Gaahmg Consonant & Vowel Book

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Gaahmg Consonant & Vowel Book Authors: Hashim Orta Adaw Sadig Bashir Tingala Huda Daldoum Anur Omar Salva Adam Musa Abdul hkim Ezadin Abir Adik Yaasir Khamis Konjur

Trial Edition

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This book is used to teach how to better read and write Gaahmg.

© 2015, Gaahmg Language Committee, Development and Literacy Partners International, and Sudan Workshop Programme Trial Edition January 2015 Publisher: Sudan Workshop Programme Place of Publication: Nairobi

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Introduction This book shows how to write words so that readers can more easily know the correct meaning. We will learn five spelling rules that help reading and writing, as well as all the sounds that join together to make words. This book is for all Gaahmg readers. It is especially important for those writing books to understand the lessons of this book. Each of the Gaahmg words in this book are listed in the Alphabet Word List at the end of the book. If you need to check the correct spelling of a word, you can look for the word at the end of this book. There are English words in this book that may be new to you. Each new word is underlined and explained when it is first used. If you later see the word and forget what it means, you can also find it explained in the glossary at the back of the book. This book can be taught to participants in a workshop. A person can also use this book to teach himself/herself without a workshop or instructor. You should read each lesson and then immediately do the exercise following the lesson. The exercise will help you test your understanding of the lesson. The answers to the exercises are in the back of the book. After completing an exercise, immediately check your answers to see how well you have understood. For each of your incorrect answers, try to understand the correct answer. Ask other Gaahmg if you need help. Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Contents .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Gaahmg Alphabet ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Syllables.......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Syllables Consonants and Vowels .................................................................................................................................. 7 Consonant Sequences.....................................................................................................................................10 Consonants b, b, d, dh, j, g at the End of Words ...............................................................................................11 Heavy and Light Vowels ...............................................................................................................................13 Single and Doubled Vowels...........................................................................................................................14 Vowels Mixed Vowels................................................................................................................................................16 Write w, y, i after vowels ..............................................................................................................................18 The apostrophe consonant ꞌ............................................................................................................................22 Single and Doubled Consonants ....................................................................................................................23 Spelling Rules Reviewed ...............................................................................................................................25 Alphabetical Word Word List..................................................................................................................................28 Glossary .........................................................................................................................................................37 Answers to Exercises .....................................................................................................................................37

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Gaahmg Alphabet The first step in learning to read and write Gaahmg is learning the alphabet. The Gaahmg language has 28 letters, as shown in the following list of words. Gaahmg Alphabet Aa [a] Ah ah [ə] Bb [b] Cc [c] Dd [d̪] Dh dh [ɖ] Ee [ɛ] Ff [f] Gg [g] Ii [i] Jj [ɟ] Kk [k] Ll [l] Mm [m] Nn [n] Ng ng [ŋ] Ny ny [ɲ] Oo [ɔ] Pp [p] Rr [r] Ss [s] Tt [t ̪] Th th [ʈ] Uu [u] Ww [w] Yy [y] Zz [ð̞] ꞌ [ʔ]

aam aahr buur cawr daahr dhagar eed fodor gaam idig jaa kolg lew mas naand ngahw nyaang ool pahnyu ruusu saaw tel thoogeel uud wee yoo aza paꞌan

bone sheep gourd pot hare snake tortoise eye nose mountain eyes boy, son eggs grain storage spear day cat crocodile head porcupine tail grass cutter sun grass cutter wasp house old person dog was guarding

The Gaahmg word list at the end of this book has the same order as the list above. Exercise 1 Write each of the words in the list above next to the letters below. Say each word as you write them. Listen to the sound each letter makes. a

____________________

i

____________________

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p

____________________

ah

____________________

j

____________________

r

____________________

b

____________________

k

____________________

s

____________________

c

____________________

l

____________________

t

____________________

d

____________________

m

____________________

th

____________________

dh

____________________

n

____________________

u

____________________

e

____________________

ng

____________________

w

____________________

f

____________________

ny

____________________

y

____________________

g

____________________

o

____________________

z

____________________

ꞌ

____________________

Syllables Now we learn how Gaahmg letters are joined together in words. Words can be divided into syllables, or beats [darba]. Each of the words below have three syllables. They can be divided into three separate beats as shown. Three-syllable words tasame ta kangarany ka saranyda sa tunduli tun sandalany san

sa nga rany du da

me rany da li lany

grass jackal tree type elbow tree type

Each of the words below have two syllables. They can be divided into two separate beats as shown. Two-syllable words ufu u fu orond o rond onso on so amsad am sad andars an dars kusah ku sah

tree type fermented milk cooking plate dryness insect type grass type

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talam dufurd celda kagdar bagdars

ta du cel kag bag

lam furd da dar dars

malnutrition dust charcoal food type lizard

Each of the words below have one syllable. They cannot be divided into more than one beat. One-syllable words u you (sg) il horn ald fox wa no fol hole culd birth sack uu air aam bone eelg stomach waa pond deer leach jeers hippo Exercise 2 Say each word below and listen to the number of beats in each word. Write the number of syllables (1, 2, or 3) in the blank ___ to the left of each word. Then divide the word into syllables in the blanks to the right of each word. Write one syllable on each blank. Do not fill more blanks than the number of syllables. The first one has been done as an example. number of syllables

divided into syllables

_2_

weleny

we

leny

_____

sour taste

_____

kor

_____

_____

_____

word, speech

_____

bimirij

_____

_____

_____

bird type

_____

kahrngahl

_____

_____

_____

grass type

_____

garnye

_____

_____

_____

dung

_____

ronyd

_____

_____

_____

mud

_____

malo

_____

_____

_____

beeswax

_____

fodor

_____

_____

_____

nose

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_____

jinyjil

_____

_____

_____

bird type

_____

lold

_____

_____

_____

blemish on face

_____

luny

_____

_____

_____

boomerang

_____

dahlgah

_____

_____

_____

drum

_____

nams

_____

_____

_____

food

_____

bolnge

_____

_____

_____

medical tool

_____

dogolja

_____

_____

_____

ankle

_____

kasa

_____

_____

_____

boy

_____

kabar

_____

_____

_____

wing, armpit

_____

bamalja

_____

_____

_____

morning star

Consonants and Vowels Some letters are consonants and some letters are vowels. In the word mahnyil ‘rainbow’, the letters m, ny and l are consonants and ah and i are vowels. Consonants can begin and end syllables. Vowels are in the middle of syllables, and sometimes begin or end syllables. In the syllable mah, mah the consonant m begins the syllable, and the vowel ah ends the syllable. In the syllable nyil, nyil the consonant ny begins the syllable, the consonant l ends the syllable, and the vowel i is in the middle of the syllable. In words such as ange ‘elephant’, the first vowel a is a syllable by itself. A vowel can be a syllable by itself, but a consonant cannot be a syllable by itself. In a few words such as buah ‘tree name’, there are two vowels u, ah in the syllable. The entire word is only one syllable. The following 21 letters are Gaahmg consonantsː Gaahmg consonants Bb Jj Cc Kk Dd Ll Dh dh Mm Ff Nn Gg

Ng ng Ny ny Pp Rr Ss

Tt Th th Ww Yy Zz ꞌ

The following 6 letters are Gaahmg vowelsː -7-

Gaahmg vowels Aa Ee Ah ah Ii

Oo Uu

In this lesson, we learn about Gaahmg consonants. In other lessons, we learn about Gaahmg vowels. The list below has Gaahmg words with each of the consonants. Most consonants can be at the beginning or end of words, or inbetween vowels. But the consonants p, t, th, th c, k can only be at the beginnings of words. The consonant z cannot be at the beginning of words1. Pp Tt Th th Cc Kk Bb Dd Dh dh Jj Gg Ff Ss Mm Nn

Word beginning pur flower pada rope material teed road, path teer carving tool theend riddle th theel anchor th ceew lame person caa cooking stone kabar wing kaal house fence baaw father bada gourd bowl dii rat door animal fence dhoolafaa wolf dh dhoor hammer dh jid husband jaa boy, son gahmur dove gaal falcon feg water fiid feather siind guest seen ruler malo beeswax maang disagreement nahrnah saliva

Between vowels

Word end

lahb bu kab bar fod dor kaad del cedh dhang dh

navel wing nose bull sickness

jilahb b karaab b dahid d jid d dhodh dh

water spring troublemaker scorpion husband bird type

cijji pajjo dhag gar bog go affad puuffah kassa aassa lam many gahm mur gahbahn nid

diarrhea star tortoise cream blood leprosy boy basket knot dove area name

bimirijj bulijj gaag g iig g gaff daff kahss mass aam m nyaahm m seen n

bird type worm bird type milk gives beat, kill chair spear, war bone chin ruler

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Word-initial /p/, /t/, /th/, /c/, /k/, as well as intervocalic and word-final /b/, /d/, /dh/, /j/, /g/ are underlyingly doubled (geminate) plosives. Word-initial /b/, /d/, /dh/, /j/, /g/, as well as intervocalic /w/, /d/, /dh/, /y/, Ø (elided /g/) and word-final /o, u/, /d/, /dh/, /e, i/, Ø (elided /g/) can be analyzed as single plosives. Therefore, there is no underlying voice contrast for plosives, but only a length constrast.

