Grammar Express (with Answer Key) (Grammar Plus) [British English ed] 0582776457, 9780582776456

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Marjorie Fuchs & Margaret Bonner with Kenna Bourke

PCUI'son Education r.' j' pA IIlhUl'gh G!\tc

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Harlow E:-;;;ex Cl\t20 2.1ft; England :tnt! ASSoClatl'd COml)nnic~n th 10UglouLLhc ' I

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© Pearson Education Limited 2003 The right of Marjorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner to be identified as authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorised adaptation from the American English language edition, entitled Grammar Express, First Edition by Mrujorie Fuchs and Margaret Bonner published by Pearson Education, Inc, publishing as Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., Copyright © Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 2001. This edition published by Pearson Education Limited © Pearson Education Limited 2003. Fourth Impression 2007 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. ISBN 978-0-582-77645-6

VVp Urc graterul Pl' I'm iSRion l to the rollow' . 0 rep In,, \. maler'IU \.. roduce c0PYl1ght ." Clr

Photographs Ace Photo Agenc APlVVide VVorld pY pages 132, 176' age 268' C . B th B e oyd page 175; CO' ourteSYof Lop «9 Asian Art & Ar RBIS pages 26 boLtom, 28 (© Bettma~heo\ogy, Inc), 26 Carmona) , 88 (©. J ennyn), 48 «9 S WoodcocklReflections Pho . 166 (9 PeLer Gutt to Library). Schafer), 195 (© :a~), R169 «9 Kevl'n 210 (© evm MOrris) C Tom Steward) 218 (S ' 290 (© John Springe; C II ~ven Chenn) 0 ecbon) , 304 (© H I C u ton-Deutsch Coll ecf lon' Evans International page 30 6 b ); Greg ottom' · Mary Evans Picture Library , E page 238' xposure New York/Stephen Daneli~ page 18; KatzlFSP pages 62, 235; © The New Yorker Collection, 1988 Charles Adams page 124; © The New Yorker Collection, 1989 Tom Cheney from cartoonbank.com.All Rights Reserved page 214; © The New Yorker Collection 1964 Frank Modell from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved page 258; Courtesy of the New York State Govel'l1or's Traffic Safety Committee page 142; PA PhotoslEPA page 192; PEANUTS© UFS page 286; PhotoDisc page 66(Jack Hollingsworth), 206(Bronwyn Kidd), 226(PhotoLink), 244(PhotoLink); Tony FreemanlPhotoEdit page 324; Powerstock/Superstock pages 162, 202; Reprinted with permission from Reader's Digest. Copyright © The Reader's Digest Assn.Inc pages 264, 266; Rex Features pages 70, 76; Bob Sacha page 110' © Michael Dwyer /Stock Boston Inc pag~ 256; Neil Turnertrimes Educational Supplements page 306 top.

Printed in Malaysia, PJB

Acknowledge.nents The authors would like to thank Fran~oise Letner, Senior Development Editor, and Christine Lauricella, Senior Production Editor, for their commitment and support. The publishers and authors would like 1.0 ~ha~k the following people and mstItutions for their feedback and =ments on the material: drea M~Mahon - St Giles College, LoD.ndo n ; Pippa Sutcliffe - ILA Cambridge' lane Naught C . , M d on - entro de Lenguas S.o ernas, Universidad de Granada" ~foro.so r'(!mandez-Camunas ' en - p ll1g English School, Madrid. PUrls of Grammar E from th . 4xpreSS arc adapted interme~~:~~mediate and high :;;:;._ _ _ _ _ . evels of Focus 011 Gram

Illustrations Ronald Chironna pages 27, 34, 35, 65, 160, 191; Brian Hughes pages 20, 188; Jock MacRae pages 53, 180; Paul McCusker pages 38, 98, 294; Andy Myer pages 10, 32,46, 54, 80, 82, 88, 102, 112, 116 158 192 222,232,246,254,272, 282: 314: 322: 326; Dusan Petricic pages 2,6,8,14,16,17,18,21,36,40,50,58, 60,66,74,84,92,96,106,120,128,150, 184,198,236,250,278,308,318,330; Steve Pleydell-Pearce pages 106, 142, 146, 172, 190, 300. Text Information on page 136 is based on the Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global Consumer Study Cover by Raven Design

\ \

I

PART

and Impe

I:

Present Continuous

2

tlleJy/flg)

(I dill

Present Simple

T

(I

~~T

6

tudv I

Stetlve Verbs (I Ulld r tm I)

10

Present Continuous and Present Simple

14

(I

m studying /1 study.)

