""This newest edition includes most recent CODATA fundamental physical constants published in 2010; IUPAC atom
5,483 310 40MB
English Pages 2666 Year 2014
Table of contents :
Content: Front Cover
Foreword
Editorial Advisory Board
Preface
Current Contributors
Table of Contents
Section 1 --
Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors
Section 2 --
Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature
Section 3 --
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
Section 4 --
Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Section 5 --
Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry
Section 6 --
Fluid Properties
Section 7 --
Biochemistry
Section 8 --
Analytical Chemistry
Section 9 --
Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy
Section 10 --
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. Section 11 --
Nuclear and Particle PhysicsSection 12 --
Properties of Solids
Section 13 --
Polymer Properties
Section 14 --
Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
Section 15 --
Practical Laboratory Data
Section 16 --
Health and Safety Information
Appendix A --
Mathematical Tables
Appendix B --
Sources of Physical and Chemical Data
Historical Figures in Ch emistry and Physics
Periodic Table of the Elements
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2013)
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS --
FREQUENTLY USED CONSTANTS
Back Cover.
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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 95th Edition
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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data
2014-2015
95th
EDITION
Editor-in-Chief
W. M. Haynes, Ph.D.
Scientist Emeritus National Institute of Standards and Technology Associate Editors
David R. Lide, Ph.D.
Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of Standards and Technology
Thomas J. Bruno, Ph.D.
Group Leader National Institute of Standards and Technology
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140317 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-0868-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
Foreword My first copy of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics was a 1973 edition that came into my possession in 1983, when I was 21 years old. I’d like to tell you that its 2279 pages launched me onto a career of successful physics research, but the truth is they very nearly launched me instead on a career of petty larceny and crime in general. I was an undergraduate physics major, working in the afternoons in a Stanford physics lab. Undergraduate researchers did not have a lot of clout in the department and no one offered me a desk of my own, but my lab key got me into a room full of desks occupied by graduate students, and one of them was empty, so I decided to brazen it out. I lined up my five or six physics text books along the back of the desk, put several pads of engineer-lined blank paper in the center drawer, and “moved in.” For a year and more, I did my homework at the desk and also did calculations for an experiment I was working on. Sitting on the adjacent desk was a massive blue book. My slide down into criminality began in a simple moment of curiosity one evening when I was bored with my homework. I leaned over onto my neighbor’s desk, and flipped his book open: Wow. It turned out to be choc-a-bloc full of all varieties of useful information, exactly the sort of stuff I needed to design modifications to my experiment! Another graduate student in the room told me “Oh sure, we call that the ‘Rubber Bible.’ No one knows why. ” Years later someone told me that “CRC” used to stand for the company that published it —and the “R” stood for “Rubber.” Thus, its authoritative tome was naturally still called the “Rubber Bible,” but at the time the name seemed to me full of portent and significance. My favorite record album was called “Rubber Soul.” What better way to tend to your rubber soul than flipping through a rubber bible? Soon I was borrowing my neighbor’s CRC Handbook on a frequent basis. And, since he never seemed to be around, one fateful day instead of returning the book to his desk when I was done, I just left it on the edge of my desk. I meant no harm. It’s just that I hadn’t
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seen the guy in a semester or more, and it was a heavy book to heft from one desk to another. If he did come in and was looking for it, he’d see it on my desk, no problem. But before long, some of the graduate students were asking if they could borrow “my” Handbook. I was always very willing to loan it out, but I never corrected their impression that the book belonged to me. I knew then, and I know now, that this act of omission was very wrong, but it was just so flattering to my ego that the graduate students would ask to borrow such an important book from me, a lowly undergraduate. Well by now I was well down the slippery slope. The true owner never did show up again. I guess he graduated. But did I make any effort to contact him, to let him know he had forgotten his book? I did not. And when I left Palo Alto to go to grad school, I took his Rubber Bible with me. In the ensuing 30 years, I’ve owned and made good use of several generations of updated editions of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, but for sentimental reasons, and perhaps as a moral warning, I’ve always kept also my purloined 1973 edition. Just now, I’m opening it. The name of the true owner is written in pen on the inside of the front cover, but it has been lined through and just under it, my name is written, and in my own hand. I don’t remember doing that, but I can hardly call that a mere “act of omission,” can I? Gentle reader, do not repeat my errors. Go not down the path I have chosen. Buy this, the 95th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, for your own! Eric A. Cornell, Ph.D. JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440 Nobel Laureate Physics 2001 http://jila.colorado.edu/bec/CornellGroup/ March 2014
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Editorial Advisory Board Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University
Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University
Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science
Dana L. Roth Millikan Library California Institute of Technology
Michael Frenkel National Institute of Standards and Technology Robert N. Goldberg National Institute of Standards and Technology
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Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
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Preface The 95th Edition of the Handbook includes new tables and major updates and expansions. A new series highlighting the achievements of some of the major historical figures in chemistry and physics was initiated with the 94th edition. This series is continued with this edition which is focused on Galileo Galilei, James Clerk Maxwell, Marie Sklodowska Curie, and Linus Carl Pauling. This series, which provides biographical information, a list of major achievements, and notable quotations attributed to each of the renowned chemists and physicists, will be continued in succeeding editions. Each edition will feature two chemists and two physicists. The following new tables have been added to this edition: Section 8: Analytical Chemistry • Figures of Merit • Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams • Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data • Standard Fittings for Compressed Gas Cylinders • Plug and Outlet Configurations for Common Laboratory Devices Section 16: Health and Safety Information • Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards • Incompatible Chemicals • Explosion (Shock) Hazards • Water-Reactive Chemicals • Testing Requirements for Peroxidizable Compounds • Tests for the Presence of Peroxides • Pyrophoric Compounds – Compounds That Are Reactive with Air • Flammability Hazards of Common Solvents • Selection of Laboratory Gloves • Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters • Selection of Protective Laboratory Garments • Protective Clothing Levels • Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets • Gas Cylinder Safety and Stamped Markings • Laser Hazards in the Laboratory • General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for the Purpose of Practical Application of Radiation Protection • Radiation Safety Units Significant updates and expansions of tables for the 95th Edition include the following: Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors • Update of Standard Atomic Weights (2013) • Update of Atomic Masses and Abundances Section 8: Analytical Chemistry • Expansion of Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry
Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy • Update of Bond Dissociation Energies Section 12: Properties of Solids • Major update and expansion of Electron Stopping Powers Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics • Major update of Interstellar Molecules • Update of Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2013 • Update of Global Temperature Trend, 1880-2013 Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data • Major update of Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale • Update of Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Section 16: Health and Safety Information • Update of Flammability of Chemical Substances • Update of Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants Appendix B: • Update of Sources of Physical and Chemical Data Again this year, in order to maintain a manageable number of pages and allow space for growth of the Handbook, the indexes for molecular formulae and CAS registry numbers for the Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Table and the index for CAS registry numbers for the Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds Table have been omitted from the hard-copy edition of the Handbook. However, they are available in the electronic versions of the Handbook and by email request to the Editor-in-Chief: [email protected]. The success of the Handbook is very dependent on feedback from its users. The Editor-in-Chief appreciates any suggestions from readers on proposed new topics for the Handbook or comments on how the usefulness of the Handbook may be improved in future editions. Please send your comments to the Editor-inChief: [email protected]. Numerous international experts make key contributions to the Handbook. These contributors are listed on pages immediately following the Preface. Their efforts play a key role in the quality and diversity of the subject matter covered in the Handbook. I also acknowledge the sound advice and guidance of the Editorial Advisory Board members of the Handbook, who are listed in the front matter. Fiona Macdonald, Publisher – Chemical & Life Sciences, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group has been of great assistance and support in providing oversight to ensure that the Handbook continues to satisfy the needs of the user community. Thanks also to Glen Butler, Pam Morrell, Theresa Gutierrez, and James Yanchak for their detailed, cooperative work and extreme care in the production of the Handbook. W. M. Haynes March 2014
The 95th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dedicated in memory of my wonderful and cherished daughter, Jennifer “Jen” Lynn Haynes, who has gone to be with her angels and who has inspired many friends and family with her endless love and respect for all animals and the natural beauty in our environment and has guided and challenged her many friends and family with her boundless spirit and faith in the magic and wonders of the unknown of the spiritual world.
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Note on the Ordering of Chemical Compounds: Several different ordering schemes for lists of chemical compounds are used in this book. The long tables, Physical Constants of Organic Compounds and Physical Constants of Inorganic Compound, are ordered by name (generally the systematic name), but indexes to synonyms, formulas, and CAS Registry Numbers are available. If the table is very short and includes only familiar substances, the listing is usually alphabetical by name or common formula. Many tables of intermediate length are ordered by molecular formula using a modification of the Hill convention. In this convention the molecular formula is written with C first, H second, and then all other elements in alphabetical order of their chemical symbols. For tables with organic compounds only, the sequence of entries is determined by the alphabetical order of elements in the molecular
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formula and the number of atoms of each element, in ascending order, e.g., C3H7Cl, C3H7N, C3H7NO, C3H7NO2, etc. (For organic compounds, a quick way to look up the molecular formula is to use the Physical Constants of Organic Compounds table, which starts on Page 3-1, and its synonym index on Page 3-554.) In tables containing non-carbon compounds, those are usually listed first, followed by a separate listing of compounds that do contain carbon. This is a departure from the strict Hill convention as followed by Chemical Abstracts Service, where the molecular formulas beginning with A and B precede the formulas for carbon-containing compounds, while those beginning with D... Z follow. For tabular displays, as opposed to an index, it appears more convenient to the user if the non-carbon compounds are listed as a block, rather than being split by the longer list of carbon compounds.
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Current Contributors Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545
Michael Frenkel Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Carolyn A. Koh Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois Street Golden, Colorado 80401
Jeffrey R. Fuhr Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Willem H. Koppenol Dept. CHAB Lab. f. Anorg. Chemie, HC1 H211 Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 ETH Hönggerberg CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
Thomas J. Bruno Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Robert N. Goldberg Biosystems and Biomaterials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Eric W. Lemmon Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Charles E. Carraher Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida 33431
Thomas W. Grove Boulder Safety, Health, and Environment Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817
Jin-Pei Cheng Ministry of Science & Technology Beijing 100862, China
Allan H. Harvey Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Peter E. Bradley Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Robert D. Chirico Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Steven R. Heller Biomolecular Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Ivan Cibulka Department of Physical Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973
Arthur K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England
Marcia L. Huber Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Christopher J. Cramer Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Vladimir Diky Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
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Andrei Kazakov Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305 Daniel E. Kelleher Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Yu-Ran Luo Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444, China Serguei N. Lvov Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Manjeera Mantina Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 William C. Martin (deceased) Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Alan D. McNaught 8 Cavendish Avenue Cambridge CB1 7US England Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010 Nasser Moazzen-Ahmadi Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Peter J. Mohr Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Cedric J. Powell Materials Measurement Science Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Barry N. Taylor Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Chris D. Muzny Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Ray Radebaugh Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305
Donald G. Truhlar Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
David B. Newell Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Irving Ozier Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia 6224 Agricultural Road Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada Larissa I. Podobedova Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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Joseph Reader Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 E. Dendy Sloan Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois Street Golden, Colorado 80401 Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 Paris D. N. Svoronos Queensborough Community College City University of New York Bayside, NY 11364
Rosendo Valero Chemistry Department University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal Wolfgang L. Wiese Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Martin Luther University Institute of Physical Chemistry Mühlpforte 1 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010................................................................................... 1-1 Standard Atomic Weights (2013).................................................................................................................................................................... 1-11 Atomic Masses and Abundances.................................................................................................................................................................... 1-13 Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State...................................................................... 1-17 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)...................................................................................................................................... 1-19 Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90................................................................................................. 1-20 International System of Units (SI)................................................................................................................................................................... 1-22 Units for Magnetic Properties......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-26 Conversion Factors............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1-27 Conversion of Temperatures............................................................................................................................................................................ 1-37 Conversion Factors for Energy Units............................................................................................................................................................. 1-38 Conversion Factors for Pressure Units.......................................................................................................................................................... 1-39 Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units................................................................................................................................. 1-40 Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units..................................................................................................................................... 1-41 Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions................................................................................................................................ 1-42 Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics.................................................................................................................................................... 1-43 Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation................................................................................................................................................... 1-44 Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems............................................................................................................................... 1-46
Section 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities............................................................................................................. 2-1 Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements............................................................................................................................................... 2-13 Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds..................................................................................................................................................... 2-15 Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands ........................................................................................................................................... 2-16 Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems........................................................................................................................................... 2-23 Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)............................................... 2-27 Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols...................................................................................................................................... 2-29 Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-43 Definitions of Scientific Terms........................................................................................................................................................................ 2-44 Thermodynamic Functions and Relations.................................................................................................................................................... 2-69 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics................................................................................................................................................... 2-70
Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 Synonym Index of Organic Compounds.....................................................................................................................................................3-554 Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds................................................................................................................3-576
Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
The Elements......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds.............................................................................................................................................. 4-43 Formula Index of Inorganic Compounds ...................................................................................................................................................4-102 Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals.............................................................................................................................................4-115 Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points of the Elements.................................................................................................................4-121 Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C.......................................................................................................................................................4-124 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Equations............................................................................................................................4-125 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Data......................................................................................................................................4-127 Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts.............................................................................................................................4-128 Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds...................................................................................................4-131 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids.....................................................................................................................................................4-137 Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals...............................................................................................................................................4-138 Crystallographic Data on Minerals...............................................................................................................................................................4-145
Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry
CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics................................................................................................................................................... 5-1 Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances................................................................................................................. 5-4 Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature....................................................................................................................... 5-43 Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions.............................................................................................................................................. 5-66 Heat of Combustion........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-68
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Energy Content of Fuels.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-69 Ionization Constant of Water.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-70 Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water....................................................................................................................................... 5-71 Electrical Conductivity of Water..................................................................................................................................................................... 5-72 Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions.............................................................................................................................................. 5-73 Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells...................................................................................................................... 5-74 Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI.............................................................................................................................. 5-75 Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution.................................................................................................................. 5-76 Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution................................................................................................................................ 5-77 Electrochemical Series...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-80 Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals . ............................................................................................................... 5-90 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................ 5-92 Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................... 5-94 Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts.........................................................................................................................................5-104 Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration........................................................................................5-106 Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids.........................................................................................................................................................................5-110 Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes.............................................................................................................................................................5-111 Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases.....................................................................................................................................................................5-112 pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions....................................................................................................................................................................5-116 Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters........................................................................................................................................5-120 Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C..............................................................................................................................5-122 Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity............5-123 Solubility of Selected Gases in Water .........................................................................................................................................................5-149 Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures.................................................................................5-153 Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds............................................................................................5-154 Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures .............................................................................................5-190 Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients.........................................................................................................................................................5-196 Solubility Product Constants.........................................................................................................................................................................5-201 Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures............................................................................................................................5-204 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater......................................................................................................................................................5-205 Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water.................................................................................................................5-207 Solubility Chart.................................................................................................................................................................................................5-210
Section 6: Fluid Properties
Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam........................................................................................................................................... 6-1 Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water......................................................................................................................... 6-5 Standard Density of Water................................................................................................................................................................................. 6-7 Fixed-Point Properties of H2O and D2O.......................................................................................................................................................... 6-9 Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O................................................................................................................................................................ 6-10 Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water...................................................................................................................................................... 6-12 Vapor Pressure of Ice......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-13 Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure............................................................................................................................................. 6-13 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies....................................................................................................... 6-14 Thermophysical Properties of Air.................................................................................................................................................................. 6-15 Thermophysical Properties of Fluids............................................................................................................................................................. 6-21 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Fluids at Saturation.................................................................................................................... 6-38 Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases.............................................................................................................................................................. 6-47 Van der Waals Constants for Gases................................................................................................................................................................ 6-56 Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases........................................................................................................................................ 6-57 Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points...................................................................................................................................................... 6-58 Critical Constants of Organic Compounds.................................................................................................................................................. 6-59 Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds................................................................................................................................................ 6-83 Sublimation Pressure of Solids........................................................................................................................................................................ 6-86 Vapor Pressure.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-88 Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K...........................................................................................................................6-118 Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions.................................................................................................................................................6-126 Recommended Data for Vapor-Pressure Calibration...............................................................................................................................6-127 Enthalpy of Vaporization................................................................................................................................................................................6-128 Enthalpy of Fusion ..........................................................................................................................................................................................6-146 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids...........................................................................................................................6-156 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density.....................................................................................................................6-158 Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions.............................................................................................................6-163 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids......................................................................................................................................................................6-164
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Properties of Liquid Helium...........................................................................................................................................................................6-165 Properties of Refrigerants...............................................................................................................................................................................6-166 Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates...........................................................................................................................................................6-169 Ionic Liquids......................................................................................................................................................................................................6-174 Density and Specific Volume of Mercury....................................................................................................................................................6-178 Thermal Properties of Mercury....................................................................................................................................................................6-179 Melting Curve of Mercury..............................................................................................................................................................................6-180 Vapor Pressure of Mercury............................................................................................................................................................................6-181 Surface Tension of Common Liquids...........................................................................................................................................................6-182 Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures.........................................................................................................................................................6-186 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids.............................................................................................................................................6-187 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases................................................................................................................................................6-209 Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures...........................................................................................................................................................6-210 Viscosity of Gases.............................................................................................................................................................................................6-229 Viscosity of Liquids..........................................................................................................................................................................................6-231 Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide Along the Saturation Line..........................................................................................................................6-236 Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions..........................................................................................................................6-237 Viscosity of Liquid Metals..............................................................................................................................................................................6-238 Thermal Conductivity of Gases.....................................................................................................................................................................6-241 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids..................................................................................................................................................................6-243 Diffusion in Gases............................................................................................................................................................................................6-248 Diffusion of Gases in Water...........................................................................................................................................................................6-250 Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution...............................................................................................................................6-251
Section 7: Biochemistry
Properties of Amino Acids................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-1 Structures of Common Amino Acids............................................................................................................................................................... 7-3 Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases ................................................................................................................................................... 7-5 The Genetic Code................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-6 Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters........................................................................................................................................ 7-7 Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl and Ethyl Esters Related to Biofuels....................................................................................................... 7-9 Composition and Properties of Common Oils And Fats........................................................................................................................... 7-12 Carbohydrate Names and Symbols................................................................................................................................................................. 7-17 Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants................................................................................ 7-19 Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions....................................................................................................... 7-22 Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water..................................................................................... 7-26 Biological Buffers................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-29 Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods................................................................................................................................. 7-30 Structure and Functions of Some Common Drugs..................................................................................................................................... 7-31 Chemical Constituents of Human Blood...................................................................................................................................................... 7-48 Chemical Composition of the Human Body................................................................................................................................................. 7-51 Nutrient Values of Foods.................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-52
Section 8: Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry......................................................................................................................... 8-1 Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry............................................................................................................................. 8-6 Analytical Standardization and Calibration.................................................................................................................................................... 8-9 Figures of Merit.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8-14 Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units.......................................................................................................................................... 8-15 Detection of Outliers in Measurements........................................................................................................................................................ 8-16 Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography............................................................................................................................... 8-18 Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams.......................................................................... 8-19 Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases........................................................................................................... 8-21 Detectors for Gas Chromatography............................................................................................................................................................... 8-22 Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry............................................................................................. 8-24 Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents.......................................................................................................................................................... 8-26 Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices...................................................................................................................................................... 8-28 Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane......................................................................................................... 8-30 Detectors For Liquid Chromatography......................................................................................................................................................... 8-31 Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry................................................................................................................................................. 8-32 Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities............................................................................................................................ 8-33 Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table............................................................................................................................................... 8-36 Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts............................................................................................................................ 8-39
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Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands........................................................................................................................................... 8-45 Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy............................................................................................ 8-46 Properties of Important NMR Nuclei............................................................................................................................................................ 8-49 Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................... 8-50 Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups................................................................................................ 8-56 Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents..................................................................................................................................... 8-57 13 C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups................................................................................................................................... 8-64 13 C NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents.......................................................................................................................... 8-65 15 N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................. 8-66 Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes................................................................................................................................................... 8-68 Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families............................................................................. 8-69 Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost...................................................................................................................................................... 8-71 Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine).......................................... 8-72 Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents................................................................................................................................... 8-73 Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers................................................................................................................. 8-80 Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo ...................................................................................................................................................... 8-81 Standards for Laboratory Weights.................................................................................................................................................................. 8-82 Indicators for Acids and Bases......................................................................................................................................................................... 8-84 Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents.................................................................................................................................................. 8-85 Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions.................................................................................................. 8-90 Precipitation of Sulfides..................................................................................................................................................................................8-103 pH Range for Precipitation of Metal Hydroxides and Oxides.................................................................................................................8-104
Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy
Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds....................................................................................................................................... 9-1 Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds ........................................................................................................................................... 9-17 Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase.............................................................................................................................................. 9-19 Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules.......................................................................................................................................... 9-48 Atomic Radii of the Elements.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9-49 Dipole Moments................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9-51 Hindered Internal Rotation.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9-60 Bond Dissociation Energies.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9-65 Electronegativity................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9-97 Force Constants for Bond Stretching............................................................................................................................................................. 9-98 Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules....................................................................................................................... 9-99 Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules......................................................................................................................................9-102
Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
Line Spectra of the Elements........................................................................................................................................................................... 10-1 Atomic Transition Probabilities....................................................................................................................................................................10-93 Electron Affinities..........................................................................................................................................................................................10-147 Proton Affinities.............................................................................................................................................................................................10-168 Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities.......................................................................................................................................................10-187 Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions.......................................................................................................................................10-197 Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules............................................................................................................................................10-200 X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels........................................................................................................................................................................10-218 Electron Binding Energies of the Elements...............................................................................................................................................10-222 Natural Width of X-Ray Lines.....................................................................................................................................................................10-228 Photon Attenuation Coefficients................................................................................................................................................................10-229 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation.............................................................................................................................................10-234 Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths.........................................................................................................10-236 Blackbody Radiation......................................................................................................................................................................................10-237 Characteristics of Infrared Detectors.........................................................................................................................................................10-239 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals.................................................................................................................................................10-240 Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses...........................................................................................................10-244 Index of Refraction of Water........................................................................................................................................................................10-245 Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes.......................................................................................................................10-246 Index of Refraction of Air.............................................................................................................................................................................10-247 Index of Refraction of Gases........................................................................................................................................................................10-248 Characteristics of Laser Sources.................................................................................................................................................................10-249 Infrared Laser Frequencies...........................................................................................................................................................................10-255 Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards................................................................................................................10-262
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Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics
Summary Tables of Particle Properties.......................................................................................................................................................... 11-1 Table of the Isotopes.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11-2 Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties.......................................................................................................................................11-175 Cosmic Radiation ..........................................................................................................................................................................................11-188
Section 12: Properties of Solids
Techniques for Materials Characterization.................................................................................................................................................. 12-1 Experimental Techniques Used to Determine the Composition, Structure, and Energy States of Solids and Liquids................ 12-1 Symmetry of Crystals........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12-5 Ionic Radii in Crystals.....................................................................................................................................................................................12-11 Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids................................................................................................................................................12-13 Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements...........................................................................................12-15 Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure........................................................................................................12-19 Lattice Energies ...............................................................................................................................................................................................12-21 The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy................................................................................................................................12-34 Elastic Constants of Single Crystals.............................................................................................................................................................12-35 Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals.............................................................................................................................................................12-41 Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys.......................................................................................................................................................12-43 Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials.................................................................................................................................................12-46 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids.............................................................................................................................12-47 Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals..............................................................................................................................12-56 Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals.......................................................................................................................................................12-57 Dielectric Constants of Glasses.....................................................................................................................................................................12-58 Properties of Superconductors......................................................................................................................................................................12-59 High-Temperature Superconductors...........................................................................................................................................................12-75 Organic Superconductors...............................................................................................................................................................................12-77 Properties of Semiconductors.......................................................................................................................................................................12-80 Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions............................................................................................................................12-94 Properties of Organic Semiconductors........................................................................................................................................................12-96 Diffusion Data for Semiconductors............................................................................................................................................................12-100 Properties of Magnetic Materials ..............................................................................................................................................................12-108 Organic Magnets............................................................................................................................................................................................12-117 Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths............................................................................................................................................................12-120 Electron Stopping Powers.............................................................................................................................................................................12-122 Electron Work Function of the Elements..................................................................................................................................................12-124 Secondary Electron Emission......................................................................................................................................................................12-125 Optical Properties of Selected Elements...................................................................................................................................................12-126 Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids...............................................................................................................12-151 Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants...............................................................................................................12-170 Nonlinear Optical Constants.......................................................................................................................................................................12-184 Phase Diagrams...............................................................................................................................................................................................12-187 Properties of Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures...............................................................................................................12-205 Heat Capacity of Selected Solids.................................................................................................................................................................12-216 Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals.....................................................................................................................................12-217 Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steel 310...................................................................................................................................12-219 Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature....................................................................12-220 Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature...........................................................................................................12-222 Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics.....................................................................................................................................12-223 Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials...................................................................................................12-225 Thermal Conductivity of Glasses................................................................................................................................................................12-227 Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors...................................................................................................................12-231 Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals.......................................................................................................................................12-233 Properties of Commercial Metals and Alloys...........................................................................................................................................12-235 Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics...........................................................................................................................................................12-236
Section 13: Polymer Properties
Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology.......................................................................................................................... 13-1 Physical Properties of Selected Polymers...................................................................................................................................................... 13-3 Nomenclature for Organic Polymers............................................................................................................................................................. 13-5 Solvents for Common Polymers...................................................................................................................................................................... 13-9 Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers...............................................................................................................................13-10
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Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers...................................................................................................................................................13-17 Second Virial Coefficients of Polymer Solutions.......................................................................................................................................13-18 Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts........................................................................................................13-21 Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions...................................13-26 Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions.......................................................................................................13-40 Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers................................................................................................................13-45 Solubility Parameters of Selected Polymers................................................................................................................................................13-73
Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
Astronomical Constants................................................................................................................................................................................... 14-1 Properties of the Solar System......................................................................................................................................................................... 14-2 Satellites of the Planets...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14-4 Interstellar Molecules........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14-7 Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth...........................................................................................................................14-11 Geological Time Scale.....................................................................................................................................................................................14-13 Acceleration Due to Gravity...........................................................................................................................................................................14-14 Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth..............................................................................................14-15 Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude...............................................................................................................................14-16 Properties of Seawater.....................................................................................................................................................................................14-17 Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea...................................................................................................................14-19 Solar Irradiance at the Earth..........................................................................................................................................................................14-20 U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976).................................................................................................................................................................14-21 Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation.......................................................................................................................14-27 Major World Earthquakes..............................................................................................................................................................................14-28 Weather-Related Scales...................................................................................................................................................................................14-32 Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere........................................................................................................................................14-34 Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958–2013.................................................................................................................14-35 Global Temperature Trend, 1880–2013.......................................................................................................................................................14-37 Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases......................................................................................................................................14-38 Atmospheric Electricity..................................................................................................................................................................................14-40 Speed of Sound in Various Media.................................................................................................................................................................14-47 Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency..........................................................................14-49 Speed of Sound in Dry Air.............................................................................................................................................................................14-50 Musical Scales...................................................................................................................................................................................................14-51 Characteristics of Human Hearing...............................................................................................................................................................14-52
Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data
Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables......................................................................................................................................................... 15-1 Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale..................................................................................................................................15-10 Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases..........................................................................................15-12 Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents.......................................................................................................................................15-13 Miscibility of Organic Solvents.....................................................................................................................................................................15-23 Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature....................................................................................................................................15-25 Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure...................................................................................................................................................15-26 Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation ....................................................................................................15-27 Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression...................................................................................................15-28 Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution...............................................................................................................15-29 Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature.........................................................................................................................15-30 Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point..............................................................................................................................15-31 Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures......................................................................................15-32 Constant Humidity Solutions........................................................................................................................................................................15-33 Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration.....................................................................................................................................15-34 Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature.........................................................................................................15-35 Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature...................................................................................................................................15-36 Wire Tables........................................................................................................................................................................................................15-37 Standard Fittings for Compressed Gas Cylinders......................................................................................................................................15-38 Plug and Outlet Configurations for Common Laboratory Devices.......................................................................................................15-40 Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids................................................................................................................................15-41 Density of Various Solids................................................................................................................................................................................15-42 Density of Sulfuric Acid..................................................................................................................................................................................15-43 Density of Ethanol–Water Mixtures............................................................................................................................................................15-45 Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials.................................................................................................................................................15-46 Coefficient of Friction.....................................................................................................................................................................................15-51
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Flame Temperatures........................................................................................................................................................................................15-53 Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum.....................................................................................................................................15-54
Section 16: Health and Safety Information
Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards............................................................................... 16-1 Incompatible Chemicals................................................................................................................................................................................... 16-2 Explosion (Shock) Hazards.............................................................................................................................................................................. 16-4 Water-Reactive Chemicals............................................................................................................................................................................... 16-5 Testing Requirements for Peroxidizable Compounds................................................................................................................................ 16-6 Tests for the Presence of Peroxides................................................................................................................................................................. 16-7 Pyrophoric Compounds – Compounds That are Reactive with Air....................................................................................................... 16-8 Flammability Hazards of Common Solvents................................................................................................................................................ 16-9 Selection of Laboratory Gloves.....................................................................................................................................................................16-11 Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters............................................................................................................................................16-12 Selection of Protective Laboratory Garments............................................................................................................................................16-13 Protective Clothing Levels..............................................................................................................................................................................16-14 Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets............................................................................................................................16-15 Gas Cylinder Safety and Stamped Markings..............................................................................................................................................16-17 Flammability of Chemical Substances.........................................................................................................................................................16-18 Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants...........................................................................................................................................16-34 Laser Hazards in the Laboratory...................................................................................................................................................................16-47 General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for the Purpose of Practical Application of Radiation Protection......................16-49 Radiation Safety Units.....................................................................................................................................................................................16-50 Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides................................................................................................................................................16-52 Chemical Carcinogens....................................................................................................................................................................................16-56
Appendix A: Mathematical Tables
1 Constants........................................................................................................................................................................................................ A-2 1.1 Decimal Equivalents of Fractions (inches to mm)...................................................................................................................... A-2 1.2 Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and their Common Logarithms............................................................................... A-3 1.3 Trigonometric Functions to Four Decimal Places...................................................................................................................... A-4 2 Algebra............................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-5 2.1 Quadratic Formula............................................................................................................................................................................ A-5 2.2 Vector Algebra.................................................................................................................................................................................... A-5 2.2.1 Definitions............................................................................................................................................................................ A-5 2.2.2 Vectors in Space................................................................................................................................................................... A-5 2.2.3 The Scalar, Dot, or Inner Product of Two Vectors....................................................................................................... A-6 2.2.4 The Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors............................................................................................................... A-6 2.2.5 Scalar Triple Product.......................................................................................................................................................... A-6 2.2.6 Vector Triple Product......................................................................................................................................................... A-7 3 Geometry........................................................................................................................................................................................................ A-7 3.1 Geometry of the Plane, Straight Line, and Sphere...................................................................................................................... A-7 3.2 Geometry of Curves in Space.......................................................................................................................................................... A-9 4 Trigonometry............................................................................................................................................................................................... A-10 4.1 Trigonometric Functions in Terms of One Another................................................................................................................ A-10 4.2 Hyperbolic Functions in Terms of One Another...................................................................................................................... A-10 5 Calculus......................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-11 5.1 Differentiation.................................................................................................................................................................................. A-11 5.1.1 Differentiation Formulas................................................................................................................................................. A-11 5.1.2 Derivatives of Common Functions................................................................................................................................ A-12 5.1.3 Vector Operations............................................................................................................................................................. A-12 5.2 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems.................................................................................................................................................. A-14 5.3 Integration......................................................................................................................................................................................... A-16 5.3.1 Integration Examples........................................................................................................................................................ A-16 5.3.2 Transformation of Integrals............................................................................................................................................ A-18 5.3.3 Table of Integrals............................................................................................................................................................... A-19 5.4 Differential Equations..................................................................................................................................................................... A-45 5.4.1 Linear Differential Equations.......................................................................................................................................... A-45 5.4.2 Second Order Linear Constant Coefficient Equation............................................................................................... A-45 5.4.3 Homogeneous Solutions of Higher Order Constant Coefficient Equations......................................................... A-46 5.4.4 Particular Solutions.......................................................................................................................................................... A-46 5.4.5 Differential Equation Solution Techniques.................................................................................................................. A-48
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6 Series ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-49 6.1 Fourier Series.................................................................................................................................................................................... A-49 6.2 Binomial Series................................................................................................................................................................................. A-52 6.3 Reversion of Series........................................................................................................................................................................... A-52 6.4 Taylor Series...................................................................................................................................................................................... A-52 6.5 Exponential Series........................................................................................................................................................................... A-53 6.6 Logarithmic Series........................................................................................................................................................................... A-53 6.7 Trigonometric Series....................................................................................................................................................................... A-54 7 Transforms.................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-54 7.1 Fourier Transforms.......................................................................................................................................................................... A-54 7.2 Table of Fourier Cosine Transforms............................................................................................................................................ A-55 7.3 Table of Finite Cosine Transforms............................................................................................................................................... A-56 7.4 Table of Fourier Sine Transforms................................................................................................................................................. A-56 7.5 Table of Finite Sine Transforms.................................................................................................................................................... A-57 7.6 Table of Fourier Transforms.......................................................................................................................................................... A-57 7.7 Table of Functional Relations for Fourier Transforms............................................................................................................. A-58 7.8 Table of Multidimensional Fourier Transforms........................................................................................................................ A-59 7.9 Table of Laplace Transforms......................................................................................................................................................... A-59 7.10 Table of Functional Relations for Laplace Transforms............................................................................................................. A-62 8 Special Functions......................................................................................................................................................................................... A-62 8.1 Orthogonal Polynomials................................................................................................................................................................. A-62 8.2 Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials............................................................................................................................................... A-65 8.3 Bessel Functions............................................................................................................................................................................... A-66 8.4 Factorial Function............................................................................................................................................................................ A-68 8.5 Gamma Function............................................................................................................................................................................. A-68 8.6 Beta Function.................................................................................................................................................................................... A-69 8.7 Error Function.................................................................................................................................................................................. A-69 9 Probability..................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-70 9.1 Normal Probability Function......................................................................................................................................................... A-70 9.2 Confidence Intervals....................................................................................................................................................................... A-71 9.3 Percentage Points, Student’s t-Distribution............................................................................................................................... A-72 9.4 Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution.............................................................................................................................. A-73 9.5 Percentage Points, F-Distribution................................................................................................................................................ A-74 10 Physics Related............................................................................................................................................................................................. A-76 10.1 Clebsch–Gordan Coefficients....................................................................................................................................................... A-76 10.2 Moment of Inertial for Different Shapes..................................................................................................................................... A-78
Appendix B: Sources of Physical and Chemical Data............................................................................................B-1 Index..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................I-1
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Units
Section 1 Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Standard Atomic Weights (2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 Atomic Masses and Abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13 Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State. . . . . . . . 1-17 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19 Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20 International System of Units (SI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22 Units for Magnetic Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26 Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27 Conversion of Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-37 Conversion Factors for Energy Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-38 Conversion Factors for Pressure Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-39 Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40 Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41 Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-42 Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-43 Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-44 Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-46
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CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: 2010∗ Units
Peter J. Mohr,† Barry N. Taylor,‡ and David B. Newell§ National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8420, USA This report gives the 2010 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2010 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2006 adjustment as well as the data that became available from 1 January 2007, after the closing date of that adjustment, until 31 December 2010, the closing date of the new adjustment. The 2010 set replaces the previously recommended 2006 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants.
Reference 1. Nakamura, K., K . Hagiwara, K . Hikasa, H. Murayama, M. Tanabashi, T. Watari, C. Amsler, M. Antonelli, D. M. Asner, H. Baer, and e. al, 2010, J. Phys. G 37, 075021. TABLE I: An abbreviated list of the CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2010 adjustment. Quantity
Symbol
speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant
c, c0 µ0
electric constant 1/µ0 c2 Newtonian constant of gravitation Planck constant h/2π elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h electron mass proton mass proton-electron mass ratio fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h
�0 G h h¯ e �0 G0 me mp mp /me α α −1 R∞
Numerical value 299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 6.673 84(80) × 10−11 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 2.067 833 758(46) × 10−15 7.748 091 7346(25) × 10−5 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 1.672 621 777(74) × 10−27 1836.152 672 45(75) 7.297 352 5698(24) × 10−3 137.035 999 074(44) 10 973 731.568 539(55)
Unit m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1 m3 kg−1 s−2 Js Js C Wb S kg kg
m−1
Relative std. uncert. ur exact exact exact 1.2 × 10−4 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 4.1 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−12
∗ This
report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the task group are: F. Cabiati, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy J. Fischer, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany J. Flowers, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan S. G. Karshenboim, Pulkovo Observatory, Russian Federation P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America D. B. Newell, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France K. Pachucki, University of Warsaw, Poland T. J. Quinn, Bureau international des poids et mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of) † Electronic
address: [email protected] address: [email protected] § Electronic address: [email protected] ‡ Electronic
1-1
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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-2
TABLE I: (Continued.)
Units
Quantity
Symbol
Avogadro constant Faraday constant NA e molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 electron volt (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit
1 m( 12 C) 12
Numerical value
Relative std. uncert. ur
Unit
NA , L F R k
6.022 141 29(27) × 1023 96 485.3365(21) 8.314 4621(75) 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23
mol−1 C mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1
4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7
σ
5.670 373(21) × 10−8
W m−2 K−4
3.6 × 10−6
J
2.2 × 10−8
Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI eV 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 u
1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27
kg
4.4 × 10−8
TABLE II: The CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2010 adjustment. Quantity
Symbol
speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant
c, c0 µ0
electric constant 1/µ0 c2 characteristic impedance of vacuum µ0 c Newtonian constant of gravitation
�0 Z0 G G/¯hc h
Planck constant h/2π Planck mass (¯hc/G) 1/2 energy equivalent Planck temperature (¯hc5 /G) 1/2 /k Planck length h¯ /mP c = (¯hG/c3 ) 1/2 Planck time lP /c = (¯hG/c5 ) 1/2 elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constant1 2e/ h von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = µ0 c/2α Bohr magneton e¯h/2me
nuclear magneton e¯h/2mp
1 See 2 See
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h¯ h¯ c mP mP c2 TP lP tP
Numerical value UNIVERSAL 299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 376.730 313 461... 6.673 84(80) × 10−11 6.708 37(80) × 10−39 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 4.135 667 516(91) × 10−15 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 6.582 119 28(15) × 10−16 197.326 9718(44) 2.176 51(13) × 10−8 1.220 932(73) × 1019 1.416 833(85) × 1032 1.616 199(97) × 10−35 5.391 06(32) × 10−44
ELECTROMAGNETIC e 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 e/ h 2.417 989 348(53) × 1014 �0 2.067 833 758(46) × 10−15 G0 7.748 091 7346(25) × 10−5 −1 G0 12 906.403 7217(42) KJ 483 597.870(11) × 109 RK 25 812.807 4434(84) µB 927.400 968(20) × 10−26 5.788 381 8066(38) × 10−5 µB / h 13.996 245 55(31) × 109 µB / hc 46.686 4498(10) µB /k 0.671 713 88(61) µN 5.050 783 53(11) × 10−27 3.152 451 2605(22) × 10−8 µN / h 7.622 593 57(17) µN / hc 2.542 623 527(56) × 10−2 µN /k 3.658 2682(33) × 10−4
Unit
Relative std. uncert. ur
m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1 � m3 kg−1 s−2 (GeV/c2 ) −2 Js eV s Js eV s MeV fm kg GeV K m s
exact
C A J−1 Wb S � Hz V−1 � J T−1 eV T−1 Hz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1 J T−1 eV T−1 MHz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1
2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 6.5 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−7 2.2 × 10−8 7.1 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−7
exact exact exact 1.2 × 10−4 1.2 × 10−4 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 6.0 × 10−5 6.0 × 10−5 6.0 × 10−5 6.0 × 10−5 6.0 × 10−5
Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.
4/2/14 2:09 PM
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-3
Quantity
fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h
Bohr radius α/4πR∞ = 4π�0h¯ 2/me e2 Hartree energy e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 quantum of circulation
Fermi coupling constant3 weak mixing angle4 θW (on-shell scheme) 2 sin2 θW = sW ≡ 1 − (mW /mZ ) 2 electron mass energy equivalent electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron-triton mass ratio electron-helion mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NA me Compton wavelength h/me c λC /2π = αa0 = α 2/4πR∞ classical electron radius α 2 a0 Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2 electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |µe |/µB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio electron-proton magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded helion magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
Symbol
Numerical value
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR General α 7.297 352 5698(24) × 10−3 α −1 137.035 999 074(44) R∞ 10 973 731.568 539(55) R∞ c 3.289 841 960 364(17) × 1015 R∞ hc 2.179 872 171(96) × 10−18 13.605 692 53(30) a0 0.529 177 210 92(17) × 10−10 Eh 4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 27.211 385 05(60) h/2me 3.636 947 5520(24) × 10−4 h/me 7.273 895 1040(47) × 10−4 Electroweak GF /(¯hc) 3 1.166 364(5) × 10−5
sin2 θW
Unit
m−1 Hz J eV m J eV m2 s−1 m2 s−1 GeV−2
0.2223(21)
me c2 me /mµ me /mτ me /mp me /mn me /md me /mt me /mh me /mα −e/me M(e), Me λC λC re σe µe µe /µB µe /µN
9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 5.485 799 0946(22) × 10−4 8.187 105 06(36) × 10−14 0.510 998 928(11) 4.836 331 66(12) × 10−3 2.875 92(26) × 10−4 5.446 170 2178(22) × 10−4 5.438 673 4461(32) × 10−4 2.724 437 1095(11) × 10−4 1.819 200 0653(17) × 10−4 1.819 543 0761(17) × 10−4 1.370 933 555 78(55) × 10−4 −1.758 820 088(39) × 1011 5.485 799 0946(22) × 10−7 2.426 310 2389(16) × 10−12 386.159 268 00(25) × 10−15 2.817 940 3267(27) × 10−15 0.665 245 8734(13) × 10−28 −928.476 430(21) × 10−26 −1.001 159 652 180 76(27) −1838.281 970 90(75)
3.2 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−12 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 6.5 × 10−10 6.5 × 10−10 4.3 × 10−6 9.5 × 10−3
Electron, e− me
Relative std. uncert. ur
Units
TABLE II: (Continued).
kg u J MeV
C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m m2 J T−1
4.4 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 9.0 × 10−5 4.1 × 10−10 5.8 × 10−10 4.0 × 10−10 9.1 × 10−10 9.2 × 10−10 4.0 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−10 6.5 × 10−10 6.5 × 10−10 9.7 × 10−10 1.9 × 10−9 2.2 × 10−8 2.6 × 10−13 4.1 × 10−10
ae ge µe /µµ µe /µp
1.159 652 180 76(27) × 10−3 −2.002 319 304 361 53(53) 206.766 9896(52) −658.210 6848(54)
2.3 × 10−10 2.6 × 10−13 2.5 × 10−8 8.1 × 10−9
µe /µ�p µe /µn µe /µd
−658.227 5971(72) 960.920 50(23) −2143.923 498(18)
1.1 × 10−8 2.4 × 10−7 8.4 × 10−9
µe /µ�h
864.058 257(10)
1.2 × 10−8
3 Value
recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al., 2010). on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW /mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al., 2010). The value for sin2 θW they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction ( MS) scheme, is sin2 θˆ W ( MZ ) = 0.231 16(13). 4 Based
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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-4
TABLE II: (Continued). Units
Quantity electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe |/¯h
muon mass energy equivalent muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NA mµ muon Compton wavelength h/mµ c λC, µ /2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio muon magnetic moment anomaly |µµ |/(e¯h/2mµ ) − 1 muon g-factor −2(1 + aµ ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio 5
tau mass
energy equivalent tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NA mτ tau Compton wavelength h/mτ c λC, τ /2π proton mass energy equivalent proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NA mp proton Compton wavelength h/mp c λC,p /2π proton rms charge radius proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2µp /µN
Symbol γe γe /2π
Numerical value 1.760 859 708(39) × 1011 28 024.952 66(62)
Muon, µ− mµ 1.883 531 475(96) × 10−28 0.113 428 9267(29) mµ c2 1.692 833 667(86) × 10−11 105.658 3715(35) mµ /me 206.768 2843(52) mµ /mτ 5.946 49(54) × 10−2 mµ /mp 0.112 609 5272(28) mµ /mn 0.112 454 5177(28) M(µ), Mµ 0.113 428 9267(29) × 10−3 λC, µ 11.734 441 03(30) × 10−15 λC, µ 1.867 594 294(47) × 10−15 µµ −4.490 448 07(15) × 10−26 µµ /µB −4.841 970 44(12) × 10−3 µµ /µN −8.890 596 97(22) aµ gµ µµ /µp
Proton, p 1.672 621 777(74) × 10−27 1.007 276 466 812(90) mp c2 1.503 277 484(66) × 10−10 938.272 046(21) mp /me 1836.152 672 45(75) mp /mµ 8.880 243 31(22) mp /mτ 0.528 063(48) mp /mn 0.998 623 478 26(45) e/mp 9.578 833 58(21) × 107 M(p), Mp 1.007 276 466 812(90) × 10−3 λC,p 1.321 409 856 23(94) × 10−15 λC,p 0.210 308 910 47(15) × 10−15 rp 0.8775(51) × 10−15 µp 1.410 606 743(33) × 10−26 µp /µB 1.521 032 210(12) × 10−3 µp /µN 2.792 847 356(23) gp 5.585 694 713(46)
Relative std. uncert. ur
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8
kg u J MeV
5.1 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 5.1 × 10−8 3.4 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 9.0 × 10−5 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 3.4 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8
kg mol−1 m m J T−1
1.165 920 91(63) × 10−3 −2.002 331 8418(13) −3.183 345 107(84)
Tau, τ− mτ 3.167 47(29) × 10−27 1.907 49(17) mτ c2 2.846 78(26) × 10−10 1776.82(16) mτ /me 3477.15(31) mτ /mµ 16.8167(15) mτ /mp 1.893 72(17) mτ /mn 1.891 11(17) M(τ), Mτ 1.907 49(17) × 10−3 λC, τ 0.697 787(63) × 10−15 λC, τ 0.111 056(10) × 10−15
mp
Unit
5.4 × 10−7 6.3 × 10−10 2.6 × 10−8 kg u J MeV
kg mol−1 m m kg u J MeV
C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m J T−1
9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 4.4 × 10−8 8.9 × 10−11 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.1 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 9.0 × 10−5 4.5 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 8.9 × 10−11 7.1 × 10−10 7.1 × 10−10 5.9 × 10−3 2.4 × 10−8 8.1 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9
5 This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al., τ τ 2010).
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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-5
Quantity proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − µ�p /µp (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µp /¯h shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µ�p /¯h (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
neutron mass energy equivalent neutron-electron mass ratio neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron-proton mass difference energy equivalent neutron molar mass NA mn neutron Compton wavelength h/mn c λC,n /2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio neutron g-factor 2µn /µN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn |/¯h deuteron mass energy equivalent deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NA md deuteron rms charge radius deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio deuteron g-factor µd /µN deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio
K21599_S01.indb 5
Symbol
Numerical value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. ur
µp /µn µ�p
−1.459 898 06(34) 1.410 570 499(35) × 10−26
µ�p /µB µ�p /µN
1.520 993 128(17) × 10−3 2.792 775 598(30)
σp� γp γp /2π
25.694(14) × 10−6 2.675 222 005(63) × 108 42.577 4806(10)
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
5.3 × 10−4 2.4 × 10−8 2.4 × 10−8
γp� γp� /2π
2.675 153 268(66) × 108 42.576 3866(10)
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8
kg u J MeV
4.4 × 10−8 4.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 5.8 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 9.0 × 10−5 4.5 × 10−10 3.3 × 10−7 3.3 × 10−7 3.3 × 10−7 3.3 × 10−7 4.2 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7
Neutron, n 1.674 927 351(74) × 10−27 1.008 664 916 00(43) mn c2 1.505 349 631(66) × 10−10 939.565 379(21) mn /me 1838.683 6605(11) mn /mµ 8.892 484 00(22) mn /mτ 0.528 790(48) mn /mp 1.001 378 419 17(45) mn − mp 2.305 573 92(76) × 10−30 0.001 388 449 19(45) (mn − mp )c2 2.072 146 50(68) × 10−13 1.293 332 17(42) M(n), Mn 1.008 664 916 00(43) × 10−3 λC,n 1.319 590 9068(11) × 10−15 λC,n 0.210 019 415 68(17) × 10−15 µn −0.966 236 47(23) × 10−26 µn /µB −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 µn /µN −1.913 042 72(45) gn −3.826 085 45(90) µn /µe 1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3 µn /µp −0.684 979 34(16) mn
µn /µ�p γn γn /2π
−0.684 996 94(16) 1.832 471 79(43) × 108 29.164 6943(69)
Deuteron, d 3.343 583 48(15) × 10−27 2.013 553 212 712(77) md c2 3.005 062 97(13) × 10−10 1875.612 859(41) md /me 3670.482 9652(15) md /mp 1.999 007 500 97(18) M(d), Md 2.013 553 212 712(77) × 10−3 rd 2.1424(21) × 10−15 µd 0.433 073 489(10) × 10−26 µd /µB 0.466 975 4556(39) × 10−3 µd /µN 0.857 438 2308(72) gd 0.857 438 2308(72) µd /µe −4.664 345 537(39) × 10−4 µd /µp 0.307 012 2070(24) µd /µn −0.448 206 52(11) md
JT
2.4 × 10−7 2.5 × 10−8
−1
Units
TABLE II: (Continued).
1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8
kg u J MeV kg mol−1 m m J T−1
s T MHz T−1 −1
−1
kg u J MeV kg mol−1 m J T−1
2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 4.4 × 10−8 3.8 × 10−11 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−10 9.2 × 10−11 3.8 × 10−11 9.8 × 10−4 2.4 × 10−8 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9 7.7 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7
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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-6
TABLE II: (Continued).
Units
Quantity
triton mass energy equivalent triton-electron mass ratio triton-proton mass ratio triton molar mass NA mt triton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio triton g-factor 2µt /µN helion mass energy equivalent helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NA mh helion magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio helion g-factor 2µh /µN shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25 ◦ C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|µ�h |/¯h (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) alpha particle mass energy equivalent alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NA mα
Symbol
Numerical value
Triton, t 5.007 356 30(22) × 10−27 3.015 500 7134(25) mt c2 4.500 387 41(20) × 10−10 2808.921 005(62) mt /me 5496.921 5267(50) mt /mp 2.993 717 0308(25) M(t), Mt 3.015 500 7134(25) × 10−3 µt 1.504 609 447(38) × 10−26 µt /µB 1.622 393 657(21) × 10−3 µt /µN 2.978 962 448(38) gt 5.957 924 896(76) Helion, h 5.006 412 34(22) × 10−27 mh 3.014 932 2468(25) mh c2 4.499 539 02(20) × 10−10 2808.391 482(62) mh /me 5495.885 2754(50) mh /mp 2.993 152 6707(25) M(h), Mh 3.014 932 2468(25) × 10−3 µh −1.074 617 486(27) × 10−26 µh /µB −1.158 740 958(14) × 10−3 µh /µN −2.127 625 306(25) gh −4.255 250 613(50) µ�h −1.074 553 044(27) × 10−26 mt
Unit
kg u J MeV kg mol−1 J T−1
kg u J MeV kg mol−1 J T−1
J T−1
Relative std. uncert. ur
4.4 × 10−8 8.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 2.6 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 8.3 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.2 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 8.3 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8
µ�h /µB µ�h /µN
−1.158 671 471(14) × 10−3 −2.127 497 718(25)
1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8
µ�h /µp
−0.761 766 558(11)
1.4 × 10−8
µ�h /µ�p
−0.761 786 1313(33)
4.3 × 10−9
γh� γh� /2π
2.037 894 659(51) × 108 32.434 100 84(81)
Alpha particle, α 6.644 656 75(29) × 10−27 4.001 506 179 125(62) mα c2 5.971 919 67(26) × 10−10 3727.379 240(82) mα /me 7294.299 5361(29) mα /mp 3.972 599 689 33(36) M(α), Mα 4.001 506 179 125(62) × 10−3 mα
PHYSICOCHEMICAL 6.022 141 29(27) × 1023 NA , L
Avogadro constant atomic mass constant 1 m( 12 C) = 1 u mu = 12 energy equivalent
mu mu c2
Faraday constant6 NA e
F
1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 1.492 417 954(66) × 10−10 931.494 061(21) 96 485.3365(21)
s−1 T−1 MHz T−1
2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8
kg u J MeV
4.4 × 10−8 1.5 × 10−11 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−10 9.0 × 10−11 1.5 × 10−11
kg mol−1 mol−1
4.4 × 10−8
kg J MeV C mol−1
4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8
6 The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3321(43) [4.4 × 10−8 ] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ−90 and RK−90 given in Table IV.
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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-7
Quantity
Symbol
molar Planck constant
NA h NA hc R k
molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA
k/ h k/ hc molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Vm Loschmidt constant NA /Vm n0 molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Vm Loschmidt constant NA /Vm n0 Sackur-Tetrode (absolute entropy) constant7 5 + ln[(2πmu kT1 / h2 ) 3/2 kT1 / p0 ] 2 S0 /R T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 c1 2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc c1L second radiation constant hc/k c2 Wien displacement law constants b b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231... b� = νmax /T = 2.821 439 372... c/c2 b�
Numerical value
Relative std. uncert. ur
Unit
3.990 312 7176(28) × 10−10 0.119 626 565 779(84) 8.314 4621(75) 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23 8.617 3324(78) × 10−5 2.083 6618(19) × 1010 69.503 476(63)
J s mol−1 J m mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 eV K−1 Hz K−1 m−1 K−1
7.0 × 10−10 7.0 × 10−10 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7
22.710 953(21) × 10−3 2.651 6462(24) × 1025
m3 mol−1 m−3
9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7
22.413 968(20) × 10−3 2.686 7805(24) × 1025
m3 mol−1 m−3
9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7
−1.151 7078(23) −1.164 8708(23)
Units
TABLE II: (Continued).
2.0 × 10−6 1.9 × 10−6
5.670 373(21) × 10−8 3.741 771 53(17) × 10−16 1.191 042 869(53) × 10−16 1.438 7770(13) × 10−2
W m−2 K−4 W m2 W m2 sr−1 mK
3.6 × 10−6 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−7
2.897 7721(26) × 10−3 5.878 9254(53) × 1010
mK Hz K−1
9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7
TABLE III: The variances, covariances, and correlation coefficients of the values of a selected group of constants based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment. The numbers in bold above the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative covariances; the numbers in bold on the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative variances; and the numbers in italics below the main diagonal are the correlation coefficients.1
α h e me NA me /mµ F
α 0.0010 0 .0072 0 .0145 −0 .0075 0 .0060 −0 .0251 0 .0265
h 0.0010 19.4939 1 .0000 0 .9999 −0 .9999 −0 .0002 −0 .9993
e 0.0010 9.7475 4.8742 0 .9998 −0 .9997 −0 .0004 −0 .9990
me −0.0011 19.4918 9.7454 19.4940 −1 .0000 0 .0002 −0 .9997
NA 0.0009 −19.4912 −9.7452 −19.4929 19.4934 −0 .0002 0 .9997
me /mµ −0.0021 −0.0020 −0.0020 0.0021 −0.0017 6.3872 −0 .0007
F 0.0019 −9.7437 −4.8709 −9.7475 9.7483 −0.0037 4.8774
1 The relative covariance is ur (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/(xi xj ), where u(xi , xj ) is the covariance of xi and xj ; the relative variance is u2r (xi ) = ur (xi , xi ): and the correlation coefficient is r (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/[u(xi )u(xj )].
7 The
K21599_S01.indb 7
entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 +
3 2
R ln Ar − R ln( p/ p0 ) +
5 2
R ln(T/K).
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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-8
TABLE IV: Internationally adopted values of various quantities. Units
Quantity relative atomic mass1 of 12 C molar mass constant molar mass of 12 C conventional value of Josephson constant2 conventional value of von Klitzing constant3 standard-state pressure standard atmosphere
Symbol
Numerical value
Unit
Ar ( 12 C) Mu M( 12 C) KJ−90 RK−90
12 1 × 10−3 12 × 10−3 483 597.9 25 812.807 100 101.325
kg mol−1 kg mol−1 GHz V−1 � kPa kPa
Relative std. uncert. ur exact exact exact exact exact exact exact
1
The relative atomic mass Ar ( X) of particle X with mass m( X) is defined by Ar ( X) = m( X)/mu , where mu = m( 12 C)/12 = Mu /NA = 1 u is the atomic mass constant, Mu is the molar mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the unified atomic mass unit. Thus the mass of particle X is m( X) = Ar ( X) u and the molar mass of X is M( X) = Ar ( X) Mu . 2 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. 3 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect. TABLE V: Values of some x-ray-related quantities based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Quantity
Symbol
Numerical value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. ur
Cu x unit: λ(CuKα1 )/1 537.400 xu(CuKα1 ) 1.002 076 97(28) × 10−13 m 2.8 × 10−7 Mo x unit: λ(MoKα1 )/707.831 xu(MoKα1 ) 1.002 099 52(53) × 10−13 m 5.3 × 10−7 ˚∗ ˚ angstrom star: λ(WKα1 )/0.209 010 0 A 1.000 014 95(90) × 10−10 m 9.0 × 10−7 ◦ −12 lattice parameter1 of Si (in vacuum, 22.5 C) a 543.102 0504(89) × 10 m 1.6 × 10−8 √ {220} lattice spacing of Si a/ 8 d220 192.015 5714(32) × 10−12 m 1.6 × 10−8 (in vacuum, 22.5 ◦ C) Vm (Si) 12.058 833 01(80) × 10−6 m3 mol−1 6.6 × 10−8 molar volume of Si M(Si)/ρ(Si) = NA a 3/8 ◦ (in vacuum, 22.5 C) 1 This is the lattice parameter (unit cell edge length) of an ideal single crystal of naturally occurring Si free of impurities and imperfections, and is deduced from measurements on extremely pure and nearly perfect single crystals of Si by correcting for the effects of impurities.
TABLE VI: The values in SI units of some non-SI units based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Quantity
Symbol
Numerical value
Unit
Relative std. uncert. ur
Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit:
1 m( 12 C) 12
eV u
1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27
J kg
2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8
m s−1 Js eV s MeV fm kg J MeV kg m s−1 MeV/c m s
exact 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 6.5 × 10−10 6.5 × 10−10
Natural units (n.u.) n.u. of velocity n.u. of action: h/2π
c, c0 h¯
n.u. of mass n.u. of energy
h¯ c me me c2
n.u. of momentum
me c
n.u. of length: h¯ /me c n.u. of time
λC h¯ /me c2
K21599_S01.indb 8
299 792 458 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 6.582 119 28(15) × 10−16 197.326 9718(44) 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 8.187 105 06(36) × 10−14 0.510 998 928(11) 2.730 924 29(12) × 10−22 0.510 998 928(11) 386.159 268 00(25) × 10−15 1.288 088 668 33(83) × 10−21
4/2/14 2:09 PM
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-9
Quantity
Symbol
a.u. of charge a.u. of mass a.u. of action: h/2π a.u. of length: Bohr radius (bohr) α/4πR∞ a.u. of energy: Hartree energy (hartree) e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 a.u. of time a.u. of force a.u. of velocity: αc a.u. of momentum a.u. of current a.u. of charge density a.u. of electric potential a.u. of electric field a.u. of electric field gradient a.u. of electric dipole moment a.u. of electric quadrupole moment a.u. of electric polarizability a.u. of 1st hyperpolarizability a.u. of 2nd hyperpolarizability a.u. of magnetic flux density a.u. of magnetic dipole moment: 2µB a.u. of magnetizability a.u. of permittivity: 107 /c2
e me h¯
Numerical value Atomic units (a.u.) 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34
Unit
Relative std. uncert. ur
C kg Js
2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8
a0
0.529 177 210 92(17) × 10−10
m
3.2 × 10−10
Eh h¯ /Eh Eh /a0 a0 Eh /¯h h¯ /a0 eEh /¯h e/a03 Eh /e Eh /ea0 Eh /ea02 ea0 ea02 e2 a02 /Eh e3 a03 /Eh2 e4 a04 /Eh3 h¯ /ea02 h¯ e/me e2 a02 /me e2 /a0 Eh
4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 2.418 884 326 502(12) × 10−17 8.238 722 78(36) × 10−8 2.187 691 263 79(71) × 106 1.992 851 740(88) × 10−24 6.623 617 95(15) × 10−3 1.081 202 338(24) × 1012 27.211 385 05(60) 5.142 206 52(11) × 1011 9.717 362 00(21) × 1021 8.478 353 26(19) × 10−30 4.486 551 331(99) × 10−40 1.648 777 2754(16) × 10−41 3.206 361 449(71) × 10−53 6.235 380 54(28) × 10−65 2.350 517 464(52) × 105 1.854 801 936(41) × 10−23 7.891 036 607(13) × 10−29 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−10
J s N m s−1 kg m s−1 A C m−3 V V m−1 V m−2 Cm C m2 C2 m2 J−1 C3 m3 J−2 C4 m4 J−3 T J T−1 J T−2 F m−1
4.4 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−12 4.4 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.7 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−9 exact
Units
TABLE VI: (Continued.)
TABLE VII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 2010 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 2 2 Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree). Relevant unit J 1J
(1 J) = 1J
kg (1 J)/c = 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−17 kg
1 kg
(1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 . . . × 1016 J
(1 kg) = 1 kg
2
m−1 (1 J)/hc = 5.034 117 01(22) × 1024 m−1
Hz (1 J)/h = 1.509 190 311(67) × 1033 Hz
(1 kg)c/ h = 4.524 438 73(20) × 1041 m−1
(1 kg)c2 / h = 1.356 392 608(60) × 1050 Hz
1 m−1 (1 m−1 )hc = (1 m−1 )h/c = (1 m−1 ) = −25 −42 1.986 445 684(88) × 10 J 2.210 218 902(98) × 10 kg 1 m−1
(1 m−1 )c = 299 792 458 Hz
1 Hz
(1 Hz)h = 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 J
(1 Hz)h/c2 = 7.372 496 68(33) × 10−51 kg
(1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 951 . . . × 10−9 m−1
(1 Hz) = 1 Hz
1K
(1 K)k = 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23 J
(1 K)k/c2 = 1.536 1790(14) × 10−40 kg
(1 K)k/ hc = 69.503 476(63) m−1
(1 K)k/ h = 2.083 6618(19) × 1010 Hz
1 eV
(1 eV) = (1 eV)/c2 = (1 eV)/ hc = 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 J 1.782 661 845(39) × 10−36 kg 8.065 544 29(18) × 105 m−1
(1 eV)/ h = 2.417 989 348(53) × 1014 Hz
1u
(1 u)c2 = (1 u) = (1 u)c/ h = 1.492 417 954(66) × 10−10 J 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 kg 7.513 006 6042(53) × 1014 m−1
(1 u)c2 / h = 2.252 342 7168(16) × 1023 Hz
1 Eh
(1 Eh ) = 4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 J
K21599_S01.indb 9
(1 Eh )/c2 = 4.850 869 79(21) × 10−35 kg
(1 Eh )/ hc = (1 Eh )/ h = 2.194 746 313 708(11) × 107 m−1 6.579 683 920 729(33) × 1015 Hz
4/2/14 2:09 PM
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
1-10
Units
TABLE VIII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 2 2 Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree). Relevant unit K
eV
u
Eh
1J
(1 J)/k = 7.242 9716(66) × 1022 K
(1 J) = 6.241 509 34(14) × 1018 eV
(1 J)/c2 = 6.700 535 85(30) × 109 u
(1 J) = 2.293 712 48(10) × 1017 Eh
1 kg
(1 kg)c2 /k = 6.509 6582(59) × 1039 K
(1 kg)c2 = 5.609 588 85(12) × 1035 eV
(1 kg) = 6.022 141 29(27) × 1026 u
(1 kg)c2 = 2.061 485 968(91) × 1034 Eh
1 m−1 (1 m−1 )hc/k = 1.438 7770(13) × 10−2 K
(1 m−1 )hc = (1 m−1 )h/c = (1 m−1 )hc = 1.239 841 930(27) × 10−6 eV 1.331 025 051 20(94) × 10−15 u 4.556 335 252 755(23) × 10−8 Eh
1 Hz
(1 Hz)h/k = (1 Hz)h = (1 Hz)h/c2 = −11 −15 4.799 2434(44) × 10 K 4.135 667 516(91) × 10 eV 4.439 821 6689(31) × 10−24 u
1K
(1 K) = 1K
(1 K)k = 8.617 3324(78) × 10−5 eV
(1 K)k/c2 = 9.251 0868(84) × 10−14 u
(1 K)k = 3.166 8114(29) × 10−6 Eh
1 eV
(1 eV)/k = 1.160 4519(11) × 104 K
(1 eV) = 1 eV
(1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 150(24) × 10−9 u
(1 eV) = 3.674 932 379(81) × 10−2 Eh
1u
(1 u)c2 /k = (1 u)c2 = 1.080 954 08(98) × 1013 K 931.494 061(21) × 106 eV
(1 u) = 1u
(1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 6845(24) × 107 Eh
1 Eh
(1 Eh )/k = 3.157 7504(29) × 105 K
(1 Eh )/c2 = 2.921 262 3246(21) × 10−8 u
(1 Eh ) = 1 Eh
K21599_S01.indb 10
(1 Eh ) = 27.211 385 05(60) eV
(1 Hz)h = 1.519 829 846 0045(76) × 10−16 Eh
4/2/14 2:09 PM
This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 2011 and 2013 by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (Ref. 1,5,6). Those changes affected the following 24 elements: aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, bromine, cadmium, cesium, cobalt, fluorine, germanium, gold, holmium, indium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, niobium, phosphorus, praseodymium, scandium, selenium, thorium, thulium, and yttrium. IUPAC made a significant policy change in 2009 (Ref. 2 - 4). Each atomic weight had previously been given as a single value with an uncertainty that took into account both the measurement uncertainty and the variation in isotopic abundance in samples of the element from different terrestrial sources. For a variety of reasons (Ref. 3) this fails to give complete information on the natural variability in isotopic abundance of several elements. Therefore, the 2009 recommendations expressed the atomic weights of 10 elements as intervals rather than single numbers plus uncertainties. The symbol for these intervals is [a, b], where a is the lower bound of values found in normal materials, and b the upper bound. In the new recommendations 2 additional elements, bromine and magnesium, have been added to the list for which an interval is given. For the other elements in the table, a single recommended
atomic weight value is given; the number in parentheses following the value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. Table 1 gives the 2013 atomic weights of the elements listed in alphabetical order by name. Table 2 gives reference atomic weights for the 12 elements whose entries in Table 1 are intervals rather than single numbers. These conventional values are suggested for use on samples of unspecified origin and for calculation of molecular weights in tables intended to be broadly applicable. They have been selected such that most or all natural terrestrial atomicweight variation is covered in an interval of plus or minus one in the last digit. It should be emphasized that the conventional values are not simply midpoints of the intervals, but rather represent the best judgment of the data evaluators.
Units
Standard Atomic Weights (2013)
References 1. Wieser, M. E., et al., Pure Appl. Chem. 85, 1047, 2013. 2. Wieser, M. E., and Coplen, T. D., Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 359, 2011. 3. Coplen, T. B., and Holden, N. E., Chemistry International, Vol. 33, No. 2, p.10, 2011. 4. Berglund, M., and Wieser, M. E., Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 397, 2011. 5. Chemistry International, Vol. 35, No. 6, p. 17, 2013. 6. Meija, J., et al., Pure Appl. Chem., to be published.
Table 1. Standard Atomic Weights 2011 Atomic Number 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5
Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron
Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B
Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine
Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl
35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17
Chromium Cobalt Copernecium Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium
Cr Co Cn Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er
24 27 112 29 96 110 105 66 99 68
K21599_S01.indb 11
Atomic Weight
26.9815385(7) 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.921595(6) 137.327(7) 9.0121831(5) 208.98040(1) [10.806, 10.821]
[79.901, 79.907] 112.414(4) 40.078(4) [12.0096, 12.0106] 140.116(1) 132.90545196(6) [35.446, 35.457] 51.9961(6) 58.933194(4) 63.546(3) 162.500(1) 167.259(3)
Footnotes u u g gr u u u u m; see Table 2 see Table 2 g g u see Table 2 g m; see Table 2 u r u u u g u g
Atomic Number 63 100 114 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1
Element Europium Fermium Flerovium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen
Symbol Eu Fm Fl F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H
Atomic Weight 151.964(1) 18.998403163(6) 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.630(8) 196.966569(5) 178.49(2) 4.002602(2) 164.93033(2) [1.00784, 1.00811]
Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium
In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li
49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3
114.818(1) 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.90547(7) 207.2(1) [6.938, 6.997]
Livermorium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum
Lv Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo
116 71 12 25 109 101 80 42
174.9668(1) [24.304, 24.307] 54.938044(3) 200.592(3) 95.95(1)
Footnotes g u u u g u gr m; see Table 2 gm g u gr m; see Table 2 u g see Table 2 u u g
1-11
4/2/14 2:09 PM
Standard Atomic Weights (2013)
1-12
Units
Element Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium
Symbol Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc
Atomic Number 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21
Atomic Weight 144.242(3) 20.1797(6) 58.6934(4) 92.90637(2) [14.00643, 14.00728] 190.23(3) [15.99903, 15.99977] 106.42(1) 30.973761998(5) 195.084(9) 39.0983(1) 140.90766(2) 231.03588(2) 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) 150.36(2) 44.955908(5)
Footnotes g gm u r see Table 2 u g see Table 2 g u u u u u u u g g u g
Element Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununoctium Ununpentium Ununseptium Ununtrium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium
Symbol Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W Uuo Uup Uus Uut U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr
Atomic Number 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 118 115 117 113 92 23 54 70 39 30 40
Atomic Weight 78.971(8) [28.084, 28.086] 107.8682(2) 22.98976928(2) 87.62(1) [32.059, 32.076] 180.94788(2) 127.60(3) 158.92535(2) [204.382, 204.385] 232.0377(4) 168.93422(2) 118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.054(5) 88.90584(2) 65.38(2) 91.224(2)
Footnotes u r see Table 2 g gr see Table 2 u g see Table 2 gu g u u u u gmu gm g r g
Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. m Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because the material has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. r Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value and uncertainty should be applicable to any normal material. u Element has no stable isotopes. See “Table of the Isotopes” in Sec.11 for individual isotopic masses. However, four such elements (Bi, Th, Pa, and U) do have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and for these elements standard atomic weights are tabulated. g
Table 2. Conventional Atomic Weights (2011) Element Boron Bromine Carbon Chlorine Hydrogen Lithium Magnesium Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Sulfur Thallium
Symbol B Br C Cl H Li Mg N O Si S Tl
Atomic Number 5 35 6 17 1 3 12 7 8 14 16 81
Reference Atomic Weighta 10.81 79.904 12.011 35.45 1.008 6.94 24.305 14.007 15.999 28.085 32.06 204.38
For users needing an atomic-weight value for an unspecified sample, such as for trade or commerce. See text.
a
K21599_S01.indb 12
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This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. The atomic masses were taken from the AME 2012 evaluation of the Atomic Mass Data Center, now located at the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou, China (Ref. 1 and 2). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. The mass values for elements with Z = 102 and higher were derived from a combination of experimental data and systematic trends. Natural abundance values were taken from the IUPAC Technical Report “Atomic Weight of the Elements: Review 2000” (Ref. 3); these entries are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Ref. 3 for full details and caveats regarding elements whose abundance is variable). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates Z 1
2 3 4 5 6
7 8
9 10
11
12
13 14
15 16
K21599_S01.indb 13
Isotope 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 4 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 14 N 15 N 16 O 17 O 18 O 18 F 19 F 20 Ne 21 Ne 22 Ne 22 Na 23 Na 24 Na 24 Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 27 Al 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 31 P 32 P 32 S 33 S 34 S
Mass in u 1.00782503223(9) 2.01410177812(12) 3.0160492779(24) 3.0160293201(25) 4.00260325413(6) 6.0151228874(15) 7.016003437(5) 9.01218307(8) 10.0129369(4) 11.0093054(4) 11.0114336(10) 12.0000000(0) 13.00335483507(23) 14.003241988(4) 14.00307400443(20) 15.0001088989(6) 15.99491461957(17) 16.9991317565(7) 17.9991596129(8) 18.0009373(5) 18.9984031627(9) 19.9924401762(17) 20.99384669(4) 21.991385114(18) 21.99443741(18) 22.9897692820(19) 23.99096295(4) 23.985041697(14) 24.98583698(5) 25.98259297(3) 26.98153853(11) 27.9769265346(4) 28.9764946649(5) 29.973770136(23) 30.9737619984(7) 31.97390764(4) 31.9720711744(14) 32.9714589098(15) 33.96786700(5)
Abundance in % 99.9885(70) 0.0115(70) 0.000134(3) 99.999866(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8)
a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined. Reference 1 contains mass data on over 3000 nuclides and describes the evaluation procedure in detail. Masses and other properties of nuclides may also be found in Section 11, “Table of the Isotopes” (Ref. 4).
References 1. Wang, M., Audi, G., Wapstra, A. H., Kondev, F. G., MacCormick, M., Xu, X., and Pfeiffer, B., Chin. Phys. C 36, 1603-2014, 2012. 2. . 3. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S., Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 683, 2003. 4. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Haynes, W. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 95th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014. Z
17 18
19
20
99.636(7) 0.364(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 100 94.99(26) 0.75(2) 4.25(24)
Units
Atomic Masses and Abundances
21 22
23 24
25 26
Isotope 35 S 36 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 38 Ar 40 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 42 K 43 K 40 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 48 Ca 45 Sc 46 Ti 47 Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 50 V 51 V 50 Cr 51 Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr 54 Mn 55 Mn 52 Fe 54 Fe 55 Fe 56 Fe
Mass in u 34.96903231(4) 35.96708071(20) 34.96885268(4) 36.96590260(6) 35.967545105(28) 37.96273211(21) 39.9623831237(24) 38.963706486(5) 39.96399817(6) 40.961825258(4) 41.96240231(11) 42.9607347(4) 39.962590863(22) 41.95861783(16) 42.95876644(24) 43.9554816(3) 44.9561864(4) 45.9536890(24) 46.9545424(24) 47.95252277(13) 44.9559083(8) 45.9526277(4) 46.9517588(4) 47.9479420(4) 48.9478657(4) 49.9447869(4) 49.9471560(9) 50.9439570(9) 49.9460418(9) 50.9447650(9) 51.9405062(6) 52.9406481(6) 53.9388792(6) 53.9403576(12) 54.9380439(5) 51.948113(7) 53.9396090(5) 54.9382920(5) 55.9349363(5)
Abundance in % 0.01(1) 75.76(10) 24.24(10) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5) 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44)
96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36)
1-13
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Atomic Masses and Abundances
1-14 Z Units
27
28
29
30
31
32
33 34
35 36
37
38
39
K21599_S01.indb 14
Isotope 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 57 Co 58 Co 59 Co 60 Co 58 Ni 59 Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 63 Cu 64 Cu 65 Cu 64 Zn 65 Zn 66 Zn 67 Zn 68 Zn 70 Zn 67 Ga 68 Ga 69 Ga 71 Ga 68 Ge 70 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 75 As 74 Se 75 Se 76 Se 77 Se 78 Se 79 Se 80 Se 82 Se 79 Br 81 Br 78 Kr 80 Kr 82 Kr 83 Kr 84 Kr 86 Kr 85 Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 84 Sr 85 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 89 Y
Mass in u 56.9353928(5) 57.9332744(5) 58.9348743(5) 56.9362906(7) 57.9357521(13) 58.9331943(6) 59.9338163(6) 57.9353424(5) 58.9343462(5) 59.9307859(5) 60.9310556(5) 61.9283454(6) 62.9296696(6) 63.9279668(6) 62.9295977(6) 63.9297643(6) 64.9277897(7) 63.9291420(7) 64.9292408(7) 65.9260338(9) 66.9271277(10) 67.9248446(10) 69.9253192(21) 66.9282025(13) 67.9279805(16) 68.9255735(13) 70.9247026(9) 67.9280953(20) 69.9242488(9) 71.92207583(8) 72.92345896(6) 73.921177761(13) 75.921402726(19) 74.9215946(9) 73.922475934(15) 74.92252287(8) 75.919213704(17) 76.91991415(7) 77.91730928(20) 78.91849929(24) 79.9165218(13) 81.9166995(15) 78.9183376(14) 80.9162897(14) 77.9203649(8) 79.9163781(7) 81.9134827(9) 82.9141272(3) 83.911497728(4) 85.910610627(4) 84.911789738(5) 85.91116743(21) 86.909180531(6) 83.9134191(13) 84.912932(3) 85.9092606(12) 86.9088775(12) 87.9056125(12) 88.9074511(12) 89.9077300(28) 88.9058403(24)
Abundance in % 2.119(10) 0.282(4)
100 68.0769(89)
Z 40
41 42
26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.15(3)
43
30.85(3) 48.268(321)
44
27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123) 0.631(9)
60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.38(18) 27.31(26) 7.76(8) 36.72(15) 7.83(7) 100 0.89(4)
45 46
47 48
9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.355(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(31) 11.500(19) 56.987(15) 17.279(41) 72.17(2)
49
50
27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)
100
51 52
Isotope 90 Zr 91 Zr 92 Zr 94 Zr 96 Zr 93 Nb 92 Mo 94 Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 100 Mo 97 Tc 98 Tc 99 Tc 96 Ru 98 Ru 99 Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 104 Ru 106 Ru 103 Rh 102 Pd 104 Pd 105 Pd 106 Pd 108 Pd 110 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 106 Cd 108 Cd 110 Cd 111 Cd 112 Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 116 Cd 111 In 113 In 115 In 112 Sn 113 Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 116 Sn 117 Sn 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 120 Te 122 Te 123 Te
Mass in u 89.9046977(20) 90.9056396(20) 91.9050347(20) 93.9063108(20) 95.9082714(21) 92.9063730(20) 91.9068080(8) 93.9050849(5) 94.9058388(5) 95.9046761(5) 96.9060181(5) 97.9054048(5) 98.9077085(5) 99.9074718(11) 96.906367(4) 97.907212(4) 98.9062508(10) 95.9075903(5) 97.905287(7) 98.9059341(11) 99.9042143(11) 100.9055769(12) 101.9043441(12) 103.9054275(28) 105.907329(6) 102.9054980(26) 101.9056022(28) 103.9040305(14) 104.9050796(12) 105.9034804(12) 107.9038916(12) 109.9051722(7) 106.9050916(26) 108.9047553(14) 105.9064599(12) 107.9041834(12) 109.9030066(6) 110.9041829(6) 111.9027629(6) 112.9044081(4) 113.9033651(4) 115.90476315(17) 110.905108(4) 112.9040618(9) 114.903878776(12) 111.9048239(6) 112.9051757(18) 113.9027827(10) 114.903344699(16) 115.90174280(10) 116.9029540(5) 117.9016066(5) 118.9033112(8) 119.9022016(10) 121.9034438(26) 123.9052766(11) 120.903812(3) 122.9042132(23) 119.904059(3) 121.9030435(16) 122.9042698(16)
Abundance in % 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28) 2.80(9) 100 14.77(31) 9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26) 9.67(20)
5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3)
4/2/14 2:09 PM
Atomic Masses and Abundances
53
54
55
56
57 58
59 60
61 62
63 64
K21599_S01.indb 15
Isotope 124 Te 125 Te 126 Te 128 Te 130 Te 123 I 125 I 127 I 129 I 131 I 124 Xe 126 Xe 128 Xe 129 Xe 130 Xe 131 Xe 132 Xe 134 Xe 136 Xe 129 Cs 133 Cs 134 Cs 136 Cs 137 Cs 130 Ba 132 Ba 133 Ba 134 Ba 135 Ba 136 Ba 137 Ba 138 Ba 140 Ba 138 La 139 La 136 Ce 138 Ce 140 Ce 141 Ce 142 Ce 144 Ce 141 Pr 142 Nd 143 Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 148 Nd 150 Nd 145 Pm 147 Pm 144 Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 152 Sm 154 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 152 Gd
Mass in u 123.9028171(16) 124.9044299(16) 125.9033109(16) 127.9044613(9) 129.906222748(12) 122.905589(4) 124.9046294(16) 126.904472(4) 128.904984(3) 130.9061263(7) 123.9058920(19) 125.904298(4) 127.9035310(11) 128.904780861(6) 129.903509349(10) 130.90508406(24) 131.904155086(6) 133.9053947(9) 135.907214484(11) 128.906066(5) 132.905451961(8) 133.906718503(17) 135.9073114(20) 136.9070892(4) 129.9063207(28) 131.9050611(11) 132.9060074(11) 133.90450818(30) 134.90568838(29) 135.90457573(29) 136.9058271(3) 137.9052470(3) 139.910606(9) 137.907115(4) 138.9063563(24) 135.9071292(4) 137.905991(10) 139.9054431(23) 140.9082807(23) 141.9092504(29) 143.913653(3) 140.9076576(23) 141.9077290(20) 142.9098200(20) 143.9100930(20) 144.9125793(20) 145.9131226(20) 147.9168993(26) 149.9209022(18) 144.912756(3) 146.9151450(19) 143.9120065(21) 146.9149044(19) 147.9148292(19) 148.9171921(18) 149.9172829(18) 151.9197397(18) 153.9222169(20) 150.9198578(18) 152.9212380(18) 151.9197995(18)
Abundance in % 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8) 34.08(62)
100
0.0952(3) 0.0890(2) 1.9102(8) 26.4006(82) 4.0710(13) 21.2324(30) 26.9086(33) 10.4357(21) 8.8573(44) 100
Z
65 66
67 68
69 70
0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)
3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(6) 52.19(6) 0.20(1)
71 72
73 74
75 76
77 78
Isotope 154 Gd 155 Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 158 Gd 160 Gd 159 Tb 156 Dy 158 Dy 160 Dy 161 Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165 Ho 162 Er 164 Er 166 Er 167 Er 168 Er 170 Er 169 Tm 168 Yb 169 Yb 170 Yb 171 Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 176 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 174 Hf 176 Hf 177 Hf 178 Hf 179 Hf 180 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 185 Re 187 Re 184 Os 186 Os 187 Os 188 Os 189 Os 190 Os 192 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 190 Pt 192 Pt 194 Pt 195 Pt 196 Pt
Mass in u 153.9208741(17) 154.9226305(17) 155.9221312(17) 156.9239686(17) 157.9241123(17) 159.9270624(18) 158.9253547(19) 155.9242847(17) 157.924416(3) 159.9252046(20) 160.9269405(20) 161.9268056(20) 162.9287383(20) 163.9291819(20) 164.9303288(21) 161.9287884(20) 163.9292088(20) 165.9302995(22) 166.9320546(22) 167.9323767(22) 169.9354702(26) 168.9342179(22) 167.9338896(22) 168.9351825(22) 169.9347664(22) 170.9363302(22) 171.9363859(22) 172.9382151(22) 173.9388664(22) 175.9425764(24) 174.9407752(20) 175.9426897(20) 173.9400461(28) 175.9414076(22) 176.9432277(20) 177.9437058(20) 178.9458232(20) 179.9465570(20) 179.9474648(24) 180.9479958(20) 179.9467108(20) 181.9482039(9) 182.9502227(9) 183.9509309(9) 185.9543628(17) 184.9529545(13) 186.9557501(16) 183.9524885(14) 185.9538350(16) 186.9557474(16) 187.9558352(16) 188.9581442(17) 189.9584437(17) 191.9614770(29) 190.9605893(21) 192.9629216(21) 189.959930(6) 191.961039(3) 193.9626809(10) 194.9647917(10) 195.9649521(10)
Abundance in % 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.056(3) 0.095(3) 2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 100 0.139(5) 1.601(3) 33.503(36) 22.869(9) 26.978(18) 14.910(36) 100 0.13(1)
Units
Z
1-15
3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41)
4/2/14 2:09 PM
Atomic Masses and Abundances
1-16 Z Units
79 80
81
82
83 84 85 86
87 88
89 90
91 92
K21599_S01.indb 16
Isotope 198 Pt 197 Au 198 Au 196 Hg 197 Hg 198 Hg 199 Hg 200 Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 204 Hg 201 Tl 203 Tl 205 Tl 204 Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 210 Pb 207 Bi 209 Bi 209 Po 210 Po 210 At 211 At 211 Rn 220 Rn 222 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 224 Ra 226 Ra 228 Ra 227 Ac 228 Th 230 Th 232 Th 231 Pa 233 U 234 U 235 U
Mass in u 197.9678949(23) 196.9665688(7) 197.9682424(7) 195.965833(3) 196.967213(3) 197.9667686(5) 198.9682806(5) 199.9683266(5) 200.9703028(7) 201.9706434(7) 202.9728728(18) 203.9734940(5) 200.970822(15) 202.9723446(14) 204.9744278(14) 203.9730440(13) 205.9744657(13) 206.9758973(13) 207.9766525(13) 209.9841889(16) 206.9784710(26) 208.9803991(16) 208.9824308(20) 209.9828741(13) 209.987148(8) 210.9874966(30) 210.990601(7) 220.0113941(23) 222.0175782(25) 223.0197360(25) 223.0185023(27) 224.0202120(23) 226.0254103(25) 228.0310707(26) 227.0277523(25) 228.0287413(23) 230.0331341(19) 232.0380558(21) 231.0358842(24) 233.0396355(29) 234.0409523(19) 235.0439301(19)
Abundance in % 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1) 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26) 6.87(15) 29.52(1) 70.48(1) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1)
100
Z
93 94
95 96
97 98
99 100 101
100 100 0.0054(5) 0.7204(6)
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
Isotope 236 U 238 U 237 Np 239 Np 238 Pu 239 Pu 240 Pu 241 Pu 242 Pu 244 Pu 241 Am 243 Am 243 Cm 244 Cm 245 Cm 246 Cm 247 Cm 248 Cm 247 Bk 249 Bk 249 Cf 250 Cf 251 Cf 252 Cf 252 Es 257 Fm 256 Md 258 Md 259 No 262 Lr 261 Rf 262 Db 266 Sg 272 Bh 277 Hs 276 Mt 281 Ds 280 Rg 285 Cn 287 Fl 291 Lv
Mass in u 236.0455682(19) 238.0507884(20) 237.0481736(19) 239.0529392(22) 238.0495601(19) 239.0521636(19) 240.0538138(19) 241.0568517(19) 242.0587428(20) 244.064205(6) 241.0568293(19) 243.0613813(24) 243.0613893(22) 244.0627528(19) 245.0654915(22) 246.0672238(22) 247.070354(5) 248.072350(6) 247.070307(6) 249.0749877(27) 249.0748539(23) 250.0764062(22) 251.079589(5) 252.081627(6) 252.08298(5) 257.095106(7) 256.09389(13) 258.098431(5) 259.10103(11) 262.10961(22) 261.10877(5) 262.11407(15) 266.1220(3) 272.1383(6) 277.1519(6) 276.1516(6) 281.1645(6) 280.1651(6) 285.1771(6) 287.1868(7) 291.2011(7)
Abundance in % 99.2742(10)
4/2/14 2:09 PM
William C. Martin The ground state electron configuration, ground level, and ionization energy of the elements hydrogen through rutherfordium are listed in this table. The electron configurations of elements heavier than neon are shortened by using rare-gas element symbols in brackets to represent the corresponding electrons. See the references for details of the notation for Pa, U, and Np. Ionization energies to higher states (and more precise values of the first ionization energy for certain elements) may be found in the table “Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10 of this Handbook. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
K21599_S01.indb 17
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru
Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium
Units
Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State References
1. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Kotochigova, S., and Sansonetti, J. E., NIST Physical Reference Data Web Site, , June 2013. 2. Martin, W. C., and Wiese, W. L., “Atomic Spectroscopy”, in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135-153.
Ground-state configuration 1s 1s2 1s2 2s 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 [Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 [Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s [Ar] 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 [Kr] 5s [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 4d 5s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 [Kr] 4d4 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d7 5s
Ground level 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 F4 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 6 D1/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 F5
Ionization energy (eV) 13.5984 24.5874 5.3917 9.3227 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645 5.1391 7.6462 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596 4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9024 7.8810 7.6399 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996 4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6339 6.7589 7.0924 7.28 7.3605
1-17
4/2/14 2:09 PM
Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State
1-18
Units K21599_S01.indb 18
Z 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf
Element Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium
Ground-state configuration [Kr] 4d8 5s [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s [Kr] 4d10 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 [Xe] 6s [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 [Rn] 7s [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 6d 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 ?
Ground level 4 F9/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 1 o G4 4 o I 9/2 5 I4 6 o H 5/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 5 D0 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 D3 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 (4,3/2)11/2 (9/2,3/2)o6 (4,3/2)11/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 ? 3 F2 ?
Ionization energy (eV) 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.4513 12.1298 3.8939 5.2117 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.6704 6.1498 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.1843 6.2542 5.4259 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2255 10.4375 6.1082 7.4167 7.2855 8.414 10.7485 4.0727 5.2784 5.3807 6.3067 5.89 6.1939 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.3676 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9? 6.0?
4/2/14 2:09 PM
B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS-90 supersedes the previous scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 (Ref. 1, 2) extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values than are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the previous scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78 °C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure–temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: 9
T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ( ln( p / Pa) − B ) / C
i
i =1
The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au Cuc
Equilibrium stateb VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP FP
T90 (K) 3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77
Temperature t90 (°C) –270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62
2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467 °C) and 1234.93 K (961.78 °C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature.
Units
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
Since the adoption of ITS-90, the isotopic composition of the water and hydrogen whose fixed points appear in the table has been specified (Ref. 3). A Provisional Low Temperature Scale (PLTS2000) has been developed, covering the region from 0.9 mK to 1 K (Ref. 2, 4). This scale is based on the melting temperature of 3He.
References 1. The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia 27, 107, 1990. 2. Mise en pratique for definition of the kelvin, , 2011. 3. Technical annex for the International Temperature Scale of 1990, , 2005. 4. The Provisional Low Temperature Scale from 0.9 mK to 1 K, , 2000. Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef. or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C
3 He 0.65—3.2 K 1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3
4 He 1.25—2.1768 K 1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9
4 He 2.1768—5.0 K 3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9
e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. b VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. c Previously, these were secondary fixed points. a
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Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 Units
This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range –180 to 4000 °C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS-90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. t/°C –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 –110 –100 –90 –80 –70 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
t90–t68
0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.002 –0.005 –0.007 –0.010 –0.013 –0.016 –0.018 –0.021 –0.024 –0.026 –0.028 –0.030 –0.032 –0.034 –0.036 –0.037 –0.038 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.039 –0.039
t90–t48
0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 –0.006 –0.012 –0.016 –0.020 –0.023 –0.026 –0.026 –0.027 –0.027 –0.026 –0.024 –0.023 –0.020 –0.018 –0.016 –0.012 –0.009 –0.005 –0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.028 0.030
t/°C
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750
t90–t68 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.041 –0.042 –0.043 –0.045 –0.046 –0.048 –0.051 –0.053 –0.056 –0.059 –0.062 –0.065 –0.068 –0.072 –0.075 –0.079 –0.083 –0.087 –0.090 –0.094 –0.098 –0.101 –0.105 –0.108 –0.112 –0.115 –0.118 –0.122 –0.125 –0.11 –0.10 –0.09 –0.07 –0.05 –0.04 –0.02 –0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03
t90–t48
0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.001 –0.002 –0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56
The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064 °C range.
References 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 64, 1545, 1992.
t/°C
760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300
t90–t68
0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 –0.02 –0.03 –0.05 –0.06 –0.08 –0.10 –0.11 –0.13 –0.15 –0.16 –0.18 –0.19 –0.20 –0.20 –0.21 –0.22 –0.23 –0.24 –0.25 –0.25 –0.26 –0.26 –0.26 –0.30 –0.35 –0.39 –0.44 –0.49 –0.54 –0.60 –0.66 –0.72 –0.79 –0.85 –0.93
t90–t48 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1
t/°C 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000
t90–t68 –1.00 –1.07 –1.15 –1.24 –1.32 –1.41 –1.50 –1.59 –1.69 –1.78 –1.89 –1.99 –2.10 –2.21 –2.32 –2.43 –2.55
t90–t48
T/K 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
T90–T76 –0.0001 –0.0002 –0.0003 –0.0004 –0.0005 –0.0006 –0.0007 –0.0008 –0.0010 –0.0011 –0.0013 –0.0014 –0.0016 –0.0018 –0.0020 –0.0022 –0.0025 –0.0027 –0.0030 –0.0032 –0.0035 –0.0038 –0.0041
T90–T68
3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8
–0.006 –0.003 –0.004 –0.006 –0.008 –0.009 –0.009 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 –0.004 –0.005 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.008
1-20
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Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90
K21599_S01.indb 21
T90–T76
T90–T68 –0.008 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.005 –0.004 –0.003 –0.002 –0.001
T/K 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
T90–T76
T90–T68 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
T/K 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140
T90–T76
T90–T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014
T/K 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
T90–T76
T90–T68 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 –0.006 –0.031 –0.040 –0.040 –0.055 –0.089 –0.124
Units
T/K 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
1-21
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International System of Units (SI) Units
The International System of Units, abbreviated as SI (from the French name Le Système International d’Unités), was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as the modern metric system of measurement. The core of the SI is the seven base units for the physical quantities length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. These base units are: Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity
SI base unit Name Symbol meter m kilogram kg second s ampere A kelvin K mole mol candela cd
second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.
SI derived units Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of the mathematical symbols of multiplication and division (and, in the case of °C, subtraction). Certain derived units have been given special names and symbols, and these special names and symbols may themselves be used in combination with those for base and other derived units to express the units of other quantities. The next table lists some examples of derived units expressed directly in terms of base units: Physical quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number density, mass density specific volume current density magnetic field strength concentration (of amount of substance) luminance refractive index
The SI base units are defined as follows: ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2∙10–7 newton per meter of length. candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540∙1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. meter: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. Physical quantity plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux
SI derived unit Name square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter
Symbol m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3 m3/kg A/m2 A/m
mole per cubic meter candela per square meter (the number) one
mol/m3 cd/m2 1(a)
The symbol “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value.
(a)
For convenience, certain derived units, which are listed in the next table, have been given special names and symbols. These names and symbols may themselves be used to express other derived units. The special names and symbols are a compact form for the expression of units that are used frequently. The final column shows how the SI units concerned may be expressed in terms of SI base units. In this column, factors such as m0, kg0 ..., which are all equal to 1, are not shown explicitly.
Name radian(a) steradian(a) hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm siemens weber
Symbol rad sr(c) Hz N Pa J W C V F Ω S Wb
SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units m ∙ m-1 = 1(b) m2 ∙ m-2 = 1(b) s-1 m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N/m2 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 J/s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 s∙A W/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-1 C/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 V/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-2 A/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s3 ∙ A2 V∙s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1
1-22
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International System of Units (SI)
luminous flux illuminance activity (of a radionuclide) absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, organ equivalent dose catalytic activity
Name tesla henry degree Celsius(d) lumen lux becquerel gray sievert
Symbol T H °C
katal
kat
lm lx Bq Gy Sv
SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1 Wb/m2 Wb/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 K cd ∙ sr(c) lm/m2 J/kg J/kg
Units
Physical quantity magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature
1-23
m2 ∙ m–2 ∙ cd = cd m2 ∙ m–4 ∙ cd = m–2 ∙ cd s-1 m2 ∙ s-2 m2 ∙ s-2 s–1 ∙ mol
The radian and steradian may be used with advantage in expressions for derived units to distinguish between quantities of different nature but the same dimension. Some examples of their use in forming derived units are given in the next table. (b) In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value. (c) In photometry, the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for units. (d) It is common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T0 = 273.15 K. The numerical value of a Celsius temperature t expressed in degrees Celsius is given by t/°C = T/K-273.15. The unit °C may be used in combination with SI prefixes, e.g., millidegree Celsius, m°C. Note that there should never be a space between the ° sign and the letter C, and that the symbol for kelvin is K, not °K. (a)
The SI derived units with special names may be used in combinations to provide a convenient way to express more complex physical quantities. Examples are given in the next table: Physical Quantity dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension angular velocity angular acceleration heat flux density, irradiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and γ rays) absorbed dose rate radiant intensity radiance catalytic (activity) concentration
SI derived unit Name Symbol As SI base units pascal second Pa ∙ s m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-1 newton meter N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 newton per meter N/m kg ∙ s-2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-1 = s-1 radian per second rad/s2 m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-2 = s-2 squared watt per square W/m2 kg ∙ s-3 meter joule per kelvin J/K m-3 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 joule per kilogram J/(kg ∙ K) m2 ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per kilogram J/kg m2 ∙ s-2 watt per meter W/(m ∙ K) m ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per cubic J/m3 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 meter volt per meter V/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-3∙ A-1 coulomb per cubic C/m3 m-3 ∙ s ∙ A meter m-2 ∙ s ∙ A coulomb per C/m2 square meter farad per meter F/m m-3 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 henry per meter H/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 joule per mole J/mol m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ mol-1 joule per mole J/(mol ∙ K) m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 ∙ mol-1 kelvin coulomb per C/kg kg-1 ∙ s ∙ A kilogram gray per second Gy/s m2 ∙ s-3 watt per steradian W/sr m4 ∙ m-2∙ kg∙ s-3 = m2 ∙ kg∙ s-3 watt per square W/(m2 ∙ sr) m2 ∙ m-2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 meter steradian = kg ∙ s-3 katal per cubic kat/m3 m-3 ∙ s-1 ∙ mol meter
In practice, with certain quantities preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit names, in
K21599_S01.indb 23
order to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension. For example, the SI unit of frequency is designated the hertz, rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI unit of angular velocity is designated the radian per second rather than the reciprocal second (in this case retaining the word radian emphasizes that angular velocity is equal to 2π times the rotational frequency). Similarly the SI unit of moment of force is designated the newton meter rather than the joule. In the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated the becquerel rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent the gray and sievert, respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram. In the field of catalysis, the SI unit of catalytic activity is designated the katal rather than the mole per second. The special names becquerel, gray, sievert, and katal were specifically introduced because of the dangers to human health which might arise from mistakes involving the units reciprocal second, joule per kilogram and mole per second.
Units for dimensionless quantities, quantities of dimension one Certain quantities are defined as the ratios of two quantities of the same kind, and thus have a dimension which may be expressed by the number one. The unit of such quantities is necessarily a derived unit coherent with the other units of the SI and, since it is formed as the ratio of two identical SI units, the unit also may be expressed by the number one. Thus the SI unit of all quantities having the dimensional product one is the number one. Examples of such quantities are refractive index, relative permeability, and friction factor. Other quantities having the unit 1 include “characteristic numbers” like the Prandtl number and numbers which represent a count, such as a number of molecules, degeneracy (number of energy levels), and partition function in statistical thermodynamics. All of these quantities are described as being dimensionless, or of dimension one, and have the coherent SI unit 1. Their values are simply expressed as numbers and, in general, the unit 1 is not explicitly shown. In a few cases, however, a special name is given to this unit, mainly to avoid confusion between some compound derived units. This is the case for the radian, steradian and neper.
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International System of Units (SI)
1-24
SI prefixes Units
The following prefixes have been approved by the CGPM for use with SI units. Only one prefix may be used before a unit. Thus 10-12 farad should be designated pF, not μμF. Factor 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101
Name yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka
Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da
Factor 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24
Name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto
Symbol d c m μ n p f a z y
The kilogram Among the base units of the International System, the unit of mass is the only one for which the name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit name “gram” and prefix symbols to the unit symbol “g”. Example : 10-6 kg = 1 mg (1 milligram) but not 1 μkg (1 microkilogram).
Units used with the SI Many units that are not part of the SI are important and widely used in everyday life. The CGPM has adopted a classification of non-SI units: (1) units accepted for use with the SI (such as the traditional units of time and of angle); (2) units accepted for use with the SI whose values are obtained experimentally; and (3) other units currently accepted for use with the SI to satisfy the needs of special interests.
(2) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International system, whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt(b) dalton(c) unified atomic mass unit(c) astronomical unit(d)
Symbol min h d ° ’ ” l, L t Np B
Value in SI units 1 min = 60 s 1 h= 60 min = 3600 s 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s 1° = (π/180) rad 1’ = (1/60)° = (π/10 800) rad 1” = (1/60)’ = (π/648 000) rad 1L= 1 dm3= 10-3 m3 1 t = 103 kg 1 Np = 1 1 B = (1/2) ln 10 Np
The neper is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound pressure level, and logarithmic decrement. Natural logarithms are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in nepers. The neper is coherent with the SI, but is not yet adopted by the CGPM as an SI unit. In using the neper, it is important to specify the quantity. (b) The bel is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound-pressure level, and attenuation. Logarithms to base ten are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in bels. The submultiple decibel, dB, is commonly used. (a)
K21599_S01.indb 24
u ua
1 u = 1 Da 1 ua = 1.495 978 706 91(06) ∙ 1011 m(a)
For the electronvolt and the dalton (unified atomic mass unit), values are quoted from the 2002 CODATA set of the Fundamental Physical Constants (p. 1-1 of this Handbook). The value given for the astronomical unit is quoted from the IERS Conventions 2003 (D.D. McCarthy and G. Petit, eds., IERS Technical Note 32, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 200). The value of ua in meters comes from the JPL ephemerides DE403 (Standish E.M. 1995, “Report of the IAU WGAS SubGroup on Numerical Standards”, in “Highlights of Astronomy”, Appenlzer ed., pp 180-184, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). It has been determined in “TDB” units using Barycentric Dynamical Time TDB as a time coordinate for the barycentric system. (b) The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum. (c) The Dalton and unified atomic mass unit are alternative names for the same unit, equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of the nuclide 12C, at rest and in its ground state. The dalton may be combined with SI prefixes to express the masses of large molecules in kilodalton, kDa, or megadalton, MDa. (d) The astronomical unit is a unit of length approximately equal to the mean Earth-Sun distance. It is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.017 202 098 95 radians/day (known as the Gaussian constant). (a)
(3) Other non-SI units currently accepted for use with the International System Name nautical mile knot are hectare bar ångström barn
(1) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System Name minute hour day degree minute second liter metric ton neper(a) bel(b)
Symbol Value in SI Units eV 1 eV = 1.602 176 53(14) ∙10-19 J(a) Da 1 Da = 1.660 538 86(28) ∙ 10-27 kg(a)
Symbol Value in SI Units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 a = 1 dam2 = 102 m2 ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa = 105 Pa Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2
Other non-SI units The SI does not encourage the use of cgs units, but these are frequently found in old scientific texts. The following table gives the relation of some common cgs units to SI units. Name erg dyne poise stokes gauss oersted maxwell stilb phot gal
Symbol erg dyn P St G Oe Mx sb ph Gal
Value in SI units 1 erg = 10–7 J 1 dyn = 10–5 N 1P = 1dyn · s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa · s 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10–4 m2/s 1G ≙ 10–4 T 1 Oe ≙ (1000/4π) A/m 1Mx ≙ 10–8 Wb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 1 ph = 104 lx 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10–2 m/s2
Note: The symbol ≙ should be read as “corresponds to”; these units cannot strictly be equated because of the different dimensions of the electromagnetic cgs and the SI.
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International System of Units (SI)
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Name Symbol curie Ci roentgen R rad rad rem rem X unit gamma γ jansky Jy fermi metric carat torr Torr standard atmosphere atm cal calorie(a) micron μ (a)
Value in SI units 1 Ci = 3.7 ∙ 1010 Bq 1 R = 2.58 ∙ 10–4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10–2 Gy 1 r e m = 1 cSv = 10–2 Sv 1 X unit ≈ 1.002 ∙ 10–4 nm 1 γ =1 nT = 10–9 T 1Jy = 10–26 W ∙ m–2 ∙ Hz–1 1 fermi = 1 fm = 10–15 m 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 2 ∙ 10–4 kg 1 Torr = (101325/760) Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 μ = 1 μm = 10–6 m
Several types of calorie have been used; the value given here is the so-called “thermochemical calorie”.
Prefixes for binary multiples In December 1998, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the leading international organization for worldwide standardization in electrotechnology, approved as an IEC International Standard names and symbols for prefixes for binary multiples for use in the fields of data processing and data transmission. The prefixes are as follows: Factor 210 220 230 240 250 260
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Prefixes for binary multiples
Name Symbol Origin kibi Ki kilobinary: (210)1 mebi Mi megabinary: (210)2 gibi Gi gigabinary: (210)3 tebi Ti terabinary: (210)4 pebi Pi petabinary: (210)5 exbi Ei exabinary: (210)6
Derivation kilo: (103)1 mega: (103)2 giga: (103)3 tera: (103)4 peta: (103)5 exa: (103)6
Examples and comparisons with SI prefixes
one kibibit one kilobit one mebibyte one megabyte one gibibyte one gigabyte
1 Kibit = 210 bit = 1024 bit 1 kbit = 103 bit = 1000 bit 1 MiB = 220 B = 1 048 576 B 1 MB = 106 B = 1 000 000 B 1 GiB = 230 B = 1 073 741 824 B 1 GB = 109 B = 1 000 000 000 B
Units
Examples of other non-SI units found in the older literature and their relation to the SI are given below. Use of these units in current texts is discouraged.
It is suggested that in English, the first syllable of the name of the binary-multiple prefix should be pronounced in the same way as the first syllable of the name of the corresponding SI prefix, and that the second syllable should be pronounced as “bee.” It is important to recognize that the new prefixes for binary multiples are not part of the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system. However, for ease of understanding and recall, they were derived from the SI prefixes for positive powers of ten. As can be seen from the above table, the name of each new prefix is derived from the name of the corresponding SI prefix by retaining the first two letters of the name of the SI prefix and adding the letters “bi,” which recalls the word “binary.” Similarly, the symbol of each new prefix is derived from the symbol of the corresponding SI prefix by adding the letter “i,” which again recalls the word “binary.” (For consistency with the other prefixes for binary multiples, the symbol Ki is used for 210 rather than ki.)
References 1. Taylor, B. N., and Thompson, A., The International System of Unit (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2008. 2. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Le Système International d’Unités (SI), 8th French and English Edition, BIPM, Sèvres, France, 2006. 3. Thompson, A., and Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Unit (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2008. 4. NIST Physical Reference Data web site, http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/ Units/index.html, October 2004. 5. Amendment 2 to IEC International Standard IEC 60027-2, 199901, Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics. 6. IEC 60027-2, Second edition, 2000-11, Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology - Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics. 7. Barrow, B., “A Lesson in Megabytes,” IEEE Stand. Bearer, January 1997, p. 5.
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Units for Magnetic Properties Units
Quantity Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction Magnetic flux Magnetic potential difference, magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength, magnetizing force (Volume) magnetization g (Volume) magnetization Magnetic polarization, intensity of magnetization (Mass) magnetization Magnetic moment Magnetic dipole moment (Volume) susceptibility (Mass) susceptibility (Molar) susceptibility Permeability Relative permeabilityj (Volume) energy density, energy product k Demagnetization factor
Symbol
Gaussian & cgs emu a
Conversion factor, C b
SI & rationalized mks c
gauss (G) d maxwell (Mx), G ⋅ cm2
10-4 10-8
tesla (T), Wb/m2 weber (Wb), volt second (V ⋅ s)
U, F
gilbert (Gb)
10/4π
ampere (A)
H M 4πM
oersted (Oe),e Gb/cm emu/cm3 h G
103/4π 103 103/4π
A/mf A/m A/m
J, I σ, M
emu/cm3 emu/g
4π × 10-4 1 4π × 10-7 10-3 4π × 10-10 4π (4π)2 × 10-7
T, Wb/m2 i A⋅m2/kg Wb⋅m/kg A ⋅m2, joule per tesla (J/T) Wb⋅mi dimensionless henry per meter (H/m), Wb/(A⋅m) m3/kg H⋅m2/kg m3/mol H⋅m2/mol H/m, Wb/(A⋅m) dimensionless
B Φ
m j χ,κ χρ,κρ
emu, erg/G emu, erg/G dimensionless, emu/cm3 cm3/g, emu/g
χmol, κmol cm3/mol, emu/mol µ µr
dimensionless not defined
W D, N
erg/cm3 dimensionless
4π × 10-3 (4π)2 × 10-10 4π × 10-6 (4π)2 × 10-13 4π × 10-7 10-1 1/4π
J/m3 dimensionless
Gaussian units and cgs emu are the same for magnetic properties. The defining relation is B = H + 4πM. Multiply a number in Gaussian units by C to convert it to SI (e.g., 1 G × 10–4 T/G = 10–4 T). c. SI (Système International d’Unités) has been adopted by the National Bureau of Standards. Where two conversion factors are given, the upper one is recognized under, or consistent with, SI and is based on the definition B = µ0(H + M), where µ0 = 4π × 10–7 H/m. The lower one is not recognized under SI and is based on the definition B = µ0 H + J, where the symbol I is often used in place of J. d. 1 gauss = 105 gamma (γ). e. Both oersted and gauss are expressed as cm–1/2⋅g1/2⋅s–1 in terms of base units. f. A/m was often expressed as “ampere–turn per meter” when used for magnetic field strength. g. Magnetic moment per unit volume. h. The designation “emu” is not a unit. i. Recognized under SI, even though based on the definition B = µ0H + J. See footnote c. j. µr = µ/µ0 = 1+χ, all in SI. µris equal to Gaussian µ. k. B⋅H and µ0 M⋅H have SI units J/m3; M⋅H and B⋅H/4π have Gaussian units erg/cm3. a. b.
Reference R. B. Goldfarb and F. R. Fickett, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303, March 1985, NBS Special Publication 696. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1985.
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The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g.,
1 calth = 4.184 J
1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J
Thus,
1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth
Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example:
3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10–2
or
A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: 1. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 2. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 3. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example: 6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 4. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950
0.035 239 07
Similarly:
3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103
or
3 386.389
Units
Conversion Factors
Reference Thompson, A., and Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 2008.
Factors in boldface are exact To convert from to Multiply by abampere..................................................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abcoulomb.................................................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abfarad......................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 abhenry........................................................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abmho.......................................................................... siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+09 abohm.......................................................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abvolt........................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 E+00 acceleration of free fall, standard (gn).................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................9.806 65 E+03 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)a............................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................4.046 873 E+03 acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)a................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.233 489 ampere hour (A ∙ h)................................................... coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.6 E+03 ångström (Å).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–10 ångström (Å).............................................................. nanometer (nm).....................................................................................1.0 E–01 E–01 apostilb (asb).............................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 E+02 are (a)........................................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 astronomical unit (ua or AU)................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.495 979 E+11 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.013 25 E+05 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.013 25 E+02 E+04 atmosphere, technical (at)b...................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 atmosphere, technical (at)b...................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 a b
The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm2).
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Conversion Factors
Units
To convert from to Multiply by bar (bar)....................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E+05 bar (bar)....................................................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.0 E+02 E–28 barn (b)........................................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.589 873 E–01 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.589 873 E+02 biot (Bi)........................................................................ ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 British thermal unitIT (BtuIT)c.................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth (Btuth)c................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit (mean) (Btu).......................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 87 E+03 British thermal unit (39 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.059 67 E+03 British thermal unit (59 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 80 E+03 British thermal unit (60 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 68 E+03 British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.730 735 E+00 British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.729 577 E+00 British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.442 279 E–01 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.441 314 E–01 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.192 204 E+02 British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.188 732 E+02 British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT/ft3)................................................................ joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.725 895 E+04 British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth/ft3)................................................................ joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.723 403 E+04 British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT/ºF)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth/ºF)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine (BtuIT/ºR)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth/ºR)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT/h).............. watt (W)..................................................................................................2.930 711 E–01 British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth/h)............... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.928 751 E–01 British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................ watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.678 263 E+00 British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.674 466 E+00 British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth/min)...... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.757 250 E+01 British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT/lb).......... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.326 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth/lb)........... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.324 444 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(lb ∙ ºF)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(lb ∙ ºF)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine [BtuIT/(lb ∙ ºR)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine [Btuth/(lb ∙ ºR)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT/s)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth per second (Btuth/s)............ watt (W)..................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for the International Table used in this listing is subscript “IT”. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript “th.” Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btuth, is based on the thermochemical calorie, calth, where calth = 4.184 J exactly.
c
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To convert from to Multiply by British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.044 175 E+04 British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)].................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.042 808 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT/ft2)................................................................ joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth/ft2)................................................................ joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT/(ft2 ∙ h)]...................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.154 591 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ h)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.152 481 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ min)]................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.891 489 E+02 British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT/(ft2 ∙ s)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ s)]......................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth/(in2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.634 246 E+06 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.523 907 E–02 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.523 907 E+01 calorieIT (calIT)c........................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth (calth)c............................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (cal) (mean)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorie (15 ºC) (cal15)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.185 80 calorie (20 ºC) (cal20)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.181 90 calorieIT, kilogram (nutrition)d............................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth , kilogram (nutrition)d............................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)d.................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth/(cm ∙ s ∙ ºC)]................................................. watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram (calIT/g)....................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram (calth/g)........................................ joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT/(g ∙ ºC)]......................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth/(g ∙ ºC)]......................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram kelvin [calIT/(g ∙ K)].................. joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram kelvin [calth/(g ∙ K)]................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieth per minute (calth/min)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 calorieth per second (calth/s)..................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter (calth/cm2)........... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth/(cm2 ∙ min)].................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................6.973 333 calorieth per square centimeter second [calth/(cm2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................4.184 candela per square inch (cd/in2)............................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.550 003 carat, metric............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.0 carat, metric............................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.0 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)e................................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)e................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)e.... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 224
Units
Conversion Factors
E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E–02 E+00 E+04 E+02 E+04 E+03 E–04 E–01 E+03 E+00 E+03
The kilogram calorie or “large calorie” is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix “kilo” is usually omitted. e Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3. d
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Conversion Factors
Units
To convert from to Multiply by centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)e.... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 E+01 centimeter of water (4 ºC)e...................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 38 centimeter of water, conventional (cmH2O)e....... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 centipoise (cP)............................................................ pascal second (Pa ∙ s).............................................................................1.0 E–03 centistokes (cSt)......................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–06 chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)a................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.011 684 E+01 circular mil................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................5.067 075 E–10 circular mil................................................................. square millimeter (mm2)......................................................................5.067 075 E–04 clo................................................................................. square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.55 E–01 cord (128 ft3)............................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.624 556 E+00 cubic foot (ft3)............................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min).............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.719 474 E–04 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min).............................. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.719 474 E–01 cubic foot per second (ft3/s).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic inch (in3)f.......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.638 706 E–05 cubic inch per minute (in3/min)............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.731 177 E–07 cubic mile (mi3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.168 182 E+09 cubic yard (yd3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................7.645 549 E–01 cubic yard per minute (yd3/min)............................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................1.274 258 E–02 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.365 882 E–04 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................2.365 882 E–01 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.365 882 E+02 curie (Ci)..................................................................... becquerel (Bq)........................................................................................3.7 E+10 E–13 darcyg........................................................................... meter squared (m2)................................................................................9.869 233 day (d).......................................................................... second (s)................................................................................................8.64 E+04 day (sidereal).............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................8.616 409 E+04 debye (D)..................................................................... coulomb meter (C ∙ m).........................................................................3.335 641 E–30 degree (angle) (°)........................................................ radian (rad).............................................................................................1.745 329 E–02 degree Celsius (temperature) (ºC)......................... kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/K = t/ºC+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (ºC).......... kelvin (K).................................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature)h.......................... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................t/ºC ≈ t/deg.cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval)h........... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... degree Celsius (ºC)....................................................................................t/ºC = (t/ºF –32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... kelvin (K)......................................................................................................T/K = (t/ºF + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(ºF)..... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (ºF).... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h/Btuth)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/BtuIT)...................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.761 102 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/Btuth)...................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.762 280 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/(BtuIT ∙ in)]............................................ meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/(Btuth ∙ in)]............................................ meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.938 112 E+00 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ s/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.265 651 E–04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ s/Btuth)................................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.269 175 E–04 degree Rankine (ºR).................................................. kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/K = (T/ºR)/1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (ºR)......... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 denier........................................................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.111 111 E–07 denier........................................................................... gram per meter (g/m)...........................................................................1.111 111 E–04 dyne (dyn)................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.0 E–05 dyne centimeter (dyn ∙ cm)..................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)..........................................................................1.0 E–07 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2)................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E–01 The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E–05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. h The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. f
g
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To convert from to Multiply by electronvolt (eV)........................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.602 177 E–19 EMU of capacitance (abfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 EMU of current (abampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 EMU of electric potential (abvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 EMU of inductance (abhenry)................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 EMU of resistance (abohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 erg (erg)....................................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per second (erg/s)............................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per square centimeter second E–03 [erg/(cm2 ∙ s)].............................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 ESU of capacitance (statfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 ESU of current (statampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 ESU of electric potential (statvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 ESU of inductance (stathenry)............................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 ESU of resistance (statohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11
Units
Conversion Factors
faraday (based on carbon 12).................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................9.648 531 E+04 E+00 fathom (based on U.S survey foot)a....................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.828 804 fermi............................................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–15 fermi............................................................................. femtometer (fm)....................................................................................1.0 E+00 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.957 353 E–05 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 foot (ft)........................................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 E–01 foot (U.S. survey ft)a.................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 006 E–01 footcandle................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391 E+01 footlambert................................................................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.426 259 E+00 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)e................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.063 666 E+04 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)e................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................4.063 666 E+01 foot of water (39.2 ºF)e.............................................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.988 98 E+03 foot of water (39.2 ºF)e.............................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.988 98 E+00 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)e...................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.989 067 E+03 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)e...................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.989 067 E+00 foot per hour (ft/h)................................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................8.466 667 E–05 foot per minute (ft/min).......................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.08 E–03 foot per second (ft/s)................................................ meter per second (m/s)........................................................................3.048 E–01 foot per second squared (ft/s2)............................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................3.048 E–01 foot poundal............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.214 011 E–02 foot pound-force (ft ∙ lbf )........................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.355 818 E+00 foot pound-force per hour (ft ∙ lbf/h).................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.766 161 E–04 foot pound-force per minute (ft ∙ lbf/min)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.259 697 E–02 foot pound-force per second (ft ∙ lbf/s)................. watt (W)..................................................................................................1.355 818 E+00 foot to the fourth power (ft4)i.................................. meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................8.630 975 E–03 franklin (Fr)................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 gal (Gal)....................................................................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................1.0 E–02 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)........ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.546 09 E–03 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)........ liter (L).....................................................................................................4.546 09 E+00 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.785 412 E–03 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.785 412 E+00 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.381 264 E–08 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.381 264 E–05 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp ∙ h)]........................................................... cubic meter per joule (m3/J)................................................................1.410 089 E–09 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp ∙ h)]........................................................... liter per joule (L/J).................................................................................1.410 089 E–06 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................6.309 020 E–05 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................6.309 020 E–02 gamma (γ)................................................................... tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 gauss (Gs, G).............................................................. tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 E–04 gilbert (Gi).................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................7.957 747 E–01 i
This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the “moment of section” or “area moment of inertia” of a plane section about a specified axis.
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Conversion Factors
Units
To convert from to Multiply by gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.420 653 E–04 gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)................ liter (L).....................................................................................................1.420 653 E–01 E–04 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.182 941 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................1.182 941 E–01 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................1.570 796 E–02 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... degree (angle) (°)....................................................................................9.0 E–01 grain (gr)..................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................6.479 891 E–05 grain (gr)..................................................................... milligram (mg).......................................................................................6.479 891 E+01 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.711 806 E–02 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ milligram per liter (mg/L)....................................................................1.711 806 E+01 gram-force per square centimeter (gf/cm2)......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)........................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.0 E+03 hectare (ha)................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 E+04 horsepower (550 ft ∙ lbf/s) (hp)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.456 999 E+02 horsepower (boiler).................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................9.809 50 E+03 horsepower (electric)................................................ watt (W)..................................................................................................7.46 E+02 horsepower (metric)................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................7.354 988 E+02 horsepower (U.K.)..................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.4570 E+02 horsepower (water)................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.460 43 E+02 hour (h)....................................................................... second (s)................................................................................................3.6 E+03 hour (sidereal)............................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.590 170 E+03 hundredweight (long, 112 lb).................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................5.080 235 E+01 hundredweight (short, 100 lb)................................ kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924 E+01 inch (in)....................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–02 inch (in)....................................................................... centimeter (cm).....................................................................................2.54 E+00 E+03 inch of mercury (32 ºF)e........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (32 ºF)e........................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 38 E+00 inch of mercury (60 ºF)e........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.376 85 E+03 inch of mercury (60 ºF)e........................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.376 85 E+00 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)e.................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 389 E+03 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)e.................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 389 E+00 inch of water (39.2 ºF)e............................................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 82 E+02 inch of water (60 ºF)e................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.4884 E+02 inch of water, conventional (inH2O)e..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 889 E+02 inch per second (in/s)............................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.54 E–02 inch per second squared (in/s2).............................. meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................2.54 E–02 inch to the fourth power (in4)i................................ meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................4.162 314 E–07 kayser (K).................................................................... reciprocal meter (m–1)..........................................................................1.0 E+02 kelvin (K)..................................................................... degree Celsius (ºC).................................................................................t/ºC = T/K – 273.15 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal).......................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 E+03 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth/min)..................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 E+01 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth/s)........................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf )................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force meter (kgf ∙ m)............................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+04 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2)........... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+06 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ megapascal (MPa).................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ∙ s2/m)............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilometer per hour (km/h)...................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.777 778 E–01 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp)............................... newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 E+06 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. megajoule (MJ).......................................................................................3.6 E+00
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To convert from to Multiply by kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 E+03 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................4.448 222 E+00 E+06 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 knot (nautical mile per hour).................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.144 444 E–01
Units
Conversion Factors
lambertj....................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.183 099 E+03 langley (calth/cm2)...................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 E+04 E+15 light year (l.y.)k........................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.460 73 liter (L)l........................................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 E–03 E+01 lumen per square foot (lm/ft2)................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391 maxwell (Mx)............................................................. weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.0 E–08 mho.............................................................................. siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+00 microinch.................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–08 microinch.................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................2.54 E–02 micron (µ)................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–06 micron (µ)................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................1.0 E+00 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–05 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. millimeter (mm)....................................................................................2.54 E–02 mil (angle)................................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................9.817 477 E–04 mil (angle)................................................................... degree (º).................................................................................................5.625 E–02 mile (mi)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 344 E+03 mile (mi)...................................................................... kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 344 E+00 E+03 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)a.................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 347 E+00 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)a.................. kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 347 mile, nauticalm............................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................1.852 E+03 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... meter per cubic meter (m/m3)............................................................4.251 437 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... kilometer per liter (km/L)....................................................................4.251 437 E–01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)n................... liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km)..........................................divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................4.4704 E–01 mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. kilometer per hour (km/h)..................................................................1.609 344 E+00 mile per minute (mi/min)........................................ meter per second (m/s).........................................................................2.682 24 E+01 mile per second (mi/s)............................................. meter per second (m/s).........................................................................1.609 344 E+03 millibar (mbar)........................................................... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.0 E+02 millibar (mbar)........................................................... kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.0 E–01 E+02 millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)e... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224 millimeter of water, conventional (mmH2O)e...... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 minute (angle) (')....................................................... radian (rad)..............................................................................................2.908 882 E–04 minute (min).............................................................. second (s).................................................................................................6.0 E+01 minute (sidereal)....................................................... second (s).................................................................................................5.983 617 E+01 nit................................................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................1.0 E+00 nox................................................................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0 E–03 oersted (Oe)................................................................ ampere per meter (A/m).......................................................................7.957 747 E+01 ohm centimeter (Ω ∙ cm)......................................... ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.0 E–02 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.662 426 E–09 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm square millimeter per meter E–03 (Ω ∙ mm2/m)............................................................................................1.662 426 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................2.834 952 E–02 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................2.834 952 E+01 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................3.110 348 E–02 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. gram (g)....................................................................................................3.110 348 E+01 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] E–05 (fl oz)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.841 306 The exact conversion factor is 104/π. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995, page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994.) l In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name “liter” as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. m The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name “International nautical mile.” n For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. j
k
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Conversion Factors
Units
To convert from to Multiply by ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)......................................................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.841 306 E+01 E–05 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.957 353 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf )............................. newton (N)...............................................................................................2.780 139 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. newton meter (N ∙ m)............................................................................7.061 552 E–03 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. millinewton meter (mN ∙ m)................................................................7.061 552 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/in3)......... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................1.729 994 E+03 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)..................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)..................................... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ft2)........ kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.051 517 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/in2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................4.394 185 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard(oz/yd2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.390 575 E–02 parsec (pc).................................................................. meter (m).................................................................................................3.085 678 E+16 E–03 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................8.809 768 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... liter (L)......................................................................................................8.809 768 E+00 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................1.555 174 E–03 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................1.555 174 E+00 perm (0 ºC)................................................................. kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)].................................................................................5.721 35 E–11 perm (23 ºC)............................................................... kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)]..................................................................................5.745 25 E–11 perm inch (0 ºC)........................................................ kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]...................................................................................1.453 22 E–12 perm inch (23 ºC)...................................................... kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]..................................................................................1.459 29 E–12 phot (ph)..................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0 E+04 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... meter (m)................................................................................................4.233 333 E–03 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.233 333 E+00 pica (printer’s)............................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................4.217 518 E–03 pica (printer’s)............................................................ millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.217 518 E+00 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt).............................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................5.506 105 E–04 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt).............................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................5.506 105 E–01 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.731 765 E–04 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)........................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................4.731 765 E–01 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.527 778 E–04 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.527 778 E–01 point (printer’s).......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.514 598 E–04 point (printer’s).......................................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.514 598 E–01 poise (P)...................................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.0 E–01 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)o......................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924 E–01 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb)............................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................3.732 417 E–01 poundal....................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.382 550 E–01 poundal per square foot........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.488 164 E+00 poundal second per square foot............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound foot squared (lb ∙ ft2).................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................4.214 011 E–02 pound-force (lbf )p..................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 E+00 pound-force foot (lbf ∙ ft)......................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.355 818 E+00 pound-force foot per inch (lbf ∙ ft/in)................... newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................5.337 866 E+01 pound-force inch (lbf ∙ in)....................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.129 848 E–01 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ∙ in/in).................. newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................4.448 222 E+00 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft)................................... newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.459 390 E+01 pound-force per inch (lbf/in).................................. newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.751 268 E+02 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio)............................. newton per kilogram (N/kg)...............................................................9.806 65 E+00 o p
The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E–01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound unless otherwise specified. If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as gn=9.806 65 m/ s2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.
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1-35
To convert from to Multiply by pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2)..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.788 026 E+01 E+03 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 pound-force second per square foot (lbf ∙ s/ft2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 E+01 pound-force second per square inch (lbf ∙ s/in2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................6.894 757 E+03 pound inch squared (lb ∙ in2)................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................2.926 397 E–04 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.601 846 E+01 pound per cubic inch (lb/in3).................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................2.767 990 E+04 pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.932 764 E–01 pound per foot (lb/ft)............................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ∙ h)]............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.133 789 E–04 pound per foot second [lb/(ft ∙ s)].......................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)...................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................9.977 637 E+01 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)...................................... kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................9.977 637 E–02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.198 264 E+02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................1.198 264 E–01 pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ∙ h)]............. kilogram per joule (kg/J)......................................................................1.689 659 E–07 pound per hour (lb/h).............................................. kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................1.259 979 E–04 pound per inch (lb/in).............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.785 797 E+01 pound per minute (lb/min)..................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................7.559 873 E–03 pound per second (lb/s)........................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................4.535 924 E–01 pound per square foot (lb/ft2)................................. kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................4.882 428 E+00 pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2)..................................................................... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................7.030 696 E+02 pound per yard (lb/yd)............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................4.960 546 E–01 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 quad (1015 BtuIT)c........................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)........................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)........................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................9.463 529 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)........................................ liter (L).....................................................................................................9.463 529
Units
Conversion Factors
E+18 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01
rad (absorbed dose) (rad)........................................ gray (Gy)..................................................................................................1.0 E–02 rem (rem).................................................................... sievert (Sv)..............................................................................................1.0 E–02 revolution (r).............................................................. radian (rad).............................................................................................6.283 185 E+00 revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198 E–01 rhe................................................................................ reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ∙ s)–1]...................................................1.0 E+01 rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)a..................... meter (m)................................................................................................5.029 210 E+00 roentgen (R)............................................................... coulomb per kilogram (C/kg).............................................................2.58 E–04 rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198 E–01 second (angle) (")....................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................4.848 137 E–06 second (sidereal)........................................................ second (s)................................................................................................9.972 696 E–01 shake............................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................1.0 E–08 shake............................................................................ nanosecond (ns).....................................................................................1.0 E+01 E–04 skot............................................................................... candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 slug (slug).................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.459 390 E+01 slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3).................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.153 788 E+02 slug per foot second [slug/(ft ∙ s)]........................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 E+01 square foot (ft2).......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................9.290 304 E–02 square foot per hour (ft2/h)..................................... square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................2.580 64 E–05 square foot per second (ft2/s).................................. square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................9.290 304 E–02 square inch (in2)......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................6.4516 E–04 square inch (in2)......................................................... square centimeter (cm2).......................................................................6.4516 E+00 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 988 E+06 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 988 E+00
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1-36
Conversion Factors
Units
To convert from to Multiply by square mile E+06 (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)a..................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 998 square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)a..................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 998 E+00 square yard (yd2)........................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................8.361 274 E–01 statampere.................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statcoulomb................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statfarad....................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 stathenry..................................................................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statmho........................................................................ siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 statohm........................................................................ ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statvolt......................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 stere (st)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 E+00 stilb (sb)....................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.0 E+04 stokes (St).................................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–04 E–05 tablespoon.................................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.478 676 tablespoon.................................................................. milliliter (mL).........................................................................................1.478 676 E+01 teaspoon...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.928 922 E–06 teaspoon...................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................4.928 922 E+00 tex................................................................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.0 E–06 therm (EC)q................................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 06 E+08 therm (U.S.)q............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 804 E+08 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.916 667 E–02 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.916 667 E+01 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................8.896 443 E+03 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................8.896 443 E+00 ton, long (2240 lb)..................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.016 047 E+03 ton, long, per cubic yard.......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.328 939 E+03 ton, metric (t)............................................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 E+03 tonne (called “metric ton” in U.S.) (t).................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 E+03 ton of refrigeration (12 000 BtuIT/h)...................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.516 853 E+03 ton of TNT (energy equivalent)r............................ joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 E+09 ton, register................................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 E+00 ton, short (2000 lb).................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.071 847 E+02 ton, short, per cubic yard......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.186 553 E+03 ton, short, per hour................................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................2.519 958 E–01 torr (Torr)................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 224 E+02 unit pole...................................................................... weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.256 637
E–07
watt hour (W ∙ h)....................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 E+03 watt per square centimeter (W/cm2).................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 E+04 watt per square inch (W/in2).................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.550 003 E+03 watt second (W ∙ s)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0 E+00 yard (yd)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.144 E–01 year (365 days)........................................................... second (s)................................................................................................3.1536 E+07 year (sidereal)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 815 E+07 year (tropical)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 693 E+07
The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S natural gas industry. r Defined (not measured) value. q
K21599_S01.indb 36
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From Celsius
Fahrenheit
Kelvin Rankine
To Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Celsius Kelvin Rankine Celsius Rankine Fahrenheit Kelvin
Units
Conversion of Temperatures tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15) t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67 t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R
Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol θ is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature Designation of Large Numbers U.S.A.
other countries
million
million
9
billion
milliard
1012
trillion
billion
15
10
quadrillion
billiard
1018
quintillion
trillion
106 10
100
100
10googol
K21599_S01.indb 37
googol googolplex
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Conversion Factors for Energy Units Units
If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.
‒
Wavenumber v cm–1 v: 1 cm–1 ≐1 v: 1 MHz ≐ 3.33564 × 10–5 1 aJ ≐ 50341.1 E: 1 eV ≐ 8065.54 Eh ≐ 219474.63 Em: 1 kJ/mol ≐ 83.5935 1 kcal/ ≐ 349.755 mol T: 1 K ≐ 0.695039
‒
Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1 1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109 2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107
Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10–5 6.626076 × 10–10 1 0.1602177 4.359748 1.660540 × 10–3 6.947700 × 10–3
Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10–4 4.135669 × 10–9 6.241506 1 27.2114 1.036427 × 10–2 4.336411 × 10–2
Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10–6 1.519830 × 10–10 0.2293710 3.674931 × 10–2 1 3.808798 × 10–4 1.593601 × 10–3
2.08367 × 104 1.380658 × 10–5 8.61738 × 10–5 3.16683 × 10–6
Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10–3 3.990313 × 10–7 602.2137 96.4853 2625.500 1 4.184
Molar energy Em Temperature T kcal/mol K 2.85914 × 10–3 1.438769 9.53708 × 10–8 4.79922 × 10–5 143.9325 7.24292 × 104 23.0605 1.16045 × 104 627.510 3.15773 × 105 0.239006 120.272 1 503.217
8.31451 × 10–3
1.98722 × 10–3
1
Examples of the use of this table:
1 aJ ≐ 50341 cm–1
1 eV ≐ 96.4853 kJ mol–1 The symbol ≐ should be read as meaning corresponds to or is equivalent to.
‒
E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE; Eh is the Hartree energy.
