A SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SPANISH VOWEL SOUNDS

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A SPECTROGRAFHIC ANALYSIS OF SPANISH VOWEL SOUNDS

by Robert B, Skelton

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan 1950

Committee in charge: Associate Professor Professor Assistant Assistant

Professor Lawrence B. Kiddle, Chairman Edward B. Ham Hans Kurath Professor Ernst Pulgram Professor Earl D. Schubert

PREFACE The study of phonetics has been severely hampered* until reoent years* by the lack of a suitable device to measure the acoustic aspeot of speech sounds objectively.

Heretofore, the approach has been

necessarily impressionistic, and a great body of data has been accu­ mulated by numerous, highly qualified observers.

The vast majority

of these data will undoubtedly be substantiated by means now at our disposal, but it is nonetheless true that these phoneticians of the impressionistic school have been laboring under the severe handicap of being unable to demonstrate palpably their findings. In the absence of devices to describe objectively the acoustic phenomena, scholars have turned to the study of these sounds from an articulatory basis.

X-rays of the mouth have been made, notably by

Rousselot-*- among others, where the top bulge of the tongue was obser­ ved while the subject pronounced the various sounds,

Palatograms

have likewise been used to determine these points of articulation and with considerable success,2

This physiologic, or articulatory approaoh

has been very successful in explaining the production of speech sounds, but does not, of course, attempt to explain the acoustic aspect of speech.

The distinction between these two types of approach is dis­

cussed in detail by Joos.3

1, P, J, Rousselot, Principes de phonetique experimentale, Paris, 19011908 , 2, palatograms were used extensively by G, Oscar Russell, The Vowels, Columbus, 1928. Illustrations may also be found in Eduard Frokosch^ The Sounds and History of the German Language, New York, 1916, 3, MartinJoos, AcousticPhonetics. Language Monograph No. 23 (Balti­ more, 1948), pp. 8-?. No one seriously interested in sound spectrography can afford to dispense with this work. ii

The sound spectrograph, amply described in the literature,^ has proved itself the answer to this long felt need for an objective meas­ uring device of acoustic phenomena.

It is hoped that this study will

form a part of the small, but rapidly growing body of literature based on the sound spectrograph. Many persons have helped, in one way or another, in the preparation of this dissertation. I am especially indebted, however, to Professor Lawrence B. Kiddle of the Department of Romanoe Languages and to Professor Earl B. Schubert of the Department of Speech for their constant readiness to contribute both time and advice, from the inception to the conclusion of this dis­ sertation. I am pleased to express here my sincere appreciation for their in­ valuable assistance.

1. A detailed description of the sound spectrograph is given in Chapter Two of Potter, Kopp, and Green, Visible Speech, New York, 1947.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface

.

.

•

.

»

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

ii

List of I l l u s t r a t i o n s ....................................... vi 0.

I N T R O D U C T I O N ............................................ vii

1.

PROCEDURES

2.

1.1

Informants

1.2

M a t e r i a l s ........................................... 4

1.3

Recording

1*4

Measuring

1.5

G r a p h s .............................................. 9

...............

6

........................

7

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 2.1

By Individual I n f o r m a n t ........................... 11 2.11

2.2

3.

...................... 1

All i t e m s ...............

14

2.12

The/i/ i t e m s ........................... . . 3 4

2.13

The/e/ items

2.14

The/a/ i t e m s ........................... . 7 7

2.15

The/o/ i t e m s ............................ 99

2.16

The/u/ items

........................... 55

...............

121

By Individual I t e m ................................ 142 2.21

The/i/ items

........................

144

2.22

The/e/ items .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

158

2.23

The/a/ items .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

180

2.24

The/o/ items

.................... 202

2.25

The/ u / items

226

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 3.1

The Effect of Adjacent Consonants on Vocalic Quality

.................239 iv

3.11

3.2

.................

245

. . . . . .

244

3.12

Centroids

of all /i/ items

3.13

Centroids

of all /e/ i t e m s ................. 248

3.14

Centroids

of all /a/ items

3.15

Centroids

of all /o/ i t e m s ................. 256

3.16

Centroids

of all /u/ i t e m s ...............

. . . . . .

252

260

Minor

E f f e c t s .................. ..

264

3.21

The effect of stress ondispersion. . . .

264

3.22

The behavior of the unaccentedvowels

265

3.23 3.24 3.3

Centroids of all items

Vowel metaphony

. . .

................ 266

The effect of y o d ......................269

Limitations andImplications........................ 272

Table of Measurements......................................... 274 R e f e r e n c e s .................................................. 281

v

3.11 Centroids of all items

3.2

3.3

243

3.12

Centroids of all /i/ i t e m s ................. 244

3.13

Centroids of all / & / items

3.14

Centroids of all /a/ i t e m s ................. 252

3.15

Centroids of all /o/ i t e m s ................. 256

3.16

Centroids of all /u/ i t e m s ................. 260

.............. 248

Minor E f f e c t s ................... .....

264

3.21

The effect of stress ondispersion. . . .

264

3.22

The behavior of the unaccentedvowels

265

3.23

Vowel m e t a p h o n y ........................ ... 266

3.24

The effect of y o d .................... 269

. . .

Limitations and Implications................. 272

Table of Measurements..................... References

274

......................................281

■

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Speotrogram of oorreo

......................... 7

Spectrogram of p i s t a ........................... Spectrogram of pesa

244

....................248

Spectrogram of olfato

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Spectrogram of poca

..................

.

.

.

.

.

252 256

Spectrogram of p u l g a ........................

260

Spectrogram of acequia

271

........................

Spectrogram of patio

............................. 271

Spectrogram of copia

................ 271

vi

INTRODUCTION 0.1 This study proposes to determine, by the use of Sound Spectrography, the behavior of Spanish vowel sounds under various conditions of stress and environment.

Examples were chosen of all vowels under

primary stress, under secondary stress, and in unstressed position. The latter condition includes vowels infinal as well position, before and following the main

as in intertonio

accent.

The environment factor is generally conoerned with the influence of the following consonant.

There are, however, instances where an in­

fluence is exerted by a preceding vowel or consonant, vowel.

or by a following

At least one instance of each vowel sound, where applicable,

has been treated in every significant position. The study of historical grammar makes it manifest that the inter­ influence of sounds is not limited to those in adjoining situations but may extend over a considerable distance.

In this type of sound change,

the most frequent and those most common to other languages are vowel metaphony and the influence of a following yod.

These phenomena will

be treated in more detail in the summary under the respective headings. 0.2 The primary purpose of this undertaking is to establish by an objective method a standard which can be used as a yardstick for later studies in comparative phonology.

These studies will be possible in

the many dialects of Spanish itself or in comparisons between Spanish and other languages.

At the same time, this study will help to deter­

mine the value of speotrographic analysis in the field of foreign lang­ uage studies. 0.3 since this study may possibly be of interest to some unfamiliar vii

with the pronunciation of Spanish, it seems advisable to transcribe phonemioally the Spanish words used in this material.

A list, together

with an explanation of the phonemes used is given here. /i/ represents a high, front, unrounded vowel as in hijo, / ’ijo/. It is also used for the unaocented semi-vowel in the words soy, /*soi/, and aceite, /a'zeite/. /e/ represents a mid, front, unrounded vowel as in selva, /'selba/. /a/ represents a low, central, unrounded vowel as in tacto, /*takto/. /o/ represents a mid, back, rounded vowel as in poca, /'poka/. /u/ represents a high, back, rounded vowel as in ocupa, /o’kupa/. It is also used to represent the unaccented semi-vowel in pausa, /* pausa/ /y/ represents the semi-consonant corresponding to the vowel /i/ as in oopia, /'kopya/. /w/ represents the semi-consonant corresponding to the vowel /u/ as in huesped, /'wesped/. /p/ is

the

voiceless bilabial stop as in pese, /'pese/.

/t/ is

the

voiceless dental stop as in tose,/ ‘tose/.

/k/ is

the

voiceless

A/

the

voiced bilabial stop initially ina breath group or

is

after an /m/.

velar stop as in costa,/•kosta/.

Elsewhere it is a voiced bilabial fricative.

In this

study it appears in the latter situation only as in selva, / ‘selba/. /d/ is the voiced dental stop as in conducta, /icon*dukta/.

It is

the voiced interdental fricative intervoealically as in roquedal, /rroke’dal/. /g/ is the voiced velar stop as in pulga, / ‘pulga/.

It is a voiced

velar fricative intervooalically as in arruga, /a’rruga/. / 6 / is a voiceless affricate, composed of a voiceless alveolar stop

viii

plus the voiceless alveopalatal grooved fricative as in pecho, /*peco/. /f/ is the voiceless labiodental fricative as in sofooar, /sofo*kar/. / % / is

For all the

the

voiceless interdental fricative as in acequia,/a'zekya/.

informants from the Amerioas, however, it is identical with

/«/• /s/ is the voiceless alveolar grooved fricative as in silba, /' silba/. /j/ is

the voiceless velar fricative as in hoja, /' oja/.

/ m / is

the bilabial nasal as in empuje, /em*puje/.

/n/ is

the dental nasal as in indocta, /in'dokta/,

/l/ is

the alveolar lateral as in selva,

selba/,

/r/ is the voiced alveolar flap as in ahora, /a'ora/, /yt/

is the voiced alveolar trill as in roquedal, /rroke*dal/,

/*/ precedes the syllable bearing the primary stress.

ix

i

CHAPTER I PROCEDURES 1,1 Informants 1.10 The speech of twenty (20) informants has been studied.

