Gase, Nanosysteme, Flüssigkeiten [2nd rev. edition] 9783110198140

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Inhalt
1. Gase und Molekularstrahlen
2. Niedertemperaturplasmen
3. Verbrennung
4. Einfache und disperse Flüssigkeiten
5. Superflüssigkeiten
6. Elektroden, Elektrodenprozesse und Elektrochemie
7. Flüssigkristalle
8. Makromolekulare und supramolekulare Systeme
9. Cluster
10. Aufbau, Funktion und Diagnostik biogener Moleküle
Backmatter

Citation preview

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0

5

10 15 20 25 30 Streuwinkel Θ /Grad

35 40

45 50

(c)

b1

b 2 b 3 Stoßparameter

c%%P SPXS o2/(.8/$5( u75(848(56&+1,77(\ J$K k17(*5$/( u72M48(56&+1,77( )@5 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6O o2/(.@/(N $8)*(75$*(1 $/6 h81.7,21 '(5 5('8=,(57(1 u72M*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 * 3 +BJT /K 95(/BJ& t0KN (5/$8%(1 (,1( (;3(5,0(17(//( d(67,0081* '(5 g;321(17(1 '(6 $1=,(+(1'(1 81' '(6 $%672O M(1'(1 v(,/6 '(6 9$1O'(5Oy$$/6Or27(17,$/6 xJ5K 3 eSTB5ST 2 eXB5 XP f(5 d(5(,&+6@%(5*$1* %(, * 3 S :,5' %(67,007 '85&+ ',( v,()( & 81' n$*( t0 '(6 r27(17,$/60,1,0806P J%K f,5(5(17,(//( u75(848(56&+1,77( =(,*(1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( NNt(*(1%2*(1DDOu758.785(1 0,7 '(0 '85&+ u72MO (1(5*,( 81' r27(17,$/7,()( %(67,007(1 t(*(1%2*(1675(8:,1.(/ )t 6 T &BgP J&K j$/%./$66,6&+ %(75$&+7(7 (1767(+(1 ',(6( '85&+ k17(5)(5(1= 0(+5(5(5 =80 */(,&+(1 c%/(1.:,1.(/ )@+5(1'(5 u75(875$-(.725,(13)$'( ,1 $1=,(+(1'(1 81' $%672M(1'(1 r27(17,$/%(5(,&+(1P

SSR

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SPWPTPU o(6681* ,1(/$67,6&+(5 t27$7,216$15(*81* %(, j(OpTOu7?M(1 g,1 d(,63,(/ )@5 ,1(/$67,6&+( u75(80(6681*(1 =(,*7 c%%P SPXT$ 0,7 (,1(0 h/8*=(,7O 63(.7580 )@5 ',( t27$7,216$15(*81* 921 u7,&.6725Oo2/(.@/(1 '85&+ u7?M( 0,7 j(O /,80 L[ZbP g6 :85'( %(, U[PW@ n$%25675(8:,1.(/ ,1 '(5 =80 pTOv$5*(7675$+/ 6(1.O 5(&+7(1 u75(8(%(1( *(0(66(1N ,1 '(5 ',( +?&+67( ,1(/$67,6&+( c89?681* (55(,&+7 :,5'P f,( u72M(1(5*,( %(75>*7 g 3 TYPU 0(xN 1$+( '(5 :$+56&+(,1/,&+67(1 u72M(1(5*,( . v %(, p250$/7(03(5$785P f(5 u7,&.6725Oo2/(.8/$5675$+/ :85'( ,1 (,1(5 f@6(1675$+/O (;3$16,21 35>3$5,(57 81' ,67 =8 0(+5 $/6 ZW@ ,1 6(,1( t27$7,216*581'=867>1'( *(.@+/7P f$6 +20218./($5( pTOo2/(.@/ 75,77 ,1 =:(, '85&+ ',( SVpOm(5163,167$7,67,. %(',1*7(1 o2',7.$7,21(1 $/6 3$5$Ou7,&.6725 JUU@K 0,7 185 81*(5$'=$+/,*(1 t2O 7$7,216=867>1'(1 81' $/6 257+2Ou7,&.6725 JXY@K 0,7 t27$7,216=867>1'(1 - 3 RN TN VN P P P $8)N ',( $86 r$5,7>76*5@1'(1 '85&+ o2/(.@/67?M( 1,&+7 ,1(,1$1'(5 @%(5*(+(1 .?11(1P k1 '(5 63(.7526.23,6&+(1 p27$7,21 :,5' '(5 r$5,7>76=867$1' 0,7 '(5 *5?O M(5(1 d(6(7=81*6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ,00(5 $/6 '(5 NN257+2DDON '(5 0,7 '(5 *(5,1*(5(1 k17(16,7>7 $8)75(7(1'( $/6 '(5 NN3$5$DDO|867$1' %(=(,&+1(7P f(5 g1(5*,($%67$1' '(5 3523257,21$/ =8 - J -1SK $167(,*(1'(1 t27$7,216(1(5*,(O 1,9($86 %(75>*7 V&R2T 3 SPW 0(x )@5 '(1 257+2O%(5*$1* -, S -) 3 R S T 81' 67(,*7 $8) V&S2U 3 TPW 0(x %(,0 S S UOt27$7,216@%(5*$1* %(,0 3$5$Ou7,&.6725 $1P f$6 h/8*=(,763(.7580 ,1 c%%P SPXT$ =(,*7 %(, RPYW 0(x c89?681* '(1 (/$67,6&+(1 u75(8O 3($. 92//67>1',* *(75(117 920 j(/,8098*=(,73($. )@5 ',( R S TOt27$7,216$15(*81* %(, Vg 3 SPW 0(x g1(5*,(9(5/867N *()2/*7 921 =:(, :(,7(5(1 r($.6758.785(1 )@5 ',( S S UOt27$7,216$15(*81* '(6 3$5$OpTOc17(,/6 ,0 u7,&.6725675$+/ 81' (,1(0 6(+5 ./(,1(1 T S VOc15(*81*63($.P f$6 %(, t27$7,2167(03(5$785(1 921 (,1,*(1 m(/9,1 12&+ 0,7 SW@ y$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 %(6(7=7( - 3 TOp,9($8 '(6 u7,&.67256 )@+57 $8M(5O '(0 $8&+ =8 '(0 ,0 h/8*=(,763(.7580 /,1.6 920 (/$67,6&+(1 r($. 12&+ 6,&+7%$5(1N ./(,1(5(1 T S ROt27$7,216$%5(*81*63($.P c86 9,(/(1 g,1=(/0(6681*(1 $86*(:(57(O

0

He N2 Θ LAB=39.5

el. 1

11.0 2

0

He N2 E=27.3 meV

2

10

total

3 2

dσ /dΩ (10-20 m2)

12.0

103

2

4

10.0

0

101

2

1

100

3 0

(a)

1.7

1.9 1.8 Flugzeit t /ms

2.0

(b)

0

10

4 20 30 Θcm /Grad

40

50

c%%P SPXT J$K h/8*=(,763(.7580 0,7 $8)*(/?67(1 t27$7,216@%(5*>1*(1 )@5 ',( j(OpTOu75(8O 81* JrgR ST 3 SPW 0(xKP J%K f,5(5(17,(//( t27$7,216$15(*81*648(56&+1,77( )@5 j(OpT %(, '(5 J.,1(7,6&+(1K u72M(1(5*,( g 3 TYPU 0(xP g;3(5,0(17$/:(57( J.-0rKN %(5(&+1(7( y(57( J"N A AN OOOKP

SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SSS

7(N ',5(5(17,(//( u75(848(56&+1,77( )@5 ',( t27$7,216$15(*81* %(, pTOj(Ou7?M(1 6,1' ,1 c%%P SPXT% *(=(,*7P y,( '(5 727$/( u75(848(56&+1,77 J'$6 ,67 ',( u800( 921 R S RN S S S 81' $//(1 ,1(/$67,6&+(1 m$1>/(1K 6,1' $8&+ '(5 R S TO 81' '(5 S S UOt2O 7$7,216@%(5*$1* '85&+ 67$5.( s8$17(126=,//$7,21(1 *(35>*7N ',( ,1 *52%(5 p>+(581* '(5 h5$81+2)(5Od(8*81* '(5 j(/,80:(//( $1 (,1(5 m8*(/ 0,7 c7205$',86 (17635(O &+(1P f$6 %(2%$&+7(7( r+>120(1 '(5 r+$6(19(56&+,(%81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 (/$67,6&+(1 81' '(1 R S TO527$7,216,1(/$67,6&+(1 d(8*81*60$;,0$ />667 6,&+ $8) ',( n2.$/,O 6,(581* '(5 t27$7,216@%(5*>1*( $8) (,1(1 6(+5 6&+0$/(1 t$1'%(5(,&+ $0 $%672O M(1'(1 m(51 '(6 j(OpTOy(&+6(/:,5.81*6327(17,$/6 =85@&.)@+5(1P f,( *(5,1*)@*,*( t,&+781*6$6&+67 $/6 u&+:,1*81*6(1(5*,( '(6 jhOr52'8.7(6 )5(,*(O 6(7=7P g,1( o2/(.8/$5675$+/678',( ',(6(5 g/(0(17$55($.7,21 J6P L[[bK %(/(*7 ',(6 )@5 (,1( +,(5 ,1 c%%P SPXU *(=(,*7( r52'8.7*(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* %(, (,1(5 hOjTO u72M(1(5*,( 921 g 3 YPYR .lB02/ JW ZR 0(xKP c89?681*67(&+1,6&+ ,67 '$6 g;3(5,O 0(17 6(+5 9,(/ 81*@167,*(5 $/6 '$6 =8925 *(=(,*7( j(/,80675(8(;3(5,0(17N '$ '(5 9(5:(1'(7( h/825$720675$+/ '85&+ 7+(50,6&+( |(56(7=81* 921 h/825 (5=(8*7 :85'( 81' (,1( 6(+5 9,(/ %5(,7(5( o2/(.8/$5675$+/*(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* %(6,7=7P |8O '(0 .2117( $86 '(7(.7257(&+1,6&+(1 i5@1'(1 185 ',( h/8*=(,79(57(,/81* '(6 6&+:(O 5(5(1 81' '$+(5 .,1(0$7,6&+ 81*@167,*(5(1 jhOr52'8.702/(.@/6 817(568&+7 :(5O '(1P c%%P SPXU$ ,//8675,(57 ',( m,1(0$7,. '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6 Ji/P JSPTUXKAJSPTU[KK 0,7 '(5 J0,77/(5(1K i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 hOc720675$+/6 81' '(6 jTOv$5*(7675$+/6N 9h 81' 9j N =86$00(1 0,7 '(1 p(:721Om8*(/1 )@5 ',( g1'*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 '(6 jhOr52O A '8.7(6 ,1 '(1 x,%5$7,216=867>1'(1 - 3 RN SN T 81' UP f$6 h/8*=(,763(.7580 '(6 jh %(,0 n$%25:,1.(/ )n 3 SZ@ Jc%%P SPXU%K =(,*7 6(+5 ./$5 $86*(35>*7( r($.6758.785(1 )@5 ',( x,%5$7,216=867>1'( - 3 T 81' - 3 U 81' 9?//,*( c%:(6(1+(,7 921 o2/(.@/(1 ,0 u&+:,1*81*6*581'=867$1' - 3 RP f(5 $/6 -A 3 U 0$5.,(57( %(5*$1* ,67 ',( %(, ',(6(0 n$%25:,1.(/ (%(1)$//6 12&+ 6,&+7%$5( 5@&.:>576 *(675(87( m20321(17( '(5 p(:721Om8*(/ )@5 - 3 UN :,( $86 c%%P SPXU$ (56,&+7/,&+P g,1=(/1( t27$7,216@%(5O *>1*( 6,1' 1,&+7 $8)*(/?67P f,( u75(8(5*(%1,66( 6,1' '$+(5 ,1 (,1(0 m21785(1',$O *5$00 ,1 c%%P SPXU& $/6 n$1'.$57( '(5 jhOy,1.(/9(57(,/81* ,0 u&+:(5381.76576O 675(8:,1.(/1 ,0 u&+:(5381.76*7(1 i(6&+:,1',*O .(,769(57(,/81* $86P f,( 1$&+ '(0 f85&+9,(*(1 (,1(5 n$8)675(&.( $8) 81*()>+5 S &0 5>80/,&+( c86'(+181* $1*(:$&+6(1( v(,/&+(1:2/.( 75,57 $8) (,1(1 *52M9>&+,*(1 m$1$/3/$77(1Ou(.81'>5(/(.7521(19(59,(/)$&+(5 $8)N '(5 (,1 9(567>5.7(6 u,*1$/ '(5 k21(1:2/.(19(57(,/81* (5=(8*7N '$6 @%(5 (,1(1 n(8&+76&+,50 921 (,1(5 eefOm$O

SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SSU

Ionisationslaser (-334 nm) Extraktionsplatte CCDKamera

Flugzeitrohr

Fiberoptik

gepulste Düse

CD3I/He

Mikrokanalplatten

Repellerplatte

Phosphorschirm

Skimmer

Photolyse-Laser

c%%P SPXV k21(1$%%,/'81*6$33$5$785 =85 6,08/7$1(1 |867$1'6O 81' y,1.(/9(57(,/81*60(6O 681* 921 t($.7,216352'8.7(1 $86 (,1(0 r+272/5(/(.7521(1%,/':$1'/(53/$77( $8)P 1

2 22-Bande Q-Zweig

1 1 -Bande Q-Zweig

y x

(b)

Streuintensität

(a)

(c)

vcm

0

(d)

0

vcm

c%%P SPXW t>80/,&+( k17(16,7>769(57(,/81*6.21785(1 $0 d,/':$1'/(5$86*$1* J2%(5( t(,+(K 81' =85@&.*(5(&+1(7( i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* '(6 efUOr52'8.702/(.@/6 ,0 u&+:(5O 381.761',*(1 '5(,',0(16,21$/(1 c86:(5781* (5+$/7(1( k17(16,7>7648(5O 6&+1,77 ,1 '(5 J9(57,.$/(1K r2/$5,6$7,2165,&+781* '(6 r+272',662=,$7,216/$6(56 $8)*(O 75$*(1P f,( %(,'(1 3520,1(17(1 r($.6 '(5 efUOi(6&+:,1',*.(,769(57(,/81* (17635(O &+(1 '(5 r+272',662=,$7,21 921 o(7+1*,*.(,7 '(6 k2'Ox(5=:(,*81*69(5+>/71,66(6 921 '(0 x,%5$7,216Ot27$7,216O|867$1' '(6 .203/(0(17>5 (5=(8*7(1 efUOt$',.$/)5$*0(17(6P

SPWPU f,$*1267,. 0,7 o2/(.8/$5675$+/0(7+2'(1 d$6,(5(1' $8) o2/(.8/$5675$+/0(7+2'(1 +$%(1 6,&+ c1:(1'81*(1 (17:,&.(/7N ',( %(1$&+%$57( h256&+81*6*(%,(7( %('(87(1' 925$1%5,1*(1P

SPWPUPS j?&+67$89?6(1'( o2/(.@/63(.7526.23,( '85&+ g,1%(7781* ,1 .$/7( j(/,8075?3)&+(1

Düse

Pick-up

Photonenabsorption + Heliumverdampfung

Massenspektrometer

Laserstrahl

c/6 (,1 d(,63,(/ +,(5)@5 ,67 ,1 c%%P SPXX (,1( j(/,8075?3)&+(1Oo2/(.8/$5675$+/$3O 3$5$785 6.,==,(57N ',( (6 (5/$8%7 (,1=(/1( o2/(.@/( ,1 6(+5 .$/7(6N 9@66,*(6 J683(5O 9@66,*(6K j(/,80 %(, &$P RPUZ m(/9,1 (,1=8%(77(1 81' '$5$1 +2&+ $89?6(1'( 237,6&+( u3(.7526.23,( =8 %(75(,%(1P j(/,8075?3)&+(1 0,7 (,1(5 i5?M( =:,6&+(1 WRRR 81' TRRRR j(/,80$720(1 :(5'(1 $/6 6(+5 (1* .2//,0,(57 $8675(7(1'(5 u75$+/ ,1 (,1(5 $8) SRATR m *(.@+/7(1 W ]0 f@6( %(, TR %$5 j(/,80'58&. (5=(8*7 LSRSN SRTbP f,(

c%%P SPXX j(/,8075?3)&+(1$33$5$785 0,7 r,&.83O|(//( =85 g,1/$*(581* 921 o2/(.@/(1 $86 '(5 i$63+$6( 81' 0$66(163(.7520(75,6&+(0 p$&+:(,6 )@5 '(1 '85&+ r+2721(1$%62537,21 ,1'8=,(57(1 j(/,809(5'$03)81*6352=(66P

SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1 COOH

D

Tryptophan in He-Tröpfchen

α

H C NH2 β

γ

D’ B 34900

34940

ν /cm-1

E

F

in Überschallstrahlen A-Progression

CH2

N H

C’ C 34980

SSW

35020

35060

D E

C

A

F

B 34860

34900

34940

34980

ν /cm-1

c%%P SPXY J$K c866&+1,77 $86 '(0 c%62537,21663(.7580 921 (,1*(/$*(57(1 v55.(5 f233/(5O9(5%5(,7(57 6,1' JNNy(//(1=$+/DDOg1(5*,((,1+(,7\ ZRXW &02S (17635,&+7 S (xKP

=8 817(568&+(1'(1 o2/(.@/( :(5'(1 %(,0 f85&+98* '(5 j(/,8075?3)&+(1 '85&+ (,1( 0,7 02/(.8/$5(0 f$03) '(6 r52%(102/(.@/6 *()@//7( u75(8.$00(5N '(5 r,&.O w3O|(//(N (,1*(/$*(57P f(5 *(5,&+7(7( v5?3)&+(1675$+/ '85&+9,(*7 1$&+ '(0 c8675,77 (,1( n$6(5:(&+6(/:,5.81*65(*,21 81' 75,77 ,1 (,1 o$66(163(.7520(7(5 0,7 g/(.752O 1(1675$+/,21,6$725 (,1N '$6 '(1 k21,6$7,216352=(66 @%(5/(%(1'( j(/,80&/867(5)5$*O 0(17( 81' $8&+ ',( (,1*(6&+/266(1(1 e+52023+2502/(.@/( 6(/(.7,9 1$&+:(,67P y,5' 181 '(5 n$6(5 '85&+*(67,007N 62 *(%(1 (,1*(/$*(57( o2/(.@/( ,+5( $8)*(120O 0(1( r+272(1(5*,( $1 '$6 j(/,8075?3)&+(1 $%N 921 '(0 0(+5(5( +81'(57 c720( J352 r+2721K 9(5'$03)(1N '$ ',( 6(+5 *(5,1*( x(5'$03)81*6:>50( 921 j(/,80 185 YPT m 352 Vj(Oc720 %(75>*7P f,( c%62537,21 (,1(6 r+27216 (56&+(,17 '$1$&+ ,0 e/867(5Oo$66(163(.7580 $/6 u,*1$/>1'(581* ,1 '(5 i5?M(125'181* 921 SR@P f$6 (5*,%7 (,1( 6(+5 (0371'/,&+(N 6(+5 6&+21(1'( 81' 6(+5 .$/7( x$5,$17( '(5 o$7O 5,;Ok62/$7,21663(.7526.23,(P c/6 d(,63,(/ )@5 (,1( 63(.7526.23,6&+( c1:(1'81* :,5' ,1 c%%P SPXY (,1 u3(.7580 921 ,1 j(/,8075?3)&+(1 (,1*(/$*(57(0 v51*,* :(5'(1 x(56&+,(%81*(1 921 :(1,*(1 &02S %,6 =8 2UR &02S 81' XR &02S %(, *5?M(5(1 o2O /(.@/(1 %(2%$&+7(7 LSRSbP j,(5 ,67 ',( t27$7,216%$1'(19(5%5(,7(581* '(5 (/(.7521,O 6&+(1 u3(.75(1 80 *87 (,1( i5?M(125'181* *(*(1@%(5 (,1(0 =80 x(5*/(,&+ *(O

SSX

S i$6( 81' o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

=(,*7(1 f@6(1675$+/63(.7580 5('8=,(57N 62 '$66 63(.7526.23,6&+( u758.785$1$/8%7N ,0 v52&.(1*$667520 '(O 62/9$7,6,(57 81' 0(+5)$&+ *(/$'(1( r527(,1,21(1 :(5'(1 921 $70263+>5,6&+(1 d(',1*81*(1 ,16 x$.880 =80 o$66(163(.7520(7(5 75$16)(5,(57P J%K k0 g/(.752635$//7 ,1 )(,167( v523)(1P J&K |(5)$// *(/$'(1(5 v523)(1 '85&+ |(5635(1*81* 2'(5 '85&+ 9(567>5.7( x(5'$03)81* %(, %(5:,(*(1 '(5 e28/20%Om5>)7( @%(5 ',( q%(59>&+(163$1181*P

SPW o2/(.8/$5675$+/(1

SSY

SPWPUPT g/(.752635$1',* 81' (6 %/(,%7 '$6 8162/9$7,6,(57( o2/(.@/ 0,7 (,1(0 2'(5 0(+5(5(1 $1*(/$*(57(1 r52721(1 =85@&.P h(/' 81' i$667520 %(:,5.(1 '(1 v5$163257 =85 v5$16)(5.$3,//$5(1 81' ,1 '$6 x$O .880680/,&+(1 c86'(+181* '(5 9@66,*(1 y$66(52%(59>&+( $8) c%0(6681*(1 817(5+$/% '(5 )5(,(1 y(*/>1*( '(6 -(:(,/,*(1 h/@66,*.(,76'$03)(6P g,1( 35$.7,.$%/( t($/,6,(581* (,1(5 x$.8802%(59>&+( '(6 9@66,*(1 y$66(56 (5+>/7 0$1 0,7 (,1(0 ,16 x$.880 675?0(1'(1 =&+( =80 }48,9$/(17 (,1(5 )5(,(1 o2/(.8/$5675$+/48(//(N $86 '(5 y$66(502/(.@/( 2+1( 1$&+)2/*(1'( u7?M( ,16 x$.880 $8675(7(1P f$*(*(1 75(7(1 %(, *5?M(5(1 c%0(6681O *(1 '(5 y$66(59>&+( %(, 819(5>1'(57(0 f$03)'58&. =81(+0(1' u7?M( ,1 '(5 i$6O 3+$6( 81' (,1( 1$&+)2/*(1'( +&+( $86*(+(1'( f$03)675$+/ :,5' =8 (,1(0 %(56&+$//02/(.8/$5675$+/ 0,7 $167(,*(1'(0 i(6&+:,1',*.(,769(5+>/71,6 uP i/(,&+=(,7,* :,5' '$%(, ',( )@5 o2/(.8/$5675$+/%(2%$&+781*(1 '(5 y$66(52%(59>&+( %(1?7,*7( 81*(67?57( u75$+/$86%5(,781* =81(+0(1' %(+,1'(57P f,(6(5 |86$00(1O +$1* :,5' ,1 (,1(0N (%(1)$//6 ,1 c%%P SPYR 6.,=,(57(1 o2/(.8/$5675$+/Oh/8*=(,7(;O 3(5,0(17 $0 6(1.5(&+7 =85 h/@66,*.(,76675$+/$&+6( $8675(7(1'(1 y$66(5'$03) %(O 67>7,*7P f85&+ (,1( ,1 W 00 c%67$1' 6(,7:>576 920 h/@66,*.(,7675$+/ $1*(%5$&+7( u.,00(5?5181* 75,77 921 (,1(0 925*(*(%(1(1 6&+0$/(1 c%6&+1,77 '(6 h/@66,*.(,76O