1-38
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Pa kPa MPa bar atm Torr µmHg psi
Pa 1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757
kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757
MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757
bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757
To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left-hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example:
K21599_S01.indb 39
1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atm 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa
atm 9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046
Torr 0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151
µmHg 7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1
psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1
Units
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units
Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure
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Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units Units
MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→ BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1 BtuIT in h–1 ft–2 °F–1 Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1 Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1 calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1 kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1 J s–1 cm–1 K–1 W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1 mW cm–1 K–1
BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1
BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1
Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1
Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1
calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1
calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1
kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1
J s–1 cm–1 K–1
W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1
mW cm–1 K–1
1
12
1.00067
12.0080
4.13379×10–3
4.13656×10–3
1.48916
1.73073×10–2
1.73073×10–2 1.73073
17.3073
8.33333×10–2
1
8.33891×10–2
1.00067
3.44482×10–4
3.44713×10–4
0.124097
1.44228×10–3
1.44228×10–3 0.144228
1.44228
0.999331
11.9920
1
12
4.13102×10–3
4.13379×10–3
1.48816
1.72958×10–2
1.72958×10–2 1.72958
17.2958
8.32776×10–2
0.999331
8.33333×10–2
1
3.44252×10–4
3.44482×10–4
0.124014
1.44131×10–3
1.44131×10–3 0.144131
1.44131
2.41909×102
2.90291×103
2.42071×102
2.90485×103
1
1.00067
3.60241×102
4.1868
4.1868
4.1868×102 4.1868×103
2.41747×102
2.90096×103
2.41909×102
2.90291×103
0.999331
1
3.6×102
4.184
4.184
4.184×102
4.184×103
0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789×10–2
8.05824 6.93347×102 6.93347×102 6.93347 0.693347
0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176×10–2
8.06363 6.93811×102 6.93811×102 6.93811 0.693811
2.77592×10–3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846×10–3 2.38846×10–4
2.77778×10–3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006×10–3 2.39006×10–4
1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421×10–2
1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3
1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3
1.16222 1×102 1×102 1 0.1
11.6222 1×103 1×103 10 1
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To convert FROM ↓ multiply by appropriate
factor to OBTAIN →
abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot
K21599_S01.indb 41
abΩ cm
1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010
µΩ cm 1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107
Ω cm
10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1
StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11
Ωm
10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1
Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108
Units
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units
Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12
Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1
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Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions Units
A = Weight percent of solute B = Molecular weight of solvent E = Molecular weight of solute F = Grams of solute per liter of solution
G = Molality M = Molarity N = Mole fraction R = Density of solution in grams per milliliter
Concentration of solute—SOUGHT
A
N
Concentration of solute—GIVEN G
M
F
A
—
100 N × E N × E + (1 − N )B
100G × E 1000 + G × E
M×E 10 R
F 10 R
N
A E A 100 − A + E B
—
B×G B × G + 1000
B× M M( B − E ) + 1000 R
B×F F ( B − E ) + 1000 R × E
G
1000 A E (100 − A)
1000N B−N ×B
—
1000 M 1000 R − ( M × E )
1000 F E (1000 R − F )
M
10R × A E
1000 R × N N × E + (1 − N )B
1000 R × G 1000 + E × G
—
F E
F
10AR
1000 R × N × E N × E + (1 − N )B
1000 R × G × E 1000 + G × E
M×E
—
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Units
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics Equivalent Second Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 dm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 m3 mol-1 s-1 = 1cm3 molecule -1s-1 = 1 (mmHg)-1 s-1 = 1 atm-1 s-1 1 ppm-1 min-1 = at 298 K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m2 kN-1s-1 =
cm3 mol-1s-1 1 103 106 6.023 × 1023 6.236 × 104 T 82.06 T 4.077 × 108
dm3 mol-1s-1 10-3 1 103 6.023 × 1020 62.36 T 8.206 × 10-2 T 4.077 × 105
m3 mol-1s-1 10-6 10-3 1 6.023 × 1017 6.236 × 10-2 T 8.206 × 10-5 T 407.7
cm3 molecule-1s-1 1.66 × 10-24 1.66 × 10-21 1.66 × 10-18 1 1.035 × 10-19 T 1.362 × 10-22 T 6.76 × 10-16
(mmHg)-1s-1 1.604 × 10-5 T-1 1.604 × 10-2 T-1 16.04 T-1 9.658 × 1018T-1 1 1.316 × 10-3 21.93
atm-1s-1 1.219 × 10-2 T-1 12.19 T-1 1.219 × 104 T-1 7.34 × 1021 T-1 760 1 1.667 × 104
ppm-1min-1 2.453 × 10-9 2.453 × 10-6 2.453 × 10-3 1.478 × 1015 4.56 × 10-2 6 × 10-5 1
m2 kN-1s-1 1.203 × 10-4 T-1 1.203 × 10-1 T-1 120.3 T-1 7.244 × 1019T-1 7.500 9.869 × 10-3 164.5
8314 T
8.314 T
8.314 × 10-3 T
1.38 × 10-20 T
0.1333
101.325
6.079 × 10-3
1
To convert a rate constant from one set of units A to a new set B find the conversion factor for the row A under column B and multiply the old value by it, e.g.. to convert cm3 molecule-1 s-1 to m3 mol-1 s-1 multiply by 6.023 × 1017. Table adapted from High Temperature Reaction Rate Data No. 5, The University, Leeds (1970). Equivalent Third Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm6 mol-2 s-1= 1 dm6 mol-2 s-1 = 1 m6 mol-2 s-1= 1cm6 molecule –2s-1= 1 (mmHg)-2 s-1 = 1 atm-2 s-1 = 1 ppm-2 min-1= at 298K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m4 kN-2s-1=
cm6 mol-2s-1 1 106 1012 3.628 × 1047 3.89 × 109 T2 6.733 × 103 T2 9.97 × 1018
dm6 mol-1s-1 10-6 1 106 3.628 × 1041 3.89 × 103 T2 6.733 × 10-3 T2 9.97 × 1012
m6 mol-2 s-1 10-12 10-6 1 3.628 × 1035 3.89 × 10-3 T2 6.733 × 10-9 T2 9.97 × 106
cm6 molecule-2 s-1 2.76 × 10-48 2.76 × 10-42 2.76 × 10-36 1 1.07 × 10-38T2 1.86 × 10-44T2 2.75 × 10-29
6.91 × 107 T2
6.91 T2
69.1 × 10-5 T2
1.904 × 10-40 T2 0.0178
(mmHg)-2 s-1 2.57 × 10-10T-2 2.57 × 10-4T-2 257 T-2 9.328 × 1037T-2 1 1.73 × 10-6 2.89 × 104
atm-2 s-1 1.48 ×10-4 T-2 148 T-2 1.48 ×108T-2 5.388 × 1043T-2 5.776 × 105 1 1.667 × 1010
ppm-2 min-1 1.003 × 10-19 1.003 × 10-13 1.003 × 10-7 3.64 × 1028 3.46 × 10-5 6 × 10-11 1
m4 kN-2s-1 1.477 × 10-8T-2 1.477 × 10-2T-2 1.477 × 104T-2 5.248 × 1039T-2 56.25 9.74 × 10-5 1.623 × 106
1.027 × 104
6.16 × 10-7
1
From J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 470, 1980, by permission of the authors and the copyright owner, the American Institute of Physics.
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Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation Units
Conversion between SI and Other Units
Quantity Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate
Symbol for quantity Expression in SI units A 1 per second D joule per kilogram ·˙ joule per kilogram D second W joule H ˙ H I U, V X˙ X
Expression Special in symbols name for for SI units SI units becquerel s–1 gray J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared
C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1
φ
Fluence rate
Φ
Kerma Kerma rate
K ˙ K
Lineal energy
y
1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter
Linear energy transfer
L
joule per meter
A W A–1
J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1
Mass energy transfer coefficient
µtr/ρ
meter squared per kilogram
m2 kg–1
Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power
µen/ρ
meter squared per kilogram
m2 kg–1
joule meter squared per kilogram
J m2 kg–1
Specific energy
1.602 × 10–19 J
sievert
rem rem per second
rem rem s–1
0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1
volt
ampere volt
A V
1.0 A 1.0 V
R R s–1
2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1
cm–2
1.0 × 104 m–2
cm–2 s–1
1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1
Gy Gy s–1
roentgen roentgen per second 1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second
rad rad s–1
0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1
keV µm–1
1.602 × 10–10 J m–1
keV µm–1
1.602 × 10–10 J m–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
cm2 g–1
0.1 m2 kg–1
MeV cm2 g–1
1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1
W Pa
kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr
W torr
1.0 W (101325/760)Pa
molecules (100 eV)–1
1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1
Gy
molecules per 100 electron volts rad
rad
0.01 Gy
Sv Sv s–1 V
gray
J m–1 m2 kg–1
Radiation chemical yield
eV
J m–1
meter squared per kilogram
P p
electronvolt
m–2 s–1
µ/ρ
Power Pressure
Value of conventional unit in SI units 3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1
m–2
Mass attenuation coefficient
S/ρ
Symbol for conventional unit Ci rad rad s–1
J
joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere
Fluence
Symbols using special Conventional names units Bq curie Gy rad Gy s–1 rad
G
joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule
J s–1 N m–2 mol J–1
z
joule per kilogram
J kg–1
watt pascal
gray
1-44
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Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation
1-45
MBq 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800
mCi 189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6
MBq 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80
mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16
MBq 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8
mCi 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08 810 540 270 240 220
MBq 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.9 0.8
mCi 189 162 135 108 81 54 27 24 21.6
MBq 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7
Units
Conversion of Radioactivity Units from MBq to mCi and µCi
Conversion of Radioactivity Units from mCi and µCi to MBq mCi 200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50
MBq 7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850
mCi 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6
MBq 1480 1110 740 370 333 296 259 222
5 4 3 2 1
mCi
MBq 185 148 111 74.0 37.0
µCi 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
MBq 37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1
µCi 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40
MBq 7.4 3.7 3.33 2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48
µCi 30 20 10 5 2 1
MBq 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037
Conversion of Radioactivity Units 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)
= = = = = = = = =
2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)
100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)
= = = = = = = = =
2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)
Conversion of Absorbed Dose Units SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy)
= = = = = =
Conventional 10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad)
SI Units 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)
= = = = = =
Conventional 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)
= = = = = =
10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)
Conversion of Dose Equivalent Units 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv)
K21599_S01.indb 45
= = = = = =
10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem)
100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)
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Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems Units
1 torr (mmHg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0 °C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0 °C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4 °C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4 °C]
In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R = 8.314472 Pa m K mol = 8314.472 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314472 bar L K-1 mol-1 3
-1
-1
This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa Units of V, T, n T n K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol cm3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol L K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol m3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol
V ft3
kPa 0.2936228 133.1851 0.1631238 73.99170 8314.472 3771381 4619.151 2095211 8.314472 3771.381 4.619151 2095.211 0.008314472 3.771381 0.004619151 2.095211
atm 0.00289784 1.31443 0.00160990 0.730242 82.0574 37220.6 45.5875 20678.1 0.0820574 37.2206 0.0455875 20.6781 0.0000820574 0.0372206 0.0000455875 0.0206781
Reference Mohr, P. J., Taylor, B. N., and Newell, D. B., “CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1187, 2008.
psi 0.0425864 19.3168 0.0236591 10.7316 1205.91 546993 669.951 303885 1.20591 546.993 0.669951 303.885 0.00120591 0.546993 0.000669951 0.303885
Units of P mmHg 2.20236 998.973 1.22353 554.984 62363.8 282878000 34646.5 15715400 62.3638 28287.8 34.6465 15715.4 0.0623638 28.2878 0.0346465 15.7154
in Hg 0.0867070 39.3296 0.0481706 21.8498 2455.27 1113690 1364.03 618717 2.45527 1113.69 1.36403 618.717 0.00245527 1.11369 0.00136403 0.618717
in H2O 1.17881 534.704 0.654900 297.058 33380.4 15141100 18544.7 8411730 33.3804 15141.1 18.5447 8411.73 0.0333804 15.1411 0.0185447 8.41173
ft H2O 0.0982351 44.5587 0.0545751 24.7548 2781.71 1261760 1545.39 700979 2.78171 1261.76 1.54539 700.979 0.00278171 1.26176 0.00154539 0.700979
1-46
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Symbols
Section 2 Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15 Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16 Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23 Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27 Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43 Definitions of Scientific Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44 Thermodynamic Functions and Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-69 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-70
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SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
1. Ian Mills, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. Third Edition: RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2007. 2. E. R. Cohen and P. Giacomo, Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Document IUPAP–25, 1987; also published in Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 3. ISO Standards Handbook 2: Units of Measurement, International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, 1982.
GENERAL RULES The value of a physical quantity is expressed as the product of a numerical value and a unit, e.g.: T = 300 K V = 26.2 cm3 Cp = 45.3 J mol-1 K-1 Name Space and Time cartesian space coordinates spherical polar coordinates generalized coordinate position vector length special symbols: height breadth thickness distance radius diameter path length length of arc area volume plane angle solid angle time period frequency circular frequency, angular frequency characteristic time interval, relaxation time, time constant angular velocity velocity
K21599_S02.indb 1
Symbol x, y, z r, θ, φ q, qi r l h b d, δ d r d s s A, As, S V, (υ) α, β, γ, θ, φ… ω, Ω t T v, f ω τ, T ω υ, u, w, c, r˙
The symbol for a physical quantity is always given in italic (sloping) type, while symbols for units are given in roman type. Column headings in tables and axis labels on graphs may conveniently be written as the physical quantity symbol divided by the unit symbol, e.g.: T/K V/cm3 Cp/J mol-1 K-1
Symbols
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) have jointly developed a set of recommended symbols for physical and chemical quantities. Consistent use of these recommended symbols helps assure unambiguous scientific communication. The list below is reprinted from Reference 1 with permission from IUPAC. Full details may be found in the following references:
The values in the table or graph axis are then pure numbers. Subscripts to symbols for physical quantities should be italic if the subscript refers to another physical quantity or to a number, e.g.: Cp – heat capacity at constant pressure Bn – nth virial coefficient Subscripts that have other meanings should be in roman type: mp – mass of the proton Ek – kinetic energy The following tables give the recommended symbols for the major classes of physical and chemical quantities. The expression in the Definition column is given as an aid in identifying the quantity but is not necessarily the complete or unique definition. The SI Unit gives one (not necessarily unique) expression for the coherent SI unit for the quantity. Other equivalent unit expressions, including those that involve SI prefixes, may be used. Definition
r = xi + yj + zk
SI unit m m, 1, 1 (varies) m m
T = t/N v = 1/T ω = 2πv
m2 m3 rad, 1 sr, 1 s s Hz rad s–1, s–1
τ = |dt/dlnx| ω= dφ/dt υ = dr/dt
s rad s–1, s–1 m s–1
α = s/r ω = A/r2
2-1
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2-2 Name speed acceleration
Symbols
Classical Mechanics mass reduced mass density, mass density relative density surface density specific volume momentum angular momentum, action moment of inertia force torque, moment of a force energy potential energy kinetic energy work Hamilton function Lagrange function pressure surface tension weight gravitational constant normal stress shear stress linear strain, relative elongation modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus shear strain shear modulus volume strain, bulk strain bulk modulus, compression modulus viscosity, dynamic viscosity fluidity kinematic viscosity friction coefficient power sound energy flux acoustic factors reflection factor acoustic absorption factor transmission factor dissipation factor Electricity and Magnetism quantity of electricity, electric charge charge density surface charge density electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force electric field strength electric flux electric displacement capacitance permittivity permittivity of vacuum relative permittivity dielectric polarization (dipole moment per volume) electric susceptibility electric dipole moment
K21599_S02.indb 2
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol υ, u, w, c a, (g) m µ ρ d ρA, ρS υ p L I, J F T, (M) E Ep, V, Φ Ek, T, K W, w H L p, P γ, σ G, (W, P) G σ τ ε, e E γ G θ K η, µ φ v µ, (f ) P P, Pa ρ αa, (α) τ δ Q ρ σ V, φ U, ∆V, ∆φ E E Ψ D C ε ε0 εr P χe p, µ
Definition v = |υ| a = dυ/dt
SI unit m s–1 m s–2
Ep = ∫F ∙ ds Ek = 1/2mv2 W = ∫F ∙ ds H(q, p) = T (q, p) + V(q) L(q, ˙q) = T (q, ˙q) – V (q) p = F/A y = dW/dA G = mg F = Gm1 m2/r2 σ = F/A τ = F/A ε = ∆l/l E = σ/ε γ = ∆x/d G = τ/γ θ = ∆V/V0 K = – V0(dp/dV) τx,z = η(dvx/dz) φ = 1/η v = η/ρ Ffrict = µFnorm P = dW/dt P = dE/dt
kg kg kg m–3 1 kg m–2 m3 kg–1 kg m s–1 Js kg m2 N Nm J J J J J J Pa, N m–2 N m–1, J m –2 N N m2 kg –2 Pa Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa Pa s m kg –1 s m2 s–1 1 W W
ρ = Pr/P0 αa = 1 – ρ τ = Ptr/P0 δ = αa – τ
1 1 1 1
ρ = Q/V σ = Q/A V = dW/dQ U = V2 – V1 E = ∫(F/Q) ∙ ds E = F/Q = – grad V Ψ = ∫D ∙ dA D = εE C = Q/U D = εE ε0 = µ0–1 c0–2 εr = ε/ε0 P = D – ε0E
C C m–3 C m–2 V, J C–1 V V V m–1 C C m–2 F, C V–1 F m–1 F m–1 1 C m–2
χe = εr – 1 p = Qr
1 Cm
µ = m1m2/(m1 + m2) ρ = m/V d = ρ/ρ ρA = m/A υ = V/m = 1/ρ p = mv L=r×p I = Σmiri2 F = dp/dt = ma T=r×F
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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol I j, J B Φ H µ µ0 µr
Definition I = dQ/dt I = ∫j ∙ dA F = Qv × B Φ = ∫B ∙ dA B = µH B = µH µr = µ/µ0
SI unit A A m–2 T A m–2 A m–2 N A–2, H m–1 H m–1 1
M χ, κ, (χm) χm m, µ R G δ X Z Y B ρ κ, γ, σ L M, L1 2 A S
M = B/µ0 – H χ = µr – 1 χm = Vmχ Ep = – m ∙ B R = U/I G = 1/R δ = (π/2) + φI – φU X = (U/I)sin δ Z = R + iX Y = 1/Z Y = G + iB ρ = E/j κ = 1/ρ E = – L(dI/dt) E1 = L1 2(dI2 /dt) B=∇×A S=E×H
A m–1 1 m3 mol–1 A m2, J T–1 Ω S 1, rad Ω Ω S S Ωm S m–1 H H Wb m–1 W m–2
Quantum Mechanics momentum operator
p˙
p˙ = – ih∇
m–1 J s
kinetic energy operator
Tˆ
Tˆ = –(h2/2m)∇2
J
Ĥ = Tˆ + V Ĥψ = Eψ P = ψ*ψ ρ = – eP S = – iћ(ψ*∇ψ – ψ∇ψ*)/2me j = – eS Aij = ∫ψi*Âψjdτ 〈A〉 = ∫ψ*ÂΨdτ (†)ij = (Aji)*
J (m–3/2) (m–3) (C m–3) (m–2 s–1) (A m–2) (varies) (varies) (varies)
Hamiltonian operator wavefunction, state function probability density charge density of electrons probability current density electric current density of electrons matrix element of operator  expectation value of operator  hermitian conjugate of Â
ˆ commutator of  and B anticommutator spin wavefunction coulomb integral resonance integral overlap integral Atoms and Molecules nucleon number, mass number proton number, atomic number neutron number electron rest mass mass of atom, atomic mass atomic mass constant mass excess elementary charge, proton charge Planck constant Planck constant/2π Bohr radius Hartree energy Rydberg constant fine structure constant
K21599_S02.indb 3
Ĥ Ψ, ψ, φ P ρ S j Aij, 〈i|Â|j〉 〈A〉, Ā †
ˆ ], [Â, Bˆ ]– [Â, B ˆ ]+ [Â, B α; β HAA HAB SAB A Z N me ma , m mu ∆ e h ћ a0 Eh R∞ α
ˆ ] = Â Bˆ – Bˆ Â [Â B
(varies)
ˆ ] = Â Bˆ + Bˆ Â [Â, B +
(varies) 1 J J 1
HAA = ∫ψA*ĤψAdτ HAB = ∫ψA*ĤψBdτ SAB = ∫ψA*ψBdτ
N=A–Z
mu = ma(12C)/12 ∆ = ma – Amu ћ = h/2π a0 = 4πε0ћ2/mee2 Eћ = ћ2/mea02 R∞ = Eh/2hc α = e2/4πε0ћc
Symbols
Name electric current electric current density magnetic flux density, magnetic induction magnetic flux magnetic field strength permeability permeability of vacuum relative permeability magnetization (magnetic dipole moment per volume) magnetic susceptibility molar magnetic susceptibility magnetic dipole moment electrical resistance conductance loss angle reactance impedance (complex impedance) admittance (complex admittance) susceptance resistivity conductivity self-inductance mutual inductance magnetic vector potential Poynting vector
2-3
1 1 1 kg kg kg kg C Js Js m J m–1 1
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2-4
Symbols
Name ionization energy electron affinity dissociation energy from the ground state from the potential minimum principal quantum number (H atom) angular momentum quantum numbers magnetic dipole moment of a molecule magnetizability of a molecule Bohr magneton nuclear magneton magnetogyric ratio (gyromagnetic ratio) g factor Larmor circular frequency Larmor frequency longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electric dipole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a nucleus electric field gradient tensor quadrupole interaction energy tensor electric polarizability of a molecule activity (of a radioactive substance) decay (rate) constant, disintegration (rate) constant half life mean life level width disintegration energy cross section (of a nuclear reaction) Spectroscopy total term transition wavenumber transition frequency electronic term vibrational term rotational term spin orbit coupling constant principal moments of inertia rotational constants, in wavenumber in frequency inertial defect asymmetry parameter centrifugal distortion constants, S reduction A reduction harmonic vibration wavenumber vibrational anharmonicity constant vibrational quantum numbers Coriolis zeta constant angular momentum quantum numbers degeneracy, statistical weight electric dipole moment of a molecule transition dipole moment of a molecule molecular geometry, interatomic distances, equilibrium distance zero–point average distance
K21599_S02.indb 4
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol Ei Eea Ed, D D0 De n see under Spectroscopy m,µ ξ µB µN γ g ωL vL T1 T2 p, µ Q; Θ eQ q χ α A λ t1/2, T1/2 τ Γ Q σ T ~ v, (v) v Te G F
Definition
E = – hcR/n2 Ep = – m ∙ B m = ξB µB = eћ/2me µN = (me/mp)µB γ = µ/L ωL = (e/2m)B vL = ωL/2π Ep = – p ∙ E Ep = 1/2Q: V˝ = 1/3Θ: V˝ eQ = 2 ∙ 〈ΘZZ 〉 qαβ = – ∂2V/∂α∂β χαβ = eQqαβ p (induced) = αE A = – dNB/dt A = γNB Γ = ħ/τ
T = Etot /hc ~ v = T´ – T˝ v = (E´ – E˝)/h Te = Ee/hc G = Evib/hc F = Erot/hc
J J J J J 1
SI unit
J T–1 J T–2 J T–1 J T–1 C kg–1 1 s –1 Hz s s Cm C m2 C m2 V m–2 J C m2 V–1 Bq s –1 s s J J m2 m–1 m–1 Hz m–1 m–1 m–1
A I A; IB; IC
Ts.o. = A〈 Lˆ ∙ Ŝ〉 I A ≤ IB≤ IC
m–1 kg m2
; B ; C A A; B; C ∆ κ
à = h/8π2cI A A = h/8π2I A ∆ = IC – I A – IB
m–1 Hz kg m2 1
DJ ; DJK ; DK ; d1 ; d2 ∆J ; ∆JK ; ∆K ; δJ ; δK ωe ; ωr ωexe ; xrs ; gu’ υr ; lt ζrsα see additional information below g, d, β p, µ M, R re rz
κ=
(2B − A − C ) (A − C)
m–1 m–1 m–1 m–1 1 1
Ep = – p ∙ E M = ∫ψ´pψ˝dτ
1 Cm Cm m m
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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities
Angular momentum electron orbital one electron only electron spin one electron only electron orbital + spin
Symbol r0 rs
Definition
SI unit m m
Ri , ri , θj , etc. Si
(varies) (varies)
Qr qr
kg1/2 m 1
f, (k) fij Fij φrst…, krst… γ σA δ JAB DAB T1 T2 γ g a, A T
f = ∂2V/∂r2
J m–2
fij = ∂2V/∂ri∂rj Fij = ∂2V/∂Si∂Sj
(varies) (varies) m–1
γ = µ/Iħ BA = (1 – σA)B δ = 106(v – v0)/v0 Ĥ/h = JAB Î A ∙ ÎB
C kg–1 1 1 Hz Hz s s
γ = µ/sħ hν = gµBB
C kg–1 1
Ĥhfs /h = aŜ ∙ Î Ĥhfs /h = Ŝ ∙ T ∙ Î
Hz Hz
Quantum number symbol Total Z–axis
Operator symbol Lˆ lˆ Ŝ ŝ
Symbols
Name ground state distance substitution structure distance vibrational coordinates, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates normal coordinates mass adjusted dimensionless vibrational force constants, diatomic polyatomic, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates dimensionless normal coordinates nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetogyric ratio shielding constant chemical shift, δ scale (indirect) spin–spin coupling constant direct (dipolar) coupling constant longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR, EPR), magnetogyric ratio g factor hyperfine coupling constant, in liquids in solids
2-5
z-axis
L
ML
Л
l S s
ml MS ms
λ Σ σ
Lˆ + Ŝ
Ω=Л+∑
nuclear orbital (rotational)
Rˆ
R
nuclear spin internal vibrational
Iˆ
KR, kR
I
MI
lˆ
l(lζ)
spherical top other
ĵ, πˆ
Kl
l(lζ) K, k K, k
sum of R + L(+ j) sum of N + S
Nˆ Ĵ
N J
sum of J + I
Fˆ
MJ
F
MF
Electromagnetic Radiation Name wavelength speed of light in vacuum in a medium wavenumber in vacuum wavenumber (in a medium) frequency circular frequency, pulsatance refractive index Planck constant
K21599_S02.indb 5
Symbol λ c0 c v~ σ v ω n h
Definition
c = c0/n v~= v/c0 = 1/nλ σ = 1/λ v = c/λ ω = 2πv n = c0/c
SI unit m m s–1 m s–1 m–1 m–1 Hz s–1, rad s –1 1 Js
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2-6 Name Planck constant/2π radiant energy radiant energy density spectral radiant energy density in terms of frequency in terms of wavenumber
Symbols
in terms of wavelength Einstein transition probabilities spontaneous emission stimulated emission stimulated absorption radiant power, radiant energy per time radiant intensity radiant exitance (emitted radiant flux) irradiance, (radiant flux received) emittance Stefan–Boltzmann constant first radiation constant second radiation constant transmittance, transmission factor absorptance, absorption factor reflectance, reflection factor (decadic) absorbance napierian absorbance absorption coefficient (linear) decadic (linear) napierian molar (decadic) molar napierian
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol ħ Q, W ρ, w
Definition ħ = h/2π
ρv , wv ρv , wv
ρ = dρ/dv ρ ν = dρ / dν
J m–2
ρλ , wλ
ρλ = dρ/dλ
J m–4
dNn/dt = – AnmNn
s–1
Anm
SI unit Js J J m–3
ρ = Q/V
J m–3 Hz–1
Bnm Bmn Φ, P I M E, (I) ε σ c1 c2 τ, T α ρ A B
dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) × BnmNn dN /dt = – ρ v (vnm ) B N
s kg–1 s kg–1 W W sr–1 W m–2 W m–2 1 W m–2 K–4 W m2 Km 1 1 1 1 1
a, K α ε κ
a = A/l α = B/l ε = a/c = A/cl κ = α/c = B/cl
m–1 m–1 m2 mol–1 m2 mol–1
n
Φ = dQ/dt I = dΦ/dΩ M = dΦ/dAsource E = dΦ/dA ε = M/Mbb Mbb = σT4 c1 = 2πhc02 c2 = hc0/k τ = Φtr /Φ0 α = Φabs /Φ0 ρ = Φrefl /Φ0 A = –lg(1 – αi) B = –ln(1 – αi)
mn
m
absorption index
k
k = α/4π v
1
complex refractive index
nˆ
nˆ = n + ik
1
molar refraction angle of optical rotation Solid State lattice vector fundamental translation vectors for the crystal lattice (circular) reciprocal lattice vector (circular) fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice lattice plane spacing Bragg angle order of reflection order parameters short range long range Burgers vector particle position vector equilibrium position vector of an ion displacement vector of an ion Debye–Waller factor Debye circular wavenumber Debye circular frequency Grüneisen parameter
R, Rm
R=
(n − 1) Vm (n 2 + 2 ) 2
α R, R0 a1 ; a2 ; a3 , a; b; c
1, rad
R = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3
m m
G b1 ; b2 ; b3 , a*; b*; c*
G ∙ R = 2πm ai ∙ bk = 2πδik
m–1 m–1
d θ n
nλ = 2d sin θ
m 1, rad 1
σ s b r, Rj R0 u B, D qD ωD γ, Γ
γ = αV/κCv
Madelung constant
α, M
Ecoul =
density of states (spectral) density of vibrational modes
NE Nω, g
NE = dN(E)/dE Nω = dN(ω)/dω
K21599_S02.indb 6
m3 mol–1
u = R – R0
αN A z + z _ e 2 4 πε 0 R0
1 1 m m m m 1 m–1 s–1 1 1 J–1 m–3 s m–3
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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities
diffusion length characteristic (Weiss) temperature Curie temperature Néel temperature
Symbol ρik σik λik ρR τ L AH , RH E Π µ, (τ) Φ n, (p) Eg Ed Ea EF , εF k, q uk(r) ρ m* µ b D L
µ = υdrift/E b = µn/µp dN/dt = – DA(dn/dx)
SI unit Ωm S m–1 W m–1 K–1 Ωm s V2 K–2 m3 C–1 V V V K–1 J m–3 J J J J m–1 m–3/2 C m–3 kg m2 V–1 s–1 1 m2 s–1
L = Dτ
m
τ = l/υF L = λ/σT E = ρ ∙ j + RH(B × j)
Φ = E∞ – EF
k = 2π/λ ψ(r) = uk(r) exp(ik · r) ρ(r) = – eψ*(r)ψ(r)
θ, θw TC TN
K K K
N
1
Statistical Thermodynamics number of entities number density of entities, number concentration Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant gas constant (molar) molecular position vector molecular velocity vector molecular momentum vector velocity distribution function (Maxwell)
n, C L, NA k, kB R r (x, y, z) c(cx , cy , cz), u(ux , uy , uz ) p(px , py , pz ) f(cx )
speed distribution function (Maxwell– Boltzmann)
F(c)
average speed generalized coordinate generalized momentum volume in phase space probability statistical weight, degeneracy density of states partition function, sum over states, for a single molecule
Definition E=ρ∙j σ = ρ–1 Jq = – λ ∙ grad T
c , u , 〈c〉, 〈u〉 q p Ω P g, d, W, ω, β ρ(E) q, z
n = N/V
R = Lk c = dr/dt p = mc f(cx ) = (m/2πkT)1/2 × exp (– mcx2/2kT) F(c) = (m/2πkT)3/2 × 4πc2exp (– mc2/2kT) c = ∫cF(c)dc p = ∂L/∂q˙ Ω = (1/h)∫pdq
ρ(E) = dN/dE q = ∑ g i exp( – ε i /kT )
Symbols
Name resistivity tensor conductivity tensor thermal conductivity tensor residual resistivity relaxation time Lorenz coefficient Hall coefficient thermoelectric force Peltier coefficient Thomson coefficient work function number density, number concentration gap energy donor ionization energy acceptor ionization energy Fermi energy circular wave vector, propagation vector Bloch function charge density of electrons effective mass mobility mobility ratio diffusion coefficient
2-7
m–3 mol–1 J K–1 J K–1 mol–1 m m s–1 kg m s–1 m–1 s m–1 s m s–1 (m) (kg m s–1) 1 1 1 J–1 1
i
for a canonical ensemble (system, or assembly) microcanonical ensemble grand (canonical ensemble) symmetry number reciprocal temperature parameter characteristic temperature
K21599_S02.indb 7
Q, Z Ω Ξ σ, s β Θ
β = 1/kT
1 1 1 1 J–1 K
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2-8 Name
Symbols
General Chemistry number of entities (e.g. molecules, atoms, ions, formula units) amount (of substance) Avogadro constant mass of atom, atomic mass mass of entity (molecule, or formula unit) atomic mass constant molar mass relative molecular mass (relative molar mass, molecular weight) molar volume mass fraction volume fraction mole fraction, amount fraction, number fraction (total) pressure partial pressure mass concentration (mass density) number concentration, number density of entities amount concentration, concentration solubility molality (of a solute) surface concentration stoichiometric number extent of reaction, advancement degree of dissociation Chemical Thermodynamics heat work internal energy enthalpy thermodynamic temperature Celsius temperature entropy Helmholtz energy (Helmholtz function) Gibbs energy (Gibbs function) Massieu function Planck function surface tension molar quantity X specific quantity X pressure coefficient relative pressure coefficient compressibility, isothermal isentropic linear expansion coefficient cubic expansion coefficient heat capacity, at constant pressure at constant volume ratio of heat capacities Joule–Thomson coefficient second virial coefficient compression factor (compressibility factor) partial molar quantity X chemical potential (partial molar Gibbs energy) absolute activity
K21599_S02.indb 8
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol
Definition
N
SI unit 1
mu = ma(12C)/12 MB = m/nB Mr,B = mB /mu
mol mol–1 kg kg kg kg mol–1 1
Vm w φ
Vm ,B = V/nB wB = mB /Σmi φB = VB /ΣVi
m3 mol–1 1 1
x, y p, P pB γ, ρ
xB = nB /Σni
1 Pa Pa kg m–3
n L, NA ma, m mf , m mu M Mr
C, n c s m, (b) Γ v ξ α
nB = NB /L
pB = yB p γB = mB /V CB = NB /V cB = nB /V sB = cB (saturated solution) mB = nB /mA ΓB = nB/A ∆ξ = ∆nB /vB
m–3 mol m–3 mol m–3 mol kg–1 mol m–2 1 mol 1
q, Q w, W U H T θ, t S A G J Y γ, σ Xm x β αp
θ/ºC = T/K – 273.15 dS ≥ dq/T A = U – TS G = H – TS J = – A/T Y = – G/T γ = (∂G/∂As )T , p Xm = X/n x = X/m β = (∂p/∂T)v αp = (1/p)(∂p/∂T)V
J J J J K ºC J K–1 J J J K–1 J K–1 J m–2, N m–1 (varies) (varies) Pa K–1 K–1
κT κS αl α, αV , γ
κT = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)T κS = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)S αl = (1/l)(∂l/∂T) α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T)p
Pa–1 Pa–1 K–1 K–1
Cp CV γ, (κ) µ, µJT B Z XB, (X´B ) µ
Cp = (∂H/∂T)p CV = (∂U/∂T)V γ = Cp/CV µ = (∂T/∂p)H pVm = RT(1 + B/Vm + …) Z = pVm /RT XB = (∂X/∂nB )T, p, nj ≠ B µB = (∂G/∂nB ) T, p, nj ≠ B
J K–1 J K–1 1 K Pa–1 m3 mol–1 1 (varies) J mol–1
λB = exp (µB /RT)
1
λ
∆U = q+ w H = U + pV
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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol µ , µo
Definition
SI unit
J mol–1
standard partial molar entropy
SB
SB = – (∂µB /∂T)p
J mol–1 K–1
standard reaction enthalpy
∆rH
standard reaction entropy
∆rS
equilibrium constant equilibrium constant,
K ,K
φ
φ
φ
A, (A)
A = −(∂G / ∂ξ) p ,T = − ∑ νB µ B
J mol–1
∆ r H = ∑ νB H B
J mol–1
∆ r S = ∑ ν B SB
J mol–1 K–1
B
φ
B
φ
φ
φ
φ
B
φ
φ
φ
J mol–1
B
φ
affinity of reaction
∆ r G* = ∑ νB µ B φ
φ
∆rG
φ
standard reaction Gibbs energy (function)
φ
J mol–1
φ
HB = µB + TSB φ
HB
φ
standard partial molar enthalpy
K = exp( – ∆rG /RT)
1
pressure basis
Kp
K p = ∏pB νB
PaΣv
concentration basis
Kc
K c = ∏cB νB
(mol m–3)Σv
molality basis
Km
K m = ∏mB νB
(mol kg–1)Σv
f, p~
fB = λB
φ a
φB = fB /pB
1 1
f
fB = aB/xB
1
µ − µB am,B = exp B RT
1
fugacity coefficient activity and activity coefficient referenced to Raoult’s law, (relative) activity activity coefficient activities and activity coefficients referenced to Henry’s law, (relative) activity, molality basis
am
B
B
lim (p / λ ) p→0 B B T
µ − µB * aB = exp B RT
φ
fugacity
B
Symbols
standard chemical potential
φ
Name
2-9
Pa
ac
µ − µB * ac,B = exp B RT
1
mole fraction basis
ax
µ − µB * ax ,B = exp B RT
1
γm
am, B = γm, BmB/m
γc γx
ac, B = γc, BcB/c ax, B = γx, BxB
1 1
Im , I Ic , I
Im = ½ ΣmBzB2 Ic = ½ ΣcBzB2
mol kg–1 mol m–3
φm = (µA* – µA )/(RTMAΣmB) φx = (µA – µA *)/(RT1nxA) Π = cBRT (ideal dilute solution)
1 1
φ
φ
concentration basis
concentration basis mole fraction basis ionic strength, molality basis concentration basis osmotic coefficient, molality basis mole fraction basis osmotic pressure
φm φx Π
φ
molality basis
φ
activity coefficient,
(i) Symbols used as subscripts to denote a chemical process or reaction These symbols should be printed in roman (upright) type, without a full stop (period). vaporization, evaporation (liquid → gas) sublimation (solid → gas) melting, fusion (solid → liquid) transition (between two phases) mixing of fluids solution (of solute in solvent) dilution (of a solution) adsorption displacement immersion
K21599_S02.indb 9
1
Pa
vap sub fus trs mix sol dil ads dpl imm
4/2/14 2:24 PM
2-10
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities reaction in general atomization combustion reaction formation reaction
(ii) Recommended superscripts
Symbols
Name
standard pure substance infinite dilution ideal activated complex, transition state excess quantity Symbol
r at c f ,º * ∞ id ‡
o
E
Definition
SI unit
Chemical Kinetics rate of change of quantity X rate of conversion rate of concentration change (due to chemical reaction) rate of reaction (based on amount concentration) partial order of reaction overall order of reaction rate constant, rate coefficient Boltzmann constant half life relaxation time energy of activation, activation energy pre-exponential factor volume of activation collision diameter collision cross-section collision frequency collision number collision frequency factor standard enthalpy of activation standard entropy of activation standard Gibbs energy of activation quantum yield, photochemical yield Electrochemistry elementary charge (proton charge) Faraday constant charge number of an ion ionic strength mean ionic activity mean ionic molality mean ionic activity coefficient charge number of electrochemical cell reaction electric potential difference (of a galvanic cell) emf, electromotive force standard emf, standard potential of the electrochemical cell reaction standard electrode potential emf of the cell, potential of the electrochemical cell reaction pH inner electric potential outer electric potential
K21599_S02.indb 10
X
X = dX/dt
(varies)
ξ
ξ = dξ/dt
mol s–1
rB,vB
rB = dcB/dt
mol m–3 s–1
v nB n k k, kB t1/2 τ Ea , E A ∆‡V d σ ZA ZAB, ZAA zAB, zAA ∆‡H o , ∆H‡ ∆‡S o , ∆S‡ ∆‡G o , ∆G‡ φ e F z Ic , I a± m± γ± n, (z)
v = ξ /V = vB–1dcB/dt v = kΠcBnB n = ΣnB v = kΠcBnB c(t1/2) = c0/2 τ = 1/(k1 + k–1) Ea = RT2 d ln k/dT k = A exp( – Ea /RT) ∆‡V = – RT × (∂ln k/∂p)T dAB = rA + rB σAB = πdAB2 zAB = ZAB/LcAcB
mol m–3 s–1 1 1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 J K–1 s s J mol–1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 m3 mol–1 m m2 s–1 m–3 s–1 m3 mol–1 s–1 J mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J mol–1 1
F=eL zB = QB/e Ic = ½ Σcizi2 a± = m±γ±/m o m±(v+ + v–) = m+v+m–v– γ±(v+ + v–) = γ+v+γ–v–
C C mol-1 1 mol m–3 1 mol kg–1 1 1
∆V, E, U
∆V = VR – VL
V
E
E = lim ∆V
V
Eo Eo E pH φ ψ
I →0
E o = – ∆rG o /nF = (RT/nF) ln K o E = E o – (RT/nF) × Σviln ai
V V V
c(H + ) pH ≈ − lg −3 mol dm
1
∇φ = –E ψ = Q/4πε0r
V V
4/2/14 2:24 PM
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol χ ∆φ ∆ψ
Definition χ=φ–ψ ∆αβφ = φβ – φα ∆αβψ = ψβ – ψα
electrochemical potential electric current (electric) current density (surface) charge density
µ
electrode reaction rate constant mass transfer coefficient, diffusion rate constant thickness of diffusion layer
k kd δ
kd,B = |vB|II,B/nFcA δB = DB/kd,B
transfer coefficient (electrochemical)
α
αc =
I j σ
µ
V V V
= (∂G/∂nBα) I = dQ/dt j = I/A σ = Q/A B
SI unit
J mol–1 A A m–2 C m–2
α
n
k ox = I a /(nFA∏ ci i ) i
− | v | RT ∂ ∂ ln| I c | ∂E nF
η = EI – EI = 0 – IRu
(varies) m s–1 m 1
overpotential electrokinetic potential (zeta potential) conductivity conductivity cell constant molar conductivity (of an electrolyte) ionic conductivity, molar conductivity of an ion electric mobility transport number reciprocal radius of ionic atmosphere
η ζ κ, (σ) Kcell Λ
κ = j/E Kcell = κR ΛB = κ/cB
V V S m–1 m–1 S m2 mol–1
λ u, (µ) t κ
λB = |zB|FuB uB = vB/E tB = jB/Σji κ = (2F2I/εRT)1/2
S m2 mol–1 m2 V–1 s–1 1 m–1
Colloid and Surface Chemistry specific surface area surface amount of B, adsorbed amount of B surface excess of B surface excess concentration of B
a, as, s nBs, nBa n Bσ ΓB, (ΓBσ)
a = A/m
m2 kg–1 mol mol mol m–2
ΓB = nBσ/A Γ = ∑ Γi
total surface excess concentration
Γ, (Γ σ)
area per molecule area per molecule in a filled monolayer surface coverage contact angle film thickness thickness of (surface or interfacial) layer surface tension, interfacial tension film tension reciprocal thickness of the double layer average molar masses number–average mass–average Z–average sedimentation coefficient van der Waals constant retarded van der Waals constant van der Waals–Hamaker constant surface pressure
a, σ am, σm θ θ t, h, δ τ, δ, t γ, σ Σf κ
aB = A/NBσ am,B = A/Nm,B θ = NBσ/Nm,B
Mn Mm MZ s λ β, B AH π s, π
Mn = ΣniMi/Σni Mm = ΣniMi2/ΣniMi MZ = ΣniMi3/ΣniMi2 s = v/a
π s = γ0 – γ
kg mol–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 s J J J N m–1
JX , J
JX = A–1 dX/dt
(varies)
qv = dV/dt
m3 s–1
qm = dm/dt
kg s–1 m s–1 W W m–2 W K–1 K W–1 W m–1 K–1
Transport Properties flux (of a quantity X) volume flow rate mass flow rate mass transfer coefficient heat flow rate heat flux thermal conductance thermal resistance thermal conductivity
K21599_S02.indb 11
qV, V q , m m
kd φ Jq G R λ, k
i
γ = (∂G/∂As )T,p Σf = 2γf κ = [2F2Ic/εRT]1/2
φ = dq/dt Jq = φ/A G = φ/∆T R = 1/G λ = Jq/(dT/dl)
Symbols
Name surface electric potential Galvani potential difference volta potential difference
2-11
mol m–2 m2 m2 1 1, rad m m N m–1, J m–2 N m–1 m–1
4/2/14 2:24 PM
2-12 Name coefficient of heat transfer thermal diffusivity diffusion coefficient
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol h, (k, K, α) a D
Definition h = Jq/∆T a = λ/ρcp D = Jn/(dc/dl)
SI unit W m–2 K–1 m2 s–1 m2 s–1
Symbols
The following symbols are used in the definitions of the dimensionless quantities: mass (m), time (t), volume (V), area (A), density (ρ), speed (v), length (l), viscosity (η), pressure (p), acceleration of free fall (g), cubic expansion coefficient (α), temperature (T), surface tension (γ), speed of sound (c), mean free path (λ), frequency (f), thermal diffusivity (a), coefficient of heat transfer (h), thermal conductivity (k), specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), diffusion coefficient (D), mole fraction (x), mass transfer coefficient (kd), permeability (μ), electric conductivity (κ), and magnetic flux density (B). Name Reynolds number Euler number Froude number Grashof number Weber number Mach number Knudsen number Strouhal number Fourier number Péclet number Rayleigh number Nusselt number Stanton number Fourier number for mass transfer Péclet number for mass transfer
Symbol Re Eu Fr Gr We Ma Kn Sr Fo Pe Ra Nu St Fo* Pe*
Grashof number for mass transfer
Gr*
Nusselt number for mass transfer Stanton number for mass transfer Prandtl number Schmidt number Lewis number magnetic Reynolds number Alfvén number Hartmann number Cowling number
Nu* St* Pr Sc Le Rm, Rem Al Ha Co
K21599_S02.indb 12
Definition Re = pvl/η Eu = ∆p/ρv2 Fr = v/(lg)1/2 Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2 We = ρv2l/γ Ma = v/c Kn = λ/l Sr = lf/v Fo = at/l2 Pe = vl/a Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa Nu = hl/k St = h/ρvcp Fo* = Dt/l2 Pe* = vl/D
SI unit 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∂p ∆xp Gr * = l 3 g ∂x T , p η
1
Nu* = kdl/D St* = kd/v Pr = η/ρa Sc = η/ρD Le = a/D Rm = vµκl Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B Ha = Bl (κ/η)1/2 Co = B2/µρv2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4/2/14 2:24 PM
In general, the result of a measurement is only an approximation or estimate of the true value of the quantity subject to measurement, and thus the result is of limited value unless accompanied by a statement of its uncertainty. Much (but not all) of the scientific data appearing in the literature does include some indication of the uncertainty, but this may be stated in many different ways and is often explained poorly. In an effort to encourage consistency in uncertainty statements, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) initiated a project, in collaboration with several other international organizations, to prepare a set of guidelines expressing international consensus on the recommended method of stating uncertainties. This project resulted in the publication of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (Reference 1), which is often referred to as GUM. The recommendations of GUM have been summarized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in NIST Technical Note 1297, Guidelines for Evaluating the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results (Reference 2). In the notation of GUM, we are concerned with the measurand, i.e., the quantity that is being measured. In physics and chemistry this is usually called a physical quantity and represents some inherent characteristic of a material, system, or process that can be expressed in numerical terms — specifically as the product of a number and a reference, commonly called a unit. Thus the density of water at room temperature is (approximately) 0.998 g/mL (grams per milliliter) or, alternatively 998 kg m–3 (kilograms per meter cubed). This statement gives the most likely value of the measurand, to this level of precision, but gives no information on how much the stated value might differ from the true value. It is important to differentiate between the terms error and uncertainty. The error in a measurement is the difference between the measured value and the true value; the error can be stated if the true value is known (to some level of accuracy). The uncertainty is an estimate of the maximum reasonable extent to which the measured value is believed to deviate from the true value, in a situation where the true value is not known (most often the case). The result of a measurement can unknowably be very close to the true value, and thus have negligible error, even though its uncertainty is large. The uncertainty of the result of a measurement generally consists of several components, which may be grouped in two types according to the method used to estimate their numerical values: Type A. Those which are evaluated by statistical methods Type B. Those which are evaluated by other means The terms “random uncertainty” and “systematic uncertainty” are often used, but these terms do not always correspond in a simple way to the A and B categories. This is because the nature of an uncertainty component is conditioned by how the quantity appears in the mathematical model that describes the current measurement process. An uncertainty component arising from a systematic effect may in some cases be evaluated by methods of Type A while in other cases by methods of Type B. In the GUM formulation, each component of uncertainty, whether in the A or B category, is represented by an estimated standard deviation, termed standard uncertainty, symbol ui, and equal to the positive square root of the estimated variance ui2. For an uncertainty component of Type A, ui = si, where si is the statistically estimated standard deviation, as determined from a
K21599_S02.indb 13
series of observations by appropriate statistical analysis. Any valid statistical method may be used. Examples are calculating the standard deviation of the mean of a series of independent observations; using the method of least squares to fit a curve to data in order to estimate parameters of the curve and their standard deviations; and carrying out an analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to identify and quantify random effects in certain types of measurements. Details of statistical analysis are given in References 4–7 and many other places. In a similar manner, each uncertainty component of Type B is represented by a quantity uj , which is obtained from an assumed probability distribution based on all the available information about the measurement process. Since uj is treated like a standard deviation, the standard uncertainty in each Type B component is simply uj. The evaluation of uj is usually based on scientific judgment using all the relevant information available, which may include • • • • •
Symbols
EXPRESSION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENTS
previous measurement data experience with, or general knowledge of, the behavior and properties of relevant materials and instruments manufacturer’s specifications data provided in calibrations and other reports uncertainties assigned to reference data taken from handbooks.
The specific approach to evaluating the standard uncertainty uj of a Type B uncertainty will depend on the detailed model of the measurement process. The following are examples of steps that may be used: 1. Convert a quoted uncertainty (for example, in a calibration factor) that is a stated multiple of an estimated standard deviation to a standard uncertainty by dividing the quoted uncertainty by the multiplier. 2. Convert a quoted uncertainty that defines a “confidence interval” having a stated level of confidence, such as 95% or 99%, to a standard uncertainty by treating the quoted uncertainty as if a normal distribution had been used to calculate it (unless otherwise indicated) and dividing it by the appropriate factor for such a distribution. These factors are 1.960 and 2.576 for the two levels of confidence given. 3. Model knowledge of the quantity in question by a normal distribution and estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ such that the best estimated value of the quantity is (a+ + a–)/2 (i.e., the midpoint of the limits) and there is 1 chance out of 2 (i.e., a 50 percent probability) that the value of the quantity lies in the interval a– to a+. Then uj ≈ 1.48 a, where a = (a+ – a–)/2 is the half-width of the interval. 4. Model knowledge of the quantity in question by a normal distribution and estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ such that the best estimated value of the quantity is (a+ + a–)/2 and there is about a 2 out of 3 chance (i.e., a 67 percent probability) that the value of the quantity lies in the interval a– to a+. Then uj ≈ a, where a = (a+ – a–)/2. 5. Estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ for the value of the quantity in question such that the probability that the value lies in the interval a– to a+ is, for all practical purposes, 100 percent. Provided that there is no contradictory information, treat the quantity as if it is equally probable for its value to lie anywhere within the interval a– to a+; 2-13
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Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements
2-14
Symbols
that is, model it by a uniform or rectangular probability distribution. The best estimate of the value of the quantity is then (a+ + a–)/2 with uj = a/√3 where a = (a+ – a–)/2. If the distribution used to model the quantity is triangular rather than rectangular, then uj = a/√6. The rectangular distribution is a reasonable default model in the absence of any other information. But if it is known that values of the quantity in question near the center of the limits are more likely than values close to the limits, a triangular or a normal distribution may be a better model. When all the standard uncertainties of Type A and Type B have been determined in this way, they should be combined to produce the combined standard uncertainty (suggested symbol uc), which may be regarded as the estimated standard deviation of the measurement result. This process, often called the law of propagation of uncertainty or “root-sum-of-squares,” involves taking the square root of the sum of the squares of all the ui. In many practical measurement situations, the probability distribution characterized by the measurement result y and its combined standard uncertainty uc(y) is approximately normal (Gaussian). When this is the case, uc(y) defines an interval y – uc(y) to y + uc(y) about the measurement result y within which the value of the measurand Y estimated by y is believed to lie with a level of confidence of approximately 68 percent. That is, it is believed with an approximate level of confidence of 68 percent that y – uc(y) ≤ Y ≤ y + uc(y), which is commonly written as Y = y ± uc(y). In fundamental metrological research (involving physical constants, calibration standards, and the like) the combined standard uncertainty uc is normally used as the statement of uncertainty in a measurement. In most cases, however, it is desirable to use a measure of uncertainty that defines an interval about the measurement result y within which the value of the measurand Y is confidently believed to lie. The measure of uncertainty intended to meet this requirement is termed expanded uncertainty, suggested symbol U, and is obtained by multiplying uc(y) by a coverage factor, suggested symbol k. Thus U = kuc(y) and it is believed with high confidence that y – U ≤ Y ≤ y + U, which is commonly written as Y = y ± U. The value of the coverage factor k is chosen on the basis of the desired level of confidence to be associated with the interval defined by U = kuc. Typically, k is in the range 2 to 3. When the normal distribution applies, U = 2uc (i.e., k = 2) defines an interval having a level of confidence of approximately 95 percent, and U = 3uc defines an interval having a confidence level greater than 99 percent. In current international practice it is most common to use k = 2, corresponding to about 95 percent confidence, but the
K21599_S02.indb 14
value of k should be stated in each case to avoid confusion. See References 1 and 2 for methods of calculating k when a value other than k = 2 is needed for a specific requirement.
Summary of Key Steps • •
• •
Group the uncertainty components into Type A (can be evaluated by statistical methods) and Type B (must be evaluated by other means). Determine the standard uncertainty for each component of Type A by statistical methods and for each component of Type B by other suitable methods, based on modeling the measurement process. Take the square root of the sum of the squares of all the standard uncertainties to get the combined standard uncertainty uc. Specify a coverage factor k which, when multiplied by uc, gives the expanded uncertainty U. In fundamental metrological research k = 1 is usually chosen; in other cases, k = 2 (corresponding to a confidence level of about 95%) is the most common choice.
References 1. ISO, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993. Several supplements have been published; see Bich, W., Cox, M. C., and Harris, P. M., “Evolution of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement,” Metrologia 43, S161, 2006. 2. Taylor, B. N., and Kuyatt, C. E., Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, NIST Technical Note 1297, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1994; available for free download at . 3. Bell, S., A Beginner’s Guide to Uncertainty of Measurement, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK, 2001; available on the Internet through . 4. Eisenhart, C., “Realistic Evaluation of the Precision and Accuracy of Instrument Calibration Systems,” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 67C, 161, 1963. 5. Mandel, J., The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data, Dover Publishers, New York, 1984. 6. Nantrella, M. G., Experimental Statistics, NBS Handbook 91, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1966. 7. Box, G. E. P., Hunter, J. S., and Hunter, W. G., Statistics for Experimenters: Design, Innovation, and Discovery, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2005.
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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names,” depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems.” For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Nomenclature for Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below. These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area. Two very useful web sites providing links to nomenclature documents are: www.iupac.org/publications/index.html www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/
Inorganic Chemistry
Block, B. P., Powell, W. H., and Fernelius, W. C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Connelly, N.G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M., and Hutton, A. T., The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005.
Organic Chemistry
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Moss, G. P., Smith, P. A. S., and Tavernier, D., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem. 67, 1307, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, Moss, G. P., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 2193, 1996. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995.
Symbols
Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds
Macromolecular Chemistry
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Metanomski, W. V., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R. F. T., and Suter, U. W., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 2287, 1996.
Biochemistry
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, McNaught, A. D., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 1919, 1996.
General
Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide. Principles of Chemical Nomenclature: a Guide to IUPAC Recommendations, Leigh, G. J., Favre, H. A., and Metanomski, W. V., Blackwell Science, 1998.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, Panico, R., Powell, W. H., and Richer, J.-C., Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.
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2-15
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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Willem H. Koppenol
Symbols
The entries below were selected from Table IX of Connelly, N. G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M. and Hutton, A. T., Eds., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005. Two changes were made: in the case of the hypohalides, the oxidohalogenate names are listed, not the new halooxygenate names. Thus, for BrO− the still acceptable name “oxidobromate(1−)” is listed, not the more correct, but less palatable, “bromooxygenate(1−).” Similarly, and for reasons of consistency, ClO• is not named oxygen (mono)chloride, but chlorine mono(o) oxide. The symbol ‘ ’ is used for dividing names when this is made necessary by a line break. When the name is reconstructed
from the name given in the table, this symbol should be omitted. Thus, all hyphens in the table are true parts of the names. The symbols ‘>’ and ‘O, oxy, epoxy (in rings) =O, oxo
oxygen (general) O•+, oxygen(•1+)
oxide (general) O•−, oxidanidyl, oxide(•1−) O2−, oxide(2−); oxide −O−, oxido
O2−, oxido
O2
O2, dioxygen O22•, dioxidanediyl, dioxygen(2•) −OO−, dioxidanediyl; peroxy
O2•+, dioxidanyliumyl, dioxygen(•1+) O22+, dioxidanebis(ylium), dioxygen(2+)
O2•−, dioxidanidyl, dioxide(•1−); superoxide (not hyperoxide) O22−, dioxidanediide, dioxide(2−); peroxide
dioxido (general) O2, dioxygen O2•−, dioxido(•1−); superoxido O22−, dioxidanediido, dioxido(2−); peroxido
O3
O3, trioxygen; ozone −OOO−, trioxidanediyl
O3•−, trioxidanidyl, trioxide(•1−); ozonide
O3, trioxygen; ozone O3•−, trioxido(•1−); ozonido
HO
HO•, oxidanyl, hydridooxygen(•); hydroxyl −OH, oxidanyl; hydroxy
HO+, oxidanylium, hydridooxygen(1+); hydroxylium
HO−, oxidanide, hydroxide
HO−, oxidanido; hydroxido
HO2
HO2•, dioxidanyl, hydridodioxygen(•) hydrogen dioxide −OOH, dioxidanyl; hydroperoxy
HO2+, dioxidanylium, hydridodioxygen(1+)
HO2−, dioxidanide, hydrogen(peroxide)(1−)
HO2−, dioxidanido, hydrogen(peroxido)(1−)
S
sulfur (general) S, monosulfur =S, sulfanylidene; thioxo −S−, sulfanediyl
sulfur (general) S+, sulfur(1+)
sulfide (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfide(•1−) S2−, sulfanediide, sulfide(2−); sulfide −S−, sulfido
sulfido (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfido(•1−) S2−, sulfanediido, sulfido(2−)
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Symbols
ClO−, oxidochlorate(1−); hypochlorite
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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands
2-18
Symbols
S2
S2, disulfur −SS−, disulfanediyl >S=S, sulfanylidene-λ4sulfanediyl; sulfinothioyl
S2•+, disulfur(•1+)
S2•−, disulfanidyl, disulfide(•1−) S22−, disulfide(2−), disulfanediide −SS−, disulfanidyl
S22−, disulfido(2−), disulfanediido
HS
HS•, sulfanyl, hydridosulfur(•) −SH, sulfanyl
HS+, sulfanylium, hydridosulfur(1+)
HS−, sulfanide, hydrogen(sulfide)(1−)
HS−, sulfanido, hydrogen(sulfido)(1−)
SO
SO, sulfur mon(o)oxide [SO], oxidosulfur >SO, oxo-λ4-sulfanediyl; sulfinyl
SO•+, oxidosulfur(•1+) (not sulfinyl or thionyl)
SO•−, oxidosulfate(•1−)
[SO], oxidosulfur
SO2
SO2, sulfur dioxide [SO2], dioxidosulfur >SO2, dioxo-λ6-sulfanediyl; sulfuryl, sulfonyl
SO2•−, dioxidosulfate(•1−) SO22−, dioxidosulfate(2−), sulfanediolate
[SO2], dioxidosulfur SO22−, dioxidosulfato(2−), sulfanediolato
SO3
SO3, sulfur trioxide
SO3•−, trioxidosulfate(•1−) SO32−, trioxidosulfate(2−); sulfite −S(O)2(O−), oxidodioxo-λ6-sulfanyl; sulfonato
SO4
−ΟS(O)2Ο−, sulfonylbis(oxy)
SO4•−, tetraoxidosulfate(•1−) SO42−, tetraoxidosulfate(2−); sulfate
S2O3
selenium
SO32−, trioxidosulfato(2−); sulfito
SO42−, tetraoxidosulfato(2−); sulfato
S2O3•− = SO3S•−, trioxido-1κ3O-disulfate(S−S) (•1−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(•1−) S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3O-disulfate(S−S) (2−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−); thiosulfate, sulfurothioate
S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3O-disulfato(S−S) (2−), trioxidosulfidosulfato(2−); thiosulfato, sulfurothioato
selenide (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenide(•1−) Se2−, selanediide, selenide(2−); selenide
selenido (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenido(•1−) Se2−, selanediido, selenido(2−)
Se
Se (general) Se, monoselenium >Se, selanediyl =Se, selanylidene; selenoxo
SeO
SeO, selenium mon(o)oxide [SeO], oxidoselenium >SeO, seleninyl
SeO2
SeO2, selenium dioxide [SeO2], dioxidoselenium >SeO2, selenonyl
SeO22−, dioxidoselenate(2−)
[SeO2], dioxidoselenium SeO22−, dioxidoselenato(2−)
SeO3
SeO3, selenium trioxide
SeO3•−, trioxidoselenate(•1−) SeO32−, trioxidoselenate(2−); selenite
SeO32−, trioxidoselenato(2−); selenito
SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenate(2−); selenate
SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenato(2−); selenato
telluride (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, telluride(•1−) Te2−, tellanediide, telluride(2−); telluride
tellurido (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, tellurido(•1−) Te2−, tellanediido, tellurido(2−)
[SeO], oxidoselenium
SeO4 Te
tellurium >Te, tellanediyl =Te, tellanylidene; telluroxo
CrO2
CrO2, chromium dioxide, chromium(IV) oxide
UO2
UO2, uranium dioxide
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tellurium
UO2+, dioxidouranium(1+) [not uranyl(1+)] UO22+, dioxidouranium(2+) [not uranyl(2+)]
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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands
2-19
NpO2, neptunium dioxide
NpO2+, dioxidoneptunium(1+) [not neptunyl(1+)] NpO22+, dioxidoneptunium(2+) [not neptunyl(2+)]
PuO2
PuO2, plutonium dioxide
PuO2+, dioxidoplutonium(1+) [not plutonyl(1+)] PuO22+, dioxidoplutonium(2+) [not plutonyl (2+)]
N
nitrogen N•, nitrogen(•), mononitrogen −NNH, azanediyl =NH, azanylidene; imino
NH+, azanyliumdiyl, hydridonitrogen(1+) NH2+, azanebis(ylium), hydridonitrogen(2+)
NH−, azanidyl, hydridonitrate(1−) NH2−, azanediide, hydridonitrate(2−); imide −NH−, azanidyl; amidyl
NH2−, azanediido, hydridonitrato(2−); imido
NH2
NH2•, azanyl, dihydridonitrogen(•); aminyl −NH2, azanyl; amino
NH2+, azanylium, dihydridonitrogen(1+)
NH2−, azanide, dihydridonitrate(1−); amide
NH2−, azanido, dihydridonitrato(1−), amido
NH3
NH3, azane (parent hydride name), amine (parent name for certain organic derivatives), trihydridonitrogen; ammonia
NH3•+, azaniumyl, trihydridonitrogen(•1+) −NH3+, azaniumyl; ammonio
NH3•−, azanuidyl, trihydridonitrate(•1−)
NH3, ammine
NH4
NH4•, λ5-azanyl, tetrahydridonitrogen(•)
NH4+, azanium; ammonium
H2NO
H2NO•, aminooxidanyl, dihydridooxidonitrogen(•); aminoxyl HONH•, hydroxyazanyl, hydridohydroxidonitrogen(•) −NH(OH), hydroxyazanyl, hydroxyamino −ONH2, aminooxy −NH2(O), oxo-λ5-azanyl; azinoyl
HONH−, hydroxyazanide, hydridohydroxidonitrate(1−) H2NO−, azanolate, aminooxidanide, dihydridooxidonitrate(1−)
NHOH−, hydroxyazanido, hydridohydroxidonitrato(1−) H2NO−, azanolato, aminooxidanido, dihydridooxidonitrato(1−)
N2H2
HN=NH, diazene N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ide H2NN2•, diazanylidene, hydrazinylidene =NNH2, diazanylidene; hydrazinylidene • ΗΝNH•, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl −ΗΝNH−, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl
HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diide, hydrazine-1,2-diide H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diide, hydrazine-1,1-diide
HN=NH, diazene − N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ido HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diido, hydrazine-1,2-diido H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diido, hydrazine-1,1-diido
K21599_S02.indb 19
−
HNNH2+, diazynediium
Symbols
NpO2
N3−, nitrido(3−), azanetriido
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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands
2-20
Symbols
N2H3
H2NNH•, diazanyl, trihydrido dinitrogen(N−N)(•); hydrazinyl −NHNH2, diazanyl; hydrazinyl 2− NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diide
H2N=NH+, diazenium
N2H4
H2NNH2, diazane (parent hydride name), hydrazine (parent name for organic derivatives) − NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ide
H2NNH2•+, diazaniumyl, bis(dihydridonitrogen) (N−N)(•1+); hydraziniumyl H2N=NH22+, diazenediium
NO
NO, nitrogen mon(o)oxide (not nitric oxide) NO•, oxoazanyl, oxidonitrogen(•); nitrosyl −N=O, oxoazanyl; nitroso >N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanyl; azoryl =N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanylidene; azorylidene ≡N(O), oxo-λ5-azanylidyne; azorylidyne −Ο+=Ν−, azanidylideneoxidaniumyl
NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitrosyl) NO•2+, oxidonitrogen(2+)
NO−, oxidonitrate(1−) NO(2•)−, oxidonitrate(2•1−)
NO, oxidonitrogen (general); nitrosyl = oxidonitrogen-κN (general) NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) NO−, oxidonitrato(1−)
NO2
NO2, nitrogen dioxide NO2• = ONO•, nitrosooxidanyl, dioxidonitrogen(•); nitryl −NO2, nitro −ONO, nitrosooxy
NO2+, dioxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitryl)
NO2−, dioxidonitrate(1−); nitrite NO2•2−, dioxidonitrate(•2−)
NO2−, dioxidonitrato(1−); nitrito NO2•2−, dioxidonitrato(•2−)
NO3
NO3, nitrogen trioxide NO3• = O2NO•, nitrooxidanyl, trioxidonitrogen(•) ONOO•, nitrosodioxidanyl, (dioxido)oxidonitrogen(•) −ONO2, nitrooxy
NO3−, trioxidonitrate(1−); nitrate NO3•2−, trioxidonitrate(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, (dioxido)oxidonitrate(1−); peroxynitrite
NO3−, trioxidonitrato(1−); nitrato NO3•2−, trioxidonitrato(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, oxidoperoxidonitrato(1−); peroxynitrito
N2O
N2O, dinitrogen oxide (not nitrous oxide) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) −Ν(Ο)=N−, azoxy
N2O•−, oxidodinitrate(•1−)
N2O, dinitrogen oxide (general) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) N2O•−, oxidodinitrato(•1−)
N2O3
N2O3, dinitrogen trioxide O2NNO, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrogen(N−N) NO+NO2−, oxidonitrogen(1+) dioxidonitrate(1−) ONONO, dinitrosooxidane, µ-oxidobis(oxidonitrogen)
N2O32− = [O2NNO]2−, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrate(N−N)(2−)
N2O4
N2O4, dinitrogen tetraoxide O2NNO2, bis(dioxidonitrogen) (N−N) ONOONO, 1,2-dinitrosodioxidane, 2,5-diazy-1,3,4,6-tetraoxy-[6] catena NO+NO3−, oxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)
N2O5
N2O5, dinitrogen pentaoxide O2NONO2, dinitrooxidane, NO2+NO3−, dioxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)
NS
NS, nitrogen monosulfide NS•, sulfidonitrogen(•) −N=S, sulfanylideneazanyl; thionitroso
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NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) (not thionitrosyl)
H2NNH−, diazanide, hydrazinide
NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diido H2NNH−, diazanido, hydrazinido 2−
H2NNH2, diazane, hydrazine NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ido
−
NS−, sulfidonitrate(1−)
NS, sulfidonitrogen, sulfidonitrato, thionitrosyl (general) NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) NS−, sulfidonitrato(1−)
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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands
2-21
phosphorus (general) P•, phosphorus(•), monophosphorus >P−, phosphanetriyl
phosphorus (general) P+, phosphorus(1+)
phosphide (general) P−, phosphide(1−) P3−, phosphide(3−), phosphanetriide; phosphide
PO
PO•, oxophosphanyl, oxidophosphorus(•), phosphorus mon(o)oxide; phosphoryl >P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanetriyl; phosphoryl =P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanylidene; phosphorylidene ≡P(O), oxo-λ5-phosphanylidyne; phosphorylidyne
PO+, oxidophosphorus(1+) (not phosphoryl)
PO−, oxidophosphate(1−)
PO2
−P(O)2, dioxo-λ5-phosphanyl
P3−, phosphido, phosphanetriido
Symbols
P
PO2−, dioxidophosphate(1−)
PO2−, dioxidophosphato(1−)
PO3
PO3−, trioxidophosphate(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphate(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphate(3−); phosphite (PO3−)n = (P(O)2O) nn−, catena-poly[(dioxidophosphateµ-oxido)(1−)]; metaphosphate −P(O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5phosphanyl; phosphonato
PO3−, trioxidophosphato(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphato(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphato(3−); phosphito
PO4
PO4•2−, tetraoxidophosphate(•2−) PO43−, tetraoxidophosphate(3−); phosphate
PO43−, tetraoxidophosphato(3−); phosphato
AsO3
AsO33−, trioxidoarsenate(3−); arsenite, arsorite −As(=O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5-arsanyl; arsonato
AsO33−, trioxidoarsenato(3−); arsenito, arsorito
AsO4
AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenate(3−); arsenate, arsorate
AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenato(3−); arsenato, arsorato
CO•−, oxidocarbonate(•1−)
CO, oxidocarbon, oxidocarbonato (general); carbonyl = oxidocarbon-κC (general) CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO•−, oxidocarbonato(•1−)
CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonate(•1−)
CO2, dioxidocarbon CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonato(•1−)
CO3•−, trioxidocarbonate(•1−), OCOO•−, (dioxido)oxidocarbonate(•1−), oxidoperoxidocarbonate(•1−) CO32−, trioxidocarbonate(2−); carbonate
CO32−, trioxidocarbonato(2−); carbonato
CS•−, sulfidocarbonate(•1−)
CS, sulfidocarbon, sulfidocarbonato, thiocarbonyl (general); CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+) CS•−, sulfidocarbonato(•1−)
CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonate(•1−)
CS2, disulfidocarbon CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonato(•1−)
PS
PS•, sulfidophosphorus(•); −PS, thiophosphoryl
PS+, sulfidophosphorus(1+) (not thiophosphoryl)
VO
VO, vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium mon(o)oxide
VO2+, oxidovanadium(2+) (not vanadyl)
CO
CO, carbon mon(o)oxide >C=O, carbonyl =C=O, carbonylidene
CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO2+, oxidocarbon(2+)
CO2
CO2, carbon dioxide, dioxidocarbon
CO3
CS
carbon monosulfide >C=S, carbonothioyl; thiocarbonyl =C=S, carbonothioylidene
CS2
CS2, disulfidocarbon, carbon disulfide
K21599_S02.indb 21
CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+)
4/2/14 2:24 PM
Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands
2-22 CN
CN•, nitridocarbon(•); cyanyl −CN, cyano −NC, isocyano
CNO
CN+, azanylidynemethylium, nitridocarbon(1+)
nitridocarbonato (general) CN−, nitridocarbonato(1−); cyanido = [nitridocarbonato(1−)-κC]
OCN•, nitridooxidocarbon(•) −OCN, cyanato −NCO, isocyanato −ONC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneoxy −CNO, (oxo-λ5azanylidynemethyl
OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonate(1−); cyanate ONC−, carbidooxidonitrate(1−); fulminate OCN•2−, nitridooxidocarbonate(•2−)
OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonato(1−); cyanato ONC−, carbidooxidonitrato(1−); fulminato
CNS
SCN•, nitridosulfidocarbon(•) −SCN, thiocyanato −NCS, isothiocyanato −SNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylidenesulfanediyl −CNS, (sulfanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl
SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonate(1−); thiocyanate SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrate(1−)
SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonato(1−); thiocyanato SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrato(1−)
CNSe
SeCN•, nitridoselenidocarbon(•) −SeCN, selenocyanato −NCSe, isoselenocyanato −SeNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneselanediyl −CNSe, (selanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl
SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonate(1−); selenocyanate SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrate(1−)
SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonato(1−); selenocyanato SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrato(1−)
Symbols
CN−, nitridocarbonate(1−); cyanide
Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the unmodified element name is listed in the second and third columns. The unmodified name is generally used when the element appears as an electropositive constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic cations consisting of the element are also constructed using the element name, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.2.1 to IR-5.3.2.3). The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. b Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the fourth column gives the element name appropriately modified with the ending ‘ide’ (hydride, nitride, etc.). The ‘ide’ form of the element name is generally used when the element appears as an electronegative constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic anions consisting of the element in question are also constructed using this modified form, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.3.1 to IR-5.3.3.3). Examples are given in the Table of names of some specific anions, e.g. chloride(1−), oxide(2−), dioxide(2−). In certain cases, a particular anion has the 'ide' form itself as an accepted short name, e.g., chloride, oxide. If specific anions are named, the ‘ide’ form of the element name with no further modification is given as the first entry in the fourth column, with the qualifier ‘(general)’. The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. c Ligand names must be placed within enclosing marks whenever necessary to avoid ambiguity, cf. Section IR-9.2.2.3. Some ligand names must always be enclosed. For example, if ‘dioxido’ is cited as is, it must be enclosed so as to distinguish it from two ‘oxido’ ligands; if combined with a multiplicative prefix it must be enclosed because it starts with a multiplicative prefix itself. A ligand name such as ‘nitridocarbonato’ must always be enclosed to avoid interpreting it as two separate ligand names, ‘nitrido’ and ‘carbonato’. In this table, however, these enclosing marks are omitted for the sake of clarity. Note that the ligand names given here with a charge number can generally also be used without if it is not desired to make any implication regarding the charge of the ligand. For example, the ligand name ‘[dioxido(•1−)]' may be used if one wishes explicitly to consider the ligand to be the species dioxide(•1−), whereas the ligand name '(dioxido)' can be used if no such implications are desirable. The section mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. a
K21599_S02.indb 22
4/2/14 2:24 PM
The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names that are formed
by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table “Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds.”
Symbols
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems
Substituent Groups acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl)
K21599_S02.indb 23
CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCO-
cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl) cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl
C6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2CO-
2-23
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Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems
2-24
Symbols
hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl
K21599_S02.indb 24
HOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCOOCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-
phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid) picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]
-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2 2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC´CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-
4/2/14 2:24 PM
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems
2-25
Organic Ring Compounds
3 2
Cyclopropane N 1
5 4
1 2
3
1 4
5 4
Cyclobutane
Spiropentane H N
2 3
2 3
O
H N
5 4
5 1 2 4 3
5 1 2 4 3
5 1 2 4 3
Furan
Thiophene
Pyrrole (Azole)
2 3
Cyclopentane
H N
S
S
S
5 1 2S 4 3
H N
2 3
3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole)
Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)
O
O
N
5 1 2 4 3
5 1 2N 4 3
2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)
S
5 1 2N 4 3
5 1 2S 4 3
5 1 2 4 3
N 1
O
5 1 2 4 3
5 1 2 4 3
5 1 2N 5 1 2N N N N S 4 3 4 3 2H-Imidazole Thiazole Oxazole Isoxazole N N (1,3-Diazole) 1,2,3-Triazole 1,2,4-Triazole 1,2-Dithiole 1,3-Dithiole 3H-1,2-Oxathiole (1,2-Oxazole) (1,3-Thiazole) (1,3-Oxazole)
S
O
O
5 1 2N 4 3
5 1 2N 4 3
5 1 2N 4 3
N 1,2,4-Oxadiazole
N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole
Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole)
O
O
O
5 1 2O 4 3
5 1 2O 4 3
N5
1 2N 4 3
O
5 1 2N 4 3
5 1 2 4 3
1,2,5-Oxadiazole (Furazan)
N N 1,3,4-Oxadiazole
O
H
5 1 2N 4 3
O
O
H
5 1 2 4 3
N5
O
1 2S 3
1 2N 3
N 1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole
1
6 5
5 1 2 4 3
O
4
N N 1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole
O
4
N5
Symbols
5 4
1
1
4
6 5
2 3
1
2 3
4
N N O O S H 1,2,4-Dioxazole 1,3,2-Dioxazole 1,3,4-Dioxazole 5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole 1,3-Oxathiole Benzene Cyclohexane 3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole N
O
O
6 1 2 5 3 4
2H-Pyran
4H-Pyran
6 5
H N 1
6 1 2 5 3 4
O
2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)
N
6 1 2 5 3 N 4 N
2 3
O
O
6 1 2 5 3 4
6 5
N 1
O
O
6 1 2 5 3 4
6 1 2O 5 3 4
6 1 2 5 3 4 O
O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)
1,2-Dioxin
1,3-Dioxin
2N 3
6 5
N 1
N 1 4
6 1 2N 5 3 4
2 3
6 5
N 1 4
2N 3
6 5
Pyridazine
Pyridine
O
O
2N 3
6 5
O
4
N 1
6 5
2 3
N
4
2 3
N Pyrazine
Pyrimidine
O
O
6 1 2N 5 3 4
6 1 2 5 3 4 N
6 1 2 5 3 4 N
N 1
6 1 2 5 3 4
4 4 N N N 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine 1,2,3-Triazine 4H-1,2-Oxazine 2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,2-Oxazine 1,4-Oxazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) (v-Triazine) Piperazine 4
N H
O
6 1 2N 5 3 4
H
O
O
Oxepin
6 5
7 4
N6 5
O
O
1 2S 3 4
O
6 1 2N 5 3 4
H N
O
7 1 2 6 3 5 4
6 1 2 5 3 4
6 1 2 N5 4 3N
N N N 1,2,5-Oxathiazine 1,2,6-Oxathiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine H Morpholine Azepine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 4H-1,4-Oxazine
S
N
7 1 2N 6 3 5 4
7 1 2 6 3 5 4
1 2S 3
6 5
6 5
7 4
H N
1 2 3
Indole
6 5
7 4
N
1 2 3
3H-Indole
7
1
4
2 3
6 5
7 4
1
6 5
1 2 3
7 4
6 5
2H-Indene (Isoindene)
Indene
4H-1,2-Diazepine
Thiepin
Benzo[c]thiophene
K21599_S02.indb 25
6 1 2S N5 4 3
6 1 2 5 3 4
2H-1,2-Oxazine
7 1 2 6 3 5 4
O
2N 3
1H-Indole
3 2
4 1
7 4
O
1 2 3
Benzofuran
5
6 7
N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine
O6 5
7 4
6 5
7 4
1 2O 3
6 5
Isobenzofuran
N 1
2 3
Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole
6 5
7 4
S
7
1 2 3
4
Benzo[b]thiophene
H N
1 2N 3
Indazole
6 5
7 4
O
1 2N 3
Benzisoxazole (Indoxazene)
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Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems
2-26
6 5
O
7
1 2 3
6 5
N
4
N 1
7 4
2O 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
2 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
2 3
7 6
8
1 4
5
2 3
O
8
7 6
1 2 3 4
5
7 6
O
8
O
1 2 3 4
5
Octahydronaphthalene 2H-1-Benzopyran 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 1,2,3,4-Tetra(Decalin) hydronaphthalene (Coumarin) (2H-Chromene) (Tetralin)
Benzoxazole 2,1-Benzisoxazole Naphthalene
Symbols
O 7 6
O
8
1 2 3 4
5
7 6
O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one (Chromen-4-one)
N 7 6
N
8
5
6
1,8-Naphthyridine
7 6
8
1
5
4
4
5
2O 3
1 2 3 4
5
2O 3
7 6
N
1H-2,3-Benzoxazine
8
1
5
4
5
N
8
7 6
1 2 3 4
5
N
1,7-Naphthyridine
1
7 6
N
7 6
N
4H-3,1-Benzoxazine
O
1 2N 3 4
8 5
1 2 3 4
5
7 6
8
1
5
4
N
8
1 2 3 4
5
H 7 6
7 6
N
4
5
2N 3
5
1 9 8
7
2
7 6
3
6
4 5
8
9
5
1 4
Fluorene
2 3
7 6
8
1
5
4
2 3
7 6
8
9
1
5
10
4
Carbazole
O
Xanthene
2 3
6 7
5 8
N
4
9
1
3 2
Acridine
1 2 3 4 N
5
O
8
1 2 3 4
5
N
2H-1,4-Benzoxazine
8
9
1
5
10
4
4
2 3
Anthracene
10
N
8
Quinazoline
7 6
4H-1,4-Benzoxazine
H N 9
7 6
Cinnoline
1 2 3 4 N
7 6
N H
2H-1,2-Benzoxazine
1
2H-1,3-Benzoxazine
1 2 3 4
5
N
8
7 6
O
8
O
8
2N 3
Isoquinoline
Quinoline
1,6-Naphthyridine
1,5-Naphthyridine
2O 3
N
8
7 6
O 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isochromen-3-one)
N
8
2O 4 3
8
7 6
1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isocoumarin)
N7
1 2 3 4
1
8
6 7
3 2 1
5 8
9
10
Phenanthrene
2 1 3 4 7 6 5
Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)
N1
2
6 3
N
H N 5 4
7 8 9
N
7H-Purine
Phenalene
R' R 2 3
1 4
H 11 12 13
10 5
14
R'' 17
16 15
9
8 H 6 7H
H
R = Nearly always methyl R' = Usually methyl R'' = Various groups
Steroid ring system
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REPRESENTATION OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURES WITH THE IUPAC INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL IDENTIFIER (InChI) The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) is a freely available, non-proprietary identifier for chemical substances that can be used in both printed and electronic data sources. It is generated from a computerized representation of a molecular structure diagram, which can be produced by chemical structuredrawing software. Its use enables linking of diverse data compilations and unambiguous identification of chemical substances. A full description of the Identifier and software for its generation are available from the IUPAC Web site (Ref. 1), and a helpful compilation of answers to frequently asked questions has been put together at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics (Ref. 2). Commercial structure-drawing software that will generate the Identifier is available from several organizations, listed on the IUPAC Web site. The conversion of structural information to the Identifier is based on a set of IUPAC structure conventions, and rules for normalization and canonicalization (conversion to a single, predictable sequence) of an input structure representation. The resulting InChI is simply a series of characters that serve to uniquely identify the structure from which it was derived. The InChI uses a layered format to represent all available structural information relevant to compound identity. InChI layers are listed below. Each layer in an InChI representation contains a specific type of structural information. These layers, automatically extracted from the input structure, are designed so that each successive layer adds additional detail to the Identifier. The specific layers generated depend on the level of structural detail available and whether or not allowance is made for tautomerism. Of course, any ambiguities or uncertainties in the original structure will remain in the InChI. This layered structure design offers a number of advantages. If two structures for the same substance are drawn at different levels of detail, the one with the lower level of detail will, in effect, be contained within the other. Specifically, if one substance is drawn with stereo-bonds and the other without, the layers in the latter will be a subset of the former. The same will hold for compounds treated by one author as tautomers and by another as exact structures with all H-atoms fixed. This can work at a finer level. For example, if one author includes double bond and tetrahedral stereochemistry, but another omits stereochemistry, the latter InChI will be contained in the former. The InChI layers are 1. Formula 2. Connectivity (no formal bond orders) a. disconnected metals b. connected metals 3. Isotopes 4. Stereochemistry a. double bond (Z/E) b. tetrahedral (sp3) 5. Tautomers (on or off ) Charges are not part of the basic InChI, but rather are added at the end of the InChI string. Two examples of InChI representations are given below. It is important to recognize, however, that InChI strings are intended for use by computers and end users need not understand any of their
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details. In fact, the open nature of InChI and its flexibility of representation, after implementation into software systems, may allow chemists to be even less concerned with the details of structure representation by computers.
Symbols
Stephen R. Heller and Alan D. McNaught
InChI=1/C5H5N5O/c6-5-9-3-2(4(11)10-5)7-1-8-3/ h1H,(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11)/f/h8,10H,6H2
InChI=1/C5H9NO4.Na/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8;/h3H,12,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1/t3-;/m1./s1/fC5H8NO4.Na/ h7H;/q-1;m The layers in the InChI string are separated by the ‘/’ character followed by a lowercase letter (except for the first layer, the chemical formula), with the layers arranged in predefined order. In the examples the following segments are included InChI version number /- chemical formula /c connectivity-1.1 (excluding terminal H) /h connectivity-1.2 (locations of terminal H, including mobile H attachment points) /q charge /p proton balance /t sp3 (tetrahedral) parity /m parity inverted to obtain relative stereo (1 = inverted, 0 = not inverted) /s stereo type (1 = absolute, 2 = relative, 3 = racemic) /f chemical formula of the fixed-H structure if it is different /h connectivity-2 (locations of fixed mobile H) /q charge /t sp3 (tetrahedral) parity /m parity inverted to obtain relative stereo (1 = inverted, 0 = not inverted, . = inversion does not affect the parity) /s stereo type (1 = absolute, 2 = relative, 3 = racemic) One of the most important applications of InChI is the facility to locate mention of a chemical substance using Internet-based search 2-27
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Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) gines. The usefulness of the InChIKey as a search tool is enhanced by its derivation from a “standard” InChI. i.e., an InChI produced with standard option settings for features such as tautomerism and stereochemistry. An example is shown below; the “standard” InChI is denoted by the letter “S” after the version number.
Use of InChIKey also allows searches based solely on atomic connectivity (first 14 characters). Software for generating InChIKey is available from the IUPAC Web site (Ref. 1). The enormous databases compiled by organizations such as PubChem (Ref. 4), the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI), and ChemSpider (Ref. 5) contain millions of InChIs and InChIKeys, which allow sophisticated searching of these collections. PubChem provides InChI-based structure-search facilities for both identical and similar structures (Ref. 6), and ChemSpider offers both search facilities and Web services enabling a variety of InChI and InChIKey conversions (Ref. 7). The NCI Chemical Structure Lookup Service (Ref. 8) provides InChI-based search access to over 39 million chemical structures from over 80 different public and commercial data sources.
References
Symbols
engines. This is made easier by using a shorter (compressed) form of InChI, known as InChIKey. The InChIKey is a 27-character representation that, because it is compressed, cannot be reconverted into the original structure, but it is not subject to the undesirable and unpredictable breaking of longer character strings by some search en-
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
http://www.iupac.org/inchi http://wwmm.ch.cam.ac.uk/inchifaq/ Pure Appl. Chem., in preparation. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov http://www.chemspider.com http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search http://www.chemspider.com/InChI.asmx http://cholla.chemnavigator.com/cgi-bin/lookup/new/search
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SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS
A Å A AH Ar a a
a0 AAA Aad AAF AAN AAO AAS ABA Abe ABL ABS abs Abu Ac ac, AC ACAC Aces ACS ACT ACTH A/D Ad Ada Ade ADI
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ampere; alanine; adenine (in genetic code) ångström absorbance; area; Helmholtz energy; mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atto (SI prefix for 10–18) absorption coefficient; acceleration; activity; van der Waals constant Bohr radius acetoacetanilide 2-aminoadipic acid 2-(acetylamino)fluorene aminoacetonitrile acetaldehyde oxime atomic absorption spectroscopy abscisic acid; acrylonitrile-butadiene acrylate abequose
α-acetylbutyrolactone acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer absolute 2-aminobutanoic acid acetyl; acetate alternating current acetylacetone 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene copolymer activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone analog to digital adamantyl [(carbamoylmethyl)imino]diacetic acid adenine acceptable daily intake
References 1. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Third Edition, IUPAC 2007, RSC Publishing, 2007. 2. Kotyk, A., Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences, Humana Press, Totawa, NJ, 1999. 3. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. 4. Minkin, V., Glossary of Terms used in Theoretical Organic Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1919–1981, 1999. 5. Brown, R. D., Ed., Acronyms Used in Theoretical Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 387–456, 1996. 6. Quantities and Units, ISO Standards Handbook, Third Edition, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1993. 7. Cohen, E. R., and Giacomo, P., Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 8. Chemical Acronyms Database, Indiana University, . 9. Acronyms and Symbols, . 10. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book), . 11. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Pure & Appl. Chem. 56, 595, 1984. Ado ADP
AF AFM Ahx AI AIBN AICA AIM AIP Al Ala
adenosine adenosine diphosphate; ammonium dihydrogen phosphate adsorption appearance energy eon (109 years) 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol atomic emission spectroscopy; Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy 2-aminohexanoic acid artificial intelligence 2,2’-azobis[isobutyronitrile] 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide atoms in molecules (method) aluminum isopropoxide Alfén number alanine
alc ALE aliph. alk. All Alt AM Am am AMA AMMA AMP AMPD AMS
alcohol atomic layer epitaxy aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amplitude modulation amyl amorphous solid acrylate maleic anhydride terpolymer acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer adenosine monophosphate 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol accelerator mass spectrometry
ads AE ae AEP AEPD AES
Symbols
This table lists some abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units (SI)” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Useful references for further information are given below. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k, M, etc.) are included here, but they should never be used alone. Selected combinations of these prefixes with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are also included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table.
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
2-30
Symbols
AMTCS amu AN anh, anhyd ANOVA antilog ANTU AO AOM AP APAD APAP Ape API Api APM Apm APO APPI APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol Arg ARPES AS ASA ASC ASCII ASE Asn Asp at ATCP ATEE ATLC atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU AUC av avdp B B b b BA BAL BAP, BaP bar bbl
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amyltrichlorosilane [trichloropentylsilane] atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) acetonitrile; acrylonitrile anhydrous analysis of variance antilogarithm 1-naphthalenylthiourea atomic orbital angular overlap model ethylene-propylene copolymer 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide acetyl p-amino phenol (acetaminophen) 2-aminopentanoic acid atmospheric pressure ionization apiose atomic probe microanalysis 2-aminopimelic acid amorphous polyolefin atmospheric pressure photoionization appearance potential spectroscopy; adenosine phosphosulfate augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol arginine angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy acrylonitrile styrene copolymer acetylsalicylic acid; acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylonitrile block copolymer 4-(acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization model asparagine aspartic acid atomization 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester adsorption thin layer chromatography standard atmosphere adenosine triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit (ua is also used); polyurethane area under the time-concentration curve average avoirdupois bel; asparagine or aspartic acid (unspecified) magnetic flux density; second virial coefficient; susceptance barn van der Waals constant; molality benzyladenine British anti-Lewisite [2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol] benzo[a]pyrene bar (pressure unit) barrel
BBP BCB bcc BCF BCG BCME BCNU BCP BCPB BCPE BCS BDE BDEA BDMA Bé BEBO BEI BEM BEP Bes BET BeV BGE BHA BHC Bhn BHT Bi Bicine BIRD Bistris Bistrispropane BLO BN BNS BO BOD BON BP bp BPB BPG BPL BPO bpy Bq Br BRE BrUrd BS BSE BSSE BTMSA Btu BTX
benzyl butyl phthalate bromocresol blue body centered cubic bioconcentration factor bromocresol green bis(chloromethyl) ether N,N’-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea bromocresol purple bromochlorophenol blue 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy butyldiethanolamime benzyldimethylamine Baumé bond energy bond order (method) biological exposure index biological effect monitoring 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (isotherm) billion electronvolt butyl glycidyl ether tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole benzene hexachloride [hexachlorobenzene] Brinell hardness number butylated hydroxytoluene [2,6-di-tert-butyl-4methylphenol] biot N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine blackbody infrared radiative dissociation 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3-diol 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane γ-butyrolactone bond number; benzonitrile nuclear backscattering spectroscopy Born-Oppenheimer (approximation); bond order biochemical oxygen demand
β-hydroxynaphthoic acid base peak (in mass spectrometry); benzo[a]pyrene boiling point; base pair bromophenol blue 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate β-propiolactone benzoyl peroxide 2,2’-bipyridine becquerel butyryl bond resonance energy 5-bromouridine Birge-Sponer extrapolation back scattered electron(s) basis set superposition error 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene British thermal unit benzene, toluene, and xylene
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
Ches CHF Chl Cho CHT Ci CI CID CIDEP
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butyl bushel butyl vinyl ether benzoyl benzyl coulomb; cysteine; cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance; heat capacity; number concentration centi (SI prefix for 10–2); combustion reaction amount concentration; specific heat; velocity speed of light in vacuum collisional activation; cellulose acetate approximately cellulose acetate butyrate computer-assisted drug design calorie calculated adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) ceric ammonium nitrate carbon fiber coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy complete active space Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number computerized axial tomography; clear air turbulence chemical beam epitaxy complete basis set (of orbitals) coupled cluster; combustion calorimetry cubic centimeter charge-coupled device circular dichroism candela; condensed (phase) 2-chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide complete neglect of differential overlap cytidine 5’-diphosphate 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrate charge density waves cohesive energy density channel electron multiplier counter electrophoresis coupled electron-pair approximation compare chlorofluorocarbon compound cubic feet per minute carbon reinforced plastics centimeter-gram-second system 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1propanesulfonic acid 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid coupled Hartree-Fock (method) chlorophyll choline 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene curie configuration interaction; chemical ionization; color index charge-injection device; collision-induced dissociation chemically induced dynamic electron polarization
CIDNP CIE cir CKFF CL CLT cm c.m. CMC c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COC COD conc const COOP cos cosh COSY COT cot coth CP Cp Cp* cP cp CPA CPC cpd CPE CPL CPR cps CPT CPU CPVC CR cr, cryst CRF CRU CSA csc CSR CT ct CTA CTEM CTFE CTP CTR cu
chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis circular Cotton-Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence (spectroscopy) central limit theorem centimeter center of mass carboxymethylcellulose critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5’-monophosphate; chemical measurement process coordination number; cellulose nitrate complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number cycloolefin copolymer chemical oxygen demand; 1,4-cyclooctadiene concentrated; concentration constant crystal orbital overlap population cosine hyperbolic cosine correlation spectroscopy 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene cotangent hyperbolic cotangent chemically pure cyclopentadienyl pentamethylcyclopentadienyl centipoise candle power coherent potential approximation centrifugal partition chromatography contact potential difference chlorinated polyethylene circular polarization of luminescence chlorophenol red cycles per second charge conjugation/space inversion/time inversion (theorem) central processing unit chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) chloroprene rubber (neoprene) crystalline (phase) charge remote fragmentation constitutional repeating unit (in polymer nomenclature) camphorsulfonic acid cosecant charge stripping reaction charge transfer carat cellulose triacetate conventional transmission electron microscopy chlorotrifluoroethylene cytidine 5’-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic
Symbols
Bu bu BVE Bz Bzl C °C C c c c0 CA ca. CAB CADD cal calc cAMP CAN CAR CARS CAS CASRN CAT CBE CBS CC cc CCD CD cd CDAA CDNO CDP CDT CDTA CDW CED CEM CEP CEPA cf. CFC cfm CFRP cgs Chaps
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
2-32
Symbols
CV CVD cw cwt Cy Cya Cyd cyl Cys Cyt D D d d 2,4-D D/A Da DA da DAA DAB Dab DACH DAIP DAP DART dB DBA DBCP DBED DBM DBMC DBMS DBP DBPC dc, DC DCB DCBP DCEE DCHA DCM DCNP DCP DCPD DDM DDT DE DEA Dec dec DEET deg DEK den DEP DES
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cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cysteic acid cytidine cylinder cysteine cytosine debye unit; aspartic acid diffusion coefficient; dissociation energy; electric displacement day; deuteron; deci (SI prefix for 10–1) distance; density; dextrorotatory 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid digital to analog dalton donor-acceptor (complex) deka (SI prefix for 101) diacetone alcohol 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane diallyl isophthalate plasticizer diammonium phosphate direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry decibel dibenz[a,h]anthracene; dibenzylamine 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane dibenzyl ethylene diamine dibutyl maleate 2,4-di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol database management system dibutyl phthalate; 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol direct current dicyanobenzene 4,4’-dichlorobenzophenone dichloroethyl ether dicyclohexylamine dichloromethane 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol dicyclopentadiene 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane delocalization energy; delayed extraction N,N-diethylaniline; diethanolamine decyl decomposes diethyltoluamide [N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide] degree diethyl ketone density 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol diethyl sulfate
DESI det dev DFT dGlc DHBA DHH DHR DHU DI diam DIBA DIBK dil DIM DIPA dm DMA DMAB DMAC DMAE DMBA DME DMF DMP DMS DMSO DMT DN DNA DNase DNB DNMR DNP Dod DOP DOS doz DP, d.p. DPA DPG dpl Dpm dpm dps DPU dr DRE dRib DRIFT DRP DRS DS DSC DTA DTBP
desorption electrospray ionization (in mass spectrometry) determinant deviation density functional theory 2-deoxyglucose 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid dehydroheliotridine dehydroretronecine dihydrouridine desorption ionization diameter diisobutyl adipate diisobutyl ketone dilute; dilution diatomics in molecules (method); digital imaging microscopy diisopropanolamine decimeter N,N-dimethylaniline 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene N,N-dimethylacetamide N,N-dimethylethanolamine 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 1,2-dimethoxyethane N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl phthalate dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfoxide dimethyl terephthalate; dimethyl tartrate donor number deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonuclease 1,3-dinitrobenzene dynamic NMR spectroscopy dinitropyrene dodecyl dioctyl phthalate density of states; digital operating system; dioctyl sebacate dozen degree of polymerization diphenylamine N,N’-diphenylguanidine displacement 2,6-diaminopimelic acid disintegrations per minute disintegrations per second N,N’-diphenylurea dram Dewar resonance energy 2-deoxyribose diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform dynamic reaction path diffuse reflectance spectroscopy degree of substitution differential scanning calorimetry differential thermal analysis di-tert-butyl peroxide
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
Eh e e EA EAA EAK EAN EC ECD ECP ECR ECTFE ED EDAX EDB EDC EDI EDS EDTA EEA EEDQ EEL EELS EES EFF EFFF EG EGA EGG EHMO, EHT EIMS EIS ELISA ELS EM EMAC emf EMPA, EMA emu en ENDOR EOS EP EPDS EPM EPR EPS EPT-76 EPTC
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divinylbenzene dyne double-zeta (type of basis set) exa (SI prefix for 1018); glutamic acid electric field strength; electromotive force; energy; Young’s modulus of elasticity; entgegen (trans configuration) Hartree energy electron; base of natural logarithms elementary charge; linear strain electron affinity ethylene acrylic acid copolymer; ethyl acetoacetate ethyl amyl ketone (3-octanone) effective atomic number ethyl cellulose electron capture dissociation effective core potential electron cyclotron resonance ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer electron diffraction energy dispersive analysis by x-rays ethylene dibromide [1,2-dibromoethane] ethylene dichloride [1,2-dichloroethane] estimated daily intake energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ethylene-ethyl acetate copolymer ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2H)-quinolinecarboxylate environmental exposure level electron energy loss spectroscopy excitation emission spectrum empirical force field energy factored force field equilibrium in the gas phase evolved gas analysis Einstein-Guth-Gold equation extended Hückel molecular orbital (theory) electron impact mass spectrometry electron impact spectroscopy; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay energy loss spectroscopy extended molarity; electron microscopy ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer electromotive force electron probe microanalysis electromagnetic unit system ethylenediamine electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state epoxy resin electron photodetachment spectroscopy ethylene-propylene copolymer electron paramagnetic resonance; ethylene propylene rubber expanded polystyrene provisional low temperature scale of 1976 dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester
EPXMA eq, eqn eqQ erf erg ES ESA ESCA ESD e.s.d. ESI ESR est esu ET Et ETA ETFE Etn ETO ETS ETU EU Eu e.u. eV EVA EVE EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext F °F F f
electron probe x-ray microanalysis equation quadrupole coupling constant error function erg (energy unit) equilibrium in solution electrostatic energy analyzer electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis electron stimulated desorption estimated standard deviation electrospray ionization electron spin resonance estimated electrostatic unit system ephemeris time; electron transfer ethyl electrothermal analysis ethylene tetrafluoroethylene polymer ethanolamine ethylene oxide electron tunneling spectroscopy ethylene thiourea polyether polyurethane Euler number entropy unit electronvolt ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer ethyl vinyl ether extended x-ray absorption fine structure (spectroscopy) extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external farad; phenylalanine degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant; force; angular momentum formation reaction; femto (SI prefix for 10–15)
f
activity coefficient; aperture ratio; focal length; force constant; frequency; fugacity fast atom bombardment flavine adenine dinucleotide high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry flowing afterglow – selected ion-flow tube face centered cubic field desorption free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital fluorinated ethylene propylene field effect transistor field ionization free induction decay field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number
FAB FAD FAIMS FA-SIFT fcc FD FEL FEM FEMO FEP FET FI fid FIM FIR fl FM Fo
Symbols
DVB dyn DZ E E
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
2-34
Symbols
fp fpm fps Fr Fr FRP Fru FSGO FT ft ft-lb FTIR FTMS FTNMR fus FVP FWHM G G g g GABA Gal gal GalN GB GC GC-MS GDMS GDP gem GeV GF GIAO GIBMS gl Gla GLC Glc GlcA GlcN GlcNAc GlcU Gln GLP Glu Glx Gly GMP GMT GPC gpm gps Gr gr
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freezing point feet per minute feet per second; foot-pound-second system franklin Froude number fibrous glass reinforced polyester; fiber reinforced plastic fructose floating spherical gaussian orbitals Fourier transform foot foot pound Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform mass spectrometry Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance fusion (melting) flash vacuum pyrolysis full width at half maximum gauss; guanine (in genetic code); giga (SI prefix for 109); glycine electrical conductance; Gibbs energy; gravitational constant; sheer modulus gram; gas (phase) acceleration due to gravity; degeneracy; Landé g-factor; statistical weight γ-aminobutyric acid gal; galactose gallon galactosamine gas-phase basicity gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy glow discharge mass spectroscopy guanosine 5’-diphosphate geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt glass reinforced gauge invariant atomic orbital guided ion beam mass spectrometry glacial 4-carboxyglutamic acid gas-liquid chromatography glucose gluconic acid glucosamine N-acetylglucosamine glucuronic acid glutamine good laboratory practice glutamic acid glutamine or glutamic acid (unspecified) glycine guanosine 5’-monophosphate Greenwich mean time gel-permeation chromatography gallons per minute gallon per second Grashof number grain
Gra Gri Grn Gro GTO GTP Gua Gul Guo GUT GVB GWS Gy H H H0 h h Ha ha HAM hav Hb HCA HCB hcp Hcy HCZ, HCTZ HDL HDPE HDS HEIS HEP Hepes Hepps HF HFA HFO hfs HHPA HIPS His HMC HMDA HMO HMT HMX HN1 HOAc HOC HOMAS HOMO HOSE Hp hp HPLC
glyceraldehyde glyceric acid glycerone [dihydroxyacetone] glycerol gaussian-type orbital guanosine 5’-triphosphate guanine gulose guanosine grand unified theory generalized valence bond (method) Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) gray; gigayear henry; histidine enthalpy; Hamiltonian function; magnetic field Hubble constant helion; hour; hecto (SI prefix for 102) Planck constant Hartmann number hectare hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin heterocyclic amine; hexachloroacetone hexachlorobenzene hexagonal closed packed homocysteine hydrochlorothiazide high-density lipoprotein high-density polyethylene hydrodesulfurization high-energy ion scattering high energy physics 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid high frequency; Hartree-Fock (method) hexafluoroacetone Hartree-Fock orbital hyperfine structure hexahydrophthalic anhydride high-impact polystyrene histidine high strength molding compound hexamethylenediamine Hückel molecular orbital hexamethylenetetramine cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamine acetic acid halogenated organic compound(s) harmonic oscillator model of aromatic stabilization highest occupied molecular orbital harmonic oscillator stabilization energy heptyl horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
i i I/O IAT IC ICD ICP ICR ICVTST ID id Ido IdoA IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF IGLO IIR IKES Ile Im IMFP imm IMP IMPATT IMS in. InChI INDO Ino INS Ins int IP IPA IPMA IPN IPR
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high pressure mass spectrometry p-hydroquinone hour Hückel resonance energy high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory) homodesmotic stabilization energy homoserine homovanillic acid hexyl 5-hydroxylysine hypoxanthine; 4-hydroxyproline hertz isoleucine; inositol; ionomer electric current; ionic strength; moment of inertia; nuclear spin angular momentum; radiant intensity square root of minus one electric current input/output international atomic time integrated circuit induced circular dichroism inductive-coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance improved canonical variational transition-state theory inside diameter ideal (solution) iodose iduronic acid inosine 5’-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency individual gauge for localized orbitals isobutylene-isoprene rubber (butyl rubber) ion kinetic energy spectrometry isoleucine imaginary part inelastic mean free path (of electrons) immersion inosine 5’-monophosphate impact ionization avalanche transit time ion mobility spectrometry inch IUPAC International Chemical Identifier immediate neglect of differential overlap inosine inelastic neutron scattering; ion neutralization spectroscopy myo-inositol internal ionization potential isopropyl alcohol ion probe microanalysis interpenetrating polymer network isotope perturbation of resonance
IPTS IQ IR IRAS IRC IRMPD IRMS IRS isc ISE ISS IT ITP ITS IU IVE J J j JT K K k k kat kb KC-MS kcal KDP KE KERD keV KG kg kgf KIE kJ km Kn kPa KS kt KTP kV kva kW kwh L L l l Lac LAH lat. lb
International Practical Temperature Scale 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f )quinoline infrared infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate infrared multiphoton dissociation isotope ratio mass spectrometry infrared spectroscopy intersystem crossing ion-selective electrode; isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy ion trap; information technology inosine 5’-triphosphate International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit isobutyl vinyl ether joule; leucine or isoleucine (unspecified) angular momentum; electric current density; flux; Massieu function angular momentum; electric current density Jahn-Teller (effect) kelvin; lysine absorption coefficient; bulk modulus; equilibrium constant; kinetic energy kilo (SI prefix for 103) absorption index; Boltzmann constant; rate constant; thermal conductivity; wave vector katal (unit of catalytic activity) kilobar; kilobases (DNA or RNA) Knudson cell mass spectrometry kilocalorie potassium dihydrogen phosphate kinetic energy kinetic energy release distributions kiloelectronvolt kinetics in the gas phase kilogram kilogram force kinetic isotope effect kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number kilopascal kinetics in solution karat potassium titanium phosphate kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liter; lambert; leucine Avogadro constant; inductance; Lagrange function; angular momentum liter; liquid (phase) angular momentum; length; mean free path; levorotatory lactose lithium aluminum hydride latitude pound
Symbols
HPMS HQ hr HRE HREELS HREM HSAB HSE Hse HVA Hx Hyl Hyp Hz I I
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
2-36
Symbols
lbf LC LC-MS lc LCAO LD LDA LDL LDPE LDV Le LE LEC LED LEED LEIS Leu LFER LFL LI lim LIMS liq LIT LLCT lm LMCT LMMS LMO LMR ln LNDO log LOMO long. LPE LPG LPHP LPU LSFE LSI LST LT LTE LUMO lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx M M Mr m
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pound force liquid chromatography; liquid crystal liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry liquid crystal (phase) linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose; laser desorption local density approximation; lithium diisopropylamide low-density lipoprotein low-density polyethylene laser-Doppler velocimetry Lewis function localization energy liquid exchange chromatography light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low-energy ion scattering leucine linear free energy relationships lower flammable limit laser ionization limit laser ionization mass spectroscopy; laboratory information management system liquid linear ion trap ligand to ligand charge transfer lumen ligand to metal charge transfer laser microprobe mass spectrometry localized molecular orbital laser magnetic resonance logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) lowest occupied molecular orbital longitude linear polyethylene liquid petroleum gas laser-powered homogeneous pyrolysis law of propagation of uncertainty linear field stabilization energy liquid secondary ionization local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lux langley light year lysine lyxose molar (as in 0.1 M solution); mega (SI prefix for 106); methionine magnetization; molar mass; mutual inductance; torque; angular momentum component; median molecular weight (relative molar mass) meter; molal (as in 0.1 m solution); metastable (isotope); milli (SI prefix for 10–3)
m Ma MA MAAc Mal Man MASNMR max Mb MBE MBER MBK MBOCA MBPT MBS MC MCAA MCD MCP MCPA MCPF MCS MCSCF MD MDI MDPE Me MeCCNU MeIQ MeIQx MEK MEP MERP Mes MESFET Met MeV meV MF mg MHD mi MIAK MIBK MIC MIK MIKES min MINDO MIPK MIR misc MKS MKSA mL, ml MM
magnetic dipole moment; mass; molality; angular momentum component; meta (locant on aromatic ring) Mach number maleic anhydride methyl amyl acetate maltose mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum myoglobin molecular beam epitaxy molecular beam electron resonance methyl butyl ketone 4,4’-methylenebis[2-chloroaniline] many body perturbation theory methyl methacrylate butadiene styrene terpolymer Monte Carlo (method) monochloroacetic acid magnetic circular dichroism microchannel plate (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid modified coupled pair functional Monte Carlo simulation multiconfigurational self-consistent field (approximation) molecular dynamics (method) methylene diphenylisocyanate medium density polyethylene methyl 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoxaline methyl ethyl ketone molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine megaelectronvolt millielectronvolt molecular formula; melamine-formaldehyde resin milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile methyl isoamyl ketone methyl isobutyl ketone methyl isocyanate methyl isobutyl ketone mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry minimum; minute modified INDO (method) methyl isopropyl ketone mid infrared miscible meter-kilogram-second system meter-kilogram-second-ampere system milliliter molecular mechanics
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
NAA NAAD NAD NADH NADP NANA NAO NBO
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millimeter microwave-microwave double resonance magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury m-nitroaniline modified neglect of diatomic overlap m-nitrotoluene N-methyl-N-nitrosourea molecular orbital; methyl orange microwave-optical double resonance mole molecular weight monomeric form 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol multiphoton ionization 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine methyl red multireference double substitution (method) magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA mass spectroscopy millisecond methanesulfonic acid Material Safety Data Sheet methanesulfonyl fluoride mass spectroscopy – kinetic method mean sea level methyl tert-butyl ether maximum tolerable dose muramic acid millivolt methyl vinyl ketone megawatt; microwave; molecular weight milliwatt molecular weight distribution maxwell newton; asparagine angular momentum; neutron number; number density Avogadro constant neutron; nano (SI prefix for 10–9) amount of substance; number density; principal quantum number; refractive index; normal (in chemical formulas) nuclear activation analysis; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD NAD phosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid natural atomic orbital natural bond orbital
nbp NBR NDELA NEDOR NEM Neu NEXAFS ng NHO NHOMO NICI NICS NIR nm NMN NMR Nn NNDO NO NOE NOEL NOx NP NPA NQR NR NRA ns NSE NTA NTP Nu Nu o OAA obs, obsd Oc OD ODMR Oe OFGF ONA ORD Oro oz P P p p
normal boiling point nitrile butadiene rubber [poly(butadiene-coacrylonitrile)] N-nitrosodiethanolamine nuclear electron double resonance N-ethylmorpholine neuraminic acid near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram natural hybrid orbital next-to-highest occupied molecular orbital negative ion chemical ionization nuclear independent chemical shift near infrared; ribosylnicotinamide nanometer
Pa
β-nicotinamide mononucleotide nuclear magnetic resonance nonyl neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect no-observed-effect level nitrogen oxides nitropyrene natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance natural rubber nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond neutron spin echo nitrilotriacetic acid normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (locant on aromatic ring) oxaloacetic acid observed octyl optical density; outside diameter optically detected magnetic resonance oersted outer valence Green’s function (method) o-nitroaniline optical rotatory dispersion orotate; orotidine ounce poise; peta (SI prefix for 1015); proline power; pressure; probability; sound energy flux proton; pico (SI prefix for 10–12) dielectric polarization; electric dipole moment; momentum; pressure; bond order; para (as aromatic ring locant) pascal
PA PAA PABA PABS PAC
proton affinity; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; polyamide (nylon) poly(acrylic acid) p-aminobenzoic acid p-aminobenzenesulfonamide photoacoustic calorimetry
Symbols
mm MMDR mmf mmHg MNA MNDO MNT MNU MO MODR mol mol.wt. mon Mops MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MPD MPI MPTP MR MRD MRI mRNA MS ms MSA MSDS MSF MS-K MSL MTBE MTD Mur mV MVK MW mW MWD Mx N N NA n n
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
2-38
Symbols
PAH PAI PAL PAM PAN PAR PARA PAS PB PBA PBAN PBB PBD PBI PBMA PBS PBT PC pc PCB PCHO PCL PCM PCNB PCP PCR PCT PCTFE PD PDB pdl PDMS PE Pe Pe pe PEA PEEK PEG PEI PEK PEL PEO PES PET peth PEX PF pf PFOA pg Ph pH Phe PhIP PHPMS
K21599_S02.indb 38
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(s) polyamide-imide polyaniline polyacrylamide 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol; polyacrylonitrile 4-(2’-pyridylazo)resorcinol polyaryl amide photoacoustic spectroscopy; polyarylsulfone polybutylene poly(butyl acrylate) polybutylene-acrylonitrile copolymer polybrominated biphenyl poly(1,3-butadiene) polybenzimidazole poly(butyl methacrylate) polybutadiene-styrene copolymer poly(butylene terephthalate) paper chromatography; photocalorimetry; polycarbonate parsec polychlorinated biphenyl paraldehyde (2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane) polycaprolactone polarizable continuum model pentachloronitrobenzene pentachlorophenol polymerase chain reaction poly(cyclohexylene terephthalate) polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene potential difference p-dichlorobenzene poundal poly(dimethylsiloxane) polyethylene pentyl Péclet number probable error poly(ethyl acrylate) poly(ether ether ketone) poly(ethylene glycol) polyetherimide polyetherketone permissible exposure limit poly(ethylene oxide) photoelectron spectroscopy; potential energy surface; polyethersulfone positron emission tomography; poly(ethylene terephthalate); pentaerythritol tetranitrate petroleum ether crosslinked polyethylene phenol-formaldehyde resin power factor perfluorooctanoic acid picogram phenyl negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenylalanine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine pulsed high pressure mass spectrometry
PI pI PIB PIMS PIN Pipes PIV PIXE pK PLM PLOT PLS pm PMA PMAC PMMA PMO PMP PMS PNA PNDO PNO PNRA PNT PO POAV pol POM POx PP ppb PPC PPE ppm PPO PPOX PPP PPS PPSU PPT ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro PS ps PSD psi psia psig PT pt PTFE PTME PTMS PTP
polyimide isoelectric point polyisobutylene photoionization mass spectrometry p-intrinsic-n (diode) 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid particle-image velocimetry particle induced x-ray emission negative log of ionization constant principle of least motion porous-layer open-tabular (column) partial least squares picometer poly(methyl acrylate) phenylmercuric acetate poly(methyl methacrylate) perturbation MO (theory) polymethylpentene polymethylstyrene; p-methylstyrene p-nitroaniline partial neglect of differential overlap pair natural orbitals prompt nuclear reaction analysis p-nitrotoluene polyolefin
π-orbital axis vector polymeric form polyoxymethylene phosphorus oxides polypropylene parts per billion chlorinated polypropylene poly(phenylene ether) parts per million poly(phenylene oxide) polypropylene oxide Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) poly(phenylene sulfide) poly(phenylene sulfone) poly(propylene terephthalate) parts per thousand; precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline photoelectron spectroscopy; polystyrene picosecond photon stimulated desorption pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage perturbation theory pint poly(tetrafluoroethylene) poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) propyltrimethoxysilane p-terphenyl
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
q QCD QCI QCT QED Q.E.D. QIT QMRE QMS QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. R °R R r r RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS Rbu, Rul RCI RDA RDS RDX Re RE RED REELS REM
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phenylthiourea polyurethane purine poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl acetate) poly(vinyl chloride) physical vapor deposition poly(vinylidene chloride) poly(vinylidene fluoride) poly(vinyl fluoride) poly(vinyl carbazole) poly(methyl vinyl ether) poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) pressure-volume-temperature pyrimidine pyrolysis mass spectrometry point of zero charge electric charge; heat; partition function; quadrupole moment; radiant energy; vibrational normal coordinate; glutamine electric field gradient; flow rate; heat; wave vector (phonons) quantum chromodynamics quadratic configuration interaction quasi-classical trajectory (method) quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quadrupole ion trap quantum mechanical resonance energy quadrupole mass spectrometry quantitative structure-activity relations quasi-stellar object quart quadrillion BTU (=1.055•1018 joules) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) roentgen; arginine; alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance; gas constant; molar refraction; Rydberg constant; coefficient of multiple correlation reaction (as in ∆rH) position vector; radius right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford back scattering ribulose ring current index rubidium dihydrogen arsenate rate determining step Royal Demolition Explosive (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro1,3,5-triazine) real part resonance energy radial electron distribution reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy reflection electron microscopy
rem REMPI REPE RF RGA Rha RHEED RHF RI RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase ROHF ROM ROMP ROP RPA RPH RPLC rpm rps RRK RRKM rRNA RRS RS RSC Ry S S s s SAED SALC SALI SAM SAMS SANS SAR Sar sat, satd SAXS SB SBS Sc SC SCD SCE SCF SCP SCR SCRF
roentgen equivalent man resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization resonance energy per electron radiofrequency residual gas analyzer rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) resonance ionization radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root-mean-square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease restricted open shell Hartree-Fock read only memory ring opening metathesis polymerization ring opening polymerization random phase approximation reaction path Hamiltonian reversed-phase liquid chromatography revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory) Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) ribosomal RNA resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy reaction-solution calorimetry rydberg siemens; serine area; entropy; probability current density; Poynting vector; symmetry coordinate; spin angular momentum second; solid (phase) path length; spin angular momentum; symmetry number; sedimentation coefficient; solubility; symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor) selected area electron diffraction symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy self-assembled monolayers small angle neutron scattering structure-activity relationship sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering styrene butadiene copolymer styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer Schmidt number spin-coupled (method) state correlation diagram saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field (method); supercritical fluid single cell protein silicon-controlled rectifier self-consistent reaction field (method)
Symbols
PTU PU Pu PVA PVAc PVC PVD PVDC PVDF PVF PVK PVME PVOH PVP PVT Py PyMS p.z.c. Q
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
2-40
Symbols
sd SDA SDW SE SEBS SEC sec sec SECSY Sed SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAF SFC Sh Shy SI SID SILAR SIM SIMS sin sinh SIPN SIS SLAM SLUMO SMILES SMMA SMO SMOW SNMS Sno SNU SOJT sol soln, sln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM SPST sq Sr sr Srd SSMS St St std, stnd STEL STEM
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standard deviation sulfadiazine spin density wave strain energy styrene ethylene butylene styrene block copolymer size exclusion chromatography secant; second secondary (in chemical name) spin-echo correlated spectroscopy sedoheptulose surface extended energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscopy; standard error of the mean separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure supercritical fluid chromatography Sherwood number thiohypoxanthine International System of Units; surface ionization surface-induced dissociation successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction selected ion monitoring secondary-ion spectroscopy sine hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network styrene isoprene styrene block copolymer scanning laser acoustic microscopy second lowest unoccupied molecular orbital simplified molecular input line entry system styrene methyl methacrylate copolymer semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water (Vienna) sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy thiouridine solar neutrino unit second-order Jahn-Teller (effect) soluble; solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy single-pulse shock tubes square Strouhal number steradian 6-thioinosine source spark mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) short-term exposure limit scanning transmission electron microscope
STM STO STP sub, subl Suc, Sac Sur Sv SWIFT T T t t TAC TAI Tal tan tanh Taps TBE TBP TC TCA TCB, TCBA TCE TCG TCNE TCNQ TCP TCSCF TDA TDI tDNA TE TEA TED TEDA TEELS TEM temp TEO TEPP tert Tes TFD TFE TGA Thd THEED theor thf, THF THQ Thr Thy TI
scanning tunneling microscopy Slater-type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimes; sublimation sucrose thiouracil sievert stored waveform inverse Fourier transform tesla; tera (SI prefix for 1012); threonine kinetic energy; period; term value; temperature (thermodynamic); torque; transmittance metric tonne; triton Celsius temperature; thickness; time; transport number time-to-amplitude converter International Atomic Time talose tangent hyperbolic tangent 3-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane tributyl phosphate titration calorimetry trichloroacetic acid 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid trichloroethylene Geocentric Coordinated Time tetracyanoethylene tetracyanoquinodimethane tricresyl phosphate two configuration self-consistent field toluene-2,4-diamine toluene diisocyanate transfer DNA transverse electric triethanolamine; triethylamine transferred electron device; transmission electron diffraction triethylenediamine transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy transverse electromagnetic; transmission electron microscope temperature thermoplastic elastic olefin tetraethyl pyrophosphate tertiary (in chemical name) 2-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method) tetrafluoroethylene thermogravimetric analysis ribosylthymine transmission high energy electron diffraction theoretical tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline threonine thymine thermal ionization
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
K21599_S02.indb 41
triisopropanolamine thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography threshold limit value transverse magnetic tetrabutylammonium bromide trimethylamine oxide tri-m-cresyl phosphate N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine threshold molecular weight value tetramethylsilane 2,4,6-trinitroaniline 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene tetranitromethane 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene tri-o-cresyl phosphate turnover frequency time-of-flight mass spectrometer tolyl turnover number trioctylphosphine oxide torr (pressure unit) tri-o-tolyl phosphate thermoplastic elastomer triphenyltin acetate triphenyltin chloride topological resonance energy trehalose N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol time-resolved microwave conductivity transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state transition state spectroscopy generalized transition-state theory tetrathiofulvalene tyrosine uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference; internal energy unified atomic mass unit Bloch function; electric mobility; velocity astronomical unit (AU is also used) Urey-Bradley force field 1,1-dimethylhydrazine uridine 5’-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency; unrestricted Hartree-Fock (method) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene ultra low density polyethylene ultra linear polyethylene uridine 5’-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy uracil uridine United States Pharmacopeia
UT UTC UTP UV V V v v/v VA Val vap VAT VB VCD VDW VHF vic VIS vit VLDPE VLPP VMA VOC VOFF VPC VSEPR VSIP VSLI VSMOW VTCS VUV W W w w/v w/w WAXS Wb We WKB WLF WLN wt X X x X, Xaa XAFS Xan XANES Xao Xle XLPE Xlu, Xul XPS, XPES
universal time coordinated universal time uridine 5’-triphosphate ultraviolet volt; valine electric potential; potential energy; volume reaction rate; specific volume; velocity; vibrational quantum number; vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) vinyl acetate, vanillic acid valine vaporization vibration assisted tunneling valence band; valence bond (theory) vibrational circular dichroism van der Waals interaction very high frequency vicinal (on adjacent carbon atom) visible region of the spectrum vitreous (phase) very low density polyethylene very low pressure pyrolysis vanilmandelic acid volatile organic compound(s) valence orbital force field vapor phase chromatography valence shell electron-pair repulsion (method) valence state ionization potential very large scale integrated (circuit) Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water vinyltrichlorosilane vacuum ultraviolet watt; tryptophan radiant energy; statistical weight; work energy density; mass fraction; velocity; work weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, usually expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (approximation) Williams-Landel-Ferry (equation) Wiswesser line notation weight X unit; halogen (in chemical formula) reactance mole fraction unspecified amino acid x-ray absorption fine structure xanthine x-ray absorption near-edge structure xanthosine leucine or isoleucine (unspecified) crosslinked polyethylene xylulose x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Symbols
TIPA TL TLC TLV TM TMAB TMAO TMCP TMEDA TMMV TMS TNA TNB TNM TNT TOCP TOF TOF-MS tol TON TOPO Torr TOTP TPE TPTA TPTC TRE Tre Tricine Tris TRMC tRNA Trp trs TS TSS TST TTF Tyr U U u u ua UBFF UDMH UDP UHF UHMWPE ULDPE ULPE UMP uns, unsym UPS, UPES Ura Urd USP
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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
2-42
Symbols
XRD XRF XRS Xyl Y Y y y y, yr YAG yd YIG Z Z z z ZDO ZINDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β β γ γ
Γ ∆ δ ε
K21599_S02.indb 42
x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy xylose yotta (SI prefix for 1024); tyrosine admittance; Planck function; Young’s modulus yocto (SI prefix for 10–24) mole fraction for gas (when x refers to liquid phase) year yttrium aluminum garnet yard yttrium iron garnet zetta (SI prefix for 1021); glutamine or glutamic acid (unspecified) atomic number; compression factor; collision number; impedance; partition function; zusammen (cisconfiguration) zepto (SI prefix for 10–21) charge number (of an ion); collision frequency factor zero differential overlap Zerner’s INDO method zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient; degree of dissociation; electric polarizability; expansion coefficient; fine structure constant beta particle reciprocal temperature parameter (= 1/kT)
photon; gamma (obsolete mass unit = µg) activity coefficient; conductivity; magnetogyric ratio; mass concentration; ratio of heat capacities; surface tension Grüneisen parameter; level width; surface concentration inertial defect; mass excess chemical shift; Dirac delta function; Kronecker delta; loss angle emittance; Levi-Civita symbol; linear strain; molar absorption coefficient; permittivity
ζ η κ λ Λ µ µ
µF µg µm µs ν νe ν Π π ρ σ τ Φ φ χ χe
ψ Ω Ω ω
Coriolis coupling constant; electrokinetic potential overpotential; viscosity compressibility; conductivity; magnetic susceptibility; molar absorption coefficient absolute activity; radioactive decay constant; thermal conductivity; wavelength angular momentum; ionic conductivity muon; micro (SI prefix for 10–6) chemical potential; electric dipole moment; electric mobility; friction coefficient; Joule-Thompson coefficient; magnetic dipole moment; mobility; permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency; kinematic velocity; stoichiometric number neutrino wavenumber osmotic pressure; Peltier coefficient pion density; reflectance; resistivity electrical conductivity; cross section; normal stress; shielding constant (NMR); Stefan-Boltzmann constant; surface tension; standard deviation transmittance; chemical shift; shear stress; relaxation time magnetic flux; potential energy; radiant power; work function electrical potential; fugacity coefficient; osmotic coefficient; quantum yield; wavefunction magnetic susceptibility electric susceptibility wavefunction ohm axial angular momentum; solid angle circular frequency; angular velocity; harmonic vibration wavenumber; statistical weight
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Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets The following table presents the Hebrew, Greek, and Russian alphabets, their letters, the names of the letters, and the English equivalents. aleph
’
2
ב
beth
b, bh
ג
gimel
g, gh
ד
daleth
d, dh
ה
he
h
ו
waw
w
ז
zayin
z
ח
heth
ט
h.
teth
י
t.
yodh
y
ך כ
kaph
k, kh
ל
lamedh
l
ם מ
mem
m
ן נ
nun
n
ס
samekh s
ע
ayin
‘
ף פ
pe
p, ph
ץ צ
sadhe
ק
s.
qoph
q
ר
resh
r
שׂ
sin
ś
שׁ
shin
sh
ת
taw
t, th
Α α
Greek4
alpha
a
Β β
beta
b
Γ γ
gamma g, n
∆ δ
delta
Ε ε
epsilon e
Ζ ζ
zeta
z
Η η
eta
ē
Θθ
theta
th
Ι ι
iota
i
Κ κ
kappa
k
Λ λ
lambda l
Μ µ
mu
m
Ν ν
nu
n
Ξ ξ
xi
x
Ο ο
omicron o
Π π
pi
p
Ρ ρ
rho
r, rh
d
Σ σ ς sigma
s
T τ
tau
t
ϒ υ
upsilon y, u
Φ φ
phi
ph
Χ χ
chi
ch
Ψ ψ
psi
ps
Ω ω
omega ō
Russian
А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р C с Т т У у Фф Хх Ц ц Чч Ш ш Щщ Ъ ъ5 Ы ы Ь ь6 Э э Юю Яя
a b v g d e zh z i, ĭ k l m n o p r s t u f kh ts ch sh shch ” y ’ e yu ya
Symbols
א
Hebrew1,3
Where two forms of a letter are given, the second one is the form used at the end of a word. Not represented in transliteration when initial. 3 The Hebrew letters are primarily consonants; a few of them are also used secondarily to represent certain vowels, when provided at all, by means of a system of dots or strokes adjacent to the consonated characters. 4 The letter gamma is transliterated “n” only before velars; the letter upsilon is transliterated “u” only as the final element in diphthongs. 5 This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is not palatized even though immediately followed by a palatized vowel. 6 This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is palatized even though not immediately followed by a palatized vowel. 1 2
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Definitions of Scientific Terms Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms:
Symbols
d d d d
Physical quantities Units of measure Classes of chemical compounds and materials Important theories, laws, and basic concepts.
Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. An asterisk (*) following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term.
Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol–1dm3cm–1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5] Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfvén waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5]
K21599_S02.indb 45
2-45 Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n–2, RC≡CR´. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+O–. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the α-amino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10–10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogen-bound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The
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Symbols
susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1] Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10–27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.