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Ny ny Ng ng Rr Ll Ww Yy

naand nyaang ny nyaafar ny ngaangaad ng ngaasa ng raahwah raay lofo laal wee waar yaam yaaz

day crocodile mustache thigh tree type net quarrel magic pumpkin type house insect type bride sister

Zz

din ni kany nyaad ny mahny nyil ny ang nge ng bung ngur ng kuurri morraa bullij jillahb raahw wah aw wees ahy yah cey yam azza mezzan

life, world bowl rainbow, spirit elephant young person circle governor worm water spring net bird type oil, fat aged tobacco dog youth leader

fidin n luny ny weleny ny dang ng nyaang ng daarr deerr baall deell baaw w ceew w kaay y tay y taazz yaazz

perfume boomerang sour taste courtyard crocodile throne leech instrument lake father lame person witch doctor giraffe door sister

Many consonants can be either before or after another consonant. Before another consonant

After another consonant Dd mofd dee snake type Jj bajjwaar bird type dogoljja ankle Gg bag gdars lizard type jorg gaal bird type Ff moffdee snake type saarffaa rat Ss rahssluumaa praying mantis dherssa sweat M m sim mdahg relief gahrm mud insect type Nn on nso plate nahrn nah saliva Ny ny tuguuny nyfaa tree type berny nyaw tomato ny ny ngma insect type tilng ngah seed, chain Ng ng bong ng ng Rr ahrrngahd insect type tegrrelfaa bird type Ll wiillmaa ant type kuurlluug rodent W w lew wda animal bajw waar bird type Yy kay yma lucky stone Zz gaahzzg thief Exercise 3 In each word below, circle each consonant. The first one has been done as an example. c e y a m

tobacco

k ah l f ah

jaw

d ah r s ah

tumor

k a g d a r

food type

th e e l

anchor

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b a j w a a r

bird type

t i l ng ah

seed, chain

k a ng a r a ny

jackal

y a a z

sister

p a d a

rope material

n ah n d

demon

Consonant Sequences In the last lesson, we learned that consonants can come before or after another consonant. When two consonants are next to each other, we call it a consonant sequence. Consonant sequences can be in the middle of words, or at the end of words. Consonant sequences in the middle of words nd theend ndas bird type nyd saranyd nyda nd nyd ndh kandh ndhal tree type nyj jinyj nyjil ndh nyj ns tins nsahg asking nyf tuguunyf nyfaa ns nyf nf raanf nfaa covering ngm bongm ngma nf ngm ms ams msad dryness lm koolm lmaa ms lm rn ngarn rna leach lng bolng lnge rn lng rm gahrm rmud tree type rng kahrng rngahl rm rng rny garny rnye dung ym kaym yma rny ym sl rahsl sluumaa praying mantis ld celd lda sl ld fd mofd fdee snake type lj bamalj lja fd lj rd ord rdaa army lg dahlg lgah rd lg rs dahrs rsah tumor lf kahlf lfah rs lf rl kuurl rluug rodent rj kahwrj rjah rl rj jw bajw jwaar bird type rg tirg rgah jw rg gd bagd gdars lizard type rf saarf rfaa gd rf gr tegr grelfaa bird type wd kawd wda gr wd yd tayd yda yd Consonant sequences at the end of words ms nams ms food, eating rd bahrd rd nd fand nd cheek rs jeers rs ngg ngg tear of eye ld lold ld ngg ung ngg 2 ns wilahns ns hunting lj falj lj nyd ronyd nyd mud zg gaahzg zg nyj benyj nyj upper hip wd dawd wd ngd lahngd ngd tree type yd kayd yd 2

tree type bird type tree type insect type tree type medical tool grass type lucky stone charcoal morning star drum jaw tree type nature rat ear wax strainer

lion hippo blemish of face tree type theif fertile soil cup, spoon

The plural is uniig ‘tears’, so the underlying consonant sequence is /n n-g/.

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yn yl

goy oyn oy bay ayl ay

metal worker grass

wr wl

caw awr aw dhew ewl ew

hare jackal

Exercise 4 Circle consonant sequences in the words below. Do not circle any consonants that are not in a sequence. The first one has been done as an example. k ah l f ah

jaw

d ah r s ah

tumor

ald

fox

n ah r n aah

saliva

b aa l a n d

stripe

t e g r e l f aa

bird type

b a n dh a l

weak, unhealthy

londor

knot

k u ny j

cough

Consonants b, d, dh, j, g at the End of Words In this lesson, we learn why it is best to write the consonants b, d, dh, j, g at the end of words instead of p, t, th, c, k. k The consonants p, t, th, th c, k can be at the beginning of words, but never anywhere else in the word. The consonants b, d, dh, dh j, g can be at the beginning, middle and end of words. Pp Tt Th th Cc Kk Bb Dd Dh dh Jj Gg

Word beginning pur flower teed road, path theend riddle th ceew lame person kabar wing baaw father dii rat dhoolafaa wolf dh jaa boy, son gahmur dove

Between vowels

lahb bu fod dor cedh dhang dh pajjo dhag gar

navel nose sickness star tortoise

Word end

jilahb b dahid d dhodh dh siijj gaag g

water spring scorpion bird type tree type bird type

Readers would have more difficulty if we wrote p at the ends of words instead of b. In jilahb bahg ‘springs’, there is the sound [b b]. So, we write it with the letter b. Since we jilah

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write b in jilahb jilahbahg, ahg we should also write a b in jilahb jilahb ‘spring’. The words jilahb jilahb ‘spring’ and jilahb jilahbahg ‘springs’ have the same meaning except that jilahb jilahbahg is more than one. So, we should write these words with the same letter b. Readers may think the words have different meaning if we write a p in jilahp jilahp ‘spring’ and a b in jilahb jilahbahg ‘springs’.. Correct Wrong jilahb b spring jilahpp spring jilahb bahg springs jilahbahg springs Readers would also have more difficulty if we wrote t, th, th c, k at the ends of words d] with the instead of d, dh, j, g. g In dahid dahidahg ‘scorpions’, we write the second sound [d letter d. So, we should also write dahid dahid ‘scorpion’ with a final letter d. In dhodh dhodhog dhog ‘storks’, we write the second sound [dh dh] dh with the letter dh, dh so we should also write dhodh dh In siij siijahg ‘trees’, we write the sound [jj] with the dhodh ‘stork’ with a final letter dh. letter j, so we should also write siij siij ‘tree’ with the letter j. In gaag gaagaad ‘birds’, we write the second sound [g g] with the letter g, so we should also write gaag gaag ‘bird’ with a final letter g. Correct b jilahb b d dahyd d fand d dh dh dhodh j siijj bahnyjj g gaag g

Wrong jilahb bahg jilahp p dahid dahg dahytt fand dag fantt dhodh dhog dhoth th dh siijjahg siicc bahnyjjahg bahnycc gaag gaad gaak k

jilahbahg dahidahg fandag dhodhog siijahg bahnyjahg gaagaad

spring, springs scorpion, scorpions cheek, cheeks stork, storks type of tree, trees pulp, pulps type of bird, birds