Wasserdüse p=80 bar

glatter p=10-6 mbar zylindrischer Strahlabschnitt >3 mm

6.3 µm

Kühlfalle

Dampf Skimmer Dampfstrahl zum MolekulargeschwindigkeitsFlugzzeitspektrometer

(a)

Zählrate pro TOF-Kanal/Max

1.0

(b)

D =50 µm

D =10 µm

H2O

0.5

0

0

1.0 Flugzeit t /ms

2.0

3.0

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x

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Gaszufuhr

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200 A

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150 A

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0

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0.6

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20

Argon 200 A

10

200 A

100 A

5 3 2

50 A

1 0.5 (a)

Helium

400 A

5 3 2 ne /1022 m-3

ne /1022 m-3

10

100 A

400 A

300 A 200 A

1 100 A

0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1

8

10

12 14 Te /103 K

16

18

20

12

22 (b)

14

16

18 20 Te /103 K

22

24

26

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σ /102Ω -1m-1

100 80 60 40 20

11

13

15 T/103 K

17

19

21

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2.8 2.4

W (mK)

1.6

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2.0

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0

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4

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8 10 12 14 Temperatur T/103 K

16

18

20

22

24

6

8 10 12 14 Temperatur T/103 K

16

18

20

22

24

(a) 6 Stickstoff

5

λ

W (mK)

4 3 2 1 0 (b)

0

2

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kR /cm3 mol-1 s-1

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6

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3

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2

OH + H2

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H

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OH + O

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O

OH

+ H2O

HO2 + M

CO + OH

CO2 + H

H

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CO

O

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CH2O + H

OH + O

+ OH

H+CH3(+M)

CH4 (+M)

H

H2

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CO + H + M

C2H5 (+M)

C2H4+H(+M)

O

CH2 + CO

+ C2H2

H + O2

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H + O2 + M

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3

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Laserabsorptionsspektroskopie (LAS)

N2 ωL

N1 Rayleigh-Streuung (RS)

ωL

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laserinduzierte Fluoreszenz (LIF)

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P W ω LIF b b21 A21 Q21 N2 12 N1

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spontane Raman-Streuung (SRS)

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1

0

f$%(, ,67 . ',( d2/7=0$11Om2167$17( 81' & (,1( m$/,%5,(5.2167$17(N ',( ',( (9(178(// 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 c15(*81*6O 81' f(7(.7,216%(',1*81*(1 %(, %(,'(1 c15(*81*6O :(//(1/>1*(1 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 81' '85&+ x(5*/(,&+ 0,7 (,1(0 v(03(5$78567$1'$5' J=P dP (,1(5 m$/,%5,(59$00(K *(:211(1 :,5'P f,( o(6681* ,67 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 /2.$/(1 m21=(175$7,21 '(5 c1$///(1 '(5 6,08/7$1( g,16$7= 921 0(+5 $/6 =:(, y(//(1/>1*(1 8135$.7,.$%(/P g,1( |:(,On,1,(1Oo(6681* ,67 '$+(5 ,1 9,(/(1 h>//(1 (,1 m203520,66 =85 v(03(5$7850(6681* ,1 785%8/(17(1 81' 620,7 =(,7/,&+ 9$5,$%/(1 o(662%-(.7(1P |85 nkhOv(03(5$7850(6681* :,5' +>87* qj (,1*(6(7=7P j,(5%(, ,67 0$1 -('2&+ $8) t(*,21(1 %(6&+5>1.7N ,1 '(1(1 qj 0,7 $865(,&+(1'(5 m21=(175$7,21 ,1 '(5 2300

15 10 4 5 -10 -5 0 10 Abstand zur Brennerachse/mm

(a) 2500

Temperatur/K

2000

(b)

Temperatur/K

Höhe über Brenner/mm

20

Höhe über Brenner 9 mm

14 mm

250

19 mm

1500 1000 500 -10 -5

0

5

10

-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 Abstand zur Brennerachse/mm

0

5

10

c%%P UPSU v(03(5$7850(6681* 0,7 nkh $1 u7,&.2;,' ,1 (,1(5 /$0,1$5(1 d816(1%5(11(59$0O 0(P t(&+76\ x(5*/(,&+ 921 $86 '(1 =:(,',0(16,21$/(1 d,/'(51 (;75$+,(57(1 r527/(1 0,7 ectuO r81.70(6681*(1 J6P c%6&+1P UPUPTPSK LUSN UTbP

UUT

U x(5%5(1181*

h/$00( $8)75,77P f85&+ |8*$%( 921 pq 81' d(2%$&+781* '(5 pqOnkh .$11 0$1 ',(6( g,16&+5>1.81* 80*(+(1P k1 c%%P UPSU ,67 (,1( =:(,',0(16,21$/( v(03(5$785O 0(6681* 0,7 j,/)( 921 pqOnkh ,0 x(5*/(,&+ 0,7 ectuOr81.70(6681*(1 J9*/P c%O 6&+1P UPUPTPSK '$5*(67(//7P

UPUPSPU t$1'(5/,&+( f,32/020(17 ],1' 67(//7 :,('(580 (,1( s8(//( )@5 (/(.7520$*O 1(7,6&+( u75$+/81* '(5 h5(48(1= -R '$5P o$1 .$11 '(1 r52=(66 $/6 c%675$+/81* (,1(6 j(57=I6&+(1 f,32/6 $85$66(1N '(5 '85&+ '$6 26=,//,(5(1'( (/(.75,6&+( h(/' '(5 (,1/$8)(1'(1 n,&+7:(//( =8 u&+:,1*81*(1 $1*(5(*7 :,5'P f$6 (0,77,(57( n,&+7 ,67 '$+(5 32/$5,6,(57 81' :(,67 (,1( 67$5. $1,627523( y,1.(/9(57(,/81* $8)P k0 h$// '(5 (/$67,6&+(1 u75(881* +$7 '$6 (,1)$//(1'( 81' (0,77,(57( r+2721 ',(6(/%( y(//(1/>1*(P f,(6(5 r52=(66 :,5' $/6 t$1*(5(1 JNNu72.(6DDK 2'(5 .@5=(5(1 JNNc17,Ou72.(6DDK y(//(1/>1*(1 9(56&+2%(1P f,( x(56&+,(%81* ,67 63(=,(6663(=,76&+ 81' ,+5 d(75$* ,67

UPU n$6(563(.7526.23,( 921 x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1

UUU

'(5 (,1(6 2'(5 0(+5(5(5 u&+:,1*81*6O 2'(5 t27$7,21648$17(1P f,( k17(16,7>7 '(5 t$0$1Ou75(881* />667 6,&+ $1$/2* '(5 '(5 t$1*( '(6 u75(8/,&+76 =8P f$ ',( u75(8%(,75>*( '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 u3(=,(6 %(, 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 h5(48(1=(1 $8)75(7(1N .$11 %(, 63(.75$/(5 v5(1181* '(6 (0,77,(57(1 n,&+76 810,77(/%$5 J0,7 (,1(0 (,1=(/1(1 n$6(538/6K ',( |86$00(1O 6(7=81* '(5 /2.$/(1 i$60,6&+81* %(67,007 :(5'(1P f,(6 ,67 %(621'(56 :,&+7,* )@5 9(5%5(1181*65(/(9$17( v(,/&+(1 :,( pT 81' jTN ',( 0,7+,/)( 921 c%62537,216O 81' h/825(6=(1=9(5)$+5(1 185 %(, 6(+5 .85=(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 (5)$667 :(5'(1 .?11(1N ',( 817(5 '(1 %(, x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1 +(556&+(1'(1 d(',1*81*(1 -('2&+ 1,&+7 0(+5 75$160,77,(57 :(5'(1P q%:2+/ '(5 r52=(66 6(+5 /,&+76&+:$&+ ,67 J'$6 x(5+>/71,6 kt$0$1Bk Rn$6(5 %(75>*7 (7:$ SR2SVN t$7(1 921 u72.(6O 81' c17,O u72.(6Og0,66,21 921 pTKP

UPUPSPW n$6(5,1'8=,(57( k1.$1'(6=(1= JnkkK t8M 63,(/7 ,1 =$+/5(,&+(1 x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1 (,1( *52M( t2//(P g5 ,67 )@5 '$6 71',* 9(5%5$117(5K t8M *,/7 -(O '2&+ $/6 (,1 :(6(17/,&+(5N 921 x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1 *(1(5,(57(5 u&+$'6725P f,( NNt8M.21=(175$7,21DD :,5' ,1 '(5 t(*(/ '85&+ '(1 t8M92/80(1%58&+ )x %(6&+5,(%(1N '(5 '$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(6 921 t8M (,1*(1200(1(1 x2/80(16 =80 i(6$0792/80(1 '(5 r52%( '$567(//7P k1 u,78$7,21(1N ,1 '(1(1 6,&+ ',( t8M9(57(,/81* =(,7/,&+ 1,&+7 9(5>1'(57 81' (,1( %(.$117( u1*,*.(,7(1 920 r$57,.(/'85&+0(66(5 .$11 '85&+ '$6 x(5O +>/71,6 921 u75(8/,&+7,17(16,7>7 81' g;7,1.7,21 $8) 0,77/(5( /2.$/( f85&+0(66(5 *(O 6&+/266(1 :(5'(1P u,( :(5'(1 $8)*581' '(5 c57 '(5 o,77(/81* ,1 i/P JUPW[K $/6 fXUO f85&+0(66(5 %(=(,&+1(7P f,( r$57,.(/*5?M(19(57(,/81* :,5' '$%(, '85&+ ',( '85&+O 0(66(5$%+>1*,*( j>87*.(,769(57(,/81* rJ5K %(6&+5,(%(1P fXU 3 T

0 1

9 9 u75(881* %5N& I K6 0,7 %5N& 3 g rJ5K5N'5 81' %5K& 3 g rJ5K5K'5JUPW[K g;7,1.7,21 %5K& R R

U x(5%5(1181* spektrale Strahlungsdichte/w.E.

UUV

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 200

T=4000 K

T=2000 K(×10) 600 1000 Wellenlänge/nm

1400

1800

c%%P UPSV u3(.75$/( u75$+/81*6',&+7( (,1(6 6&+:$5=(1 u75$+/(56 )@5 v 3 TRRR m J9(567>5.7 0,7 h$.725 SRK 81' v 3 VRRR mP

