig in '
Corn ish Archaeo logy , 6 , 1 967, p p .3 5-46 . P eers a nd Rad ford
P eers , C . a nd Rad lord , C . A. R ., ' The S axon Monastery o f Wh itby ', Archaeo log ia , 8 9 , 1 943 .
4 7
Raf tery
Raf tery , J ., ' The Cu i llard a nd o ther Unpub l ished Hang ing-Bow ls ', J .R.S .A .I., v o l. 9 6 p t. 1 , 1 966,
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p p.
2 9-38.
S avory , H . N., ' So me s ub-Ro manoBr it ish b rooches f ro m S outh Wa les ', i n D . A. B.,
S tevenson , 1 973
P P.
4 0-58.
S tevenson , R . B. K.,
' The Hang ing-
Bow l Mou ld ', i n A . Sma l l a nd M. B . Cotta m , Cra ig Phadr ig , Un iv. o f Dundee Dep t. o f Geog . 0cc. Papers, 1 973, No. 1 , p p. 4 9-51. Tho mas , 1 959
Tho mas , A .C.,
' Impor ted Pot tery i n
Dark Age Western Br ita in ' , Med. Arch., 3 , 1 959 , p p. 8 9-111. Tho mas,
1 961
Tho mas, A .C., ' An i ma l Ar t o f t he S cot t ish I ron Age ', Arch.J., 1 18, 1 961, P P. 1 4-63.
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1 971
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V ierck , H .,
' Cor t ina Tr ipod is :
z u
Auf l u ngung u nd Gebrauch S ubri m ischer Hangebecken a us Br itann ien u nd I r land ', Fr1 l im it te 1a1ter liche S tud ien, 4 , 1 970, p p . 8 -52 . V ierck ,
1 970a
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