In summary, we have the following spelling rule: Spelling Rule 1: 1 Write b, d, dh, j, g at the end of words and not p, t, th, c, k. k Exercise 5 Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word eet his eye

Write correctly Test Word eed bahrt lion

Write correctly

talngej tree type

___________________

gaahzk thief

___________________

unk benyc

tear ___________________ upper hip ___________________

___________________

troublemaker ___________________ pebeec tree type ___________________ karaap

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miid

stone

___________________

blood

afat

___________________

Heavy and Light Vowels The words waa ‘pond’ and waah ‘shade, help’ have different vowel sounds. In waa ‘pond’, the vowel a is light (harf mutharrik xafiif). In waah ‘shade, help’ the vowel ah is heavy (harf mutharrik tagiil). There are 6 vowels in Gaahmg, as shown in the list below. Vowels Light Aa Ee Oo

Heavy Ah ah Ii Uu

The following words have the light vowel /aa/ or the heavy vowel /ah ah/. ah Say each of these words. Listen to the difference in sound between the vowels /aa/ and /ah ah/. ah Aa waa daar kaal nyaang mas yaam nams aal aam talam

pond eagle house fence crocodile spear, war bride food, eating calf fence, pen bone malnutrition

Ah ah waah daahr gaahl nyaahm mahl saahm nahnd aahl aahz gahmahl

shade, help snake type shield chin straw hunter demon hyena tree type forest

The following words have the light vowel /ee/ or the heavy vowel /ii/. Ee wer dheel ceer jeers eed eez eeny nyee ree weleny

look, watch collar bone singer hippo eye water-carrying net back drawing, colour cotton, thread sour taste

Ii wir jiil wiid ilj iig fiid tiil mii dii fidin

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slaughter, cut cricket breast beeswax milk feather tree type goat rat perfume

The following words have the light vowel /o o/ or the heavy vowel /u u/. Oo moo kool door bool kor dhodh ool kord lold fodor

gunfire snake type animal fence ground crack word, speech stork head bird type blemish on face nose

Uu muu kuul luung duud luny pur uud uld culd bungur

face, forehead clan type member water pot year boomerang flower wasp grinding stone birth sack young person

Exercise 6 Carefully read and say the test words between the lines below. The bold vowels in each test word may or may not be written correctly. Test the sound of the bold vowels by comparing them with the vowel sound in the words on the left and right. If the sound for the bold vowel is light as in the word on the left, write the word correctly with a light vowel. If the sound for the bold vowel is heavy as in the word on the right, write the word correctly with a heavy vowel. The first one has been done as an example. Light

Test Word

Heavy

Write correctly

waa

pond

raa aawa aa a

net

waah

shade

raahwah

waa

pond

azaa

dog

waah

shade

____________________

waa

pond

taah aahz aah

door

waah

shade

____________________

waa

pond

bah ahrd ah

lion

waah

shade

____________________

waa

pond

gaa aazg aa

thief

waah

shade

____________________

wer

look

lii iil ii

grass

wir

cut

____________________

wer

look look look gunfire gunfire gunfire gunfire

feeg

water stone guest tear of eye mud cow bread

wir

cut cut cut face face face face

____________________

wer wer moo moo moo moo

mii iid ii see eend ee ungg ru unyd tuu uu buu uul uu

wir wir muu muu muu muu

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Single and Doubled Vowels

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The words mahl ‘straw’ and maahl ‘fighting’ have two different ah sounds. The word mahl has a short ah sound. We call the ah in mahl ‘straw’ a single vowel and write the ah once. The word maahl has a long aah aah sound. We call the aah aah in maahl ‘fighting’ a doubled vowel and we write it twice or long as in aah. aah As shown below, vowels can be short or long at the beginning, middle or end of words. Single vowels a araad lake saaw shoe celdaa charcoal ah ahmii ant type ah mah ahl straw ah gahmah ah ant type e eg they (pron) seen skin sickness maasee root type i ilj beeswax ciil instrument type kuurii circle o ony meat ko or word, speech malo o beeswax u uld grinding stone lu uny boomerang gahyu u grass type

Doubled vowels aa aare saa aaw aa aldaa aa aah aahmaah aah maah aahl aah rimaah aah ee eed ee see een ee masee ee ii iig ii tii iil ii siirii ii oo ool oo koo ool oo meloo oo uu uud uu luu uung uu ahyuu uu

grass type grass cutter earth, dust liver fighting star eye ruler illness type

milk tree type smudge head snake type sugar cane wasp water pot tooth brush

Exercise 7 Carefully read and say the test words between the two lines below. The bold vowels in each test word may or may not be written correctly. Test the sound of the bold letter by comparing it with the word on the left and right. If the sound for the bold vowel is short like in the word on the left, write the word correctly with a single vowel. If the sound for the bold vowel is long like in the word on the right, write the word correctly with a doubled vowel. The first one has been done as an example. Single ko or ko or lu uny saaw saaw saaw

word, speech word, speech boomerang shoe shoe shoe

Test words po or boat dho odh stork buu uul bread uu daal aal baal baard

pot cave abdomen

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Doubled koo ool oo koo ool oo luu uung uu saa aaw aa saa aaw aa saa aaw aa

snake type snake type water pot grass cutter grass cutter grass cutter

Write correctly poo oor oo ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

skin sickness ilj beeswax araad lake eg they (pron) celdaa charcoal seen skin sickness seen skin sickness ko or word, speech ko or word, speech ciil instrument type ciil instrument type saaw shoe mah ahl straw ah seen skin sickness mah ahl straw ah mah ahl straw ah ko or word, speech lu uny boomerang lu uny boomerang saaw shoe araad lake araad lake ahmii ant type ah celdaa charcoal maasee root type gahmah ah ant type gahmah ah ant type kuurii circle seen

broom iil horn aald aa fox eelg stomach ee maa aa house peeram flag tee eefa leaf, sickness ee foo oodor nose oo boo oongma insect type oo tiifaahng bird type fii iidin perfume ii baaland stripe mah ahnimah vegetable type ah awee ees bird type ee gahmaah aahl forest aah bahzaah aahl business aah maroo oos spider oo bulu urs bird type bungu ur young person jorgaal bird type basket type asa aree grass type aahmahng yawns aah ordaa aa army mofdee ee snake type gahmah ah ant type ungurah ah pumpkin kusumii knee ceeld

ruler iig milk ii aare grass type eed eye ee aldaa aa earth, dust see een ruler ee see een ruler ee koo ool snake type oo koo ool snake type oo tii iil tree type ii tii iil tree type ii saa aaw grass cutter aa maah aahl fighting aah see een ruler ee maah aahl fighting aah maah aahl fighting aah koo ool snake type oo luu uung water pot uu luu uung water pot uu saa aaw grass cutter aa aare grass type aare grass type aahmaah liver aah aldaa aa earth, dust

___________________

masee ee

illness type

___________________

rimaah aah

star star smudge

___________________

see een ee

rimaah aah siirii ii

___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

___________________ ___________________

Mixed Vowels There are not usually both light and heavy vowels in the same word. In the following words, there are only the light vowels /aa/, /ee/, /o o/. Light vowels together in the same word a, e kaadel bull

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a, a a, o e, e e, a e, o o, e o, a o, o

talam pajo weleny cedhan meloo bored moraa fodor

malnutrition star sour taste sickness type sugar cane eye matter governor nose

In the following words, there are only the heavy vowels /ah ah/, u/. ah /i/, /u Heavy vowels together in the same word ah, i mahnyil rainbow, spirit ah, ah gahmahl forest ah, u gahmur dove i, i fidin perfume i, ah jilahb water spring i, u jiiguul afternoon u, i bulij worm u, ah buusah stone type u, u bungur young person When two vowels are next to each other, we call it a vowel sequence. Light and heavy vowels are not mixed together in the following vowel sequences. Heavy vowel sequences iah diah iahrmah centipede iah uah buah uah tree type In summary, we have the following spelling rule. Spelling Rule 2: 2 Only write the light vowels (harf mutharrik xafiif) a, e, o together in the same word. Only write the heavy vowels (harf mutharrik tagiil) ah, i, o together in the same word. Light and heavy vowels are usually not mixed in the same word. Exercise 8 Carefully read and say each test word below. The vowels of each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word celdah charcoal gayu grass type

Write correctly celda ___________________

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Test Word jorgaal bird type iyah oil, fat

Write correctly ___________________ ___________________

grass type kozil baboon guad excrement maruus spider bunyja developed, finished aaree

___________________

peerahm

___________________

orii

___________________

kua

___________________

gamiil

___________________

leeroo

flag ostrich foam, bubbles tree type reed

___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

Write w, y, i after vowels In this lesson, we learn when to write the consonant w instead of the vowel o or u. We learn when to write the consonant y instead of the vowel e. We learn when to write the vowel i instead of y. The word nyaang ‘crocodile’ is in each of the sentences below. (1) Nyaang Nyaang een tu. (2) Jaan leen e nyaang nyaange nge. (3) Nyaang Nyaanga nga wedan. (4) Nyaang Nyaangeeg ngeeg egen tu.

