First Year Latin

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CHARLES [ENNEY , ]R:

ROGERS V. SCUDDER ERIC C. BAADE

Belmont Hill School, Belmont, Massachusetts

Middlesex Academy, Concord, Massachusetts

Brooks School, North Andover, Massachusetts

ALLYN AND BACON, INC. Boston Rockleigh,N.J. Atlanta

Dallas

Belmont,Calif.

© Copyright, 1970, by Allyn and Bacon, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without permission in writing ™

from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Number 72-121205

8966

Preface

First Year Latin combines the best of the new teaching methods with the best of the old. It is now generally recognized that a first-year Latin course should include cultural material about Roman life, emphasizing stories about the leaders, government, education, literature, and art — all of which greatly influenced later civilizations. At the same time, however,

the main emphasis should be on the Latin language itself and its influence on our own English language as well as on all the Romance languages.

In a highly inflected language like em a knowledge of basic forms and syntax is essential for effective reading. Unless students know the difference between nominative and accusative case endings, they will not know whether the sentence reads,

“The horse sees the man”’ or ‘“The man sees the horse.”’ If they

do not know the difference between the verb tenses, they cannot possibly use the verbs correctly. There are no short cuts to the mastery of this material. The primary concern of this text is to

present the forms, vocabulary and syntax in an orderly, cumulative fashion so the student can advance in a systematic and efficient manner. In addition to presenting the structure of the language, additional basic requirements of a first-year course are to emphasize the influence of Latin on other languages and to show the development of the culture and civilization of Rome. First Year Latin meets these requirements through the organization of its lesson content and through its arrangement of illustrative material. Each lesson introduces new forms, syntax, and vocabulary

followed by much drill and a variety of exercises on the new material. A special section entitled Word Study deals with word derivations, meanings of prefixes and suffixes, explanation of

roots, and gradual changes of meanings through the centuries. At the conclusion of each lessonis a reading also based on the new material. Every fifth lesson is a review of the four preceding lessons including all the new vocabulary, and additional drills and exercises. Although these reviews are based primarily on the four preceding lessons, they also include material from earlier lessons. The illustrations in the text are arranged according to special categories, which present a comprehensive.picture of the historical and cultural aspects of Roman civilization. The categories cover the following topics: Houses and Furniture; Palaces; Family Life and Education; Food and Eating; Business and Industry; Medicine; Baths and Water Supplies; Entertainment

(Theatre, Chariot Races, Gladiators); State Religion and Private Worship; Law and Government; Army; Transportation; Fashion

and Clothing. First Year Latin conforms to the latest requirements of the National Association of Independent School Latin Syllabus as well as to the basic requirements of state syllabi. The N.A.I.S. Alpha grammar and vocabulary requirements are all included in the first forty lessons, the Beta requirements in the first sixty-five lessons, and all of the Gamma material is included in the seventy-

five regular lessons. It also conforms to the New York Syllabus and Word List. Supplementing First Year Latin is the Workbook which provides additional drill practice and further experience in translating from English to Latin and Latin to English. Space is provided in the Workbook for students to write out the Review

Lessons from the text. A separate booklet of tests (both Student and Teacher Editions)is also available. A set of tape recordings (Alpha Master Tape Recordings for First Year Latin) provides model forms and pattern drills which are based on the content and organization of the text but in no way duplicate it.

vi

Contents

Introduction

xi

The First Declension; The Nominative Case No

3

The Present Tense; Agreement of Verbs; The Direct Object

8

The Conjugation of Sum; The Uses of Sum; The Ablative of Place Where; Questions

13

The Second Declension; The Genitive of Possession

Review

18

24

Second Declension, Neuter; Accusative of Place to Which; Ablative

of Place from Which

26

Adjectives; Agreement of Adjectives; Adjectives as Substantives

Imperfect and Future Tenses

37

Adjectives in -er; Dative of the Indirect Object Review

32

44

49

Imperfect and Future Tenses of Sum; Ablative of Means or Instrument

52

Principal Parts of Verbs; Interrogative Particles The Formation of Adverbs; The Perfect Tense Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tenses Review

56 60

65

69

The Imperative Mood; The Vocative Case

The Third Declension

72

79

Third Declension, Neuter; Ablative of Manner

Third Declension I- Stems

82

86 vil

Review

91

The Second Conjugation

94 —

Third Declension Adjectives; Ablative of Accompaniment

99

The Passive Voice 104 Second Conjugation Passive; Ablative of Agent, Predicate Accusative

Review Numerals

108

113 118

‘

The Third Conjugation; Apposition

123

Third Conjugation Passive; Objective Genitive

128

Third Conjugation I-Stem Verbs; Ablative of Separation Review

134

139

The Demonstratives Is, Hic, and Ile; Ablative of Time When;

Ablative of Time Within Which Personal Pronouns The Relative Pronoun

142

146 154

The Interrogative Pronoun; The Interrogative Adjective Review

158

162

The Fourth Declension; Domus; Partitives; Genitive of the Whole

and Ablative of Place from Which

164

Fourth Conjugation; Accusatives of Extent of Space and Duration of Time

170

Fifth Declension; Formation of Adverbs

177

Inquam; Possum; Present Passive Infinitive; Infinitive with Subject

Accusative; Complementary Infinitive Review

181

188

Comparison of Adjectives; Quam; Ablative of Comparison

194

Comparison of Adjectives in -er, -eus, -ius, and of Certain Adjectives

Vill

in -ilis; Dative with Adjectives

198

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives

203

Comparison of Adverbs; Ablative of Degree of Difference;

with Superlative; Temporal and Causal Clauses Review

213

Quam

207

.

The Demonstratives Ipse and Idem; Irregular First and Second Declension Adjectives; Ablative ofSpecification Infinitives; Subjective and Objective Infinitives

217

222

Indirect Statements; Tenses of the Infintive; Ablative of Cause Reflexives; Dative of Reference; Dative of Purpose; Double

Dative Review

234

240

Participles

243

The Subjunctive Mood

250

Hortatory Subjunctive

256

Adverbial Clause of Purpose; Relative Clause of Purpose Review

266

Indirect Commands

269

Clauses after Verbs of Fearing; Sequence of Tenses Indirect Questions

275

282

Result Clauses; Substantive Clauses of Result Review

289

293

Cum Clauses

296

Deponent Verbs; Locative Case; Special Place Constructions

Ablative Absolute; Genitive and Ablative of Description

Feré and Eé Review

300

307

313

318

Vol, Nol, and Malo; Prohibitions; Dative of Possession

Fib; Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse

Extended Indirect Discourse Impersonal Verbs Review

260

343

337

333

328

323

227

yas

Dative with Intransitive Verbs; Dative with Compound Verbs

Oe

Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives; Relative Clause of Characteristic 352

73

Future Passive Participle; Passive Periphrastic and Gerundive Constructions; Dative of Agent

/4

358

Passive Periphrastic and Gerund, the Supine; Review of Expressions of Purpose

15

347

Review

372

365

Introduction

Both Latin and English, as well as most modern European languages, the Slavic languages, and some Near Eastern languages,

are descendants of the same parent-language; this parent-language is usually called Indo-European. But although the two languages are basically similar in structure, the differences between them far outweigh the similarities. There are two reasons for this: one is that Latin represents a much earlier stage of development; the other is that the Latin which we read is a highly artificial creation developed by the Romans for literary and political purposes and is consequently somewhat different in construction from any language used for everyday purposes. INFLECTION

It is characteristic of the older languages of the Indo-European group that they express the relation of words to each other

(syntax) by changes in the endings of the words rather than, as in English and other younger languages, by word order and the use of prepositions and auxiliary verbs. These changes of endings are called inflection. The inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns is called declension, that of verbs conjugation. English words are inflected very little: a normal English verb has only three forms, e.g. make, makes, made (all other uses are dealt with by the use of such auxiliaries as 4, was, will, has, should

and might). An English noun has four forms, e.g. boy, boy’s, boys, boys’. A regular transitive verb in Latin has more than a hundred forms; a regular noun has twelve. CASES

OF NOUNS

A Latin noun has six cases; their basic uses are as follows:

1. The Nominative names the subject of the sentence, 1.e. x1

whatever the statement or question is about: The doy runs. 2. The Vocative is the case of direct address: Look, Marcus!

3. The Genitive is used to enable a noun to qualify another noun in some way; most of its uses are represented in English by prepositional phrases with of: the gardens of Caesar; part of the army; love of life; a man of distinction.

4. The Dative expresses the object indirectly affected by the action of a verb or by the quality of amadjective (¢o or for in English): I gave a book to him. He did it for you. She is unfriendly to me. This is suitable for warfare. 5. The Accusative limits the action of the verb in various ways, i.e. it tells how far the action of the verb extends: She went

home. I ran a mile. He saw a bird. I stayed three days. 6. The Ablative, having taken over the functions of three

separate cases of the parent Indo-European language, has three

basic uses:

It expresses separation (from): He comes from New York. She fainted from hunger. This book was written by (i.e. comes from) Dickens. It expresses location, either in space or in time (in, on, at): at seven o'clock; on Tuesday; in Italy. It expresses the instrument by which, or the circumstances under which, an action takes place (with): She jumped with joy. We dig with shovels. He came with his father. GENDER

OF NOUNS

In English, gender is determined by sex: words naming males are nouns of the masculine gender, words naming females are nouns of the feminine gender, and words naming things are nouns of the neuter gender. In Latin, too, nouns naming males and females are masculine and feminine respectively, and many names of things are neuter. There are also, however, a great many names of things, inanimate objects, abstract qualities, names of actions, etc., which are not neuter, but masculine or feminine. Xl

TENSES

OF VERBS

A Latin verb has six tenses, one of which, the perfect, is used in two different ways. Here are the uses of the tenses:

Present tenses: The present describes an action as going on in the present, or as generally true: He zs sleeping. A rolling stone gathers no moss. The perfect describes an action as completed by the present time: We have come to see the city. Past tenses: The perfect is also used, like the English past tense, merely to state that an action took place in the past, without further qualifying it: I arrived yesterday.

The imperfect describes an action as going on (not completed) at some time in the past: When I arrived, he was leaving. The pluperfect describes an action as already completed by some time in the past: When I arrived, he had left. Future tenses: The futwre describes an action as taking place in the future: He wll refuse to go. The future perfect describes an action as completed by some time in the future: By this time tomorrow I shall have met my friend. Note that Latin is much more accurate than English in its use of tenses, and that consequently the future and future perfect tenses are much more common in Latin than in English. ‘‘I’m going when the sun sets’ must be changed to “I shall go when the sun will have set’ in order to be translated into Latin.

PRONUNCIATION

OF LATIN

The Alphabet. The Latin alphabet is like the English, except that it has no 7 or w. The division of the letters into vowels and consonants is the same as in English, except that 7, when it occurs betweeen vowels or before a vowel at the beginning of a word, is a consonant. The letter y is always a vowel, and occurs only in

words of Greek origin. Vowels. Each vowel in Latin has two sounds, long and short.

The quantity of a vowel is indicated by a line (called a macron) xiil

above it if it is long; short vowels are unmarked. The vowels are pronounced as follows: Long

Short

4 as in father 2 as in obey

a as in idea eas in bet

7 as in machine

Z as in sit

6 as in note

0 as in omit

az as in rule (never as in pupil)

was in put =

The letter y is pronounced like the French w or the German # (form the lips as if to say 00, but say ¢e instead). Diphthongs. Latin has six diphthongs (combinations of two vowels to make a single sound), pronounced as follows:

ae like aye au like ow in now ei as in neighbor

ew like ay-oo, said as one syllable o¢ like oy in joy ui like uee in queen

Consonants. The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions:

bs is pronounced like ps bt is pronounced like pt c is always hard, as in came (never soft, as in city)

ch is pronounced as in character g is always hard, as in go (never soft, as in gem)

gu before a vowel is pronounced as in anguish i (when a consonant) is like y in youth pA is pronounced.as in philosophy 5 is pronounced as in sit Git never has the z sound, as in busy) su before a vowel is sometimes pronounced like sw, as in suave

th is pronounced as in thick (not as in this) v is pronounced like w z is like dz in adze

The letters x and z are called double consonants (as representing &s and dz). XIV

Every consonant must be sounded in pronouncing a Latin word; doubled consonants should not be run together but pronounced separately.

Syllabification. Each Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. Consonantal 7 is not counted as a vowel, nor is w when it has the sound of English w after g, g, and sometimes 5.

aedifi’cium duodévigin’ti gua persuaded su’us

gau’dium

iu’be6

lin’-

The rules for the division of Latin words into syllables are: 1. A consonant between two vowels or diphthongs is pro®ounced with the following syllable: dé’li g6_ nu’me rus o’cu-

lus

Trd ia’nus

2. In a group of two or more consonants, only the last consonant is pronounced with the following syllable; but if the last consonant in the group is 4, /, or r, preceded by ¢, g, p, b, d, or t,

both these consonants are pronounced with the following syllable: agri’cola am’plus appro pin’qud Corin’thus dif fi cul’tas quattuor’decim tem pes’tas 3. Of the double consonants, x goes with the preceding syllable, z with the following: aux i’lium ga’za 4. In a compound word the prefix is separated from the rest of the word: c6n scri’b6 in ter’e 6 The last syllable of a Latin word is called the w/tzma, the next to last the penult, and the one before that the antepenult.

Length of Syllables. Syllables are classified as long or short, depending on the length of time it takes to pronounce them. The Romans thought that it took twice as long to pronounce a long syllable as it did a short one. Since we are used to making such distinctions in length of syllables only in singing, it is difficult for us to reproduce this pronunciation; but we must learn to identify long syllables in order to accent words correctly. A syllable which contains a long vowel or a diphthong is said to be long by nature. A syllable whose vowel is followed by two or more

consonants or by a double consonant (x or z) is said to be /ong by position. Other syllables are short. If a short vowel is followed by two consonants, the first of which is ¢, g, p, 2, d, or t, and the second of which is / or r, the

syllable is common: i.e., it may be treated as either long by position or short.

Accents. A word of two syllables is accented on the first. In words of three or more syllables the accent is on the penult

if it is long (either by nature or by position); if the penult is short the accent falls on the antepenult. Except in monosyllables the ultima is never accented.

cala’mitas

xvi

facul’tas

ge’nus

oc’cidé

oc ci’dd

Roman Roads

—

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Bacchus riding on his tiger, symbol of his sovereignty over

wild

nature.

First

half of third century, found in London.

]

The

First Declension;

The Nominative Case

FORM S$

The First Declension. Nouns whose stem ends in a belong to the first declension; they may be recognized by the -ae ending of the genitive singular. First declension nouns are declined like puella, g7r/. Cases

Singular

Nominative:

puel’la

a girl (the girl)

Vocative:

puel’la

O girl

Endings

a ‘

Genitive:

puel’lae

of a girl (the girl)

ae

Dative:

puel’lae

to (for) a girl (the girl)

ae

Accusative:

puel’lam

a girl (the girl)

am

Ablative:

puel’la




Poet and Farmer Poéta et agricola sunt in insula Galliae. Puellam amant. Puella in insula nOn est; est in Italia. Italia est puellae patria. Poéta puellam laudat. Spectat poétam agricola. AGRICOLA:

poETA:

‘‘Puellam laudas, sed non amas.”’

“O agricola, poétarum natura est.”’

AGRICOLA: ‘“‘Linguam, nOn puellas, po€tae amant.”’ Pugnant. Femina poétam et agricolam spectat. FEMINA: ‘‘Amicitiam laudatis, sed pugnatis.”’ note:

If the whole sentence is negative, nOm must come

just

before the verb; but if the negative applies only to some particular word (as in ‘‘Poets love language, not girls’”), ndn is placed just before that word. CONNECTED

PROSE

Translate into Latin: On an island of Gaul a poet and a farmer love a girl. The poet praises the girl. A woman looks at the poet and the farmer. They are fighting.

QUESTIONS Answer orally the following questions in Latin: 1. Where are the poet and the farmer? 2. Where is the girl? 3. Does the poet really love the girl? 4. What does the farmer say that poets really love? 2

LM excelrence

3

Lpneve ave

many

aegrees.

Cicero

~The Conjugation of Sum; The Uses of Sam; The Ablative of Place Where; Questzons

FORM S$

The Verb Sum. The present stem of sum is irregular, but it takes the regular personal endings (using m instead of 6 in the

first person singular): Present Tense Singular

sum,

Iam

sumus,

Plural we are

es, est,

you are he, she, it 1s, there is

estis, sunt,

you are they are, there are

SYNGAX

The Uses of Sum. Sum is ordinarily used as a linking verb, connecting its subject with a predicate nominative or with some other kind of predicate: Gallia est provincia. Gaul is a province. Gallia est in Europa. Gaul is in Europe. In the third person it may also be used as a predicative verb, asserting the existence of its subject. In this use it normally precedes its subject, and is to be translated by there zs or there are: Est aqua. There is water = Water exists. Sunt litterae. There is a letter = A letter exists. 13

Y

(above) Ostian apartment house. These complexes had about four or five stories usually with shops on the ground floor facing the street. Staircases led from the street to the upper floors and many had inner courtyards. (below) Street in Trajan’s mar ket erected in c. 110 A.D. to replace the shops with living lofts which were destroyed to make room for Trajan’s Forum and Basilica.

SESS DTS

The Ablative of Place Where. Location on or in is shown by the ablative case with the preposition in: In silva est. He is in the forest. In insula pugnamus. We are fighting on the island. Questions. To turn a statement into a question which has a yes or mo answer, add the enclitic -ne to the first word:

Galliane est provincia? Suntne litterae?

Is Gaul a province?

Are there letters?

If the question is introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or adverb, -ne is not used: Quid puellae spectant? What are the girls looking at? Ubi sunt féminae? Where are the women? VOCABULARY EurO’pa, -ae, f., Europe Germa’nia, -ae, f., Germany Hispania, -ae, f., Spain nau’ta, -ae, m., sailor por'ta, -ae, f., gate RO’ma, -ae, f., Rome

ter’ra, -ae, f., earth, land tu’ba, -ae, f., trumpet via, -ae, f., road, way vil’'la, -ae, f., farmhouse, country house

quid?, Cinterrogative pronoun) what? ubi?, Ginterrogative adverb) where?

-ne, (enclitic * interrogative particle) -que, (enclitic * conjunction) and (connects words of like syntax; must be translated before the word to which it is attached) * An enclitic (the word is derived from the Greek for ‘leaning on’’) must be attached to the end of another word: suntne, villaque. When an enclitic has been attached to a word, the accent falls on the syllable before the enclitic, whether long or short.

15

EXERCISES

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Agricolae sumus. 2. Fémina in silva est. 3. Estisne puellae? 4, Nauta in insula est. 5. Sumus in Germania. 6. Non sum puella.

7. Suntne

minas?

9. Non sunt portae in villa.

feminae in silva?

8. Spectantne nautae

fé-

10. Agricolae vias parant.

b. Translate: 1. The women are in Spain.

the farmhouse.

2. He is not #farmer.

4. Is the girl in the province?

is looking at the trumpet.

6. Are the farmers carrying water?

7. The sailors are on the island. 9. They are not on the road.

3. We are in

5. The sailor

8. Are you (p/.) in the forest? 10. The girls are not in the farm-

house. READING

LESSON

Gaul Gallia provincia in Europa et patria agricolarum est. Agricolae in Gallia terram amant. Poétae puellas Galliae laudant. Sunt in Gallia silvae villaeque.

QUESTIONS Answer orally the following questions in Latin:

1. Estne Gallia provincia? 2. Laudantne poétae puellas Galliae? 3. Ubi est Gallia? 4. Estne Eurdpa provincia? 5. Quid agricolae in Gallia amant?

A bed from the house of the Poppaeus family in Pompeii.

Gi,

=

(above) Folding altar from the Museo Nazionale in Naples. (below) A combination space heater, water heater, and food warmer from the dining room of a house at Stabiae.

note: Since Latin has no words for yes and no, questions with the enclitic -ne must be answered by a statement or part of a statement: Spectantne agricolae silvam? Are the farmers looking at the forest? Spectant. /Yes. Non spectant. No. Nautae, non agricolae, silvam spectant.

at the forest. Villam, non silvam, spectant.

No, the sailors are looking

No, they are looking at the farm-

house.

17

The safety of the people 1s the highest kaw.