f$ ',( g;7,1.7,2160(6681* 185 ,17(*5$/ @%(5 ',( '85&+/$8)(1( y(*675(&.( '(6 n$6(56 %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1 .$11N ,67 (,1( 2576$8)*(/?67( o(6681* '(6 t8M92/80(1%58&+6 2'(5 '(5 0,77/(5(1 r$57,.(/*5?M( ,1 785%8/(17(1 h/$00(1 J=P dP ,0 x(5%5(1181*6O 02725K 1,&+7 0?*/,&+P c8)*581' '(5 i5?M( '(5 r$57,.(/ .?11(1 )@5 '(1 /$6(563(.O 7526.23,6&+(1 p$&+:(,6 -('2&+ '(5(1 h(67.?53(5(,*(16&+$)7(1 *(187=7 :(5'(1P k1 '(5 h/$00( 6,1' ',( r$57,.(/ ,1 '(5 t(*(/ $8) v(03(5$785(1 921 SWRR A TRRR m $8)*(+(,=7P f,( (0,77,(57( u75$+/81* +$7 (,1 9$&+(6 o$;,080 ,0 1$+O,1)5$527(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ J80 SXXR 10KP y,5' '(5 t8M '$*(*(1 0,7 (,1(0 n$6(5675$+/ .85=O )5,67,* %,6 =85 x(5'$03)81*6*5(1=( $8)*(+(,=7 J80 VRRR mKN 9(56&+,(%7 6,&+ 1$&+ '(0 r/$1&.Oi(6(7= J6P d'P UN m$3P WPTK '$6 g0,66,2160$;,080 1,&+7 185 '(87/,&+ =8 .@5=(5(1 y(//(1/>1*(1 J=8 &$P YRR 10KN $8)*581' '(6 u7()$1Od2/7=0$11Oi(6(7=(6 1,007 $8&+ ',( *(6$07( c%675$+/81* t 6 v V 67$5. =8 6P Jc%%P UPSVKP y>+5(1' '(5 n$6(5%(675$+/81* 1,007 ',( g0,66,21 %(, y(//(1/>1*(1 80 VRR A WRR 10 80 0(+5(5( i5?M(125'181*(1 =8N 62 '$66 '$6 nkkOu,*1$/ '(5 t8M0(1*( A 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 /2.$/(1 1$7@5/,&+(1 h/$00(1(0,66,21 A =8*(25'1(7 :(5'(1 .$11P f,( =(,7$%+>1*,*( v(03(5$7859(5>1'(581* 81' ',( '$5$86 5(68/7,(5(1'( nkkO u,*1$/,17(16,7>7 .?11(1 $8) '(5 d$6,6 (,1(5 g1(5*,(%,/$1=,(581* 02'(//,(57 :(5'(1N ,1 '(5 *(0>M c%%P UPSW '(5 g1(5*,((,175$* '85&+ n,&+7$%62537,21 '(1 817(56&+,('O /,&+(1 x(5/8673)$'(1 *(*(1@%(5*(67(//7 :,5'P c86 '(5 d,/$1=,(581* '(5 ,1 c%%P UPSW *(1$117(1 r52=(66( *(+7 +(5925N '$66 81O 7(5+$/% 921 UURR m ',( y>50(/(,781* '(5 '20,1$17( r52=(66 %(, '(5 g1(5*,($%*$%( ,67N 2%(5+$/% 921 UYRR m @%(5:,(*7 ',( x(5'$03)81*P g567 ,0 h$//( 921 v(03(5$O 785(1 2%(5+$/% SR RRR m :@5'( ',( u75$+/81* '(1 j$837$17(,/ $860$&+(1P f,( d,O /$1=,(581* )@+57 (%(1)$//6 =8 (,1(5 .203/,=,(57(1 c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(6 =(,7$%+>1*,*(1 nkkOu,*1$/6 921 '(5 n$6(5(1(5*,(',&+7( 81' '(1 w0*(%81*6%(',1*81*(1P c8)*581' '(5 =81(+0(1'(1 c8)+(,=81* '(5 r$57,.(/ 67(,*7 %(, *(5,1*(1 n$6(5(1(5*,(',&+7(1 ',( u,*1$/,17(16,7>7 =81>&+67 0,7 kn$6(5 $1P g55(,&+(1 ',( $8)*(+(,=7(1 r$57,.(/ $//(5O ',1*6 ',( x(5'$03)81*67(03(5$785N )@+57 (,1( :(,7(5( u7(,*(581* '(5 n$6(5(1(5*,( 1,&+7 =85 :(,7(5(1 v(03(5$785O 81' 620,7 nkkOk17(16,7>7667(,*(581*P g6 :,5' (,1( NNr/$7($8=21(DD '85&+/$8)(1P y(,7(5(6 c8)+(,=(1 6(1.7 '$*(*(1 ',( u,*1$/,17(16,7>7N :(,/ %(5(,76 :>+5(1' '(5 n$6(538/6'$8(5 (,1 1(11(16:(57(5 c17(,/ '(5 r$57,.(/0$66(

UPU n$6(563(.7526.23,( 921 x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1

UUW

- 4 πr 3ρsCp.s dT 3 dt Anstieg der inneren Energie U Laser Qabs(r ).πr 2I

-

Rußpartikel

Ka (T-T0)(4πr 2) r

(1+GKn)

∆Hν dM Wν dt Verdampfung -

4

- σSBε λ (T 4-T 0)(4πr 2) Strahlung

Wärmeabführung

c%%P UPSW g1(5*,(%,/$1= %(, '(5 n$6(5$8)+(,=81* 921 t8MP s$%6\ y,5.81*648(56&+1,77 )@5 ',( c%62537,21] k\ k17(16,7>7 '(5 n$6(5675$+/81* LyB0Tb] 5\ r$57,.(/5$',86] m$\ y>50(/(,7)>O +,*.(,7 LyBJ0 mKb] v\ r$57,.(/7(03(5$785 Lmb] vR\ h/$00(17(03(5$785 Lmb] i\ *(20(75,($%O +>1*,*(5 y>50(/(,7)>+,*.(,76)$.725] m1\ m18'6(1O|$+/] (j9\ x(5'$03)81*6(17+$/3,( 921 m2+/(16725 LlB02/b] y9\ o2/(.8/$5*(:,&+7 921 '$035?50,*(0 m2+/(16725 L.*B02/b] o\ r$57,.(/0$66( L.*b] 1ud\ u7()$1Od2/7=0$11Om2167$17(] &+\ g0,66,9,7>7 921 m2+/(16725] 06\ f,&+7( 921 m2+/(16725 L.*B0Ub] e3N6\ 63(=,76&+( y>50(.$3$=,7>7 921 m2+/(16725 LlBJ.* mKbP f,( g,1+(,7(1 ,1 m/$00(51 :(5'(1 @%/,&+(5:(,6( )@5 ',( $1*(*(%(1(1 i5?M(1 9(5:(1'(7P

9(5'$03)7P h@5 9,(/( 7(&+1,6&+( c1:(1'81*(1 :(5'(1 '$+(5 n$6(5(1(5*,(1 (,1*(O 6(7=7N ',( '$6 g55(,&+(1 '(5 r/$7($8=21( (5/$8%(1P f,( o(6681* ,67 '$0,7 :(,7*(+(1' 81$%+>1*,* 921 '(5 /2.$/(1 n$6(5,17(16,7>7 81' '(5 h(+/(5 '85&+ c%6&+:>&+81* '(6 n$6(5675$+/6 '85&+ g;7,1.7,21 ,67 0,1,0,(57P h@5 ./(,1( r$57,.(/ (5*,%7 6,&+ ',( ,1 i/P JUPXRK %(6&+5,(%(1( c%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 nkkOk17(16,7>7 921 '(5 t8M7(,/&+(1*5?M(P f(5 g;321(17 ,67 1$+( UP f$+(5 .$11 ',( nkkOk17(16,7>7 $/6 o$M )@5 '(1 t8M92/80(1%58&+ )x ,17(535(7,(57 :(5'(1P 9

knkk 6 g p r J5K 5 ; '5 . )x 0,7 ; 3 U 1 R

RPSWV P +'(7

JUPXRK

f$ ',( nkkOk17(16,7>7 921 =$+/5(,&+(1 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 r$5$0(7(51 $%+>1*7N ,67 =85 s8$17,7=,(581* '(5 o(6681* (,1( m$/,%5$7,21 (5)25'(5/,&+P j,(5=8 :(5'(1 m$/,%5$O 7,2169$00(1 (,1*(6(7=7N ,1 '(1(1 '(5 t8M92/80(1%58&+ 925$% '85&+ g;7,1.7,216O 0(6681*(1 (50,77(/7 :85'( 81' ,1 '(1(1 ',( nkkOk17(16,7>7 =85 g50,77/81* '(5 m$O /,%5$7,216.2167$17( &&$/,% 817(5 0?*/,&+67 ,'(17,6&+(1 d(',1*81*(1 :,( ,1 '(5 1$&+O )2/*(1'(1 o(6681* J%=*/P c15(*81*6O 81' f(7(.7,216:(//(1/>1*(1N n$6(5(1(5*,(O ',&+7(N =(,7/,&+(5 u,*1$/,17(*5$7,21 81' d(2%$&+781*6*(20(75,(K %(67,007 :,5'P w1O 7(5 ',(6(1 t$1'%(',1*81*(1 .$11 (,1 (,1)$&+(5 |86$00(1+$1* )@5 ',( nkkOk17(1O 6,7>7 knkk 3 &&$/,% )9

JUPXSK

$1*(1200(1 :(5'(1P f(5 nkkOr52=(66 ,67 9(5*/(,&+6:(,6( /,&+767$5.P |:(,',0(16,2O 1$/ $8)*(/?67(N %,/'*(%(1'( o(6681*(1 '(5 t8M92/80(1%5@&+( =P dP ,1 h/$00(1 6,1' '$+(5 0?*/,&+P f85&+ m20%,1$7,21 0,7 (%(1)$//6 $%%,/'(1'(1 u75(8/,&+70(6O

UUX

U x(5%5(1181*

681*(1 .$11 $1$/2* '(5 2%(1 *(1$117(1 r$57,.(/*5?M(10(6681*(1 0,7 g;7,1.7,216O 81' u75(8/,&+70(6681* (%(1)$//6 @%(5 nkk 81' u75(8/,&+7 (,1 0,77/(5(5 fXUOf85&+O 0(66(5 (50,77(/7 :(5'(1P p(8( o(6681*(1 =85 d(67,0081* 921 r$57,.(/*5?M(1 187O =(1 '$6 |(,79(5+$/7(1 '(5 nkkOk17(16,7>7P u,( %(58+(1 '$5$8)N '$66 *5?M(5( r$57,.(/ 1$&+ '(0 c8)+(,=(1 '85&+ n$6(5675$+/81* /$1*6$0(5 $%.@+/(1 $/6 ./(,1(P

UPUPT p,&+7/,1($5( /$6(563(.7526.23,6&+( x(5)$+5(1 d(, '(1 0,7 n$6(51 (55(,&+%$5(1 +2+(1 n,&+7,17(16,7>7(1 .$11 6,&+ (,1 1,&+7/,1($5(5 |86$00(1+$1* =:,6&+(1 d(675$+/81*6,17(16,7>7 81' o(66*5?M( (,167(//(1N '(5 (5670$/,* )@5 ',( |:(,3+2721(1$%62537,21 925+(5*(6$*7 :85'( LUUbP y,( ,1 c%%P UPSX 6&+(0$7,6&+ '$5*(67(//7N .(+57 '$6 817(568&+7( o2/(.@/(16(0%/( 1$&+ (,1(5 */(,&+O =(,7,*(1 y(&+6(/:,5.81* 0,7 0(+5(5(1 r+2721(1 '85&+ c866(1'81* (,1(6 u,*1$/O 3+27216 :,('(5 ,1 '(1 c86*$1*6=867$1' =85@&.P f$%(, :,5' @%(5 ',( +?+(5(1 q5'O 181*(1 '(6 63(=,76&+(1 u86=(37,%,/,7>767(16256 J6P d'P UN m$3P [PTK (,1( 1,&+7/,1($5( r2/$5,6$7,21 '(6 o(',806 (5=(8*7N ',( =85 g0,66,21 '(6 u,*1$/3+27216 )@+57P g,1 .2+>5(17(6 u,*1$/ A 81' '$0,7 (,1( 80 i5?M(125'181*(1 (5+?+7( u,*1$/,17(16,7>7 A (1767(+7 -('2&+ 185 '$11N :(11 (,1( r+$6(1$13$6681* $//(5 u75$+/(1 J'(5 (,1)$/O /(1'(1 $/6 $8&+ '(5 ,0 o(',80 (5=(8*7(1K (55(,&+7 :,5'N 62 '$66 (,1( .216758.7,9( c'',7,21 '(5 0,.526.23,6&+(1 u75(8%(,75>*( (,175,77 81' ',( k038/6(5+$/781* *(O :>+5/(,67(7 :,5'\ X6,* 3 } X- N -

:2%(, # X- # 3

6, T@ 3 +&

JUPXTK

'(5 y(//(19(.725 '(6 (17635(&+(1'(1 r803/$6(5675$+/6 ,67P f85&+ ',( h2.866,(581* '(5 r803675$+/(1 .$11 (,1( +2+( q576$89?681* ,0 =0Od(5(,&+ 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r803O 675$+/$86%5(,781*65,&+781* 2+1( :(6(17/,&+( x(5/867( $1 u,*1$/,17(16,7>7 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1P

kohärente Anti-Stokes-Raman-Streuung (CARS) ω CARS =2ω1 _ ω 2

entartete 4-Wellen-Mischung (DFWM) ω DFWM =2 ω 1 _ ω 1

ω1 ω 2 ω1

ω1

ω DFWM

(a)