18

Imperetlve (6'tudyl / Don't studyl)

22

I

PART

II: Past Simple: Affirmative Statements . ' ·.u ,lea )

24

Past Simple: Negative Statements and Questions

28

, ala., . study / Did you study?) T

32

Used to Ised ."0 study)

36

Past Continuous ,.'dS

T

studYing)

40

Past Continuous and Past Simple , ias srudylng. I I studied.)

SelfTest II

PART

III:

44

Perfect and

ct

Present Perfect: Since and For laile 5cudled since ,1ay ria' e . II must not loave.)

146

Expectations: Be supposed to (/ m mu t b (', l I .tud(mt.)

158

Expressing Regret about the Past: Should have, Ought to have, Could have, Might have I" I), (il,! Il.1H' ,;tucfif'ci hdrcilH I W;]', younq.)

162

Deduction in the Past: May have, Might have, Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have (Ic r1).j~ i'.llrc:l l1€'en.l good 'jtudcnt Iii his youth . )

166

'i

1

w"'o"

s I

170

SelfTest VII

PART

VIII: Adjectives and 112

Adjectives and Adverbs

•

quiCK· quickly)

Participles used as Adjectives

•

176

Interesting I interested) J

Adjectives and Adverbs: As . . . as . . .

180

(as qUick as I as quickly as) 184

Adjectives: Comparatives qUicker than)

188

Adjectives: Superlatives (the quickest)

Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives

192

more quickly chan / rhe mos. qUlckl}

196

SelfTest VIII

PART ,

IX:

Gerunds and Infinitives Gerunds: Subject and Object (S.udvlng

•

f

IS

imporia, r

e."o)

,

I

SUBJECT

8E

I/He/She/lt

was

(NOT)

BASE FORM OF VERB + -ING

(not)

skiing.

*You is both singular and plural.

.........

YES/NO QUESTIONS

~

ANSWERS

•

:: rr,rrec

n"" 'IPr.

8E

o after the subject o before the subject -.-. --

-

-

BASE FORM + -ING

SUBJECT

In questions, the verb I comes:

NEGATIVE -~,-~.-.

she

I

skU

Wer , you

I'

7•

Yes,

-

.

•

--

!

, she ,· was.

•

...

.,._.

we . were . ..

'

..

-

WH- WORD

8E

SUBJECT , BASE FORM

was

she

I

Where When Why

L_

--.

ski wer~ •

you

-

7•

+

No,

I

she ' wasn't.

we

weren't.

-----~.-----

WH- QUESTIONS

I • !,

36

what she was doing at the time of her accident.

were

We/You* /They

I

CHART CHECK 2

.

what she usually did in the past,

STATEMENTS

T F The past continuous is made up of the past tense of + base form of the verb.

jet:

o o

-ING

• 31 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Peat

EXPRESS Complete this conversation with the pmt continuous form of the verb stay.

A: Where ________ you

- - - - - - - -?

B: I _ _ _.___. _ _ --- at a ski resort in the Alps.

x I n

m 1. Use the p

~

pi s

I n

c n Inu us to describe an action

that was in progress at a specific time in the past. The action began before the specific time and mayor may not have continued after the specific time.

A: What w r you doing at 3:00? B: We er c: I w. \ eating lunch at 3:00.

Now

3:00 •

u

• ••• •••

*................ ............................. ~

..... ......

~

• •

F-uture

••

skiing BE CAREFUL! 5tative verbs are not usually used in

the continuous. (For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 33 7.)

_ Ih

a headache last night.

NOT

2. Use the

. with . . to talk about two actions in progress at the same time in the past. Use the past continuous in both clauses.

_ While he was s

.n9, I was reading .

OR

_ I was reading

; ile he

'as skiing.

Now • p

s

• • •

•••••.••••••••••, •••••••••••••• n.~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~s skii~ /

Future

:

If.t-Jin?adi"~ USAGE NOTE:

people use

In informal conversation, some with the past continuous.

3. Use the " to focus on the duration of an action, not its completion. Use the . . ' . to focus on the completion of an action.

_ Sorry, I

asn't listening wI!' you Iking.

_ Sheila --t .. , a book last night. (We don't know if she finished the book.) _ Sheila . a book last night. (She probably finished the book.)

,

••

38 • •• • • • ••

............... . Unit 9

TRUE OR FALSE. Read each numbered sentence. Write T (Tr~e) or F (False) for the s ~ t , CIt L'lac follows. Write a question mark (1) if there IS not enough information

•

While Tanya was watching th e Winter Olympics on TV, Michael was clean . ngThe snow. F First Michael finish ed clearing the snow. Then Tanya started watch'lIlgTV

•

2.

In this ph oto, I was puttin g on my boots. I was wearing boots in t h e phot o.

3.

At 5:00, th ey were drinking hot chocolate by the fire. We don't know when they started drinking hot chocolate.

4.

Last n igh t, I was reading an article about skiing in Morocco. I finish ed the article.