These

informants are educated native speakers of the Spanish language who range from eighteen to sixty-five years of age, and, with the exception of one physician, are all either college students or college professors. Female voices, (i.e. high-pitched), are characterized by different resonance areas in normal speech and should, therefore, be studied sepa­ rately,

It is reoognized that female voices are of equal importance in

a linguistic study, but for the reason stated above, male voices exclu­ sively have been used here.l 1.11 The informants have been chosen with two considerations in minds geographic location and population distribution.

Geographically

the Spanish-American speakers are representatives of the five large dia­ lect areas established by Pedro Henrxquez Urena.2 A, First Zone, Indigenous language: Nahuatl 1, Bilingual regions of Southwestern United States 2, Mexico 3, Central American Republics B, Seoond Zone, Indigenous language: Luoayo 1, Spanish Antilles - Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo 2, Coast and plains of Venezuela

1, For a comparison between the resonance areas used by male and female voices for the same vowel sounds, see Unit 6 - Profiles of the Vowels with Diagrams of Resonance Positions in a Composite Male and a Composite Female Voice, Potter, Kopp, and Green, op, cit,, p, 282, 2, "Observaciones sobre el espanol en America,'• Revista de Filologxa Espartola, Vol. 8 (1921), pp. 357-390,

3. Northern coastal area of Colombia C. Third Zone. Indigenous languages Quechua 1. Andean Highlands of Venezuela 2. Highlands and Western Coast of Colombia 3 . Ecuador 4. Peru 5* Major part of Bolivia 6 . Northern Chile

D. Fourth Zone. Indigenous languages Araucano 1. Major part of Chile E. Fifth Zone. Indigenous languages Guarani 1. Argentina 2. Uruguay 3. Paraguay 4. Southeast Bolivia 1.12 These areas are represented in this thesis bys A. Zone One - six informants from California (USA), Mexico City and Chiapas (Mexico), costa Rioa, Guatemala, and Honduras. B. Zone Two,- three informants from Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Venezuela. C. Zone Three - five informants from Medellin and Bogota (Colombia), Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. D. Zone Four - one informant from Santiago (Chile). E. Zone Five - two informants from Argentina. 1.13 On a population basis Spanish America is represented by approximately one

informant for each five million peoplewith

the

exception of Zone

Five where the ratio is one informantforseven and

3 one half million people.

Also in Zone Five only Argentina is represent­

ed sinoe speakers from Paraguay, Uruguay, and Southeast Bolivia are not available. 1.4 Spain, the mother-oountry, is represented by three speakers fran the Northern (Burgos), Central (Madrid), and Southeastern areas (Murcia), 1.5 The informants have been designated by letters only in the text. A list together with some pertinent data concerning each informant fol­ lows . Informant B - Jose* Ortiz, age 33, San Juan, Puerto Rico, teacher of Spanish. Informant C - Rafael Sorrentino, age 42, 1a Vega, Santo Domingo, physician. Informant D - Carlos Lopez, age 20, Quito, Ecuador, student. /

Informant F - Werner Ascoli, age 22, Dept, de Esouintla, Guatemala, student. Informant G - Jose R. Albaladejo, age 65, Murcia, Spain, teacher of Spanish. Informant H - Francisco Villegas, age 32, Heredia, Costa Rica, teacher of Spanish. Informant J - Manuel Guerra, age 26, San Jose, California (USA), teacher of Spanish. Informant IC - Jaime Cacho-Sousa, age 18, Lima, Peru, student. Informant L - Gustavo Saldarriaga, age 18, Medellin, Colombia, stu­ dent. Informant M - Mario Aguilar, age 20, Mexico City, Mexico, student. Informant N - Roberto A. Gordillo, age 28, Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico, student.

Informant P - Jose" Zablah, age 22, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, student. Informant R -Pedro Caliman, age

25, Caracas, Venezuela, student.

Informant S -Climaco Gomez, age

26, Bogota, Colombia, student.

Informant T -Rene Pena y Lillo,

age 23, La Paz, Bolivia, student.

Informant V -Emiliano Gallo y Ruiz,

age 41, Burgos, Spain, teacher

of Spanish, Informant W - Enrique Anderson-Im.bert, age 40, Buenos Aires, Argen­ tina, teacher of Spanish, Informant X - Federico Sanchez y Escribano, age 52, Madrid, Spain, teacher of Spanish, Informant Y - Alberto Villalon, age 30, Santiago, Chile, student. Informant Z - Osvaldo Chernitzlcy, age 20, Buenos Aires, Argentina, student, 1,2 Materials 1,20

The vowel sounds studied are, in the main, those treated and

classified aooording to their environments and conditions of stress by Tomas Navarro Tomas in his Manual de pronunoiaoion espanola^ as followsi A, Free and accented

(a,e,i,o,u)

B,

(a,e,i,o,u)

Before /j/

C, Before /l/ at end of syllable

(a,e,i,o,u)

D, Before /rr/

(a,e,i,o,u)

E,

Before /c/ at end of syllable

(a,e,i,o,u)

F, Before /a/ at end of syllable

(a,e,i,o,u)

G, Before /s/ at end of syllable

(a,e,i,o,u)

H, After /rr/

(a,e,i,o,u)

1, 4th edition, New York, 1950, pp, 46-62,

5

I. Free and with secondary accent

(a,e,i,o,u)

J. Intertonio before the accented syllable

(a,e,i,o,u)

K. Intertonic after the accented syllable

(a,e,i,o,u)

L. Final and unacoented

(a,e,o)

M. Before a palatal consonant

(a,e)

N. Before /i/

(e,o)

0 . Before /o/

(a)

P. Before /u/

(a)

Q. Between /a/ and /r/

(o)

1.21 Navarro Tomas suggests elsewhere^- a study of the influence of a following yod on a tonic /e/, /a/, and /o/, and of the metaphony of /•/ or /o/ before a final /e/, /o/, or /a/.

Vowel metaphony is a regu­

larly oeourring pattern in Portuguese novo with a close tonic vowel, and nova with an open tonic, due to the difference in height of the final vowels.2

Navarro appears to consider such patterning in Spanish to be

dialectal, but examples of these features are inoluded in the thesis. 1.22 A list of words featuring the Spanish vowels in the environ­ ments specified has been prepared.

These words, which illustrate one

or more of the categories defined in 1 .20 , are as follows: olfato

oapataz

pioaoho

cascajo

puntal

arruga

terrazo

tacto

ocupando

patio

pausa

ahora

explicate

ocupa

epooa

edicto

peoho

espejo

selva

correo

1. Cuestionario lingttistico hispanoamericano, Buenos Aires, 194S. 2. A discussion of vowel metaphony in Portuguese may be found in Edwin B. Williams, Prom Latin to Portuguese, Philadelphia, 1938, pp. 97-99.

5

I. Free and with secondary accent

(a,e,i,o,u)

J. Intertonio before the accented syllable

(a,e,i,o,u)

K. Intertonio after the acoented syllable

(a,e,i,o,u)

L. Final and unaccented

(a,e,o)

M. Before a palatal consonant

(a,e)

N. Before /i/

(e,o)

0 . Before /o/

(a)

P. Before /u/

(a)

Q. Between /a/ and /r/

(o)

1.21 Navarro Tomas suggests elsewhere* a study of the influence of a following yod on a tonic /e/, /a/, and /o/, and of the metaphony of /•/ or /o/ before a final /e/, /o/, or /a/.

Vowel metaphony is a regu­

larly occurring pattern in Portuguese novo with a close tonic vowel, and nova with an open tonic, due to the difference in height of the final vowels.2

Navarro appears to consider such patterning in Spanish to be

dialectal, but examples of these features are inoluded in the thesis. 1.22 A list of words featuring the Spanish vowels in the environ­ ments speoified has been prepared.

These words, which illustrate one

or more of the categories defined in 1 .20 , are as follows: olfato

oapataz

pioaoho

cascajo

puntal

arruga

terrazo

tacto

ocupando

patio

pausa

ahora

explicate

ocupa

epooa

edicto

peoho

espejo

selva

correo

1. Cuestionario lingttistico hispanoamericano, Buenos Aires, 1945. 2. A discussion of vowel mot aphony in Portuguese may be found in Edwin B» Williams, From Latin to Portuguese, Philadelphia, 1938, pp. 97-99.

6 arquiteoto

empuje

acequia

aceite

tc^quese

roquedal

capftulo

hijo

silba

irrito

indocta

pista

mftico

sofooar

ho ja

conducta

costa

copia

soy

susurro

pulga

susto

peso

poco

pesa

poca

pese

tose

1.23

These words have been spoken and recorded in isolation.

possible that some vowel sounds would be appreciably .altered if spoken in context and it is true that a word is generally used in context. Nevertheless, there appear to be two good reasons why words in isolation should be the basis of this study.

In the first place, word stress can

be altered under the pressure of sentence stress.

For example, if we

are interested in the pronunciation of accented /o/ between /a/ and /r/, as in the word /a’ora/, the word in isolation will give us the informa­ tion we seek.

If this word were pronounced in context as in the sen­

tence ahora viene, the word would in all probability be pronounoed /'aura/ or even /'ara/.

In the second place, this thesis is not con­

cerned with the pronunciation of the word as a word, but rather with the sound of the vowel under certain mechanioal or physical conditions of environment and stress, preferably devoid of meaning and subjective response.

This procedure is, moreover, technically the more efficient. 1.3 Recording

1.30 The recording was done under as nearly identioal conditions as possible.

The informants were asked to read at approximately the

same rate of speed, which was about two hundred syllables per minute, at a distance from the microphone of four to six inches.