There is a crocodile. The person came with a crocodile. The crocodile is good. There are crocodiles (more than one).

nyaangee means ‘with a In (1), nyaang means ‘a crocodile’. In (2), the final letter –e on nyaang crocodile’. In (3), the final letter –a on nyaanga eeg nyaanga means ‘the crocodile’. In (4), the –eeg on nyaangeeg nyaangeeg means ‘more than one crocodile’. The consonant ng at the end of nyaang nyaang does not change in any of these sentences. The words below can take the place of nyaang in sentences (1-4) above. The consonant l at the end of laal laal ‘pumpkin type’ does not change in any of the sentences with letters added to laal. laal The consonant m at the end of kaam kaam ‘nyala’ does not change either. (1) a . . . ng nyaang ng l laall m kaam m

(2) with a . . . nyaang nge ng laalle kaam me

(3) the . . . nyaang nga ng laalla kaam ma

(4) more than one . . . nyaang ngeeg crocodile ng laalleeg pumpkin type kaam mg nyala

The words below can also take the place of nyaang in sentences (1-4) above. The vowels a, ah, u, e, o, i at the end of words do not change in any of the sentences. a ah u e o i

(1) a . . . waayaaa buah ah buu u reee too o jiii

(2) with a . . . waayaaane buah ahni ah buu uni reeene too one jiiini

(3) the . . . waayaaan buah ahn ah buu un reeen too on jiiin

(4) more than one . . . waayaaag buah ahg ah buu ug reeeg to og jiiig

- 18 -

bird type tree type roof for chickens cotton cow turkey

The words below can also take the place of nyaang in sentences (1-4) above. The consonants w, y and the vowel i at the end of words do not change in any of the sentences. Correct (1) a . . . w maaw w daw w ceew w bew w y kaay y tay y i nyuii muii

(Consonants w, y and vowel i after vowels) (2) with a . . . (3) the . . . (4) more than one . . . maaw wne maaw wan maaw weeg daw wne daw wan daw weeg ceew wne ceew wan ceew waag bew wne bew wan bew wg kaay yne kaay yan kaay yeeg tay yne tay yan tay yg nyuiini nyuiin nyuiig muiini muiin muiig

gazelle monkey lame person type of tree witch doctor giraffe leopard wildebeest

We don’t spell these words with o, e or u at the end. For example we don’t spell maao maao (wrong) ‘gazelle’ with the vowel o at the end. When we add the letters -eeg for more than one gazelle, there are too many vowels together maao maaoeeg (wrong) ‘gazelles’. Also, there is the sound of the letter w in this word, so we should write maaw maaweeg ‘gazelles’ with a w. However, when we add the letter –g g for more than one leopard, there are not too many vowels together nyu nyuig ‘leopards’ (correct). After a, o, e we write w or y (and not o, u, e, i). After ah, u we write i (and not y). Wrong (1) a . . . maao o dao o ceeo o beo o kaaee taee nyuy y muy y

(2) with a . . . maao one dao one ceeo one beo one kaaeene taeene nyuy yni muy yni

(3) the . . . maao oan dao oan ceeo oan beo oan kaaeean taeean nyuy yn muy yn

(4) more than one . . . maao oeeg dao oeeg ceeo oaag beo og kaaeeeeg taeeg nyuy yg muy yg

gazelle monkey lame person type of tree witch doctor giraffe leopard wildebeest

We write a word the same way in every sentence. That is, we don’t write a word with a consonant in one sentence, and with a vowel in another sentence. For example, the words maaw maaw ‘gazelle’ and maaw maaweeg ‘gazelles’ have the same meaning except that maaw maaweeg is more than one. So, we should write these words with the same letter w. Readers may think the words have different meaning if we write o in maao maao ‘gazelle’ and w in maaw maaweeg ‘gazelles’.. The word nyam ‘break’ is in each of the sentences below. The consonant m at the end of nyam nyam does not change in any of these sentences. In commands to more than one person, there are always two consonants in the middle, such as md in nyahmd nyahmdah mdah ‘break’ of sentence (7). - 19 -

Infinitive Command Command Plural Subjunctive Completive Continuous Past

(5) Jaan e doos e nyam nyam jeg. (6) Jaa, nyam nyam jeg! (7) Jog, nyahm nyahmdah jeg! (8) Jaan leen a nyam nyamda jeg. (9) Jaan nyam nyamsa jeg kayn. (10) Jaan nyam nyamǎn jeg kayn.

The person began to break something. Person, break something! People, break something! Person comes in order to break s.t. The person broke something yesterday. The person continues to break s.t. yest.

The words below can take the place of nyam in sentences (5-10) above. The consonant ny at the end of guny guny ‘agree’ does not change in any of the sentences with letters added to guny. guny The consonant l at the end of mal mal ‘gather’ does not change either. (5) Inf m nyam m ny ny guny l mall

(6) Comd nyam m guny nyu ny mall

(7) Comd Pl nyahm mdah guny nydu ny mahlldah

(8) Subj nyam mda guny nydu ny mallda

(9) Comp nyam msa guny nysu ny mallda

(10) Cont nyam man break guny nyahn agree ny mallan gather

The words below can also take the place of nyam in sentences (5-10) above. The consonants w, y at the end of words do not change in any of the sentences. Correct (5) Inf w law w dhiw w y koy y i buii

(Consonants w, y and vowel i after vowels) (6) Comd (7) Comd Pl (8) Subj (9) Comp (10) Cont law wna lahw wwah law wwa law wsa law wǎn dhiw w dhiw wdah dhiw wdah dhiw wsah dhiw wǎhn koy yna kuy yyu koy yda koy yso koy yǎn buiinah buy yyu buiidah buiisah buiinǎhn

move fast plow, plant cook cultivate

We don’t spell these words with o or e at the end. That is, we don’t spell lao (wrong) ‘move fast’ with the vowel o at the end. When we add the letters -ǎn for continuous action, there are too many vowels together in laoǎn (wrong) ‘move fast’. Also, there is the sound of the letter w in this word, so we should write lawǎn ‘move fast’ with a w. However, when we add –n nǎn to buy buy ‘cultivate’, there are not too many vowels together bui buinǎn ‘cutivating’ (correct). On the other hand, we write commands to more than one person with two yy after the vowel u (buyy yyu yy ‘cultivate!’). The double consonant yy helps to separate the vowels. Wrong (5) Inf lao o dhiu u koee buy y

(6) Comd lao ona dhiu u koeena buy ynah

(7) Comd Pl lahu uuah dhiu udah kuii iiu ii buii iiu ii

(8) Subj lao ooa dhiu udah koeeda buy ydah

(9) Comp lao osa dhiu usah koeeso buy ysah

(10) Cont lao oǎn dhiu uǎhn koeeǎn buy ynǎhn

move fast plow, plant cook cultivate

After a, o, e we write w or y (and not o, u, e, i). But after ah, u we write i (and not y) unless doubled in a plural command (bu buyy buyyu yyu ‘cultivate!’). After ah, i we write w (and not u).