Af

Cicero

The Second Declenszon; The Genitive of Possesscon

FORMS The Second Declension. Nouns of the second declension may be recognized by the -i ending of the genitive singular. Masculine and feminine nouns of the second declension will be declined like one of the following: nouns in -us like amicus friend, nouns in -ius like filius som, and nouns in -er like either puer boy or ager field, according to whether or not the e is part of the base

(as seen in the genitive singular). Singular

Nom. ami’cus fi'lius pu’er Moc—amice-—_ft i _ pu’er Gen. ami'ci filige — Sepu‘ert Dat. ami’cd f1'lid pu’erd Ac. amicum fi/lium pu’erum Abl. ami'cé f1'lid pu’erd

Endings

a’ ger -US, — 45, eC ager ____—-e; =f, —* a’ ori -i a’ ord -O a’grum — -um a’ ord -6

Plural

Nom. Voc. Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

ami'ci amici amicd’rum ami‘cis ami'cds —ami'cis

fi/lit fi/lii filio’rum fi'liis fi'lids fi'liis

pu’eri pu'eri puerd’rum pueris pu’erds pu’eris

a’ ori -i gti agrd’rum -6rum a’ gris -is a’ grds -Os a’ gris -is

* It is only in the second declension that the vocative differs from the nominative in form, and then only in the singular of nouns in -us and -ius. The -1 vocative occurs Only in filius and proper names in -ius. ** Note that in second declension nouns in -ius the i of the base usually disappears before the genitive singular ending.

18

SYNTAX Genitive

of Possession.

The genitive

case is used

to show

possession (of, -’s, or -s’ in English): agricolae ager the farmer's field, the field of the farmer agricolarum ager

the farmers’ field, the field of the farmers

VOCABULARY

a’ger, a’ pri, m., field Nami’cus, -i, m., friend ~an’nus, -i, m., year

~ _

cam’pus, -i, m., field, plain

-——de’a, -ae, f., goddess * de’us, -i, m., god ** e’quus, e’qui, m., horse Nfi'lia, -ae, f., daughter * fi'lius, fi'li, m., son gla’dius, gla’di, m., sword

léga’tus, -i, m., envoy; lieutenant la’dus, -i, m., game; school nin’tius, niin’ti, m., messenger, message ‘pu’er, pu’eri, m., boy ser vus, -1, m., slave

vir, vi'rl, m., man; husband WORD

STUDY

Nearly all nouns of the second declension in -us and -er are masculine. Exceptions are names of cities and towns in -us, names of plants and gems, and a few other words; all of these are feminine. * In the dative and ablative plural dea and filia have the irregular forms deabus and filiabus, to distinguish them from the corresponding forms of deus and filius. ** In addition to its regular forms, deus has the following alternative forms in the plural: nominative and vocative, dii and di; genitive, deum; dative and ablative, diis and dis.

19

(top) Roman lamp. C1.) Bronze lampstand and lamp from Pompeit. (c.) Standing lamp and (r.) lamp holder from Herculaneum.

Ladus. Often a Latin word will have two or more widely differing meanings in English: it is difficult, for example, to see the connection between a game and a school. This does not mean that a word like ladus meant two different things to the Romans, but merely that the English language does not connect its ideas in exactly the same way. The difficulty is usually removed if we understand the basic concept covered by each Latin word. For example, the central meaning of laidus is ‘‘sport.’’ Because in early 20

Roman silver dishes, cups and box. Tableware from Mindenhall Trove in the British Museum. Silver box

from the Mindenhall Trove. Cantharus and skyphos from the House of the Menander at Pompeii.

times Roman education (like that of most primitive peoples) consisted of training for warfare, i.e., horseback riding and mock

sword-play, the term lidus came to be applied to a school for such training and later to any sort of school. Vir. Although this word is not like any of the models you have learned, its genitive singular tells you all you need to know to decline it: the -i ending shows that it belongs to the second declension, and by dropping the i you find that its base is vir-. DRS

(above) Hadrian’s villa at Tibur. A pool called Canopus after a branch

of the Nile. (below) An artificial island retreat of the emperor's, reached originally by a drawbridge. Pip

EXERCISES

a. Transtate and give the construction of each noun: 1. Viri agros agricolarum occupant. 2. Filias ninti amat. 3. Equum filivocamus. 4. Servus tubam légati portat. 5. Nuntus feminads vocat. 6. Agricolarum amici occupant terram. 7. AgrOs in provincia nOn parant. 8. Pueri amicus gladium spectat. 9. Feminae deas laudant. 10. Equi nintids portant. b. Translate; watch your noun and verb endings:

1. The boy praises the slave’s memory. 2. The women are calling the lieutenant’s friend. 3. The lieutenant is looking at the boys’ horses. 4. The lieutenants seize the farmer's fields. 5. You (sing.) love the messenger’s daughter. 6. The boys do not carry the messenger’s trumpets. 7. We love the gods and goddesses. 8. The messengers carry the letters. 9. The slave of the lieutenant is calling the boy. 10. Are the men fighting in the plains?

note: To avoid ambiguity, do not place a gen. of poss. between two nouns. Servus agricolae equum laudat= The slave praises the farmer’s horse or The farmer's slave praises the horse. Write Servus equum agricolae laudat or Agricolae servus equum laudat. READING

LESSON

Attack on a Farmhouse In via Hispaniae viri villam agricolae occupant. Puer et puella

virOs spectant sed non laudant. Puer est agricolae amicus.

PUER:

‘“‘O puella, virds ndn amo. Gladids portant et agri-

colae agrOs occupant.” PUELLA: ‘Ubi est agricola? Estne in silva?” PUER:

PUELLA:

‘In silva, non in villa est.”’

‘‘DeOs voco.”

QUESTIONS Answer orally the following questions in Latin: 1. Quid occupant viri? 2. Ubi est agricola? 3. Amatne puer viros? 4. Ubi est villa agricolae? 5. Amatne agricolam puer? Be:

Fortune smiles upon our first effort.

D

Vergil

Review

VOGABGEAKY®

DRIEL

a. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns: puella ager fémina ludus puer agricola filia memoria amicitia —

filius

natura

amicus annus aqua campus dea deus equus

fortuna gladius insula legatus lingua littera

nauta nuntius patria poeta porta provincia

servus silva terra

tuba via villa vir vita

b. Give the meanings of the following verbs: amo

navigo

porto

do laudo

occupo paro

pugno specto

sum voco

c. Give the meanings of the following words: et non quid sed ubi DRILE

ON

FORMS.

a. Decline nauta, légatus and filius, sing. and pl. Name cases. b. Conjugate the present tense of pugnd and sum, with meanings. c. Translate the following verb forms: 1. laudant 6. paras 2. navigas 7. pugnatis 3. portat

4. damus 5. spectant

8. amo

9. occupasne? 10. vocatis

d. Give the Latin for: 1. we are carrying 24

2. they sail

3_

he is fighting

7. Iam seizing

4. you (p/.) love 5. she gives

8. you (sing.) praise -9. do you (pl.) call?

6. we look at

10. they prepare

e. Give the following forms: . the genitive singular of via, amicus, gladius. . the dative singular of amicitia, puer, filius. . the accusative singular of patria, equus, ager.

. the nominative plural of porta, nintius, puer. . the accusative plural of littera, vir, annus. . the ablative plural of fortuna, deus, filia.

wy IS CS PSS I

EXERCISES

“a. Translate: 1. Feminae puellaeque non navigant. 2. Nunti amicus est in silva. 3. Poeétae deam amant laudantque.

4, Nautae filii in insula sunt. 5. Gladium fili portat. 6. Filia deos amat. 7. In campo pugnamus.

8. Vir in villa est, sed puer est in agro. 9. In agris estis, agricolae. 10. Pueri in légati provincia sunt.

b. Translate: 1. We look at the lieutenant’s sword. 2. The messengers are in Germany.

3. You (p/.) praise the nature of women. 4, He ts preparing a letter. 5. The horses carry the boys. . We love the gods. They are seizing the man’s field and farmhouse. . They look at the horses. . We are calling the friends. . The sailors praise the goddess. he Seo oH aA

From the egg right to the fruits. (From soup to nuts.)

Horace

Second Declenston, Neuter; Accusative of Place to Which; Ablative of Place from Which

6

FORM $ The Second Declension, Neuter. Neuter nouns of the second

declension end in -um in the nominative singular. They are declined like verbum, word: Singular

Endings

Nominative:

ver’ bum

um

Vocative: Genitive: .

ver bum ver’bi

um i

Dative:

ver bo

re)

Accusative:

ver’ bum

um

Ablative:

ver’ b6

re)

'

5

.

/

Plural y

Endings

ver ba

a

ver ba verbo’rum

ver bis

a orum is

ver’ba

a

ver bis

is

/

note: In all neuter nouns and adjectives of all declensions, the nominative is always the same as the accusative; and in the plural the ending of these two cases is always -a. SANIEZDS

The Accusative of Place toWhich. The accusative is used with the prepositions ad #o, in into, and sub wp to, to indicate place to which,1.e.,the goal toward which the action of the verb is directed: Agricola filtum in villam vocat. The farmer calls his son into the farmhouse. Aquam sub oppidum portamus. We are carrying water up to the town. 26

The Ablative of Place from Which. The ablative is used with the prepositions 4, ab away from, dé down from, and @, ex out of, to indicate place from which, i.e. the point from which motion takes place: Frumentum ex agris portant. They carry grain from the fields. Navigatis ab insula. Yow are sailing from the island.

VOCABULARY bel/lum, -i, neuter, war 7 = cae‘lum, -i, n., sky do’num, -i, n., gift frimen’tum, -i, n., grain

op’pidum, -i, n., town peri culum, -i, n., danger, risk rég’num, -i, n., royal power; kingdom ver bum, -i, n., word

a or ab, (preposition with the ablative) from, away from ad, (preposition with the accusative) tv, toward, near dé, (prep. with abl.) from, down from, about, concerning

é or ex, (prep. with abl.) from, out of in, (prep. with.acc. of place to which) into, against; (with abl. of ~—~place where) in, on sub, (prep. with acc. of place to which) under, up to, to the foot of; Cwith abl. of place where) under, at the foot of

WORD

STUDY

Prepositions. Originally the case-endings alone were sufficient to show the syntax of nouns.

But because the accusative and

ablative were used in so many ways, certain adverbs began to be used with these cases to make their relationship to the rest of the sentence more clear and precise. Placed in front of the nouns, these adverbs became what we call prepositions (from praeposi-

tus, placed in front). 27.

\, PAzzace! Fi

,OF sosta “|! Set

L

Plan of Hadrian’s Villa at Tivoli, near Rome.

Prefixes. Sometimes these same adverbs were attached to verbs and became prefixes (from praefixus, attached in front). Consequently many prepositions are also used as prefixes. Very often the same word will appear twice in a Latin sentence, once with a noun as a preposition, and once on a verb as a prefix. Virds a bello avocat. He calls the men away from war. Such prefixes normally have the same meaning as the corre-

sponding prepositions; often they have other meanings as well: a-, ab-, abs-:

away, off

€-, ex-:

ad-:

to, towards, near, for

in-:

dé-:

down, away, utterly

sub-:

28

out, throughout

in, on, against wnder, up from under, secretly

I. The so-called Painted Porch or Philosopher's Portico. \ II. Canopus named after a section in Alexandria, Egypt. (See p. 22) * Ill. & IV. Big and Little-Baths. V. The Piazza d‘Oro. VI. Peristyle of the Palace.

VII. Courtyard of the Libraries.

VIII. Latin Library.

Pea

IX. Greek Library. X. Maritime Theatre, a kind of summer retiring house. (See p. 22).

£1 oh SOM

ee

se SO eh ~.. / amend

—>- /TINERAR/IO ORDINARIO -> /TINERARIO FACOLTATIVO

0

Buildings were suggested by monuments seen by emperor in travels.

Notice how the addition of prefixes affects the meanings of some of the verbs you have learned: a-, ab-, abs-:

asporto,

ad-:

apparo,

absum, I am away, I am absent avoco, I call away, I call off I prepare for

aspecto, adsum,

I look towards Iam near, I am here

dé-:

déporto, déspect6, désum,

dévoco,

I carry away, I carry off

J carry down, I carry away I look down upon I am absent, I am missing

I call down, I call off 29

é,ex-:

€Enavigd,

I sad out

exporto,

I carry out

expugnd, exspecto, in-:

évocd, importo,

I conquer, I take by assault I look out for, I wait for

I call out, I call forth I carry in, I import

impugnd,

I fight against, I attack

insum,

Iam in, I am upon

invocd,

I call upon, I invoke

sub-:

supporto, subsum,

.

I carry up I am under, I am concealed

Note that the prefixes may change their form to make pronunciation easier; such a change is called ass¢milation.

DRILL

a. Translate:

1. Epericuld silvam

2. in oppidd

6. a patria

3. ad Italiam

7. sub régno

4. dé caelO

8. ad servum

5. sub

9. in insulam

10. 4 campo b. Translate: 1. away from the gate 2. into the water 3. toEurope the sky. 5. from the kingdom 6. up to the town from the road house

8. toschool

9. in the field

4. under 7. down

10. out of the farm-

EXERCISES

a. Pronounce and translate: 1. Feminae bellum nOn amant.

2. Frimentum ex agris ad villam

portamus. 3. Occupant insulam et oppida. \4. Virine puellas in via spectant? .5.’Puerum ad caelum portat deus. \6.) Ninti filius in silvam amicum vocat. 7. Légati gladids in régnum portant.

8. Est bellum in Europa.

9. Agricolae servi fraimentum

laudant. \10.) Ab Italia ad insulam navigatis. 30

Model of Diocletian’s palace at Spalato in Jugoslavia. (See p. 36). b. Translate: 1. The lieutenants seize the kingdom and (its) towns.

OQ The

farmer’s slaves carry water into the farmhouse. 3. The gods love the gifts of men and women. 4 There is danger of war in Italy. 5. The sailors are sailing from Spain to the islands.

@) The men

are calling the boys out of the forest. 7. The girls do not like the words of the messenger. '8.) Are the sons of the lieutenant in danger? 9. The farmer’s daughters are carrying grain from the field to the road. 10. The men from the province are fighting in Germany. READING

LESSON

Harbor Scene &4 Ab insula Sicilia ad terram Italiam nautae navigant. Frimentum ad oppidum portant. In oppido sunt amici nautarum. Puellae oppidi caelum spectant nautasque exspectant. Nautae adsunt et servi frumentum déportant. Viri oppidi puellas ad villas avocant et nautas laudant.

QUESTIONS Answer orally the following questions in Latin: 1. Navigantne puellae ad insulam? 2. Quid déportant servi? 3. Ubi sunt amici nautarum? 4. Spectantne puellae caelum? 5. Vocantne viri oppidi puellas ad oppidum ? ou

=eNECA

There has not been any great talent without an element 0] MAANesS.

Adjectives; Agreement of Adjectzves; Adjectives as Substantives FORMS Adjectives in -us, -a, -um belong to the first and second declensions. Singular Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

ma’lum machrm

Nominative:

ma’ lus

ma’ Ia)

Vocative:

mate

pater

Genitive: Dative:

mali ma‘l6

ma’lae ma’lae

ma li

Accusative:

ma’lum

ma’ lam

Ablative:

ma’‘lo

ma’ la

ma’lum ma‘lé

Nominative: V ocative:

mali madi

Genitive: Dative:

mald’rum ma’ lis

mala’rum ma’ lis

Accusative:

ma'los

malas

Ablative:

ma’ lis

ma’ lis

I=

f=

malo

Plural

ma’lae -matae

ma’la -?/

mald’ rum

ma’lis) ma'la io /

ma lis)

SYNTAX

Agreement of Adjectives. An adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case, whether it is used attribu-

tively (malus puer, « bad boy) or as a predicate adjective (Puer aetna. The boy is bad.) This is why a Latin adjective must have forms for all genders, as well as for the cases and numbers. Bn

4

..,

Since an adjective generally shows clearly by its ending which noun it modifies, its position in the sentence is not so important as in English, where the adjective must, as a rule, immediately precede its noun. note: An adjective will not necessarily have the same ending as the noun it modifies: Agricolae sunt mali. The farmers are bad.

Adjectives Used as Substantives. In Latin any adjective may be used as a noun; its translation will depend on its gender:

Two

| malus, a bad man mala, a bad woman

mali, bad men, the ON malae, bad women \

N\malum, 4 bad thing

mala, bad things, evils

of the nouns

you

have

actually adjecti

learned,

icus

and legatus, are

uns:

emis. -a, -um, friendly

\

7 amicus, 1.1; a friendly man = a friend L_ _ legatus, -a, -um, commussioned légatus, -1, m., 2 commissioned man = a lieutenant, an envoy | ——~ — :

In English this use of the adjective is mostly restricted to

certain plurals: ““The good die young.” always with you.”

““The poor you have

VOCABULARY al’tus, al’ta, al/tum, high; deep bo’nus, bo’na, bo’num, good

fe’rus, fe’ra, fe’rum, wild, fierce, savage la’tus, la’ta, la’tum, wide, broad

lon’gus, lon’ga, lon’ gum, /ong -mag’nus, mag’na, mag’num, /arge, great ~ ma’lus, ma’la, ma’lum, bad me’us, me’a, me’um, my, mine * * The masculine vocative singular of meus is mi.

20)

Air view of the Flavian Palaces on the Palatine.(81—-96 A.D.). mu!’tus,-mul’ta, mul’tum, much (pl., many) par’vus, par’va, parvum, small, little tu’us, tu’a, tu’um, your, yours (when speaking to one person)

cum, (prep. with abl.) with sine, (prep. with abl.) without WORD

STUDY

Cum (in the forms co-, com-, con-) is, like the prepositions in

Lesson 6, also used as a verb prefix. Co- (com-, con-) means together, completely, or forcibly.

Note the meanings of the following compounds: collaudo I praise highly comparo I put together, I arrange; I prepare eagerly comporto I carry together, I bring together convoco I call together, I summon

34

STOIC

OO

ll aaa

OPT

OPO

|. . :

EC

Oey

th

aCe y

yd

Carn

ee

= 4|

= ne Lararium

B.

Aula Regia or Central Hall

C. Basili

pper Peristyle | Domus Augustana inken Peristyle | (Domestic Palace)

1B). Benee E. Triclinium F. Nymphaeum

Domus Flavia (Public Palace)

Plan of the Flavian Palaces on the Palatine (81-96 A.D.).

DRILL Decline the following: ager latus bellum magnum

filia parva. nauta bonus

EXERCISES a. Translate, giving reasons for the ees of each adjective: iY) Agri lati in magna insula sunt. 2. Bonusne puer es, mi fili? 3. Dei malds non amant. 4. Puer parvus equos ferds vocat ex agro.

5. Multi navigant ad Italiam.

3

6. Mea filia est parva, non

magna. 7. Multum framentum boni servi portant. 8. Tua patria nOn est magna. 9. Viae longae nOn sunt. @) Multa bella mala sunt.

b. Translate: 1. Is the good farmer in the small field? 2. Many people like large gifts. 3. The bad messenger calls the men into the wide

Silver Portal to the Palace of Diocletian. (See p. 31).

plain. 4. A good poet praises great men. 5. Are you sailing to Long Island, my son? 6. Your daughters are looking at the wild horse. 7. There is a large gate in the small town. 8. Are you fighting with your friends in my farmhouse? 9. The good boys are carrying much water into the big forest.

10. Where are they

preparing the long roads? READING

LESSON

A Faithful Servant In oppido parvo est bonus légatus. Legatum servus magna cum amicitia amat. Malus servum légati boni vocat et mala verba dat:

MALUS: ‘“‘Serve, tuus légatus est ferus. Bellum parat. Ab agris agricolas ad bellum vocat. Viri multi gladids ad villam légati portant. In bello est multum periculum.”’ SERVUS: ‘Tua verba non sunt bona. Légatus deds patriamque amat. Multos amicos ad bellum convocat. Tui mali meum oppidum occupant. Ferus es, legatus nOn est.”’

QUESTIONS Answer orally the following questions in Latin:

1. Estne légatus bonus? est legatus? vocat? 36

2. Suntne verba mali bona?

4. Quid légatus amat?

3. Ubi

5. Agricolasne légatus con-

FLO WES SELTTINE Up OWlOWS IN a taadve. (He was raising a tempest in a teapot.)