K21599_S02.indb 46
Definitions of Scientific Terms Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N–; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2 ⇌ 3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10–28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH– ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s–1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the Beer-Lambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy differ-
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ence between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula
ρ=
8πhc λ 5 (e hc/λkt − 1)
where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E–µ)/kT-1]–1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes
K21599_S02.indb 47
2-47 the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan–1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR´, (R´ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univa-
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Symbols
lent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7] Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3]
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Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α:
ε r − 1 ρN A α = εr + 2 3 M ε0
where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino
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acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)–1 q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper
K21599_S02.indb 49
2-49 Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef )* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s–1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions)
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Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the form
ε r − 1 ρN A = εr + 2 3 Mε0
µ2 α + 3kT
where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T 1 atm) 1.107925 1.467420
69
Acetyl fluoride
Ethanoyl fluoride
C2H3FO
557-99-3
62.042
vol liq or gas
-84
22(7)
1.03225
70 71
N-Acetylglutamic acid N-Acetylglycine
Aceturic acid
C7H11NO5 C4H7NO3
1188-37-0 543-24-8
199 206
72
Oxaceprol
C7H11NO4
73
trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-Lproline 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole
189.166 pr (w) 117.104 lo nd (w, MeOH) 33996-33-7 173.167 cry (Ac)
C5H6N2O
2466-76-4
110.114
104.5
74 75 76 77
Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine
Ethanoyl iodide
C2H3IO C3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C7H13NO3S
507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5
169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248
48
66
K21599_PCOC.indb 6
Synonym
liq
79
nD
Solubility
0.839020 1.453520 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s ace 0.785720 1.344230 msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 1.028120 1.537220 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, con sulf, chl
s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, tfa
187.5
193
1.081841 1.54741
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH vs H2O vs eth msc eth, bz, chl; s ace msc eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; i eth
109.5
132
109(5) 132.5
2.067320 1.549120 1.152313 1.523118
sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2
265 dec 114.5
4/2/14 2:50 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
N HN
N
N
N
N
N
37
Acetone (1-methylethylidene)hydrazone
O O P S O
O
S NH2
36
3-7
38
Acetone thiosemicarbazide
39
Acetonitrile
40
Acetophenone
H N
O O
O
41
Acetophenone azine
Acetoxon
O O S Cl
HO
O
O
42
N-Acetylacetamide
HO O
HO
O N H
H N
NH
OH
OH
O O
NH
44
N-Acetyl-L-alanine
HN
O
O
O
43
OH
HO
47
4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid
2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid
2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose
Organic
4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride
O
46
45
HO
O O
HO
NH
HN
OH
HO
N H
O
48
50
2-(Acetylamino)fluorene
HO
O
O
O
51
4-(Acetylamino)fluorene
HO HO
OH
H N
O
O
49
2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose
O
52
6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid
4-Acetylanisole
O
O
O
O O
O O
O
53
54
2-Acetylbenzoic acid
55
3-Acetylbenzoic acid
O
O
56
4-Acetylbenzoic acid
O Br
Cl
57
Acetyl benzoylperoxide
58
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl chloride
O O
O Br N
O
Cl N
O
59
O
I N
O
60
Acetylcholine bromide
O
O
OH NH
O
O
61
Acetylcholine chloride
O
HS
62
Acetylcholine iodide
63
2-Acetylcyclohexanone
64
2-Acetylcyclopentanone
N-Acetyl-L-cysteine
O O O
O
O
OH HO
65
H
66
3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone
N H
H
67
1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene
F
68
Acetylene
O HO
O
OH
69
N-Acetylethanolamine
Acetyl fluoride
NH OH O
O
70
N-Acetylglutamic acid
O
HO H N
N
OH COOH
N
O
N
71
N-Acetylglycine
K21599_PCOC.indb 7
O O
O
O
O
72
trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline
73
1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole
O I
74
Acetyl iodide
N
75
C
S
Acetyl isothiocyanate
S
O
HO NH2
N H
76
OH
N6-Acetyl-L-lysine
OH HN O
77
N-Acetyl-DL-methionine
4/2/14 2:50 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-8 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
78 79
Methionamine Aspidospermine
C7H13NO3S C22H30N2O2
65-82-7 466-49-9
Dehydroacetic acid
C5H9NO2 C8H15NO C8H8O4
83
N-Acetyl-L-methionine 1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran2,4(3H)-dione 4-Acetylmorpholine
84 85 86
N-Acetylneuraminic acid Acetyl nitrate 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid
Aceneuramic acid
87 88
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
den g cm –3
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
105.5 208
2202
1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6
191.248 354.485 nd or pr (al) nd (peth) 115.131 liq 141.211 liq 168.148
-25 -13.6 109
195 239 270
1.066325 1.450225 0.968425 1.473125
C6H11NO2
1696-20-4
129.157
14.5
15250
1.114520 1.482720
C11H19NO9 C2H3NO4 C9H8O4
131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2
186 60 exp
1.2415
4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic 5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid acid 4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone
C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4
2345-34-8 1503-53-3
309.271 105.050 180.158 nd (w), mcl tab (w) 180.158 259.054 nd (al)
C10H10O4
881-68-5
194.184
78
C10H10O3
2243-35-8
178.184 orth pl
49
91
1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone
Acetoxyacetone
C5H8O3
592-20-1
116.116
92 93 94 95 96
(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane 4-Acetylphenyl acetate N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester
Tributyltin acetate Triphenyltin acetate
C14H30O2Sn C20H18O2Sn C10H10O3 C11H13NO3 C13H17NO3
56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8
80 81 82
Organic
89 90
Acetylsalicylic acid
98
Acetyl phosphate
C2H5O5P
99 100 101
C7H13NO C7H11NO2 C22H28N6O14P2
102 103 104
1-Acetylpiperidine 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 4-Acetylthioanisole Acetyl thiocholine iodide N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan
349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279 cry (EtOH aq) 3618-96-0 221.252 nd (peth) or visc oil (chl) 590-54-5 140.032 unstab in soln 618-42-8 127.184 liq 32161-06-1 141.168 86-08-8 662.436 solid
C9H10OS C7H16INOS C13H14N2O3
1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4
105
N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine
C11H13NO4
106 107 108 109 110
N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-valine Acid Fuchsin Fuchsin, acid Acifluorfen 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid Aconine
111 112
Aconitine 9-Acridinamine
113
97
C12H15NO3
3-Acetyl NAD
136(4)
Solubility sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc
s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz
188.5 60
270
1.116965 1.503665
171
1.075720 1.414120
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH
84.7 125.2(0.5) s ctc, CS2 s EtOH
173.5 93 91
-13.4
226.5 218
81.5 205 189.5
C13H17NO4 C7H13NO3 C20H17N3Na2O9S3 C14H7ClF3NO5
166.239 289.177 246.261 nd (dil MeOH) 537-55-3 223.226 cry (w); pl (diox) 840-97-1 251.279 96-81-1 159.183 3244-88-0 585.539 50594-66-6 361.658
C25H41NO9
509-20-6
499.596 amor
132
Aminacrine
C34H47NO11 C13H10N2
302-27-2 90-45-9
645.737 orth lf 194.231 ye nd (ace or al)
204 241
Acridine
Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine
C13H9N
260-94-6
110.06(0.05) 346.9(1)
114
3,6-Acridinediamine
Proflavine
C13H11N3
92-62-6
285
115
9(10H)-Acridinone
C13H9NO
578-95-0
179.217 orth nd or pr (al) 209.246 ye nd (al or w) 195.216 ye lf (al)
116
Acrolein
2-Propenal
C3H4O
107-02-8
56.063
liq
-87.8(0.9)
52.3(0.1)
117
Acrylamide
2-Propenamide
C3H5NO
79-06-1
71.078
lf (bz)
85(1)
192.6
118
Acrylic acid
2-Propenoic acid
C3H4O2
79-10-7
72.063
acrid liq
13.56(0.05)
142(2)
119
Acrylonitrile
Propenenitrile
C3H3N
107-13-1
53.063
liq
-83.51(0.05) 77.2(0.2)
120
Acyclovir
C8H11N5O3
59277-89-3 225.205 cry (EtOH)
K21599_PCOC.indb 8
nD
1.0119 1.14625
1.479025 vs H2O, EtOH 1.502620
s H2O, EtOH, alk
153 80.5 164 sl H2O, EtOH 164.3(0.5)
1.00520
>300
0.84020
1.401720
1.051120 1.422420
0.800725 1.391120
s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
225
4/2/14 2:50 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-9
N
O S
OH HN
N O
78
N
H O
O
O
79
N-Acetyl-L-methionine
O
OH O
H O
O
80
1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine
N
N O
81
N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide
1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine
O
O
O
82
83
3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H )-dione
4-Acetylmorpholine
OH
O
O O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH
HO O
OH
O N
O
84
O
O
O O
Br
87
2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid
O
O
O
86
Acetyl nitrate
O
O
O
85
N-Acetylneuraminic acid
HO
O
O
88
4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid
89
2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid
4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde
Organic
NH
O O O O
OH
O
O
O O
Sn O
Sn O
O
O O
O
90
91
2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone
HN
92
1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone
93
(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane
O
95
94
(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane
N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine
4-Acetylphenyl acetate
NH2 N O CH2O P O O
O
O
O
O
O
HN
HN
O
O
96
97
N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester
O P OH O OH
98
N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester
Acetyl phosphate
N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3
102
4-Acetylthioanisole
O
N
O
O
99
101
100
1-Acetylpiperidine
103
3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone
I N
S
OH OH
O
Acetyl thiocholine iodide
H2N
HN
O
OH
N H
HO
105
N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan
106
N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine
OH
HO F O F
O O N O
H
N HO
109
O
Acid Fuchsin
O O
H H
N OH
O
HO
O
H O
O OH
NH2
O
O
110
Acifluorfen
NH2
108
N-Acetyl-L-valine
OH
O OH H OH
H O
107
N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester
O Cl
O
O
O S OH O
O S NaO O
HN
HN
O
104
OH
O
HN
HO
NH
O S NaO O
O
O OH
O
F
O
OH OH
O N N
S N
111
Aconine
N
N
112
113
9-Acridinamine
Aconitine
Acridine
O H O H2N O H2N
N
114
3,6-Acridinediamine
K21599_PCOC.indb 9
NH2
N H
115
9(10H )-Acridinone
O
116
Acrolein
N
N N
N O
O NH2
117
Acrylamide
N
OH
118
Acrylic acid
119
Acrylonitrile
OH
120
Acyclovir
4/2/14 2:50 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-10 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
121
Adenine
1H-Purin-6-amine
C5H5N5
73-24-5
122 123
Adenosine Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate
β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 C10H13N5O4 cAMP C10H12N5O6P
124
3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen phosphate) Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl) phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid ATP
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
360 dec
220 sub
Organic
58-61-7 60-92-4
135.128 orth nd (+3w) 267.242 n(w+3/2) 329.206 cry
C10H15N5O10P2
1053-73-2
427.202 amor pow
C11H17N5O9P2
3768-14-7
425.229 cry (w)
204
C10H14N5O7P C10H16N5O13P3 C14H20N6O5S C10H14N5O7P
84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8
347.222 col nd 507.181 384.411 347.222
195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec
C6H11NO3 C20H26ClNO2
334-25-8 50-42-0
145.156 nd (w) 347.879 cry
161.5 113.5
den g cm –3
nD
s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH
235.5 219
s H2O
125
Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate
126 127 128 129
Adenosine 3’-phosphate Adenosine 5’-triphosphate S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 5’-Adenylic acid
130 131
Adipamic acid Adiphenine hydrochloride
132
Adipic acid
1,6-Hexanedioic acid
C6H10O4
124-04-9
146.141 mcl pr (w, ace, lig)
151.5(0.6)
337.5
1.36025
133
Adiponitrile
Hexanedinitrile
C6H8N2
111-69-3
108.141 nd (eth)
2.2(0.4)
295
0.967620 1.438020
134
Adrenalone
C9H11NO3
99-45-6
181.188 nd
235 dec
135
Affinin
C14H23NO
25394-57-4 221.339 ye oil
23
136 137 138 139
Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine
C17H12O6 C17H14O6 C17H12O7 C12H17N3O4
1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6
268 287.5 245 207 dec
C20H26N2O2
4360-12-7
Adenosine 5’-monophosphate
N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide
140
L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4-(hydroxymethyl) phenyl]hydrazide] Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α) Ajmaline
141 142
Alachlor DL-Alanine
DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid
C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2
143
D-Alanine
2-Aminopropanoic acid, (R)
144
L-Alanine
145
β-Alanine
146
312.273 cry 314.289 328.273 cry 267.281 cry (dil al)
206
C3H7NO2
326.432 pl (+3.5w) (aq AcOEt) 15972-60-8 269.768 302-72-7 89.094 orth pr or nd (w) 338-69-2 89.094 nd (w, al)
2-Aminopropanoic acid, (S)
C3H7NO2
56-41-7
89.094
3-Aminopropanoic acid
C3H7NO2
107-95-9
89.094
Alantolactone
C15H20O2
147 148 149 150
Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin
151
Alizarin
152 153
orth (w)
297 dec
250 sub
C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 C7H14N2O4S C12H8Cl6
116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2
190.263 360.444 cry (HOAc) 222.262 cry 364.910
101.1(0.4) 166.5 141 103.8(0.3)
1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
C14H8O4
72-48-0
Alizarin Red S Alizarin Yellow R
Sodium alizarinesulfonate
C14H7NaO7S C13H9N3O5
130-22-3 2243-76-7
154
Alizurol purple
1-Hydroxy-4-[(4methylphenyl)amino]-9,10anthracenedione
C21H15NO3
81-48-1
240.212 oran or red 289.5 tcl nd or pr (al) 342.257 287.227 oran-br nd 253 dec (dil HOAc) 329.349 flat viol nd
155
Alkannin
C16H16O5
149
156
Allantoic acid
C4H8N4O4
23444-65-7 288.295 br-red pr (bz) 99-16-1 176.132 nd
157
Allantoin
C4H6N4O3
97-59-6
158.116 mcl pl or
239
158
Allene
C3H4
463-49-0
40.064
-136.4(0.5)
159 160
Allethrin Allicin
C19H26O3 C6H10OS2
584-79-2 539-86-6
302.407 162.272
K21599_PCOC.indb 10
i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz
sub
76
1.513425
vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O
vs H2O
314 dec
546-43-0
col gas
1620.5
1000.02 250 sub
200 dec
Bis[(aminocarbonyl) amino]acetic acid
vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl
42(2) 300 dec
nd, orth pr (al) 232.319 nd
Solubility
1.13325 1.42425
s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl
1.43222 1.43719
275 1.19525
sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2SO4
140 sub
vs EtOH
-34.8(0.3)
1.4168
sl H2O, os, dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth
1.56120
vs H2O
170 dec
dec
0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220
4/2/14 2:50 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-11 NH2
NH2 N
N NH2 N
O
O
121
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
N
N
124
HO
N
N
HO
127
N
O
O
H O
O H N
137
NH2
H H O
O
N H
O
O
Aflatoxin B1
O N
H
O
OH
140
Agaritine
OH NH2
NH2
143
H2N
145
Cl
O
O
150
OH O
148
O N O
O
151
OH
152
OH COOH O
H2N
OH O
155
Alkannin
N H
N H
156
Allantoic acid
O
O NH2
H2N
N H
157
Allantoin
O
N N
N H
O HN
OH
154
Alizurol purple
H
O O
H
H C
O
H
H
158
Allene
OH
HO
Alizarin Yellow R
N
N H
149
153
Alizarin Red S
O
Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide
O SO3Na
Alizarin
N
O O Aldosterone
OH
O
O
O OH
O
Aldrin
OH OH O
N H
Cl
Cl
DL-Alanine
S
Aldicarb
Cl
K21599_PCOC.indb 11
N
147
Alantolactone
OH
Cl Cl
S
146
β-Alanine
L-Alanine
142
Alachlor
O
O OH
144
D-Alanine
O
O
OH
O
141
Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)
O O
Cl
OH
O O
N
NH2
139
Aflatoxin G1
O
136
Affinin
N H Me
O
O
O
135
OH
H N
138
Aflatoxin B2
H N
Adrenalone
HO
H O
O
131
Adiphenine hydrochloride
HO
O
O
130
Adipamic acid
134
O
N
O
O
OH
O
O
H
O
O
OH Adiponitrile
O
HO
O
133
Adipic acid
H
HCl
HO
N
132
O
126
Adenosine 3’-phosphate
NH2
5’-Adenylic acid
O O
OH
OH
125
129
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
OH
OH
Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate
O
HO
O HO
O
OH
128
Adenosine 5’-triphosphate
O HO P O
N
N
O HO P
O
OH
OH
O
O
N
N
NH2
OH
N
N HO
N
N
NH2 N
S
O
O
N
HO
Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate
NH2 N
N
OH
OH
Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)
NH2 N HO P O P O P O
OH
123
Adenosine
O O HO P P O OH OH
O HO P O
HO
122
Adenine
O
N
N
N
OH
O
O P OH OH
NH2
N
N
HO P O
N
N
O
N H
N
N
N
HO N
N
N
NH2 N
N
Organic
NH2
159
Allethrin
O O S
S
160
Allicin
4/2/14 2:50 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-12 No.
Name
161
Allopregnane-3β,21-diol11,20-dione
162 163
Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one Allopurinol
164 165 166
D-Allose Alloxanic acid Alloxantin
167
Allyl acetate
168
Synonym
Organic
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
C21H32O4
566-02-9
C21H34O2 C5H4N4O
516-58-5 315-30-0
C6H12O6 C4H4N2O5 C8H6N4O8
2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4
C5H8O2
Allyl acetoacetate
169
Allyl acrylate
170
Allyl alcohol
171
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
348.477 cry (aq, ac, +w) nd (bz, ac) 318.494 136.112 cry
190
128 162 dec 254 dec
591-87-7
180.155 cry (w) 160.085 tcl pr (eth) 286.156 orth pr (w+2) 100.117
C7H10O3
1118-84-9
142.152 liq
-85
C6H8O2
999-55-3
112.127
2-Propen-1-ol
C3H6O
107-18-6
58.079
liq
Allylamine
2-Propen-1-amine
C3H7N
107-11-9
57.095
liq
172
N-Allylaniline
Allylphenylamine
C9H11N
589-09-3
133.190
173
Allylbenzene
2-Propenylbenzene
C9H10
300-57-2
118.175 liq
174 175
α-Allylbenzenemethanol Allyl benzoate
C10H12O C10H10O2
936-58-3 583-04-0
176
Allyl butanoate
C7H12O2
177 178 179 180
Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyl trans-cinnamate
C4H7NO2 C5H11ClSi C4H5ClO2 C12H12O2
181 182 183 184 185 186
1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine
187
Allyl ethyl ether
188
Allyl formate
189
Allyl 2-furancarboxylate
190 191 192
Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl) carbamate Allyl isocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate Allyl methacrylate 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol
193 194 195 196
197
5α-Pregnan-20β-ol-3-one 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4d]pyrimidin-4-one
den g cm –3
nD
Solubility
195(3) 350 vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc
104(2)
0.927520 1.404920
198(19)
1.036620 1.439820
121
0.944120 1.432020
-129
96.9(0.5)
0.854020 1.413520
-88.2
54(2)
0.75820
219
0.973625 1.56320
158(2)
0.892020 1.513120
148.201 162.185
228.5
2051-78-7
128.169
142
2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5
101.105 134.680 120.535 hyg liq 188.222
111 109.5 268 dec
1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4
140.222 122.207 liq 110.197 liq 174.314 113.201 85.148
190 159(9) 127(4) 155 110 62(4)
1.00418 1.528921 1.056915 1.517820 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH 0.901720 1.415820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc 0.896420 1.419520 1.136 1.422020 1.04823 1.53020 i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc 0.934122 1.475622
557-31-3
86.132
65(4)
C4H6O2
1838-59-1
86.090
83.6
C8H8O3
4208-49-5
152.148
207.5
C6H10O2 C9H16O2 C5H9NO3
106-92-3 114.142 123-68-2 156.222 24935-97-5 131.130 cry (tol)
Eugenol
C4H5NO C4H5NS C7H10O2 C10H12O2
1476-23-9 57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0
83.089 99.155 liq 126.153 164.201 liq
-7.5
88 160(6) 6750 254(7)
1,3,4-Eugenol acetate
C12H14O3
93-28-7
206.237 pr (al)
30.5
281
2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5
142.196 155.099 102.132
C9H10O C9H10O
1745-81-9 501-92-8
134.174 liq 134.174
C9H10O
1746-13-0
134.174
3-Acetoxypropene
Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate
C9H16O C9H14 C8H14 C8H18O2Si N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine C7H15N N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1C5H11N amine C5H10O 1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene
Allyl 2-furanoate
198 199 200
4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate Allyl 3-methylbutanoate Allylmethyldichlorosilane 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol
C8H14O2 C4H8Cl2Si Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether C5H10O2
201 202
2-Allylphenol 4-Allylphenol
Chavicol
203
Allyl phenyl ether
K21599_PCOC.indb 12
bp/˚C
-40(4)
-110.6(0.1)
154 186
0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425
1.420520
1.441220 s chl 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020
0.765120 1.388120 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.946020 sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 1.11525 1.494520 s eth, ace; sl ctc 0.969820 1.433220 0.886920
57
-80
154 119.5 158.5
-6 15.8
220 238 190.5(0.8)
1.012620 1.530620 vs bz, eth, EtOH 0.933520 1.436020 1.065220 1.540520 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils 1.080620 1.520520 i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc 1.075820 1.441920 0.958020 1.435820 msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH 1.024615 1.518120 vs eth 1.020315 1.544118 vs eth, EtOH, chl 0.981120 1.522320 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc
4/2/14 2:50 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H OH
O
OH H
H
H
HN HO
O
H
161
162
Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20-dione
O
163
Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one
O
N N H
N
H
CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH
H H H H
O
Allopurinol
168
O
N H
H N
O O OH
H N
N H
HO O O
N H
O
O
165
D-Allose
169
170
171
Allyl alcohol
Alloxanic acid
H2N
O
173
N-Allylaniline
Allylbenzene
Allyl butanoate
O
174
184
185
Allyldiethylamine
180
181
Allyl trans-cinnamate
O
186
187
Allyldimethylamine
O
O
188
Allyl ethyl ether
Allyl formate
O
191
Allyl hexanoate
H N
1-Allylcyclohexene
O
O
N
182
1-Allylcyclohexanol
O
189
Allyl 2-furancarboxylate
O O
190
Allyl glycidyl ether
O O
HO
Allyl benzoate
HO
OH O
175
α-Allylbenzenemethanol
O
Allyl chloroformate
N
Allyldiethoxymethylsilane
O
O
179
Allylchlorodimethylsilane
O Si O
183
Cl
178
Allyl carbamate
Allylcyclopentane
O
Si Cl
177
Allyl acetate
O
O
176
167
Alloxantin
OH
172
Allylamine
O
O
O
NH2
OH
Allyl acrylate
O
166
H N O
Allyl acetoacetate
O OH H N O
164
O O
HO
Organic
O
3-13
O O
O
O O
N
192
Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate
C
O N
193
194
Allyl isocyanate
C
S
Allyl isothiocyanate
O
195
Allyl methacrylate
196
4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol
197
4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate
OH OH O O
198
Allyl 3-methylbutanoate
K21599_PCOC.indb 13
Cl Si
199
O Cl
Allylmethyldichlorosilane
O
200
OH
2-(Allyloxy)ethanol
201
2-Allylphenol
202
4-Allylphenol
203
Allyl phenyl ether
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-14 Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
Organic
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
204 205 206 207 208
Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)Allylthiourea
2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine
C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H12S2 C6H11NO3S C4H8N2S
2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9
209 210 211 212
Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea
Trichloro-2-propenylsilane
C3H5Cl3Si C9H20O3Si C6H14Si C4H8N2O
107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9
114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 nd (dil ac) 116.185 mcl or orth pr (w) 175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119 nd (al)
213
Allyl vinyl ether
3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene
C5H8O
3917-15-5
84.117
214
Aloin A
C21H22O9
1415-73-2
418.395
215 216 217 218
Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose
C16H23NO2 C22H24N2O4 C21H20N2O3 C6H12O6
15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0
261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155
219 220 221 222
Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide
2-Butanol, aluminum salt Hydroxyaluminum distearate Aluminum ethoxide
C12H27AlO3 C36H71AlO5 C6H15AlO3 C9H21AlO3
2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7
246.322 610.928 wh pow 145 162.163 liq/wh solid 140 204.243 hyg wh 119 solid
19720
223
Alverine
N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl) amine
C20H27N
150-59-4
281.435 oil
1660.3
224 225 226 227 228
α-Amanitin Amaranth dye Ametryn Amminetrimethylboron 19-Amino-8,11,13-abieta triene 2-Aminoacetamide
C39H54N10O14S C20H11N2Na3O10S3 C9H17N5S C3H12BN C20H31N
23109-05-9 915-67-3 834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3
918.970 nd 604.472 dk red pow 227.330 72.945 285.467 cry
C2H6N2O
598-41-4
74.081
hyg nd (chl) 67.5
C2H4N2 C2H5ClN2
540-61-4 6011-14-9
56.066 92.527
hyg cry (al)
C8H10ClNO
5468-37-1
171.624
194 dec
C10H18ClN
665-66-7
187.710 cry (al-eth)
360 dec
vs H2O, EtOH
C6H11NO4
626-71-1
161.156 pl (w)
207.0
2,3-Diaminopropionic acid 1-Aminoanthraquinone
C3H8N2O2 C14H9NO2
515-94-6 82-45-1
104.108 hyg rosettes 110 223.227 red nd (al) 253.5
2-Aminoanthraquinone
C14H9NO2
117-79-3
223.227 red nd (al, HOAc)
sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os
229
230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237
Aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride 2-Aminoadipic acid 3-Aminoalanine 1-Amino-9,10-anthracene dione 2-Amino-9,10-anthracene dione
Alliin Thiosinamine
Adamantanamine hydrochloride
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
No.
123(5) 112(3) 7913 165 77(3) 35
118(3) 10050 85
85
66 149.3
cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)
103 189 207 dec 103.5
vs H2O
2007 13510
i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl
254 dec s H2O 83.6(0.5) 73.5 44.5
5815
vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH
165 dec
304.5
sub sub
4-Aminoazobenzene
C12H11N3
60-09-3
197.235 oran mcl nd 125(1) (al)
>360
239
2-Aminobenzaldehyde
C7H7NO
529-23-7
121.137 silv lf
40.5
802
240 241
3-Aminobenzaldehyde 4-Aminobenzaldehyde
C7H7NO C7H7NO
1709-44-0 556-18-3
121.137 nd (AcOEt) 121.137 pl (w)
29 71.5
242
2-Aminobenzamide
C7H8N2O
88-68-6
136.151
110.5 dec
243
4-Aminobenzamide
C7H8N2O
2835-68-9
183
244
α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid
α-Phenylglycine
C8H9NO2
2835-06-5
136.151 ye cry (+1/4w) 151.163 pl
292 dec
p-Aminophenylacetic acid
C8H9NO2
1197-55-3
151.163 pl (w)
195(1)
K21599_PCOC.indb 14
Solubility
vs ace, EtOH
238
245
nD
0.914020 1.410520 s EtOH, eth, ace 1.438720 s EtOH, eth 1.521920 vs H2O 1.21720 1.593678 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz 1.201120 1.446020 0.903020 1.407220 0.715825 1.407420 i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth 0.790020 1.406220 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl
255 sub
i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-15 O
O O
N H
204
205
Allyl propanoate
S
S H2N
S
206
N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine
S
HO
O
207
Allyl propyl disulfide
OH O
O
N
OH
213
212
214
Allyl vinyl ether
211
Allyltriethoxysilane
Allyltrimethylsilane
N
N O
O
O
O
216
218
217
Alstonidine
Alphaprodine
H
CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH
HO H H H
H
O
215
Aloin A
OH
D-Altrose
Alstonine
Organic
Allylurea
N H O
HO O
Si
210
Allyltrichlorosilane
N
O
O NH2
209
Allylthiourea
OH
N H
O O Si O
OH
O
O
Cl Cl Si Cl
NH2
208
3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)-
OH HO
N H
O Al
O
OH
O H3C(CH2)16
O
Al
O
219
O O
(CH2)16CH3
O
220
Aluminum 2-butoxide
O Al
O
N
O
O
221
Aluminum distearate
O Al
222
Aluminum ethanolate
223
Aluminum isopropoxide
Alverine
OH
HN H HO
CONH H
CO
OC H
CONH
OC
S NHCO
OH N H
O
S
ONa
S
O
CONH
O
N
O
NaO
CH2OH
O OH
H N
N
NH
HN
NHCO
N
H
O S O ONa
CONH2
S
225
224
α-Amanitin
N N
B NH3
N H
226
Amaranth dye
227
Ametryn
Amminetrimethylboron
H 2N
NH2
229
2-Aminoacetamide
N
H2N
N
H2N
230
NH2
NH2
O
O
OH
NH2
232
233
α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride
Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride
O
OH HCl
HCl
HCl
231
Aminoacetonitrile
228
19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene
NH2
O O
H H2N
234
1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride
2-Aminoadipic acid
O O
NH2
OH O
H2N
NH2 NH2
O
235
3-Aminoalanine
O
236
237
1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione
238
2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione
O
O O
O
NH2
NH2
3-Aminobenzaldehyde
K21599_PCOC.indb 15
4-Aminobenzaldehyde
2-Aminobenzamide
OH
OH NH2
242
2-Aminobenzaldehyde
NH2
NH2
NH2
241
239
4-Aminoazobenzene
NH2
240
NH2
N N
243
4-Aminobenzamide
O
244
α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)-
O
H2N
245
4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-16 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C8H7NO4
99-31-0
C8H11NO C7H10N2 C7H9NO
Sulfanilamide
2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
252
No.
Name
246 247 248 249
5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 2-Aminobenzenemethanol
250
4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide
251
Physical Form
den g cm –3
Organic
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
181.147 pr(al), pl(w)
360
sub
i H2O; sl EtOH
104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1
137.179 nd (al) 122.167 123.152
108 61 83.5
269 273
C6H8N2O2S
63-74-1
172.205 lf (dil al)
162.2(0.4)
Orthanilic acid
C6H7NO3S
88-21-1
173.190 pr (+ 1/2w) >320 dec
3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
Metanilic acid
C6H7NO3S
121-47-1
253
4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
Sulfanilic acid
C6H7NO3S
121-57-3
254
p-Sulfanilyl fluoride
C6H6FNO2S
98-62-4
255 256 257
4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride 2-Aminobenzenethiol 4-Aminobenzenethiol 2-Aminobenzonitrile
173.190 nd, pr (w dec +1) 173.190 orth pl or 288 mcl (w+2) 175.181 68.5
vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth
C6H7NS C6H7NS C7H6N2
137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6
125.192 125.192 118.136 ye pr (CS2) nd (peth)
26 46 51
234 14317 263
258
3-Aminobenzonitrile
C7H6N2
2237-30-1
53(2)
289
259
4-Aminobenzonitrile
C7H6N2
873-74-5
118.136 nd (dil al or CCl4) 118.136 pr or pl (w)
86.2(0.5)
260
4-Aminobenzophenone
C13H11NO
1137-41-3
197.232 lf (dil al)
123(2)
261
C12H14N2O5
4271-30-1
266.249 cry (w)
173
262 263
N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-Lglutamic acid N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine 2-Aminobiphenyl
C9H10N2O3 C12H11N
61-78-9 90-41-5
194.186 pr or nd (w) 198.5 169.222 lf (dil al) 49.13(0.04)
264
3-Aminobiphenyl
C12H11N
2243-47-2
169.222 nd
31.5
265
4-Aminobiphenyl
C12H11N
92-67-1
169.222 lf (dil al)
51.0(0.6)
266 267
C7H6BrNO2 C14H8BrNO5S
5794-88-7 116-81-4
216.033 nd 382.187 red nd (w)
219.5
268
2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,101-Amino-4-bromoanthraquidihydro-9,10-dioxo-2none-2-sulfonic acid anthracenesulfonic acid DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid
C4H9NO2
2835-81-6
103.120 lf (w)
304 dec
269
L-2-Aminobutanoic acid
C4H9NO2
1492-24-6
270
DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid
C4H9NO2
2835-82-7
103.120 lf (dil al), cry 292 dec (al) 103.120 nd (al) 194.3
271
4-Aminobutanoic acid
C4H9NO2
56-12-2
272
2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)-
273
4-Amino-1-butanol
274
275
4-Amino-N-[(butylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide Aminocarb
276
N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide
277
[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino] phenyl]arsonic acid
278
N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo2-ethylbutanamide N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo3-methylbutanamide
279
K21599_PCOC.indb 16
Synonym
p-Aminohippuric acid
p-Biphenylamine
1.0825
1.48525
nD
Solubility
1.460620 s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc
24613
vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO
298.3(0.2)
302
sub
1.230020
C4H11NO
103.120 pr or nd (al) 203 dec lf (MeOHeth) 13054-87-0 89.136 liq -1.0
178(9)
C4H11NO
13325-10-5 89.136
203(11)
0.916220 1.448925 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 0.96712 1.462520 s H2O, EtOH; i eth
C11H17N3O3S
339-43-5
271.336
144.5
C11H16N2O2
2032-59-9
208.257 cry
95.0(0.3)
C3H6N2O2
591-07-1
102.092
218
Carbarsone
C7H9AsN2O4
121-59-5
260.079 nd (w)
174
Carbromal
C7H13BrN2O2
77-65-6
237.094 orth (dil al)
118
Bromisovalum
C6H11BrN2O2
496-67-3
223.067 nd or lf (to)
154
γ-Aminobutyric acid
Carbutamide
180 sub
1.54425 sub
1.5615
vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz
sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O
3-17 NH2 O S O
OH NH2 OH
OH
H2N
NH2
NH2
NH2
H2N
O
246
NH2
247
5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid
248
4-Aminobenzeneethanol
249
2-Aminobenzenemethanamine
OH O S O
OH O S O
OH O S O
OH
250
2-Aminobenzenemethanol
251
4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide
F O S O
SH
2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
N
N
SH NH2
NH2
252
3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
NH2
253
NH2
254
4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
255
4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride
2-Aminobenzenethiol
N
4-Aminobenzenethiol
O
O N H
NH2
H2N
NH2
259
260
4-Aminobenzonitrile
HO
2-Aminobenzonitrile
3-Aminobenzonitrile
H2N
OH O
NH2
NH2
262
N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid
263
N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine
O
O
258
O
OH
261
4-Aminobenzophenone
257
OH
H N
O O
NH2
256
NH2
NH2
264
2-Aminobiphenyl
O S OH O
3-Aminobiphenyl
O
O
OH
OH
NH2
O
Br
265
266
4-Aminobiphenyl
NH2
NH2
Br
267
2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid
268
1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid
269
DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid
O H N
L-2-Aminobutanoic acid
H N
O S
O
OH
270
DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid
H2N
N
O
OH
NH2 O
OH NH2
O
271
272
4-Aminobutanoic acid
2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)-
Organic
NH2
NH2
OH
H2N
N H
NH2
273
O
274
4-Amino-1-butanol
275
4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide
Aminocarb
OH O As OH
O H2N
O N H
276
N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide
K21599_PCOC.indb 17
Br HN O
277
[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid
Br
H N
NH2 O
278
H N
NH2 O
N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide
O
NH2 O
279
N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-18 Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
280
Salicylamide O-acetic acid
C9H9NO4
25395-22-6 195.172
221
C10H12N2O5S C14H8ClNO2
957-68-6 117-11-3
272.277 cry 257.673
212
C6H8ClN3O4S2
121-30-2
285.729
254.5
6-Chlorometanilic acid
C6H6ClNO3S
88-43-7
207.635 nd (w)
280 dec
2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline
C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C13H10ClNO
635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5
171.582 171.582 231.677 ye nd
211 188 100.5
88-51-7
221.662 short nd (w)
95-85-2 52-52-8
143.571 129.157 cry (al-w)
297
[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy] acetic acid 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10anthracenedione 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzo phenone 2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10anthracenedione 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid 2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol
298
4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol
299
2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7methyl-6H-purin-6-one 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4phthalazinedione
281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290
Organic
291 292 293 294 295 296
300
301
1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone Chloraminophenamide
2-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic C7H8ClNO3S acid 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C6H6ClNO Cycloleucine C6H11NO2
181.187 cry (MeOH) 179.171 381.020 red nd (xyl)
127
C7H5Cl2NO2
133-90-4
206.027
202(1)
C13H9Cl2NO
2958-36-3
266.122
≈80
C6H5Cl2NO
527-62-8
95.5
70 sub
C6H5Cl2NO
5930-28-9
178.016 long nd (CS2) 178.016 nd or lf (w, bz)
168
sub
7-Methylguanine
C6H7N5O
578-76-7
165.153
370
Luminol
C8H7N3O2
521-31-3
177.161 ye nd (al)
330.5
Thioguanine
C5H5N5S
154-42-7
167.193
>360
Isoguanine
C5H5N5O
3373-53-3
151.127
>360
Me-IQ
C12H12N4
77094-11-2 212.250 cry
297
Picramic acid
C6H5N3O5
96-91-3
168(1)
Taurine Acetaldehyde ammonia Diglycolamine
C2H7NO3S C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H10N2O
107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2
C9H13N3O2
642-44-4
C5H14N2O
305 306 307 308
2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid 1-Aminoethanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide
309
314
6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allylAminometradine 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) propanol ethylenediamine 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benDopamine hydrochloride zenediol, hydrochloride α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, hydrochloride N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
315
4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol
316
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol
310 311 312
313
317
K21599_PCOC.indb 18
sl DMSO
488-43-7 3416-24-8 81-49-2
199.121 dk red nd (al) pr (chl) 125.147 mcl pr (w) 61.083 orth (eth-al) 105.136 102.134
Solubility
vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl
140 330 dec
C6H15NO5 C6H13NO5 C14H7Br2NO2
Chloramben
nD
1.51915
241 dec
Glucamine D-Glucosamine
den g cm –3
s alk
22252-43-3 214.241
304
303
bp/˚C
C8H10N2O3S
2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6Hpurine-6-thione 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2Hpurin-2-one 2-Amino-3,4dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol
302
mp/˚C
vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O
226
328 97 -12.5 51
sl DMSO
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc
i H2O
vs bz, EtOH
110 dec 223.1(0.1)
vs H2O s H2O; sl eth 1.057220 s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth
143
123-84-2
195.218 cry (+1w, w) 118.177
C8H12ClNO2
62-31-7
189.640 nd (w)
241 dec
vs H2O, MeOH
C9H13NO
492-39-7
151.205 pl(MeOH)
77.5
vs eth, EtOH, chl
C9H14ClNO
53631-70-2 187.666
198.5
s H2O
C4H12N2O
111-41-1
104.150
242(5)
Tyramine
C8H11NO
51-67-2
137.179 pl or nd (bz, 164.5 w), cry (al)
20625
N-(3-Aminopropyl) ethylenediamine
C5H15N3
13531-52-7 117.193
C5H13NO2
115-70-8
119.163
943
37.5
0.983725 1.473820
873
1.028620 1.486320 msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol 1.480525
15210
1.09920
1.49020
msc H2O
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
O
H
H2N OH
NH2
S
O
O
HO
O
O
Cl
281
[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid
7-Aminocephalosporanic acid
OH O S O
HO
HO
O
H
H2N O
NH2
O
Br
O
291
1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid
O
H HO H H
S
HO
Cl
288
O
2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid
CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH
H HO H H
292
7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid
OH
Cl
2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone
N
O
290
2-Amino-4-chlorophenol
OH O S O
NH2
Cl
Cl
289
4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide
287
5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid
OH HO H2N
NH2
NH2
286
2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid
NH2
283
H2N
285
5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid
282
O
S
Cl
Cl
284
NH2 O
O
NH2
H2N
O
1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione
O
Cl
NH2 O S O
NH2 Cl
N
O
280
O
293
1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol
NH2
CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH
Organic
O
3-19
2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose
OH
OH Cl
Cl
NH2
Cl
Cl O
NH2
Cl
Br
294
Cl
295
1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione
3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid
NH2
Cl
296
297
2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone
298
2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol
4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol
NH2
NH2 O O H
N
N
H2N
N N
N
N
H H
299
300
O
O N
N
O S OH O
O
304
2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol
O H2N
OH
305
306
2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid
H2N
O
2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol
N H
308
N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide
OH
HO N H
OH NH2
HCl
OH
310
6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H )-pyrimidinedione
311
1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol
312
α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R *,R *)]-
4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride
OH
HO
NH2 HCl
NH2 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride
K21599_PCOC.indb 19
O
H2N
NH2
309
313
OH
307
1-Aminoethanol
N N
302
6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one
NH2
O
H2N
N
N H
O
H N
NH2
O
2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
N
2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione
H2N
303
N
N
OH
N
N
H N
301
5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione
NH2
S N
H2N
O
2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6H-purin-6-one
N
H
H2N
N H
314
H2N
OH
N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine
HO
315
4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol
N H
316
NH2
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine
HO
NH2
317
2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-20 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
318
L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid
2-Aminoadipic acid
C6H11NO4
542-32-5
319 320
6-Aminohexanenitrile 6-Aminohexanoic acid
5-Cyano-1-pentylamine ε-Aminocaproic acid
C6H12N2 C6H13NO2
321 322
6-Amino-1-hexanol 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzo hydrazide 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
323 324 325 326
Organic
327
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C 205 dec
2432-74-8 60-32-2
161.156 cry (EtOH, w) 112.172 liq 131.173 lf (eth)
C6H15NO C14H9NO3
4048-33-3 116-85-8
117.189 239.226
57 216.5
C6H7NO4S
98-37-3
189.190 orth (w+1)
>300
C7H9N3O2
6946-29-8
167.165 nd (al)
195
C7H7NO3
548-93-6
153.136 lf (w)
253.5
p-Aminosalicylic acid
C7H7NO3
65-49-6
153.136 nd, pl (al-eth)
150 dec
Mesalamine
C7H7NO3
89-57-6
153.136
281.0(0.5)
γ-Hydroxy-β-aminobutyric acid C4H9NO3
589-44-6
119.119 pr
216
C4H9NO3
924-49-2
218
C8H11NO3
138-65-8
119.119 pr (w), cry (dil al) 169.178
C15H11NO4
2379-90-0
269.253
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine
C5H7N3O2
1123-95-1
141.129
1-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6disulfonic acid 1-Amino-2-naphthol-4sulfonic acid
C10H9NO7S2
90-20-0
319.311
C10H9NO4S
116-63-2
239.248 gray nd
C6H5N5O C4H6N4O
2236-60-4 360-97-4
163.137 ye cry 126.117 cry (EtOH)
>360 170
C5H12N4O3
543-38-4
176.174 cry (al)
172
C2H6N4O
141-83-3
102.095 pr
105
p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
Solubility sl H2O, EtOH, eth
11816 205
vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH 13730 s EtOH, ace sl H2O; i EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH
338
5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)1,2-benzenediol, (±)1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2methoxy-9,10-anthracene dione 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)2(1H)-pyrimidinone 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide O-[(Aminoiminomethyl) amino]-L-homoserine (Aminoiminomethyl)urea
339
2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid
C7H6INO2
5326-47-6
263.033
220 dec
340
C8H6N2O2
2518-24-3
162.146
269.5
Cycloserine
C3H6N2O2
68-41-7
102.092
155 dec
s H2O; sl MeOH
1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone Phenylethanolamine
C15H11NO2
82-28-0
237.254
205.5
C8H11NO
7568-93-6
137.179
56.5
i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH
4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid
C10H13NO2
1078-21-3
179.216
252 dec
C7H9NO3S
88-44-8
187.216 lt ye nd
132 dec
vs H2O
Tranexamic acid
C8H15NO2
1197-18-8
157.211
249(4)
vs H2O
Diacetonamine
C6H13NO
625-04-7
115.173
250.14
348
4-Amino-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione α-(Aminomethyl) benzenemethanol β-(Aminomethyl) benzenepropanoic acid 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid trans-4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone 2-Amino-4-methylphenol
C7H9NO
95-84-1
sub
349
4-Amino-2-methylphenol
C7H9NO
2835-96-3
123.152 cry (w), orth 136 (bz), lf or nd 123.152 nd or lf (bz) 176.5
350
4-Amino-3-methylphenol
C7H9NO
2835-99-6
351 352
(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3propanediol L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 2-Aminoisobutanol
CH6NO3P C4H11NO2
328 329 330 331
332 333 334 335 336 337
341 342 343 344 345 346 347
353 354
K21599_PCOC.indb 20
Canavanine
vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O
189 dec sl chl
>300 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk
vs H2O 160 dec
s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz
16017
s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO
sub
1066-51-9 115-69-5
123.152 pr (dil al) cry (bz) 111.038 cry 105.136
179 309 110.93(0.05) 15110
C4H9NO2
144-90-1
103.120 cry (w)
185
C4H11NO
124-68-5
89.136
25.5
163.8(0.8)
vs H2O; s EtOH
0.93420
1.44920
msc H2O; s ctc
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH
3-21 O
NH2
O
OH
NH2 OH
O
O
OH
NH2
N
318
H2N
319
L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid
6-Aminohexanenitrile
OH O S O
OH
321
6-Aminohexanoic acid
H N
O
H2N
O
320
322
6-Amino-1-hexanol
1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
HO
NH2 OH
O
O
OH
HO
OH
O OH
NH2 NH2
325
4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide
3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid
H2N
NH2
OH
324
323
326
2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid
327
4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
OH
O
NH2
NH2 OH O
NH2 O HO
328
OH
N N H
S
S
OH O S O
OH
O OH NH2
333
5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide
NH O
HO
N H
NH2
N H
H N
H2N
NH2
O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L-homoserine
O N H
NH2
339
(Aminoiminomethyl)urea
O
NH2
I
338
340
2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid
4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione
NH2 H2N
OH
O
O
NH2 O
N H
NH2
2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine
O
NH2
NH O
337
O H2N
N H
335
4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
HO O
N
334
4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
N
N
NH2
O
336
O N OH
332
H2N
1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O
O
4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H )-pyrimidinone
H2N
OH
331
4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)-
O
O
HO
O
330
4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)-
NH2 HO
HO
329
3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid
O
HO
H2N
OH
Organic
NH2
OH
OH
O
341
342
4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)-
343
344
α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol
1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione
β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid
OH
OH
OH O S O
NH2 NH2 NH2 O
NH2
345
346
2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid
NH2
347
trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
348
4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone
2-Amino-4-methylphenol
349
4-Amino-2-methylphenol
OH
NH2
350
4-Amino-3-methylphenol
K21599_PCOC.indb 21
H2N
O OH P OH
351
(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid
O H2N HO
352
OH
2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol
H2N
OH
353
L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid
OH NH2
354
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-22 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
355
4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)pyrimidinone 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexanol 3-Amino-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione
5-Methylcytosine
C5H7N3O
554-01-8
125.129 pr (w+1/2)
270 dec
1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid
C10H21NO
15647-11-7 171.280
45.5
C11H9NO2
5959-52-4
187.195 ye lf (dil al)
216.5
s EtOH, eth
C10H7NO2
2348-81-4
173.169
207
7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
Amido-G-Acid
C10H9NO6S2
86-65-7
2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid
C10H9NO6S2
117-62-4
303.311 mcl pr or nd 274 (w+4) 303.311 >300
i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH
C10H9NO6S2
85-75-6
303.311
vs H2O
C10H9NO6S2
85-74-5
303.311
vs H2O, EtOH
C10H9NO3S
81-16-3
223.248 sc(hot w)
s DMSO
C10H9NO3S
84-86-6
1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid Badische acid
C10H9NO3S
84-89-9
223.248 wh nd (w+1/2) red-br cry 223.248 wh cry
C10H9NO3S
81-05-0
223.248 nd(w)
i H2O, EtOH, eth
C10H9NO3S
86-60-2
vs HOAc
1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid Bronner acid
C10H9NO3S
82-75-7
223.248 nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) 223.248 nd
C10H9NO3S
93-00-5
223.248 lf
1,7-Cleve’s acid
C10H9NO3S
119-28-8
223.248 nd or pr (w)
i cold H2O; sl hot H2O sl EtOH; s eth
1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene
C10H9NO
83-55-6
159.184
170
sl DMSO
C10H9NO
2834-92-6
159.184 silvery lf (bz, eth)
150 dec
C10H9NO
118-46-7
159.184 nd (w, al)
206
182.134 oran pr (dil 269 al) 182.134 lf (al), ye nd 278(5) (w, dil al)
sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH
356 357 358
359 360 361 362
Organic
363 364
365
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth 265
dec
0.96925
1.490420
1.670325
371 372
1-Amino-2-naphthol
373
8-Amino-2-naphthol
374
2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid
C7H6N2O4
619-17-0
375
2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid
C7H6N2O4
616-79-5
376 377 378
2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol
C7H5N3O2 CH5N5O2 C6H6N2O3
17420-30-3 163.134 18264-75-0 119.084 99-57-0 154.123 oran pr (+w)
379 380
2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol
C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3
121-88-0 119-34-6
381
2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)-
C8H17NO2
644-90-6
154.123 205.8 154.123 dk red pl or 131 nd (w, al) 159.227 lf (w) 270
382
Aminooxoacetohydrazide
C2H5N3O2
515-96-8
103.080
221 dec
383
C4H5NO3
557-24-4
115.088 cry (al)
172.5
C5H9NO3 C4H11ClN2O6
106-60-5 2921-14-4
131.130 cry (EtOH) 218.592
118 152.5
386 387
cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic Maleamic acid acid 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 5-Aminolevulinic acid (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 6-Aminopenicillanic acid Penicin 5-Aminopentanoic acid
C8H12N2O3S C5H11NO2
551-16-6 660-88-8
216.257 cry (w) 117.147 lf (dil al)
208 157 dec
dec
388
5-Amino-1-pentanol
C5H13NO
2508-29-4
103.163
38.5
221.5
0.948817 1.461817
389
2-Aminophenol
C6H7NO
95-55-6
109.126 wh orth bipym nd (bz)
173.5(0.3)
267(19)
1.32825
367 368 369 370
384 385
K21599_PCOC.indb 22
8-Amino-β-naphthol
Semioxamazide
i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth
5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 5-Amino-1-naphthol
366
Solubility
vs gl HOAc
sub
203.5 187.8 146
11012 sub
s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
OH
N
NH2
H2N O
O
O
N H
OH O S O
O
OH
NH2
355
356
4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H )-pyrimidinone
S
NH2
357
3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol
OH O S O
O
358
3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid
OH O S O
NH2
HO
HO
OH O S O
S
O O
NH2
362
4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
OH O S O
NH2
NH2
361
360
2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
OH O S O
O
OH
359
2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione
O O S O OH
O
363
4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
OH O S O
2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
OH O S O
Organic
NH2
3-23
OH O S O H2N
NH2
NH2
364
H2N
365
4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
366
5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
O S
OH
NH2
O
369
8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
O
OH
O
373
O
374
8-Amino-2-naphthol
OH O N
NH2 O
O
378
N O
OH
5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid
HO O
O 0.5 HCl NH2
385
(Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)
O
H
N H
O
O
NH2
NH2
383
cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid
OH NH2
OH
H2N
6-Aminopenicillanic acid
O
HO
Aminooxoacetohydrazide
O
COOH
386
377
S
N
O N N NH2 O
3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine
382
2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)-
H2N
O
K21599_PCOC.indb 23
381
4-Amino-2-nitrophenol
H N
O H 2N
O
380
2-Amino-5-nitrophenol
H2N
376
NH2
NH2
O
384
O
H2N
N O
2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile
OH
379
2-Amino-4-nitrophenol
N O
2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid
OH
NH2
O
375
2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid
OH
NH2
NH2
NH2
372
1-Amino-2-naphthol
N
OH
NH2
O
371
5-Amino-1-naphthol
8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid
OH
N
NH2
370
6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid
O
OH
O
H 2N
368
NH2
OH
S
O
N
7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
OH
OH H2N O S O
O
367
6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
387
5-Aminopentanoic acid
OH
H2N
388
5-Amino-1-pentanol
389
2-Aminophenol
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-24 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
3-Aminophenol
C6H7NO
591-27-5
391
4-Aminophenol
C6H7NO
392
N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide
393
N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide
394
395
No.
Name
390
Physical Form
Organic
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
109.126 pr (to)
122.5(0.3)
16411
123-30-8
109.126 wh pl (w)
186(7)
1100.3
C8H10N2O
102-28-3
150.177 nd or pl (bz) 88
p-Aminoacetanilide
C8H10N2O
122-80-5
150.177 nd (w)
166.5
(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid
Arsanilic acid
C6H8AsNO3
98-50-0
217.055 mcl nd (w, al)
232
4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine
C12H13N3
537-65-5
199.251 lf (w)
158
dec
396
N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone
Phenacylamine
C8H9NO
613-89-8
135.163 ye cry
20
251
397
1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone
m-Aminoacetophenone
C8H9NO
99-03-6
98.5
289.5
398
1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone
p-Aminoacetophenone
C8H9NO
399
1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl] acetamide
400 401
402
5-[(4-Aminophenyl) sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine 4-Aminophthalimide
Synonym
p-Aminopropiophenone
C9H11NO
Sulfacetamide
C8H10N2O3S
135.163 pa ye pl (al), lf (eth) 99-92-3 135.163 ye mcl pr (al) 38237-74-0 177.243 cry (bz-peth) 70-69-9 149.189 pl (al, w), nd (w) 144-80-9 214.241
Thiazolsulfone
C9H9N3O2S2
473-30-3
255.316 nd (al)
3676-85-5
162.146
C11H15NO
404
5-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)- C8H6N2O2 dione 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)C3H9NO2
405 406
3-Aminopropanenitrile 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)-
3-Aminopropionitrile
407 408
3-Amino-1-propanol 1-Amino-2-propanol
Propanolamine Isopropanolamine
409
α-(1-Aminopropyl) α-(α-Aminopropyl)benzyl benzenemethanol alcohol N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl1,3-propanediamine Aminopropylon 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)- Hydroxyamphetamine
403
410 411 412 413 414 415
416 417 418
419 420 421 422 423 424
K21599_PCOC.indb 24
nD
Solubility s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH
267 1.957110
1.616020 i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH
105(1)
294
vs eth, EtOH
74.5
1613
i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO
220 dec
140 182.0(0.4)
sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox 2240.5
13552-31-3 91.109
265 dec
C3H6N2 C3H9NO
151-18-8 6168-72-5
70.093 75.109
185 174.5
C3H9NO C3H9NO
156-87-6 1674-56-2
75.109 75.109
C10H15NO
5897-76-7
165.232 pl (bz-eth)
C7H19N3
105-83-9
145.246
C16H22N4O2 C9H13NO
3690-04-8 1518-86-1
302.372 pr (bz) 151.205 cry (bz)
181 125.5
C6H17N3
56-18-8
131.219
-5.1(0.3)
C19H20N8O5 C10H10N4O2S
54-62-6 116-44-9
440.413 ye cry 250.277 nd (PhNO2)
262 dec 251
C4H4N4
16617-46-2 108.102 cry (w)
173
C6H6N2O2
5345-47-1
138.124
296 dec
C6H6N2O2
3167-49-5
312
Sulfapyridine
C11H11N3O2S
144-83-2
138.124 cry (dil HOAc, +2w) 249.289 ye oran (al)
190(2)
5-Aminouracil
C4H5N3O2
932-52-5
127.102 nd (w)
dec
C4H5N3O2
873-83-6
127.102 cry (w)
dec
2-Thiocytosine
C4H5N3S
333-49-3
127.168
sl DMSO
Uramil
C4H5N3O3
118-78-5
143.101 nd or pl (w) >400
Sulfadiazine
C10H10N4O2S
68-35-9
250.277 cry (w), wh pow
s H2O, chl; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO
N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine propanediamine Aminopterin 4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzene- Sulfapyrazine sulfonamide 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-43-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole carbonitrile 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic 6-Aminonicotinic acid acid 4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinyl benzenesulfonamide
den g cm –3
liq
12.1(1) 1.7(0.2)
185(4) 141(12)
1.175220 1.491025 s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz 0.958420 1.439620 1.450220 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 0.982426 1.461720 s H2O, EtOH, eth 0.961120 1.447920 msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc
79.5 232(3)
261(3)
15150
0.902320 1.470525
0.93825
1.481020
vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl
i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace
sl H2O
i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH i H2O; s alk, acid vs H2O
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-25 O
OH O
OH
NH2
390
NH2
391
392
4-Aminophenol
OH O As OH
NH2
NH2
NH
NH2
3-Aminophenol
NH
393
N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide
H2N
394
N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide
NH
NH2
395
(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid
N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine
O NH O S O
O O
O
O
O
NH2
397
2-Amino-1-phenylethanone
H2N
1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone
NH NH2
402
1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone
HO
1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone
404
3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)-
4-Aminophthalimide
H N
H2N
409
NH2
H2N
N H
N
N NH2
N H
N
N H
413
NH2
2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
O S NH O
H2N
O H2N
N N H
N
6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
O
3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile
O O S NH O
H2N
6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
422
H2N
NH
N
N H
419
O
420
4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide
5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H )-pyrimidinedione
O H2N
N N H
N
416
415
4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide
N
418
NH
K21599_PCOC.indb 25
NH2
O
NH2
NH2
421
N
OH
OH
417
N H
4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)-
OH
414
O
O
412
Aminopropylon
Aminopterin
OH
NH2
HO
N
N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine
N
O
N
411
N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine
O
H2N
N
NH2
410
α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol
1-Amino-2-propanol
N
3-Amino-1-propanol
O
O
NH2
OH
407
2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)-
3-Aminopropanenitrile
N
OH
H2N
406
405
OH
408
N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide
OH
N
OH
403
NH2
401
NH2
NH2
NH2
O
5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine
NH2
400
O
N S
H2N
399
1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone
H2N
O S O
H2N
398
Organic
NH2
NH2
396
S
4-Amino-2(1H )-pyrimidinethione
O
NH N H
423
O
5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-pyrimidinetrione
H2N
O S NH O
N N
424
4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide
4/2/14 2:51 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-26 No.
Name
425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433
Organic
434 435 436 437 438 439 440
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Aminopyrine
C13H17N3O
58-15-1
4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylben- Sulfaquinoxaline zenesulfonamide 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide
C14H12N4O2S
N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl] acetamide 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole2(3H)-thione 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone
Acetylsulfanilamide
N-(Aminothioxomethyl) acetamide N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloro ethanol 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid 11-Aminoundecanoic acid Amiton Amitraz
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
59-40-5
247.5
C7H7NO4S
138-41-0
201.201 pr or lf (w)
291 dec
C8H10N2O3S
121-61-9
214.241 nd (HOAc)
219.5
C2H3N3S2
2349-67-9
133.195
243.0
C3H4N2OS
556-90-1
116.141 pr or nd (w) 256 dec
Acetylthiourea
C3H6N2OS
591-08-2
3-Aminorhodanine
C3H4N2OS2
1438-16-0
118.157 pr (w), orth (al) 148.206
101.5
Chloral ammonia
C2H4Cl3NO
507-47-1
164.418 nd (al)
73
Picloram
C6H3Cl3N2O2
1918-02-1
241.459
218.5
C11H23NO2 C10H24NO3PS C19H23N3
2432-99-7 201.307 78-53-5 269.342 liq 33089-61-1 293.406
189.0 86
1.12820
C20H23N C6H12FeN3O12 C8H4F15NO2
50-48-6 277.404 cry 14221-47-7 374.017 3825-26-1 431.100 solid
196 (HCl) 165 dec
1.7817.5
C3H9NO2 C11H18N2O3
17496-08-1 91.109 hyg cry 57-43-2 226.272
45 153(1)
C20H23NO2
76-65-3
43.4
N-Methylbis(2,4-xylyliminomethyl)amine
444 445 446
Amoxicillin Amphecloral Amphotericin B
C16H19N3O5S C11H12Cl3N C47H73NO17
26787-78-0 365.404 cry (w) 5581-35-1 264.579 1397-89-3 924.080 ye pr (DMF) 170 dec
447 448
Ampicillin Ampyrone
C16H19N3O4S C11H13N3O
69-53-4 83-07-8
449
Amygdalin
450
309.403 cry (peth)
sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO 100 dec
vs bz, eth, EtOH
760.01
Amolanone
200 dec 109
C20H27NO11
349.405 cry 203.240 pa ye cry (bz) 29883-15-6 457.428
Anacardic acid
C22H32O3
11034-77-8 344.487 cry (ace)
35.5
451
Anagyrine
C15H20N2O
486-89-5
452
Androstane
C19H32
453
455 456 457
Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5β,17β) Androstane-3,17-diol, (3α,5α,17β) 5α-Androstane-3,17-dione 5β-Androstane-3,17-dione Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
458
Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione Adrenosterone
459
Anemonin
460 461
Anhalamine Anhalonidine
462
Anhalonine
463
2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexi- Tetrahydro-2,5-furandimethatol nol
1.465527
vs H2O; i EtOH
s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl
1932.0
1.561425
960.5
1.530
s H2O i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs eth, EtOH, peth s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl; i lig vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth
224.5
244.332 pe ye glass
Solubility vs H2O, bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace
165
443
5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3phenyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone
nD
107.5
441 442
K21599_PCOC.indb 26
den g cm –3
231.293 pr or pl (lig or AcOEt) 300.336
Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital
454
bp/˚C
26512
Etiocholanic acid
C20H32O2
24887-75-0 260.457 lf 50 (aceMeOH) 438-08-4 304.467 nd (gl HOAc) 228.5
600.003
Epiandrostanediol
C19H32O2
1852-53-5
292.456 nd (ace aq)
4-Androstene-3,17-dione
C19H28O2 C19H28O2 C19H26O2
846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8
C19H24O3
382-45-6
288.424 cry (MeOH) 130(3) 288.424 cry (ace-hx) 135 286.408 143(form a); 173(form b) 300.392 nd (al) 222 sub
160 sub
223
158
187.5 160.5
vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH
C12H15NO3
192.169 orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz) 643-60-7 209.242 nd (al) 17627-77-9 223.268 oct cry (bz, eth) 519-04-0 221.252 rhom nd
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl
86
1400.02
C6H12O3
104-80-3
300
C14H14O2S
599-66-6
246.325 pr(bz), nd(w,al)
150(8)
406
C15H16N2S
137-97-3
256.366 nd (al, sub)
C15H30N2
64168-11-2 238.412
13.7
21550
C3H8S2 C10H20N2O2
1618-26-4 1723-94-0
75
148 285
C6H9BiO6 C7H5BiO4
s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl sl EtOH, chl
133
47.5
108.226 200.278 wh-ye (eth,lig) 22306-37-2 386.111 col tablets 14882-18-9 362.093 pr
1.598220 1.437120
1.171111
0.925
Di-p-tolylmercury C14H14Hg 2,2’-p-Phenylenebis(4-methyl- C26H20N2O2 5-phenyloxazole) Di-p-tolyl sulfide C14H14S
i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO
s ctc
231
C14H14O C18H22O2
Solubility
250
1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH
sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS2 vs bz, EtOH, chl 0.896225 1.480425
vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; reac alk
4/2/14 2:54 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds HO
N
3-57
OH OH
N
HO
H2N
OH
1002
1003
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine
N
HO
OH
1004
N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylaniline
S
OH
O
1007
O OH
O
1008
1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate
HO
1009
Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanone
1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidone
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane
O
O O
O O
O
O
O O
O
O
O OH
O O
HO
1012
1011
O HO
OH
1014
HO
1015
Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane
O O S
O O
OH
O
HO
1016
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane
OH
1017
2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate
Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone
O
O O
O
1019
O
O
N H
Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate
N N
O HN
1024
Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione
O
1025
O
1026
Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide
N
N
O
O
Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide
O O S
H N
1023
1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione
O
1027
Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether
S
O HN
O
1022
S 1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene
Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide
O
Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide
S
SH
S
1018
O
1021
Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine
HS
O
O
1020
OH
1013
2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) ester
2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) ester
O
OH
1010
Organic
S
OH
OH
N N
HO
O
1006
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide
OH
O
O HO
1005
N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-propanediamine
OH O
OH
S
O
H N
Hg
1028
Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury
N
N
S
1029
1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene
1030
1031
Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide
O N
N S
S
1034
Bis(methylthio)methane
K21599_PCOC.indb 57
1032
Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone
O
N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea
O O
O Bi
O
1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane
O
O
O
1035
1033
1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane
1036
Bismuth acetate
O
O Bi
OH
1037
Bismuth subsalicylate
4/2/14 2:54 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-58 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C12H8N2O4S2
1155-00-6
308.333
198.5
Nitrophenide
C12H8N2O4S2
537-91-7
308.333
84
4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl
C12H8N2O4S2 C14H12N2O4
100-32-3 736-30-1
308.333 182 272.256 ye nd (al,bz) 181.8
N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea 4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate) Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl) benzene Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate Triphosgene
C13H10N4O5 C10H14CoO4 C16H19N C14H8Br6O2
587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1
C5H6Cl6N2O3
116-52-9
302.242 257.149 bl-viol cry 225.329 687.637 nd (bz/ EtOH) 354.831
C8H4Cl6
68-36-0
312.836 cry (bz, eth) 109
C3Cl6O3 C32H62O4S C8H5F6N C8H4F6 C8H4F6
433-19-2
C2F6S2 C8H18Si2 C12H4N6O12S
372-64-5 202.141 14630-40-1 170.400 2217-06-3 456.258 ye cry
26 230
1056 1057 1058
Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate Ditridecyl thiodipropionate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl) benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) Dipicryl sulfide sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Diethylene glycol divinyl ether Bithionol 2,2’-Bithiophene
32315-10-9 296.748 cry (eth, peth) 10595-72-9 542.897 328-74-5 229.123 402-31-3 214.108
C8H14O3 C12H6Cl4O2S C8H6S2
764-99-8 97-18-7 492-97-7
158.195 356.052 166.264
188 31.1(0.4)
1059
Bixin
C25H30O4
6983-79-5
394.504 viol pr (ace) 198
1060 1061 1062
Boldenone Boldine Bomyl
Dehydrotestosterone
C19H26O2 C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P
846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1
286.408 327.375 cry (eth) 282.184 ye oil
1063 1064
Borane carbonyl Borneol, (±)-
Borine carbonyl
CH3BO C10H18O
13205-44-2 41.845 col gas 6627-72-1 154.249 lf (lig)
-137 206(7)
-64 213(7)
1.01120
1065
l-Bornyl acetate
C12H20O2
5655-61-8
27
223.5
0.98225
1066
Bornylamine
C10H19N
32511-34-5 153.265
163
1067
Bornyl chloride
C10H17Cl
464-41-5
128(6)
1068
C15H26O2
53022-14-3 238.366
C2H6BF3O
353-42-4
113.874
1070
Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex Boron trifluoride etherate
C4H10BF3O
109-63-7
141.927 liq
1071
Brilliant Green
C27H34N2O4S
633-03-4
1072
Brilliant Yellow
C26H20N4Na2O8S2
3051-11-4
482.635 small gold cry 626.569 ye cry (w)
1073
Brodifacoum
C31H23BrO3
56073-10-0 523.417 off-wh pow 230
1074
Bromacil
C9H13BrN2O2
314-40-9
1075
Bromadiolone
C30H23BrO4
28772-56-7 527.406 ye-wh pow
205
1076
Bromal hydrate
C2H3Br3O2
507-42-6
46.0(0.7)
1077
Bromdian
C15H12Br4O2
79-94-7
298.756 mcl pr (w+1) 543.871
1078
N-Bromoacetamide
C2H4BrNO
79-15-2
137.963 nd (chl-hx)
103.5
No.
Name
1038
Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide
1039
Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide
1040 1041
Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane
1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047
Organic
1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055
1069
K21599_PCOC.indb 58
Synonym
2-Chloro-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate
Trifluoroboron etherate
5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil
Tetrabromobisphenol A
Physical Form
mp/˚C
172.695 nd
261.115
den g cm –3
nD
Solubility i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc
2550.1
312 dec 167 296.5
1.01815
1.573
222 196
79
214.108 liq
196.286
bp/˚C
vs ace, EtOH s chl 203
1.629080
2650.25 8515 116
vs EtOH 1.48725 1.433520 1.379025 1.391625 i H2O
115 34.6 134
vs EtOH, peth 0.77020
1.41320
8110 1.7325
vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc
260
165 163 16017
1.462620
207.5 257.5
0.95525
-14
127 dec
1.241020 1.30220
-60.4
125.5
1.12525
dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl
157.8(0.5)
179
1.34820
vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs eth, EtOH
1.5525
dec
2.566140
vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth
4/2/14 2:54 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O O N
O N O O O N S S
O N O
S
1038
S S
1039
O N O
O N O
O N O
1040
Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide
1041
Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide
1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane
H N
Br
O
N O
O
O
Co
O
1042
O
1043
N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea
Cl
O
O
Br
1044
Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt
Cl
Br
N H
O
Br
1045
Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine
1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane
O
Cl
NH2
O Cl Cl
Cl
H N
Cl
H N
OH O
S
Cl Cl
Cl
OH
1046
F
Cl
F
O O
Cl O
O
Cl Cl
F F
O
1048
1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene
F
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
1047
N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea
F
1049
Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate
F
1051
F
O O N OO N
F F
F
1052
1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene
F F
F
3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline
F
F F F
F
1050
Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate
F
F
Br Br
Organic
H N N O
O N O S
Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide
O
3-59
S
S
O N O
F F
Si
F
N OO N O O
Si
1054
1053
1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene
1055
1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene
Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide
O N O
S
Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide
OH HO Cl O
O
O
Cl
1056
O
Cl
S
O
Cl
1057
Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether
S
S
OH O
1058
Bithionol
1059
2,2’-Bithiophene
Bixin
HO OH
N H
O
H
O
O
O
1060
1061
Boldenone
P O
O H 3B
O
OH
O
O
1062
Boldine
O
1063
Bomyl
1064
Borane carbonyl
1065
Borneol, (±)-
l-Bornyl acetate
Cl
NH2
O
OH
1066
1067
Bornylamine
Bornyl chloride
N
O
1068
1069
Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)-
HO
F O B F F
F O B F F
O
N
HSO4
1070
Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex
1071
Boron trifluoride etherate
Brilliant Green
N N N N
S O O O O S Na O O Na
O Br O
1072
O
O
1074
Brodifacoum
Bromacil
OH
OH
Br HO
O Br
1075
Bromadiolone
K21599_PCOC.indb 59
N N H
1073
Brilliant Yellow
O
Br
OH
OH
Br Br
OH
1076
Bromal hydrate
Br
Br
HO
OH
O Br
Br
1077
Bromdian
N H
Br
1078
N-Bromoacetamide
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-60 No.
Name
1079
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Bromoacetic acid
C2H3BrO2
79-08-3
1080
Bromoacetone
C3H5BrO
1081
α-Bromoacetophenone
ω-Bromoacetophenone
1082
4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl
2-Bromo-4’-phenylacetophenone
1083 1084 1085
Bromoacetyl bromide Bromoacetylene 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
den g cm –3
bp/˚C
138.948 hex or orth cry
50
208
598-31-2
136.975 liq
-36.5
138
C8H7BrO
70-11-1
13518
C14H11BrO
135-73-9
199.045 nd (al) orth 51(1) pr (al) pl(peth) 275.140 nd (95% al) 127
598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7
201.844 104.933 col gas 303.152
148.5 4.7
Butallylonal
C2H2Br2O C2HBr C11H15BrN2O3
Propallylonal
C10H13BrN2O3
545-93-7
181
30.9(0.5)
229
1.57820
nD
Solubility
1.933550 1.480450 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl 1.63423 1.469715 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 1.64720 i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl
2.31222
131.5
1.544920 s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH
1087
2-Bromoaniline
C6H6BrN
615-36-1
289.125 cry (dil HOAc, dil al) 172.023
1088
3-Bromoaniline
C6H6BrN
591-19-5
172.023
18.5
250(3)
1.579320 1.626020
1089
4-Bromoaniline
C6H6BrN
106-40-1
78.2(0.5)
220(6)
1.4970100
1090
2-Bromoanisole
C7H7BrO
578-57-4
172.023 orth bipym nd (60% al) 187.034
1.3
216
1091
3-Bromoanisole
C7H7BrO
2398-37-0
187.034
1092
4-Bromoanisole
C7H7BrO
104-92-7
187.034
13.5
215
1093
2-Bromobenzaldehyde
C7H5BrO
6630-33-7
185.018
21.5
230
1094
3-Bromobenzaldehyde
C7H5BrO
3132-99-8
185.018
1095
4-Bromobenzaldehyde
C7H5BrO
1122-91-4
185.018 lf (dil al)
61.1(0.4)
1096
Bromobenzene
C6H5Br
108-86-1
157.008 liq
-30.74(0.03) 155.9(0.2)
1097
4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid
C8H7BrO2
1878-68-8
215.045 nd (w)
116
1098
4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile
C8H6BrN
48.0
1099
α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile
16532-79-9 196.045 pa ye cry (al) 5798-79-8 196.045 ye cry (dil al)
1.501820 1.572720 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.563520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 1.456420 1.564220 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc 1.592520 i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc 1.593520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl 1.495020 1.559720 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, EtOH
29
255(9)
1100
2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol
C6H5BrO2
583-69-7
189.007 lf (lig), cry (chl)
111.5
sub
1101
C6H4BrClO2S
98-58-8
C6H5BrS
106-53-6
255.517 tcl or mcl pl 76 (eth) 189.073 lf (al) 73
15315
1102
4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Bromobenzenethiol
230.5
1.526083
1103
2-Bromobenzoic acid
C7H5BrO2
88-65-3
201.018 mcl pr (w), nd
149.0(0.9)
295(18)
1.92925
1104
3-Bromobenzoic acid
C7H5BrO2
585-76-2
285(15)
1.84520
1105
4-Bromobenzoic acid
C7H5BrO2
586-76-5
1106
2-Bromobenzonitrile
C7H4BrN
2042-37-7
201.018 mcl nd (dil 156.7(0.5) al) 201.018 nd (eth), lf 254(1) (w), mcl pr 182.018 nd (w) 55.5
1107
3-Bromobenzonitrile
C7H4BrN
6952-59-6
182.018
39.5
225
1108
4-Bromobenzonitrile
C7H4BrN
623-00-7
182.018 nd (w, al)
114
236
1109
6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene
C20H11Br
223
1110 1111
2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride
C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO
21248-00-0 331.205 cry (ace/ MeOH) 7154-66-7 219.463 nd 586-75-4 219.463 nd (peth)
11 37(1)
238(14) 245(11)
1112 1113
2-Bromobiphenyl 3-Bromobiphenyl
C12H9Br C12H9Br
2052-07-5 2113-57-7
0.8
297 300
1086
Organic
mp/˚C
K21599_PCOC.indb 60
Phenyl bromide
α-Bromobenzyl cyanide
p-Brosyl chloride
C8H6BrN
233.103 233.103
211
234 672
sub
1.53929
1.89420 252
1.217526
1.611320
sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl
1.596320 sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig 1.624825 vs eth, EtOH 1.641120 i H2O
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-61 O
O OH
Br
Bromoacetic acid
Bromoacetone
1079
O
Br
O
Br
1080
1081
1082
α-Bromoacetophenone
N H
1084
5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid
O O
Br
O
Br
1087
1088
2-Bromoaniline
Br Br
Br
1089
3-Bromoaniline
1090
4-Bromoaniline
Br
1091
2-Bromoanisole
1092
3-Bromoanisole
4-Bromoanisole
O Br
1094
3-Bromobenzaldehyde
1095
4-Bromobenzaldehyde
1096
N
O
Br
1098
4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid
HO
HO
O
1099
α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile
4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile
HO
SH
N
Br
1097
Bromobenzene
Br
Br
OH
Br
Cl O S O
O
Br
1101
1102
4-Bromobenzenethiol
Br
1104
1103
1105
3-Bromobenzoic acid
2-Bromobenzoic acid
N
4-Bromobenzoic acid
Cl
Br 4-Bromobenzonitrile
K21599_PCOC.indb 61
6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene
2-Bromobenzonitrile
1107
3-Bromobenzonitrile
O Br
Br
Br
Br
1109
Br
1106
O Br
1108
1100
2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol
Br Br
Cl
OH
N
N
O
Br Br 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride
1093
2-Bromobenzaldehyde
OH
O
Br
O
O
O
Br
1086
N H
1085
Bromoacetylene
NH2
5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid
NH O
Br
Bromoacetyl bromide
NH2
NH2
NH O
Br
1083
4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl
O Br
O Br
Organic
O Br
Br
1110
2-Bromobenzoyl chloride
1111
4-Bromobenzoyl chloride
1112
2-Bromobiphenyl
1113
3-Bromobiphenyl
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-62 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
4-Bromobiphenyl
C12H9Br
92-66-0
1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) benzene 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl) benzene 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl) benzene
C7H6Br2
No.
Name
1114
1115 1116 1117
1118
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
233.103 pl (al)
87.0(0.2)
309(3)
0.932725
3433-80-5
249.931 cry (al, lig)
31
12919
C7H6Br2
823-78-9
249.931 nd or lf
42
12212
p-Bromobenzyl bromide
C7H6Br2
589-15-1
249.931 nd (al)
63
1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane p-Bromophenacyl bromide
C6H6Br2N2
35691-65-7 265.933
52
C8H6Br2O
99-73-0
277.941 nd (al)
111
Synonym
Physical Form
1120 1121
2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanone 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1-Bromobutane
Butyl bromide
C4H5Br C4H9Br
1822-86-2 109-65-9
132.987 137.018 liq
-112.5(0.3)
1122 1123
2-Bromobutane, (±)Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)-
(±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid
C4H9Br C4H5BrO4
5787-31-5 584-98-5
137.018 liq 196.985
-112.6(0.2) 161
1124 1125 1126 1127 1128
4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene
C4H6BrN C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO C4H7Br
5332-06-9 2385-70-8 2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2
148.002 167.002 167.002 151.002 135.003
1129
trans-1-Bromo-1-butene
C4H7Br
32620-08-9 135.003 liq
-100.3
95(3)
1130
2-Bromo-1-butene
C4H7Br
23074-36-4 135.003 liq
-133.4
81(3)
1131
4-Bromo-1-butene
C4H7Br
5162-44-7
135.003
98.5
1132
1-Bromo-2-butene
C4H7Br
4784-77-4
135.003
98(4)
1133
cis-2-Bromo-2-butene
C4H7Br
3017-68-3
135.003 liq
-111.2(0.5)
89(3)
1134
trans-2-Bromo-2-butene
C4H7Br
3017-71-8
135.003 liq
-115.4(0.5)
86(3)
1135 1136
(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene
C10H13BrO C10H13Br
1200-03-9 3972-65-4
229.113 cry (al) 213.114
41 19
15418 231(10)
1137
C8H6BrClO
41011-01-2 233.490 nd
40
397.5
1138
2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene
C6H4BrCl
694-80-4
191.453 liq
-12.6(0.3)
204
1139
1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene
C6H4BrCl
108-37-2
191.453 liq
-21.4(0.3)
196(6)
1140
1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene
C6H4BrCl
106-39-8
191.453 nd or pl (al, 64.78(0.05) eth)
197(3)
1141
1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane
C4H8BrCl
6940-78-9
171.464
161(11)
1142 1143
CBrClF2 C5H6BrClN2O2
353-59-3 126-06-7
165.365 col gas 241.471
-159.5 162
1144 1145
Bromochlorodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane
C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl
593-96-4 107-04-0
143.410 143.410 liq
-16.7(0.3)
101(12) 106(2)
1146
Bromochlorofluoromethane
CHBrClF
593-98-6
147.374 liq
-115
39(15)
1147
Bromochloromethane
Halon 1011
CH2BrCl
74-97-5
129.384 liq
-87.9(0.2)
67.9(0.4)
1148
1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl) benzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone
p-Bromobenzyl chloride
C7H6BrCl
589-17-3
205.480 nd (al, peth) 42(4)
4-Chlorophenacyl bromide
C8H6BrClO
536-38-9
233.490 nd
1119
Organic
1149
K21599_PCOC.indb 62
DL-α-Bromobutyric acid
3-Chlorophenacyl bromide
Halon 1211
2-Chloro-1-bromoethane
-2.0 33
nD
42165 101.4(0.7)
1.39720 1.498820 1.275820 1.440120
91(4)
1.258520 1.436620 2.07325
198(7) 217 dec 14225 3611 86(5)
1.496720 1.481820 1.564120
Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth
1.326515 1.453620 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.320915 1.452720 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.320915 1.452720 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.323020 1.462220 sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.337125 1.482220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz 1.341615 1.463119 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz 1.332315 1.460216 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc 1.228620 1.543620 i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH 1.638725 1.580920 i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc 1.630220 1.577120 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.57671 1.553170 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl 1.48920 1.488520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc
-3.9(0.7)
236
1.66710 1.466020 1.739220 1.490820 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1.97710 1.414425 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1.934420 1.483820 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth
96.5
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-63 Br
Br Br
N Br
Br
1115
1114
Br
1116
1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene
4-Bromobiphenyl
O
N
Br Br
Br
1118
1117
1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene
2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile
1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene
Br OH Br
OH
O
Br
Br
1120
1119
1121
2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene
2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone
Br
1122
1-Bromobutane
Br
Br
O
1123
2-Bromobutane, (±)-
N
1124
Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)-
4-Bromobutanenitrile
Organic
Br
O O OH
1125
2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)-
O
Br
Br
Br
OH
1126
1127
4-Bromobutanoic acid
Br
Br
3-Bromo-2-butanone
1128
Br
1129
cis-1-Bromo-1-butene
1130
trans-1-Bromo-1-butene
Br
1131
2-Bromo-1-butene
1132
4-Bromo-1-butene
1-Bromo-2-butene
Br O Br
O
Br
Br
Br Cl
Br Cl
1133
cis-2-Bromo-2-butene
1134
1135
trans-2-Bromo-2-butene
1136
(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene
1137
1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene
2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone
Br
O
Br
Cl
1139
1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene
F
Cl
1140
Br
N Cl
Br F
1141
1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene
1142
1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane
Br Cl Br
1145
1-Bromo-2-chloroethane
K21599_PCOC.indb 63
Cl
O Br
1143
Bromochlorodifluoromethane
1144
3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
1-Bromo-1-chloroethane
O
Br
Cl
Br N
Cl Cl
1138
1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene
Br
Cl H
H
H
F
Br
1146
1147
Bromochlorofluoromethane
Bromochloromethane
Cl
1148
1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene
Cl
1149
2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-64 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
1-Bromo-2-chloropropane
C3H6BrCl
3017-96-7
157.437
118
1.53120
1151
1-Bromo-3-chloropropane
C3H6BrCl
109-70-6
157.437 liq
143(6)
1.596920
1152
2-Bromo-1-chloropropane
C3H6BrCl
3017-95-6
157.437
117
1.53720
1153
2-Bromo-2-chloropropane
C3H6BrCl
2310-98-7
157.437
95
1.49520
1154
1156
1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-triflu- Halothane oroethane Bromocresol Green Bromcresol Green
C2HBrClF3
354-06-3
197.381
52.4(0.2)
1.857425
C2HBrClF3
151-67-7
197.381
50(1)
1.856325 1.36970
C21H14Br4O5S
76-60-8
Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide
C21H16Br2O5S C7H13Br
115-40-2 2404-35-5
698.014 wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc) 540.222 177.082
1157 1158
Bromocresol Purple Bromocycloheptane
1159
Bromocyclohexane
Cyclohexyl bromide
C6H11Br
108-85-0
163.055 liq
1160 1161 1162
trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 2-Bromocyclohexanone 3-Bromocyclohexene
C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br
32388-22-0 179.054 pl (hx) 822-85-5 177.038 1521-51-3 161.039
1163 1164
Bromocyclopentane 1-Bromodecane
C5H9Br C10H21Br
137-43-9 112-29-8
1165 1166
2-Bromodecanoic acid 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene
C10H19BrO2 C6H3BrCl2
1167
4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene
1168 1169
Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane
1170 1171 1172 1173 1174
No.
Name
1150
1155
Organic
1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180
Synonym
-56.28(0.07) 165.9(0.8)
1.308020 1.499620 i H2O; vs eth, chl 1.335920 1.495720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
81.5 11432 8140
18282-59-2 225.898 pr
25
237
CBrCl2F CHBrCl2
353-58-2 75-27-4
181.819 liq 163.829 liq
-56.0(0.4)
52.8 90(2)
4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline
C6H3BrCl2O C6H13BrO2 C10H14BrN
1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4
241.897 nd 197.070 228.129 nd or pr
Bromodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)- α-Bromo-γ-butyrolactone furanone 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenza- 5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic mide acid 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline
CHBrF2 C4H5BrO2
1511-62-2 5061-21-2
130.920 164.986
-145(4)
C7H6BrNO3
5798-94-7
232.032 cry (al)
232 dec
C8H9BrO2
1.34025 1.508525 1.389020 1.532020 i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 1.387320 1.488620 sl ctc 1.070220 1.455720 i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc 1.191224 1.459524 vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl 1.9522 1.98020 1.496420 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc
70.8(0.5) 170 270
1.28320
-15.6(0.5) 13020
1.5516 1.820
1.438720 s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH 1.505920
25245-34-5 217.060 oil
262
1.445
1.570020
C8H9BrO2
2859-78-1
217.060
254.5
1.70225
1.574320
C4H9BrO2
7252-83-7
169.017
149
1.43020
1.445020 s eth, ace, chl
C8H10BrN
586-77-6
200.076
55
264
1.3220100
C8H9Br
583-70-0
185.061 liq
-17
204(8)
1.341920 1.550120
C8H9Br
556-96-7
185.061
203(8)
1.36220
C8H9Br
576-22-7
185.061
204(6)
1.555220
C8H9Br
553-94-6
185.061 lf or pl
9
207(6)
1.358218 1.551418
C8H9Br
583-71-1
185.061 liq
-0.2
215(7)
1.370820 1.553020
C10H17Br
6138-90-5
217.146
10112
1.094022 1.502720
C5H11Br
630-17-1
151.045
108(11)
262.018 ye nd (al or HOAc) 247.003 ye nd (al)
1.199720 1.437020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH
1817-73-8
1188
1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene
C6H3BrN2O4
584-48-5
K21599_PCOC.indb 64
10140
C6H3BrCl2
C6H4BrN3O4
1185
sl H2O; s peth
241.5
1402 232
2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline
1184
Solubility
1.474520 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.486420 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 1.479520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 1.457520 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.373820
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz
2.0 83
1187
1183
nD
218.5
2623-95-2 251.161 19752-55-7 225.898 pr (al)
1186
1182
-58.8(0.2)
137.5 240.6
Halon 1121
149.029 221.178 liq
mp/˚C
-29.3(0.5)
Cyclopentyl bromide Decyl bromide
1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl- trans-Geranyl bromide 2,6-octadiene 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
1181
Physical Form
38
153.5 75
sub
1.546222
i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-65 Cl
Cl
Br Br
Cl
1150
Br
OH
Br
Br
Br Cl
1152
1-Bromo-3-chloropropane
Br
HO
Cl
Br
1151
1-Bromo-2-chloropropane
F
1153
2-Bromo-1-chloropropane
HO
Br Br F
F
F
1154
2-Bromo-2-chloropropane
1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
OH
Br
O
Br
O S O O
1156
Br Br
1158
1157
1159
Bromocycloheptane
Bromocresol Purple
1160
Bromocyclohexane
trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol
1161
2-Bromocyclohexanone
Organic
Bromocresol Green
1155
2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
OH Br
Br
O S O O
F F
Cl
Br
O
Br
OH Br
Br
1162
3-Bromocyclohexene
1163
Br
1164
Bromocyclopentane
1-Bromodecane
1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene
N
OH Cl
Cl Br Cl
1167
4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene
Br F
Br
Cl
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
Br
1168
1169
1170
Br
Bromodichlorofluoromethane
Bromodichloromethane
H N
Br
Br H F
O
1173
Bromodifluoromethane
O
1172
4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline
O Br
O
O
Br
1176
5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide
N
2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane
O
1175
3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone
Br
O
1171
OH OH
Br
1174
O
4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol
O
2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene
1177
4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene
Br Br
Br
Br
Br
O
O
1178
2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane
Br
1179
4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline
1180
1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene
1181
1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene
1182
2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene
O
Br
1184
4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene
K21599_PCOC.indb 65
Cl
1166
2-Bromodecanoic acid
Cl
F
Cl
1165
Br
Br
1185
trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene
1186
1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
O N
1183
2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene
NH2
O N
Br Br
O
N
1187
O
2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline
O
N
O
O
1188
1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-66 No.
Name
1189
α-Bromodiphenylmethane
1190
1-Bromododecane
1191
2-Bromododecanoic acid
1192
Bromoethane
1193
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C13H11Br
776-74-9
C12H25Br
Physical Form
den g cm –3
Organic
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
247.130
45
18420
143-15-7
249.231 liq
-9.6(0.4)
275(20)
1.039920 1.458320
C12H23BrO2
111-56-8
279.214 pl
32
1582
1.147474 1.458524
Ethyl bromide
C2H5Br
74-96-4
108.965 liq
-118.4(1)
38.2(0.6)
1.460420 1.423920
2-Bromoethanol
Ethylene bromohydrin
C2H5BrO
540-51-2
124.964
142(4)
1.762920 1.491520
1194
Bromoethene
Vinyl bromide
C2H3Br
593-60-2
106.949 vol liq or gas
-139.5(0.2)
16(16)
1.493320 1.438020
1195 1196
1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene
C8H9BrO C8H9BrO
583-19-7 588-96-5
201.060 201.060
2.0
223 231
1.422320 1.407125 1.551720
1197
(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene
C8H9BrO
589-10-6
201.060
39
240 dec
1.355520
1198
1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane
C4H9BrO
592-55-2
153.017
127(4)
1.38520
1.444720
1199
2-Bromoethyl acetate
C4H7BrO2
927-68-4
167.002 liq
-13.8
159(5)
1.51420
1.45723
1200
C2H7Br2N
2576-47-8
204.892
174.0
1201 1202
2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (1-Bromoethyl)benzene (2-Bromoethyl)benzene
C8H9Br C8H9Br
585-71-7 103-63-9
185.061 185.061 liq
-55.9(0.2)
201(8) 216(4)
1203
1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene
C8H9Br
1973-22-4
185.061 liq
-67.5(0.2)
202(4)
1204 1205
1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene
C8H9Br C8H9Br
2725-82-8 1585-07-5
185.061 185.061 liq
-43.4(0.2)
203(11) 204(4)
1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211
(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene
C8H15Br C10H8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF
1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4
191.109 liq 254.081 nd (w) 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998 liq
1212 1213
1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane Bromofluoromethane
C2H4BrF CH2BrF
762-49-2 373-52-4
1214
2-Bromofuran
C4H3BrO
584-12-3
126.955 112.929 vol liq or gas 146.970
1.353525 1.554325 1.364320 1.537220 i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc 1.354820 1.547220 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.349320 1.546520 1.342320 1.544520 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.235720 1.489920 vs eth; sl chl s chl 1.073821 1.533720 1.708120 1.525720 s ctc 1.59315 1.531015 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1.704425 1.423620 vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl
1215
3-Bromofuran
C4H3BrO
22037-28-1 146.970
106(6)
1216
C5H3BrO2
1899-24-7
174.981 cry (50% al) 83.5
201
1217 1218
5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1-Bromoheptadecane 1-Bromoheptane
Heptyl bromide
C17H35Br C7H15Br
3508-00-7 629-04-9
319.364 179.098 liq
28.4(0.4) -56.1(0.3)
345(13) 179(5)
1219
2-Bromoheptane
2-Heptyl bromide
C7H15Br
1974-04-5
179.098
47
166(6)
1220
4-Bromoheptane
4-Heptyl bromide
C7H15Br
998-93-6
179.098
1221 1222 1223
1-Bromohexadecane 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1-Bromohexane
Hexyl bromide
C16H33Br C16H31BrO2 C6H13Br
112-82-3 305.337 18263-25-7 335.320 111-25-1 165.071 liq
1224
2-Bromohexane
C6H13Br
3377-86-4
165.071
139(9)
1225
3-Bromohexane
C6H13Br
3377-87-5
165.071
143(4)
1226 1227 1228 1229 1230
2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H10BrClO C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2
2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1
195.054 195.054 cry (peth) 213.499 257.166 201.018 nd (al), lf (eth)
K21599_PCOC.indb 66
Synonym
Lauryl bromide
2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether
2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide
-57 81.5(0.5) 64.5
-17.4
212(3) 8916 154 150 150(2) 58(12) 23(12) 103(6)
163(9) 17.5(0.4) 52.8 -84.9(0.4)
2.0 35
105.5
336 156(4)
242(11) 16720 1016 15613
nD
Solubility s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth
1.650020 1.498020 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1.660620 1.495820 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH 0.991620 1.462520 i H2O; vs chl 1.140020 1.450220 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl 1.127720 1.450320 i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl 1.135120 1.449520 i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl 0.999120 1.461825 i H2O; s eth 1.174420 1.447820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl 1.165820 1.483225 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.179920 1.447220 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 1.281033 s EtOH, eth vs peth 1.230620 1.526220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-67
Br
O OH Br
1189
1190
α-Bromodiphenylmethane
1191
1-Bromododecane
Br
1193
1192
2-Bromododecanoic acid
OH
Br
Br
Br
1194
2-Bromoethanol
Bromoethane
Bromoethene
Br Br O
O
O
Br
O
1195
1196
1197
1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene
1198
(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene
Br
O
1199
1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane
Br
HBr H2N
1200
2-Bromoethyl acetate
2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide
Organic
1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene
Br
O
Br Br
Br
O
Br N
Br
Br
Br O
1202
1201
(2-Bromoethyl)benzene
(1-Bromoethyl)benzene
1203
1204
1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene
1205
1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene
Br
1207
1206
1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene
N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide
(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane
Br Br
Br
F
1208
1209
1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene
Br
F
F
1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene
F
F
1210
1211
1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene
H Br
1212
1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene
1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane
H Br
Br
O
1213
O
1214
Bromofluoromethane
1215
2-Bromofuran
3-Bromofuran
O
Br
Br
O
1216
Br
1217
5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde
Br
1218
1-Bromoheptadecane
Br
1219
1-Bromoheptane
1220
2-Bromoheptane
4-Bromoheptane
Br O Br
Br
OH
1221
1222
1-Bromohexadecane
Br
1223
2-Bromohexadecanoic acid
1224
1-Bromohexane
2-Bromohexane
Br
O
Br O OH
Br
1225
3-Bromohexane
K21599_PCOC.indb 67
OH
Br
1226
2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)-
Br
O
1227
6-Bromohexanoic acid
OH
Cl O
1228
6-Bromohexanoyl chloride
O
Br
1229
1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene
1230
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-68 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1231
4-Bromo-αhydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde
p-Bromomandelic acid
C8H7BrO3
7021-04-7
231.044
119
vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl
Bromosaligenin
C7H7BrO2
2316-64-5
203.034 lf (bz)
113
C7H5BrO3
89-55-4
217.017 nd (w, dil al) 169.8
C8H7BrO3
2973-76-4
231.044 pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)
167.0
vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth
1232 1233 1234
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
100 sub
Organic
1235
1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene
C6H4BrI
583-55-1
282.904
2.1(0.5)
257
1236
1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene
C6H4BrI
591-18-4
282.904 liq
-9.3(0.6)
252
1237
1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene
C6H4BrI
589-87-7
90.37(0.05)
252
1238 1239
CH2BrI C7H4BrNO
557-68-6 2493-02-9
1240
Bromoiodomethane 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene
282.904 pr or pl (eth-al) 220.835 198.017 nd
C9H11Br
586-61-8
199.087 liq
1241 1242
4-Bromoisoquinoline Bromomethane
C9H6BrN CH3Br
1532-97-4 74-83-9
208.055 cry (peth) 94.939 col gas
1243 1244 1245
1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane Bromomethoxymethane 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline
C3H7BrO C2H5BrO C7H8BrN
1246
4-Bromo-2-methylaniline
1247
(Bromomethyl)benzene
1248 1249 1250 1251
4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL
1252
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
1253 1254
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene
2.257025 1.661825
136(14) 226
2.92617
-22.4(0.2)
219(3)
41.5 -93.7(0.4)
282.5 3.4(0.1)
6482-24-2 138.991 13057-17-5 124.964 583-68-6 186.050 lf
26
112(4) 87 240
C7H8BrN
583-75-5
186.050 cry (al)
59.5
240
C7H7Br
100-39-0
171.035 liq
-1.5
191(4)
1.314520 1.556920 i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth 1.675520 1.421820 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 1.462320 1.4475320 1.597620 1.456220 1.51020 1.599920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 1.438025 1.575220 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN C5H11Br
6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5
215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045
226.3 96.5 114
1304
Isopentyl bromide
C5H11Br
107-82-4
151.045 liq
-112
tert-Pentyl bromide β-Bromoisovaleric acid
C5H11Br C5H9BrO2
507-36-8 5798-88-9
151.045 181.028 nd (lig)
74
C5H9Br
870-63-3
149.029
121(18)
C7H6BrCl
611-17-6
205.480
10910
C3H8BrClSi
16532-02-8 187.539
131
1.37525
C7H13Br
13905-48-1 177.082
181
C7H13Br C7H6BrF
2550-36-9 456-41-7
7626 8820
1.267615 1.497920 i H2O; vs eth; s bz 1.28320 1.490730 vs bz, eth, chl 1.547420
C8H17Br C8H9Br
18908-66-2 193.125 89-92-9 185.061 pr
C8H9Br
620-13-3
185.061
C8H9Br
104-81-4
185.061 nd (al)
34(2)
220
1265
1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene (Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohex- 3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide ane (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane 1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene
C11H9Br
3163-27-7
56(2)
18318
1266
2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene
C11H9Br
939-26-4
221.093 cry (peth, al) 221.093 lf (al)
56
213100
1267
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene
C7H6BrNO2
3958-57-4
216.033 nd or pl (al) 59.3
C7H6BrNO2
100-11-8
216.033 nd (al)
1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264
1268
K21599_PCOC.indb 68
p-Bromophenyl isocyanate
Methyl bromide
Benzyl bromide
119 121(1)
105(8)
177.082 189.025
21
6710 217 212.5
99(2)
16213
1.641020
Solubility
1.220520 1.445220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl 1.207120 1.442020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl 1.19718 1.4421 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.293015 1.493015 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
1.463025
1.381123 1.573020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1.371123 1.566020 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.32425 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-69 O OH
OH
O
OH
OH
OH O
O
Br
HO
Br
1231
1232
4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)-
1234
1233
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol
Br OH
Br
3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde
5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
Br Br
Br Br
Br
Br
Br
I
I I
1235
1236
1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene
O
I
H
1237
1238
1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene
C
N N
1239
Bromoiodomethane
1240
1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene
1241
1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene
4-Bromoisoquinoline
Organic
1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene
H
O Br
Br
H H
Br
Br
O
H
Br
1243
1242
O
Br
1244
1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane
Bromomethane
OH
NH2
NH2
1245
Bromomethoxymethane
Br
1246
2-Bromo-4-methylaniline
1247
4-Bromo-2-methylaniline
(Bromomethyl)benzene
1248
4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid
N
N
3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile
OH
Br
Br
1249
Br
Br
Br Br
1250
O
1251
4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile
1252
1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL
1253
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
Br
1254
3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid
Br
Br Cl
1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene
Si
Br
Br
1255
1256
Cl
1257
1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene
1258
(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane
1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane
1259
(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br F
1260
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene
1261
1262
3-(Bromomethyl)heptane
1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene
1263
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene
1264
1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene
Br
Br Br Br
1265
1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene
K21599_PCOC.indb 69
1266
2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene
N O
1267
O
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene
O
N
O
1268
1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-70 No.
Name
1269 1270
2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)-
1271 1272 1273 1274 1275
1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol
1276
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxy- 3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide benzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 2-(Bromomethyl)-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane Isobutyl bromide
1277 1278 1279
Organic
1280 1281
Synonym
2-Methylpentyl bromide
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
C7H6BrNO3
772-33-8
232.032
C3H5BrO
82584-73-4 136.975 liq
-40
138(3)
1.61514
C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C7H7BrO
25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0
1.162420 1.168320
55.3(0.5)
139(8) 145 142.5 130 213.5
C13H11BrO
51632-16-7 263.129 oil
C9H9BrO
619-41-0
213.070 nd or lf (al)
51
15714
C9H6BrNO2
5332-26-3
240.054 pr (chl, bz)
151.5
C4H9Br
78-77-3
137.018 liq
-117.8(0.7)
91.3(0.5)
1.27215
C4H9Br C4H7BrO2
507-19-7 2052-01-9
137.018 liq 167.002 cry (peth)
-16.8(0.9) 48.5
73.3 199
1.427820 1.427820 1.496960
C4H6Br2O
20769-85-1 229.898
163
1.406714
C4H7Br C4H7Br C5H9BrO
3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9
91(7) 92(18) 170
1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.485020 s EtOH, eth
C4H11BrSi C10H7Br
18243-41-9 167.120 90-11-9 207.067 oily liq
6.1(0.1)
116.5 280(2)
281(9)
1.17025 1.446020 1.478520 1.65820 s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 1.60525 1.638260 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc
165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034 nd (peth)
mp/˚C
1286 1287
1288
2-Bromonaphthalene
C10H7Br
580-13-2
207.067 pl or orth lf (al)
58(2)
1289
C12H5BrO3
81-86-7
277.070
222
1290
4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1-Bromo-2-naphthol
C10H7BrO
573-97-7
1291
4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline
C6H5BrN2O2
875-51-4
1292
1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene
C6H4BrNO2
577-19-5
223.066 orth pr 84 (bz-lig) nd (HOAc) 217.020 oran-ye nd 111.5 (w) 202.006 pa ye (al) 38.5(0.2)
1293
1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene
C6H4BrNO2
585-79-5
202.006 orth
1294
1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene
C6H4BrNO2
586-78-7
1295 1296
CH2BrNO2 C3H6BrNO4
1297 1298
Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propane- Bronopol diol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane
1299
1-Bromooctane
1300
1283 1284 1285
1-Naphthyl bromide
1-Bromo-β-naphthol
nD
135.003 135.003 165.028
1.183520 1.542225
1.484120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1.449520 vs eth, chl 1.4490 vs eth, chl 1.44223 vs eth, chl 1.452520 vs eth, chl 1.577220 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl
vs eth, EtOH
1.434820
130
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH
sub 1.624580
54(3)
265
1.703620 1.597920
133.0(0.2)
252(5)
1.94825
563-70-2 52-51-7
202.006 orth or mcl pr (al) 139.937 199.989
C9H19Br C18H37Br
693-58-3 112-89-0
207.151 liq 333.391 cry (al)
-29.0(0.2) 27.6(0.4)
221.4 357(17)
C8H17Br
111-83-1
193.125 liq
-55.0(0.3)
199(6)
2-Bromooctane, (±)-
C8H17Br
60251-57-2 193.125
1301 1302
8-Bromooctanoic acid 1-Bromopentadecane
C8H15BrO2 C15H31Br
17696-11-6 223.108 nd (peth) 629-72-1 291.311
38.5 18.6(0.3)
1472 322
1303 1304 1305
Bromopentafluorobenzene Bromopentafluoroethane 1-Bromopentane
C6BrF5 C2BrF5 C5H11Br
344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2
246.960 liq 198.917 col gas 151.045 liq
-31 -88.0(0.2)
133(2) -21 126(3)
1306
2-Bromopentane
C5H11Br
107-81-3
151.045 liq
-95.5
117(5)
1307
3-Bromopentane
C5H11Br
1809-10-5
151.045 liq
-126.2
118(5)
1308
5-Bromopentanenitrile
C5H8BrN
5414-21-1
162.029
K21599_PCOC.indb 70
Octyl bromide
Pentyl bromide
149
s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc
vs ace, CS2
253(6)
p-Nitrobromobenzene
Solubility
148
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 2-(Bromomethyl) tetrahydrofuran (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1-Bromonaphthalene
1282
tert-Butyl bromide α-Bromoisobutyric acid
Mol. Form.
1.488020
i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH
131.5
188.5
11112
1.084525 1.452225 0.984820 1.463120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1.107225 1.450325 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1.087825 1.444225 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.067520 1.461120 i H2O; s ace; vs chl 1.98125 1.449020 1.809825 1.218220 1.444720 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth 1.207520 1.441320 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 1.21420 1.444120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1.398920 1.478020
4/2/14 2:55 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-71
OH Br Br
N
O
O
1269
2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol
1270
1271
(Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)-
OH
Br
Br
Br
O
1272
1-Bromo-2-methylpentane
1273
1-Bromo-4-methylpentane
O
O
Br
1274
2-Bromo-2-methylpentane
Br
3-Bromo-3-methylpentane
O
Br N Br
1276
2-Bromo-4-methylphenol
1277
1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene
Br
2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone
Br
OH
Br
1280
N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide
1282
1281
1-Bromo-2-methylpropane
Br
O
Br
1283
2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide
2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid
1279
Br
O
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
1278
Organic
1275
Br
O
Br
1284
1-Bromo-2-methylpropene
3-Bromo-2-methylpropene
O
O
O
Br Br Si
Br
O
1285
Br
1286
2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran
1287
(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane
NH2 O N
Br
Br
1288
1-Bromonaphthalene
2-Bromonaphthalene
Br
O
O N
O
HO
Br
Br
N O
Br
1291
1-Bromo-2-naphthol
4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride
Br
OH
1290
1289
1292
4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline
O
1293
1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene
1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene
NO2 OH
O N
O N
Br
O
1294
1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene
Bromonitromethane
Br
1296
Br
1297
2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol
O
1295
1298
1-Bromononane
1-Bromooctadecane
OH Br
Br
Br
1299
1300
1-Bromooctane
O
Br
1301
2-Bromooctane, (±)-
1302
8-Bromooctanoic acid
1-Bromopentadecane
F F
Br
F
F F
1303
Bromopentafluorobenzene
K21599_PCOC.indb 71
F F
F Br
1304
F F
Bromopentafluoroethane
Br
Br
Br
Br
1305
1-Bromopentane
N
1306
2-Bromopentane
1307
3-Bromopentane
1308
5-Bromopentanenitrile
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-72
Organic
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
9-Phenanthryl bromide
C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C14H9Br
2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1
2-Bromophenol
C6H5BrO
1313
3-Bromophenol
1314
4-Bromophenol
1315
Bromophenol Blue
1316 1317 1318
1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene (4-Bromophenoxy) trimethylsilane N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide
1319 1320
No.
Name
1309 1310 1311
5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene
1312
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
181.028 149.029 257.125 pr (al)
40.0 64.5
14213 125.5 >360
95-56-7
173.007
5.6
194.5
C6H5BrO
591-20-8
173.007
33
236.5
C6H5BrO
106-41-2
173.007
63(1)
238
Bromphenol Blue
C19H10Br4O5S
115-39-9
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
C12H9BrO C9H13BrOSi
669.960 hex pr (HOAcace) 101-55-3 249.102 17878-44-3 245.188
p-Bromoacetanilide
C8H8BrNO
103-88-8
214.060 nd (60% al) 168
1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone
p-Bromoacetophenone
C8H7BrO C8H7BrO
2142-63-4 99-90-1
199.045 199.045 lf (al)
7.5 50.5
1321
(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine
(p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine
C6H7BrN2
589-21-9
108
1322
2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1Hindene-1,3(2H)-dione (4-Bromophenyl) phenylmethanone 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone
Bromindione
C15H9BrO2
1146-98-1
187.037 nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al) 301.135 cry (lig)
C13H9BrO
90-90-4
261.113 lf (al)
82.5
C9H9BrO
2114-00-3
213.070
C8H8BrCl2PS
2104-96-3
317.999 ye cry
56.3(0.3)
1410.01
1323 1324
279 dec
18.7(0.2)
1263.5 12625
13319 257
247.5
Bromophos-ethyl 1-Bromopropane
Propyl bromide
C10H12BrCl2O3PS C3H7Br
4824-78-6 106-94-5
394.049 pale-ye liq 122.992 liq
-110.1(0.3)
1220.004 70.8(0.2)
1328
2-Bromopropane
Isopropyl bromide
C3H7Br
75-26-3
122.992 liq
-88.9(0.5)
59.34(0.09)
1329
3-Bromopropanenitrile
C3H4BrN
2417-90-5
133.975
1330
2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)-
C3H5BrO2
10327-08-9 152.975 pr
25.7
203.5
1331
3-Bromopropanoic acid
C3H5BrO2
590-92-1
152.975 pl (CCl4)
62.5
14145
1332
3-Bromo-1-propanol
C3H7BrO
627-18-9
138.991
105185
1333
1-Bromo-2-propanol
C3H7BrO
19686-73-8 138.991
146.5
1334 1335 1336
2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride cis-1-Bromopropene
C3H4Br2O C3H4BrClO C3H5Br
563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6
215.871 171.420 120.976 liq
-113
153 132 58(3)
1337 1338
trans-1-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropene
C3H5Br C3H5Br
590-15-8 557-93-7
120.976 120.976 liq
-126
61(5) 49(4)
1339
3-Bromopropene
C3H5Br
106-95-6
120.976 liq
-119.3(0.5)
70.1(0.5)
1340 1341 1342
C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N
4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4
197.071 nd (al, eth) 215.086 218.918
34 10.7 171.5
13010 12718
C17H16Br2O3
18181-80-1 428.115
1344 1345
(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 3-Bromopropylamine 3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide hydrobromide Bromopropylate 4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl ester (3-Bromopropyl)benzene 3-Bromo-1-propyne Propargyl bromide
C9H11Br C3H3Br
637-59-2 106-96-7
199.087 118.960
1346
2-Bromopyridine
C5H4BrN
109-04-6
157.997 liq
K21599_PCOC.indb 72
s chl 1.258120 1.464020 1.409310 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl 1.492420 1.58920 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk 1.84015 s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc 1.608820 1.608420 i H2O; s eth, ctc 1.261920 1.514520
1.64725
1.575520 1.647
350
1326 1327
1343
Solubility
i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig
138
Bromophos
Allyl bromide
nD
1.71725
1325
β-Bromopropionic acid
den g cm –3
9225
76.0(0.5)
1.353720 1.434320 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc 1.314020 1.425120 sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth 1.615220 1.480020 vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1.700020 1.475320 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.4825 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1.537420 1.483425 s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.558530 1.480120 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2.061116 1.69711 1.478020 s eth, chl; sl ctc 1.429120 1.456020 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1.396516 1.446716 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1.39820 1.469720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2 1.342830 1.61320 vs EtOH 1.36416 vs eth
1.5920 219.5 73(14)
-40.1
1.429820 1.572020
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol
193
1.310625 1.544025 i H2O; vs eth 1.57919 1.492220 s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl 1.633720 1.573420 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-73 OH Br
Br
Br
OH Br Br
OH
OH
OH
O
Br
O Br
OH
1309
Br
1310
5-Bromopentanoic acid
1311
5-Bromo-1-pentene
1312
9-Bromophenanthrene
1313
2-Bromophenol
3-Bromophenol
Br
S O O
Br
1314
1315
4-Bromophenol
Bromophenol Blue
O O
Si
O
HN
HN
O
NH2
Br
Br
1316
Br
Br
1318
1317
1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene
Br
1319
N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide
(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane
O
O
O
O
Br
1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone
S O P O Cl
O
Br
Br
1322
1323
2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H )-dione
(4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone
1325
2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone
S O P O Cl
Br
Br
Br
1324
1321
(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine
Cl
Cl
O
Br
1320
1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone
1326
Bromophos
1327
Bromophos-ethyl
1-Bromopropane
Br O
N
1329
2-Bromopropane
3-Bromopropanenitrile
2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)-
Br
1331
3-Bromopropanoic acid
Br
OH
1332
3-Bromo-1-propanol
1333
1-Bromo-2-propanol
Br
O
1336
2-Bromopropanoyl chloride
Br
Br
Br
1335
Br
O
1334
2-Bromopropanoyl bromide
O
Br
Br
1337
cis-1-Bromopropene
Br
OH
OH
1330
Cl Br
O
OH
Br
Br
1328
Br
Organic
O
trans-1-Bromopropene
1338
1339
2-Bromopropene
3-Bromopropene
1340
(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene
1341
(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene
O HO
O Br
H2N
Br
1342
HBr
3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide
K21599_PCOC.indb 73
Br
Br
1343
Bromopropylate
1344
(3-Bromopropyl)benzene
Br
N
1345
3-Bromo-1-propyne
Br
1346
2-Bromopyridine
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-74
Organic
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
157.997 liq
-27.3
172(3)
1.6450
1120-87-2 51-20-7
157.997 190.983
0.5 310
290.4
1.64500
C9H6BrN C9H6BrN
5332-24-1 5332-25-2
208.055 ye oil 208.055
13.3 24
275 281
N-Bromosuccinimide
C4H4BrNO2
128-08-5
177.985 cry (bz)
174
C14H29Br C3H2BrNS C6H5BrOS
112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2
277.284 164.024 205.072 nd (al)
5.7(0.4)
1356
1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl) ethanone 2-Bromothiophene
C4H3BrS
1003-09-4
1357
3-Bromothiophene
C4H3BrS
1358 1359
Bromothymol Blue 2-Bromotoluene
1360
No.
Name
1347
3-Bromopyridine
1348 1349 1350 1351
4-Bromopyridine 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 3-Bromoquinoline 6-Bromoquinoline
1352
1353 1354 1355
Synonym
5-Bromouracil
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C5H4BrN
626-55-1
C5H4BrN C4H3BrN2O2
Physical Form
2.09825
nD
Solubility
1.569420 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.569420 s ace, bz
1.664120 s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx 1.460320 vs ace, bz, EtOH 1.592720 sl EtOH; s ctc
307 171 1034
1.017020 1.8225
163.036
141(6)
1.68420
872-31-1
163.036
149(7)
1.73520
C27H28Br2O5S C7H7Br
76-59-5 95-46-5
624.381 171.035 liq
201 -27.5(0.8)
182(2)
1.423220
3-Bromotoluene
C7H7Br
591-17-3
171.035 liq
-38.1(0.2)
184(2)
1.409920
1361
4-Bromotoluene
C7H7Br
106-38-7
171.035 cry (al)
26.2(0.7)
184(4)
1.395935
1362 1363 1364 1365
Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
CBrCl3 C13H27Br C6H15BrSi C2H2BrF3
75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7
-5.6(0.2) 5.9(0.3) -49.3 -93.9
103(5) 292 163 26
2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 1.788120
1366 1367 1368
C2BrF3 CBrF3 C7H4BrF3
598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6
-174.4(0.2)
-2.5 -57.8(0.4) 167.5
1.580020 i H2O; vs chl 1.65225 1.481720
C7H4BrF3
401-78-5
225.006
1
151.5
1.61325
1.471620
C7H4BrF3
402-43-7
225.006
160
1.60725
1.470525
C9H11Br
576-83-0
199.087 liq
-1
225
1372 1373 1374 1375
Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid
198.274 liq 263.257 195.173 liq 162.936 vol liq or gas 160.920 col gas 148.910 col gas 225.006
CBrN3O6 C19H15Br C11H23Br C11H21BrO2
560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1
229.931 323.226 235.205 liq 265.188 nd (liq)
18(1) 153 -9.9(0.4) 57
5610 23015 258.8 18818
1376 1377 1378
(1-Bromovinyl)benzene (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene
C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br
98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7
183.046 183.046 183.046
-44 -7 7
8614 552 219 dec
1379 1380 1381
1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene
C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br
2039-88-5 2039-86-3 2039-82-9
183.046 liq 183.046 183.046
-52.7(0.2)
215(2) 9220 213(1)
1382 1383
Brompheniramine Brucine
C16H19BrN2 C23H26N2O4
86-22-6 357-57-3
1384
Brucine hydrochloride
319.239 ye oily liq 394.463 mcl pr (w +4) 430.924 pr
1.319110 1.551020 i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc 2.031220 1.480820 vs EtOH, chl 1.550020 1.049425 1.455225 sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.402523 1.588120 1.432210 1.599022 1.426916 1.609320 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 1.416020 1.592720 1.405920 1.593320 1.398420 1.594720 i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH
1385
Brucine sulfate heptahydrate
1386
Bucolome
1387 1388
1369 1370 1371
K21599_PCOC.indb 74
2-Thienyl bromide
Bromthymol Blue
Halon-1301
Triphenylmethyl bromide
2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10- C23H27ClN2O4 one, monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10- C46H68N4O19S one, sulfate, heptahydrate
5786-96-9
94.5
5(2)
1500.5 178
60583-39-3 1013.113 nd (w)
s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz
C14H22N2O3
841-73-6
266.336 nd (MeOH)
84
Bufotalin
C26H36O6
471-95-4
444.560 cry (+1 al)
223 dec
Bulbocapnine
C19H19NO4
298-45-3
325.359 pr (al)
199.5
5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
1.586820 i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc 1.591920 i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH 1.556520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc 1.551020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc 1.547720 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.506520 vs eth, EtOH 1.457425 i H2O; vs chl 1.456120 1.333120
1860.8
i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-75 O
Br
Br
N
Br N
N H
N
1347
1348
3-Bromopyridine
H Br
O
N
1349
4-Bromopyridine
Br
O
1351
1350
5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H )-pyrimidinedione
1352
6-Bromoquinoline
3-Bromoquinoline
O
N Br
N
N-Bromosuccinimide
Br N Br
1354
1-Bromotetradecane
S
O
2-Bromothiazole
Br
S
1355
S
1356
1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone
1357
2-Bromothiophene
3-Bromothiophene
OH
Br
Organic
HO
Br
S
1353
Br
Br
Br Br
O S O O
Br
Br Cl
Cl Br
Cl
1358
1359
Bromothymol Blue
1360
2-Bromotoluene
1361
3-Bromotoluene
1362
4-Bromotoluene
1363
Bromotrichloromethane
1-Bromotridecane
Br Br Si
Br F
1364
F F
1365
Bromotriethylsilane
Br
F
F
F
Br
F
F
F F
F
F
F
1366
2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
Br
1367
Bromotrifluoroethene
1368
Bromotrifluoromethane
F F
1369
1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
Br Br Br
Br F
F
O2N
F
1370
1371
1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
NO2 NO2
Br
1372
2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
1374
1373
Bromotrinitromethane
1-Bromoundecane
Bromotriphenylmethane
Br
Br Br
O Br
Br
OH
1375
1376
11-Bromoundecanoic acid
1377
(1-Bromovinyl)benzene
1378
(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene
N
Br
N
O
1381
1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene
N
H
O
Br
1380
H
O
N
1382
1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene
HCl
H N
H
O
O
1383
Brompheniramine
NH
O
H H
1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene
O
H
Br
1379
(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene
H
O
1384
Brucine
Brucine hydrochloride
O O
O NH
O H O
N O
O
N
O H
O
H
O OH
H
HO
O
1385
Brucine sulfate heptahydrate
K21599_PCOC.indb 75
N
H2SO4.7H2O
H
1386
Bucolome
O
N H
O HO O
H
1387
Bufotalin
1388
Bulbocapnine
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-76 Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
Organic
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
1389
sec-Bumeton
C10H19N5O
26259-45-0 225.291
1390
BUSAN 72A
N2-sec-Butyl-N4-ethyl-6methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate
C9H6N2S3
21564-17-0 238.352 liq
1391 1392
Butachlor 1,2-Butadiene
Methylallene
C17H26ClNO2 C4H6
23184-66-9 311.847 590-19-2 54.091 vol liq or gas
1 atm 5840 0.94525 1.469020 2.3 7611 0.928620 1.608925 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz -35(3) 10(2) 0.73640 1.41895 vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH 138.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig -96.86(0.02) 74.8(0.2) 0.801620 1.384320 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl -29.5 152(9) 0.92320 vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 116(1) 231.8(1) 0.8850120 1.4087130 sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH -138.3(0.1) -0.5(0.5) 0.57325 1.332620 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth, chl atm) 170 dec 1.06520 1.426218 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 21.9(0.4) 156(10) 0.87725 1.496920 s H2O 280 dec sub vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH 196.42(0.06) 1.002420 1.437820 s H2O, EtOH, ace -77 208.2(0.1) 1.005320 1.440120 20.43(0.02) 229.5(0.4) 1.017120 1.446020 msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth 7(2) 178(3) 1.003320 1.431025 msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 12 233(6) 1.047915 1.425115 830.3 1.10525 266 1.125 1.461120
C4H10O2
1413 1414
den g cm –3
87
88.151 lf 161.073 nd or lf (al, w) 26171-83-5 90.121
1412
bp/˚C
-4.6(0.2)
290 1334
1.02520
-1.2
87.5(0.8)
0.980818
76.8
185.5
543-20-4 1191-08-8
101.105 pr (chl), lf (w) 154.980 pl or lf 122.252 liq
16.7(0.6) -53.9
190(5) 195.5
C4H7N
109-74-0
69.106
-111.76(0.05) 117.6(0.4)
1-Butanesulfonyl chloride 1,4-Butane sultone 1,2-Oxathiane 2,2-dioxide 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Erythritol
C4H9ClO2S C4H8O3S C8H10O8
2386-60-9 1633-83-6 1703-58-8
C4H10O4
149-32-6
1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*)1-Butanethiol
Erythrityl tetranitrate
C4H6N4O12
7297-25-8
156.631 136.170 liq 234.160 lf (w) cry (ace) 122.120 bipym tetr pr 302.111
Butyl mercaptan
C4H10S
109-79-5
90.187
liq
liq
liq
13.5 236.5 118.1(0.7)
1.374820 1.00210 0.793620
7510 1354
1.33120
330.5
1.45120
61 -115.66(0.06) 98.4(0.5)
1.449525 vs ace, eth, EtOH, lig 1.456020 sl H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, ace 1.395120 vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s alk 1.468320 s eth, ace, bz 1.529020 i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ctc 1.384220 sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz 1.455920 1.464020 vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i eth, bz vs EtOH
0.841620 1.444020 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-77 O
HN N O
N N
Cl
N
O N
N
O
S
N H
S
1389
C
S
1390
sec-Bumeton
1391
BUSAN 72A
O
1392
Butachlor
1393
1,2-Butadiene
1394
1,3-Butadiene
1395
1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate
trans-1,3-Butadienylbenzene
O
O
1396
N H
H O
O
1397
1,3-Butadiyne
N
O
1398
Butalbital
1399
Butanal
O
NH2
OH
1400
Butanal oxime
1401
Butanamide
1402
Butane
NH2
H2N
O
Organic
N
1403
Butanedial
1,4-Butanediamine
OH NH2 2HCl
H2N
OH
1404
O
O
OH
1405
1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride
O
OH
OH
1406
1,2-Butanediol, (±)-
O
O
O
1410
1411
S
1414
1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate
O
1415
1421
1,4-Butane sultone
K21599_PCOC.indb 77
1417
2,3-Butanedione monooxime
COOH COOH
1422
1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid
Cl Cl
N OH
1416
2,3-Butanedione
HOOC
O
O
O
O
O
1413
1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate
O O
COOH O S O O
1409
1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate
O O
O O
O
1,4-Butanediol diacetate
1412
1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether
O O S O
O
O
O
O
O
O 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate
1408
2,3-Butanediol
1,4-Butanediol
O
O
OH
1407
1,3-Butanediol
O
OH
HO
Butanedioyl dichloride
H H
CH2OH OH OH CH2OH
1423
1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol
HS
SH
1418
H H
N
1419
1,4-Butanedithiol
Cl O S O
Butanenitrile
1420
1-Butanesulfonyl chloride
CH2ONO2 ONO2 ONO2 CH2ONO2
1424
1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*)-
SH
1425
1-Butanethiol
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-78 Mol. Wt.
Organic
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
1426
2-Butanethiol
sec-Butyl mercaptan
C4H10S
91840-99-2 90.187
1427 1428
1,2,4-Butanetriol Butanilicaine
1429
Butanoic acid
C4H10O3 2-(Butylamino)-N-(2-chloro-6- C13H19ClN2O methylphenyl)acetamide Butyric acid C4H8O2
1430 1431
Butanoic anhydride 1-Butanol
Butyric anhydride Butyl alcohol
1432
2-Butanol
1433
2-Butanone
1434 1435
2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene)hydrazone 2-Butanone oxime
1436 1437 1438 1439
2-Butanone peroxide Butanoyl chloride Butaperazine Butazolamide
1440
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
liq
-165
85.0(0.7)
den g cm –3
3068-00-6 3785-21-5
106.120 254.755 cry
46
19018 1450.001
107-92-6
88.106
-5.12(0.09)
163.7(0.1)
C8H14O3 C4H10O
106-31-0 71-36-3
158.195 liq 74.121 liq
-75.0(0.6) 195(1) -88.60(0.02) 117.6(0.2)
sec-Butyl alcohol
C4H10O
78-92-2
74.121
liq
-88.44(0.07) 99.4(0.2)
Methyl ethyl ketone
C4H8O
78-93-3
72.106
liq
-86.67(0.01) 79.6(0.2)
C8H16N2
5921-54-0
140.226
C4H9NO
96-29-7
87.120
1338-23-4 141-75-3 653-03-2 16790-49-1
176.211 col liq 106.551 liq 409.587 250.298 cry
261 dec
trans-2-Butenal
N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide trans-Crotonaldehyde
C8H16O4 C4H7ClO C24H31N3OS C6H10N4O3S2 C4H6O
123-73-9
70.090
liq
-76.6(0.3)
1441
1-Butene
1-Butylene
C4H8
106-98-9
56.107
col gas
-185.33(0.02) -6.3(0.2)
1442
cis-2-Butene
C4H8
590-18-1
56.107
col gas
-138.89(0.02) 3.72(0.08)
1443
trans-2-Butene
C4H8
624-64-6
56.107
col gas
-105.52(0.02) 0.88(0.09)
1444
trans-2-Butenedinitrile
C4H2N2
764-42-1
78.072
nd (bz-peth) 96.0(0.8)
1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450
cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile
Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide
C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N
6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1
88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090
1451
cis-2-Butenoic acid
Isocrotonic acid
C4H6O2
503-64-0
86.090
1452
trans-2-Butenoic acid
Crotonic acid
C4H6O2
107-93-7
86.090
1453
3-Butenoic acid
C4H6O2
625-38-7
86.090
1454 1455 1456
2-Butenoic anhydride cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol
C8H10O3 C4H8O C4H8O
623-68-7 4088-60-2 504-61-0
154.163 72.106 72.106
1457
3-Buten-1-ol
C4H8O
627-27-0
72.106
112(5)
1458 1459
3-Buten-2-ol 3-Buten-2-one
C4H8O C4H6O
598-32-3 78-94-4
72.106 70.090
97(4) 81(4)
0.86420
1460 1461
2-Butenoyl chloride trans-1-Butenylbenzene
C4H5ClO C10H12
10487-71-5 104.535 1005-64-7 132.202 liq
121(8) 201(4)
1.090520 0.901920
1462 1463 1464
2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne
C10H12 C10H12 C4H4
1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4
182(6) 183(4) 6.0(0.9)
0.883120 0.883120 0.70940
K21599_PCOC.indb 78
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide n-Butyryl chloride
Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol trans-Crotyl alcohol
Methyl vinyl ketone
Vinylacetylene
liq
170(7) liq
-29.5(0.5)
151.5(0.6)
-89.0(0.5)
exp 101(3) 2750.05
11.0(0.5) 27(1) pa ye lig liq liq liq
-51.5 -87
nd or pr 15 (peth) mcl pr or nd 71.3(0.2) (w, lig) liq -35
132.202 132.202 liq 52.075 col gas
1 eth; s bz atm) 0.61625 1.3931-25 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth; s bz atm) 0.59925 1.3848-25 s bz (p>1 atm) 0.9416111 1.4349111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth 1.069820 1.478220 s H2O; vs EtOH 1.070020 1.475520 vs H2O, EtOH 1.40820 1.500418 0.823920 1.422520 s eth, ace 0.834120 1.406020 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.026720 1.445020 vs H2O; s EtOH 0.960477 1.424977 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, lig 1.009120 1.423920 s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.039720 1.474520 vs eth 0.866220 1.434225 s H2O 0.852120 1.428820 vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 0.842420 1.422420 s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.408120 s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; sl ctc 1.46018 vs ace 1.542020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 1.510120 1.505920 i H2O; s eth, bz 1.41611 i H2O; s bz
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Cl HO
H N
OH
SH
1427
2-Butanethiol
1433
1431
Butanoic anhydride
1-Butanol
O O
N
N
1434
2-Butanone
OH
1435
2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene)hydrazone
Cl O
O O
1436
2-Butanone oxime
1437
2-Butanone peroxide
Butanoyl chloride
Organic
2-Butanol
OH
1430
Butanoic acid
O
1432
O O
1429
Butanilicaine
N
O
O
1428
1,2,4-Butanetriol
OH
OH
N H
O
OH
1426
3-79
N
O H N
N O
S
1438
S
O
O NH2
S
N N
O
1439
Butaperazine
1440
Butazolamide
1441
trans-2-Butenal
1-Butene
1442
cis-2-Butene
1443
trans-2-Butene
Cl O
N HO
N
1444
1445
trans-2-Butenedinitrile
N
1450
3-Butenenitrile
HO
OH
OH
1446
cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol
O
O
1451
O
cis-2-Butenoic acid
O OH
1452
trans-2-Butenenitrile
O OH
1454
3-Butenoic acid
1449
cis-2-Butenenitrile
O
1453
trans-2-Butenoic acid
1448
trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride
OH
N
N
1447
trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol
HO
O Cl
2-Butenoic anhydride
1455
cis-2-Buten-1-ol
OH
1456
trans-2-Buten-1-ol
O OH
1457
3-Buten-1-ol
K21599_PCOC.indb 79
OH
1458
3-Buten-2-ol
Cl
O
1459
3-Buten-2-one
1460
2-Butenoyl chloride
1461
trans-1-Butenylbenzene
1462
2-Butenylbenzene
1463
3-Butenylbenzene
1464
1-Buten-3-yne
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-80 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1465
Butethamine hydrochloride
2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate
C13H21ClN2O2
553-68-4
272.771 cry
1466
Buthalital sodium
C11H15N2NaO2S
510-90-7
262.304
1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473
Buthiazide Buthiobate Butonate Butoxyacetylene 4-Butoxyaniline 4-Butoxybenzaldehyde 2-Butoxyethanol
C11H16ClN3O4S2 C21H28N2S2 C8H14Cl3O5P C6H10O C10H15NO C11H14O2 C6H14O2
2043-38-1 51308-54-4 126-22-7 3329-56-4 4344-55-2 5736-88-9 111-76-2
353.846 372.590 ye oil 327.527 98.142 165.232 178.228 118.174 liq
1474
2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy] ethanol 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl Lethane 384 thiocyanate 1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol 2-Butoxyethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichloro2,4-D 2-Butoxyethyl ester phenoxy)acetate 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5-trichloro- 2,4,5-T Butoxyethyl ester phenoxy)acetate 4-Butoxy-N-hydroxybenzeBufexamac neacetamide 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene 4-Butoxyphenol
C10H22O4
143-22-6
206.280
278
C9H17NO2S
112-56-1
203.302 liq
1220.25
C9H20O3
124-16-3
176.253 col liq
C8H16O3
112-07-2
160.211 liq
191.1(0.9)
C14H18Cl2O4
1929-73-3
321.197
1591
1.23220
C14H17Cl3O4
2545-59-7
355.642
1641
1.28020
C12H17NO3
2438-72-4
223.268 nd (ace)
C11H16O C10H14O2
10519-06-9 164.244 122-94-1 166.217
229.5 1254
0.920525 1.497020 s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
C17H27NO3
140-65-8
293.401
1966
1484
4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl] Pramoxine morpholine 1-Butoxy-2-propanol
C7H16O2
5131-66-8
132.201
172(3)
1485
Butralin
C14H21N3O4
33629-47-9 295.335
59.3(0.5)
1350.5
1486 1487
N-Butylacetamide Butyl acetate
C6H13NO C6H12O2
1119-49-9 123-86-4
115.173 116.158 liq
-77.0(0.1)
229 126.0(0.1)
1488
sec-Butyl acetate
C6H12O2
105-46-4
116.158 liq
-98.9
108(4)
1489
tert-Butyl acetate
C6H12O2
540-88-5
116.158 liq
1490 1491
tert-Butylacetic acid Butyl acetoacetate
C6H12O2 C8H14O3
1070-83-3 591-60-6
116.158 158.195
6(2) -35.6
184(2) 12750
1492
Butyl acrylate
C7H12O2
141-32-2
128.169 liq
-63.6(0.5)
146.6(0.6)
1493 1494
tert-Butyl acrylate Butylamine
1-Butanamine
C7H12O2 C4H11N
1663-39-4 109-73-9
128.169 liq 73.137 liq
-49(1)
120 77.0(0.2)
1495
sec-Butylamine
2-Butanamine, (±)-
C4H11N
33966-50-6 73.137
liq
-104.5(0.6)
62.71(0.08)
1496
tert-Butylamine
2-Methyl-2-propanamine
C4H11N
75-64-9
73.137
liq
-66.92(0.06) 44.02(0.07)
1497 1498
Butylamine hydrochloride Butyl 4-aminobenzoate
1-Butanamine hydrochloride Butamben
C4H12ClN C11H15NO2
3858-78-4 94-25-7
213 57(2)
1499
2-(Butylamino)ethanol
C6H15NO
111-75-1
109.598 193.243 cry (al or bz) 117.189
1500 1501
C6H15NO C10H19NO2
4620-70-6 3775-90-4
117.189 185.264
44
C11H14N2S2
95-31-8
238.372
108
1503
2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanol N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 2-(tert-Butylaminothio) benzothiazole 2-sec-Butylaniline
C10H15N
1504 1505 1506
4-Butylaniline 4-sec-Butylaniline 4-tert-Butylaniline
C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N
1475
Organic
1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483
1502
K21599_PCOC.indb 80
Denmert
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether
4-tert-Butyl-N-sec-butyl-2,6dinitroaniline
1-Methylpropyl acetate
N-tert-Butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
194
s H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz
221.5 32
-74.8
-90
Solubility
1290.5 104 1324 14810 171(2)
234(14)
1.086525 1.59626
i H2O; s os
0.820020 1.4067
vs eth, EtOH
0.901520 1.419820 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 0.989020 1.438920 vs EtOH, MeOH i H2O; vs os 0.93120
s H2O
s ctc
154
65.5
0.88220
1.416820 s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, MeOH
180(16) 10212
0.896025 1.438825 0.882520 1.394120 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 0.874820 1.388820 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 0.866520 1.385520 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc 0.912420 1.409620 s EtOH, eth 0.967125 1.413720 sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, lig 0.889820 1.418520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 0.87925 1.411020 0.741420 1.403120 msc H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.724620 1.393220 s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 0.695820 1.378420 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 0.98220 sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 0.890720 1.443720 vs H2O, EtOH, eth 0.881820 s chl
55751-54-7 149.233
12016
0.957420
104-13-2 149.233 pa ye 30273-11-1 149.233 769-92-6 149.233 ye rd (peth) 17
261 238 241
0.94520 0.94915 1.536029 0.952515 1.538020
97.9(1)
1738 199
s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc sl ctc vs bz, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz; s ctc
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-81 N N O
H2N O
N H
O
NH
HCl O
1465
H2N
O
O
NH O
1468
Buthiazide
Buthiobate
O
O
1470
Butonate
Butoxyacetylene
O
O
O
1474
O
O
O
O O
2-Butoxyethyl acetate
1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol
O
O Cl
H N
Cl Cl
1478
N
1481
4-Butoxy-N-hydroxybenzeneacetamide
O
O
O
1480
2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate
O
OH
O
O
1479
2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate
O N
NH O N
H N
O 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl]morpholine
O
1-Butoxy-2-propanol
O O
O
O
OH
1489
1490
tert-Butyl acetate
tert-Butylacetic acid
1491
Butyl acetoacetate
O
NH2
1497
tert-Butylamine
Butylamine hydrochloride
1486
Butralin
O
1487
N-Butylacetamide
1488
Butyl acetate
sec-Butyl acetate
O O
1493
Butyl acrylate
NH2
NH2
O
1492
1498
Butyl 4-aminobenzoate
H N
1499
1494
tert-Butyl acrylate
1495
Butylamine
H N
OH
OH
2-(Butylamino)ethanol
NH2
sec-Butylamine
1500
2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanol
NH2
H N
O O
1501
N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate
NH2
NH2
N S
O O
O
NH2
NH2 HCl
1496
1485
O O
4-Butoxyphenol
O O
OH
1484
1482
1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene
O
O
1483
OH
O
Cl
Cl
O
1477
1476
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate
O
2-Butoxyethanol
O
O
N
1475
2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol
1473
4-Butoxybenzaldehyde
S
O
OH
O
1472
4-Butoxyaniline
OH
O
O
1471
Organic
O
1469
S HN
1502
2-(tert-Butylaminothio)benzothiazole
K21599_PCOC.indb 81
S
1467
Buthalital sodium
P O O
O
S
Cl Cl
O
O
S
NH2
Cl
O
O
1466
Butethamine hydrochloride
O
N H
H N
Cl
Na+
S S
1503
2-sec-Butylaniline
1504
4-Butylaniline
1505
4-sec-Butylaniline
1506
4-tert-Butylaniline
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-82
Organic
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
N-Butylaniline N-tert-Butylaniline
C10H15N C10H15N
1126-78-9 937-33-7
C18H16O2
1510 1511 1512 1513
2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione tert-Butyl azidoformate tert-Butyl carbonazidate 4-Butylbenzaldehyde 4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde Butylbenzene 1-Phenylbutane
1514
sec-Butylbenzene, (±)-
1515
tert-Butylbenzene
1516 1517 1518
No.