- 20 -

Below are more words with w, y, y, i after vowels. In cawr ‘hare’, we write w after a (and not o). In kayn ‘yesterday’, we write y after a (and not e). In tahi tahil ‘tree type’, we write i after ah (and not y). In kahw kahwrjah ‘tree type’, we write w after ah (and not u). Consonants w, y and vowel i after vowels Correct Wrong w caw wr hare cao or daw wd fertile soil dao od dhew wl jackal dheo ol tew ws sorghum seed type teoos aw wrg priest, chief ao org kaw wda ear wax kao oda lew wda animal leo oda y kay yn yesterday kaeen kay yd cup, spoon kaeed goy yn metal worker goeen tay yda strainer taeeda foy yda planting seed foeeda i tahiil tree type tahy yl dahiid scorpion dahy yd kuiir leaf for mats kuy yr ahiild cold, sickness ahy yld w kahw wrjah tree type kahu urjah gahw wldaah fish gahu uldaah gahw wrd stomach pouch gahu urd

hare fertile soil jackal sorghum seed type priest, chief ear wax animal yesterday cup, spoon metal worker strainer planting seed tree type scorpion leaf for mats cold, sickness tree type fish stomach pouch

In summary, we have the following spelling rule with three parts: Spelling Rule 3: (3a) After a, o, e write y or w and not e, i, i o, u. u (3b) buyy (3b) After ah, u write i and not y, unless doubled in a plural command (bu buyyu yyu ‘cultivate!’) (3c) (3c) After ah, i write w and not u. Exercise 9 Carefully read and say each test word below. The bold letter in each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word ruy yd mahy yd tao or

Write correctly ruiid

dirt old person ___________________ lizard ___________________

Test Word boy ydaa tree type

Write correctly ___________________

fandao omo upward, in front of

___________________

gaahii

- 21 -

illiterate, can’t read ___________________

fog bay yl grass taw w up rahii late uuii squirrel gahw wldaah fish fahii strength baaw w father baee jug buiil

___________________

koee

___________________

kuy ydahg

___________________

ahy yld

___________________

kay yma

___________________

muguuii

___________________

gaaee

___________________

fuuii

___________________

boy y

___________________

aay y

rain welcome cold, sickness good luck stone burning wood tree name male fat honey

___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

The apostrophe consonant ꞌ The apostrophe consonant ꞌ is only in the middle of words such as paꞌan paꞌan ‘guarding’ and other words below. Word middle apostrophe ꞌ paꞌꞌǎn guarding koꞌꞌǎn crying, calling ciꞌꞌǎhn wearing The consonant ꞌ is always between two vowels and always begins a new syllable. So, ꞌ always separates two vowels with their own beat. The two vowels are in different syllables. In koꞌ koꞌǎn ‘crying’, both o and a have their own beat. The vowel o is in the first syllable ko and the vowel a is in the second syllable ꞌǎn. Consonant ꞌ separates 2 vowels in different syllables koꞌan ko o ꞌǎǎn crying, calling paꞌan paa ꞌǎǎn guarding This is different than the vowels in buah ‘tree type’. In buah, buah both u and ah are in the same beat or syllable. So the vowels u and ah are not separated with the consonant ꞌ in buah. buah 2 vowels in the same syllable buah uah tree type buu uu chicken coop roof The consonant ꞌ is also different than the consonant y. The consonants ꞌ and y can both begin a new syllable, and they separate vowels in different syllables. However, ꞌ sounds different than y in the words ciꞌǎ ciꞌǎhn ꞌǎhn ‘wearing’ and biyǎ biyǎhn ‘leaving’. So they should be written differently–each with their own letter.

- 22 -

Consonants ꞌ and y separate 2 vowels in different syllables, but sound differently ciꞌꞌahn ci ꞌǎhn wearing biy yahn bi yǎhn leaving, letting The consonant ꞌ is also different than the consonant w. The consonants ꞌ and w can both begin a new syllable, and they separate vowels in different syllables. However, ꞌ sounds different than w in the words maꞌǎ maꞌǎn ꞌǎn ‘drinking’ and lawǎ lawǎn ‘moving fast’. So they should be written differently–each with their own letter. Consonants ꞌ and w separate 2 vowels in different syllables, but sound differently maꞌꞌan ma ꞌǎn drinking law wan la wǎn moving fast In summary, we have the following spelling rule: Spelling Rule 4: 4 Write the apostrophe consonant ꞌ between vowels if both vowels get a beat (if the vowels are in different syllables). Do not write ꞌ if both vowels are in the same beat (syllable) or if the sounds [y y] or [w w] separate the vowels. Exercise 10 Carefully read and say each test word below. The bold letters of each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word Write correctly Test Word ku uꞌah foam, bubble kuwah diiꞌahrmah centipede ꞌah

Write correctly ____________________

sleeping kaaꞌan bringing buwah uwah tree type lahwah ahwahn ahwah surrounding

____________________

naa aan aa

____________________ feean uahn uah ____________________ cuah ah ____________________ dhiiꞌahn ____________________ baayan

sweeping, cleaning sending, going planting, cultivating throwing, hitting

____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Single and Doubled Consonants Sometimes different words sound the same except for the tone—the high or low, falling or rising sound of a word. The word nyam ‘want’ has a High tone in sentence (1). The word nyamm ‘break’ has a

Mid tone in sentence (2). High E doos e nyam jeg. He begins to want things. Mid E doos e nyamm jeg. He beings to break things.

- 23 -

These words sound the same except for the difference in tone. We want to make it easier for the reader to understand these verbs correctly. So, we write nyamm nyamm ‘break’ with double mm. mm Below there are a three other words with doubled consonant (itneen harf saakin). The doubled consonants help us know the difference in meaning in words that sound the same except for tone. Words with doubled consonants High-Mid bell name, call Mid bell have, possess Low bell ll beat, hit High nyam m want, love Mid nyamm mm break High pall cut Low pall ll fall, get down High cag g bathe, wash Low cagg gg finish, complete There is also the words mii ‘chicken’ and mii ‘goat’ that sound the same except for tone. We write miah miah ‘goat’ as in the Buwahg dialect instead of mii ‘goat’ as in the Taw dialect. This will help readers know the correct meaning of these words. Similar nouns Correct Wrong MH miii chicken (Taw dialect) M miah ah goat (Buwahg dialect) mii ii goat (Taw dialect) In summary, we have the following spelling rule Spelling Rule 5 (page ): Write miah ‘goat’ instead of mii ‘goat’ so that it is different than mii ‘chicken’. Write bell ‘beat, hit’, nyamm ‘break’, cagg ‘finish, complete’ pall ‘fall, get down’ with two final consonants (itneen harf saakin) so that they are different than other verbs1. Exercise 11 Carefully read each test word below. The bold letters in each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one has been done as an example. Test Word

Write Correctly - 24 -

beat, hit pall cut mii ii chicken bell ll have, possess nyam m break mii ii goat bell

nyamm mm want, love

bell ll

g ___________________ cag ll ___________________ pall ___________________ bell gg ___________________ cagg

___________________

finish, complete fall, get down name, call bathe, wash

___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

___________________

Spelling Rules Reviewed In this book, we have learned four spelling rules that help reading and writing. We now review these rules. There are examples after each rule. The page number is shown where the rule is further explained. Spelling Rule 1 (page 13): Write b, d, dh, j, g at the end of words and not p, t, th, c, k. k Correct b jilahb b d dahyd d dh dh dhodh j siijj g gaag g

Wrong jilahb bahg jilahp p dahid dahg dahytt dhodh dhog dhoth th dh siijjahg siicc gaag gaad gaak k

jilahbahg dahidahg dhodhog siijahg gaagaad

spring, springs scorpion, scorpions stork, storks type of tree, trees type of bird, birds

Spelling Rule 2 (page 18): The light vowels a, e, o and the heavy vowels ah, i, o are not usually mixed in the same words. Light vowels a, e kaa aade aa el a, o paajo o e, a ceedhaan e, o meeloo oo o, e bo oreed o, a mo oraa aa

bull star sickness type sugar cane eye matter governor

Heavy vowels ah, i mah ahnyi ah il ah, u gah ahmu ah ur i, ah jiilah ahb ah i, u jii iiguu ii uul uu u, i bu uliij u, ah buu uusah uu ah

rainbow, spirit dove water spring afternoon worm stone type

Spelling Rule 3a 3a (page 22): After a, o, e write y or w and not e, i, i o, u. u Correct

a... w maaw w ceew w y kaay y Correct

Wrong

the . . .