It is

7 1.31

Presto Green Seal recording discs were used on a Radiophone,

Model AR-20, at a recording speed of thirty-three and one-third revo­ lutions per minute. 1.4 Measuring 1.40 The spectrograms, which measure about twelve inches in length, cover a span of 2.4 seconds, or about 200 milliseconds per inch.

The

time element is expressed on the horizontal axis, and the spectrum ap­ pears on the vertical.

This vertioal dimension measures two inches and

covers the frequencies from 70 to 3540 cycles per second, 1.41 On the time axis, the measurement is made where the signifi­ cant resonance bar, generally the second, reaches the orest or trough of an arc, as the case may be.

A photograph of

(oo)rreo is shown at the right with the significant points indicated.

^

The "v1* at the top indil-

cates the point on the time axis where the forlmants, (i.e. resonance bars), indicated by the appropriate figures at the left of the picture are measured.

(co)rreo

In certain instances where no formant rises anddescends

but continues on a straight line, the measurement.is taken atthe mid­ point in time of the vowel utterance.

In passing, it may be pointed

out that the straight line may be horizontal or on a diagonal, depending on the looation of the resonance areas of the adjoining sounds. 1.42 At this point of the time axis, three measurements are taken along the frequency axis.

They ares

1) Base line, (indioated by B-), to the upper limit of the first for­ mant, (indicated by 1-). 2) Base line to the upper limit of the second formant, (indioated by

8 2-). 3)

Base line to the upper limit of* the third formant, (indioated by

3-). The third resonance bar, or formant, is frequently missing, parti­ cularly for the unstressed vowels and the back vowels.

Occasionally it

was impossible to bring out a second formant in a syllable under second­ ary stress even using minimal attenuation. formants for the /i/ of indoota.

This occurred with four in­

Such cases were, of course, omitted

from the study. All the measurements taken are given in the appendix in the unit of measurement used, which was one thirty-second of an inch.

For rea­

sons of economy, however, the graphs are limited to Bar One against Bar Two, since all the information at our disposal! leads us to believe that there is little significance attaohed to Bar Three insofar as the ordinary vowels are concerned.2

1. The relationship of Bar Three to the two lower bars has been observed, for example, by Ralph K. Potter and Gordon E. Peterson in ’’The Represent­ ation of Vowels and Their Movements,” The Journal of the Acoustical So­ ciety of America, XX (July, 1948), pp. 328-536, reprinted as Monograph B-15^6""'5y the Bell Telephone System. 2. Many studies have been made which included an investigation of the Bar One to Bar Three and Ear Two to Bar Three relationship. In none of those which have so far come to the attention of the writer, has any significant relationship been established. Preliminary investigations indicate that a study of the fronted back vowels of French, the backed front vowels of Scandinavian, (Cf. Eduard Prokosoh, A Comparative Ger­ manic Grammar, Philadelphia, 1939, p. 109), the unrounded back vowels in the Turkish three-dimensional vowel system, and the exaggerated rounding of back vowels in Swedish, as in the word bo, (Cf. Leonard Bloomfield, Language, New York, 1933, pp. 106-107)/“probably would shed some light on the function and value of Bar Three. Joos, op. cit., states: "The third-lowest band is much more con­ stant, so that it doesn't seem to do much differentiating among sounds”, p. 45. On page 46 he writes: "In distinguishing among vocal qualities, it is the two lowest resonance bands that are most significant; study of the others may reveal facts of secondary importance." Further comment in the same tenor may be found on pages 50 and 57.

9 1.5 Graphs 1.50 In reading the graphs, it should be noted that the figures are given in cycles per second, (o.p.s.), and that the ordinate, con­ trary to general graphic portrayal, decreases as it ascends.

This de­

parture from, the regular practice was occasioned by the desire to have the relative positions of the vowels coincide with the standard vowel triangle of the usual texts. 1.51 The graphs which follow are all on a linear scale of one to one except those which portray the complete triangle.

These are like­

wise linear but with a ratio of one to two, a feature imposed by the size and shape of the page. 1.52 The figures at the top of the graph are the measurements of Bar One, and those on the left margin represent the measurements of Bar Two. At the risk of over-simplification, we should note the correspon­ dence of Bar One with tongue height and Bar Two with tongue retraction.2 Movement to the left on the graph corresponds to raising, movement up­ ward, to retraction of the tongue.

Thus /i/, a high vowel, is found to

the left of /e/, and the central vowel is lower on the graph than the back vowels. 1.53 Although this thesis is not concerned with the absolute shape of the vowel triangle, it may be pointed out that the logarithmic scale more accurately represents the acoustic effect, and that on this scale.

1. In this regard we are following the procedure employed by Joos, op. oit., p. 53. 2. This point is discussed in detail by Joos, op. cit., on pages 57-58. He suggests that Bar One might be called throaT^resonance and Bar Two mouth resonance, but points out that lip rounding and larynx height, for example, are i'actors which must also be considered.

10 the sides of the triangle are more nearly equal .1

1. The vowel triangle on a logarithmic scale is discussed and illustra­ ted by Joos, op, cit., p. 85.

CHAPTER II RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 2.1 By Individual Informant 2.10

In this first series of twenty graphs, the results obtained

have been plotted for each individual informant.

All eighty-five items

are shown on each graph, indicated only by the phoneme in question and without regard to situation. The purpose of this series is to present an overall picture of the vowel triangle and the relative positions of the various phonemes.

Thus,

when graphs are later presented which deal with one phoneme only, no special orientation will be neoessary.

Movement to the right is due to

lowering, and movement upward is due to backing.

This will be true of

every graph in this thesis. The important feature to notice in this series is the difference in the location and shape of the vowel triangles of the various inform­ ants and also the locations of the mid vowels relative to the cardinal points.

Some informants, for example, locate the mid vowels half-way

between the high and the low vowels, while others tend to pronounoe them nearer the high vowels.

We shall return to this consideration in the

next chapter when the individual items as spoken by all informants are compared. As was to be expected, the professors show more olarity in their speech than most of the other informants.

This is shown by the minor,

or non-existent overlapping of the vowel areas.

None of the informants,

however, showed the great amount of overlapping we find in studies of the English vowels. 11

12 This is not surprising*

In the range where Spanish has to find

room for only the /i/ and /e/ phonemes, English has to distinguish the five heard in peat, pit, pate, pet, and pat. Approximately the same situation holds true for the opposite side of the triangle.*

1. Although this thesis is not in itself concerned with comparative phonology, it might facilitate the understanding of this project to note the results of a previous study by the writer. Ten English vowels were recorded each in ten different environments, half of them being repeated, for a total of one hundred fifty utterances. The recording was done over a two weeks period, all utterances being made by the same speaker. The results of this study are presented on the following page as an insertion before the series described in 2 ,10 . The speaker spent the first seventeen years of his life in Michigan, the next twenty in various parts of the world. His parents were natives of Michigan.

13

1046 1155

1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 1589 _J

-i

1697 1805

2076 2130 2185

2347 2402 2510

2673 2727 2781 2836 2880 The distribution of* English vowel sounds.

14

3 4 1 667 721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101 1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 1589 1643 1697 1751 1805 1869 1913 1968

3 9 5

4 5 0

5 § 8

6 0 4

•u

.

«

i

.u u;

u

’u ! • «

u u

8 2 9

o o : o ; o

o o

7

1

8 8 4

9 3 8

9 9 2

1 0 4 6

1 1 0 1

1 1 6 5

.o o,

a

o o

1

•

u

. O , .a a ,a a , a . a ,a a : a aaa1 .a a ' a a a a

I

.

.

. ..

j

.

.

...

a je o,« .

. ..

•

« e«e.9.«.

2022

2076 2130 2185 2239 2293 2347 2402 2456 2510 2564 2619 2673 2727 2781 2836 2880

7 7 5

7

6 6 7

6 1 J2

... .

.•

:® •

•

4 .4

«

!o

t

1 i i 1 1

a. Informant B. All Items.

l

.

1 2 0 9

15

3

! t t ;u

: f i. 4 * ; 1 * ;uuu j

:

1 i.

• . *

« 1 t

i 4 i T i 1

’ » 4 * t

; 4 ; »

•

ia . o e .a

*

. ...

r .

• • ..... . ® .9 a e ; .. „ J . S 9 4 . .ooe 0 , -

,

......

. ..

*

—

.

.

j --

i ■*

i !

.

, .: .. . . ..

,

t

9

.

.

4

-

O

-

.

-

4

1 *

1

-

j

4

♦ 1 * -

7

*

i

*

-

f

4

.

i.

« — -

4

*

I

*•

-

•

i 1 1 I \

j i 4 ♦..

i

...

‘-j

*

4 ■

.

-

4

-

-

*

t

:

... • •

t -4

-

*

t

,

|

*

7"

4

*

. i

*

«-

*

•

-- 4

....

»

*

t

♦-

—

4

•

j-

*

-

-

*

.

t

t

4

-

f

* -

1 - ......

1

-

4

t

•

-

f--*

4(

;

i.

!

•

-

♦

• t ,

4-

-

i

4

-j

-

i

»

i

.

^

^ —

♦

•

7-

4

•

\

t

i

t—

♦

I

*

i •

i

•

♦

t

*

*

Informant C. All itom8 e

♦

-

4

• • -

..«

.

't

4 i * • . i

►

.

^ .

T •

4

l

4

. .

4 - t•; 1 -t

.

•

i ;

.ill i

• 1 * ! ■ i •

1 -

Ji .

• ,

I i r : ;

.

V

1

! j ; : 1 i 1 1 » i i •

1 t t i

-

. I . ...

.

1 2 0 9

.

.

.