Name
1507 1508 1509
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
149.233 liq 149.233
-14.4
254(9) 215
84-47-9
264.319
99
C5H9N3O2 C11H14O C11H14O C10H14
1070-19-5 1200-14-2 939-97-9 104-51-8
143.144 unstab >80 162.228 162.228 liq 134.218 liq -87.81(0.05)
2-Phenylbutane
C10H14
36383-15-0 134.218 liq
-75.5(0.3)
(1,1-Dimethylethyl)benzene
C10H14
98-06-6
134.218 liq
-57.84(0.04) 169.1(0.3)
C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C11H17N
98-29-3 1948-33-0 3378-72-1
166.217 166.217 163.260
54(2) 128
1519 1520
4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine 4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol Butyl benzoate
C11H16O C11H14O2
877-65-6 136-60-7
164.244 178.228 liq
-22.4(0.4)
1521 1522 1523
2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid
C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2
1077-58-3 7498-54-6 98-73-7
178.228 pl (dil al) 178.228 nd (peth) 178.228 nd (dil al)
80.5(0.3) 127.3(0.5) 164(2)
1524 1525 1526 1527 1528
4-Butylbenzoyl chloride 4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride 2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl tert-Butyl bromoacetate Butyl butanoate
C11H13ClO C11H13ClO C16H18 C6H11BrO2 C8H16O2
28788-62-7 1710-98-1 54532-97-7 5292-43-3 109-21-7
196.673 196.673 210.314 liq 195.054 144.212 liq
1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534
Butyl cis-2-butenedioate Butyl carbamate Butyl chloroacetate tert-Butyl chloroacetate Butylchlorodimethylsilane Butyl chloroformate
Monobutyl maleate
C8H12O4 C5H11NO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H15ClSi C5H9ClO2
925-21-3 592-35-8 590-02-3 107-59-5 1000-50-6 592-34-7
172.179 oil 117.147 pr 150.603 150.603 150.722 136.577
1535
Buclosamide
C11H14ClNO2
575-74-6
227.688
1536 1537 1538
N-Butyl-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide Butyl 2-chloropropanoate Butyl 3-chloropropanoate tert-Butyl chromate
C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C8H18CrO4
1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548
Butyl citrate Butyl cyanoacetate Butylcyclohexane sec-Butylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane 2-tert-Butylcyclohexanol cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol trans-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone Butylcyclohexylamine N-Butylcyclohexanamine
C18H32O7 C7H11NO2 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H18O C10H21N
54819-86-2 164.630 27387-79-7 164.630 1189-85-1 230.223 red cry (peth) 77-94-1 360.443 5459-58-5 141.168 1678-93-9 140.266 liq 7058-01-7 140.266 3178-22-1 140.266 liq 13491-79-7 156.265 937-05-3 156.265 21862-63-5 156.265 98-53-3 154.249 10108-56-2 155.281
23322 231 -74.68(0.05) 180.9(0.6) 179.3(0.5) -41.2(0.3) 171.6(0.4) 45 13995 82(3) 11215 83 11215 48(3) 909 208.3
1549 1550
Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate Butylcyclopentane
C18H24O4 C9H18
84-64-0 2040-95-1
-107.95(0.05) 156(1)
1551 1552
Butyl dichloroacetate Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) 2,4-D Butyl ester acetate 5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone Butyldimethylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-butanamine
C6H10Cl2O2 C12H14Cl2O3
29003-73-4 185.048 94-80-4 277.143
C8H14O2 C6H15N
104-50-7 927-62-8
142.196 101.190
1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene
C12H18
98-19-1
162.271 liq
1553 1554 1555
K21599_PCOC.indb 82
Synonym
p-tert-Butylbenzoic acid
304.382 col liq 126.239 liq
7370 1237 10711 183.3(0.3)
173.3(0.4)
286(1)
den g cm –3
-91.5(0.1)
Solubility
1.5265 0.970 1.527020 0.860120 1.489820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 0.862120 1.490220 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 0.866520 1.492720 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz s tfa
755
-9.6(0.2)
nD
0.932320 1.534120 vs eth, EtOH 1.527020 s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl s ctc, CS2
1.495125
236 249(3)
0.92825 1.00020
15526 266 292(3) 7325 164.95(0.1)
1.05125 1.00725 0.967620 0.870020
1.517920 1.494025 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc vs EtOH vs EtOH, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl 1.535120 1.536420 1.560420 1.443020 vs eth, EtOH 1.407520 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc
1.0925 53
204 dec 181(3) 150 139 142
vs EtOH; sl chl 1.070420 1.429720 vs eth, EtOH 1.426020 dec H2O 0.87620 1.514520 1.07425 1.411420 msc eth; s ace; sl ctc
184 10422
1.025320 1.426320 vs eth 1.037020 1.432120 vs H2O, eth reac H2O
91.5
-5 -20
9
-18(2)
1.04320 1.001020 0.790220 0.813120 0.812720 0.90225
1.446020 1.420020 1.440820 i H2O 1.446720 i H2O; s ace 1.446920 i H2O
1.07625 0.784620 1.431620
sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
193.5 1331
1.182020 1.442020
13220 92.2(0.7)
0.979619 1.445119 s EtOH; sl ctc 0.720620 1.397020 msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.866820 s ctc
207(1)
4/2/14 2:56 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-83
H N
O O
1507
1508
N-Butylaniline
N-tert-Butylaniline
O
1509
N
N
N
1510
2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione
1511
tert-Butyl azidoformate
1512
4-Butylbenzaldehyde
OH
OH
N H
OH
1514
1515
tert-Butylbenzene
1517
1516
HO HO
O
1518
2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol
4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol
HO
Butylbenzene
OH
OH
sec-Butylbenzene, (±)-
1513
4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde
1519
N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine
O
O
O
O
Cl
4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol
Organic
H N
O
O
O
Cl
O
O
1520
1521
Butyl benzoate
2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid
O Br
1522
O O
O
O
O
O
Cl
Butyl chloroformate
O
N-Butyl-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide
OH
N
O
O O Cr O O
O Cl
Cl
1535
O
tert-Butyl chloroacetate
O O
1534
Butylchlorodimethylsilane
Butyl chloroacetate
O
1532
H N OH
Cl
O Cl
O
1531
Butyl carbamate
O
1533
1526
2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl
O Cl
O
1530
Butyl cis-2-butenedioate
O
Cl Si
4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride
O H2N
1529
Butyl butanoate
1525
4-Butylbenzoyl chloride
O O O
1528
tert-Butyl bromoacetate
1524
4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid
HO O
1527
1523
3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid
1536
O
1537
Butyl 2-chloropropanoate
Butyl 3-chloropropanoate
1538
tert-Butyl chromate
O O
1539
1540
Butyl citrate
1541
Butyl cyanoacetate
OH
1542
Butylcyclohexane
OH
sec-Butylcyclohexane
O
1543
tert-Butylcyclohexane
O
OH
O O
H N O
1544
1545
2-tert-Butylcyclohexanol
1546
cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol
trans-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol
O O Cl
Cl
1550
Butylcyclopentane
K21599_PCOC.indb 83
1548
4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone
Butylcyclohexylamine
1549
Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate
O
O Cl
1547
1551
Butyl dichloroacetate
O O
Cl
1552
Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate
1553
O
5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone
N
1554
Butyldimethylamine
1555
1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-84 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C14H18N2O5
81-14-1
294.303 ye cry
135.5
C12H18O
1879-09-0
178.270
22.3
247(9)
0.91780
1.518320 i alk
C12H18O
17696-37-6 178.270
71.2
262(27)
0.93980
1.531120 s alk
C12H18O
879-97-0
178.270
82.4
248
0.91680
s alk
C12H15N3O6
81-15-2
297.263 pl, nd (al)
111.5(0.2)
C10H12N2O5 C26H54 C26H54 C16H32O2 C6H15N
1420-07-1 55282-16-1 13475-76-8 106-18-3 13360-63-9
240.212 ye solid 366.707 366.707 256.424 101.190
126 208
C12H18 C6H14O
7364-19-4 628-81-9
162.271 liq 102.174 liq
-38.4 -124
C6H14O
2679-87-0
102.174
C6H14O
637-92-3
102.174 liq
-94.0(0.3)
72.7(0.1)
C12H18O C9H20O2
96-70-8 115-84-4
178.270 160.254 wh cry
23 43(2)
250 269.0(0.2)
C10H16N2O3
77-28-1
212.245
123(1)
C6H14S C6H14S C5H11NO C5H10O2
638-46-0 14290-92-7 2425-74-3 592-84-7
118.240 118.240 101.147 102.132
C5H10O2
589-40-2
102.132
93.6(0.3)
Butyl enanthate
C5H10O2 C7H14O2 C11H22O2
762-75-4 2426-08-6 5454-28-4
102.132 liq 130.185 186.292 liq
-68(1)
83(6) 171(18) 225(4)
Butyl caproate
C10H20O2
626-82-4
172.265 liq
-50.0(0.5)
204(3)
C4H13ClN2
7400-27-3
124.612
192.5
Monobutyl succinate
C8H14O4 C4H10O2
5150-93-6 75-91-2
174.195 90.121 liq
8.6 6
136.53 89 dec
tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxyanisole
C11H16O2
25013-16-5 180.244 wax
51
268
1586 1587
Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
C11H14O3 C11H14O3
2052-14-4 94-26-8
194.227 liq 194.227
-5.9 68.5
271
Butylparaben
1588
Butyl ricinoleate
C22H42O3
151-13-3
354.566
27513
1589
Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9octadecenoate, (R)tert-Butyl hypochlorite
1.073220 1.436020 0.896020 1.401520 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; s peth, EtOH 1.072820 1.511520 sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH 0.905822 1.456622 vs eth
C4H9ClO
507-40-4
108.566 ye liq
77.5
0.958318 1.40320
1590
Butyl isobutyl ether
C8H18O
17071-47-5 130.228 liq
135(8)
0.76315
1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596
tert-Butyl isobutyl ether Butyl isocyanate Butyl isocyanide tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Butyl isothiocyanate sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±)-
C8H18O C5H9NO C5H9N C7H16O C5H9NS C5H9NS
112.9(0.3) 125(3) 120 87.3(0.3) 167(7) 159.5
0.88020 1.406020 0.7820 0.736525 0.954620 1.50120 0.94412
1597
tert-Butyl isothiocyanate
33021-02-2 111-36-4 2769-64-4 17348-59-3 592-82-5 11672411-9 590-42-1
140
0.918710
1598 1599 1600
Butyl lactate Butyl methacrylate tert-Butyl methacrylate
7710 163.7(0.8) 135.2
0.974427 vs eth, EtOH 0.893620 1.424020 vs eth, EtOH
No.
Name
1556
1561 1562 1563 1564 1565
4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5- Musk ketone dinitroacetophenone 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane Butyl dodecanoate Butylethylamine N-Ethyl-1-butanamine
1566 1567
1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether
1568
sec-Butyl ethyl ether
1569
tert-Butyl ethyl ether
1570 1571
1573 1574 1575 1576
2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 5-Butyl-5-ethyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione Butyl ethyl sulfide tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide N-tert-Butylformamide Butyl formate
1577
sec-Butyl formate
1578 1579 1580
tert-Butyl formate Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl heptanoate
1581
Butyl hexanoate
1582 1583 1584
tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride Butyl hydrogen succinate tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
1585
1557 1558 1559 1560
Organic
1572
K21599_PCOC.indb 84
Synonym
Ethyl butyl ether
Ethyl tert-butyl ether
Butethal
2-Methyl-2-propanethiol
1,1-Dimethylethyl formate
1-Isothiocyanatobutane 2-Isothiocyanatobutane, (±)
2-Isothiocyanato-2-methylpro- C5H9NS pane C7H14O3 C8H14O2 C8H14O2
Physical Form
34451-18-8 146.184 97-88-1 142.196 585-07-9 142.196
bp/˚C
liq liq liq liq
-95.1(0.2) -85.9(0.3) 16 -90.0(0.4)
-88.3(0.4)
10.5
den g cm –3
nD
Solubility vs chl
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl 24410 242.510 18018 104.8(0.8) 211 89(2)
81(4)
130.228 liq 99.131 83.132 116.201 liq 115.197 115.197 115.197
mp/˚C
144.2(0.8) 120.4(0.6) 202 106.1(0.1)
0.805820 1.450320 0.804120 1.449920 0.739820 1.404020 msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.864120 0.749520 1.381820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 0.750320 1.380220 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 0.73625 1.375620 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 0.92750
1.458725 sl H2O, ace; s EtOH
0.837620 1.449210 vs EtOH; s chl 0.903 1.433020 0.895820 1.388720 sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 0.884620 1.386520 sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 0.872 1.379020 0.91820 0.863820 1.420420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.865320 1.415220 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth
1.407721
i H2O; vs eth, bz; s ace vs ace, eth, EtOH
vs eth, EtOH s chl vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-85
O
OH
OH
OH O
N O
N O
O
1556
1557
4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone
O
O N
O N
N
O
1558
2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol
O
O
O N
O
N
O
1561
1562
2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol
1563
5-Butyldocosane
11-Butyldocosane
Organic
1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene
4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol
OH
O
1560
1559
4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol
OH O
O
H N
O
1564
1565
Butyl dodecanoate
O
O
1566
Butylethylamine
1567
1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene
1568
Butyl ethyl ether
1569
sec-Butyl ethyl ether
tert-Butyl ethyl ether
1570
2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol
O N OH HO
O
1571
2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol
N H
H S
H N
1574
1575
O
O
S
1572
5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-pyrimidinetrione
O
O
1573
Butyl ethyl sulfide
tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide
N-tert-Butylformamide
O
O
1576
1577
Butyl formate
sec-Butyl formate
O O O
O
O
O
1578
O
1579
tert-Butyl formate
O
1580
Butyl glycidyl ether
1581
Butyl heptanoate
O
O
OH
O
1583
tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride
Butyl hydrogen succinate
O
O
O
O
O
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
OH
1585
1586
tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole
Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
1590
1591
Butyl isobutyl ether
tert-Butyl isobutyl ether
N
C
1592
Butyl isocyanate
O N
1596
C
N S
sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±)-
C
1597
S
tert-Butyl isothiocyanate
1588
Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
O
1589
OH
1587
O
Cl
tert-Butyl hypochlorite
K21599_PCOC.indb 85
NH2 HCl
OH
1584
O
OH
O
1582
Butyl hexanoate
OH O
H N
O
Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate, (R)-
N
O
O N
C
1593
1594
Butyl isocyanide
tert-Butyl isopropyl ether
O O
OH
1598
Butyl lactate
C
S
1595
Butyl isothiocyanate
O O
1599
Butyl methacrylate
O
1600
tert-Butyl methacrylate
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-86
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
164.244
19.1(0.3)
223(5)
0.938320 1.503920
83-66-9
268.265 pa ye lf (al)
85
18516
C11H16O2 C11H16O2 C5H13N C11H16
121-00-6 88-32-4 110-68-9 1074-92-6
180.244 180.244 87.164 148.245 liq
1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 3-tert-Butyltoluene
C11H16
1075-38-3
148.245 liq
-41.36(0.08) 204(5)
1608
1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 4-tert-Butyltoluene
C11H16
98-51-1
148.245 liq
-52.49(0.08) 193(3)
1609 1610 1611
Butyl 2-methylbutanoate Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Butyl methyl ether
C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C5H12O
15706-73-7 158.238 109-19-3 158.238 628-28-4 88.148 liq
179(7)
1612
sec-Butyl methyl ether
C5H12O
1613
2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol
C11H16O
11678323-4 2409-55-4
164.244
52.3(0.9)
236(7)
1614
2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol
C11H16O
88-60-8
164.244
46.5
12711
1615 1616
2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol
C11H16O C11H16O
2219-82-1 98-27-1
164.244 164.244
29(1) 27.5
233(7) 256(4)
1617 1618 1619
Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide 4-Butylmorpholine
C5H12S C5H12S C8H17NO
628-29-5 6163-64-0 1005-67-0
104.214 liq 104.214 liq 143.227 liq
-97.81(0.05) 123.4(0.5) 98.9(0.3) -57.1 213.5
1620
1-Butylnaphthalene
C14H16
1634-09-9
184.277 liq
-19.7(0.2)
288(5)
1621 1622
2-Butylnaphthalene Butyl nitrate
C14H16 C4H9NO3
1134-62-9 928-45-0
184.277 liq 119.119
-7(4)
286(5) 133
1623 1624
Butyl nitrite tert-Butyl nitrite
C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2
544-16-1 540-80-7
103.120 103.120 pa ye liq
78 64(2)
1625
sec-Butyl nitrite
C4H9NO2
924-43-6
103.120
65(2)
1626
C8H18N2O2
3817-11-6
174.241
1150.01
1627 1628 1629
4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1butanol 5-Butylnonane Butyl nonanoate Butyl octanoate
C13H28 C13H26O2 C12H24O2
17312-63-9 184.361 50623-57-9 214.344 589-75-3 200.318 liq
1630 1631 1632 1633 1634
2-Butyl-1-octanol Butyl oleate tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate Butyl 4-oxopentanoate Butyl palmitate
C12H26O C22H42O2 C8H14O3 C9H16O3 C20H40O2
3913-02-8 142-77-8 1694-31-1 2052-15-5 111-06-8
186.333 338.567 ye cry 158.195 172.221 312.531 cry (dil al)
1635
Butyl pentanoate
C9H18O2
591-68-4
158.238 liq
1636
sec-Butyl pentanoate
C9H18O2
158.238
174.5
1637 1638 1639
4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate 2-Butylphenol
C14H23N C11H14O3 C10H14O
11683632-9 2961-47-9 614-45-9 3180-09-4
205.340 194.227 150.217 liq
-20(2)
265 750.2 234(5)
1640 1641
2-sec-Butylphenol 2-tert-Butylphenol
C10H14O C10H14O
89-72-5 88-18-6
150.217 150.217 liq
18(3) -5.6(0.2)
229(3) 224.3(0.6)
1642 1643
3-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol
C10H14O C10H14O
4074-43-5 585-34-2
150.217 150.217 nd (peth)
47(1)
249(4) 240
1644
4-Butylphenol
C10H14O
1638-22-8
150.217
22
251(4)
1645
4-sec-Butylphenol
C10H14O
99-71-8
150.217
60(1)
243(3)
No.
Name
1601
1603 1604 1605 1606
1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene 1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol 3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol Butylmethylamine N-Methyl-1-butanamine 1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 2-tert-Butyltoluene
1607
1602
Organic
K21599_PCOC.indb 86
Synonym
Butyl o-toluate Butyl p-toluate
N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine Butyl pelargonate
Butyl cis-9-octadecenoate Butyl levulinate Butyl hexadecanoate
Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide
4-(1-Methylpropyl)phenol
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C11H16O
5396-38-3
C12H16N2O5
Physical Form
nD
Solubility
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl
18450 65 -50.3(0.2)
-115.7(0.1)
88.148
91(2) 200(4)
70.1(0.3)
59.1
-38.0(0.7) -42.9(0.5)
-26.4
219(5) 12320 240(4) 248(23) 22715 71.511 237.5
16(2) -83.77(0.02) 186(5)
0.763715 0.889720 1.507620 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.865720 1.494420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.861220 1.491820 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, chl; s ace, bz 0.862020 1.413520 1.405825 0.739225 1.373620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.741520 1.368025 vs ace, eth, EtOH 0.924775 1.496975 sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl 0.92280 1.525020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 0.924080 1.519520 0.96520 1.523020 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz 0.842620 1.447720 vs EtOH, MeOH 0.906820 1.445120 vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH 0.973820 1.581920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.967320 1.577720 vs ace, bz, EtOH 1.022830 1.401323 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 0.911425 1.376220 msc EtOH, eth 0.867020 1.36820 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 0.872620 1.371020 vs eth, EtOH, chl
0.763518 1.427318 0.852025 1.426225 0.862820 1.423225 vs ace, eth, EtOH 0.89120 0.870415 1.448025 vs EtOH 0.975620 1.418020 0.973520 1.429020 sl chl 1.431250 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.871015 1.412820 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.860520 1.407020 vs bz, eth, py, EtOH 0.887825 1.484625 1.02125 1.499020 0.97520 1.518025 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk 0.980425 1.520025 0.978320 1.516020 s EtOH, ctc, alk; vs eth 0.97420 vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, alk; vs eth 0.97622 1.516525 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ctc 0.98620 1.518221 i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-87 OH
OH
O
O
O O O
1601
N O
N O
O
1602
1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene
1603
1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene
H N
1604
2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol
1605
3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol
Butylmethylamine
O
O O
1606
1607
1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene
1608
1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene
O
1609
1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene
Butyl 2-methylbutanoate
1610
Butyl 3-methylbutanoate
Organic
OH OH OH
OH
O
O
1611
1612
Butyl methyl ether
1613
sec-Butyl methyl ether
1614
2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol
1615
2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol
2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol
1616
4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol
N
O
S S
O
1617
1618
Butyl methyl sulfide
N
O
1619
tert-Butyl methyl sulfide
O O
N
N
N N
O
Butyl nitrate
O OH
1627
1626
sec-Butyl nitrite
O
1622
2-Butylnaphthalene
1625
tert-Butyl nitrite
Butyl nitrite
1621
1-Butylnaphthalene
O
O
1624
1623
1620
4-Butylmorpholine
N O
5-Butylnonane
4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol
O O
O O
O
OH O
1628
1629
Butyl nonanoate
1630
Butyl octanoate
1631
2-Butyl-1-octanol
Butyl oleate
O O
O
O
O O
1632
tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate
O O
O
O
1633
1634
Butyl 4-oxopentanoate
Butyl palmitate
1636
sec-Butyl pentanoate
Butyl pentanoate
OH
O
O
O
O
1635
HO
O
N
1637
4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine
1638
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate
1639
2-Butylphenol
1640
2-sec-Butylphenol
OH OH
OH OH
1641
2-tert-Butylphenol
K21599_PCOC.indb 87
OH
1642
3-Butylphenol
1643
3-tert-Butylphenol
1644
4-Butylphenol
1645
4-sec-Butylphenol
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-88 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
4-tert-Butylphenol
C10H14O
98-54-4
150.217 nd (lig)
100(2)
244(5)
0.90880
C30H39O4P
78-33-1
494.602
C13H18O2
3101-60-8
206.281
C12H17NO C12H16O
91-49-6 943-27-1
191.269 176.254
1651 1652 1653
4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1) [(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl] oxirane N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl) ethanone Butyl phenyl ether Butoxybenzene N-Butylpiperidine Butylpropanedioic acid n-Butylmalonic acid
16714
1.03625
24.5(0.2) 17.7
281 263
0.991220 1.514620 sl chl 0.963520 1.51815
C10H14O C9H19N C7H12O4
1126-79-0 4945-48-6 534-59-8
150.217 liq 141.254 160.168 pr (w)
-19.4
210(1) 174(3)
590-01-2
130.185 liq
-89.5(0.5)
C7H14O2 C7H13NO C7H16O
591-34-4 107-58-4 3073-92-5
130.185 127.184 cry (bz) 116.201
128
C9H13N C10H13NO2
3978-81-2 536-69-6
135.206 liq 179.216
-39.7(0.5) 97
197(5)
0.935120 1.496920 s eth, ace 0.824520 1.446720 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.875420 1.401420 sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 0.865720 1.395220 s EtOH, eth sl H2O; i peth 0.77720 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 0.91525 1.495820 s ctc, CS2
1654
Butyl propanoate
Butyl propionate
C7H14O2
1655 1656 1657
sec-Butyl propanoate N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide Butyl propyl ether
N-tert-Butylacrylamide
1658 1659 1660
4-tert-Butylpyridine 5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid Butyl stearate
C22H44O2
123-95-5
340.583
26.56(0.02)
343
0.85425
1661
Butyl thiocyanate
C5H9NS
628-83-1
115.197
186
0.956315
1662 1663 1664
2-Butylthiophene Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Butyl 2-thiophenecarboxylate Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate
C8H12S C9H12O2S C11H16O3S
1455-20-5 140.246 56053-84-0 184.255 778-28-9 228.308
179(17) 580.15 1656
0.953720
1665 1666
C6H9Cl3O2 C12H13Cl3O3
3657-07-6 93-79-8
219.493 311.588
1667
Butyl trichloroacetate Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) 2,4,5-T Butyl ester acetate Butyltrichlorosilane Trichlorobutylsilane
C4H9Cl3Si
7521-80-4
191.559
1668 1669
Butyl trifluoroacetate Butylurea
C6H9F3O2 C5H12N2O
367-64-6 592-31-4
1670 1671
sec-Butylurea tert-Butylurea
(1-Methylpropyl)urea
C5H12N2O C5H12N2O
689-11-2 1118-12-3
170.129 116.161 tab (w), nd (bz) 116.161 pr (w) 116.161
1672 1673
1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene Butyl vinyl ether
p-tert-Butylstyrene 1-(Ethenyloxy)butane
C12H16 C6H12O
1746-23-2 111-34-2
160.255 liq 100.158 liq
-36.9 -92
9914 94(1)
1674
tert-Butyl vinyl ether
C6H12O
926-02-3
100.158 liq
-112
75
1675
1-Butyne
2-(Ethenyloxy)-2-methylpropane Ethylacetylene
0.8920 0.788820 1.402620 i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz 0.769120 1.392220
C4H6
107-00-6
54.091
-125.7(0.2)
8.1(0.3)
0.67830
1676
2-Butyne
Dimethylacetylene
C4H6
503-17-3
54.091
-32.2(0.1)
27.1(0.5)
0.691020
1677
2-Butynediamide
Cellocidin
C4H4N2O2
543-21-5
vol liq or gas 112.087 cry (dil MeOH)
1678 1679
2-Butynedinitrile 2-Butynedioic acid
C4N2 C4H2O4
1071-98-3 142-45-0
76.056 114.057
20(1) 166(3)
76.5
0.970825
1680
2-Butyne-1,4-diol
Bis(hydroxymethyl)acetylene
C4H6O2
110-65-6
86.090
57(1)
238(8)
1681 1682
2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate 2-Butynoic acid
1,4-Diacetoxy-2-butyne
C8H10O4 C4H4O2
1573-17-7 590-93-2
78
12210 203
0.964120
1683 1684 1685
2-Butyn-1-ol 3-Butyn-1-ol 3-Butyn-2-ol
C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O
764-01-2 927-74-2 2028-63-9
170.163 84.074 pl (eth, peth) 70.090 liq 70.090 liq 70.090 liq
-1.1 -63.5(0.4) -1.5
140(5) 129(5) 106.5
0.937020 0.925720 0.861820
1686 1687 1688
3-Butyn-2-one 3-Butynylbenzene γ-Butyrolactone
C4H4O C10H10 C4H6O2
1423-60-5 68.074 16520-62-0 130.186 96-48-0 86.090 liq
84 177(8) -43.36(0.08) 204.6(0.4)
1689
Cacotheline
C21H21N3O7
561-20-6
>300
No.
Name
1646 1647 1648 1649 1650
Organic
K21599_PCOC.indb 88
Synonym
Fusaric acid
1-Thiocyanatobutane
Ethynyl methyl ketone Oxolan-2-one
Physical Form
104.5 145.1(0.1) 133 117(4)
28.5
204 337 148.5
col gas
pl (bz, AcOEt)
427.408 ye cry
104.5(0.4) 96.3(0.9)
nD
Solubility
1.4787114 s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, alk i EtOH; sl eth, bz 1.514520
1.432850 i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace 1.436020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.509020
1.131920 1.505020 i H2O; s eth; sl ctc 1.277820 1.452525 s ctc
1.160620 1.436320 s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt 1.026822 1.35322 s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl
169 176.6(0.7)
s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz
217 dec
0.879320 0.925820 1.129620
1.396220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.392120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc 1.464725 vs H2O, EtOH, eth 1.480420 vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth 1.461120 s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl 1.453020 vs eth, EtOH 1.440920 vs H2O, EtOH 1.420720 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 1.407020 1.520820 1.434120 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-89
O O P O O
OH
O O
O
O
N
1647
O
OH O
O
1655
Butyl propanoate
sec-Butyl propanoate
1660
Butyl propyl ether
C
Cl Cl
O
1663
1664
Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate
H N
O
O
F
O
1676
1677
O
Cl
1666
1667
Butyltrichlorosilane
O O
1671
1672
N
OH
O
tert-Butyl vinyl ether
Butyl vinyl ether
HO
O OH
O
1679
2-Butynedinitrile
1674
1673
1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene
HO N
Cl Cl Si Cl
Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate
tert-Butylurea
1678
2-Butynediamide
Cl
NH2
O NH2
1662
2-Butylthiophene
O
sec-Butylurea
H2N 2-Butyne
H N
NH2
1670
Butylurea
S
O
Cl
O
1669
1668
Butyl trifluoroacetate
O
Butyl trichloroacetate
H N
NH2
N
Cl O
1665
Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate
O
4-tert-Butylpyridine
Butyl thiocyanate
O
O O S O
N
1658
1661
Butyl stearate
O
1675
N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide
S
5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid
1-Butyne
O
1657
O
1659
F F
O
1656
O
OH O
S
Butyl phenyl ether
1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)ethanone
H N O
1654
Butylpropanedioic acid
N
O
O
1653
N-Butylpiperidine
1651
1650
N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide
[(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane
OH
N
1652
1649
1648
4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1)
Organic
1646
4-tert-Butylphenol
O
O
1680
2-Butynedioic acid
O O
1681
2-Butyne-1,4-diol
2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate
H
O
N H
O OH
OH
O
1682
2-Butynoic acid
K21599_PCOC.indb 89
2-Butyn-1-ol
O
OH
OH
1683
O
1684
3-Butyn-1-ol
O
1685
3-Butyn-2-ol
1686
3-Butyn-2-one
1687
3-Butynylbenzene
1688
O
γ-Butyrolactone
N
N H H
H
O
O O
OH
1689
Cacotheline
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-90
Physical Form
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
C15H24 C10H20CdN2S4
39029-41-9 204.352 14239-68-0 408.950 wh cry
3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl1H-purine-2,6-dione
C8H10N4O2
58-08-2
19-Oxogomphoside
C29H40O9
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
12612
0.918215 1.316620
90 sub
1.2319
Organic
Name
1690 1691 1692
γ-Cadinene Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) Caffeine
1693
Calactin
1694
Calcium ascorbate
1695
Calcium citrate
1696 1697 1698 1699
Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate
1700 1701
Calcium lactate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate
1702
Calcium thioglycollate
1703
Calotoxin
1704
Calotropin
1705 1706
Calusterone Camphene, (+)
1707
Camphene, (-)
1708
d-Camphocarboxylic acid
1709
Camphor, (±)-
1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (±)
C10H16O
1710
Camphor, (+)
C10H16O
464-49-3
152.233 pl
178.7(0.5)
1711
Camphor, (-)
1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (1R) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (1S)
C10H16O
464-48-2
152.233
180(2)
0.985318
1712
(±)-Camphoric acid
5394-83-2
200.232 pr, lf
202
1.186
1713
d-Camphorsulfonic acid
3144-16-9
232.297 pr (HOAc)
195 dec
1714 1715
Canadine, (±)Cannabidiol
DL-Tetrahydroberberine
1716
Cannabinol
6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
1717 1718
Canrenone Cantharidin
1719
Caprolactam
1720
Capsaicin
1721
Capsanthin
1722 1723 1724
Captafol Captan Captopril
1725
Carbachol
1726 1727 1728
Carbamic chloride Carbamodithioic acid Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate
K21599_PCOC.indb 90
Synonym
Mol. Wt.
No.
nD
Solubility
255
C12H14CaO12
194.191 wh nd 236.1(0.2) (w+1), hex pr (sub) 20304-47-6 532.623 small pr 271 (ace) 5743-27-1 390.310 tricl cry (w)
Tricalcium citrate
C12H10Ca3O14
813-94-5
498.433 cry (w)
Calcium carbimide
CCaN2 C12H24CaN2O6S2 C12H22CaO14 C44H84CaI2O4
156-62-7 139-06-0 299-28-5 1319-91-1
80.102 396.536 430.373 971.023
C6H10CaO6 C10H14CaO4 C4H6CaO4S2
814-80-2 218.217 wh pow (w) 19372-44-2 238.294 col cry dec (MeOH) 814-71-1 222.297 pr (w) 220 dec
C29H40O10
20304-49-8 548.622 cry (EtOH)
268
C29H40O9
1986-70-5
221
C21H32O2 C10H16
17021-26-0 316.483 cry (ace) 5794-03-6 136.234 nd
157.5 52
161
0.895050 1.457025 vs eth
C10H16
5794-04-7
52
158
0.844650 1.456454 vs eth
C11H16O3
18530-30-8 196.243 pr (eth, 50% 127.5 al) 21368-68-3 152.233 wh rhom 177.7(0.2) cry (EtOH)
Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Calcium acetylacetonate
4’β-Hydroxy-19oxogomphoside
2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1R)2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1S)-
1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopen- C10H16O4 tanedicarboxylic acid C10H16O4S
6-Hexanelactam
532.623 pl (EtOH)
136.234
s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH sub
dec H2O vs H2O i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH
s H2O, EtOH; i eth
vs bz, eth, EtOH sub
209(31)
29074-38-2 339.386 mcl nd (al) 13956-29-1 314.462 rods (peth)
134 67
1882
C21H26O2
521-35-7
310.430 pl, lf (peth)
77
1850.05
C22H28O3 C10H12O4
976-71-6 56-25-7
340.455 cry (AcOEt) 196.200 orth pl
150 218
84 sub
C6H11NO
105-60-2
113.157 lf (lig)
69.16(0.01)
270.8(0.1)
C18H27NO3
404-86-4
305.412 mcl pl or sc 65 (peth)
465-42-9
584.871
CH2ClNO CH3NS2 CH4NO5P
2.29
s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz
C20H21NO4 C21H30O2
3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6’- C40H56O3 one, (3R,3’S,5’R) C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S 1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1C9H15NO3S oxypropyl)proline C6H15ClN2O2
Carbamyl chloride
col hex cry cry cry wh-ye pow
≈100 dec (hyd) ≈1340
sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py
0.99025
1.04040
1.5462
1.540420
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl
2150.01
176
2425-06-1 349.061 cry 133-06-2 300.590 cry (CCl4) 62571-86-2 217.285 cry (AcOEt)
159.0(0.9) 173.9(0.3) 105
51-83-2
182.648
208(6)
463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6
79.486 93.172 141.021 unstab in soln
1.7425
vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl
62 dec vs EtOH, eth
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-91 O O
CH2O
H S
H
N
O
O
1691
γ-Cadinene
O
N S
O
O
3Ca
N
Ca
2
N
2 Calcium gluconate
O HO
2
Ca
O
Ca
O
O
2
1700
Calcium iodobehenate
Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate
O
O O
O
O HS
O
Ca
O
HO
H
OH H O
O
O
H
1702
O
OH O
H
H
O
1703
Calcium thioglycollate
OH
H
OH
2
2
O
H
1704
Calotoxin
1705
Calotropin
Calusterone
O
COOH
1707
Camphene, (+)
1708
Camphene, (-)
O
1709
d-Camphocarboxylic acid
OH
HO
O
O
1706
O
1701
Calcium lactate
OH H O
O
Ca
O
2
2
1699
HO
2
Ca
1698
Calcium cyclamate
O
HO
COO OH H OH OH CH2OH
2
1697
Calcium cyanamide
I
H HO H H
Ca2
O
2
1696
Calcium citrate
Calcium ascorbate
O
O 2
2
1694
Calactin
S
Ca2
O
HO HO
H
Caffeine
H N
1695
O
H
1693
2
O
OH
O
1692
Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)
OH O
H OH
N
N
O
OH H O
N
N
Cd S
1690
O
S
HO
Organic
O
1710
Camphor, (±)-
O
O
1711
Camphor, (+)
1712
Camphor, (-)
(±)-Camphoric acid
O N
O
OH
OH
O
O O S O OH
HO
O
1713
O
1714
d-Camphorsulfonic acid
1715
Canadine, (±)-
1716
Cannabidiol
Cannabinol
O O
O O
O O
O
O
N H
O
1717
1718
Canrenone
O
HO
1719
Cantharidin
1720
Caprolactam
Capsaicin
O
O
H
N S OH
HO
1721
OH O
O
SH
1724
Captopril
K21599_PCOC.indb 91
N S H
1722
N
O
1725
O
NH2
O
Carbachol
H2N
Captan
S Cl
1726
Carbamic chloride
H2N
Cl O Cl Cl
1723
Captafol
Cl
O
Cl
O Cl Cl Cl
Capsanthin
N
N H
O SH
1727
Carbamodithioic acid
H2N
O
O OH P OH
1728
Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-92
Organic
No.
Name
1729 1730
Carbaryl Carbazole
1731
9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid
1732
Carbendazim
1733 1734 1735
Carbetapentane N-Carbethoxyphthalimide Carbic anhydride
1736 1737 1738 1739 1740
Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride γ-Carboline
1741
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Dibenzopyrolle
C12H11NO2 C12H9N
63-25-2 86-74-8
201.221 167.206 pl or lf
142.7(0.7) 245(2)
C14H11NO2
524-80-1
225.243 lf (AcOEt)
215
Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimid- C9H9N3O2 azol-2-yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine C20H31NO3 N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide C11H9NO4 C9H8O3
Physical Form
10605-21-7 191.186
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
354.6(0.2)
1.22825 1.29725
300 dec
5H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole
C7H10N2O2S C8H10N2O2 C12H15NO3 CHF2N C11H8N2
Carbon dioxide
Carbonic anhydride
CO2
124-38-9
44.010
col gas
-56.561 tp (0.008)
-78.464 sp
1742 1743
Carbon diselenide Carbon disulfide
Carbon selenide Carbon bisulfide
CSe2 CS2
506-80-9 75-15-0
169.93 76.141
ye liq col liq
-43.6(0.3) -111.7(0.3)
125.5 46.2(0.1)
1744 1745 1746
Carbonic acid Carbonic dihydrazide Carbon monoxide
Carbohydrazide Carbon oxide
CH2O3 CH6N4O CO
463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0
62.025 90.085 28.010
nd (dil al) col gas
154 -205.1(0.1)
1747
C7H4ClNO4
7693-46-1
201.565
80
C8H6ClNO4
4457-32-3
215.592
32.8
C3H2Cl4O2
17341-93-4 211.859
6311
1750
Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester Carbonothioic dichloride
Thiophosgene
CCl2S
463-71-8
114.982 red liq
73
1751
Carbonothioic dihydrazide
1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea
CH6N4S
2231-57-4
1752
Carbon oxyselenide
Carbonyl selenide
COSe
1603-84-5
1753
Carbon oxysulfide
Carbonyl sulfide
COS
463-58-1
106.151 nd, pl (w) nd, pl (w) 106.97 col gas; unstab 60.075 col gas
1754 1755 1756
Carbon suboxide Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride
1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene
C3O2 CBr2O CCl2O
504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5
68.031 col gas 187.818 98.916 col gas
6.8 64(4) -127.77(0.02) 7.5(0.4)
1757 1758
Carbonyl chloride fluoride Carbonyl dicyanide
Carbonic chloride fluoride
CClFO C3N2O
353-49-1 1115-12-4
82.461 80.044
-148 -36
1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764
N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid
C7H6N4O CF2O C11H16ClO2PS3 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C9H8O4
530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0
162.149 cry (bz) 66.007 col gas 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158
1765
C9H18N4O4
34522-32-2 246.264 nd (w)
281
C6H9NO6 C5H9NO4S C14H10O5
53861-57-7 191.138 cry 638-23-3 179.195 nd 552-94-3 258.226
167 206 147
1769 1770 1771
N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-LOctopine arginine L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine Carbocysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl Salsalate 2-hydroxybenzoate 3-Carene, (+) Carisoprodol Carminic acid
C10H16 C12H24N2O4 C22H20O13
498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9
92 136 dec
1772
Carnitine
C7H15NO3
541-15-1
1773
Carnosine
C9H14N4O3
305-84-0
1748 1749
1766 1767 1768
K21599_PCOC.indb 92
4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N-β-Alanyl-L-histidine
col gas liq
136.234 260.330 cry 492.386 red mcl pr (aq, MeOH) 161.199 cry (al-ace), hyg 226.232
Solubility vs ace, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc
1.45
77-23-6 333.465 22509-74-6 219.194 129-64-6 164.158 orth cry (peth) 22232-54-8 186.231 cry, pow 5331-43-1 166.177 1563-66-2 221.252 2712-98-3 65.023 gas 244-69-9 168.195 nd
Benzyl carbazate
nD
1650.01 91 163(3) 123.5 69.5 153.2(0.5) -90 225
1.41725
1.18 -13 dec 1.352
-191.51 (0.09) 16019
-124.4
-21.7
-138.8(0.1)
-50.2(0.3)
-112.5
1.50815
1.544220 dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O dec H2O
1.02817
1.24-87
1.1140 1.45380 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm
-47.2 65.5
1.12420
-84.5 820.01 126
1.27120 1.05620
96(7) 184.5
sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH sl H2O
0.72025 (p>1 atm) 2.682320 1.845420 i H2O; vs ctc, tol 1.263220 1.631920 s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 1.61620 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, 0.7909-19 HOAc
170 dec
119 -111.2
vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl
1.391920
sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2 reac H2O sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc reac H2O s eth, ace, ctc, chl reac H2O
1.410020
s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl
sl ace 171
0.854930 1.4693
197 dec
vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH
260
vs H2O
4/2/14 2:57 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-93
O O
N H
NH
OH N H
1729
1731
Carbazole
O N
N O
O O
O
O
1734
1733
Carbetapentane
O
H N
NH2
O
F F
O
1737
Carbimazole
Carbic anhydride
N H
O
1736
1735
N-Carbethoxyphthalimide
O
N
O
Carbendazim
O S
N
O
O
O
1732
9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid
O
O
N H
O
1730
Carbaryl
O
N
N
1738
Carbobenzoxyhydrazine
N
F N H
NH
1739
Carbofuran
1740
γ-Carboline
Carboimidic difluoride
Se C Se
S C S
1741
1742
1743
Carbon dioxide
Carbon diselenide
O
HO
H2N OH
1744
Carbon disulfide
O
O
O O C O
Organic
Cl O
N H
N H
NH2
Carbonic acid
O
C O
1745
1746
Carbonic dihydrazide
N
O
1747
Carbon monoxide
Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester
Cl O O
O
N
Cl Cl
O
1748
O Cl
Cl
1749
Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester
O C C C O
1753
Br
1754
Carbon oxysulfide
Cl
Cl
Br
N H
Cl
F
O C Se
1752
Carbon oxyselenide
O
O Cl
N
1757
Carbonyl chloride
NH2
Carbonothioic dihydrazide
O
1756
Carbonyl bromide
N H
1751
Carbonothioic dichloride
O
1755
Carbon suboxide
H2N
1750
Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester
O O C S
S
S
Cl
N
N
1758
Carbonyl chloride fluoride
N
N
N
1759
Carbonyl dicyanide
N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole
OH S
S
O Cl
F
F
1760
O
S O P O
O
S
N
S
O
O
1762
Carbophenothion
OH
O
H N
O N
1761
Carbonyl fluoride
O
1763
Carbosulfan
1764
Carboxin
2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid
HO O OH
HO
N H
NH
OH
OH
NH2
H N
O
H 2N
O
1765
N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine
OH
O
O O
OH O
O
S NH2
OH
1766
O
O
OH
1767
L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid
1768
S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine
1769
2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate
3-Carene, (+)
HO O OH
OH O
OH H2N
O O
O
1770
Carisoprodol
K21599_PCOC.indb 93
H N
O
OH
OH O
O
OH HO
O
OH OH O
1771
Carminic acid
N
O
1772
Carnitine
N
H2N
OH
NH O
N H
1773
Carnosine
4/2/14 2:58 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-94 No.
Name
1774
Synonym
Organic
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
α-Carotene
C40H56
7488-99-5
1775
β-Carotene
C40H56
7235-40-7
1776
β,ψ-Carotene
γ-Carotene
C40H56
472-93-5
1777
ψ,ψ-Carotene
trans-Lycopene
C40H56
502-65-8
1778
β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)-
Zeaxanthin
C40H56O2
144-68-3
1779
β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)-
Xanthophyll
C40H56O2
1780
β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)-
Cryptoxanthin
C40H56O
1781
β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)-
Rubixanthin
C40H56O
1782
ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol
Lycoxanthin
C40H56O
1783 1784
Caroverine Carpaine
C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4
1785
Cartap hydrochloride
1786 1787
Carvenone, (S)(R)-Carvone
1788
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
Solubility
536.873 red pl or pr (peth, bz-MeOH) 536.873 red br hex pr (bz-MeOH) 536.873 red pr (bz-MeOH), viol pr (eth) 536.873 red pr or nd (peth)
187.5
1.0020
vs bz, eth, chl
183(2)
1.0020
i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl
215.5
C7H16ClN3O2S2
568.872 ye pr (MeOH) orth (chl-eth) 127-40-2 568.872 ye or viol pr (ethMeOH) 472-70-8 552.872 garnet red pr (bz-MeOH) 3763-55-1 552.872 dk red nd (bz-MeOH) oran-red (bz-peth) 19891-74-8 552.872 red pl (bz-MeOH) 23465-76-1 365.468 cry 3463-92-1 478.708 mcl pr (al, ace) 22042-59-7 273.804 cry
p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, (R)
C10H16O C10H14O
10395-45-6 152.233 6485-40-1 150.217
25.2
233 231
0.928920 1.480520 0.959320 1.498820
(S)-Carvone
p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, (S)
C10H14O
2244-16-8
150.217
175 dec
C6H4ClNO2
5326-23-8
157.555
198 dec
C5H5Cl2N
7379-35-3
150.006
C18H26ClN3
54-05-7
319.872
2279 2280 2281 2282 2283
2293 2294 2295
K21599_PCOC.indb 118
sec-Propylene chlorohydrin
6-Chloropurine
216(14) 177 91
1.439020
Solubility
1.439220
1.429020
1.092620 1.585120 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.1830 1.538820 sl H2O; s os 1.05621 1.516025 sl ctc 1.292625 1.445620 i H2O 1.07725 1.418325
170(2)
1.20515
151(20) 151(20)
1.200025
1.532020 1.530420
210 sub 90
4/2/14 3:00 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-119 O
N
Mg
N
N
N
N
N
N
Mg
O
N
HN N H O S O O
O O
O O
O
O
Cl
O
2256
2257
α-Chlorophyll
Cl
1-Chloropropane
2261
2-Chloropropane
HO
OH
Cl
2260
OH
2262
2263
2268
Cl
2269
2-Chloro-1-propanol
2270
3-Chloro-1-propanol
O
N
3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate
1-Chloro-2-propanol
Cl
2272
3-Chloropropanoyl chloride
3-Chloropropanenitrile
cis-1-Chloropropene
trans-1-Chloropropene
Cl
H N
OH
2277
2278
2-Chloropropene
Cl
2275
N
2276
3-Chloropropene
2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile
O
O
O
Cl Cl
Cl
2279
trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene
3-Chloropropanoic acid
O
O
2-Chloropropenoic acid
2-Chloropropanoic acid
2274
OH
2267
Cl
2273
HO Cl
2266
Cl
Cl
2271
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
O
O
O
2265
O
OH OH
Cl
OH
Cl
2264
2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol
2-Chloropropanal
Cl
NO2
O
O2N
2259
Chloropropamide
Cl
Cl
OH 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol
Cl OH
2258
β-Chlorophyll
Cl
O
Cl
2280
Chloropropham
Organic
O
O
2281
Chloropropylate
O
Cl
2282
(3-Chloropropyl)benzene
3-Chloropropyl chloroformate
Cl O O Si O
Cl
2283
(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane
Si
Cl
2284
(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane
Cl
6-Chloro-1H-purine
3-Chloro-1-propyne
O
Cl
OH OH
N
2291
4-Chloropyridine
K21599_PCOC.indb 119
N
Cl
2292
N
N
2286
2285
2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
Cl
NH2
N
HN
Cl
N
N
N
2287
2288
6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine
N
2293
6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
NH2
5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine
N
Cl
N
2289
2290
3-Chloropyridine
2-Chloropyridine
Cl
O Cl
Cl
HN
N
HCl N
Cl
2294
4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride
N
2295
Chloroquine
4/2/14 3:00 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-120 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2-Chloroquinoline
C9H6ClN
612-62-4
2297
4-Chloroquinoline
C9H6ClN
2298
6-Chloroquinoline
2299
8-Chloroquinoline
2300 2301
5-Chloro-8-quinolinol 2-Chlorostyrene
2302
No.
Name
2296
Physical Form
den g cm –3
Organic
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
163.604 nd (aq al)
38.4(0.5)
266
611-35-8
163.604 cry
34.9(0.5)
262
C9H6ClN
612-57-7
45.9(0.5)
262(22)
C9H6ClN
611-33-6
163.604 pr (eth), nd (al) 163.604 liq
-20
288.5
1.283414 1.640814 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
C9H6ClNO C8H7Cl
130-16-5 2039-87-4
179.603 cry (al) 138.595 liq
130 -63.1
188.6(1)
3-Chlorostyrene
C8H7Cl
2039-85-2
138.595
2303
4-Chlorostyrene
C8H7Cl
1073-67-2
138.595
15.9
2304
N-Chlorosuccinimide
C4H4ClNO2
128-09-6
133.534 pl (CCl4)
150
2305
1-Chlorotetradecane
C14H29Cl
2425-54-9
232.833
4.9
296(4)
2306
C11H20ClN5
580-48-3
257.764 oily liq
27
1559
C2HClF4
354-25-6
136.476 col gas
-117
-13(6)
C2HClF4
2837-89-0
136.476 col gas
-199.15
-11.96(0.09)
2309
6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro- HCFC-124 ethane Chlorothalonil
1.100020 1.564920 s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth 1.103320 1.562520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.086820 1.566020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc 1.6525 sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc 0.865420 1.447420 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc 1.095620 1.532020 vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig
C8Cl4N2
1897-45-6
265.911
253.1(0.7)
350
2310 2311 2312
Chlorothen Chlorothiazide 2-Chlorothiophene
C14H18ClN3S C7H6ClN3O4S2 C4H3ClS
148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5
295.831 295.724 118.585 liq
15510 350 dec -71.85(0.05) 126(2)
2313
C5H3ClOS
7283-96-7
146.595
C13H7ClOS
86-39-5
246.712
153.5
2315
5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9one 2-Chlorotoluene
1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene
C7H7Cl
95-49-8
126.584 liq
-35.9(0.7)
158.8(0.4)
2316
3-Chlorotoluene
1-Chloro-3-methylbenzene
C7H7Cl
108-41-8
126.584 liq
-47.8
162.1(0.4)
2317
4-Chlorotoluene
1-Chloro-4-methylbenzene
C7H7Cl
106-43-4
126.584 liq
7.4(0.2)
161.8(0.2)
2318
C3H4ClN5
3397-62-4
145.551
>330
C7H4Cl4
2136-89-2
229.919
29.4(0.2)
C7H4Cl4
5216-25-1
229.919
2321 2322 2323 2324
6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl) benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene Chlorotriethoxysilane Chlorotriethylplumbane Lead triethyl chloride Chlorotriethylsilane 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClPb C6H15ClSi C2H2ClF3
4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5
-51 123 dec
2325
1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
C2H2ClF3
431-07-2
2326 2327 2328 2329
2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chlorotrifluoromethane Refrigerant 13 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride benzene
C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H5ClF3N
75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6
198.720 liq 329.8 150.722 118.485 vol liq or gas 118.485 vol liq or gas 118.485 col gas 116.469 col gas 104.459 col gas 195.570
C7H5ClF3N
320-51-4
195.570
36.5
13227
C7H4ClF3
88-16-4
180.555 liq
-6(2)
153(3)
2307 2308
2314
2319 2320
2330 2331
K21599_PCOC.indb 120
Synonym
Cloxyquin
Chloromethapyrilene 2-Thienyl chloride
636 191(2)
77.55
263(3)
nD
Solubility
1.246425 1.634225 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 1.25125 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl 1.611056
1.725
i H2O; sl ace, cyhex
1.175125 1.286320 1.548720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.603625 sl chl
1.082520 1.526820 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl 1.07520 1.521419 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth 1.069720 1.515020 i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth
245
1.518720 1.583620 i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.446320 vs ace, eth
156
1.03020
146(3) 16(19)
0.896720
1.399920 vs EtOH s H2O 1.431420
1.3890 1.54-60
1.30900 1.380
1.42825
1.497520
17.3 -105.5 6.0(0.6) -158.14(0.05) -28.3(0.3) -181.2 -81.37 10325
s bz, chl i H2O
1.254030 1.451325 s chl
4/2/14 3:00 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-121 Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
N
2296
N
2297
2-Chloroquinoline
2299
6-Chloroquinoline
2300
8-Chloroquinoline
2301
5-Chloro-8-quinolinol
2-Chlorostyrene
2302
2303
3-Chlorostyrene
O
N Cl
OH
Cl
2298
4-Chloroquinoline
O
N
N N
Cl
2304
4-Chlorostyrene
N-Chlorosuccinimide
Cl
2305
N
N
H2N
Cl
N
S
S
F
Cl
Cl
2312
S
O
F
F
Cl
Cl
N
Cl
2308
2309
Chlorothalonil
Cl Cl
Cl
S
2313
2-Chlorothiophene
Chlorothiazide
F
1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Cl S
Cl
F
1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
NH
2311
Chlorothen
F
O
O O
O O
2310
Cl
2307
6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
N
F
F
2306
1-Chlorotetradecane
S
Cl
N N
Cl
Cl
N
N N
Organic
N
2314
5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde
2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one
2315
2-Chlorotoluene
2317
2316
4-Chlorotoluene
3-Chlorotoluene
Cl NH2 N N
Cl
Cl
Cl
N
Cl Cl
Cl
NH2
2318
6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine
2319
Cl
O O Si Cl O
Cl
2320
1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene
1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene
2321
2322
Chlorotriethoxysilane
2323
Chlorotriethylplumbane
NH2
Chlorotriethylsilane
Cl
F F
2325
1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Cl F
2326
F F
2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
F F
Cl F
2327
Chlorotrifluoroethene
Cl F
F F
2328
Chlorotrifluoromethane
F F
Cl
F
2324
1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
Cl Cl
F
2329
F F
NH2 Cl
F
K21599_PCOC.indb 121
Si Cl
Pb Cl
2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline
F
2330
F
F F
4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline
F F
2331
1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
4/2/14 3:00 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-122
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
180.555 liq
-56
126(10)
1.331125 1.443825
98-56-6
180.555 liq
-33
138.5
1.334025 1.443130
C3H4ClF3
460-35-5
132.512 liq
-93.73(0.06) 45.1
1.325320 1.335020 i H2O
C8H17Cl
6111-88-2
148.674
-26
0.874620 1.430820 vs EtOH
C3H9ClSn C6H2ClN3O6
1066-45-1 88-88-0
199.266 38.5 247.549 wh nd or pl 82(1) (chl, al-lig)
148
Chlorotrinitromethane
CClN3O6
1943-16-4
185.480
5.8(0.2)
156(18)
2339
Chlorotriphenylmethane
C19H15Cl
76-83-5
278.775 nd or pr (bz-peth)
109.2(0.5)
310
2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346
Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron Chlorozotocin Chlorphenesin carbamate
C18H15ClSi C18H15ClSn C9H21ClSn C4H9ClSi C15H15ClN2O2 C9H16ClN3O7 C10H12ClNO4
76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4 54749-90-5 886-74-8
294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745 313.692 cry 245.660 cry (bz)
2347 2348 2349
Chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine maleate Chlorphentermine
C16H19ClN2 C20H23ClN2O4 C10H14ClN
132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9
274.788 oily liq 390.861 183.678 liq
2350
Chlorpromazine
C17H19ClN2S
50-53-3
318.864
2351
Chlorprothixene
C18H18ClNS
113-59-7
315.861 pale ye cry
97.1(0.3)
2352 2353 2354 2355
Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline
C9H11Cl3NO3PS C7H7Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C22H23ClN2O8
2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5
350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879 gold-ye
43(1) 46.0(0.5) 176 168.5
2356
Chlorthalidone
C14H11ClN2O4S
77-36-1
225 dec
2357
Chlorthion
C8H9ClNO5PS
500-28-7
338.766 wh pow or cry 297.653 ye cry
2358 2359
Chlorthiophos Chlortoluron
2360 2361
Cholane Cholan-24-oic acid
2362
Cholesta-3,5-diene
2363
Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)
2364 2365
Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α) Cholestane, (5α)
2366
No.
Name
2332
2336 2337
1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride benzene 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane Chlorotrimethylstannane 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Picryl chloride
2338
2333 2334 2335
Synonym
Organic
Triphenyltin chloride
Chloroprophenpyridamine 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2-propylamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10Hphenothiazine-10-propanamine
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C7H4ClF3
98-15-7
C7H4ClF3
C11H15Cl2O3PS2 N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)- C10H13ClN2O N,N-dimethylurea C24H42 Cholanic acid C24H40O2
Physical Form
21923-23-9 361.245 15545-48-9 212.675 cry
150(8)
1.79720
12313 82.3(0.4)
s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1421
132.5 231 2020.8
21
1250.1
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl
1.43720
1.566120
i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH
1500.001 147
sl H2O; s os 1900.001
C27H44
80
26013
C27H44O
434-16-2
150.5
C27H44O
128-33-6
28,29,30-Trinorlanostane
C27H48
481-21-0
Cholestane, (5β)
Coprostane
C27H48
481-20-9
2367 2368 2369
Cholestanol Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α) Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)
Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol
C27H48O C27H48O C27H46O
80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2
2370
Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)
Epicholesterol
C27H46O
474-77-1
2371
Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate
C29H48O2
604-35-3
K21599_PCOC.indb 122
s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace
s chl 1.267828 1.4910228 s ctc, os 0.874420 1.414120
152.0(0.9) 147 dec 90
90 163.5
384.637 pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) 384.637 pl (MeOH),nd 372.670 sc or pl (eth-al, ace) 372.670 orth nd (al, ace) 388.669 sc (al,+1w) 388.669 nd (al) 386.653 nd (ethMeOH) 386.653 cry (al, chl-MeOH) 428.690 wh nd (ace, al)
1.676920 1.450020
Solubility
24135 103.5 -23.5
548-98-1 330.590 pr (al) 25312-65-6 360.574 nd (al), cry (HOAc) 747-90-0 368.638 wh nd (al)
7-Dehydrocholesterol
nD
110
1600.001
78.6(0.5)
2501
72 141.5 185.5 132
0.925100
0.909088 1.488788
s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl
0.911987 1.488488 vs eth, chl
141.5
vs eth, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH
114.6(0.5)
vs bz, eth, chl
4/2/14 3:00 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-123
Cl Cl
F
F
F F
F
2332
F
F
Cl
2333
1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
Cl
F F
2334
1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
O O N
O N O
2336
Cl Si
NO2 NO2 Cl NO2
N O O
2337
Chlorotrimethylstannane
2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane
Cl
Cl Sn Cl
2335
3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane
2338
2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
2339
Chlorotrinitromethane
2340
Chlorotriphenylmethane
Chlorotriphenylsilane
HO O
2341
2342
Chlorotriphenylstannane
OH O O
2349
Chlorphentermine
Chlorpheniramine maleate
O
N Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
S
S
2350
2351
Chlorpromazine
N
Cl
S O P O O
N
Cl
Cl
N
S O P O O
S
O
NH2
O O
O O N O
2356
Chlortetracycline
O O O S N H
2354
S
Cl
2358
Chlorthion
N O
Cl
Cl
2357
Chlorthalidone
H N
Cl
O P O S
Cl
Chlorsulfuron
O O P S O
O
2355
N H
Chlorpyrifos-methyl
Cl
NH
N N
2353
Chlorpyrifos
HO
OH NH2
HO OH O HO O
Cl
2352
Chlorprothixene
N
NH2
Cl
2348
Chlorpheniramine
N
H
Chlorozotocin
HO
N
Cl
2347
Chlorphenesin carbamate
OH H
Cl
2345
N
N
Cl
2346
N
N
NH2 O
Cl
ON
Chloroxuron
N O
O
HN
2344
Chlorovinyldimethylsilane
OH O
N O
O
Cl
2343
Chlorotripropylstannane
OH
H N
Cl
Organic
Sn Cl Si
Cl
OH
OH
Cl Sn
2359
Chlorthiophos
Chlortoluron
O OH H HO
2361
2360
Cholane
HO
2362
H
2365
Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)
Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)
HO
H
H
2364
2363
Cholesta-3,5-diene
Cholan-24-oic acid
2366
Cholestane, (5α)
H
2367
Cholestane, (5β)
Cholestanol
H
H O
HO
2368
Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α)
K21599_PCOC.indb 123
HO
HO
H
2369
Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)
O
2370
Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)
2371
Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate
4/2/14 3:00 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-124 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C34H50O2
604-32-0
490.760 wh nd
150(1)
C43H76O2
601-34-3
79.7(0.5)
C45H78O2
303-43-5
625.062 wh nd (eth al) 651.100
i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl
47.9(0.5)
s chl
C27H44O C27H46O
601-57-0 57-88-5
C24H40O5
81-25-4
384.637 nd or pl (al) 81.5 386.653 orth or tcl lf 148.2(0.8) (al), nd (eth) 408.572 198
C5H14ClNO C5H15ClNO4P
67-48-1 107-73-3
139.624 hyg cry 219.604 visc liq
C10H10O6 C6CrO6
617-12-9 226.182 cry 148 13007-92-6 220.056 col orth cry dec 130
Chromium(II) oxalate
C2CrO4
814-90-4
2386 2387
Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedio- Chromium acetylacetonate ate Chromotrope 2B Chrysamminic acid 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9,10-anthracenedione 6-Chrysenamine 6-Aminochrysene Chrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene
2388
Ciafos
2389
2391 2392
8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6- C17H22O2 diyne-1,14-diol C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium Direct Blue 6 C32H20N6Na4O14S4 salt Cimetidine C10H16N6S Cinchonamine C19H24N2O
2393
Cinchonidine
C19H22N2O
2394
Cinchonine
C19H22N2O
118-10-5
2395
Cinchotoxine
C19H22N2O
69-24-9
2396
trans-Cinnamaldehyde
3-Phenyl-2-propenal, (E)-
C9H8O
14371-10-9 132.159 ye liq
-7.5
2397
Cinnamedrine
90-86-8
281.392
75
2398
cis-Cinnamic acid
C19H23NO α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (Z) C9H8O2
102-94-3
148.159 mcl pr (w)
42
2399
trans-Cinnamic acid
3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (E) C9H8O2
140-10-3
148.159 mcl pr (dil al)
134(2)
2400 2401
trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate Cinnamyl cinnamate
C16H15NO2 C18H16O2
87-29-6 122-69-0
253.296 cry 264.319 nd (al)
64 44
2402
Cinnamyl formate
C10H10O2
104-65-4
162.185
0
252
2403
Cinnoline
C8H6N2
253-66-7
38
1140.3
2404
Cinoxate
104-28-9
130.147 pa ye cry (lig) 250.291 col liq
-25
1852
1.10225
2405 2406 2407 2408 2409
Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12
1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6
312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492
1350.03
1.1925
No.
Name
2372
2375 2376
Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate Cholest-4-en-3-one Cholesterol
2377
Cholic acid
2378 2379 2380 2381
Choline chloride Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate Chorismic acid Chromium carbonyl
2382 2383
2373 2374
Organic
2384 2385
2390
Synonym
3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24oic acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)
Phosphorylcholine
K21599_PCOC.indb 124
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
1.06720
sub
1.77
C15H21CrO6
140.015 ye-grn pow (hyd) 21679-31-2 349.320 red mcl cry 208.7(0.5)
345
1.34
C16H9N3Na2O10S2 C14H4N4O12
548-80-1 517-92-0
513.366 red-br pow 420.202 ye pl or lf
dec
C18H13N C18H12
2642-98-0 218-01-9
C9H10NO3PS
2636-26-2
243.303 lf (al) 210.5 228.288 red bl fl or 255.0(0.1) orth pl (bz, HOAc) 243.219 ye to red-ye 15 liq
3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2C14H18O4 propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone C20H12N2O2 C14H19O6P C26H22N4O4 C17H16N4O4 C32H26Cl2N6O4
505-75-9
nD
0.9413200
2450.03 459(20)
Cicutoxin
3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 1,2-Benzodiazine
Physical Form
i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH
305 dec
300 exp
448
s H2O i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH vs eth, EtOH
1.27420
1200.09 dec
1.540432
258.356 pr (eth/peth) 54
932.752 dk bronze pow 51481-61-9 252.339 cry 482-28-0 296.406 orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) 485-71-2 294.390 or pl or pr (al)
Solubility
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl
2602-46-2
294.390 pr nd (al, eth) 294.390 nd or pr (eth)
142 186
210.5
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sub
i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth
265 59
246
300
1.049720 1.619520
vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz
1.24754
1.15654
i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth
1.08625 vs eth, EtOH
red-viol cry 390 red solid ye cry ye cry
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig
1.56720
i H2O; msc EtOH
i H2O, os
256 317
4/2/14 3:00 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-125
H H
H O
O O
O
H
O
O
O
2372
2373
Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate
2374
Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate
2375
Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate
Cholest-4-en-3-one
O HO
OH
O
H
H HO
HO
OH
H
2376
HO
2377
Cl
2378
Cholic acid
Cl
N
OH
O
CO
CO CO
2381
Chorismic acid
Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate
Cr
OC
2380
2379
Choline chloride
CO
OC
OH
O
Chromium carbonyl
Organic
Cholesterol
N
O O P OH OH
OH
O O O
O
O
O
Cr
O Cr
2
O N
O OH OH O
N
O
2383
Chromium(II) oxalate
O
P
O N
OH O
OH O N
O
N O
2384
Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate
O
O
SO3 Na
Na O3S
2382
O
N
O
O
O
N
NH2
O
2385
Chromotrope 2B
2386
Chrysamminic acid
S
NH2
O O S O
OH
S
O
OH
2388
HO N N O
N O N
H2N
S
O S O O
O
O
O
2389
Ciafos
Chrysene
4 Na
OH
O
N
2387
6-Chrysenamine
2390
Cicutoxin
C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt
NH N
H N
S
H N N
N H
N
2391
HO
OH
H
H
O N
2393
Cinchonamine
N
N
2394
Cinchonidine
2395
Cinchonine
OH
O
O
2399
cis-Cinnamic acid
N
2402
O O
2404
O
N H
O
Cinnoline
Cinnamyl cinnamate
O
O
2403
Cinnamyl formate
O
N
2401
trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate
H N O
O
O O
2400
trans-Cinnamic acid
O O
NH2
OH
2398
Cinnamedrine
trans-Cinnamaldehyde
O
OH
2397
2396
Cinchotoxine
O N
2405
Cinoxate
O
O P O O
2406
Cinquasia Red
Ciodrin
NH2 O
N
O
N
N
N H H
2392
Cimetidine
HO
N
N
N OH H N
O
O
O N H N
O N
O N
O
N H NH O N
Cl
Cl
O
O N N
O
N N
HN
NH O
O
O
2407
C.I. Pigment Red 170
K21599_PCOC.indb 125
2408
C.I. Pigment Yellow 1
2409
C.I. Pigment Yellow 12
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-126 No.
Name
2410 2411
Cisapride Citral
2412
β-Citraurin
2413
Citrazinic acid
2414
Citric acid
2415
Citric acid monohydrate
2416
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
Organic
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal
C23H29ClFN3O4 C10H16O
81098-60-4 465.945 cry (hp) 141-27-5 152.233
C30H40O2
650-69-1
432.638 pl (bz-peth), 147 cry (al)
1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo- C6H5NO4 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetriC6H8O7 carboxylic acid
99-11-6
155.109 ye pow
>300 dec
77-92-9
192.124 orth (w+1)
153
5949-29-1
210.138 cry (w)
135
Citrinin
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetriC6H10O8 carboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin C13H14O5
518-75-2
178 dec
2417
Citrulline
N5-(Aminocarbonyl)-L-ornithine C6H13N3O3
372-75-8
2418 2419
Citrus Red 2 C.I. Vat Blue 6
2420 2421
C.I. Vat Yellow 4 Clayton Yellow
2422 2423
Clemastine fumarate Clindamycin
2424 2425
Cloconazole Clofentezine
2426 2427 2428
Clofibrate Cloforex Clomazone
2429 2430
Clomiphene Clonazepam
2431 2432 2433
Clonidine Clopidol Clopyralid
2434 2435
Clorophene Clotrimazole
C9H9Cl2N3 C7H7Cl2NO 3,6-Dichloro-2-pyridinecarbox- C6H3Cl2NO2 ylic acid C13H11ClO C22H17ClN2
2436 2437
Clozapine Cobalt carbonyl
Clozaril Dicobalt octacarbonyl
2438 2439 2440
Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Cocaine
Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate
2441 2442
7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone Thiazol Yellow G
3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine
2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3one
mp/˚C
229
C18H16N2O3 C28H12Cl2N2O4
6358-53-8 130-20-1
250.247 ye nd (MeOH) 175.185 pr (aq MeOH) 308.331 cry 511.312 viol-bl pow
C24H12O2 C28H19N5Na2O6S4
128-66-5 1829-00-1
332.351 ye cry 695.721 ye-br pow
C25H30ClNO5 C18H33ClN2O5S C18H15ClN2O C14H8Cl2N4
14976-57-9 459.963 18323-44-9 424.983 ye amorp solid 77175-51-0 310.777 74115-24-5 303.147
C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2 C12H14ClNO2
637-07-0 242.698 14261-75-7 255.741 cry 81777-89-1 239.698
52.8
C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3
911-45-5 1622-61-3
405.959 315.711 wh cry
117 237.5
4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6
230.093 cry 192.043 pow 192.000
137 >320 151
dec
222 156
nD
Solubility
0.888820 1.489820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O, alk; sl HCl 1.66520 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl 1.542 vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH
s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181
73 182
s EtOAc
14920 890.005 1.19220
48.5 148
C18H19ClN4 C8Co2O8
5786-21-0 326.824 ye cry 10210-68-1 341.947 oran cry
183(1) 51 dec
C4HCoO4 C15H21CoO6 C17H21NO4
16842-03-8 171.982 ye liq or gas ≈-30 21679-46-9 356.257 dark grn cry 213 50-36-2 303.354 mcl pr (al) 98
Coclaurine Codamine
C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4
486-39-5 285.338 pl (al) 21040-59-5 343.418 pr (bz, eth)
2443
Codeine
C18H21NO3
76-57-3
299.365 orth cry (w, 157.5 dil al, eth)
2444
Codeine phosphate
C18H24NO7P
52-28-8
2445
Coenzyme A
C21H36N7O16P3S
85-61-0
2446
Coenzyme I
C21H27N7O14P2
53-84-9
397.361 lf or pr (dil 227 dec al) 767.535 pow; unstab in air 663.425 hyg pow
2447
Coenzyme II
C21H28N7O17P3
53-59-8
2448
Colchiceine
C21H23NO6
477-27-0
2449
Colchicine
C22H25NO6
64-86-8
K21599_PCOC.indb 126
den g cm –3
132
120-32-1 218.678 23593-75-1 344.836 cry
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
bp/˚C
i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl i H2O
1613.5
1.18558
s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF
1.78
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 s os s bz, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS2
10 1870.1
1.502298
220.5 127
743.405 gray-wh pow 385.411 pa ye nd 178.5 (diox) 399.437 ye pl (w + 156 1/2) ye cry (bz)
25022
1.3225
vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl s H2O s H2O s H2O
1.2425
sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-127
O Cl HN H2N
O
N
O
O
O
O
F
O
HO
HO
2410
2412
2411
Cisapride
OH
β-Citraurin
Citral
N
OH
2413
Citrazinic acid
O O
Cl O
O COOH
OH
COOH
HOOC
HOOC
OH
2414
COOH COOH
O
HO
H 2O
O O
2415
Citric acid
HO
2416
Citric acid monohydrate
N H
NH2
OH
N
O
NH O OH
NH2
Cl O
2417
Citrinin
O HN
N
2418
Citrulline
2419
Citrus Red 2
C.I. Vat Blue 6
N N N HN
S
N
OH SO3 Na
O
2420
2422
Clemastine fumarate
Clayton Yellow
Cl
Cl NH
N O
HO
O
O O
Cl
2421
C.I. Vat Yellow 4
N
HO
O
N
S
SO3 Na
Organic
O
N
OH
Cl
O
N
N
O
N
S OH
O
N
Cl
2423
2424
Clindamycin
Cloconazole
H N
Cl O O
N
Cl
2430
N H
Cl
Cl Cl
N H Clopidol
OC Co OC CO
N H
2436
H CO Co CO CO
OC Co CO
Clozapine
Clorophene
O
O O
O
O
N
O
N H H
HO
O
O OH
2439
Cobalt hydrocarbonyl
Cobalt carbonyl
2434
Clopyralid
CO
2438
2437
Co
O
CO
Cl
2433
O O O C C
OH
N O
2432
O
N
Clotrimazole
OH
Cl
N
Clonidine
Cl
2435
Cl
Clomazone
O Cl
N Cl
N
2428
Cloforex
OH Cl
N
N
2427
Clofibrate
2431
Clonazepam
N
2426
H N
Cl
Cl
Clomiphene
O
O
N
2429
O O
Cl
Clofentezine
N
N O
O
Cl
2425
O
H N
2440
Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate
2441
Cocaine
Coclaurine
NH2 O
O
O O
N H
HO
O
H O
N
HO
2442
HO
2443
Codamine
O
Codeine
O O O O P P OH O O NH2
O HO
N
O
O O O O P P O OH O
OH
NH2
O
OH Coenzyme A
N N
N O
HO
O O P OH OH
O
O NH
O
O N
O N
O
O NH
O O
O
O
O HO
HO
OH
2446
Coenzyme I
K21599_PCOC.indb 127
N
N
O O O O P P OH OH
2445
Codeine phosphate
N
O
HO
N
O N H
NH2 N
N
H
N H
2444
NH2 N
HS
H2PO4
O
O
N
N
OH
O
OH
2447
Coenzyme II
2448
Colchiceine
2449
Colchicine
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-128
Organic
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C53H100N16O13
7722-44-3
1169.47 amor pow
C27H20O12 C20H22O6
27267-69-2 536.441 oran pr (chl- 281 MeOH) 546-97-4 358.385 nd (MeOH) 195.5
Conessine
C24H40N2
546-06-5
356.588 lf or pl (ace) 125.5
2454
Congo Red
C32H22N6Na2O6S2
573-58-0
696.663 pow
>360
2455
Conhydrine
C8H17NO
495-20-5
143.227 lf (eth)
121
226
2456
Conhydrine, (+)
C8H17NO
495-20-5
143.227 lf (eth)
121
226
2457
Coniferin
C16H22O8
531-29-3
342.341 nd (w+2)
186
2458
Conquinamine
C19H24N2O2
464-86-8
312.406 ye tetr
123
2459
Convallatoxin
C29H42O10
508-75-8
238
2460
Copaene
C15H24
3856-25-5
550.637 pr (eth/ MeOH) 204.352
2461
Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate
Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper
C12H18CuO6
192
2462 2463 2464
Copper(II) gluconate Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Copper(II) phthalocyanine
Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15
C12H22CuO14 C10H14CuO4 C32H16CuN8
14284-06-1 321.813 grn cry (EtOH) 527-09-3 453.841 bl-grn cry 13395-16-9 261.762 bl pow 147-14-8 576.069 bl-purp cry
156 284 dec
sub
2465
Coronene
C24H12
191-07-1
300.352 ye nd (bz)
437.3(0.3)
525
2466
Corticosterone
C21H30O4
50-22-6
181
2467
Corybulbine
C21H25NO4
518-77-4
346.461 nd (al, pl) (ace) 355.429 nd (al)
2468 2469
Corycavamine Corydaline
C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4
521-85-7 518-69-4
367.396 pr (eth, al) 369.454 pr (al)
149 136
2470
Corydine
C20H23NO4
476-69-7
341.402 tetr pr (eth)
149
2471 2472
Corynantheine Cotarnine
C22H26N2O3 C12H15NO4
18904-54-6 366.452 82-54-2 237.252 nd (bz), cry (eth)
165.5 132 dec
2473 2474
Coumaphos Coumestrol
C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5
56-72-4 479-13-0
362.766 268.222 cry rods
95.2(0.2) 385 dec
1.474
2475
Creatine
C4H9N3O2
57-00-1
303 dec
1.3325
2476
Creatinine
C4H7N3O
60-27-5
2477
o-Cresol
2-Methylphenol
C7H8O
95-48-7
131.133 mcl pr (w+1) 113.118 orth pr (w+2) lf (w) 108.138
31.0(0.6)
191.0(0.1)
2478
m-Cresol
3-Methylphenol
C7H8O
108-39-4
108.138 liq
12.2(0.3)
202.2(0.1)
2479
p-Cresol
4-Methylphenol
C7H8O
106-44-5
108.138 pr
34.77(0.05)
201.9(0.1)
2480 2481
o-Cresolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein complexone Metalphthalein
C22H18O4 C32H32N2O12
596-27-0 2411-89-4
346.376 cry (al) 636.602 ye cry pow
223 186
2482
Cresol Red
C21H18O5S
1733-12-6
2483 2484 2485 2486
p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate
No.
Name
2450
Colistin A
2451
Collinomycin
2452
Columbin
2453
K21599_PCOC.indb 128
Synonym
α-Rubromycin
2-(α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine
3,9-Dihydroxy-6Hbenzofuro[3,2-c][1] benzopyran-6-one
o-Cresolsulfonphthalein
Cromoglicic acid
C19H17O4P C7H10ClN3 C23H16O11 C12H19ClNO3P
Physical Form
382.430 red-br cry pow 78-31-9 340.309 col liq 535-89-7 171.627 br wax 16110-51-3 468.366 col cry 299-86-5 291.711
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
Solubility sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl
1660.1
248.5
0.899620 1.489420
1.37125
237.5
i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth
300 dec
>300 -40 87 241 dec 60.1(0.5)
nD
1.032735 1.538635 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc 1.033920 1.540120 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 1.018540 1.531220 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH 1.20825
1434
s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl
i H2O; s os vs EtOH
1180.01
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-129 O
O
H
O
O
HO
O
H O H
OH
N
N
N
H SO3Na
2452
Collinomycin
NH2 N
N
O
2451
NH2
H
O
O
HO
N
O
O
O
O HO
O
H
SO3Na
2453
Columbin
2454
Conessine
Congo Red
O O
OH OH O O O O
H N H
N H
OH
2455
HO HO
OH
2456
Conhydrine
H HO H H
O
H
O O
O
Cu
O
H
O
2460
2461
Copaene
COO OH H OH OH CH2OH
N
2
Cu
N O
N H
Coronene
O
O N
O
N
O
O
O
H
O O
2468
Corybulbine
O
HO O
O
O
2469
Corycavamine
N H
2470
Corydaline
Corydine
OH O
H
O
O
2471
O
O HN HO
O
2473
Cotarnine
NH2
O
OH
2472
Corynantheine
Cl
S O P O O
N
O
O
O
2474
Coumaphos
2475
Coumestrol
Creatine
HO
OH
O
H
OH
NH2
N
2476
Creatinine
OH
NH
O
O
2477
2478
2479
m-Cresol
2480
p-Cresol
OH O
O
O
o-Cresol
HO
OH
OH
N
N
N
O OH
O
OH
N
O
O
N
2465
Copper(II) phthalocyanine
N
N H H
N N
2464
Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate
2467
Corticosterone
N
N
O
2463
O
2466
Cu
N
O
O
O
O
Cu
O
2
Copper(II) gluconate
O
2459
Convallatoxin
N
HO
OH
HO
OH
OH
2458
Conquinamine
2462
Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate
O
HO HO
Coniferin
H OH
O O
OH
2457
Conhydrine, (+)
O H N
Organic
HO
N H
N O
OH
OH
2481
o-Cresolphthalein
o-Cresolphthalein complexone
HO OH
O O P O O
O
O
2482
Cresol Red
K21599_PCOC.indb 129
HO
N
S O O
N
2483
p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate
O
O
O
HO
N
2484
Crimidine
Cl
O
Cl OH
O
O
O
2485
Cromolyn
O O P O NH
2486
Crufomate
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-130 Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
Organic
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
2487
Cryptopine
Cryptocavine
C21H23NO5
482-74-6
2488 2489
Crystal Violet Cubebin
Gentian violet
C25H30ClN3 C20H20O6
369.412 pr or pl (bz) 223 nd (chlMeOH) 548-62-9 407.979 grn pow 215 dec 18423-69-3 356.369 nd (al, bz) 131.5
2490 2491 2492 2493 2494
Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16α)
Geissoschizoline
C32H46O8 C32H48O8 C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C19H26N2O
6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4
2495
Curcumin
Turmeric
C21H20O6
458-37-7
2496
Curine
C36H38N2O6
436-05-5
2497
Cuscohygrine
C13H24N2O
454-14-8
2498
Cusparine
C19H17NO3
529-92-0
2499 2500
Cyamemazine Cyanamide
Cyanogenamide
C19H21N3S CH2N2
3546-03-0 420-04-2
2501 2502
Cyanazine Cyanic acid
Hydrogen cyanate
C9H13ClN6 CHNO
2503 2504
2-Cyanoacetamide Cyanoacetic acid
C3H4N2O C3H3NO2
21725-46-2 240.692 420-05-3 43.025 unstab liq or gas 107-91-5 84.076 pl (w) 372-09-8 85.062
2505 2506 2507
Cyanoacetohydrazide Cyanoacetylene 3-Cyanobenzoic acid
C3H5N3O C3HN C8H5NO2
140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1
2508
4-Cyanobenzoic acid
C8H5NO2
619-65-8
2509
4-Cyanobutanoic acid
C5H7NO2
39201-33-7 113.116 hyg cry
45
2510 2511 2512 2513 2514
2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride
Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide
C6H7NO2 C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN
106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4
83 -27.83 52 -6.55
2515 2516 2517
Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cyanoguanidine
Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide
CFN CIN C2H4N4
1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5
125.126 303.317 52.034 col gas 105.922 nd 61.471 col vol liq or gas 45.016 col gas 152.922 nd (al, eth) 84.080
2518
Cyanomethylmercury
Methylmercurynitrile
C2H3HgN
2597-97-9
241.64
cry (chl)
92
2519 2520 2521 2522
(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid
C9H7NO3 C9H8N2O C4H2N2S C3H3N3O3
1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5
177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074
cry (w) nd (al) nd wh cry
178 199.5 58 >330
2523 2524 2525 2526
Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine
2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine
C3F3N3 C8H16N2O7 C17H24O3 C18H22N2
675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8
135.047 252.222 nd (ace aq) 276.371 266.381 cry (peth)
154 dec 52 106
19314
2527
Cycloate
Carbamothioic acid, C11H21NOS cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester
1134-23-2
215.356
11.5
14510
K21599_PCOC.indb 130
2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl) ethyl]-4-methoxyquinoline
Cyacetacide
1,3,5-Triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione
558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421
cry (EtOH) cry (AcOEt)
pr (eth) pa ye amor pow 368.380 oran ye pr, orth pr (MeOH) 594.696 pr, nd (chlMeOH) 224.342 oil
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
1.31520
Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl
181 207.5 163.5 202 135 dec 183
sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs EtOH, HOAc
221
vs ace, bz, py
16923
307.343 (α) wh or ye 92(α; 111(β) nd (peth); (β) amber pr 323.455 ye pow 92 42.040 nd 45.55(0.04)
0.973320 1.483220 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
2120.25 14019
1.28220
165.6(0.5) -86
23
1.14020
114.1(0.3) 66
160 dec
99.091 pr (al) 51.047 147.132 nd (w)
114.5 5 223(1)
61(18) sub
0.816717 1.386825
147.132
220(1)
10812
1.06220
-21.1 61.5 13
0.9537-21 2.01520 1.18620
-82 146.7 207(2)
-46 sub
i H2O; s EtOH 1.441848 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2 vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz
1.583925 sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth
2.8418 1.40414
vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth
1.7525
sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl
72.8 i H2O i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-131
N
N
O
HO
O
O O
N
O
O
O
H
O H
HO
O OH
O N
O
2487
Cl
Cryptopine
2489
Crystal Violet
2490
Cubebin
Cucurbitacin B
O
HO
O
O H
N
O
H OH
HO
O
OH
O
2488
N N
HO
O
N
H
HO
N H H
NH4
O
OH
N
2492
2491
2494
2493
Cupferron
Cucurbitacin C
H OH
Organic
O
O
Curan-17-ol, (16α)
Cupreine
O O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
2495
O
N
N
N
O
2497
Curine
2498
Cuscohygrine
Cusparine
Cl
N N
N H2N
S
2499
N H
N
2500
Cyamemazine
N N
NH2
N H
N
HO
2501
Cyanamide
O O
O
O
2496
Curcumin
N
H N
O
O
HO
O
O
N H
N
N
2502
Cyanazine
O
2503
Cyanic acid
H N
OH N
N
O
2504
2-Cyanoacetamide
NH2
O
N
2505
Cyanoacetic acid
Cyanoacetohydrazide
2506
Cyanoacetylene
OH
OH O O N
N
N
2507
N
OH
2509
2508
3-Cyanobenzoic acid
O
N
N
2510
4-Cyanobutanoic acid
4-Cyanobenzoic acid
O
S P O N
2511
2-Cyanoethyl acrylate
Br
2512
Cyanofenphos
N
2513
Cyanogen
Cyanogen bromide
O O
H2N Cl
N
2514
Cyanogen chloride
F
N
I
2515
Cyanogen fluoride
Cyanogen iodide
O
N
H2N
Hg
2517
N N
N N H
2522
N
O
Cyanuric acid
K21599_PCOC.indb 131
F
H
F
(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid
OH
2523
Cyanuric fluoride
2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide
S
2521
4-Cyanothiazole
N
O
OH O
N
N
S
O
HO F
2520
N
O
O O N
N
2519
Cyanomethylmercury
N O
N
2518
Cyanoguanidine
HO
O H
N
2516
N
N
N
H N
OH
N
OH
2524
Cycasin
2525
Cyclandelate
2526
Cyclizine
2527
Cycloate
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-132
Organic
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C12H16N2O3
52-31-3
236.266 lf (w)
173
Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene
C4H9N C4H8
2516-34-9 287-23-0
71.121 56.107
-90.7(0.3)
83(20) 12.5(0.2)
Cyanocyclobutane
C5H7N C5H8O2
4426-11-3 3721-95-7
81.117 100.117 liq
-7(1)
148(1) 192(4)
C6H8O4
5445-51-2
144.126 pr (w, eth)
158.0
C4H8O C4H6O
2919-23-5 1191-95-3
72.106 70.090
liq
-50.9
Cyclobutene
C4H6
822-35-5
54.091
col gas
2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542
Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone α-Cyclodextrin
Cyclomaltohexaose
C24H31Cl2N5O7 C10H20 C10H16O2 C10H20O C10H18O C36H60O30
12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3
572.439 nd (MeOH) 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 amor pow 972.843 hx pl or nd
2543 2544
β-Cyclodextrin γ-Cyclodextrin
Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose
C42H70O35 C48H80O40
2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554
Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene CDT cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one Civetone 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane
C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O C12H18 C12H22 C12H22 C17H30O C7H10 C7H15N C7H14
7585-39-9 1134.984 mcl cry (w) 17465-86-0 1297.125 sq pl or rods 294-62-2 168.319 nd (al) 1724-39-6 184.318 830-13-7 182.302 4904-61-4 162.271 liq 1129-89-1 166.303 1486-75-5 166.303 542-46-1 250.419 4054-38-0 94.154 liq 5452-35-7 113.201 291-64-5 98.186 liq
2555 2556
1,2-Cycloheptanedione Cycloheptanol
C7H10O2 C7H14O
3008-39-7 502-41-0
126.153 114.185
2557
Cycloheptanone
Suberone
C7H12O
502-42-1
112.169
2558
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene
Tropilidene
C7H8
544-25-2
92.139
2559 2560
2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Cycloheptene
C7H6O C7H12
539-80-0 628-92-2
2561
1,3-Cyclohexadiene
C6H8
2562
1,4-Cyclohexadiene
2563 2564
No.
Name
2528
Cyclobarbital
2529 2530
Cyclobutanamine Cyclobutane
2531 2532
Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid
2533 2534 2535
1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid Cyclobutanol Cyclobutanone
2536
Synonym
Hydroxycyclobutane
Physical Form
vol liq or gas
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
nD
Solubility i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc
124(8) 98.8(0.6)
2.5(0.4) 255 dec 10.4(0.9) 41(3) 42(3) 23(2)
den g cm –3
0.832820 1.436319 0.70380 1.37520 i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz 1.059920 1.440020 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig 0.921815 1.437120 0.95470 1.421520 s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth 0.7330 vs ace; s bz, peth
202.3(0.3) 10410 12512 10613
0.853825 1.471620
0.8280
-8.0(0.2)
244.0(0.5) 286 12712 240 13335 11317 343 120.5 5411 118.8(0.2)
-40 7.15(0.05)
10817 185
1.058322 0.955420
180.4(0.9)
0.950820
-75.18(0.06) 116.3(0.7)
0.887519
106.122 96.170 liq
-5(2) -55.3(0.2)
11315 115(3)
1.09522 0.822820
592-57-4
80.128
liq
-89
80.3(0.3)
0.840520
C6H8
628-41-1
80.128
liq
-49(1)
89.5(0.2)
0.847120
3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione
C6H4O2
583-63-1
108.095 red pl or pr
C6H6N2O2
105-11-3
138.124 pa ye nd (w) 240 dec
2565
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4dione, dioxime Cyclohexane
C6H12
110-82-7
84.159
6.7(0.2)
80.7(0.7)
2566
Cyclohexaneacetic acid
C8H14O2
5292-21-7
142.196 nd (HCO2H)
28.9(1)
245
2567 2568 2569 2570
Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Cyclohexyl cyanide Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Hexahydrobenzoic acid
C7H11N C7H11ClO C7H12O C7H12O2
766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5
109.169 liq 146.614 112.169 128.169 mcl pr
12.0(0.3)
28(3)
188(3) 183(6) 155(12) 233(6)
2571 2572
cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine cis-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane C6H14N2 trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane C6H14N2
1436-59-5 1121-22-8
114.188 liq 114.188
14.8
402 8015
0.773925 1.423525 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 1.042318 1.477520 sl H2O; s eth, ace 0.919 1.450520 1.096215 1.471129 0.903520 1.449620 s H2O, eth 1.033422 1.453020 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, bz, chl 0.95220 1.495120 0.95120
K21599_PCOC.indb 132
Sebacil
1,4-Dihydrobenzene
Hexahydrobenzene
liq; cub cry (-80¯C)
liq
0.960620 1.492620 s EtOH 0.965420 1.480620 vs bz, eth, chl vs cold H2O; i hot H2O
260 dec
60.8(0.4) 62.4(0.3) -17
32.5 -110.4
≈65 dec
0.905966 1.457160 0.84100 1.484020 vs bz, chl 1.485020 vs bz, chl 0.86825 0.809820
1.497820 1.472420 1.443620 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 1.468922 s EtOH 1.4070520 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.460820 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.534320 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl 1.617222 vs bz, chl 1.455220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.475520 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth; vs eth 1.472520 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth s eth, ace, bz; i peth s H2O
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-133
O
O
N H
H
2528
HO
2531
Cyclobutane
N
2533
Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid
2534
1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid
Cl
2535
Cyclobutanol
O
OH
2538
2539
Cyclodecane
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
4
OH
OH
O OH
Cyclodecanone
OH
OH
O
2541
Cyclodecanol
O
O OH
OH
O
2540
1,2-Cyclodecanedione
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
OH
5
O
2542
2543
α-Cyclodextrin
HO
β-Cyclodextrin
HO
O
O
OH
Cyclobutene
OH
Cl
O
2537
HO
2536
Cyclobutanone
O
Cyclochlorotine
OH
O
OH
O
2532
Cyclobutanecarbonitrile
OH
OH
NH O O O H N N H
O
2530
Cyclobutanamine
H N
O
OH
2529
Cyclobarbital
HO
O
N
NH2
O
Organic
N
O
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
OH
OH
OH 6
O
2544
2545
γ-Cyclodextrin
2546
Cyclododecane
Cyclododecanol
2547
2548
Cyclododecanone
O
NH2
2549
1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene
cis-Cyclododecene
O
OH
O
2550
trans-Cyclododecene
O
2551
cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one
2552
2553
1,3-Cycloheptadiene
2554
Cycloheptanamine
2555
Cycloheptane
1,2-Cycloheptanedione
2556
N O
2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one
N
Cycloheptanone
OH OH O
N
2560
2561
Cycloheptene
1,3-Cyclohexadiene
O
Cl
2562
1,4-Cyclohexadiene
O
2563
3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione
O
OH
2564
2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime
OH
NH2
2567
K21599_PCOC.indb 133
2568
Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride
2569
Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde
2570
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid
2565
Cyclohexane
2566
Cyclohexaneacetic acid
NH2 NH2
Cyclohexanecarbonitrile
2558
1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene
O O
2559
2557
Cycloheptanol
2571
cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine
NH2
2572
trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine
4/2/14 3:01 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-134 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid
C8H12O4
619-82-9
C8H18N2
2575 2576
1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol
2577
trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol
2578
1,2-Cyclohexanedione
2579
No.
Name
2573
2574
Physical Form
den g cm –3
Organic
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
172.179 pr (w)
312.5
300 sub
2579-20-6
142.242
350
vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH
100.4(0.5) 165 dec
1.2020
1.506320
160 sub
s H2O 1.584513
vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl
C18H22N2 C16H16N2O4 C8H15N5S C10H18N2O3 C22H29FO5 C8H10N3NaO3S
Dexpanthenol
C9H19NO4
81-13-0
205.252 hyg oil
C18H28N2O4S C18H26BrNO
51-63-8 125-69-9
368.491 >300 352.309 wh cry pow 123
2821
Dextroamphetamine sulfate Dextromethorphan hydrobromide Diacetone alcohol
C6H12O2
123-42-2
116.158 liq
-47(2)
167.9
0.938720 1.421320
2822
3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene
C7H10O4
869-29-4
158.152 liq
-37.6
176(18)
1.076020 1.419320
2823
1,3-Diacetylbenzene
C10H10O2
6781-42-6
162.185
32
15215
2824 2825
1,4-Diacetylbenzene 4-Acetylacetophenone N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl Diacetylmorphine Diacetylperoxide Acetyl peroxide Dialifor Diallate Diallylcyanamide
C10H10O2 C16H16N2O2
1009-61-6 613-35-4
162.185 268.310 nd (HOAc)
113.0 328.3
1283
C21H23NO5 C4H6O4 C14H17ClNO4PS2 C10H17Cl2NOS C7H10N2
561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9 2303-16-4 538-08-9
369.412 orth 118.089 nd (eth) lf 393.846 270.219 122.167
173 30 68.1(0.5)
27312 6321
2826 2827 2828 2829 2830
K21599_PCOC.indb 144
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone
vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O
vs H2O, ace, EtOH
560.684 cry (EtOH aq) 50-47-5 266.381 13684-56-5 300.309 1014-69-3 213.304 cry 533-48-2 214.261 lo nd (H2O) 50-02-2 392.460 140-56-7 251.238 ye-br pow
Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosulfonate
Solubility
0.81220 1.434620 0.765520 1.426520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.769020 1.433120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth
139 1730.02 121.7(0.5) 85 157 262
s H2O sl H2O; s DMF dec
1.2020
1.49720
1.1525
1509 14290
1.5625
vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl
vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH
s EtOH; sl eth, ctc
4/2/14 3:02 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-145 OH OH OH
O
HO
OH
OH O
O
2787
O O
N
O
O Br
O
O
O
2793
Delphinine
HO
N
S
2795
Demeton
N
OH
N
O
O
P
O O
O
P
OH
O
OH
O
O
N
N
P
NH2 N
N
CH2OH OH O
H
O
OH
HO
2798
P
O O
N
O
OH HO
H
2799
2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate
2’-Deoxyadenosine
OH
OH O
HO
OH
2797
N
O
OH
Demeton-S-methyl
O
S O P O O
Demecarium bromide
S
2796
Br
NH2
NH2
N
N
2794
Deltamethrin
N
Br
O
Br
2792
N
O N
Organic
O
H
O O P S O
Delphinidin
O
N
O
2791
Dehydroabietic acid
O
H
H
2790
5-Decyne
1-Decyne
OH O
2789
2788
Decyl vinyl ether
OH
OH
2801
2800
6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid
2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate
Deoxycholic acid
O
F
HN O O
HO
H2N OH
N
O
HO
P
O
O
OH HO
HO
2802
H
OH
2805
2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate
CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH
O OH
O OH
HO
OH
2806
2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol
O
HO
OH
2807
1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol
2808
6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose
D-2-Deoxyribose
N H O
NH2
O
O O
HO
2804
2-Deoxy-D-glucose
H
O
OH
2803
2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine
H HO H H
OH
OH
OH OH
N
N
OH
O
N H
N
HN
O
N
O
O
Cl
O
2809
O
N N
H2N
N H
OH N
H N
N OH
O Desferrioxamine
O N H
N N H
N S
O
2813
2812
O OH
HO HO
N N
H
NH O
N H
N H
2814
Desmedipham
Desipramine
OH
HN O
N H
N OH
2811
Desethyl atrazine
O
O N H
O
2810
Deserpidine
O
O
2815
Desmetryne
O N N S O Na O
N
F
O
2816
Desthiobiotin
2817
Dexamethasone
Dexon
O
O
HBr OH HO
O
H N
OH
O
NH2
2818
2819
Dexpanthenol
0.5 H2SO4
Dextroamphetamine sulfate
H
2820
N
Dextromethorphan hydrobromide
OH O
O
O O
2821
Diacetone alcohol
O
O
O
2822
2823
3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene
1,3-Diacetylbenzene
2824
1,4-Diacetylbenzene
O O
O O O
O HN
NH
2825
N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl
K21599_PCOC.indb 145
O
O
H
N
O
N
O O
O
2826
Diacetylmorphine
2827
Diacetylperoxide
O
Cl S S P O O
2828
Dialifor
O Cl
S
N N N
Cl
2829
Diallate
2830
Diallylcyanamide
4/2/14 3:03 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-146
Organic
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2831
Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate)
C12H18O7
142-22-3
274.267 col liq
2832 2833 2834
Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diallyldimethylsilane Diallyl disulfide Diallyl ether
C8H16Si C6H10S2 C6H10O
1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4
140.299 146.273 98.142 liq
2835
Diallyl fumarate
C10H12O4
2807-54-7
196.200
1403
2836
Diallyl isophthalate
C14H14O4
1087-21-4
246.259
1765
2837 2838
Diallyl maleate Diallyl oxalate
C10H12O4 C8H10O4
999-21-3 615-99-6
196.200 170.163
12910 217
2839
N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine Triallylamine
C9H15N
102-70-5
137.222
94
2840
5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Diallyl sulfide Diallyl trisulfide Diamantane 1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
C10H12N2O3
52-43-7
208.213 lf
172(1)
C6H10S C6H10S3 C14H20 C14H10N2O2
592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5
114.208 liq 178.338 188.309 cry 238.241 viol nd
-85
2841 2842 2843 2844
Allyl ether
Di-2-propenyl 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate
Allobarbital
Congressane
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
-4
1612
1.1420
-6
137.9(0.3) 10048 94(3)
0.767920 1.442020 1.023715 0.826020 1.416320 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl 1.076820 1.467025 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
C14H10N2O2
128-95-0
238.241 dk viol nd (py)
268
2846
1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
C14H10N2O2
129-44-2
238.241 dk red nd (al, HOAc)
319
2847
1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
C14H10N2O2
129-42-0
238.241 red nd (al, HOAc)
265
2848
2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
C14H10N2O2
131-14-6
238.241 red-br pr (aq-py)
320 dec
2849
4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene
C12H12N4
538-41-0
2850
3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid
C7H8N2O2
535-87-5
212.250 ye nd (al), 250.5 oran-ye pr (al) 152.151 nd (+1w) 228
2851
2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid
C4H10N2O2
305-62-4
118.134 hyg cry
118.1
2852
C4H4N4
1187-42-4
108.102
178.5
C14H10N2O4
128-94-9
270.240 bl nd (xyl)
2854 2855
cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy9,10-anthracenedione 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline
C12H12N2O C13H14N2
101-80-4 101-77-9
2856
4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide
C12H12N2S
139-65-1
200.235 192.2(0.2) 198.263 pl or nd (w) 90(1) pl (bz) 216.301 nd (w) 108.5
2857 2858
3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline meso-2,6-Diaminoheptane2,6-Diaminopimelic acid dioic acid 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2,4-Diaminophenol
C12H12N2O2S C7H14N2O4
599-61-1 922-54-3
248.300 190.197 nd (w)
168.5 314 dec
C15H12N2O3
2872-48-2
268.267
242(1)
C14H9N3O4
82-33-7
283.239
278
C6H8N2O
95-86-3
124.140 lf
79 dec
C6H10Cl2N2O
137-09-7
197.061 nd
235 dec
Thionine
C12H10ClN3S
581-64-6
263.745
Prontosil
C12H14ClN5O2S
103-12-8
327.790
249.5
Amsonic acid
C3H10N2O C14H14N2O6S2
616-29-5 81-11-8
90.123 cry 370.400 ye nd
42.8 300
C3H5N5O
645-92-1
127.105 nd (aq Na2CO3)
dec
2859 2860 2861 2862 2863
2864 2865 2866 2867
2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5ium chloride 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo] benzenesulfonamide 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin2(1H)-one
K21599_PCOC.indb 146
4,4’-Thiodianiline
138(5) 11716
Solubility i H2O; s os
1.07520 1.469920 s chl 1.158220 1.448120 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl 0.80920 1.450220 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz 0.887727 1.487025 vs eth, EtOH 1.084515 vs eth
244.73(0.05) 303.5
2845
2853
150(2)
nD
sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH
sub
1.4120 i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH >300 379(3)
sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O
vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats i eth, bz sl H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk
4/2/14 3:03 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-147 O
O O
O
O O
O
O
S
Si
O
2831
2832
Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate
O
S
2833
Diallyldimethylsilane
2834
Diallyl disulfide
O O
2835
Diallyl ether
Diallyl fumarate
O O O O O
O
2836
O
2838
Diallyl maleate
2839
Diallyl oxalate
NH2
O
2840
N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine
O
N H
O
N
O
2837
Diallyl isophthalate
NH
O
O
5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-pyrimidinetrione
O
NH2
O
O
NH2
NH2 O
Organic
O
O O
NH2
NH2 S
S
2841
S
S
O
2842
Diallyl sulfide
2843
Diallyl trisulfide
NH2 O
NH2
2844
Diamantane
2845
1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
O
O
NH2
O
2847
2848
1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
NH2
H2N
2849
2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
H2N
OH NH2
NH2
2850
4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene
NH2 O
OH H2N
N N
2851
3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid
2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid
NH2
N
N
1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
O H2N
H2N O
2846
1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione
O
NH2
OH O
2852
H2N
OH
2853
cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile
H2N
NH2
2854
1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
NH2
2855
4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether
4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane
O S
H2N
O
S
O
O
NH2
OH
2857
4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide
O
NH2
NH2
2856
3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone
NH2
O
O
HO
NH2
H2N
NH2
NH2
O
2858
2859
meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid
1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione
OH
OH NH2
NH2 N
O
N
O
O
2 HCl
NH2
2861
1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione
N N
2864
2,4-Diaminophenol
O S NH2 O
4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide
K21599_PCOC.indb 147
2862
NH2 Cl
S
2863
2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride
OH O S O
NH2 H2N
H2N
NH2
NH2
2860
3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride
NH2
NH2 N
OH H2N
NH2
2865
1,3-Diamino-2-propanol
O S O OH
H2N
2866
4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid
O
N N H
NH2
2867
4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H )-one
4/2/14 3:03 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-148 Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
Organic
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
2868
8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid
Crocetin
C20H24O4
27876-94-4 328.403 brick red orth
286
2869
Diatrizoic acid
C11H9I3N2O4
117-96-4
300
2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875
Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine
N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide
C2H4N4O2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 C21H13N C21H13N C21H13N
123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3
2876
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
C22H14
53-70-3
2877
Dibenz[a,j]anthracene
C22H14
224-41-9
278.346 oran lf or nd 198.2 (bz)
2878
Carbamazepine
C15H12N2O
298-46-4
236.268
190.2
2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884
5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide Dibenzepin 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin Dibenzofuran
Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide
C18H21N3O C20H13N C20H13N C26H16 C12H8O2 C12H8O
4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9
295.379 267.324 cry (EtOH) 267.324 328.405 184.191 nd (MeOH) 168.191 lf or nd (al)
117 157(1) 221.3 400 117.5(0.2) 82.16(0.05)
2885
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene
C24H14
192-65-4
302.368 pa ye nd(xyl)
247.0(0.6)
2886 2887 2888
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene
C24H14 C24H14 C24H14
189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0
318(1) 283.6(0.3) 164.5
2750.05
2889
Dibenzothiophene
C12H8S
132-65-0
302.368 oran pl 302.368 302.368 ye pl (bz/ EtOH) 184.257 nd (dil al, lig)
98.67(0.02)
331.6(0.4)
2890
Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione
C14H8O3
6050-13-1
2891
Dibenzoyl disulfide
Benzoyl disulfide
C14H10O2S2
644-32-6
2892
Dibenzylamine
N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine C14H15N
103-49-1
224.212 nd (HOAc or 217 bz) 274.358 pr(al), 134.5 sc(chlpeth) 197.276 -26(1)
2893
Dibenzyl disulfide
C14H14S2
150-60-7
246.391 lf (al)
68.6(0.2)
2894
N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine Dibenzyl ether
Benzathine
C16H20N2
140-28-3
240.343 oily lig
26
1954
Benzyl ether
C14H14O
103-50-4
198.260 liq
1.8
298
C20H18O
897-78-9
274.356
117.5
19020
C17H16O4 C14H15O3P C14H14S
-2.5 48.3(0.5)
1872 1620.1 335(6)
152
290 dec
2895
2896
7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene
1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene
613.913 cry (EtOH aq) 116.079 304.345 42.040 ye gas 279.335 ye cry 279.335 279.335 ye cry (EtOH) 278.346 pl (dil ace)
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
Solubility
225(1) -145 226.6(0.7) 219.6(0.9) 189
870.05 -23
1.108820 1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O
269(6)
i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth
1850.01 i H2O
285.2(0.3)
sub dec
300 dec
2897 2898 2899 2900
Dibenzyl sulfone
C14H14O2S
15014-25-2 284.307 17176-77-1 262.241 538-74-9 214.326 pl (eth or chl) 620-32-6 246.325 nd (al-bz)
2901
Dibenzyl sulfoxide
C14H14OS
621-08-9
230.325 lf (al, w)
135(3)
210 dec
2902 2903
N,N’-Dibenzylurea Dibromoacetic acid
C15H16N2O C2H2Br2O2
1466-67-7 631-64-1
240.300 nd (al) 217.844 hyg cry
170(1) 49
195250
2904 2905
Dibromoacetonitrile 2,4-Dibromoaniline
C2HBr2N C6H5Br2N
3252-43-5 615-57-6
2906 2907
3,5-Dibromoaniline 9,10-Dibromoanthracene
C6H5Br2N C14H8Br2
626-40-4 523-27-3
198.844 250.919 orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) 250.919 nd (dil al) 57 336.022 ye nd (to or 226 xyl)
K21599_PCOC.indb 148
nD
sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH
2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone Dibenzyl malonate Dibenzyl phosphite Dibenzyl sulfide
Benzyl sulfide
den g cm –3
169 15674
sub
1.088699 1.607999 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf
i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS2 1.025622 1.578120 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH 1.02420 1.563520 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.042820 1.561820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc 1.13725 1.544720 1.552118 1.058350 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2.36920 1.539320 2.26020 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl
4/2/14 3:03 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-149 O
O
O HO
I
N H
OH O
2868
OH
I
O
O H2N
N H
I
S
N
O P O O
NH2
2870
Diatrizoic acid
N
N
O
2869
8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid
N
H C N
N
2871
Diazenedicarboxamide
2872
Diazinon
Diazomethane
N
N O
N
2873
2875
Dibenz[a,j]acridine
2876
Dibenz[c,h]acridine
2877
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
NH2
2878
Dibenz[a,j]anthracene
5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
Organic
Dibenz[a,h]acridine
2874
N
H
N O N O N
N H
N H
2879
2880
Dibenzepin
O
2881
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
2882
13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole
O
2883
Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene
2884
Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin
Dibenzofuran
O
O
O
S
2885
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
2886
2887
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
2888
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
2889
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
O S
S
S
N H
O
2891
2892
Dibenzoyl disulfide
S
O
O O
2896
O
2895
N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine
O P
O
Dibenzyl ether
S
O
O
2897
2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone
O
2894
Dibenzyl disulfide
O
Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione
H N
N H
2893
Dibenzylamine
2890
Dibenzothiophene
2898
Dibenzyl malonate
2899
Dibenzyl phosphite
Dibenzyl sulfone
NH2
S O
2901
Dibenzyl sulfoxide
K21599_PCOC.indb 149
N H
Br Br
N H
2902
N,N’-Dibenzylurea
Br
OH
Br
Br
O
Br
O
2900
Dibenzyl sulfide
O
S
NH2
N
2903
Dibromoacetic acid
Br
2904
Dibromoacetonitrile
2905
2,4-Dibromoaniline
Br
Br
2906
3,5-Dibromoaniline
Br
2907
9,10-Dibromoanthracene
4/2/14 3:03 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-150 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2908
o-Dibromobenzene
1,2-Dibromobenzene
C6H4Br2
583-53-9
2909
m-Dibromobenzene
1,3-Dibromobenzene
C6H4Br2
2910
p-Dibromobenzene
1,4-Dibromobenzene
2911 2912
4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl
Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone
2913
2915 2916 2917
1,3-Dibromo-2,2Pentaerythritol tetrabromide bis(bromomethyl)propane 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4Tribromsalan bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide 1,1-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromobutane α-Butylene dibromide 1,3-Dibromobutane
2918
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
235.904
6(2)
220.4(0.3)
108-36-1
235.904 liq
-6.9(0.5)
214(14)
C6H4Br2
106-37-6
235.904 pl
87.3(0.1)
222(3)
C13H8Br2O C12H8Br2
3988-03-2 92-86-4
177 164
394(24) 357.5
C5H8Br4
3229-00-3
C13H8Br3NO2
87-10-5
340.010 pl (al) 312.000 mcl pr (MeOH) 387.734 cry (ace), nd (lig) 449.921
C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2
62168-25-6 215.915 533-98-2 215.915 liq 107-80-2 215.915
-65.4(0.4)
158 161(4) 176.4(0.4)
1,4-Dibromobutane
C4H8Br2
110-52-1
215.915 liq
-21.1(0.5)
197(4)
2919 2920
2,3-Dibromobutane trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene
C4H8Br2 C4H6Br2
5408-86-6 821-06-7
215.915 liq 213.899 pl (peth)
-24 53.4
158(5) 203
2921
1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne
C4H4Br2
2219-66-1
211.883
2922
α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor
C10H14Br2O
514-12-5
310.025
2923 2924 2925
Dibromochlorofluoromethane 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)1,10-Dibromodecane Decamethylene dibromide
CBr2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3
353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8
226.270 236.333 276.277
C3H2Br2N2O
10222-01-2 241.868 cry (bz)
126
C6H10Br2
5183-77-7
241.951
-2.0
145100
C10H20Br2
4101-68-2
300.074 pl (al)
28
1619
C2H2Br2Cl2
75-81-0
256.751 liq
-26
195
C2H2Br2Cl2
683-68-1
256.751 liq
-26
195
CBr2Cl2
594-18-3
242.725
38
150.2
C2H2Br2F2
75-82-1
223.842 liq
-61.3
92.5
CBr2F2
75-61-6
-110.1
22.79(0.08)
2914
Organic
2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933
1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane Dibromodichloromethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane Dibromodifluoromethane
Genetron 132b-B2
160.29(0.05) 305.5
den g cm –3
nD
226.4(0.5)
9215 61
50
80.3 200(13) 92.8(0.2)
1.78425 1.498825 1.791520 1.402520 i H2O; s eth, chl 1.80020 1.50720 i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc 1.819925 1.516725 i H2O; sl ctc; s chl 1.789322 1.513322 i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace 2.01418 1.58818 s eth, ace; vs chl 1.85421 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt 2.317322 1.457020 2.09314 1.55314 i H2O
1.775920 1.544519 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.33530 1.492725 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 2.13520 1.566220 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2.13520 1.566220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 2.4225 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 2.223820 1.445620
C5H6Br2N2O2
77-48-5
C5H10Br2
5434-27-5
229.941
185(11)
2936
1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylDibromantine 2,4-imidazolidinedione 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 1,12-Dibromododecane
209.816 vol liq or gas 285.922
C12H24Br2
3344-70-5
328.127 nd (al,HOAc) 41
21515
2937
1,1-Dibromoethane
Ethylidene dibromide
C2H4Br2
557-91-5
187.861 liq
-63
109(4)
2.055520 1.512820
2938
1,2-Dibromoethane
Ethylene dibromide
C2H4Br2
106-93-4
187.861 liq
9.8(0.1)
131.3(0.3)
2.168325 1.535625
2939
cis-1,2-Dibromoethene
cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene
C2H2Br2
590-11-4
185.845 liq
-53
111(1)
2.246420 1.542820
2940
trans-1,2-Dibromoethene
trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene
C2H2Br2
590-12-5
185.845 liq
-6.5
107(3)
2.230820 1.550518
2941 2942 2943
1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene
C4H8Br2O C4H6Br2O2 C8H8Br2
2983-26-8 231.914 24442-57-7 245.898 liq 93-52-7 263.958
1.732020 1.504420 1.9120
73(1)
8020 89.516 13319
2934 2935
K21599_PCOC.indb 150
Solubility
1.984320 1.615520 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc 1.952320 1.608317 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 2.26117 1.5742 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz 2.59615 s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl
s H2O, eth, ace, bz
198 dec 1.677520 1.5090 i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig
4/2/14 3:03 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-151
Br Br
Br
O
Br
Br Br
Br
2908
2909
o-Dibromobenzene
2910
m-Dibromobenzene
Br
Br
2912
2911
p-Dibromobenzene
Br
2913
4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl
4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone
1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane
Br Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br
2914
2915
3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide
1,1-Dibromobutane
2921
1,3-Dibromobutane
2922
2919
1,4-Dibromobutane
2,3-Dibromobutane
F F Br
Br
Cl Cl
Br
2923
α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor
1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne
Br
2918
Br F
Br O
Br
Br
Br
2917
1,2-Dibromobutane
Br
Br
Br
2916
Br
O
N
Br Br
1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Br Br
Br
2927
Cl Cl
2928
trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)-
2926
F
2932
1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane
1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane
2931
Dibromodichloromethane
Br N
Br
Br
Cl Br
2930
1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane
O
Br Cl
Br Cl
2929
1,10-Dibromodecane
F
Br
Br
Br
NH2
2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide
Cl Br
F
trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene
Br
2925
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Br
2920
Cl F
2924
Dibromochlorofluoromethane
Br
Organic
N H
Br
Br
Br
OH O Br
Br
Br Br
F
O
Br
N Br
2933
2934
Dibromodifluoromethane
Br
Br
Br
Br
2935
1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione
2936
1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane
1,12-Dibromododecane
Br Br
Br Br
2937
1,1-Dibromoethane
K21599_PCOC.indb 151
Br
Br
2938
1,2-Dibromoethane
Br
H
H
2939
cis-1,2-Dibromoethene
Br
H
H
2940
Br
trans-1,2-Dibromoethene
Br Br
O O
2941
1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane
Br
Br O
2942
Br
1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate
2943
(1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene
4/2/14 3:03 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-152 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
2944
Dibromofluoromethane
Fluorodibromomethane
CHBr2F
1868-53-7
191.825 liq
2945 2946
1,2-Dibromoheptane 1,7-Dibromoheptane
Heptamethylene dibromide
C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2
42474-21-5 257.994 4549-31-9 257.994
2947 2948 2949
2,3-Dibromoheptane 3,4-Dibromoheptane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,2-Dibromohexane 1,6-Dibromohexane
C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C3Br2F6
21266-88-6 257.994 21266-90-0 257.994 661-95-0 309.830
C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2
624-20-4 629-03-8
3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde
C6H12Br2 C7H4Br2O2
3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid
2950 2951 2952 2953
Organic
2954 2955 2956
2957
3,4-Dibromohexane 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile Dibromomethane
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
-78
64.9
2.42120
41.7
228 247(12)
1.508620 1.530620
10117 10724 72.8
1.513920 1.518220 2.163020
-1.2
10336 245.5
89583-12-0 243.967 90-59-5 279.914 pa ye pr
86
8013 sub
1.577420 1.502420 vs bz, eth, chl 1.602525 1.505425 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc 1.602720 1.504320 vs bz, eth, chl
C7H4Br2O3
3147-55-5
295.913 nd
228
Bromoxynil
C7H3Br2NO
1689-84-5
276.913
190.5(0.8)
Methylene bromide
CH2Br2
74-95-3
173.835 liq
-52.1(0.7)
97.0(0.6)
2,5-Dibromotoluene
C7H6Br2
615-59-8
249.931
6(1)
236(11)
2.496920 1.542020 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc 1.812717 1.598218 i H2O
C7H6Br2
31543-75-6 249.931
-10(1)
10311
1.817625 1.596425
C7H6Br2
618-31-5
249.931
1.0
15623 6217 265 dec 139(2) 310
1.836528 1.614720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.671720 1.572925 s chl 1.782720 1.511920 s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc
243.967 243.967 liq
2959
1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene (Dibromomethyl)benzene
2960 2961 2962 2963
2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene
C5H10Br2 C7H6Br2O C4H8Br2 C10H6Br2
594-51-4 609-22-3 594-34-3 83-53-4
229.941 265.930 nd (peth) 215.915 285.963
7 58 10.5 83
2964
2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline
C6H4Br2N2O2
827-94-1
207
2965
2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol
C6H3Br2NO3
99-28-5
295.916 ye nd (al, HOAc) 296.901 pa ye pr or lf (al)
2966 2967 2968
1,9-Dibromononane 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 1,8-Dibromooctane
C9H18Br2 C4Br2F8 C8H16Br2
4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0
286.047 liq 359.838 272.021
-22.5
2969 2970 2971
1,2-Dibromopentane 1,4-Dibromopentane 1,5-Dibromopentane
C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2
3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0
229.941 229.941 229.941 liq
2972 2973
2,4-Dibromopentane 2,4-Dibromophenol
C5H10Br2 C6H4Br2O
2974
2,6-Dibromophenol
2975
1,2-Dibromopropane
2976
2958
145 dec
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc
15.5
-34.4 -40.0(0.4)
179(13) 146150 222.3
19398-53-9 229.941 615-58-7 251.903 nd (peth)
40(2)
7521 238.5
C6H4Br2O
608-33-3
251.903 nd (w)
56.5
255
C3H6Br2
78-75-1
201.888 liq
-55.4(0.3)
140(1)
1,3-Dibromopropane
C3H6Br2
109-64-8
201.888 liq
-35(1)
164(1)
2977
2,2-Dibromopropane
C3H6Br2
594-16-1
201.888
2978 2979 2980
2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol
C3H4Br2O2 C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O
600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9
231.871 217.887 217.887 ye liq
2981
C9H15Br6O4P
126-72-7
697.610
2982 2983
2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene
C3H4Br2O C3H4Br2
816-39-7 215.871 nd 13195-80-7 199.872
2984 2985
1,2-Dibromo-1-propene 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene
C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2
26391-16-2 199.872 513-31-5 199.872
K21599_PCOC.indb 152
Propylene dibromide
DBP
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1,3-Dibromoacetone
Solubility
1.468520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 1.498620 1.503420 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl 1.499220 1.501020 i H2O
s ace
269(10) 98(25) 271
Octamethylene dibromide
nD
113 66.5
16020 219 219 dec
26
9722 125 131.5 142(18)
1.422920 1.459425 1.497125 i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl 1.66818 1.622220 1.508620 1.692825 1.510225 i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc 1.665920 1.498720 2.070020 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.932420 1.520120 s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 1.970125 1.520425 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 1.88020 vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH 2.12020 2.136420 1.549525 vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl 2.167018 vs eth, CS2 1.976720 1.526020 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl 2.007620 2.034525 1.541625 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl
4/2/14 3:03 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-153 Br
Br
F Br
F Br F
Br
Br
Br
Br
H
2944
2945
Dibromofluoromethane
Br
2946
1,2-Dibromoheptane
2947
1,7-Dibromoheptane
2948
2,3-Dibromoheptane
Br
Br Br
F F F F
Br
Br
2949
3,4-Dibromoheptane
1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane
2950
1,2-Dibromohexane
N HO
O Br
Br
O OH
OH
Br Br
Br
Br
2951
Br
2952
Br
Br
2953
3,4-Dibromohexane
Br
OH
Br
2956
3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile
3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
H H
2955
2954
3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde
Br
2957
Dibromomethane
1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene
Organic
1,6-Dibromohexane
Br
Br
OH Br
Br
Br
NH2
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br Br
Br
2958
2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene
2959
2961
2960
(Dibromomethyl)benzene
Br
Br 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol
2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane
1,4-Dibromonaphthalene
1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane
N
O
Br
2963
2962
O
2964
2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline
OH Br
Br F F F F Br O
N
Br
O
Br
2965
2966
2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol
Br
2967
1,9-Dibromononane
Br
Br
F F F F
2968
1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane
Br Br
Br
2969
1,8-Dibromooctane
1,2-Dibromopentane
Br
2970
1,4-Dibromopentane
OH Br Br Br
Br
2971
1,5-Dibromopentane
OH Br
Br
O Br
Br Br
Br
2972
2973
2,4-Dibromopentane
2,4-Dibromophenol
2974
2,6-Dibromophenol
2975
Br
Br Br
1,2-Dibromopropane
Br
OH
Br
2976
1,3-Dibromopropane
Br
OH
Br
2977
2978
2,2-Dibromopropane
2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid
Br
2979
2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol
Br Br Br Br
Br OH
2980
1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol
K21599_PCOC.indb 153
O
O P O O Br
2981
Br Br
2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)
Br
O Br
Br
2982
1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone
Br
Br
2983
1,1-Dibromo-1-propene
Br Br
Br
2984
1,2-Dibromo-1-propene
2985
2,3-Dibromo-1-propene
4/2/14 3:04 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-154 Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C5H3Br2N
625-92-3
C9H5Br2NO
521-74-4
No.
Name
2986
3,5-Dibromopyridine
2987
5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol
Broxyquinoline
2988 2989
2,6-Dibromoquinone-4chlorimide 1,14-Dibromotetradecane
2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)- C6H2Br2ClNO 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide C14H28Br2
2990 2991 2992
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Refrigerant 114B2 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2,5-Dibromothiophene
2993 2994
2996
3,4-Dibromothiophene 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoro- Halon 2302 ethane 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxy- Dibromogallic acid benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine
2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002
Dibucaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Dibutoxymethane Dibutyl adipate
3003
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
236.893 nd (al)
112
222
302.950 nd (al)
196
sub
537-45-1
C4H2Br2S C2HBr2F3
3141-26-2 354-04-1
C7H4Br2O5
602-92-6
C9H9Br2NO3
50.4
1908
-110(1) -17.5 -6
47.1(0.2) 218.5 210.3
241.932 241.832
4.5
217(17) 76(4)
150
300-38-9
327.912 nd, pr or lf (w+1) 338.980 nd or pl
Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Butylal Dibutyl hexanedioate
C20H29N3O2 C20H30ClN3O2 C14H22O2 C10H22O2 C9H20O2 C14H26O4
85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7
343.463 hyg cry 379.924 222.324 174.281 liq 160.254 liq 258.354
64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -59(1) -32.4
15815 198(10) 179.7(0.7) 16510
Dibutylamine
N-Butylbutanamine
C8H19N
111-92-2
129.244 liq
-61.8(0.5)
162(2)
3004 3005 3006
Di-sec-butylamine 2-Dibutylaminoethanol N,N-Dibutylaniline
N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine
C8H19N C10H23NO C14H23N
626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6
129.244 173.296 205.340 liq
-32.2(0.2)
135(7) 11418 274.8
3007
1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene
C14H22
1012-72-2
190.325 nd (MeOH)
77.63(0.04)
237.3(0.5)
3008
2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol Dibutylbis(dodecylthio) stannane Dibutyl carbonate
C14H22O2
88-58-4
213.5
C32H68S2Sn
1185-81-5
222.324 cry (aq HOAc) 635.722 col liq
C9H18O3
542-52-9
174.237
2995
Organic
83
C2Br2F4 C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S
299.347 ye pr (al or HOAc) 37688-96-3 356.180 lf (al-eth) cry (al) 124-73-2 259.823 liq 3140-93-0 241.932 liq 3141-27-3 241.932 liq
3009 3010
Cinchocaine
Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)
3013
C14H20O2
719-22-2
220.308
69
600.01
C17H29NO
88-27-7
263.418 pl (EtOH)
94
17940
C12H20O4Sn
78-04-6
346.995 ye solid
110
3016
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione Dibutyl disulfide
C8H18S2
629-45-8
178.359 oil
3017 3018
Di-tert-butyl disulfide cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene
C8H18S2 C10H20
110-06-5 692-47-7
178.359 140.266 liq
3019
Dibutyl ether
C8H18O
142-96-1
130.228 liq
3020 3021 3022
Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
C8H18O C8H18O C10H24N2
6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6
C16H26O
3027
K21599_PCOC.indb 154
1.419124
s chl s ctc 0.831925 1.411225 0.833920 1.407217 0.961320 1.436920 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 0.767020 1.417720 s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 0.753420 1.416220 vs H2O; s EtOH 0.903720 1.518620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc 0.985020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth
0.925120 1.411720 i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc
174(14)
3024 3025 3026
2.27427
203(4) 40 152.5
3023
2.14223
1.36125 1.630422 1.628820 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc
1.0520
34619-03-9 174.237 cry (al) 2460-77-7 220.308 ye cry (al)
N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine
2.14925
vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O
1220.3
C9H18O3 C14H20O2
cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3hexene Butyl ether
Solubility sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH
245
Di-tert-butyl carbonate 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
3015
nD
vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid
3011 3012
3014
den g cm –3
s tol, hp
236(4)
0.93820
-2.5
8821 144(6)
0.922620 0.74420
-96(3)
141.6(0.3)
130.228 liq 130.228 liq 172.311 cry
53.3
121.9(0.3) 107.1(0.7) 189
0.768420 1.399220 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc 0.75625 0.765820 1.394920 0.69
4130-42-1
234.376
44
272
C9H19NO C12H20O4 C14H32N2
761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4
157.253 228.285 liq 228.417
-18.0(0.4)
281(4) 1383.5
C15H22O3
19715-19-6 250.334
163.3
1.492320 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.489920 1.427020
i alk s ctc, CS2 0.977520 1.446920 i H2O; s ace, chl 1.447025 s chl
4/2/14 3:04 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O Br
Br
Br Br
N
N
OH
2986
2987
3,5-Dibromopyridine
N
F F
Br
Cl
Br
2988
5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol
2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide
Br
F
Br
S
2992
2993
2,5-Dibromothiophene
N
3,4-Dibromothiophene
Br
HO
N
OH
OH NH2
O
OH
2995
1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
H N
O
HO
2994
2,3-Dibromothiophene
Br
N
2996
2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
O
2997
3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine
Dibucaine
O
H N
O
F
S
2991
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane
Br
Br
S
OH
Br Br F
Br F
2990
1,14-Dibromotetradecane
Br
Br
Br F
2989
O Br
Br
Organic
Br Br
3-155
N
HCl
O O
O
2998
Dibucaine hydrochloride
O
O
O
3000
2999
O
O
3001
1,2-Dibutoxyethane
1,4-Dibutoxybenzene
O
O
3002
Dibutoxymethane
Dibutyl adipate
OH N N H
H N
N
3004
3005
OH
3003
Dibutylamine
Di-sec-butylamine
OH
3006
3007
N,N-Dibutylaniline
2-Dibutylaminoethanol
1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene
3008
2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol
O O
Sn S S
O
3009
O O
O
3010
Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane
O
O
3011
Dibutyl carbonate
3012
Di-tert-butyl carbonate
2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
OH O
O
O Sn O N
O
3013
O
3014
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol
S
3015
S
S
3016
2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione
S
3017
Dibutyl disulfide
Di-tert-butyl disulfide
OH
O
O
3018
cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene
3019
3020
Dibutyl ether
Di-sec-butyl ether
H N
O
3021
N H
3022
Di-tert-butyl ether
N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine
3023
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol
O
OH OH
O O
O
O N
3024
N,N-Dibutylformamide
K21599_PCOC.indb 155
H N
N H
O
3025
Dibutyl fumarate
3026
N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine
3027
3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
4/2/14 3:04 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-156 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Di-tert-butyl ketone
C9H18O
815-24-7
3029 3030
Dibutyl maleate Dibutyl malonate
C12H20O4 C11H20O4
3031 3032 3033
Di-tert-butyl malonate Dibutylmercury 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol
3034
2,4-Di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenol 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
No.
Name
3028
3035
Synonym
DBMC
Physical Form
Organic
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
142.238 liq
-25.2(0.2)
152(4)
105-76-0 1190-39-2
228.285 216.275 liq
1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020
C4H2Cl2S
3172-52-9
153.030 liq
-40.5
165(4)
3299 3300 3301 3302 3303
2,3-Dichlorotoluene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,5-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene
32768-54-0 95-73-8 19398-61-9 118-69-4 95-75-0
161.029 161.029 liq 161.029 161.029 161.029 liq
6 -13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2(0.2)
207.5 200(8) 200 194(11) 208(18)
1.442220 1.562620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 1.245820 1.551120 vs bz 1.247620 1.551120 i H2O; s ctc 1.253520 1.544920 i H2O; s bz 1.268620 1.550720 i H2O; s chl 1.256420 1.547120 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
No.