more than one

a...

the . . .

more than one

maaw wan ceew wan kaay yan

maaw weeg ceew waag kaay yeeg

maao o ceeo o kaaee

maao oan ceeo oan kaaeean

maao oeeg ceeo oaag kaaeeeeg

Wrong

- 25 -

gazelle lame person witch doctor

w y

w

y

Inf law w dhiw w koy y

Comd Pl lahw wwah dhiw wdah kuyy yyu yy

Correct kaw wda lew wda caw wr tew ws tay yda foy yda kay yn goy yn

Cont Past law wan dhiw wahn koy yan

ear wax animal hare sorghum seed type strainer planting seed yesterday metal worker

Inf lao o dhiu u koee

Comd Pl laho odah dhiu udah kuii iiu ii Wrong kao oda leo oda cao or teo os taeeda foeeda kaeen goeen

Cont Past lao oan dhiu uahn koeean

move quickly plow, plant cook

ear wax animal hare sorghum seed type strainer planting seed yesterday metal worker

3b: After ah, u write i and not y, unless doubled as in a plural command (bu buyy buyyu yyu ‘cultivate!’) Correct i

i i

Wrong

a...

the . . .

more than one

a...

the . . .

more than one

nyuii muii

nyuiin muiin

nyuiig muiig

nyuy y muy y

nyuy yahn muy yahn

nyuy yg muy yg

Correct Inf Comd Pl buii buyy yyu yy Correct dahiid ahiild kuiir

Cont buiinahn

scorpion cold, sickness leaf for mats

Wrong Inf Comd Pl buy y buii iiu ii Wrong dahy yd ahy yld kuy yr

Cont buy ynahn

leopard wildebeast

cultivate

scorpion cold, sickness leaf for mats

3c: After ah, i write w and not u.

w

w

Correct Inf Comd Pl dahw w dahww wwah ww dhiw w dhiw wdah Correct gahw wrd gahw wldaah

Cont dahw wahn dhiw wahn

stomach pouch fish

Wrong Inf Comd Pl dahu u dahuu uuah uu dhiu u dhiu udah

Cont dahu uahn dhiu uahn

Wrong gahu urd gahu uldaah

stomach pouch fish

follow plant, plow

Spelling Rule 4 (page 23): Write an apostrophe consonant ꞌ between vowels if both vowels get a beat (darba) (if the vowels are in different syllables). Do not write ꞌ if both

- 26 -

vowels are in the same beat or if the sounds [y y] or [w w] separate the vowels. 2 syllables ꞌ

paꞌꞌan ciꞌꞌahn y biy yahn wan w law buah uah buu uu

1 syllable

was guarding was wearing was leaving, letting was moving quickly tree type chicken coop roof

Spelling Rule 5 (page 25): Write miah ‘goat’ instead of mii ‘goat’ so that it is different than mii ‘chicken’. Similar nouns Correct Wrong Mid-High miii chicken (Taw dialect) Mid miah ah goat (Buwahg dialect) mii ii goat (Taw dialect) Write bell ‘beat, hit’, nyamm ‘break’, cagg ‘finish, complete’ pall ‘fall, get down’ with two final consonants (itneen harf saakin) so that they are different than other verbs3. High-Mid Mid Low High Mid High Low High Low

bell bell bell ll nyam m nyamm mm pall pall ll cag g cagg gg

name, call have, possess beat, hit want, love break cut fall, get down bathe, wash finish, complete

Exercise 12 Carefully read and say each test word below. Each test word may or may not be written correctly. Write the word correctly in the space given. The first one is done as an example. Test Word miitt stone cak k aahree bunyja buy yl

bathe, wash grass type finished fog

Write correctly ____________________

Test Word talngecc

____________________

karaab b

____________________

jurgaal

____________________

liiro

____________________

tao o

3

tree type troublemaker bird type reed up

Write correctly ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

There is no phonetic consonant length distinction in Gaahmg, so it should not be confusing to use doubled consonants in the orthography to help distinguish meaning.

- 27 -

bay yl uuy y baaw w lah ahꞌah ahꞌahn ꞌah naa aan aa mii ii nyam m

grass squirrel father surrounding sleeping goat break

____________________

rahii

____________________

gahu uldaah

____________________

boeedaa

____________________

baya ayan aya

____________________

cuah uahn uah

____________________

bell

____________________

bell

late fish tree type throwing, hitting sending, going name, call beat, hit

____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

Alphabetical Word List The following singular (one) and plural (more than one) words are in alphabetical order. There are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs. We learn about these types of words in the Gaahmg Grammar Book. Singular Aa aam aare aasa aay afad ald aldaa amsad andars ange araad awees awrg aza Ah ah aahl aahmaah aahm aahr aahz ahild ahmii ahrngahd ahyah ahyuu

Plural aamg aareg aasag aayg afaag aldag aldaag andarsag angeeg araag aweesag awreeg azag aahliig aahmaahg aahmahng aahriig aahziig ahmiig ahrngahg ahyahg ahyuug

noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun noun noun

bone grass type basket honey blood fox earth, dust dryness insect type elephant lake bird type priest, chief dog

noun noun noun noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun

hyena liver yawn sheep tree type cold, sickness ant type insect type oil, fat tooth brush

- 28 -

Bb baal baal baaland baam baard baaw bad bada bagdars bajwaar bamalja bandhal bay bayl baꞌan bahnyj bahrd bahzahl bel bel bell benyj bernyaw bew bij bimirij biyahn bool bogo bolnge bongma bonyja bored boydaa boy buu buul buur buusah buah bui buil bulij buluurs bungur

baalg baalgiilg baameeg baareeg baawaad badag bagdarsag bajwaarg bamaljag bandalg bayg baylg baꞌan bahnyjahg bahraahg bahzahlg

benyaag bernyawg bewg bimirijahg booleeg bogog bolngeeg bongmad bonyja boreg boydaag boyg buug buulg buurg buusahg buahg buliig buluursig bungurg

noun noun noun singular noun noun noun verb noun noun noun noun adjective noun noun verb continuous noun noun noun verb verb verb noun noun noun verb noun verb continuous noun noun noun noun derived adjective noun noun adjective noun noun noun noun noun verb noun singular noun noun noun - 29 -

instrument cave stripe bird type abdomen father throw, hit gourd bowl lizard bird type morning star weak jug grass type throwing, hitting pulp lion profit-making business name, call have, possess beat, hit upper hip tomato tree type leave, let bird type leaving, letting ground crack cream medical tool insect type developed, finished eye matter tree type fat roof for chickens bread gourd pot stone name tree type cultivate, farm fog worm bird type young person

Cc caa cag cagg cawr ceer ceew cedhang celd celda ceyam ciji cil cil cug culd cuꞌahn Dd daar daar daf dal dang daw dawd daahr dahid dahlgah dahrsah deel deer dii diahrmah dini door dogolja duud dufurd Dh dh dhagar dheel dhersa dhewl

caag cag cagg cawreeg ceereeg ceeweeg celdag celdag ceyamg cijaahg cilg cilg culdug

daarg daareeg dalg dangg daweeg dawdag daahriig dahidahg dahlgahg dahrsahg deelg deerg diig diahrmahg doorg dogoljag duug

dhagarg dheelg dhersag dhewlg

noun verb verb noun noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun noun noun verb noun verb continuous

cooking stone bathe, wash finish, complete hare singer lame person rash broom charcoal aged tobacco diarrhea instrument type spine send, go to birth sack sending, going to

noun noun verb noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun singular

throne eagle beat, kill pot courtyard monkey fertile soil snake scorpion drum tumor lake leech rat centipede life, world animal fence ankle year dust

noun noun noun noun

tortoise collar bone sweat jackal - 30 -

dhiw dhiwahn dhoolafaa dhoor dhodh Ee eed eelg eeny eez eg Ff falj fand fandawmo fahi feg fej feyan fiid fidin fodor fol foyda Gg gaag gaal gaam gaay gaf garnye gaahi gaahl gaahzg Gahbahnid gahmah gahmahl gahmiil gahmur gahrmud gahwldaah gahwrd gahyu

verb verb continuous noun noun noun

plow, plant planting, cultivating wolf hammer bird type

idig iilg iiny eezag

noun noun noun noun pronoun short subject

(his) eye (his) stomach (his) back water-carrying stick they

faljag fahndahg

noun noun adverb noun singular noun plural verb verb continuous noun noun noun noun noun

tree type cheek upward, in front of strength water sweep, clean sweeping, cleaning feather perfume nose hole planting seed

noun noun noun noun verb noun singular adjective noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun

bird type falcon mountain tree name gives dung illiterate, can’t read shield thief area name ant type forest tree type dove insect type, tree type fish stomach pouch grass type

dhiwahn dhoolafaag dhooreeg dhodhog

feyan fiig fidingg fodorg fulg foydaag gaagaad gaaleeg gaamg gaayg gaahig gaahliig gaahziig gahmahg gahmahlg gahmiilg gahmurg gahrmud gahwldaahg gahwrg gahyug