Ulcero

Pe

S

Imperfect and Future Tenses

FORM S$

Two other tenses besides the present are formed on the present stem of a verb, the zmperfect tense and the future tense. The Present Tense. We have seen that the present tense is formed by adding the personal endings -6, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, and

-nt to the present stem of the verb, omitting the -a- of the stem before -6, and shortening it before -t and -nt: Singular

Plural

vo'c6,

I call

voca’ mus,

we call

vo'cas,

you call

voca tis,

you call

vo'cat,

he, she, it calls

vo cant,

they call

The Imperfect Tense. To form the imperfect tense we add the tense-sign -ba- to the present stem, and then add the personal endings -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, and -nt, shortening the -a- of -babefore -m, -t, and -nt:

Singular

Plural

voca’bam,

I was calling

vocaba’mus,

we were calling

voca’bas,

you were calling

vocaba’tis,

you were calling

voca bat,

he, she, it was calling

—_-voca’bant,

they were calling

The future tense is formed by adding the tense-sign -bi- to the present stem

of the verb, then the personal endings -6, -s, -t,

-mus, -tis, and -nt, omitting the -i- of -bi- before -6 and changing it to -u- before -nt: Singular

voca’b6, voca'bis, voca bit,

I shall call you will call he, she, it will call

Plural

voca’bimus, we shall call voca bitis, you will call voca’bunt, — they will call oy,

Altar showing wedding scenes. 1.) Note the joining of hands at the

conclusion of the marriage service; the children taking part in the procession to the bridegroom’s house carrying an umbrella and an offering for the sacrifice. (r.) Children carrying the implements for the sacrifice with the incense and salted meal cakes used in elaborate Roman wedding ceremonies. SXINDAX Use of Tenses.

:

The Latin imperfect does not have the same meaning as the English past tense; in fact, English has no tense which is the equivalent

of the imperfect tense in Latin. The imperfect tense describes an action as incomplete (imperfectum, uncompleted), i.e., as going on, at some time in the past. There are several ways of translating the imperfect into English: the standard translation of vocabat is he was calling; but it could also mean he used to call, he would call,

or even he tried to call or he began to call. The translation you choose will depend on the context. The Latin future tense, like the future tense in English, merely states that an action will take place in the future: vocab6, I shail call, vocabis, you will call, etc. 38

‘

VOCABULARY

appel'lo, I call, I name con’voc6, I call together, I assemble, I summon exspec’to, I await, I wait for ha’bitd, I live, I dwell

labo'ro, I labor, I suffer, I am hard pressed nar’rd, I tell, I relate

;

nin’tid, I announce, I report

su’perd, I surpass, I defeat

volo, I fly vul’nerd, I wound WORD

STUDY

If you have learned the meanings of the prefixes in Lessons 6 and 7, you will have no trouble recognizing the meanings of convocd and exspectd. Furthermore, a knowledge of the composition of

these verbs will keep you from using them incorrectly. You will know, for example, that viri convocant is not a complete sentence in Latin, even though The men assemble is a complete sentence in English, since you will realize that convocant really means they call (-vocant) together (con-), and that “the men call together’’ is not a complete sentence in English, as it needs an object, “The men call whom together?” Similarly, you will not be tempted to follow exspect6 with a dative, even though it means I wait for in English, because you know that the basic verb is spect6, which takes a direct object.

DRILL

a. Analyze each form and translate: 1. appellabam, nintiabis, convocatis spectabunt superabant,

2. occupat, laboramus, ex-

3. navigamus, vocabat, volabunt 4. vulnerabis, narramus 5. spectabit, portabimus, habitabunt

6. laudabas, pugnabatis, parabimus

7. dant, amabit, superabunt

8. vulnerd, appellabit, vocabunt 9. exspectabit, habitabant, volamus 10. amabd, portabitis, niintiabas 39

CHILDRENGA T SBr Ae Mosaics from the late imperial villa at Piazza Armerina in Sicily.

41

Sarcophagus relief showing child from infancy to first schooling.

b. Translate: 1. they will tell, I was laboring, we shall look at 2. we are sailing, he will seize, I am calling together 3. they prepare, they are

praising, they were fighting 4. you (sing.) were giving, we shall

are flying, they w1 sail, they wound 5. Ishall praise /6. he was summoning, we shall call, they carry 7. you

(pl.) relate, we were fighting, I shall live 8. they will seize, he names, you (sing.) were preparing looking at, she was loving

9. we shall suffer, they were

10. I shall wait for, he announces,

you (p/.) will give EXERCISES a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Bonam fortinam tuam nintiabo.

2. Agricolae laborabant in

agris. 3. Féminae puerds puellasque convocabunt. 4. Meos filids non superabitis. ©)! Nauta servum in via vulnerabit.

que in cael6 habitabant.

niintids.

6. Dei deae-

‘7. Multi légatorum amici exspectabant

8. In villa parva habitabamus. (9) Spectabam equum

méum in campo lato.

10. Viri in magna silva laborabunt.

i 4

ix Here, a school is held in the Forum portico. Note that each pupil is attended by a personal slave. Drawing of a Pompeian fresco. 42

Waxed tablets with writing styli. This photo shows the sort of tablet (called tabellae) which was used forletters. These could be bound and Sealed.

b. Translate: 1. We shall sail to the small island. 2. The good sailor will not wound the friend of the girl. 3. They were assembling the men and women.

4. The horses will carry water into the town.

5. The good farmer used to live in a large farmhouse.

boys were preparing the letter.

6. The

7. Will you (p/.) carry much

grain into the road? 8. The messenger’s son was looking at my gifts. 9. I was laboring in your fields. 10. The lieutenants used to carry many swords.

READING

LESSON

A Prophetic Boy In villa fémina virum et filium exspectabat. In agris cum amicis Jaborabant, et ad villam frumentum portabant. Puer caelum spectabat. Ad villam puer et vir adsunt. vir: ‘“‘Inagris, mi fili, laborabamus, sed caelum spectabas. Quid exspectabas ?”’ PUER: “‘Virds. Viri in caelO volabunt.”’ FEMINA: ‘‘O mi parve puer, malum IETAIEIESS Est multum periculum in cael6. Di volant, non virt.”’

QUESTIONS

Answer orally the following questions in Latin: 1. Ubi virlaborabat? 2. Quid in villam portabat? 3. Quid puer spectabat? 4. Quid puer exspectabat? 5. Virine volabunt? 43

CS SK LMT TON A Mets GER

ALA

MACE

SME Sp fe PALS AGE EAL LEAL

To great talents no era 1s closed.

g

NEL

Seneca

- Adjectives tn -er;

Dative of the Indzrect Object

FORM S$

Adjectives in -er. Some adjectives of the first and second declension end in -er in the masculine nominative singular (without any -us); these are declined like miser wretched or sacer sacred: Singular Masculine Nominative:

mi’ser

Kocative:

mi’ser

Genitive:

mi’seri mi’sero mi’serum mi’serd

Dative:

Accusative:

Ablative:

Feminine

mi’sera _mi’sera mi’serae mi’serae mi’seram mi’sera

Neuter

mi’serum mi’serum mi’ seri mi’ser6 mi’serum mi’sero

Plural Nominative:

Vocative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative:

Ablative:

mi’seri mi’seri misero’rum mi’seris mi’ser6s mi’seris

mi’serae mi’serae misera’ rum mi’seris mi’seras mi’seris

mi’sera mi’sera misero’ rum mi’seris mi’sera mi’seris

Singular Nominative:

Vocative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative:

Ablative:

44

, sa’cer

sa’ cer sacri sa’ cto sa’crum sa’cto

sa’cra sacra sa’crae sa’ crae sa’cram sacra

sa’crum sa’crum sacri sa’ cro sacrum sa’cto

Plural

Nominative: Vocative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative: SY

sa’cri sa’ cri sacrO’rum sa’ cris sa’ cr6s sa’ cris

sa’ crae ‘ sa’crae sacra’ rum sa’ cris sa’ cras sa’ cris

sacra sacra sacro’rum sa’ cris sa’cra sa’ cris

NTAX

Dative of the Indirect Object. The dative case is used to show who ot what is indirectly affected, or more remotely affected, by the action of the verb. The indirect object is most common with verbs of giving, telling, and showing; but it is also used to show for whom an action is done. Donum puellae dabo. I shall give the girl a gift. Periculum legato nuntiat. He zs announcing the danger to the lieutenant. Litteras niintid parabant. They were preparing a letter for the messenger.

note: Take care not to confuse the dative of the indirect object with the accusative of place to which, which must be used with verbs of motion: Donum puellae dabo. I shall give a gift to the girl. Aquam ad puellam portabo.

I shall carry water to the girl.

VOCABULARY

li’ber, li’bera, li‘berum, free mi’ser, mi’sera, mi’serum, wretched, unfortunate nos’ter, nos’tra, nos’trum, our, ours pul’cher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful; noble, fine

sa’cer, -cra, -crum, sacred, holy ves’ter, -tra, -trum, your, yours (when speaking to more than one

person)

an’te, (prep. with acc.) before, in front of 45

con’tra, (prep. with acc.) against. in’ter, (prep. with acc.) between, among ob, (prep. with acc.) because of, on account of

per, (prep. with acc.) through post, (prep. with acc.) after, behind prop’ter, (prep. with acc.) because of, on account of trans, (prep. with acc.) across, over Of these adjectives, liber and miser keep the e of the nominative as part of the base, as does the noun puer; noster, pulcher, sacer, and vester, like the noun ager, lose the e in everything but the masculine nominative and vocative singular.

WORD

STUDY

Sacer is a technical term in Roman religion; its basic meaning is “consecrated, dedicated, or devoted to a divinity.”” Anything sacrum belonged not to mortals but to some god. A person who had transgressed certain religious laws might be declared sacer, i.e., turned over to a god for the god to do with as he saw fit; such a person was no longer subject to or protected by human laws. Hence sacer can also mean “accursed” as well as Aoly or sacred. The prepositions ante, inter, ob, per, and trans are also used

as prefixes on verbs, with the following meanings: ante-, before, forwards inter-, between, at intervals, to pieces ob-, towards, to meet, in opposition to

per-,

through, completely

trans-, tra-,

across, over, through and through

DRILL

Decline the following: agricola miser 46

puella pulchra

verbum sacrum

BeCERCISES

2. Read the Latin and translate: | 1. Verba deOrum sacra sunt. 2. Equi nostrisunt parvi pulchrique. 3. Vestrumne frumentum servis dabitis? 4. Propter pericula ad’ Germaniam non navigabimus. 5. Pugnabuntne nostri in Germaniae campis? 6. Sunt inter feminas memoriae amicitiae magnae. 7. Tua filia pulchra caelum spectat. 8. Deis dona multa

et pulchra dabimus. 9. Amici nostri sunt miseri. tuum filium parvum vulnerant.

10. Nautae

note: Since adjectives are freely used as nouns in Latin, we often find nostri, our men, especially in military historians like Caesar. So also tui, your friends, your family, etc. In Latin, as in English, two adjectives modifying the same noun

may or may not be connected by a conjunction, depending on the meaning:

Magnum equum pulchrum specto. beautiful horse. Equum magnum et pulchrum specto.

I am looking at a big

I am looking at a large

and beautiful horse.

But Latin usage differs from English in one respect: we seldom connect many with another adjective by a conjunction; Latin

nearly always says multi et...: Equos multds et pulchros specto. beautiful horses.

I am looking at many

b. Translate: 1. On account of the war, we are without grain.

2. Is our na-

tive land free? 3. Our men were fighting in Europe. 4. We shall look at the games with our friends. 5. You (p/.) were carrying grain across the fields. 6. We are without water, and we shall suffer), 7. I used to give many beautiful gifts to the goddess. 8. Your poor slaves were laboring in the broad plains. 9. You used to dwell among good friends. 10. Our friends were looking at the beautiful girls. 47

Portrait in fresco ofa man and his wife from a bakery in Pompeii.

The inclusion of a scroll and tablet may indicate that the subjects of the portrait were proud of their literacy.

READING

LESSON

Defense of a Town. Léegatus multOs amicOs in campum convocat. Viris gladios dat et bellum nuntiat. Propter régni periculum, servi frimentum et aquam parant, et ad oppidum portant. Pueri puellaeque virOs spectant et laudant. Légatus:

“Viri, ob multa pericula laborabimus, sed fortiina erit (will be) vestra. Di nostram patriam amant. Dé caelo nostros gladidos déspectant. Post bellum nostris multa doéna dabunt. Superabimus.”’

QUESTIONS Answer orally the following questions: 1. Quid légatus viris nuntiat? 2. Quid serviad oppidum portant? 3. Amantne di patriam légati? 4. Quid dé cael6 di déspectant? 48

OUjten the prickly thorn produces tender roses.

Ovid

Review

10

VOGABULARY

DRILL

a. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns: bellum donum oppidum régnum caelum frumentum periculum verbum b. Give the other nominative singular forms, and the meaning, of the

following adjectives: altus longus bonus magnus

muser multus

pulcher sacet

ferus

malus

noster

tuus_

latus

‘meus

parvus

vester-

liber c. Give the meanings of the following verbs: appello habito narro convoco laboro nuntio exspectO

supero volo vulnero

d. Give the meaning of the following prepositions, and the case with which each 1s used: a, ab cum inter propter ad dé ob sine ante contra

DRILL

é, ex SS inp eC eS

ON

per post

sub trans

FORMS

a. Decline: oppidum liberum, periculum magnum, donum pulchrum b. Decline in all genders, singular and plural: altus, miser, sacer c. Conjugate in the present, imperfect, and future, giving meanings: narro 2)

d. Translate the following verb forms:

. exspectabis

6. appellabatis

. vulnerabunt

7. laborabamus

. superabant

8. convocabat

. volabam

9. narrabimus

. nuntiabitis AY 1S) SSIS

10. habitabo

e. Give the Latin for: i I shall name Zz . we shall assemble 3 he used to live 4 . we were telling » you'll (p/.) be hard pressed

DRILL

ON

they were waiting for .

Twas reporting

. you (p/.) used to surpass . they will fly . you (sing.) will wound Ones SG 1S)

SYNTAX

Translate: de in your Cone person) farmhouse

. . . .

on the large island at the foot of the beautiful forest toward my kingdom into the broad field

. out of your (more than one person) province up to the small town down from the long road . away from our fatherland ran 00 SO RG A . to the free land EXERCISES a. Translate:

» . . .

Mea filia linguam poétarum bondrum amat. Nostri tuam patriam superabunt. Féminae bonae deds deasque laudabant. Pulchrae puellae bonds puerds exspectabunt. Légati nuntios ad parvum oppidum convocabant. . LudOsne puerorum in campo 1atd spectabimus? . Dabisne vird multa et pulchra dona? 50

A grave monument in the Vatican Museum showing a family portrait.

8. Est villa magna in oppido. 9. Nautae laborant; sunt sine aqua. 10. Aqua est alta et periculum magnum. b. Translate:

Our field is broad and your forest is large. The messengers will report our good fortune to the lieutenant. Many boys used to sail to the long island. We were carrying many letters through the great forest. The sons and daughters of the good sailor live in the province. The kingdom of God is large and wide. On account of the danger, your small son will carry a large te OOP ved sm sword. The bad men were fighting with my friends. Our men were wounding your friends on the road. We are carrying many beautiful gifts toward the kingdom. Sarcophagus showing a woman's funeral.

LVILEALCE Pe COREE

Ce AGNES

FaAS Sc TIO

Doctors cure the more serious diseases with harsh remedies.

ar i pal

a ad

Curtius Rufus

17]. Imperfect and Future Tenses of Sum; Ablateve of Means ov Instrument

FORM S$

The Imperfect and Future of Sum. Imperfect Tense

eeram,

I was

Ara’ mus,

we'ras,

you were

_e’rat,

he, she, it was

re 10, tis, tit,

I shall be you will be — he, she, it will be

we were

—era’tis,

you were

—e rant,

they were

Future Tense

—e’rimus, —e’ritis, _—e’runt,

we shall be you will be they will be

SYNTAX

Ablative of Means (Ablative of Instrument). The means by which, or the instrument with which, an action is performed (never the person by whom) is expressed by the ablative without a_ preposition. The usual preposition for translating the ablative of means into English 1s with; occasionally by may be used. Niuntius virds tuba convocat. gether with a trumpet.

Gladiis pugnamus. 52

The messenger calls the men to-

We are fighting with swords.

VOCABULARY

\ The following are all adverbs: \ be’ne, wel] —vanee* ‘cras, tomorrow

~ 2° S Cra ssingQtory

cur Cinterrogative), why? cwres ~~ di’t, for a long time, long he’ri, yesterday nae srw ~ ho’dié, today \lam, now, already

lo’cus, -1,m. (plural lo'ca, loco’rum, n.), place magis’ter, magis’tri, m., master, teacher poe’na, -ae, f., punishment, penalty po’pulus, -i, m., people, nation so’cius, so’cip.m., ally, comrade WORDS

SLU DY

Dominus and magister both mean master, but the two words are not interchangeable: dominus is ‘master’ in the sense of ‘owner,’ magister in the sense of ‘‘director.”’ Populus: in English, people has two distinct meanings.

One, rarely used now, is “nation”: The Roman people was a people different in many ways from the other peoples of the Mediterranean.

Such a sentence sounds a little strange to us today, because the other meaning of “people,” “‘persons,” is much more common: Did you see more than one person? Yes, I saw many people.

The Latin word populus has only the first of these two meanings. Never use it to mean “‘persons.”’

Study the following sentences: Populus Germaniae superavit populds Galliae et Africae. The people of Germany defeated the peoples of Gaul and Africa. Sunt multi populi in Asia. There are many peoples in Asia. Boni malos non semper superant. Good people do not always defeat bad people. Erant multi in oppido. There were many people in the town. »

66

Di

a. Analyze each form and translate: 1. pugnaverat, laborabunt, ambulavisti verunt, parat

3. portavi, eram, vocaverit

demonstraveras

4. volavimus, narrant,

5. servabit, laudavisti, stetérunt 6. occupaba-

mus, exspectaveritis, temptavistis

firmaverO

2. oppugnabat, specta-

7. clamaverat, superamus, cOn-

8. navigabamus; habitaverint, appellavérunt’

beravisti, nuntiaveras, dederit’ nerabo 7

9. li-

10. conyocabant, amaveérunt, vul-

b. Translate:

1. I have wounded, you (simg.) were capturing, you (p/.) will look at

2. we shall have carried, he shouted, they had set free

3. you (sing.) had stood, they will have attacked, we are flying 4. they have praised, we shall name, he guards 5. they will have tried, I shall be, we walk 6. you (p/.) have declared, I had given,

they told

7. they have fought, he waited for, you Gmg.) will

have called 8. they had surpassed, we shall labor, I have shown 9. you (p/.) have prepared, he had liked, we shall have sailed 10. I shall announce, they assembled, he had lived EXERCISES:

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Meae filiae auxilium miserO servo dabant. 2. Ob belli periculum multa téla paraverant. 3. Luddsne in oppido hodie spectabatis? 4. Agricolae magnam framenti cOpiam ex agro pertabant. 5. Num nautae miseri ab insula navigaverint? 6. Feminae puellas in campum

saepe convocaverant.

7. Viris signum proeli tuba

iam dedero. 8. Cras pueri gladiis servum vulnerabunt. 9. Tum légatus bonam fortinam nostrorum nuntiaverat. 10. Nuntit virds in parva villa heri exspectaveérunt.

b. Translate: 1. The peoples of Europe had not always been free. 2. Haven't the good boys given the poet’s books to the teacher? 3. Tomorrow our camp will be in the great forest in Germany. 4. The 67

little girl’s books were not large, were they? set (their) slaves free now?

fought badly.

5. Won’t the masters

6. Without weapons I shall have

7. The farmer’s son had already given grain and

water to the horses. 8. The lieutenants encouraged our forces when they were being hard pressed for a long time. 9. A large

number of our men had carried the baggage into the camp. 10. Do free people often walk with slaves? READING

LESSON

.

Aeneas Encourages his Followers Troiani’ cum Graecis” pugnavérunt. Bellum erat longum. Ubi Graeci populum Trdianum superaverant et Troiam * occupaverant, Aenéas,* dominus Trdianus, cum multis ad Italiam navigavit. Pericula Aeneadarum ° erant multa. Aenéas sociOs convocavit et verbis pulchris animds Troianorum cOnfirmavit: “O socii, multa erunt pericula, sed iam multa superavistis. Di

nostram viam démOnstrant.

In Italia nostrum populum agri et

oppida exspectant. Bona est vestra fortuna.”’ 1. Troianus, -a, -um, Trojan.

2. Graecus,

Troy. 4. Aenéas, Aenéae, m., Aeneas. Aeneas.

-a, -um, Greek.

3. TrOia, -ae, f.,

5. Aeneadae, -arum, m., followers of

CONNECT ED PROSE

Translate: The war with the Greeks was a long one. When the Greeks had conquered Troy, Aeneas sailed with Chis) companions to Italy. There, wide fields and beautiful towns awaited the Trojans.

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin: 1. Who are guiding the Trojans on their way? 2. Who was Aeneas? 3. In what way was the journey difficult? 4. What can the Trojans expect in Italy? 5. How does Aeneas encourage his followers? 68

He who 1s not prepared today will be less so tomorrow.