Name
3268 3269 3270
3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2propenoic acid Dichlorophenylsilane 1,1-Dichloropropane
3271
1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)-
3272
3278
3294
3297
K21599_PCOC.indb 168
Synonym
2,2-Dichloropropionic acid
Chloroxine
C7H6Cl2 2,4-Dichloro-1-methylbenzene C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloro-4-methylbenzene C7H6Cl2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
234
Solubility s DMSO
181 88.4(0.5)
s DMSO 198 14810
sl chl
sl EtOH, ace, chl, DMSO; s alk, bz, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc
1.454820
4/2/14 3:09 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Cl HSi
OH Cl
Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
3268
3269
3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acid
Cl
O O P O O
Cl
Cl
3276
1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol
Cl
Cl
3277
3278
2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)
2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride
OH
Cl
Cl
3275
3274
2,2-Dichloropropane
2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol
2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
3273
1,3-Dichloropropane
O Cl
Cl
O
Cl
3272
1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)-
Cl
Cl OH
Cl
3271
1,1-Dichloropropane
OH
Cl Cl
Cl
3270
Dichlorophenylsilane
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
3279
3280
1,1-Dichloropropene
3281
cis-1,2-Dichloropropene
Organic
O
3-169
3282
trans-1,2-Dichloropropene
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
3283
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
Cl
3284
N
N
N
Cl
3285
2,3-Dichloropropene
N
3286
3,6-Dichloropyridazine
Cl
N
3291
2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline
N
Cl N
NH2
Cl
N
3287
Cl
Cl
3288
4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine
2,4-Dichloropyrimidine
N
N
OH
3289
3290
4,7-Dichloroquinoline
5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,6-Dichloropyridine
F
Cl
F
F
F F
Cl
N
Cl
Cl
F
3292
3293
2,5-Dichlorostyrene
F
F
3294
1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene
F
Cl F
Cl F
Cl
F Cl
3295
1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
Si
Si
Cl
3296
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane
Cl Si Cl
O
Cl Si Cl
3297
1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane
K21599_PCOC.indb 169
Cl
S
3298
Cl
2,5-Dichlorothiophene
Cl
3299
2,3-Dichlorotoluene
Cl Cl
3300
2,4-Dichlorotoluene
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
3301
2,5-Dichlorotoluene
3302
2,6-Dichlorotoluene
3303
3,4-Dichlorotoluene
4/2/14 3:09 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-170 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
3304
Dichlorocyanuric acid
C3HCl2N3O3
2782-57-2
197.964 cry
C7H3Cl5
13014-24-9 264.364
Refrigerant 123a
C2HCl2F3
354-23-4
HCFC-123
C2HCl2F3
306-83-2
Refrigerant 123b
C2HCl2F3
812-04-4
152.930 vol liq or gas 152.930 vol liq or gas 152.930
2,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride
C7H3Cl2F3
320-60-5
215.000
Chloroflurazole
C8H3Cl2F3N2
3615-21-2
255.024
3311 3312
1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 1,2-Dichloro-4(trichloromethyl)benzene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,4-Dichloro-1(trifluoromethyl)benzene 4,5-Dichloro-2(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole Dichlorovinylmethylsilane Dichlorvos
124-70-9 62-73-7
141.072 220.976
3313
Diclofop-methyl
3314 3315 3316 3317
Dicrotophos Dicumarol Dicyanamide o-Dicyanobenzene
C3H6Cl2Si Phosphoric acid, 2,2-dichloro- C4H7Cl2O4P ethenyl dimethyl ester Methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophe- C16H14Cl2O4 noxy)phenoxy]propanoate C8H16NO5P C19H12O6 Cyanocyanamide C2HN3 o-Phthalodinitrile C8H4N2
3318
m-Dicyanobenzene
m-Phthalodinitrile
3319
p-Dicyanobenzene
p-Phthalodinitrile
3320 3321
Dicyclohexyl adipate Dicyclohexylamine
3322
Dicyclohexylamine nitrite
3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate
3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338
N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea N,N’-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene Dicyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten16’-oic acid
3339
2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine
3340
2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo- Cymarose hexose
C7H14O4
3341 3342
Didodecanoyl peroxide Didodecylamine
C24H46O4 C24H51N
purp nd (MeOHeth) 69655-05-6 236.227 wh cry (EtOH aq) 579-04-4 162.184 pr (eth-peth) nd (ace) 105-74-8 398.620 wh pl 3007-31-6 353.669
3343 3344
Didodecyl phosphate Didodecyl phthalate
C24H51O4P C32H54O4
7057-92-3 2432-90-8
3345
Dieldrin
C12H8Cl6O
3346
Dienestrol
3347
1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane
3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310
Organic
K21599_PCOC.indb 170
Physical Form
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
25.8
283.1
1.591320 1.588620
-78
30.0(0.1)
1.5025
-107
27.8(0.6)
1.463825
mp/˚C
nD
sl H2O
30.2 1.480220 213.5
93.7(0.5) 14020
51338-27-3 341.186
42.1(0.5)
1.086820 1.427020 dec H2O 1.41525
1760.1
141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6
237.191 336.294 nd 290 67.049 aq soln only 128.131 nd (w, lig) 140.6(0.9)
400
1.21615
15010
1.125025
C8H4N2
626-17-5
128.131 nd(al)
162
sub
0.99240
C8H4N2
623-26-7
128.131 nd (w, MeOH)
224
sub
Dicyclohexyl hexanedioate C18H30O4 N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine C12H23N
849-99-0 101-83-7
310.429 181.318 liq
35(1) -0.1
251(4)
0.912320 1.484220
N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, C12H24N2O2 nitrite C13H22N2 C12H22S2 C12H22O C13H22O C12H23P C20H26O4
3129-91-7
228.331 cry
179.5(0.6)
538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7
206.327 230.433 liq 182.302 liq 194.313 198.285 330.418 pr (al)
34.5
1236 19520 242.5 15920 281 2254
0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320
1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7 10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1
240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202 154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840
Torularhodin
C13H24N2S C13H24N2O C19H36ClNO2 C10H12 C10H18O C7H10O C20H43N C20H42O C28H46O4 C40H52O2
Didanosine
C10H12N4O3
Dicycloverine hydrochloride Cyclopentyl ether N-Decyl-1-decanamine
Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester
Limonene diepoxide
Solubility
226.6
cry (MeOH) cry
-36 57 66 180 233.8 165 32
liq
16 2.5 211
170 dec 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403
sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz
1.474120 1.486020 s eth, ace, ctc 1.516320 1.43120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl
0.930235 1.505035 vs eth, EtOH 0.97725
1.467020
0.818720 0.963920 vs py, chl, CS2
162 101
vs H2O, ace, EtOH
49 46.9(0.5)
26327
434.633 cry (MeOH) 502.769
59 22.0
2561
60-57-1
380.909
178.8(0.3)
C18H18O2
84-17-3
266.335 cry (dil al)
227.5
C10H16O2
96-08-2
168.233
242
i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 0.938920 1.7525
130 sub
i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH
4/2/14 3:09 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-171
Cl Cl
O H
N
N
O
N Cl
Cl
F
O
Cl
3304
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
3305
1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-trione
F
F Cl
F
F
3307
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane
Cl Cl
F
Cl
3306
1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene
F
F F
3308
2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
Cl F
F
N H
F
3309
Si
3310
2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
O
Cl F
F
F
N
O O P O O
Cl Cl
3311
4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole
O
Cl
O
3312
Dichlorovinylmethylsilane
Cl
O
3313
Dichlorvos
Diclofop-methyl
Organic
N N O O P O O
OH
N
OH N
N
N O
O
OO
3314
N H
O
3315
Dicrotophos
Dicumarol
O O
3318
o-Dicyanobenzene
O Dicyclohexyl adipate
3322
Dicyclohexylamine
p-Dicyanobenzene
N
H N
3321
3319
m-Dicyanobenzene
HNO2
3320
N
N
3317
Dicyanamide
H N
O
N
3316
Dicyclohexylamine nitrite
C N
S S
3323
3324
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
Dicyclohexyl disulfide
O O
O O
H P
O
H N
O
3325
3326
Dicyclohexyl ether
3327
Dicyclohexylmethanone
Dicyclohexylphosphine
Dicyclohexyl phthalate
H N
H N
S
O
3329
3330
N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea
N,N’-Dicyclohexylurea
H
HCl O
3328
H N
N
O
O
H
3331
Dicyclomine hydrochloride
3332
Dicyclopentadiene
HN
O
3333
3334
Dicyclopentyl ether
O
3335
Dicyclopropyl ketone
3336
Didecylamine
Didecyl ether
OH
O
N
O O
HO
OH
O
O N
N N
O
3337
3338
Didecyl phthalate
3339
3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid
2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine
O O HO
OH O
O O
3340
2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose
3341
3342
Didodecanoyl peroxide
O
O O
3344
Didodecyl phthalate
Didodecyl phosphate
OH
Cl Cl Cl H Cl
H
O
3343
Didodecylamine
O
K21599_PCOC.indb 171
O O P HO O
HN O
3345
Dieldrin
Cl
Cl
HO
O
O
3346
Dienestrol
3347
1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane
4/2/14 3:09 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-172
Organic
No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
3348
Diethanolamine
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine
C4H11NO2
111-42-2
105.136
3349 3350
Diethatyl, ethyl ester 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene
C16H22ClNO3 C16H18N2O2
38727-55-8 311.804 cry 588-52-3 270.326 ye lf (al)
3351 3352
3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 1,2-Diethoxybenzene
C11H14O3 C10H14O2
2029-94-9 2050-46-6
3353
1,4-Diethoxybenzene
C10H14O2
3354 3355 3356 3357 3358
4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 1,1-Diethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine Diethoxydimethylsilane Diethoxydiphenylsilane 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine
3359
1,1-Diethoxyethane
3360
1,2-Diethoxyethane
3361 3362
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
27.9(0.2)
271.2(0.7)
46(1) 162
dec
den g cm –3
nD
Solubility
1.096620 1.477620 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz
279 219
122-95-2
194.227 22 166.217 pr (peth, dil 44 al) 166.217 pl (dil al) 72
C8H19NO2 C7H17NO2
6346-09-4 1188-33-6
161.243 147.216
196 129
0.93325 0.85925
C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C6H15NO2
78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3
148.276 liq 272.415 133.189 liq
-87 -78
113(3) 296(3) 163
Acetal
C6H14O2
105-57-7
118.174 liq
-106.1(0.6)
102(2)
Ethylene glycol diethyl ether
C6H14O2
629-14-1
118.174 liq
-74.0(0.2)
120.6(0.7)
1,1-Diethoxyethene Diethoxymethane
C6H12O2 C5H12O2
2678-54-8 462-95-3
116.158 104.148 liq
-66(2)
68100 86(2)
3363 3364 3365 3366 3367
2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane
C9H14O3 C11H18O2Si C5H14O2Si C9H20O2 C7H16O2
13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5
170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201
191.5 217(3) 98 5912 121(1)
3368
2,2-Diethoxypropane
C7H16O2
126-84-1
132.201
101(5)
3369
3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene
C7H14O2
3054-95-3
130.185
123.5
3370
3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne
C7H12O2
10160-87-9 128.169
139
3371
N,N-Diethylacetamide
C6H13NO
685-91-6
115.173
199(10)
3372
Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate
C9H15NO5
1068-90-2
96.3
3373 3374 3375
N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide Diethyl acetylphosphonate Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate
C8H15NO2 C6H13O4P C10H16O5
2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6
217.219 cry (al,bzpeth) 157.211 liq 180.138 216.231
0.86525 1.381120 s ctc 1.032920 1.526920 0.915925 1.412325 vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl 0.825420 1.383420 s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 0.835125 1.389825 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.793220 1.364321 0.831920 1.374818 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 0.997620 1.445120 vs EtOH 0.962720 1.469020 0.82925 0.82922 1.402922 0.82520 1.392419 s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 0.820021 1.389120 s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth; sl ctc 0.854315 1.400020 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 0.894222 1.414020 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 0.913017 1.437417 s H2O, EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc sl H2O, eth; s tfa, EtOH
3376
Diethyl adipate
C10H18O4
141-28-6
202.248 liq
-20(2)
3377
Diethyl 2-allylmalonate
C10H16O4
2049-80-1
200.232
3378
Diethylamine
N-Ethylethanamine
C4H11N
109-89-7
73.137
3379
Diethylamine hydrochloride
N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride
C4H12ClN
660-68-4
109.598 lf (al-eth)
228.5
3380 3381
(Diethylamino)acetonitrile 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde
C6H12N2 C11H15NO
3010-02-4 120-21-8
112.172 177.243 ye nd (w)
41
169(6) 17210
3382
2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 2-Diethylaminoethanol
C14H22N2O
137-58-6
234.337 nd (bz, al)
68(1)
1814
C14H23ClN2O
73-78-9
270.798
128
C6H15NO
100-37-8
117.189 hyg
C8H19NO2
140-82-9
161.243
C9H17NO2
2426-54-2
171.237
3383
3384
3385 3386
2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy] ethanol 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate
K21599_PCOC.indb 172
Dimethyldiethoxysilane
Acrolein, diethyl acetal
Diethyl hexanedioate
Lidocaine
246
18520
7613 11420 255 250(11) 222.5
liq
-50(2)
1.010022 1.007520 1.508325
i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl
55.4(0.1)
1.427520 1.400720
1.100520 1.420026 1.08120 1.434620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 1.007620 1.427220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.009820 1.430520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 0.705620 1.386420 vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ctc 1.047722 vs H2O, EtOH 0.866020 1.426020 s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O
162.13(0.09) 0.892120 1.441220 msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl ctc 221.5 0.942125 1.448020 270
Name
Synonym
3426
Diethyl dicarbonate
Pyrocarbonic acid diethyl ester C6H10O5
3427
Diethyl [(diethanolamino) methyl]phosphonate 5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate Diethyldimethyllead Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole2,4-dicarboxylate
3428 3429
3430 3431 3432
Organic
bp/˚C
No.
3433
Diethyl disulfide
3434 3435
N,N-Diethyldodecanamide Diethylene glycol
3436
Diethylene glycol, Oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl bischloroformate carbonochloridate Diethylene glycol diacetate Diethylene glycol dibenzoate Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Bis(2-butoxyethyl) ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether
3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444
3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452
3453 3454
3455
Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol dinitrate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monododecanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine Diethyl ether
Diglycol
Mol. Form.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
5113 301
1.7920
-101.5(0.1)
154.0(0.6)
0.993120 1.507320
-10.3(0.3)
1662 245.5(0.2)
0.84725 1.454520 1.119715 1.447220
1265
1.3920
200 28024 255(4) 185(4)
1.106815 1.434820 vs EtOH 1.169015 vs H2O, EtOH 0.88525 1.423520 0.906320 1.411520 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth 1.082120 1.457125
18 33.5 -60.2(0.2) -44.3(0.2)
>200
C16H32O4
141-20-8
288.423 lt ye
C6H14O3
111-90-0
134.173 hyg liq
Carbitol acetate
C8H16O4
112-15-2
176.211 liq
-25
218(1)
2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol
C10H22O3
112-59-4
190.280 col liq
-28
259(2)
2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol
C5H12O3
111-77-3
120.147
C7H16O3
6881-94-3
148.200 liq
C6H16N2
100-36-7
116.204
144
C6H16N2
111-74-0
116.204
146
Ethyl ether
C4H10O
60-29-7
74.121
2-Ethoxy-1,1bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethene
C10H16O5
87-13-8
216.231
280 dec
C9H14O4 C9H16O4
1462-12-0 133-13-1
186.205 188.221
11617 208
202(3)
194(2)
liq
-53.3
-116.22(0.04) 34.4(0.5)
3456 3457 3458
Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate
C15H20O4
76-67-5
264.318
17019
3459
Diethyl ethylphosphonate
C6H15O3P
78-38-6
166.155
198
3460
N,N-Diethylformamide
C5H11NO
617-84-5
101.147
175(10)
3461 3462 3463 3464
Diethyl fumarate Diethyl glutarate 3,4-Diethylhexane Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate
C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C10H22 C20H36O4
623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5
172.179 188.221 syr liq 142.282 340.498
0.8 -24.1
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl
1.454220
0.943420 1.409720 msc H2O, EtOH, eth 0.955320 1.430620 msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz 0.98520 1.426220 vs ace, eth, EtOH 0.9625 msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol 0.988520 1.430020 msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth 1.009620 1.421320 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
1.03520
1.426420 msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth
214.8(0.4)
Diethyl (ethoxymethylene) malonate Diethyl ethylidenemalonate Diethyl ethylmalonate
K21599_PCOC.indb 176
Solubility
1.396020 vs ace, EtOH, lig
sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; vs chl
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl laurate Carbitol
N,N-Diethylethylenediamine
nD
214(5) 237(3) 160(5) 1567
0.828020 1.434020 msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol 0.828020 1.434020 vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol 0.713820 1.352620 sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace 1.460020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.040420 1.430817 vs eth, EtOH 1.00620 1.416620 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 1.07120 1.489625 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.025920 1.416320 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.908019 1.432125 msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 1.045220 1.441220 i H2O; s ace, chl 1.022020 1.424120 vs eth 0.747225 1.419020 0.9420
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O P O O
OH O
N
O
O
O
O
3-177
N O
HO
3426
3427
Diethyl dicarbonate
O
O H
O Pb
N H
O
3428
Diethyl [(diethanolamino)methyl]phosphonate
O
O
3429
5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4(3H )-dione
3430
Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
Diethyldimethyllead
O O
O
O
O O
O
N
N H
3431
3432
O
S
3434
Diethyl disulfide
O
Cl
O
O
O
O
O
3436
O O
O
3440
O
O
O
O N
O
O
O
3443
OH
3444
Diethylene glycol dinitrate
OH
3446
O
OH
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether
3450
O
N
OH
3452
Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether
O
O
O
O
O
O O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
3448
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
H N
NH2
N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
O
O
3447
3451
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
OH
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether
O
OH
O
O
O
Diethylene glycol monododecanoate
Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether
O
O
O
O O
O
3449
O
Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether
O
3445
O
O N
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
O
O
O
O
3442
Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate
Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate
O
O
O
3439
Diethylene glycol dibenzoate
O
O
O
O
O O
O
O
3438
3441
Diethylene glycol diethyl ether
O O
O
Diethylene glycol diacetate
O
Diethylene glycol
O
3437
Diethylene glycol, bischloroformate
O
O
O
Cl
OH
3435
N,N-Diethyldodecanamide
O O
O
HO
3433
Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate
Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
N
S
Organic
O
N H
O
3453
3454
N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
Diethyl ether
O P O O
N
O
O
3455
Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate
3456
3457
Diethyl ethylidenemalonate
Diethyl ethylmalonate
3458
Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate
3459
O
O O
O
O O
3461
Diethyl fumarate
K21599_PCOC.indb 177
O
O
3460
Diethyl ethylphosphonate
N,N-Diethylformamide
O
O
O
O
3462
Diethyl glutarate
3463
3,4-Diethylhexane
3464
Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-178 No.
Name
3465 3466
1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl hydrogen phosphate N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide Diethyl iminodiacetate Diethyl isobutylmalonate
3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
135
85.5 250 dec
0.79726 1.3248
1.420420 vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH
203 dec
1.180020 1.417020 vs eth s chl
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Diethyl bicarbamate
C4H12N2 C6H12N2O4
1615-80-1 4114-28-7
Diethyl phosphate Ethamivan
C4H11O4P C12H17NO3
598-02-7 304-84-7
C8H15NO4 C11H20O4
6290-05-7 189.210 orth cry 10203-58-4 216.275
247 dec
C12H14O4 C10H16O4
636-53-3 6802-75-1
222.237 200.232
11.5
88.151 176.170 nd (chl), pr (w) 154.101 syr 223.268
95
298(6) 176.5
Organic
3473
Diethyl isophthalate Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate Diethyl isopropylmalonate
Ethyl isopropylmalonate
C10H18O4
759-36-4
202.248
215
3474
Diethyl ketomalonate
Ethyl mesoxalate
C7H10O5
609-09-6
174.151 pa ye grn oil -30
210
3475 3476
Diethyl malate Diethyl maleate
Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate
C8H14O5 C8H12O4
7554-12-3 141-05-9
190.194 172.179 liq
-8.8
253 222(8)
3477
Diethyl malonate
Ethyl malonate
C7H12O4
105-53-3
160.168 liq
-50(2)
200(3)
3478 3479
Diethyl mercury Diethylmethylamine
N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine
C4H10Hg C5H13N
627-44-1 616-39-7
258.71 87.164
-196
159 65.9(0.3)
3480
N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline
C11H17N
606-46-2
163.260 liq
-60
209
3481
N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline
C11H17N
613-48-9
163.260
229
3482
N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene
DEET
C12H17NO
134-62-3
191.269
16019
C11H16
2050-24-0
148.245 liq
-74.1(0.3)
4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2- C11H19ClN2 methylbenzene, hydrochloride
2051-79-8
214.735 cry
250 dec
Isovaleryl diethylamide
C9H19NO
533-32-4
157.253
3486
N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, monohydrochloride N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide Diethyl methylenesuccinate
C9H14O4
2409-52-1
186.205
3487
Diethyl methylmalonate
C8H14O4
609-08-5
174.195
198.1(0.8)
3488
Diethyl methylphosphonate
C5H13O3P
683-08-9
152.129
181(6)
3489
C10H21N3O
90-89-1
199.293
49.5(0.5)
C10H17NO2
125-64-4
183.248
75.5
C14H17N
84-95-7
199.292
3492
N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline
C10H14N2O2
2216-15-1
3493
N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline
C10H14N2O
120-22-9
3494
Diethyl nonanedioate
Diethyl azelate
C13H24O4
624-17-9
194.230 ye nd (lig) pl 77.5 (al) 178.230 grn mcl pr 87.5 (eth) grn lf (ace) 244.328 liq -18.5
289(15)
3495
Diethyl oxalate
Ethyl oxalate
C6H10O4
95-92-1
146.141 liq
186(1)
3496
Diethyl oxobutanedioate
Diethyl oxalacetate
C8H12O5
108-56-5
188.178
13124
3497
Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate 3,3-Diethylpentane N’,N’-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Diethyl 2-pentenedioate
Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxyl- C9H14O5 ate Tetraethylmethane C9H20 Novoldiamine C9H22N2
105-50-0
202.204
250
1067-20-5 140-80-7
128.255 liq 158.284
-33.04(0.06) 146.2(0.3) 201
Novonal Diethyl glutaconate
512-48-1 2049-67-4
155.237 wh pow 186.205
75.5
3483
3484
3485
3490 3491
3498 3499 3500 3501
K21599_PCOC.indb 178
Diethylcarbamazine
C9H17NO C9H14O4
liq
58.5
205
0.980420 1.423620 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 1.123917 1.50818 i H2O 1.028218 1.448617 vs ace, EtOH 0.996120 1.418821 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 1.141916 1.431022 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS2 1.129020 1.066220 1.441620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.055120 1.413920 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz 2.4320 s eth; sl EtOH 0.70325 1.387925 vs H2O, EtOH, eth 0.928620 1.515320 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 0.924216 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 0.99620 1.521220 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 0.874820 1.502720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc
211
0.876420 1.442220 vs eth, EtOH
228
1.046720 1.437720 msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace 1.022520 1.412620 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 1.040630 1.410130 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz
1103
285
-40.6(0.3)
Solubility
1.01320 1.22525 1.2415
237
1.596120
s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl
0.972920 1.435120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.078520 1.410120 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc 1.13120 1.456117 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 1.11320 sl H2O; msc EtOH 0.753620 1.420620 i H2O; s eth, bz 0.81420 1.442920 vs eth, EtOH 1.049620 1.441120 vs eth, EtOH
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-179 O
O N H
H N
O
3465
H N
N H
O O P O OH
O O
3466
1,2-Diethylhydrazine
O
O OH
3467
Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate
N
3468
Diethyl hydrogen phosphate
O
H N
O
O
3469
N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide
Diethyl iminodiacetate
O O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O O
O
O
O O
O
O
3470
OH O
O
O
O
3471
Diethyl isobutylmalonate
O O
3472
Diethyl isophthalate
3473
Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate
O
3474
Diethyl isopropylmalonate
3475
Diethyl ketomalonate
Diethyl malate
Organic
O
N N O
O
O
O
O
O
O
3476
O
3477
Diethyl maleate
N
Hg
3478
Diethyl malonate
3479
Diethyl mercury
3480
Diethylmethylamine
3481
N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline
N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline
HCl NH2 O
N
O
O N
O
O
N
3482
N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide
3483
1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene
3484
N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride
O O
3485
N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide
N
3486
Diethyl methylenesuccinate
O N
N
O
O
O
O O P O
O
3487
N
3488
Diethyl methylmalonate
Diethyl methylphosphonate
N
N H
3489
N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide
O
3490
3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione
3491
N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine
N O O
O
N
N
O
3492
O
O
Diethyl nonanedioate
O
Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate
3498
3,3-Diethylpentane
3499
N ,N -Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 1
1
O
3495
O
3500
2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide
O
3496
Diethyl oxalate
Diethyl oxobutanedioate
NH2 N
O
O
O
NH2 O
3497
K21599_PCOC.indb 179
3494
N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline
O O
O
3493
N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
3501
Diethyl 2-pentenedioate
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-180 CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
Diethylperoxide
C4H10O2
628-37-5
90.121
liq
-70
46(9)
N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiDiethazine azine-10-ethanamine N,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine N,N-Diethyl-αphenylbenzenemethanamine Diethyl phenylmalonate Diethyl phenylphosphonite 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenylPhenetharbital 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione Diethylphosphine Diethyl phosphonate O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate Diethyl phthalate
C18H22N2S
60-91-3
298.446 oil
C17H21N
519-72-2
239.356
58.5
17017
C13H16O4 C10H15O2P C14H16N2O3
83-13-6 1638-86-4 357-67-5
236.264 198.199 260.288
16.5
291(17) 235
1.095020 1.497720 vs ace, EtOH 1.03216 vs EtOH
C4H11P C4H11O3P C4H11O2PS2
627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6
90.104 138.102 186.233
85 546
0.78620
C12H14O4
84-66-2
222.237 liq
-40.5
298(2)
1.23214
C9H15NO2
77-03-2
169.221 nd (w)
104
C7H15NO C7H18N2
1114-51-8 104-78-9
129.200 130.231
191 165(2)
0.897220 0.82220
C7H12O4
510-20-3
160.168 pr (w,bz)
127 dec 61.3(0.5)
Name
3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507
3508 3509 3510 3511
Organic
Mol. Form.
No.
3512
Synonym
178
nD
s ctc s H2O 1.500021 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH 1.442520 vs EtOH 1.44320
3515 3516
2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol
C7H16O2
115-76-4
132.201
3517
Diethyl 2-propylmalonate
C10H18O4
2163-48-6
202.248
3518
C10H14N2O
59-26-7
25
C10H14N2O
530-40-5
178.230 ye solid or visc liq 178.230
C9H13NO2
77-04-3
167.205
90.7
3521
N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarbox- Nikethamide amide N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarbox- Isonicotinic acid diethylamide amide 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)Pyrithyldione pyridinedione Diethyl sebacate
C14H26O4
110-40-7
258.354
2.5
305
3522 3523 3524
Diethyl selenide Diethylsilane trans-Diethylstilbestrol
C4H10Se C4H12Si C18H20O2
627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1
137.08 pa ye 88.224 liq 268.351 pl (bz)
55 -134.3 172(3)
108 57
3525
Clinestrol
C24H28O4
130-80-3
380.477 pr (MeOH)
104
Mestilbol
C19H22O2
18839-90-2 282.377 nd (bz-peth) 117.5
1900.3
3527
trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether Diethyl succinate
Ethyl succinate
C8H14O4
123-25-1
174.195 liq
-21.6(0.8)
217(1)
1.040220 1.420120
3528
Diethyl sulfate
C4H10O4S
64-67-5
154.185 oil
-26.0(0.5)
208
1.17225
3529
Diethyl sulfide
Ethyl sulfide
C4H10S
352-93-2
90.187
-103.9(0.1)
92.1(0.2)
0.836220 1.443020
3530 3531
Diethyl sulfite Diethyl sulfone
Ethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfone
C4H10O3S C4H10O2S
623-81-4 597-35-3
138.185 122.186 orth pl
70(4)
158 264(14)
1.120 1.35720
3532
Diethyl sulfoxide
C4H10OS
70-29-1
106.186 syr
14
10425
1.009222
3533
Diethyl DL-tartrate
C8H14O6
57968-71-5 206.193
18.7
281
1.204620 1.443820
3534 3535
Diethyl telluride Diethyl terephthalate
C4H10Te C12H14O4
627-54-3 636-09-9
43.2(0.6)
137.5 303(8)
1.59915 1.518215 1.098945
3536 3537
Diethyl thiodipropionate N,N’-Diethylthiourea
C10H18O4S C5H12N2S
673-79-0 105-55-5
185.72 red-ye 222.237 mcl pr (al, peth) 234.313 132.227
17415 287(17)
1.103420 1.465520
76.9(0.4)
3538
C7H19NSi
996-50-9
145.319
126.3
0.762720 1.411220
3539 3540
N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsi- (Diethylamino)trimethylsilane lanamine Diethyltrisulfide N,N-Diethylurea
C4H10S3 C5H12N2O
3600-24-6 634-95-7
154.317 116.161 pl, nd (eth)
8526 950.02
1.108220 1.568913
3541
N,N’-Diethylurea
C5H12N2O
623-76-7
116.161 tab (lig), hyg 110.3(0.4) nd (al)
263
1.041525 1.461640
3519 3520
3526
K21599_PCOC.indb 180
Diethylmalonic acid
liq
244(12)
1.05020
1.457425
221
0.98920
1.419720
280 dec
1.06025
1.52520
1191
-72.6 75.3(0.2)
Solubility
0.824019 1.371517 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl
3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione N,N-Diethylpropanamide N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Diethylpropanedioic acid
3513 3514
Piperidione
1670.5
den g cm –3
1.52520
vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH
0.964620 1.430620 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz 1.230020 1.476820 0.684320 1.392120 i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH
1.398920
1.431020
vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc
vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-181
N
O
N O
O
O
O
N
O
O P
O
S
3502
3503
Diethylperoxide
3505
3504
N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine
3506
Diethyl phenylmalonate
N,N-Diethyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanamine
Diethyl phenylphosphonite
O
O
N
H
O
O
O O P O H
P H
3507
3508
5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-pyrimidinetrione
S O P SH O
3510
3511
O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate
Diethyl phosphonate
N
H2N
N
HO
O
3513
3514
N,N-Diethylpropanamide
O
OH
O O
N
OH OH
3515
N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine
3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione
O
O
O
N
3516
Diethylpropanedioic acid
O
3512
Diethyl phthalate
O O
N H
O
3509
Diethylphosphine
O O O
Organic
N
3517
2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol
3518
Diethyl 2-propylmalonate
N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide
O
N
O N H
N
3519
O
O
O
3520
N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide
3521
3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H )-pyridinedione
3522
Diethyl sebacate
3523
Diethyl selenide
O
OH
Si H2
Se
O
Diethylsilane
OH O
O
O
O
O
HO
O
3524
O
3525
trans-Diethylstilbestrol
O
3526
trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate
3527
trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether
Diethyl succinate
O O O O S O O
S
3528
3529
Diethyl sulfate
Diethyl sulfide
O O
S Diethyl thiodipropionate
O O
S O
3531
3532
S O
3530
Diethyl sulfite
Diethyl sulfone
OH O
O
O
N H
N H
3533
Diethyl sulfoxide
3537
N,N’-Diethylthiourea
Si N
3538
N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine
Te
OH O
3534
Diethyl DL-tartrate
S
O
3536
K21599_PCOC.indb 181
O
O S
Diethyl telluride
N S
S
O
S
3539
Diethyltrisulfide
NH2
O
O
3535
Diethyl terephthalate
H N
H N
O
O
3540
3541
N,N-Diethylurea
N,N’-Diethylurea
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-182
Organic
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Zinc diethyl
C6H13O3P C4H10Zn
682-30-4 557-20-0
164.139 123.531 col liq
C19H17Cl2N3O3 C18H20N2O4S
119446406.262 68-3 43222-48-6 360.428
158.5(0.5)
C14H9ClF2N2O2
35367-38-5 310.683
228(1)
1,2-Difluorobenzene
C2H2F2O2 C6H5F2N C6H4F2
381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3
96.033 liq 129.108 liq 114.093 liq
-1 -7.5 -47.1(0.1)
m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene
1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene
C6H4F2 C6H4F2
372-18-9 540-36-3
114.093 liq 114.093 liq
-69.11(0.01) 83.0(0.5) -23.5(0.2) 88.9(0.3)
3552
4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl
4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl
C12H8F2
398-23-2
190.189 mcl pr (al) lf 90(2) (w)
254.5
3553 3554 3555 3556
1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane
C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H6F2Si C6H2F2N2O4
371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4
120.140 liq 76.045 liq 96.152 col gas 204.088
-87.5 75.5
99.5 34 2.5 1322
C12H10F2Si C2H4F2
312-40-3 75-37-6
220.290 66.050 col gas
-118.6
246 -24.05
C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2 C3H3F5O
624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5 1885-48-9
66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024 150.047
CH3BF2 C6H3F2NO2 C3H6F2
373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1
63.843 gas 159.091 80.077 col gas
C3H6F2O C10H6O4
453-13-4 492-94-4
C10H8N2O4
522-27-0
96.076 190.153 ye nd (al), cry (bz) 220.182
C13H10O3
886-77-1
No.
Name
3542 3543
Diethyl vinylphosphonate Diethyl zinc
3544
Difenoconazole
3545
Difenzoquat methyl sulfate
3546
Diflubenzuron
3547 3548 3549
Difluoroacetic acid 2,4-Difluoroaniline o-Difluorobenzene
3550 3551
3557 3558
3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564
1H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl3,5-diphenyl-, methyl sulfate N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl)amino] carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide
Ethylidene difluoride
3565 3566 3567
1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane Difluoromethylborane 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 2,2-Difluoropropane
Ethylene difluoride Vinylidene fluoride cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene Methylene fluoride Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether
3568 3569
1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol Di-2-furanylethanedione
3570
Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one
α-Furildioxime
3572 3573 3574 3575
Difurfuryl disulfide Difurfuryl ether Digitonin Digitoxigenin
Furfuryl disulfide Furfuryl ether
3576
Physical Form
mp/˚C
1102 -33.34(0.02) 133(6) 76
vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas col liq
bp/˚C
-144
-136.8(0.2)
9.8 -104.8
133 170 93.9(0.5)
-78.5287 207 0(3)
127 166.3 167 1814
C10H10O2S2 C10H10O3 C56H92O29 C23H34O4
10
16713 1012
Digitoxin
C41H64O13
71-63-6
764.939 pr (dil al)
255.5
3577
Digitoxose
C6H12O4
527-52-6
3578 3579
Diglycidyl ether Diglycolic acid
C6H10O3 C4H6O5
2238-07-5 110-99-6
3580
Digoxigenin
C23H34O5
1672-46-4
148.157 cry (MeOH 112 +eth) 130.141 134.088 mcl pr (w + 148 1) 390.513 pr (AcOEt) 222
3581
Digoxin
C41H64O14
3582
Diheptylamine
N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine
3583 3584 3585 3586
Diheptyl ether Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Dihexylamine
Heptyl ether
K21599_PCOC.indb 182
Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine
sl EtOH 1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)
1.522125 1.3011-72
i H2O; s EtOH
vs EtOH 1.140520 1.508820 i H2O
237.5 253
s EtOH; vs MeOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt 1.119520
C14H31N
20830-75-5 780.939 trc pl (dil al, 249 dec py) 2470-68-0 213.403 nd 31.5
266(8)
0.795621
C14H30O C22H34O4 C14H30S C12H27N
629-64-1 3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8
258(4) 360 295(11) 236
0.800820 1.427520
70 -13.0(0.2)
vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH
reac H2O 1.457114 1.514914 sl chl 0.920520 1.290420 (p>1 atm 1.2425 1.372520 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl
260 269(18)
214.387 362.503 230.453 185.349 liq
Solubility
1.52625 1.347020 1.26825 1.506320 1.159918 1.445118 i H2O; s ace, bz, chl 1.157220 1.437420 i H2O; s ace, bz 1.170120 1.442220 i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace
26 -85.5(0.8) -45(19) -53.1 -51.65(0.07) 1.2139-52 29.2(0.2)
60.5
Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid
nD
1.06825 1.429020 1.206520 1.493620 dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz
2200.03
214.216 hyg pr (peth) ye pr (lig) 4437-20-1 226.315 4437-22-3 178.184 11024-24-1 1229.312 143-62-4 374.514
3571
den g cm –3
vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH
0.841620 1.460620 i H2O; s eth 0.788920 1.433920 s EtOH, eth
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-183
N N
N
F
O
O O P O
Cl O Cl
Zn
3542
N
SO4 2
O
3543
Diethyl vinylphosphonate
N
H N
3545
Difenoconazole
O
F
O
3546
Difenzoquat methyl sulfate
OH
F
3547
Diflubenzuron
Difluoroacetic acid
F
NH2 F
F
F F F F
F F
F
F
3549
3548
O N
F
O
F F Si
3557
F O
Difluorodimethylsilane
3560
1,2-Difluoroethane
N
F
F
F
3561
1,1-Difluoroethene
F
F
3562
cis-1,2-Difluoroethene
F
3564
B
3563
trans-1,2-Difluoroethene
Difluoromethane
O
3567
3566
Difluoromethylborane
F
O
O O
OH
F
3565
2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
O F
F F F
H H
F F F
F
N
3555
3,3-Difluorocyclopropene
F F
3559
1,1-Difluoroethane
O
F
F
F
3558
Difluorodiphenylsilane
3554
1,1-Difluorocyclohexane
F F
3556
3553
4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl
F
O
1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
F Si F
F
3552
p-Difluorobenzene
m-Difluorobenzene
F N
3551
3550
o-Difluorobenzene
2,4-Difluoroaniline
F
Organic
F
O
F
O
Cl
3544
Diethyl zinc
H N
3568
2,2-Difluoropropane
2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene
3569
1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol
Di-2-furanylethanedione
OH O
O
O
N
HO
O
3570
3571
Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime
S S
O
O
O
O
O
1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one
O
3573
3572
Difurfuryl ether
Difurfuryl disulfide
O O O
HO O O
O
O
OH
OH
HO
HO
OH HO HO
HO O
O
HO
HO
O
OH
OH
O O
H O
O
O O O
OH
O O
OH
HO
OH
3574
OH
HO
H
OH
3575
Digitonin
3576
Digitoxigenin
Digitoxin
H N
O
O HO
H
O O OH OH
OH
HO
O
O
OH
O
O
HO
O
OH
3577
3582
Diheptylamine
3578
Digitoxose
Diglycidyl ether
O
OH
O
O
O O O
HO
O
H
OH
3583
Diheptyl ether
O
O O OH O
O O
HO
3579
Diglycolic acid
OH OH
HO
H
O
OH
3580
3581
Digoxigenin
3584
Digoxin
Diheptyl phthalate
S
N H
3585
3586
Diheptyl sulfide
K21599_PCOC.indb 183
O O
HO
Dihexylamine
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-184 No.
Name
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
3587
Dihexyl ether
Hexyl ether
C12H26O
112-58-3
186.333
3588 3589 3590 3591 3592
Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-Dihydroanthracene
C18H34O4 C20H30O4 C12H26S C17H14O7 C14H12
110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0
314.461 liq 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245 tab or pr
-9
3593
6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18anthrazinetetrone
Indanthrene
C28H14N2O4
81-77-6
442.422 bl nd
485 dec
3594
1,2-Dihydrobenz[j] aceanthrylene
Cholanthrene
C20H14
479-23-2
254.325 pa ye lf (bz-al)
170.4
3595
9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]Triptycene benzenoanthracene 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimid2-Benzimidazolethiol azole-2-thione 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol2-one 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran
C20H14
477-75-8
254.325 cry (cyhex)
253.99(0.01)
C7H6N2S
583-39-1
316.3(0.8)
vs EtOH
C7H6N2O
615-16-7
150.201 pl (dil al or NH3) 134.135 lf (w or al)
318 dec
sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH
C8H8O2 C8H8O
493-09-4 496-16-2
136.149 120.149 liq
-21.5
213(1) 187(19)
1.18020 1.05825
3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran Isochroman 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopy4-Chromanone ran-4-one
C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2
493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6
134.174 134.174 148.159 lf
4.35(0.02) -3.31(0.02) 25
11025 215.6(0.8) 272
1.06725 1.07220 1.16918
C9H8O2
491-37-2
148.159
39.1(0.4)
16050
1.1291100
6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen- 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4-benzo4(5H)-one thiophenone 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1HTolazoline imidazole 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin Dihydrocodeine
C8H8OS
13414-95-4 152.214
C9H8OS
3528-17-4
164.224
29
15412
1.248714 1.639520
C10H12N2
59-98-3
160.215 cry (peth)
67
C9H13N5O3 C18H23NO3
6779-87-9 125-28-0
C17H14
482-66-6
239.231 hyg nd (w) 301.381 cry (aq, 112.5 MeOH) 218.293 nd (al, petr) 135.5
C14H13N
494-19-9
195.260
C15H12O
1210-35-1
208.255
C6H10O3
332-77-4
130.141
C11H13NO3
493-49-2
C11H12N2O
60-80-0
C4H6O2 C15H8O4
543-75-9 117-78-2
C14H8O8S2
117-14-6
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid
C14H8O8S2
84-50-4
207.226 mcl pr (w, al) 188.225 lf or sc (eth, bz) 86.090 252.223 ye nd (HOAc) 368.339 ye nd (HCl +4w) pl (dil HOAc) 368.339
C14H8O5S
82-49-5
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 2,3-Dihydrofuran
C14H8O5S
84-48-0
288.276 lf (HOAc) ye 216.0 lf (conc HCl, +3w) 288.276 ye lf (+3w)
C14H7NaO5S
128-56-3
310.258 ye lf (w)
vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O
C14H7NaO5S
131-08-8
310.258
sl DMSO
C19H21N7O6 C4H6O
4033-27-6 1191-99-7
443.413 ye cry 70.090
3596
Organic
3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603
3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611
3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617
3618 3619
3620 3621
3622
3623 3624
Hexyl sulfide Aflatoxin G2
16,17-Dihydro-15H1,2-Cyclopentenophenancyclopenta[a]phenanthrene threne 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f] azepine 10,11-Dihydro-5Hdibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5one 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyCorydaldine 1(2H)-isoquinolinone 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2- Antipyrine phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid
K21599_PCOC.indb 184
Sodium anthraquinone-1sulfonate
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C 220(4) 344(16) 2105 230
239.3 109.00(0.01) 305
32.4(0.5)
den g cm –3
nD
Solubility
0.793620 1.420420 i H2O; s eth; sl ctc 0.94120 0.841120 1.458620 1.21520
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2, dil alk i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol
1.548520 1.549720 vs eth, EtOH, chl 1.544420 1.544420 s H2O; msc os 1.556320 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl 1.5750 s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl
s H2O 24815 i H2O; s EtOH, peth s chl 2037
1.163520 1.632420
161
1.07325
1.433920
175 108.0(0.2)
319
291
94.1 sub
310 dec
vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH 1.083620 1.437220 s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH
54.5(0.2)
0.92725
1.423920
4/2/14 3:10 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-185 O O O
O O
O O
O
O
3587
3588
Dihexyl ether
S
3589
Dihexyl hexanedioate
3590
Dihexyl phthalate
Dihexyl sulfide
O O
O
O HN
O
H
NH O
O
O O
O
3591
3592
15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1
H N S
O
3597
1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione
O
O
2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran
3601
3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran
3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran
O N S
O
N H
S
3604
2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
O
3600
O
3603
3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
3599
2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin
O
O
O
3598
1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one
3602
9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene
O
O N H
3596
3595
1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene
6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone
H N
N H
3594
3593
9,10-Dihydroanthracene
Organic
H O
3605
6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H )-one
3606
2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one
4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole
O OH
O N
OH
N H
O
NH N
H
NH2
N N H
O
3610
3611
HO
3607
3608
7,8-Dihydrobiopterin
3609
Dihydrocodeine
16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene
10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine
10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one
O
O O
O
O
N
O
3613
2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran
3614
3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H )-isoquinolinone
3615
1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one
O
O S
3617
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid
OH OO S O
OH
SO3 Na
O
O
O
3618
3619
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid
3621
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt
K21599_PCOC.indb 185
O
S
OH O
O
3620
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid
HO
O SO3 Na
O
O
S
HO O
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid
O
O HO
3616
2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin
OH OO S O
O S OO OH
O
O
O
3612
OH
O
NH
O O
N
O
O
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid
O
N H
O N H
N N H
O
3622
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt
3623
7,8-Dihydrofolic acid
NH N
NH2
O
3624
2,3-Dihydrofuran
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-186 No.
Name
3625 3626
3628 3629
2,5-Dihydrofuran 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5amine 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol
3630
2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one
3631
1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one
3632
1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2b]oxirene 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole
3627
3633
Organic
3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640 3641
Synonym
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Adrenochrome
C4H6O C9H9NO3
1708-29-8 54-06-8
70.090 179.172
C9H11N
24425-40-9 133.190 nd (peth)
37.5
248
C9H10O C9H10O
6351-10-6 1470-94-6
134.174 pl (peth) 134.174
55(2) 58
220 253
C9H8O
83-33-0
40(2)
243(8)
1.094340 1.56125
C9H8O
615-13-4
132.159 ta, nd (w + 3) 132.159 nd (al, eth)
58(3)
218 dec
1.071269 1.53867
C9H8O
768-22-9
132.159
24.5
11320
1.125524
C8H9N
496-15-1
119.164
230(13)
1.06920
C8H7NO C8H7NO
59-48-3 480-91-1
133.148 nd (w) 133.148 nd (w)
1.592320 sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl
C8H16O2S2 C11H12O2
462-20-4 1078-19-9
C6H10O2
4454-05-1
208.342 ye liq 176.212 cry (MeOH, lig) 114.142 liq
127(23)
1.006
1.442020
C21H16
56-49-5
268.352 ye nd (bz)
28080
1.2820
C9H10O
1746-11-8
134.174
197.5
1.06125
C5H4O3
2170-03-8
68(1)
C5H6O2
547-65-9
112.084 orth bipym pr (eth, chl) 98.101
C5H6O3
4100-80-5
114.100
36.8(0.8)
C5H8O2
1679-47-6
C5H8O2
1679-49-8
C5H8O2
57129-69-8 100.117 liq
Lysidine
C4H8N2
534-26-9
84.120
Methimazole
C4H6N2S
60-56-0
114.169 lf (al)
767-58-8
132.202
1590-08-5
160.212
15
89-36-1
254.262 nd (w+1)
≈300 dec
2-Indanone
1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1one 6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid Dihydro-α-lipoic acid 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)- 6-Methoxy-α-tetralone naphthalenone 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2Hpyran 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] 3-Methylcholanthrene aceanthrylene 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5furandione
3642
Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)furanone
3643
Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)2-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone furanone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)(±)-γ-Valerolactone furanone, (±)-
3644 3645 3646
3647 3648
3649 3650 3651
3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3658 3659 3660
3661
4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1Himidazole 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2Himidazole-2-thione
α-Methylene butyrolactone
2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1HC10H12 indene 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)C11H12O naphthalenone 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5C10H10N2O4S oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) benzenesulfonic acid 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-25-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl- C10H10N2O phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one pyrazole 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2C10H10N2O phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2HC6H10O pyran 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole C4H7NS 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene C10H10 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene C10H10 Δ 2-Dialin 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthaleC10H10O none 1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphC12H9NO2 thylene 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridineC6H5NO3 carboxylic acid Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)furanone
K21599_PCOC.indb 186
4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone
C9H16O2
Physical Form
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
Solubility
1.431120 125 dec
128 151
22723 338
78.1(0.5)
1450.2 17111
178.0(0.2)
i H2O 1.5308
13930
sl eth; vs chl
221(16)
1.120620 1.465020 s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH 1.2225
100.117 liq
200
1.057020 1.432520
100.117 liq
7611
1.05820
-31
204(4)
107
196.5
146
280 dec
191(7)
1.055120 1.432820 msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig 0.93825 1.526620 i H2O
13616
1.05725
hyg
8510
vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl
1.433920
1.553520
19735-89-8 174.198
128
287105
1.260020 1.637
89-25-8
127
287105
1.637
174.198 mcl pr (w)
16302-35-5 98.142 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8
101.171 liq 130.186 liq 130.186 pl 146.185
-101 -8.77(0.05) 24.6(0.9) 18
602-87-9
199.205
103
5006-66-6
139.109 nd(w)
310 dec
104-61-0
156.222 oil
s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth
118(6)
0.91225
1.449520
145 210.2(0.7) 210(5) 237
1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527
1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820 i H2O; s eth, bz
sub
s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl
13412
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH
O
H2N
3626
2,5-Dihydrofuran
HO
3627
2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione
3628
2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine
3631
3632
O HS
OH
O
3634
SH
3635
1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one
3636
2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one
Dihydro-α-lipoic acid
Organic
2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole
2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one
NH
N H
3633
1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene
3630
2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol
O N H
1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one
3629
2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol
O
O
O
OH
N
O
O
3625
3-187
O
O
O
3637
3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H )-naphthalenone
O
O
O
3639
3638
3640
1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene
3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran
O
O
3641
2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran
Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione
N O
O
O
3642
Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone
O
O
O
3643
3644
Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione
O
O
Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone
O
O
3645
O
3646
Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H )-furanone
3647
Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H )-furanone, (±)-
4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole
H N
O
NH
N H
O S OH O
N S
N
O
3648
1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione
O N H
3649
2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene
O
N
3650
3651
3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H )-naphthalenone
4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid
N
N
N O
3652
1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one
3653
2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one
S
3654
3655
3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran
4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole
3656
1,2-Dihydronaphthalene
3657
1,4-Dihydronaphthalene
O OH
O O
3658
3,4-Dihydro-2(1H )-naphthalenone
K21599_PCOC.indb 187
N
3659
O
1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene
O
N H
3660
1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
O
O
3661
Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H )-furanone
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-188 No.
Name
3662 3663
9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2oxazolamine 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5Htetrazole-5-thione Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)furanone 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C14H12 C15H12O2
776-35-2 487-26-3
C10H13ClN2
Aminorex
Physical Form
den g cm –3
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
180.245 nd (MeOH) 224.255 nd (lig)
33.36(0.05) 76.3(0.5)
16815
59-97-2
196.676
174
C9H10N2O
2207-50-3
162.187 cry (bz)
137
1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1Htetrazole γ-Propyl-γ-butyrolactone
C7H6N4S
86-93-1
178.215
145
C7H12O2
105-21-5
128.169
Propylthiouracil
C7H10N2OS
51-52-5
170.231 w pow (w)
6-Mercaptopurine
C5H4N4S
50-44-2
C5H8O
110-87-2
152.178 ye pr (w, + l 313 dec w) 84.117
85.5(0.2)
0.92119
C5H8O C5H6O3
3174-74-1 108-55-4
84.117 liq 114.100
95 15815
0.9419 1.411020
C3H6N2
109-98-8
70.093
144
1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedi- Maleic hydrazide one Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidin- 5,6-Dihydrouracil edione 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole 3-Pyrroline
C4H4N2O2
123-33-1
112.087 cry (w)
307
1.020017 1.479617 vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa
C4H6N2O2
504-07-4
114.103 nd (w)
275.5
C4H7N
109-96-6
69.106
3677 3678
3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxaline- 2,3-Quinoxalinediol dione
C9H9NO C8H6N2O2
553-03-7 147.173 pr (al, eth) 15804-19-0 162.146 nd (w)
163.5 410
3679 3680
Dihydrotachysterol Dihydrothebaine
C28H46O C19H23NO3
67-96-9 561-25-1
398.664 cry (MeOH) 313.391
131 162.5
3681
4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine
C3H6N2S
1779-81-3
102.158 nd or lf (bz) 85.3
dec
3682 3683 3684
2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)pyrimidinedione 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)pyrimidinone
1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2
86.156 86.156 118.155
112(13) 122.4
3-Sulfolene
C4H6S C4H6S C4H6O2S
64.0(0.4)
2-Thiobarbituric acid
C4H6OS C4H4N2O2S
1003-10-7 504-17-6
102.155 144.152 pl (w)
235 dec
2-Thiouracil
C4H4N2OS
141-90-2
128.152 pr (w, al)
>340 dec
C2H3N3S
3179-31-5
101.130
222.5
C13H15NO
84-83-3
201.264
C18H20
3910-35-8
236.352 tcl pr (al)
52(1)
308.5
C12H15N
147-47-7
173.254
26.5
260
Quinizarin
C14H8O4
81-64-1
240.212 ye red lf (eth) dk red nd 240.212 pa ye pl (gl HOAc)
199.7(0.4)
280
sub
240.212 red or red-ye nd or lf (al) 240.212 ye nd (al)
193
sub
3664
3665 3666 3667 3668
3669
Organic
3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3676
3685 3686 3687
3688 3689
3690 3691 3692
1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6thione 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)dione 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole
1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4triazole-3-thione (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl2H-indol-2-ylidene) acetaldehyde 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl3-phenyl-1H-indene 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
Synonym
2-Pyrazoline
3693
1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
Anthrarufin
C14H8O4
117-12-4
3694
1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
Danthron
C14H8O4
117-10-2
3695
2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
C14H8O4
84-60-6
3696
2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
C14H8O4
572-93-0
K21599_PCOC.indb 188
nD
845
1.438525
219
56.3
Solubility
1.075740 1.641520 s chl i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc
sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz i H2O; s alk
90(5)
1.440219 s H2O, EtOH; sl chl
0.909720 1.466420
20145
vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl
s chl 11152
1.1825
1.523020 sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF s DMSO s chl
360 dec
240.212 ye nd (+1w, 353.8 dil al) nd (sub)
sub
1.000920 1.568120 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH
s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS2; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-189
O N
N O
3663
3664
2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
HN N N N
S
3665
4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride
4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine
O
S NH
O
3666
N H
O
3667
1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole-5-thione
S
N
N
3668
Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone
H N
HN
O
3669
2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H )-pyrimidinone
3670
1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione
3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran
Organic
3662
9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene
N H
HCl
NH2
O
O O O
O
3671
O
N H
O
3672
3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran
N
O
3673
Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H )-dione
N H
NH
NH
N H
3674
4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole
N H
O
3675
1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione
3676
Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione
2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole
O
N H
O
3677
3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone
H N
O
N H
O
O
3678
3679
1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione
N
N
H O
HO
S
3680
Dihydrotachysterol
NH2
S
3681
Dihydrothebaine
3682
4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine
2,3-Dihydrothiophene
O
O
NH
NH S
O
3683
S
O
S
3684
2,5-Dihydrothiophene
O
O
3685
2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide
N H
N H
S
3686
Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone
S
3687
Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H )-pyrimidinedione
2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H )-pyrimidinone
S HN N
NH
3688
1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione
O
OH
N
O
N H
3689
3690
(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde
O
OH
3691
2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene
OH O
OH
1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
O
O OH
HO
OH
HO O
3692
OH
1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
K21599_PCOC.indb 189
OH O
3693
1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O
3694
1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
O
O
3695
3696
2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-190 No.
Name
3697
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
Organic
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene
C12H10N2O2
2050-14-8
3698
2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
C7H6O3
24677-78-9 138.121 ye nd
108
235
3699
2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
C7H6O3
95-01-2
138.121 nd (eth-lig)
135
22622
3700
2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
C7H6O3
1194-98-5
138.121 ye nd (bz)
100.0
3701
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
Protocatechualdehyde
C7H6O3
139-85-5
138.121 lf (w, to)
153 dec
3702
N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide
Salicylhydroxamic acid
C7H7NO3
89-73-6
153.136 nd (HOAc)
168
3703
Homogentisic acid
C8H8O4
451-13-8
C7H6O4
303-38-8
3705
2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
β-Resorcylic acid
C7H6O4
89-86-1
168.148 pr (w+1), lf (al-chl) 154.121 pr or nd (w+1) 154.121 cry (+w)
153
3704
2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
3706
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
Gentisic acid
C7H6O4
490-79-9
154.121 nd or pr (w) 204(3)
3707
2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O4
303-07-1
154.121 nd (+w)
171(1)
3708
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O4
99-50-3
202(1)
3709
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
C7H6O4
99-10-5
154.121 mcl nd (w+1) 154.121 pr or nd
3710
2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone
Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone
C13H10O3
835-11-0
214.216
59.5
3711
4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone
Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone
C13H10O3
611-99-4
214.216 nd (lig), cry (w)
210
3712
6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopy- Esculetin ran-2-one
C9H6O4
305-01-1
sub
3713
7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopy- Daphnetin ran-2-one
C9H6O4
486-35-1
178.142 nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) 178.142 ye nd (dil al) 262
3714 3715
2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)
C4H8O4 C24H40O4
1518-62-3 83-49-8
120.105 liq 392.573 cry (AcOEt)
963
Hyodeoxycholic acid
198.5
3716
3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β) 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)
Ursodiol
C24H40O4
128-13-2
392.573 pl (al)
203
Chenodiol
C24H40O4
474-25-9
392.573 nd (EtOAc +hep)
119
3717
Synonym
β-Resorcylaldehyde
Protocatechuic acid
mp/˚C
214.219 gold-ye lf 173 (bz), nd (al)
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
1400.001
sub
205(4)
1.54220
229(1)
1.5244
235.3(0.8) 333 1.133131
sub
nD
Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH; sl eth i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz
3718
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol
C27H44O3
32222-06-3 416.636 wh cry pow 115
3719
2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
C6H4O4
615-94-1
140.094 dk ye nd
211
3720
2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten- Reductic acid 1-one
C5H6O3
80-72-8
114.100
212
3721
2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl- Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) 4-heptanone ketone 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmeth- 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol ane 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide 4,4’-Thiobisphenol
C9H18O3
3682-91-5
174.237 pale ye cry
C13H12O2
2467-02-9
200.233
118.3
C12H10O2S
2664-63-3
151
Aloe-emodol
C15H10O5
481-72-1
218.271 mcl pr or lf (al) 270.237 oran ye nd (to, al)
Dihydroxymaleic acid
C4H4O6
526-84-1
148.071 pl (w+2)
155 dec
C9H10O5
55-10-7
198.172 sc (bz-eth)
132 dec
sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth
C10H8O5
574-84-5
208.168 pl (dil al)
231
vs EtOH
3722 3723 3724
3725 3726 3727
1,8-Dihydroxy-3(hydroxymethyl)-9,10anthracenedione 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid
Vanilmandelic acid α,4-Dihydroxy-3methoxybenzeneacetic acid 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H- Fraxetin 1-benzopyran-2-one
K21599_PCOC.indb 190
223.5
363
sub
1.28025 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-191 O
HO
O O
OH
N N
O OH
OH OH
3697
3699
2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
HO
OH
O
3703
O
OH
OH
3705
2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
HO
OH
OH
3707
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
3708
2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
3710
O
HO
OH
3711
O
3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)
O
HO
3716
3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)
HO
OH
2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
OH
3718
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
OH
S
O
OH
HO
3720
HO
OH
3721
2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one
3722
2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone
OH
3723
2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane
4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide
OH
OH HO OH
1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione
OH
OH
HO
OH O
O
3724
OH
H
3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)
HO O
H
3717
OH
3719
OH OH
O
OH
2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid
O
OH
H
3714
3713
OH
HO
3715
OH OH
7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O
OH
HO
O
OH
6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
OH
O
O
3712
4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone
O
K21599_PCOC.indb 191
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
HO
2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone
O
OH
3709
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
O
OH HO
HO
HO
OH
3706
2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
OH
O
HO
H
OH
OH
HO
OH
3704
2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid
OH O
OH
N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
O O
OH
OH
3702
3701
2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
O
OH
OH OH
3700
2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
HO O
OH
HO
OH
3698
2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene
HO
N H OH
OH
Organic
O
OH
O
3725
2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid
O
HO O
3726
α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid
O HO
O
O
OH
3727
7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-192 No.
Name
3728
5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyCotoin phenyl)phenylmethanone 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H- Gentisin xanthen-9-one 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10- Chrysophanic acid anthracenedione
3729 3730 3731
Synonym
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
C16H12O5
491-80-5
284.263
C14H12O4
479-21-0
C14H10O5
437-50-3
244.243 ye pr (chl) lf 130.5 or nd (w) 258.226 ye orth 266.5
C15H10O4
481-74-3
C8H8O4
480-64-8
254.238 ye hex or mcl nd (sub) 168.148 nd (dil HOAc, +1w) 192.169 nd (al), lf (HOAc)
mp/˚C
196
Organic
2107-76-8
3734
6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H1-benzopyran-2-one 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione
C10H8O4
529-84-0
192.169 ye nd (dil al) 275
C10H6O4
475-38-7
Chromotropic acid
C10H8O8S2
148-25-4
Alizarin Blue
C17H9NO4
568-02-5
Alizarin Orange
C14H7NO6
568-93-4
190.153 dk red mcl 243(1) pr (bz) redbr nd (al) 320.296 nd or lf (w+2) 291.258 br-viol nd 269 (bz) 285.209 oran nd or 244 dec pl (HOAc)
Phloionic acid
C18H34O6
23843-52-9 346.459 cry (al)
126
9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid
C18H36O4
120-87-6
316.477
90
Chrysin
C15H10O4
480-40-0
254.238 lt ye pr (MeOH)
285(2)
3739 3740 3741
9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H1-benzopyran-4-one
3742
1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) ethanone
Resacetophenone
C8H8O3
89-84-9
152.148 nd or lf
146
3743
(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanone
Benzoresorcinol
C13H10O3
131-56-6
214.216 nd (w)
144
3744
3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4diene-3,11,20-trione 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,20-dione 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione
Caffeic acid
C9H8O4
331-39-5
180.158 ye pr, pl (w) 225 dec
Benzenestibonic acid Prednisone
C6H7O3Sb C21H26O5
535-46-6 53-03-2
248.878 nd (HOAc) 358.428
139 234 dec
152-58-9
346.461
215
53-06-5
360.444
222
C3H6O3
56-82-6
90.078
145
Glyceric acid
C3H6O4
6000-40-4
nd or pr (40% MeOH) 106.078 thick gum
Dihydroxyacetone
C3H6O3
96-26-4
90.078
74(3)
C13H26O4
2277-23-8
246.343 pr (peth)
53
C11H22O4
26402-26-6 218.291 cry (peth)
C10H7NO4
59-00-7
205.168 ye micry cry 289 (w)
Dihydroxytartaric acid 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5Digallic acid trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy] benzoic acid 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen- Fluorescin 9-yl)benzoic acid
C4H6O8 C14H10O9
76-30-2 536-08-3
182.086 322.224 nf (dil al + 1w)
C20H14O5
518-44-5
Diiodoacetylene
C2I2
624-74-8
334.322 col or ye nd 126 (eth), pl (bz) 277.830 orth nd (lig) 81.5
3745 3746 3747 3748
3749
2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)-
3750
2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone
3751 3752 3753 3754
3755 3756
3757
3758
11-Deoxy-17-hydrocorticoste- C21H30O4 rone Cortisone C21H28O5
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl Decanoic acid glycerol decanoate monoester 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate Octanoic acid glycerol monoester 4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecar- Xanthurenic acid boxylic acid
K21599_PCOC.indb 192
sub
0.9225
vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py vs bz, HOAc
sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk s H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc
C10H8O4
3738
Solubility
283
5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H1-benzopyran-2-one
3737
nD
s EtOH, eth
3733
4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f] quinoline-7,12-dione 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10anthracenedione
den g cm –3
176 dec
2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid
3736
bp/˚C
214.8
3732
3735
o-Orsellinic acid
Mol. Form.
sub
s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth vs bz, gl HOAc sub
sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc
1.18141
1450.8
1.45318
i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH
vs ace, EtOH, chl sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig
s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig
40 i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz
114.5 269 dec
vs ace, EtOH
247(16)
i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-193
O
OH O
OH O
O
OH
HO HO
O
O
3728
OH O
O
OH
3729
5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
HO
OH
O
3730
(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one
O OH
OH
HO OH
3732
1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione
2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid
OH O
O
HO
O
S
HO
3735
O
HO
O
O
3734
6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O
O
OH
N
OH
OH
N O
O
OH O
O
OH
3736
5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione
O
5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
OH
S
O
O
3733
OH
O
3737
4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid
O
3738
5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione
1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione
OH
OH
O
OH
HO OH
OH
O
OH
3739
3740
9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R *,R *)-(±)-
9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid
O
OH O
O OH
HO
Organic
HO
O
3731
O
OH
OH
O
HO OH
3741
OH
3742
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone
O O HO Sb OH
3744
3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid
(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone
O
OH OH
O
OH
3743
O
OH OH
OH OH
O
OH O
O
3745
3746
Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide
17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione
3747
O HO
3749
17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione
2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)-
O O
OH
3750
OH
N
HO
OH
O
3754
4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid
OH O HO OH
3755
Dihydroxytartaric acid
3753
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate
OH HO
O HO OH O
OH OH
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate
OH HO
O
3752
1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone
O
OH
OH OH
3751
2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)-
O O
HO
OH
K21599_PCOC.indb 193
3748
17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
O
HO
O
O
O
OH
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
3756
3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid
3757
2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid
I
I
3758
Diiodoacetylene
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-194 No.
Name
3759
2,4-Diiodoaniline
3760 3761
o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene
3762
p-Diiodobenzene
3763
Synonym
Organic
Mol. Form.
CAS RN
C6H5I2N
533-70-0
1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene
C6H4I2 C6H4I2
615-42-9 626-00-6
1,4-Diiodobenzene
C6H4I2
1,4-Diiodobutane
3764
1,2-Diiodoethane
3765 3766
cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein
cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene
C2H2I2 C20H10I2O5
3767
1,6-Diiodohexane
Hexamethylene diiodide
3768
Diiodomethane
3769
Mol. Wt.
Physical Form
mp/˚C 95.5
624-38-4
344.920 br nd or orth cry (al) 329.905 pl or pr (lig) 329.905 orth pl or pr (eth-al) 329.905 orth lf (al)
C4H8I2
628-21-7
309.916
5.9(0.4)
C2H4I2
624-73-7
23.5(0.7) 34.2(0.6)
bp/˚C
den g cm –3 2.74825
287 285
2.5420 2.4725
129.25(0.05) 285
nD
Solubility vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH
1.717920 i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 1.618425 i H2O; sl ctc; s os 1.87120 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH 1.583725 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.741120 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH
12515 dec
2.349425
200
3.32520
72.516
3.062520
C6H12I2
281.862 ye mcl pr or 83 orth (eth) 590-26-1 279.846 -13(2) 38577-97-8 584.099 oran-red pow 629-09-4 337.968 nd 9.4(0.5)
16317
2.034225
Methylene iodide
CH2I2
75-11-6
267.836 ye nd or lf
6.0(0.2)
182
3.321120
2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol
Disophenol
C6H3I2NO3
305-85-1
157
3770 3771 3772
1,5-Diiodopentane 1,2-Diiodopropane 1,3-Diiodopropane
Pentamethylene diiodide
628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6
9
14920
Trimethylene diiodide
C5H10I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2
390.902 lt ye cry (gl HOAc) 323.942 295.889 295.889
-20
222(12)
3773
5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol
Iodoquinol
C9H5I2NO
83-73-8
396.951 ye nd 210 (HOAc, xyl)
3774
3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine
C9H9I2NO3
300-39-0
213
3775 3776 3777
Diisobutyl adipate Diisobutylaluminum chloride Diisobutylaluminum hydride
Diisobutyl hexanedioate Diisobutyl aluminum chloride
C14H26O4 C8H18AlCl C8H19Al
141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7
432.981 ye nd (w, 70% al) 258.354 176.664 hyg col liq 142.219 liq
-40
288(16) 15210 1404
3778
Diisobutylamine
2-Methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)1-propanamine
C8H19N
110-96-3
129.244 liq
-73.5(0.4)
139.6
3779
Diisobutyl carbonate
C9H18O3
539-92-4
174.237
190(6)
3780
Diisobutyl ether
1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]
C8H18O
628-55-7
130.228
122.7(0.7)
3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786
Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate
Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate
C16H22O4 C8H18S C8H4N2O2 C8H4N2O2 C28H46O4 C26H42O4
84-69-5 592-65-4 123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0
278.344 146.294 160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609
2.169225 1.598725 i H2O; s eth, chl 2.49018 vs eth, EtOH 2.561225 1.639125 i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz 0.954319 1.430120 0.905 1.450620 s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol 1.409020 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.913820 1.407220 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 0.76115 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.049015 s ctc 0.836310
3787 3788 3789
Diisooctyl adipate Diisooctyl phthalate Diisopentylamine
1330-86-5 370.566 27554-26-3 390.557 544-00-3 157.297 liq
3790
Diisopentyl ether
3-Methyl-N-isopentyl-1butanamine Diisoamyl ether
C22H42O4 C24H38O4 C10H23N C10H22O
544-01-4
158.281 col liq
3791 3792
Diisopentyl phthalate Diisopentyl sulfide
Diisoamyl phthalate Isopentyl sulfide
C18H26O4 C10H22S
605-50-5 544-02-5
306.397 174.347 liq
-74.6
367(16) 211
3793
Diisopropanolamine
1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol
C6H15NO2
110-97-4
133.189 cry
44.5
250
3794
Diisopropyl adipate
Diisopropyl hexanedioate
C12H22O4
6938-94-9
230.301
-0.6
1206.5
3795
Diisopropylamine
N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine
C6H15N
108-18-9
101.190 liq
-61
84(3)
3796 3797
2,6-Diisopropylaniline 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene
C12H19N C12H18
24544-04-5 177.286 liq 577-55-9 162.271 liq
-45 -57(4)
272(9) 204.7(0.6)
3798
1,3-Diisopropylbenzene
C12H18
99-62-7
-63(2)
203(3)
K21599_PCOC.indb 194
Diisooctyl hexanedioate
liq cry cry liq col liq
162.271 liq
-105.5(0.5) 51 95 -50
296.5 173(4) 1038 11714 2534
-44
2104 370 187(5) 172(2)
0.96620
i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth
0.767221 1.423520 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 0.777720 1.408520 i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl 1.020916 1.487120 vs EtOH 0.832320 1.452020 i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth 0.98920 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 0.956920 1.424720 vs ace, eth, EtOH 0.715320 1.392420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.9425 1.533220 0.870120 1.496020 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 0.855920 1.488320 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-195 O
I I
O
I
I I
I
I
3759
3760
2,4-Diiodoaniline
3761
o-Diiodobenzene
I
I
3762
m-Diiodobenzene
3763
p-Diiodobenzene
I
I
3764
1,4-Diiodobutane
I
cis-1,2-Diiodoethene
H O
I
3768
N
I
O
3769
Diiodomethane
I
3770
2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol
I I
3771
1,5-Diiodopentane
1,2-Diiodopropane
I
N
I
OH
O
NH2
HO
OH
3772
O
O O
I
3773
1,3-Diiodopropane
1,6-Diiodohexane
O I
I
I
3767
4,4’-Diiodofluorescein
I H
I
I
3766
I
I
OH
I
3765
1,2-Diiodoethane
OH I
O
HO
I
I
5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol
3774
3775
3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine
Organic
NH2
Diisobutyl adipate
N
C
O
O O O
O Cl Al
H Al
H N
3776
3777
3778
Diisobutylaluminum chloride
N
C
Diisobutylaluminum hydride
Diisobutylamine
O
O
3779
Diisobutyl carbonate
C
O
O
S
3780
3781
3782
Diisobutyl ether
3783
Diisobutyl sulfide
1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene
O O O
N
O O
O
3784
O O
O O
O
3785
1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene
3786
Diisodecyl phthalate
3787
Diisononyl phthalate
O
Diisooctyl adipate
O O O
O O N H
O
3788
3790
Diisopentylamine
3794
Diisopropyl adipate
3792
Diisopentyl phthalate
Diisopentyl sulfide
H N
OH
3793
Diisopropanolamine
NH2 O
O
S
3791
Diisopentyl ether
O O
OH
O
O
3789
Diisooctyl phthalate
K21599_PCOC.indb 195
Diisobutyl phthalate
O O
O
N C O
N H
3795
Diisopropylamine
3796
2,6-Diisopropylaniline
3797
1,2-Diisopropylbenzene
3798
1,3-Diisopropylbenzene
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-196 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
1,4-Diisopropylbenzene
C12H18
100-18-5
C12H18O2 C13H18N2S2
3802 3803 3804
p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide Diisopropyl disulfide N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine
3805
Diisopropyl ether
3806
3811
Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene Diisopropyl oxalate Diisopropyl phosphonate O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate Diisopropyl phthalate
3812
No.
Name
3799
3800
Physical Form
den g cm –3
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
162.271 liq
-17.0(0.1)
210.3(0.2)
98-49-7
194.270 waxy cry
30.1
1231
0.856820 1.489820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 0.993220 i H2O
95-29-4
266.425
59.0
C7H14N2 C6H14S2 N,N-Diisopropyl-2-aminoetha- C8H19NO nol Isopropyl ether C6H14O
693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0
126.199 150.305 liq 145.243
-69.0(0.3)
147 177(1) 195(5)
0.80625 1.432020 0.943520 1.491620 0.82625 1.441720
108-20-3
102.174 liq
-85.37(0.05) 68.4(0.2)
C7H17O3P
1445-75-6
180.182
C16H20 C8H14O4 C6H15O3P C6H15O2PS2
24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2
212.330 cry (MeOH) 174.195 166.155 214.286 liq
C14H18O4
605-45-8
250.291
Diisopropyl sulfide
C6H14S
625-80-9
118.240 liq
3813
Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)-
C10H18O6
58167-01-4 234.246
34
3814
Diisopropyl dixanthogen
C8H14O2S4
105-65-7
52
3815
Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene
Bitoscanate
C8H4N2S2
4044-65-9
3816 3817 3818 3819
Diketene Dilactic acid Dimefline Dimefox
3820
Dimemorfan
3821
3823 3824
2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid, (R*,S*) 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol
3825
Dimetan (R)-
3826
Dimethipin
3827
Dimethirimol
3828
2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl) C17H24N2O oxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine Dimethoxane 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol C8H14O4 acetate 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone C10H12O3 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene Methyleugenol C11H14O2
3801
Organic
3807 3808 3809 3810
3822
3829 3830 3831 3832
Synonym
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl ester
C4H4O2 C6H10O5 C20H21NO3 Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic C4H12FN2OP fluoride 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 C18H25N α,13 α,14 α)Succimer C4H6O4S2 2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid
2-Mercaptoethyl ether Dimercaprol
189(8) 9740 713 13012 -78.03(0.04) 120.0(0.3)
192.261 nd (ace, HOAc) 674-82-8 84.074 liq 19201-34-4 162.140 orth 1165-48-6 323.386 115-26-4 154.122 liq
132
36309-01-0 255.399 ye oil
92
304-55-2
193
-6.5 112.5 109.5
127.0(0.6)
1.087720 1.437920
8615
1.115120 1.426720
7634-42-6
C4H10OS2 C3H8OS2
2150-02-9 59-52-9
138.251 liq 124.225
-80
217 830.8
C11H17NO3
122-15-6
211.258 cry
46
17511
42.5
55290-64-7 210.271
165
5221-53-4
209.288 nd
102
86-80-6
272.385
146
828-00-2
174.195 liq
1201-38-3 93-15-2
180.200 cry 178.228 liq
C12H14O4
523-80-8
C8H11NO2
vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth
1330.3
s chl
1563
1.114 1.246320 1.574920 s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace 20
1.548620
sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH
8610
1.065520 1.431020 msc H2O; s os
21 -2.0
15614 254.7
222.237 nd
29.2(0.2)
294
2735-04-8
153.179 pl (lig)
33.5
262.0
82.5
270(21)
1.139 1.544120 1.039620 1.534020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.01520 1.536020 vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth
3833
3834
2,5-Dimethoxyaniline
C8H11NO2
102-56-7
153.179
3835 3836
3,4-Dimethoxyaniline 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
C8H11NO2 C9H10O3
6315-89-5 613-45-6
153.179 lf (eth) 87.5 166.173 nd (al or lig) 72
15914 290
3837
2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
C9H10O3
93-02-7
166.173
52
270
3838
3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
C9H10O3
120-14-9
166.173 nd (eth, lig, to)
43
281
K21599_PCOC.indb 196
1.00220 1.410020 vs eth, EtOH 0.997018 1.0920 s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl 1.061515 1.490020
275
4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline
Veratraldehyde
0.719225 1.365825 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 16 1.4120
0.814220 1.443820 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.116620 vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl
C4H10O2S2
Dimethisoquin
Solubility
70
182.219 wh cry (MeOH) 154.251
2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4- C6H10O4S2 dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6- C11H19N3O methylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one
Apiole
270.456
663
nD
4/2/14 3:11 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O
3-197
OH N S N S
3799
3800
1,4-Diisopropylbenzene
p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide
S
N C N
3802
3801
O
3803
N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide
N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide
OH
N
S
3804
Diisopropyl disulfide
3805
N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine
Diisopropyl ether
O O O P O
O
O O
3806
Diisopropyl methylphosphonate
3807
2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene
3808
Diisopropyl oxalate
O O
O O P O H
S O P O SH
O
S
3809
3810
3811
3812
Diisopropyl phosphonate
Diisopropyl phthalate
O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate
Diisopropyl sulfide
Organic
O
O O
OH
S O
O
O
S
S
OH O
S
3813
Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)-
N
3814
3820
N C S
3815
HO
O
3816
O O
O OH
N
N
3817
Diketene
O
O
3818
Dilactic acid
3819
Dimefline
Dimefox
O SH
3821
3822
1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol
HS
O
HS
OH
2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid, (R *,S*)
N
O O S
HS
O
P F
OH OH
SH
O
1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene
SH
HO
Dimemorfan
S C N
Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate
O H
O
O
SH
3823
2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether
OH
O
SH
3824
O
S O O
N
3825
2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol
3826
Dimetan (R)-
Dimethipin
O O
OH N N
O
O
N
3827
O
N
3829
Dimethisoquin
NH2
O
Dimethoxane
O O
O
3830
2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone
3831
1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene
3832
4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole
O
NH2 O
O
O
O
3828
Dimethirimol
O
O
N
O O
O
NH2 O
O O
O
3833
2,4-Dimethoxyaniline
K21599_PCOC.indb 197
O
O
3834
2,5-Dimethoxyaniline
3835
3,4-Dimethoxyaniline
O O
3836
2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
O
O
3837
2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
3838
3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
4/2/14 3:12 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-198 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
C9H10O3
7311-34-4
C8H10O2
1,3-Dimethoxybenzene
3842
No.
Name
3839
3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
3840
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene
3841
Physical Form
den g cm –3
mp/˚C
bp/˚C
166.173
46.3
15116
91-16-7
138.164 liq
22.5(0.2)
206(1)
1.081025 1.582721
C8H10O2
151-10-0
138.164 liq
-35.3(0.4)
216(5)
1.052125 1.523120
1,4-Dimethoxybenzene
C8H10O2
150-78-7
138.164 lf (w)
56.2(0.7)
213(5)
1.037555
3843
3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid
C10H12O4
93-40-3
98
3844
3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine
C10H15NO2
120-20-7
196.200 cry (bz-peth) nd (w+1) 181.232
C9H13NO2
5763-61-1
167.205
15612
1.14325
C9H12O3
93-03-8
168.189 visc oil
298
1.17817
C14H16N2O2
119-90-4
244.289 lf or nd (w)
137
C16H12N2O4
91-93-0
296.277 cry
112
C9H10O4
91-52-1
182.173
107.2(0.4)
C9H10O4 C9H10O4
1466-76-8 93-07-2
186 dec 181
sub
i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl
C9H10O4
1132-21-4
185.5
sub
vs eth, EtOH
3845 3846
Organic
3847
3848
Synonym
Veratrole
16414
nD
s chl 1.55517
3850 3851
2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
3852
3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
3853
4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin
p-Anisoin
C16H16O4
119-52-8
182.173 182.173 nd (w or HOAc) orth (sub) 182.173 nd (w), pr (al) 272.296 pr (dil al)
3854
5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
Limettin
C11H10O4
487-06-9
206.195 pr or nd (al) 149
200 dec
3855
4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl
C14H14O2
2132-80-1
214.260 lf (bz)
175
sub
3856
Dimethoxyborane
C2H7BO2
4542-61-4
73.887
-130.6
25.9
3857 3858
4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexa- 2,6-Dimethoxy-p-quinone diene-1,4-dione
C6H12O3 C8H8O4
5436-21-5 530-55-2
132.157 168.148 ye mcl pr (HOAc)
256
505 sub
3859 3860 3861 3862 3863
Dimethoxydimethylsilane Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine 1,2-Dimethoxyethane
Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether
C4H12O2Si C14H16O2Si C14H30O2 C4H11NO2 C4H10O2
1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6 110-71-4
120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136 90.121 liq
-78 -69.0(0.2)
82 286 1335 13795 85.0(0.1)
3864 3865
(2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b] quinoline
Fagarine
C10H14O2 C13H11NO3
101-48-4 524-15-2
166.217 229.231 pr (al)
142
3866
1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane
C18H38O2
2791-29-9
286.494
10
1442
C10H12O4
90-24-4
196.200 cry (al)
82
18520
C11H12O3 C10H10O4
2107-69-9 569-31-3
192.211 194.184 wh nd (w)
119.5 102.5
C3H8O2
109-87-5
76.095
-105.11(0.03) 42.3(0.2)
0.859320 1.351320
C9H12O2
494-99-5
152.190 pr (eth)
24
221(4)
1.050925 1.525725
C9H12O2
4179-19-5
152.190
244
1.047815 1.523420
C9H12O2
24599-58-4 152.190
3867 3868 3869
Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyace- Xanthoxylin tophenone 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)-isoben- Meconin zofuranone
3870
Dimethoxymethane
3871
1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene
3872 3873
K21599_PCOC.indb 198
Methylal
liq
s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl
3849
vol liq or gas
sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth
1.546420 s ctc
3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
Veratric acid
Solubility
sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc
109(3)
sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec H2O s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O
0.864620 1.370820 1.077120 1.544720 1.431025 vs eth, EtOH 0.96625 1.417020 0.863725 1.377025 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc
193.5
21
0.854220 1.438225
sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH
214.0
4/2/14 3:12 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-199 O
O
OH
O
O O
O
3839
3840
3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
3841
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene
3842
1,3-Dimethoxybenzene
O
O
O
O
O
O
3843
1,4-Dimethoxybenzene
3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid
3844
3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine
O NH2
O
OH
O
O
O
O
3845
3846
3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine
O
OH
N C O
O
3848
3849
3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate
O
3851
O
OH
O
3852
3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
O
O
O O
2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
O C N
3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine
O
3850
NH2
O
2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
OH
OH
O
O
3847
3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol
O O
O
H2N
O
OH
Organic
O
NH2
O
O
3853
3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
O
O
O
3854
4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin
5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
O
O
3855
4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl
O O H B
O
O O
O
3856
3857
Dimethoxyborane
O
O
O Si O
O Si O
3858
3859
3860
O
4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone
2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione
Dimethoxydimethylsilane
O O
3861
Dimethoxydiphenylsilane
1,1-Dimethoxydodecane
O
O O O
O NH2
O
3862
2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine
O
O
3863
O
O
3864
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
O
N
O
O
3865
(2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene
4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline
O O
O
O
O
3868
5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone
K21599_PCOC.indb 199
3869
O
O
6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H )-isobenzofuranone
O
3866
1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane
O
Dimethoxymethane
3871
2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone
O
O
3870
3867
O
O
O
O
HO
1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene
3872
1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene
O
3873
1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene
4/2/14 3:12 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-200 Mol. Form.
CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
N-(Dimethoxymethyl) Dimethylformamide dimethyl dimethylamine acetal 2,2-Dimethoxy-N-methylethanamine Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene
C5H13NO2
4637-24-5
C5H13NO2
3888
1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl) ethanone 1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene trans-1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1propenyl)benzene 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene Dimethylacetal
3889
N,N-Dimethylacetamide
3890
2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride Dimethyl adipate
No.
Name
3874 3875 3876 3877
3878 3879 3880 3881
Organic
3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3887
3891
bp/˚C
den g cm –3
nD
119.163
104
0.89725
1.397220
122-07-6
119.163
140
0.92825
1.411520
C9H14O2Si C8H9NO4
3027-21-2 709-09-1
182.292 183.162 ye nd (al-w) 98
12979 23015
1.1888133
C8H9NO4
89-39-4
C8H10O3 C8H10O3 C10H12O3
91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0
183.162 gold-ye nd (dil al) 154.163 mcl pr (w) 154.163 180.200 pr (dil al)
Isoeugenyl methyl ether
C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C11H14O2
4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 6379-72-2
104.148 104.148 liq 102.132 178.228
Apiole (Dill)
C12H14O4
484-31-1
222.237 oil
C10H12O2
6380-23-0
164.201
C4H10O2
534-15-6
90.121
liq
-113.2
63(2)
N,N-Dimethylethanamide
C4H9NO
127-19-5
87.120
liq
-19(1)
165.9(0.2)
Acridine Yellow
C15H16ClN3
135-49-9
273.761 red cry pow
Dimethyl 1,6-hexanedioate
C8H14O4
627-93-0
174.195 cry
10.3(0.5)
11513
1.060020 1.428320 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc
7.3(0.4)
0.68040
136(6)
0.864920 1.409520
Synonym
Physical Form
mp/˚C
72.5 56.5 37 51
285
1.159815 1.530517 1.571120 s chl
246.092 cry (MeOH)
3893
C2H7N
124-40-3
45.084
col gas
-93(2)
3894
Dimethylamine hydrochloride
C2H8ClN
506-59-2
81.545
orth nd (al)
171
3895 3896
(Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 4’-(Dimethylamino) 4-Acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline acetophenone 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]Ahistan 10H-phenothiazine 4-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene
C4H8N2 C10H13NO
926-64-7 2124-31-4
84.120 163.216 nd (w, peth) 105.5
C16H16N2OS
518-61-6
284.375 cry
144.5
C14H15N3
60-11-7
225.289 ye lf (al)
116(1)
4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine
C14H15N3
97-56-3
225.289 ye lf (al)
102
Ehrlich’s reagent
C9H11NO
100-10-7
149.189 lf (w)
73.1(0.8)
3898
3899 3900
2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4-(Dimethylamino) benzaldehyde
261(22) 19935 287
29.5
358-72-5
3897
1.1666132
18
C5H12O7P2
N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride
17617
4-(Dimethylamino) benzalrhodanine
C12H12N2OS2
536-17-4
264.365 dp red nd (xyl)
270 dec
3902
2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 4,4’-Dimethylaminobenzophe- Brilliant Oil Yellow nonimide (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4diphenyl-3-heptanone 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4Normethadone diphenyl-3-hexanone 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]Bufotenine 1H-indol-5-ol
C9H11NO2
610-16-2
165.189 pr, nd (eth)
72
C9H11NO2
99-64-9
165.189 nd (w)
152.5
C9H11NO2
619-84-1
165.189 nd (al)
242.5
C17H21N3
492-80-8
136
C4H12BN
1113-30-0
267.369 ye or col pl (al) 84.956 liq
C21H27NO
76-99-3
309.445
99.5
C20H25NO
467-85-6
295.419 oily liq
C7H13NO2
2439-35-2
143.184
200
3944
2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde
C9H10O
15764-16-6 134.174 liq
-9
218
3945
2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde
C9H10O
5779-94-2
0.993120 1.568420 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 0.972320 1.556920 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz 0.979021 1.559121 sl H2O; s eth, ctc 0.984220 1.561020 vs eth, EtOH 1.07618 sl H2O, chl; s eth; vs lig 0.970620 1.558120 sl H2O; s eth, ctc 0.970920 1.564920 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.966020 1.555725 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.934855 1.556820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.955720 1.558220 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl 1.115619 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 0.961914 1.505314 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 0.962715 1.511020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, xyl, HOAc 1.20829 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl 0.950020 vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, ctc
3913
3914
Organic
3919 3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926
K21599_PCOC.indb 202
Dansyl chloride
4-(Dimethylamino) benzophenone
Cacodylic acid
Isoxylaldehyde
134.174
10(1)
193(1)
183(11)
36
220
4/2/14 3:12 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-203 Cl O S O
N
O
N
N O
3911
3912
2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate
N
3913
4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol
3914
N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine
OH
OH
N
N
HO
5-(Dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride
O O
3915
O
N
OH
N
3919
3921
3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile
2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol
3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone, hydrochloride
N
OH
N
OH
3922
3923
3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol
1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol
NH2
N
N
N
N
3920
3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-propenal
3918
[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethanone
4-(Dimethylamino)phenol
N
N
3917
3916
3-(Dimethylamino)phenol
N
N
N H
S
3925
2-Dimethylaminopurine
HCl
N
N
N
Organic
N
3924
3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne
NH2 NH2
NH2
NH2
NH2
N
3926
3927
2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl)benzothiazole
3928
2,3-Dimethylaniline
2,4-Dimethylaniline
3929
3930
2,5-Dimethylaniline
3931
2,6-Dimethylaniline
3,4-Dimethylaniline
3932
3,5-Dimethylaniline
NH NH
NH
3933
3934
N
N
O
O
HCl N,2-Dimethylaniline
3935
N,3-Dimethylaniline
N,4-Dimethylaniline
3936
N,N-Dimethylaniline
3937
3938
N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride
2,6-Dimethylanisole
3939
3,5-Dimethylanisole
O
O
O
O
3940
9,10-Dimethylanthracene
K21599_PCOC.indb 203
3941
1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedione
H As
3942
Dimethylarsine
O As OH
3943
Dimethylarsinic acid
3944
2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde
3945
2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde
4/2/14 3:12 PM
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
3-204 CAS RN
Mol. Wt.
3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde
C9H10O
5779-95-3
134.174
N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a] 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzananthracene thracene 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenedi- Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine amine
C9H11NO C20H16
611-74-5 57-97-6
272.0
C8H12N2
3171-45-7
149.189 43.8(0.5) 256.341 pa ye pl (al, 123(1) HOAc) 136.194 128
C8H12N2
2836-03-5
136.194 oil
218
0.99522
C8H12N2
2836-04-6
136.194
700
40 >5 140 40 30% 115 >1
7.59
>300
6,2 1 6 6,2 4,5 4,5 1 6,4 6,2,3 1 1 1 1 6 1 6,2 6,2,3 1,2,6 6 1 4 1 1,3,6
7-48
K21599_S07.indb 48
4/3/14 11:17 AM
Chemical Constituents of Human Blood Component
7-49
Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Oxygen (arterial) Oxygen (venous) Phosphorus (inorganic) Potassium
S,P S S S S,P S WB WB S S
Rubidium Selenium Silver Sodium
S,P S,P S,P S
Strontium Sulfur (total) Tellurium Titanium Tin Vanadium Zinc Zirconium
S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P
Unit μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L % saturation % saturation mg/L mmol/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mmol/L g/L μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mg/L μg/L
Normal Range Low High 8 18 30 0.3 1.0 0.5 3 0.3 1.3 0.1 1.3 96% 100% 60% 85% 30 45 3.5 5.0 137 196 100 300 40 160 1 135 145 3.11 3.34 57 780 30 33 1 0.02 1.0 0.5 1.2 400
Critical Values
15
4,5 4 4,5 4,5 4,5 6 6,2,4 4,5
Acetoacetate ion Acetone Alanine Arginine Asparagine Cholesterol, total HDL Cholesterol LDL Cholesterol Citrulline Creatine Creatinine Fructose Glucosamine Glucose (fasting) Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Homocysteine Isoleucine Lactate (venous) Leucine Lysine Methionine Ornithine Phenylalanine Proline Serine
K21599_S07.indb 49
P S,P S,P S,P S,P P P P S,P S,P S WB S,P S S,P S,P S,P S,P P S,P P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
3 30 12 5.4 1000 400 0 2.1 2.8 5 5 760 600 4.3 61 13.4 7.9 0.54 6.9 50 14 25 3.3 6.2 5.8 20 10.1
2400 >1900
>50
1300
1 1 4 4 4 1,4 1 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 4
Biochem
Organic
4/3/14 11:17 AM
Chemical Constituents of Human Blood
7-50
Component
Taurine Threonine Triglyceride Tyrosine Urea Urea nitrogen (BUN) Uric acid (males) Uric acid (females) Valine
S,P S,P S S,P S S S S S,P
Unit mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mmol/L mg/L (of N) mg/L mg/L mg/L
Normal Range Low High 4.1 8.2 12 17 250 1750 8.1 14.5 3.5 7.0 100 200 25 80 13 60 24 37
Critical Values
28 800
Ref. 4 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 4
* Measured as the percent of hemoglobin bound to CO. Typical value for heavy smokers is 5%–10%. Major symptoms begin around 30%, and respiratory failure sets in at >60%. ** This is the desirable upper limit. Values between 2000 and 2400 mg/L are considered borderline high.
Biochem K21599_S07.indb 50
4/3/14 11:17 AM
Chemical Composition of the Human Body
Element Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Silicon Iron Fluorine Zinc Rubidium Strontium Bromine Lead Copper Aluminum Cadmium Boron Barium Tin Manganese Iodine Nickel Gold Molybdenum Chromium Cesium Cobalt Uranium Beryllium Radium
K21599_S07.indb 51
References 1. Padikal, T. N., and Fivozinsky, S. P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. 2. Snyde, W. S., et al., Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics, Pergamon, New York, 1975.
Amount (g) 43,000 16,000 7000 1800 1000 780 140 140 100 95 19 18 4.2 2.6 2.3 0.32 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.072 0.061 0.050 104; mass/charge range = 103 to 104, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104 for most ions; welldeveloped hardware and software; used in standard protocols.
Co-elution of compounds compromise library identifications; often user must interpret fragmentation patterns; SIM mode provides higher sensitivity but for target ions only, sensitivity decreases with increasing number of SIM ions; Scan/SIM methods must balance scan and SIM sensitivity requirements.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS (ion trap, IT)
Scan or selected ion monitoring (SIM); tandem MS-MS; gas or liquid chemical ionization
High sensitivity, compact design; tandem Space charge effects can lead to relatively poor dynamic range, however, for “clean” mass spectrometry is possible; dynamic range = 104, but typically limited to < 104; samples, the dynamic range can be as high mass/charge range = 104 to 105, as single quadrupole units; specific resolution (at m/z = 1000) 104; welllibraries are limited; SIM is for target ions developed hardware and software; used only with a sensitivity lower than that in standard protocols. obtainable by a SIM analysis via single quadrupole, above; MS-MS analyses are limited to approximately 120 to 150 compounds per analysis; MS-MS analysis is typically slower than that done with a tandem MS-MS (process is done in time rather than space).
Gas Chromatography (time of Scan or selected ion flight) Mass Spectrometry, monitoring low resolution GC-TOF
Analytical
Comprehensive Gas Chromatography (time of flight) Mass Spectrometry, low resolution GCXGC-TOF
Identification possible with good chromatographic separations, dynamic range = 104, mass/charge range = 105, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104
Unit mass resolution limits identification capability; libraries are limited; if chromatographic separation is poor, comprehensive (GCXGC) might be needed; cannot distinguish neutral losses.
Unit mass resolution limits identification Scan or selected ion Identification possible with good capability; libraries are limited; GCXGC monitoring; normal column chromatographic separations in two may not remedy all aspects of component configuration (nonpolar – dimensions on a nonpolar (long) and a coelution. polar) or reversed column polar (short) column; identification of configuration (polar families with help of principal nonpolar) component analysis tools; dynamic range = 104, mass/charge range = 105, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104, well-developed hardware and software; used in standard protocols.
8-24
K21599_S08.indb 24
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Method (with accepted acronyms and abbreviations) Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (triple quadrupole) GC-MS(QQQ, or QqQ)
Modes Multiple and selected reaction monitoring
Advantages
8-25
Limitations
Provides product and precursor ion scans; Unit mass, making identification ambiguous due to multiple structures as very sensitive for target compounds or source of breakdown mass; empirical functional groups; developed to provide formula determination can be difficult, enhanced daughter ion resolution; spectra and fragmentations must often be relatively simple construction with interpreted manually; full scan data can straightforward scanning procedures; no high voltage arcing; dynamic range = 105, be acquired (similar to the single quad mass/charge range = 103 to 104, procedure) by turning off the collision resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 - 104. cell.
Very large data files (currently approaching Gas Chromatography (time of Scan or selected ion Might obviate the need for GCXGC 2 Gb), software is currently flight) Mass Spectrometry, monitoring, tandem MS-M separations with accurate mass developmental. high resolution determinations; deconvolution software GC-TOF can aid in identification of multiple components under peaks; sensitivity intermediate between multiple reaction monitoring and product ion scan of a QQQ; dynamic range = 104, mass/charge range = 105, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104. Might obviate the need for GCXGC separations with accurate mass determinations; isolation of parent ions and subsequent fragmentation provides identification; will detect any daughter ion passed into the TOF; sensitivity intermediate between multiple reaction monitoring and product ion scan of a QQQ dynamic range = 104, mass/charge range = 105, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104.
Large data files are produced; Sophisticated software is needed for processing and deconvolution; requires accurate mass and high resolution.
Analytical
Gas Chromatography Tandem Scan or selected ion Mass Spectrometry monitoring, tandem GC-QTOF MS-MS
K21599_S08.indb 25
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos While trapping sorbents have been used for many years in headspace analysis (most commonly with gas chromatography), the modern techniques of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are particularly applicable to survey analyses (Ref. 1). In the following tables, we provide information for the selection and application of the various fibers, and data on salting out reagents (Refs. 1 to 5). For information on other trapping sorbents, chelating agents, resins, and polymeric phases used for headspace analysis, see Ref. 1.
Phase Material Characteristics Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS):
Similar in properties to the OV-1 or SE-30 silicone phases (Ref. 1); non-polar fluid suitable for non-polar or slightly polar analytes; thicker coatings extract more analyte, but require longer extraction times; thicker coatings may show carryover effects; useful for hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, and esters.
Polyacrylate:
References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Haynes, W. M., Ed., CRC Handbook for Chemistry and Physics, 92nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 3. NIST Chemistry Web Book, www.webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/, 2009. 4. Machata, G., Clin. Chem. Newsletter 4, 29, 1972. 5. Ioffe, B. V., and Vitenberg, A. G., Head Space Analysis and Related Methods in Gas Chromatography, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1983.
Rigid solid material; moderate polarity; diffusion of analytes through bulk is relatively slow because of rigidity of material; relatively higher desorption temperatures required because of rigidity of material; can be oxidized easily at higher temperatures; must use oxygen-free carrier gas and ensure gas chromatographic system is leak-free; fibers are very solvent resistant; darkens to a brown color upon exposure to temperatures in excess of 280 oC, but fiber is generally still usable until color becomes black; useful for alcohols.
Carbowax (polyethylene glycol, PEG):
Fiber Selection Criteria The main fiber selection parameters are polarity and relative molecular mass. The table below provides general guidelines on the applicability of available fibers relative to these two parameters. The fibers are characterized by the extraction mechanism, either adsorption or absorption. Adsorbent fibers contain particles suspended in polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) or polyethylene glycol (PEG, Carbowax). Fiber
Type of Fiber
Polarity
RMM Range
7 µm PDMS 30 µm PDMS 85 µm Polyacrylate 100 µm PDMS 50 µm Carbowax (PEG) PDMS-DVB Carbowax-DVB PDMS-DVB-Carboxen PDMS-Carboxen Carbopak Z-PDMS
Absorbent Absorbent Absorbent Absorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent
Nonpolar Nonpolar Moderately polar Nonpolar Polar Bipolar Polar Bipolar Bipolar Nonpolar
150–700 80–600 60–450 55–400 50–400 50–350 50–350 40–270 35–180 50–500
Analytical
PDMS – Polydimethylsiloxane DVB – Divinylbenzene (3 µm to 5 µm particles) PEG – Polyethylene glycol Carboxen – Carboxen 1006 (contains micro-, meso-, and macro-tapered pores) (3 µm to 5 µm particles) RMM Range – Relative molecular mass range that is the ideal range for optimum extraction. Ranges can be extended by varying extraction times, but results will not be optimized
Similar in properties to the PEG coatings used extensively in chromatography; moderately polar; highly crosslinked to counteract water solubility; sensitive to attack by oxygen at temperatures in excess of 220 oC, at which point the fiber will darken and become powdery; requires use of high purity carrier gas (typically He at 99.999 % mass/mass) treated for oxygen contamination.
Divinylbenzene (DVB):
Similar to the properties of divinylbenzene porous polymer phases; higher polarity than Carbowax, and when combined with Carbowax results in a more polar phase; like polyacrylate, it is a solid particle that must be carried in a liquid to coat on a fiber.
Carboxen:
Similar to the material used in Carboxen porous-layer open tubular (PLOT) columns; structure has an approximately even distribution of macro-, meso-, and micro-pores, making it valuable for smaller analytes; larger analytes can show hysteresis that must be addressed by desorption at 280 oC; useful for hydrocarbons, ethers, aldehydes, ketones.
Extraction Capability of Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents
This table shows the extraction capability of the fibers for acetone, a small, moderately polar analyte, for 4-nitrophenol, a medium size polar analyte, and benzo(GHI)perylene, a large nonpolar analyte. This provides a general guideline for fiber selection.
8-26
K21599_S08.indb 26
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents Fiber 7 µm PDMS 30 µm PDMS 85 µm Polyacrylate 100 µm PDMS 50 µm Carbowax (PEG) PDMS-DVB Carbowax-DVB PDMS-DVB-Carboxen PDMS-Carboxen Carbopak Z-PDMS
8-27
Approx. Linear Conc. Range Approx. Linear Conc. Range Acetone 10 min Exta (FID) 4-Nitrophenol 20 min Extb (GC/MS) 100 ppm and up Not extracted 10 ppm and up 10 ppm and up 1 ppm to 1000 ppm 5 ppb to 100 ppm 500 ppb to 1000 ppm 500 ppb to 500 ppm 1 ppm to 1000 ppm 5 ppb to 50 ppm 50 ppb to 100 ppm 25 ppb to 10 ppm 100 ppb to 100 ppm 5 ppb to 10 ppm 25 ppb to 10 ppm 50 ppb to 10 ppm 5 ppb to 5 ppm 100 ppb to 10 ppm 10 ppm to 500 ppm 5 ppm to 100 ppm
Approx. Linear Conc. Range Benzo(GHI) Perylene 20 min Ext 100 ppt to 500 ppb 100 ppt to 10 ppm 500 ppt to 10 ppm 500 ppt to 10 ppm 25 ppb to 10 ppm 10 ppb to 1 ppm 50 ppb to 5 ppm 100 ppb to 1 ppm poorly desorbed Not desorbed 500 ppt to 100 ppb
Note: In each case, the concentration is expressed on a mass basis (e.g., ppm mass/mass). a Water sample contains 25% NaCl (mass/mass) b Water sample contains 2% NaCl (mass/mass) acidified to pH = 2 with 0.05 M phosphoric acid 1 ppm = 1 part in 1 × 106 1 ppb = 1 part in 1 × 109 1 ppt = 1 part in 1 × 1012
Typical Phase Volumes of SPME Fiber Coatings
Type of Fiber Core Fiber Core Diameter/mm Phase Volume/mm3 or µL Fused silica 0.110 0.612 Metal 0.130 0.598 Fused silica 0.110 0.132 Metal 0.130 0.136 Fused silica 0.110 0.028 Metal 0.130 0.030 Fused silica 0.110 0.543 Metal 0.130 0.358 Metal 0.130 0.068 Fused silica 0.120 0.418 Proprietary 0.130 0.440 Metal 0.130 0.440 Fused silica 0.120 0.502 Proprietary 0.130 0.528 Metal 0.130 0.528 Metal 0.130 0.151 0.190 0.377 Metal 0.130 0.151 0.190 0.377 Proprietary 0.160 0.459
Salting-Out Reagents for Headspace Analysis The following table provides data on the common salts used for salting out in chromatographic headspace analysis, as applied to direct injection methods and to solid-phase microextraction. Data are provided for the most commonly available salts, although others are possible. Sodium citrate, for example, occurs as the dihydrate and the pentahydrate. The pentahydrate is not as stable as Salt Potassium carbonate Ammonium sulfate Sodium citrate (dihydrate) Sodium chloride Ammonium chloride c d e a
b
K21599_S08.indb 27
20 oC 100 oC 0 oC 25 oC Specific gravity, 25 oC/4 oC
the dihydrate, however, and dries out on exposure to air, forming cakes. Potassium carbonate occurs as the dihydrate, trihydrate, and sesquihydrate; however, data are provided only for the anhydrous material. The solubility is provided as the number of grams that can dissolve in 100 mL of water at the indicated temperature. The vapor enhancement cited is the degree of increase of the concentration of vapor over the solution of a 2 % (mass/mass) ethanol solution in water at 60 oC.
Formula Rel. Mol. Mass Density/g cm 138.21 2.428 at 14 °C K2CO3 132.13 1.769 at 50 °C (NH4)2SO4 294.10 Na3C6H5O7 × 2H2O NaCl 58.44 2.165e 53.49 1.527 NH4Cl
–3
Solubility/g mL–1 H2O Vapor Cold Water Hot Water Enhancement 112a 156b 8 70.6c 103.8b 5 72d 167b 5 37.5a 39.12b 3 29.7c 75.8b 2
Analytical
Fiber Coating Thickness/Type PDMS 100 µm PDMS 30 µm PDMS 30 µm PDMS 7 µm PDMS 7 µm PDMS 85 µm PA 60 µm PEG 15 µm Carbopack Z/PDMS 65 µm PDMS/DVB 65 µm PDMS/DVB 65 µm PDMS/DVB 75 µm Carboxen-PDMS 85 µm Carboxen-PDMS 85 µm Carboxen-PDMS 50/30 µm DVB/Carboxen Carboxen layer DVB layer 50/30 µm DVB/Carboxen Carboxen layer DVB layer 60 µm PDMS-DVB HPLC
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Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices Thomas J. Bruno The interpretation of results from chromatographic measurements can often be augmented with an appropriate mathematical treatment of the solute retention that is observed. The goal of the treatment is to make the resulting metric as independent of the instrument as possible. A typical situation that arises from analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry is that the library search routine produces “hits” that are ambiguous if not nonsensical (Ref. 1). The correct interpretation of the mass spectrum must then be done manually (Refs. 2, 3), and the mass spectral data should be augmented by additional analytical techniques. The specific techniques that should be used must be determined on a case-by-case basis by a qualified person. One additional datum that is typically already present in gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection is chromatographic retention. The raw datum from a chromatographic measurement is a retention time, tr, of each eluted peak, and a corresponding intensity. Here, we will not treat other aspects of the output, such as the width and shape of the chromatographic signal. The retention time (for a given stationary phase) is dependent on the column temperature, column pressure, column geometry (length and inside diameter; phase ratio), and ambient (atmospheric) pressure. If the volumetric carrier gas flow rate (at the column exit) is measured and multiplied by the retention time, the retention volume, VR, is obtained. The adjusted retention volume, VR′, is the retention volume corrected for the void volume (or mobile phase holdup) of the column. It is obtained by simply subtracting the retention volume of an unretained solute (VM):
VR′ = VR - VM.
(1)
While it is possible to calculate the corresponding adjusted retention time, tr′, by subtracting the retention time of the unretained peak, tm, it is better to work with volumes since average flow-rate variations between individual analyses are then accounted for. Note that with each level of refinement beyond the raw retention time, a facet of instrument dependence from the resulting parameter is removed. VR is independent of the flow rate; VR′ is, further, independent of column geometry. Continuing with this approach, the net retention volume, VN, is defined, by applying a factor, j, to account for the pressure drop across the column:
VN = jVR′,
(2)
where j is usually the Martin-James compressibility factor : 3
Analytical
Pi 2 -1 3 P j= o 3 2 Pi -1 P o
(3)
In Eq. 3, Pi is the inlet pressure (absolute) and Po is the outlet pressure (usually atmospheric pressure). The net retention volume is important because it is independent of the inlet and outlet pressures, as well as being independent of the carrier gas flow rate and column geometry. The specific retention volume, Vg, corrects the net retention volume for the amount of stationary phase actually on the column, and the column temperature is adjusted or corrected to 0 oC:
V g = (273.15)
VN , (W sT col )
(4)
where Tcol is the column temperature (in K), and Ws is the mass of the stationary phase in the column. The Vg value is a characteristic for a particular solute on a particular stationary phase, and is instrument independent. This is a quantity that may be compared from instrument to instrument, and laboratory to laboratory with a high level of confidence provided the stationary phase used is a single, pure compound or a well characterized mixture. If the mass of the stationary phase is not known, or is not meaningful, one may use the net retention volume directly, or one may correct the net retention volume to a column temperature of 0 oC (represented by VN0) by simply not including the term for Ws (that is, setting it equal to unity). It is also extremely valuable to calculate a relative retention, ra/b:
V bg V bN r a/b = a = a V g V N
(5)
where the numerical superscripts refer to the retention volumes of solutes “a” and “b.” In this case, solute “a” is a reference compound. The relative retention is dependent only on the column temperature and the type of stationary phase. For reasons of operational simplicity, this parameter is usually one of the best to use for qualitative analysis. It can account for small differences in the column temperature, stationary phase considerations, column history, and minor disturbances in the carrier gas flow rate. It is possible to account for the column temperature by plotting the logarithm of the retention parameters against 1/T, where T is the thermodynamic temperature. The column pressure is accounted for by variations in the volume measurement; therefore, there is no pressure dependence to these parameters. We can go beyond the simple retention parameters discussed earlier to incorporate a logarithmic interpolation on a uniform scale by use of the Kovats’ retention index (Ref. 4). The isothermal Kovats’ retention index is calculated by use of the following defining equation:
log X S − log X L I sample (T ) = 100 + nL log X − log X H L
(6)
Here, Isample is the dimensionless Kovats’ retention index that is a function of both temperature and the stationary phase employed. The terms represented by X are retention parameters of the sample and standards. Following this convention, XS is the retention parameter of the sample under consideration. Any retention parameter, such as the adjusted retention time, t´, the net retention volume, VN, the adjusted net retention volume, VN0, and the relative retentions, ra/b, can be used. XS is the retention parameter of the sample under consideration, XL is the retention parameter of a normal alkane (that is, straight chain or unbranched) of carbon number nL that elutes earlier than the sample, and XH is the retention parameter of a normal alkane having a carbon number greater than nL+1 that elutes after the sample. The retention index of a sample is, therefore, 100 multiplied by the carbon number of a hy-
8-28
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Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices
8-29
pothetical normal alkane that shows the same retention parameter on the stationary phase at that temperature. Thus, a sample that has a retention index of 785, for example, would co-elute with a hypothetical normal alkane that has 7.85 carbon atoms. By definition, the retention indices of the normal alkanes (on any stationary phase) are equal to 100 multiplied by the carbon number. Thus, for n-hexane, I = 600, and so on for the other n-alkanes in this homologous series. The zero point in the scale is defined for hydrogen, for which I = 0. Kovats’ retention indices have been determined for selected compounds on the most common stationary phases [Refs. 5-7]. The temperature dependence of I for a given sample is known to follow a hyperbolic form similar to the familiar Antoine equation used to represent vapor pressure: I sample (T ) = A +
B (T + C )
(7)
In this equation, A, B, and C are empirically determined constants, and T is the temperature (in oC). A nonlinear fitting routine should be used to determine these constants. When retention indices are available for at least three temperatures, initial values for A, B, and C can be determined by use of the following equations:
C=
(T2 − T1 ) ( I 3T3 − I1T1 ) + (T3 − T1 )( I1T1 − I 2T2 ) , (T3 − T1 )( I 2 − I1 ) − (T2 − T1 )( I 3 − I1 )
(8)
I 2T2 − I1T 1 +C ( I 2 − I1 ) , T2 − T1
(9)
A=
B = ( I 2 − A)(T2 + C ) .
(10)
t r(unknown) − t r(n) , I = 100 × n + ( N − n ) t r(N) − t r(n)
(11)
where I is the retention index, n is the number of carbon atoms in the smaller n-alkane, N is the the number of carbon atoms in the larger n-alkane, and tr is the retention time of the indicated peak. A useful alternative to the Kovats’ system is the Lee retention index (isothermal and temperature dependent), based on the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) standard compounds: naphthalene (I = 200), phenanthrene (I = 300), chrysene (I = 400), and picene or benzo(g,h,i)perylene (I = 500). Isothermal (and temperature-dependent) Kovats’ and Lee retention indices for many compounds are tabulated in the NIST Chemistry Web Book (Ref. 8).
References 1. NIST/EPA/NIH (NIST 11) Mass Spectral Database, NIST Standard Reference Database 1A, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, 2011. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. 3. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N, CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd. Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 4. Kovats, E., Helv. Chim. Acta 41, 1915, 1958. 5. Lubek, A. J., and Sutton, D. L., J. High Res. Chromatogr. and Chromatogr. Commun. 6, 328, 1983. 6. Bruno, T. J., Wertz, K. H., and Cacairi, M., Anal. Chem. 68, 1347, 1996. 7. Miller, K. E., and Bruno, T. J., J. Chromatogr. A 1007, 117, 2003. 8. NIST Chemistry Web Book, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, 2012.
Analytical
In these equations, I1, I2, and I3 are retention indices of the sample measured at temperatures T1, T2, and T3. When additional retention indices are available at other temperatures, we advocate the use of minimum deviation estimates from these three equations to furnish the starting values for the nonlinear fit. When retention indices at four temperatures are available, the best starting values are obtained from the I1, I2, and I3 triplet that minimizes the deviation with the experimental value with that produced by Eq. 7. This approach provides the fastest convergence, and also helps avoid converging to local minima. Predictions made by use of Eq. 7
can be used for retention indices within the measured temperature range as well as extrapolation somewhat beyond that range on a case-by-case basis. It is also of value to report and use the temperature dependence as a slope coefficient, δIsample/10 oC, the variation of Isample for a particular stationary phase over a particular temperature range. While not as reliable as the Antoine-type fit, this coefficient is useful for predictions within the range of the measured results. In all of the above discussion, one must understand that the column temperature is fixed. The Kovats’ retention indices can be made applicable to temperature programmed analysis by use of
K21599_S08.indb 29
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Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table provides, for comparative and interpretive purposes, eluotropic values on bonded octadecylsilane (ODS) and octylsilane (OS) for common solvents used in HPLC (Refs. 1–3). For additional information on common, specific and chiral stationary phases for HPLC, and for solvents, derivatizing reagents, and detectors, see Ref. 3.
Solvent Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile 1,4-dioxane Dimethyl-formamide Methanol Ethanol n-Propanol 2-Propanol Tetrahydrofuran
References 1. Krieger, P. A., High Purity Solvent Guide, Burdick and Jackson Laboratories, McGaw Park, IL, 1984. 2. Ahuja, S., Trace and Ultratrace Analysis by HPLC, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992. 3. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.
Eluotropic Value, Eluotropic Value, ODS OS — 8.8 3.1 11.7 7.6 1.0 3.1 10.1 8.3 3.7
2.7 9.3 3.3 13.5 9.4 1.0 3.2 10.8 8.4 —
Analytical
8-30
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Detectors For Liquid Chromatography Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table provides some comparative data for interpretation of results from the more common detectors applied to high-performance liquid chromatography (Refs. 1-6). In general, the operational parameters provided are for optimized systems, and represent the maximum obtainable in terms of sensitivity and linearity. In this table, the molar extinction coefficient is represented by ε.
References 1. Pryde, A., and Gilbert, M. T., Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman and Hall, London, 1979. 2. Hamilton, R. J., and Sewell, P. A., Introduction to High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman and Hall, London, 1977. 3. Ahuja, S., Trace and Ultratrace Analysis by HPLC, Chemical Analysis Series, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991. 4. Snyder, L. R., Kirkland, J. J., and Glajch, J., Practical HPLC Method Development, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1997. 5. Bruno, T. J., Sep. Purif. Meth. 29, 63, 2000. 6. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N, CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd. Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.
Sensitivity 1 × 10-9 g (for compounds of e = 10 000 to 20 000)
Linearity 1 × 104
Selectivity For UV-active functionalities, on the basis of absorptivity.
Comments Relatively insensitive to flow and temperature fluctuations; non-destructive, useful with gradient elution; use mercury lamp for 254 nm, and quartziodine lamp for 350 nm to 700 nm; often a diodearray instrument is used to obtain entire UV-vis spectrum. Universal, dependent Relatively insensitive to flow fluctuations, but on refractive-index sensitive to temperature fluctuations; nondifference with destructive, cannot be used with gradient elution; mobile phase solvents must be degassed to avoid bubble formations; laser-based RI detectors offer higher sensitivity.
Refractive index detector (RID)
1 × 10-7 g
1 × 104
Fluorometric detector
1 × 10-11 g
1 × 105
For fluorescent species with conjugated bonding and/or aromaticity
Electrochemical detectors Amperometric 1 × 10-9 g
Relatively insensitive to temperature and flow fluctuations; non-destructive; can be used with gradient elution; often, chemical derivatization is done on analytes to form fluorescent species; uses deuterium lamp for 190 nm to 400 nm, or tungsten lamp for 350 nm to 600 nm.
1 × 104
Responds to –OH functionalities
Conductivity detector
1 × 10-9 g
2 × 104
Specific to ionizable compounds
Mass spectrometers
Interface dependent
Interface dependent
Universal, within limits imposed by interface
Used for aliphatic and aromatic –OH compounds, amines, and indoles; pulsed potential units are most sensitive, can be used with gradient elution and organic mobile phases; senses compounds in oxidatitive or reductive modes; mobile phases must be highly pure and purged of O2. Uses post-column derivatization to produce ionic species; especially useful for certain halogen, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds Complex, expensive devices highly dependent on an efficient interface; electrospray and thermospray interfaces are most common; linear response is difficult to achieve.
Analytical
Detector Ultraviolet spectrophotometer
K21599_S08.indb 31
8-31
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Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are: λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point.
Analytical
Name Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Benzene 2-Butanol Butyl acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chlorobutane Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-1-propanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Nitromethane Pentane Pentyl acetate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene
References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer–Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. λc/nm 260 330 190 280 260 254 380 265 220 245 210 226 235 218 268 270 265 215 210 255 240 210 210 207 197 200 210 210 210 330 335 230 285 380 210 212 210 210 330 290 220 286 231 215 191 290 290 290
ε 6.2020 21.0120 36.6420 2.2820 17.2620 5.0720 2.6320 2.2420 7.2820 4.8120 2.0220 10.4220 8.9325 4.2720 38.8521 38.2520 47.2420 2.2220 25.320 6.0820 7.3024 13.3825 17.225 46.5320 1.9220 2.0520 1.8920 33.020 2.0220 18.5620 13.1120 17.9320 32.5520 37.2720 1.8420 4.7920 20.820 20.1820 13.2620 2.2730 7.5222 2.3823 2.4125 1.9420 80.1020 2.5620 2.3620 2.2720
tb/°C 117.9 56.0 81.6 80.0 99.5 126.1 46 76.8 78.6 61.1 80.7 83.5 40 34.5 165 153 189 101.5 78.2 77.1 85 135 124.1 290 98.5 286.8 68.7 64.6 100.9 79.5 116.5 107.8 202 101.1 36.0 149.2 97.2 82.3 115.2 121.3 65 110.6 47.7 99.2 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3
8-32
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Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos
References 1. Willard, H. H., Merritt, Jr., L. L., Dean, J. A., and Settle, F. A., Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA, 1988. Chromophore Ether Thioether Amine Amide Thiol Disulfide Bromide Iodide Nitrile Acetylide (alkyne) Sulfone Oxime Azido Alkene Ketone Thioketone Esters Aldehyde Carboxyl Sulfoxide Nitro Nitrite Azo Nitroso Nitrate Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated system Conjugated system Conjugated system Phenyl
K21599_S08.indb 33
2. Silverstein, R. M., and Webster, F. X., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition, Wiley, New York, 1998. 3. Lambert, J. B., Shurvell, H. F., Lightner D. A., Verbit, L. and Cooks, R. G., Organic Structural Spectroscopy, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998. 4. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 5. Woodward, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 1123, 1941. 6. Woodward, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 72, 1942. 7. Woodward, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 76, 1942. 8. Fieser, L. F., and Fieser, M., Natural Products Related to Phenanthrene, Third Edition, Reinhold, New York, 1949.
λmax/nm 185 194 195 C=N– 190 –C=C– 190 >C=O 195 >C=S 205 –COOR 205 –CHO 210 –COOH 200–210 210 >S→O –NO2 210 –ONO 220–230 –N=N– 285–400 –N=O 302 –ONO2 270 (shoulder) –(C=C)2– (acyclic) 210–230 –(C=C)3– 260 –(C=C)4– 300 –(C=C)5– 330 –(C=C)2– (alicyclic) 230–260 219 C=C–C≡C C=C–C=N 220 C=C–C=O 210–250 C=C–NO2 229 184 Functional Group –O– –S– –NH2– –CONH2 –SH –S–S– –Br –I
εmax 1000 4600 2800 — 1400 5500 300 400 — 6000 — 5000 5000 8000 1000 strong 50 strong 50–70 1500 strong 1000–2000 3–25 100 12 21 000 35 000 52 000 118 000 3000–8000 6500 23 000 10 000–20 000 9500 46 700
λmax/nm
εmax
215
1600
255
400
270–285
18–30
280–300
11–18
300–4000
10
202
6900
λmax/nm
εmax
300–350
weak
255
Analytical
The following table presents a correlation between common chromophoric functional groups and the expected absorptions from ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. While not as informative as infrared correlations, UV can often provide valuable qualitative information. In these tables, λmax is the wavelength in nm at which the maximum absorption occurs, and εmax is the extinction coefficient.
170
8-33
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Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities
8-34 Chromophore Diphenyl
Functional Group
λmax/nm
εmax
λmax/nm 246
Naphthalene
220
112 000
275
5600
Anthracene
252
199 000
375
7900
174
80 000
195
227
37 000
218
80 000
Pyridine
N
Quinoline
εmax 20 000
λmax/nm
εmax
312
175
6000
251
1700
270
3600
314
2750
266
4000
317
3500
N Isoquinoline
N
Note: φ denotes a phenyl group.
Wavenumber Adjustments for Bathochromic Shifts (Woodward’s Rules) Conjugated systems show bathochromic shifts in their π→π* transition bands. Empirical methods for predicting those shifts were originally formulated by Woodward (References 5–7) and Fieser and Fieser (Reference 8). This section includes the most important conjugated system rules. The reader should consult References 6 and 8 for more details on how to apply the wavelength increment data. (a) Rules for Diene Absorption Base value for diene: 214 nm Increments for each (in nm): Heteroannular diene Homoannular diene Extra double bond Alkyl substituent or ring residue Exocyclic double bond Polar groups: –OOCR –OR –S–R halogen –NR2 λ Calculated
+0 +39 +30 +5 +5 +0 +6 +30 +5 +60 = Total
(b) Rules for Enone Absorption*
Analytical
δ γ β α –C=C–C=C–C– | | | | || O Base value for acyclic (or six-membered) α,βunsaturated ketone: 215 nm Base value for five-membered α,β-unsaturated ketone: 202 nm Base value for α,β-unsaturated aldehydes: 210 nm
Base value for α,β-unsaturated esters or carboxylic acids: 195 nm Increments for each (in nm): Heteroannular diene Homoannular diene Double bond Alkyl group: α– β– γ– and higher Polar groups: –OH α– β– δ– –OOCR α, β, γ, δ –OR α– β– γ– δ– –SR β– –Cl α– β– –Br α– β– –NR2 β– Exocyclic double bond λ Calculated
+0 +39 +30 +10 +12 +18
+35 +30 +50 +6 +35 +30 +17 +31 +85 +15 +12 +25 +30 +95 +5 = Total
*Solvent corrections should be included. These are: water (-8), chloroform (+1), dioxane (+5), ether (+7), hexane (+11), and cyclohexane (+11). No correction is included for methanol or ethanol.
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Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities (c) Rules for monosubstituted benzene derivatives Parent Chromophore (benzene): 250 nm Substituent –R –COR –CHO –OH –OR –COOR
Increment (in nm) –4 –4 0 –16 –16 –16
where R is an alkyl group, and the substitution is on C6H5–.
8-35 (d) Rules for disubstituted benzene derivatives Parent Chromophore (benzene): 250 nm Substituent –R –COR –OH –OR –O– –Cl –Br –NH2 –NHCOCH3 –NHCH3 –N(CH3)2
Increment (in nm) o– m– p– +3 +3 +10 +3 +3 +10 +7 +7 +25 +7 +7 +25 +11 +20 +78 (variable) +0 +0 +10 +2 +2 +15 +13 +13 +58 +20 +20 +45 — — +73 +20 +20 +85
Analytical
R indicates an alkyl group.
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Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N Svoronos
References
The following table provides a conversion between wavelength and wavenumber units, for use in infrared spectrophotometry (Refs. 1 and 2). Because spectra are presented in different formats, this table is an aid in interpretation.
1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. Wavenumber/cm–1
Analytical
Wavelength/μm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
5000 4762 4545 4348 4167 4000 3846 3704 3571 3448
4975 4739 4525 4329 4149 3984 3831 3690 3559 3436
4950 4717 4505 4310 4232 3968 3817 3676 3546 3425
4926 4695 4484 4292 4115 4953 3802 3663 3534 3413
4902 4673 4464 4274 4098 3937 3788 3650 3521 3401
4878 4651 4444 4255 4082 3922 3774 3636 3509 3390
4854 4630 4425 4237 4065 3006 3759 3623 3497 3378
4831 4608 4405 4219 4049 3891 3745 3610 3484 3367
4808 4587 4386 4202 4032 3876 3731 3597 3472 3356
4785 4566 4367 4184 4016 3861 3717 3584 3460 3344
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
3333 3226 3125 3030 2941 2857 2778 2703 2632 2654
3322 3215 3115 3021 2933 2849 2770 2695 2625 2558
3311 3205 3106 3012 2924 2841 2762 2688 2618 2551
3300 3195 3096 3003 2915 2833 2755 2681 2611 2545
3289 3185 3086 2994 2907 2825 2747 2674 2604 2538
3279 3175 3077 2985 2899 2817 2740 2667 2597 2532
3268 3165 3067 2976 2890 2809 2732 2660 2591 2525
3257 3155 3058 2967 2882 2801 2725 2653 2584 2519
3247 3145 3049 2959 2874 2793 2717 2646 2577 2513
3236 3135 3040 2950 2865 2786 2710 2639 2571 2506
4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9
2500 2439 2381 2326 2273 2222 2174 2128 2083 2041
2494 2433 2375 2320 2268 2217 2169 2123 2079 2037
2488 2427 2370 2315 2262 2212 2165 2119 2075 2033
2481 2421 2364 2309 2257 2208 2160 2114 2070 2028
2475 2415 2358 2304 2252 2203 2155 2110 2066 2024
2469 2410 2353 2299 2247 2198 2151 2105 2062 2020
2463 2404 2347 2294 2242 2193 2146 2101 2058 2016
2457 2398 2342 2288 2237 2188 2141 2096 2053 2012
2451 2387 2336 2283 2232 2183 2137 2092 2049 2008
2445 2387 2331 2278 2227 2179 2132 2088 2045 2004
5.0 5.1 5.2
2000 1961 1923
1996 1957 1919
1992 1953 1916
1988 1949 1912
1984 1946 1908
1980 1942 1905
1976 1938 1901
1972 1934 1898
1969 1931 1894
1965 1927 1890
5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9
1887 1852 1818 1786 1754 1724 1695
1883 1848 1815 1783 1751 1721 1692
1880 1845 1812 1779 1748 1718 1689
1876 1842 1808 1776 1745 1715 1686
1873 1838 1805 1773 1742 1712 1684
1869 1835 1802 1770 1739 1709 1681
1866 1832 1799 1767 1736 1706 1678
1862 1828 1795 1764 1733 1704 1675
1859 1825 1792 1761 1730 1701 1672
1855 1821 1788 1757 1727 1698 1669
6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9
1667 1639 1613 1587 1563 1538 1515 1493 1471 1449
1664 1637 1610 1585 1560 1536 1513 1490 1468 1447
1661 1634 1608 1582 1558 1534 1511 1488 1466 1445
1668 1631 1605 1580 1555 1531 1508 1486 1464 1443
1656 1629 1603 1577 1553 1529 1506 1484 1462 1441
1653 1626 1600 1575 1550 1527 1504 1481 1460 1439
1650 1623 1597 1572 1548 1524 1502 1479 1458 1437
1647 1621 1595 1570 1546 1522 1499 1477 1456 1435
1645 1618 1592 1567 1543 1520 1497 1475 1453 1433
1642 1616 1590 1565 1541 1517 1495 1473 1451 1431
8-36
K21599_S08.indb 36
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table
K21599_S08.indb 37
Wavenumber/cm–1
Wavelength/μm
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9
1429 1408 1389 1370 1351 1333 1316 1299 1282 1266
1427 1406 1387 1368 1350 1332 1314 1297 1280 1264
1425 1404 1385 1366 1348 1330 1312 1295 1279 1263
1422 1403 1383 1364 1346 1328 1311 1294 1277 1261
1420 1401 1381 1362 1344 1326 1309 1292 1276 1259
1418 1399 1379 1361 1342 1325 1307 1290 1274 1258
1416 1397 1377 1359 1340 1323 1305 1289 1272 1256
1414 1395 1376 1357 1339 1321 1304 1287 1271 1255
1412 1393 1374 1355 1337 1319 1302 1285 1269 1253
1410 1391 1372 1353 1335 1318 1300 1284 1267 1252
8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9
1250 1235 1220 1205 1190 1176 1163 1149 1136 1124
1248 1233 1218 1203 1189 1175 1161 1148 1135 1122
1247 1232 1217 1202 1188 1174 1160 1147 1134 1121
1245 1230 1215 1200 1186 1172 1159 1145 1133 1120
1244 1229 1214 1199 1185 1171 1157 1144 1131 1119
1242 1227 1212 1198 1183 1170 1156 1143 1130 1117
1241 1225 1211 1196 1182 1168 1155 1142 1129 1116
1239 1224 1209 1195 1181 1167 1153 1140 1127 1115
1238 1222 1208 1193 1179 1166 1152 1139 1126 1114
1236 1221 1206 1192 1178 1164 1151 1138 1125 1112
9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9
1111 1099 1087 1075 1064 1053 1042 1031 1020 1010
1110 1098 1086 1074 1063 1052 1041 1030 1019 1009
1109 1096 1085 1073 1062 1050 1040 1029 1018 1008
1107 1095 1083 1072 1060 1049 1038 1028 1017 1007
1106 1094 1082 1071 1059 1048 1037 1027 1016 1006
1105 1093 1081 1070 1058 1047 1036 1026 1015 1005
1104 1092 1080 1068 1057 1046 1035 1025 1014 1004
1103 1091 1079 1067 1056 1045 1034 1024 1013 1003
1101 1089 1078 1066 1055 1044 1033 1022 1012 1002
1100 1088 1076 1065 1054 1043 1032 1021 1011 1001
10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9
1000 990 980 971 962 952 943 935 926 917
999 989 979 970 961 951 943 934 925 917
998 988 978 969 960 951 942 933 924 916
997 987 978 968 959 950 941 932 923 915
996 986 977 967 958 949 940 931 923 914
995 985 976 966 957 948 939 930 922 913
994 984 975 965 956 947 938 929 921 912
993 983 974 964 955 946 937 929 920 912
992 982 973 963 954 945 936 928 919 911
991 981 972 962 953 944 935 927 918 910
11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9
909 901 893 885 877 870 862 855 847 840
908 900 892 884 876 869 861 854 847 840
907 899 891 883 876 868 861 853 846 839
907 898 890 883 875 867 860 853 845 838
906 898 890 882 874 867 859 852 845 838
905 897 889 881 873 866 858 851 844 837
904 896 888 880 873 865 858 850 843 836
903 895 887 880 872 864 857 850 842 835
903 894 887 879 871 864 856 849 842 835
902 894 886 878 870 863 855 848 841 834
12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7
833 826 820 813 806 800 794 787
833 826 819 812 806 799 793 787
832 825 818 812 805 799 792 786
831 824 818 811 805 798 792 786
831 824 817 810 804 797 791 785
830 823 816 810 803 797 791 784
829 822 816 809 803 796 790 784
829 822 815 808 802 796 789 783
828 821 814 808 801 795 789 782
827 820 814 807 801 794 788 782
12.8 12.9
781 775
781 775
780 774
779 773
779 773
778 772
778 772
777 771
776 770
776 770
Analytical
8-37
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table
8-38 Wavelength/μm
Wavenumber/cm–1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9
769 763 758 752 746 741 735 730 725 719
769 763 757 751 746 740 735 729 724 719
768 762 756 751 745 740 734 729 724 718
767 762 756 750 745 739 734 728 723 718
767 761 755 750 744 739 733 728 723 717
766 760 755 749 743 738 733 727 722 717
766 760 754 749 743 737 732 727 722 716
765 759 754 748 742 737 732 726 721 716
765 759 753 747 742 736 731 726 720 715
764 758 752 747 741 736 730 725 720 715
14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9
714 709 704 699 694 690 685 680 676 671
714 709 704 699 694 689 684 680 675 671
713 708 703 698 693 689 684 679 675 670
713 708 703 698 693 688 684 679 674 670
712 707 702 697 693 688 683 678 674 669
712 707 702 697 692 687 683 678 673 669
711 706 702 696 692 687 682 678 673 668
711 706 701 696 691 686 682 677 672 668
710 705 701 695 691 686 681 677 672 668
710 705 700 695 690 685 681 676 672 667
Analytical K21599_S08.indb 38
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D.N. Svoronos
References
The following charts provide characteristic middle-range infrared absorptions obtained from particular functional groups on molecules (Refs. 1 and 2). These include a general mid-range correlation chart, a chart for aromatic absorptions, and a chart for carbonyl moieties. Charts for near infrared absorptions and for inorganic moieties can be found in the cited references.
1. Bruno, T. J. and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
Notes: AR = aromatic b = broad sd = solid sn = solution sp = sharp ? = unreliable
Strong Medium Weak Variable
Multiple Single O
4000 cm−1
B.
C, H
C
H,
COO
3000
H,
S
Bond H
Stretch 2000
∆
sp
C, H, O COMPOUNDS Alcohols 1° 2° 3° R Ethers R O R C O R epoxide Aldehydes R, R =CKetones R, R =CCyclic Ketones 3,4,5,6,7
free O-H
assoc.
b
sp
sp
m = monomer
b
d = dimer
4,5,6 2.5 µ
K21599_S08.indb 39
H,
COMPOUNDS ∆, CH3, CH2, CH CH CH2 C CH2 CH CH C CH C C CH C CH2 CH CH CH CH2 C C H Aromatic mono ortho meta para
Acids Esters Lactones Anhydrides
N
Stretch
Analytical
A.
H,
Bond
3.0
4.0
5.0
8-39
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts
8-40 Multiple 2000
A. C, H
B.
Bond
COMPOUNDS ∆, CH3, CH2, CH CH CH2 C CH2 CH CH C CH C C CH C CH2 CH CH CH CH2 C C H Aromatic mono ortho meta para C, H, O COMPOUNDS Alcohols 1° 2° 3° R Ethers R O R C O R epoxide Aldehydes R, R =CKetones R, R =CCyclic Ketones 3,4,5,6,7 Acids Esters Lactones Anhydrides
Stretch
C
1800
1600
Single Bond in-plane bending
1400
CH3 + CH2
trans
H
Stretch C
and Bend H out-of-plane bending
1000
800
1200
CH3CH
600
400
200
(CH2)n ≥ 4
∆
trans
cis
trans
=CH2
cis C
t ct
c
cis
t
+
H
Very Weak Benzene Substitution Patterns assoc. O
H
free
b
C
O
b Oe
assoc. O
free
H
Oa ?
R R =C3
4
m
5
4
4,5,6
R =C-
7 d
m
d
d
R
m
m
6
d
5
d
5
d
? 3,4
7
5 6
5.0
6.0
7.0
9.0
8.0
11
10
12
14
16
25
20
50 µ
Multiple Single O
H,
N
Bond H,
C
4000 cm−1 C. C, H, N, O COMPOUNDS Amines, H+ 1° 2° 3° R 1° Amides 2° 3° Lactams 4,5,6 N N N, .N N., .C N, C N Nitroso( Nitro
D.
N
O),
N
( NO2)
H
COO
H,
Stretch
Bond S
H
3000
2000 H
+
b, sp sn sd
sn
N
O
Analytical
+ X, S, P COMPOUNDS Fluoride Chloride a = anti-C Bromide g = gauche Iodide S SULPHUR C S S O SO2
S
P
PHOSPHOROUS H, X, OH P O, S C, P P O, P S SILICON BORON
OH
S
H
b
N
C N C O
N
C
C
C
N
P
N N
N C
S H
SiH B H 2.5 µ
K21599_S08.indb 40
+
Stretch
H,
3.0
4.0
5.0
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts 0XOWLSOH
%RQG
6WUHWFK &
&&+12&203281'6
';63&203281'6 )OXRULGH &KORULGH D DQWL& %URPLGH J JDXFKH ,RGLGH 6 68/3+85 & 6 6 2 62
%RQG
+
LQSODQHEHQGLQJ
&
5
&
VQ
1
1
RSHQFKDLQ 1
&
5
2
RXWRISODQHEHQGLQJ
1
1 1
1
E
+
E
1
1
1 2 5
&
;
1
2
1
15
1
&
1
5 ;
&)
2
1
1
J
D
2 J J
D & =
& &
= 6
6
&
3+263+25286 +;2+ 3 26 &3 3 23 6 6,/,&21 %2521
3
%
+
3
5 3
6
2
IUHH
2
%% 5 % 1
6 6
2+ 32& 6L % 2
2
&
6
=
6
2 39
3+
5
1
&
%
6L
+
2
3&, 36&
3 6 6L & % &,
6L
1
&
1
& &
< &6 6&
2 & 6
3,,, )
)
56&
6
3 2+ 323
DVVSF
& 6
62
1
1
&) D
6
1
&
51
%HQG
+
& 1 &
VG
DQG &
& 1
"
VQ
6WUHWFK
+
1
6LQJOH
+
$PLQHV+
° ° ° 5 $PLGHV ° ° ° /DFWDPV 1 1. 1 1. .& 1 & 1 1LWURVR 1 2 1 2 1 2 1LWUR
8-41
6 2 6
2 363
&,
µ
Aromatic Substitution Bands IR Spectrum 1900
1800
1700
800
700
100 %T
%T
90 Monosub’d
s
s 0 100
100 %T
%T
90 1,2-Disub’d
s
0 100
100 %T
%T
m 90 1,3-Disub’d
ms 0 100
s
100 %T
%T
90 1,4-Disub’d
s
0 100
100 %T
%T m
90 1,2,3-Trisub’d
s
0 100
100 %T 90 1,2,4-Trisub’d 2000
K21599_S08.indb 41
100
Analytical
Substituted benzene ring
%T m 1900
1800 1700 cm1
900
s 800
700
0
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts
8-42
Aromatic Substitution Bands Substituted benzene ring
IR Spectrum 1900
1800
1700
800
700
100 %T
1,3,5-Trisub’d
%T
90
s
s
0 100
100 %T
%T
1,2,3, 90 4-Tetrasub’d
s
0 100
100 %T
%T
1,2,3, 90 5-Tetrasub’d
m
0 100
100 %T
%T
1,2,4, 90 5-Tetrasub’d
m
0 100
100 %T
%T
1,2,3, 90 4,5-Pentasub’d
m
0 100
100 %T
Hexasub’d
100
No C
H Band
%T
90 2000
1900
1800
1700
900
800
700
0
cm-1 Carbonyl Group Absorptions Group
Wavenumber, cm–1 1850
1800
Acid, Chlorides, Aliphatic
1750
1700
1650
1600
1550
1810–1795
Acid Chlorides, Aromatic
1785–1765
Aldehydes, Aliphatic
1740–1718
Analytical
Aldehydes, Aromatic
1710–1685
Amides
1695–1630*
Amides, typical value, 1°
1684
Amides, typical value, 2°
1669
Amides, typical value, 3°
1667 5.41
5.56
5.71
5.88
6.06
6.25
6.45
Wavelength, Pm
Electron withdrawing groups at the D-position to the carbonyl will raise the wavenumber of the absorption.
K21599_S08.indb 42
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts
8-43
Carbonyl Group Absorptions (continued) Wavenumber, cm1
Group
1850
1800
Anhydrides, acyclic, non-conjugated
1750
1700
1825–1815***
Anhydrides, acyclic, conjugated
1780– 1770***
Anhydrides, ayclic non-conjugated
1870– 1845
Anhydrides, cyclic conjugated
1860–1850
1650
1600
1550
6.25
6.45
1755– 1745** 1725–1715**
1800–1775** 1780–1760** 1740– 1683
Carbamates Carbonates, acyclic
1780– 1740
Carbonates, five-membered ring
1850– 1790 1761
Carbonates, vinyl, typical value 5.41
5.56
5.71
5.88
6.06
Wavelength, Pm
This band is the more intense of the two.