(b)

Polarisationsspektroskopie (PS) ω PS =2ω 1 _ ω 1

resonante Mehrphotonen-Ionisation (REMPI) n ω 1 + mω 2 > ω ion + eω2 NK ω1 N1 (d)

ω1 (c)

c%%P UPSX

ω CARS

ω PS

u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* (,1,*(5 1,&+7/,1($5(5 /$6(563(.7526.23,6&+(5 x(5)$+5(1P

UPU n$6(563(.7526.23,( 921 x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1

UUY

UPUPTPS m2+>5(17( c17,Ou72.(6Ot$0$1Ou75(881* m2+>5(17( c17,Ou72.(6Ot$0$1Ou75(881* JectuK /,()(57 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =85 63217$1(1 t$0$1Ou75(881* 80 %,6 =8 )@1) i5?M(125'181*(1 ,17(16,9(5( u,*1$/(P c8)*581' '(6 .2+>5(17(1 u,*1$/675$+/6 %(1?7,*7 ectu $8M(5'(0 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5( 237,6&+( |8*$1*6?5181*(1 81' ,67 :(,7*(+(1' 81(0371'/,&+ *(*(1@%(5 h/825(6=(1=675$+O /81* 81' g,*(1/80,1(6=(1=(1 '(6 817(568&+7(1 o(662%-(.76P ectuOu75(8352=(66( (1767(+(1 ,1 (,1(5 x,(5:(//(1:(&+6(/:,5.81*N :2%(, '5(, ,17(16,9( n$6(5675$+/(1 ,0 6,&+7%$5(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ 0,7 '(1 h5(48(1=(1 6S JSP 81' TP r803675$+/K 81' 6T Ju72.(6Ou75$+/K @%(5/$*(57 :(5'(1N '(5(1 h5(48(1=.20%,1$7,21 6ectu 3 6U 3 T6S 26T '(5 y(//(1/>1*( (,1(6 t$0$1O(5/$8%7(1 c17,Ou72.(6O%(5*$1*6 (17O 635,&+7P f$+(5 ,67 '(5 u,*1$/675$+/ 63(.75$/ 81' $8)*581' '(5 127:(1',*(1 r+$6(1O $13$6681* $8&+ 5>80/,&+ 921 '(1 (5=(8*(1'(1 u75$+/(1 *(75(117 81' :,5' ,1 (,1(0 o212&+520$725 $1$/1*7 ',( ectuOu,*1$/,17(16,7>7 *(0>M i/P JUPXUK 920 r52'8.7 '(5 (,1*(675$+/7(1 n$6(5,17(16,7>7(1 k, J(6 :(5'(1 '$+(5 0(,67 *(38/67( 81' )2.866,(57( n$6(5675$+/(1 +2+(5 k17(16,7>7 0,7 (,1(5 r8/6'$8(5 921 (7:$ SR2Z 6 9(5:(1'(7KN '(0 s8$'5$7 '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81*6/>1*( /N '(5 v(,/&+(1',&+7( '(5 %(2%$&+7(7(1 u3(=,(6 p 81' '(5 5(/$7,9(1 d(6(7=81*6',5(5(1= (- '(5 %(,'(1 '85&+ '(1 t$0$1Or52=(66 *(.233(/7(1 |867>1'( $%P g6 6,1' 1, ',( d5(&+81*6,1',=(6 %(, '(1 %(7(,/,*7(1 y(//(1/>1*(1N C- '(5 x(5%5(,7(581*6.2(5,=,(17 J3523257,21$/ =85 n,O 1,(1%5(,7( '(5 63217$1(1 t$0$1Ou75(881*KN (6- ',( 63(.75$/( c%:(,&+81* 921 '(5 t(621$1=)5(48(1= 81' '1B'\ '(5 ',5(5(17,(//( t$0$1Ou75(848(56&+1,77P x21 =(17O 5$/(5 d('(8781* ,1 i/P JUPXUK ,67 ',( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 UP q5'181* 4JUKN ',( 921 '(5 v(0O 3(5$785 81' '(5 |86$00(16(7=81* '(6 817(568&+7(1 o(',806 $%+>1*7P y(6(17/,&+( o(5.0$/( 921 4JUK .?11(1 %(5(,76 ,0 ./$66,6&+(1 d,/' '(6 *('>03)7(1 q6=,//$7256 817(5 g,19866 (,1(5 75(,%(1'(1 (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 m5$)7 $%*(/(,7(7 :(5'(1P f,( =81>&+67 UV 921(,1$1'(5 81$%+>1*,*(1 m20321(17(1 '(6 v(16256 4JUK :(5'(1 '85&+ ',( u1O *,*(1 u&+5?',1*(5Oi/(,&+81* )@5 (,1 g16(0%/( 921 p o2/(.@/(1 LUVbP f,( c%%P UPSY =(,*7 '(1 237,6&+(1 c8)%$8 (,1(6 71*(1 67$5. 921 '(5 v(03(5$785 Jc%%P UPSYK 81' '(0 f58&. $%P

U x(5%5(1181*

Nd:YAG-Laser

Verdopplerkristall

ω1 Breitbandfarbstofflaser

T =2030 K

ω2

CARS-Intensität/w.E.

UUZ

Amplitude

( χ’’≤ χ’+ χ nr )

χ (3)

(4)

2

(2) (3) (1)

δ =ω -ω 0

ω0

Monochromator/ Spektrometer

(a)

T =1000 K

T =300 K

P/CCD

ω CARS

(b)

2290 2300 2310 2320 2330 2340 Raman-Verschiebung/cm-1

c%%P UPSY J$K u&+(0$7,6&+(5 c8)%$8 (,1(6 ectuOg;3(5,0(176P f$6 f,$*5$00 =(,*7 (,1( 7*(1 0,7 415 JTN UK 81' '(0 n25(17=O)?50,*(1 5(621$17(1 v(,/ JVK '(5 u86=(37,%,/,7>7 UP q5'181* 4JUK =86$00(1P J%K d(5(&+1(7( J6 6 6 6K 81' *(0(66(1( JAAK ectuOu3(.75(1 921 02/(.8/$5(0 u7,&.6725 )@5 9(56&+,('(1( v(03(5$785(1P

|85 v(03(5$785O 81' m21=(175$7,216%(67,0081* :(5'(1 ',( ectuOu3(.75(1 6,O 08/,(57P f$%(, :,5' ',( %(*5(1=7( 63(.75$/( c89?681* '(5 p$&+:(,6$33$5$785 '85&+ h$/781* '(6 7+(25(7,6&+(1 ectuOu3(.75806 0,7 (,1(5 c33$5$7()81.7,21 ,1 h250 (,1(6 x2,*7Or527/6 %(5@&.6,&+7,*7P f,( r$5$0(7(5 '(5 x2,*7Oh81.7,21 :(5'(1 @%(5 ',( %(670?*/,&+( %(5(,167,0081* =:,6&+(1 (,1(0 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 81' %(5(&+1(O 7(1 u3(.7580 (50,77(/7P d(, *(5,1*(1 m21=(175$7,21(1 %(*5(1=7 '(5 1,&+75(621$17( c17(,/ 415 Ji/P JUPXVKK ',( (55(,&+%$5( p$&+:(,6(0371'/,&+.(,7P

Temperaturabweichung/K

0 -50

-100

-150 0 60 20 40 80 Abstand vom Thermoelement/mm

100

c%%P UPSZ g,19866 '(5 v(03(5$7850(6681* 0,7 v+(502(/(0(17(1 $8) ',( /2.$/( h/$00(1O 7(03(5$785N ',( %(5@+581*6)5(, 0,7 ectu *(0(66(1 :85'( LUWbP

UPU n$6(563(.7526.23,( 921 x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1

UU[

k0 i(*(16$7= =8 '(1 /$6(5237,6&+(1 v(03(5$7850(6681*(1 67?5(1 u21'(1 J=P dP v+(502(/(0(17(K ',( (0371'/,&+( 5($.7,9( u75?081* ,1 (,1(5 h/$00(P u,( 9(5>1O '(51 1,&+7 185 ',( /2.$/(1 u75?081*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1N 621'(51 9(5856$&+(1 $8&+ g1(5*,(75$16)(5 '85&+ u75$+/81* 81' y>50(/(,781* 62:,( .$7$/5(1 Jc%%P UPS[KP f(5 c%67$1' '(5 i,77(5O /,1,(1 J%=:P i,77(5(%(1(1K W 3 + B JT 6,1)K (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(5 y(//(1/>1*( + 81' '(0 y,1.(/ T )N '(1 ',( r803675$+/(1 %,/'(1P k16*(6$07 .$11 0$1 '5(, i,77(571*( + :,5' '$11 817(5 '(0 d5$**Oy,1.(/ ad J0,7 6,1ad 3 + B JT MKK *(675(87P h@5 '(1 |(5)$// '(5 v(03(5$78502'8/$7,21 6,1' f,586,21 81' y>50(/(,781*N )@5 ',( f>03)81* '(5 $.867,6&+(1 y(//( ',( x,6.26,7>7 '(6 o(',806 9(5$17:257/,&+P d(, x(5:(1'81* 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+(5 y(//(1/>1*(1 )@5 r803O 81' r52%(675$+/(1 635,&+7 0$1 921 /$6(5O ,1'8=,(57(5 7+(50,6&+(5 i,77(563(.7526.23,( JnkviuKP f,(6 (5/$8%7 =P dP ',( f(7(.O 7,21 921 1,&+79825(6=,(5(1'(1 m2+/(1:$66(56725(1 '85&+ 02/(.@/63(=,76&+( c1O 5(*81* 0,7 $%67,00%$5(1 k1)5$527/$6(51 81' '(1 p$&+:(,6 ,0 (;3(5,0(17(// (,1O )$&+(5(1 6,&+7%$5(1 2'(5 1$+O,1)5$527(1 u3(.75$/%(5(,&+ LUXbP k0 i(*(16$7= =8 nkh

Schreibstrahl

∆=

λ 2 sin Θ

Lesestrahl

2Θ Schreibstrahl

Signalstrahl

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UVR

U x(5%5(1181*

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80

O12(10) O12(11)

Intensität/w.E.