NS

Ovid

Review

VOCABULARY

DRILL

a. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns: animus arma audacia auxilium

consilium copia cura dominus

inopia ira liber locus

signum

captivus carrus

fama fuga

magister numerus

socius telum

castra

impedimentum

poena

populus proelium

b. Give the principal parts and meanings of the following verbs: ambulo clamo confirmo

démoOnstro do libero

oppugno servo sto

sum tempto

c. Give the meanings of the following adverbs: bene

hodié

male

cras

iam

num

cur diu

ibi interim

nunc postea

saepe semper tum ubi

heri

DRILL

ON

FORMS

a. Give a synopsis,* with meanings, of . do in the 2d person singular . liber6 im the 3d person singular . $t0 in the 1st person plural . vulnerd in the 2d person plural . sum in the 3d person plural Re bh WwW A * note: A synopsis of a verb consists of all the forms of a given 69

person and number. The synopsis of voco in the Ist person singular (through the forms you have studied) is: voc6, vocabam, vocab6o, vocavi, vocaveram, vocavero. b. Translate:

1. temptabitis

6. dederis

2. démonstras

7. ambulavimus

3. fueram | 4. oppugnavimus

8. stetérunt 9. seryaveritis

5. cOnfirmabant c. Translate: 1. she will stand

10. clamaverat /

vp Fr

2. you (sing.) had been’

VU

3. we were saving > 4. they have shouted

Cy TNE

7.

lwalked

O\l1\

8. you (ing.) will havey 5 strengthened UD: we tried

TO

5. they will have given @fjy-/ (10. you (p/.) had shown 6. you (p/.) attack OOt: ! DRI

EMONS

SiN TAs

Translate the words in italics, giving the reason for each case: 1. Where are the captives? . These men are captives.

. like the plan. . What ts the plan of the auxiliary troops? He gave a sword to (his) comrade. He carried a sword to the place. . They carried their baggage im carts. . They guarded their baggage in the camp. . They carried their baggage into the camp. 90 NW AWAY ON ry= They carried their baggage from the camp.

EXERCISES

a. Translate:

y

t

1. Nonne nostros superavistis audacia cOpiarum vestrarum?

2. Est in oppido nostro copia friimenti sed aquae inopia. 70

Thermopolium at Ostia, a tavern where food and drinks were served. It 1s located in a populous section of the city.

Légati arma setvaverant longé ab cadtris.

Légatus populd consilia socidrum liberé nintiavit.

oe

Captivérum ciira magna erat, sed animOs confirmavimus.

Cur nuntius signum proeli tuba dederit? Fama dé sociorum fuga laté longéque volaverat. Ibi erant castra magna nostrarum cOpiarum.

Magnae erunt irae deOrum in malos. AC 10.

Puer gladiO miserum servum alté vulneraverat.

b. Translate: ks After the battle signal our men shouted.

Os

We shall carry a report far and wide concerning the great battle. Not many people have walked through the forest, have they? Where is the camp of our allies? Did you (p/.) wound the unfortunate sailor deeply with your weapons ?

Afterwards we shall have strengthened the spirits of our men with good words. There was not a lack of water in our camp, but we were without grain. The wretched captives freely pointed out the way to our camp. The lieutenant had already attacked the small town without the help of the allies. The baggage will be in the town, but we shall carry our arms LO: into camp.

71

UTA

Pray and labor.

CL LAUUTEA.

St. Benedict

The Imperative Mood; The V ocatzve Case

16

FORM S. Moods. Every Latin verb has five attributes: tense, voice, mood,

person, and number. In the forms which you have learned you have seen examples of all six tenses (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect), all three persons (first, second, and third), and both numbers (singular and plural); but so far you have learned only one voice, the active, and one mood, the indicative. The mood of a verb shows the manner in which its message is given. Latin verbs have three moods, the indicative, the subjunctive, and the imperative. The indicative, as you have seen, is

used to make statements and to ask questions. The subjunctive (which you will learn later) is used to describe unreal actions. The imperative is used for commands.

The Imperative Mood. The imperative has both numbers and both voices, but only two tenses, the present and the future. The future imperative in English (an example is “Thou shalt not kill.””) is seldom used; and in Latin it is mostly confined to poetry and drama, legal language, and books of instructions. Present Imperative Active

Singular

vo'ca,

call!

Plural

voca'te,

call!

Both these forms are in the second person; the present imperative has no first or third person.

Imperative of do. The a of the stem is short throughout, except in the present active imperative second person singular, da. Te

SNACKS The Vocative Case. The vocative case is used for direct address: Vocate, pueri, servos. Boys, call the slaves.

Latin, unlike English, very seldom places a vocative first in its sentence; the normal position is second.

note: Remember that the vocative of every noun and adjective is the same as the nominative, except in the singular of nouns and adjectives of the second declension ending in -us (see Lesson 4; for masculine vocative singular of meus, see Lesson 7).

VOCABULARY

(ow Woe VAs

cau’sa, -ae, f., reason, cause epis’tula, -ae, f., etter, epistle fa’bula, -ae, f., story

ho’ra, -ae, f., hour Iu’lia, -ae, f., Julia Ia’lius, -i, m., Julius Lu’cius, Lu’ci, m., Lucius Mar’cus, -i, m., Marcus peci’nia, -ae, f., money

régina, -ae, f., queen al’bus, -a, -um, white ami’cus, -a, -um, friendly

gra’tus, -a, -um, pleasing, welcome; grateful inimi’cus, -a, -um, unfriendly, hostile niger, ni’gra, ni’grum, black no’vus, -a, -um, new para’tus, -a, -um, ready, prepared vé’rus, -a, -um, true WORD

|

nimi’ cus, -1, m., enemy)

STUDY

lalia, Iilius. Iilius is a Roman gentile name (family name, from géns, family). A Roman girl was not given a name of her own, be,

but was known simply by the family name in the feminine form. All the daughters of the Julius family would be called Julia; to distinguish between them they might be given nicknames or, if there were many of them, numbers. Lucius and Marcus are Roman first cause of the practice of naming boys fathers or paternal uncles, there were in the classical period, and only about

names, or given names. Beafter their fathers or grandonly 18 given names in use half.of these were common.

Adjective Prefixes. Inimicus. On adjectives the prefix in- means vot: inimicus = in- + amicus. Three such adjective prefixes are so common it is worth while to learn them:

in-,

ot

per-,

very

sub-,

that

somewhat

What are the meanings of the following adjectives? imparatus, -a, -um

permagnus, -a, -um

ingratus, -a, -um

permultus, -a, -um

pergratus, -a, -um perlongus, -a, -um

subalbus, -a, -um subniger, subnigra, subnigrum

The Suffixes -ia and -tia. An abstract noun is often made from

an adjective by the addition of -ia or -tia (-ness, -ship) to the base or stem of the adjective. Amicitia (friendship, friendliness) is formed from the adjective amicus in this way. Give the meanings of: gratia, inimicitia, malitia, and miseria.

DRILL

a. Give the present active imperative second person singular of: do, navigO, pugno, specto, démonstro.

b. Give the present active imperative second person plural of: portd, laboro, clam6, std, pugno.

¢.) Give the vocative singular of the following nouns: vir, llia, puer, Lucius, agricola, puella, Marcus, nauta, filius, captivus.

d. Give the vocative plural of the following nouns: régina, dea, socius, amicus, dominus, nintius, fémina, servus, poeta, filia.

74

Triclinium, dining room of a house at Herculaneum. In this three-sided

arrangement of dining couches the Romans distinguished three gradations with special places for the host and guest of honor. EXERCISES a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Libera, domine, servOs; boni viri sunt. 2. Cras castra occupaverimus. 3. Da, Iulia, peciniam servo amico; miser est. 4. Per

silvam dia ambulavimus.

5. Spectate, amabd,* réginam;

ul-

chra est. 6. Multi nuntio epistulas dederant. Te Paravistine, mi fili, epistulam? 8. Cras, viri, navig 1 : patate'vestra aria,

9. Regina puellis parvis pulchra dona dabat™” 10, Legatus tuba signum dedit.

* note: Amab6, I shall like (you), is the word for please. Porta, amabo, librum.

Please carry the book = Carry the book

(and) I shall like (you). b. Translate: 1. Why are the letters not welcome, my queen? 2. Please tell the story of your dangers, Marcus. 3. We are ready; sail to the island, sailors.

4. Lucius had walked with his friends through 75

x

:

Vin)

Pe SUSE aw ay

ee tat

Mie, as “ps

Mosaic of seafood from North Africa

Still life with peaches, fresco from Herculaneum.

Fine pottery and glassware: beaker and goblet; ribbon glass box with cover; mosaic glass bowls.

Tay:

Relief showing a silversmith’s workshop. Notice the finished products, molds, crucible for melting silver, and scales. the forest for a long time. 5. My sons, give money to your friends. 6. They carried the money into the town yesterday.

7. Boys, carry water to the black horses. 8. Tomorrow we shall seize the camp and the town. 9. Julia was beautiful but unfriendly. 10. Julia, are you the daughter of Lucius Julius? READING

LESSON

Aeneas and Turnus Vie for Lavinia Ubi Aeneadae in Italiam navigaverant, Amata’ erat régina Latindrum. Lavinia” erat filia Amatae et Latini. Laviniam Aenéas amavit, sed Turnus,® dominus

Rutul6rum

et socius Latindrum,

Laviniam diti amabat. Amatae Turnus pergratus erat; Aenéas non gratus. Inter Troianos et Latinos erat longum bellum. Causa belli erat Lavinia. Latini castra Aeneadarum oppugnabant. Turnus clamavit: ‘Tua fama, Aenéa (vocative), mi inimice, est magna. Nunc convoca tuOs sociOs et demonstra audaciam Troiandrum.”’ 1. Amita, -ae, f., Amata, wife of Latinus, king of the Latins. f., Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus and Queen Amata.

2. Lavinia, -ae

3. Turnus,

-i, m.,

Prince of the Rutuli, an Italic tribe.

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin: 1. Cur Turnus cum Aenea pugnavit? 2. NOnne Amiata régina erat Latinorum? 3. Nonne Turnus Amatae gratus erat? 4. Eratne Lavinia causa belli? 5. Magnane fama Aen€ae erat? 78

Leisure without literature is death, or rather the burial of aliving man. .

.

.

.

17

.

.

.

Seneca

r=

The Third Declenston

FORM S$

The Third Declension. All/fnouns and adjectives whose genitive singular ends in -is belong tothe third déclension. Singular

Nominative: Vocative: Genitive:

fra’ter, brother fra’ter fra’tris

Endings

so’ror, sister so’ror soro’ris

= es -is

Dative:

fra’ tri

soro’ri

-i

Accusative: Ablative:

fra’trem fra’tre

soro’rem soro’re

-em -e -€S

Plural

Nominative:

fra’trés

sord’rés

Vocative:

fra’trés

sor’ rés

-eS

Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative:

fra’trum fra’ tribus fra’trés fra’tribus

soro’rum soro ribus soro’rés soro’ribus

-um -ibus -€S -ibus

VOCABULARY

fcon’sul, c6n’sulis, m., consul \dux, du’cis, m., leader \fra’ter, fra’tris, m., brother

impera’tor, imperatO’ris, m., commander, general ‘“——/impe’rium, impe’fi, n.,\command, military power, government \ma’ter, ma’tris, f.,-mother mi’les, mi'litis;.m., soldier

pa’ter, pa’tris, m., father rex, ré’gis, m., king so’ror, sor’ ris, f.,)s/ster

— >

délec’t6, -a’re, -a’vi, -a’tum, please mox, adverb, soon )

WORD STUDY Imperium. Originally Rome was ruled by a king, who alone held the sovereignty, the power to rule. This power was called the imperium, and was symbolized by the fasces, a bundle of rods tied around an axe, representing the king’s right to inflict corporal or capital punishment.

Consul. After the overthrow of the monarchy (509 B.C.) the imperium was given to elected officials, the consuls. Two consuls were elected annually. The word imperium came more and more to mean ‘‘the power to command armies,”

since the officials who

held it also served as generals in war time. Imperator. Since Roman armies were led by consuls or praetors, Latin has no separate word for general. However, when a consul or a praetor by his successes showed clearly that he held the imperium (which was thought of almost as a magical power), he might be acclaimed imperator, wielder of the imperium, by his troops; he was allowed to use imperator as a title with his name. This title was later taken as a name by the Roman emperors. note: For convenience, in the Exercises imperator may be trans-

lated merely as general or commander.

DighE

Te

Decline the following: cOnsul bonus

mater mea

dux novus

EEN ER CESICS

a. 1. vit 4.

Translate: Ducés novos milités in castra mox vocabunt. 2. Légatus laudacOnsulis filios. 3. Pater meus amicus erat cOnsulum in Italia. Milités in agro post castra did pugnabant. 5. Narra, amabo,

Julia, fabulam tuo fratri parvd. superavit? 80

6. Ubi imperator copias Galliae

7. Multa et pulchra dona dederamus nostrae sor6ri.

-

8. Post proelium eritjfovus imperator.

9. Fama dé nostri im-

peratoris bona fortuna laté longéque volaverat.

10. Exspecta;

matef, Iuliamy in villa; ad oppidum ambulabe. b.. Translate:

»~

v

1. The books of the great poet pleased my brother well. 2. Marcus is the leader of many soldiers. 3. The consul’s sisters were

looking at many broad fields.

4. Lucius called Chis) brothers

and sisters from the wide forest into the town.

used to fight in battle with Chis) soldiers. to give the military power to the consuls. consul’s father?

5. The general

6. The people used 7. Where was the

8. The teacher gave (his) little sister beautiful

gifts. 9. We shall soon sail to the kingdom of the great king. 10. The boys were praising (their) fathers and mothers. READING

WESSON

Turnus Assembles the Rutulians Turnus, dux Rutulorum, in magno oppidd Ardea’ cum patre Daun6 ” et sorore Jiturna * habitabat. Tum alta et magna in agro Latind Ardea stabat. Posted oppidum parvum erat, sed ROmAnis sacrum. Saepe cOnsulés Romani dona pulchra deis Ardeae dabant. Ubi Aeneadae in Italiam naviga@verant, fama dé Troiandrum fuga longé latéque per Italiam volaverat, sed Turnum non délectavit. Dux

Rutulorum

populum

convocavit,

animos militum

confirmavit et bellum paravit. 1. Ardea, -ae, f., Ardea, a town in Latium. 2. Daunus, -i, m., Daunus, father of Turnus. 3. Vaturna, -ae, f., Juturna, sister of Turnus.

CONNECTED

PROSE

Translate: Turnus was the leader of the Rutulians and with his father lived

in the town (of) Ardea. Ardea then was large. Afterwards it was small, but was always sacred to the Romans. The fame of the Trojans did not please Turnus. With fierce words he strengthened the hearts of (his) soldiers against the followers of Aeneas. 81

Ovid

The workmanship was better than the subject matter.

1S

Third Declenszon, Neuter;

Ablative of Manner FORMS

~

Third Declension Neuters. Neuter nouns of the third declension, like all neuters in Latin, have the same form in the nominative and the accusative, the nominative and accusative plural ending in -a. Singular iter

n0’men

Vocative;:—

women

Genitive:

nd’minis

iti’neris

tem’poris

-is -i

——‘ter———

tem’ pus

Endings --

Nominative:

tempus

ee

Dative:

no’mini

iti’neri

tem’pori

Accusative:

n0’men

iter

tem’ pus

So

Ablative:

nd’mine

iti’nere

tem’pore

-e

Nominative:

nO’mina

iti’nera

tem’pora

-a

|

Plural

Vocative:

no-mina___iti'nera

Genitive: Dative:

ndo/minum nomi'nibus

iti‘nerum ~~ tem’porum itine’ribus tempo’ribus

__tem’pora_ _ -—-$-+#@-

-um -ibus

Accusative: Ablative:

no’mina nomi’nibus

iti’nera itine’ribus

-a -ibus

tem’pora tempo’ribus

SANA

Ablative of Manner. The manner in which an action is performed is expressed by the ablative with cum. If the noun is modified by an adjective, cum may be omitted; if it is used, the word order must be: adjective, cum, noun: Litteras cum diligentia paravit. He prepared the letter with care. 82

Litteras magna diligentia paravit. | He prepared the letter Litteras magna cum diligentia paravit. | with great care. note: The ablative of means must not be confused with the ablative of manner or the ablative of place where. Compare the following sentences: Nostra arma

carro portavimus.

We carried our arms in a

wagon. Nostra arma in castris servavimus.

Signum proeli tuba dedit.

We kept our arms in camp.

He gave the battle signal on a trum-

pet.

Signum proeli in campo dedit. He gave the battle signal on the plain. Télis pugnavistis. You fought with weapons. Cum audacia pugnavistis. You fought with boldness.

By means of is usually a rather clumsy translation for the ablative of means; but it can be used to test whether or not the ablative of

means 1s the proper construction.

VOCABULARY dv eae! sar, Cae’saris, m., Caesar

ca put, ca Pitis, ie ieee car’ men,

car’ minis, n. , Song, poem

cele’ritas, celerita’tis, f, swiftness, Speed Lederer cor pus, cor poris, n. ae -diligen’ tia, -ae, f.,diligence, CALE ~ENARMS ae (fla’men, flu’/minis, n., r7ver— | ter, itineris, n., ath journey; route — je :

no’men, nO’minis, n., name ~’? tem’pus, tem’poris, n., time vul’nus, vul/neris, n., wound

:

7

Germa’ nus al cum, German

Grae’ cus, -a, -um,1,Greek Hispa’nus, -a, -um, Spanish Roma’nus, -a, -um, Roman, of Rome

Belanus

/ 83

WORD

STUDY

Caesar. Most Roman men had three names, the praendmen, the

nomen

and the cogndmen. The praendmen is the first name

or given name, e.g., Lucius, Marcus. The nomen is the family name,

e.g., Iulius. The cogndmen is a kind of nickname, designating the branch of the family to which the man belonged; it often described some physical characteristic or commemorated some famous deed. Caesar is a cognomen of the Julius family; the full name of the famous Caesar was Gaius Julius Caesar. R6dmanus. The genitive of R6ma is not used to indicate possession; Rome’s or of Rome is expressed by the adjective ROmanus: miles ROmanus a soldier of Rome cOpiae Romanae_ the forces of Rome Populus Romanus (this order is regular; Romanus populus is not used) means either the Roman nation as a whole, or the common

people as distinguished from the senatorial nobility. Decrees, etc., were issued in the name of the Senate and the Roman People

(Senatus Populusque R6mA4nus, abbreviated S.P.Q.R.). PRICE Decline the following: corpus magnum

©

carmen vérum

caput meum

EXERCISES a. Read the Latin and translate:

1. Caesar erat imperator magnus in Gallia.

2. Germani magna

cum audacia nostra castra oppugnabunt. 3. Milités cum diligentia in oppido arma parabant. 4. Matrum carmina filias de-

lectaverint. 5. Nautae Graeci non navigébant magna celeritate. 6. Nonne flumen erat latum et longum et pulchrum? 7. Lic Juli Caesaris filiae nomen

erit Itlia.

perium consulibus graté dedit. non erant. 84

8. Populus R6manus

im-

9. Corpora ROmandrum magna

10. Post bellum nOmen novum consuli dabimus.

-

b. Translate: 1. The teachers did not often look at the boys with great friendliness. 2. Men of Rome, fight with great diligence! 3. Did the messenger give the battle signal on a trumpet? 4. There was a horse’s body on the road, 5. The Spanish always used to fight with great boldness. A great king in Gaul was a friend and ally of the Roman People. 7. The German forces had fought in the camp of the Romans. “8. The journey to the Spanish town is long, but we shall walk with great speed. 9. The troops of Rome attacked the German camp with long weapons. 10. Why did you carry the grain to town in a wagon, Marcus? READING

LESSON

Caesar Routs the Germans Castra Germanorum trans latum flumen erant. Caesar milités magna cum celeritate transportavit, et signum proeli tuba dedit. Romani castra hostium oppugnaverunt. Imperator clamavit, “Magna cum audacia, milités, pugnate, et demonstrate

virtuttem

ROmanorum.

Magna

sunt

corpora

Ger-

manorum, sed numerus est parvus.”’ Romani

cum

Germanis

di pugnavérunt,

et multa erant vul-

nera. Sed ROmanihostés gladiis superavérunt et in fugam dedérunt. CONNECTED

TPROSE

Translate the following: The Romans were attacking a camp of the Germans. The camp was across a river. Caesar brought his troops across speedily. For a long time he fought with the Germans with great boldness, and he put the enemy to flight.