Intensity weakens as colinearity is approached. Carbonyl Group Absorptions (continued) Group Carboxylic acid, monomer Carboxylic acid, dimer Carboxylic acid, salts Carboxylic acid, conjugated Carboxylic acid, non-conjugated
Wavenumber, cm1 1800
1750
1700
1650
1600
1550 1450
1400
1350
1800–1740 1720– 1680 1650–1540
1450–1360
1695– 1680 1720– 1700
Esters, formate
1725–1720 1750– 1735
Esters, saturated Esters, conjugated
1735–1715* 5.56
5.71
5.88
6.06
6.25
6.45 6.90
7.14
7.41
Wavelength, µm
Analytical
* Electron withdrawing groups in the α-position to the carbonyl will raise the wavenumber adsorption.
K21599_S08.indb 43
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts
8-44
Carbonyl Group Absorptions (continued) Group Esters, phenyl, typical value Esters, thiol, non-conjugated Esters, thiol, conjugated Esters, vinyl, typical value Esters, vinylidene, typical value
Wavenumber, cm1 1800
1750
1700
1650
1600
1550 1450
1400
1350
6.45 6.90
7.14
7.41
1770 1710– 1680 1700– 1640 1770 1764 1725–1705
Ketones, dialkyl Ketones, D, E- unsaturated Ketones, D, E, and D', E' conjugated
1700–1670
5.56
5.71
5.88
6.06
1680 1640
6.25
Wavelength, µm Carbonyl Group Absorptions (continued) Group
Wavenumber, cm–1
1850
1800
1750
Ketones, in a 5 membered non-conjugated ring
1700
1650
1600
1550
1750– 1740 1670– 1630
Ketones, o-hydroxy aryl
1640– 1580
Diketones, 1, 3-enol form 1780– 1730
Lactams, 4 membered ring
1750– 1700
Lactams, 5 membered ring 1795– 1740
Lactones, 5 membered ring Lactones, 6 membered ring
1750–1715 5.41
5.56
5.71
5.88
6.06
6.25
6.45
Wavelength, µm
Analytical K21599_S08.indb 44
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table provides some of the common potential sources of spurious infrared absorptions that might appear on a spectrum (Refs. 1 and 2]. Occasionally, the spectral lines of some impurities can be used as diagnostics; the reader is referred to the references for more details. Approximate Wavenumber/cm–1 Wavelength/μm
References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.
Compound or Group
Origin
3700
2.70
H2O
Water in solvent (thick layers)
3650
2.74
H2O
Water in some quartz windows
3450
2.9
H2O
2900
3.44
–CH3, >CH2
2350 2330
4.26 4.30
CO2 CO2
Atmospheric absorption, or dissolved gas from a dry ice bath
2300 and 2150
4.35 and 4.65
CS2
Leaky cells, previous analysis of samples dissolved in carbon disulfide
1996
5.01
BO2–
Metaborate in the halide window
1400–2000
5–7
H2O
1820
5.52
COCl2
Hydrogen-bonded water, usually in KBr disks Paraffin oil, residual from previous mulls
Atmospheric absorption Phosgene, decomposition product in purified CHCl3
1755
5.7
1700–1760
5.7–5.9
Phthalic anhydride Decomposition product of phthalate esters or resins; paint off-gas product >C=O
1720
5.8
Phthalates
1640
6.1
H2O
Water of crystallization entrenched in sample Leaky cells, previous analysis
Bottle-cap liners leached by sample Phthalate polymer plastic tubing
1520
6.6
CO2
1430
7.0
CO3–2
Contaminant in halide window
1360
7.38
NO3–
Contaminant in halide window Silicone oil or grease
1270
7.9
>SiO–
1000–1110
9–10
–>Si–O–SiC–Cl
Dissolved R-12 (Freon-12, CCl2F2)
837
11.95
NO3–
823
12.15
KNO3
794
12.6
CCl4 vapor
Leaky cells, from CCl4 used as a solvent
788
12.7
CCl4 liquid
Incomplete drying of cell or contamination, from CCl4 used as a solvent
720 and 730
13.7 and 13.9
Polyethylene
728
13.75
–>Si–F
SiF4, found in NaCl windows
667
14.98
CO3–2
Atmospheric carbon dioxide
Any
Any
Fringes
Glass; silicones From decomposition of sulfates in KBr pellets
Contaminant in halide window From decomposition of nitrates in KBr pellets
Various experimental sources
Analytical
If refractive index of windows is too high, or if the cell is partially empty, or the solid sample is not fully pulverized
K21599_S08.indb 45
8-45
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy David R. Lide This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss). The resonant frequency scales with H0. Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions: For constant H0: 0.0076508(μ/μN)3(I + 1)/I2 For constant ν: 0.23871(μ/μN)(I + 1) μ/μN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton μN Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10-2 barn). Because the determination of quadrupole moments requires knowledge of the electron configu-
Analytical
Z 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19
Isotope 1 n 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 13 C 14 N 15 N 17 O 19 F 21 Ne 23 Na 25 Mg 27 Al 29 Si 31 P 33 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 37 Ar 39 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K
Abundance % 99.9885 0.0115 * 0.000134 7.59 92.41 100 19.9 80.1 1.07 99.636 0.364 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.685 100 0.75 75.76 24.24 * * 93.2581 0.0117 6.7302
I 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 4 3/2
ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 29.1647 42.5775 6.5359 45.4148 32.4380 6.2661 16.5483 5.9842 4.5752 13.6630 10.7084 3.0777 4.3173 5.7742 40.0776 3.3631 11.2688 2.6083 11.1031 8.4655 17.2515 3.2717 4.1765 3.4765 5.819 3.46 1.9893 2.4737 1.0919
ration near the nucleus, values of Q in the literature tend to scatter considerably. The values quoted here come mainly from the review of Pyykkö (Ref. 3), otherwise from Ref. 1. The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykkö in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged.
References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Haynes, W. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 93rd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2012. 2. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 42, 189, 1989. 3. Pyykkö, P., Mol. Phys. 106, 1965, 2008. 4. Stone, N. J., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 90, 75, 2005. 5. IUPAC Commission on Physiochemical Symbols, Terminology and Units, Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Third Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2007. Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.32139 0.6850 1.00000 1.0000 0.00965 0.4094 1.21354 1.0667 0.44220 0.7619 0.00850 0.3925 0.29356 1.9434 0.01388 0.7028 0.01985 1.7193 0.16522 1.6045 0.01591 0.2515 0.00101 0.1928 0.00104 0.1014 0.02910 1.5822 0.83400 0.9413 0.00246 0.3949 0.09270 1.3234 0.00268 0.7147 0.20689 3.0424 0.00786 0.1988 0.06652 0.4052 0.00227 0.3842 0.00472 0.4905 0.00272 0.4083 0.01276 0.6833 0.01130 1.7080 0.00051 0.2336 0.00523 1.5493 0.00008 0.1282
μ/μN –1.91304272 +2.792847337 +0.857438228 +2.9789625 –2.127750 +0.8220467 +3.25644 –1.1776 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 –0.2831888 –1.89379 +2.628868 –0.661797 +2.217522 –0.85545 +3.641507 –0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 –1.59 +0.3914662 –1.298100 +0.2148701
Q/fm2
+0.2860
–0.0808 –4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.044 –2.558 +10.155 +10.4 +19.94 +14.66
–6.78 –8.165 –6.435 +7.6 –12 +5.85 –7.3 +7.11
8-46
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Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy
K21599_S08.indb 47
Isotope 43 Ca 45 Sc 47 Ti 49 Ti 50 V 51 V 53 Cr 55 Mn 57 Fe 59 Co 61 Ni 63 Cu 65 Cu 67 Zn 69 Ga 71 Ga 73 Ge 75 As 77 Se 79 Br 81 Br 83 Kr 85 Rb 87 Rb 87 Sr 89 Y 91 Zr 93 Nb 95 Mo 97 Mo 99 Tc 99 Ru 101 Ru 103 Rh 105 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 111 Cd 113 Cd 113 In 115 In 115 Sn 117 Sn 119 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 123 Te 125 Te 127 I 129 Xe 131 Xe 133 Cs 135 Ba 137 Ba 138 La 139 La 137 Ce 139 Ce 141 Ce 141 Pr
Abundance % 0.135 100 7.44 5.41 0.250 99.750 9.501 100 2.119 100 1.1399 69.15 30.85 4.102 60.108 39.892 7.76 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.500 72.17 27.83 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.90 9.56 * 12.76 17.06 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.29 95.71 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.21 42.79 0.89 7.07 100 26.4006 21.2324 100 6.592 11.232 0.090 99.910 * * * 100
I 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5 7/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 5/2
ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 2.8697 10.3591 2.4041 2.4048 4.2505 11.2133 2.4115 10.5763 1.3816 10.077 3.8114 11.3188 12.1027 2.6685 10.2478 13.0208 1.4897 7.3150 8.1568 10.7042 11.5384 1.6442 4.1253 13.9814 1.8525 2.0949 3.9748 10.4523 2.7874 2.8463 9.6294 1.9553 2.1916 1.3477 1.957 1.7331 1.9924 9.0692 9.4871 9.3655 9.3856 14.0077 15.2610 15.9660 10.2551 5.5532 11.2349 13.5446 8.5778 11.8604 3.5159 5.6234 4.2617 4.7634 5.6615 6.0612 4.88 5.39 2.37 13.0359
Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.00643 1.4154 0.30244 5.1094 0.00210 0.6588 0.00378 1.1861 0.05571 5.5905 0.38360 5.5307 0.00091 0.2832 0.17881 2.8981 0.00003 0.0324 0.27841 4.9703 0.00359 0.4476 0.09393 1.3292 0.11484 1.4213 0.00287 0.7312 0.06971 1.2035 0.14300 1.5291 0.00141 1.1547 0.02536 0.8590 0.00703 0.1916 0.07945 1.2570 0.09951 1.3550 0.00190 1.2744 0.01061 1.1304 0.17704 1.6419 0.00272 1.4358 0.00012 0.0492 0.00949 1.0892 0.48821 8.1013 0.00327 0.7638 0.00349 0.7799 0.38174 7.4635 0.00113 0.5358 0.00159 0.6005 0.00003 0.0317 0.00113 0.5364 0.00007 0.0407 0.00010 0.0468 0.00966 0.2130 0.01106 0.2228 0.35121 7.2589 0.35348 7.2745 0.03561 0.3290 0.04605 0.3584 0.05273 0.3750 0.16302 2.8101 0.04659 2.7390 0.01837 0.2639 0.03219 0.3181 0.09540 2.3504 0.02162 0.2786 0.00282 0.4129 0.04838 2.7736 0.00501 0.5005 0.00700 0.5594 0.09404 5.3189 0.06058 2.9895 0.00752 0.5729 0.01012 0.6326 0.00364 1.1709 0.33483 3.5720
μ/μN –1.317643 +4.756487 –0.78848 –1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 –0.47454 +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 –0.75002 +2.2273456 +2.38161 +0.875205 +2.01659 +2.56227 –0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.5350422 +2.106400 +2.270562 –0.970669 +1.35298 +2.75131 –1.093603 –0.1374154 –1.30362 +6.1705 –0.9142 –0.9335 +5.6847 –0.6413 –0.7188 –0.08840 –0.642 –0.1136796 –0.1306906 –0.5948861 –0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 –0.91883 –1.00104 –1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 –0.7369478 –0.8884509 +2.813273 –0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.838627 +0.937365 +3.713646 +2.7830455 0.96 1.06 1.09 +4.2754
Q/fm2 –4.08 –22.0 +30.2 +24.7 +21 –5.2 –15 +33 +16 +42 +16.2 –22.0 –20.4 +15.0 +17.1 +10.7 –19.6 +31.4 +31.3 +26.2 +25.9 +27.6 +13.35 +30.5 –17.6 –32 –2.2 +25.5 –12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0
+75.9 +77.0
–54.3 –69.2
–69.6 –11.4 –0.343 +16.0 +24.5 +45 +20.0
Analytical
Z 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59
8-47
–5.9
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Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy
8-48
Analytical K21599_S08.indb 48
Z 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Isotope 143 Nd 145 Nd 143 Pm 147 Pm 147 Sm 149 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 155 Gd 157 Gd 159 Tb 161 Dy 163 Dy 165 Ho 167 Er 169 Tm 171 Yb 173 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 177 Hf 179 Hf 181 Ta 183 W 185 Re 187 Re 187 Os 189 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 195 Pt 197 Au 199 Hg 201 Hg 203 Tl 205 Tl 207 Pb 209 Bi 209 Po 211 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 225 Ra 227 Ac 229 Th 231 Pa 235 U 237 Np 239 Pu 243 Am
Abundance % 12.2 8.3 * * 14.99 13.82 47.81 52.19 14.80 15.65 100 18.889 24.896 100 22.869 100 14.28 16.13 97.41 2.59 18.60 13.62 99.988 14.31 37.40 62.60 1.96 16.15 37.3 62.7 33.832 100 16.87 13.18 29.52 70.48 22.1 100 * * * * * * * 100 0.7204 * * *
I 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2
ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 2.319 1.429 11.59 5.62 1.7748 1.4631 10.5856 4.6745 1.312 1.720 10.23 1.4654 2.0508 9.0883 1.2281 3.531 7.5261 2.0730 4.8626 3.451 1.7282 1.0856 5.1627 1.7957 9.7176 9.8170 0.9856 3.3536 0.7658 0.8319 9.2922 0.7406 7.7123 2.8469 24.7316 24.9749 9.0340 6.9630 11.7 9.16 5.95 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.6
Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.00339 1.1440 0.00079 0.7047 0.23510 3.1748 0.04827 2.7714 0.00152 0.8754 0.00085 0.7216 0.17929 2.9006 0.01544 1.2809 0.00015 0.1541 0.00033 0.2020 0.06945 1.2019 0.00048 0.4015 0.00130 0.5619 0.20423 4.4826 0.00050 0.6057 0.00057 0.0829 0.00552 0.1768 0.00135 0.5680 0.03128 2.3984 0.03975 6.0518 0.00140 0.8524 0.00055 0.8414 0.03744 2.5464 0.00008 0.0422 0.13870 2.6628 0.14300 2.6900 0.00001 0.0231 0.00244 0.3938 0.00003 0.0899 0.00004 0.0977 0.01039 0.2182 0.00003 0.0870 0.00594 0.1811 0.00149 0.3343 0.19598 0.5809 0.20182 0.5866 0.00955 0.2122 0.14433 5.3968 0.02096 0.2757 0.00997 0.2152 0.01362 0.6982 0.00017 0.1614 0.01814 0.2627 0.01131 0.6565 0.00042 0.3843 0.06903 1.1995 0.00015 0.4082 0.13264 2.6234 0.00038 0.0727 0.01446 1.2532
μ/μN –1.065 –0.656 +3.80 +2.58 –0.8149 –0.6718 +3.4718 +1.5331 –0.2582 –0.3385 +2.014 –0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 –0.5639 –0.2316 +0.49367 –0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 –0.6409 +2.3705 +0.1177848 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 –0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 –0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 –0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.5
Q/fm2 –63 –33 +74 –26 +7.4 +90.3 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +250.7 +265 +358 +356.5 –120 +280 +349 +497 +336.5 +379.3 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.7
–51.6
+117 +121 +170 +430 –172 +493.6 +388.6 +421
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Properties of Important NMR Nuclei Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table lists the magnetic properties at higher field strengths required for choosing the nuclei to be used in NMR experiments (Refs. 1–15). The reader is referred to several excellent texts and the literature for guidelines in nucleus selection. For more detailed information on these and other less common nuclei at 10 kG, the reader should consult the table entitled Nuclear Spins, Moments and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy in this section.
References 1. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991. 2. Yoder, C. H., and Shaeffer, C. D., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, 1987. 3. Gordon, A. J., and Ford, R. A., The Chemist’s Companion, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1971. 4. Silverstein, R. M., and Webster F. X., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998. Natural Spin Number Isotope Abundance I H1 1 H2 1 3 H * 1 13 C 6 N14 7 N15 7 17 O 8 19 F 9 Si29 14 P31 15 S33 16 35 S * 16 35 Cl 17 Cl36* 17 76 Br * 35 79 Br 35 Br81 35 183 W 74
99.985 0.015 — 1.108 99.635 0.365 0.037 100 4.70 100 0.76 — 75.53 — — 50.54 49.46 14.40
1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 2 1 3/2 3/2 1/2
5. Becker, E. D., High Resolution NMR, Theory and Chemical Applications, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1980. 6. Gunther, H., NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles, Concepts and Applications in Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2003. 7. Rahman, A.-u., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. 8. Harris, R. K., Chem. Soc. Rev. 5, 1, 1976. 9. Kitamaru, R., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Principles and Theory, Elsevier Science, 1990. 10. Lambert, J. B., Holland, L. N., and Mazzola, E. P., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Introduction to Principles, Applications and Experimental Methods, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2003. 11. Bovey, F. A., and Mirau, P. A., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1988. 12. Harris, R. K., and Mann, B. E., NMR and the Periodic Table, Academic Press, London, 1978. 13. Hore, P. J., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. 14. Nelson, J. H., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2003. 15. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.
NMR Frequencya at Indicated Field Strength in kG
10.000
14.092
42.5759 6.53566 45.4129 10.7054 3.0756 4.3142 5.772 40.0541 8.4578 17.235 3.2654 5.08 4.1717 4.8931 4.18 10.667 11.498 1.7716
60.0000 9.21037 63.9980 15.0866 4.3343 6.0798 8.134 42.3537 11.9191 24.288 4.6018 7.16 5.8790 6.8956 5.89 15.032 16.204 2.4966
21.139
23.487
51.567
90.0000 100.0000 220.0000 13.81555 15.35061 33.77134 95.9971 106.6634 234.6595 22.6298 25.1443 55.3174 6.5014 7.2238 15.924 9.1197 10.1330 22.2925 12.201 13.557 29.825 63.5305 94.0769 206.9692 17.8787 19.8652 43.7035 36.433 40.481 89.057 6.9026 7.6696 16.8731 10.74 11.932 26.250 8.8184 9.7983 21.5562 10.3434 11.4927 25.2838 8.84 9.82 21.60 22.549 25.054 55.119 24.305 27.006 59.413 3.7449 4.1610 9.1543
93.950
400.0000 61.40262 426.6542 100.5735 28.9104 40.5306 54.1811 376.2515 79.4638 161.9828 30.6826 47.7267 39.1948 45.9638 39.2768 100.2133 108.0258 16.6430
140.925
223.131
600.0000 950.0000 92.10380 145.9830 639.9813 1013.3024 150.8659 2388.5150 43.3615 68.6557 60.7960 96.2601 81.3186 128.5801 564.3781 893.5963 119.1956 188.72 242.9741 384.7086 46.0238 72.8710 71.5875 113.3508 58.7902 93.0876 68.9432 109.1639 58.9130 93.2822 150.3202 238.0064 162.0386 256.5608 24.9646 39.5272
Nucleus is radioactive 1 kG = 10–1 T, the corresponding SI unit 1 b = 10–28 m2
*
Analytical
a
K21599_S08.indb 49
8-49
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table gives the region of the expected nuclear magnetic resonance absorptions of major chemical families (Refs. 1–12). These absorptions are reported in the dimensionless units of parts per million (ppm) versus the standard compound tetramethylsilane (TMS, structure provided), which is recorded as 0.0 ppm. CH 3 | CH 3 –Si–CH 3 | CH 3
The use of this unit of measure makes the chemical shifts independent of the applied magnetic field strength or the radio frequency. For most proton NMR spectra, the protons in TMS are more shielded than almost all other protons. The chemical shift in this dimensionless unit system is then defined by:
δ=
v s − vr × 10 6 vr
where vs and vr are the absorption frequencies of the sample proton and the reference (TMS) protons (twelve, magnetically equivalent), respectively. In these tables, the proton(s) whose proton NMR shifts are cited are indicated by underscore. Reference 1 provides additional details on the absorptions of other moieties, as well as correlation charts. Family
References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Silverstein, R. M., and Webster, F. X., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition, Wiley, New York, 1998. 3. Rahman, A.-u., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Springer Verlag, New York, 1986. 4. Gordon, A. J., and Ford, R. A., The Chemist’s Companion, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1971. 5. Becker, E. D., High Resolution NMR, Theory and Chemical Applications, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1980. 6. Gunther, H., NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles, Concepts and Applications in Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 2003. 7. Kitamaru, R., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Principles and Theory, Elsevier Science, 1990. 8. Lambert, J. B., Holland, L. N., and Mazzola, E. P., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Introduction to Principles, Applications and Experimental Methods, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ , 2003. 9. Bovey, F. A., and Mirau, P. A., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1988. 10. Hore, P. J., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. 11. Nelson, J. H., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 2003. 12. Abraham, R. J., Fisher, J., and Loftus, P., Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy, Wiley, New York, 1988.
δ of Protons Underlined
Alkanes
CH3–R ~0.8 ppm –CH2–R ~1.1 ppm >CH–R ~1.4 ppm (Cyclopropane 0.2 ppm)
Alkenes
CH3–C=C< –CH2–C=C< >CH–C=C< >C=C–H
~1.6 ppm ~2.1 ppm ~2.5 ppm 4.2 ppm to 6.2 ppm
CH3–C–C=C< ~1.0 ppm –CH2–C–C=C< ~1.4 ppm >CH–C–C=C< ~1.8 ppm
Alkynes
CH3–C≡C– –CH2–C≡C– >CH –C≡C– R–CºC–H
~1.7 ppm ~2.2 ppm ~2.7 ppm ~2.4 ppm
CH3–C–C≡C– ~1.2 ppm >CH2–C–C≡C– ~1.5 ppm >CH –C–C≡C– ~1.8 ppm
Aromatics
C6H5–G G
Range: 8.5 ppm to 6.9 ppm
o– m– p– Analytical
When G=Electron withdrawing (e.g., >C=O, –NO2, –C≡N) o- and p-hydrogens relative to –G are closer to 8.5 ppm (more downfield)
When G=Electron donating (e.g., –NH2, –OH, –OR, –R) o- and p-hydrogens relative to –G are closer to 6.9 ppm (more upfield)
8-50
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4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families
8-51
Organic Oxygen Compounds Family
Approximate δ of Protons Underlined
Alcohols
CH3–OH 3.2 ppm CH3–C-OH 1.2 ppm R–O–H
RCH2–OH 3.4 ppm R2CH–OH 3.6 ppm RCH2–C–OH 1.5 ppm R2CH–C–OH 1.8 ppm (1 ppm to 5 ppm — depending on concentration)
Aldehydes
CH3–CHO 2.2 ppm CH3–C–CHO 1.1 ppm
RCH2–CHO 2.4 ppm RCH2–C–CHO 1.6 ppm
Amides
See organic nitrogen compounds
Anhydrides, acyclic
CH3–C(=O)O– 1.8 ppm CH3–C–C(=O)O– 1.2 ppm
RCH2–C(=O)O– 2.1 ppm RCH2–C–C(=O)O– 1.8 ppm
Anhydrides, cyclic
3.0 ppm
7.1 ppm
O
2.5 ppm
R2CH–C(=O)O– 2.3 ppm R2CH–C–C(=O)O– 2.0 ppm
O C
C
CH2
R2CH–CHO
CH O
O CH
CH2
C
C
O
O
Carboxylic acids
CH3–COOH 2.1 ppm CH3–C–COOH 1.1 ppm R–COO–H
RCH2–COOH 2.3 ppm R–CH2–C–COOH 1.6 ppm 11 ppm to 12 ppm
Cyclic ethers
Oxacyclopropane (oxirane)
2.5 ppm
R2CH–COOH 2.5 ppm R2CH–C–COOH 2.0 ppm
O
Oxacyclobutane (oxetane) 2.7 ppm
O
4.7 ppm
Oxacyclopentane (tetrahydrofuran) 1.9 ppm
O
3.8 ppm
Oxacyclohexane (tetrahydropyran) 1.6 ppm 1.6 ppm
O
3.6 ppm
Analytical
1,4-dioxane O 3.6 ppm
O 1,3-dioxane 1.7 ppm
3.8 ppm Furan
O
4.7 ppm
6.3 ppm O
K21599_S08.indb 51
O
7.4 ppm
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families
8-52 Family
Approximate δ of Protons Underlined
Cyclic ethers (continued) Dihydropyran 1.9 ppm 4.5 ppm
6.2 ppm
O Epoxides
See cyclic ethers
Esters
R = alkyl R = aryl
CH3–COOR 1.9 ppm 2.0 ppm CH3–C–COOR 1.1 ppm CH3–OOC–R 3.6 ppm CH3–C–OOC–R 1.3 ppm
Cyclic esters
2.1 ppm
4.4 ppm
2.3 ppm
RCH2–COOR 2.1 ppm 2.2 ppm RCH2–C–COOR 1.7 ppm RCH2–OOC–R 4.1 ppm RCH2–C–OOC–R 1.6 ppm
1.6 ppm
O
CH3–O–R 3.2 ppm 3.9 ppm CH3–C–O–R 1.2 ppm 1.3 ppm
O O
Ethers
R = alkyl R = aryl R = alkyl R = aryl
Isocyanates
See nitrogen compounds
Ketones
CH3–C(=O)– RCH2–C(=O)– 1.9 ppm R = alkyl 2.1 ppm 2.4 ppm R = aryl 2.7 ppm CH3–C(=O)– RCH2–C(=O)– 1.1 ppm R = alkyl 1.6 ppm 1.2 ppm R = aryl 1.6 ppm Cyclic ketones (n = number of ring carbons) (CH2)n O α–hydrogens β–hydrogens
1.6 ppm 4.1 ppm
2.3 ppm
O
R2CH–COOR 2.3 ppm 2.4 ppm R2CH–C–COOR 1.9 ppm R2CH–OOC–R 4.8 ppm R2CH–C–OOC–R 1.8 ppm
RCH2–O–R 3.4 ppm 4.1 ppm RCH2–C–O–R 1.5 ppm 1.6 ppm
R2CH–O–R 3.6 ppm 4.5 ppm R2CH–C–O–R 1.8 ppm 2.0 ppm
R2CH–C(=O)– 2.3 ppm 3.4 ppm R2CH–C(=O)– 2.0 ppm 2.1 ppm
2.0 ppm to 2.3 ppm (n > 5) 3.0 ppm (n = 4) 1.7 ppm (n = 3) 1.9 ppm to 1.5 ppm
Lactones
See esters, cyclic
Nitro-compounds
See organic nitrogen compounds
Phenols
Ar–O–H
9 ppm to 10 ppm (Ar = aryl group)
Organic Nitrogen Compounds Amides:
δ of Proton(S) (Underlined)
Primary Secondary Tertiary R–C(=O)NH2 R–C(=O)NHR1 R–C(=O)NR1R2 δ/ppm δ/ppm δ/ppm
Analytical
(i) N-substitution R–C(=O)N–H
— 5–12
5–12
—
–C(=O)N–CH3
—
~2.9
~2.9
–C(=O)N–CH2–
—
~3.4
~3.4
–C(=O)N–CH–
—
~3.8
~3.8
(a) alpha
(b) Beta –C(=O)N–C–CH3
~1.1
~1.1
~1.1
–C(=O)N–C–CH2–
~1.5
~1.5
~1.5
–C(=O)N–C–CH–
~1.9
~1.9
~1.9
K21599_S08.indb 52
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families
δ of Proton(S) (Underlined)
8-53
Primary Secondary Tertiary R–C(=O)NH2 R–C(=O)NHR1 R–C(=O)NR1R2 δ/ppm δ/ppm δ/ppm
(ii) C-substitution (a) alpha CH3–C(=O)N
~1.9
~2.0
~2.1
RCH2–C(=O)N
~2.1
~2.1
~2.1
R2CH–C(=O)N
~2.2
~2.2
~2.2
CH3–C–C(=O)N
~1.1
~1.1
~1.1
CH2–C–C(=O)N
~1.5
~1.5
~1.5
–CH–C–C(=O)N
~1.8
~1.8
~1.8
(b) Beta
Amines:
Primary Secondary Tertiary δ of Proton(s) (Underlined) R–NH2 δ/ppm RN–HR δ/ppm RRRN δ/ppm
(i) Apha protons >N–CH3
~2.5
2.3–3.0
~2.2
>N–CH2–
~2.7
2.6–3.4
~2.4
>N–CH
N–C–CH3
~1.1
>N–C–CH2–
~1.4
>N–C–CH
CH–N=C=S
Analytical
–CH–N=C=O ~3.6
~3.4 ~3.7 ~4.0
Nitriles δ/ppm –CH2–O–N=O ~4.8
K21599_S08.indb 53
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families
8-54 Nitrocompounds δ/ppm CH3–NO2
~ 4.1
–CH2–NO2
CH3–C–NO2
~1.6
–CH2–C–NO2 ~2.1 –CH–C–NO2
~4.2 –CH–NO2
~4.4 ~2.5
Organic Sulfur Compounds Family
d of Proton(S) Underlined
Benzothiopyrans sp3 C–H sp3 C–H sp3 C–H
~3.3 ppm sp2 C–H 5.8–6.4 ~3.2 ppm sp2 C–H 5.9–6.3 1.9 ppm to 2.8 ppm
Disulfides
CH3–S–S–R CH2–S–S–R CH–S–S–R
~2.4 ppm ~2.7 ppm ~3.0 ppm
Isothiocyanates
CH3–N=C=S –CH2–N=C=S –CH–N=C=S
~2.4 ppm ~2.7 ppm ~3.0 ppm
2H–1– 4H–1– 2,3,4H–1–
Mercaptans (thiols) CH3–S–H –CH2–S–H –CH–S–H
~2.1 ppm ~2.6 ppm ~3.1 ppm
S-methyl salts
>S+–CH3
Sulfates
(CH3–O)2S(=O)2 ~3.4 ppm
CH3–C–S–S–R ~1.2 ppm CH2–C–S–S–R ~1.6 ppm CH–C–S–S–R ~2.0 ppm
CH3–C–S–H –CH2–C–S–H –CH–C–S–H
~1.3 ppm ~1.6 ppm ~1.7 ppm
~3.2 ppm
Family
δ/ppm of Proton(S) Underlined CH3–S– R–CH2–S– R–CHR–S– Ar–CH2–S– Ar–CHR–S– Ar2–CH–S–
1.8–2.1 1.9–2.4 2.8–3.4 4.1–4.2 3.6–4.2 5.1–5.2
Sulfilimines
CH3(R)S=N–R2
~2.5 ppm ~3.0 ppm
Sulfides
aromatic ~6.8 aromatic ~6.9 aromatic ~7.1
Sulfonamides
CH3–SO2NH2
Sulfonates
CH3–SO2–OR
~3.0 ppm
Sulfones
CH3–SO2–R2
~2.6 ppm
Sulfonic acids CH3–SO3H
CH3–CH2–S– CH3–CHR–S– CH3–CHAr–S– CH3–CR2–S– Ar–CH2–CHR–S– >C=C–CH2–CHAr–S– >C=C–CH2–CAr2–S– R2CH–CH2–S– Ar2 CH–CH2–S– >C=C–CHR–CHAr–S– >C=C–CHR–CAr2–S–
1.1–1.2 0.8–1.2 1.3–1.4 1.0 3.0–3.2 2.4–2.6 2.5 2.6–3.0 4.0–4.2 2.3–2.4 2.8–3.2
~3.0 ppm
Sulfoxides
CH3–S(=O)R –CH2–S(=O)R
~2.5 ppm ~3.1 ppm
Thiocyanates
CH3–S–C≡N –CH2–S–C≡N –CH–S–C≡N
~2.7 ppm ~3.0 ppm ~3.3 ppm
Thiols
See mercaptans
Note: Ar represents aryl.
Analytical K21599_S08.indb 54
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families
8-55
Some Useful 1H Coupling Constants The following chart gives the values of some useful proton NMR coupling constants (in Hz). The single numbers indicate a typical or average value, while in some cases, the range is provided. 1. Freely rotating chains.
H
(–)
0–30
12–15
2. Alcohols with no exchange as in DMSO. 1° = triplet 2° = doublet (broad) 3° = singlet Upon addition of TFA, a sharp singlet results.
H
7 6–8
C
C
H
C
H C
H
∼O
4–10 5 OH
3. Alkenes H C
10 9–13
H C
+1.5
C
C
2.5
to
H (–)
H C
12–18 17
C
0–3 H
C H
10
1–2
H C
H
3–11
H C
C
C
7
6–12 4. Alkynes H C
1–2
(–)
C C
5. Aldehydes H
H
C
1–2
H
H
C C C
C
2–3
H
8
H
C
5–8 C
O
O
H C C
6. Aromatic H
8
1–3 H
6–10 H
∼0.5
Analytical
0–1
K21599_S08.indb 55
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups The chart below summarizes the range of chemical shifts for protons in several classes or organic compounds and substituent groups. The chemical shifts δ are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane.
Reference Mohacsi, E., J. Chem. Edu. 41, 38, 1964 (with permission).
Analytical
8-56
K21599_S08.indb 56
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents
Compound
References 1. Lide, D. R., Editor, Properties of Organic Compounds, ; Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 2. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds, SDBS, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, .
Solvent
H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)
1
CDCl3
2.10
Acetic anhydride
CCl4
2.2
1
Acetone
CDCl3
2.1
1
Acetonitrile
CCl4
1.9
Acrolein (2-Propenal)
CDCl3
6.4
Acrylonitrile
CDCl3
6.3
Allyl alcohol
CDCl3
3.6
4.1
5.1
5.3
6.0
1
Allylamine
CDCl3
1.5
3.3
5.0
5.1
5.9
1
2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (2-Aminoisobutanol)
CCl4
1.1
2.8
3.2
Aniline (Benzenamine)
CCl4
3.3
6.4
6.6
Anisole (Methoxybenzene)
CDCl3
3.8
7.1
1
Benzaldehyde
CDCl3
7.7
10.0
1
Benzene
CDCl3
7.34
Benzeneacetonitrile (Benzyl cyanide)
CCl4
0.8
0.9
Benzenethiol (Phenyl mercaptan)
CCl4
3.2
6.9
Benzonitrile
CCl4
7.5
Benzyl acetate
CDCl3
2.1
5.1
7.3
1
Benzyl alcohol
CDCl3
2.4
4.6
7.3
1
Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine (Diethylenetriamine)
CDCl3
1.23
2.69
2.79
2
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
CDCl3
3.66
3.77
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
CCl4
0.9
1.5
4.2
Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide
CDCl3
2.8
3.8
4.2
Bromobenzene
CCl4
7.1
7.4
1-Bromobutane (Butyl bromide)
CCl4
1.0
1.4
1.8
3.4
1
2-Bromobutane (sec-Butyl bromide)
CDCl3
1.1
1.7
1.8
4.1
1
1-Bromo-2-chloroethane
CDCl3
3.3
4.0
Bromochloromethane
CCl4
5.2
1-Bromodecane (Decyl bromide)
CCl4
0.9
1.8
Bromoethane (Ethyl bromide)
CDCl3
1.7
3.4
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl bromide)
CCl4
1.8
1-Bromonaphthalene
CCl4
7.4
8.1
1-Bromopentane (Pentyl bromide)
CCl4
0.9
1.4
1.9
1-Bromopropane (Propyl bromide)
CCl4
1.0
1.9
3.4
2-Bromopropane (Isopropyl bromide)
CDCl3
1.7
4.3
2-Bromopropene
CDCl3
2.3
5.3
5.5
Butanal
CDCl3
1.0
1.7
2.4
Butanenitrile
CCl4
1.1
1.7
2.3
1-Butanethiol (Butyl mercaptan)
CDCl3
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.5
1
Butanoic acid
CCl4
0.9
1.7
2.3
12.0
1
Butanoic anhydride
CCl4
1.0
1.7
2.4
1-Butanol (Butyl alcohol)
CDCl3
0.94
1.39
1.53
K21599_S08.indb 57
11.4
Ref.
Acetic acid
2
1 9.5
1 1
1 7.0
1
2 1.6
2.3
1 1 1
2 7.4
7.7
1 1 1
1 1 3.3
1 1 1 1 3.3
1 1 1 1
9.7
Analytical
The table below lists the 1H chemical shifts for over 300 organic solvents and liquid reagents. The solvent in which the shift was measured is given in the second column. Shifts are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) and are listed in order of smallest to largest shift. In many cases the peaks show additional small splittings. Compounds are listed by the name used in this Handbook, with other common names given in parentheses.
1 1
1 2.24
3.63
2
8-57
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents
8-58 Compound
Solvent
H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)
1
Ref.
2-Butanol (sec-Butyl alcohol)
CDCl3
0.93
1.17
1.46
2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)
CDCl3
1.06
2.14
2.45
trans-2-Butenal (trans-Crotonaldehyde)
CDCl3
2.0
6.1
6.9
9.5
1
2-Butoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether)
CCl4
0.9
1.3
3.3
3.7
1
Butyl acetate
CDCl3
0.9
1.4
2.0
4.1
1
Butylamine
CDCl3
0.92
1.33
1.43
1.77
tert-Butylamine
CDCl3
1.1
1.2
Butylbenzene
CCl4
0.9
1.4
2.6
7.1
sec-Butylbenzene
CCl4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.5
tert-Butylbenzene
CCl4
1.3
7.2
Butyl formate
CDCl3
0.9
1.5
4.2
8.1
1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene
CDCl3
1.30
2.31
7.11
7.26
Butyl vinyl ether
CCl4
0.9
1.4
3.6
3.8
CDCl3
4.4
Caprolactam
CDCl3
1.7
2.4
2-Chloroaniline
CCl4
3.8
6.8
Chlorobenzene
CDCl3
7.3
2-Chlorobutane (sec-Butyl chloride)
CCl4
1.1
1.5
Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)
CDCl3
1.5
3.6
2-Chloroethanol (Ethylene chlorohydrin)
CDCl3
2.8
3.7
(Chloromethyl)benzene (Benzyl chloride)
CCl4
4.5
7.3
1-Chloro-3-methylbutane (Isopentyl chloride)
CDCl3
0.9
1.7
3.6
1
1-Chloro-2-methylpropane (Isobutyl chloride)
CCl4
1.0
1.9
3.3
1
2-Chloro-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl chloride)
CCl4
1.6
1-Chloronaphthalene
CCl4
7.1
7.5
8.2
1-Chlorooctane (Octyl chloride)
CCl4
0.9
1.3
1.8
1-Chloropentane (Pentyl chloride)
CCl4
0.9
1.6
3.4
1-Chloropropane (Propyl chloride)
CCl4
1.0
1.8
3.4
3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)
CCl4
4.0
5.2
5.3
2-Chlorotoluene
CDCl3
2.4
7.2
1
3-Chlorotoluene
CCl4
2.3
7.1
1
Cyclohexane
CDCl3
1.43
Cyclohexanol
CCl4
1.6
3.5
Cyclohexanone
CCl4
1.8
2.3
Cyclohexene
CCl4
1.6
2.0
5.6
1
Cyclohexylamine
CCl4
1.4
1.5
2.6
1
Cyclopentane
CCl4
1.5
Cyclopentanone
CCl4
2.0
cis-Decahydronaphthalene (cis-Decalin)
CDCl3
1.42
1.62
trans-Decahydronaphthalene (trans-Decalin)
CDCl3
0.87
0.93
Decane
CCl4
0.9
1.3
Diacetone alcohol
CDCl3
1.3
2.2
1,2-Dibromoethane
CDCl3
3.65
Dibromomethane
CCl4
4.9
1,2-Dibromopropane
CCl4
1.8
3.5
3.8
4.2
1
Dibutylamine
CCl4
0.5
0.9
1.4
2.5
1
Dibutyl ether
CCl4
0.9
1.4
3.3
Dibutyl sebacate
CCl4
1.0
1.5
2.2
o-Dichlorobenzene
CCl4
7.2
m-Dichlorobenzene
CCl4
7.2
7.4
1
1,1-Dichloroethane
CDCl3
2.06
5.90
2
1,2-Dichloroethane
CCl4
3.7
γ-Butyrolactone
Analytical
K21599_S08.indb 58
2.37
3.71
2 2
2.68
2 1 1
7.1
1 1 1 2
4.0
6.3
1 1
3.2
7.8
1 1 2
1.7
3.9
1 1
3.8
1 1
1 1 3.5
1 1 1
5.9
1
2 4.2
1 1
1 1 2 1.23
1.54
1.67
2 1
2.6
3.7
1 2 1
1 4.0
1 1
1
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Solvent
H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)
1
Ref.
1,1-Dichloroethene
CCl4
5.5
1
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene
CDCl3
6.28
2
trans-1,2-Dichloroethene
(CH3)4Si
6.24
2
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)
CCl4
5.3
1
(Dichloromethyl)benzene (Benzal chloride)
CCl4
6.6
7.4
1,2-Dichloropropane
CDCl3
1.61
3.59
3.74
2,4-Dichlorotoluene
CCl4
2.3
7.0
7.3
3,4-Dichlorotoluene
CCl4
2.3
7.0
1
Diethanolamine
D2O
2.7
3.7
1
1,1-Diethoxyethane (Acetal)
CDCl3
1.2
1.3
3.5
1,2-Diethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol diethyl ether)
CDCl3
1.22
3.54
3.58
1
Diethylamine
CCl4
0.9
1.0
2.6
1
Diethyl carbonate
CDCl3
1.3
4.2
1
Diethylene glycol
CDCl3
3.7
4.2
1
Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme)
CDCl3
3.3
3.5
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol)
CCl4
1.2
3.1
3.5
3.6
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate
CDCl3
1.22
2.08
3.54
3.71
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether
CDCl3
3.3
3.4
3.6
Diethyl ether
CDCl3
1.21
3.47
Diethyl sulfide
CCl4
1.2
2.5
Diisopropylamine
CCl4
0.7
1.0
Diisopropyl ether
CCl4
1.0
3.5
1
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene (Veratrole)
CCl4
3.7
6.8
1
1,2-Dimethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)
CCl4
3.3
3.4
1
Dimethoxymethane (Methylal)
CCl4
3.2
4.4
N,N-Dimethylacetamide
CDCl3
2.1
2.9
3.0
2,4-Dimethylaniline (2,4-Xylidine)
CCl4
2.0
2.2
3.4
6.4
6.7
1
2,2-Dimethylbutane (Neohexane)
CCl4
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.3
1
2,3-Dimethylbutane
CCl4
0.9
1.5
N,N-Dimethylformamide
CDCl3
2.9
3.0
8.0
1
Dimethyl glutarate
CDCl3
2.0
2.4
3.7
1
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone (Isovalerone)
CCl4
0.9
2.1
1
2,5-Dimethylhexane
CCl4
0.9
1.4
1
Dimethyl maleate
CCl4
3.7
6.2
2,2-Dimethylpentane
CDCl3
0.9
0.9
1.2
1
2,4-Dimethylpentane
CCl4
0.9
1.1
1.6
1
2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone (Diisopropyl ketone)
CCl4
1.0
2.6
2,4-Dimethylpyridine (2,4-Lutidine)
CDCl3
2.3
2.5
7.0
2,6-Dimethylpyridine (2,6-Lutidine)
CDCl3
2.51
6.93
7.42
Dimethyl sulfoxide
CDCl3
2.62
2
1,4-Dioxane
CDCl3
3.69
2
1,3-Dioxolane
CDCl3
3.88
4.90
Dipentyl ether (Amyl ether)
CDCl3
0.9
1.4
Dipropylamine
CDCl3
1.5
2.6
Dodecane
CCl4
0.9
1.3
1-Dodecene
CCl4
0.9
1.3
2.0
5.4
Epichlorohydrin
CCl4
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.5
3.6
1
1,2-Epoxybutane (Ethyloxirane)
CCl4
1.0
1.5
2.3
2.6
2.7
1
1,2-Ethanediamine
CCl4
1.2
2.6
1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)
D2O
3.7
1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate (Ethylene glycol diacetate)
CCl4
2.0
4.2
Ethanol
CDCl3
1.23
2.61
K21599_S08.indb 59
1 4.14
2 1
3.7
4.7
2
1 1 4.23
2 1 2 1
2.9
1
1 1
1
1
1 7.0
8.4
1 2
2 3.4
1 1 1
Analytical
Compound
8-59
1
1 1 1 3.69
2
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents
8-60 Compound
Solvent
H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)
1
Ref.
Analytical
Ethanolamine
CDCl3
2.7
2.8
3.5
Ethoxybenzene (Phenetole)
CCl4
1.3
3.9
6.9
2-Ethoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve)
CDCl3
1.22
2.70
3.55
3.72
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate)
CCl4
1.2
2.0
3.4
3.5
Ethyl acetate
CDCl3
1.26
2.04
4.12
Ethyl acetoacetate
CDCl3
1.3
1.9
2.2
3.3
4.1
Ethyl acrylate (Ethyl propenoate)
CCl4
1.3
4.1
5.7
6.1
6.3
Ethylamine
D2O
1.1
2.6
Ethylbenzene
CDCl3
1.3
2.7
7.2
Ethyl benzoate
CCl4
1.3
4.3
7.4
8.0
Ethyl butanoate
CCl4
0.9
1.2
1.7
2.2
Ethyl cyanoacetate
CCl4
1.3
3.4
4.3
1
Ethylcyclohexane
CDCl3
0.9
1.9
1.4
1
Ethylene carbonate
CDCl3
4.5
Ethyl formate
CCl4
1.3
4.2
7.9
2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
CDCl3
1.0
1.4
3.8
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol
CDCl3
0.9
1.3
1.8
3.5
1
Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate
CDCl3
1.0
1.3
1.9
4.1
1
3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane
CCl4
0.9
0.9
1.5
Fluorobenzene
CCl4
7.0
2-Fluorotoluene
CCl4
2.2
6.9
3-Fluorotoluene
CCl4
2.3
6.9
4-Fluorotoluene
CCl4
2.2
6.8
Furan
CDCl3
6.38
7.44
Furfural
CDCl3
6.6
7.3
7.7
9.7
Furfuryl alcohol
CDCl3
2.8
4.6
6.3
7.4
Glycerol
D2O
3.6
Glycerol triacetate (Triacetin)
CDCl3
2.1
4.2
4.3
Heptane
CDCl3
0.88
1.27
1.30
1-Heptanol
CCl4
0.9
1.4
3.4
3.5
1
3-Heptanol
CCl4
0.9
1.4
2.3
3.4
1
2-Heptanone (Methyl pentyl ketone)
CCl4
0.9
1.3
2.0
2.3
1
3-Heptanone (Ethyl butyl ketone)
CCl4
1.0
1.4
2.3
1-Heptene
CCl4
0.9
1.4
2.0
Hexane
CDCl3
0.89
1.27
1.29
Hexanedinitrile (Adiponitrile)
CDCl3
1.8
2.5
Hexanenitrile
CDCl3
0.9
1.5
2.3
Hexanoic acid (Caproic acid)
CDCl3
0.9
1.4
2.4
11.4
1-Hexanol
CDCl3
0.90
1.32
1.56
1.79
Hexyl acetate
CCl4
0.9
1.4
2.0
4.0
3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (Hydracrylonitrile)
CDCl3
2.6
3.4
3.9
Iodobenzene
CCl4
6.8
7.5
7.7
1-Iodobutane (Butyl iodide)
CDCl3
1.0
1.7
1.9
4.2
1
2-Iodobutane (sec-Butyl iodide)
CDCl3
1.0
1.7
1.9
4.2
1
Iodoethane (Ethyl iodide)
CDCl3
1.2
2.6
3.7
Iodomethane (Methyl iodide)
CDCl3
2.2
1-Iodopropane (Propyl iodide)
CCl4
1.0
1.8
2-Iodopropane (Isopropyl iodide)
CDCl3
1.9
4.3
Isobutanal (2-Methyl-1-propanal)
CCl4
1.1
2.4
9.6
Isobutyl acetate
CCl4
0.9
1.9
2.0
3.8
1
Isobutylbenzene
CCl4
0.9
1.9
2.4
7.1
1
Isobutyl formate
CDCl3
1.0
2.0
3.9
8.0
1
K21599_S08.indb 60
1 1 2 4.1
1 2 4.9
1 1 1 1 1
4.1
1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
7.0
1 2 1 1 1 5.2
1 2
1 4.9
5.7
1 2 1 1 1
3.62
2 1 1 1
1 1
3.2
1 1 1
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Solvent
H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)
Ref.
1
Isobutyl isobutanoate
CCl4
0.9
1.2
1.9
2.5
Isopentyl acetate
CDCl3
0.9
1.5
2.0
4.0
1
Isophorone
CDCl3
1.04
1.95
2.19
5.88
2
Isopropyl acetate
CDCl3
0.9
1.4
1.6
2.4
1
Isopropylbenzene (Cumene)
CDCl3
1.3
2.4
2.9
7.3
1
1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene (p-Cymene)
CDCl3
1.2
2.3
2.9
7.1
1
Isoquinoline
CDCl3
8.5
9.3
d-Limonene (Citrene)
CCl4
1.4
1.7
1.9
4.6
Mesityl oxide
CDCl3
1.89
2.14
2.16
6.09
Methanol
CDCl3
3.43
3.66
2-Methoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)
CDCl3
2.5
3.4
3.5
3.7
2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate)
CDCl3
2.09
3.39
3.59
4.22
Methyl acetate
CCl4
2.0
3.7
2-Methylacrylonitrile
CDCl3
2.0
5.7
5.8
2-Methylaniline (o-Toluidine)
CCl4
2.0
3.2
6.7
3-Methylaniline (m-Toluidine)
CCl4
2.2
3.3
6.4
6.9
N-Methylaniline
CCl4
2.7
3.3
6.4
6.6
Methyl benzoate
CCl4
3.8
7.4
8.0
3-Methylbutanoic acid (Isovaleric acid)
CCl4
1.0
2.2
11.0
3-Methyl-1-butanol (Isopentyl alcohol)
CCl4
0.9
1.5
3.5
Methyl cyanoacetate
CDCl3
3.5
3.8
Methylcyclohexane
CCl4
0.9
1.4
cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol
CDCl3
0.9
1.5
2.9
N-Methylformamide
CDCl3
2.82
7.4
8.16
Methyl formate
CDCl3
3.76
8.07
2-Methylheptane
CCl4
0.9
1.3
4-Methylheptane
CDCl3
0.8
0.9
1.4
2-Methylhexane
CDCl3
0.9
0.9
1.4
5-Methyl-2-hexanone (Methyl isopentyl ketone)
CCl4
0.9
1.4
2.0
2.3
1
Methyl methacrylate (Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate)
CDCl3
2.0
3.8
5.6
6.1
1
2-Methyloctane
CCl4
0.9
1.0
1.3
1
2-Methylpentane
CCl4
0.8
0.9
1.5
1
3-Methylpentane
CCl4
0.8
1.5
2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (Hexylene glycol)
CCl4
1.1
1.2
1.3
4-Methylpentanenitrile
CCl4
1.0
1.6
2.3
4-Methyl-2-pentanol
CCl4
0.9
1.1
3-Methyl-3-pentanol
CCl4
0.9
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone)
CDCl3
2-Methylpropanenitrile (Isobutyronitrile)
CDCl3
2-Methylpropanoic acid (Isobutyric acid)
3.8
1
1 5.3
1 2 2
3.5
3.7
1 2 1 1 1 1
7.1
1 1 1
4.1
1 1 1
3.9
1 2 2 1 1 1
1 1.4
1.6
4.2
1.3
1.8
3.5
3.7
1.1
1.4
1.8
0.9
2.1
2.3
1.3
2.7
CCl4
1.2
2.6
2-Methyl-1-propanol (Isobutyl alcohol)
CCl4
0.9
1.7
2-Methyl-2-propanol (tert-Butyl alcohol)
CDCl3
1.3
1.4
2-Methylpyridine (2-Picoline)
CCl4
2.5
3-Methylpyridine (3-Picoline)
CCl4
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
4.7
4.9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3.3
4.0
6.9
7.4
8.4
1
2.3
7.0
7.4
8.4
1
CDCl3
2.1
2.4
2.8
3.4
Methyl salicylate
CCl4
3.9
6.7
6.9
7.3
2-Methylthiophene
CDCl3
2.5
6.7
6.9
7.0
Morpholine
CDCl3
2.59
2.86
3.67
2
Nitrobenzene
CCl4
7.52
7.65
8.19
2
Nitroethane
CDCl3
1.6
4.3
Nitromethane
CCl4
4.2
1-Nitropropane
CDCl3
1.0
K21599_S08.indb 61
1 1
1 7.7
10.6
Analytical
Compound
8-61
1 1
1 1
2.1
4.4
1
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents
8-62 Compound
Solvent
H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)
Ref.
1
Nonane
CDCl3
0.9
1.3
Octane
CDCl3
0.88
1.26
1-Octanol
CDCl3
0.88
1.29
1.5
2.40
2-Octanone (Hexyl methyl ketone)
CCl4
0.9
1.4
2.1
2.4
1-Octene
CCl4
0.9
1.3
2.1
4.8
Pentane
CDCl3
0.88
1.26
1.30
1,5-Pentanediol (Pentamethylene glycol)
D2O
1.5
3.6
2,4-Pentanedione (Acetylacetone)
CCl4
2.0
2.2
3.5
Pentanenitrile (Valeronitrile)
CCl4
1.0
1.6
2.3
Pentanoic acid (Valeric acid)
CCl4
0.9
1.5
2.3
11.7
1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol)
CCl4
0.9
1.4
3.5
4.4
2-Pentanol (sec-Amyl alcohol)
CDCl3
0.9
1.2
1.3
2.2
3-Pentanol (Diethyl carbinol)
CCl4
0.9
1.4
3.3
3.4
1
2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone)
CCl4
0.9
1.6
2.0
2.3
1
3-Pentanone (Diethyl ketone)
CCl4
1.0
2.4
Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate)
CCl4
0.9
1.4
2.0
4.0
Pentylamine (Amylamine)
CDCl3
0.9
1.4
2.7
CDCl3
0.84
1.16
1.27
Piperidine
CDCl3
1.53
2.18
2.79
Propanal
CDCl3
1.1
2.4
9.8
1,2-Propanediol (1,2-Propylene glycol)
CDCl3
1.1
3.4
3.9
1,3-Propanediol (Trimethylene glycol)
D2O
1.8
3.7
1
Propanenitrile
CCl4
1.3
2.3
1
Propanoic acid
CDCl3
1.1
2.4
Propanoic anhydride
CCl4
1.2
2.4
1-Propanol (Propyl alcohol)
CDCl3
0.9
1.6
2.3
2-Propanol (Isopropyl alcohol)
CDCl3
1.2
1.6
4.0
Propargyl alcohol (3-Hydroxy-1-propyne)
CDCl3
2.5
2.8
4.3
Propyl acetate
CCl4
0.9
1.6
2.0
4.0
1
Propylamine
CCl4
0.9
1.5
2.1
2.7
1
Propylbenzene
CDCl3
0.9
1.6
2.6
Propyl formate
CCl4
1.0
1.7
4.1
Pyridine
CDCl3
7.23
7.62
8.59
2
Pyrrole
CDCl3
6.2
6.7
8.0
1
Pyrrolidine
C6H6
1.5
2.4
2.7
1
2-Pyrrolidone
CDCl3
2.2
3.4
7.7
1
Quinoline
CCl4
7.1
7.8
8.8
Salicylaldehyde (2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde)
CDCl3
7.0
7.4
9.8
11.0
1
Styrene
CCl4
5.1
5.6
6.6
7.2
1
Sulfolane
CDCl3
2.2
3.0
CDCl3
1.02
1.77
2.09
2.28
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
CDCl3
4.29
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
CDCl3
5.91
Tetraethylene glycol
CCl4
3.5
3.6
1
Tetrahydrofuran
CDCl3
1.84
3.73
2
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene
CDCl3
1.8
2.8
Tetrahydropyran
CCl4
1.6
3.6
1
Tetrahydrothiophene
CDCl3
1.9
2.8
1
Tetramethylsilane
CCl4
0.0
1
Tetramethylurea
CCl4
2.8
1
Thiophene
CDCl3
7.1
7.3
1
Toluene
CDCl3
2.34
7.18
2
α-Pinene
α-Terpinene Analytical
K21599_S08.indb 62
1 1 3.60
2 1
4.9
5.7
1 2 1
5.4
14.7
1 1 1 1
3.7
1
1 1 1 1.66
1.93
2.19
2.33
5.19
2 2 1
4.3
1
10.5
1 1 3.6
1 1 1
1 7.9
1
1
1 5.59
5.62
2 2 2
7.1
1
4/3/14 11:32 AM
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Compound
8-63 Solvent
H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)
1
Ref.
Tribromomethane (Bromoform)
CCl4
6.8
Tributylamine
CCl4
0.9
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
CCl4
2.7
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
CDCl3
4.0
Trichloroethene
CCl4
6.5
1
Trichloroethylsilane
CCl4
1.3
1
Trichloromethane (Chloroform)
CCl4
7.2
(Trichloromethyl)benzene (Benzotrichloride)
CCl4
7.3
7.8
1
Tridecane
CCl4
0.9
1.3
1
1 1.3
2.3
1 1
5.8
1
1
Triethanolamine
D2O
2.7
3.6
1
Triethylamine
CCl4
1.0
2.4
1
Triethylene glycol
CDCl3
3.5
3.7
1
Triethyl phosphate
CDCl3
1.4
4.1
1
2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
CDCl3
3.4
3.9
1
(Trifluoromethyl)benzene (Benzotrifluoride)
CCl4
7.5
Trimethylamine
CCl4
2.12
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Hemimellitene)
CDCl3
2.2
2.3
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Pseudocumene)
CCl4
2.2
6.8
1
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Mesitylene)
CDCl3
2.3
6.8
1
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane (Triptane)
CCl4
0.8
1.3
1
2,2,5-Trimethylhexane
CCl4
0.9
1.2
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
CCl4
0.8
0.8
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
CCl4
0.8
1.9
Trimethyl phosphate
CDCl3
3.78
2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine (2,4,6-Collidine)
CCl4
2.2
2.4
6.6
1-Undecene
CCl4
0.9
1.3
2.0
4.8
Vinyl acetate
CDCl3
2.1
4.6
4.9
7.3
o-Xylene
CDCl3
2.22
7.07
m-Xylene
CDCl3
2.28
6.95
p-Xylene
CDCl3
2.30
7.05
1 2 7.0
1
1 1.4
1 1 2 1 4.9
5.6
1 1 2 2 2
Analytical
7.11
K21599_S08.indb 63
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13
C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos
The table below lists the 13C chemical shift ranges (in ppm) with the corresponding functional groups in descending order. Some typical simple compounds for every family are given to illustrate the corresponding range. The shifts for the carbons of interest are given in parentheses, either for each carbon as it appears from left to right in the formula, or by the underscore (Refs. 1–17). In Ref. 1, the reader can find additional details, correlation charts, additivity rules and the expected 13C peaks attributed to common solvents.
References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Yoder, C. H., and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR: Theory and Application, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Menlo Park, CA, 1987. 3. Brown, D. W., J. Chem. Educ. 62, 209, 1985. 4. Silverstein, R. M., and Webster F. X., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998. 5. Becker, E. D., High Resolution NMR, Theory and Chemical Applications, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1980.
δ/ppm
Group
Family
6. Gunther, H., NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles, Concepts and Applications in Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 2003. 7. Kitamaru, R., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Principles and Theory, Elsevier Science, 1990. 8. Lambert, J. B., Holland, L. N., and Mazzola, E. P., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Introduction to Principles, Applications and Experimental Methods, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2003. 9. Bovey, F. A., and Mirau, P. A., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1988. 10. Harris, R. K., and Mann, B. E., NMR and the Periodic Table, Academic Press, London, 1978. 11. Hore, P. J., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. 12. Nelson, J. H., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 2003. 13. Levy, G. C., Lichter, R. L., and Nelson, G. L., Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 1980. 14. Pihlaja, K., and Kleinpeter, E., Carbon-13 NMR Chemical Shifts in Structural and Stereochemical Analysis, VCH, New York, 1994. 15. Aldrich Library of 1H and 13C FT-NMR Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI, 1996. 16. Balci, M., Basic 1H- and 13C-NMR Spectroscopy, Elsevier, London, 2005. 17. http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/handouts/nmr-c13/cdata.htm, 2009. Example (δ of Underlined Carbon)
220–165
>C=O
(CH3)2CO (CH3)2CHCOCH3 CH3CHO Aldehydes α,β-unsaturated carbonyls CH3CH=CHCHO CH2=CHCOCH3 HCO2H Carboxylic acids CH3CO2H HCONH2 Amides CH3CONH2 CH3CO2CH2CH3 Esters CH2=CHCO2CH3
140–120
>C=C
C–O– |
Esters, alcohols
CH3OOCCH2CH3 HOCH3 HOCH2CH3
(57.6, 67.9) (49.0) (57.0)
CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2
(26.9) (35.9)
Sulfides (thioethers)
C6H5–S–CH3
15.6
Alkanes, cycloalkanes
CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 Cyclohexane
(–2.3) (5.7) (15.8, 16.3) (13.4, 25.2) (13.9, 22.8, 34.7) (26.9)
Analytical
>C–OH | 40–20
>C–NH2 Amines |
30–15
–S–CH3
30–(–2.3) >CH–
8-64
K21599_S08.indb 64
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13
C NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents
The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solvents. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3
References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.
Formula CD3COOD (CH3)2C=O (CD3)2C=O CD3C≡N C6H6 C6D6 CS2 CCl4 CHCl3 CDC13 C6D12 CD2C12 (CD3)2NCDO (CD3)2S=O C4D3O2 DCOOD CD3OD CD3NO2 C5H5N C5D5N CDC12CDC12 C4D8O CFC13
Chemical shift (ppm) 20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C≡N) 128.5 128.4 192.3 96.0 77.2 77.05 27.5 53.6 31 (CD3) 36 (CD3) 162.4 (C=O) 39.6 67.4 165.5 49.3 57.3 123.6 (C3) 135.7 (C4) 149.8 (C2) 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 75.5 25.8 (C2) 67.9 (C1) 117.6
Analytical
Solvent Acetic acid-d4 Acetone Acetone-d6 Acetonitrile-d3 Benzene Benzene-d6 Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform-d3 Cyclohexane-d12 Dichloromethane-d2 Dimethylformamide-d7 Dimethylsulfoxide-d6 Dioxane-d8 Formic acid-d2 Methanol-d4 Nitromethane-d3 Pyridine Pyridine-d5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d2 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 Trichlorofluoromethane
2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. 3. Rahman, A.-U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. 4. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989.
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15
N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos
The following table contains 15N NMR chemical shifts of various organic nitrogen compounds. Chemical shifts are expressed relative to different standards (NH3, NH4Cl, CH3NO2, NH4NO3, HNO3, etc.) and are interconvertible. Chemical shifts are sensitive to hydrogen bonding and are solvent dependent as seen in the case of pyridine (see footnote a below). Consequently, the reference as well as the solvent should always accompany chemical shift data. All shifts are relative to ammonia unless otherwise specified (Refs. 1–16). A section of “miscellaneous” data gives the chemical shift of special compounds relative to unusual standards. In Ref. 16, the reader can find additional details, correlation charts, and spin-spin coupling ranges.
References 1. Levy, G. C., and Lichter, R. L., Nitrogen-15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979. 2. Yoder, C. H., and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, 1987. Chemical Shift Range/ppm
Family
Analytical
53.1 ± 6.8 208.4 ± 9.6 584 ± 42 ≥435.67 ± 0.77 843.85 ± 0.10 115 19 ± 8 58.2 ± 10.6 20.3 ± 10 7.55 64.9 ± 3.0 ~24.9 95.8 ± 3.9 98.64 ± 0.29 6.4 ~9.04 37 ± 19 ~28.6 40.87 ± 0.13 509 ± 15 >251 220 ± 7 576.8 ± 9.6 688 ± 11 501.7 ± 20.3 404.7 ± 0.2 73.28 ± 0.12 267 ± 84 352.9 441.4 309.6 596 ± 32 753 ± 15
Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A+ −B Ne+ −H Ne+ −He Ne+ −Ne Ni+ −Ar Ni+ −Br Ni+ −C Ni+ −Cl Ni+ −D Ni+ −F Ni+ −H Ni+ −He Ni+ −I Ni+ −Ne Ni+ −Ni Ni+ −O Ni+ −S Ni+ −Si Np+ −F Np+ −O Np+–S O+ −Ar O+ −F O+ −H O+ −N O+ −O Os+ −H Os+ −O P+ −C P+ −Cl P+ −F P+ −H P+ −N P+ −O P+ −P P+ −S Pa+ −O Pa+–S Pb+ −Br Pb+ −Cl Pb+ −F Pb+ −O Pb+ −Pb Pb+ −S Pb+ −Se Pb+ −Te Pd+ −C Pd+ −H Pd+ −O Pd+ −Pd Pd+ −S Pd+ −Si Pr+ −Au Pr+ −Br Pr+ −Cl Pr+ −F Pr+ −I Pr+ −O Pt+ −Ar Pt+ −B Pt+ −C Pt+ −Cl
Do298 / kJ mol–1 1239 13.0 ± 0.8 125.29 ± 1.93 53.9 >289 418 192 ± 4 166.0 ± 7.7 ≥456 158.1 ± 7.7 12.4 ± 0.4 >297 9.9 ± 0.4 208 275.9 ± 7.7 241.0 ± 3.9 326 ± 6.7 730 ± 100 760 ± 10 491 ± 52 33.8 301.8 ± 8.4 487.9 ± 0.34 1050.64 ± 0.13 647.75 ± 0.17 240.1 ± 9.6 418 ± 50 512 ± 42 289 490.6 ± 8.4 329.6 ± 2.1 483 ± 21 791.3 ± 8.4 481 ± 50 606 ± 34 800 ± 50 525 ± 86 260 ± 63 285 ± 63 347 ± 32 247 ± 8.4 214 ± 29 227.7 ± 10.6 169.4 ± 6.3 163 ± 63 528 ± 5 208.4 ± 8.7 145 ± 11 197 ± 29 197 ± 6 289 ± 50 317 ± 81 357.7 445.0 557 ± 63 317.0 796 ± 15 36.4 ± 8.7 398 ± 105 530.5 ± 4.8 249.8 ± 14.5
Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 20 1 1 1 1 1 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 20 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Bond Dissociation Energies Pt+ −H Pt+ −N Pt+ −O Pt+ −Pt Pt+ −Si Pt+ −Xe Pu+ −F Pu+ −O Pu+–S Rb+ −Ar Rb+ −Br Rb+ −Cl Rb+ −I Rb+ −Kr Rb+ −Na Rb+ −Ne Rb+ −O Rb+ −Rb Rb+ −Xe Re+ −C Re+ −H Re+ −O Rh+ −C Rh+ −H Rh+ −O Rh+ −S Ru+ −C Ru+ −H Ru+ −O Ru+ −S S+ −C S+ −F S+ −H S+ −N S+ −O S+ −P S+ −S Sc+ −C Sc+ −Cl Sc+ −F Sc+ −Fe Sc+ −H Sc+ −O Sc+ −S Sc+ −Se Sc+ −Si Se+ −F Se+ −H Se+ −P Se+ −S Se+ −Se Si+ −Au Si+ −B Si+ −Br Si+ −C Si+ −Cl Si+ −F Si+ −H Si+ −O Si+ −P Si+ −Pd
K21599_S09.indb 89
Do298 / kJ mol–1
275 ± 5 326.9 ± 9.6 318.4 ± 6.7 318 ± 23 515 ± 50 86.6 ± 28.9 562 ± 50 651 ± 19 420 ± 23 12.0 17.6v5.1 10.5 ± 10.5 27 ± 42 14.9 50.1 ± 3.9 6.95 29 75.6 ± 9.6 21.5 497.7 ± 3.9 224.7 ± 6.7 435 ± 59 414 ± 17 164.8 ± 3.8 295.0 ± 5.8 251.8 ± 11.6 594.3 ± 6.8 160.2 ± 5.0 372 ± 5 293.3 ± 9.6 620.8 ± 1.3 343.5 ± 4.8 348.2 ± 1.7 516 ± 34 524.3 ± 0.4 573 ± 21 522.4 ± 0.5 326 ± 6 410 ± 42 605 ± 32 201 ± 21 235 ± 8 689 ± 5 529.7 ± 17.4 475.8 ± 8.4 242.3 ± 10.5 364 ± 42 304 514 ± 25 392 ± 19 413 ± 19 175 ± 50 351 ± 15 276 ± 96 365 ± 50 591.0 ± 0.6 684.1 ± 5.4 316.6 ± 2.1 478 ± 13.4 272 ± 50 237 ± 50
Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 15 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A+ −B Si+ −Pt Si+ −S Si+ −Si Si+ −Te Sm+ −Br Sm+ −Cl Sm+ −F Sm+ −I Sm+ −O Sn+ −Br Sn+ −Cu Sn+ −F Sn+ −O Sn+ −S Sn+ −Se Sn+ −Sn Sn+ −Te Sr+ −Ar Sr+ −Br Sr+ −Cl Sr+ −F Sr+ −H Sr+ −I Sr+ −Kr Sr+ −Ne Sr+ −O Sr+ −Sr Ta+–C Ta+ −H Ta+ −O Ta+ −-Ta Tb+ −Cu Tb+ −O Tc+ −H Tc+ −O Te+ −H Te+ −O Te+ −P Te+ −Se Te+ −Si Te+ −Te Th+ −Cl Th+ −F Th+ −O Th+ −Pt Th+ −Rh Th+–S Ti+ −C Ti+ −Cl Ti+ −F Ti+ −H Ti+ −N Ti+ −O Ti+ −Pt Ti+ −S Ti+ −Si Ti+ −Ti Tl+ −Br Tl+ −Cl Tl+ −F Tl+ −I
Do298 / kJ mol–1
525 ± 50 387.5 ± 6.0 334 ± 19 347 ± 50 343.3 435.4 620.9 299.1 569 ± 15 335 ± 50 184 ± 96 364 ± 29 281 ± 10 240 ± 19 174 ± 6.3 193 168.7 ± 8.4 13.32 ± 2.92 378.1 ± 8.4 427 ± 8.4 615 ± 50 209 ± 5 308.2 18.13 ± 6.94 4.52 ± 9.6 298.7 108.5 ± 1.6 369.4 ± 3.9 230 ± 6 688.7 ± 11.6 666 245 ± 34 722 ± 15 197.5 >167 305 ± 12 339 ± 50 415 ± 97 342 ± 19 339.6 278 ± 29 499 ± 29 682 ± 29 843 ± 25 388 ± 193 504 ± 67 570 ± 75 395 ± 23 426.8 ≥456 226.6 ± 10.6 501 ± 13 667 ± 7 82 ± 96 461.1 ± 6.8 249 ± 16 229 52 ± 50 26 ± 4 13 ± 21 133 ± 21
Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 14 1 1 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A+ −B Tl+ −Tl Tm+ −Br Tm+ −Cl Tm+ −F Tm+ −I Tm+ −O U+ −Br U+ −C U+ −Cl U+ −D U+ −F U+ −H U+ −N U+ −O U+ −P U+ −S V+ −Ar V+ −C V+ −D V+ −Fe V+ −H V+ −Kr V+ −N V+ −Nb V+ −O V+ −S V+ −Si V+ −V V+ −Xe W+ −C W+ −F W+ −H W+ −O Xe+ −Ar Xe+–F Xe+ −H Xe+ −Kr Xe+ −N Xe+ −Ne Xe+ −Xe Y+ −C Y+ −F Y+ −H Y+ −O Y+ −Pt Y+ −S Y+ −Si Y+ −Te Y+ −Y Yb+ −Br Yb+ −Cl Yb+ −F Yb+ −I Yb+ −O Yb+ −Yb Zn+ −Ar Zn+ −H Zn+ −O Zn+ −S Zn+ −Si Zn+ −Zn
Do298 / kJ mol–1
22 ± 50 312.2 407.9 537 ± 16 266.8 482 ± 15 345 ± 29 300 ± 96 431 ± 34 283.4 ± 9.6 668 ± 29 284 ± 8 ~485 774 ± 13 186 500 ± 60 39.39 ± 0.12 373 ± 13.5 202 ± 6 314 ± 21 202 ± 6 49.46 ± 0.18 448.6 ± 5.8 403.5 ± 0.2 581.6 ± 9.6 358.9 ± 8.7 229 ± 15 302 66.4 ± 0.6 464.9 ± 17.4 444 ± 96 222.5 ± 5 656.9 ± 6.8 13.4 188 355 41.65 ± 0.08 66.4 ± 9.6 2.1 ± 0.8 99.6 281 ± 12 677 ± 21 260.5 ± 5.8 718 ± 25 466 ± 192 533.9 ± 8 243 ± 13 360 ± 96 281 ± 21 307.4 399.6 557.5 ± 14.4 262.0 376 ± 15 238 ± 96 28.7 ± 1.2 216 ± 15 161.1 ± 4.8 198 ± 12 274.1 ± 9.6 60 ± 19
Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 1 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Molecular
A+ −B
9-89
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Bond Dissociation Energies
9-90 A+ −B Zr+ −Ar Zr+ −C Zr+ −H
Do298 / kJ mol–1
36.09 ± 0.24 445.8 ± 15.4 218.8 ± 9.6
A+ −B
Ref.
Zr+ −N Zr+ −O Zr+ −S
1 1 1
Do298 / kJ mol–1
443 ± 46 753 ± 11 549.0 ± 9.6
A+ −B
Ref.
Zr+ −Zr
1 1 1
Do298 / kJ mol–1
Ref.
407.0 ± 9.6
1
References 1. Luo, Y. R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, Boca, Raton, 2007. 2. Parke, L. G., Hinton, C. S., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 168, 2006. 3. Li, F.-X., Zhang, X.-G., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 255/256, 279, 2006. 4. Li, F.-X., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1, 2006. 5. Chattopadhyaya, S., Pramanik, A., Banerjee, A., and Das, K. K., J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 12303, 2006. 6. Li, J., Hao, Y., Yang, J., Zhou, C., and Mo, Y., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 104307/1, 2007. 7. Gibson, J. K., Haire, R. G., Santos, M., Pires de Matos, A., and Marçalo, J., J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 11373, 2008. 8. Merritt, J. M., Kaledin, A. L., Bondybey, V. E., and Heaven, M. C., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 4006, 2008. 9. Schröder, D., J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 13215, 2008. 10. Hinton, C. S., Li, F.-X., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 280, 226, 2009. 11. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 10955, 2009.
12. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., Inorg.. Chem. 48, 10371, 2009. 13. Li, M., Liu, S.-R., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 131, 144310, 2009. 14. Marçalo, J., and Gibson, J. K., J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 12599, 2009. 15. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 4078, 2010. 16. Tzeli, D., and Mavridis, A., J. Chem. Phys. 132, 194312, 2010. 17. Hinton, C. S., Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 133, 124307, 2010. 18. Li, F.-X., Hinton, C. S., Citir, M., Liu, F., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 134, 024310, 2011. 19. Li, F.-X., Gorham, K., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Phys. Chem. A 114, 11043, 2010. 20. Pereira, C. C. L., Marsden, C. J., Marçalo, J., and Gibson, J. K., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 12940, 2011. 21. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., J. Chem. Phys., 132, 024306, 2010. 22. Hinton, C. S., Citir, M., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 135, 234302, 2011. 23. Wnorowski, K., Stano, M., Barszczewska, W., Jówko, A., and Matejčik, Š., Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 314, 42–48, 2012.
TABLE 7. Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations This Table has been arranged on the basis of the Periodic Table with the IUPAC notation for Groups 1 to 18, see inside front cover of this Handbook. The boldface in the species indicates the dissociated fragment. Bond
Molecular K21599_S09.indb 90
(1) Group 1 Li+−H2 Li+−CO Li+−H2O Li+−NH3 Li+−CH4 Li+−CH3OH Li+−CH3OCH3 Li+−pyridine Li+−Gly (glycine) Na+−H2 Na+−N2 Na+−CO Na+−CO2 Na+−SO2 Na+−O3 Na+−H2O Na+(H2O)−H2O Na+(H2O)2−H2O Na+(H2O)3−H2O Na+(glycine)−H2O Na+(glutamine)−H2O Na+−NH3 Na+−HNO3 Na+−CH4 Na+−CH3OH
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 27.2
57 ± 13 139 ± 8 156 ± 8 130
156 ± 8 167 ± 10 183.0 ± 14.5 220 ± 9 10.4 ± 0.8 33.5 31 ± 8 66.5 79.1 52.3
91.2 ± 6.3 82.0 ± 5.8 66.1
52.7 ± 0.8 75.1 ± 5.3 52 ± 1 106.2 ± 5.4 86.2 30.1 98.8 ± 5.7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bond Na+−CH3CN Na+−C2H4 Na+−CH3OCH3 Na+−CH3C(O)H Na+− MeCOMe Na+−C6H6 Na+−pyrrole Na+ −Gly (glycine) Na+ −Ala (alanine) Na+−GlyGly (glycylglycine) K+−H2 K+−CO2 K+−H2O K+(H2O)2−H2O K+(H2O)3−H2O K+(H2O)4−H2O K+(H2O)5−H2O K+(H2O)6−H2O K+−NH3 K+−C6H6 K+−adenine K+−indole K+−Phe (phenylalanine) K+−Tyr (tyrosine) Rb+−H2O Rb+−NH3 Rb+−CH3CN
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 125.5 ± 9.6 44.6 ± 4.4 101.4 ± 5.7 114.4 ± 3.4 131.3 ± 4.1 97.0 ± 5.9 103.7 ± 4.8 166.7 ± 5.1 167 ± 4 203 ± 8 6.1 ± 0.8 35.6 74.9 67.4 55.2 11.8 44.8 41.8 79 ± 7 80.3
95.1 ± 3.2 104.6 ± 12.6 150.5 ± 5.8 165.0 ± 5.8 66.9 ± 12.6 78.2
86.6 ± 1.3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Bond Dissociation Energies
Rb −C6H5OH Cs+−H2O Cs+−C6H5NH2 (2) Group 2 CH3Be+−CH3
tert-C(CH3)3Be+−tert-C(CH3)3 Mg+−OH Mg+−CO Mg+−CO2 Mg+−H2O Mg+−NH3 Mg+−CH4 Mg+−MeOH Mg+−C6H6 Mg+−pyridine Mg+−imidazole Mg2+(H2O)5−H2O Mg2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO
Ca+−OH Ca+−H2O Ca+−C6H6 Ca+−imidazole Ca2+(H2O)4−H2O Ca2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO Sr+−CO Sr+−CO2 Sr+−H2O Sr+−C6H6 Sr2+(H2O)5−H2O Ba+−OH Ba2+(H2O)4−H2O (3) Group 3 Sc+−H2
Sc+−CH2 Sc+−CH3 Sc+−C2H2 Sc+−C2H4 Sc+−C6H6 Sc+−H2O Sc+−NH Sc+−NH2 Sc+−pyridine Y+−CH2 Y+−CH3 Y+−C2H2 Y+−C2H4 Y+−CO Y+−CS Y+(O)−CO2 La+−CH La+−CH2 La+−CH3 La+−C2H2 La+−C2H4 Lu+−CH2
K21599_S09.indb 91
Bond
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 70.2 ± 3.7 57.3
1 1 1
192.9 ± 13.4 121.8 ± 13.4 314 ± 33 43.1 ± 5.8 58.4 ± 5.8 122.5 ± 12.5 158.9 ± 11.6 29.8 ± 6.8 147.6 ± 6.8 155.2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
70.8 ± 4.5
200.0 ± 6.4 243.9 ± 10.4 101.3 93.3
435.1 ± 14.5 117.2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
134
186.3 ± 3.9 110.0 ± 5.9 101.3 20.3
1 1 1 1 1
41.9 144.3
1 1
117 87.4
1 1 1 1
530.7 ± 19.3 90.8 23.0 ± 1.3 412 ± 22 233 ± 10 240 ± 20 ≥131 222 ± 21 131
483 ± 10 347 ± 5 231.5 ± 10.3 398 ± 13 249 ± 5.0 218 ± 13 >138 29.9 ± 10.6 137.0 ± 7.7 86 ± 5 523 ± 33 401 ± 7 217 ± 15 262 ± 30 192.5 >230 ± 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lu −CH3 U+(F)−F U+(F)2−F U+(F)3−F U+(F)4−F U+(F)5−F +
(4) Group 4 Ti+−CH Ti+−CH2 Ti+−CH3 Ti+−CH4 Ti+−C2H2 Ti+−C2H4 Ti+−C6H6 Ti+−CO Ti+−H2O Ti+−NH Ti+−NH2
Ti+−NH3 Ti+−pyridine Ti+−imidazole Zr+−CH Zr+−CH2 Zr+−CH3 Zr+−C2H2 Zr+−CO Zr+−CS Hf+−CH Hf+−CH2 Hf+−CH2 Hf+−C2H2
(5) Group 5 (CO)6V+−H V+−H2 V+−CH V+−CH2 V+−CH3 V+−C2H2 V+−C2H4 V+−(η5-C5H5) V+−C6H6 V+−CO V+−CO2 V+−H2O V+−NH V+−NH2 V+−NH3 V+−pyridine V+−imidazole Nb+−H2 Nb+−CH Nb+−CH2 Nb+−CH3 Nb+−CH3NH2 Nb+−C3H6
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 176 ± 20 552 ± 44 523 ± 38 381 ± 19 243 ± 17 26 ± 11
1 1 1 1 1 1
478 ± 5 391 ± 15 213.8 ± 3 70.3 ± 2.5 213 ± 13 146 ± 11 259 ± 9 117.7 ± 5.8 157.7 ± 5.9 466 ± 12 356 ± 13
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
197 ± 7 217.2 ± 9.3 ≤232.4 ± 8.2 568 ± 13 444.8 ± 5 227.7 ± 9.6 273 ± 14 77 ± 10 257.6 ± 10.6 492.1 ± 14.5 421.6 ± 6.8 204.5 ± 25.1 150.6
220 ± 14 42.7 ± 2.1 470 ± 5 326 ± 6 193 ± 7 172 ± 8 124 ± 8 530.7
234 ± 10 114.8 ± 2.9 72.4 ± 3.8 149.8 ± 5.0 423 ± 29 293 ± 6 192 ± 11 218.7 ± 13.5 ≤243.4 ± 8.0 61.9 581 ± 19 428.4 ± 8.7 198.8 ± 10.6 134 117.7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Molecular
Bond +
9-91
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Bond Dissociation Energies
9-92 Bond (NbFe) −C3H4 +
Nb+−CO Nb+−CS Nb7+−N2 Ta+−CH Ta+−CH2 Ta+−CH3 Ta+−C6H6
(6) Group 6 (CO)6Cr+−H
(η5-C5H5)(NO)(CO)2Cr+−H Cr+−H2 Cr+−CH Cr+−CH2 Cr+−CH3 Cr+−C6H6 Cr+−indole Cr+−CO Cr+−OH Cr+−H2O Cr+−N2 Cr+−NH3 (CO)6Mo+−H Mo+−CH Mo+−CH2 Mo+−CH3 Mo+−CO Mo+−CO2 Mo+−CS Mo+−CS2 Mo+−NH Mo+−pyrrole (CO)6W+−H W+−CH W+−CH2 W+−CH3 (PMe3)3(CO)3W+−H W+−pyrrole (7) Group 7 (CO)5Mn+−H
Molecular K21599_S09.indb 92
Mn+−H2 Mn+−CH2 Mn+−CH3 Mn+(CO)5−CH3 Mn+(CO)5−CH4 Mn+−(η5-C5H5) Mn+−C6H6 Mn+−OH Mn+−CO Mn+−H2O Mn+−CH3OH Mn+−OC(CH3)2 Mn+−CS Mn+−NH2
Bond
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. >163
95.5 ± 4.8 242.2 ± 10.6 209 172 ± 10 7.9 ± 1.7 295 ± 13 215 ± 10 132 ± 15 >30
326.1 ± 9.6 145 ± 10 332 ± 24 25 ± 10 121.8 ± 5.9 134 ± 29 159 ± 14 80.0 ± 21 254 ± 20
1 1 1 1 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mn −NH3 Tc+−CH2 Tc+−C2H2 Re+(CH3)(CO)5−H (PMe3)(CO)2Re+−H +
(8) Group 8 Fe+(O)−H
Fe+(CO)−H Fe+(H2O)−H Fe+(η5-C5H5)−H (CO2)5Fe+−H Fe+−H2 Fe+−CH Fe+−CH2 Fe+−CH3 Fe+−CH4 Fe+−C2H2 Fe+−C2H3
Fe+−C2H4 Fe+−C2H5 Fe+−C2H6 Fe+−OH Fe+−CO Fe+D−CO Fe+−CO2 Fe+−H2O Fe+−N2 Fe+−NH3 Fe+−CS2 Fe+−imidazole Fe+−SiH Fe+−SiH2 Fe+−SiH3 Ru+(η5-C5H5)2−H (η5-C5Me5)2Ru+−H Ru+−CH Ru+−CH2 Ru+−CH3 Ru+−CS OsO4+−H
(9) Group 9 (η5-C5H5)(CO)2Co+−H (CH3OD)Co+−H Co+−H2 (η5-C5H5)Co+−H2 Co+−CH Co+−CH2 Co+−CH3 Co+−CH4 Co+−C60 Co+−CO Co+−H2O Co+−CS Co+−N2
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 147 ± 8 28.9 ± 4.8 146.7 ± 11.6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
257.6 ± 7.7 170.8 ± 7.7 64.6 ± 4.8
1 1 1 1 1
536.4 ± 9.6 471
218.1 ± 8.7 59.8 ± 4.8 274 ± 12 229.7 51.9 ± 0.4
1 1 1 1 1
Cu −CH2 Cu+−CH3 Cu+−C2H2 Cu+−C2H4 Cu+−C6H6 Cu+−CO Cu+−N2 Cu+−NO Cu+−H2O Cu+−NH2 Cu+−NH3 Cu+−CS Cu+−SiH Cu+−SiH2 Cu+−SiH3 Ag+−CH2 Ag+−CH3 Ag+−C2H5 Ag+−C6H6 Ag+−O2 Ag+−CO Ag+−H2O Ag+−CS Ag+−NH3 Au+−CH2 Au+−CH3 Au+−C2H4 Au+−C6H6 Au+−CO Au+−H2O Au+−H2S Au+−NH3 Au+−PH3 +
(12) Group 12 Zn+−H2 Zn+−CH3 Zn+−OH Zn+−H2O Zn+−NO Zn+−pyrimidine Zn+−CS Cd+−CH3 Cd+(CH3)−CH3 Cd+−C6H6 Hg+−CH3 Hg+(CH3)−CH3 (13) Group 13 B+−H2 HB+−H2 (CH3)2B+−CH3 Al+−H2 Al+−N2 Al+−CO2 Al+−H2O
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 267.3 ± 6.8 111 ± 7 >21.2 ± 9.6 176 ± 14 218.0 ± 9.6 149 ± 7 89 ± 30 109.0 ± 4.8 160.7 ± 7.5 192 ± 13 237 ± 15 238.3 ± 11.6 246 ± 27 ≥231 ± 7 97 ± 25 ≥107 ± 4 66.6 ± 4.8 65.7 ± 7.5 167 ± 19 29.7 ± 0.8 89 ± 5 134 ± 8 152 ± 20 170 ± 13 357.0 ± 6.8 209.4 ± 23.2 344.5
289 ± 29 201 ± 8 164.0 ± 9.6 230 ± 25 297 ± 29 402 ± 33
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
15.7 ± 1.7 280 ± 7 127.2 163
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
15.9 ± 0.8 61.5 ± 2.1 32.6 ± 4.2 5.6 ± 0.6 5.6
1 1 1 1
76.2 ± 9.6 209.6 ± 7.7 149 ± 23 228 ± 3 109 ± 3 136 ± 19 285 ± 3 96 ± 3
≥29.3 104 ± 15
1 1 1
Molecular
Bond +
9-93
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Bond Dissociation Energies
9-94 Bond Al −MeOH Al+−EtC(O)Et Al+−C6H6 Al+−pyridine Al+−phenol Al+−imidazole Ga+−NH3 In+−NH3 +
(14) Group 14 C58+−C2 C60+−C2 C62+−C2 C78+−C2 HC2+−H C6H5+−H C2H3+−Cl C2H5+−Br C6H5+−Br C2H3+–I
Molecular K21599_S09.indb 94
CH3+−H2 CH5+−H2 C2H5+−H2 CH3+−O2 CO+−N2 H2CH+−N2 CO+−CO CO+(CO)−CO CO+(CO)2−CO CO+(CO)3−CO (CO2)+−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)2−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)3−CO2 CH3+−N2O CH3+−SO2 CH3+−OCS CH3+−CS2 CH3+−H2O CH3+(H2O)−H2O CH3+(H2O)2−H2O CH3+(H2O)3−H2O CH3+(H2O)4−H2O CH3+−H2S CH2+−CH2O CH3+−NH3 (CH3)+−CH3 CH3+−CH4 CF3+−CH4 (CH5)+−CH4 C6H6+−CH4 CH3+−CH3F CH3+−CF3Cl CH3+−CH3Cl tert-C4H9+−CH3OH tert-C4H9+−CH3CN
Bond
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 139.7 191.2
147.3 ± 8.4 190.3 ± 10.3 154.8 ± 16.7 232.4 ± 8.2 122.5 111.0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
955 ± 15 822.0 ± 12.5 846.2 ± 10.6 938.8 ± 10.6 574.749
1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 1
196.2 ± 1.4 186
7 1 1
376.3 ± 4.8 249 ± 1.0 206.3 ± 1.0 266.3
7.9 ± 0.4 17
80 ± 7 67.5 ± 19.3 31.8
173.7 ± 14.6 52.3 30.2 18.4
1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
70.3 34.7 21.3
20.1 ± 1.3 221.3
1 1 1 1 1
253.6 239.3
1 1
251.9 279 106.3 87.9 61.9 48.5 344.8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
303.0 ± 2.9 431.4 209.2 ± 4.2 166.5 19.0
28.7 ± 1.3 12.0 230 221 259 63 85
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tert-C4H −SO2F2 CH3+−C2H3O CH3+−CF3ClOCl tert--C4H9+−(CH3)2S tert-C4H9+−C2H5OH tert-C4H9+−C3H8 tert-C4H9+−t-C4H9Cl tert-C4H9+−(CH3)3CH tert-C4H9+−C6H6 (C6H6)+−C6H6 (C6H6)+−indole C6F6+−C6F6 C60+−C60 PhSiH2+−H Si+(CH3)3−Cl SiH3+−CO SiF3+−CO (CH3)3Si+−H2O (CH3)3Si+−NH3 Si+(CH3)(Cl)2−CH3 Si+(CH3)2(Cl)−CH3 Si+−CH3 Si+(CH3)−CH3 Si+(CH3)2−CH3 Si+(CH3)3−CH3 (CH3)3Si+−CH3OH (CH3)3Si+−(C2H5)2O (CH3)3Si+−C6H6 (CH3)3Si+−CH3NH2 (CH3)3Ge+−H2O (C2H5)3Ge+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−NH3 (CH3)3Sn+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−(CH3)2CO (CH3)3Sn+−C3H7SH Pb+−H2O Pb+−NH3 Pb+−CH3OH Pb+−CH3NH2 Pb+−C6H6 + 9
(15) Group 15 H2N+−H H3N+−H Me3N+−H Et3N+−H (imidazole)+ −Zn N2H+−H2 ON+−O2 N+−N2 ON+−N2 N2+−N2 HN2+−N2 N3+−N2 O2N+−N2 H4N+−N2
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 338.7 ± 2.9 252 185 85
43.5
1 1 1 1 1
27.6 339 30.1
1 1 1
92 73.6 54.8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30.1 ± 4 35.89 ± 7.72 159 178.5 ± 1.9 ≥151 174.1 ± 1.3 125.9 ± 7.9 194.6
60.8 ± 2.9 41.5 ± 1.9 413.9 ± 5.8 123 ± 48 513 ± 27 66.6 ± 5.8 164.0 184.9 100.0 231.8
119.7 ± 2.1 104.2 ± 2.1 154 108 157 143 93.7
118.4 ± 0.8 97.5 ± 0.8 148.1 ± 1.3 110 ± 2
544.43 ± 0.10 515.1 376 362 216.1 ± 3.9 24.7 ± 0.8 14.2 303.8 21.3
102.3 ± 14.6 60.7 18.8 ± 1.3 19.2 ± 1.3 54 ± 21
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Bond Dissociation Energies
ON −NO ON+−CO ON+−O3 ON+−CO2 N2O+−ON2 NO+−ON2 (HON2)+−ON2 ON+−H2O ON+(H2O)−H2O ON+(H2O)2−H2O H4N+−H2O H4N+(H2O)−H2O H4N+(H2O)2−H2O H4N+(H2O)3−H2O H4N+(H2O)4−H2O (glycine)H+−H2O (tryptophan)H+−H2O (tryptophanylglicine)H+−H2O H4N+−H2S H+(NH3)−NH3 H+(NH3)2−NH3 H+(NH3)3−NH3 H+(NH3)4−NH3 H+(NH3)5−NH3 H+(NH3)6−NH3 NH4+−CH4 ON+−CH3OH O2N+−CH3OH ( CH3CNH)+−CH3CN (pyridineH)+−pyridine (valine H)+−valine (betainH)+−betaine H4P+−H2O (H4P)+−PH3 AsH2+−H I2As+−acetone I2As+−benzene Bi+−H2O Bi+−NH3 Bi+−C6H6 (16) Group 16 (H3O)+−H2 O+−O2 O+(O2)1−O2 O+(O2)2−O2 O2+−O2 O2+(O2)−O2 O2+(O2)2−O2 O2+(O2)3−O2 O2+(O2)4−O2 O2+(O2)5−O2 O+−N2 O2+−N2 (H3O)+−N2 O4+−N2
K21599_S09.indb 95
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 59.4 ± 0.8 27.2 ± 1.3 67 87.4 56.9 49.8 44.8 164.0 140.2 93.3 71.1 64.0 54.4 49.0 43.1 100.8 115.6 104.6 100.4 82.8 43.5 41.0 78.0 66.4 137.7 229.3 77.0 71.5 62.8 144 74
96.5 ± 9.6 33.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
115.8 ± 19.3 136.4 195.4 94.1 125.1
1 1 1 1 1 1
166 150.6 104.2 46.4 57.7 63.6
1 1 1 1 1 1
Molecular
Bond +
9-95
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Bond Dissociation Energies
9-96 Bond OCS −OCS OCS+−CO2 SO2+−CO2 H3S+−H2O thiopheneH+−H2O H3S+−H2S H3S+−CH4 (CH3)2Se•+−Se(CH3)2 (CH3)2Te•+−Te(CH3)2 +
(17) Group 17 HF+−HF (H2Cl)+ −Cl HCl+−HCl Cl+−CCl3 Cl+−C2H3 HBr+−HBr I+−CH3 I+(CH3I)−CH3
Bond
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 100.0
1
72.0 42.7 91.6 42.7
1 1 1 1 1
53.6 ± 6.3 16.3 ~95 ± 3 97 ± 2
He (He)2−He Ne+(Ne)−Ne Ne+(Ne)2−Ne Ar+(Ar)−Ar Ar+(Ar)2−Ar Ar+(N2)−Ar Ar+(N2)(Ar)−Ar Ar+(N2)(Ar)2−Ar Kr+(Kr)−Kr Kr+(Kr)2−Kr Xe+(Xe)−Xe Xe+(Xe)2−Xe Ar+−H2 Ar+−N2 Ar+(N2)−N2 Ar+(N2)2−N2 Ar+−CO Ar+(CO)−CO Kr+−CO Kr+−CO2 +
1 1 1
≥138 39.6 83.9
446.7 ± 9.6 685.0 ± 4.8 96
1 1 1 1 1 1
I+(CH3I)2−CH3
330.0 51.1 112.9
1 1 1
(18) Group 18 He+(He)1−He
17.6
1
Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 2.7 ± 0.6 10.3 ± 0.6 3.3 ± 0.6 20.4 ± 0.6 7.0 ± 0.6 25.1 7.1 7.1
23.3 ± 0.6 9.0 ± 0.6 25.2 ± 0.6 11.0 ± 0.6 93.7 127.6 31.0 10.9 75 ± 17 13
103.3 ± 7.5 79.1 ± 2.9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
References 1. Luo, Y. R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007. 2. Parke, L. G., Hinton, C. S., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 168, 2006. 3. Li, F.-X., Zhang, X.-G., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 255/256, 279, 2006. 4. Meloni, G., Zou, P., Klippenstein, S. J., Ahmed, M., Leone, S. R., Taatjes, C. A., and Osborn, D. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 13559, 2006. 5. Li, F.-X., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1, 2006.
6. Parke, L. G., Hinton, C. S., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 17773, 2007. 7. Shuman, N. S., Ochieng, M. A., Sztáray, B., and Baer, T., J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 5647, 2008. 8. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 10955, 2009. 9. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 4078, 2010.
Molecular K21599_S09.indb 96
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Electronegativity Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge
X 2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01
Z 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1960. 2. Allen, L. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A. L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961.
Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd
X 2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20
Z 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu
X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3
Molecular
Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
References
K21599_S09.indb 97
9-97
4/3/14 11:40 AM
Force Constants for Bond Stretching David R. Lide Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms (often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. Bond
Molecule
f/(N/cm)
H-H Be-H B-H C-H
H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2
5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88
N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C
C-F C-Cl
C-Br C-I C-O
C-S
Note
References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121–147, 1985. Bond C-N
b a,b,c b a,b,c b
C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O
a,c
a,c a,c b a,c a,c
a,c
S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O
Molecule OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO
f/(N/cm) 7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61
Note
a,c
a a
Molecular
Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. c Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2). a
b
9-98
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Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules David R. Lide This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are:
sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.
In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm–1.
XY2 Molecules
XY2 Molecules
Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent)
CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H 2O D2O F2O Cl2O O3 H 2S D2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se
Structure
Sym. str.
Bend
Antisym. str.
Molecule
Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
1333 658 1224
667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213
2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696
NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2 SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2
1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630
1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745
Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Structure
Sym. str.
Bend
Antisym. str.
Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
3219 1318 1075 945
1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345
3301 1618 942 1111
XYZ Molecules
K21599_S09.indb 99
920 159 197 120 80 165 99
1114 748 641 2022 1468 870 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576
XYZ Molecules
Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)
1225 721 595 2032 1472 855 515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500
Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)
Molecule
Structure
XY str.
Bend
YZ str.
Molecule
Structure
XY str.
Bend
YZ str.
HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC
Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear
3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612
712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081
2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848
OCS NCO NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO
Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear
2062 1270 2224 3675 3653 3583
520 535 589
859 1921 1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937
676 535
523 754 500 404 374
Molecular
Molecule
symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate
9-99
4/3/14 11:41 AM
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules
9-100 XYZ Molecules
XYZ Molecules
Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)
Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)
Molecule
Structure
XY str.
Bend
YZ str.
Molecule
Structure
XY str.
Bend
YZ str.
FNO ClNO BrNO HNF HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO
Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
766 596 542
520 332 266 1419 1501 983 886 1242 1392 376
1844 1800 1799 1000 1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490
ClOO BrOO HSO NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr
Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent
407
373
1443 1487 1009 640 414 1181 815 834 522 408
2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579
1372 1325
1913 1548
1063 366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774
Symmetric XY3 Molecules
Molecule C2H2 C2D2 C2N2
Sym. XY str. 3374 2701 2330
Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal)
Molecule
Structure
NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3
Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.
Sym. str. 3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888
1090 830
Sym. deform. 950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427
Deg. str. 3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937
Deg. deform. 1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290
Linear XYYX Molecules
Planar X2YZ Molecules
Point Group D∞h
Point Group C2v
Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158
YY str. 1974 1762 851
Bend
Bend
612 505 507
730 537 233
Molecule H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl
Sym.XY str.
YZ str.
YX2 scis.
2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286
1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793
1500 1106 584 285 568 370
Antisym. XY str. 2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685
YX2 rock 1249 990 626 440 560 408
YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652
Molecular K21599_S09.indb 100
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Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules
References
Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td Molecule
Sym. str.
Deg. deform.(e)
Deg. str.(f )
Deg. deform.(f )
2917 2109 909 459 267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965
1534 1092 435 217 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333
3019 2259 1281 776 672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960
1306 996 632 314 182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329
1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, NJ, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.
Molecular
CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4 CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4
9-101
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Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules David R. Lide This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions:
Evib/hc = ωe(v + ½) – ωexe(v + ½)2 + •••
Erot/hc = Bv J(J + 1) – Dv[ J(J + 1)]2 + •••
where
Bv = Be – αe(v + ½) + •••
Dv = De + •••
Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe , Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm–1. Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations. The references contain constants for many of these higher terms, as well as more precise values of the lower constants. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion:
E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v + ½)l J m(J + 1)m
In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Entries in the ωe column that are marked by * give the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as most commonly written. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. References 1–5 are evaluated compilations covering many molecules and giving references to the original literature.
References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979.
Molecule
State
Ag Br Ag35Cl 107 Ag19F 107 Ag1H 107 Ag2H
1
107
Molecular
107
79
Σ Σ+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1
+
ωe cm–1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70
ωexe cm–1
Be cm–1
0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17
0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572
2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), II/24a (1998), Molecular Constants, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 3, 609, 1974. 4. Irikura, K. K., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 389, 2007. 5. Lovas, F. J., Tiemann, E., Coursey, J. S., Kotochigova, S. A., Chang, J., Olsen, K., and Dragoset, R. A., Diatomic Spectral Database (version 2.0). Available: http://physics.nist.gov/Diatomic, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, November 2009. 6. Wormsbecher, R. F., Hessel, M. M., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6893, 1981. 7. Hedderich, H. G., Dulick, M., and Bernath, P. F., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8363, 1993. 8. Ram, R. S., and Bernath, P. F., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 176, 320, 1996. 9. Miller, C. E., and Drouin, B. J., J. Mol. Spectrosc.. 205, 312, 2001. 10. Tellinghuisen, P. C., Tellinghuisen, J., Coxon, J. A., Velazco, J. E., and Setser, D. W., J. Chem. Phys. 68, 5187, 1978. 11. Muntianu, A., Guo, B., and Bernath, P. F., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 176, 274, 1996. 12. Yamada, C., Chang, M. C., and Hirota, E., J. Chem. Phys. 86, 3804, 1987. 13. Wang, X., Magnes, J., Marjatta Lyyra, A., Ross, A. J., Martin, F., Dove, P. M., and Le Roy, R. J., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9339, 2002. 14. Yamada, C., and Hirota, E., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8489, 1993. 15. James, A. M., Kowalczyk, P., Fournier, R., and Simard, B., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8504, 1993. 16. Campbell, J. M., Dulick, M., Klapstein, D., White, J. B., and Bernath, P. F., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8379, 1993. 17. White, J. B., Dulick, M., and Bernath, P. F., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8371, 1993. 18. Shayesteh, A., Appadoo, D. R. T., Gordon, I., Le Roy, R. J., and Bernath, P. F., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 10002, 2004. 19. Sanz, M. E., McCarthy, M. C., and Thaddeus, P., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11715, 2003. 20. Müller, W., and Meyer, W., J. Chem. Phys. 80, 3311, 1984. 21. Staanum, P., Pashov, A., Knöckel, H., and Tiemann, E., Phys. Rev. A 75, 042513, 2007. 22. Lovas, F. J., Maki, A. G., and Olson, W. B., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 87, 449, 1981. 23. Bogey, M., Demuynck, C., and Destombes, J. L., Chem. Phys. 66, 99, 1982. 24. Babou, Y., Rivière, Ph., Perrin, M. Y., and Soufiani, A., Int. J. Thermophys. 30, 416, 2009. 25. Skatrud, D. D., DeLucia, F. C., Blake, G. A., and Sastry, K. V. L. N., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 99, 35, 1983. 26. Le Floch, A., Mol. Phys. 72, 133, 1991. 27. George, T., Urban, W., and Le Floch, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 165, 500, 1994. 28. Mürtz, P., Thümmel, H., Pfelzer, C., and Urban, W., Mol. Phys. 86, 1362, 1995. 29. Maki, A. G., Lovas, F. J., and Suenram, R. D., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 91, 424, 1982. 30. Engelke, F., Ennen, G., and Meiwes, K. H., Chem. Phys. 66, 391, 1982. 31. Tanaka, T., Tamura, M., and Tanaka, K., J. Mol. Struct. 413, 153, 1997. αe cm–1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722
De 10–6 cm–1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9
re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180
Ref. 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2
9-102
K21599_S09.indb 102
4/3/14 11:41 AM
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules State
Ag I Ag16O 27 Al2 27 Al79Br 27 Al35Cl 27 Al19F 27 Al1H 27 Al2H 27 Al127I 27 Al16O 27 Al32S 75 As2 75 As1H 75 As2H 75 As14N 75 As16O 197 Au2 197 Au1H 197 Au2H 11 B2 11 79 B Br 11 35 B Cl 11 19 B F 11 1 BH 11 2 BH 11 14 B N 11 16 B O 11 32 B S 138 Ba79Br 138 Ba35Cl 138 Ba19F 138 Ba1H 138 Ba2H 138 Ba127I 138 Ba16O 138 Ba32S 9 Be19F 9 Be1H 9 Be2H 9 Be16O 9 Be32S 209 Bi2 209 79 Bi Br 209 35 Bi Cl 209 19 Bi F 209 1 Bi H 209 2 Bi H 209 127 Bi I 79 Br2 79 Br35Cl 79 Br19F 79 Br16O 12 C2 12 35 C Cl 12 19 C F 12 1 CH 12 2 CH 12 14 C N 12 16 C O 12 31 C P
Σ Π1/2 3 Πu 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Σg– 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Π 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ O+ O+ O+ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ O+ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ
107
107
K21599_S09.indb 103
127
1 2
+
ωe cm–1 206.50 490.2 285.8 378.0 481.77 802.32 1682.37 1211.77 316.1 979.49 617.11 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08 190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.16 2366.73 1703.3 1514.6 1885.29 1179.91 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2061.24 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 209.62 308.18 513.0 1635.73 1173.32 164.12 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1855.01 876.90 1307.93 2860.75 2101.05 2068.65 2169.81 1239.79
ωexe cm–1
Be cm–1
0.46 3.1 0.9 1.28 2.10 4.85 29.05 15.06 1.0 7.01 3.33 1.12
0.04486821 0.3020 0.17127 0.15919713 0.24393007 0.55248021 6.3937842 3.3183929 0.11769985 0.6413856 0.2800368 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482 0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.51674399 12.025755 6.54 1.666 1.781110 0.79478 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.31992 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 0.04321526 0.9212553 0.22998897 5.137 2.592 0.02722281 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.82010 0.697137 1.41626 14.45988 7.8079823 1.8997830 1.931280985 0.79886775
5.41 4.85 0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.82 49.34 28 12.3 11.69 6.25 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 37.33 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 0.52 1.09 2.35 31.6 16.1 0.32 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.56 5.45 11.08 64.44 34.73 13.10 13.29 6.83
αe cm–1 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0008 0.00086045 0.00161108 0.00498426 0.1870527 0.0698773 0.00055859 0.0057796 0.0017823 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.01904848 0.421565 0.17 0.025 0.016516 0.00578 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3084 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.00013269 0.0004020 0.00150262 0.148 0.054 0.00006979 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.01801 0.006853 0.01844 0.53654 0.212240 0.0173717 0.01750439 0.00596933
De 10–6 cm–1 0.00847 0.45 0.11285 0.25017 1.0464 368.53 99.42 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.80 7.11 1242 400 8.1 6.32 1.4 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 0.007347 0.0329 0.185 183 50.6 0.00300 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.96 1.9 6.6 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33
re Å
Ref.
2.54463 2.003 2.701 2.29481 2.13014 1.65437 1.64736 1.64637 2.53710 1.61782 2.02828 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.23217 1.2324 1.281 1.20475 1.60935 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.34241 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 2.60950 2.47152 2.05154 1.805 1.804 2.80050 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.24244 1.64518 1.27218 1.1199 1.11887 1.17181 1.12832 1.56198
1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 7 4,5 17 17 1,2,3 4 4 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,29 4 4 1,2 1,2 4 4 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 4 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 5 5 5 1,2 1,2 5 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 24 4 4 4 4 24,25 24,26,27 4
Molecular
Molecule
9-103
4/3/14 11:41 AM
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules
9-104 Molecule
State
C S C80Se 40 Ca79Br 40 Ca35Cl 40 Ca19F 40 Ca1H 40 Ca2H 40 Ca127I 40 Ca16O 40 Ca32S 114 Cd1H 114 Cd2H 35 Cl2 35 Cl19F 35 Cl16O 52 Cr1H 52 Cr2H 52 Cr16O 133 Cs2 133 Cs79Br 133 Cs35Cl 133 Cs19F 133 Cs1H 133 Cs2H 133 Cs127I 133 Cs16O 63 Cu2 63 Cu79Br 65 Cu35Cl 63 Cu19F 63 Cu1H 63 Cu2H 63 Cu127I 63 Cu16O 63 Cu32S 19 F2 19 16 F O 56 Fe16O 69 Ga81Br 69 Ga35Cl 69 Ga19F 69 Ga1H 69 Ga2H 69 Ga127I 69 Ga16O 74 Ge79Br 74 Ge35Cl 72 Ge1H 72 Ge2H 74 Ge16O 74 Ge32S 74 Ge80Se 74 Ge130Te 1 H2 2 H2 3 H2 1 81 H Br 2 81 H Br 1 35 H Cl 2 35 H Cl
Σ Σ+ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 6 + Σ 6 + Σ 5 Π 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 2 Π3/2 5 ∆ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ
12
12
Molecular K21599_S09.indb 104
32
1 1
+
ωe cm–1
ωexe cm–1
Be cm–1
1285.15 1035.36 285.3 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*
6.50 4.86 0.86 1.31 2.74 19.10
0.00591835 0.00379 0.00040360 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270
559.75 783.45 853.64 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.93 1053.01 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1603.94 1143.23 216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.92 2145.16
2.69 4.95 5.52
0.82004356 0.5750 0.09446622 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.24415 0.5164805 0.62345797 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127 0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.889294 1.0587076 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.1434095 3.1218854 0.0569359 0.4271
6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.5933002 5.448796
0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.3069985 0.113292
0.63 4.83 1.78
6.8 0.08 0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9 0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.32 9.92 0.81 1.25 3.2 28.41 14.43 0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.80 27.18
αe cm–1
0.00152 0.0043585 0.0059357 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264 0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579 0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917 0.00028390 0.00456 0.0125952 0.013295 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.1906376 0.0689978 0.0001897
De 10–6 cm–1 1.336 0.71 0.0413 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 4.2823 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 359.70 93.021 0.015770 0.37
326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410 345.8 88.32 531.94 140
re Å 1.53482 1.67609 2.59358 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.9872 1.62831 1.56962 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47 3.07225 2.90627 2.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41264 1.35411 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.66208 1.66113 2.57464 1.744
1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27456 1.27458
Ref. 1,4 1,2,3 1,5 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 4 4 4 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 4 9 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 16 16 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 4 1,2
4/3/14 11:41 AM
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules State
ωe cm–1
ωexe cm–1
Be cm–1
H F H19F 1 127 H I 202 Hg1H 202 Hg2H 127 I2 127 79 I Br 127 35 I Cl 127 19 I F 127 16 I O 115 In81Br 115 In35Cl 115 In19F 115 In1H 115 In2H 115 In127I 39 K2 39 79 K Br 39 35 K Cl 39 19 K F 39 1 KH 39 2 KH 39 127 K I 39 23 K Na 139 La16O 7 Li2 7 79 Li Br 7 35 Li Cl 7 133 Li Cs 7 19 Li F 7 1 Li H 7 2 Li H 7 127 Li I 7 39 Li K 7 23 Li Na 7 16 Li O 24 Mg2 24 Mg35Cl 24 Mg19F 24 Mg1H 24 Mg2H 24 Mg16O 24 Mg32S 55 Mn1H 55 Mn2H 14 N2 14 79 N Br 14 35 N Cl 14 19 N F 14 1 NH 14 2 NH 14 16 N O 14 32 N S 23 Na2 23 Na79Br 23 Na35Cl 23 Na19F 23 Na1H 23 Na2H 23 Na127I
Σ Σ+ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 1 Σg+ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 7 Σ 7 Σ 1 Σg+ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ
4138.39 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213 281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 124.03 812.8 351.41 563.2 642.95 184.70 910.57 1405.50 1054.94 496.85 207 256.99 814.62 51.12 462.12* 711.69* 1492.78 1077.30 785.21 528.74 1548.0 1103 2358.56 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.72 2399.13 1904.20 1218.7 159.09 302 364.68 535.66 1171.97 826.1* 258
89.94 45.76 39.64
20.953712 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109 0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.09519989 0.35252001 0.672530 0.555399 0.7065225 0.188003 1.34525715 7.5137315 4.23308131 0.4431766 0.265 0.376833 1.212830 0.09287 0.2456154 0.51922 5.825523 3.034344 0.5748414 0.26797 5.6841 2.8957 1.998236 0.444 0.64976739 1.205679 16.66792 8.9087 1.67195 0.769602 0.15473537 0.1512533 0.21806302 0.43690153 4.90327 2.557089 0.1178056
2
19
1 1
+
0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80 1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 0.50 2.22 2.58 3.5 4.47 1.00 8.21 21.17 13.06 2.85 1.66 7.78 1.64
29.85 15.52 5.13 2.70 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 79.04 42.11 14.07 7.28 0.71 1.5 1.78 3.58 19.70 1.1
αe cm–1 0.7933704 0.3017 0.1689
0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481 0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00044966 0.00142365 0.007046 0.005644 0.0080102 0.001248 0.02028749 0.2163911 0.09149428 0.0040862 0.003810 0.017899 0.00378 0.0016204 0.00470 0.177298 0.066607 0.0053223 0.00176 0.1570 0.051 0.017310 0.0040 0.00641432 0.014889 0.65038 0.2546 0.0171 0.0064 0.0086375 0.0009410 0.00162479 0.0045592 0.1370 0.051600 0.0006478
De 10–6 cm–1 2150 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2206 0.2626 9.79 2.159 3.409 0.7784 11.75 859 272 1.4104 3.340 0.1079 1.22 0.2723 1.080 354.56 96.25 1.233 0.276 303.9 79.5 5.737 1.596 5.4 1710 491.7 0.5 1.2 0.58 0.1554 0.31202 1.16296 343.8 93.46 0.0973
re Å 0.91685 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078 2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 3.49958 1.82591 2.6733 2.17043 2.02067 3.6681 1.56386 1.59490 1.59526 2.39192 3.27 2.88851 1.68822 3.891 2.19639 1.7500 1.72972 1.72916 1.74817 2.1425 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.31698 1.03719 1.03665 1.15077 1.4940 3.07858 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.8870 1.88654 2.71145
Ref. 4 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 6 1,2 13 1,2,3 1,5 21 4,5 4,5 4,5 1,2,3 1,20 4,30 3,14 1 1,2 1,2 18 18 28,4 1 1,2 1,2 24 1,2 1,5 4 4 8 1,24 1,2,3 1,4,20 1,2,3 4,5 11 4,5 1,2 1,2,3
Molecular
Molecule 1
K21599_S09.indb 105
9-105
4/3/14 11:41 AM
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules
9-106 Molecule
State
Na O Nb2 93 Nb16O 58 Ni1H 58 Ni2H 16 O2 16 1 OH 16 2 OH 31 P2 31 35 P Cl 31 19 P F 31 1 PH 31 2 PH 31 14 P N 31 16 P O 208 Pb2 208 Pb79Br 208 Pb35Cl 208 Pb19F 208 Pb1H 208 Pb16O 208 Pb32S 208 Pb80Se 208 Pb130Te 195 Pt12C 195 Pt1H 195 Pt2H 85 Rb79Br 85 Rb35Cl 85 Rb19F 85 Rb1H 85 Rb127I 85 Rb16O 32 S2 32 19 S F 32 1 SH 32 2 SH 32 16 S O 121 Sb35Cl 121 Sb19F 121 Sb1H 121 Sb2H 121 Sb14N 121 Sb16O 45 Sc19F 80 Se2 80 Se1H 80 Se2H 80 Se16O 28 Si2 28 35 Si Cl 28 19 Si F 28 1 Si H 28 2 Si H 28 14 Si N 28 16 Si O 28 32 Si S 28 80 Si Se 120 Sn79Br 120 Sn35Cl
Π Σg– 4 – Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 3 Σg– 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2
23
93
Molecular K21599_S09.indb 106
16
2
3
Π1/2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 3 Σg– 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 3 Σg– 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 – Σ 3 Σg– 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 2
ωe cm–1 492.3 424.89 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.73 2363.77 1699.2 1336.95 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17 277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.71 837.64 2696.25 1885 1149.2 374.7 605.0
942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.59 857.33 2042.52 1469.32 1151.28 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1
ωexe cm–1 0.94 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 43.91 23.0 6.90 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26 0.51 0.43 4.86
0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33 2.86 4.47 48.74 31 5.6 0.6 2.6
5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96
4.52 2.02 2.18 4.83 36.06 18.23 6.46 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06
Be cm–1
αe cm–1
De 10–6 cm–1
re Å
0.424630 0.084054 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.445622 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5667427 8.53904 4.4081 0.7864844 0.733223657
0.004506 0.000242 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.015933 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.004639 0.2534 0.0928 0.0055337 0.005466162
1.2638 0.016 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124 1.0156 4.462 116 1.091 1.3
2.05155 2.0778 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58933 1.42218 1.4220 1.49087 1.47637
0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307 0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.29539516 0.555173 9.60025 4.95130 0.7208171
0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510 0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.00159754 0.004459 0.27990 0.10308 0.005737
0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418 0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19 0.975 480 130 1.134
2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678 2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.88941 1.59624 1.34061 1.34049 1.48109
0.2792 5.684 2.8782
0.0020
0.23 240 45
1.918 1.723 1.7194
0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.256103 0.58125735 7.503898 3.8840 0.730927 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117
0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23
0.270 0.024 330
0.00323 0.0014 0.001582 0.00503859 0.21814 0.0781 0.005685 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767
0.5 0.21 0.25 1.065 400 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842
1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.05794 1.60100 1.51966 1.5199 1.57207 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832
0.1117
0.0004
2.361
Ref. 1,2 15 1,2 1,2 1,2 24 1,2,3 1,2 1 1,2 12 8 1,2 4 1,4 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 4 4,5 4 1,2 1,19,23 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 4 31 4 1,2 4 1,19,22 1,19 1,2,3 1,2 1,2
4/3/14 11:41 AM
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule
State
Sn F Sn1H 120 Sn2H 120 Sn127I 120 Sn16O 120 Sn32S 120 Sn80Se 120 Sn130Te 88 Sr79Br 88 Sr35Cl 88 Sr19F 88 Sr1H 88 Sr2H 88 Sr127I 88 Sr16O 181 Ta16O 130 Te2 (130) Te1H 130 Te16O 232 Th16O 48 16 Ti O 205 Tl81Br 205 Tl35Cl 205 Tl19F 205 Tl1H 205 Tl2H 205 Tl127I 51 16 V O (132) Xe19F 89 35 Y Cl 89 19 Y F 89 16 Y O 174 Yb1H 174 Yb2H 64 Zn35Cl 64 Zn19F 64 Zn1H 64 Zn2H 64 Zn127I 90 Zr16O
Π1/2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆3/2 3 Σg– 2 Π3/2 0+ 1 + Σ 3 ∆1 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 4 – Σ 2 Σ 1 Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 1 + Σ
118
120
19
2 2
ωe cm–1
ωexe cm–1
577.6
2.69
1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07
0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51
797.11 895.77 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 225.4 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8
4.00 2.39 4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04 4.86 10.9 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9
9-107 Be cm–1 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950
αe cm–1 0.0014
De 10–6 cm–1
re Å
0.049
0.26 207.5 53.4
1.944 1.78146 1.7770
0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847
0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827
0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356
1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522
0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644 0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.19326 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162
0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106
0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044
0.00237 0.001302 0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.00699 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425
0.27 0.1833 0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.536 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60
2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032 1.6202 2.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.293 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516
6.6794 3.350
0.2500
466 124
1.5949 1.6054
0.42263
0.0023
0.319
1.7116
Ref. 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 10 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2
Molecular
* Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.
K21599_S09.indb 107
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Atomic
Section 10 Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
Line Spectra of the Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 Atomic Transition Probabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-93 Electron Affinities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-147 Proton Affinities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-168 Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-187 Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-197 Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-200 X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-218 Electron Binding Energies of the Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-222 Natural Width of X-Ray Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-228 Photon Attenuation Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-229 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-234 Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-236 Blackbody Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-237 Characteristics of Infrared Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-239 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-240 Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-244 Index of Refraction of Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-245 Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-246 Index of Refraction of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-247 Index of Refraction of Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-248 Characteristics of Laser Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-249 Infrared Laser Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-255 Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-262
K21599_S10.indb 1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
K21599_S10.indb 2
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Joseph Reader and Charles H. Corliss
The original tables from which this table was derived were prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council. The table contains the outstanding spectral lines of neutral (I) and singly ionized (II) atoms of the elements from hydrogen through plutonium (Z = 1–94); selected strong lines from doubly ionized (III), triply ionized (IV), and quadruply ionized (V) atoms are also included. Listed are lines that appear in emission from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared. These lines were selected from much larger lists in such a way as to include the stronger observed lines in each spectral region. A more extensive list may be found in Reference 1. The data were compiled by the following contributors.
J. G. Conway — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory C. H. Corliss — National Bureau of Standards R. D. Cowan — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory C. R. Cowley — University of Michigan Henry M. and Hannah Crosswhite — Argonne National Laboratory S. P. Davis — University of California, Berkeley V. Kaufman — National Bureau of Standards R. L. Kelly — Naval Postgraduate School J. F. Kielkopf — University of Louisville W. C. Martin — National Bureau of Standards T. K. McCubbin — Pennsylvania State University L. J. Radziemski — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory J. Reader — National Bureau of Standards C. J. Sansonetti — National Bureau of Standards G. V. Shalimoff — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory R. W. Stanley — Purdue University J. O. Stoner, Jr. — University of Arizona H. H. Stroke — New York University D. R. Wood — Wright State University E. F. Worden — Lawrence Livermore Laboratory J. J. Wynne — International Business Machines Corporation R. Zalubas — National Bureau of Standards All wavelengths are given in Ångstrom units (10–10 m). Below 2000 Å the wavelengths are in vacuum (except for the Cu II line at 1999.698 Å, which is in air); above 2000 Å the wavelengths are in air. Wavelengths given to three decimal places have an uncertainty of less than 0.001 Å and are therefore suitable for calibration purposes. In the air region, the elements used most commonly for calibration are Ne, Ar, Kr, Fe, Th, and Hg; in the vacuum region, the most common are C, N, O, Si, Cu. All data refer to natural isotopic abundance of the elements except that Kr I and Kr II lines below 11,000 Å given to three decimal
K21599_S10.indb 1
places are for 86Kr. A separate table for 198Hg contains accurately known wavelengths that are frequently used for calibration. A large number of the lines for neutral and singly ionized atoms were extracted from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Tables of Spectral Line Intensities (Reference 2). The intensities of these lines represent quantitative estimates of relative line strengths that take into account varying detection sensitivity at different wavelengths. They are on a linear scale. For nearly all of the other lines the intensities represent qualitative estimates of the relative strengths of lines not greatly separated in wavelength. Because different observers frequently use different scales for their intensity estimates, these intensities are useful only as a rough indication of the appearance of a spectrum. In some cases the intensity scale is not intended to be linear. In the first and second spectra the intensities of the lines of the singly ionized atom (II) relative to those of the neutral atom (I) should be used with caution, inasmuch as the concentration of ions in a light source depends greatly on the excitation conditions. Descriptive symbols that follow the wavelength have the following meanings:
Atomic
Line Spectra of the Elements
c — complex d — line consists of two unresolved lines h — hazy l — shaded to longer wavelengths s — shaded to shorter wavelengths p — perturbed by a close line r — easily reversed w — wide
The table is arranged alphabetically by element name (not symbol); for each element the lines are listed by wavelength. References to the sources of data for each element are given at the end of the table, starting on page 10-89.