5 . At 10:00, h e drank a cup of coffee.

He finished the coffee. 6.

It was snowing while she was taking the photograph. First she took the photograph. Then it started to snow.

DESCRIBE • .Fritz and Karyn were at a ski cafe. Write about the picture. Use the past contmuous. 1. Fritz

was wearing a hat. (wear / a hat)

2. Karyn

wasn't wearing a hat. (wear / a hat)

3. They (sit / outside)

4.

It (snow)

5. They (wear I sunglasses)

6. They (wear I their gloves)

7

The waiter (serve / drinks)

8.

He (serv!' / lunch)

9.

Karyn (smile)

10. She (use /

,I

mobile phone)

Paet Contlnuou. • 39

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

ports Magazine (MS) interviewed the snowboarding champion, Rosie Happ (RH) Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs • Mountain

in brackets and with short an wen. MS: Congratulations! You have just become n semi -finalist for the Olympic Y!e.re _ ' you expecting to get this far snowboarding t(~nm . - - ' .~ 1 I -prc)

in the competition"? waen't I N RH: 0, ~·----;l--

_ . During the triuls , I _ _--:-:-_---: ___ from a ~. (r (ovn,

-

had cold. By t1w last day, I still _--:::-;-:-.~=--=:--_ very well. That's what 4. (not pf rl 0rm)

•

1 t.hought, anyway.

MS: Whnt.

_,,~_ _ _ _ __

_ _ "_00---;:-"7."":-:-:----

you _ _~_~._ _ _ about while you

.

.

'" ." . - , : ''

for the announcement?

6. \ l ill

RH: Actually. I _ _:;-:-::-::-:-;:-:-;-;-__ about the competition at all. Some friends 7. (not til

and I _ _ -;::-_--:-___ a film. .

"

MS: You're quite new to the sport. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you _ _-::-;---_-:-:-_ _ 9. (compete)

professionally this time last year?

RH: Yes, I _ _ _---;;-:=_ _ _ _ • I _ _--;;-:;:-;;--:-:-::-;:--__ with Barrett Christie then and 10.

11. (train)

we - -_ _ _ _ _ _ both _ _~-=---:::_;__:__-- part in local competitions. 12. (take)

EDIT • Read this diary entry. Find and correct eight mistakes in the use of the past continuous. The first mistake has already been corrected.

-

I I

--

NtVe

• This eveni,'!!, Sl1Clia and I HNiI.5lookin.g at some photo!Jraphs fom H1.!f sklii1.!J trip with Fritz's famif!f last .!fear. B.!f tile.. end ofthe evenin.!J, we lau.!Jhi"!Jlike craz.!f' That was "11.!f first I

experience 011 skis so thepicturcs were reall.!; embarrassin.!J. In one shoi I was can'le down the J

slope 011 m.!f back. In another ont; J11.!f skis wasfilllil1.!J out ofthe ski "ft-whlie I was ridi"~9 ttl' ti,e slope. Fritz was takil',!! tllatpicUtre fom the lift_entrance. Good thi",!! he nof sUl11di,'!! r(gllt under me! Wllere was I whell Fritz was fol"n.!J down the slope? well, IfJlji>rfwIllf"(111 wasn't cany H1.!f camera. Tllat would 11ave been a .!Jr.:at picturt'! If was t'lm(/::iJ~q 1/,,11' l,.-;f Frit:z:-;!Jlr/fiend, Kar.!}n, learnt that.weekend. '---_____~__ that~time, I spent a lot oftime al the ski caft'.

stu IVIIS dtJiJ'!jjuI11P., I~IJ lilt' ...;,·,"tIJIJ. {.!Ij-

F.lj

--~~--~.------.~-------------.--.--~

••

and •

I

ast o

m

Did you see the accident'?

o

•o •

Ie

POINT

Number these ;Q'eme,its in

correct

t: ..... D

Yes . .. fh e guy in the s ports car was talking on his mobile phone wh en he hit t he other car.

I "''' .... . l True) or

T

,

There was a car accident. The driver of the Sports car was on the phone.

PAST CONTINUOUS

WHEN

PAST SIMPLE

He was speeding

when

the accident happened .

1... ., ~

Use T

e

PAST CONTINUOUS AND PAST SIMPLE

CHART CHECK ~

(lrdPr

to

F F

.

e to introduce a past sjrnple action.

PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

a past continuous action.

PAST SIMPLE

WHILE

PAST CONTINUOUS

The accident happened

while

you were driving .

I

r

PAST SI

E AND PAST S

PAST SIMPLE

WHEN -----+--~~

The police came

when

-----1-

PAST CO

the accident

appened.