60

O12(12)

LIF

40 DFWM

20

0

51.7

51.8

51.9 52.0 Frequenz _ 44000/cm-1

52.1

52.2

52.3

c%%P UPTR f233/(5)5(,( u3(.7526.23,( 0,7 fhyo\ x(5*/(,&+ '(5 nkhO 81' fhyoOu3(.7O 5(1 ,0 cT H A zT GJRNRK %(5*$1* 921 pqP

UPU n$6(563(.7526.23,( 921 x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1

UVS

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2

kru 3 kR . 1 )T 1 %T 1

3

(.ST/ ) 1 %; J(.ST/KT S 1 P T S 1 ;T SX S 1 ;T

JUPXYK

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JUPXZK

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1J1K kS J6SK P P P k1 J61K P @16S P P P 61

JUPX[K

UVT

U x(5%5(1181* M+

ω1

ω1

IP

ω1

S1 ω1 S0

(a)

ω1

ω1 (b)

ω1 (c)

(d)

ω2

∆t ω 2

ω1

ω1 (e)

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7

T 4w P 0

JUPYRK

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UPV n$0,1$5( 925*(0,6&+7( h/$00(1

UVU

UPV n$0,1$5( 925*(0,6&+7( h/$00(1 UPVPS o$66(163(.7520(75,6&+( o(6681*(1\ o$-25,7>7(163(=,(6 h/$&+( /$0,1$5( h/$00(1 6,1' (,1 :,&+7,*(6 y(5.=(8* =85 g17:,&./81* 81' %(5O 35@)81* 921 x(5%5(1181*602'(//(1 0,7 '(7$,//,(57(5 d(6&+5(,%81* &+(0,6&+(5 t(O $.7,2160(&+$1,60(1P %(5 (,1(5 *(6,17(57(1 o(7$//3/$77(N '85&+ ',( @%(5 (,1(1 s8(56&+1,77 921 0(+5(5(1 |(17,0(7(51 (,1 */(,&+0>M,*(5 u7520 (,1(6 d5(116725B n8)7Oi(0,6&+(6 0,7 .2167$17(0 o,6&+81*69(5+>/71,6 $86675?07N %,/'(7 6,&+ (,1( 6&+(,%(1)?50,*( h/$00(1)5217 $86P k67 '(5 f85&+0(66(5 ',(6(5 h/$00( *52M *(18*N .?11(1 ,1 '(5 o,77( g,19@66( '(5 t$1'%(5(,&+( $86*(6&+/266(1 :(5'(1P f,( m21O =(175$7,2163527/( (17/$1* '(5 =(175$/(1 c&+6( /$66(1 6,&+ '$11 ',5(.7 0,7 '(1 |(,7O 3527/(1 (,1(5 (,1',0(16,21$/(1 u,08/$7,2165(&+181* .255(/,(5(1P d(, *(1@*(1'(0 c%67$1' 921 '(5 h/$00(1)5217 67(//7 6,&+ ',( )@5 ',( -(:(,/,*( h/$00(17(03(5$785 81' d5(11*$6=86$00(16(7=81* 787* %(, p,('(5'58&. J(,1,*( SRU %,6 SRV r$K '85&+*()@+57P w17(5 ',(6(1 d(',1*81*(1 (5675(&.(1 6,&+ ',( i5$',(17(1 '(5 :(6(17/,&+(1 5($.7,9(1 u3(=,(6 @%(5 (,1(1 d(5(,&+ 921 (,1,*(1 o,//,0(7(51 81' 6,1' '$+(5 0,7 02'(51(1 (;3(5,0(17(//(1 v(&+1,.(1 *87 0(66%$5P f,( m21=(175$7,21 '(5 j$83763(=,(6 '(5 x(5%5(1181* .$11 0$66(163(.7526.2O 3,6&+ 817(568&+7 :(5'(1P y,( %(, $//(1 r52%(11$+0(7(&+1,.(1 0866 +,(5 ,1 '(5 u,08/$7,21 $%(5 ',( x(5>1'(581* '(5 w0*(%81*6%(',1*81*(1 '85&+ ',( c1:(6(1O +(,7 '(5 r52%(1621'( %(5@&.6,&+7,*7 :(5'(1P f,( g5*(%1,66( (,1(5 62/&+(1 o(6681* ,1 (,1(5 0,7 c5*21 9(5'@117(1 r523$1Bu$8(56725Oh/$00( J3 3 SRV r$K 6,1' ,1 c%%P UPTT$ '$5*(67(//7 Ju1',* 9(5O 6&+:,1'(7 81' 6,&+ */(,&+=(,7,* J%(, =81(+0(1'(5 v(03(5$785K ./(,1(5( m2+/(1:$6O 6(56725Oh5$*0(17( 81' y$66(56725 %,/'(1N :>+5(1' ',( m21=(175$7,21 '(5 q;,'$O 7,216352'8.7( J=81>&+67 eq 81' jTqK 67(,/ $167(,*7P y>+5(1' ',( jTqOm21=(1O 75$7,21 5$6&+ ,+5(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+76:(57 (55(,&+7N %(1?7,*7 ',( 92//67>1',*( q;,'$7,21 921 eq =8 eqT 0(+5 |(,7P g567 1$&+ (7:$ SR 00 +$%(1 6,&+ ',( +,(5 817(568&+7(1 u3(=,(6 '(1 i/(,&+*(:,&+76.21=(175$7,21(1 $1*(1>+(57P }1'(581*(1 '(5 i$6=8O 6$00(16(7=81* %(, *5?M(5(0 c%67$1' =85 h/$00(1=21( *(+(1 $8) '$6 /$1*6$0( c%.@+/(1 '(6 c%*$6*(0,6&+6 =85@&.P p(%(1 '(1 +,(5 $8)*()@+57(1 u3(=,(6 .?11(1 0,7 (,1(5 c1/$*(N :,( 6,( ,1 c%%P UPTT% 6.,==,(57 ,67N (,1( x,(/=$+/ 817(56&+,('/,&+(5 o2/(.@/(N :,( 6,( %(,63,(/6O :(,6( $/6 t8M925/>8)(5 ,1 %5(1167255(,&+(1 h/$00(1 $8)75(7(1N 48$17,7$7,9 %(O 67,007 :(5'(1 LVbP k1 '(0 @%(5 ',( u21'( $86 '(5 h/$00( (;75$+,(57(1 i$6*(0,6&+

UVV

U x(5%5(1181* Brenngas H2O

20

CO

10

Molenbruch /%

CO2

Brenner

O2

5 H2 2

Flamme Turbopumpe 10-5 mbar

OH

C2H4

1

zur Pumpe (50 mbar)

beweglich

N2

50

±10 %

Düse Skimmer

Flugzeitmassenspektrometer (Reflektron) Detektor

0.5

Turbopumpe 10-7 mbar

C3H8

0.2 0.1 (a)

0

5 z/mm

10

Anregungslaser (b)

Turbopumpe 10-6 mbar

Ionisationslaser

c%%P UPTT J$K u758.785 (,1(5 /$0,1$5(1 925*(0,6&+7(1 r523$1Bu$8(56725Oh/$00( J9(5'@117 0,7 c5*21K ,1 c%+>1*,*.(,7 920 c%67$1' =85 d5(11(52%(59>&+( J%(, 3 3 SRV r$KP J%K tgorkO c8)%$8 =85 0$66(163(.7520(75,6&+(1 w17(568&+81* '(5 i$6=86$00(16(7=81* ,1 '(5 h/$00( Jc7$.$1 LVbKP

:(5'(1 @%(5 5(621$17( o8/7,3+2721(1,21,6$7,21 JtgorkK (,1=(/1( o2/(.@/./$66(1 *(=,(/7 ,21,6,(57 81' ,0 1$&+*(6&+$/7(7(1 h/8*=(,70$66(163(.7520(7(5 1$&+ ,+5(5 o$66( *(75(117 '(7(.7,(57P k0 tgorkOr52=(66 :,5' '$%(, n$6(5675$+/81* (,1*(6(7=7N ',( ',( *(:@16&+7(1 o2/(.@/( =81>&+67 '85&+ 5(621$17( c%62537,21 ,1 (,1(1 $1O *(5(*7(1 (/(.7521,6&+(1 |867$1' 9(56(7=7N $86 '(0 +(5$86 '85&+ c%62537,21 :(,7(5(5 r+2721(1 k21,6$7,21 67$7771'(7 J6P c%6&+1P UPUPTPVKP f,( '233(/7( u(/(.7,9,7>7 Jc1O 5(*81*6:(//(1/>1*( 81' o2/(.@/0$66(K (5/$8%7 ',( 6(/(.7,9( f(7(.7,21 NN>+1/,&+(5DDN $%(5 )@5 ',( c8)./>581* %(,63,(/6:(,6( '(5 t($.7,2160(&+$1,60(1 ,1 '(5 t8M%,/O '81* (176&+(,'(1'(5 o2/(.@/( J=P dP k620(5(K 0,7 *52M(5 v5(116&+>5)(P

UPVPT n$6(5237,6&+( o(6681*(1\ o,125,7>7(163(=,(6 81' t$',.$/( |$+/5(,&+( u3(=,(6 (17=,(+(1 6,&+ :(*(1 ,+5(5 *(5,1*(1 m21=(175$7,21 Jo,125,7>O 7(163(=,(6K 2'(5 ,+5(5 +2+(1 t($.7,9,7>7 Jt$',.$/(K '(1 2%(1 *(1$117(1 o(669(5O )$+5(1P |8'(0 ,67 ,1 9,(/(1 u,78$7,21(1 (,1( %(5@+581*6/26( o(6681* :@16&+(16O :(57N '$ ,1 '$6 u75?081*6)(/' (,1*(%5$&+7( u21'(1 ',( i(20(75,( '(6 r52%/(06 ,1 81@%(56,&+7/,&+(5 y(,6( 9(5>1'(51 81' ',( u21'(12%(59>&+( '85&+ y>50(@%(575$* 81' .$7$/7 ',( t($.7,21 67?57P k1 62/&+(1 h>//(1 .200(1 /$6(523O 7,6&+( x(5)$+5(1 =80 g,16$7= J6P c%6&+1P UPUKP f,( y(&+6(/:,5.81* 921 u7,&.6725 0,7 '(5 h/$00(1&+(0,( ,67 921 %(621'(5(0 k17(5(66(N '$ pq Ju7,&.67252;,'K (,1 :(6(17/,&+(5 '85&+ x(5%5(1181*6352=(66( )5(,*(6(7=7(5 u&+$'6725 ,67P u2:2+/ )@5

UPV n$0,1$5( 925*(0,6&+7( h/$00(1

UVW

0.10

0.01

0.05

0

0

4

2000

2

1000

0

Teilchendichte/ Teilchendichte/ 1012 cm-3 1011 cm-3

(a)

(b)

0

5 10 15 Abstand zum Brennerkopf/mm

20

0

Molenbruch von OH

0.02

Temperatur/K

Teilchendichte Molenbruch von NO/1015 cm-3 von CH3

',( d,/'81* $/6 $8&+ )@5 '(66(1 |(567?581* JNNpqO5(%851DDK ,11(5+$/% '(5 h/$00( 6,1' t($.7,21(1 0,7 ejUON ejO 81' epOt$',.$/(1 921 *52M(5 d('(8781*P f,( w17(568&+81* ',(6(5 u3(=,(6 ,1 p,('(5'58&.9$00(1 J+,(5 ejVBpqBqTBpTOh/$0O 0(1K ,67 (,1 77(163(=,(6P f,( ,1 c%%P UPTU '$5*(67(//7(1 ejUON qjO 81' pqOm21=(175$7,2163527/( 6,1' @%(5 $%62537,21663(.7526.23,6&+( o(6681*(1 %(67,007 :25'(1P f,( 5(/$7,9( c%O 62537,21 '(5 c15(*81*6:(//(1/>1*( ,67 $8)*581' '(5 *(5,1*(1 i5?M( '(5 h/$00( J:(1,*( &0K *(5,1*P |85 x(567>5.81* '(6 o(666,*1$/6 :,5' '$+(5 @%(5 u3,(*(/ '(5 n$6(5675$+/ 0(+5(5( o$/( '85&+ ',( h/$00( *(/(,7(7N %(925 (5 $8) '(1 f(7(.725 )>//7P f(5 x(5*/(,&+ '(5 v5$160,66,21 '(5 h/$00(1*$6( %(, c%67,0081* '(5 n$O 6(5:(//(1/>1*( $8) %=:P $%6(,76 '(5 5(621$17(1 c%62537,21 (5/$8%7 A 817(5 d(5@&.O 6,&+7,*81* '(5 /2.$/(1 v(03(5$785 A ',( 48$17,7$7,9( d(67,0081* '(5 m21=(175$O 7,21P c167(//( '(5 x(5/>1*(581* '(5 c%62537,216675(&.( />667 6,&+ =85 o(6681* *(O 5,1*(5 c%62537,21(1 (,1( x$5,$17( $1:(1'(1N ',( 62 *(1$117( e$9,77(1Ou3(=,(6 ,1 ejVBqTBpqBpTOp,('(5'58&.O 9$00(1P ejUN qjN pq 81' ',( v(03(5$785 6,1' $%62537,21663(.7526.23,6&+ *(0(66(1 LUbP f,( x(57(,/81* 921 ej 81' ep ,67 @%(5 nkh %(67,007 81' 0,7 etf .$/,%5,(57 J6P c%%P UPTV LUZbKP

U x(5%5(1181* Raumfilter

Farbstofflaser oder OPO

Flamme Kamera

Nd:YAG-Laser

Brenner

Detektor

(a)