- 31 -

goyn guny Ii iig il ilj Jj jaa jeers jii jiiguul jiil jid jilahb jinyjil jorgaal Kk kaadel kaal kaam kaay kabar kagdar kaj kandhal kangarany kanyaad karaab kasa kawda kayan kayd kayma kayn kahlfah kahrngahl kahs kahwrjah kool koolmaa kolod kor kord

goyngg

ilaahg iljahg jaalge jeersag jiig jiilg jiig jilahbahg jinyjilg jorgaalg kaadelg kaalg kaamg kaayg kabarg kagdarg kandhalg kangaranyg kanyaag karaabeg kasag kawdaag kayg kahlfahg kahrngahlg kahsahg kahwrjahg koolg koolmaag kolg koreeg koroog

noun verb

metal worker agree

noun plural noun noun

milk horn beeswax

noun noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun noun

boy, son hippo turkey afternoon cricket husband water spring bird type bird type

noun noun noun noun noun noun verb noun noun noun noun noun noun verb continuous noun noun singular adverb noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun

bull house fence nyala, cow type witch doctor wing food type bring tree type jackal bowl troublemaker boy ear wax bringing cup, spoon lucky stone yesterday jaw grass type chair tree type snake type tree type egg word, speech bird type

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koy koy kozel Kuul kuuri kuurluug kuidahg kuir kunyj kusah kusumii kuwah Ll laal lamany law lawan lahbu lahngd lahw lahwahn leel leero lew lewda lofo lold londor luung luny Mm maa maang maase maaw mad mal malo maroos mas masee maꞌan maahl maahnimah

koyg kozelg Kuulaahg kuurluugig kuidahg kuirg kunyiig kusahg kusumiig kuwahg laalg lamanyg lawan lahbuug lahngdahg lahwahn leelg leerog lewg ? lewdag loldog londorg luungiig lunyiig

noun verb noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun noun noun noun

rain cook baboon clan type member circle rodent welcome leaf for mats cough grass type knee foam, bubble

noun noun verb verb continuous noun noun verb verb continuous noun noun noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun

pumpkin type knot, shell of nut move fast, make comotion moving fast navel tree type surround, circle surrounding grass reed grain storage animal magic blemish on face knot water pot boomerang

noun noun plural maaseg noun maaweeg noun verb verb noun singular marooseg noun maasag noun maseeg noun verb continuous maahliig noun maahnimahg noun maag

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house disagreement root type gazelle drink gather beeswax spider spear illness type drinking fighting vegetable type

mahid mahl mahnyil meloo mezan mii miid miah moo mofdee moraa muu muguui mui Nn naand nag nams naꞌan nahnd nahrnah Ng ng ngaangaad ngaasa ngarna ngahw Ny ny nyaafar nyaang nyam nyamm nyaw nyaahm nyee nyui Oo ool onso ony ordaa orond

mahiaahd mahlg mahnyilg meloog mezangg miig miidahg miahg moog mofdeeg moraag muug muguuig muig

noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun noun

old person drinking straw rainbow, spirit sugar cane youth leader chicken stone goat fire, gun snake type governor face, forehead burning wood wildebeest

naag

nahngg nahrnahg

noun verb noun verb continuous noun noun

day sleep food, eating sleeping demon saliva

ngaangaag ngaasag ngarnag ngahweeg

noun noun noun noun

thigh tree type leech cat

nyaafarg nyaangeeg

nyaahmg nyeeg nyuig

noun noun verb verb verb noun noun noun

mustache crocodile want, love break request, ask chin drawing, colour leopard

uulg onsog onyg ordaag orondog

noun noun noun noun noun

(your) head cooking plate meat army fermented milk

namsag

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Pp pada pajo pal pall paꞌan pahnyu peeram pebeej poor puufah pur Rr raanfaa raay raahwah rahsluumaa rahi ree rimaah ronyd ruusu ruid Ss saarfaa saaw saranyda saw saahm saahm seen sen siij siind siirii simdahg Tt taaz talam talngej taw tawr tay

padaag pajog

pahnyuug peeramg pebeeg poorg puriig raanfaag raayg raahwahg rahsluumaag reeg rimaahg ronyg ruusug ruig saarfaag saaweeg saranydag sawg saahmg seengg siijahg siindahg siiriig

taazg talamg talngejag tawreeg tayg

noun noun verb verb verb continuous noun noun noun noun noun singular noun

rope material star cut fall, get down was guarding porcupine flag tree type boat leprosy flower

noun noun noun noun derived adjective noun noun noun noun noun

covering quarrel net praying mantis late cotton, thread star mud tail dirt

noun noun noun noun noun singular noun noun noun singular noun noun noun noun plural

rat grass cutter tree type shoe hunter medicine, tree root ruler skin sickness tree type guest charcoal smudge relief for pain, recovery

noun noun noun adverb noun noun

door malnutrition tree type up lizard giraffe - 35 -

tayda tahyl teed teefa teer tegrelfaa tel tiifaahng tiil tilngah tins tirgah too tuguunyfaa Th th theel theend theendas thoogeel Uu uu uud uui u ufu uld ungg unguraah urii Ww waa waar waayaa wa waah wee weleny wiid wiilmaa Yy yaam yaaz

tiifaahngg tiilg tilngaahg tinsahg tirgahg tog tuguunyfaag

noun noun noun noun noun noun noun singular ? noun noun noun verbal noun noun noun noun

strainer tree type road, path leaf, sickness carving tool bird type sun, god bird type tree type seed, chain asking nature cow tree type

theelaag theengg theendasag thoogeelg

noun noun noun noun

anchor riddle bird type grass cutter

noun singular noun noun pronoun short subject noun noun noun noun noun

air wasp squirrel you (sg) tree type grinding stone tear of eye pumpkin ostrich

waahg wisahg welenyg wiig wiilmaad

noun noun noun adverb noun noun noun noun noun

pond insect type bird type no shade, help house sour taste breast ant type

yaamaag yaazaad

noun noun

bride sister

taydaag tahylg ? teeg teefag teerg tegrelfaag

uug uuig ufug uldug uniig unguraahg uriig waag waarg waayaag

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yoo

yoog ?

noun

old person Glossary

Word syllable consonant

Example ta sa me in tasame ‘grass’ m, ny, ny l in mahnyil ‘rainbow’

vowel

ah, ah i in mahnyil ‘rainbow’

consonant sequence doubled consonant

nyd in saranyda ‘tree type’ mm in word nyamm ‘break’ m in nyam ‘want, need’ aah in maahl ‘fighting’ ah in mahl ‘straw’ aah in waah ‘shade, help’ aa in waa ‘pond’ uah in buah ‘tree type’ nyam ‘want’ has a High tone, nyamm ‘break’ has a Mid tone

single consonant doubled vowel single vowel heavy vowel light vowel vowel sequence tone

Definition The parts of a word that can be divided according to beats (darba). Letter sounds that begin or end syllables; a consonant cannot be a syllable by itself (harf saakin). Letter sounds in the middle and sometimes beginning or end of a syllable; a vowel can be a syllable by itself (harf mutharrik). Two different consonants next to each other, either in the middle or end of a word. The same consonant written twice (itneen harf saakin). A consonant written once. A vowel written twice or long (harf mutharrik tawiil). A long vowel. A vowel written once. A short vowel. Vowel letters ah, i, u (harf mutharrik tagiil). Vowel letters a, e, o (harf mutharrik xafiif). Two different vowels next to each other. The high or low sound, or the falling or rising sound of a word.