■

I

•

■ i

* -

1 i ; 1 ; i 1 , ! i ♦

I » i 4 1 t j i 4 | ! | T { I -f

1 1 5 5

1 1 0 1

1 > ! i | i 'J ! i t * » • ’ i « * 1 i ' \ i | | , I 1 i 1 i i * i .ana. J i I { i * i ** ; i a ;aaaj ia a. a , j a . 4 1 ,a . J * ! * i.a .] .... j.. ,-t — * - *■

! t

t

*

•

\

j 1 4 i 1 1 4 i • 1 * i * 1

! i * t :

1 0 4 6

9 9 2

9 3 8

8 8 4

! f i i *

,

';; * ! 1 ; .o . .

4 1 i

i ! i I

o

! i 4 I f-

, iu i i , : , .u

8 2 9

o o

♦

i i i 1 i I 1 ! ’f 4 \ * y 1 1 i .. • i ; i o oi i ooo .o oi 000 iO : O O i° 4 f-■* t 1° . i t ( * la 1 1 o o

u i 1u ! ! , i i i 1

7 7 5

7 2 1

1 ■

• » . t T i .

1 T i

1 * i T i

6 6 7

6 1 2

5 0 4

o

667 721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101 1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635 1589 1643 . .. 1697 1751 1806 1859 1913 1968 2022 2076 2130 2186 2239 2293 2347 2402 —2456 2510 2564 2619 2673 2727 2781 2836 2880

4 5 0

3 9 5

-

4

•

-

16

3 4 1

3 9 5

4 5 0

6 6 7

6 1 2

6 0 4

7 2

1

7 7 5

8 2

9

667 721 775

829 884 938 992 1046

u u

u u u u

u u u

o o ,o ;° o

1101

1155 1209

u

o io ,

1263

1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 1589 1643 1697 1751 1805 1859 1913 1968

u

a a a a a a a a a a &

® .0 9 . 099 . 0 , 9 999..99® . _®«® . 9 9 ..

2022

2076 2130 2185 2239 2293 2347 2402 2456 2510 2564 2619 2673 2727 2781 2836 2880

; O

O O o ooo o o o o o o

1 1 1 1

i 1

1 i i i

Informant D, All Items.

8 8 4

9 3 8

1 0 4 6

1 1 0 1

1 1 6 5

1 2 0

9

17

3 4 1 667 721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101 1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 1689 1643 1697 1751 1805 1859 1913 1968

3 9 5

4 5 0

T

5 0 4

6

6 6 7

7 7 2 7 1 5

8 8 4

8 2 9

9 3 8

9 9 2

u u u

8 u o u u. u ooo i o .o ,o o o o o 0 . 0 0 o o o u ; .

:U

t

• *

.a a

o e e 9

eee

2022

2076 2130 2185 2239 2293 2347 2402 2456 2510 2564 2619 2673 2727 2781 2836 2880

5 5 8

e o

i i

i i 1 i 1 i 1

Informant P. All Items.

a tU; aaa.t I a a; a .a

1 0 4 6

1 1 0 1

1 1 6 5

1 2 0 9

18

3 4 1 667 721 775 629 884 938 992 1046 1101 1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 1689 1643 1697 1751 1805 1859 1913 1968

3 9 5 ! ' . u

4 5 0 ! ‘ : u .w

«

5 0 4

. •

;

6 6 7

7. 8 8 7 2 8 5 9 4

.

*

; ,

; u

4

;

. 4

j , i

.o

.

.

u

. U 1 I

,

7 2 1

i 1 i • I t

u u i u I t


M

j

938 992 1046 1101

1156 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 Informant H. All /u/ items .

667

721

775

132 287

341

395

460

604

568

612

667

721

776

721 776 829

884

938 992

1046 1101

1166 1209

1263 1316 1372

1426 1480 1536 Informant N. All /u/ Items.

M

133 207

341

395

460

504

568

721 776 829

884 938 992 1046 1101

1155 1209 1263 1318 1372

1426 1480 1535 Informant P. All /u/ items c

612

667

721

775

134 287

341

395

450

504

558

721 775

029 884 938 992 1046 1101

1155 1209

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 Informant R. All /u/ items

612

667

721

775

135 207

341

395

450

504

558

612

667

721

775

721 775 829 884 938 992

1101

1155 1209

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 Informant 8• All /u/ items.

1

136

287

341

395

460

604

668

612

721 776 829 884 938 992 1046 1101

1156 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635 Informant T. All /xx/ itema .

667

721

776

137 287

341

395

460

604

668

612

667

721

775

721 776 829 884 938 992 1046 1101

1165 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 Informant V. All /u/ itom*0

I

138 287

341

395

450

504

558

721 775 4--

829 884 938 992 +-■

1046 1101

1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 Informant W. All /v»/ items e

612

667

721

775

139 287

450

395

341

604

568

612

667

721

775

721 776

B

C

i

i — 829

884 .

1 —

I

938

I-----

'T

992 1046 -a---

1101

1166

i

D

•f1209 h 1263

r

1318

i .. _

4 1372 1426 ■

f

1480 1635 Informant X. All /u/ items.

140

287

541

595

450

504

556

721 775 829 884 958 992 1046 1101

1165 1209 1265 1318 1372 1426 1480 1636 Informant Y. All /u/ items.

612

667

721

775

141 287

341

395

450

504

558

612

721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101

1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 Informant Z. All /u/ Items.

667

721

775

142 2.2 By Individual Item 2.20

We have seen in paragraph 2.10 how the triangles of the vari­

ous speakers vary both in shape and position on the scale.*

We should

note, for example, that in producing the / a / phoneme, the range of the second resonance area, or formant two, varies in c.p.s. from 1372 to 1589 for Informant B, but from 1589 to 2022 for Informant H.

At only

one point, namely 1589, do the two speakers coincide, and Informant B used this frequency for only one utterance!

The same phoneme varies in

height, (i.e. formant two), from the 667-884 range of Informant D to the 884-992 range of Informant J.

Obviously, the shape of D's triangle

must be different from that of J*s, since both speakers use the 390-504 range for the high front vowel and the 390-558 range for the high back vowel.

Likewise, the shape of B*s triangle must differ from H*s unless

attended by a corresponding shift in the other two cardinal points.

The

median utterances of the two speakers, which do not reveal such shift. are as follows*

A/ Informant H Informant B Difference

2564 2456 108

A/ 1751 1480 271

A/ 1101 1046 55

Comparing formant two of Informants L and Y, we note that although there is insignificant overlap between the front vowels of the individ­ ual speakers, Informant Y*s range for / e / extends higher than Informant L's range for /i/i

Informant L Informant Y

Compare the ranges indicated by asterisks*

A/

A/

A/

*2347-2076 2781-2456

2130-1805 *2510-2076

1697-1372 2022-1372

1. Compare Joos, op. cit., p. 60

143 Wo should also note formant one of Informants X and D.

Here we

find the former’s /©/ range included in the latter's /a/ range.

Note

the ranges indicated by asterisks:

A/ Informant X Informant D

450-558 395—504

/•/ *667-775 504—667

A/ 829-1046 *667—884

It is apparent, in the light of the foregoing comparisons, that if we compare L'a /i/ in pioacho with that of Y, X's /e / in peso with that of D, or B's /a/ in tacto with that of Hi without correcting for indi­ vidual differences, the result will serve only to conceal the informa­ tion we are seeking.

Since the concern of this thesis is the relation­

ship of the various utterances of each phoneme according to environment, some means of correction is necessary. The simplest procedure would be, of course, to superimpose the /i/ graphs of all the informants one over the other in such a way that the mid-points would coincide.

It would then be a simple matter to compare

the various /i/ sounds of silba, pista, hijo, etc., to each other.

This

procedure is not feasible in fact, but it can be done abstractly by plotting, for example, all the silba utterances from the mid-point of each individual's area of A / utterances, and continuing thus for each item .1 This mid-point, or centroid, has been determined as the intersection of the two medians.

In the few cases where the median fell precisely

between two steps, the mean ’was used to cause it to fall to one side or the other, since we are using graphs where fractions cannot conveniently be plotted.

The median of the centroids of all informants for each pho-

1. This is the procedure used by Joos, op. cit., pp. 84-87.

144 neme mas then ascertained, and each Informant's utterance was corrected correspondingly as his centroid varied from, the group median.

The cor­

rections will be given as the appropriate graphs are presented. In the following series of eighty-five graphs, it will be noted that all the items are enclosed in an irregularly shaped area.

The

boundary line circumscribes all utterances of the phoneme regardless of environment.

It thus serves to indicate the relationship of each

item to the phoneme as a whole, 2,21

The next series of twelve graphs presents the individual /i/

items as spoken by all informants, corrected as explained in the pre­ ceding paragraph.

The sound in question is indicated by the letter

underscored in the Spanish word at the foot of the graph. The letters on the graphs refer to the informants as listed on pages 3 and 4, The group median for the /i/ sounds is 504 for formant one, and 2456 for formant two,

A list of the individual medians together with

the corrections applied follows; irmant

Median Form, 1 Form, 2

Correction Form, 1 Form,

B

504

2456

OOO

000

C

504

2456

000

000

D

450

2347

454

+109

F

504

2402

000

+ 54

G

450

2402

+54

+ 54

H

504

2564

000

-108

J

450

2402

+54

+ 54

K

450

2402

+ 54

+ 54

L

450

2185

+54

+271

145

Informant

Median Form. 1 Form. 2

Correction Form. 1 Form

M

504

2510

000

- 54

N

504

2456

000

000

P

450

2619

+54

-163

R

504

2727

000

-271

S

558

2564

-54

-108

T

504

2564

000

-108

V

504

2564

000

-108

W

504

2510

000

- 54

X

504

2456

000

000

Y

504

2619

000

-163

Z

450

2402

+54-

+ 54

146 263

287

341

896

460

604

668

612

607

721

2022 2070

2130

2259

2293

2347

2402

2466

R X

2610

2664

2619

2073

2727

2781

m ftioo /'mitilco/ All informants

€

147 233

287

341

396

460

604

558

612

667

721

2022

2076

2130

2186

2259

2293

2347

2402

2456

BFN 2610

M

T

V W

2664

2619

2727

2781

1

oapitulo /^ca'pitulo/ All Informants*

1

148

233

287

341

396

450

504

558

2022

2076

2130

2185

2239

2293

2347

2402 P W 2456 V Y 2610

2664

2619

2673

2727

'2781

2836

pleaoho /pi’lcaSo/ All informants.