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin: 1. Ubi erant’castra Germanorum? 2. Magnusne numerus erat Germanorum? 3. NOnne corpora Germanorum magna erant? 4, Eratne Caesar dux Romanorum? 5. Num Germani Romanos in fugam dedérunt? 85

LUN

excerbent Prorecror

CE fy CII OP OVI

CALEfie

NUGEUOTY

Third Declenston I-Stems

19

FORM $

I-Stem Nouns of the Third Declension. All the third declension nouns you have learned so far are consonant-stems, so called because the stem

ends in a consonant.

Another

group

of third

declension nouns are i-stems, the stem ending in an i. Recognizing i-stems. I-stems include the following: Masculine and feminine nouns 1. ending in -és and -is in the nominative singular and having the same number of syllables in the genitive singular. hostis, hostis, m., enemy caedés, caedis, f., murder

2. ending in -ms or -rs in the nominative singular. infans, infantis, m., baby mors, mortis, f., death

3. of one syllable whose base ends in two consonants. nox, noctis, f., night

These nouns normally show the -i- of the stem only in the genitive plural -ium (and occasionally in the accusative plural -is, but this

ending is not used in this book). { Neuter nouns ending in -al bs -e in the nominative singular Cin this book, only animal and mare). These show the -i- of the stem in the ablative singular -i, the nominative and accusative plural -ia, and the genitive plural -ium. 86

Declension

of I-Stems.

Endings Singular

M. GFE.

Neut.

Nominative: ig'nis urbs ma’re — _— __Vocative-——ig'nis _urbs ———ma’ce- ——___—___—_

Genitive:

ig’nis

ur’bis

ma’ ris

-is

-is

Dative: Accusative: Ablative:

ig’ni ig’nem ig’ne

ur’ bi urbem ur’be

ma’ri ma’re mari

-i -em -e

i — “i

Nominative:

ig’nés

ur’ bés

ma’ria

-és

Plural

Fovative:_ —ig'nés —ur'bés ——ma’ria ——>s

-ia

—_—~ia —

Genitive:

ig’nium

=ourbium = =ma’rium

-ium

-ium

Dative: Accusative:

ig’nibus ig’nés

ur’bibus ur’ bés

ma’ribus ma’ria

-ibus -€S

-ibus -ia

Ablative:

ignibus

urbibus

ma’ribus

-ibus

-ibus

VOCABULARY

—a’nimal, anim4’lis; n., animal = Bat vis, ci’vis, m. or f., citizen

fi’nis, fi’nis, m., end, Upmaee a

a2

fi'nés, -fi’nium, m., territory }yéns, gen’tis, f., family, clan, nation

hos’tis, hos'tis, m., enemy

s FE s

ig nis, ig'nis, m., fire Nama’ res ma’ riswiny, sez

mons, mon ‘tis, M., mountain, hill

“jmors, mor’ tis, é., death eye na’vis, f., ship hpa’nis, pa’nis, m., bread

pons, pon’tis, m., bridge ~~ fuutbs, ur’bis, f., city at 87

The Square of the Corporations at Ostia. WORD

STUDY

Civis. With a genitive of possession or a possessive adjective Civis may mean fellow citizen: civis meus my fellow citizen civés tui your fellow citizens Finés may mean verritory in the geographical sense; in the legal sense, when the actual ownership of the land is considered, territory 1S ager:

in finés Hispandrum Spanish

in finibus Germanorum

into the territory (boundaries)

of the

in the territory (within the boundaries)

of the Germans ager Romanus Roman territory in agro Troiano im Trojan territory Hostis. Both hostis and inimicus (the adjective used as a noun) mean enemy; hostis is an enemy of the state, a public enemy, inimicus a personal enemy. In English we often use ‘‘enemy”’ in the singular as a collective noun, to designate a hostile army or nation, treating it sometimes also as a plural. Such a collective use should be translated by the Latin plural:

Hostés oppidum oppugnant.

88

The enemy is attacking the town. The enemy are attacking the town.

The pavement mosaic indicates an office ofCarthage shipowners. DRILL

Decline the following: mare nostrum

mons altus

navis longa

EXERCISES

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Per multas terras mariaque portavimus nostros deds ad Italiam. 2. Nonne dederas panem multis civibus ROmanis? 3. In mari multae naveés fromentum ad insulam portabant. 4. Erat pOns in fluminé ab insula ad urbem. 5. Erunt semper Caesaris proeliOrum memoriae in Gallia. 6. In agro Romano erant viae a montibus ad mare. 7. In hostium castris erant multi civés vestri. 8. Est semper in proeliO periculum mortis. 9. In Galliae finibus erant multi populi. 10. Suntne multa animalia in mari? b. Translate: 1. Thereis a long bridge on a beautiful river in Germany. 2. Horses are good and friendly animals. 3. The ships were sailing through the sea toward the land. 4. There was a beautiful city in the territory of the Greeks. 5. On the bridge was a soldier with a white horse. 6. The mountains in Gaul are high and beautiful. 7. Marcus often used to call our fellow citizens into the city. 8. The soldiers will carry (their) weapons from the

gates of the city.

9. They attacked the enemy's city with fire. 10. Were you (p/.) looking at the fires on the mountain? 89

.

Painting from a cloth-processing factory in Pompeii. A workman shaves nap from the wool and another carries a drying and bleaching frame and brazier of coals. The owl was the mascot of cloth-processors. READING

LESSON

Aeneas rallies the defeated Trojans Anchisés! erat dominus Trdianus.

Venus”

Anchisam

amabat.

Aeneéae Anchisés pater et Venus mater erat.

Ubi Graeci urbem Troiam superavérunt, Aenéas cum parvo filio patrem multo cum periculo ad montés portavit. Ignés in montibus Aenéae viam démonstravérunt. Anchisés sacra Troiae

servabat. Postea sub montibus

Idae* Aenéas civés convocavit. Deds

invocavit: ‘‘Servate, di, iter nostrum. Vestro sub imperio est Trdia

nova.”

Tum navibus Aeneadae multas per gentés et multa per maria

ad Italiam navigavérunt. 1. Anchises, Anchisae, m., Anchises, the father of Aeneas. 2. Venus, Veneris, f., Venus, goddess of love. 3. Ida, -ae, f., Ida, a mountain near Troy.

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin: 1. Who were the father and mother of Aeneas? 2. Where did Aeneas carry his father? 3. Where did Aeneas assemble his fellow citizens? 4. With what words did Aeneas call upon the gods? 5. Who was watching over the sacred symbols of Troy? 90

Delay — putting things off until tomorrow — is hateful.

Cicero

Review

20

VOCABULARY

DRILL

a. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns:

animal carmen causa celeritas Civis consul

dux epistula fabula finis flumen frater

hostis ignis imperator imperium iter mare

mons mors navis nomen panis pater

corpus

gens

mater

pecunia

diligentia

hora

miles

pons

régina rex soror tempus urbs vulnus

b. Give the other nominative singular forms, and the meaning, of the following adjectives: albus gratus niger paratus amicus inimicus novus verus

c. Give the meanings of the following words: amice

grate

mox

délecto

inimiceé

parate

PRUE

a. Give the the the

ON

vere

FOKM S

the following forms: vocative singular of Marcus, tempus, Tulius genitive singular of imperium, vulnus, navis dative singular of deus, diligentia, celeritas

the accusative singular of iter, vir, dux

the ablative singular of mate, géns, pecunia the vocative plural of nuntius, animal, flumen the genitive plural of civis, mater, fabula eae BN ae 91

8. the dative plural of epistula, gladius, réx 9. the accusative plural of caput, imperator, causa b. Give a synopsis in the active indicative and imperative (where applicable), with meanings, of: 1. délect6 in the third person singular do in the third person plural sum in the second person singular vulner6 in the second person plural sto in the first person plural WM AWW c. Decline throughout:

animal nigrum DRIEL

réx amicus

celeritas nova

ON ©S Vand Ax

Translate the words in italics, giving the reason for each case: 1. The sailors are in a ship. We carried our grain to Africa in a ship. The messenger gave the signal on a trumpet. The messenger gave the signal on the mountain.

The Germans fought with boldness. The Germans fought with weapons. They gave gifts to the cities. They carried water to the cities. The road to Germany is long. a Oe Oe S Where are you, my son? EX EKCISES

a. Translate: Civés gladiis in proelio contra milités pugnavérunt. Pueri Romani magna cum diligentia hodié epistulas parant.

Pulchrae erant filiae nostri imperatoris. Rex bonus servis pectiniam donaque dabat. Captivos audacés in castris servabamus. Cras navigabis trans mare ad patriam nostram, frater. O\ns Peg oe ees Occupavistine

2

equum meum in itinere?

Relief from France showing a fullery (cloth finishing and laundering establishment). A worker treads the cloth in a washtub. Post proelium verunt.

milités

cum

celeritate ad castra arma

porta-

Bi, Sororés ducis in via did ambulabant. LO}

Imperator spectabat hostium castra in monte.

b. Translate:

The songs of the soldiers in the Roman camp pleased the leaders. Will the Roman people soon give a new name to our king? Where did you seize my friend’s new horses? The envoy will carry to the German king the message about

the danger of war. The journey from Germany to Italy is long. Carry your swords to the camp now, Marcus and Lucius. Caesar often used to fight against the enemy in Gaul. We walked toward the swift river for a long time. Have you not looked at the many weapons of the lieutenant? er SE Se SION 10; Our camp is always in a large field. De

I see a beard and outlandish clothing; I don’t as yet see an intellectual.

Gellius

~~

Zl

The Second conjugation

FORM S$

Os .

The Second Conjugation. Verbs whose present stem (found by dropping -re from the second principal part) ends in é belong to the second conjugation. They are conjugated like moned, monére, monui, monitum, advise, warn: kl ndicative Mood Present Tense

Singular

Plural

mo’neo mo’nés mo’net

moné’ mus moné tis mo’nent Imperfect Tense

moné’bam, etc.

monéba’mus, etc.

.

Future Tense

moneé’bo, etc.

moné’bimus, etc. Perfect Tense

mo’nui, etc.

monu’imus, etc. Pluperfect Tense

monu’eram, etc.

monuera’ mus, etc.

Future Perfect Tense

monu’ero, etc.

monue’rimus, etc. Imperative Mood Present Tense

/_=-

mo’neé 94

=

moné’te

P

~

Notice that mone6 is conjugated in exactly the same way as voco, except that the stem vowel is not dropped, but only short-

ened, before -6 in the present-active indicative first person singular moneo. VOCABULARY

Helvé’tius, -a, -um, Helvertian;*Of

the Helvetians —

ha’beo, habé’re, ha’bui,,ha’bitum, Aave; hold ma’ned, mané’rg man’si, man’sum, stay, remain mo’ned, moné’re, mo’nui, mo’nitum, warn; advise, inform mo’veo, mové’re, mO’vi, mO’tum, move se’ deo, sedé’re, sé’di, ses’sum, sit te’neo, tené’re, te’nui, ten’tum, old } ti’meo, timé’re, ti’mui, ——, fear, be ig vi'déo, vide’re, vi'di, vi’sum, see. + DRILL

a. Analyze each form and translate: 1. vidébam, vidit, vidébunt, videratis 2. timémus, timuimus, timet, timuit 3. sedébo, séderant, manserat, manébunt 4. tenébat, tenuerit, mOvit, movet 5. portabitis, laudavistis, timebatis,

nuntiaveras

6. parat, vidi, dedi, appellavit

7. timuisti, tenuistis,

habui, vidébamus 8. es, cOnfirmavero, monébat, mansérunt 9. oppugnabamus, convocavit, dat, sédimus 10. habuit, fuit, habuerat, tenuerimus

b. Translate: 1. we were warning, they had warned, he will see 2. I shall fear, you had seen, they will have 3. we have sat, they have sat, I sit 4. we were holding, they remain, I shall have sat 5. you had, you will have, they will havé C6-‘he was, you will remain, they had warned. 7) she has seen, they had feared, we are moving (8. will you give? will they not stand? they were not calling, were they? (9. he announced, we shall have stood, you have saved (10. he had moved, we shall have moved, they will remain 2B

(above) The Tiber Island. A modern hospital now stands where a temple to the God of healing stood in 291 B.C. (below) Shrine of Juturna, goddess of health-giving springs.

% ta

c. Give synopses in the indicative, with meanings, of the following verbs: 1. maneo in the first person singular 2. vided in the third person singular 3. habeo in the third person plural

EXEKGISES:

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Milités hostés tenebunt in oppido. 2. Imperator ROmanus castra cras movebit. 3. Populus Romanus imperium semper tenébat.

4. Consulés moneébo

dé belli periculo.

5. State, viri, in

via et ducem exspectate. 6. Post proelium miseri captivi mortem timuérunt. 7. Saepe navem pulchram vidimus. 8. Diu sedé-

bant in villa fratrés agricolae. 9. Materne tua in urbe manébit? 10. Nonne paratis, puellae, nunc libros novos? b. Translate: 1. We stayed on the mountain for a long time. 2. The soldiers will soon break camp. 3. Lucius, are you holding the small animal?

4. Girls, warn the farmer; there is a fire in the farmhouse.

5. Our father saw a long river in Spain.

on the small bridge.

6. My brother is sitting

7. The enemy do not fear our men.

captives do not have much money, do they?

have warned the citizens of the danger. about Julius Caesar.

8. The

9. The consuls will

10. Tell the boys a story

note: In military jargon, castra moved means I break camp.

READING

LESSON

A Brave Water Boy Licius, légatus Caesaris, in villa agricolae amici sedébat et agri-

colae filiis fabulam dé bello Gallico narrabat. “Erat cum nostris copiis puer Gallus. In proelio ad milités aquam cibumque parvo carro portabat. Mortem non timébat. In

castris cum militibus laborabat. 97

A relief showing a cloth merchant's shop. The merchant appears to be showing the customer a book of samples. Notice the display of cushions and belts.

“Dia in finibus Aedudrum*

manseramus.

Nostras

copias

Caesar in castris ad flimen Ararim ” tenébat. Cum Helvétiis pugnabat et hostés exspectabat.

‘“Hostés copias flumen navibus transportabant. In flumine non erat pons. Ubi de flumine puer aquam portabat, signa Helvétiorum vidit et nostros dé periculo magna cum celeritate monuit. Helvetil castra nostra oppugnaverunt, sed parati eramus. Caesar laudavit. Est hodié civis Romanus.”’ 1. Aedui, -Grum, m., the Aeduans, a Gallic tribe. Arar river in Gaul.

Puerum

2. Arar, Araris, m., The

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin: 1. Who was Lucius? 2. What was he doing in the farmer’s house? 3. Where were the forces of Caesar encamped? 4. Was there a bridge over the river? 5. How were Lucius’s\men made aware of the enemy’s attack? * 98

Our native land is the common parent of us all.

Wy)

Cicero

Third Declension Adjectives; Ablative of Accompaniment

FORM S$

Adjectives of the Third Declension. These adjectives are declined like third declension i-stem nouns. Like the neuter istems, they always have -i in the ablative singular. Third declension adjectives of three terminations end in -er in the masculine nominative singular, -is in the feminine, and -e in the neuter. They are declined like celer, swift: Singular M.

Plural

F.

N.

Nom. ce’ler ce’leris Voc. —ce’ler--ce’leris Gen. ce’leris ce’leris Dat. ce’leri ce’leri Acc. ce’lerem ce’lerem Abl. ce’leri ce’leri

M.

F.

ce’lere ce’lerés’ ce’lere ce’lerés._ ce’leris cele’rium ce’leri _cele’ribus ce’lere ce’lerés ce’leri_cele’ribus

N.

ce’lerés __cele’ria ce’lerés_ __cele’ria cele’rium cele’rium cele’ribus cele’ribus ce’lerés _—_cele’ria cele’ribus cele’ribus

Adjectives of two terminations end in -is in both the masculine and the feminine nominative singular, and in -e in the neuter (brevis, breve). Adjectives of two terminations are declined like adjectives of three terminations, except that they have no separate form for the masculine nominative and vocative singular. Singular M.

Nominative: Vocative: Genitive: Dative:

Accusative: Ablative:

GF.

bre’vis bre’ vis bre’ vis bre’vi

» bre’vem bre’vi

Plural N.

bre’ve bre’ve bre’ vis

M.

GFE.

N.

bre’ vés bre’vés bre’vium

bre’via bre’via bre’vium

_bre’vi

bre’vibus

bre’vibus

bre’ve bre’vi

bre’vés bre’vibus

bre’ via bre’vibus 29

Adjectives of one termination have the same form for the nomtinative and vocative singular of all three genders. All third declension adjectives which do not end in -er or -is in the masculine donk \ native singular are adjectives of one termination. Singular

M. GFE. Nominative:

Vocative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative: Ablative:

au’dax

au’ dax auda’ cis -auda’ci auda’cem auda’ ci

Plural

|

N.

M. GF.

N.

au’ dax

auda’cés

auda cia

au’ dax auda cis auda’ci au’dax auda’ ci

auda’cés auda’cium auda’cibus auda cés auda’cibus

yda’cia auda cium auda’cibus auda cia auda’cibus

|

SYNIAS

The Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment is expressed by the ablative with cum, with, along with, Ko company with. Puella cum matre est. The girl is with hermother.

note: Do not confuse the ablative of accompaniment with the ablative of means or the ablative of manner. Oppidum cum sociis oppugnavérunt. They attacked the town with their allies. Oppidum cum multis sociis oppugnavérunt. They attacked the town with many allies. Oppidum télis oppugnavérunt. They attacked the town with weapons.

Oppidum multis télis oppugnavérunt. They attacked the town with many weapons. Oppidum cum audacia oppugnavérunt. They attacked the town with boldness. Oppidum magna audacia oppugnavérunt, or Oppidum magna cum audacia oppugnavérunt. They attacked the town with much boldness. 100

i

|

VOCABULARY acer, a cris, acre, sharp, fierce .Gal’lus, -a, -um, Gallic au ‘dadax, auda da’cis,* cis,” bold, bold, daring gra'vis, dari ‘Vi gra've, ‘ve, h heavy; ; severe, serious j -/

-/

.

-/

.

bre’vis, bre’ve, short Britan’ nus, -a, -um, British \ce’ler, ce’leris, ce’lere, swift fa'cilis, fa’cile, easy for’tis, for’te, brave WORD

om’nis, om’ne, all, every po'téns, poten’tis,* powerful si’milis, si’mile, /:ke, similar Troia’nus, -a, -um, Trojan

STUDY

The Suffix -tas. The nouns audacia (Lesson 14) and celeritas (Lesson 18) are derived from aud4x and celer. You have already seen the suffix -ia in Lesson 16; the suffix -tas, -tatis, feminine,

performs the same function of making an abstract noun from an adjective. Like -ia and -tia, it may be translated -mess. What would be the meanings of the following nouns? brevitas, brevitatis,¥. gravitas, gravitatis, f. libertas, libertatis, f.

potentia, potentiae, f. veritas, veritatis, f.

DRILL

Decline the following: animus acer

régina fortis

regnum poténs

EXERCISES

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Mater cum fili forti erit. 2. Pater audax cum filiabus est. 3. Frater cOnsulis tuo patri téla dabit. 4. Breve est iter ad oppidum, et magna cum celeritate ambulamus.

flimine spectabant.

5. Omneés insulam in

6. Dux potéms cum miatre et patre erat.

* In the vocabularies, the genitive singular of adjectives of one termination must be learned, since the base cannot usually be found from the nominative singular.

101

os

y

ABR

Ngai,

S/n

Gi

Relief of a knife-seller’s shop. Cutlery was probably made, sold and reconditioned in this shop.

7. Omnés socii cum Caesare pugnabant. 8. Nostri télis gravibus hostés vulheraverint. 9. Ducés fortés cum omnibus copiis oppida magna oppugnaverant. 10. Vidi omnia in castris. “note: Omnés and omnia, when used as nouns, are usually translated everyone and everything. Remember that these words are plural in Latin: Suntne omnés in nave? Is everyone on the ship?

b. Translate: 1. The sons of the consul remained in the fields with the men. 2. The women are sitting on the bridge across the river. 3. The brave messenger warned the citizens about the dangers. 4. The small girls were afraid of everything. 5. The beautiful songs of the British girls pleased the Roman soldiers. 6° The weapons of the bold lieutenant are heavy. 7. Everyone was looking at the powerful soldier. 8. The road from our farmhouse to your city is novshort\, 9. Look at the wounds on the body ofthe horse,

father.

10. The|Trojan soldiers fought with heavy swords. \

1020

}

ais

Relief showing a smithy. 1.) An assistant blows on the bellows. (r.) Various implements of the trade and a lock.