- - - --- - -

OUS AND PAST

, PAST CONTINUOUS

-

They w

PAST SIMPLE

e dlk'ng

---

WHILE

while

PAST CONTINUOUS

-

they

're

• •

riving .

EXPRESS ( ire/(- the correct wo d r s to complete the~e sentences. • When IWh'1 th

..l.!...!~!...LIT.!lWIl.§e e car crashed, he hit his head. • How fast was he dri ' , ned? -'-'--"'~!£J,u:.uYllli!Jng 1 dId he drive when the accident happe

40

. 41

Paat Continuous and Past

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

x mple

Grammar E plana i n 1. Use the past continuous with the past simple when a short action interrupts a longer action in the past. Use the imp' for the interrupting action.

(First, I started crossing the street. Then, the driver hooted at me.)

• They w .rt driving too fast when they crashed.

Now • ••

•• •••

hooted

• I was crossing the street when the driver hooted at me.

t . ··············~········· .. ··,.··r······················· ...... ~ Fut ur • ••

"'riS crossi(\~

Use wh n to introduce the past simple action OR use whll to introduce the past continuous action.

2.

• He was speeding when the light turned red. • 'hIll' he . ding, the light turned red.

Notice the difference in meaning between these two different sentences. CAREFUL'

•

fights crossed i changed street l

p

. . ... uture s ....... ...................................................... •

•

•

•• ••

• When the lights change , I c os e

(First the lights changed. Then I crossed the street.)

Now •

fights changed

the street.

• •

••• • • •

Past ................ '.............._ u.~.............................. ~ .

"'os-ciossi(\~

~uture

•• •• • • •

• When the lights changed, I was crossing the street.

•

(First, I started crossing the street. Then the lights changed while I was still crossing.)

3. Use the . .' de to talk about two actions in progress at the same time in the past. Use the past continuous in both clauses.

.-

• Joe was talking on the phone I. e he was driving. • They weren't paying attention . " .. they were crossing the street.

.

••

Past ····························· ...... ·t· .. ·.........................~ :uture ~ta'ki~ · ; "'os driv\"~

4. The . (the part of the sentence beg·' . Inning With , or · ) can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence. The meaning is the same.

Use . . a aft er th e time clause when It comes at the beginning of the sentence.

• When ou II d , I was leaving. • I was leaving wn L •

•

'1111

h

• He was lalking

rlvln

""e Ii

he wa\ t'llkinq. •

42 • Un

t 10 •• • •• ••• • •• •• •• •• •• •• • • •

TRUE OR FALSE. ead cac" nllmbered entcnce. Write 7 (fme) or F (False) for the I follow .

'When our fi'iends arrived, we at e lunch. T

Our friends arrived just before lunch.

While we were talking on the phone, I was driving to school. We finish ed the conversation. Then I dr ove to school. Jan h eard about the accident while sh e was driving to work. Jan knew about the accident by the time she got to work. ,

When they left the motorway, it started to rain. It was raining while they were on the motorway.

5

When Zoe got to school, her class was taking a test. Zoe was late for school.

COMPLETE • A police officer is interviewing two witnesses of a traffic accident. Complete the interview with the correct form of the verbs in brackets and with short answers. OF'F'ICER:

YVere t d' - - - - - - - - you ___5-=--a:-n,.----ln~g~-- here when the accident

___~h~a~pp~e~n~e~d----?

1. (stand)

2. (happen)

WITNESS

1: Yes, we _____..:.:w~er~e~---. We _ _ _~-:--:--___ at the bus stop 1.

when we first OFF'ICER:

4. (wait)

---r-,::-::-::-:---:---S. (notice)

the car.

-------------- the car _ _---::~-_;:__--- when it 6. (speed)

---:;7.~(ge-:-;t):----- to the junction? WITNESS

1: Yes, it

- --:;;;;:-;-:::-:-;-;--the corner. 10. (reach) WITNESS 2: No, it ht - - -,-:;11. - - - ! Those men ___=-=:::--:-----:-_ _ on a red lig OFFICER:

11. (hit)

them.

- - - - - - - - the driver _ _-.~:-:----:--_ _ when he 14. (stop)

- - - '.;-;;;5=-.(~S(:,P-;:-: ) - - - the men? WITNESS 1: No, he - - -' 1i1.:6:. - - - . He _ _--:;-:;-,-~--_ on his mobile phone while he ---'iRr;:;;~--- Th 17. (t,llk) in tilDe. 18. (drive) . at's why he _ _-==-:--.-:=::-;--top)

--22QO.':7(~ llo;;tt-;::;p:: ay:\)--' attention while they

.'