612

149 233

287

341

396

450

604

668

2022 2076

2130

2186

2239

2402

L X

2610 H F 2664 N Y 2619

2673

2727

2781

2886

indoota /ln'dolct*/ All Informanta„

612

667

721

233

287

341

398

460

604

668

2022 2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2347

2402

MW

2466

2610

2664

2619

2673

2727 2781

2856

irrito / i ’rrlto/ All informants.

812

667

721

151 253

287

541

596

460

604

668

612

667

721

2022

2076

2150

2186

2239

2293

2547

W X

2402

2456

2610

2664

2619

2673

2727

2781

2856

irrlto /i'rrito/ All informants.

I

152

233

287

341

395

460

504

558

612

667

721

2022 2076

2130

2185

2239

2293

2347

2402 U

Y

2510

2619 2673

2727

2781

2836

I

•dioto /e'dilcto/ All informants.

11

153 233

287

341

396

450

504

668

612

667

721

2022

2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2402

2466

2610

2664

2619

2673

2727

2781

2836

All informants.

i

154 233

287

541

396

460

604

558

2022

2076

2150

2185

2259

2293

2547

2402

2466

2610

2564

2619

2875

2727

2781

2856

silba /'silba/ All informant s ,

612

155

233287

341

396

460

604

668

2022

2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2347

2402

2456

N W

D X

2610

2664

2619

2673

2727

2781

2836 pista /' piata/ All informanta .

612

156 233

287

341

396

460

504

668

2022 2076

2130

2186

2259

2293

2347

2402 2456

2610

2664

2619 V

W

2673

2727

2781

2866

m it loo /•mitikro/ All informants

612

667

721

157 233

287

341

396

450

504

556

612

2022

2076

2130

2186

2293

2402

2456

2510

2564

2619

2673

2727

2781

2856

arquitsoto ^ r k i ’tskto/ All informants.

667

721

158 2.22

The next series of twenty graphs presents the individual /e/

items as spoken by all informants, corrected as explained in paragraph 2.20.

The sound in question is indicated by the letter underscored in

the Spanish word at the foot of the graph. The letters on the graphs refer to the informants as listed on pages 3 and 4. The group median for the / & / sounds is 667 for formant one, and 2130 for formant two.

A list of the individual medians together with

the corrections applied follows {

Informant

Median Form. 1 Form. 2

Correction Form. 1 Form. 2

B

721

1968

- 54

+162

C

667

2022

000

+108

D

612

2022

♦ 55

+108

F

667

2022

000

+108

G

667

1968

000

+162

H

667

2456

000

-326

J

667

2022

000

+108

K

558

2130

+109

000

L

667

2022

000

+108

M

667

2239

000

-109

N

667

2130

000

000

P

667

2239

000

-109

R

667

2347

000

-217

S

667

2293

000

-163

T

612

2185

+ 55

- 55

V

721

2076

- 54

+ 54

W

721

2347

- 54

-217

159

Informant

Median Form. 1 Form* 2

Correction Form. 1 Form. 2

X

721

2185

- 54

- 55

Y

721

2239

- 54

-109

Z

612

2130

+ 55

000

160 668

612

667

721

775

1751

1806

1869

1913

1968

2022

2076

2130

2186

2239

R X

2293

2347

2402

2466

2810

2664

pecho /' pa8o/ All informants.

829

684

936

1751

1805

1859

1913

1968

2022 2076

2130

2185

2239

2293

2347

2402

2466

2610

2664

162

1751

1805

1869

1915

1968

2022

2076

2130

2185

2259

2295

2547

2402

2466

2610

2664

o

pase /• pasa/ All Informant*

163 460

504

558

612

667

721

775

1761

1605

1869

1913

1968

2022 2076

2130

2186

H X

1C Y

T W

2239

2293

2347

2402

2456

2510

2664

a

aooqula /a *»ekya/ All Inforaant a .

829

884

938

164

450

504

658

612

667

721

776

1751

1805

1869

19 IS

1968

2022

2076

2130 N

X

2185

22S9

B M

2293

2347

2402

2466

2510

2564

e All informant*

829

684

938

165 450

604

568

612

667

721

776

1751

1805

1869

1913

1968

2022 2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2347

2402

2456

2610

2664

e

•dloto /•'dllcto/ All informants.

829

884

938

166 450

504

568

812

667

721

776

1751

1005

1 859

1915

1968

2022 2076

2150

S W

2186

2259

2295

2547

2402

2456

2610

2564

e

eapejo /aa'pnjo/

AH

infornanta.

829

884

958

9

167

460

504

668

612

667

721

V Z

W J

776

1761

1806

1869

1913

1968

2022 2076

2180

2185

2239

2293

2347

2402

2466

2610

2664

e

•mpuja /am'puje/ All Informant*.

829

864

938

168

460

504

668

612

667

721

776

1751 1806 1869

R

W

N

V

P X

1913 1968

2022 2076 2130 2186 2259 2293 2347 2402 2466 2610

2664 o

terraso /te'rraso/ All infonBanta.

829

884

938

169 460

504

658

667

721

776

1751

1805

1859

1913

1968

2022

2076

2130

2186

2259

2293

2547

2402

2486

2610

2664

p All informants

829

884

938

170 460

504

668

612

667

721

776

1751

1805

1869

1913

1968

2022 2078 J

M

2130

2186

2239

2293

2347

2402

2486

2610

2664

e

eepejo

/as'pa J

o /

All Informant*.

829

884

938

171 460

504

658

612

667

721

F M

B Y

776

1751

1806

1869

1916

1968

2022 2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2347

2402

2466

2610

2564

a

aoaita /a*malt*/ All informants.

829

884

938

172 460

604

668

612

667

721

776

K

L

1751

1805

1859

1915

1968

2022

W

V

2076

2130

2185

2259

2293

2347

2402

2466

2610

2564

e All Informants.

829

938

173 504

568

612

667

721

776

829

1751

1805

1859

1915

1968

2022

2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2347

2402

2466

2610

2664

©

arquiteoto /arki•takto/ All informants,

884

9XA

174

460

604

668

612

667

721

776

1761

1806

1669

1918

1968

2022 2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2547

2402

2466

2610

2664

«

pet* /'peaa/ All informants.

829

884

175 568

812

667

721

776

829

1751 1805 1869 1913 1968 2022 I 2076 2150 2186 2259 2293 2347 2402 2466 — -2610 2564 A

ex plioate /oks *pllkat«/ All informants.

884

938

176

668

612

667

721

776

1751 1805 1869

1913 1968 2022 2076 2130 2185 2239 2293 2347 2402

2456 2610

2664 e

toques* /' tokeae/ All informants.

829

884

938

177 668

612

667

721

776

829

1751 1805 1869

1913 1968 2022 2076 2130

P Y

! B L V "C D T

H

2186 - +2239 2293 2347 2402 2466 2610 I-

T

2664 ©

roquedal /r roles’dal/ All Informants.

884

178 460

504

668

612

667

721

776

1751 1805 1859

1913 1966

2022 2076 2130 L

N

2185 2239 2293 2347 2402

2456 2510 2564 « All informants.

829

884

938

179 460

504

658

612

667

721

776

1751 1805 1869

1915 1968 2022 2076 2150 2186 2259 2295 2547 2402

2466 2610 2664 ©

All infom&nts „

829

864

958

180 2.23 The next series of twenty graphs presents the individual /a/ items as spoken by all informants, corrected as explained in paragraph 2.20.

The sound in question is indicated by the letter underscored in

the Spanish word at the foot of the graph. The letters on the graphs refer to the informants as listed on pages 3 and 4. The group median for the /a/ sounds is 938 for formant one, and 1589 for formant two.

A list of the individual medians together with

the corrections applied follows* Informant

Median Form, 1 Form. 2

Correction Form. 1 Form. 2

B

884

1480

+ 54

+109

C

992

1589

- 54

000

D

775

1589

+163

000

F

938

1589

000

000

G

938

1589

000

000

H

1046

1751

-108

-162

J

938

1589

000

000

K

938

1589

000

000

L

938

1535

000

+ 54

M

938

1643

000

- 54

N

992

1589

- 54

000

P

992

1643

- 54

- 54

R

992

1589

- 54

000

S

992

1643

- 54

- 54

T

938

1697

000

-108

V

992

1697

- 54

-108

W

938

1697

000

-108

181 Informant

Median Form. 1 Form. 2

Correction Form. 1 Form. 2

X

992

1697

- 54

-108

Y

992

1697

- 54

-108

Z

938

000

000

1589

182 667

721

776

829

884

938

992

1263 1318 1372 1428 1480 1535 1689 1643 1697

1761 1805

V K

1869 1913 1968 2022 2076

All Informants.