Computer

Oszilloskop

CH-Teilchenzahldichte/1012cm-3

0

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50 1.50 1.00 0.50

-3

-2

-1

CN-Teilchenzahldichte/1011cm-3

0

0

1

2

3

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

0

1.25 1.50 1.00

Abstand zum Brennerkopf

UVX

0.50 0 -3 (b)

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Brennerkopf

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UPV n$0,1$5( 925*(0,6&+7( h/$00(1

UVY

m21=(175$7,2160(6681* ,67 '$+(5 0?*/,&+N :(11 0$1 ',( |(,7$%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 J6(+5 *(5,1*(1K n,&+7,17(16,7>7 %(2%$&+7(7N ',( '(1 t(621$725 '85&+ (,1(1 '(5 u3,(*(/ 9(5/>667P f,(6(6 x(5)$+5(1 :85'( %(, '(1 ejO 81' epOo(6681*(1N ',( ,1 c%%P UPTU% '$5O *(67(//7 6,1'N (,1*(6(7=7N 80 ',( nkhOo(6681*(1 J6P c%6&+1P UPUPSPTK =8 .$/,%5,(5(1P f,( (17/$1* '(6 ,0 t(621$725 NN(,1*()$1*(1(1DD n$6(5675$+/6 (0,77,(57( nkhOk17(1O 6,7>7 :85'( '85&+ (,1( m$0(5$ 0,7 (,1',0(16,21$/(5 q576$89?681* '(7(.7,(57P f,( g5*(%1,66( $86 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 o(66326,7,21(1 2%(5+$/% '(6 d5(11(5.23)(6 :85O '(1 '$11 =8 '(1 ,1 c%%P UPTV% *(=(,*7(1 =:(,',0(16,21$/(1 d,/'(51 =86$00(1*(O )@*7P g6 =(,*7 6,&+N '$66 ',( c11$+0( (,1(5 NN9$&+(1DD h/$00( 1,&+7 *(5(&+7)(57,*7 ,67P c8)*581' 921 t$1'(5(.7(1 (5*,%7 6,&+ (,1( 6&+:$&+( y?/%81*N ',( :,('(580 %(, '(5 c1$/7(163(=,(6 ,0 68%O330O d(5(,&+P

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achromatisches Objektiv

Laserlinienbreite (0.5 cm-1)

Filter

Hochdruckbrenner zylindrisches Teleskop

Spektrometer Photodiode

frequenzverdoppelter Farbstofflaser

Fluoreszenzintensität/w.E.

ICCD Kamera

40325

1 bar 5 bar 10 bar 30 bar 80 bar

40330 40335 Wellenzahl/cm-1

40340

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UVZ

U x(5%5(1181*

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1000 langsame Reaktion

p/mbar

100 Explosion 10 langsame Reaktion 1

c%%P UPTX

750

T/K

800

850

|@1'*5(1=(1 ,0 jTBqTOuM '(0 c55+(1,86Oi(6(7=N 6P i/P JUPTYKK '(5 =8*581'( /,(*(1'(1 g/(0(17$55($.O 7,21(1P d

2 . c (v P

JUPYUK

d(, m2+/(1:$66(56725(1 75,77 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 '5,77(1 |@1'*5(1=( '$6 h(/' '(5 62 *(1$117(1 NN.$/7(1 h/$00(1DD $8)P o,7 =81(+0(1'(5 v(03(5$785 9(56&+,(%7 6,&+ '$6 i/(,&+*(:,&+7 (,1(5 )@5 ',( m(77(19(5=:(,*81* J81' 620,7 )@5 '(1 w17(5+$/7 '(5 x(5%5(1181*K 9(5$17:257/,&+(1 t($.7,21 JUPYV%K =8 '(1 g'8.7(1P |81(+0(1'( y>50()5(,6(7=81* NN%5(067DD $/62 =81>&+67 ',( t($.7,21P eTjX 1 qT S 6e j 1 jqT J$K J M 6e j + eTjWq6T J%K 1 qT J M eTjWq6T 1eTjX S eTjWqqj 1 6eTjW J& K eTjWqqj S eTjW q6 1 6qj J'K JUPYVK n$6(5(;3(5,0(17( *(67$77(1 (,1( '(7$,//,(57( w17(568&+81* 921 |@1'352=(66(1P j,(5O %(, .$11 ',( v(03(5$7859(57(,/81* 81' ',( x(57(,/81* 5($.7,9(5 u3(=,(6 J=P dP '(6 qjOt$',.$/6K 0,7 /$6(5',$*1267,6&+(1 x(5)$+5(1 0,7 +2+(5 5>80/,&+(5 81' =(,7/,&+(5 c89?681* 817(568&+7 81' ',( )@5 ',( |@1'81* 127:(1',*( |@1'(1(5*,( @%(5 c%O 62537,21 921 n$6(5675$+/81* '(71,(57 ,1 '$6 u+5(1' '(5 |@1'81* %,/O '(1'( qj .$11 0,7 +2+(5 =(,7/,&+(5 81' 5>80/,&+(5 c89?681* @%(5 nkh %(2%$&+7(7 :(5'(1P f,( 6,08/7$1( c15(*81* '(6 qjOt$',.$/6 0,7 =:(, y(//(1/>1*(1 (50?*O CO2-Laser

KrF-Excimer-Laser λ 2=248.35 nm

HeCdTeDetektor

Photomultiplier Faser

SrF2Fenster

CCD

CCD Bandpassfilter (297 ± 6) nm KrF-Excimer-Laser λ 1=248.45 nm

Quarzzelle CH3OH/O2

Steuerung

Computer

Monitor

c%%P UPTY g;3(5,0(17 =85 w17(568&+81* '(5 7+(50,6&+(1 |@1'81* ,1 o(7+$12/Bu$8(56725O o,6&+81*(1P

axiale Position/mm

UPV n$0,1$5( 925*(0,6&+7( h/$00(1

CO2-Laser

0

radiale Position/mm 5 -5 0

UWS

T/K 2750 2350

5

1950 1550

10

1150 15 Experiment

Simulation

CO2-Laser Vorheizung

750 350

c%%P UPTZ |:(,',0(16,21$/( v(03(5$7859(57(,/81* ,1 '(5 =@1'(1'(1 o(7+$12/Bu$8(56725O o,6&+81* J}48,9$/(1=9(5+>/71,6 { 3 RP[N f58&. 3 3 U 6 SRV r$KP J$K g;3(5,0(17(//( d(67,0O 081* '85&+ qjOnkhOv+(5020(75,(P J%K f,5(.7( 180(5,6&+( u,08/$7,21 LUXbP

/,&+7 ',( d(67,0081* '(5 v(03(5$7859(57(,/81* J6P c%6&+1P UPUPSPTKP k1 c%%P UPTZ ,67 '$6 g5*(%1,6 (,1(5 62/&+(1 o(6681* '(5 ',5(.7(1 180(5,6&+(1 u,08/$7,21 J6,(+( c%6&+1P UPWPTK '(6 r52=(66(6 *(*(1@%(5*(67(//7P f,( .21,6&+( h250 '(5 h/$00(1O )5217N ',( 6,&+ 62:2+/ ,0 g;3(5,0(17 $/6 $8&+ ,1 '(5 u,08/$7,21 0,7 6(+5 *87(5 %(5(,167,0081* 71'(7N *(+7 $8) ',( x25+(,=81* '(6 i$6*(0,6&+(6 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(6 n$6(5675$+/6 =85@&.P f,( *(5,1*(1 v(03(5$785817(56&+,('( $8)*581' '(5 c%62537,21 '(6 |@1'/$6(5675$+/6 )@+5(1 '85&+ ',( 67$5.( vOc%+>1*,*.(,7 '(5 |@1'352=(66( =85 c86%,/'81* '(5 %(925=8*7(1 h/$00(1$86%5(,781*65,&+781*P p(%(1 '(0 ,17(502/(.8/$5(1 jOc%675$.7,2166&+5,77 $1$/2* '(5 h250(/1 JUPYV&K 81' JUPYV'K %=:P JUPYW$K 81' JUPYW%K J$K tO"ejTOejTq6T 1 tj S tO"ejTOejTqqj 1 6t J%K tO3ejTOejTqqj S tO"ejTOejTq6 1 6qj JUPYWK .$11 (6 %(, $8&+ =8 ,175$02/(.8/$5(1 jOc%675$.7,2166&+5,77(1 *(0>M i/P JUPYX$K .200(1P f,(6( t($.7,21 ,67 -('2&+ 185 0?*/,&+N :(11 '$6 m2+/(16725$720 ,1 "Or26,7,21 J6,(+( o$5.,(581* " ,1 '(1 h250(/1K 1,&+7 '85&+ u(,7(1.(77(1 %/2&.,(57 ,67P J$K tO"ejTOejTq6T S tO"e6jOejTqqj " 6 J%K tO e jOejTqqj 1 qT S tO"eJqq6KjOejTqqj JUPYXK J&K S S tI 6 1 T jqT6 S S jTqT k1 ',(6(0 h$// 75,77 $167(//( '(6 810,77(/%$5(1 m(77(19(5=:(,*81*66&+5,776 i/P JUPYW$K ',( d,/'81* 921 jTqT $8)N '$6 (567 %(, v(03(5$785(1 @%(5 SRRR m 6(+5 5$6&+ '85&+ g5=(8*81* :(,7(5(5 )5(,(5 t$',.$/( =(5)>//7 81' '$0,7 ',( =:(,7( u78)( '(6 $/6 NN|:(,O 678)(1=@1'81*DD %(.$117(1 r52=(66(6 (,1/(,7(7P d(, g55(,&+(1 ',(6(5 u7$%,/,7>76*5(1=( 1,007 '$11 '(5 t($.7,216806$7= 6&+/$*$57,* =8P k1 o2725(1 )@+57 ',(6 =80 62 *(1$117(1 NNm/23)(1DDP f,( g1(5*,( =85 h5(,6(7=81* '(5 t$',.$/( :,5' '85&+ ',( 921 '(5 x(5%5(1181* 9(5856$&+7( f58&.:(//( J'85&+ $',$%$7,6&+( m2035(66,21K *(/,()(57N '(5 r52=(66 ,67 $/62 (,1( f(721$7,21N ',( 6,&+ 0,7 %(56&+$//*(6&+:,1',*.(,7