21 . (cross)

and"'"

Peat •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

_ _ __ __ __ it _ _-=::-:----:--;--_ _ when the accident 22. (now)

----:~~--::::-;----? 21. (h.tppe.n) . I'm sure of it. The roads were very slippery. WI1'NE8S 2: Yes, it ._ _ _--:~--24. 1: No, it _._._.__-:;;~_ _ _ . The snow ----::2~6.---;(:-::,'-,'rt:-:-)--- when the n. am bu lance _ _----::-;;~~:::_::_:_;_---".. .

COMBINE. Read racll pair of sent nces. Comblnc them ;"to one sentence using the past simple or the pmt continLlous form of thc verbs. Use a comma where necessary. 1. Diana nttcnded a meeting. The blizzard started.

When _ the blizzard .etarted, Diana wae attending a meeting. 2.

She drove home. She listened to her car radio. While ___________________________________________________________

3. She pulled over to the side of the road. The visibility got very bad.

_______________________________ when _________________________________ 4.

She listened to the news. She heard about the accident. ___________________________ while _____________________

5.

It stopped snowing. She drove to the police station. ---------________________ when __________________

6.

She talked to the police. She thought about her article for the moming paper. While ------------------------------------------------------------

EDIT· Read part of the first draft of Diana's article. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of past time clauses. The first mistake has already been corrected.

Yi

driving

esterday, a ma.n was talking on his mobile phone while he was dPive his car. MCliYbe

he checking his diary while he was making his next appointment. He was certainly not concentrating on the road when the lights suddenly was turning red. The two men in the street were trying to j1lrnp out of the wCliY when they saw biro but it was too late. No one was badly hlll't but that was just luck. Last year, the City Council weI'en't passing the 'talking and driVing' law. We need that law I

•

(ir

I

complete each sentence. t . the lett"r of the orrect answer 0 -

-

EXAMPLE:

J ennifer never _ _ _ _ coffee. (A) drink (S) drinks

is drinking (D) was drinking (e)

---

~---

Roger (S)

me at 9:00 last night.

calls

(D)

-.-~

ABC D

calling

Sara didn't hear the phone. She - - - - . (C) used to sleep (A) sleeps (D) was sleeping (S) slept

ABC D

There _ _ _ _ a lot of people in the park yesterday. (A) are (C) was (S) is (D) were

ABC D

One day last March, I _ _ _ _ a very strange letter. (A) did get (C) used to get (S) got (D) was getting

ABC D

Where _ _ _ _ to school? (A) did you go (S) you did go

ABC 0

(C) you go

(D) you went

. Claude didn't _ _ _ _ in Canada. (A) lived (C) used to live (S) use to live (D) used to living . Rick left the class early because he ah d h A) h d ea ac e. (C) used to have ( a (S) have (D) was having 8.

-

As soon as the lights turned red she the car. (A) did stop , (C) -st-o-s-(S) stopped p (D) was stopping (A) (S)

cook cooked

ABC 0

ABC D

ABC D

ABC D (C) was cooking

were cooking 10. Johnny the h paper w en I interrupted h' (A) read 1m. (S) reads (C) Was reading (D) Were reading (D)

44

ABC D

. .1fT. . II •

45

••••••••••••••••••••••••••

u.

Did you watch TV last night? -.____ I was revising for a test. (A) Yes, I did. Ic) No. I didn't. (S) Yes, I was. (D) No, I wasn't.

A

12. I remember you. You . _~ ._._~_ to go to school here.

ABC D

Ie) were using (D) were used

use (S) used

(A)

C D

fa h nt nc 1m ~ ur IInderllll d word~ or phrases. The fOLlr underlmed parts of th scntlllce Of, marked A B. C and D. Circle tile letter of the one undPrlined word or pilrcHC that I NOT (ORRfCT. I

Mike usually flrives to school but today he walks. B

-

-

A B C@

0 --

•

13. Why did you called him last week? A B

ABC D

14. They were watching TV while I were reading. , c ~

ABC D

15. What are you doing last night at 8:00? .,

ABC D

16. The doctor called this morning while you slept. C 0 17. It was no raining when the game

ABC D

18. Paul was drying the dishes when he was dropping the plate. C 0 19. When Gloria were four, she used to pretend she had a horse. B C 20. What do you use to do when you felt afraid?

ABC D

A

21. As soon as the alarm clock rang, she woke up and was getting

ABC D

c

ABC D

ABC D

e

::-

C

I

0

C D

,

out of bed.

ABC D

Once when I was ten, I used to get ill and went to hospital. 23. While I driving home, I turned on the car radio and heard about the accident.

ABC D

24. What did you do.>. while you were living in Spain?

ABC D

25. Pete and Andy were driving to work when they were seeing

ABC D

,

I

the accident.

•••

.,

nt

e

ct:

Come on! You've been a pro since 1994. Now serve the ball!

I

Forget it! ICHEC

You haven't won a match for weeks !

Go home!