1046

1101

1166

183 667

721

776

829

684

938

992

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1536 1689

1697 R

V

1751 1805 1869 1913 1968 2022 2076 olfato /ol'fato/

1046

1101

1156

184

667

721

776

829

884

988

992

1318 1372 1426 14B0

S

W

1536 1689 1648 1897 1751 1806 1859 1913 1968

2022 2076 fX

capatas /Icapa'tas/ All Informants*

1046

1101

1166

185

667

721

776

829

884

938

992

1046

1101

1166

1263 1318

4 1372

ii

1426 1460 1636 1689 1643

DW

1697 1761 1806 1869 1913 1968 2022 2076

oasoajo /We’kajo/ All informants»

m

186

667

721

776

829

884

988

992

1263

1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 1689

V W

1643

R X

1697

1751 1805 r—

1859 1913 1968 2022 2076

arruga /a'rruga/ All Informants.

1046

1101

1166

187

667

721

775

829

884

938

992

1046

1101

1166

1263 1318 1372

1480 1535 1689 1643 L R 1697 1761 1805 1869 1913 1968

2022 2076 terrazo /ta'rrazo/ All informants.

d

188 667

721

776

829

884

988

992

1263 1318

4— 1372 1426 1480 1635 1589

1897 1761 1806 1869 1913 1968 2022 2076

All informants,

1046

1101

1166

189 667

721

776

829

884

938

992

1046

1263 1318 1372 1426 1460 4-

1536 1689 W X 1643 1697 1751 1806 1869 1913 1968

2022 2076 ooup&ndo /oku'pando/ All informanta.

0

1101

1166

190 667

721

776

829

884

938

992

1318 1372 1426 1480 1S36 1689 I f

Y

1643 -t-

1697 1761 1806 1869 —

4-

1913 1968 2022 2076

All informants.

1046

1101

1166

191

667

721

776

829

884

9S8

992

1046

1101

1166

1265 1318 1372 1426

i i*

1480

i

1536

i HTK

i r» i

k

u j w

1689

s!

1697

1751 1806 1869 1913 1968 2022 2076

oasaajo /Icas’kajo/ All informants.

192 667

721

775

629

864

958

992

1263 1318 1372 1426 i !I

1480 1535

it

1689

1645 1697 1761 1806 1869 1913 1988 2022 2076 puntal /pun'tal/ All informants.

1046

1101

1166

193

667

721

775

829

884

938

992

1263 1318 1372 1426

D V W X

1480 1S36 1589

1697 1761 1805 1869

1913

1968 2022 2076 ahora /a'ora/ All informanta,,

1046

1101

1156

194 667

721

776

829

884

938

992

1046

1101

1166

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635 1589

1697 1751 1806 1859 1913 1968

2022 2076

All informantsa

«

195 667

721

775

829

884

938

992

1046

1263 1318 -f

1372 1426 1480 1535 1569 1643 1697 1751 1806 1859 1913 1968

t2022 2076 a

oapatas /feapa'tac/ All informants.

1101

1165

196 667

721

776

829

684

938

992

1046

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635 1589

1697

D W

1751 1806 1869 1913 1968

2076 a

explloate /#k**plikmt#/ All lnforaantB.

1101

1166

197 667

721

776

829

884

938

992

1263 1318 1372 1426

1480 1536

B W

Y

M

1689

1643

1697 1751

1806 1869

1913 1968

2076

a. All informants.

1046

1101

1166

198 667

721

776

829

884

996

992

1046

1269 1318 1372

1480 1635 1589 1643 1697

V Y

1761 1805 1869 1913

1968 2022 2076 oapltulo /ka'pitulo/ All Informants,,

1101

1166

199

667

721

776

829

884

988

992

1268

1318

1372

1426

1480

1636

M X

1689 K

V

1648

1697

1751

1806

1859

1918

1968

2022 2076

sofooar /sofo'kar/ All informants.

1046

1101

1166

200 667

721

776

889

884

938

992

1263

1318

1372

1426

1460 R

K

1636 D

M

B

V

1689

1643

1697

1761

1806

1869

1913

1968

2022 2076

a

All informants.

1046

1101

1166

201 667

721

776

829

884

988

992

1046

1101

1166

1268 1318

1372

1426

1480

1636

1689

1648

W X

1697

1761

1806

1869

1918

1968

2022

2076 conduct* /^con'dukta/ All informants.

f l

202 2,24

The next series of* -twenty-two graphs presents the individual /o/

items as spoken by all informants, corrected as explained in paragraph 2,20,

The sound in question is indicated by the letter underscored in

the Spanish word at the foot of the graph. The letters on the graphs refer to the informants as listed on pages 3 and 4, The group median for the / o / sounds is 667 for formant one, and 1155 for formant two,

A list of the individual medians together with

the corrections applied follows* Informant

Median Form, 1 Form, 2

Correction Form, 1 Form, 2

B

721

1155

- 54

000

C

721

1101

- 54

+ 54

D

721

1155

- 54

000

F

612

1101

4- 55

+ 54

G

667

1155

000

000

H

667

1101

000

* 54

J

667

1101

000

+ 54

K

667

1101

000

+ 54

L

667

1101

000

54

M

667

1101

000

+ 54

N

721

1155

- 54

000

P

667

1101

000

♦ 54

R

667

1101

000

♦ 54

S

667

1155

000

000

T

721

1155

- 54

000

V

721

1209

- 54

- 54

Yf

667

1155

000

000

203 Informant

Median Form, 1 Form, 2

Correction Form, 1 Form, 2

X

721

1155

- 54

000

Y

721

1155

- 54

000

Z

667

1101

000

+ 54

204 450

504

668

612

667

721

776

829

884

938

721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101

If V

1166 1209

H Y

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635 ocupando /oku'pando/ All informants.

4

205 450

804

668

612

667

721

775

721 775 829 864

938 992 1046 1101

1155

T W

1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535

All Informants«

829

884

938

206 450

604

666

612

667

721

776

829

721 776 829 684 938 992 1046 1101

H X

1166

V Y

1209 1263 1318 ._

4_.

1372 1426 +—

1480 1535 sofooar /sof o 1kmr/ All infonaante.

884

938

207 450

504

558

612

667

721

776

721 775 829 884

938

992 1046 1101

HG

1155

1±J2L 1209

1263 1318 1372

1426 1480 1635

All iaf ormanta.

829

884

938

208

721 775 829

864 938 992 1046 1101

1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 oeupa /o»lcupa/ All informants.

209 450

504

659

61,2

667

721

776

829

884

936

721 775 82.9 —

-----------

884

938

f

992 H

K

X

t 1

1046

D

1101

1 1 X j

W

J C U L N P V

F

2

B

I i i t

Y

1209

-

i i

| |

N

I I 1

1

! 1

P

S

1263

V

J

1155 T

'

i > ______i

0

\ i \ 1 1 i

I

\ \ \__________

! 1 i

1 _____ i i i

i t

1318

i

/

1372

/

1426 1480

^

t I

:

! I

i 1

!

!

!

I

; 1635 ,

..

. . . . i. ... / i ' ! I

-

! f t ! 1 1 ----- i---- _J------ ------

'

pooo /'poko/ All informants.

210-

721 776 829

884

938 992 1046 1101 1156" 1209

1263 1318 1372

1426 1480 1535 tosa /*tose/ All informants.

211

460

504

668

612

667

721

775

721

775 B29

884 938 992 1046 1101

1155 1209

1263 1318 1372

1426 1480 1535 olfato /ol'ftto/ All informants.

829

884

938

211

460

804

668

612

667

721

776

829

721 775 829 884

938 992 1046 1101

1156 W

D

1209 1263 --t1318 1372

1426 1480 1635 olfato /ol'fato/ All informants.

884

938

212 460

604

668

612

667

721

776

721 775 629 884 938 992 1046 1101 1156 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480

1635 thor* /a»or*/ All lnforaanta.

829

884

938

213 450

504

568

612

667

721

776

721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101

1155 1209

V Y

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635

correo /ico'rvo/ All Informants.

829

884

938

214 450

504

668

612

667

721

775

829

721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101 1166 1209 S

I f

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635

roqueda1 /rroka*da1/ All Informants.

884

938

215

450

504

558

612

667

721

775

829

884

938

721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101 1156

T W

n

y

1209 1263 1318

D

V

1372 " T

1426

— 1480 1535 indoota / i n ’dolcta/ All Informantse

I---

216 460__ 504

668

612

667

721

776

721 775 B29 884 938 992 1046 1101

U R

1156 1209

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 hoja /'oja/ All informants

829

884

938

217 450

504

668

612

667

721

776

829

721 775 629

864

938 992 1046

1101 1166 1209

1263

N X L R K W

1318 1372 1426 1480

1635 conducta /Vcon’dukta/ All informants.

884

938

218 450

504

558

612

667

721

776

829

721 775 829 i— 884

938 992 1046 1101

1155 1209

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 oosta /'koata/ All informants.

884

938

219 450

504

558

612

667

721

775

721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101 1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535 soy / a o i / All informants•

829

884

938

220 460

504

666

612

667

721

776

721 776 829 884

938 992 1046 1101

1166

LTY 2LJL

1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635

All inform&nta.

829

864

938

221 460

504

668

612

667

721

776

721 775 829 884

938

992 1046

K

H

RW

1101 1165 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635

All informants.

829

884

938

222 450

504

668

612

667

721

775

721 776 829 884

938

992 1046 1101

L V 0 W

H X

1166 1209

1263 1318 1372

1426 1480 1635 /'mitiko/ All informanta.

829

884

938

223 450

504

668

612

667

721

775

721 776 829

864

938 B U N V

992 1046 1101

'

1166 1209 1263 1318 1372

1426

1480 1635 aofooar

/sofo'kar/

All informants.