UWT

U x(5%5(1181*

)25739$1=7 81' u72M:(//(1 0,7 6(+5 67(,/(0 f58&.$167,(* ,1'8=,(57P f,(6( f58&.O :(//(1 .?11(1 ,0 o2725 =(567?5(5,6&+( y,5.81* (17)$/7(1P f$6 m/23)(1 6(/%67 .$11 '85&+ ./(,1( v(03(5$78598.78$7,21(1 921 TR A UR m J62 *(1$117( NN+27 63276DDN 6P c%6&+1P UPZPVK ,1,7,,(57 :(5'(1P f,( u(/%67=@1'81*61(,*81* (,1(6 m5$)767256 :,5' '85&+ ',( NNq.7$1=$+/DD $1*(*(%(1P u,( ,67 '$6 352=(178$/( o,6&+81*69(5+>/71,6 921 ,62Oq.7$1 81' 1Oj(37$1 ,1 (,1(0 |:(,.20321(17(19(5*/(,&+6.5$)76725P f$6 1O j(37$1 $/6 819(5=:(,*7(5 m2+/(1:$66(56725 1(,*7 $1$/2* =85 2%(1 '$5*(67(//7(1 f,6.866,21 67$5. =85 |:(,678)(1=@1'81*N :>+5(1' ,1 ,62Oq.7$1 JTNTNVOv5,0(7++5(1' ,1 /$0,O 1$5(1 h/$00(1 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 81' u.$/$5( Jf,&+7(N v(03(5$785 81' m21=(175$O 7,21(1K :2+/'(71,(57( y(57( $11(+0(1N 6,1' 785%8/(17( h/$00(1 '85&+ .217,18,(5O /,&+( h/8.78$7,21(1 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 &+$5$.7(5,6,(57N ',( ,+5(56(,76 =8 h/8.78$O 7,21(1 '(5 6.$/$5(1 i5?M(1 )@+5(1 .?11(1P f,(6( h/8.78$7,21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ y,5O %(/ %(',1*7N ',( '85&+ u&+(5.5>)7( ,1 '(5 u75?081* (1767(+(1P f(5 w06&+/$* (,1(5 /$0,1$5(1 ,1 (,1( 785%8/(17( u75?081* (5)2/*7 %(, (,1(5 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 t(*O +(,76.5$)7 81' (,1(5 67$%,/,6,(5(1'(1 J2'(5 '>03)(1'(1K x,6.26,7>76.5$)7 :,'(563,(O *(/7P f$%(, 6,1' 0 ',( f,&+7(N 9 ',( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7N , ',( |>+,*.(,7 '(6 %(75$&+7(7(1 h/8,'6 J- 3 ,B0K 81' / (,1( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( n>1*( '(6 u1*(16.$/(1 %(, '(5 q576',6.5(7,6,(581* $8)O *(/?67 :(5'(1P f,( 785%8/(17( u75?081* .$11 '85&+ (,1 u3(.7580 921 y,5%(/1 %(6&+5,(%(1 :(5'(1N '(5(1 f,0(16,21(1 6,&+ 71*( (K (5675(&.(1P |85 g5)$6681* $//(5 q5766.$/(1 :(5'(1 '$+(5 ,1 -('(5 t$80',0(16,21 75.( J&K ,1 (,1(5 785%8/(17(1 925*(0,6&+7(1 o(7+$19$00(P

UWV

U x(5%5(1181*

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UPWPU i(0,77(/7( g5+$/781*6*/(,&+81*(1 k1 '(5 r5$;,6 ,67 0$1 0(,67 1,&+7 $1 /2.$/(1 81' 020(17$1(1 u758.785(1 ,17(5(66,(57N 621'(51 $1 */2%$/(1N =(,7/,&+ *(0,77(/7(1 g5*(%1,66(1P j,(5)@5 /$66(1 6,&+ =(,7/,&+ *(0,77(/7( g5+$/781*6*/(,&+81*(1 +(5/(,7(1P |(,7/,&+( o,77(/:(57( ,1 1,&+767$7,21>5(1 u/7 0$1 ',( :,&+7,*( d(',1*81*N '$66 )@5 '(1 o,77(/:(57 '(5 u&+:$1O .81*(1 %4A& 3 R *,/7P g,1( %(, x(5%5(1181*6352=(66(1 7M,*N ',( h$95(Oo,77(/81* J',&+7(*(:,&+7(7( o,77(/81*K $/6 :(,7(5(1 o,77(/:(57 (,1=8)@+O 5(1P u,( ,67 )@5 (,1( %(/,(%,*( i5?M( 4 '85&+ i/P JUPYZK *(*(%(1 81' (50?*/,&+7 +>87* (,1( .203$.7(5( u&+5(,%:(,6( '(5 g5+$/781*6*/(,&+81*(1P 4% 3

%04& %=:P %0&4% 3 %04& P %4&

JUPYZK

c1$/2* =8 i/P JUPYYK />667 6,&+ $8&+ ',(6( i5?M( ,1 ,+5(1 o,77(/:(57 81' ',( u&+:$1O .81* $8)63$/7(1\ 4J_N 7K 3 4% J_N 7K 1 4AAJ_N 7K N

JUPY[K

ρ ρ t

c%%P UPUR |(,7/,&+( h/8.78$7,21(1 81' =(,7/,&+( o,77(/:(57( %(, (,1(0 67$7,67,6&+ 1,&+767$O 7,21>5(1 r52=(66P

UPW v85%8/(17( 925*(0,6&+7( h/$00(1

UWW

:2%(, 6,&+ )@5 '(1 o,77(/:(57 '(5 h$95(Oh/8.78$7,21 4AA (%(1)$//6 (5*,%7N '$66 %04AA& 3 RP

JUPZRK

u(7=7 0$1 ,1 ',( f(71,7,21 )@5 ',( h$95(Oo,77(/81* i/P JUPYZK ,1 i/P JUPYYK (,1N 62 />667 6,&+ (,1( d(=,(+81* JUPZSK $%/(,7(1N ',( (,1( w05(&+181* '(6 o,77(/:(57(6 (,1(5 x$5,$%/(1 4 ,1 '(1 h$95(Oo,77(/:(57 (5/$8%7P j,(5)@5 0866 -('2&+ ',( m255(/$7,21 %0A4A& '(5 u&+:$1.81*(1 '(5 f,&+7( 81' '(5 i5?M( 4 %(.$117 6(,1P 4% 3 3

%04& %J%0& 1 0AKJ%4& 14AK& 3 %4& %0&

%%0&%4&& 1 %%0&4A& 1 %0A%4&& 1 %0A 4A& %0&

3%4&1

%0A 4A& P %0&

JUPZSK

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PentroofFenster

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WVR

X g/(.752'(1N g/(.752'(1352=(66( 81' g/(.752&+(0,(

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0 1

$ tv /1 mNk =h $mNkk

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(5*,%7P g,1( (17635(&+(1'( d(=,(+81* )2/*7 )@5 ',( c1,21(1 0,7 =2 32= (17635(O &+(1' $ tv /1 cNk P JXPWWK 3kk 23k 3 (3f 32 =h $cNkk

0 1

II

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PΖ p A

Ζ-

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WVT

X g/(.752'(1N g/(.752'(1352=(66( 81' g/(.752&+(0,(

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JXPWXK

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01

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$ $ 7 71 tv /1 kk 2 2 tv /1 kk =1 $k 8=2 8 $k

JXPWYK

=8 /(,67(1P j,(5%(, ,67 =8 %(5@&.6,&+7,*(1N '$66 %(, (,1(0 u75209866 921 S h n$'81* 921 k 1$&+ kk 71 B=1 o2/( m$7,21(1 921 k 1$&+ kk 81' 72 B=2 o2/( c1,21(1 ,1 '(5 80*(.(+57(1 t,&+781* 75$163257,(57 :(5'(1P 71 81' 72 6,1' ',( %(5)@+581*6=$+/(1 '(5 k21(1P o,7 '(5 d(',1*81*N '$66 6,&+ ',( c5%(,76%(75>*( =8 p8// $'',(5(1 Jy(/ 1y260 3 RKN )2/*7 )@5 (,1(1 */(,&+(1 n$'81*6%(75$* '(5 k21(1 =1 3 8=2 8 3 = ',( (,1)$&+( d(=,(+81* (3' 3 3kk 23k 3 JS2T 72K

01

$ tv /1 k $kk =h

JXPWZK

)@5 '$6 f,586,216327(17,$/P h@5 '(1 m217$.7 =:(,(5 u$/=6>85(/?681*(1 0,7 &k 3 RPS o 81' &kk 3 RPRS o (5+>/7 0$1 1$&+ i/P JXPWZK 0,7 71 3 RPZU 81' 72 3 RPSY (3' 3 RPRUZ[ xP f,(6(5 (5+(%/,&+( y(57 ,67 (,1( h2/*( '(5 *52M(1 w17(56&+,('( '(5 d(:(*/,&+.(,7(1 %=:P '(5 %(5O )@+581*6=$+/(1 '(5 j1O 81' e/2Ok21(1P g5 67(,*7 :(,7(5N :(11 6,&+ ',( m21=(1O 75$7,21(1 %(,'(5 n?681*(1 12&+ 67>5.(5 817(56&+(,'(1P j1Ok21(1 +$%(1 >+1/,&+ :,( qj2Ok21(1 (,1( 6(+5 +2+( d(:(*/,&+.(,7 81' '$0,7 (,1( *52M( %(5)@+581*6O =$+/ 71 $8)*581' '(5 p$+25'181* '(6 9@66,*(1 y$66(56P d(, u75209866 (5)2/*7 @%(5 (,1( 5$6&+( w0/$*(581* 921 y$66(56725%5@&.(1%,1'81*(1 (,1 y(,7(55(,&+(1 '(5 k21(1/$'81*(1 67$77 (,1(5 /$1*6$0(1 '85&+ t(,%81* %(+,1'(57(1 o,*5$7,21 Jy$1O '(581* ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'K +&+( (,1( (176&+(,'(1'( t2//( 63,(/(1P o$1 817(56&+(,'(7 )2/*/,&+ ',( ,11(5( 81' ',( >8M(5( j(/0+2/7=Ou&+,&+7N '(5(1 c86'(+181* '85&+ ',( i5?M( '(5 .217$.7$'625%,(57(1 k21(1 81' '(5 62/9$7,6,(57(1 k21(1 *(*(%(1 ,67P f85&+ ',( 7+(50,6&+( d(:(*81* :,5' 6,&+ (,1 v(,/ '(5 k21(1 921 '(5 g/(.752'(1O 2%(59>&+( )257%(:(*(1 81' '$0,7 =86>7=/,&+ (,1( ',586( f233(/6&+,&+7 $8)%$8(1N >+1/,&+ '(5 ',586(1 k21(1:2/.( 80 (,1 =(175$/(6 k21 Jc%%P XPSVKP f,( ',586( f233(/6&+,&+7 />667 6,&+ 1$&+ i28< LS[N TRb 81' e+$30$1 LTSb ,1 67$5.(5 c1/(+181* $1 ',( f(%+(581*(1 />667 6,&+ ',( */(,&+( d(=,(+81* =:,6&+(1 '(5 n$'81*6',&+7( 0 81' '(0 r27(17,$/$%)$// (3 +(5/(,7(1 Ji/P JXPUZKKP f,( r2,6O Metall

Metall

Elektrolyt

Elektrolyt hydratisiertes Anion

kontaktadsorbiertes Anion hydratisiertes Kation

ϕ

ϕ ∆ϕ

ζ

(a)

AHS

ξ

Ortskoordinate x

(b)

IHS AHS

ξ

Ortskoordinate x

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XPV f,( f233(/6&+,&+7 $1 '(5 r+$6(1*5(1=( g/(.752'(Bg/(.752/+1/,&+(5 y(,6( :,( ,1 i/P JXPU[KP f,( f,&.( '(5 ',586(1 f233(/O 6&+,&+7 # (17635,&+7 '(5 g17)(5181*N %,6 =8 '(5 '(5 r27(17,$/63581* $8) SB( 6(,1(6 i(6$07:(57(6 $%*()$//(1 ,67P j,(5)@5 *,/7 (,1( ,'(17,6&+( d(=,(+81* :,( )@5 '(1 t$O ',86 '(5 ',586(1 k21(1:2/.( '(5 f(%&+(13+>120(1(1N ,16%(621'(5( %(, m2//2,'(1 81' '(5(1 u7$%,/,7>7P f$6 'Or27(17,$/ ,67 1$&+ (,1(5 (,1)$&+(1 k17(*5$7,21 @%(5 ',( n$'81*6O ',&+7( ,1 '(5 ',586(1 f233(/6&+,&+7 0,7 '(5(1 i(6$07/$'81* s' 9(5.1@3)7\ ( 32

# # s 3 s P & &R ' & &R o

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50

a = 0.916 M  b = 0.660 M c = 0.100 M  NaF d = 0.010 M e = 0.001 M 

C D /µF . cm-2

40 b

30

c

20

d e

10 0

a

0.5

0 E pzc -0,5 -1.0 E /V(SHE)

-1.5

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c

n j-n j = Γj A cj

nj A x

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400

-5 γ /10 N

KF 350

NaCl NaBr

300

250

Kl

0.5

0

-0.5 -1.0 E /V(SHE)

-1.5

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E I II

d

Substrat (Metall, Halbleiter)

III ∆E

(a)

(b)

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Pot

E (Spitze = ME 2) Eingang E (Probe = ME 1)

∆E (Bias) Pot

Spitze (ME 2) GE

Diff

RE Probe (ME 1)

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