READING

LESSON

Aeneas in Lavinium Acri proelio Aen€éas sociOs potentés régis Latini superavit. Post bellum Latinus Aenéae filiam Laviniam in matrimOnium ! dedit. Post mortem Latini Aenéas regnum obtinuit.” Populo légés magna cum gravitate dedit et omnibus gratus erat. Cum Lavinia in urbe Lavinid * habitavit. NOn brevis erat vita urbis et magnum manet nomen Lavinium. Post Aenéae mortem Ascanius * filius regnum obtinuit et no-

vam urbem in monte Albano ° paravit. Novae urbis nomen erat Alba Longa. 1. matrimOnium, -i, n., marriage. 2. obtined, -ére, -tinui, -tentum, Aold. 3. Lavinium, -i, n., Lavinium, a city in Latium founded by Aeneas. 4. Ascanius, -i, m., Ascanius, the son of Aeneas. 5. MOns Albanus, the Alban Mount, famous

as a gathering place of the Latins.

CONNECTED

PROSE

Translate: After the Latin war Aeneas and Lavinia lived in the city of La-

vinium. The city’s fame remains great today. Aeneas gave Chis) people good laws. After Aeneas’s death Ascanius held the royal power and lived in a new city on the Alban Mount.

ba UR AIA

RI

A NOTE

SEE

CLE

aa

The Passive Votce

ZS FORM S$

The Passive Voice. When the subject of the verb is not performing the action, but is being acted Heo the verb is in the passive voice. In the-present system the passive is conjugated like the active, but with a different set of personal endings: Singular

Plural

Ist person

-OfF, -f

-mur

2d person

-fis, -re

-mini

3d person

-tur

-ntur

The ending -6 of the active is replaced by -or in the passive, -m by -r. The variant form -re for the second person singular is rare, and is not used in this book. _\ Present Passive Indicative

vo’cor,

Iam called

voca mur,

we are called

voca ris,

you are called

voca' mini,

you are called

voca'tur,

he as called

vocan’tur,

they are called

Im per fect,Passive Indicative voca’bar, Kwas being called

vocaba’ris, vocaba’tur, vocaba’mur, vocaba’mini, vocaban’tur,

you were being called he was being cailed we were being called you were being called they were being called

Future Posive Indicative

voca’bor,

[shall be valled

voca'beris,

you will be called

voca’bimur,

we shall be called

vocabi’mini,

you will be called

voca bitur,

he will be called

vocabun’tur,

they will be called

voca re,

be called!

Present Passive Imperative —-/

104

voca’ mini, -

°

-

be called!

-

To form the passive of the perfect system, the perfect passive participle is used as a predicate nominative with the verb to be. The perfect passive participle is the fourth principal part of the verb declined as an adjective of the first and second declensions Clike malus): vocatus, -a, -um, having been called. Per er fect] Passive Indicative voca’tus, -a, -um sum, [have been)called, I was called

voca tus, -a, -um es,

on iaee Deen called, you were called

voca tus, -a, -um est,

4e has been called, he was called

voca ti, -ae, -a su’mus,

we have been called, we were called

vocati, -ae, -a es’tis,

you have been called, you were called

voca'ti, -ae, -a sunt,

they have been called, they were called

/ Pluper fect Passive Indicative

voca tus, -a, -um e’ram,( I had been called voca'tus, -a,-ume’ras, you had been called voca tus, -a, -um e’rat, he had been called voca'ti, -ae, -a era’mus, we had been called voca'ti, -ae, -a era’tis, you had been called vocati, -ae, -a e’rant, they had been called uture Perfect, Passive Indicative

voca’ tus, -a, -um e ”10, ‘16, I shall have been called voca tus, -a, -um e’ris, voca'tus, -a, -um e’rit, voca'ti, -ae, -a e’rimus,

you will have been called Ae will have been called we shall have been called

voca'ti, -ae, -a e’ritis,

you will have been called

voca ti, -ae, -a e’runt,

they will have been called

SYNTAX

Agreement of the Perfect Passive System. In the perfect system the perfect passive participle must agree with the subject in gender, number, and case (the case will, of course, be nomina-

tive): Puer vocatus est.

The boy has been called. The boy was called.

Puellae vocatae erant.

The girls had been called. 105

DRIEE

a. Analyze each Latin form and translate: 1. paravit, nintiabitur,

mavistis, vocatum erat

liberata est

2. convocabamur,

cOnfir-

3. data erunt, appellaberis, amabuntur

5. vulneratus es, vulnerabamini, 4. dantur, dabuntur, dedimus exspectaberis 6. amabimini, superati erimus, amatae erant 7. OC-

cupata sunt, occupata est, servatur

8. pugnavimus, vulnerabunt,

9. portaberis, portatum erat,.portor

pugnaveramus

10. spectan-

tur, laudati sumus, paravi

b. Translate: 1. you are being wounded, it will be announced 2. they were being called, I had been praised 3. she will be carried, they have been saved 4. he has been defeated, we are being freed 5. they were being carried, you will be praised 6,)The fields had been seized. 7. The women have been praised. 8. The boys have been called. 9. The money had been given. 10. The mothers will be loved. EXERCISES a. Read the Latin and translate:

1. Militum animi signO proeli confirmati erant.

2. Multa et pul-

chra dOna réginae potenti dantur. 3. Caesaris mors civibus miseris nuntiatur. 4. Cur fortés amici nOn laudati sunt? 5. Bonae feéminae semper amatae sunt. 6. Civés Romani saepe ad campum

convocabantur. moOnstrabitur.

7. Pons longus in urbe Britannis et Gallis dé8. Servi Helvétii cras liberabuntur.

légato audacisemper narrabuntur.

9. Fabulae dé

10. Castra magna cum audacia

oppugnata sunt.

b. Translate: 1. Why are the letters not being prepared with care? 2. The wretched captives were being kept in the town. 3. Everyone has been called to the mountain. 4. Tomorrow the city will have

been captured; soon we shall break camp.

5. The camp was being

attacked with many weapons. 6. The death of the general will be reported far and wide. 7. The brave soldier had been wounded 106

with a heavy weapon. 8. Haven’t the enemy been defeated in Germany? 9. Everything was carried into camp. 10. The fields of the good farmer have been seized.

READING

LESSON

Alexander's Horse Alexander Magnus, réx Macedoniae,’ equum fortem et celerem habebat. Bucephalus appellatus est. Régem in proelium semper portabat. Armis signoque proeli delectabatur. Ubi milités régis Bucephalum audacem inter hostés vidébant, animi cOnfirmabantur ,, et clamabant, ~Bucephalus non est animal, sed similis deo.”

Fabula dé equo memoria diti tenébatur. Alexander cum potenti ~duce Indorum ” pugnabat. Rex miseré laborabat. Bucephalus multis télis hostium vulneratus erat. In corpore equi erant gravia vulneta. Mors aderat, sed animal forte non eee Alexandrum sine iniuria ad castra portavit, Tum animam®* exspiravit.* Postea in finibus Indorum stabat oppidum Macedonicum. Nomen oppidi erat Bucephala. 1. Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia, a country in northern Greece. 2. Indi, -Orum, m., (East) Indians. 3. anima, -ae, f., soul, breath of life. 4. exspird, -are, -avi, -atum, breathe out.

CONNECTED

PROSE

Translate: Alexander the Great had a brave horse, Bucephalus. He delighted in arms, and always carried his master into battle. Alexander was fighting in the country of the Indians, and was hard pressed. Bucephalus was wounded by the enemy’s weapons, but he carried the king into camp. Then he died.

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin: 1. NOnne erat nOmen equi Alexandri Bucephalus? 2. Deélectabatne equum proelium? 3. Cir Bicephalum milités amabant? 4. Ubi erat oppidum Bucephala? 5. Num Alexander in proelio vulneratus est? 107

A boar 1s often hela by a not-Sso-large a0g.

4

Uvid

Second Conjugation Passzve; Ablative of Agent; Predicate Accusative

FORMS

The Passive of the Second Conjugation.“In the second conju-

gation the passive is formed in the same way as in the first conjugation. Present Passive Indicative

mo’neor moné’ris moné’ tur

moné mur moné’mini monen’tur —/

Imperfect Passive Indicative

moné’bar, etc.

moneba’mur, etc. Future Passive Indicative

moné’bor, etc.

moné bimur, etc. Perfect Passive Indicative

mo’nitus, -a, -um sum, etc.

mo’niti, -ae, -a su’mus, etc.

Pluper fect Passive Indicative

mo’nitus, -a, -um e’ram, etc.

mo’niti, -ae, -a era’ mus, etc.

Future Perfect Passive Indicative

mo’nitus, -a, -um e’r6, etc.

mo’niti, -ae, -a e’rimus, etc.

Present Passive Imperative

moné re -/

:

moné’ mini —

.

-

SYNTAX

The Ablative of Agent. the action is performed is sition 4 or ab. A or ab is as coming from the agent a variety of the ablative 108

With a passive verb the person by whom expressed by the ablative with the prepoused because the Romans saw the action or doer; the ablative of agent is therefore of place from which. But to agree with

the English idiom a or ab with the ablative of agent must be translated by. Puer bonus a patre laudatus est. The good boy was praised by his father.

note: Do not confuse the ablative of agent with the ablative of means. The agent must be a living being acting intentionally or voluntarily.

A milite vulneratus est. Telo vulneratus est.

He was wounded by a soldier.

He was wounded by a weapon.

Frumentum a servo portabatur. The grain was being carried by a slave. Frumentum carro portabatur. The grain was being carried by a wagon. The

Predicate

Accusative.

A verb of making or naming may

take a predicate accusative in addition to its direct object. Vocavit filium Marcum.

He called his son Marcus.

In the passive such verbs may take a predicate nominative. Puer vocatur Marcus. The boy 15 called Marcus.

VOCABULARY

aes’tas, aesta’'tis, f., swmmer hi’ems, hi’emis, f., w7nter lux, lu’cis, f., light

pax, pa’cis, f., peace sa’lus, sali'tis, f., safety, welfare vox, vO'cis, f., vozce dé’bed, débé’re, dé’bui, dé’bitum, owe; ought do’ce6, docé’re, do’cui, doc’tum, teach; show

prohi’bed, prohibé’re, prohi’bui, prohi’bitum, prevent, keep... from Pa |e =/ 1 y— / respon’ded, respondé’re, respon'di, respon’sum, reply, answer reti’ned, retiné’re, reti’nul, reten’tum, hold back ter’reO, terré’re, ter’rui, ter ritum, frighten

:

109

WORD

STUDY

The Prefixes pr6- (por-) and re- (red-). The prefix pro- or por- means in front, forward, forth, or for. prohibed = pro + habe, I hold out in front = I hold off= I prevent

The prefix re- or red- means back, again, against. retineOo = re + tened, I hold back Notice that in compounds the -a and -e of habe

and tened is

changed to -i.

Here are some verbs compounded with these two prefixes: proclamo, I shout forth removed, I move back promoved, I move forward provideo, Iforesee, I provide

renuntio, I bring back a message

for

reporto,

provoco,

I call forth

repugno,

remaneo,

I stay behind

revoco,

I carry back I fight against

I call back

DRILL

a. Analyze each form and translate: 1. habémur, monétur, dataesunt 2. vidérunt, videntur, retinétur 3. tenébatur, tenuerant, retinui 4. mOvi, mOtus est, movébitur 5. habébas, timueris, servabit 6. mOvit, vidit, dedit 7. mdverint, MOti eramus, timueramus 8. mOtum est, dabuntur, moniti sumus 9. vulnerabitur, liberata eris, vocati eratis 10. fuimus, eratis, fuerant

b. Translate: (1 he had been moved, Iam held

2. you were held, they will be

seen 3. they will have been frightened, she was warned 4. it is shown, they were being held 5. he has been held back, it has been prevented 6. they are warned, she has been moved 7. he had been held back, he will beseen 8. he is frightened, you have been defeated 9. he will be called, were moved, we were freed 110

I shall be saved

10. they

Relief of stonecutters at work. Man at right directs the work. EXERCISES:

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Hiemés in Africa brevés sunt. 2. Tuam filiam 4 flimine retinuimus. 3. Puellae a pueris in equis territae sunt. 4. Hostés a

ducibus vidébantur.

5. Nostri magna cum celeritate 4 nuntid

vocabantur ex castrorum portis. 6. Dé periculd hiemis in Germania ab amicoO bond monéberis. 7. Copiae ROmanae bellum paraverant et multa oppida in Gallorum finibus occupabant.

8. Roma a Gallis gentibus dit oppugnata erat. 9. Multam peciniam vestris amicis débémus. 10. Multae et pulchrae urbés in Hispania a nostris amicis visae sunt.

. (PTranslate: : The farmer’s daughter was waiting for her mother on the (shige (2. Many i cities had been seized by the forces of the Romani consul. . The king's sisters were carried by a wagon to the ship. (4. Tas oman camp was seen by the brave lieutenant. /5..Thé horses in the field were frightened by the boys’ voices. ~6. The wretched slaves owed money to their master. 7. Now I shall give the battle signal on my trumpet. 8. They wounded many soldiers of the enemy with weapons and saved Rome. 9. The dangers of a winter on the sea were reported to the Roman sailors. 10. The general had been warned about the fire on the mountain. 111

Mosaic floor of the Hall of the Grain Measurers at Ostia. The official checking the cargo holds a measuring rod with which he smoothes the grain poured into a standard container. Ostia was the chief grain port for Rome. READING

LESSON

Alexander and Porus Alexandri et copiarum Graecarum

Persarcum! Ind6rumque.

magnum iter erat per finés

Graeci ad flimen Hydaspem ? ab im-

peratore promoti erant. Ibi flumen latum hostés Graecis prohibuit. Trans flamen stabant milités Indi, viri ingentés.* Multae erant cOpiae. Porus, rex IndOorum, in proelium elephanto porta-

batur et magna pulchraque arma teneébat. Tum

Alexander milités trans flamen movit. Omnés

Graeci,

ubi regem Indorum vidérunt, fero anim et corpore magno territi sunt. Acriter pugnatum est. Et* Porus et Alexander fortiter pugnavit. Sed Porus superatus est et postea erat socius Alexandri. 1. Persae, -drum, m., the Persians. 2. Hydaspés, -is, m., the Hydaspes, a river in India. 3. ingéns, ingentis, adj., vast, huge. 4. et... et, both... and.

CONNECTED

PROSE

Translate: Alexander and the forces of the Greeks were in camp near the

river Hydaspes. Across the river stood the soldiers of Porus, a king of the Indians. When Alexander’s forces were moved across

the river, they were terrified by the great bodies of (their) enemies. There was a fierce fight. The Indians were defeated, and afterwards Porus was a comrade-in-arms of Alexander. 12

Lhere 15 no easy way from the earth to the stars.

—

a)

VOGABULARKY

Seneca

Review

DRILE

a. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns: aestas lux salus hiems

pax

vox

b. Give the other nominative singular forms (or the genitive singular, with adjectives of one termination) and the meaning of the following adjectives: acer brevis facilis gravis poténs audax ~ celer fortis omnis similis c. Give the principal parts and meanings of the following verbs:

débeo doceo habeo

moneo moved prohibeo

responded retineO sedeo

maneo DRILE

ON

teneo terreo timed video

FOKMS

a. Give the following forms. the genitive singular of pax, hiems, salus the dative singular of salus, Helvétius, aestas the accusative singular of lux, vOx, Gallus

the ablative singular of brevis, poténs, grave the nominative plural of pax, Troianus, audax the genitive plural of celer, similis, acer the dative plural of facilis, fortis, omnis plural of vox, salus, breve

the accusative CNA RYN

43

Steelyards from Pompeii. Note the movable weights in the shapes of divinities heads.

b. Give a synopsis in the active and passive, indicative and imperative, of: 1. porto im the 2d person plural 2. doceo im the 2d person singular c. Decline: 1. Gallus audax 2. aestas brevis

DRILL ON

SYNTAX

Translate the words in italics, giving the reason for each case: 1. They gave money fo the citizens. They carried water to the citizens. He was wounded by an enemy. He was wounded by a sword. We attacked the town with great speed. We attacked the town with our allies. We attacked the town with many weapons. I called my son Lucius. My son is called Lucius. es gad NT Soi ONE ral BEA 114

C1.) Silver Denarius of Hadrian. (r.) Bronze Sestertius of Hadrian. EXERGISES

a. Translate: 1. Bona fortiina nostrorum nautarum civibts nintiabitur. 2. Signum datum est; tum milités castra hostium oppugnaverunt. 3. Ignem

vestrum,

milités,

portate

ad

hostium

urbés.

4. Poena

inimicarum gentium erit gravis. 5. Misera animalia in viis ‘oppidi sedébant. 6. Multae navés in flimine visae sunt sub ponte lato.

7. Num multi pueri visi erant in magna nave?

8. Urbés a

multis civibus cum ducibus oppugnabantur. 9. Cum legato forti erant cOnsulés audacés. 10. Est longa via a meO oppido ad vestram urbem. b. Translate: 1. Because of the lack of bread the sailors were not staying in the town.

2. Everything on the ships was seen by everyone.

3. The brave citizens stayed in camp with the soldiers for a long time. 4. Many ships used to sail to the enemy’s territory. 5. The mountains in Italy are not high, but they are beautiful. 6. The death of the general was announced to the wretched soldiers by the lieutenant.

7. Lucius, see the fires on the mountain and in the

forests! 8. Gaesar had warned the citizens about the dangers of winter. 9. The long bridge was seen by the brave boys. 10. They had called the boy Marcus Julius; the girl was called Julia. Wax Tablets from Pompeii.

SIAL ‘S) ieWME 9!Wri

j

ikcones ddxpe i> jiW AE VO lewng

WAS

4

RRA

\\

SPRL, AN ekNN 4 =

xS

ae KA ’

Siaa

STEM

O§

Laas

\

‘ys

ROAAAL LC) Ree SAWS

BATHS

AND°

WATER

SUPPLIES

Remains of the Claudian Aqueduct (54 A.D.) which brought water to the city from the valley of the Anio river.

Bottom (/.) and (r.). Mosaics from the Baths of Caracalla. (See

pp. 140-141.)

Seey as

: ee. a

116

;

Pompeii, water tower used to maintain water pressure. Fountains overflowed to streets to keep pavements clean and cool. Step ping-stones allowed pedestrians to cross dry-shod.

a pfs

a aaree

eto mate # te

re

pan ot

sgh Sfanne

.

é

Bi Z

ve: DSR

Ey

One

Even

PAalLY PAS

A SIGGUW.

LUNAS

OY! He

Numerals

26

FORM S$ Declension of Unus,

Duo,

and

Trés.

Unus,

one, is declined

like malus except in the genitive and dative singular. Nominative: Vocative: Genitive:

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

'nus u’ne uni’us

u’na a’na uni’ us

a’num a’num uni’us

Dative:

uni

ani

a’ni

Accusative:

v’num

w’nam

w’num

Ablative:

a’nd

u’na

u’nd

Duo, two. Originally Latin had a separate set of forms for two of anything, so that there were three grammatical numbers, singular, dual, and plural. The declension of duo, two, and ambo,

both, is the last surviving example of the old dual number in Latin. Therefore the declension of duo is different from that of the plurals you have learned, and must be memorized carefully. Masculine Nominative:

du’o

Feminine

Neuter

du’ae

du’o

Vocative: Genitive: Dative: Accusative:

du’o dud’rum duo’bus du’6ds, du’o

du’ae dua’rum dua’bus du’as

du’o dud’rum duo’bus du’o

Ablative:

duo’bus

dua’ bus

dud’bus

Tres, three, is a regular third declension adjective except that it has, of course, no singular. The endings are added to the base tr-: 118

Nominative:

Vocative: Genitive:

UVES OnE: tres tres

Dative:

trium tribus

Accusative:

tres

Ablative:

tribus

N.

tria tria trium

tribus tria tribus

VOCABULARY

a. Cardinal numerals

u’nus, -a, -um, one, (1) du’o, du’ae, du’o, two, CII) trés, tri’a, three, (II1) quat’tuor, four, CIV)

quin’que, five, CV) sex, six, (VD sep’tem, seven, (VII)

oc't6, eight, (VID

no’vem, nine, (IX) de’cem, ten, (X) un’decim, eleven, (XI duo’decim, twelve, (XII) vigin’ti, twenty, (XX) cen’tum,

one hundred, a hundred,

mil’le, one thousand, a thousand, (M)

Except for anus, duo, and trés, the cardinal numerals up to centum are indeclinable; mille is indeclinable also. This means

that, unlike most other adjectives, these adjectives do not change their forms to indicate gender, number, and case:

quinque pueri five boys quinque puellarum of five girls a quinque oppidis from five towns b. Ordinal numerals

pri’mus, -a, -um, first secun’dus, -a, -um, second ter’tius, -a, -um, third quar’tus, -a, -um, fourth quin’tus, -a, -um, fifth

sex’ tus, -a, -um, sep’timus, -a, -um, octa’vus, -a, -um,

no’nus, -a, -um, de’cimus, -a, -um,

seventh

c. Other words.