829

884

938

224 450

504

668

612

667

721

776

721 775 829 884

938 992 1046 1101 1155

W P

1209

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535

All Informants.

829

884

938

225 450

504

668

612

667

721

775

721 776 629 864

938 992

L

R

1046 1101 1165 1209

1263 1318 1372

1426 1480 1635

All informants.

829

884

938

226 2.25

The next series of eleven graphs presents the individual /u/

items as spoken by all informants, corrected as explained in paragraph 2.20.

The sound in question is indicated by the letter underscored in

the Spanish word at the foot of the graph. The letters on the graph refer to the informants as listed on pages 3 and 4. The group median for the / u / sounds is 504 for formant one and 992 for formant two.

A list of the individual medians together with

the corrections applied follows; Informant

Median Form. 1 Form. 2

Correction Form. 1 Form. 2

B

504

1046

000

- 54

C

504

992

000

000

D

450

938

♦ 54

♦ 54

F

450

992

* 54

000

G

450

938

♦ 54

♦ 54

H

558

1101

- 54

-109

J

504

884

000

•♦■108

K

504

938

000

♦ 64

L

504

992

000

000

M

504

992

000

000

N

504

1046

000

- 54

P

504

938

000

+ 54

R

504

938

000

♦ 54

S

558

992

- 54

000

T

504

1046

000

- 54

V

558

1046

- 54

- 54

W

504

1046

000

- 54

227 Informant;

Median Form. 1 Form. 2

Correction Form. 1 Form

X

504

938

000

* 54

Y

504

1046

000

- 54

Z

504

992

000

000

228

I 287

341

395

450

504

558

612

667

721

775

721

776

829

F ir H 6 DFX

884

938

992

1046 1101

1155

1209

1263

1318

1372

1426

1480

1535

All informant*.

m

228 287

341

395

450

504

558

612

721

776

829

P W H 0 DFX

884

938

992

1046

1101

1155

1209

1263

1318

1372

1426

1480

1535

ooupa / o ’k u p a / All informants.

667

721

775

229 287

341

395

460

504

858

612

721

775

829

884

938

992 B

1046

V

L W

1101

1155

1209

1263

1318

1372

1426

1480

1536

•uaurro /•u finrro/ All informants,,

667

721

775

230 287

341

395

450

504

558

612

667

721

775

721

775

829

884

938

992

M N

1046

1101

1156

1209

1263

1318

1372

1426

1480

1636

puntal /pun'tal/ All informantso

4

231 287

341

395

450

504

558

612

721

776

829

884

938

992

V Z F W

1046

1101

1155

1209

1263

1318

1372

1426

1480

1536

arruga /a'rruga/ All informants.

667

721

775

232 287

341

395

460

604

668

612

721

776

829

P G

884

938

1046

1101

1156

1209

1263

1318

1372

1426

1480

1536

empuje /©m'puje/ All informants.

667

721

776

233 287

341

395

460

604

668

612

667

721

775

829

884

938

H X

992

1046

1101

1166

1209 -4

1263

1318

1372

1426

1480

1536

oonduota /kon'dulcta/ All informants.

721

776

234 287

341

395

450

604

558

612

667

721

776

721 776 829

884

938 992

1046

1101

1155 1209

N V

1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1536

■uaurro /eu'surro/ All informants.

1

235 287

341

395

460

504

668

612

667

721

775

721 775

829

884 938 992

L M

1046

1101

1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1535

All informants.

I

236 287

341

395

450

504

558

612

721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101

1155 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1635 auato /' susto/ All informants.

667

721

775

237 287

341

395

450

604

568

612

667

721

776

721 776

0W

829 884

If R

938 992 1046 1101

1156 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1536 ocupando

/oku'pando/

All informantae

4

238 287

341

395

450

604

668

612

667

721 776 829 884 938 992 1046 1101

1156 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1636 capitulo /Vm'pitulo/ All informants.

721

776

CHAPTER III SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3.1 The Effect of Adjacent Consonants on Vocalic Quality 3.10 In this summary, the centroids determined by median position of the items in paragraph 2.2 are given first.

Although the median

centroids probably present the more realistic picture, they fail to distinguish clearly one item from the other.

For this reason, the cen­

troids established on a mean basis have likewise been plotted, for what­ ever further light they may shed on the problem. The mean centroids have been plotted to the nearest tenth, so that one-eighth of an inch represents a difference of about five and one-half cycles per second. graphs, however.

A word of caution is indicated in reading these The difference of five and one-half c.p.s. is a much

finer distinction than can be read from a spectrogram, and is, in all probability, too small a distinction to be perceived by the human ear. The threshold of perceptibility, in a study made by Joos^-, was found to be about one half-tone, deteriorating in the neighborhood of the mid­ central vowel to about three half-tones at extreme low-back.

Accuracy

impels us to add that Joos was not satisfied with the results, deploring the small amount of time available for the study, the execrable listen­ ing conditions, and the fact that only untrained American observers were available.

The only safe conclusion which can be drawn is that the

least perceptible change is probably smaller than that found by Joos. In the discussion of our findings, frequent reference will be made

1. Joos, op. oit., p. 83

240 to Navarro Tomas* Manual, the standard text Tor Spanish phonology, al­ though various dialect studies show, contrary to Lens' judgment, di­ vergencies in the vowel systems of the different areas,^ For example, although Hills® and Espinosa® frequently disagree in detail, they are in accord that the New Mexican vowel system departs from standard Spanish in many respects,

Marden^ for the Spanish of

Mexico City, Lenz5 for that of Chile, and Gagini6 for Costa Rican note little divergency from the Castillian vowels,

Lentzner^ points out none

for Guatemala, Josselyn6 used palatograms and the pneurnatograph to study the speech of seven Castillians,

His results, given in terms of tongue

height, are interesting in the way they correspond to Bar One of the spectrograph.

He is concerned with the number of variants of each

1, "— se infiere que para el espanol de America hay que partir de un habla popular espanola bastante nivelada del siglo XV, cuyos rasgoscaraoteristioos se borraron luego, en su mayor parte, por el espanol cl&sico del siglo XVI," Rodolfo Lenz, El espanol en Chile, Biblioteca de Dialectologia Hispanoamericana, Vol. 6 (Buenos Aires, 1940), p, 171, 2, E.C. Hills, "El espanol de Nuevo M^jico," El espanol en Mejico, los E3tados Unidos y la America Central, Biblioteca de Dialec^ologfa His­ panoamericana, Vol'. 4 (Buenos Aires, 1938), pp, 1-73, 3, Aurelio M. Espinosa, Estudios sobre el espaftol de Nuevo Mejico, Bi­ blioteca de Dialeotologla Hispanoamericana, Vol, l“XBuenos Aires, 1930), pp. 54-58, 4, Charles C, Marden, "La fonologia del espanol en la oiudad de Mejico," El espanol en Mejioo, los Estados Unidos y la America Central, Biblio■beca de Dialectologia Hispanoamericana, VolT”4 (Buenos Aires, 1938), pp, 87-187, 5, Lenz, op, cit,, pp, 167-172, ^ 6, Carlos Gagini, "El espanol en Costa Rica," El^ espanol en Mejico, los Estados Unidos y la America Central, Biblioteca de Dialectologia Hispanoaraericana7 V o l , 4 (Buenos Aires, 1938), pp, 235-237, 7, Karl Lentzner, "Observaciones sobre el espanol de Guatemala," El es­ panol en Mejico, los Estados Unidos y la America Central, BiblioteoalTe Dialec-fcologia Hispanoamericana, Vol,- 4 (Buenos Aires, T5"38), pp. 227232. 8, Freeman M, Josselyn, Etudes de phonetique espagnole, Paris, 1907, pp. 9-25,

241 phoneme, and, although it appears that he attributes the variation to the position of the vowel in relation to stress, a specific statement to that effect is lacking.

His results clearly show the influence of

adjacent consonants, even though he denies any such influence,^In mismjtsima, /inis ’misima/, he finds the pretonic open, the tonic medium, and the posttonic close.

In interprete, /in*terprete/, the

tonic is open, the intertonic close, and the final medium.

Also open

are the vowels in ser and e^L and the tonic of huesped, / ’wesped/. Medium are the tonics of ouento, /'kwento/, tente, /* tente/, and both vowels of tente, /t en ’te/. tente.

Close are the posttonics of huesped and

Observing cantara, /*kantara/, and acacia, / a ’kazya/, he finds

the tonics and the pretonic open and the posttonics close.

From morbo-

so, /nor'boso/, he concludes that the tonic and pretonic are medium and the final is close.

In oucuruoho, /cuku*ruoo/, he finds the first

medium, the second close, and the tonic open. The results are incomplete rather than erroneous.

Interesting is

his division of the phoneme into open, medium, and close as compared to the open, close, and relaxed distinction made by Navarro Tomas and many other investigators.

Colton^ finds two variants of the high vowels,

three of the low, but four of the mid-vowels.

This is pertinent to our

findings which indicate that the phonemes could be divided into any number of allophones desired.

It is only a question of how many arbi­

trary dividing lines one might wish to draw. The following series of summaries of the individual phonemes is preceded by a graph showing the median centroids of all the items indi­

1. Josselyn, ^p. cit., p. 17. 2. Morton Avery CoTEon, La phonetique castillane, Paris, 1909, p. 21.

242 cated only by the phoneme in question.

The purpose of this graph is to

show the relationship of the various vowels to each other and thus to orient the reader for later graphs which examine the individual phonemes in detail.