T

. e eo . eel '" s 'eThe present perfect is made up of two parts:

o o

e + past si mple ve + past participle

The regular form of the past participle is: I

0 0

base form of verb + - or Ld

base form of L~ __verb + -en I

HAVE

SUBJECT

I/We/You* /They

(Nor)

PAST PARTICIPLE

(not) n't

lived beent

, SINCE/FOR

,

've

h

ere

IS

I since May. •,

•

* You is both singular and plural. t Been is an irregular past participle. For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1 on pages 336-337.

YES/NO HAVE

SUBJECT

PAST PARTICIPLE

Have

they

lived been

~

Has

he

SINCE/FoR •

.

SH

Sine , May?

here

.

46

-,

have has

He/She/it

The man is still a professio aI tennis player. n

S

STA

CHART CHECK 1 ~/e

F

POINT

I I

for a long time?

i

•

Since and For •

47

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

2 Tick the correct answer.

PAST WH-

WORD

HAVE

For is used with:

r:J r:J

SUBJECT

PARtiCIPLE

they

IIv d b n

How long

a point of time

h

he

here?

Since January. For a few months.

a length of time

EXPRESS L ok ell tile past pmtl ,pie. 11 Ie tile orr ct oillmn. driven competed

R gul.lr

Irr . gular

CJ

0

LJ

Regular

G mmar Explanations 1. Use the

o o

Examples

s n

with ' or to talk about something that began in the past and continues into the present (and may continue into the future). Now , 1994 ,• P st ................................ (•.............................. ~ "·uture _ _ l .. __

has been

o o

won tried

0

Irregulclr

• Martina Hingis a:> player sl:.ee 1994.

een a professional tennis

• She has een a professional tennis player for several years. (She began her professional career several years ago, and she is still a professional player.)

•

:•

2. Use the present perfect with ',:.

• She

earne

millions of dollars s' ce 1994.

(since 5:00, since Monday, since 7994)

.

to show when something started.

3. Sin

can also introduce a

..

I.

c: •

••

If the action ended in the past, use the past simple in the time clause.

• Martina ·

loveo sports ..

"f>

fhe

WOf

• She has won many tennis tournaments c. . she Ml· -. from Slovakia. (She doesn 't live in Slovakia now.)

If the action still continues in the present, use the present perfect in the time clause.

• She has become extremely successful i, . ' she ,.' D.. in Switzerland. (She is still in Switzerland.)

4. Use the present perfect with , (for ten minutes, for two weeks, for years, for a long time) to show how long a present

situation has lasted.

• Martina's mother

5

be

her coach

n child.

,

48 • Unit 11 ...................... . IDENTIFY.

s

ad about tennis star Martina Hingis. Underline all the verbs in the . feet. Circle all the time expressions with since or for .

.l\Iartina Hingis picked up her first tenrus racket at the age of two. \..Since theW, she has become one of the greatest tenrus players in th e world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in Switzerland for ma ny years. She became th e outdoor Swiss champion at the age of nine. Since t hen sh e has won man y international competitions including Wimbledon, the US Open and the Austr alian Open. For young stars like Martina, life has its difficulties. They are under constant pressure to win and they don't have time to just relax with friends. In fact, Martina hasn't been to school since 1994 and she has been in the public spotlight for years. But she seems to be handling her success well. Since she turned professional, she has played tennis allover the world and has earned millions of dollars. She sees her life as normal because tennis has been the most important thing to her since she was a little girl.

& CHOOSE • Read this magazine article about a child genius. Complete it with -he present perfec form of the verbs in brackets. Choose between since and for.

Thirteen-year-old Ronnie Segal _ _.....:h..:.::a:-=5:.."I:..:::o..:.:ve;:.:d~__ maths _ _-=--=5:..:.:in:..:.:c:..:e,-:-:--_ he 1. (love)

2.

was a little boy. 'I - - _-:--;;--:-_ _ _ interested in numbers ---::---7-~;-;--3. (b)

4. (mel'

for

nine years, five months, three weeks, and two days,' says Ronnie. --~c;--~r:::;,-the past year, Ronnie -_~~-:---::--_ _ classes at university. He

5. (S nee For

6. (Ill tend)

- ---;;--:-----:--:----- badly. 7. (,"

oj.)

_ - ;:-=_--::-_ __

8.

(')lIll .t'

Furl

January, he

- - -9 ::-.--:-(:tilT"e: - : - - -

five

exams and --"'1A~:-:-:--:7"-a mark of less than a hundred per cent on any of 10. (not get) them. 11. (5, l " / for) Ronnie began classes, he __---:::-:::--:---.___ an average of 1.324 people a month. And his future? Young Ronnie

13. (n t think)

for years. He _ _---.:;-;;:=-::--.-_ _ .