General References 1. Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements, Part 1. Wavelengths and Intensities, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 68, 1980. 2. Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, Part 1. Arranged by Elements, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 145, 1975. 3. Fuhr, J. R., Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Sugar, J., and Wiese, W. L., “NIST Atomic Spectroscopic Database” ver. 1.1, January 1996. NIST Physical Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Available at the WWW address: http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html
10-1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-2 Intensity
Wavelength/Å
Atomic
Actinium Ac Z = 89 2000 h 2952.55 2000 h 3392.78 3000 3487.59 2000 s 3863.12 3000 s 4088.44 3000 s 4168.40 100 4179.98 20 4183.12 20 4194.40 20 l 4384.53 20 4396.71 2000 h 4413.09 20 4462.73 3000 h 4569.87 1000 5910.85 20 6359.86 20 l 6691.27
III III III II II II I I I I I III I III II I I
Aluminum Al Z = 13 900 125.53 800 126.07 800 130.41 1000 130.85 900 131.00 900 131.44 800 160.07 1000 278.69 900 281.39 70 486.884 30 486.912 250 511.138 150 511.191 500 560.317 200 560.433 100 670.068 200 671.118 500 695.829 400 696.217 200 725.683 300 726.915 400 855.034 500 856.746 400 892.024 50 893.887 450 893.897 800 1042.17 50 1191.812 900 1237.19 900 1257.62 800 1264.18 1000 1272.76 150 1350.18 800 1384.13 800 1447.51 800 1494.79 1000 1526.14 800 1537.54 800 1539.830 1000 1557.25 100 1569.385
V V V V V V IV V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II IV IV IV IV II III IV IV V IV II IV II
K21599_S10.indb 2
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
900 800 125 700 100 800 150 800 100 100 1000 100 800 500 900 500 900 350 300 290 500 700 450 300 450 400 450 1000 600 400 250 1000 300 700 120 1000 600 200 150 200 400 150 300 200 150 220 700 150 150 100 200 700 150 300 100 200 400 120 140 460 110
1582.04 1584.46 1596.059 1605.766 1611.814 1611.874 1625.627 1639.06 1644.235 1644.809 1670.787 1686.250 1719.440 1721.244 1721.271 1724.952 1724.984 1760.104 1761.975 1763.00 1763.869 1763.952 1765.64 1765.815 1766.38 1767.731 1769.14 1818.56 1828.588 1832.837 1834.808 1854.716 1855.929 1858.026 1859.980 1862.311 1862.790 1929.978 1931.048 1932.377 1934.503 1934.713 1935.840 1935.949 1936.907 1939.261 1990.531 2016.052 2016.234 2016.368 2074.008 2094.264 2094.744 2094.791 2095.104 2095.141 2269.10 2269.22 2321.56 2367.05 2367.61
IV IV II III III III II IV II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I IV II II II III II II II II III II II II II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 180 140 160 850 170 110 240 480 110 150 200 160 650 150 360 450 150 4500 r 7200 r 1800 r 150 150 900 800 450 360 290 870 220 110 150 290 450 4500 r 9000 r 110 290 870 150 110 550 110 110 150 290 150 110 220 150 180 110 450 1200 1000 110 220 290 220 450 150
2368.11 2369.30 2370.22 2372.07 2373.12 2373.35 2373.57 2567.98 2575.10 2637.70 2652.48 2660.39 2669.17 2816.19 3041.28 3050.07 3057.14 3074.64 3082.153 3092.710 3092.839 3428.92 3443.64 3492.23 3508.46 3586.56 3587.07 3587.45 3601.63 3651.06 3651.10 3654.98 3655.00 3900.68 3944.006 3961.520 3995.86 4226.81 4529.19 4585.82 4588.19 4666.80 4898.76 4902.77 5280.21 5283.77 5285.85 5312.32 5316.07 5371.84 5557.06 5557.95 5593.23 5696.60 5722.73 5853.62 5971.94 6001.76 6001.88 6006.42 6061.11
I I I I I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II I IV IV II II II III II II II II II I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I I II III III II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
290 110 450 110 150 290 220 450 h 450 360 290 360 450 450 360 230 110 140 230 290 110 290 360 450 110 180 140 150 110 150 110 140 110 230 450 570 570 450 230 300 140 300 360
6068.43 6068.53 6073.23 6181.57 6181.68 6182.28 6182.45 6183.42 6201.52 6201.70 6226.18 6231.78 6243.36 6335.74 6696.02 6698.67 7361.57 7362.30 7835.31 7836.13 8075.35 8640.70 8772.87 8773.90 8828.91 8841.28 8923.56 9290.65 9290.75 10076.29 10768.36 10782.04 10872.98 10891.73 11253.19 11254.88 13123.41 13150.76 16718.96 16750.56 16763.36 21093.04 21163.75
Antimony Sb Z = 51 15 722.86 15 732.33 861.5 4 876.84 4 921.07 6 983.57 15 999.62 6 1001.13 6 1009.43 40 1011.94 6 1052.21 8 1056.27 8 1057.32 40 1065.90 6 1073.81 30 1075.82 1087.6
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III IV II II II III II II III II II II III II III IV
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
8 30 40 50 50 12 6 8 20 8 6 8 20 6 8 20 r 40 h 12 50 r 12 120 r 80 r 6 8 7 80 r 10 200 w 100 w 20 100 w 15 15 80 r 150 r 150 r 15 100 r 100 h 100 r 100 r 150 50 r 80 r 100 50 r 300 r 150 r 100 200 r 60 r 70 r 150 r 1000 r 100 50 r 80 r 100 r 50 r
K21599_S10.indb 3
Wavelength/Å 1104.32 1151.49 1157.74 1199.1 1205.20 1210.64 1226.00 1230.30 1274.98 1306.69 1327.40 1358.04 1384.70 1404.18 1407.83 1436.49 1486.57 1491.36 1499.2 1505.70 1512.57 1524.47 1532.74 1535.06 1565.51 1576.11 1581.36 1599.96 1606.98 1612.8 1623.3 1657.04 1662.6 1673.89 1711.84 1716.93 1717.45 1723.43 1725.33 1736.19 1765.76 1780.87 1788.24 1800.18 1810.50 1814.20 1829.50 1868.17 1871.15 1882.56 1927.08 1950.39 2029.49 2039.77 2049.57 2068.33 2079.56 2098.41 2118.48 2127.39 2137.05
V III III IV III III V II II III II II II III II II I I IV V I V I I II II II I II I I II I III III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 r 10 50 r 100 r 1500 r 250 r 200 r 300 r 150 r 100 120 r 300 r 120 150 r 300 r 2500 r 150 400 h 300 h 100 150 250 400 r 400 150 100 2000 r 15 10 150 15 1500 r 500 r 300 r 12 200 r 20 300 r 200 r 120 150 r 400 r 1000 r 15 500 r 600 r 20 700 r 15 25 250 20 200 r 20 200 20 20 15 15 20 20
2139.69 2141.80 2141.83 2144.86 2175.81 2179.19 2201.32 2208.45 2220.73 2221.98 2224.93 2262.51 2288.98 2293.44 2306.46 2311.47 2315.89 2373.67 2383.64 2395.22 2422.13 2426.35 2445.51 2478.32 2480.44 2510.54 2528.52 2528.54 2567.75 2574.06 2590.13 2598.05 2598.09 2612.31 2617.17 2652.60 2669.39 2670.64 2682.76 2692.25 2718.90 2769.95 2877.92 2980.96 3029.83 3232.52 3241.28 3267.51 3498.46 3637.80 3637.83 3722.78 3722.79 3850.22 4033.55 4033.56 4133.63 4140.54 4195.17 4219.07 4314.32
I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I III I I I III I III I I I I I I II I I II I II II I II I II I II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
15 30 20 15 30 20 40 20 20 30 20 20 20 15 15 20 20 40 h 100 l 30 60 h 100 20 30 50 20 20 30 30 h 80 200 60 150 100 400 400 200 300 200 1000 800 80 600 200 400 300 150 5
4514.50 4596.90 4599.09 4604.77 4647.32 4675.74 4711.26 4757.81 4765.36 4784.03 4802.01 4832.82 4877.24 4947.40 5044.56 5238.94 5354.24 5556.10 5632.02 5639.75 5830.34 6005.21 6053.41 6079.80 6130.04 6154.94 6611.49 6647.44 7648.28 7844.44 7924.65 8411.69 8572.64 8619.55 9518.68 9949.14 10078.49 10261.01 10585.60 10677.41 10741.94 10794.11 10839.73 10868.58 10879.55 11012.79 11266.23 12116.06
Argon Ar Z = 18 3 336.56 3 337.56 6 338.00 2 338.43 2 339.01 3 339.89 3 350.88 4 396.87 4 398.55 2 436.67 5 446.00 8 446.95
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V V V V IV IV V V V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
4 18 4 3 2 6p 3 7 30 50 30 30 3 5 6 30 200 70 2 70 5 70 30 70 30 70 30 30 6 3 500 30 200 1000 3000 70 30 30 200 10 7 12 p 6 8 3 5 4 3 200 3000 2 500 70 200 200 70 4 5 12 5 10
447.53 449.06 449.49 458.12 458.98 461.23 462.42 463.94 487.227 490.650 490.701 519.327 522.09 524.19 527.69 542.912 543.203 547.461 554.50 556.817 558.48 573.362 576.736 580.263 583.437 597.700 602.858 612.372 623.77 635.12 661.867 664.562 666.011 670.946 671.851 676.242 677.952 679.218 679.401 683.28 688.39 689.01 699.41 700.28 705.35 709.20 715.60 715.65 718.090 723.361 725.11 725.548 730.930 740.269 744.925 745.322 754.20 761.47 769.15 800.57 801.09
V V V V V V V V II II II II V V V II II II V II V II II II II II II II IV V II II II II II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV V V V V II II V II II II II II IV IV III IV IV
Atomic
Intensity
10-3
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-4
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
10 5 20 100 60 30 40 50 120 70 80 4 120 120 5 3 150 4p 100 2 15 100 20 25 180 150 10 9 180 r 12 8 180 r 9 10 150 5 9 1000 1000 1000 r 500 r 7 7 7 9 7 10 15 10 10 15 10 20 25 8 10 15 7 10 7 7
801.41 801.91 802.859 806.471 806.869 807.218 807.653 809.927 816.232 816.464 820.124 822.16 825.346 826.365 827.05 827.35 834.392 834.88 835.002 836.13 840.03 842.805 843.77 850.60 866.800 869.754 871.10 875.53 876.058 878.73 879.62 879.947 883.18 887.40 894.310 900.36 901.17 919.781 932.054 1048.220 1066.660 1669.67 1673.42 1675.48 1914.40 1915.56 2125.16 2133.87 2138.59 2148.73 2166.19 2168.26 2170.23 2177.22 2184.06 2188.22 2192.06 2248.73 2279.10 2281.22 2282.21
K21599_S10.indb 4
Intensity IV IV I I I I I I I I I V I I V V I V I V IV I IV IV I I III III I III III I III III I IV IV II II I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III
12 4 10 15 9 15 12 10 10 9 7 9 10 12 10 7 10 5 12 12 7 8 8 7 12 12 10 6 9 10 15 12 10 7 12 10 7 12 6 12 12 7 15 10 8 9 9 10 14 7 10 12 14 7 16 10 7 8 6 9 25
Wavelength/Å 2293.03 2299.72 2300.85 2302.17 2317.00 2317.47 2318.04 2319.13 2319.37 2345.17 2351.67 2360.26 2395.63 2399.15 2413.20 2415.61 2418.82 2420.456 2423.52 2423.93 2443.69 2447.71 2472.95 2476.10 2488.86 2513.28 2516.789 2518.40 2525.69 2534.709 2562.087 2562.17 2568.07 2569.53 2599.47 2608.06 2608.44 2615.68 2619.98 2621.36 2624.92 2631.90 2640.34 2654.63 2674.02 2678.38 2682.63 2724.84 2757.92 2762.23 2776.26 2784.47 2788.96 2797.11 2809.44 2830.25 2842.88 2855.29 2874.40 2884.12 2891.612
III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III IV III III III IV II IV IV II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV III III III IV III IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
12 11 200 100 10 12 50 6 12 10 8 10 50 7 7 8 20 25 25 20 20 15 7 7 25 20 25 15 7 7 25 25 15 7 7 9 8 7 9 70 20 20 50 100 12 15 70 8 70 70 70 7 100 100 70 25 50 70 7 25 20
2913.00 2926.33 2942.893 2979.050 3010.02 3024.05 3033.508 3037.98 3054.82 3064.77 3077.40 3078.15 3093.402 3110.41 3127.90 3200.37 3243.689 3285.85 3293.640 3301.88 3307.228 3311.25 3319.34 3323.59 3336.13 3344.72 3350.924 3358.49 3361.28 3373.47 3376.436 3388.531 3391.85 3393.73 3417.49 3424.25 3438.04 3461.07 3471.32 3476.747 3478.232 3480.55 3491.244 3491.536 3499.67 3503.58 3509.778 3511.12 3514.388 3545.596 3545.845 3554.306 3559.508 3561.030 3576.616 3581.608 3582.355 3588.441 3606.522 3622.138 3639.833
IV IV II II III III II IV III III IV III II III III I II III II III II III I III III III II III III I II II III I III III III I III II II III II II III III II III II II II I II II II II II II I II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
35 70 50 150 50 20 20 25 20 25 50 7 70 10 35 7 35 50 25 70 7 35 8 20 35 50 6 50 20 150 50 100 200 70 25 35 25 150 300 5 35 400 50 35 50 100 50 200 400 25 25 25 100 100 25 200 100 70 150 550 20
3718.206 3729.309 3737.889 3765.270 3766.119 3770.369 3770.520 3780.840 3795.37 3803.172 3809.456 3834.679 3850.581 3858.32 3868.528 3907.84 3925.719 3928.623 3932.547 3946.097 3947.505 3948.979 3960.53 3979.356 3994.792 4013.857 4023.60 4033.809 4035.460 4042.894 4044.418 4052.921 4072.005 4072.385 4076.628 4079.574 4082.387 4103.912 4131.724 4146.70 4156.086 4158.590 4164.180 4179.297 4181.884 4190.713 4191.029 4198.317 4200.674 4218.665 4222.637 4226.988 4228.158 4237.220 4251.185 4259.362 4266.286 4266.527 4272.169 4277.528 4282.898
II II II II II I II II III II II I II III II III II II II II I I III II II II III II II II I II II II II II II II II III II I I II I I I I I II II II II II I I I II I II II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 4300.101 4300.650 4309.239 4331.200 4332.030 4333.561 4335.338 4345.168 4348.064 4352.205 4362.066 4367.832 4370.753 4371.329 4375.954 4379.667 4385.057 4400.097 4400.986 4426.001 4430.189 4430.996 4433.838 4439.461 4448.879 4474.759 4481.811 4510.733 4522.323 4530.552 4545.052 4564.405 4579.350 4589.898 4596.097 4609.567 4628.441 4637.233 4657.901 4702.316 4721.591 4726.868 4732.053 4735.906 4764.865 4806.020 4847.810 4865.910 4879.864 4889.042 4904.752 4933.209 4965.080 5009.334 5017.163 5062.037 5090.495 5141.783 5145.308 5151.391 5162.285
K21599_S10.indb 5
I II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
25 20 20 7 5 10 25 5 25 10 35 20 10 5 10 15 25 50 15 5 7 5 5 70 35 10 20 7 10 100 10 7 150 10 10 5 25 7 15 7 20 70 25 15 15 25 20 50 5 5 25 100 35 150 5 15 20 150 5 10 50
5165.773 5187.746 5216.814 5221.271 5421.352 5451.652 5495.874 5506.113 5558.702 5572.541 5606.733 5650.704 5739.520 5834.263 5860.310 5882.624 5888.584 5912.085 5928.813 5942.669 5987.302 5998.999 6025.150 6032.127 6043.223 6052.723 6059.372 6098.803 6105.635 6114.923 6145.441 6170.174 6172.278 6173.096 6212.503 6215.938 6243.120 6296.872 6307.657 6369.575 6384.717 6416.307 6483.082 6538.112 6604.853 6638.221 6639.740 6643.698 6660.676 6664.051 6666.359 6677.282 6684.293 6752.834 6756.163 6766.612 6861.269 6871.289 6879.582 6888.174 6937.664
II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I II I I I II I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
7 7 10000 150 10000 100 25 25 1000 15 70 15 7 2000 35 25 5 70 200 20 10000 20 15 10 25 10 20000 15000 25000 15000 10000 10 20000 20000 25000 7 20000 35000 10000 20 15000 20000 15000 7 4500 20 180 20 35000 550 15000 400 1600 25000 4500 180 30 100 1600 13 180
6951.478 6960.250 6965.431 7030.251 7067.218 7068.736 7107.478 7125.820 7147.042 7158.839 7206.980 7265.172 7270.664 7272.936 7311.716 7316.005 7350.814 7353.293 7372.118 7380.426 7383.980 7392.980 7412.337 7425.294 7435.368 7436.297 7503.869 7514.652 7635.106 7723.761 7724.207 7891.075 7948.176 8006.157 8014.786 8053.308 8103.693 8115.311 8264.522 8392.27 8408.210 8424.648 8521.442 8605.776 8667.944 8771.860 8849.91 9075.394 9122.967 9194.638 9224.499 9291.531 9354.220 9657.786 9784.503 10052.06 10332.72 10467.177 10470.054 10478.034 10506.50
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
200 11 7 30 30 7 11 30 12 400 200 12 200 50 50 200 200 100 200 150 30 12 200 50 500 200 200 200 100 500 1000 1000 30 1000 11 30 400 200 1000 10 10 200 100 25 10 30 30 500 12 50 30 20 20
10673.565 10681.773 10683.034 10733.87 10759.16 10812.896 11078.869 11106.46 11441.832 11488.109 11668.710 11719.488 12112.326 12139.738 12343.393 12402.827 12439.321 12456.12 12487.663 12702.281 12733.418 12746.232 12802.739 12933.195 12956.659 13008.264 13213.99 13228.107 13230.90 13272.64 13313.210 13367.111 13499.41 13504.191 13573.617 13599.333 13622.659 13678.550 13718.577 13825.715 13907.478 14093.640 15046.50 15172.69 15329.34 15989.49 16519.86 16940.58 18427.76 20616.23 20986.11 23133.20 23966.52
Arsenic As Z = 33 510 871.7 325 889.0 325 927.5 325 937.2 325 953.6 325 963.8 250 987.7
I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Atomic
Intensity 100 25 70 200 50 100 50 25 800 50 25 50 200 70 50 150 50 70 200 400 150 50 50 20 35 100 200 100 20 20 400 20 400 400 15 550 7 35 400 15 20 550 50 300 800 550 150 50 800 70 20 35 200 50 70 70 20 100 70 5 15
10-5
III III III III III III V
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-6
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
340 250 340 500 615 555 555 615 615 340 800 800 340 760 965 870 800 965 800 800 715 715 715 340 760 965 760 965 800 1000 760 800 800 500 500 500 100 r 500 340 1000 r 500 800 r 585 r 170 r 100 r 100 r 230 r 100 r 200 350 r 200 350 r 100 r 135 r 250 250 170 r 200 340 170 r 300
1021.96 1029.5 1082.35 1139.40 1149.31 1181.51 1189.87 1196.38 1196.56 1207.44 1211.17 1218.10 1223.15 1241.31 1243.08 1245.67 1258.58 1263.77 1266.34 1267.59 1280.99 1287.54 1305.70 1307.74 1333.15 1341.55 1355.93 1369.77 1373.65 1375.07 1375.78 1394.64 1400.31 1448.59 1558.88 1570.99 1593.60 1660.55 1860.34 1890.42 1912.94 1937.59 1972.62 1990.35 1991.13 1995.43 2003.34 2009.19 2263.2 2288.12 2301.0 2349.84 2370.77 2381.18 2417.5 2454.0 2456.53 2461.4 2602.00 2780.22 2830.359
K21599_S10.indb 6
II V II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I IV I IV I I I IV IV I IV II I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
300 100 r 300 80 615 300 300 340 325 715 615 615 500 500 500 500 425 375 615 615 715 340 715 500 800 850 615 715 615 340 340 340 340 340 500 425 500 340 425 425 425 500 300 300 300 340 300 200 230 290 230 170 290 290 170
2831.164 2860.44 2884.406 2926.3 2959.572 3003.819 3116.516 3842.60 3922.6 4190.082 4197.40 4242.982 4315.657 4323.867 4336.64 4352.145 4352.864 4371.17 4427.106 4431.562 4458.469 4461.075 4466.348 4474.46 4494.230 4507.659 4539.74 4543.483 4602.427 4629.787 4707.586 4730.67 4888.557 5105.58 5107.55 5231.38 5331.23 5497.727 5558.09 5651.32 6110.07 6170.27 6511.74 7092.27 7102.72 7990.53 8174.51 9300.61 9597.95 9626.70 9833.76 9915.71 9923.05 10024.04 10614.07
Astatine At Z = 85 8 2162.25 10 2244.01 Barium Ba Z = 56 14 555.48
II I II III II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
14 18 300 150 1000 40000 300 50000 200 200 400 300 200
587.57 647.27 719.86 721.85 766.87 794.89 877.41 923.74 946.26 1486.72 1504.01 1554.38 1572.73 1573.92 1630.40 1674.51 1694.37 1697.16 1761.75 1771.03 1786.93 1904.15 1924.70 1985.60 1999.54 2001.30 2009.20 2023.95 2052.68 2054.57 2214.7 2245.61 2254.73 2304.24 2331.10 2335.27 2347.58 2512.28 2523.83 2528.51 2559.54 2596.64 2634.78 2681.89 2702.63 2771.36 2785.28 3071.58 3079.14 3108.21 3132.60 3135.72 3137.70 3155.34 3155.67 3158.05 3158.54 3165.60 3173.69 3183.16 3183.96
100 400
100 500 300 10 400
500 800 1000 1400 60 2000 190 40 40 60 50 8h 100 40 8 18 15 100 r 40 10 h 8 8h 10 10 10 12 12 h 25 15 h 30 15
III III V V V IV V IV V II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III III II III I II III I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
10 25 h 30 40 50 60 r 40 15 50 80 h 50 60 r 20 70 r 25 30 h 40 200 r 80 h 30 h 80 h 20 h 100 200 100 30 80 h 200 40 40 h 20 h 400 200 200 100 20 1400 l 20 40 500 25 50 20 200 500 25 80 30 300 200 30 h 1500 h 20 200 500 800 100 300 200 800 20 h
3193.91 3203.70 3221.63 3222.19 3261.96 3262.34 3281.50 3281.77 3322.80 3356.80 3368.18 3377.08 3377.39 3420.32 3421.01 3421.48 3463.74 3501.11 3524.97 3531.35 3544.66 3547.68 3552.45 3567.73 3576.28 3577.62 3579.67 3596.57 3630.64 3636.83 3688.47 3735.75 3816.69 3842.80 3854.76 3889.33 3891.78 3892.65 3909.91 3914.73 3926.85 3935.72 3937.87 3939.67 3949.51 3993.06 3993.40 3995.66 4036.26 4083.77 4084.86 4130.66 4132.43 4166.00 4216.04 4267.95 4283.10 4287.80 4297.60 4309.32 4323.00
I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II I II I I II III I I II II III I I II II I II I II II II I II II II I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 4325.73 4326.74 4329.62 4350.33 4402.54 4405.23 4431.89 4488.98 4493.64 4505.92 4509.63 4523.17 4524.93 4554.03 4573.85 4579.64 4599.75 4619.92 4628.33 4644.10 4673.62 4691.62 4700.43 4708.94 4726.44 4843.46 4847.14 4850.84 4877.65 4899.97 4902.90 4934.09 4947.35 4957.15 4997.81 5013.00 5159.94 5267.03 5361.35 5391.60 5421.05 5424.55 5428.79 5480.30 5519.05 5535.48 5620.40 5680.18 5777.62 5784.18 5800.23 5805.69 5826.28 5853.68 5907.64 5971.70 5981.25 5997.09 5999.85 6019.47 6063.12
K21599_S10.indb 7
II II II I I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I I II I II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
300 400 20000 150 500 10 90 150 12000 300 150 3000 150 1500 1800 1000 600 300 h 1000 6000 2400 hs 600 600 hl 3000 1200 300 900 hl 600 450 hl 600 hl 1800 1200 180 h 1500 600 900 h 8 1800 h 100 100 300 h 300 450 300 300 300 h 1500 300 8 450 900 300 h 1500 hl 900 600 1200 h 300 120 hl 180 hl 150 h 240
6110.78 6135.83 6141.72 6341.68 6378.91 6383.76 6450.85 6482.91 6496.90 6498.76 6527.31 6595.33 6654.10 6675.27 6693.84 6769.62 6865.69 6867.85 6874.09 7059.94 7120.33 7195.24 7228.84 7280.30 7392.41 7417.53 7459.78 7488.08 7636.90 7642.91 7672.09 7780.48 7839.57 7905.75 7911.34 8210.24 8308.69 8559.97 8710.74 8737.71 8799.76 8860.98 8914.99 9219.69 9308.08 9324.58 9370.06 9455.92 9521.76 9589.37 9608.88 9645.72 9830.37 10001.08 10032.10 10233.23 10471.26 10791.25 11012.69 11114.42 11303.04
I II II I II III I I II I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I II II I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
120 h 120 120 120 120 120 150 150
11697.45 13207.30 13810.50 14077.90 15000.40 20712.00 25515.70 29223.90
Beryllium Be Z = 4 58.13 58.57 59.32 60.74 64.06 75.93 1h 76.10 2 76.48 3 78.53 4 78.66 1h 78.92 5 81.89 10 82.38 82.58 20 83.20 83.66 30 84.76 50 88.31 89.16 89.80 90.04 90.21 90.67 91.06 91.36 91.74 92.19 92.61 93.14 93.42 93.93 94.78 95.76 96.29 97.24 97.44 97.86 97.97 98.12 98.37 98.66 98.94 99.19 100 100.25 100.86 101.20 102.13 102.49 104.40 104.67 105.80 107.26
Intensity I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III II III II III III I II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III I I I II II I I I
3 2 6 4 8 4 5 5 7 2 8 20 2 10 10
8 5 15 1 20 60 2 1 2 1 10 5 1 2 20 60 100 2h 15 20
3 5 10 60 h 50 5
60
50
Wavelength/Å 107.38 509.99 549.31 582.08 661.32 675.59 714.0 725.59 725.71 743.58 746.23 767.75 775.37 842.06 865.3 925.25 943.56 973.27 981.4 1020.1 1026.93 1036.32 1048.23 1114.69 1143.03 1155.9 1197.19 1213.12 1214.32 1362.25 1401.52 1421.26 1422.86 1426.12 1435.17 1440.77 1491.76 1512.30 1512.43 1661.49 1754.69 1776.12 1776.34 1907. 1909.0 1912. 1917.03 1919. 1929.67 1943.68 1954.97 1956. 1964.59 1985.13 1997.95 1997.98 1998.01 2033.25 2033.28 2033.38 2055.90
I III III III III III II III II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II III III III III III III I III III I II II I III II II I II I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I
Atomic
Intensity 600 200 300 80 60 400 40 60 h 50 h 40 200 60 h 130 65000 40 80 30 20 h 25 h 300 30 35 20 800 40 800 300 200 30 h 400 15 20000 8 1000 300 1000 20 h 20 800 1000 200 100 200 300 200 1000 r 20 h 10 400 800 100 20 150 2800 15 100 800 100 300 100 200
10-7
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-8
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 75 h 60 h 25 15 h 10 20 15 h 5 25 55 55 5
2056.01 2076.94 2080.38 2118.56 2122.27 2125.57 2125.68 2127.20 2137.25 2145. 2174.99 2175.10 2191.57 2273.5 2324.6 2337.0 2348.61 2350.66 2350.71 2350.83 2413.34 2413.46 2453.84 2480.6 2494.54 2494.58 2494.73 2507.43 2617.99 2618.13 2650.45 2650.55 2650.62 2650.69 2650.76 2697.46 2697.58 2728.88 2738.05 2764.2 2898.13 2898.19 2898.25 2986.06 2986.42 3019.33 3019.49 3019.53 3019.60 3046.52 3046.69 3090.3 3110.81 3110.92 3110.99 3120. 3130.42 3131.07 3136. 3150. 3160.6
950 20 60 200 2 16 20 35 35 100 16 5 20 100 60 200 60 100 5 20 20 30 20 10 20 30 10 60 30 30 20 10 30 10 10 20 480 320
K21599_S10.indb 8
Intensity I III III III III I I III III I I I III II II I I I I I II II II I I I I II II II I I I I I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II I I I
20 20 30 20 60 2 10 30 15 100 30 30 30 30 220 20 60 5 300 20 300 10 100
100 700 40 80 1 6 100 90 h 100 60 300 500 400 2 100 h 1 140 h
12 700 1000 6 200 40 2h 80 8 20 3
Wavelength/Å 3163. 3168. 3180.7 3187. 3193.81 3197.10 3197.15 3208.60 3220. 3229.63 3233.52 3241.62 3241.83 3269.02 3274.58 3274.67 3282.91 3321.01 3321.09 3321.34 3345.43 3367.63 3405.6 3451.37 3455.18 3476.56 3515.54 3555. 3720.36 3720.92 3722.98 3736.30 3813.45 3865.13 3865.42 3865.51 3865.72 3866.03 4249.14 4253.05 4253.76 4360.66 4360.99 4407.94 4485.52 4487.30 4495.09 4497.8 4526.6 4548. 4572.66 4673.33 4673.42 4709.37 4828.16 4849.16 4858.22 5087.75 5218.12 5218.33 5255.86
I I II I I II II I I I II II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I III III III I I I I I I I III I I II II I III III III III I I I II II I II I II I II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
64 500 20 20
5270.28 5270.81 5403.04 5410.21 5558. 6142.01 6229.11 6279.43 6279.73 6473.54 6547.89 6558.36 6564.52 6636.44 6756.72 6757.13 6786.56 6884.22 6884.44 6982.75 7154.40 7154.65 7209.13 7401.20 7401.43 7551.90 7618.68 7618.88 8090.06 8158.99 8159.24 8254.07 8287.07 8547.36 8547.67 8801.37 8882.18 9190.45 9243.92 9343.89 9392.74 9476.43 9477.03 9847.32 9895.63 9895.96 9939.78 10095.52 10095.73 10119.92 10331.03 11066.46 11173. 11173.73 11496.39 11625.16 11659. 11660.25 12095.36 12098.18 14643.92
140 h 10 16 30 30 60 60 30 2h 1 2 30 1h 6h 100 6h 40 h 100 3 2 10 10 h 20 h 60 5h 10 h 4 10 h 30 60 300 6 40 20 h 1h 40 2 16 20 10 h 20 h 80 16 20 60 80 30 1 120 2h 2 100 30 100
II II II II I III I II II I II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II II II I I II II I II II II II II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
60 200 80 120 100 160 200
14644.75 16157.72 17855.38 17856.63 18143.54 31775.05 31778.70
Bismuth Bi 6 6 2 3 5 6 5 10 4 6 6 8 10 9 12 15 d 15 12 15 25 50 h 30 15 20 10 24 20 50 10 15 10 10 15 10 60 20 40 20 60 20 25 15 20 35 35 45 25 50 60 h 25 35 20 40
Z = 83 420.7 431.2 488.39 563.62 670.76 686.88 730.71 738.17 775.16 790.5 790.6 792.5 820.3 822.9 824.9 864.45 872.6 923.9 943.3 1039.99 1045.76 1051.81 1058.88 1085.47 1099.20 1103.4 1139.01 1224.64 1225.43 1232.78 1241.05 1265.35 1283.73 1306.18 1317.0 1325.46 1326.84 1329.47 1346.12 1350.07 1372.61 1376.02 1393.92 1423.33 1423.52 1436.83 1447.94 1455.11 1461.00 1462.14 1486.93 1502.50 1520.57
I I I I I I I IV IV V V III V V V III IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV III III III II II II IV III III II II II II II II IV II III II III II II II II III III II II II III II II II II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å
40 30 35 20 40 60 25 60 h 40 40 20 20 80 60 70 70 100 9000 7000 25 7000 9000 45 h 4600 2500 15 15 60 40 h 360 1700 340 100 100 16 12 100 190 75 h 10 25 70 20 h 700 100 100 12 280 c 20 140 d 100 100 360 100 15 11 12 140 c 100 80 h 4000
1533.17 1536.77 1538.06 1563.67 1573.70 1591.79 1601.58 1606.40 1609.70 1611.38 1652.81 1749.29 1777.11 1787.47 1791.93 1823.80 1902.41 1954.53 1960.13 1989.35 2021.21 2061.70 2068.9 2110.26 2133.63 2143.40 2143.46 2186.9 2214.0 2228.25 2230.61 2276.58 2311. 2326. 2368.12 2368.25 2376. 2400.88 2414.6 2501.0 2515.69 2524.49 2544.5 2627.91 2629. 2677. 2693.0 2696.76 2713.3 2730.50 2767. 2772. 2780.52 2786. 2803.42 2803.70 2805.3 2809.62 2842. 2855.6 2897.98
K21599_S10.indb 9
II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I II II II II I I I IV IV II II IV I III II I I II I IV IV II I II I IV IV I IV II II II I IV III I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 100 100 15 3200 20 12 2800 700 100 2400 60 100 9000 c 140 35 100 550 c 10 12 40 h 40 35 500 c 380 c 45 100 12 100 50 50 100 70 h 12 20 10 30 100 40 h 10 140 140 75 h 25 70 h 12 h 25 h 12 h 25 h 60 h 600 c 30 20 40 h 12 10 12 20 45 h 10 50 h
2924. 2933. 2936. 2936.7 2938.30 2950.4 2963.4 2989.03 2993.34 3012. 3024.64 3034.87 3042. 3067.72 3076.66 3115.0 3239. 3397.21 3430.83 3431.23 3451.0 3473.8 3485.5 3510.85 3596.11 3613.4 3643. 3654.2 3682. 3695.32 3695.68 3734. 3792.5 3811.1 3815.8 3845.8 3863.9 3868. 4079.1 4097.2 4121.53 4121.86 4259.4 4272.0 4301.7 4339.8 4340.5 4379.4 4476.8 4705.3 4722.52 4730.3 4749.7 4797.4 4908.2 4916.6 4969.7 4993.6 5079.3 5091.6 5124.3
IV IV IV II I II II I I IV I I IV I I III IV I II II III III III I I III IV II IV III III IV II II II II II IV II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II III II II II II III II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
60 h 20 75 h 40 h 10 10 c 3 20 40 h 6 12 20 20 15 15 6 3 3 15 10 40 h 50 h 4h 12 2 10 h 2 10 h 10 3 2 20 40 12 h 50 15 15 30 2 1 25 2 3 25 2 2000 d 40 20 15 20 20 50 1500 d 40 200 200 100 200 50 60
5144.3 5201.5 5209.2 5270.3 5397.8 5552.35 5599.41 5655.2 5719.2 5742.55 5818.3 5860.2 5973.0 6059.1 6128.0 6134.82 6475.73 6476.24 6497.7 6577.2 6600.2 6808.6 6991.12 7033. 7036.15 7381. 7502.33 7637. 7750. 7838.70 7840.33 7965. 8008. 8050. 8070. 8328. 8388. 8532. 8544.54 8579.74 8653. 8754.88 8761.54 8863. 8907.81 9657.04 9827.78 10104.5 10138.8 10300.6 10536.19 11072.44 11710.37 11999.49 12165.08 12690.04 12817.8 14330.5 16001.5 22551.6
Intensity II II II II II I I II II I II II II II II I I I II II II II I II I II I II II I I II III II III II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Wavelength/Å
Boron B Z = 5 41.00 30 48.59 10 52.68 30 60.31 194.37 262.37 160 344.0 450 385.0 40 411.80 285 418.7 20 510.77 40 510.85 512.53 150 518.24 75 518.27 110 677.00 160 677.14 40 693.95 40 731.36 40 731.44 749.74 40 758.48 70 758.67 110 882.54 110 882.68 40 984.67 110 1081.88 110 1082.07 70 1112.2 450 1168.9 70 1170.9 110 1230.16 220 1362.46 70 1600.46 120 1600.73 160 1623.58 110 1623.77 220 1624.02 70 1624.16 160 1624.34 100 1663.04 150 1666.87 200 1667.29 150 1817.86 200 1818.37 300 1825.91 300 1826.41 110 1842.81 20 1953.83 550 2065.78 250 2066.38 250 2066.65 100 2066.93 300 2067.19 450 2067.23 160 2077.09 500 2088.91 500 2089.57 70 2220.30 40 2234.09
V V IV IV V V IV IV III IV III III V III III III III II II II V III III II II II II II IV IV IV II II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I II III III I I I I III III I I II III
Atomic
Intensity
10-9
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-10
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
70 40 40 40 220 40 40 1000 1000 70 160 450 70 285 160 110 70 110 110 450 285 110 40 70 110 110 220 360 70 110 110 70 70 40 110 70 20 70 800 570 125 200 250 235
2234.59 2323.03 2328.67 2393.20 2395.05 2459.69 2459.90 2496.77 2497.73 2524.7 2530.3 2821.68 2824.57 2825.85 2918.08 3032.26 3179.33 3323.18 3323.60 3451.29 4121.93 4194.79 4242.98 4243.61 4472.10 4472.85 4487.05 4497.73 4784.21 4940.38 6080.44 6285.47 7030.20 7031.90 7835.25 7841.41 8667.22 8668.57 11660.04 11662.47 15629.08 16240.38 16244.67 18994.33
III II II II II II II I I IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II III III II II III III II II II II II II III III I I I I I I I I
Bromine Br 700 700 800 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Z = 35 379.73 400.37 482.11 531.97 545.43 547.90 559.76 569.19 576.59 585.10 586.71 597.51 600.09 601.27 607.03 617.85
IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV
K21599_S10.indb 10
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 7500 1200 1500 1000 1500 1200 1200 1000 1000 3000 3000 1000 2000 12000 3000 50000 30000 25000 30000 20000 25000 75000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 600 1000 1100 h 500 h
619.87 630.14 642.23 661.53 683.51 697.72 715.39 731.00 800.12 812.95 813.66 850.81 889.23 948.97 1015.54 1049.00 1069.15 1112.13 1143.56 1189.28 1189.50 1210.73 1221.13 1223.24 1224.41 1226.90 1232.43 1243.90 1251.66 1255.80 1259.20 1261.66 1266.20 1279.48 1286.26 1309.91 1316.74 1317.37 1317.70 1384.60 1449.90 1488.45 1531.74 1540.65 1574.84 1576.39 1582.31 1633.40 2133.79 2145.02 2257.21 2272.73 2307.40 2408.16 2411.58 2491.14 2581.19 2661.40 2842.88 2907.71 2972.26
IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II V V V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
500 500 500 500 500 500 1200 1500 1000 2000 1000 1500 10000 10000 20000 1000 3000 15000 3000 2500 2500 4000 1600 4000 1200 1200 1800 1600 2400 40000 2000 1500 60000 2500 1800 1000 20000 1500 50000 c 1000 1800 20000 1500 50000 c 20000 10000 8000 2000 2000 2200 6500 1600 c 1800 10000 2000 10000 40000 1600 1800 2000 30000
3041.18 3074.42 3349.64 3380.56 3540.16 3562.43 3815.65 3992.36 4223.89 4365.14 4365.60 4425.14 4441.74 4472.61 4477.72 4490.42 4513.44 4525.59 4575.74 4614.58 4752.28 4780.31 4785.19 4979.76 5395.48 5466.22 5852.08 5940.48 6122.14 6148.60 6177.39 6335.48 6350.73 6410.32 6483.56 6514.62 6544.57 6548.09 6559.80 6571.31 6579.14 6582.17 6620.47 6631.62 6682.28 6692.13 6728.28 6760.06 6779.48 6786.74 6790.04 6791.48 6861.15 7005.19 7260.45 7348.51 7512.96 7591.61 7595.07 7616.41 7803.02
IV III III IV III III I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1200 2500 s 2500 2500 30000 c 3000 3000 8000 10000 30000 2000 2500 30000 1000 c 10000 25000 5000 15000 75000 c 20000 10000 1200 40000 4000 1500 1000 1000 20000 4000 10000 c 15000 25000 4000 30000 6000 1800 9000 30000 15000 20000 40000 15000 6000 10000 3000 6000 1000 1500 30000 1000 3000 1700 1800 1250 1800 1200 3500 1000 1000 1200 4000
7827.23 7881.45 7881.57 7925.81 7938.68 7947.94 7950.18 7978.44 7978.57 7989.94 8026.35 8026.54 8131.52 8152.65 8153.75 8154.00 8246.86 8264.96 8272.44 8334.70 8343.70 8384.04 8446.55 8477.45 8513.38 8557.73 8566.28 8638.66 8698.53 8793.47 8819.96 8825.22 8888.98 8897.62 8932.40 8949.39 8964.00 9166.06 9173.63 9178.16 9265.42 9320.86 9793.48 9896.40 10140.08 10237.74 10299.62 10377.65 10457.96 10742.14 10755.92 13217.17 14354.57 14888.70 16731.19 18568.31 19733.62 20281.73 20624.67 21787.24 22865.65
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 23513.15 28346.50 30380.85 31630.13 38345.75 39964.36
I I I I I I
Cadmium Cd Z = 48 50 427.01 50 447.85 60 480.90 70 493.00 70 495.13 70 498.14 70 498.53 80 504.09 70 504.20 70 504.50 80 506.31 60 508.01 50 508.95 70 509.55 70 511.40 80 513.00 70 514.50 60 519.42 80 524.41 70 524.47 70 525.10 60 525.19 70 527.07 80 531.09 80 531.51 70 534.29 70 536.77 60 540.90 70 541.74 80 542.60 80 546.55 60 553.06 80 554.05 60 567.01 150 1118.16 100 1164.65 100 1183.40 100 1256.00 150 1296.43 100 1326.50 60 1370.48 150 1370.91 60 1418.89 200 1514.26 50 1545.17 200 1571.58 100 1668.60 50 1702.47 40 1707.16 40 1722.95 50 1724.41 40 1747.67 40 1773.06 100 1785.84
IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II IV II IV II III II II II III III II III III II
K21599_S10.indb 11
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
75 40 100 50 40 40 200 150 300 100 40 30 200 100 50 75 40 50 75 150 50 1000 r 50 100 1000 1000 1500 r 1000 200 40 50 50 40 40 50 30 25 h 50 50 25 3 500 50 30 25 h 50 40 75 40 50 h 25 50 100 25 50 75 50 1000 100 h 50 h 50
1793.40 1823.41 1827.70 1844.66 1851.13 1855.85 1856.67 1874.08 1922.23 1943.54 1965.54 1986.89 1995.43 2007.49 2032.45 2036.23 2039.83 2045.61 2087.91 2096.00 2111.60 2144.41 2155.06 2187.79 2194.56 2265.02 2288.022 2312.77 2321.07 2376.82 2418.69 2469.73 2487.93 2495.58 2509.11 2516.22 2525.196 2544.613 2551.98 2553.465 2565.789 2572.93 2580.106 2592.026 2602.048 2628.979 2632.190 2639.420 2659.23 2660.325 2668.20 2672.62 2677.540 2677.748 2707.00 2712.505 2733.820 2748.54 2763.894 2764.230 2774.958
III III II III III III III III II II II II II II II II III III III II III II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II II I I II I I II I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
30 200 25 100 200 r 50 r 200 50 200 1000 r 200 r 50 50 150 25 30 100 200 50 150 300 300 50 50 30 800 50 50 100 1000 800 25 150 25 100 100 1000 800 60 20 10 100 200 50 100 8 100 3 1000 30 8 200 30 300 50 50 1000 h 6 100 100 1000
2823.19 2836.900 2856.46 2868.180 2880.767 2881.224 2914.67 2927.87 2929.27 2980.620 2981.362 2981.845 3030.60 3080.822 3081.48 3082.593 3092.34 3133.167 3146.79 3250.33 3252.524 3261.055 3343.21 3385.49 3388.88 3403.652 3417.49 3442.42 3464.43 3466.200 3467.655 3483.08 3495.44 3499.952 3524.11 3535.69 3610.508 3612.873 3614.453 3649.558 3981.926 4029.12 4134.77 4141.49 4285.08 4306.672 4412.41 4412.989 4415.63 4440.45 4662.352 4678.149 4744.69 4799.912 4881.72 5025.50 5085.822 5154.660 5268.01 5271.60 5337.48
II I II I I I II II II I I I II I II I II I II II I I II II II I II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I II II II II I II I II II I I II I II II I I II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1000 200 40 50 300 100 100 30 400 500 2000 400 25 500 100 30 50 100 1000 50 5 20 15 35 80 55 d 25 35
5378.13 5381.89 5843.30 5880.22 6099.142 6111.49 6325.166 6330.013 6354.72 6359.98 6438.470 6464.94 6567.65 6725.78 6759.19 6778.116 7237.01 7284.38 7345.670 8066.99 8200.309 9289. 11652. 14487. 15708. 19120. 24371. 25448.
II II II II I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I I
Calcium Ca 250 250 300 250 265 400 300 400 300 450 c 500 300 300 300 250 c 250 450 250 200 750 600 250 750 500 500 400 300 400 750 300 500 24
Z = 20 190.46 196.97 199.55 200.51 257.98 267.77 270.31 280.99 284.98 286.96 322.17 323.22 330.94 334.55 342.45 343.93 352.92 377.18 387.08 425.00 434.57 437.77 443.82 450.57 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 656.00 656.76 669.70 1341.89
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V IV IV IV IV V V V V IV V IV II
Atomic
Intensity 1000 500 500 600 150 120
10-11
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-12
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
12 20 20 60 20 40 40 60 20 40 17 16 16 19 21 19 20 10 15 3 19 170 180 150 20 12 19 20 13 18 20 30 40 170 180 20 30 230 220 50 60 30 40 50 50 24 22 22 25 20 23 22 20 19 25 26 25 30 28 20 20
1342.54 1433.75 1545.29 1649.86 1807.34 1814.50 1838.01 1840.06 1843.09 1850.69 2123.03 2152.43 2687.76 2881.78 2899.79 2924.33 2988.63 3006.86 3028.59 3055.32 3119.67 3158.87 3179.33 3181.28 3316.51 3361.92 3372.67 3461.87 3487.60 3537.77 3644.41 3683.70 3694.11 3706.03 3736.90 3755.67 3758.39 3933.66 3968.47 4097.10 4109.82 4110.28 4206.18 4220.07 4226.73 4283.01 4289.36 4298.99 4302.53 4302.81 4307.74 4318.65 4355.08 4399.59 4425.44 4434.96 4435.69 4454.78 4455.89 4456.61 4472.04
K21599_S10.indb 12
Intensity II II III II II II II II II II III III III III III III III I III I III II II II II I III II I III I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I III I I I III I I I I I I II
20 19 23 22 23 23 24 24 20 30 40 40 25 70 80 40 23 25 22 23 22 24 25 60 70 50 27 23 25 27 24 26 25 24 24 30 27 29 22 30 22 24 26 28 35 30 22 80 34 29 32 28 23 30 33 31 33 30 60 80 20
Wavelength/Å 4489.18 4499.88 4526.94 4578.55 4581.40 4581.47 4585.87 4585.96 4685.27 4716.74 4721.03 4799.97 4878.13 5001.48 5019.97 5021.14 5041.62 5188.85 5261.71 5262.24 5264.24 5265.56 5270.27 5285.27 5307.22 5339.19 5349.47 5512.98 5581.97 5588.76 5590.12 5594.47 5598.49 5601.29 5602.85 5857.45 6102.72 6122.22 6161.29 6162.17 6163.76 6166.44 6169.06 6169.56 6439.07 6449.81 6455.60 6456.87 6462.57 6471.66 6493.78 6499.65 6572.78 6717.69 7148.15 7202.19 7326.15 7575.81 7581.11 7601.30 7602.32
II III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
40 60 20 20 70 100 110 70 130 170 160 100 110 110 90 100 110 25 100 110 80 80 110 90 100 20 20 25 24 25 30 21 24 20 22 21 20 24 30 48 49 47 50 35 34 23 24 25 30
7820.78 7843.38 8017.50 8020.50 8133.05 8201.72 8248.80 8254.73 8498.02 8542.09 8662.14 8912.07 8927.36 9213.90 9312.00 9319.56 9320.65 9416.97 9567.97 9599.24 9601.82 9854.74 9890.63 9931.39 10223.04 10343.81 11838.99 12816.04 12823.86 12909.10 13033.57 13086.44 13134.95 16150.77 16157.36 16197.04 18925.47 18970.14 19046.14 19309.20 19452.99 19505.72 19776.79 19853.10 19862.22 19917.19 19933.70 22624.93 22651.23
Carbon C Z = 6 110 34.973 450 40.268 110 227.19 250 244.91 160 248.66 160 248.74 200 289.14 250 289.23 570 312.42 500 312.46 250 371.69
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V IV V V IV IV IV IV III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
250 150 650 700 500 400 500 200 400 500 570 250 250 300 350 400 350 9 30 50 10 20 30 60 150 30 800 9 10 10 80 150 150 150 150 370 350 330 500 350 370 150 150 200 300 300 300 300 100 150 150 100 100 100 250 250 300 300 200 100 9
371.75 371.78 384.03 384.18 386.203 419.52 419.71 450.734 459.46 459.52 459.63 511.522 535.288 538.080 538.149 538.312 574.281 595.022 687.053 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.624 903.962 904.142 904.480 977.03 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.337 1037.018 1157.910 1158.019 1158.035 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1188.992 1189.447 1189.631 1193.009 1193.031 1193.240 1193.264 1193.393 1193.649 1193.679 1194.064 1194.488 1261.552 1277.245 1277.282 1277.513 1277.550 1280.333 1311.363 1323.951
III III IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II I I I III III III III III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 1329.578 1329.600 1334.532 1335.708 1354.288 1355.84 1364.164 1459.032 1463.336 1467.402 1481.764 1548.202 1550.774 1560.310 1560.683 1560.708 1561.341 1561.438 1656.266 1656.928 1657.008 1657.380 1657.907 1658.122 1751.823 1930.905 2162.94 2270.91 2277.25 2277.92 2296.87 2478.56 2509.12 2512.06 2524.41 2529.98 2574.83 2697.75 2724.85 2725.30 2725.90 2741.28 2746.49 2836.71 2837.60 2982.11 2992.62 3876.19 3876.41 3876.66 3918.98 3920.69 4056.06 4067.94 4068.91 4070.26 4074.52 4075.85 4162.86 4186.90 4267.00
K21599_S10.indb 13
I I II II I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I III V V V III I II II IV IV II III III III III II II II II III II II II II II II III III III III II II III III II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1000 200 600 520 375 200 w 200 200 200 5 5 200 350 350 350 570 400 300 250 350 450 250 200 150 570 350 200 250 110 150 300 250 800 570 200 150 250 150 h 250 250 250 200 350 800 1000 150 90 w 200 200 300 h 150 520 300 250 200 200 250 450 300 800 150
4267.26 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.47 4658.30 4665.86 4771.75 4932.05 4943.88 4944.56 5052.17 5132.94 5133.28 5143.49 5145.16 5151.09 5380.34 5648.07 5662.47 5695.92 5801.33 5811.98 5826.42 5889.77 5891.59 6001.13 6006.03 6007.18 6010.68 6013.22 6014.84 6578.05 6582.88 6587.61 6744.38 6783.90 7037.25 7113.18 7115.19 7115.63 7116.99 7119.90 7231.32 7236.42 7612.65 7726.2 7860.89 8058.62 8196.48 8332.99 8335.15 8500.32 9061.43 9062.47 9078.28 9088.51 9094.83 9111.80 9405.73 9603.03
II III III III III IV III I I V V I II II II II II I II II III IV IV III II II I I I I I I II II I III II III I I II I II II II III IV I I III III I III I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
250 300 200 300 12 23 13 47 24 85 142 114 11 17 30 26 20 38 16 61 12 13 12 50 10 11 13 23
9620.80 9658.44 10683.08 10691.25 11619.29 11628.83 11658.85 11659.68 11669.63 11748.22 11753.32 11754.76 11777.54 11892.91 11895.75 12614.10 13502.27 14399.65 14403.25 14420.12 14429.03 14442.24 16559.66 16890.38 17338.56 17448.60 18139.80 19721.99
Cerium Ce 300 200 40 30 75 75 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 15000 10000 10000 10000 10000 20000 10000 340 270 250 10000 10000 400 10000 50000 95000 20000 40000 20000 680
Z = 58 399.36 482.96 741.79 754.60 1332.16 1372.72 2000.42 2009.94 2318.64 2372.34 2380.12 2431.45 2439.80 2454.32 2469.95 2483.82 2497.50 2531.99 2603.59 2651.01 2830.90 2874.14 2923.81 2931.54 2976.91 3022.75 3031.58 3055.59 3056.56 3057.23 3057.58 3063.01
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III III III III III III II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
40000 20000 30000 30000 20000 20000 20000 710 990 710 880 710 20000 710 990 20000 10000 30000 40000 30000 40000 60000 710 50000 60000 770 50000 1200 1000 1800 880 880 1000 1000 1400 800 860 2500 800 1000 1100 860 860 1200 1200 1100 1500 1000 770 980 770 770 770 2000 2700 770 3100 980 770 770 770
3085.10 3106.98 3110.53 3121.56 3141.29 3143.96 3147.06 3194.83 3201.71 3218.94 3221.17 3227.11 3228.57 3234.16 3272.25 3353.29 3395.77 3427.36 3443.63 3454.39 3459.39 3470.92 3485.05 3497.81 3504.64 3539.08 3544.07 3560.80 3577.45 3655.85 3660.64 3667.98 3709.29 3709.93 3716.37 3728.42 3786.63 3801.52 3803.09 3808.11 3838.54 3848.59 3853.15 3854.18 3854.31 3878.36 3882.45 3889.98 3907.29 3912.44 3918.28 3931.09 3940.34 3942.15 3942.75 3943.89 3952.54 3956.28 3960.91 3967.05 3978.65
III III III III III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III III II III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Atomic
Intensity 120 120 150 300 100 150 120 100 200 120 150 1000 900 150 400 400 100 400 150 120 300 120 120 150 500 1000 250 40 5 20 800 800 250 350 200 l 300 s 250 h 150 110 l 150 l 150 l 350 l 250 1000 800 200 800 h 350 350 350 570 800 150 200 250 250 250 350 l 150 250 h 800
10-13
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-14
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
770 700 910 2800 910 2700 910 840 840 840 2100 910 700 1100 1800 1500 1500 910 770 980 980 2700 2000 770 980 1400 1300 3500 840 910 1500 770 980 1100 2000 1500 770 770 980 700 910 910 700 1700 980 770 2400 1400 700 700 840 770 840 840 840 2100 1100 840 1700 310 470
3984.68 3992.39 3993.82 3999.24 4003.77 4012.39 4014.90 4024.49 4028.41 4031.34 4040.76 4042.58 4053.51 4071.81 4073.48 4075.71 4075.85 4083.23 4118.14 4123.87 4127.37 4133.80 4137.65 4142.40 4149.94 4151.97 4165.61 4186.60 4198.72 4202.94 4222.60 4227.75 4239.92 4248.68 4289.94 4296.67 4300.33 4306.72 4337.77 4349.79 4364.66 4382.17 4386.84 4391.66 4418.78 4449.34 4460.21 4471.24 4479.36 4483.90 4486.91 4523.08 4527.35 4528.47 4539.75 4562.36 4572.28 4593.93 4628.16 4737.28 5079.68
K21599_S10.indb 14
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
280 280 370 260 260 340 450 300 280 260 300 370 240 230 55 55 55 75 110 10000 110 55 10000 45 45 35 35 35 35 23 28 45 35 28 23 35 35 35 28 23 35 23 35 28 35 23 45 23 22 30 22 26 35 30 35 30 30 35 35 22 25
5159.69 5161.48 5187.46 5223.46 5245.92 5274.23 5353.53 5393.40 5409.23 5512.08 5696.99 5699.23 5719.03 5940.86 6001.90 6005.86 6006.82 6013.42 6024.20 6032.54 6043.39 6047.40 6060.91 6098.34 6123.67 6143.36 6186.17 6208.98 6228.94 6232.45 6237.45 6272.05 6295.58 6299.51 6300.21 6310.01 6343.95 6371.11 6386.84 6393.02 6430.07 6436.40 6458.03 6467.39 6473.72 6513.59 6555.65 6579.10 6612.06 6628.93 6652.72 6700.66 6704.27 6774.28 6775.59 6924.81 6986.02 7061.75 7086.35 7238.36 7252.75
Intensity I I II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I III II I III II I II I I I II I II I II I I II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II I I II I I I II II II I
25 25 25 25 22 22 30 25 30 Cesium Ce 10000 2000 2500 5000 3500 15000 20000 20000 5000 12000 15000 15000 7500 35000 15000 40000 25000 c 17 c 12 10 20 c 11 12 12 25 25 c 12 17 710 120 330 540 410 210 200 1000 230 390 1600 1600 890 410 1400 430 16000 390 6200 370 710 390 270
Wavelength/Å 7329.91 7397.77 7616.11 7689.17 7844.94 7857.54 8025.56 8772.14 8891.20
I I II II II II II II II
Z = 55 614.01 638.17 666.25 691.60 703.89 718.14 721.79 722.20 731.56 740.29 808.76 813.84 830.39 901.27 920.35 926.66 1054.79 1673.99 1705.25 1801.83 1822.40 1823.93 1824.70 1841.80 1915.50 1923.29 1961.33 1996.56 2035.11 2056.43 2076.43 2077.30 2088.68 2101.63 2141.47 2316.88 2325.95 2340.49 2455.81 2477.57 2485.45 2495.07 2525.67 2573.05 2596.86 2610.12 2630.51 2700.32 2701.20 2776.44 2810.87
III III III III III II III III III III II II III II III II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
630 3100 200 180 3200 210 1700 1100 c 1400 8400 1300 550 430 1200 400 580 480 7200 1300 2300 300 c 520 4800 640 430 2100 c 2900 600 c 2700 680 c 3100 420 520 14000 18000 w 370 1200 940 530 12000 1200 590 20000 1000 c 460 c 99900 420 h 210 25000 140 19000 37000 370 27000 75000 29000 11000 10000 c 22000 230 60 c
2845.70 2859.32 2893.85 2921.13 2976.86 3001.28 3066.59 3149.36 3152.36 3268.32 3315.51 3340.60 3344.02 3349.46 3463.45 3476.83 3559.82 3597.45 3608.31 3618.19 3641.34 3651.08 3661.40 3699.50 3837.46 3876.15 3888.37 3888.61 3925.60 4001.70 4006.55 4006.78 4043.42 4264.70 4277.13 4403.86 4410.22 4425.68 4471.48 4501.55 4506.72 4522.86 4526.74 4555.28 4593.17 4603.79 4620.61 4665.52 4830.19 4851.59 4870.04 4952.85 5035.72 5043.80 5227.04 5249.38 5274.05 5349.13 5370.99 5380.79 5465.94
III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I III I III III III III III II II III III III III II III III II I I II III III II III II II III II II II II II II III I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å
37 39000 100 210 c 27 24000 59 c 300 51000 140 110 640 c 86 150 870 9800 330 1000 170 450 320 c 510 8300 10000 w 490 97 8800 3300 c 9600 400 200 300 37000 4800 16000 980 13000 w 1900 c 790 130 1100 2600 c 3300 22000 3500 510 4500 59000 c 15000 c 61000 c 18000 5200 19000 4800 26000 2900 38000 c 8400 5700 55000 c 820
5502.88 5563.02 5635.21 5664.02 5745.72 5831.14 5838.83 5845.14 5925.63 5950.14 5979.97 6010.49 6034.09 6043.99 6079.86 6128.61 6150.42 6213.10 6217.60 6242.96 6354.55 6456.33 6495.53 6536.44 6586.51 6628.66 6646.57 6723.28 6724.47 6753.12 6824.65 6870.45 6955.50 6973.30 6979.67 6983.49 7149.54 7219.60 7228.53 7279.90 7279.96 7608.90 7943.88 7997.44 8015.73 8078.94 8079.04 8521.13 8761.41 8943.47 9172.32 9208.53 10024.36 10123.41 10123.60 13424.31 13588.29 13602.56 13758.81 14694.91 16535.63
K21599_S10.indb 15
I II I I I II I I II III III I I III III II III I I III I III II II I I II I II III I I II I II I II III I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1500 760 880 1100 3900 4400 850 890 d 500 680 c 2800 610 c 1100 190 2c 2d 1
17012.32 20138.47 22811.86 23037.98 23344.47 24251.21 24374.96 25763.51 25764.73 29310.06 30103.27 30953.06 34900.13 36131.00 39177.28 39421.25 39424.11
Chlorine Cl 500 800 800 700 600 900 500 600 800 600 1000 600 1000 500 700 600 700 600 700 700 350 700 700 700 400 800 500 500 500 700 600 800 700 800 1000 1000 1000 1300 2000 1500 1500 1500 2000
Z = 17 392.43 486.17 534.73 535.67 536.15 537.61 538.03 538.12 542.23 542.30 545.11 546.33 547.63 549.22 552.02 553.30 554.62 556.23 556.61 557.12 559.305 561.53 561.68 561.74 571.904 574.406 601.50 604.59 606.35 618.057 619.982 620.298 626.735 635.881 636.626 650.894 659.811 661.841 663.074 682.053 687.656 693.594 725.271
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV IV IV IV IV V IV V V V V V IV IV IV IV III III III II III III III II II IV IV III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
2500 2000 5000 5000 5000 500 500 6000 8000 600 5000 2000 2000 2000 500 600 40 700 25 25 75 500 600 150 700 90 6000 3000 9000 6000 5000 5000 200 200 250 400 350 250 250 400 350 350 400 250 300 200 200 500 800 800 3000 1200 900 3000 10000 5000 12000 2500 20000 25000 20000
728.951 777.562 787.580 788.740 793.342 834.84 834.97 839.297 839.599 840.93 851.691 888.026 893.549 961.499 973.21 977.56 978.284 984.95 998.372 998.432 1002.346 1005.28 1008.78 1013.664 1015.02 1025.553 1063.831 1067.945 1071.036 1071.767 1075.230 1079.080 1084.667 1085.171 1085.304 1088.06 1090.271 1090.982 1092.437 1094.769 1095.148 1095.662 1095.797 1096.810 1097.369 1098.068 1099.523 1107.528 1139.214 1167.148 1179.293 1188.774 1201.353 1335.726 1347.240 1351.657 1363.447 1373.116 1379.528 1389.693 1389.957
II II II II II IV IV II II IV II II II II IV IV I IV I I I III III I III I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
12000 500 500 500 500 500 600 500 500 500 500 450 h 450 350 h 350 h 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 600 700 600 600 500 500 600 500 500 500 600 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 800 900 700 700 800 900 800 800 900 800 900 800 700 700 700 700 600 600 800
1396.527 1441.470 1528.569 1542.942 1558.144 1565.050 1822.50 1828.40 1857.488 1901.61 1983.61 1997.370 2032.116 2088.583 2091.458 2253.07 2268.95 2278.34 2283.93 2323.50 2336.45 2340.64 2359.67 2370.37 2416.42 2447.14 2448.58 2486.91 2532.48 2580.67 2603.59 2632.67 2633.18 2665.54 2710.37 2724.03 2751.23 2782.47 2965.56 3063.13 3076.68 3104.46 3139.34 3191.45 3289.80 3320.57 3329.06 3340.42 3392.89 3393.45 3530.03 3560.68 3602.10 3612.85 3622.69 3656.95 3670.28 3682.05 3705.45 3707.34 3720.45
I II II II II II III III II III III II II II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III
Atomic
Intensity
10-15
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-16
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
800 500 10000 25000 500 700 600 600 500 500 10000 h 500 40 50 80 45 40 45 13000 99000 29000 16000 81000 47000 26000 10000 26000 30 56000 23000 15000 99000 10000 19000 10000 40 50 d 45 30 50 200 160 150 300 300 600 7500 5000 550 550 700 11000 2300 450 7000 10000 2200 650 2200 1700 3000
3748.81 3779.35 3850.99 3860.83 3925.87 3991.50 4018.50 4059.07 4104.23 4106.83 4132.50 4608.21 4623.938 4654.040 4661.208 4691.523 4721.255 4740.729 4781.32 4794.55 4810.06 4819.47 4896.77 4904.78 4917.73 4995.48 5078.26 5099.789 5217.94 5221.36 5392.12 5423.23 5423.51 5443.37 5444.21 5532.162 5796.305 5799.914 5856.742 6019.812 6140.245 6194.757 6434.833 6932.903 6981.886 7086.814 7256.62 7414.11 7462.370 7489.47 7492.118 7547.072 7672.42 7702.828 7717.581 7744.97 7769.16 7771.09 7821.36 7830.75 7878.22
K21599_S10.indb 16
III III II II III III III III III III II III I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
2300 1800 3000 2100 1700 650 1500 1300 600 2900 2200 1100 400 1700 2200 3000 1300 2500 2200 2200 800 18000 3000 20000 18000 99900 400 15000 2200 2200 20000 750 75000 450 300 3500 2200 3000 2000 2500 1000 2000 7500 3000 500 4000 1500 3500 500 1000 3500 250 1000 250 200 400 331 300 269 1000 350
7899.31 7915.08 7924.645 7933.89 7935.012 7952.52 7974.72 7976.97 7980.60 7997.85 8015.61 8023.33 8051.07 8084.51 8085.56 8086.67 8087.73 8194.42 8199.13 8200.21 8203.78 8212.04 8220.45 8221.74 8333.31 8375.94 8406.199 8428.25 8467.34 8550.44 8575.24 8578.02 8585.97 8628.54 8641.71 8686.26 8912.92 8948.06 9038.982 9045.43 9069.656 9073.17 9121.15 9191.731 9197.596 9288.86 9393.862 9452.10 9486.964 9584.801 9592.22 9632.509 9702.439 9744.426 9807.057 9875.970 10392.549 11123.05 11409.69 11436.33 13243.8
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
310 550 525 294 269 381 1094 1487 2780 277 342 735 283 259 717 100
13296.0 13346.8 13821.7 14931.7 15108.0 15465.1 15520.3 15730.1 15869.7 15883.3 15928.9 15960.0 15970.5 16198.5 19755.3 24470.0 39716.0 40085.5 40089.5 40532.2
Chromium Cr Z = 24 100 438.62 100 464.02 100 620.66 100 629.26 80 630.30 100 666.55 100 693.92 60 1030.47 100 1033.69 100 1036.03 80 1055.89 80 1068.41 100 1116.48 150 1121.07 150 1127.63 100 1263.50 100 1417.42 150 1465.86 150 1497.97 170 1519.03 220 1579.70 170 1591.72 150 1603.19 120 1672.66 120 1758.51 140 1802.72 130 1812.41 200 1837.44 140 1873.89 140 1967.18 120 1972.07 19000 2055.52 14000 2061.49 8900 2065.42 200 2226.72 200 2235.91 150 2237.59 150 2244.10 150 2284.44 150 2324.88
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III V V V V IV V V V V V V IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II III III III III III III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
130 140 170 110 190 110 390 190 160 130 150 100 380 250 250 320 440 280 350 280 1800 320 230 280 180 180 110 140 170 420 h 280 h 170 h 250 110 h 330 390 280 110 h 150 350 750 750 250 h 610 180 180 2500 110 1700 1200 120 880 610 440 790 750 610 480 210 110 160
2383.33 2408.62 2496.31 2502.53 2504.31 2516.92 2519.52 2527.12 2549.54 2560.69 2571.74 2577.65 2591.85 2653.59 2658.59 2663.42 2666.02 2668.71 2671.81 2672.83 2677.16 2678.79 2687.09 2691.04 2698.41 2698.69 2701.99 2712.31 2722.75 2726.51 2731.91 2736.47 2743.64 2748.29 2748.98 2750.73 2751.87 2752.88 2757.10 2757.72 2762.59 2766.54 2769.92 2780.70 2822.37 2830.47 2835.63 2840.02 2843.25 2849.84 2851.36 2855.68 2858.91 2860.93 2862.57 2865.11 2866.74 2867.65 2870.44 2871.63 2873.48
I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2875.99 2876.24 2877.98 2879.27 2887.00 2889.29 2893.25 2894.17 2896.75 2905.49 2909.05 2910.90 2911.14 2967.64 2971.11 2971.91 2975.48 2979.74 2980.79 2985.32 2985.85 2986.00 2986.47 2988.65 2989.19 2991.89 2994.07 2995.10 2996.58 2998.79 3000.89 3005.06 3013.03 3013.71 3014.76 3014.92 3015.19 3017.57 3018.50 3018.82 3020.67 3021.56 3024.35 3029.16 3030.24 3031.35 3034.19 3037.04 3040.85 3050.14 3053.88 3118.65 3120.37 3124.94 3128.70 3132.06 3136.68 3147.23 3155.15 3163.76 3180.70
K21599_S10.indb 17
II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II II II II II II I I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
220 170 140 120 130 130 130 110 170 160 430 140 170 360 210 270 140 270 160 140 170 170 190 130 100 120 130 130 330 h 19000 160 h 130 17000 350 13000 130 350 630 220 220 170 220 130 120 130 130 130 150 480 570 340 230 260 130 130 120 130 140 200 530 110
3197.08 3209.18 3217.40 3245.54 3251.84 3257.82 3339.80 3342.59 3358.50 3360.30 3368.05 3382.68 3403.32 3408.76 3421.21 3422.74 3433.31 3433.60 3436.19 3441.44 3445.62 3447.43 3453.33 3455.60 3460.43 3550.64 3566.16 3573.64 3574.80 3578.69 3584.33 3585.30 3593.49 3601.67 3605.33 3632.84 3636.59 3639.80 3641.83 3649.00 3653.91 3656.26 3663.21 3685.55 3686.80 3687.25 3730.81 3732.03 3743.58 3743.88 3749.00 3757.66 3768.24 3791.38 3792.14 3793.29 3793.88 3797.13 3797.72 3804.80 3806.83
II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 180 180 130 130 380 190 140 290 140 190 110 140 260 660 570 380 260 360 960 120 hd 120 190 1900 600 600 410 1900 120 1600 1600 960 190 160 960 160 190 160 120 120 190 160 120 140 120 140 170 170 110 20000 110 16000 10000 780 1100 380 1900 380 2300 570 530
3807.93 3815.43 3819.56 3826.42 3830.03 3841.28 3848.98 3849.36 3850.04 3852.22 3854.22 3855.29 3855.57 3857.63 3883.29 3885.22 3886.79 3894.04 3902.92 3908.76 3911.82 3915.84 3916.24 3919.16 3921.02 3928.64 3941.49 3963.69 3969.06 3969.75 3976.66 3983.91 3984.34 3989.99 3991.12 3991.67 3992.84 4001.44 4012.47 4026.17 4039.10 4048.78 4058.77 4126.52 4153.82 4163.62 4174.80 4179.26 4209.37 4254.35 4263.14 4274.80 4289.72 4337.57 4339.45 4339.72 4344.51 4351.05 4351.77 4359.63 4371.28
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 530 110 660 380 380 240 240 240 140 600 120 120 360 360 480 240 600 550 1600 570 840 240 d 190 240 120 140 340 190 120 110 140 130 260 110 70 110 60 70 70 70 85 5300 8400 11000 85 290 530 180 95 h 70 h 340 70 h 660 85 340 h 70 h 780 380 40 1400
4374.16 4384.98 4458.54 4496.86 4526.47 4530.74 4535.72 4540.50 4540.72 4544.62 4545.96 4565.51 4571.68 4580.06 4591.39 4600.75 4613.37 4616.14 4626.19 4646.17 4651.28 4652.16 4698.46 4708.04 4718.43 4730.71 4737.35 4756.11 4789.32 4801.03 4829.38 4870.80 4887.01 4922.27 4936.33 4942.50 4954.81 5013.32 5166.23 5184.59 5192.00 5196.44 5204.52 5206.04 5208.44 5224.94 5247.56 5264.15 5265.72 5275.17 5276.03 5296.69 5297.36 5298.27 5300.75 5328.34 5329.17 5345.81 5348.32 5400.61 5409.79
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Atomic
Intensity 320 230 180 120 170 700 370 190 210 180 260 260 250 480 480 210 480 190 350 110 480 1500 2100 660 160 480 230 300 700 210 1100 750 140 710 710 1400 710 2800 430 240 430 2800 1100 170 710 140 390 550 550 110 710 240 430 470 120 590 140 140 100 100 240
10-17
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-18
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
24 7 24 24 40 24 24 24 h 30 h 24 h 19 h 60 h 180 h 35 22 19 21 h 27 h 30 h 85 130 150 40 19
5628.64 5642.36 5664.04 5694.73 5698.33 5702.31 5712.78 5783.11 5783.93 5785.00 5785.82 5787.99 5791.00 6330.10 6362.87 6661.08 6883.03 6924.13 6978.48 7355.90 7400.21 7462.31 8947.15 8976.83
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Cobalt Co Z = 27 20 355.52 18 355.88 12 356.06 66 609.16 70 609.21 64 609.28 10 1018.36 10 1021.14 15 1231.73 50 1277.01 80 1299.58 80 1306.95 50 1345.67 1000 1696.01 800 1697.99 1000 1707.35 5000 1760.35 5000 1773.57 2000 1780.05 3000 1782.97 1000 1787.08 1000 1789.07 1000 1823.08 2000 1830.09 2000 1831.44 5000 1835.00 1500 1842.34 1800 1847.89 1800 1852.71 2400 1855.05 2000 1863.83 1500 1878.28 1800 1936.58 1500 1946.79 1500 1951.90 1800 1954.22
V V V IV IV IV V V V V II II V III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I III I I I I I
K21599_S10.indb 18
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1800 1500 1500 1500 h 1500 h 3000 1800 h 1800 h 1500 1800 2400 h 1500 1800 1500 l 1500 900 50 1200 h 900 50 50 900 1500 1200 50 1500 h 900 900 900 900 900 900 1200 1500 1500 900 900 s 900 900 900 1100 200 200 150 200 1000 200 300 d 300 800 d 2600 500 500 300 200 p 2400 300 p 200 d 500 1400 1600
1955.17 1958.55 1961.59 1968.69 1968.93 1970.71 1971.16 1972.52 1973.85 1976.97 1980.89 1989.80 1990.34 1998.49 2002.32 2008.04 2011.51 2014.58 2016.17 2022.35 2027.04 2031.96 2039.95 2041.11 2065.54 2077.76 2085.67 2087.55 2089.35 2093.40 2094.86 2095.77 2097.51 2104.73 2106.80 2108.98 2117.68 2137.78 2138.97 2163.03 2174.60 2193.60 2256.73 2260.00 2283.52 2286.15 2291.98 2293.38 2301.40 2307.85 2309.02 2311.60 2314.05 2314.96 2317.06 2323.14 2324.31 2326.11 2326.47 2335.99 2338.67
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
200 1600 200 d 2000 500 400 1400 200 300 p 1400 200 500 200 1100 d 200 p 5300 5300 1600 4800 4800 300 4100 3300 2900 2400 200 200 d 200 p 200 200 200 200 570 500 360 200 860 500 4300 200 h 300 500 2900 200 p 720 860 200 d 2900 860 300 1700 200 340 310 310 300 200 960 500 1100 960
2347.39 2352.85 2353.41 2353.42 2363.80 2378.62 2380.48 2381.76 2383.45 2384.86 2386.36 2388.92 2397.38 2402.06 2404.16 2407.25 2411.62 2412.76 2414.46 2415.30 2417.65 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.05 2442.63 2446.03 2447.69 2450.00 2464.20 2486.44 2498.82 2504.52 2506.46 2506.88 2511.16 2517.87 2519.82 2521.36 2524.65 2524.97 2528.62 2528.97 2530.09 2530.13 2532.18 2533.82 2535.96 2536.49 2541.94 2544.25 2546.74 2548.34 2553.37 2555.07 2559.41 2560.03 2562.15 2564.04 2567.35 2574.35
II I II I II II I II II I II II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II I II I II I II I II II II I II I I II I I II I II I I I II II I II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
800 300 d 500 500 200 100 p 100 100 100 p 100 100 310 770 100 100 200 100 100 100 200 200 190 100 80 190 100 190 100 100 100 100 150 80 80 80 190 100 100 100 690 690 60 3100 1700 80 1100 2200 11000 4500 6700 2200 2700 50 2500 4500 1600 8800 50 4100 2100 21000
2580.32 2582.22 2587.22 2587.52 2588.91 2605.71 2612.50 2614.36 2628.77 2632.26 2636.07 2646.42 2648.64 2653.72 2663.53 2666.73 2675.85 2684.42 2702.02 2706.62 2707.35 2715.99 2727.78 2734.54 2745.10 2753.22 2764.19 2766.70 2774.97 2791.00 2793.73 2815.56 2835.63 2847.35 2871.22 2886.44 2918.38 2930.24 2954.73 2987.16 2989.59 3022.59 3044.00 3061.82 3387.70 3388.17 3395.38 3405.12 3409.18 3412.34 3412.63 3417.16 3423.84 3431.58 3433.04 3442.93 3443.64 3446.39 3449.17 3449.44 3453.50
II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II II II II I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 3455.23 3462.80 3465.80 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3495.69 3501.72 3502.28 3506.32 3507.77 3509.84 3510.43 3512.64 3513.48 3518.35 3520.08 3521.57 3523.43 3523.51 3526.85 3529.03 3529.81 3533.36 3545.03 3560.89 3561.07 3569.38 3574.95 3574.96 3575.32 3575.36 3577.96 3585.16 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3621.21 3627.81 3643.61 3681.35 3745.50 3842.05 3845.47 3873.12 3873.96 3894.08 3935.97 3963.10 3995.31 3997.91 4020.90 4045.39 4066.37 4092.39 4110.54 4118.77 4121.32 4190.71 4469.56 4530.96
K21599_S10.indb 19
I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I II I II I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
90 140 190 120 85 110 100 150 80 h 50 50 50 50 50
4549.66 4565.59 4581.60 4629.38 4663.41 4792.86 4840.27 4867.88 4964.18 5212.71 5230.22 5247.93 5342.71 5352.05
I I I I I I I I II I I I I I
Z = 29 685.141 709.313 718.179 724.489 735.520 736.032 779.295 797.455 810.998 813.883 826.996 848.808 851.303 858.487 861.994 865.390 869.336 873.263 876.723 877.012 877.555 878.699 884.133 885.847 886.943 890.567 892.414 893.678 894.227 896.759 896.976 901.073 906.113 914.213 922.019 924.239 935.232 935.898 943.335 945.525 945.965 954.383 956.290 958.154 960.414 968.042
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Copper Cu 80 100 100 150 200 250 80 100 150 200 300 150 250 250 400 400 250 150 200 250 200 500 100 250 600 600 500 800 400 600 400 600 400 800 600 500 400 600 600 600 500 200 250 400 200 250
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
200 250 100 250 300 300 300 300 250 500 500 250 200 600 600 600 800 800 500 600 400 600 400 600 600 600 200 200 500 300 200 300 250 150 200 300 100 150 300 150 150 150 300 300 100 100 150 250 150 300 200 200 250 200 300 r 200 r 100 100 150 150 100
974.759 977.567 987.657 992.953 1004.055 1008.569 1008.728 1010.269 1012.597 1018.707 1027.831 1028.328 1030.263 1036.470 1039.348 1039.582 1044.519 1044.744 1049.755 1054.690 1055.797 1056.955 1058.799 1059.096 1060.634 1063.005 1065.782 1066.134 1069.195 1073.745 1088.395 1094.402 1097.053 1119.947 1142.640 1144.856 1250.048 1265.506 1275.572 1282.455 1287.468 1298.395 1308.297 1314.337 1320.686 1326.395 1350.594 1351.837 1355.305 1358.773 1359.009 1362.600 1367.951 1371.840 1376.79 1377.49 1393.128 1398.642 1402.777 1407.169 1414.898
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
250 250 200 400 250 150 150 200 200 250 200 300 250 200 400 200 400 200 250 200 150 300 r 200 200 750 300 250 250 350 150 250 200 300 350 200 200 500 200 500 600 200 200 150 500 300 250 250 500 200 300 300 750 400 100 300 300 500 250 400 500 300
1418.426 1421.759 1427.829 1430.243 1434.904 1436.236 1442.139 1445.984 1449.058 1450.304 1452.294 1458.002 1459.412 1463.752 1463.838 1466.070 1470.697 1472.395 1473.978 1474.935 1476.059 1481.23 1481.544 1485.328 1488.831 1492.834 1493.366 1495.430 1496.687 1503.368 1504.757 1505.388 1508.632 1510.506 1512.465 1513.366 1514.492 1517.631 1519.492 1519.837 1520.540 1524.860 1525.764 1531.856 1532.131 1533.986 1535.002 1537.559 1540.239 1540.389 1540.588 1541.703 1544.677 1547.958 1550.653 1551.389 1552.646 1553.896 1555.134 1555.703 1558.345
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Atomic
Intensity 1000 5100 5100 8000 1900 4800 2400 50 9600 7000 50 2900 1400 4800 3800 4800 1300 2700 3800 60 6400 2700 7300 1900 50 1100 80 8800 50 1600 60 2500 60 1000 6700 1900 1600 100 1000 80 60 1100 1400 6900 5500 2800 7900 1500 80 h 6000 970 350 370 350 830 550 2800 4400 90 90 690
10-19
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-20
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
400 400 100 300 300 400 500 400 600 500 r 400 400 200 300 400 250 150 200 600 400 250 100 1000 r 250 30 r 200 200 300 100 30 30 30 r 50 r 150 50 r 100 50 r 150 200 r 100 r 250 250 100 200 150 150 500 300 250 270 250 350 300 100 110 320 300 320 350 350 420
1565.924 1566.415 1569.416 1579.492 1580.626 1581.995 1583.682 1590.165 1593.556 1593.75 1598.402 1602.388 1604.848 1605.281 1606.834 1608.639 1610.296 1617.915 1621.426 1622.428 1630.268 1636.605 1642.21 1649.458 1655.32 1656.322 1660.001 1663.002 1672.776 1688.09 1691.08 1703.84 1713.36 1717.721 1725.66 1736.551 1741.57 1753.281 1774.82 1825.35 1929.751 1944.597 1946.493 1957.518 1970.495 1977.027 1979.956 1989.855 1999.698 2035.854 2037.127 2043.802 2054.980 2078.663 2098.398 2104.797 2112.100 2117.310 2122.980 2126.044 2134.341
K21599_S10.indb 20
II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II I II II II II I I I I II I II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
900 400 150 1300 r 250 1600 r 700 1700 r 700 900 400 1700 r 1300 r 100 200 750 1600 r 250 1000 r 750 2100 r 150 1600 r 350 2500 r 1100 r 900 2300 r 1000 1300 r 2200 r 150 200 100 2500 r 170 1000 150 2500 r 120 1500 1000 r 100 2000 r 150 120 300 100 150 200 2500 r 200 750 700 650 700 650 300 120 270 2500 r
2135.981 2148.984 2161.320 2165.09 2174.982 2178.94 2179.410 2181.72 2189.630 2192.268 2195.683 2199.58 2199.75 2200.509 2209.806 2210.268 2214.58 2215.106 2215.65 2218.108 2225.70 2226.780 2227.78 2228.868 2230.08 2238.45 2242.618 2244.26 2247.002 2260.53 2263.08 2263.786 2276.258 2286.645 2293.84 2294.368 2303.12 2369.890 2392.63 2403.337 2406.66 2441.64 2485.792 2492.15 2506.273 2526.593 2544.805 2571.756 2590.529 2600.270 2618.37 2666.291 2689.300 2700.962 2703.184 2713.508 2718.778 2721.677 2737.342 2745.271 2766.37
II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II I II I II I II I I II I II I I II II II I II I II I II I I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
800 200 170 100 1250 r 350 100 600 270 2500 r 100 2000 2000 2500 2500 1400 1500 1250 2000 1400 h 1500 1400 1500 h 10000 r 10000 r 1400 h 400 1500 h 110 250 2500 h 200 1500 150 200 450 300 200 100 1250 h 1250 2000 1400 1400 1000 150 170 100 140 160 280 150 170 140 120 120 150 140 1250 100 600
2769.669 2791.795 2799.528 2810.804 2824.37 2837.368 2857.748 2877.100 2884.196 2961.16 2986.335 2997.36 3010.84 3036.10 3063.41 3073.80 3093.99 3099.93 3108.60 3126.11 3194.10 3208.23 3243.16 3247.54 3273.96 3282.72 3290.418 3290.54 3300.881 3301.229 3307.95 3316.276 3337.84 3338.648 3365.648 3370.454 3374.952 3380.712 3384.945 3483.76 3524.23 3530.38 3599.13 3602.03 3686.555 3786.270 3797.849 3818.879 3826.921 3864.137 3884.131 3892.924 3903.177 3920.654 3933.268 3987.024 3993.302 4003.476 4022.63 4032.647 4043.484
II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II I II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
500 2000 120 500 200 300 500 370 400 500 500 320 200 950 300 500 400 100 400 150 150 500 100 120 2000 120 320 300 450 100 400 120 300 100 150 1000 500 200 900 120 700 500 400 350 400 350 200 300 900 400 500 450 350 450 420 350 1500 250 2000 100 100
4043.751 4062.64 4068.106 4131.363 4143.017 4153.623 4161.140 4164.284 4171.851 4179.512 4211.866 4230.449 4255.635 4275.11 4279.962 4292.470 4365.370 4444.831 4506.002 4516.049 4541.032 4555.920 4596.906 4649.271 4651.12 4661.363 4671.702 4673.577 4681.994 4758.433 4812.948 4851.262 4854.988 4873.304 4901.427 4909.734 4918.376 4926.424 4931.698 4943.026 4953.724 4985.506 5006.801 5009.851 5012.620 5021.279 5039.016 5047.348 5051.793 5058.910 5065.459 5067.094 5072.302 5088.277 5093.816 5100.067 5105.54 5124.476 5153.24 5158.093 5183.367
II I II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 5218.20 5269.991 5276.525 5292.52 5368.383 5700.24 5782.13 5805.989 5833.515 5897.971 5937.577 5941.196 5993.260 6000.120 6023.264 6072.218 6080.343 6099.990 6107.412 6114.493 6150.384 6154.222 6172.037 6186.884 6188.676 6198.092 6204.261 6208.457 6216.939 6219.844 6261.848 6273.349 6288.696 6301.009 6305.972 6312.492 6326.466 6373.268 6377.840 6403.384 6423.884 6442.965 6448.559 6466.246 6470.168 6481.437 6484.421 6517.317 6530.083 6551.286 6577.080 6624.292 6641.396 6660.962 6770.362 6806.216 6809.647 6823.202 6844.157 6868.791 6872.231
K21599_S10.indb 21
I II II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
270 220 150 150 200 300 400 300 250 1000 270 500 700 1000 150 450 800 750 1500 1000 350 300 700 1500 400 400 1200 2000 500 800 250 750 200 500 250 200 600 600 200 550 500 550 450 500 450 550 550 650 450
6879.404 6937.553 6952.871 6977.572 7022.860 7194.896 7326.008 7331.694 7382.277 7404.354 7434.156 7562.015 7652.333 7664.648 7681.788 7744.097 7778.738 7805.184 7807.659 7825.654 7860.577 7890.567 7902.553 7933.13 7944.438 7972.033 7988.163 8092.63 8277.560 8283.160 8503.396 8511.061 8609.134 9813.213 9827.978 9830.798 9861.280 9864.137 9883.969 9916.419 9917.954 9925.594 9938.998 9960.354 10006.588 10022.969 10038.093 10054.938 10080.354
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Dysprosium Dy Z = 66 260 2356.91 240 2410.01 260 2439.84 220 2585.30 440 2634.80 220 2755.75 300 2816.39 390 2913.95 610 3038.28 830 3135.38 500 3141.14
II II II I II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1200 670 1000 470 830 490 490 1200 890 490 1100 780 1000 780 510 510 5300 610 3800 1300 5300 1300 530 780 530 1900 560 1300 3800 830 2700 1300 4400 720 560 560 d 1300 4400 560 830 830 830 1300 560 4400 22000 4400 5500 4400 1700 1400 4400 2200 440 h 440 2200 560 780 1400 4400 1700
3156.52 3162.83 3169.99 3215.19 3216.63 3235.89 3245.12 3251.27 3280.09 3282.77 3308.88 3316.32 3319.88 3341.00 3353.58 3368.11 3385.02 3388.85 3393.57 3396.16 3407.80 3413.78 3414.82 3419.63 3425.06 3434.37 3440.93 3441.45 3445.57 3446.99 3454.32 3456.56 3460.97 3468.43 3471.14 3471.53 3477.07 3494.49 3496.34 3498.71 3504.53 3505.45 3506.81 3517.26 3523.98 3531.70 3534.96 3536.02 3538.52 3542.33 3546.83 3550.22 3551.62 3558.23 3559.30 3563.15 3563.69 3573.83 3574.15 3576.24 3576.87
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
830 440 3300 1400 560 1100 560 560 1800 560 1800 440 560 470 1100 4000 440 1100 11000 1000 700 990 420 1400 2200 640 820 1300 4700 990 540 440 440 420 1600 930 1200 1400 1400 1200 4700 640 640 420 3300 1600 700 510 580 470 470 1400 700 2300 1400 420 420 1200 420 560 1600
3577.98 3580.04 3585.06 3585.78 3586.11 3591.41 3591.81 3592.11 3595.04 3600.38 3606.12 3618.51 3620.16 3624.27 3629.42 3630.24 3632.78 3640.25 3645.40 3648.78 3664.62 3672.30 3672.70 3674.08 3676.59 3678.51 3684.85 3685.78 3694.81 3698.21 3701.63 3707.57 3708.22 3710.07 3724.45 3739.34 3747.82 3753.51 3753.75 3757.05 3757.37 3767.63 3773.05 3781.47 3786.18 3788.44 3791.87 3804.14 3806.27 3812.27 3813.67 3816.76 3825.68 3836.50 3841.31 3846.34 3847.02 3853.03 3858.40 3868.45 3868.81
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II I II II II I II I I I II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I
Atomic
Intensity 2500 100 100 1650 100 1500 1500 150 100 200 120 400 100 650 100 250 150 150 160 300 600 750 500 550 400 300 470 450 750 700 500 1000 350 900 550 400 120 400 750 400 850 200 750 170 950 750 400 220 400 120 200 750 800 450 100 300 400 320 250 320 270
10-21
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-22
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
820 7000 1200 470 5800 540 540 540 d 420 540 2100 10000 800 14000 2700 1400 1600 800 540 1600 8000 420 540 540 540 420 520 d 520 420 420 12000 1600 520 2500 7400 3900 860 1500 490 990 1200 990 5700 930 12000 2200 6800 800 680 680 16000 1800 3700 4400 4400 2700 1000 540 740 420 2100
3869.86 3872.11 3873.99 3879.11 3898.53 3914.87 3915.59 3917.29 3927.86 3930.14 3931.52 3944.68 3957.79 3968.39 3978.57 3981.92 3983.65 3984.21 3991.32 3996.69 4000.45 4005.84 4011.29 4013.82 4014.70 4027.78 4028.32 4032.47 4033.65 4036.32 4045.97 4050.56 4055.14 4073.12 4077.96 4103.30 4103.87 4111.34 4124.63 4129.42 4143.10 4146.06 4167.97 4183.72 4186.82 4191.64 4194.84 4198.02 4201.30 4202.24 4211.72 4213.18 4215.16 4218.09 4221.11 4225.16 4308.63 4409.38 4449.70 4577.78 4589.36
K21599_S10.indb 22
II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
990 170 120 h 480 70 160 95 120 80 80 130 h 190 110 80 290 95 70 130 65 55 160 65 85 80 70 95 65 100 55 h 80 70 h 55 55 h 70 120 140 140 100 270 160 75 180 80 65 55 55 80 100
4612.26 4731.84 4775.79 4957.34 5022.12 5042.63 5070.68 5077.67 5090.38 5110.32 5120.04 5139.60 5169.69 5185.30 5192.86 5197.66 5259.88 5260.56 5267.11 5282.07 5301.58 5340.30 5389.58 5419.13 5423.32 5451.11 5547.27 5639.50 5645.99 5652.01 5718.46 5745.53 5868.11 5945.80 5974.49 5988.56 6088.26 6168.43 6259.09 6579.37 6667.86 6835.42 6852.96 6899.32 7426.86 7543.73 7662.36 8201.57
I II I II I I I I II I I II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II II I I II
45
8791.39
II
Erbium Er Z = 68 600 2277.65 290 2586.73 490 2670.26 500 2739.27 610 2755.63 1000 2904.47 1500 2910.36 1500 2964.52 1200 3002.41 1000 3055.10
III II II III II II II II II III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1000 610 720 610 770 1500 870 870 610 2300 2700 720 720 2000 2300 770 770 1300 1400 1400 d 7700 970 1700 2300 770 970 610 970 6700 610 610 820 1500 1000 920 1000 610 610 1000 3100 720 1000 1600 900 7900 1300 900 900 1800 1600 4000 3600 680 7500 1500 1200 4200 5200 11000 3200 2100
3070.40 3073.34 3082.08 3084.02 3122.72 3166.25 3181.92 3220.73 3223.31 3230.58 3264.78 3279.33 3280.22 3301.23 3312.42 3323.19 3332.70 3346.04 3364.08 3368.02 3372.71 3374.17 3385.08 3392.00 3441.13 3471.71 3479.41 3485.85 3499.10 3502.78 3524.91 3549.84 3558.02 3559.90 3570.75 3580.52 3590.76 3599.50 3599.83 3616.56 3628.04 3633.54 3638.68 3645.94 3692.65 3729.52 3742.64 3747.43 3786.84 3810.33 3816.78 3830.48 3855.90 3862.85 3880.61 3882.89 3892.68 3896.23 3906.31 3937.01 3938.63
III II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II I II II II I II I II II II II I II I III II I I II II I II II I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
3200 2700 3200 1400 810 1100 810 14000 1100 3000 1000 940 690 3500 1100 6900 1000 1400 690 40000 20000 810 1000 570 15000 2000 250 200 210 120 130 120 130 170 130 160 150 140 80 90 60 180 90 80 80 60 70 80 90 70 70 100 290 70 70 430 100 120 140 120 8000
3944.42 3973.04 3973.58 3974.72 3977.02 3982.33 3987.66 4007.96 4012.58 4020.51 4046.96 4055.47 4059.78 4087.63 4098.10 4151.11 4190.70 4218.43 4286.56 4290.06 4386.86 4409.34 4606.61 4675.62 4735.56 4783.12 5007.25 5035.94 5042.05 5124.56 5127.41 5131.53 5133.83 5164.77 5172.78 5188.90 5206.52 5255.93 5272.91 5348.06 5414.63 5456.62 5468.32 5485.97 5593.46 5611.82 5622.01 5626.53 5640.36 5664.95 5719.55 5739.19 5762.80 5784.66 5800.79 5826.79 5850.07 5855.31 5872.35 5881.14 5903.30
I I I II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I III III I I II III III I I II I II I II II I II I II I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I III
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å
70 70 60 360 55 60 130 55 55 60 70 70 35 70 55 55 120 35 35 35 30 35 55 9
6022.56 6061.25 6076.45 6221.02 6262.56 6268.87 6308.77 6326.13 6492.35 6583.48 6601.11 6759.87 6790.92 6848.10 6865.13 7459.55 7469.51 7680.01 7797.47 7921.85 7937.84 8312.82 8409.90 8866.84
I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II
Europium Eu Z = 63 30 2124.69 200 2350.51 4000 2375.46 100 d 2435.14 1000 2444.38 4000 2445.99 2000 2513.76 200 2522.14 160 2564.17 110 2568.17 230 2577.14 1000 2638.77 380 2641.27 640 2668.34 110 2673.42 250 2678.29 250 2685.66 550 2692.03 700 2701.14 800 2701.90 240 2705.28 180 2709.99 700 2716.98 4200 2727.78 160 2740.62 120 2744.26 480 2781.89 1900 2802.84 220 2811.75 3400 2813.94 550 2816.18 2000 2820.78 400 cw 2828.72 260 2859.67 280 2862.57 200 2892.54
III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I
K21599_S10.indb 23
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
140 360 3200 160 850 200 cw 260 300 100 c 200 c 320 cw 120 220 120 320 950 120 50 c 50 c 420 1000 420 150 210 150 140 140 950 110 140 190 280 150 150 130 470 cw 150 180 150 6400 20000 cw 350 260 39000 cw 140 190 150 28000 cw 32000 cw 30000 cw 180 150 120 120 33000 cw 60000 cw 150 240 14000 cw 3000 11000
2893.03 2893.83 2906.68 2908.99 2925.04 2952.68 2960.21 2991.33 3023.93 3026.79 3054.94 3058.98 3077.36 3097.45 3106.18 3111.43 3130.73 3171.00 3183.78 3210.57 3212.81 3213.75 3272.77 3277.78 3301.95 3308.02 3313.33 3334.33 3350.40 3369.06 3391.99 3396.58 3425.02 3441.00 3461.38 3521.09 3542.15 3552.52 3603.20 3688.42 3724.94 3741.31 3761.12 3819.67 3844.23 3865.57 3884.75 3907.10 3930.48 3971.96 4011.69 4017.58 4039.19 4085.38 4129.70 4205.05 4298.73 4355.09 4435.56 4522.57 4594.03
I I II I II II II II III III II I II II I I II III III I I I II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
9800 8300 110 150 180 180 170 110 170 170 210 270 210 200 110 120 750 300 120 200 390 110 150 120 120 540 120 110 120 450 380 260 120 120 200 150 200 120 210 330 180 170 600 cw 330 480 cw 170 240 110 420 170 420 140 240 240 120 330 110 260 cw 140 240 170
4627.22 4661.88 4867.62 4907.18 4911.40 5013.17 5022.91 5029.54 5114.37 5129.10 5133.52 5160.07 5166.70 5199.85 5200.96 5206.44 5215.10 5223.49 5239.24 5266.40 5271.96 5272.48 5282.82 5291.26 5294.64 5357.61 5361.61 5376.94 5392.94 5402.77 5451.51 5452.94 5488.65 5510.52 5547.44 5570.33 5577.14 5580.03 5645.80 5765.20 5783.69 5818.74 5830.98 5966.07 5967.10 5972.75 5992.83 6012.56 6018.15 6029.00 6049.51 6057.36 6083.84 6099.35 6118.78 6173.05 6178.76 6188.13 6195.07 6262.25 6299.77
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
230 120 cw 120 cw 180 140 830 120 1400 50 140 360 120 330 570 570 540 720 300 160 60 cw 70 35 24 cw 21 cw 18
6303.41 6350.04 6400.93 6410.04 6411.32 6437.64 6457.96 6645.11 6666.35 6802.72 6864.54 7040.20 7077.10 7194.81 7217.55 7301.17 7370.22 7426.57 7583.91 7742.57 7746.19 7887.99 8209.80 8642.67 8870.30
Fluorine F Z = 9 50 148.00 50 163.56 90 165.98 100 166.18 50 186.84 60 190.57 70 190.84 50 196.39 60 196.45 70 200.09 80 201.16 90 208.25 90 240.08 100 251.03 140 419.65 150 420.05 160 420.73 100 429.51 110 430.15 150 430.76 90 464.29 120 465.98 130 490.57 160 491.00 50 497.38 60 497.83 70 498.80 90 506.16 100 508.08 120 508.39 60 514.08 90 525.29 100 526.30 120 567.69 110 567.75
II I I I I II I II III I I I II II II II II II I I I I I I I
Atomic
Intensity
10-23
V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V V III III
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-24
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
140 140 150 160 90 100 90 100 110 130 120 130 110 140 140 140 130 150 130 160 60 150 125 500 1000 750 500 20 350 100 40 100 60 70 80 80 90 70 70 110 120 110 140 130 110 100 110 100 100 100 100 130 140 100 120 150 110 140 160 110 170
570.64 571.30 571.39 572.66 605.67 606.80 630.20 647.77 647.87 654.03 656.12 656.87 657.23 657.33 658.33 676.12 677.15 677.22 678.99 679.21 757.04 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 972.40 973.90 976.22 976.51 977.75 1082.31 1088.39 1219.03 1266.87 1267.71 1297.54 1359.92 1498.93 1502.01 1504.18 1504.79 1506.30 1506.77 1553.02 1557.59 1563.73 1565.54 1623.40 1650.76 1670.39 1677.40 1716.99 1770.09 1770.67 1772.93 1773.36 1791.65 1803.03 1805.90
K21599_S10.indb 24
IV IV IV IV II II III V V V III III V V III IV IV IV IV IV V I I I I I I I I I I I V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 120 110 100 120 120 50 40 120 50 130 130 120 150 120 120 130 120 130 140 130 140 120 130 160 120 160 40 50 140 150 150 120 140 150 120 140 160 140 140 120 h 130 120 130 120 160 150 140 160 180 140 140 140 180 170 120 200 200 200 6 12
1839.30 1839.97 1840.14 2027.44 2030.32 2217.17 2298.29 2451.58 2452.07 2456.92 2464.85 2470.29 2478.73 2484.37 2542.77 2580.04 2583.81 2593.23 2595.53 2599.28 2625.01 2629.70 2656.44 2755.55 2759.63 2788.15 2811.45 2820.74 2826.13 2833.99 2835.63 2860.33 2862.86 2887.58 2889.45 2905.30 2913.29 2916.34 2932.49 2994.28 2997.21 2997.53 2999.47 3039.25 3039.75 3042.80 3049.14 3113.62 3115.70 3121.54 3124.79 3134.23 3146.99 3174.17 3174.76 3214.00 3501.45 3501.57 3502.96 3594.10 3668.17
III III III III III III IV IV III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
270 260 250 5 8 5 5 240 220 230 200 200 200 140 h 120 h 120 h 140 h 6 150 160 15 12 18 12 10 20 12 15 40 90 18 25 25 140 120 12 25 70 50 150 80 900 100 150 140 800 400 130 13000 10000 140 8000 450 300 400 1800 400 7000 1500 9000 50000
3847.09 3849.99 3851.67 3898.48 3930.69 3934.26 3948.56 4024.73 4025.01 4025.49 4103.51 4246.23 4299.17 4420.30 4427.35 4432.32 4479.99 4960.65 5012.54 5110.99 5230.41 5279.01 5540.52 5552.43 5577.33 5624.06 5626.93 5659.15 5667.53 5671.67 5689.14 5700.82 5707.31 5753.17 5761.20 5950.15 5959.19 5965.28 5994.43 6015.83 6038.04 6047.54 6080.11 6091.82 6125.50 6149.76 6210.87 6233.57 6239.65 6348.51 6363.05 6413.65 6569.69 6580.39 6650.41 6690.48 6708.28 6773.98 6795.53 6834.26 6856.03
II II II I I I I II II II II II II III III III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I III III I I III I I III I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
8000 15000 6000 4000 45000 30000 15000 1000 15000 700 5000 120 130 10000 4000 2200 2500 900 5000 5000 7000 18000 15000 300 500 350 300 80 1000 900 350 350 600 300 600 300 350 2500 3000 500 1500 2000 600 900 1000 300 350 400 350 200 25 12 25 15 12 80 h 15 20
6870.22 6902.48 6909.82 6966.35 7037.47 7127.89 7202.36 7309.03 7311.02 7314.30 7331.96 7336.77 7354.94 7398.69 7425.65 7482.72 7489.16 7514.92 7552.24 7573.38 7607.17 7754.70 7800.21 7879.18 7898.59 7936.31 7956.32 8016.01 8040.93 8075.52 8077.52 8126.56 8129.26 8159.51 8179.34 8191.24 8208.63 8214.73 8230.77 8232.19 8274.62 8298.58 8302.40 8807.58 8900.92 8912.78 9025.49 9042.10 9178.68 9433.67 9505.30 9662.04 9734.34 9822.11 9902.65 10047.98 10285.45 10862.31
Francium Fr Z = 87 7177.
I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å
Gadolinium Gd Z = 64 1200 1007.24 1200 1063.84 1600 1476.98 1500 1705.03 1600 1706.01 2000 1736.24 1500 1815.32 2200 1975.24 3400 2018.07 2800 2359.31 1400 2397.87 2800 2697.39 2800 2703.28 2700 2727.89 9000 2904.73 9500 2955.53 1200 2999.04 2100 3010.13 1900 3027.60 2100 3032.84 1600 3034.05 2100 3081.99 3500 3100.50 930 3145.00 980 3156.53 980 3161.37 4000 3176.66 1400 3331.38 1100 3336.18 5400 3350.47 4300 3358.62 5400 3362.23 1100 3392.53 1100 d 3407.56 6900 3422.47 1700 3439.21 2700 3439.99 1400 3450.38 1100 3451.23 2700 3463.98 1700 3467.27 1700 3468.99 1400 3473.22 2200 3481.28 1700 3481.80 1700 3494.40 1400 3505.51 1100 3512.50 4300 3545.80 3900 3549.36 1400 3557.05 5400 3584.96 1100 3592.71 1100 3604.87 6100 3646.19 3900 3654.62 3100 3656.15 1400 3662.26 2700 3664.60 2000 3671.20
K21599_S10.indb 25
IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
2000 3100 2000 1300 2700 2000 1400 2000 1800 d 1500 4500 1400 8700 1400 2900 5100 3700 3300 5100 4300 1600 1500 2200 1200 1400 1200 1100 1100 1400 1600 1300 2200 2600 2600 1900 1300 2800 1500 1100 2600 2200 1100 2400 2400 2200 1300 4800 1700
3684.13 3687.74 3697.73 3699.73 3712.70 3713.57 3716.36 3717.48 3719.45 3730.84 3743.47 3758.31 3768.39 3770.69 3783.05 3796.37 3813.97 3850.69 3850.97 3852.45 3866.99 3894.70 3916.51 3934.79 3945.54 3957.67 4023.14 4028.15 4037.33 4045.01 4049.43 4049.86 4053.64 4058.22 4063.39 4078.44 4078.70 4085.56 4092.71 4098.61 4130.37 4132.28 4175.54 4184.25 4190.78 4212.00 4225.85 4251.73
I II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II I I II I I II I II II I I II II I II I II II II I II I II I II
1600 1100 1800 2600 d 1900 1000 2200 1400 1400 1100 1100 910 520
4262.09 4306.34 4313.84 4325.57 4327.12 4344.30 4346.46 4401.86 4422.41 4430.63 4519.66 4537.81 4614.50
I I I II I II I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
700 410 470 300 320 280 750 75 5000 130 910 180 120 860 190 410 280 130 320 120 140 280 280 220 280 130 280 110 170 300 200 300 240 3000 150 4000 3000 190 110 260 3000 390 120 240 220 280 110 170 85 85 65 110 h 430 75 40 40 40 h 55 50 35 85
4694.33 4743.65 4767.24 4784.62 4821.69 4934.12 5015.04 5039.09 5091.70 5098.38 5103.45 5108.91 5125.56 5155.84 5176.28 5197.77 5219.40 5233.93 5251.18 5252.14 5255.80 5283.08 5301.67 5302.76 5307.30 5321.50 5321.78 5327.32 5333.30 5343.00 5348.67 5350.38 5353.26 5365.96 5370.63 5553.30 5587.88 5617.91 5632.25 5643.24 5658.98 5696.22 5733.86 5791.38 5851.63 5856.22 5904.56 5911.45 5930.29 5936.84 5937.71 5988.02 6114.07 6305.15 6331.35 6380.95 6538.15 6564.78 6634.36 6681.23 6730.73
I I I I I I I I III II I II II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I III III I I I III I II I I I I II I I I I I II I II I I II II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
50 26 100 100 50 75 60 45 35 170 28 28 35 40 55 80 35 35 25 18 21 21 h 14 h 18 h 5000
6752.67 6786.33 6828.25 6916.57 6985.89 6991.92 6996.76 7006.16 7122.57 7168.37 7189.57 7262.66 7441.85 7464.36 7562.97 7733.50 7846.35 7856.93 7930.25 8146.15 8668.63 8832.06 8849.14 8867.31 14332.88
II II I I II I II II I I II I I I I I II I II I I II I I III
Gallium Ga 14 61 30 30 30 41 30 30 30 30 40 40 50 30 40 40 40 30 30 25 16 50 40 90 90 50 20 40 40 90 90 120 80 90 80
Z = 31 294.53 295.67 298.44 300.01 302.86 304.99 307.03 308.26 311.79 313.68 319.41 322.31 322.99 323.10 324.25 324.95 326.14 326.77 328.65 423.18 439.92 620.00 622.01 806.51 817.30 828.70 878.17 973.21 989.75 1014.47 1019.71 1050.48 1054.56 1058.12 1066.69
IV IV V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV III III III III III V V V V V V V V V
Atomic
Intensity
10-25
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-26
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
60 80 90 110 60 80 250 80 90 100 80 160 140 60 75 70 80 120 130 120 100 130 67 130 90 70 120 35 70 25 75 48 40 68 40 73 73 75 69 72 80 63 50 60 60 75 83 81 82 90 81 15 80 80 60 82 83 82 80 80 60
1069.60 1073.77 1078.83 1079.60 1080.99 1085.00 1085.01 1087.37 1091.71 1094.36 1095.10 1102.83 1103.03 1105.61 1105.62 1106.17 1118.34 1126.40 1128.10 1128.53 1129.94 1136.07 1137.06 1150.23 1150.27 1156.10 1156.51 1157.74 1163.60 1169.40 1170.58 1171.71 1178.95 1185.23 1186.06 1190.89 1193.02 1195.02 1201.54 1206.89 1213.17 1216.15 1228.03 1236.38 1238.59 1245.53 1258.77 1264.66 1267.15 1267.16 1279.24 1283.64 1285.33 1293.46 1295.36 1295.86 1299.46 1303.53 1309.68 1314.82 1323.15
K21599_S10.indb 26
V V V V V III V V V V V V V III V V V V V V V V IV V III IV V V IV V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV V IV III III IV IV IV IV IV III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
85 77 76 70 74 60 77 70 73 90 50 10 15 20 90 90 15 10 10 20 15 50 80 100 10 10 10 10 15 10 h 10 40 100 150 100 150 10 20 15 10 2000 1000 10 h 20 h 30 h 10 h 50 h 100 h 15 h 20 h 100 h 200 h 200 h 200 h 300 h 100 h 400 200 60 60 70
1338.09 1347.03 1351.06 1353.92 1364.63 1395.54 1402.55 1405.32 1465.87 1495.07 1534.46 1813.98 1845.30 2091.34 2417.70 2423.98 2424.36 2632.66 2665.05 2700.47 2780.15 3521.77 3581.19 3589.34 3731.10 3806.60 4032.99 4172.04 4251.16 4254.04 4255.77 4262.00 4380.69 4381.76 4863.00 4993.78 5808.28 5848.25 5993.51 6334.2 6396.56 6413.44 7251.4 7403.0 7464.0 7620.5 7734.77 7800.01 8002.55 8074.25 8311.86 8386.49 9492.92 9493.12 9589.36 10905.95 11949.12 12109.78 14996.64 22016.81 22568.71
Intensity IV IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III II II II III III III I I II II III III III III III I I II II II II III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Wavelength/Å
Germanium Ge Z = 32 700 294.51 1000 295.64 200 304.98 20 621.52 50 724.21 60 746.88 60 760.05 10 862.234 15 875.493 15 905.977 20 920.554 300 971.35 300 990.66 50 999.101 300 1004.38 100 1016.638 900 1045.71 700 1072.66 100 1075.072 300 1085.51 40 1088.45 800 1089.49 200 1098.71 500 1106.74 1000 1116.94 500 1120.46 700 1163.39 200 1164.27 500 1181.19 500 1181.65 200 1188.73 20 1188.99 300 1191.26 700 1222.30 20 1229.81 500 1237.059 500 1261.905 100 1264.710 200 1401.24 200 1538.091 500 1576.855 75 1581.070 100 1602.486 3r 1615.57 2r 1624.130 2r 1630.173 3r 1636.31 4r 1639.730 2 1647.531 200 1649.194 2 1651.528 4r 1651.955 3 1661.345 4r 1663.539 10 h 1665.275 4 1667.802 3r 1670.608 100 r 1691.090 200 r 1716.784 100 h 1739.102
V V V V V V V II II II II V V II V II V V II II III V II II V II V II II II II IV II V IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 50 200 100 100 h 100 h 50 h 200 200 100 h 75 h 200 h 200 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 200 500 r 100 300 r 100 500 r 50 h 30 300 r 100 h 500 r 10 h 100 r 500 100 r 500 30 s 200 200 500 30 h 30 200 200 300 h 300 500 r 200 1700 2400 r 1600 r 420 220 h 750 r 2600 r 420 2000 r 25 240 95 h 50 h 340 r 15 18 18
1742.195 1746.065 1750.043 1758.279 1764.185 1765.284 1766.433 1774.176 1785.046 1793.071 1801.432 1841.328 1842.410 1844.410 1845.872 1846.958 1853.134 1860.086 1865.052 1874.256 1895.197 1904.702 1908.434 1912.409 1917.592 1923.467 1929.826 1934.048 1937.483 1938.008 1938.300 1938.891 1944.116 1944.731 1955.115 1962.013 1963.373 1965.383 1970.880 1979.274 1987.849 1988.267 1998.887 2011.29 2019.068 2041.712 2043.770 2054.461 2057.238 2065.215 2068.656 2086.021 2094.258 2104.45 2105.824 2124.744 2186.451 2198.714 2220.375 2256.001 2314.201
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å
24 15 20 10 15 130 30 30 90 500 70 20 3 28 500 8 1200 500 500 850 400 40 650 70 80 1000 1000 750 600 20 35 40 110 40 300 60 50 200 70 200 150 10 1000 1000 50 100 200 3 6 6 8 8 6 7 6 5 9 6 5 6 9
2327.918 2359.233 2379.144 2389.472 2397.885 2417.367 2436.412 2488.25 2497.962 2500.54 2533.230 2542.44 2556.298 2589.188 2592.534 2644.184 2651.172 2651.568 2691.341 2709.624 2729.78 2740.426 2754.588 2793.925 2829.008 2831.843 2845.527 3039.067 3067.021 3124.816 3211.86 3255.05 3269.489 3434.03 3499.21 3554.19 3676.65 4178.96 4226.562 4260.85 4291.71 4685.829 4741.806 4814.608 4824.097 5131.752 5178.648 5194.583 5265.892 5513.263 5564.741 5607.010 5616.135 5621.426 5664.226 5664.842 5691.954 5701.776 5717.877 5801.029 5802.093
K21599_S10.indb 27
I I I I I I I IV I II I IV I I I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I I III III I III II IV IV III I III III I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1000 500 75 100 100 6 50 30 5 7 10 10 6 10 10 9 5 5 6 20 20 4 7 5 4 10 10 8 8 10 230 600 1300 1050 235 470 150 135 70 62 28
5893.389 6021.041 6283.452 6336.377 6484.181 6557.488 7049.369 7145.390 7353.334 7384.208 7833.575 8031.039 8044.165 8256.013 8482.21 8700.60 9068.785 9095.957 9398.868 9474.993 9475.645 9492.559 9625.664 10039.436 10200.952 10382.427 10404.913 10734.068 10947.416 11125.130 11252.83 11714.76 12069.20 12391.58 13107.61 14822.38 16759.79 17214.34 18811.86 19279.24 20673.64
Gold Au Z = 79 100 843.44 100 845.14 200 945.10 100 1040.63 80 1044.49 80 1046.81 100 h 1239.96 100 1278.51 100 1314.84 100 h 1328.37 200 1336.72 180 1341.68 100 1348.89 150 1350.32 150 1355.61 150 1356.13 50 1363.98 500 1365.40 200 1367.17
II II II II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III I III III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
60 70 50 180 150 150 125 200 80 50 300 100 180 60 180 50 100 70 100 225 250 100 100 125 150 300 80 250 275 50 250 300 200 150 250 250 100 150 100 150 100 300 250 200 250 200 200 100 100 200 200 200 150 200 200 150 70 200 250 100 500
1368.62 1374.82 1375.76 1377.73 1378.69 1379.98 1380.53 1381.36 1382.75 1385.33 1385.79 1389.41 1391.46 1392.27 1396.00 1402.12 1402.91 1407.38 1408.45 1409.50 1413.80 1414.27 1417.09 1417.39 1427.42 1428.93 1429.19 1430.06 1433.37 1435.79 1435.81 1439.12 1441.21 1446.37 1448.42 1454.95 1464.72 1471.28 1474.73 1481.10 1481.76 1487.15 1487.91 1489.47 1500.37 1502.47 1503.74 1542.00 1548.50 1567.54 1574.85 1579.44 1584.10 1587.16 1589.56 1593.41 1598.24 1600.51 1617.16 1617.78 1621.93
I I I III III III III III I I III III III I III I III I I III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 300 d 250 50 100 150 250 250 100 100 125 1000 150 200 200 200 200 100 250 200 100 300 500 100 d 300 150 500 500 500 300 100 800 200 100 60 300 150 500 200 400 100 400 400 150 500 150 100 150 100 100 200 100 400 150 11000 2600 150 300 60 100 80
1624.34 1629.13 1638.88 1639.90 1644.17 1646.67 1652.74 1664.77 1665.76 1668.11 1673.93 1693.94 1697.09 1698.98 1699.34 1700.00 1702.25 1707.53 1710.16 1715.69 1716.71 1717.83 1727.31 1733.17 1738.48 1744.39 1746.10 1756.92 1761.95 1767.42 1774.42 1775.17 1776.40 1780.57 1783.22 1786.11 1792.65 1793.76 1801.98 1805.24 1809.81 1821.17 1844.89 1848.83 1861.80 1871.92 1879.83 1918.28 1932.04 1935.42 1948.79 1958.47 1989.63 1996.85 2012.00 2021.38 2082.09 2083.09 2110.68 2159.08 2167.33
I III III I III I III III I III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III I I II III II III III
Atomic
Intensity
10-27
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-28
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
200 100 500 70 80 300 180 100 120 150 150 2600 60 250 3400 1100 100 1000 300 100 100 h 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 320 300 100 1600 100 100 300 300 300 100 100 100 100 h 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 100 h 100 100 100 100 100 h 400 300
2172.20 2184.11 2188.97 2248.56 2263.62 2322.27 2352.65 2382.40 2387.75 2402.71 2405.12 2427.95 2533.52 2641.48 2675.95 2748.25 2780.82 2802.04 2819.79 2822.55 2825.44 2837.85 2846.92 2856.74 2883.45 2891.96 2893.25 2907.04 2913.52 2918.24 2954.22 2990.27 2994.80 3029.20 3065.42 3122.50 3122.78 3194.72 3227.99 3230.63 3308.30 3309.64 3309.86 3320.12 3355.15 3391.31 3395.40 3467.21 3557.36 3586.73 3611.57 3631.31 3637.90 3645.02 3650.74 3709.62 3796.01 3874.73 3892.26 3897.86 3909.38
K21599_S10.indb 28
III III III II II III I III I III III I II I I I I II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 400 700 100 100 200 120 h 250 900 h 100 h 500 100 100 300 100 h 100 100 h 300 100 h 300 h 600 100 600 10 10
3927.69 4040.93 4065.07 4084.10 4241.80 4315.11 4437.27 4488.25 4607.51 4620.56 4792.58 4811.60 5147.44 5230.26 5261.76 5655.77 5721.36 5837.37 5862.93 5956.96 6278.17 6562.68 7510.73 8145.06 9254.28
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Hafnium Hf 220 180 200 200 400 600 200 270 180 180 180 180 180 270 245 180 180 160 160 160 270 200 160 160 160 440 270 160 370 370 270 270 160 220 370
Z = 72 545.41 600.00 618.27 644.54 647.39 665.65 673.49 867.25 875.88 885.58 896.14 901.54 919.10 921.67 951.62 960.12 964.74 971.51 1092.76 1201.76 1232.03 1233.59 1237.42 1239.53 1244.46 1396.66 1400.09 1401.70 1407.17 1408.38 1412.28 1413.51 1421.96 1422.53 1433.43
V V IV IV IV IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
370 500 370 270 100 270 550 750 750 440 1000 1000 500 370 270 6200 8500 300 1200 200 h 200 h 200 200 200 540 200 320 160 250 620 200 h 230 580 300 300 200 300 200 230 320 540 250 250 170 450 670 540 370 320 390 450 400 430 210 2000 290 580 580 1000 890 340
1437.27 1437.73 1445.40 1457.91 1717.21 1719.32 1729.08 1731.83 1733.96 1741.74 1749.11 1750.19 1760.89 1765.62 1774.02 2012.78 2028.18 2070.94 2096.18 2099.30 2110.31 2155.66 2183.50 2195.44 2210.82 2234.59 2254.01 2255.15 2266.83 2277.16 2313.44 2321.14 2322.47 2323.25 2324.89 2332.97 2336.47 2337.33 2343.32 2347.44 2351.22 2380.30 2383.540 2393.18 2393.36 2393.83 2405.42 2410.14 2417.69 2447.25 2460.49 2461.74 2464.19 2469.18 2495.16 2496.99 2512.69 2513.03 2515.16 2516.88 2531.19
V V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V II II III II III III III III III II III II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II III II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
200 320 400 h 250 300 h 890 320 320 300 320 390 450 230 450 160 1100 1100 160 670 160 210 290 200 670 210 250 710 200 360 500 450 160 170 980 180 390 230 230 170 230 200 1200 490 180 410 270 270 180 180 760 760 2100 210 800 1800 1200 890 2000 580 320 180
2537.33 2551.40 2560.74 2563.61 2567.46 2571.67 2573.90 2576.82 2578.14 2582.54 2606.37 2607.03 2613.60 2622.74 2637.00 2638.71 2641.41 2642.75 2647.29 2657.84 2661.88 2683.35 2687.22 2705.61 2712.42 2718.59 2738.76 2743.64 2751.81 2753.60 2761.63 2766.96 2773.02 2773.36 2774.02 2779.37 2808.00 2813.86 2814.48 2817.68 2819.74 2820.22 2822.68 2833.28 2845.83 2849.21 2850.96 2851.21 2860.56 2861.01 2861.70 2866.37 2887.14 2889.62 2898.26 2904.41 2904.75 2916.48 2918.58 2919.59 2924.62
II II III II III II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II II III I II I II I II III I I I II II I II II II I I II II I I II I II I II II I I I I I I I I II I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2929.63 2929.90 2937.80 2940.77 2944.71 2950.68 2954.20 2958.02 2964.88 2966.93 2968.81 2975.88 2980.81 2982.72 3000.10 3005.56 3012.90 3016.78 3016.94 3018.31 3020.53 3031.16 3050.76 3057.02 3067.41 3072.88 3074.10 3074.79 3080.84 3096.76 3101.40 3109.12 3131.81 3134.72 3139.65 3145.32 3148.41 3156.63 3159.82 3162.61 3168.39 3172.94 3176.86 3181.01 3193.53 3194.19 3196.93 3206.11 3210.98 3217.30 3220.61 3247.66 3249.53 3253.70 3255.28 3273.66 3279.67 3279.98 3291.05 3306.12 3310.27
K21599_S10.indb 29
II I II I I I I I I I II II I I II I II I II I I II I I I I I I I I II II I II II II I I I II I I II I II II I I I II II I I II II II III II I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
670 180 890 370 230 180 180 230 170 800 230 230 230 230 2300 170 180 230 230 410 200 250 710 200 480 250 250 980 1200 980 980 760 180 540 1300 270 1100 210 540 800 320 800 320 200 220 200 480 2200 280 240 340 1000 650 160 460 160 400 170 200 1400 1400
3312.86 3317.99 3332.73 3352.06 3358.91 3360.06 3378.93 3384.70 3386.21 3389.83 3392.81 3394.59 3397.26 3397.60 3399.80 3400.21 3402.51 3410.17 3417.34 3419.18 3428.37 3438.24 3472.40 3478.99 3479.28 3495.75 3497.16 3497.49 3505.23 3523.02 3535.54 3536.62 3548.81 3552.70 3561.66 3567.36 3569.04 3597.42 3599.87 3616.89 3630.87 3644.36 3649.10 3651.84 3665.35 3672.27 3675.74 3682.24 3696.51 3699.72 3701.15 3717.80 3719.28 3729.10 3733.79 3737.88 3746.80 3766.92 3768.25 3777.64 3785.46
I II I II I I I II I II I II I I II I I II I I II II I II II II I I II I II I I II II I II II I I II II I I II I I I I II II I II I I II I II I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
650 850 d 320 1300 280 800 600 230 200 160 380 200 200 200 620 620 200 320 410 160 200 180 230 180 540 1100 160 190 170 170 170 200 170 320 160 180 250 180 160 200 250 500 d 230 210 120 160 310 130 120 95 95 75 230 110 120 110 110 75 230 230 95
3793.37 3800.38 3811.78 3820.73 3830.02 3849.18 3858.31 3860.91 3872.55 3877.10 3880.82 3882.52 3889.23 3889.33 3899.94 3918.09 3923.90 3931.38 3951.83 3968.01 3973.48 4032.27 4062.84 4083.35 4093.16 4174.34 4206.58 4209.70 4228.08 4232.44 4260.98 4263.39 4272.85 4294.79 4330.27 4336.66 4356.33 4370.97 4417.91 4438.04 4565.94 4598.80 4620.86 4655.19 4699.01 4782.74 4800.50 4859.24 4975.25 5018.20 5047.45 5170.18 5181.86 5243.99 5294.87 5354.73 5373.86 5452.92 5550.60 5552.12 5613.27
II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II I II I I II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
160 95 95 85 160 160 570 650 410 360 110 310 130 250 130 150 160 40 65
5719.18 6098.67 6185.13 6789.27 6818.94 7063.83 7131.81 7237.10 7240.87 7624.40 7740.17 7845.35 7920.71 7994.73 8204.58 8546.48 8640.06 8711.24 9004.73
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Z=2 231.454 232.584 234.347 237.331 243.027 256.317 303.780 303.786 320.293 505.500 505.684 505.912 506.200 506.570 507.058 507.718 508.643 509.998 512.098 515.616 522.213 537.030 584.334 591.412 958.70 972.11 992.36 1025.27 1084.94 1215.09 1215.17 1640.34 1640.47 2385.40 2511.20 2577.6 2723.19 2733.30 2763.80 2818.2 2829.08
II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I I I
Helium He 15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 10 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 25 35 50 100 400 1000 50 5 6 8 15 30 35 50 120 180 7 9 50 1 12 2 10 4
Atomic
Intensity 490 450 710 2000 160 1200 1100 540 1400 620 710 890 1100 210 170 800 1100 540 1100 980 1200 410 710 1100 850 2100 170 250 430 200 340 710 710 850 170 220 220 450 270 710 450 890 450 220 360 670 200 310 180 180 180 360 220 890 270 180 200 h 270 160 210 340
10-29
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-30
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
10 40 20 3 15 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 10 1 500 20 1 50 5 12 2 3 10 3 200 25 6 30 30 4 20 100 10 5 500 100 8 100 3 200 30 50 1 2 2 2 10 4 3 1 1 3 6 2 15 1 10 2 3 300 1000
2945.11 3013.7 3187.74 3202.96 3203.10 3354.55 3447.59 3587.27 3613.64 3634.23 3705.00 3732.86 3819.607 3819.76 3888.65 3964.729 4009.27 4026.191 4026.36 4120.82 4120.99 4143.76 4387.929 4437.55 4471.479 4471.68 4685.4 4685.7 4713.146 4713.38 4921.931 5015.678 5047.74 5411.52 5875.62 5875.97 6560.10 6678.15 6867.48 7065.19 7065.71 7281.35 7816.15 8361.69 9063.27 9210.34 9463.61 9516.60 9526.17 9529.27 9603.42 9702.60 10027.73 10031.16 10123.6 10138.50 10311.23 10311.54 10667.65 10829.09 10830.25
K21599_S10.indb 30
I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
2000 9 3 4 30 20 50 20 7 10 2 12 200 1 6 500 200 100 20 1000 80 10 20 3 4
10830.34 10913.05 10917.10 11626.4 11969.12 12527.52 12784.99 12790.57 12845.96 12968.45 12984.89 15083.64 17002.47 18555.55 18636.8 18685.34 18697.23 19089.38 19543.08 20581.30 21120.07 21121.43 21132.03 30908.5 40478.90
Holmium Ho Z = 67 170 2502.91 170 2533.80 190 2605.86 270 2750.35 270 2769.89 300 2824.20 270 c 2831.69 270 2849.10 360 2880.26 460 2880.98 570 c 2909.41 410 c 2979.63 410 2987.64 480 c 3049.38 410 c 3054.00 500 c 3057.45 500 c 3082.34 910 3084.36 430 c 3086.54 760 3118.50 580 c 3166.62 810 3173.78 810 c 3181.50 980 c 3281.97 630 c 3337.23 980 c 3343.58 8100 c 3398.98 810 c 3410.26 1400 c 3414.90 5400 3416.46 1200 3421.63 2000 c 3425.34 2000 c 3428.13 3200 3453.14 16000 c 3456.00
I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1600 810 c 5400 c 6300 2500 c 810 c 810 4100 c 410 c 630 1600 1100 c 410 410 c 630 c 810 410 410 630 c 1100 cw 540 c 410 430 c 490 430 c 430 c 1600 c 1400 720 670 720 580 410 490 c 430 450 1100 810 3200 cw 8900 c 8900 c 410 c 1300 cw 410 c 1100 490 c 1800 c 2700 c 3000 c 13000 c 1300 cw 580 490 2700 5400 c 8100 1700 720 8900 2900 1500
3461.97 3473.91 3474.26 3484.84 3494.76 3498.88 3510.73 3515.59 3519.94 3540.76 3546.05 3556.78 3560.15 3573.24 3574.80 3579.12 3580.75 3581.83 3592.23 3598.77 3600.95 3618.43 3626.69 3627.25 3631.76 3638.30 3662.29 3667.97 3679.19 3679.70 3682.65 3690.65 3700.04 3702.35 3712.88 3720.72 3731.40 3736.35 3748.17 3796.75 3810.73 3835.35 3837.51 3842.05 3843.86 3846.73 3854.07 3861.68 3888.96 3891.02 3905.68 3955.73 3959.68 4040.81 4045.44 4053.93 4065.09 4068.05 4103.84 4108.62 4120.20