Britan’nia, -ae, f., Britain cé’na, -ae, f., dinner fenes’tra, -ae, f., window Grae’cia, -ae, f., Greece

Helvé'tia, -ae, f., Helvetia (modern Switzerland ) iniu’ria, -ae, f., wrong, injustice mén’sa, -ae, f., table

pug’na, -ae, f., fight «sella, -ae, f., chair, seat Sici/lia, -ae, f., Sicily Tro‘ia, -ae, f., Troy victO'ria, -ae, f., victory

at’que, (conj.) and aut, Cconj.) or Alte

AUCHesee

(C/DEr 1 nO

quod, (conj.) because SLACcOnjs) sah, ustWassautirs. autere Means 1eivera. 07 means both...and...

WORD

SO etka

Clee

STUDY

Ménsa. Since the top of a Roman table could be removed and used as a tray to serve a new course, ménsa can also mean course. The dessert course, consisting usually of fruits and nuts, was called secunda ménsa. Atque. Of the three words which you have learned for and: et expresses simple connection, -que a close connection (which we often express by an unemphatic and, sometimes barely pronounced, as in salt ’n’ pepper) atque an emphasized close connection (e.g. She is beautiful and intelligent). Hence atque may sometimes be translated and also, and even, or and besides. 120

EXERCISES

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Octo parvOs pueros Germanos in magnO oppido vidimus. 2. Decem viri post victOriam tenébantur captivi. 3. Si pugna fuerit cris, cCopiae Germanae superabuntur. 4. Quinque pueri et quattuor puellae in agris manébant. 5. Viginti equi in agricolae agris visisunt. 6. Propter régis iniurias cum populis Siciliae pugnabant. 7. Si dei nostris victoriam dederint, duo oppida magna 4 duce occupabuntur. 8. Agricolae vita misera nOn est quod et latOs agrOs et multam pecuniam habet. 9. Britanni in silvis agrisque habitabant; nunc habent magnas urbés. 10. Grati sumus quod est magna céna in nostra ménsa.

note: In clauses beginning with 7f in English we usually use the

present tense when the future or future perfect would be more accurate. In a sentence like “If I see him I'll tell him,’ “if I see

him” does not mean “‘if I am seeing him,” but rather “‘if I shall have seen him.”’ Likewise in ‘If I’m in town tomorrow I'll meet you,” “if I’m in town” really means “if I shall be in town.” Latin is much more accurate in its use of tenses than English,

and always uses the future or future perfect if future time is meant. Si host€s superaverimus, castra occupabimus. If we defeat the enemy, we shall seize their camp. b. Translate: 1. The camp of the German troops was seized by the Roman soldiers. 2. We used to like the queen of Sicily, but we do not like the king. 3. If they defeat the enemy in Europe, our soldiers will then remain in our country. 4. We shall be unhappy if there is not a large dinner tomorrow. 5. The camp was guarded by the consul’s forces. 6. If we fight in Helvetia, we shall defeat the Helvetian forces. 7. Nine slaves were walking toward the farmer’s house. 8. A thousand soldiers broke camp and moved the heavy baggage across the river. 9. We praise the king and queen because they love the people. 10. There is a table with six chairs near the window in our farmhouse. 121

et a

|

FECIT SIBVET. se *HILARAECON E

NONIAPHI EECONIEL eS

PNONIVS:HERACLIO

Sarcophagus of P. Nonius Zethus, a miller, showing a grain mill worked by a donkey, and various measures, sieve, and scoop.

Aug. (Augustalis) member of a priesthood for an imperial cult of freedmen. READING

LESSON

The Kings of Rome In villa sub montibus Faliscis + post secundam mé€nsam pater ROmanus quattuor filiis fabulas dé patria in lacem * narrabat. Hiems erat et in sellis ad ignem sedébant. Per fenestras mOns Soracte albus videbatur. “Pater,” clamavit Unus ex pueris,’ “narra, amabo, fabulam aut

dé Aenéa aut dé régibus Romanis.”’ ‘“Fabula,”’ respondit pater, ‘“‘mi care fili, dé régibus délector. Septem erant régés Romani. ROmulus primus erat. Tum urbs nova

in monte Palatid * asylum ° erat servOrum atque malorum, et civibus non erant féminae. Sed fabula dé féminis Sabinis longa est et postea narrabitur. “Post mortem ROmuli populus Numae° imperium dedit.

Numa sacra curavit.’ “Sed prima lux adest. Cras, si boni fueritis, fabulam dé quinque régibus reliquis * narrabo.”’ 1. Faliscus, -a, -um, of the Faliscans, an Italic people living in the region of Mt. Soracte, twenty-five miles north of Rome. 2. in licem, until dawn. 3. ex pueris, of the boys.

4. Palatium, -i, n., Palatine (Hill), on which Romulus is said'to have

placed the first foundations of Rome. -ae,m., Numa.

5. asylum, -i, n., place of refuge.

7. curd, -are, take care of.

6. Numa,

8. reliquus, -a, -um, remaining.

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin: 1. Ubi erat villa patris? 2. Quid narrabat? 3. Quid patrem délectat? 4. Ubi erat urbs ROmuli? 5. Num cris pater fabulas narrabit, si pueri mali fuerint? 122

Culpam poena premit comes. Punishment closely follows crime as its companion. Horace

WE

The Third Conjugation; Ap position

FORM S$

The Third Conjugation. Verbs whose second principal part ends in -ere belong to the thirdconjagation. The present stem is found by dropping the -6 of the first principal part; the perfect stem is found in the same way as in the first two conjugations, by dropping the -i of the third principal part. Indicative. The present system of third conjugation verbs differs from that of the first two conjugations in the following ways: 1. In the present tense, since adding the personal endings directly to a stem ending in a consonant would make pronunciation awkward, an i or a u is inserted between the stem and

most of the endings: reg6, regere, present stem reg-: re’ go re’ g7mus re’ gis re’ gitis

re’ esgit

re’ / gunt

2. In the imperfect tense the tense sign is -eba- instead of just -ba-:

regé’ bam regé bas regé’ bat

regéba’ mus regéba tis rege’ bant

3. In the future tense the tense sign is -€-, shortened

before -t

and -nt, and becoming -a- in the first person singular:

re’'gam re’ gés re’ get

regé mus regé’tis re’gent 123

RS

The perfect system is formed exactly as in the other conjugations: fe

=—

fe

Perfect:

rex’l, etc.

réx’imus, etc.

Pluperfect

réx’eram, etc.

réxera mus, etc.

-

ma

=

-

réx’ero, etc.

Future Perfect:

-?

réxe’rimus, etc.

ok

pie

Imperative.

The present active imperative regularly adds an -e to the stem for the singular, and an -ite for the plural. /

LS ge

SIN

bee

ke gite

PASS

Apposition. A noun used to describe another noun or a pronoun is said to be its appositive, or to be in apposition with it. An appositive must refer to the same person or thing as the noun or pronoun to which it applies; it agrees with its noun or pronoun in case. The appositive usually follows its noun or pronoun. Puella fratrem Marcum amat. The girl loves her brother Mar-

cus. A noun may be in apposition with an understood subject: Consul milités duco. I, the consul, am leading the soldiers. I, as consul, am leading the soldiers. An appositive can be used to indicate time: Caesar puer magnam audaciam habuit. Caesar, when a boy, had great boldness. Caesar, while still a boy, had great boldness. VOCABULARY a’ g6, a’gere, é’gi, ac’tum, do, drive

‘

)

cO’go, cO’gere, coé’gi, coac’tum, collect; compel défen’d6, défen’dere, défen’di, défén’sum, defend di’co, di’cere, dix’l, duc’tum, lead* ¢ 6

gerd, ge'rere, ges’si, ges’tum, bear, carry on, wear, wage (war or battle) * The present active imperative second person singular of diicd is dic (not dice).

124

mit'to, mit’tere, mi’si, mis’sum, send, let go po‘no, po Pte ‘sui, pe ‘situm, put, place \re’go, re’gere, réx’i, réc/tum, rule / . relin’qu6, relin’quere, reli’ qui, relic’tum, leave, leave behind sur’ g0, sur’ gere, surréx’i, surréc’tum, rise, stand up

©2Q2.x«

tra’do, -tra ‘dete, tra’ didi, tra’ditum, hand over (down), Maen vin'cO, vin'cere, vi'ci, vic'tum, conquer, defeat

WORD

STUDY

Cogo. The two distinct meanings of cégd (co- + agd) come from the two meanings of the prefix co-, together and forcibly: to drive together is to collect; to drive forcibly is to compel. Trad6. In compounds -dere, -didi, -ditum.

do, dare, dedi, datum

becomes

-d6,

DRI

a. Analyze the form, and translate: 1. duxi, €gerat, gessit 2. misi, défenderit, coégimus 3. vicisti, surrexerint, réxerat 4. pOnet, relinquémus, tradit 5. regite, deé-

fendit, posuerat

vicerant

6. coégisti, reliqui, duxerit 7. tradidit, misérunt,

8. agébat, gere, surgent

9. mittimus, misimus, égeras

10. relinquit, vincent, gerébant b. Translate: 1. we shall send, he had risen 2. you have ruled, I did 3. he has put, we have compelled 4. he handed over, we led 5. stand up!he was bearing 6. you are leaving behind, he defended 7. he had conquered, you willlet go 8. Ishall drive, they place 9. you will have collected, we had surrendered 10. did he carry on? are they not handing down? EXERCISES

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Boni agricolae céna erat in ménsa ad fenestram.

2. Dux noster, 125

Licius, auxilium ad cOpias magna cum celeritate misit. 3. Surgite, viri feminaeque; equos vided régis atque réginae. 4. Nostri oppidum non relinquent sed patriam defendent. 5. Civés pecuniam Marco dedérunt, et Marcus ad Gallos in Hispania mittet. 6. Cir auxilia trans flimen cum novis cOpiis reliquérunt? 7. Romani multa bella cum Germanis gessérunt. 8. Hodié castra in camp posuimus; cras post proelium castra movébimus. 9. Decem viri pugnam reliquérunt et a légato visi sunt. 10. Cur post castfi milités reliquit imperator?

by

note: Two of the verbs from this lesson are used in military idioms: bellum ger6, I wage war; castra p6no, I pitch camp. b. Translate: 1. Why had they moved the troops, with the auxiliary forces, out

of the town across the river? 2. The boys were sending letters to their friends across the sea. 3. A powerful king used to rule the fierce tribes in the territory of the Britons. 4,) The general with

his soldiers

had

defended

Lucius,

the

consul’s

brother.

5. The soldiers had pitched camp on a high mountain. 6. Marcus, our leader, will defend the wretched soldier. 7. Why-didn’t the Roman people-send aid to its allies across the sea? 8. Caesar, while commander, waged war with the Gauls. 9. Caesar’s soldiers conquered the enemy in Gaul and even in Germany. 10. The enemy have surrendered their arms to our leader, Caesar’s lieu-

tenant. READING

LESSON

The Kings of Rome (continued) note: Up to this point where new words have been used in the text, they have been given in footnotes. Hereafter the student is expected to find such words in the general vocabulary.

Pater filits fabulam dé régibus ROmAnis narrabat: ‘Tertius réx erat Tullus Hostilius. Bellum cum Albanis gessit. In bells Albano trés fratrés Romani, Horatii, patriam defendérunt. Cum tribus fratri-

bus Albanis, Curiatiis, pugnavérunt. Civés Romani Albanique pug126

An olive press from Pompeii. The olives were bruised in a mill. The oil from the first pressing was used for perfumes and cosmetics, from the second, cooking; and from the third, illumination.

nam

spectavérunt.

erant.

Diu pugnatum

est. Trés Curiatii vulnerati

Unus ex Horatiis vivus relictus est, sed Curiatids vicit et

necavit. Civés surréxérunt et Horatium in urbem magno cum gau-

dio duxérunt. Albani urbem Albam Longam Tullo tradidérunt. Réx Romanus Albam vastavit. “Quartus réx erat Ancus Marcius. Post mortem Anci Lucius

Tarquinius Priscus regnum occupavit. Multa bella gessit et Servid Tullio, sexto regi, magnum agrum tradidit. Servius populum bene réxit et urbi ROmae multa dedit. Post mortem Servi filius Tarquini Prisci, Tarquinius Superbus, regnum obtinuit. Bene appellatus est. Superbus malusque erat réx. Brutus, pater patriae, Tarquinium Superbum ab urbe régnoque égit.”’ CONNECTED

‘PROSE

Translate: There were seven kings of Rome. Tullus, the third king, waged war with the Albans. The Albans were defeated. They handed over (their) city Alba Longa to Tullus, and the Romans destroyed Cit). Tarquin the Proud, the seventh king, ruled the people of Rome badly. 127.

We are all led on by our eagerness for praise.

Cicero

Third Conjugation, Passive; Objecteve Genztive

28

FORM $ The Passive of the Third Conjugation.

~

Indicative. The present system forms its passive by iiainewe passive personal endings to the same bases as in the active (except that in the present passive indicative second person singular the inserted vowel is -e- instead of -i-): Present

re’ gor re’ geris re’ gitur

re’ gsmur reg? mini regun’tur Imperfect

Ptege Dar,etc.

regeba mur, etc.

-/

-

=?

Future

re’ gar rege’ris regé tur =)

regé’ mur regé’ mini regen’tur

i

-,

ate

The perfect system in the passive is like that of the other conjugations: Perfect

réc’tus, -a, -um sum, etc.

réc’ti, -ae, -a su’mus, etc. Pluper fect

réc’tus, -a, -um e’ram, etc.

réc’ti, -ae, -a era’mus, etc.

Future Perfect

réc’tus, -a, -um e’rd, etc.

réc’ti, -ae, -a e’rimus, etc.

Imperative: Present

re’gere 128

regi mini

Sy NGAX

The Objective Genitive. The objective genitive indicates the object of an action implied in the noun or adjective with which it is used; in other words, if the noun or adjective were to be turned into a verb, the objective genitive would become its object. dux copiarum, the leader of the forces (copias dicd, I lead the forces) cura agrorum, care for the fields . fuga malorum, a flight from evils memoria viri boni, the memory of 4good man

The objective genitive, unlike the possessive, is not translated by the English possessive with ’s or s’. VOCABULARY anti quus, -a, -um, former, ancient, old-fashioned, old

cla’rus, -a, -um, clear, bright; famous fini’timus, -a, -um, neighboring

pau’ci, -ae, -a, few, a few re’liquus, -a, -um, remaining, the-rest-of cé’do, cé’dere, ces’si, ces’sum, move; yield, give way cOnsti’tud, cOnstitu’ere, cOnsti’tui, cOnstiti’tum, set up; decide, determine

conten’d6, conten’dere, conten’di, conten’tum, strive, struggle; hasten dé'ligd, déli’gere, déle’gi, déléc’tum, choose discé’d6, discé’dere, disces’si, disces’sum, go away, depart, leave excé’d6, excé’dere, exces’si, exces’sum, go out, leave redii’c6, redii’cere, redx’i, reduc’tum, lead back WORD

STUDY

Antiquus is rarely used to mean “‘old’’; 1.e., it is seldom applied to

things (never to people) which have been in existence for a long 1Z9)

kasi nieiemnnene snscnns

ME RRS, FER

%

NTT AERIS

Chart of measures on one of the buildings in the market place.

time. Viri antiqui means old-fashioned men.

not “old men’ but men of old or .

Finitimus, when used as a noun, means neighbor. The suffix -timus, -a, -um means belonging to; hence finitimus has the basic

meaning of belonging to one’s boundaries. What would maritimus mean?

Reliquus: the genitive is not used with this adjective; the of of rest of ispart of the meaning of the adjective. reliquae cOpiae, the rest of the troops

Délig6 may take a predicate accusative: Marcum ducem délégimus. We chose Marcus as leader. Marcus déléctus est dux. Marcus was chosen leader.

‘Discéd6, excéd6. The prefix dis- or di- means apart, in different directions: distineo, I hold apart, I keep separate dist, I stand apart, I am distant

In compounds, céd6 generally means go. Knowing that discédé means I go away, and that excéd6 means I go out, you will realize that these verbs are intransitive; relinqué, however, is transitive.

Urbem reliquit. Ex urbe excessit. Ve left the city. Ab urbe discessit.| DERITE

a. Analyze each form and translate: 1. positus est, reducti sunt 130

2. cOgébantur, tradita sunt

3. dé-

Drawing of a Pompeian fresco showing the delivery of wine to a wine shop.

fendar, vincétur 4. ducta est, déligitur 5, missi erunt, regar 6. relinquéris, gestum erat 7. acta erat, ducar 8. cOnstituétur, cessérant

9. vincimur, cOgentur

10. excessérunt, agebaris

b. Translate: 1. they have been set up, we shall be chosen

2. it is being sent, you will be handed over 3. she has been defended, he will be tuled 4. I am left behind, you will be led back 5. it will have been carried on, they have been collected 6. they will be placed, I shall be conquered 7. you have departed, she has stood up 8. he is being driven, we shall not go out 9. they were being led, we have been let go

10. they had yielded, it has been decided

EXERCISES

a. Read the Latin and translate:

1. A paucis militibus ducés télis victisunt.

2. Et nautae et milités

cum celeritate Gallos gladiis vicerunt. 3. Pauci in auxiliorum Gallorum castris relicti erant. 4. Nomina virOrum antiquorum memoria tenémus. 5. Caesar a populo consul déléctus est. 6. Reliquos milités et magna auxilia Caesar ex oppido ad castra reduxit. 7. Oppida finitima a nostris oppugnata sunt. 8. Castra nostra ad pontem in insula parva posita erant. 9. Misi clari poétae librum

ad meum'amicum. hostés vincentur.

10. Si magna cum

audacia pugnabimus,

*¥ note: Memoria tened CI hold by means of memory), I remember. 131

b. Translate: 1. The large wagon was driven to the city by the rest of the boys. 2. After the war the people chose Lucius as king. 3. Stand up, men; the general and his friends are walking toward our camp. 4. The German auxiliaries were being led back through the forest by the brave leader. 5. If we leave the town, we shall hasten to the small farmhouse across the river. 6. The men of old had great care for their fields. 7. Our men have not been conquered in battle by the enemy. 8. Our messengers were sent into the town by the lieutenant. 9. The citizens will always remember the ancient battles. 10. In the towns and in the plains we shall fight with great daring against our enemies. A funeral urn (either second or third century A.D.) from Ravenna. The scene on this funeral urn shows an oculist examining one of his patients.

132

Surgeon's tools found at Pompeii. READING

LESSON

Cincinnatus In numero virOrum ROmanorum antiquorum est Cincinnatus. Ab Romanis nomen Cincinnati memoria semper tenébatur. Acer dux militum in bell6 erat; in pace agricola clarus. In parva villa habitabat, et cura agrorum délectabatur. Ubi in castris non erat, vitam

in agris agebat. ROmani cum finitimis bellum gerébant. Consul cum copiis Roméanis in montibus miseré laborabat. Quinque ex militibus nintit ad urbem contendérunt et civibus periculum nuntiavérunt: “Si auxilium ad consulem nOn miseritis, consul cum reliquis cOpiis vincétur.”’

Tum ab civibus Cincinnatus dux déléctus est et cum novis cOpiis ex urbe contra hostés excessit.

Milités consulis servati sunt;

arma ab hostibus sunt tradita. Postea Cincinnatus ad villam in triumpho reductus est.

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin: 1. Ubi cum consule ROmani Jaborabant? 2. Quid nuntii civibus in urbe nintiavérunt? 3. Nonne vita agricolae Cincinnatum delectavit? 4. Clarusne dux erat Cincinnatus? 5. Num post victOriam ROman6rum Cincinnatus cum militibus mansit? 133

29

Third Conjugation I-Stem Verbs; Ablative of Separation

FORM S$

I-Stem Verbs of the Third Conjugation.A few important verbs of the third conjugation have present stems ending in i; the 1 does not appear in the other two stems. If you will remember that in the third conjugation the present stem is found by dropping the -6 from the first principal part you will have no trouble distin-

guishing i-stem verbs from the others. With both rego, regere and capi6, capere the -ere tells you that the verbs belong to the third conjugation; the first principal parts tell you that capi6 is an i-stem and that rego 1s not.