243

667 721 775 829 884 938 992 1046 1101 1165 1209 1263 1318 1372 1426 1480 1536 1689 1643 1697 1751 1805 1859 1913 1968 2022 2076 2130 2185 2239 2293 2347 2402 2466 2510 2564 2619 2673 2727 2781 2836 2880

-4

1i i u ; !uu L I u I u I oo oo (ooooj ° . :ooo; oo ;

, OOO

i OOO

i .

, ft

I ft

ft HU ftft

*

—

_

I

..

I

* --

A

r 4

.

I

—

'r r

e T I*0* ... iooo

t

-r i

i

; i.

..

t -- r ■ t 1 4 .

.

JLli^ *

-

1

----- f

-

-

:r : m :

-1 • —

4

--k -

-f-'

—

-

-t-

f -i-

r

— i ------------ i - .

4-

Summary of oentroids of all items. All informants.

3.11 The graph, showing the mean centroids requires no key.

The capital letter in each

word indicates "both the item in question and its location on the graph. The pertinent information for the median centroid graph of the /i/ items follows t Key

C o n t r o l Median

Item

pista d s. Mean

Standard Deviation.

B

m£tioo

504-2564

499-2553

1.6

C

capftulo

504-2510

482-2505

1.3

D

picacho

504-2456

477-2478

1.4

P

indocta

504-2456

509-2467

1.6

G

irrito

504-2402

520-2429

1.6

H

irrito

504-2347

531-2358

1.1

J

edicto

504-2456

526-2445

1.3

K

hi 0°

504-2510

504-2494

1.5

L

silba

504-2402

531-2386

1.6

M

pista

504-2456

499-2440

1.0

N

mitico

504-2510

493-2515

1.7

P

arquitecto

450-2402

472-2424

1.5

Navarro Tomasl classifies B, C, and D as close; F, G, H, J, K, L, . M open; N and p relaxed and variable.

Omitting the relaxed, which

will be discussed in 3,22, our results show a gradual progression from close to open except for the last three items which are clearly separa­ ted from the rest.

In the following, the asterisk indicates Navarro

Tomas’ open items, and the number in parentheses denotes the number of

1. Navarro Tomas, Manual, pp, 46-48.

245 steps between the adjacent items on a close to open progression. Each step, as was indicated on page 239, is equivalent to five and one-half oycles per second. llftico (4)

(6) capftulo (4) picacho (2) ♦hijo (6) *indocta(3) *pista

*edicto (12) *irrito (1) *silba (4) *irrito. Thus mitico is six steps closer than capitulo which isfour steps

closer than

picacho which is two steps closer than hijo, etc.

246 253

287

341

396

460

604

668

612

2022 2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2347

2402

2610

2664

2619

2727

2781

2856

i

xsmaary of oentroids of all /i/ Items All informants.

667

721

247 600

500

Edioto

pEs pEcho

2300-

irrito Irrito •llba *2400

arqulteoto pista

plo&oho

2500-

oapltulo mftloo

mltioo Mean oentroidB . /i/ items

x Epoe

248 3.12

The graph showing the mean centroids

requires no key.

The capital letter in each

word indicates both the item in question and its location on the graph. The pertinent information for the median i.

Ltroid graph of the /e/ items follows* Key

Item

V

pesa

C e n t r o i d s. Median Mean

Standard Deviation

B

pecho

667-2239

656-2228

1.6

C

peso

667-2185

656-2179

1.8

D

pese

667-2239

656-2212

1.9

F

acequia

667-2185

667-2185

1.2

G

epooa

667-2239

672-2217

1.5

H

edicto

612-2185

634-2190

1.7

J

espejo

612-2130

607-2157

1.6

K

empuje

667-2130

656-2141

1.4

L

terrazo

667-1986

694-1991

2.0

M

oorreo

721-2022

710-2044

2.0

N

espejo

721-2130

721-2092

2.0

P

aceite

721-2022

716-2027

1.6

Q

selva

721-2022

732-2027

1.3

R

arquitecto

721-2130

716-2114

1.4

S

pesa

667-2185

678-2158

2.2

T

explicate

612-2130

601-2157

1.7

V

toquese

612-2130

596-2119

1.6

W

roquedal

612-2130

517-2119

1.9

X

tose

612-2130

628-2087

2.2

Y

pese

612-2130

617-2125

2.5

t

248 3.12

The graph showing the mean centroids

requires no key.

The capital letter in each

word indicates both the item in question and its location on the graph. The pertinent information for the median itroid graph of the /e/ items follows* Key

Item

pesa

C e n t r o i d s. Median Mean

Standard Deviation

B

pecho

667-2239

656-2228

1.6

C

peso

667-2185

656-2179

1.8

D

pese

667-2239

656-2212

1.9

F

acequia

667-2185

667-2185

1.2

G

/ epooa

667-2239

672-2217

1.5

Ii

edicto

612-2185

634-2190

1.7

J

espejo

612-2130

607-2157

1.6

K

empu je

667-2130

656-2141

1.4

L

terrazo

667-1986

694-1991

2.0

M

oorreo

721-2022

710-2044

2.0

N

espejo

721-2130

721-2092

2.0

P

aceite

721-2022

716-2027

1.6

Q

selva

721-2022

732-2027

1.3

R

arquitecto

721-2130

716-2114

1.4

S

pesa

667-2185

678-2158

2.2

T

explicate

612-2130

601-2157

1.7

V

toquese

612-2130

596-2119

1.6

W

roquedal

612-2130

617-2119

1.9

X

tose

612-2130

628-2087

2.2

Y

pese

612-2130

617-2125

2.5

249 Navarro Tomas* classifies B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, S, and T as close; L, M, N, P, Q, and R open; V, W, X, and Y relaxed and variable. As for the / \ / items, our results show a gradual progression from close to open, with the exception of the S to R gap which is greater than the others.

Using the same system employed for the /i/ items,

our progression is as follows: Pecho (3) explicate and pese (1) espejo (1) epoca (4) edicto (1) acequia (2) peso (5) empuje (1) pesa (15) *arquitecto (5) +espejo (7) ♦correo (4) *aceite (3) *selva (3) *terrazo.

1. Navarro Tomas, Manual, pp. 50-54,

250 460

604

688

612

667

721

776

829

1761

1606

1869

1913

1968

2022 2076

2130

2186

2239

2293

2347

2402

2466

2610

2564 e

Suamary of oantroids of all /a/ itams All informants.

884

938

251 600

700

2000

espEjo

2100 toquEse "quEdal dos E Empuje explicatE Eapejo

pEsa pEso aoEquia quia E aicto

2200 pEse

t

Epooa pEoho

Mean Centroids /e/ items

252 3,13

The graph showing the mean centroids

requires no key.

The capital letter in each

word indicates both the item in question and its location on the graph. The pertinent information for the median centroid graph of the /a/ items follows *

Key

Item

(ol)fato

C e n t r o i d s Median Mean

Standard Deviati*

B

pioacho

992-1751

970-1767

1.3

C

olfato

938-1589

911-1600

1.2

D

oapatas

938-1589

943-1573

1.3

F

cascajo

938-1643

922-1670

1.9

G

arruga

938-1589

954-1589

1.4

H

terrazo

938-1589

933-1616

1.1

J

tacto

938-1643

965-1632

1.3

K

ocupando

992-1589

976-1616

1.6

L

patio

938-1589

965-1594

1.4

M

oasoajo

992-1589

976-1622

1.8

N

puntal

938-1589

965-1584

1.5

P

ahora

938-1480

943-1447

1.7

Q

pausa

938-1426

916-1437

1.4

R

capataz

829-1589

851-1556

1.7

S

explicate

829-1805

807-1762

2.4

T

ocupa

884-1480

906-1480

1.9

V

capitulo

938-1589

949-1611

1.3

W

sofooar

938-1589

938-1589

1.9

X

hojti

884-1535

889-1540

1.7

Y

conducta

884-1589

868-1605

2.1

253 Navarro Tomis^ classifies B as palatal; C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, V, and W as normal; M, N, P, and Q as velar; R, S, T, X, and Y as variable and relaxed.

Our results show B definitely palatal and F tending toward

palatal; P and Q clearly velar, but M and N, contrary to Navarro Tomas* findings, clearly normal.

We should point out that the relaxed vowels,

although they vary considerably on the front to back plane, are all higher on the vowel triangle than the highest accented a item.

Moving

from palatal to velar position, two asterisks indicating Navarro Tomas' palatal, one, his velar, our results follows **Picacho (19) casoajo (7) tacto (2) *cascajo (1) terrazo and ocupando (1) capxtulo (2) olfato (1) patio (1) sofocar and arruga (1) *puntal (2) oapataz (23) *ahora (2) pausa.

1. Navarro Tomis, Manual, pp. 54-57.

254 667

721

776

829

884

938

992

1046

1263

1

1318

1372

1426

i

t

1480

1536

1689

1643

1697

1761

1805

1869

1913

1968

2022 2076

*

1101

j--------------------- ,------ ,-------------- —

Summary of centroids of all /a/ itoias All informanta.

1166

--- -----

255 800

900

pAusa Ahora

ooupA 1500

ho jA oapAtas oApataa puntAl Arruga pAtio --------- olfAto oApitulo terrAao ooupAndo oascAjo tAoto sofooAr

1600

conductA

oAaoaoo

1700

explioAte

pioAcho Mean centroids /a/ items

256 3.14

The graph showing -fche mean centroids

requires no key.

•-

The capital letter in each

-J*

word indicates both the item in question and its location on the graph. The pertinent information for the median K ^ centroid graph of the / o/ items follows;

Key

Item

poca

C e n t r o i d s . Mean Median

Standard Deviati