12. (m en

about it ,

----~.~(~'n~(~e~/~ro-r~ ) ---

gomg to become a fa mous sports announcer, get rna l'I"ied, and have exactly 2.2 childreD·

•• .-•••••••••••

P .....nt P.rfect: Since and For •

.....•.....•.••• •••.•••• ASK'

,.~

• Complete the Interview about Martina Hlngls.

Use the words In brackets to write questions. Then write short answers to the questions using Infonnatlon from Exercise 1.

1. (How long / she / be / a tennis player?)

Q: A:

~H~o~w~'~O~~6~.~h~ a~ e ~e~h~ e ~b~ ee=,n~a~u~n~n~le~p~ la~ y~ er~?___________________________________

Since ehe wae two.

•

2. (How long / she / live in Switzerland'?)

Q: A:

•

3. (she / win any competitions / since the outdoor Swiss championship?)

Q: A: 4.

(she / go to school/since 1994?)

Q: A: 5. (How much money / she / earn / since her career began?)

Q: A: 6.

(How long / tennis / be important to her?) Q: A: __________________________________________________

EDIT· Read this student's paragraph. Find and correct seven mistakes in the use of the present perfect, and since and for. The first mistake has already been corrected.

roa'ie been

I am in /\As dark's physical educatIOn class since two months. I enjoy it a lot and have only miss two classes since the beginning of the term . I espeCIally like tennis

but since September We don't play because the Weather have been too cold . I also like volleyball and my team has win two matches since we have started to com pete with Lincoln School. I'm looking forward to the next matCh.

••

•

•

T e ct: ust and Yet

nt Irea •

.

As you can see, the flu season has just begun . Have you had your flu jab yet? It's never too late!

.

POINT

ICHEC

Circle

Well, almost never ...

T* r_

"

*'~

. . \.i, ree

L

To say that something has happened before now,

o o

use

t:o

use

HAVE

They

have

PAST PARTICIPLE

developed

I a new flu vaccine.

It

has

three people's lives. .

saved

NEGATIVE ST

YET

SUBJECT

-

They -

I YET

PAST PARTICIPLE

HAVE NOT

-

----1-1- - - - - - - -

haven't

-

,

--- - - , the interview

. It -

hasn't

ended

,

yet.

I

I

use not . • . ye . - -

-_.

.

-

CHART CHECK 2 Circle T (True) F (False).

T

F

u(

Yet is used in

questions.

-----_._-----

-_.

•

ALREADy/JUST

alreadyliu!t

I

•

l Ouse llread or J st. I

F The flu season will start soon.

T

•

To say that something has not happened before now,

o

SUBJECT

st.

or

ITr"e or F I False'

STATEMENTS: ALREADY AND JUST

AF

CHART CHECK 1

T

50

YES/NO QUESTIONS: YET HAVE

Hav_ -

Has

YET

PAST PARTICIPLE

----

Eo

it

~~----~-----

-

had "

the new vaccine approval

yet?

Present Perfect: Already. Ju t and Yet _ 51 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

EXPRESS AFFIRMATiVE

hav

they Yes, it

NEGAIIVE

...

't.

they

•

No,

has.

1

it

sn't . h

Uns(ramble these words to form a question. Answer the question .

you • have • yet • lunch. had

-------------------------------? -

Gr mm r Expl n 1. We often use the pr dy and

Ion

Ex mpl with

I

A: Is your daughter going to get her flu jab? 8: She ' (Iret ely • ( it. And I' v Just had it, too.

/w

to talk about things that have happened before now. 01,.,

5

AI,., ad)' means' at some time before now'.

Just means 'very recently: a moment or two ago'. BE CAREFUL' Do not use the present perfect

with alrea in the past.

DON'T SAY:

when you mention a specific time

Already and ju. usually come between " ve and the p st p ,

• Researchers have already discovere many diseases.

cures for

• I've just reco 'erec. from a bad cold. • They've made a lot of progress read,'.

Alreo . can also come at the end of the clause.

-~---

. ~ with

2. Use the .

.' ". to

talk about things that have not happened before now.

• They aven't d'sco 'e eo a cure for the common cold yet, but they hope to discover one in the future.

Notice that '; usually comes at the end of the clause.

• The flu season hasn't arrived yet.

ve

can also come between

and the

•

3. We usually use ! .

to fi nd out if something has happened before now. USAGE NOTE:

a cure for the

.

•

~

your son

a. his flu jab

. ?

Sometimes we use

q . to express surprise that something has happened sooner than we expected it to.

4. In spoken American English, people often use . with the past simple to talk about the recent past.

alreudy, J

• They haven 'et discover common cold .

t and

•

d h d his flu jab? The flu season . he II hasn't begun yet.

• I I, ad)' that book. • We , back from l os Anqelf's. • • you the shopping . '}.