In the conjugation of an i-stem verb, the i of the stem is changed to e in the second principal part, the present passive indicative second person singular, and in the present active and passive imperative second person singular. The tense signs are the same as for the other third conjugation verbs. Active

Passive

Present Indicative

ca’pid ca’ pis ca’pit

ca’pimus capitis ca’piunt

ca’pior ca’peris ca’pitur

ca’pimur capi’mini capiun’tur

Imperfect Indicative

capié’bam, etc.

capié’bamus, ere

ca’piam ca’ piés ca’piet

capié’mus capié’ tis ca’pient

Ge ‘pi,

cé’pimus,

capié’bar, ere

capiéba’ mur, etc.

Future Indicative

ca’piar capié’ris capié’tur

capié’mur capié’ mini capien’tur

Perfect Indicative -/

134

-

-/

.

cap’tus sum,

cap’ti su’mus, -

Pluperfect Indicative

c€peram,

cépera’mus,

-/

=

-

cap’tus e’ram,

_cap’ti era’mus, -

-

Future Perfect Indicative =—/

a

=

cé’perd,

.

cépe’rimus,

ae

cap’tus e’rd,

=

.

cap’ti e’rimus,

Present Imperative Active

ca‘pe

ca'pite capture!

Passive

ca‘pere

capi’mini be captured!

SYNTAX

Ablative of Separation. Separation, when no motion is implied, is expressed by the ablative with a, ab, or without a preposition. A, ab is used with défend6, but not with liberd; prohibeG takes

either construction.

Défendimur 4 finitimis Gallis. We are defended from the neighboring Gauls. Consulem omni cura liberabitis. You will free the consul from all care. Hostés nostris finibus prohibeébimus. We shall keep the enemy from our boundaries. Prohibuit virum malum ab initria. He kept the evil man from his wrongdoing. note: If the separation is from persons, 4 or ab is used with libero: Servos a dominis liberavit. He freed the slaves from the masters. VOCABULARY

acci’ pid, acci’pere, accé’pi, accep’tum, receive, accept ca’pid, ca’pere, cé’pi, cap’tum, take, capture confi’cid, confi’cere, confé’ci, confe’ctum, accomplish, finish -coni’cid, coni’cere, conié’ci, coniec’tum, hurl; throw together

cu’pid, cu’pere, cupi'vi, cupi’tum, wish, want, desire fa’cid, fa’ cere, fé’ci, fac’tum, make, do * fu’gid, fu’gere, fi’ gi, fu’gitum, flee, flee from * The pres. act. imperative 24 sing. of facio is fac (as diicd is dic).

130

ia’cid, ia’ cere, ié’ci, iac’tum, throw inci’piO, inci’pere, incé’pi, incep’tum, begmn interfi’cid, interfi’cere, interfé’ci, interfec’tum, &7// .

.

—_

.

.

_—_

WORD

0

.

.

_

=-

.

.

Ve

—_

.

.

.

/

.

STUDY

Compounds. Remembering prefixes, you should have no trouble with the meanings of the compound verbs in this lesson. accipio = ad--+ capio, take to oneself = receive, accept incipiO = in- + capio,

take on = begin

conficid = coOn- + facid, do completely = accomplish, finish interficid = inter- + facid, make into pieces, destroy = kill conicid = con--+ iacid, throw together, throw forcibly = hurl Notice that the a of these verbs changes to i or e when they are compounded with prefixes. In conici6 the consonant i is pro-

nounced (coniicid), even though it is not written. Fugio may be used either transitively or intransitively:

Hostés fugiunt. The enemy are fleeing. Hostés fugiunt nostros. The enemy are fleeing from our men. DRILL a. Translate: 1. capientur, accipiet 2. cOnfécimus, incipiam 3. cupivistis, coniciébatis 4. interfécerat, fecimus 5. fugient, iactasunt 6. interficiébam, acceptierant 7. facta erunt, conficiunt 8. incipitur,

fugimus

9. cupiveras, coniciébas

10. c€pit, iactum erat

Air view of Baths of Caracalla, Rome. (See pp. 140-141).

b. Translate:

1. we shall accomplish, he was beginning desire

3. it has been hurled, they will take

;

2. they have fled, they ~ 4. we have received,

I shall make 5. they were throwing, you are killing 6Ait will be thrown, it has been finished 7. they will have thrown together, I shall have begun 8. we were capturing, you will be killed 9. we want, he has accepted 10. we do, he killed EXERCISES

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. SicOnsilium céperimus, bellum diti n6n gerétur.

2. Quod Ger-

mani nostros semper fugiébant, iter in Germaniam fécimus. 3. Hodié, milités, prohibéte Gallos castris nostris. 4. Populus

Romanus ducés consulés appellabat. 5. Magna cura liberabimur si milités nostram urbem ab hostibus defenderint. 6. Civés ROmani clarae victOriae memoriam servavérunt. 7. Galli tela coniciébant et nostri muita vulnera acc€pérunt. 8. Iulius Caesar, nostrarum cOpiarum dux, imperator factus est. 9. Aut hostium

oppidum capiémus aut ab hostibus interficiémur. 10. Si laborabimus magna cum diligentia multum cOnficiémus. 6note: Iter facid (1 make a march), I march. Consilium capid

I form a plan. I make a plan. b. Translate: 1. If we make a good plan, our sailors will capture many ships. 2. The leaders of the Roman people were called consuls. 3. Men

0). Pee

of Rome, shall we make Lucius our king?

4. The queen, because

she was good, received many beautiful gifts from the grateful people. 5. Leave the forest, boys, and you will free me from great care. 6. We hurled many weapons and kept the enemy from our town. 7. Two boys and five girls were sitting on chairs near the large table. 8. A thousand soldiers and a hundred auxiliary troops were marching from Italy to Gaul. 9. The neighboring tribes are both savage and hostile, but we shall defend our city from the dangers of war. 10. A few bad boys were throwing books through the teacher’s window. READING

LESSON

Pyrrhus and Fabricius Romani cum Pyrrho,* rége Epiri, bellum gerébant. Ab rége multis proeliis victi sunt. Multi milites Romani capti sunt. ROmani captivos a Pyrrho liberare® cupiébant et ad régem légatds misérunt. Unus ex légatis fuit Fabricius, vir bonus et in bello fortis; clarum erat Fabrici nomen, sed vir nn magnam peciiniam habuit. Pyrrhus Fabricium benigné accépit; fama ducis.ROmani régem délectavit. _,o/ “Fabrici,” inquit ® Pyrrhus, ‘si pacem cum mea patria faciés, wo pecuniam accipiés; captivos liberabo et meds milités ab iniuria DAD, prohibébo. Eris socius meus.” ‘ Sed Fabricius patriam, nOn peciiniam, amabat. Respondit, “‘Si, Pyrrhe, tua dona acc€pero, meam amicitiam nOn cupiés. Et R6mani et tui magno cum honoOre bellum cOnficient. Tum amici erimus.”’ 1. Pyrrhus, -i, m., Pyrrhus, the Hellenistic ruler of Epirus, on the E. coast of the Adriatic. 2. liberare, to free. 3. inquit, says.

CONNECTED

PROSE

Translate:

Pyrrhus was the king of Epirus. He waged war with the Romans and conquered (their) soldiers in many battles. He took many captives. The king said, “I shall free the captives and keep my men from wrongdoing if Rome makes peace with Epirus.” But the Romans did not make peace. 138

Fools laugh at the Latin language.

Review

|

30

VOCABULARY

Ovid

DRILL

a. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns: céna fenestra initria mé€nsa pugna_ sella victoria

b. Give the other nominative forms, and the meanings, of the following adjectives: antiquus clarus finitimus pauci reliquus c. Give the principal parts and meanings of the following verbs: accipioO contendo faciO pono ago cupid fugio rediicd capio défendo gerd rego cedo deligo iaciO relinquo cogo discédo Incipio surgo conficio diico interficio trado conicio excédo mitto vinco cOnstituo d. Give the meanings of the following conjunctions: atque aut ,, QU quod DRILL

ON

si’

FORMS

(2,\Give the following forms: . the vocative singular of Graecia, clarus, victOria the genitive singular of reliqua, sella, antiquum the dative singular of TrOia, Sicilia, initria the genitive plural of fenestra, trés, septem the accusative plural of pugna, finitimum, pauca AB MW bd w& = 1399

40

:

not ttetqyV

ttt ttt ttt

VEES+

(fae :

=~ fi U

. Main Entrance

Shops . Nymphaea Rooms opening on colonnade . Heated Rooms _ Libraries (Greek

and Latin) Stadium . Water Tanks

Aqueduct Entrances to the baths

_ Dressing Rooms . Frigidarium

res)

. Central Hall

Tepidarium

. Caldarium , Palaestra

oO

_ Exedrae and E. Lecture Halls

ets) tasea Fea 0)

Plan of the Baths of Caracalla, dedicated in 216 B.C.

b. Give a synopsis in all tenses, indicative and (where applicable)

imperative, of: 1. interficiO im the first person singular, active voice mutto’zn the second person singular, passive voice faciO in the third person singular, active voice

accipio im the first person plural, passive voice pono zn the second person plural, active voice OS aeago in the third person plural, passive voice DRTEE

ONS

YIN TADS

Translate the words in italics, giving the reason for each case:

1. He was freed from all care. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

He defended his daughter from the danger. I gave the book to my son Marcus. We freed the captives from the soldiers. We have preserved the memory of the great battle. They kept the enemy from the town.

7. Julius, ovr consul, was in the city.

8. Caesar was the leader of the forces.

Lee ; ookes

©

ee

,

eee

~ oe, Ps Nin,

‘

gpenese

YE Bi nS i

Bs ‘ad

fd Pes sb

oh UeEy Asal

|

Bese ae

DDDDDSDOBBDDRODDDDDDIDinDDDDDREDDDDDDADSDDD

DRRARADADARARARARR ADA BI RRRBSRSARRBRSRSeeeee A model of the Baths of Caracalla (plan on p. 140). Note the size of the complex, particularly the large areas of park and garden for strolling, and the roofing arrangements.

EXERCISES

a. Translate: 1. Omnés Germani € nostra urbe Roma excédent.

2. Réx a bonis servis defendébatur. 3. Si téla hostium nostris ducibus tradita erunt, pacem dit habébimus. 4. Cdpiae hostium télis nostrorum militum vulneratae sunt. 5. Quod régina per portam ambulaverat, Civés surréxérunt. 6. Ad ignem sedébamus, et pater fabulam dé bello narrabat. 7. Ubi nuntium dé periculo belli accépimus, iter per magnam silvam in Germaniam fécimus. 8. Trés puerOs cum tuo amico, Marce, et quinque puellas vidi.

9. Magna

cum diligentia Gallos inimicos ab nostris castris prohibébamus. 10. Caesaris et magnas pugnas et claras victorias memoria semper

tenébimus. b. Translate: 1. Our men pitched camp yesterday; today they will break camp and march with great speed to Gaul. 2. If Marcus leaves the city tomorrow he will not receive the king’s gift. 3. Weapons were being hurled toward our town by a thousand soldiers of the enemy. 4. We shall pitch camp tomorrow; then we shall defend our city from the enemy with arms. 5. The king had ruled the people for a long time, and he was loved by everyone in the kingdom.

6. Caesar, our leader, has been made consul by the

Roman people.

7. Before the battle the soldiers were preparing

the weapons. 8. He has sent many letters to the commander in Gaul, but the commander has not replied. 9. Julia, my sister, wants aid from the queen of the city. 10. The boys and girls wanted either a large dinner or many gifts. 141

Cicero

Inhumanity 1s harmful in every age.

ae.

The Demonstratives Is, Hic,

31

and We; Ablatives of Time

~~ FORM S$

Demonstrative Adjectives. Adjectives which serve to point out

(démOnstré, -are) the nouns they modify are called demonstrative adjectives. The most common

demonstrative adjectives are

is, this, that, hic, this, and ille, that. Singular

Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nom. Gen. Dat. Ac. Abl.

is e’ius el eum 6

e/a e’ius eI eam e/a

id e’ius eI id ed

ei eo’‘rum eis e’Os eis

e/ae ea rum eis e’as eis

e/a ed’rum eis e/a eis

Nom.

hic °

haec

hoc

hi

hae

haec

Gen.

hu’ius

hu'ius

hu’ius

ho’rum

=ha’rum_——sih’rum

Ac,

hunc

fhanc>

hoc

hs

has

Dat.

Abl.)

huic

hdc

huic

—_huic

hac

hdc

il’lud

Nom.

il’le

il’la

Gen.

illus

illi’us __ illi’us il'li

Dat.

il'li

Acc.

il’lum

Abl.

illo

il’li

il’‘lam . il’lud il’la

il’l6

his

his

his

haec

his

his

his

il'li

il’lae

il’la

illo’rum ssila’rum_—illo’rum il'lis

il’lis

il’l6s

il’las

il’lis

il’la

il’lis

il’lis

il’lis

SYNTAX Ablative of Time When. The time when an action occurs is ex-

pressed by the ablative without a preposition. Tertia hora € castris excessérunt. They left camp at the third hour. 142

Ablative of Time Within Which. The time within which an action occurs is also expressed by the ablative without a preposition. Tribus annis ad Africam navigabimus. We shall sail to Africa within three years. Multa oppida uno anno capta sunt. Many towns were taken im one year. VOCABULARY

e'ques, e’quitis, m., horseman, knight; pl., cavalry pe'des, pe’ditis, m., foot soldier; pl., infantry is, e’a, id, this, that hic, haec, hoc, thzs

il’le, il’la, il’lud, that bi’bo, bi’bere, bi’bi, ——, drink cur’r6, -ere, cucur’ri, cur’sum, run di’c6, -ere, dix’l, dic’tum, say, tell* e’do, -ere, é’di, é’sum, eat pe’to, -ere, peti’vi, peti’tum, seek; beg, ask; attack; aim at scri’b6, -ere, scrip’si, scrip’tum, write

O’lim, (adv.) formerly, once upon a time; some day WORD

STUDY

Eques, &night. The word for horseman or cavalryman may also designate a knight, a member of the wealthy business class among the Romans. In primitive times the title had been given to a man wealthy enough to provide himself with a horse for battle; but by the classical period the knights had no connection with horses.

Is, hic, ille. The demonstrative adjectives hic and ille point out the position of the words they modify as present or near the

speaker (hic), or absent or more remote from the speaker Cille). * The present active imperative singular of dic6 is dic (like dic and fac it lacks the final e).

143

Is does not suggest any specific location, but merely indicates that the noun it modifies has already been mentioned or is to be defined. Hoc oppidum magnum, illud parvum est. This town (here) is large; that one (there) is small. Oppidum Gallorum vidi; id oppidum parvum erat. I saw a town of the Gauls; this (or that) town was small. *

DRILL

a. Give the case and translate: 1. huius peditis 2. illius cémae

3. harum

iniuriarum

4. eae

pugnae 5. cum e0 equite 6. ab eis cOnsulibus 7. ad illas fenestras 8. sub illO ponte 9. ad haec flumina 10. cum eis antmalibus b. Translate: 1. this table 2. of that victory 3. with these tribes 4. to that mountain 5. on this bridge 6. by means of these names 7. this light 8. by this horseman 9. of these voices 10. those wounds BOXEKCISES

a. Read the Latin and translate: 1. Agricolae filia cénam in ménsa ad fenestram posuit. 2. Parvum animal in silva equités fugieébat. 3. Patriam nostram magna cum audacia défendemus. 4. Ei equi magna cum celeritate ex

agro in viam currébant. 5. Quinque annis ille réx bonus servos miser6s liberaverit. 6. Olim nostri multis proeliis equités hostium vincébant.

respondébunt.

7. Mittite has epistulas ad vestrds amicOs; mox

8. Illa aestate pedités ROmani cum illis hostibus

dit pugnaverant. 9. Hae sellae sunt magnae, illae parvae. 10. Civés huius oppidi GermanOs pedités céperant et ad castra diicébant. b. Translate:

1. The commander left the infantry in the camp and led the cavalry into battle. 2. In summer we shall send our sons to Italy. 3. The enemy surrendered (its) arms to our infantry at the seventh 144

hour.

4. Much food was eaten by the wretched captives in the

Roman camp. 5. These boys were running down from the mountain at the tenth hour. 6. Our infantry and cavalry waged war

with a powerful enemy in Spain. 7. This little girl is writing a letter to Cher) brother. 8. The enemy’s cavalry attacked our infantry with (their) weapons. 9. These wretched boys are seeking bread, but those girls have given them water. 10. Did that horseman say many things to the lieutenant?

note: With litteras (or epistulam) mitt6 or scribd, either the accusative of place to which or the dative of the indirect object may be used, depending on whether or not the idea of motion predominates (See the note in Lesson 9). Scribo CMittd) epistulam med amico (ad meum amicum).

I am writing (sending) a letter to my friend. READING

LESSON

Baucis and Philemon

Olim Iuppiter et Mercurius in Phrygia iter faciébant. Non dei vidébantur (seemed), sed hominés. Nox aderat. Hi dei longd itinere défessi erant. Cibum vinumque ab multis petébant, sed omnés inimici erant. Tum parvam villam in colle vidérunt. Hoc tempore in hac villa habitabant bonus vir Philemon et bona fémina Baucis. Erant veterés et liberos non habebant. Inopia magna laborabant, sed deds amabant. Magna cum amicitia deOs recépérunt, sellas posuérunt, et cénam paravérunt. Dei liberé gratéque édérunt et bibérunt. Post cénam Iuppiter viro féminaeque, “Sum,” inquit, ‘‘Iuppi-

ter. Multa dona dabo. Omnés bonds félicés faciam.”’ Finem potentia dedrum non habet.

QUESTIONS Answer the following questions in Latin. 1. Where were Jupiter and Mercury traveling? 2. Who received the gods? 3. What sort of people were Baucis and Philemon? 4. Why were the gods seeking refreshment? 5. How did Jupiter reward the good? 145

You cling to your own ways and leave mine to me.

Personal Pronouns

SS

AD

Petrarch

FORM S$ *»

The First Person Pronouns are ego, J, and n6s, we. Nominative:

Singular e’ go

Plural nos

Genitive:

me’i

nos’tri, nos’trum

Dative: Accusative: Ablative:

mi’ hi me me

no’ bis nos no’ bis

The Second Person Pronounsare ti, you (s.), and vos, you (p/.). Singular

Plural

Nominative: Vocative:

tu tu

vos vos

Genitive:

tu’i

ves’ tri, ves’trum

Dative: Accusative: Ablative:

ti’bi te te

vo bis vos v0’ bis

The Third Person. Latin has no personal pronoun for the third person, he, she, it, they. This gap is filled by the demonstrative adjectives used as pronouns (remember that in Latin any adjective may be used as a substantive: bona, 2 good woman, nostri, our

men; multa, many things). He may be translated by is (that man), hic (this man here), or ille (that man there); she may be translated by ea (that woman), haec (this woman here), or illa (that woman there); it by id (that thing), hoc (this thing here), or illud (that thing there); and they by the plural of any of the demonstratives, depending on whether men, women, or things are referred to. note: Hic and ille may also be used to mean the latter and the former respectively. This is because the Jatter means the one most 146

recently mentioned, hence nearer, while the former means the one mentioned first, i.e., the one farther away in the sentence.

Romani et Galli pugnavérunt. Hi superati sunt; illi ad castra

iter fecérunt. The Romans and the Gauls fought. The latter were defeated; the former marched to their camp. SaaNWEADS

Agreement of Pronouns. We call the noun for which a pronoun stands its antecedent. A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number. We automatically follow this rule with the first and second person pronouns, but it must be kept in mind when using the third person. Si est panis in ménsa, eum edémus; si aqua, eam bibemus. If there 1s bread on the table, we shall eat it; if there is water, we shall drink it.

Genitive. The genitive of the personal pronouns is not used to indicate possession; instead we use the possessive adjectives meus, noster, tuus, vester. The genitives mei, nostri, tui, and vestri are used as objec-

tive genitives (see Lesson 28): timor vester, your fear, timor vestri, the fear of you Hoc fécimus ob nostrum timOorem vestri. of our fear of you.

We did this because

You will learn the use of the forms nostrum and vestrum in Lesson 36.

The genitive of a demonstrative used as a pronoun may be used to show possession (his, her, its, their) only if its antecedent

is not the subject. Eorum matrem videt.

Eius matrem videt.

He sees their mother.

He sees his (i.e. someone else’s) mother.

Ablative of Accompaniment with Personal Pronouns. When first and second person pronouns are used in the ablative of accompaniment, the cum is placed after the pronoun and the two are written as one word: mécum,

Vobiscum ambulabimus.

ndbiscum, técum, vObiscum.

We shall walk with you. 147

VOCABULARY