Answers to Exercises Exercise 1 a ah b c d

aam aahl buur cawr daahr

i j k l m

idig jaa kolg lew mas

p r s t th

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pahnyu ruusu saaw tel thoogeel

dh e f g

dhagar eed fodor gaam

n ng ny o

naand ngahw nyaang ool

u w y z ꞌ

uud wee yoo aza paꞌan

Exercise 2 number of syllables _2_ weleny 1 kor 3 bimirij 2 kahrngahl 2 garnye 1 ronyd 2 malo 2 fodor 2 jinyjil 1 lold 1 luny 2 dahlgah 1 nams 2 bolnge 3 dogolja 2 kasa 2 kabar 3 bamalja

divided into syllables we leny _____ kor bi mi rij kahr ngahl gar nye ronyd ma lo fo dor jiny jil lold luny dahl gah nams bol nge do gol ja ka sa ka bar ba mal ja

Exercise 3 Consonants are underlined instead of circled. c k d k th b t k y p n

e y a m ah l f ah ah r s ah a g d a r e e l a j w a a r i l ng ah a ng a r a ny a a z a d a ah n d

tobacco jaw tumor food type anchor bird type seed, chain jackal sister rope material demon

Exercise 4

- 38 -

sour taste word, speech bird type grass type dung mud beeswax nose bird type blemish on face boomerang drum food medical tool ankle boy wing, armpit morning star

Consonants are underlined instead of circled.

jaw tumor fox saliva stripe bird type weak knot cough

k ah l f ah d ah r s ah ald n ah r n aah b aa l a n d t e g r e l f aa b a n dh a l londor k u ny j Exercise 5 Test Word eet his eye talngej tree type unk tear benyc upper hip miid stone

Write correctly eed talngej ungg benyj miid

Test Word bahrt lion gaahzk thief karaap troublemaker pebeec tree type afat blood

Write correctly bahrd gaahzg karaab pebeej afad

Exercise 6 Light waa waa waa waa waa wer wer wer wer moo moo moo moo

pond pond pond pond pond look look look look gunfire gunfire gunfire gunfire

Test Word raawa net aza dog taahz door bahrd lion gaazg thief liil grass feg water miid stone seend guest ungg tear of eye runyd mud tuu cow buul bread

Heavy waah waah waah waah waah wir wir wir wir muu muu muu muu

shade shade shade shade shade cut cut cut cut face face face face

Write correctly raahwah aza taaz bahrd gaahzg leel feg miid siind ungg ronyd too buul

Exercise 7 Single ko or ko or lu uny saaw saaw

word, speech word, speech boomerang shoe shoe

Test words po or dho odh buu uul uu daal aal baal

boat stork bread pot cave - 39 -

Doubled koo ool oo koo ool oo luu uung uu saa aaw aa saa aaw aa

snake type snake type water pot grass cutter grass cutter

Write correctly poo oor oo dho odh buu uul uu dal al baa aal aa

saaw seen ilj araad eg celdaa seen seen ko or ko or ciil ciil saaw mah ahl ah seen mah ahl ah mah ahl ah ko or lu uny lu uny saaw araad araad ahmii ah celdaa maasee gahmah ah gahmah ah kuurii

shoe skin sickness beeswax lake they (pron) charcoal skin sickness skin sickness word, speech word, speech instrument type instrument type shoe straw skin sickness straw straw word, speech boomerang boomerang shoe lake lake ant type charcoal root type ant type ant type circle

baard ceeld iil aald aa eelg ee maa aa peeram tee eefa ee foo oodor oo boo oongma oo tiifaahng fii iidin ii baaland mah ahnimah ah awee ees ee gahmaah aahl aah bahzaah aahl aah maroo oos oo bulu urs bungu ur jorgaal asa aree aahmahng aah ordaa aa mofdee ee gahmah ah ungurah ah kusumii

abdomen broom horn fox stomach house flag leaf, sickness nose insect type bird type perfume stripe vegetable type bird type forest business spider bird type young person bird type basket type grass type yawns army snake type ant type pumpkin knee

saa aaw aa see een ee iig ii aare eed ee aldaa aa see een ee see een ee koo ool oo koo ool oo tii iil ii tii iil ii saa aaw aa maah aahl aah see een ee maah aahl aah maah aahl aah koo ool oo luu uung uu luu uung uu saa aaw aa aare aare aahmaah aah aldaa aa masee ee rimaah aah rimaah aah siirii ii

grass cutter ruler milk grass type eye earth, dust ruler ruler snake type snake type tree type tree type grass cutter fighting ruler fighting fighting snake type water pot water pot grass cutter grass type grass type liver earth, dust illness type

star star smudge

baa aard aa ceeld il ald eelg ee maa aa pee eeram ee tee eefa ee fo odor bo ongma tii iifaahng ii fiidin baa aaland aa maah aahnimah aah awee ees ee gahmah ahl ah bahzah ahl ah maroo oos oo buluu uurs uu bungu ur jorgaa aal aa aasa aa aare aahmahng aah ordaa aa mofdee ee gahmaah unguraah aah kusumii ii

Exercise 8 Test Word celdah charcoal gayu grass type aaree grass type kozil baboon maruus spider bunyja developed, finished

Write correctly celda gahyu aare kozel maroos bonyja

Test Word jorgaal iyah peerahm orii gamiil leeroo

bird type oil, fat flag ostrich tree type reed

Write correctly jorgaal ahyah peeram urii gahmiil leero

Exercise 9 Test Word ruy yd mahy yd tao or

Write correctly

dirt ruiid old person mahiid lizard taw wr

Test Word boy ydaa tree type fandao omo upward, in front of gaahii illiterate, can’t read - 40 -

Write correctly boy ydaa fandaw wmo gaahii

buiil bay yl taw w rahii uuii gahw wldaah fahii baaw w baee

fog grass up late squirrel fish strength father jug

buiil bay yl taw w rahii uuii gahw wldaah fahii baaw w bay y

koee kuy ydahg ahy yld kay yma muguuii gaaee fuuii boy y aay y

Write correctly ku uwah naꞌꞌan kay yan buah uah lahw wahn

Test Word diiꞌahrmah ꞌah fea ean ea cuah uahn uah dhiiꞌahn ꞌah baya ayan aya

rain welcome cold, sickness good luck stone burning wood tree name male fat honey

koy y kuiidahg ahiild kay yma muguuii gaay y fuuii boy y aay y

Exercise 10 Test Word ku uꞌah foam, bubble naa aan sleeping aa kaaꞌan bringing ꞌa buwah uwah tree type lahwah ahwahn ahwah surrounding

Write correctly centipede diah iahrmah iah sweeping, cleaning feyyan sending, going cuꞌꞌahn planting, cultivating dhiw wahn throwing, hitting baꞌan

Exercise 11 Test Word bell beat, hit pall cut mii ii chicken bell ll have, possess nyam m break mii ii goat

Write Correctly bell ll nyamm mm want, love pall cag g finish, complete mii ii pall ll fall, get down bell bell name, call nyamm mm cagg gg bathe, wash miiah

nyam m cagg gg pall ll bell cag g

Exercise 12 Test Word miitt stone cak k bathe, wash aahre grass type bunyja finished buy yl fog bay yl grass uuy y squirrel baaw w father lah ahꞌah surrounding ahꞌahn ꞌah naa aan sleeping aa mii ii goat nyam m break

Write correctly miid d cag g aare bonyja buiil bay yl uuii baaw w lahw wahn naꞌꞌan miah iah nyamm mm

Test Word talngecc karaab b jurgaal liiro tao o rahii gahu uldaah boeedaa baya ayan aya cuah uahn uah bell bell

- 41 -

tree type troublemaker bird type reed up late fish tree type throwing, hitting sending, going name, call beat, hit

Write correctly talngejj karaab b jorgaal leero taw w rahii gahw wldaah boy ydaa baꞌan cuꞌꞌahn bell bell ll