•• •

52 •

Unit 12 • ••••••••••••••••••••••

MATCH. Watch the cause with the appropriate res ult.

e

Result

se

r

Tom has just had his flu j ab, so he probably

3

is really hungry. b

may get flu .

Dr Meier has already finished his interview, so he

e has left the TV stud'

Dr Meier hasn't had lunch yet, so h e

d

10.

isn't very hungry.

e. won't get flu this year.

. Steve hasn't had his j ab yet , so h e Steve h as just had lunch, so he

5

COMPLETE. Read these questions and answers from a magazine artic/e. Complete ther ith the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets plus already or yet. Use short answers. smallpox tetanus vaccine vaccine

flu polio • vaccine vaccine

measles vaccine

world smallpox vaccination programme

last case AIDS cancer malaria common (old • of smallpox vaccine vaccine vaccine vaccine

1796

1945

1963

1966

1980

•

•

1880

•

1954

•

•

NOW

Q: We plan to travel to the rain forest next year. _ _ _--=-H....:.:a::::~:.::e~_ _ they _ _ _..,:.~~o~u~nd~___ a malaria vaccine ___--.:y=--e_t_ _ _ _ ? 1. (lind)

A: _ _ _-.:....N:.:::o~_ _ _ , they _ _-----=.h.:. =a:. .:,v=.:en:. :. '. :. t_ _ _ • Talk to your doctor about ways to 2.

prevent this disease.

Q: My doctor told me I won't need another smallpox jab. I was surprised. - - -- - - - - smallpox completely _ _ ~_ _ _ _ _ ?

A: - _____ _ _ , it _ _ _ _:--_ _ _ .

3. (dlsappeclr)

4.

Q: They ----::---,-,---,-_ _ _ vaccines against flu. What about the common cold? 5 (d,·" lop! A: No. Because there are so many different cold viruses, they _ _ _ --,,.---;-,::-;- - to develop a vaccine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .

6. (not be able)

Q: There has been so much cancer research. _________ anyone --~=--:,.--:--:---7. (m ke)

A:

a successful vaccine _________ ?

- - - - - - - - they - _ _~----. Researchers have made a lot of 8. progress in recent years, however.

Preeent Pe..-otJ AI,.d)I JutJt

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

• Dr Helmut Meier and his wife, Gisela, are planning a party. Look at their To Do lists and the pictures of their kitchen and dining room. Cross out the things they have already done. Then write sentences about each Item on their To Do lists.

(

,

To 00 - Helmut -ttl be e the uke . put the turkey In the o~en mop the floor wash the dishes

•

,

,

~j

To Do - GIsela

vacuum the carpet buy flowers wash the windows hang the balloons

wrap the present

I,I .

-----.-.... , -

1.

Helmut has already bought film.

2.

Gisela hasn't vacuumed the carpet yet.

... .....

.. " . "'l.

-.

'

t.. •

~ .... .

3. 4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

EDIT • Read this note from Gisela to Helmut. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present perfect with already and yet. The first mistake has already been corrected. }ee

Helmut -I'm in a hurry, I haven't went shopping already but I'll do it on the way home. RitCl have just had dinner and she's already had her bath. Have you call Mr JacofJsorl yd? He':,> called already three times tOday. His daughter has had het" flu shot yet. Is you later.

( J.

if

roo Ilt l"?

..

~-~

~)t:t:

,

•

TUne in to Channel l/ tonight ~---.... . . . . I've moved at 8:00 and find out! in with my parents.

I've been to India!

,

,

I've met someone new. Agai n. ~

..

.

Have you ever ':.', , met anyone like us before'?

I

HEC

'r,

,

(

r

F (F( ,

T

F You can use the present perfect without mentioning a specific time.

I SUBJECT They

o o

now. in the past.

1.

I

HAVE

(Nor)

ave (not)

It

has

PAST PARTICIPLE

I

2.

appeared been

on TV.

For a complete presentation of present perfect forms, see Unit 11, pages 46-47.

-

I

CHART CHECK 2 Tick

STATEMENTS WITH

UI(1 (Ort (

SUBJECT •

HAVE (Nor)

answ('r Never comes:

o o

at the end of the statement

They

i i

ADVERB

never

It

has

They

have (not)

It

has (not)

•, PAST PARTICIPLE ,

,."

,

have

I ,

before the past participle

-

54

I

,~o\l

The cast of 'Family' is talking about things of importance to them

CHART CHECK 1

• The kids , . •. e _ »yln~ here. Their toys are all over the room. • It > -1'1 • The streets are still wet.

Check it out! For a list of common stative verbs, see Appendix 2 on page 337. For the. difference between the present perfect and the present perfect continu()u!'1. see DOlt 16.

;

•

,

~

.