II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1300 4300 1500 980 cw 8100 2500 540 2000 1300 cw 490 1300 300 290 80 130 130 c 290 100 c 65 290 250 c 220 90 130 80 140 130 110 160 90 c 130 c 90 65 90 80 90 100 70 65 140 140 c 140 c 140 c 70 c 70 70 cw 70 90 230 c 120 70 70 c 70 260 120 55 cw 55 c 40 cw 45 cw 140 40 c
4125.65 4127.16 4136.22 4152.61 4163.03 4173.23 4194.35 4227.04 4254.43 4264.05 4350.73 4477.64 4629.10 4701.69 4709.84 4717.52 4742.04 4757.01 4782.92 4939.01 4967.21 4979.97 4995.05 5042.37 5093.07 5127.81 5142.59 5143.22 5149.59 5167.88 5182.11 5190.11 5251.82 5301.25 5330.11 5359.99 5407.08 5566.52 5627.60 5659.58 5691.47 5696.57 5860.28 5882.99 5921.76 5948.03 5972.76 5973.52 5982.90 6081.79 6208.65 6305.36 6550.97 6604.94 6628.99 6694.32 6785.43 6939.49 6950.39 7555.09 7628.42
I I I II I I I I I I I II II II II I II I I I II I I I I I II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
50 c 60 cw 60 50 40 90 Hydrogen H 15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 5 6 8 15 30 80 120 180 5 7 12 20 40 5 8 15 4 6
Wavelength/Å 7693.15 7815.48 7894.64 8512.94 8670.19 8915.98
I I I I I II
Z=1 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.722 1215.668 1215.674 3835.384 3889.049 3970.072 4101.74 4340.47 4861.33 6562.72 6562.852 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 18751.0 21655.3 26251.5 40511.6 46525.1 74578.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Indium In Z = 49 17 378.61 17 386.21 14 388.91 25 393.89 25 400.57 25 402.39 622 472.71 689 479.39 709 498.62 10 882.24 10 890.84 10 915.87 85 954.67 87 973.50 86 991.60 89 1024.68 85 1024.79 88 1031.45 82 1031.98 80 1054.43 84 1063.03 83 1068.25 82 1069.82 86 1077.64 90 1082.10 83 1086.33
K21599_S10.indb 31
V V V V V V IV IV IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
82 84 85 80 90 85 80 89 83 84 90 90 85 88 85 83 90 88 85 85 87 90 88 81 100 100 30 40 30 50 40 100 c 90 d 70 d 80 h 110 d 70 h 100 110 d 90 80 100 90 d 110 d 100 100 160 d 1100 200 90 d 100 d 140 d 140 d 80 1600 300 80 130 d 700 90 d 180 c
1096.81 1097.18 1116.10 1124.06 1131.46 1144.43 1145.41 1146.62 1154.11 1154.60 1157.71 1157.82 1159.78 1176.50 1191.58 1204.87 1206.55 1221.50 1221.90 1233.58 1235.84 1373.20 1398.77 1412.09 1625.42 1748.83 1842.41 1850.30 2154.08 2205.28 2281.64 2306.05 2313.21 2327.95 2334.57 2382.63 2427.20 2447.90 2488.62 2488.95 2498.59 2499.60 2500.99 2512.31 2521.37 2527.41 2554.44 2560.15 2601.76 2654.70 2662.63 2668.65 2674.56 2683.12 2710.26 2713.94 2726.15 2749.75 2753.88 2818.97 2836.92
IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I III II I I II II II II II I I III II I II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
80 120 d 1100 100 100 110 c 100 8000 110 d 180 c 130 c 80 c 130 d 150 100 c 90 c 90 d 13000 3000 90 c 100 c 110 d 180 c 95 c 380 w 120 c 160 c 160 c 170 w 230 c 250 c 200 c 100 100 100 c 250 w 120 c 140 d 100 150 410 w 100 100 17000 140 c 100 d 110 d 100 150 d 150 c 18000 110 c 140 c 180 w 180 w 140 c 170 c 250 c 150 w 170 c 140 c
2865.68 2890.18 2932.63 2941.05 2982.80 2999.40 3008.08 3039.36 3099.80 3101.8 3138.60 3142.75 3146.70 3155.77 3158.40 3176.30 3198.11 3256.09 3258.56 3338.50 3404.28 3438.40 3693.91 3708.13 3716.14 3718.30 3718.72 3723.40 3795.21 3799.21 3834.65 3842.18 3852.82 3889.78 3902.07 3962.35 4004.66 4013.92 4023.77 4032.32 4056.94 4071.57 4072.93 4101.76 4205.14 4213.04 4219.66 4252.68 4372.87 4500.78 4511.31 4549.01 4570.85 4578.02 4578.40 4616.08 4617.17 4620.14 4620.70 4627.30 4637.04
II II I II III II III I II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II III III II III III I II II II III II II I II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
380 c 220 c 360 c 320 w 190 c 450 w 90 d 150 c 80 h 100 w 140 c 270 c 200 w 80 d 240 c 140 c 200 150 c 80 140 c 220 w 130 c 140 c 320 c 250 w 130 c 190 w 240 c 200 w 100 160 c 100 c 100 210 c 490 w 260 w 120 c 130 c 250 c 210 c 180 w 230 w 240 w 320 w 150 c 90 140 c 190 w 80 180 w 200 100 c 280 w 140 w 270 w 290 w 300 w 210 c 190 c 180 c 100 c
4638.16 4644.58 4655.62 4656.74 4681.11 4684.8 4907.06 4973.77 5109.36 5115.14 5117.40 5120.80 5121.75 5129.85 5175.42 5184.44 5248.77 5309.45 5411.41 5418.45 5436.70 5497.50 5507.08 5513.00 5523.28 5536.50 5555.45 5576.90 5636.70 5645.15 5708.50 5721.80 5819.50 5853.15 5903.4 5915.4 5918.78 6062.9 6095.95 6108.66 6115.9 6128.7 6129.4 6132.1 6140.0 6143.23 6148.10 6149.5 6161.15 6162.45 6197.72 6224.28 6228.3 6231.1 6304.8 6362.3 6469.0 6541.20 6751.88 6765.9 6783.72
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II
Atomic
Intensity
10-31
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-32
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
320 w 380 w 180 c 210 c 180 c 320 c 100 c 100 c 210 c 100 c 180 c 90 c 240 c 100 w 80 c 120 c 120 c 220 w 160 d 100 200 100 h 20 20 10 9 7 6 7
6891.5 7182.9 7255.0 7276.5 7303.4 7350.6 7632.7 7682.9 7740.7 7776.96 7789.0 7840.9 8227.0 8813.5 8832.6 9197.7 9202.0 9213.0 9241.1 9977.86 10257.03 10744.31 11334.72 11731.48 12912.59 13429.96 14719.08 22291.06 23879.13
Iodine I Z = 53 30 363.78 36 380.74 45 565.53 50 607.57 6 612.46 6 666.81 8 705.11 7 784.64 7 784.80 8 795.52 7 919.28 10000 1034.66 8 1094.20 10000 1139.80 10000 1160.56 20000 1166.48 10000 1178.65 15000 1187.34 10000 1190.85 200 1218.41 20000 1220.89 600 1224.05 600 1224.08 500 1228.89 20000 1234.06 600 1251.34 8 1252.35 2500 1259.15 3000 1259.51 800 1261.27 600 1267.57
K21599_S10.indb 32
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I V V V V IV III III III III III IV II III II II II II II II I II I I I II I III I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
600 1500 3000 10000 3000 3000 3000 2000 20000 5000 3000 5000 3000 2500 2500 4000 3000 2000 2000 8000 5000 5000 5000 5000 10000 2500 4000 2500 1000 5000 5000 5000 15000 2500 5000 5000 2500 15000 12000 5000 75000 15000 2000 7 6 7 8 9 8 8 8 7 8 5000 200 200 100 d 500 d 250 1000 200
1267.60 1275.26 1289.40 1300.34 1302.98 1313.95 1317.54 1330.19 1336.52 1355.10 1357.97 1360.97 1361.11 1367.71 1368.22 1383.23 1390.75 1392.90 1400.01 1425.49 1446.26 1453.18 1457.39 1457.47 1457.98 1458.79 1459.15 1465.83 1485.92 1492.89 1507.04 1514.68 1518.05 1526.45 1593.58 1617.60 1640.78 1702.07 1782.76 1799.09 1830.38 1844.45 2061.63 2361.13 2372.45 2376.46 2387.11 2426.10 2475.35 2519.74 2545.67 2545.71 2652.23 3078.75 4102.23 4129.21 4134.15 4321.84 4763.31 4862.32 4916.94
I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV II I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
10000 3000 c 1000 3000 c 10000 5000 c 600 c 3000 2000 c 10000 2000 c 4000 c 1000 d 2000 5000 300 2000 d 2000 c 1000 2000 c 800 500 800 1000 500 800 400 2000 1000 500 1000 2000 1000 5000 500 500 c 400 4000 500 500 1200 2000 1000 400 d 700 1000 500 5000 1000 500 5000 500 c 2000 500 d 2000 c 600 500 1000 99000 300 d 1000
5119.29 5161.20 5234.57 5245.71 5338.22 5345.15 5427.06 5435.83 5464.62 5625.69 5690.91 5710.53 5764.33 5894.03 5950.25 5984.86 6024.08 6074.98 6082.43 6127.49 6191.88 6213.10 6244.48 6293.98 6313.13 6330.37 6333.50 6337.85 6339.44 6359.16 6566.49 6583.75 6585.27 6619.66 6661.11 6697.29 6732.03 6812.57 6989.78 7120.05 7122.05 7142.06 7164.79 7191.66 7227.30 7236.78 7237.84 7402.06 7410.50 7416.48 7468.99 7490.52 7554.18 7556.65 7700.20 7897.98 7969.48 8003.63 8043.74 8065.70 8090.76
I II I II II II I II II II II II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
800 c 500 d 4000 10000 c 1000 1500 c 500 c 250 d 1000 2000 3000 1000 d 400 400 5000 15000 1000 12000 600 600 1000 4000 3000 2000 2000 3000 d 5000 500 750 1000 400 400 5000 400 350 320 450 300 150 60 140 200 100 225 105 150 15 20 15 35 110 50 10 220 150 30 32 12 9 10 8
8169.38 8222.57 8240.05 8393.30 8486.11 8664.95 8700.80 8748.22 8853.24 8853.80 8857.50 8898.50 8964.69 8993.13 9022.40 9058.33 9098.86 9113.91 9128.03 9227.74 9335.05 9426.71 9427.15 9598.22 9649.61 9653.06 9731.73 10003.05 10131.16 10238.82 10375.20 10391.74 10466.54 11236.56 11558.46 11778.34 11996.86 12033.69 12304.58 13149.16 13958.27 14287.02 14460.00 15032.57 15528.65 16037.33 18275.71 18348.52 18982.41 19070.17 19105.12 19370.02 20648.69 22183.03 22226.53 22309.21 24420.82 27365.42 27573.05 30361.93 30383.88
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10 9 3 2
Wavelength/Å 34295.73 34513.11 40228.54 41633.80
Iridium Ir Z = 77 9900 2010.65 8700 2022.35 15000 2033.57 6200 2052.22 5000 2060.64 3700 2083.22 3100 2085.74 17000 2088.82 14000 2092.63 2700 2112.68 1800 2119.54 2000 2125.44 4500 2126.81 2000 2127.52 4500 2127.94 3700 2148.22 2500 2150.54 3500 2152.68 2900 2155.81 7900 2158.05 2100 2162.88 5800 2169.42 4500 2175.24 2700 2178.17 1600 2187.43 1100 2190.38 740 2191.64 910 2208.09 1300 2220.37 790 2221.07 2500 2242.68 620 2245.76 2100 2253.38 2100 2255.10 1400 2255.81 350 2258.51 1400 2258.86 830 2264.61 1100 2266.33 1000 2268.90 660 2280.00 950 2281.02 660 2281.91 330 2284.60 330 2295.08 790 2298.05 460 2299.53 910 2300.50 2700 2304.22 410 2305.47 210 2307.27 910 2308.93 460 2315.38 410 2321.45 410 2321.58 210 2327.98
K21599_S10.indb 33
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II I I II II I II I II II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity 540 740 580 1600 740 580 230 410 500 2500 370 3500 290 250 250 500 540 210 1300 2500 2700 230 290 290 290 540 370 620 210 370 290 540 540 1300 270 250 250 910 1300 230 210 210 870 3300 210 2100 620 210 250 4100 210 990 1100 580 580 7900 790 210 210 910 210
Wavelength/Å 2333.30 I 2333.84 I 2334.50 I 2343.18 I 2343.61 I 2355.00 I 2357.53 II 2358.16 I 2360.73 I 2363.04 I 2368.04 II 2372.77 I 2375.09 II 2377.28 I 2377.98 I 2379.38 I 2381.62 I 2383.17 I 2386.89 I 2390.62 I 2391.18 I 2407.59 I 2409.37 I 2410.17 I 2410.73 I 2413.31 I 2415.86 I 2418.11 I 2424.89 I 2424.99 I 2425.66 I 2427.61 I 2431.24 I 2431.94 I 2435.14 I 2445.34 I 2447.76 I 2452.81 I 2455.61 I 2455.87 I 2457.03 I 2457.23 I 2467.30 I 2475.12 I 2478.11 I 2481.18 I 2493.08 I 2496.27 I 2502.63 I 2502.98 I 2513.71 I 2533.13 I 2534.46 I 2537.22 I 2542.02 I 2543.97 I 2546.03 I 2551.40 I 2555.35 I 2564.18 I 2569.88 I
Intensity 230 740 740 740 700 1800 210 330 210 250 700 250 3500 210 1800 350 2700 520 520 330 270 3000 330 250 520 330 540 1600 380 410 680 1200 820 1100 820 3800 380 380 270 820 650 260 260 200 440 230 4400 1200 880 250 2700 230 200 1200 200 440 300 220 600 270 380
Wavelength/Å 2572.70 I 2577.26 I 2592.06 I 2599.04 I 2608.25 I 2611.30 I 2614.98 I 2617.78 I 2619.88 I 2625.32 I 2634.17 I 2639.42 I 2639.71 I 2644.19 I 2661.98 I 2662.63 I 2664.79 I 2669.91 I 2671.84 I 2673.61 I 2692.34 I 2694.23 I 2772.46 I 2775.55 I 2781.29 I 2785.22 I 2797.35 I 2797.70 I 2798.18 I 2800.82 I 2823.18 I 2824.45 I 2836.40 I 2839.16 I 2840.22 I 2849.72 I 2875.60 I 2875.98 I 2877.68 I 2882.64 I 2897.15 I 2901.95 I 2904.80 I 2907.24 I 2916.36 I 2918.57 I 2924.79 I 2934.64 I 2936.68 I 2938.47 I 2943.15 I 2946.97 I 2949.76 I 2951.22 I 2974.95 I 2980.65 I 2996.08 I 3002.25 I 3003.63 I 3017.31 I 3029.36 I
Intensity 330 300 300 300 1600 320 240 390 510 510 340 200 3400 490 370 370 610 370 5100 300 470 200 390 200 560 660 410 3200 220 410 320 1200 320 220 660 220 300 300 320 200 200 530 3100 230 480 480 400 590 460 350 370 150 100 140 90 260 220 160 65 110 55
Wavelength/Å 3039.26 I 3047.16 I 3049.44 I 3057.28 I 3068.89 I 3083.22 I 3086.44 I 3088.04 I 3100.29 I 3100.45 I 3120.76 I 3121.78 I 3133.32 I 3168.88 I 3177.58 I 3198.92 I 3212.12 I 3219.51 I 3220.78 I 3229.28 I 3241.52 I 3262.01 I 3266.44 I 3322.60 I 3368.48 I 3437.02 I 3448.97 I 3513.64 I 3515.95 I 3522.03 I 3558.99 I 3573.72 I 3594.39 I 3609.77 I 3628.67 I 3636.20 I 3661.71 I 3664.62 I 3674.98 I 3687.08 I 3731.36 II 3747.20 I 3800.12 I 3817.24 I 3902.51 I 3915.38 I 3934.84 I 3976.31 I 3992.12 I 4033.76 I 4069.92 I 4070.68 I 4092.61 I 4115.78 I 4172.56 I 4268.10 I 4311.50 I 4399.47 I 4403.78 I 4426.27 I 4478.48 I
Atomic
Intensity
10-33
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-34
Atomic
Intensity 55 30 35 75 26 50 26 65 30 50 26 25 25 30 30 35 75 45 35 20 12 10 6
Wavelength/Å 4545.68 I 4548.48 I 4568.09 I 4616.39 I 4656.18 I 4728.86 I 4756.46 I 4778.16 I 4795.67 I 4938.09 I 4970.48 I 4999.74 I 5002.74 I 5014.98 I 5123.66 I 5364.32 I 5449.50 I 5625.55 I 5894.06 I 6110.67 I 6288.28 I 6686.08 I 7834.32 I
Iron Fe Z = 26 350 386.16 350 386.88 400 387.20 400 387.50 400 387.76 400 387.78 400 395.90 400 404.62 400 405.50 800 407.42 600 407.44 400 407.49 500 407.75 400 409.71 400 410.20 600 411.55 700 417.39 700 418.04 500 418.47 700 421.06 500 421.78 500 422.31 500 426.06 500 426.11 350 426.97 17 525.69 15 526.29 13 526.63 14 536.61 15 537.10 13 537.26 14 537.79 13 537.94 13 552.14 14 607.53 13 608.80 10 813.38
K21599_S10.indb 34
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III
Intensity 10 10 p 10 10 10 10 w 12 15 15 15 12 18 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 12 12 18 12 15 12 12 12 400 400 400 400 600 700 600 500 500 800 400 600 800 400 500 400 600 400 600 800 13 800 400 800 700 400 700 500 400 500 700 500 400 500
Wavelength/Å 844.28 III 861.83 III 891.17 III 950.33 III 981.37 III 983.88 III 1055.27 II 1068.36 II 1071.60 II 1096.89 II 1099.12 II 1112.09 II 1121.99 II 1122.86 II 1128.07 II 1130.43 II 1133.41 II 1133.68 II 1138.64 II 1142.33 II 1143.23 II 1144.95 II 1147.41 II 1148.29 II 1151.16 II 1267.44 II 1272.00 II 1317.86 V 1323.27 V 1330.40 V 1359.01 V 1361.82 V 1373.59 V 1373.67 V 1376.34 V 1378.56 V 1387.94 V 1397.97 V 1400.24 V 1402.39 V 1406.67 V 1406.82 V 1407.25 V 1409.45 V 1415.20 V 1420.46 V 1430.57 V 1431.43 IV 1440.53 V 1442.22 V 1446.62 V 1448.85 V 1449.93 V 1456.16 V 1459.83 V 1460.73 V 1462.63 V 1464.68 V 1465.38 V 1466.65 V 1469.00 V
Intensity 500 10 h 13 13 14 13 15 13 14 10 h 13 14 12 h 13 14 13 13 13 13 10 h 13 13 13 13 13 15 13 17 14 13 13 13 15 13 13 16 14 12 14 13 14 13 13 15 14 13 13 17 15 14 13 18 15 15 14 16 14 12 15 15 12
Wavelength/Å 1479.47 V 1505.17 III 1526.60 IV 1530.26 IV 1532.63 IV 1532.91 IV 1533.86 IV 1533.95 IV 1536.58 IV 1538.63 III 1542.16 IV 1542.70 IV 1550.20 III 1566.26 IV 1568.27 IV 1591.51 IV 1592.05 IV 1598.01 IV 1600.58 IV 1601.21 III 1601.67 IV 1603.18 IV 1603.73 IV 1604.88 IV 1605.68 IV 1605.97 IV 1606.98 IV 1609.10 IV 1609.83 IV 1610.47 IV 1611.20 IV 1613.64 IV 1614.02 IV 1614.64 IV 1615.00 IV 1616.68 IV 1617.68 IV 1618.47 II 1619.02 IV 1621.16 IV 1621.57 IV 1623.38 IV 1623.53 IV 1626.47 IV 1626.90 IV 1628.54 IV 1630.18 IV 1631.08 IV 1631.12 II 1632.40 IV 1634.01 IV 1635.40 II 1636.32 II 1639.40 II 1639.40 IV 1640.04 IV 1640.16 IV 1641.76 II 1641.87 IV 1647.09 IV 1647.16 II
Intensity 15 15 13 13 15 14 13 13 13 13 12 14 13 14 13 15 15 12 13 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 13 12 20 20 18 13 13 13 10 12 10 12 13 11 20 10 s 19 15 15 10 p 18 15 14 30 25 14 10 l 14 s 12 50 10 12 25 30
Wavelength/Å 1651.58 IV 1652.90 IV 1653.41 IV 1656.11 IV 1656.65 IV 1660.10 IV 1662.32 IV 1662.52 IV 1663.54 IV 1668.09 IV 1670.74 II 1671.04 IV 1673.68 IV 1675.66 IV 1681.36 IV 1687.69 IV 1698.88 IV 1702.04 II 1709.81 IV 1711.41 IV 1712.76 IV 1717.90 IV 1718.16 IV 1719.46 IV 1722.71 IV 1724.06 IV 1725.63 IV 1761.08 IV 1761.38 II 1785.26 II 1786.74 II 1788.07 II 1792.10 IV 1796.93 IV 1827.98 IV 1869.83 III 1877.99 III 1882.05 III 1886.76 III 1890.67 III 1893.98 III 1895.46 III 1907.58 III 1914.06 III 1915.08 III 1922.79 III 1926.01 III 1926.30 III 1930.39 III 1931.51 III 1934.538 I 1937.269 I 1937.34 III 1938.90 III 1943.48 III 1945.34 III 1946.988 I 1950.33 III 1951.01 III 1951.571 I 1952.59 I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 35
Wavelength/Å 1952.65 III 1953.005 I 1953.32 III 1953.49 III 1954.22 III 1957.823 I 1958.58 III 1960.144 I 1960.32 III 1961.25 I 1962.111 I 1963.11 II 1987.50 III 1991.61 III 1994.07 III 1995.56 III 1996.42 III 2061.55 III 2068.24 III 2078.99 III 2084.122 I 2084.35 III 2090.14 III 2097.48 III 2097.69 III 2103.80 III 2107.32 III 2151.78 III 2157.71 III 2157.794 I 2158.47 III 2161.27 III 2166.773 I 2166.95 III 2171.04 III 2174.66 III 2178.118 I 2180.41 III 2186.486 I 2186.892 I 2187.195 I 2191.839 I 2196.043 I 2200.390 I 2200.724 I 2208.41 II 2208.85 III 2213.65 II 2218.26 II 2220.38 II 2221.83 III 2229.27 III 2232.43 III 2232.69 III 2235.91 III 2238.16 III 2241.54 III 2250.790 I 2251.874 I 2259.511 I 2261.59 III
Intensity 60 80 10 80 50 150 150 80 150 150 300 10 15 200 600 80 300 50 100 150 120 150 10 p 10 200 10 p 10 100 100 300 10 p 200 10 600 80 150 200 250 200 150 120 200 80 80 80 80 120 300 150 120 120 80 120 150 1000 300 200 1000 300 800 250
Wavelength/Å 2264.389 I 2267.085 I 2267.42 III 2267.469 I 2270.862 I 2272.070 I 2276.026 I 2279.937 I 2284.086 I 2287.250 I 2292.524 I 2293.06 III 2295.86 III 2297.787 I 2298.169 I 2299.220 I 2300.142 I 2301.684 I 2303.424 I 2303.581 I 2308.999 I 2313.104 I 2317.70 III 2319.22 III 2320.358 I 2321.71 III 2326.95 III 2327.40 II 2331.31 II 2332.80 II 2336.77 III 2338.01 II 2338.96 III 2343.49 II 2343.96 II 2344.28 II 2348.11 II 2348.30 II 2359.12 II 2360.00 II 2360.29 II 2364.83 II 2365.76 II 2368.59 II 2369.456 I 2369.95 II 2371.430 I 2373.624 I 2373.74 II 2374.518 I 2376.43 II 2379.27 II 2380.76 II 2381.835 I 2382.04 II 2388.63 II 2389.973 I 2395.62 II 2399.24 II 2404.88 II 2406.66 II
Intensity 80 300 200 150 80 60 60 150 120 120 80 60 150 150 100 250 100 50 100 60 100 1500 150 80 100 100 1500 50 800 60 600 80 80 800 1000 200 600 60 120 1200 100 80 100 10000 300 1000 50 800 100 100 120 4000 100 80 1000 50 3000 100 2000 100 100
Wavelength/Å 2406.97 II 2410.52 II 2411.07 II 2413.31 II 2417.87 II 2420.396 I 2423.089 I 2424.14 II 2428.36 II 2430.08 II 2432.26 II 2438.182 I 2439.30 II 2439.74 I 2442.57 I 2443.872 I 2444.51 II 2445.212 I 2445.57 II 2447.709 I 2453.476 I 2457.598 I 2458.78 II 2461.28 II 2461.86 II 2462.181 I 2462.647 I 2463.730 I 2465.149 I 2467.732 I 2468.879 I 2470.67 II 2470.965 I 2472.336 I 2472.895 I 2473.16 I 2474.814 I 2476.657 I 2479.480 I 2479.776 I 2480.16 II 2482.12 II 2482.66 II 2483.271 I 2483.533 I 2484.185 I 2485.990 I 2486.373 I 2486.691 I 2487.066 I 2487.370 I 2488.143 I 2488.945 I 2489.48 II 2489.750 I 2489.913 I 2490.644 I 2490.71 II 2491.155 I 2491.40 II 2493.18 II
Intensity 500 60 50 100 600 150 1000 50 80 500 50 1000 120 80 400 80 300 800 150 50 4000 200 500 100 200 300 2000 800 250 150 200 120 100 120 400 200 200 100 100 150 50 200 600 80 300 250 150 800 80 100 80 80 600 400 200 150 300 100 1500 650 90
Wavelength/Å 2493.26 II 2494.000 I 2494.251 I 2495.87 I 2496.533 I 2498.90 I 2501.132 I 2501.693 I 2506.09 II 2507.900 I 2508.753 I 2510.835 I 2511.76 II 2512.275 I 2512.365 I 2516.570 I 2517.661 I 2518.102 I 2519.629 I 2522.480 I 2522.849 I 2523.66 I 2524.293 I 2525.02 I 2525.39 II 2526.29 II 2527.435 I 2529.135 I 2529.55 II 2529.836 I 2530.687 I 2533.63 II 2534.42 II 2535.49 II 2535.607 I 2536.792 I 2536.80 II 2538.80 II 2538.91 II 2538.99 II 2539.357 I 2540.66 II 2540.972 I 2541.10 II 2542.10 I 2543.92 I 2544.70 I 2545.978 I 2546.67 II 2548.74 II 2549.08 II 2549.39 II 2549.613 I 2562.53 II 2563.48 II 2574.36 II 2576.691 I 2582.58 II 2584.54 I 2585.88 II 2591.54 II
Atomic
Intensity 11 30 13 10 10 w 60 11 60 13 30 50 12 15 14 13 12 12 10 12 14 100 10 12 15 12 12 10 15 12 50 12 10 40 12 12 15 300 12 250 60 120 250 150 80 80 15 10 p 20 12 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 p 50 60 300 12
10-35
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-36
Atomic
Intensity 90 650 2000 300 60 300 800 650 600 320 320 250 90 400 200 150 250 250 100 300 50 200 300 60 600 500 400 10 h 200 80 400 60 200 80 50 50 250 4000 100 50 1500 400 150 50 80 200 50 80 1000 60 50 500 50 500 120 400 250 800 200 150 200
K21599_S10.indb 36
Wavelength/Å 2593.73 II 2598.37 II 2599.40 II 2599.57 I 2605.657 I 2606.51 II 2606.827 I 2607.09 II 2611.87 II 2613.82 II 2617.62 II 2618.018 I 2620.41 II 2623.53 I 2625.67 II 2628.29 II 2631.05 II 2631.32 II 2632.237 I 2635.809 I 2641.646 I 2643.998 I 2666.812 I 2666.965 I 2679.062 I 2684.75 II 2689.212 I 2695.13 III 2699.106 I 2706.012 I 2706.582 I 2708.571 I 2711.655 I 2714.41 II 2716.257 I 2717.786 I 2718.436 I 2719.027 I 2719.420 I 2720.197 I 2720.903 I 2723.578 I 2724.953 I 2726.235 I 2727.54 II 2728.020 I 2728.820 I 2728.90 II 2733.581 I 2734.005 I 2734.268 I 2735.475 I 2735.612 I 2737.310 I 2737.83 I 2739.55 II 2742.254 I 2742.405 I 2743.20 II 2743.565 I 2744.068 I
Intensity 80 300 100 500 1200 80 150 100 800 250 100 120 150 150 120 120 80 250 300 600 3000 200 400 1500 10 p 2500 300 600 50 120 1500 120 200 200 1000 100 800 50 50 80 50 12 10 12 120 120 1200 60 1000 600 250 150 1500 120 800 1200 500 600 1000 1000 250
Wavelength/Å 2744.527 I 2746.48 II 2749.32 II 2749.48 II 2750.140 I 2753.29 II 2754.032 I 2754.426 I 2755.73 II 2756.328 I 2757.316 I 2761.780 I 2761.81 II 2762.026 I 2762.772 I 2763.109 I 2766.910 I 2767.522 I 2772.07 I 2778.220 I 2788.10 I 2797.78 I 2804.521 I 2806.98 I 2813.24 III 2813.287 I 2823.276 I 2825.56 I 2825.687 I 2828.808 I 2832.436 I 2835.950 I 2838.119 I 2843.631 I 2843.977 I 2845.594 I 2851.797 I 2869.307 I 2872.334 I 2874.172 I 2894.504 I 2904.43 III 2907.50 III 2907.70 III 2912.157 I 2929.007 I 2936.903 I 2941.343 I 2947.876 I 2953.940 I 2957.364 I 2965.254 I 2966.898 I 2969.36 I 2970.099 I 2973.132 I 2973.235 I 2981.445 I 2983.570 I 2994.427 I 2994.502 I
Intensity 500 120 800 12 60 12 h 200 500 120 15 60 60 500 1500 600 500 150 500 80 60 60 800 80 800 600 1000 250 120 120 80 100 100 60 100 10 p 10 80 10 10 150 250 500 800 200 80 50 100 200 200 60 50 80 60 300 600 80 50 120 300 100 80
Wavelength/Å 2999.512 I 3000.451 I 3000.948 I 3001.62 III 3001.655 I 3007.28 III 3007.282 I 3008.14 I 3009.569 I 3013.17 III 3017.627 I 3018.983 I 3020.491 I 3020.639 I 3021.073 I 3024.032 I 3025.638 I 3025.842 I 3030.148 I 3031.214 I 3034.484 I 3037.389 I 3041.637 I 3047.604 I 3057.446 I 3059.086 I 3067.244 I 3075.719 I 3091.577 I 3098.189 I 3099.895 I 3099.968 I 3100.303 I 3100.665 I 3136.43 III 3174.09 III 3175.445 I 3175.99 III 3178.01 III 3184.895 I 3191.659 I 3193.226 I 3193.299 I 3196.928 I 3199.500 I 3205.398 I 3211.88 I 3214.011 I 3214.396 I 3215.938 I 3217.377 I 3219.583 I 3219.766 I 3222.045 I 3225.78 I 3227.796 I 3233.967 I 3234.613 I 3236.222 I 3239.433 I 3244.187 I
Intensity 80 80 50 13 50 11 150 10 120 200 400 80 60 120 50 50 60 50 150 150 80 500 250 60 500 60 6000 2500 1000 200 1200 2000 500 2500 500 10 250 300 400 100 60 60 60 100 200 300 250 80 400 200 400 1000 1200 800 120 100 60 60 4000 150 150
Wavelength/Å 3246.005 I 3265.046 I 3265.617 I 3266.88 III 3271.000 I 3276.08 III 3286.75 I 3288.81 III 3305.97 I 3306.343 I 3355.227 I 3355.517 I 3369.546 I 3370.783 I 3378.678 I 3380.110 I 3383.978 I 3392.304 I 3392.651 I 3399.333 I 3404.353 I 3407.458 I 3413.131 I 3424.284 I 3427.119 I 3428.748 I 3440.606 I 3440.989 I 3443.876 I 3445.149 I 3465.860 I 3475.450 I 3476.702 I 3490.574 I 3497.840 I 3501.76 III 3513.817 I 3521.261 I 3526.040 I 3526.166 I 3526.237 I 3526.381 I 3526.467 I 3533.199 I 3536.556 I 3541.083 I 3542.075 I 3553.739 I 3554.925 I 3556.878 I 3558.515 I 3565.379 I 3570.097 I 3570.25 I 3571.996 I 3573.393 I 3573.829 I 3573.888 I 3581.19 I 3582.199 I 3584.660 I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 37
Wavelength/Å 3584.929 I 3585.319 I 3585.705 I 3586.04 III 3586.103 I 3586.984 I 3594.633 I 3600.94 III 3603.204 I 3603.88 III 3605.454 I 3606.680 I 3608.859 I 3610.16 I 3612.068 I 3617.788 I 3618.768 I 3621.462 I 3622.004 I 3623.19 I 3631.096 I 3631.463 I 3632.041 I 3638.298 I 3640.389 I 3643.717 I 3647.842 I 3649.506 I 3650.279 I 3651.467 I 3670.024 I 3670.089 I 3676.311 I 3677.629 I 3679.913 I 3682.242 I 3683.054 I 3684.107 I 3685.998 I 3687.456 I 3689.477 I 3694.008 I 3695.051 I 3701.086 I 3704.462 I 3705.566 I 3707.041 I 3707.821 I 3707.919 I 3709.246 I 3716.442 I 3719.935 I 3722.563 I 3724.377 I 3725.491 I 3727.093 I 3727.619 I 3732.396 I 3733.317 I 3734.864 I 3735.324 I
Intensity 6000 100 400 6000 1200 3000 80 3000 1500 400 1500 400 600 60 250 100 250 250 150 400 120 250 400 200 80 600 60 1500 2500 150 80 2500 1500 1200 1000 120 500 800 120 80 200 120 2500 150 10000 150 60 250 150 250 2000 4000 200 300 800 1200 400 250 80 600 1200
Wavelength/Å 3737.131 I 3738.306 I 3743.362 I 3745.561 I 3745.899 I 3748.262 I 3748.964 I 3749.485 I 3758.232 I 3760.05 I 3763.788 I 3765.54 I 3767.191 I 3776.452 I 3785.95 I 3786.68 I 3787.880 I 3790.092 I 3794.34 I 3795.002 I 3797.518 I 3798.511 I 3799.547 I 3805.345 I 3806.696 I 3812.964 I 3813.059 I 3815.840 I 3820.425 I 3821.179 I 3824.306 I 3824.444 I 3825.880 I 3827.823 I 3834.222 I 3839.257 I 3840.437 I 3841.047 I 3843.256 I 3846.800 I 3849.96 I 3850.817 I 3856.372 I 3859.212 I 3859.911 I 3865.523 I 3867.215 I 3872.501 I 3873.761 I 3878.018 I 3878.573 I 3886.282 I 3887.048 I 3888.513 I 3895.656 I 3899.707 I 3902.945 I 3906.479 I 3916.731 I 3920.258 I 3922.911 I
Intensity 1200 2000 60 60 50 50 16 60 250 60 11 100 80 10 w 40 50 60 200 40 400 60 100 10 50 4000 11 1500 50 50 1200 40 12 40 40 150 10 11 11 40 400 80 40 15 13 200 800 40 50 60 18 13 50 13 60 50 50 120 50 120 120 80
Wavelength/Å 3927.920 I 3930.296 I 3948.774 I 3949.953 I 3951.164 I 3952.601 I 3954.33 III 3956.454 I 3956.68 I 3966.614 I 3968.72 III 3969.257 I 3977.741 I 3979.42 III 3981.771 I 3983.956 I 3994.114 I 3997.392 I 3998.053 I 4005.241 I 4009.713 I 4021.867 I 4035.42 III 4040.638 I 4045.813 I 4053.11 III 4063.594 I 4066.975 I 4067.977 I 4071.737 I 4076.629 I 4081.00 III 4100.737 I 4107.489 I 4118.544 I 4120.90 III 4122.02 III 4122.78 III 4127.608 I 4132.058 I 4134.676 I 4136.997 I 4137.76 III 4139.35 III 4143.415 I 4143.869 I 4153.898 I 4154.500 I 4156.799 I 4164.73 III 4166.84 III 4172.744 I 4174.26 III 4174.912 I 4175.635 I 4177.593 I 4181.754 I 4184.891 I 4187.038 I 4187.795 I 4191.430 I
Intensity 40 150 40 300 40 80 80 400 100 50 11 50 200 100 13 250 50 12 50 200 300 40 800 250 1200 12 h 12 1200 14 h 80 16 h 250 18 h 1200 20 h 150 1500 80 80 11 h 14 h 18 h 800 3000 1200 300 12 600 400 120 80 80 200 50 50 30 30 50 120 60 30
Wavelength/Å 4195.329 I 4198.304 I 4199.095 I 4202.029 I 4203.984 I 4206.696 I 4210.343 I 4216.183 I 4219.360 I 4222.212 I 4222.27 III 4225.956 I 4227.423 I 4233.602 I 4235.56 III 4235.936 I 4238.809 I 4243.75 III 4247.425 I 4250.118 I 4250.787 I 4258.315 I 4260.473 I 4271.153 I 4271.759 I 4273.40 III 4279.72 III 4282.402 I 4286.16 III 4291.462 I 4296.85 III 4299.234 I 4304.78 III 4307.901 I 4310.36 III 4315.084 I 4325.761 I 4352.734 I 4369.771 I 4372.31 III 4372.53 III 4372.81 III 4375.929 I 4383.544 I 4404.750 I 4415.122 I 4419.60 III 4427.299 I 4461.652 I 4466.551 I 4476.017 I 4482.169 I 4482.252 I 4489.739 I 4528.613 I 4647.433 I 4736.771 I 4859.741 I 4871.317 I 4872.136 I 4878.208 I
Atomic
Intensity 120 300 150 10 200 400 100 11 150 11 200 500 1500 250 60 150 1500 200 150 150 100 1200 60 100 200 80 1500 250 80 200 120 150 100 150 1500 200 120 150 120 500 120 150 120 150 80 1200 60 150 300 600 120 8000 1500 120 60 60 500 150 1200 5000 120
10-37
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-38
Atomic
Intensity 100 250 30 150 500 1500 80 30 100 60 30 150 30 30 25 150 40 100 25 12 80 2500 80 500 50 80 200 10 30 25 150 60 1000 250 10 18 13 l 100 1200 800 14 15 30 16 60 12 11 12 25 14 w 10 10 150 800 300 100 80 500 11 12 12
K21599_S10.indb 38
Wavelength/Å 4890.754 I 4891.492 I 4903.309 I 4918.992 I 4920.502 I 4957.597 I 5001.862 I 5005.711 I 5006.117 I 5012.067 I 5014.941 I 5041.755 I 5049.819 I 5051.634 I 5074.748 I 5110.357 I 5139.251 I 5139.462 I 5151.910 I 5156.12 III 5166.281 I 5167.487 I 5168.897 I 5171.595 I 5191.454 I 5192.343 I 5194.941 I 5199.08 III 5204.582 I 5215.179 I 5216.274 I 5226.862 I 5227.150 I 5232.939 I 5235.66 III 5243.31 III 5260.34 III 5266.555 I 5269.537 I 5270.357 I 5272.98 III 5276.48 III 5281.789 I 5282.30 III 5283.621 I 5284.83 III 5298.12 III 5299.93 III 5302.299 I 5302.60 III 5306.76 III 5322.74 III 5324.178 I 5328.038 I 5328.531 I 5332.899 I 5339.928 I 5341.023 I 5346.88 III 5353.77 III 5363.76 III
Intensity 10 400 11 l 40 300 250 250 100 200 120 25 20 30 30 60 120 200 20 50 11 10 20 18 10 30 15 30 10 p 18 p 10 14 12 30 12 h 18 16 13 11 11 40 30 40 40 40 30 30 40 20 80 30 20 30 20 20 30 200 60 20 20 40 25
Wavelength/Å 5368.06 III 5371.489 I 5375.47 III 5393.167 I 5397.127 I 5405.774 I 5429.695 I 5434.523 I 5446.871 I 5455.609 I 5497.516 I 5501.464 I 5506.778 I 5569.618 I 5572.841 I 5586.755 I 5615.644 I 5624.541 I 5662.515 I 5719.88 III 5756.38 III 5762.990 I 5833.93 III 5854.62 III 5862.353 I 5891.91 III 5914.114 I 5920.13 III 5929.69 III 5952.31 III 5953.62 III 5979.32 III 5986.956 I 5989.08 III 5999.54 III 6032.59 III 6036.56 III 6048.72 III 6054.18 III 6065.482 I 6102.159 I 6136.614 I 6137.694 I 6191.558 I 6213.429 I 6219.279 I 6230.726 I 6246.317 I 6247.56 II 6252.554 I 6393.602 I 6399.999 I 6411.647 I 6421.349 I 6430.844 I 6456.38 II 6494.981 I 6546.239 I 6592.913 I 6677.989 I 7164.443 I
Intensity 80 30 30 40 60 80 60 80 60 50 150 120 20 120 30 15 60 150 52 87 91 255 160 230 160 580 225 1030 96 72 50 40 94 41 105
Wavelength/Å 7187.313 I 7207.381 I 7445.746 I 7495.059 I 7511.045 I 7937.131 I 7945.984 I 7998.939 I 8046.047 I 8085.176 I 8220.41 I 8327.053 I 8331.908 I 8387.770 I 8468.404 I 8514.069 I 8661.898 I 8688.621 I 11422.32 I 11439.12 I 11593.59 I 11607.57 I 11638.26 I 11689.98 I 11783.26 I 11882.84 I 11884.08 I 11973.05 I 14400.56 I 14512.23 I 14555.06 I 14826.43 I 15294.58 I 15769.42 I 18856.65 I
Krypton Kr 30 150 100 250 120 200 30 60 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 30 50 35 50 35 40 45
Z = 36 467.35 472.16 484.39 496.25 500.77 507.20 540.86 548.04 565.64 569.16 571.98 579.83 585.14 585.96 593.70 594.10 596.41 600.17 603.67 605.86 606.47 611.12 616.72 621.45 622.80
III V V V V V III V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III
Intensity 50 30 45 50 35 120 50 60 50 50 30 40 35 35 35 35 45 45
45 50 30 50 600 50 100 p 60 30 200 100 60 200 60 p 200 100 60
7 18 60 60 50 22 100 50 60 60 60 40 50 200 1000 400 75 200 2000 50 50
Wavelength/Å 625.02 III 625.76 III 628.59 III 630.04 III 633.09 III 637.87 V 639.98 III 646.41 III 651.20 III 659.72 III 664.86 III 672.34 III 672.85 III 676.57 III 680.13 III 683.68 III 686.25 III 687.98 III 690.86 V 691.75 V 691.93 III 695.61 III 698.05 III 708.36 III 708.85 V 714.00 III 722.04 III 729.40 II 746.70 III 761.18 II 763.98 II 766.20 II 771.03 II 773.69 II 782.10 II 783.72 II 785.97 III 793.44 IV 794.11 IV 805.76 IV 810.70 V 816.82 IV 818.15 II 830.38 II 837.66 III 842.04 IV 844.06 II 854.73 III 862.58 III 864.82 II 868.87 II 870.84 III 876.08 III 884.14 II 886.30 II 891.01 II 897.81 III 911.39 II 917.43 II 945.44 I 946.54 I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 39
Wavelength/Å 951.06 I 953.40 I 963.37 I 964.97 II 987.29 III 1001.06 I 1003.55 I 1030.02 I 1158.74 III 1164.87 I 1235.84 I 1638.82 III 1914.09 III 2237.34 IV 2291.26 IV 2329.3 IV 2336.75 IV 2348.27 IV 2358.5 IV 2388.05 IV 2393.94 III 2416.9 IV 2428.04 IV 2442.68 IV 2451.7 IV 2459.74 IV 2464.77 II 2474.06 IV 2492.48 II 2494.01 III 2517.0 IV 2518.02 IV 2519.38 IV 2524.5 IV 2546.0 IV 2547.0 IV 2558.08 IV 2563.25 III 2586.9 IV 2606.17 IV 2609.5 IV 2615.3 IV 2621.11 IV 2639.76 III 2680.32 III 2681.19 III 2712.40 II 2730.55 IV 2748.18 IV 2774.70 IV 2829.60 IV 2833.00 II 2836.08 IV 2841.00 III 2851.16 III 2853.0 IV 2859.3 IV 2870.61 III 2892.18 III 2909.17 III 2952.56 III
Intensity 60 50 80 50 30 60 40 60 30 100 60 3 100 80 6 40 40 300 3 150 100 30 30 30 50 200 60 50 100 40 100 70 100 200 100 100 h 200 30 250 80 150 100 80 30 300 h 200 150 200 150 80 500 500 3 5 40 h 150 h 150 200 5 100 100 h
Wavelength/Å 2992.22 III 3022.30 III 3024.45 III 3046.93 III 3056.72 III 3063.13 III 3097.16 III 3112.25 III 3120.61 III 3124.39 III 3141.35 III 3142.01 IV 3189.11 III 3191.21 III 3224.99 IV 3239.52 III 3240.44 III 3245.69 III 3261.70 IV 3264.81 III 3268.48 III 3271.65 III 3285.89 III 3304.75 III 3311.47 III 3325.75 III 3330.76 III 3342.48 III 3351.93 III 3374.96 III 3439.46 III 3474.65 III 3488.59 III 3507.42 III 3564.23 III 3607.88 II 3631.889 II 3641.34 III 3653.928 II 3665.324 I 3669.01 II 3679.559 I 3686.182 II 3690.65 III 3718.02 II 3718.595 II 3721.350 II 3741.638 II 3744.80 II 3754.245 II 3778.089 II 3783.095 II 3809.30 IV 3860.58 IV 3868.70 III 3875.44 II 3906.177 II 3920.081 II 3934.29 IV 3994.840 II 3997.793 II
Intensity 300 300 50 500 250 100 40 250 40 150 1000 100 600 200 500 h 400 1000 150 h 100 3000 500 200 800 300 h 200 100 500 600 600 800 800 400 h 600 400 h 200 h 800 300 150 h 500 1000 800 2000 500 100 200 3000 300 1000 300 300 800 700 150 300 20 h 200 250 400 h 500 200 500
Wavelength/Å 4057.037 II 4065.128 II 4067.37 III 4088.337 II 4098.729 II 4109.248 II 4131.33 III 4145.122 II 4154.46 III 4250.580 II 4273.969 I 4282.967 I 4292.923 II 4300.49 II 4317.81 II 4318.551 I 4319.579 I 4322.98 II 4351.359 I 4355.477 II 4362.641 I 4369.69 II 4376.121 I 4386.54 II 4399.965 I 4425.189 I 4431.685 II 4436.812 II 4453.917 I 4463.689 I 4475.014 II 4489.88 II 4502.353 I 4523.14 II 4556.61 II 4577.209 II 4582.978 II 4592.80 II 4615.292 II 4619.166 II 4633.885 II 4658.876 II 4680.406 II 4691.301 II 4694.360 II 4739.002 II 4762.435 II 4765.744 II 4811.76 II 4825.18 II 4832.077 II 4846.612 II 4857.20 II 4945.59 II 5016.45 III 5022.40 II 5086.52 II 5125.73 II 5208.32 II 5308.66 II 5333.41 II
Intensity 200 10 500 2000 80 100 400 200 h 100 3000 200 60 10 h 60 10 h 10 300 100 200 150 60 100 250 100 80 400 400 60 200 100 300 1000 2000 150 1000 1200 250 150 800 200 180 200 120 100 1500 4000 6000 60 3000 200 80 3000 100 1500 5000 100 3000 150 6000 2000 500
Wavelength/Å 5468.17 II 5501.43 III 5562.224 I 5570.288 I 5580.386 I 5649.561 I 5681.89 II 5690.35 II 5832.855 I 5870.914 I 5992.22 II 5993.849 I 6037.17 III 6056.125 I 6078.38 III 6310.22 III 6420.18 II 6421.026 I 6456.288 I 6570.07 II 6699.228 I 6904.678 I 7213.13 II 7224.104 I 7287.258 I 7289.78 II 7407.02 II 7425.541 I 7435.78 II 7486.862 I 7524.46 II 7587.411 I 7601.544 I 7641.16 II 7685.244 I 7694.538 I 7735.69 II 7746.827 I 7854.821 I 7913.423 I 7928.597 I 7933.22 II 7973.62 II 7982.401 I 8059.503 I 8104.364 I 8112.899 I 8132.967 I 8190.054 I 8202.72 II 8218.365 I 8263.240 I 8272.353 I 8281.050 I 8298.107 I 8412.430 I 8508.870 I 8764.110 I 8776.748 I 8928.692 I 9238.48 II
Atomic
Intensity 20 50 50 2000 50 100 100 100 30 200 650 6 6 3 6 3 4 4 3 3 40 4 3 5 4 6 100 h 5 60 40 4 5 6 5 5 6 4 30 3 5 10 8 7 60 30 40 80 h 3 8 6 3 100 3 30 30 5 3 50 100 30 50
10-39
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-40
Atomic
Intensity 500 hl 200 h 300 100 200 h 200 h 500 500 h 400 h 200 200 h 2000 500 500 1000 100 200 150 500 150 1500 600 160 100 1100 1000 2400 800 200 600 150 550 140 180 2000 100 1600 550 450 400 120 140 1700 130 1500 700 200 180 120 200 2000 1000 2400 1600 1800 600 700 120 150 650 700
K21599_S10.indb 40
Wavelength/Å 9293.82 II 9320.99 II 9361.95 II 9362.082 I 9402.82 II 9470.93 II 9577.52 II 9605.80 II 9619.61 II 9663.34 II 9711.60 II 9751.758 I 9803.14 II 9856.314 I 10221.46 II 11187.108 I 11257.711 I 11259.126 I 11457.481 I 11792.425 I 11819.377 I 11997.105 I 12077.224 I 12861.892 I 13177.412 I 13622.415 I 13634.220 I 13658.394 I 13711.036 I 13738.851 I 13974.027 I 14045.657 I 14104.298 I 14402.22 I 14426.793 I 14517.84 I 14734.436 I 14762.672 I 14765.472 I 14961.894 I 15005.307 I 15209.526 I 15239.615 I 15326.480 I 15334.958 I 15372.037 I 15474.026 I 15681.02 I 15820.09 I 16726.513 I 16785.128 I 16853.488 I 16890.441 I 16896.753 I 16935.806 I 17098.771 I 17367.606 I 17404.443 I 17616.854 I 17842.737 I 18002.229 I
Intensity 2600 100 150 300 170 200 140 300 140 600 1800 120 180 120 180 600 180 1000 150 140 300 300 300 500 1100 220 100 1400 1100 500 300 1300 250
Wavelength/Å 18167.315 I 18399.786 I 18580.896 I 18696.294 I 18785.460 I 18797.703 I 20209.878 I 20423.964 I 20446.971 I 21165.471 I 21902.513 I 22485.775 I 23340.416 I 24260.506 I 24292.221 I 25233.820 I 28610.55 I 28655.72 I 28769.71 I 28822.49 I 29236.69 I 30663.54 I 30979.16 I 39300.6 I 39486.52 I 39557.25 I 39572.60 I 39588.4 I 39589.6 I 39954.8 I 39966.6 I 40306.1 I 40685.16 I
Lanthanum La Z = 57 100 344.12 400 390.72 1000 432.11 2500 435.28 10000 463.14 5000 482.16 7000 498.08 15000 499.54 10000 503.58 12000 526.76 10000 531.07 15000 533.23 8000 547.44 40000 552.02 5000 600.24 30000 631.26 400 796.99 2000 870.40 1000 882.34 400 942.86 50000 1081.61 95000 1099.73 2000 1255.63 10000 1349.18 25000 1368.04 20000 1463.47 15000 1507.87
IV V V V IV V V IV V V V V V IV V IV III III III III III III III III IV IV IV
Intensity 10000 4000 5000 4000 c 770 25000 w 50000 45000 95000 w 70000 w 420 50000 w 30000 c 70000 w 90000 c 1000 1500 510 550 800 1500 870 1500 320 1000 550 2400 3700 3900 600 1600 3400 1700 1300 1100 2200 9000 4400 3600 2800 3000 850 2800 5500 4400 550 1100 1500 1600 480 600 600 440 4600 550 2000 850 420 400 400 410
Wavelength/Å 1523.79 III 1808.66 IV 1902.97 IV 2197.45 IV 2256.76 II 2417.58 IV 2532.75 IV 2582.05 IV 2597.50 IV 2662.75 IV 2808.39 II 2848.30 IV 2962.58 IV 3009.51 IV 3056.68 IV 3171.63 III 3171.74 III 3245.13 II 3265.67 II 3303.11 II 3337.49 II 3344.56 II 3380.91 II 3628.83 II 3645.42 II 3713.54 II 3759.08 II 3790.83 II 3794.78 II 3840.72 II 3849.02 II 3871.64 II 3886.37 II 3916.05 II 3921.54 II 3929.22 II 3949.10 II 3988.52 II 3995.75 II 4031.69 II 4042.91 II 4067.39 II 4077.35 II 4086.72 II 4123.23 II 4141.74 II 4151.97 II 4196.55 II 4238.38 II 4269.50 II 4286.97 II 4296.05 II 4322.51 II 4333.74 II 4354.40 II 4429.90 II 4522.37 II 4526.12 II 4558.46 II 4574.88 II 4613.39 II
Intensity 410 540 360 230 230 500 390 320 320 850 1000 1000 370 340 370 720 210 470 470 450 290 580 850 260 720 520 340 370 370 180 500 470 240 180 370 320 450 140 320 720 260 d 450 250 180 110 160 50 110 w 110 w 75 cw 50 85 40 75 85 95 65 300 40 35 120
Wavelength/Å 4619.88 II 4655.50 II 4662.51 II 4692.50 II 4728.42 II 4740.28 II 4743.09 II 4748.73 II 4860.91 II 4899.92 II 4920.98 II 4921.79 II 4949.77 I 4970.39 II 4986.83 II 4999.47 II 5050.57 I 5114.56 II 5122.99 II 5145.42 I 5158.69 I 5177.31 I 5183.42 II 5188.22 II 5211.86 I 5234.27 I 5253.46 I 5271.19 I 5301.98 II 5303.55 II 5455.15 I 5501.34 I 5648.25 I 5740.66 I 5769.34 I 5789.24 I 5791.34 I 5821.99 I 5930.62 I 6249.93 I 6262.30 II 6394.23 I 6455.99 I 6709.50 I 7045.96 I 7066.23 II 7161.25 I 7282.34 II 7334.18 I 7483.50 II 7498.83 I 7539.23 I 7964.83 I 8086.05 I 8324.69 I 8346.53 I 8545.44 I 8583.45 III 8674.43 I 8825.82 I 9184.38 III
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 9212.63 III 10284.79 III
Lead Pb Z = 82 10 496.38 12 499.94 14 529.78 20 570.16 10 648.50 20 703.73 12 749.46 10 752.52 10 761.09 18 767.45 18 769.49 14 771.42 14 782.79 15 797.02 18 802.07 12 802.82 18 809.63 10 812.59 10 827.41 12 832.60 12 845.94 18 857.64 16 862.33 20 863.97 14 870.44 6 873.71 12 879.96 18 883.90 14 884.96 14 884.99 14 888.37 8 889.68 16 890.72 14 894.40 12 896.08 12 908.51 14 915.71 12 917.90 12 918.09 12 920.28 12 920.66 10 922.12 12 922.49 10 927.64 14 932.20 12 954.35 10 967.23 10 986.71 10 995.89 10 1016.61 14 1028.61 20 1032.05 16 1041.24 18 1044.14 12 1048.9 10 1049.82 10 1050.77 10 1051.26
K21599_S10.indb 41
IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V V V V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II IV V IV IV V II IV V V IV V IV V V V IV IV IV IV V II II II II IV IV IV IV III II II V
Intensity 15 10 12 18 20 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 10 18 14 12 14 20 10 10 11 10 20 10 10 12 10 16 18 10 10 10 14 20 10 10 20 10 10 10 7 12 16 10 5r 10 12 8r 12 6 10 15 500 r 7 12 7 8 10 20 20 25
Wavelength/Å 1056.53 IV 1060.66 II 1072.09 IV 1080.81 IV 1084.17 IV 1088.86 V 1103.94 II 1108.43 II 1109.84 II 1116.08 IV 1119.57 II 1121.36 II 1133.14 II 1137.84 IV 1144.93 IV 1157.88 V 1185.43 V 1189.95 IV 1203.63 II 1231.20 II 1233.50 V 1291.10 IV 1313.05 IV 1331.65 II 1335.20 II 1343.06 IV 1348.37 II 1388.94 IV 1400.26 IV 1404.34 IV 1433.96 II 1512.42 II 1535.71 IV 1553.1 III 1671.53 II 1682.15 II 1726.75 II 1796.670 II 1822.050 II 1904.77 I 1921.471 II 1959.34 IV 1973.16 IV 1998.83 V 2022.02 I 2042.58 IV 2049.34 IV 2053.28 I 2079.22 IV 2111.758 I 2115.066 I 2154.01 IV 2170.00 I 2175.580 I 2177.46 IV 2187.888 I 2189.603 I 2203.534 II 2237.425 I 2246.86 I 2246.89 I
Intensity 20 150 16 180 550 r 140 320 r 320 r 16 15 150 r 160 r 130 r 80 r 500 r 900 r 160 4 10 700 10 25000 r 100 14000 r 35000 r 6 14000 r 3 15 15 15 4 10 150 10 10 600 100 400 200 35000 50000 r 20000 70000 r 10 25000 12 15000 95000 14000 10 10000 8 200 10 6 16 7 10 6 1000
Wavelength/Å 2259.01 V 2332.418 I 2359.53 IV 2388.797 I 2393.792 I 2399.597 I 2401.940 I 2411.734 I 2417.61 IV 2424.81 V 2443.829 I 2446.181 I 2476.378 I 2577.260 I 2613.655 I 2614.175 I 2628.262 I 2634.256 II 2657.094 I 2663.154 I 2697.541 I 2801.995 I 2822.58 I 2823.189 I 2833.053 I 2840.557 II 2873.311 I 2914.442 II 2966.460 I 2972.991 I 2980.157 I 2986.876 II 3043.85 III 3118.894 I 3137.81 III 3176.50 III 3220.528 I 3229.613 I 3240.186 I 3262.355 I 3572.729 I 3639.568 I 3671.491 I 3683.462 I 3713.982 II 3739.935 I 3854.08 III 4019.632 I 4057.807 I 4062.136 I 4157.814 I 4168.033 I 4272.66 III 4340.413 I 4496.15 IV 4499.34 III 4534.60 IV 4571.21 III 4579.051 II 4761.12 III 5005.416 I
Intensity 100 50 10 2000 10 40 200 2000 500 500 40 50 100 50 c 20000 10 20 5 10 6 5 40 20 10 5 10 8 15 15 15 200 100 50 15 40
Wavelength/Å 5006.572 I 5089.484 I 5107.242 I 5201.437 I 5372.099 II 5692.346 I 5895.624 I 6001.862 I 6011.667 I 6059.356 I 6081.409 II 6110.520 I 6235.266 I 6660.20 II 7228.965 I 7346.676 I 7809.259 I 7896.737 I 8168.001 I 8191.886 I 8217.711 I 8272.690 I 8409.384 I 8478.492 I 8722.810 I 8857.457 I 9293.476 I 9438.05 I 9604.297 I 9674.351 I 10290.458 I 10498.965 I 10649.249 I 10886.688 I 10969.53 I 13512.6 I 14743.0 I 15349.6 I 39039.4 I
Lithium Li Z = 3 102.9 103.4 104.1 105.5 108.0 113.9 125.5 135.0 136.5 140.5 167.21 168.74 171.58 178.02 199.28 207.5 456. 483. 540. 540.0 729.
Atomic
Intensity 100 140
10-41
III III III III III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II III II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-42 Intensity Atomic 3 5 1 3 5 1
h
K21599_S10.indb 42
Wavelength/Å 729.1 III 800. II 820. II 861. II 905.5 II 917.5 II 936. II 945. II 965. II 972. II 988. II 1018. II 1032. II 1036. II 1093. II 1103. II 1109. II 1116. II 1132.1 II 1141. II 1166.4 II 1198.09 II 1215. II 1238. II 1253.8 II 1420.89 II 1424. II 1492.93 II 1492.97 II 1493.04 II 1555. II 1653.08 II 1653.13 II 1653.21 II 1681.66 II 1755.33 II 2009. II 2039. I 2068. II 2131. II 2164. II 2173.4 I 2183. II 2214. II 2222. II 2237. II 2249.21 II 2286.82 II 2302.57 II 2303.33 II 2304.59 I 2304.92 I 2305.36 I 2305.83 I 2306.29 I 2306.82 I 2307.44 I 2308.97 I 2309.88 I 2310.94 I 2312.11 I
Intensity
3 5 2
1
3
10
24 15 2 3
5 2 3 1 5
2 2 5 1 3 3 3 4 1 9 4
Wavelength/Å 2313.49 I 2315.08 I 2316.95 I 2319.18 I 2321.88 I 2325.11 I 2329.02 I 2329.84 II 2333.94 I 2336.88 II 2336.91 II 2337.00 II 2340.15 I 2348.22 I 2358.93 I 2373.54 I 2381.54 II 2383.20 II 2394.39 I 2402.33 II 2410.84 II 2425.43 I 2429.81 II 2460.2 I 2475.06 I 2506.94 II 2508.78 II 2518. I 2539.49 II 2551.7 II 2559. II 2562.31 I 2605.08 II 2657.29 II 2657.30 II 2674.46 II 2728.24 II 2728.29 II 2728.32 II 2730.47 II 2730.55 II 2741.20 I 2766.99 II 2790.31 II 2801. I 2846. I 2868. I 2895. I 2934.02 II 2934.07 II 2934.12 II 2934.25 II 2968. I 3029.12 II 3029.14 II 3144. I 3155.31 II 3155.33 II 3196.26 II 3196.33 II 3196.36 II
Intensity 5 2 17
1 5 6d 8 7d 10 1 3 6 20 20 10 10 40 40 20 20 5 5 1 13 13
6 2 3 1
4 4 1 8 8
600 c 600 c 320 320 3600 3600
Wavelength/Å 3199.33 II 3199.43 II 3232.66 I 3249.87 II 3306.28 II 3488. I 3579.8 I 3618. I 3662. I 3684.32 II 3714.00 II 3714.16 II 3714.27 II 3714.29 II 3714.40 II 3714.41 II 3714.51 II 3714.58 II 3718.7 I 3794.72 I 3915.30 I 3915.35 I 3985.48 I 3985.54 I 4132.56 I 4132.62 I 4196. I 4273.07 I 4273.13 I 4325.42 II 4325.47 II 4325.54 II 4516.45 II 4602.83 I 4602.89 I 4607.34 II 4671.51 II 4671.65 II 4671.70 II 4678.06 II 4678.29 II 4760. I 4763. II 4788.36 II 4843.0 II 4881.32 II 4881.39 II 4881.49 II 4971.66 I 4971.75 I 5037.92 II 5271. I 5315. I 5395. I 5440. I 5483.55 II 5485.65 II 6103.54 I 6103.65 I 6707.76 I 6707.91 I
Intensity 48 48
Wavelength/Å 8126.23 I 8126.45 I 8517.37 II 9581.42 II 10120. II 12232. I 12782. I 13566. I 17552. I 18697. I 19290. I 24467. I 40475. I
Lutetium Lu Z = 71 100 563.72 500 810.73 2000 832.28 100 861.92 400 876.80 100 880.32 100 891.81 100 914.72 400 1001.18 100 1272.42 800 1333.79 400 1429.38 200 1441.76 200 1453.35 200 1468.99 400 1472.12 200 1473.71 200 1485.58 400 1511.26 600 1772.57 100 c 1786.25 1000 1854.57 1500 2065.35 1500 c 2070.56 600 c 2086.47 1000 c 2104.41 1000 c 2108.31 1700 h 2195.54 1000 2236.14 2000 2236.22 95 2276.94 190 2297.41 1300 2392.19 120 2399.14 80 2419.21 130 2459.64 370 2536.95 930 2571.23 1700 2578.79 4500 c 2603.35 1800 2613.40 18000 2615.42 1800 2619.26 2700 2657.80 570 h 2685.08 4200 2701.71 180 d 2719.09
V III III V IV V V V III IV IV IV V V V V V V IV IV V III III III IV IV IV II III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II I II I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 43
Wavelength/Å 2728.95 I 2754.17 II 2765.74 I 2772.55 III 2796.63 II 2834.35 II 2845.13 I 2847.51 II 2885.14 I 2894.84 II 2900.30 II 2903.05 I 2911.39 II 2949.73 I 2951.69 II 2963.32 II 2969.82 II 2989.27 I 3020.54 II 3056.72 II 3057.86 III 3077.60 II 3080.11 I 3081.47 I 3118.43 I 3171.36 I 3191.80 II 3198.12 II 3254.31 II 3278.97 I 3281.74 I 3312.11 I 3359.56 I 3376.50 I 3385.50 I 3391.55 I 3396.82 I 3397.07 II 3472.48 II 3507.39 II 3508.42 I 3554.43 II 3567.84 I 3596.34 I 3623.99 II 3636.25 I 3647.77 I 3756.70 I 3756.79 I 3800.67 I 3841.18 I 3876.65 II 3918.86 I 3968.46 I 4054.45 I 4122.49 I 4124.73 I 4131.79 I 4154.08 I 4184.25 II 4277.50 I
Intensity 250 330 d 150 190 c 190 3300 100 h 1000 85 h 150 85 460 180 800 800 140 2700 170 500 140 c 100 2100 550 80 690 cw 140 1400 440 150 600 160 2100 80 160 70 h 1100 29 55 c 35 cw 23 c 30 c 45 23 45 14 ch 11 c 9c 17 35 10 d 29 c 35 c
Wavelength/Å 4281.03 I 4295.97 I 4309.57 I 4430.48 I 4450.81 I 4518.57 I 4648.21 I 4658.02 I 4659.03 I 4785.42 II 4815.05 I 4904.88 I 4942.34 I 4994.13 II 5001.14 I 5134.05 I 5135.09 I 5196.61 I 5402.57 I 5421.90 I 5437.88 I 5476.69 II 5736.55 I 5800.59 I 5983.9 II 5997.13 I 6004.52 I 6055.03 I 6159.94 II 6198.13 III 6199.66 II 6221.87 II 6235.36 II 6242.34 II 6345.35 I 6463.12 II 6477.67 I 6523.18 I 6611.28 II 6677.14 I 6793.77 I 6917.31 I 7031.24 I 7125.84 II 7237.98 I 7441.52 I 8178.16 I 8382.08 I 8459.19 II 8478.50 I 8508.08 I 8610.98 I
Magnesium Mg Z = 12 400 146.95 20 186.51 20 187.20 10 188.53 100 231.73 80 234.26 35 276.58 4000 320.99
IV III III III III III V IV
Intensity 3000 30 150 50 250 300 300 800 300 600 900 500 800 300 1000 500 1000 300 300 400 400 350 300 300 5 500 10 400 15 40 50 20 40 50 30 300 9 25 20 20 3 20 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 5
Wavelength/Å 323.31 IV 353.09 V 857.29 IV 919.03 IV 1037.41 IV 1210.99 IV 1342.19 IV 1346.57 IV 1346.68 IV 1352.05 IV 1384.46 IV 1385.77 IV 1387.53 IV 1404.68 IV 1409.36 IV 1437.53 IV 1437.64 IV 1447.42 IV 1459.54 IV 1459.62 IV 1481.51 IV 1490.45 IV 1495.50 IV 1607.11 IV 1668.43 I 1683.02 IV 1683.41 I 1698.81 IV 1707.06 I 1734.84 II 1737.62 II 1747.80 I 1750.65 II 1753.46 II 1827.93 I 1844.17 IV 2025.82 I 2064.90 III 2091.96 III 2177.70 III 2329.58 II 2395.15 III 2449.57 II 2557.23 I 2560.94 I 2562.26 I 2564.94 I 2570.91 I 2572.25 I 2574.94 I 2577.89 I 2580.59 I 2584.22 I 2585.56 I 2588.28 I 2591.89 I 2593.23 I 2595.97 I 2602.50 I 2603.85 I 2606.62 I
Intensity 1 2 3 3 6 8 2 3 4 8 8 6 8 10 3 5 6 8 10 12 5 7 38 32 90 8 32 36 1000 600 3 2 1 12 12 14 14 16 16 6000 2 4 3 10 12 2 13 20 22 14 9 8 6 6 7 2 17 6 9 7 8
Wavelength/Å 2613.36 I 2614.73 I 2617.51 I 2628.66 I 2630.05 I 2632.87 I 2644.80 I 2646.21 I 2649.06 I 2660.76 II 2660.82 II 2668.12 I 2669.55 I 2672.46 I 2693.72 I 2695.18 I 2698.14 I 2731.99 I 2733.49 I 2736.53 I 2765.22 I 2768.34 I 2776.69 I 2778.27 I 2779.83 I 2781.29 I 2781.42 I 2782.97 I 2795.53 II 2802.70 II 2809.76 I 2811.11 I 2811.78 I 2846.72 I 2846.75 I 2848.34 I 2848.42 I 2851.65 I 2851.66 I 2852.13 I 2902.92 I 2906.36 I 2915.45 I 2936.74 I 2938.47 I 2942.00 I 2942.00 I 3091.08 I 3092.99 I 3096.90 I 3104.71 II 3104.81 II 3168.98 II 3172.71 II 3175.78 II 3197.62 I 3329.93 I 3332.15 I 3336.68 I 3535.04 II 3538.86 II
Atomic
Intensity 480 h 3600 750 h 2000 2700 270 c 330 h 3000 570 h 6300 4500 300 9000 270 h 1200 4200 2400 1800 3000 2100 1000 7500 390 5100 h 3000 2400 260 1400 4800 3800 7600 6200 7600 6200 950 160 h 1400 4100 4800 8300 c 1600 4800 4800 340 800 680 2600 110 110 150 2700 530 50 480 670 310 3100 150 c 460 1600 150
10-43
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-44
Atomic
Intensity 7 8 140 300 500 8 7 3 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 9 10 8 9 14 13 28 10 7 75 220 400 8 7 9 6 30 10 9 7 10 9 11 7 8 7 8 10 10 12 20 19 17 15 12 13 10 9 8 10 20 10 11 10 15 10
K21599_S10.indb 44
Wavelength/Å 3549.52 II 3553.37 II 3829.30 I 3832.30 I 3838.29 I 3848.24 II 3850.40 II 3878.31 I 3895.57 I 3903.86 I 3938.40 I 3986.75 I 4057.50 I 4167.27 I 4351.91 I 4384.64 II 4390.59 II 4428.00 II 4433.99 II 4481.16 II 4481.33 II 4571.10 I 4730.03 I 4851.10 II 5167.33 I 5172.68 I 5183.61 I 5264.21 II 5264.37 II 5401.54 II 5528.41 I 5711.09 I 6318.72 I 6319.24 I 6319.49 I 6346.74 II 6346.96 II 6545.97 II 6781.45 II 6787.85 II 6812.86 II 6819.27 II 7193.17 I 7291.06 I 7387.69 I 7657.60 I 7659.15 I 7659.90 I 7691.55 I 7877.05 II 7896.37 II 8098.72 I 8115.22 II 8120.43 II 8209.84 I 8213.03 I 8213.99 II 8234.64 II 8310.26 I 8346.12 I 8710.18 I
Intensity 12 13 10 17 11 14 10 11 20 10 14 13 12 30 10 10 25 17 19 20 12 11 15 15 17 18 14 35 11 10 25 27 28 15 14 45 30 28 35 30 25 10 30 5
Wavelength/Å 8712.69 I 8717.83 I 8734.99 II 8736.02 I 8745.66 II 8806.76 I 8824.32 II 8835.08 II 8923.57 I 8997.16 I 9218.25 II 9244.27 II 9246.50 I 9255.78 I 9327.54 II 9340.54 II 9414.96 I 9429.81 I 9432.76 I 9438.78 I 9631.89 II 9632.43 II 9953.20 I 9983.20 I 9986.47 I 9993.21 I 10092.16 II 10811.08 I 10914.23 II 10951.78 II 10953.32 I 10957.30 I 10965.45 I 11032.10 I 11033.66 I 11828.18 I 12083.66 I 14877.62 I 15024.99 I 15040.24 I 15047.70 I 15765.84 I 17108.66 I 26392.90 I
Manganese Mn Z = 25 600 410.30 600 410.60 600 415.62 650 415.98 600 428.59 600 435.67 1000 441.72 850 442.49 60 579.79 60 581.44 60 581.65 60 585.21 90 1242.25 90 1244.50 95 1251.93 95 1257.28
V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV
Intensity 90 500 400 300 1000 800 500 h 1000 2000 500 80 80 20 30 50 40 30 20 20 85 85 80 80 30 20 50 20 75 30 20 d 100 20 30 80 20 20 30 50 30 500 800 20 20 20 500 1000 30 20 d 30 20 500 30 9700 14000 18000 1000 w 500 w 50 40 40 500
Wavelength/Å 1264.41 IV 1283.58 III 1287.59 III 1291.62 III 1360.72 III 1365.20 III 1609.17 III 1614.14 III 1620.60 III 1633.80 III 1667.00 IV 1698.30 IV 1726.47 II 1732.70 II 1733.55 II 1734.49 II 1737.93 II 1740.16 II 1742.00 II 1742.10 IV 1766.27 IV 1795.65 IV 1795.79 IV 1853.27 II 1857.92 II 1902.95 II 1907.84 II 1910.25 IV 1911.41 II 1914.68 II 1915.10 II 1918.64 II 1919.64 II 1921.25 II 1923.07 II 1923.34 II 1925.52 II 1926.59 II 1931.40 II 1941.28 III 1943.21 III 1945.15 II 1947.93 II 1950.14 II 1952.36 III 1952.52 III 1953.23 II 1954.81 II 1959.25 II 1969.24 II 1978.95 III 1994.23 II 1996.06 I 1999.51 I 2003.85 I 2027.83 III 2028.14 III 2037.31 II 2037.64 II 2039.97 II 2049.68 III
Intensity 500 1000 30 900 800 600 1500 500 20 500 500 20 1700 30 1000 700 900 800 800 290 540 900 770 1000 20 20 50 30 30 20 30 50 30 20 30 20 20 20 50 50 30 80 100 30 100 50 80 50 100 50 30 75 30 95 30 150 30 580 480 12000 550
Wavelength/Å 2066.38 III 2069.02 III 2076.21 II 2077.38 III 2084.23 III 2090.05 III 2092.16 I 2094.78 III 2097.46 II 2097.93 III 2099.97 III 2102.50 II 2109.58 I 2113.96 II 2169.78 III 2174.15 III 2176.87 III 2181.86 III 2184.87 III 2208.81 I 2213.85 I 2220.55 III 2221.84 I 2227.42 III 2373.36 II 2427.38 II 2427.72 II 2427.94 II 2437.37 II 2437.84 II 2452.49 II 2499.00 II 2507.60 II 2516.60 II 2516.74 II 2521.66 II 2530.72 II 2531.80 II 2532.78 II 2533.33 II 2534.10 II 2534.22 II 2535.66 II 2535.98 II 2537.92 II 2541.11 II 2542.92 II 2543.45 II 2548.75 II 2551.85 II 2553.27 II 2556.57 II 2556.89 II 2558.59 II 2559.41 II 2563.65 II 2565.22 II 2572.76 I 2575.51 I 2576.10 II 2584.31 I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 45
Wavelength/Å 2588.97 II 2589.71 II 2592.94 I 2593.73 II 2595.76 I 2598.90 II 2602.72 II 2603.72 II 2605.69 II 2610.20 II 2618.14 II 2622.90 I 2624.04 I 2624.80 II 2625.58 II 2632.35 II 2638.17 II 2639.84 II 2650.99 II 2655.91 II 2666.77 II 2667.03 II 2672.59 II 2673.37 II 2674.43 II 2680.34 II 2680.68 II 2681.25 II 2684.55 II 2685.94 II 2688.25 II 2693.19 II 2695.36 II 2698.97 II 2701.00 II 2701.17 II 2701.70 II 2703.98 II 2705.74 II 2707.53 II 2708.45 II 2709.96 II 2710.33 II 2711.58 II 2716.80 II 2717.53 II 2719.01 II 2719.74 II 2722.10 II 2724.46 II 2728.61 II 2794.82 I 2798.27 I 2799.84 I 2801.06 I 2809.11 I 2815.02 II 2816.33 II 2870.08 II 2872.94 II 2879.49 II
Intensity 70 160 55 50 80 140 h 190 h 1100 1500 250 h 1900 30 55 30 330 120 200 30 250 140 170 170 160 140 h 220 1000 300 850 330 650 100 310 310 220 180 180 200 720 50 360 360 h 290 180 140 50 100 360 1100 1300 1100 390 2200 720 1400 720 290 150 420 420 360
Wavelength/Å 2886.68 II 2889.58 II 2892.39 II 2898.70 II 2900.16 II 2914.60 I 2925.57 I 2933.06 II 2939.30 II 2940.39 I 2949.20 II 3019.92 II 3031.06 II 3035.35 II 3044.57 I 3045.59 I 3047.04 I 3050.65 II 3054.36 I 3062.12 I 3066.02 I 3070.27 I 3073.13 I 3178.50 I 3212.88 I 3228.09 I 3230.72 I 3236.78 I 3243.78 I 3248.52 I 3251.14 I 3252.95 I 3256.14 I 3258.41 I 3260.23 I 3264.71 I 3330.78 II 3441.99 II 3460.03 II 3460.33 II 3474.04 II 3474.13 II 3482.91 II 3488.68 II 3495.84 II 3496.81 II 3497.54 II 3531.85 I 3532.12 I 3547.80 I 3548.03 I 3548.20 I 3569.49 I 3569.80 I 3577.88 I 3586.54 I 3595.12 I 3601.72 III 3607.54 I 3608.49 I 3610.30 I
Intensity 290 220 140 100 280 180 210 130 130 260 110 3200 700 2100 390 200 480 1300 350 670 350 120 130 150 190 150 1500 150 27000 19000 11000 1500 5600 210 d 1100 150 1900 210 1100 150 730 730 290 730 730 1100 1100 200 150 120 150 120 370 510 190 290 290 270 50 350 210
Wavelength/Å 3619.28 I 3623.79 I 3629.74 I 3660.40 I 3693.67 I 3696.57 I 3706.08 I 3718.93 I 3731.93 I I 3790.22 3800.55 I 3806.72 I 3809.59 I 3823.51 I 3823.89 I 3829.68 I 3833.86 I 3834.36 I 3839.78 I 3841.08 I 3843.98 I 3926.47 I 3982.58 I 3985.24 I 3986.83 I 3987.10 I 4018.10 I 4026.44 I 4030.76 I 4033.07 I 4034.49 I 4035.73 I 4041.36 I 4045.13 I 4048.76 I 4055.21 I 4055.54 I 4057.95 I 4058.93 I 4059.39 I 4061.74 I 4063.53 I 4070.28 I 4079.24 I 4079.42 I 4082.94 I 4083.63 I 4110.90 I 4131.12 I 4135.04 I 4176.60 I 4189.99 I 4235.14 I 4235.29 I 4239.72 I 4257.66 I 4265.92 I 4281.10 I 4323.63 II 4414.88 I 4436.35 I
Intensity 800 160 130 160 110 210 270 150 510 290 200 130 170 240 240 160 180 130 1000 180 750 300 500 940 1000 19 30 200 150 60 50 50 85 160 19 95 95 50 95 35 85 35 150 12 60 200 40 30 50 40 21 200 140 200 290 200 17 24 14 h 12 14
Wavelength/Å 4451.59 I 4453.00 I 4455.01 I 4455.32 I 4455.82 I 4457.55 I 4458.26 I 4461.08 I 4462.02 I 4464.68 I 4470.14 I 4472.79 I 4490.08 I 4498.90 I 4502.22 I 4709.72 I 4727.48 I 4739.11 I 4754.04 I 4761.53 I 4762.38 I 4765.86 I 4766.43 I 4783.42 I 4823.52 I 5004.91 I 5074.79 I 5079.20 III 5100.03 III 5117.94 I 5150.89 I 5196.59 I 5255.32 I 5341.06 I 5349.88 I 5377.63 I 5394.67 I 5399.49 I 5407.42 I 5413.69 I 5420.36 I 5432.55 I 5454.07 III 5457.47 I 5470.64 I 5474.68 III 5481.40 I 5505.87 I 5516.77 I 5537.76 I 5551.98 I 5946.65 III 6013.50 I 6016.64 I 6021.80 I 6231.21 III 6440.97 I 6491.71 I 6942.52 I 6989.96 I 7069.84 I
Atomic
Intensity 30 45 250 6200 250 95 30 45 4300 190 500 140 150 40 200 190 130 80 27 60 30 30 110 55 55 45 30 30 55 55 110 27 55 27 85 50 160 100 130 80 110 45 80 110 30 30 30 50 30 30 55 6200 5100 220 3700 110 60 30 60 30 80
10-45
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-46
Atomic
Intensity 12 24 h 35 h 50 12 12 h 12 h 17 h 30 h
Wavelength/Å 7184.25 I 7283.82 I 7302.89 I 7326.51 I 7680.20 I 8672.06 I 8701.05 I 8703.76 I 8740.93 I
Mercury 198 Hg Z = 80 80 1250.564 8 1259.242 100 1268.825 5 1307.751 20 1402.619 10 1435.503 1000 1849.492 60 2262.210 20 2302.065 20 2345.440 100 2378.325 20 2380.004 40 2399.349 20 2399.729 20 2446.900 15 2464.064 40 2481.999 30 2482.713 40 2483.821 90 2534.769 15000 2536.506 25 2563.861 25 2576.290 250 2652.043 400 2653.683 100 2655.130 50 2698.831 80 2752.783 20 2759.710 40 2803.471 30 2804.438 750 2847.675 50 2856.939 150 2893.598 150 2916.227 60 2925.413 1200 2967.283 300 3021.500 120 3023.476 30 3025.608 50 3027.490 400 3125.670 320 3131.551 320 3131.842 80 3341.481 2800 3650.157 300 3654.839 80 3662.883 240 3663.281 30 3701.432 35 3704.170
K21599_S10.indb 46
I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity 30 20 60 200 1800 150 40 250 400 4000 80 1100 160 240 280 20 30 160 250 240
Wavelength/Å 3801.660 I 3901.867 I 3906.372 I 3983.839 II 4046.572 I 4077.838 I 4108.057 I 4339.224 I 4347.496 I 4358.337 I 4916.068 I 5460.753 I 5675.922 I 5769.598 I 5790.663 I 6072.713 I 6234.402 I 6716.429 I 6907.461 I 11287.407 I
Mercury Hg 3 2 2 1 400 300 150 200 100 50 1 2 5 800 2 80 8 100 5 300 400 400 80 200 20 200 10 15 120 20 150 50 200 9 100 100 120 250 15 20
Z = 80 621.44 679.68 878.59 886.48 893.08 915.83 923.39 940.80 962.74 969.13 988.89 1009.29 1068.03 1099.26 1161.95 1250.58 1259.24 1268.82 1307.75 1307.93 1321.71 1331.74 1350.07 1361.27 1402.62 1414.43 1435.51 1619.46 1623.95 1628.25 1649.94 1653.64 1672.41 1681.40 1702.73 1707.40 1727.18 1732.14 1759.75 1775.68
III III III III II II II II II II III III III II III I I I I II II II II II I II I II II II II II II III II II II II III I
Intensity 40 30 200 60 30 40 400 5 1000 160 300 200 1 20 30 300 100 200 150 90 90 70 5 60 20 7 15 5 20 20 100 20 4 40 20 10 60 50 8 5 20 15 5 40 30 40 7 90 15000 25 25 5 2 4 15 5 250 400 100 3 5
Wavelength/Å 1783.70 II 1796.22 II 1796.90 II 1798.74 II 1803.89 II 1808.29 II 1820.34 II 1832.74 I 1849.50 I 1869.23 II II 1870.55 1875.54 II 1894.77 III 1900.28 II 1927.60 II 1942.27 II 1972.94 II 1973.89 II 1987.98 II 2026.97 II 2052.93 II 2148.00 II 2247.55 I 2262.23 II 2302.06 I 2314.15 III 2323.20 I 2340.57 I 2345.43 I 2352.48 I 2378.32 I 2380.00 I 2380.55 III 2399.38 I 2399.73 I 2400.49 I 2407.35 II 2414.13 II 2431.65 III 2441.06 I 2446.90 I 2464.06 I 2480.56 III 2482.00 I 2482.72 I 2483.82 I 2484.50 III 2534.77 I 2536.52 I 2563.86 I 2576.29 I 2578.91 I 2612.92 III 2617.97 III 2625.19 I 2639.78 I 2652.04 I 2653.69 I 2655.13 I 2670.49 III 2674.91 I
Intensity 50 50 80 70 80 20 6 40 30 2 2 150 3 750 50 150 150 60 150 400 1200 300 120 30 50 15 400 320 320 400 400 5 12 80 100 8 5 400 3 4 200 5 2800 300 80 240 30 35 30 15 100 20 60 100 200 1800 150 40 70 10 100
Wavelength/Å 2698.83 I 2699.38 I 2705.36 II 2724.43 III 2752.78 I 2759.71 I 2769.22 III 2803.46 I 2804.43 I 2805.34 I 2806.77 I 2814.93 II 2844.76 III 2847.68 II 2856.94 I 2893.60 I 2916.27 II 2925.41 I 2935.94 II 2947.08 II 2967.28 I 3021.50 I 3023.47 I 3025.61 I 3027.49 I 3090.05 III 3125.67 I 3131.55 I 3131.84 I 3208.20 II 3264.06 II 3283.02 III 3312.28 III 3341.48 I 3385.25 II 3389.01 III 3450.77 III 3451.69 II 3500.35 III 3538.88 III 3549.42 II 3557.24 III 3650.15 I 3654.84 I 3662.88 I 3663.28 I 3701.44 I 3704.17 I 3801.66 I 3803.51 III 3806.38 II 3901.87 I 3906.37 I 3918.92 II 3983.96 II 4046.56 I 4077.83 I 4108.05 I 4122.07 III 4140.34 III 4216.74 III
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 47
Wavelength/Å 4339.22 I 4347.49 I 4358.33 I 4398.62 II 4470.58 III 4552.84 III 4660.28 II 4797.01 III 4855.72 II 4869.85 III 4883.00 I 4889.91 I 4916.07 I 4970.37 I 4973.57 III 4980.64 I 5102.70 I 5120.64 I 5128.45 II 5137.94 I 5210.82 III 5290.74 I 5316.78 I 5354.05 I 5384.63 I 5460.74 I 5549.63 I 5675.86 I 5695.71 III 5769.60 I 5789.66 I 5790.66 I 5803.78 I 5859.25 I 5871.73 II 5871.98 I 6072.72 I 6149.50 II 6220.35 III 6234.40 I 6418.98 III 6501.38 III 6521.13 II 6584.26 III 6610.12 III 6709.29 III 6716.43 I 6907.52 I 7081.90 I 7091.86 I 7346.37 II 7485.87 II 7517.46 III 7728.82 I 7808.10 III 7944.66 II 7946.75 III 7984.51 III 8151.64 III 10139.75 I 11287.40 I
Intensity 120 140 60 80 500 450 200 500 100 400 300 500 400 20 20 20 70 30 50 40 250
Wavelength/Å 13209.95 I 13426.57 I 13468.38 I 13505.58 I 13570.21 I 13673.51 I 13950.55 I 15295.82 I 16881.48 I 16920.16 I 16942.00 I 17072.79 I 17109.93 I 17116.75 I 17198.67 I 17213.20 I 17329.41 I 17436.18 I 18130.38 I 19700.17 I 22493.28 I 23253.07 I 32148.06 I 36303.03 I
Molybdenum Mo Z = 42 50 867.92 100 884.19 60 886.05 50 891.74 100 1169.33 100 1254.93 100 1258.52 100 1262.21 100 1263.74 100 1274.37 100 1276.40 200 1277.40 200 1277.58 200 1278.40 150 1281.90 150 1283.60 100 1854.73 80 1926.26 100 1929.24 80 1971.06 70 2010.92 19000 2015.11 40000 2020.30 21000 2038.44 17000 2045.98 50 2060.38 4800 2081.68 2400 2089.52 2200 2092.50 4000 2093.11 2700 2100.84 1500 2104.29 1400 2108.02 100 2184.37 100 2211.02 400 2269.69
IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV IV II II II II IV II II II II II II II III III II
Intensity 150 200 160 160 150 110 190 100 110 140 120 85 200 440 330 80 85 250 250 400 440 330 720 410 600 370 640 480 560 h 640 720 250 1000 95 640 880 560 480 190 290 85 140 80 330 160 80 h 290 110 220 240 160 190 1700 65 880 400 100 400 1700 220 80
Wavelength/Å 2269.71 III 2294.97 III 2304.25 II 2306.97 II 2330.93 III 2332.12 II 2341.59 II 2359.76 III 2389.20 II 2403.61 II 2413.01 II 2498.28 II 2506.19 III 2538.46 II 2542.67 II 2558.88 II 2564.34 II 2593.70 II 2602.80 II 2616.78 I 2629.85 I 2636.67 II 2638.76 II 2640.99 I 2644.35 II 2646.49 II 2649.46 I 2653.35 II 2655.03 I 2660.58 II 2672.84 II 2673.27 II 2679.85 I 2681.36 II 2683.23 II 2684.14 II 2687.99 II 2701.42 II 2713.51 II 2717.35 II 2726.97 II 2729.68 II 2730.20 II 2732.88 II 2736.96 II 2737.88 II 2746.30 II 2756.07 II 2763.62 II 2769.76 II 2773.78 II 2774.39 II 2775.40 II 2777.86 II 2780.04 II 2784.99 II 2807.74 III 2807.76 II 2816.15 II 2817.44 II 2827.74 II
Intensity 80 80 160 1700 370 370 220 1700 85 220 65 1300 95 190 950 140 70 290 80 600 1100 120 1300 140 1100 800 95 110 150 140 95 125 95 240 70 95 250 210 70 250 80 95 95 100 800 250 800 85 800 270 190 560 560 1400 290 14000 110 220 55 6000 8700
Wavelength/Å 2834.39 II 2835.33 II 2842.15 II 2848.23 II 2853.23 II 2863.81 II 2866.69 II 2871.51 II 2872.88 II 2879.05 II 2888.15 II 2890.99 II 2891.28 II 2892.81 II 2894.45 II 2897.63 II 2900.80 II 2903.07 II 2907.12 II 2909.12 II 2911.92 II 2918.83 II 2923.39 II 2924.32 II 2930.50 II 2934.30 II 2940.10 II 2941.22 II 2944.82 II 2946.69 II 2947.28 II 2947.32 III 2955.84 II 2956.06 II 2956.90 II 2960.24 II 2963.79 II 2965.27 II 2971.91 II 2972.61 II 2975.40 II 2992.84 II 3027.77 II 3060.78 II 3064.28 I 3065.04 II 3074.37 I 3077.66 II 3085.62 I 3087.62 II 3092.07 II 3094.66 I 3101.34 I 3112.12 I 3122.00 II 3132.59 I 3138.72 II 3152.82 II 3155.64 II 3158.16 I 3170.35 I
Atomic
Intensity 250 400 4000 100 15 12 90 50 80 10 5 5 80 5 80 5 20 40 100 20 30 20 5 60 30 1100 30 160 6 240 100 280 140 60 60 20 20 1000 25 30 35 40 80 10 6 30 160 250 250 200 40 100 12 20 7 100 25 50 5 2000 240
10-47
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-48
Atomic
Intensity 95 160 120 d 7600 880 3000 560 880 600 1100 950 65 950 480 800 200 1100 950 190 100 190 640 1300 95 1600 950 950 1900 130 640 1300 640 130 3200 640 950 640 800 560 480 640 520 400 1400 1400 1000 400 540 590 1300 65 180 1400 500 80 29000 520 940 1700 29000 580
K21599_S10.indb 48
Wavelength/Å 3172.03 II 3172.74 II 3187.59 II 3193.97 I 3205.88 I 3208.83 I 3215.07 I 3228.22 I 3229.79 I 3233.14 I 3237.08 I 3240.71 II 3256.21 I 3264.40 I 3270.90 I 3271.69 III 3289.02 I 3290.82 I 3292.31 II 3313.62 II 3320.90 II 3323.95 I 3344.75 I 3346.40 II 3358.12 I 3363.78 I 3379.97 I 3384.62 I 3395.36 II 3404.34 I 3405.94 I 3437.22 I 3446.08 II 3447.12 I 3449.07 I 3456.39 I 3460.78 I 3504.41 I 3508.12 I 3521.41 I 3537.28 I 3558.10 I 3563.14 I 3581.89 I 3624.46 I 3635.43 I 3657.35 I 3664.81 I 3672.82 I 3680.60 I 3688.31 II 3692.64 II 3694.94 I 3727.69 I 3744.37 II 3798.25 I 3826.70 I 3828.87 I 3833.75 I 3864.11 I 3869.08 I
Intensity 580 19000 65 1400 2300 1300 940 730 630 2900 480 2500 1500 890 1200 1400 680 890 840 1900 2500 990 480 630 400 460 640 700 770 410 410 180 80 65 100 50 200 100 100 130 130 80 150 110 80 100 160 d 230 h 160 h 110 50 50 80 65 100 460 h 230 h 110 h 100 150 65
Wavelength/Å 3886.82 I 3902.96 I 3941.48 II 4062.08 I 4069.88 I 4081.44 I 4084.38 I 4107.47 I 4120.10 I 4143.55 I 4185.82 I 4188.32 I 4232.59 I 4276.91 I 4277.24 I 4288.64 I 4292.13 I 4293.21 I 4326.14 I 4381.64 I 4411.57 I 4434.95 I 4457.36 I 4474.56 I 4536.80 I 4626.47 I 4707.26 I 4731.44 I 4760.19 I 4819.25 I 4830.51 I 5014.60 I 5029.00 I 5030.78 I 5047.71 I 5055.00 I 5059.88 I 5080.02 I 5096.65 I 5097.52 I 5109.71 I 5114.97 I 5145.38 I 5147.39 I 5163.19 I 5167.76 I 5171.08 I 5172.94 I 5174.18 I 5200.17 I 5200.74 I 5211.86 I 5219.40 I 5231.06 I 5234.26 I 5238.20 I 5240.88 I 5242.81 I 5245.51 I 5259.04 I 5261.14 I
Intensity 65 210 55 55 55 80 65 560 hl 110 hl 65 50 55 65 50 7800 5200 50 55 2500 100 330 50 230 55 460 80 210 620 520 55 h 50 h 520 50 820 50 h 160 h 35 1300 40 40 35 100 230 50 110 50 35 40 35 110 150 40 40 140 27 40 h 45 h 45 h
Wavelength/Å 5279.65 I 5280.86 I 5292.08 I 5295.47 I 5313.89 I 5354.88 I 5356.48 I 5360.56 I 5364.28 I 5394.52 I 5400.47 I 5435.68 I 5437.75 I 5501.54 I 5506.49 I 5533.05 I 5543.12 I 5556.28 I 5570.45 I 5610.93 I 5632.47 I 5634.86 I 5650.13 I 5674.47 I 5689.14 I 5705.72 I 5722.74 I 5751.40 I 5791.85 I 5849.73 I 5851.52 I 5858.27 I 5869.33 I 5888.33 I 5893.38 I 5928.88 I 6025.49 I 6030.66 I 6101.87 I 6357.22 I 6401.07 I 6424.37 I 6619.13 I 6650.38 I 6733.98 I 6746.27 I 6753.97 I 6838.88 I 6914.01 I 7109.87 I 7242.50 I 7245.85 I 7391.36 I 7485.74 I 7720.77 I 8328.44 I 8389.32 I 8483.39 I
Neodymium Nd Z = 60 75 2764.98 80 2993.20
I II
Intensity 95 95 95 140 130 160 240 260 290 220 170 170 150 220 220 320 290 410 320 410 470 370 410 470 540 540 580 1200 440 410 410 470 640 d 470 410 410 780 410 710 470 1000 d 440 1000 580 510 930 930 510 1400 710 580 510 2400 370 1200 2500 470 540 440 580 710
Wavelength/Å 3007.97 II 3014.19 II 3018.35 II 3056.71 II 3069.73 II 3075.38 II 3092.92 II 3115.18 II 3133.60 II 3134.90 II 3141.46 II 3142.44 II 3203.47 II 3259.24 II 3265.12 II 3275.22 II 3285.10 II 3328.28 II 3353.59 II 3560.75 II 3587.51 II 3615.82 II 3653.15 II 3662.26 II 3665.18 II 3672.36 II 3673.54 II 3685.80 II 3687.30 II 3689.69 II 3697.56 II 3713.70 II 3714.73 II 3715.68 II 3718.54 II 3721.35 II 3723.50 II 3724.87 II 3728.13 II 3730.58 II 3735.54 II 3737.10 II 3738.06 II 3752.49 II 3757.82 II 3758.95 II 3763.47 II 3769.65 II 3775.50 II 3779.47 II 3780.40 II 3781.32 II 3784.25 II 3801.12 II 3803.47 II 3805.36 II 3807.23 II 3808.77 II 3809.06 II 3810.49 II 3814.73 II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 49
Wavelength/Å 3822.47 II 3826.42 II 3828.85 II 3829.16 II 3830.47 II 3836.54 II 3838.98 II 3841.82 II 3848.24 II 3848.52 II 3850.22 II 3851.66 II 3863.33 II 3869.07 II 3875.87 II 3878.58 II 3879.55 II 3880.38 II 3880.78 II 3887.87 II 3889.93 II 3890.58 II 3890.94 II 3891.51 II 3892.06 II 3894.63 II 3897.63 II 3900.21 II 3901.84 II 3905.89 II 3907.84 II 3911.16 II 3912.23 II 3915.13 II 3915.95 II 3920.96 II 3927.10 II 3934.82 II 3936.11 II 3938.86 II 3941.51 II 3951.16 II 3952.20 II 3958.00 II 3962.21 II 3963.12 II 3973.30 II 3973.69 II 3976.85 II 3979.49 II 3986.25 II 3990.10 II 3991.74 II 3994.68 II 4000.50 II 4004.02 II 4007.43 II 4012.25 II 4012.70 II 4020.87 II 4021.34 II
Intensity 1000 1200 410 1200 3000 410 410 850 850 4700 1100 710 470 470 1400 2500 510 410 470 510 3000 510 410 810 2400 640 470 470 440 1300 2000 850 410 470 710 5400 470 1100 510 540 680 850 470 d 710 540 510 580 1400 740 410 250 340 340 340 300 510 340 250 300 310 470
Wavelength/Å 4021.78 II 4023.00 II 4030.47 II 4031.82 II 4040.80 II 4043.59 II 4048.81 II 4051.15 II 4059.96 II 4061.09 II 4069.28 II 4075.12 II 4075.28 II 4080.23 II 4109.08 II 4109.46 II 4110.48 II 4123.88 II 4133.36 II 4135.33 II 4156.08 II 4156.26 II 4168.00 II 4175.61 II 4177.32 II 4179.59 II 4205.60 II 4211.29 II 4227.73 II 4232.38 II 4247.38 II 4252.44 II 4261.84 II 4282.44 II 4284.52 II 4303.58 II 4314.52 II 4325.76 II 4327.93 II 4338.70 II 4351.29 II 4358.17 II 4374.93 II 4385.66 II 4400.83 II 4411.06 II 4446.39 II 4451.57 II 4462.99 II 4501.82 II 4516.36 II 4541.27 II 4542.61 II 4563.22 II 4621.94 I 4634.24 I 4641.10 I 4645.77 II 4649.67 I 4683.45 I 4706.54 II
Intensity 240 240 350 280 350 220 240 280 210 330 470 260 290 290 250 360 360 360 340 680 500 630 330 310 450 250 720 360 590 680 220 500 290 160 240 220 140 d 220 130 160 100 160 80 70 80 55 45 45 55 45 45 55 65 45 45 40 40 35 40 29 24
Wavelength/Å 4719.02 I 4811.34 II 4825.48 II 4859.02 II 4883.81 I 4890.70 II 4891.07 I 4896.93 I 4901.84 I 4920.68 II 4924.53 I 4944.83 I 4954.78 I 4959.13 II 4989.94 II 5076.59 II 5092.80 II 5107.59 II 5123.79 II 5130.60 II 5191.45 II 5192.62 II 5200.12 II 5212.37 II 5234.20 II 5239.79 II 5249.59 II 5255.51 II 5273.43 II 5293.17 II 5311.46 II 5319.82 II 5361.47 II 5431.53 II 5594.43 II 5620.54 I 5675.97 I 5688.53 II 5702.24 II 5708.28 II 5729.29 I 5804.02 II 5811.57 II 5825.87 II 5842.39 II 5858.91 I 6007.67 I 6034.24 II 6066.03 I 6178.59 I 6223.39 I 6310.49 I 6385.20 II 6630.14 I 6650.57 II 6740.11 II 6900.43 II 7037.30 II 7066.89 II 7129.35 II 7189.42 II
Intensity 20 15 12 10 10 12 17 12 10 12 10 10 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 10 12 12 12 10 10 12 17
Wavelength/Å 7192.01 II 7236.54 II 7316.81 II 7406.62 II 7418.18 II 7511.16 II 7513.73 II 7528.99 II 7538.26 II 7696.56 II 7750.95 II 7808.47 II 7863.04 II 7917.01 II 7958.95 I 7965.73 II 7982.09 II 7982.68 II 8000.76 II 8120.93 II 8122.07 II 8141.75 II 8143.27 II 8231.52 II 8307.72 II 8346.36 II 8839.10 II
Neon Ne Z = 10 66 119.01 200 122.52 66 125.12 45 131.99 50 132.04 150 140.76 150 140.79 100 142.44 100 142.50 150 142.72 100 143.27 150 143.34 150 147.13 66 151.23 120 151.42 15 151.82 15 152.23 45 154.50 15 158.65 15 158.82 100 164.02 100 164.14 80 172.62 500 173.93 80 177.16 150 186.58 100 194.28 100 208.48 100 208.73 80 208.90 150 212.56 140 223.24 120 223.60
Atomic
Intensity 410 1200 540 440 510 740 1700 410 d 1700 d 1500 470 2400 d 3700 d 850 470 1100 1000 780 1200 540 1300 1300 1300 580 470 810 440 2000 1300 1700 510 2000 850 440 610 1100 510 610 410 510 2000 2000 810 590 510 1400 1100 740 740 740 470 1400 1000 1100 410 540 410 3700 540 1000 1000
10-49
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-50
Atomic
Intensity 140 120 20 20 20 40 40 20 40 160 110 40 220 220 220 40 90 60 50 400 500 200 500 90 60 1000 220 125 100 150 120 800 150 200 300 250 180 150 200 10 120 90 1000 500 140 200 180 140 250 150 250 500 285 220 450 70 220 360 120 140 80
K21599_S10.indb 50
Wavelength/Å 234.32 IV 234.70 IV 251.14 III 251.56 III 251.73 III 267.06 III 267.52 III 267.71 III 283.18 III 283.21 III 283.69 III 283.89 III 301.12 III 313.05 III 313.68 III 313.95 III 352.956 I 354.962 I 357.83 IV 357.96 V 358.47 V 358.72 IV 359.38 V 361.433 II 362.455 II 365.59 V 379.31 III 387.14 IV 388.22 IV 405.854 II 407.138 II 416.20 V 421.61 IV 445.040 II 446.256 II 446.590 II 447.815 II 454.654 II 455.274 II 456.275 II 456.348 II 456.896 II 460.728 II 462.391 II 469.77 IV 469.82 IV 469.87 IV 469.92 IV 480.41 V 481.28 V 481.36 V 482.99 V 488.10 III 488.87 III 489.50 III 489.64 III 490.31 III 491.05 III 521.74 IV 521.82 IV 541.13 IV
Intensity 100 150 400 250 500 250 800 35 35 35 70 100 75 35 70 170 170 170 120 200 200 1000 400 60 70 90 100 90 20 110 160 90 90 90 120 180 100 100 200 500 300 200 100 c 80 65 110 80 150 200 300 240 400 180 120 200 300 200 30 200 200 240
Wavelength/Å 542.07 IV 543.89 IV 568.42 V 569.76 V 569.83 V 572.11 V 572.34 V 587.213 I 589.179 I 589.911 I 591.830 I 595.920 I 598.706 I 598.891 I 600.036 I 602.726 I 615.628 I 618.672 I 619.102 I 626.823 I 629.739 I 735.896 I 743.720 I 993.88 I 1068.65 I 1131.72 I 1131.85 II 1229.83 I 1255.03 III 1255.68 III 1257.19 III 1418.38 I 1428.58 I 1436.09 I 1681.68 II 1688.36 II 1888.11 II 1889.71 II 1907.49 II 1916.08 II 1930.03 II 1938.83 II 1945.46 II 2007.01 II 2018.44 IV 2022.19 IV 2025.56 II 2085.47 II 2086.96 III 2089.43 III 2092.44 III 2095.54 III 2096.11 II 2096.25 II 2161.22 III 2163.77 III 2180.89 III 2203.88 IV 2209.35 III 2211.85 III 2213.76 III
Intensity 300 10 75 110 65 250 65 175 240 65 110 200 250 550 30 250 250 450 700 250 250 110 350 65 350 300 240 200 200 80 p 90 w 800 600 400 300 240 200 80 80 90 w 80 200 200 80 600 500 80 90 80 100 80 80 90 90 80 80 80 80 w 80 90 150
Wavelength/Å 2216.07 III 2220.81 IV 2227.42 V 2232.41 V 2245.48 V 2258.02 IV 2259.57 V 2262.08 IV 2263.21 III 2263.39 V 2264.54 IV 2264.91 III 2265.71 V 2285.79 IV 2293.14 IV 2293.49 IV 2350.84 IV 2352.52 IV 2357.96 IV 2362.68 IV 2363.28 IV 2365.49 IV 2372.16 IV 2384.20 IV 2384.95 IV 2412.73 III 2412.94 III 2413.78 III 2473.40 III 2562.12 II 2567.12 II 2590.04 III 2593.60 III 2595.68 III 2610.03 III 2613.41 III 2615.87 III 2623.11 II 2629.89 II 2636.07 II 2638.29 II 2638.70 III 2641.07 III 2644.10 II 2677.90 III 2678.64 III 2762.92 II 2792.02 II 2794.22 II 2809.48 II 2906.59 II 2906.82 II 2910.06 II 2910.41 II 2911.14 II 2915.12 II 2925.62 II 2932.10 II 2940.65 II 2946.04 II 2955.72 II
Intensity 150 150 100 15 100 12 150 120 p 300 300 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 120 100 100 100 100 120 10 300 100 100 p 100 100 100 120 500 60 120 120 150 150 120 120 200 120 120 150 100 100 100 100 150 150 300
Wavelength/Å 2963.24 II 2967.18 II 2973.10 II 2974.72 I 2979.46 II 2982.67 I 3001.67 II 3017.31 II 3027.02 II 3028.86 II 3030.79 II 3034.46 II 3035.92 II 3037.72 II 3039.59 II 3044.09 II 3045.56 II 3047.56 II 3054.34 II 3054.68 II 3059.11 II 3062.49 II 3063.30 II 3070.89 II 3071.53 II 3075.73 II 3088.17 II 3092.09 II 3092.90 II 3094.01 II 3095.10 II 3097.13 II 3117.98 II 3118.16 II 3126.199 I 3141.33 II 3143.72 II 3148.68 II 3164.43 II 3165.65 II 3188.74 II 3194.58 II 3198.59 II 3208.96 II 3209.36 II 3213.74 II 3214.33 II 3218.19 II 3224.82 II 3229.57 II 3230.07 II 3230.42 II 3232.02 II 3232.37 II 3243.40 II 3244.10 II 3248.34 II 3250.36 II 3297.73 II 3309.74 II 3319.72 II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 51
Wavelength/Å 3323.74 II 3327.15 II 3329.16 II 3334.84 II 3344.40 II 3345.45 II 3345.83 II 3355.02 II 3357.82 II 3360.60 II 3362.16 II 3362.71 II 3367.22 II 3369.808 I 3369.908 I 3371.80 II 3378.22 II 3388.42 II 3388.94 II 3392.80 II 3404.82 II 3406.95 II 3413.15 II 3416.91 II 3417.69 II 3417.904 I 3418.006 I 3428.69 II 3447.703 I 3454.195 I 3456.61 II 3459.32 II 3460.524 I 3464.339 I 3466.579 I 3472.571 I 3479.52 II 3480.72 II 3481.93 II 3498.064 I 3501.216 I 3515.191 I 3520.472 I 3542.85 II 3557.80 II 3561.20 II 3568.50 II 3574.18 II 3574.61 II 3593.526 I 3593.640 I 3600.169 I 3633.665 I 3643.93 II 3664.07 II 3682.243 I 3685.736 I 3694.21 II 3701.225 I 3709.62 II 3713.08 II
Intensity 250 800 1000 100 120 150 100 120 120 70 150 100 200 150 150 100 100 100 p 100 p 150 p 150 p 120 100 10 10 100 15 12 10 10 15 10 12 10 10 10 4 10 10 25 20 8 60 5 10 5 12 80 12 40 500 100 100 60 60 100 100 100 120 80 100
Wavelength/Å 3727.11 II 3766.26 II 3777.13 II 3818.43 II 3829.75 II 4219.74 II 4233.85 II 4250.65 II 4369.86 II 4379.40 II 4379.55 II 4385.06 II 4391.99 II 4397.99 II 4409.30 II 4413.22 II 4421.39 II 4428.52 II 4428.63 II 4430.90 II 4430.94 II 4457.05 II 4522.72 II 4537.754 I 4540.380 I 4569.06 II 4704.395 I 4708.862 I 4710.067 I 4712.066 I 4715.347 I 4752.732 I 4788.927 I 4790.22 I 4827.344 I 4884.917 I 5005.159 I 5037.751 I 5144.938 I 5330.778 I 5341.094 I 5343.283 I 5400.562 I 5562.766 I 5656.659 I 5719.225 I 5748.298 I 5764.419 I 5804.450 I 5820.156 I 5852.488 I 5872.828 I 5881.895 I 5902.462 I 5906.429 I 5944.834 I 5965.471 I 5974.627 I 5975.534 I 5987.907 I 6029.997 I
Intensity 100 80 60 100 120 250 150 150 60 100 120 200 150 60 150 70 90 20 100 90 100 50 80 100 150 150 100 150 40 90 100 150 80 60 100 120 300 120 400 700 2000 2000 100 1000 600 3000 2500 100 2500 800 6000 100 1500 100 8000 1000 4000 1500 800 5000 600
Wavelength/Å 6074.338 I 6096.163 I 6128.450 I 6143.063 I 6163.594 I 6182.146 I 6217.281 I 6266.495 I 6304.789 I 6334.428 I 6382.992 I 6402.246 I 6506.528 I 6532.882 I 6598.953 I 6652.093 I 6678.276 I 6717.043 I 6929.467 I 7024.050 I 7032.413 I 7051.292 I 7059.107 I 7173.938 I 7213.20 II 7235.19 II 7245.167 I 7343.94 II 7472.439 I 7488.871 I 7492.10 II 7522.82 II 7535.774 I 7544.044 I 7724.628 I 7740.74 II 7839.055 I 7926.20 II 7927.118 I 7936.996 I 7943.181 I 8082.458 I 8084.34 II 8118.549 I 8128.911 I 8136.406 I 8259.379 I 8264.81 II 8266.077 I 8267.117 I 8300.326 I 8315.00 II 8365.749 I 8372.11 II 8377.606 I 8417.159 I 8418.427 I 8463.358 I 8484.444 I 8495.360 I 8544.696 I
Intensity 1000 4000 6000 3000 15000 4000 100 5000 5000 2000 4000 12000 10000 500 7000 1000 1000 3000 2000 100 6000 6000 4000 2000 2000 1000 200 6000 1500 3000 6000 2000 5000 3000 5000 5000 3000 120 1000 100 800 2000 1500 2000 3000 3500 1600 1100 3000 1500 950 500 1200 300 2000 1500 500 1000 3000 800 1000
Wavelength/Å 8571.352 I 8591.259 I 8634.647 I 8647.041 I 8654.383 I 8655.522 I 8668.26 II 8679.492 I 8681.921 I 8704.112 I 8771.656 I 8780.621 I 8783.753 I 8830.907 I 8853.867 I 8865.306 I 8865.755 I 8919.501 I 8988.57 I 9079.46 II 9148.67 I 9201.76 I 9220.06 I 9221.58 I 9226.69 I 9275.52 I 9287.56 II 9300.85 I 9310.58 I 9313.97 I 9326.51 I 9373.31 I 9425.38 I 9459.21 I 9486.68 I 9534.16 I 9547.40 I 9577.01 II 9665.42 I 9808.86 II 10295.42 I 10562.41 I 10798.07 I 10844.48 I 11143.020 I 11177.528 I 11390.434 I 11409.134 I 11522.746 I 11525.020 I 11536.344 I 11601.537 I 11614.081 I 11688.002 I 11766.792 I 11789.044 I 11789.889 I 11984.912 I 12066.334 I 12459.389 I 12689.201 I
Atomic
Intensity 1000 150 100 200 150 300 150 200 120 200 120 100 120 12 40 100 500 150 120 300 100 120 100 120 120 50 15 120 60 50 100 100 25 30 30 60 150 200 200 25 30 25 150 120 120 100 250 100 200 50 30 15 20 150 200 20 12 200 10 150 250
10-51
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-52
Atomic
Intensity 1100 700 800 400 400 1000 350 250 2500 2000 1200 250 1200 2000 1000 1200 300 400 900 1600 350 550 1200 750 300 350 2250 400 600 1000 1050 850 3500 300 1100 1800 600 1000 200 500 600 1500 800 400 700 300 550 250 650 125 150 250 450 1300 2200 600 100 120
Wavelength/Å 12912.014 I 13219.241 I 15230.714 I 17161.930 I 18035.80 I 18083.21 I 18221.11 I 18227.02 I 18276.68 I 18282.62 I 18303.97 I 18359.12 I 18384.85 I 18389.95 I 18402.84 I 18422.39 I 18458.65 I 18475.79 I 18591.55 I 18597.70 I 18618.96 I 18625.16 I 21041.295 I 21708.145 I 22247.35 I 22428.13 I 22530.40 I 22661.81 I 23100.51 I 23260.30 I 23373.00 I 23565.36 I 23636.52 I 23701.64 I 23709.2 I 23951.42 I 23956.46 I 23978.12 I 24098.54 I 24161.42 I 24249.64 I 24365.05 I 24371.60 I 24447.85 I 24459.4 I 24776.46 I 24928.88 I 25161.69 I 25524.37 I 28386.21 I 30200. I 33173.09 I 33352.35 I 33901. I 33912.10 I 34131.31 I 34471.44 I 35834.78 I
Neptunium Np Z = 93 300 3481.93 300 h 3501.50
K21599_S10.indb 52
I I
Intensity 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 300 h 1000 s 300 l 3000 s 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 300 s 300 s 1000 l 300 l 1000 l 300 s 300 1000 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 h 300 s
Wavelength/Å 3986.89 I 5044.66 I 5601.70 I 5652.75 I 5784.39 I 5878.04 I 6011.22 I 6056.09 I 6073.90 I 6080.05 I 6120.49 I 6188.59 I 6200.00 I 6215.90 I 6317.84 I 6341.38 I 6566.11 I 6720.68 I 6751.32 I 6795.21 I 6802.62 I 6805.81 I 6816.44 I 6865.45 I 6907.13 I 6912.91 I 6930.31 I 6963.63 I 6972.09 I 7014.02 I 7018.91 I 7039.14 I 7080.01 I 7174.83 I 7184.93 I 7284.28 I 7292.29 I 7332.52 I 7370.60 I 7381.03 I 7381.65 I 7402.70 I 7512.22 I 7515.15 I 7546.05 I 7624.83 I 7626.85 I 7681.01 I 7685.25 I 7735.14 I 7761.61 I 7765.75 I 7776.07 I 7787.46 I 7791.38 I 7851.44 I 7887.88 I 7901.71 I 7975.98 I 8080.32 I 8124.59 I
Intensity 300 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 1000 l 300 300 l 3000 3000 1000 s 1000 s 1000 1000 s 1000 l 10000 l 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l
Wavelength/Å 8155.11 I 8167.42 I 8183.06 I 8188.61 I 8247.82 I 8287.11 I 8287.75 I 8306.22 I 8313.66 I 8339.12 I 8356.79 I 8367.11 I 8372.88 I 8529.96 I 8696.23 I 8906.02 I 8942.70 I 9004.75 I 9006.31 I 9016.18 I 9141.30 I 9379.33 I 9468.66 I 9679.13 I 9930.55 I 10091.99 I 10817.45 I 11695.15 I 11776.64 I 12148.18 I 12377.42 I 12407.99 I 13834.33 I
Nickel Ni Z = 28 55 315.24 56 315.71 72 354.18 76 354.42 68 354.49 500 630.71 500 676.94 300 713.33 300 713.38 500 718.48 300 722.09 500 729.82 400 731.70 300 732.16 300 747.99 300 750.05 300 757.80 400 770.22 500 778.81 300 788.04 500 811.57 500 826.14 500 842.14 400 845.24 300 847.43 300 860.64 300 862.88
V V V V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III
Intensity 300 300 300 400 500 76 74 70 73 76 73 72 75 74 74 76 73 75 74 300 300 400 1000 800 650 500 400 500 300 1000 300 550 300 400 800 500 2000 400 300 300 800 400 650 800 300 1000 2000 2000 1500 2500 3000 5000 4000 6000 1000 2000 1600 630 1000 2000 1700
Wavelength/Å 863.22 III 867.51 III 973.79 III 979.59 III 1317.22 II 1398.19 IV 1411.45 IV 1438.82 IV 1449.01 IV 1452.22 IV 1482.25 IV 1489.83 IV 1525.31 IV 1527.68 IV 1527.80 IV 1534.71 IV 1537.25 IV 1543.41 IV 1546.23 IV 1604.54 III 1652.87 III 1687.90 III 1692.51 III 1709.90 III 1715.30 III 1719.46 III 1722.28 III 1738.25 III 1739.78 III 1741.55 II 1741.96 III 1747.01 III 1752.43 III 1753.01 III 1764.69 III 1767.94 III 1769.64 III 1776.07 III 1807.24 III 1819.28 III 1823.06 III 1830.01 III 1847.28 III 1854.15 III 1858.75 III 2165.55 II 2169.10 II 2174.67 II 2175.15 II 2185.50 II 2192.09 II 2205.55 II 2206.72 II 2216.48 II 2264.46 II 2270.21 II 2289.98 I 2300.78 I 2303.00 II 2310.96 I 2312.34 I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
K21599_S10.indb 53
Wavelength/Å 2313.66 I 2313.98 I 2316.04 II 2317.16 I 2320.03 I 2321.38 I 2325.79 I 2329.96 I 2345.54 I 2347.52 I 2375.42 II 2386.58 I 2394.52 II 2416.13 II 2419.31 I 2472.06 I 2798.65 I 2821.29 I 2943.91 I 2981.65 I 2992.60 I 2994.46 I 3002.49 I 3003.63 I 3012.00 I 3037.94 I 3050.82 I 3054.32 I 3057.64 I 3064.62 I 3101.55 I 3101.88 I 3134.11 I 3232.96 I 3243.06 I 3315.66 I 3331.88 II 3369.57 I 3380.57 I 3391.05 I 3392.99 I 3414.76 I 3423.71 I 3433.56 I 3437.28 I 3446.26 I 3452.89 I 3458.47 I 3461.65 I 3472.54 I 3483.77 I 3492.96 I 3500.85 I 3510.34 I 3515.05 I 3519.77 I 3524.54 I 3566.37 I 3571.87 I 3597.70 I 3610.46 I
Intensity 530 6600 200 130 180 260 160 80 120 150 60 600 700 700 110 1200 110 110 85 55 65 75 110 45 45 40 45 45 50 100 100 65 40 h 40 h 180 23 16 10 10 10 10 10 13 16 22 10 26 16 16 23 13 19 23 16 19 19 10 13 1000 700 9
Wavelength/Å 3612.74 I 3619.39 I 3664.10 I 3669.24 I 3670.43 I 3674.15 I 3688.42 I 3693.93 I 3722.48 I 3736.81 I 3739.23 I 3775.57 I 3783.53 I 3807.14 I 3831.69 I 3858.30 I 3973.56 I 4401.55 I 4459.04 I 4470.48 I 4605.00 I 4648.66 I 4714.42 I 4786.54 I 4855.41 I 4904.41 I 4980.16 I 4984.13 I 5017.59 I 5035.37 I 5080.52 I 5081.11 I 5146.48 I 5155.76 I 5476.91 I 5709.56 I 5754.68 I 5857.76 I 5892.88 I 6108.12 I 6176.81 I 6191.18 I 6256.36 I 6643.64 I 6767.77 I 6914.56 I 7122.20 I 7393.60 I 7409.35 I 7422.28 I 7522.76 I 7555.60 I 7617.00 I 7714.32 I 7727.61 I 7748.89 I 7788.94 I 7797.59 I 8096.75 II 8121.48 II 8862.55 I
Intensity 500 w
Wavelength/Å 9900.92 II
Niobium Nb 80 80 80 80 60 400 500 500 100 150 100 60 80 80 80 100 80 100 80 80 100 60 80 60 100 100 80 80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 60 3300 65 3000 2000 1700 1100 80 h 1500 80 100 80 100 80 100 370 280 100 100 80 90 80
Z = 41 464.55 468.32 763.77 774.02 993.54 1005.72 1007.05 1010.19 1116.08 1120.02 1258.87 1314.56 1445.43 1445.98 1447.09 1456.68 1484.73 1495.94 1498.02 1499.45 1501.99 1502.30 1513.81 1524.36 1524.91 1590.21 1598.86 1604.72 1639.51 1682.77 1705.44 1707.14 1758.33 1877.34 1892.92 1922.41 1938.84 1978.22 2029.32 2032.53 2032.99 2109.42 2125.21 2126.54 2130.24 2131.18 2273.92 2275.23 2279.36 2281.51 2284.40 2290.36 2295.68 2302.08 2313.30 2338.09 2344.12 2349.21 2355.54
V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III IV III IV III III III III III III III III V V III IV III IV II IV II II II II III II III III III III III III II II III III III III III
Intensity 100 80 80 100 170 110 100 140 80 45 160 80 55 55 140 100 160 140 100 75 40 45 40 28 65 65 100 55 65 80 80 110 65 65 35 100 110 110 390 100 110 130 80 130 110 390 390 80 80 200 320 330 330 310 80 110 110 110 400 200 200
Wavelength/Å 2362.06 III 2362.50 III 2365.70 III 2372.73 III 2376.40 II 2387.09 II 2387.41 III 2387.52 II 2388.23 III 2388.27 II 2398.48 II 2404.89 III 2405.34 II 2405.85 II 2412.46 II 2413.94 III 2416.99 II 2418.69 II 2421.91 III 2433.80 II 2435.95 II 2437.42 II 2442.14 II 2442.68 II 2451.87 II 2453.95 II 2456.99 III 2458.09 II 2462.89 I 2468.72 III 2475.87 III 2477.38 II 2478.29 II 2479.94 II 2483.88 II 2499.73 III 2511.00 II 2521.40 II 2544.80 II 2545.64 III 2551.38 II 2556.94 II 2557.94 III 2562.41 II 2571.33 II 2583.99 II 2590.94 II 2598.86 III 2633.17 III 2642.24 II 2646.26 II 2647.50 I 2654.45 I 2656.08 II 2657.99 III 2665.25 II 2666.59 II 2667.30 II 2671.93 II 2673.57 II 2675.94 II
Atomic
Intensity 1400 1400 1000 1400 2600 1900 1400 940 1200 400 1000 240 1000 2000 240 160 150 250 500 570 500 1000 4000 2200 3700 1700 3500 1500 1900 500 2600 1300 2900 1100 600 660 2000 2900 3300 1300 3300 8200 1600 2600 990 4800 1300 5000 5000 1600 550 5500 660 2600 6600 660 8200 5000 990 1300 1300
10-53
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-54
Atomic
Intensity 160 1000 320 320 150 470 470 310 110 240 310 270 110 190 250 280 160 240 100 500 800 270 530 100 570 280 470 400 470 670 470 1100 110 870 110 h 110 110 1100 400 320 210 200 330 470 80 140 350 300 100 100 220 110 100 110 100 400 110 1800 140 270 1500
K21599_S10.indb 54
Wavelength/Å 2691.77 II 2697.06 II 2698.86 II 2702.20 II 2702.52 II 2716.62 II 2721.98 II 2733.26 II 2737.09 II 2768.13 II 2773.20 I 2780.24 II 2793.05 II 2827.08 II 2841.15 II 2842.65 II 2846.28 II 2861.09 II 2865.61 II 2868.52 II 2875.39 II 2876.95 II 2877.03 II 2880.72 II 2883.18 II 2888.83 II 2897.81 II 2899.24 II 2908.24 II 2910.59 II 2911.74 II 2927.81 II 2931.47 II 2941.54 II 2945.88 II 2946.12 II 2946.90 II 2950.88 II 2972.57 II 2974.10 II 2977.68 II 2982.11 II 2990.26 II 2994.73 II 3001.84 III 3024.74 II 3028.44 II 3032.77 II 3044.76 II 3055.52 II 3064.53 II 3069.68 II 3070.90 II 3071.56 II 3073.24 II 3076.87 II 3080.35 II 3094.18 II 3099.19 II 3127.53 II 3130.79 II
Intensity 80 390 1200 150 390 300 150 1000 120 300 390 800 140 400 200 120 320 230 160 200 160 320 400 120 130 1300 1300 1700 420 340 1700 130 340 130 350 170 350 230 180 230 230 230 180 180 200 100 500 460 200 200 200 2000 1300 250 500 300 1000 630 630 1500 5000
Wavelength/Å 3142.26 III 3145.40 II 3163.40 II 3175.78 II 3180.29 II 3191.10 II 3191.43 II 3194.98 II 3203.35 II 3206.34 II 3215.60 II 3225.48 II 3229.56 II 3236.40 II 3247.47 II 3248.94 II 3254.07 II 3260.56 II 3263.37 II 3283.46 II 3292.02 II 3296.01 I 3312.60 I 3319.58 II 3341.60 II 3341.97 I 3343.71 I 3349.06 I 3349.52 I 3354.74 I 3358.42 I 3365.58 II 3366.96 I 3369.16 II 3374.92 I 3386.24 II 3392.34 I 3408.68 II 3409.19 II 3412.94 II 3425.42 II 3426.57 II 3432.70 II 3440.59 II 3479.56 II 3484.05 II 3498.63 I 3507.96 I 3510.26 II 3515.42 II 3517.67 II 3535.30 I 3537.48 I 3540.96 II 3544.02 I 3550.45 I 3554.66 I 3563.50 I 3563.62 I 3575.85 I 3580.27 I
Intensity 500 750 500 500 500 300 420 400 200 630 900 1500 330 3300 480 2700 2700 670 1700 530 350 530 870 1700 1300 3500 2700 2700 670 530 670 530 530 210 670 350 350 530 870 670 1100 670 580 670 530 670 520 910 d 1100 16000 c 350 12000 440 6700 310 5300 670 770 2300 440 2700
Wavelength/Å 3584.97 I 3589.11 I 3589.36 I 3593.97 I 3602.56 I 3619.51 II 3649.85 I 3651.19 II 3659.61 II 3660.37 I 3664.70 I 3697.85 I 3711.34 I 3713.01 I 3716.99 I 3726.24 I 3739.80 I 3740.73 II 3742.39 I 3763.49 I 3765.08 I 3771.85 I 3781.01 I 3787.06 I 3790.15 I 3791.21 I 3798.12 I 3802.92 I 3803.88 I 3804.74 I 3810.49 I 3811.03 I 3815.51 I 3818.86 II 3824.88 I 3835.18 I 3863.38 I 3877.56 I 3878.82 I 3883.14 I 3885.44 I 3885.68 I 3891.30 I 3914.70 I 3920.20 I 3937.44 I 3943.67 I 3966.09 I 4032.52 I 4058.94 I 4060.79 I 4079.73 I 4100.40 I 4100.92 I 4116.90 I 4123.81 I 4129.43 I 4129.93 I 4137.10 I 4139.44 I 4139.71 I
Intensity 350 870 4400 870 4400 4000 3500 310 1200 870 870 1300 310 350 870 350 420 420 770 420 400 580 580 390 350 390 330 150 530 480 370 720 480 1200 170 450 450 450 340 240 580 530 320 130 c 260 150 220 c 130 c 190 230 150 210 170 130 750 420 170 170 210 250 250
Wavelength/Å 4143.21 I 4150.12 I 4152.58 I 4163.47 I 4163.66 I 4164.66 I 4168.13 I 4184.44 I 4190.88 I 4192.07 I 4195.09 I 4195.66 I 4198.51 I 4201.52 I 4205.31 I 4214.73 I 4217.94 I 4229.15 I 4262.05 I 4266.02 I 4286.99 I 4299.60 I 4300.99 I 4311.27 I 4326.33 I 4331.37 I 4410.21 I 4503.04 I 4523.41 I 4546.82 I 4564.53 I 4573.08 I 4581.62 I 4606.77 I 4616.17 I 4630.11 I 4648.95 I 4663.83 I 4666.24 I 4667.22 I 4672.09 I 4675.37 I 4685.14 I 4706.14 I 4708.29 I 4713.50 I 4749.70 I 4967.78 I 4988.97 I 5017.75 I 5026.36 I 5039.04 I 5058.01 I 5065.25 I 5078.96 I 5095.30 I 5100.16 I 5120.30 I 5134.75 I 5160.33 I 5164.38 I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 5180.31 I 5189.20 I 5193.08 I 5195.84 I 5232.81 I 5251.62 I 5271.53 I 5276.20 I 5318.60 I 5344.17 I 5350.74 I 5437.27 I 5551.35 I 5642.11 I 5664.71 I 5665.63 I 5729.19 I 5760.34 I 5819.43 I 5838.64 I 5900.62 I 5983.22 I 6221.96 I 6430.46 I 6544.61 I 6660.84 I 6677.33 I 6723.62 I 6828.11 I 6990.32 I 7046.81 I 7159.43 I 7372.50 I 7515.93 I 7574.58 I 7726.68 I 7885.31 I 8135.20 I 8320.93 I 8346.08 I 8905.78 I
Nitrogen N 400 52 62 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 90 500 500 d 500 d 800 w 800 600 w 600 w
Z=7 181.75 186.069 186.153 191.7 192.9 196.87 197.23 202.60 205.94 205.97 206.03 209.303 217.20 217.90 223.4 225.12 225.21 234.12 234.20
K21599_S10.indb 55
IV V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV
Intensity 600 w 550 500 500 w 600 500 w 900 90 120 500 w 500 w 500 w 500 650 700 800 600 800 500 500 500 150 200 500 650 250 300 350 600 600 w 700 650 90 500 150 200 90 150 120 150 200 120 600 300 500 500 500 w 500 700 120 150 150 90 300 350 500 500 250 300 650 285
Wavelength/Å 234.25 IV 236.07 IV 237.99 IV 238.7 IV 238.80 IV 239.62 IV 247.20 IV 247.561 V 247.706 V 248.43 IV 248.46 IV 248.48 IV 257.95 III 258.50 III 259.19 III 260.09 III 260.45 IV 261.28 III 262.91 III 265.23 III 265.27 III 266.196 V 266.379 V 268.70 III 270.99 IV 283.42 IV 283.48 IV 283.58 IV 285.56 IV 297.7 IV 297.82 IV 300.32 IV 303.123 IV 303.28 IV 314.715 III 314.850 III 314.877 III 315.053 IV 322.503 IV 322.570 IV 322.724 IV 323.175 IV 323.26 III 335.050 IV 338.35 III 340.20 III 351.93 IV 351.98 III 353.06 IV 362.833 III 362.881 III 362.946 III 362.985 III 374.204 III 374.441 III 387.48 III 420.77 IV 451.869 III 452.226 III 463.74 IV 644.634 II
Intensity 360 450 140 360 170 285 150 160 170 500 570 650 500 350 90 150 285 150 200 500 570 570 250 300 350 200 150 650 90 90 80 40 450 450 550 650 520 500 480 520 90 100 130 1000 130 115 70 650 700 900 700 1000 150 w 90 60 90 450 600 430 650 175
Wavelength/Å 644.837 II 645.178 II 647.50 I 660.286 II 671.016 II 671.386 II 671.630 II 671.773 II 672.001 II 684.996 III 685.513 III 685.816 III 686.335 III 692.70 I 713.518 V 713.860 V 746.984 II 748.195 V 748.291 V 763.336 III 764.359 III 765.148 IV 771.544 III 771.901 III 772.385 III 772.891 III 772.975 III 775.965 II 885.67 I 909.697 I 910.278 I 910.645 I 915.612 II 915.962 II 916.012 II 916.701 II 921.992 IV 922.519 IV 923.057 IV 924.283 IV 953.415 I 953.655 I 953.970 I 955.335 IV 963.990 I 964.626 I 965.041 I 979.842 III 979.919 III 989.790 III 991.514 III 991.579 III 1036.16 IV 1067.614 I 1068.612 I 1078.71 IV 1083.990 II 1084.580 II 1085.546 II 1085.701 II 1097.237 I
Intensity 115 115 105 40 90 360 385 410 105 130 60 105 270 105 60 195 230 105 195 500 570 90 410 385 360 175 160 130 160 1000 900 360 315 290 250 230 315 115 115 150 360 700 490 640 90 200 l 350 l 1000 250 775 700 570 350 650 150 200 150 90 w 350 400 200
Wavelength/Å 1098.095 I 1098.260 I 1100.360 I 1100.465 I 1101.291 I 1134.165 I 1134.415 I 1134.980 I 1143.65 I 1163.884 I 1164.206 I 1164.325 I 1167.448 I 1168.334 I 1168.417 I 1168.536 I 1176.510 I 1176.630 I 1177.695 I 1183.031 III 1184.550 III 1188.01 IV 1199.550 I 1200.223 I 1200.710 I 1225.026 I 1225.37 I 1228.41 I 1228.79 I 1238.821 V 1242.804 V 1243.179 I 1243.306 I 1310.540 I 1310.95 I 1319.00 I 1319.68 I 1326.57 I 1327.92 I 1387.371 III 1411.94 I 1492.625 I 1492.820 I 1494.675 I 1549.336 V 1616.33 V 1619.69 V 1718.55 IV 1729.945 III 1742.729 I 1745.252 I 1747.848 III 1751.218 III 1751.657 III 1804.486 III 1805.669 III 1846.42 III 1860.37 V 1885.06 III 1885.22 III 1907.99 III
Atomic
Intensity 230 190 170 150 150 150 d 270 130 c 250 460 340 110 85 170 130 170 130 110 110 130 d 190 cw 150 75 85 c 65 210 cw 150 cw 130 c 85 85 190 c 130 190 cw 65 170 c 75 c 35 40 29 cw 29 35
10-55
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-56
Atomic
Intensity 150 150 300 150 200 200 250 120 90 90 160 70 110 90 90 110 160 90 200 150 160 160 110 220 160 285 90 w 160 150 110 70 110 160 220 110 250 300 350 250 w 90 160 110 110 60 l 160 90 l 150 w 250 w 60 w 220 90 120 360 90 570 500 400 90 90 120 285
K21599_S10.indb 56
Wavelength/Å 1919.55 III 1919.77 III 1920.65 III 1920.84 III 1921.30 III 2064.01 III 2064.42 III 2068.68 III 2071.09 III 2080.34 IV 2095.53 II 2096.20 II 2096.86 II 2117.59 III 2121.50 III 2130.18 II 2142.78 II 2147.31 III 2188.20 III 2188.38 III 2206.09 II 2286.69 II 2288.44 II 2316.49 II 2316.69 II 2317.05 II 2318.09 IV 2461.27 II 2477.69 IV 2496.83 II 2496.97 II 2520.22 II 2520.79 II 2522.23 II 2590.94 II 2645.65 IV 2646.18 IV 2646.96 IV 2682.18 III 2689.20 III 2709.84 II 2799.22 II 2823.64 II 2859.16 V 2885.27 II 2974.52 V 2980.78 V 2981.31 V 2998.43 V 3006.83 II 3078.25 IV 3367.34 III 3437.15 II 3463.37 IV 3478.71 IV 3482.99 IV 3484.96 IV 3747.54 IV 3754.67 III 3771.05 III 3838.37 II
Intensity 360 90 450 1000 150 200 360 550 360 150 250 140 200 185 285 120 150 285 285 220 450 90 120 300 285 650 90 120 360 550 350 90 450 360 250 450 870 90 120 550 285 450 180
Wavelength/Å 3919.00 II 3938.52 III 3955.85 II 3995.00 II 3998.63 III 4003.58 III 4035.08 II 4041.31 II 4043.53 II 4057.76 IV 4097.33 III 4099.94 I 4103.43 III 4109.95 I 4176.16 II 4195.76 III 4200.10 III 4227.74 II 4236.91 II 4237.05 II 4241.78 II 4332.91 III 4345.68 III 4379.11 III 4432.74 II 4447.03 II 4510.91 III 4514.86 III 4530.41 II 4601.48 II 4603.73 V 4606.33 IV 4607.16 II 4613.87 II 4619.98 V 4621.39 II 4630.54 II 4634.14 III 4640.64 III 4643.08 II 4788.13 II 4803.29 II 4847.38 I
90 150 285 160 210 200 w 160 350 285 450 650 360 870 550 450 360 360 550
4858.82 4867.15 4895.11 4914.94 4935.12 4944.56 4950.23 4963.98 4987.37 4994.36 5001.48 5002.70 5005.15 5007.32 5010.62 5016.39 5025.66 5045.10
III III II I I V I I II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity 185 140 90 200 150 450 285 650 550 870 450 450 285 700 240 265 235 360 550 285 650 285 160 210 285 360 150 185 210 210 210 185 235 90 185 120 300 265 750 360 300 325 160 210 185 750 185 185 235 185 235 210 185 210 160 265 685 785 900 185 60 w
Wavelength/Å 5281.20 I 5292.68 I 5314.35 III 5320.82 III 5327.18 III 5495.67 II 5535.36 II 5666.63 II 5676.02 II 5679.56 II 5686.21 II 5710.77 II 5747.30 II 5752.50 I 5764.75 I 5829.54 I 5854.04 I 5927.81 II 5931.78 II 5940.24 II 5941.65 II 5952.39 II 5999.43 I 6008.47 I 6167.76 II 6379.62 II 6380.77 IV 6411.65 I 6420.64 I 6423.02 I 6428.32 I 6437.68 I 6440.94 I 6454.11 III 6457.90 I 6467.02 III 6468.44 I 6481.71 I 6482.05 II 6482.70 I 6483.75 I 6484.80 I 6491.22 I 6499.54 I 6506.31 I 6610.56 II 6622.54 I 6636.94 I 6644.96 I 6646.50 I 6653.46 I 6656.51 I 6722.62 I 7398.64 I 7406.12 I 7406.24 I 7423.64 I 7442.29 I 7468.31 I 7608.80 I 7618.46 V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
450 400 400 250 300 570 400 400 550 500 570 650 500 220 700 650 500 110 110 h 500 160 h 570 500 250 200 500 570 250 200 160 h 110 h 160 h 220 h 160 h 220 h 285 h 220 h 220 h 160 h 250 300 350 400 110 h 250 200 380 225 290 310 180 510 920 500 840 180 180 290 250 100 160
7762.24 8184.87 8188.02 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.14 8242.39 8438.74 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.89 8676.08 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8687.43 8699.00 8703.25 8710.54 8711.70 8718.83 8728.89 8747.36 9386.80 9392.79 9460.68 9863.33 9865.41 9868.21 9887.39 9891.09 9961.86 9969.34 10023.27 10035.45 10065.15 10070.12 10105.13 10108.89 10112.48 10114.64 10126.27 10539.57 12074.51 12186.82 12288.97 12328.76 12381.65 12438.40 12461.25 12469.62 13429.61 13581.33 13587.73 13602.27 13624.18 14757.07 14868.87 14966.60
II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 15582.27 17516.58 17584.86 17878.26
I I I I
Osmium Os 9600 13000 17000 29000 14000 14000 18000 26000 8600 13000 7800 4200 7200 14000 2900 2900 2900 6000 5300 2100 4800 5300 2600 1300 1200 3100 1100 2100 1100 1300 2000 1400 1400 500 2600 1700 1100 200 1400 110 1800 110 530 4500 2600 2400 780 1000 1000 1800 3800 1900 1900 2100 3000 1300
Z = 76 2001.45 2003.73 2010.15 2018.14 2022.76 2028.23 2034.44 2045.36 2058.69 2061.69 2067.21 2070.67 2076.95 2079.97 2082.54 2089.03 2089.21 2097.60 2100.63 2117.66 2117.96 2137.11 2154.59 2157.84 2158.53 2166.90 2167.75 2171.65 2234.61 2252.15 2255.85 2264.60 2282.26 2367.35 2377.03 2387.29 2395.88 2423.07 2424.97 2454.91 2461.42 2468.90 2486.24 2488.55 2498.41 2513.25 2538.00 2542.51 2590.76 2613.06 2637.13 2644.11 2658.60 2689.82 2714.64 2720.04
I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I II I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I
K21599_S10.indb 57
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
960 2800 5100 2300 1500 1500 9600 2100 2100 1100 h 1400 4400 1100 2900 120 8600 1100 3100 180 150 1900 3100 3100 1200 7600 960 960 620 620 620 1200 1200 620 95 480 3700 2100 730 1000 730 960 1200 2500 1200 1200 4900 560 560 4900 540 670 55 45 35 35 35 90 55 140 40 270
2770.71 2806.91 2838.63 2844.40 2850.76 2860.96 2909.06 2912.33 2919.79 2948.23 2949.53 3018.04 3030.70 3040.90 3042.74 3058.66 3077.72 3156.25 3173.93 3213.31 3232.06 3262.29 3267.94 3290.26 3301.56 3336.15 3370.59 3387.84 3401.86 3504.66 3528.60 3560.86 3598.11 3604.48 3670.89 3752.52 3782.20 3876.77 3963.63 3977.23 4066.69 4112.02 4135.78 4173.23 4211.86 4260.85 4293.95 4311.40 4420.47 4550.41 4793.99 5031.83 5039.12 5072.88 5074.77 5079.09 5103.50 5110.81 5149.74 5193.52 5202.63
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
35 45 55 40 110 120 45 28 55 22 22 28 22 270 22 80 35 22 28 28 170 22 170 40 110 28 65 35 22 22 27 22 26 7
5203.23 5255.82 5265.15 5298.78 5376.79 5416.34 5416.69 5417.51 5443.31 5446.93 5457.30 5470.00 5509.33 5523.53 5546.82 5584.44 5620.08 5642.56 5645.25 5680.88 5721.93 5765.05 5780.82 5800.60 5857.76 5860.64 5996.00 6227.70 6269.41 6403.15 6729.56 7145.54 7602.95 8041.29
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Oxygen O Z = 8 80 124.616 110 135.523 80 138.109 110 139.029 80 151.447 110 151.477 150 151.546 80 164.574 110 164.657 80 164.709 80 166.235 150 167.99 110 170.219 450 172.169 250 185.745 375 192.751 450 192.799 520 192.906 80 193.003 200 194.593 150 195.86 200 196.01 80 202.161 80 202.224 80 202.283 80 202.334
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
150 110 150 100 200 100 110 150 300 150 200 250 250 520 80 80 150 80 80 80 150 140 150 110 200 110 90 180 110 110 110 150 300 250 80 d 110 110 150 150 150 300 375 110 150 110 80 110 120 150 150 140 160 160 250 200 250 190 300 190 200 150
202.393 203.78 203.82 203.85 203.89 203.94 207.18 207.24 207.794 215.040 215.103 215.245 216.018 220.352 227.372 227.469 227.511 227.549 227.634 227.689 231.823 233.46 233.50 233.52 233.56 233.60 238.36 238.57 248.459 252.56 252.95 253.08 260.39 260.56 264.34 264.48 266.97 266.98 267.03 277.38 279.63 279.94 285.71 285.84 286.448 295.62 295.66 295.72 303.41 303.46 303.52 303.62 303.69 303.80 305.60 305.66 305.70 305.77 305.84 306.62 306.88
V V V V V V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV
Atomic
Intensity 180 120 s 100 l 100
10-57
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-58
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
450 300 250 300 110 90 80 200 190 150 210 200 300 190 200 210 450 300 800 900 1000 1000 250 300 220 200 150 700 775 850 700 700 1000 580 110 640 160 200 100 270 150 200 520 580 640 1000 150 200 150 230 70 800 800 900 1000 900 600 70 700 640 580
320.979 328.45 328.74 345.31 355.14 355.33 355.47 359.02 359.22 359.38 373.80 374.00 374.08 374.16 374.33 374.44 395.558 434.98 507.391 507.683 508.182 525.795 537.83 538.26 539.09 539.55 539.85 553.330 554.075 554.514 555.261 597.818 599.598 608.398 609.70 609.829 610.04 610.75 610.85 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.617 625.130 625.852 629.730 644.148 672.95 673.77 681.272 685.544 702.332 702.822 702.899 703.850 718.484 718.562 744.794 758.678 759.441 760.228
K21599_S10.indb 58
III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II IV IV IV IV III III IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV V II II II V I III III III III II II I V V V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
775 640 700 70 90 520 70 200 315 360 200 640 520 700 70 300 200 160 90 70 70 80 240 600 450 780 600 600 800 40 130 160 80 200 130 90 40 90 40 160 40 250 90 160 60 40 900 600 300 200 130 230 640 160 160 w 285 160 315 w 160 220 110
760.445 761.128 762.003 770.793 771.056 774.518 775.321 779.734 779.821 779.912 779.997 787.711 790.109 790.199 791.973 796.66 802.200 802.255 804.267 804.848 805.295 805.810 832.762 832.927 833.332 833.742 834.467 835.096 835.292 877.879 921.296 921.366 922.008 923.367 923.433 935.193 948.686 971.738 976.448 988.773 990.204 1025.762 1027.431 1039.230 1040.942 1152.152 1302.168 1304.858 1306.029 1338.612 1342.992 1343.512 1371.292 1476.89 1506.72 1590.01 1591.33 1643.68 1707.996 1760.12 1760.42
V V V I I V I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I II IV IV I I I I II III II III II III III I IV IV I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV V III V III III V V III III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
220 220 750 550 360 110 110 220 160 160 220 110 110 285 285 285 160 110 110 220 110 110 360 160 220 160 30 d 30 d 110 200 30 d 30 d 30 d 50 d 30 d 30 d 200 d 80 110 80 80 250 80 d 80 d 80 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 230 200 200 80 110 300 110 1000 920
1763.22 1764.48 1767.78 1768.24 1771.67 1773.00 1773.85 1779.16 1781.03 1784.85 1789.66 1848.26 1856.62 1872.78 1872.87 1874.94 1920.04 1920.75 1921.52 1923.49 1923.82 1926.94 2013.27 2026.96 2045.67 2052.74 2283.42 2284.89 2293.32 2300.35 2313.05 2316.12 2316.79 2319.68 2322.15 2339.31 2390.44 2394.33 2411.60 2422.84 2425.55 2433.56 2436.06 2438.83 2444.26 2445.55 2449.372 2450.040 2454.99 2493.44 2493.77 2507.73 2509.19 2517.2 2558.06 2687.53 2695.49 2733.34 2747.46 2781.01 2786.99
III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III III II III II II II III II II IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III III II II V V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
775 160 160 200 210 80 265 250 80 80 80 200 110 460 410 80 160 220 110 450 285 160 160 80 200 300 80 220 220 220 360 160 160 80 110 230 270 160 200 220 130 360 360 285 270 360 220 230 160 410 230 80 80 285 200 160 230 270 80 80 80
2789.85 2836.26 2921.45 2941.33 2941.65 2959.68 2972.29 2983.78 3017.63 3023.45 3043.02 3047.13 3059.30 3063.42 3071.61 3121.71 3122.62 3129.44 3132.86 3134.82 3138.44 3144.66 3209.66 3238.57 3260.98 3265.46 3267.31 3270.98 3273.52 3277.69 3287.59 3305.15 3306.60 3312.30 3340.74 3348.08 3349.11 3354.27 3375.40 3377.20 3378.06 3381.20 3385.52 3390.25 3396.79 3403.52 3407.38 3409.66 3409.84 3411.69 3413.64 3444.10 3455.12 3470.81 3489.83 3492.24 3560.39 3563.33 3698.70 3702.75 3703.37
V IV IV V V III I III III III III III III IV IV III II II III II II V IV III III III III II II II II II II III III IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV II IV IV II IV II IV IV III III II IV IV IV IV III III III
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 3707.24 3712.75 3715.08 3725.93 3727.33 3729.03 3736.85 3739.92 3744.00 3744.89 3749.49 3754.67 3757.21 3759.87 3791.26 3803.14 3823.41 3911.96 3919.29 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3954.37 3954.61 3961.59 3973.26 3982.20 4069.90 4072.16 4075.87 4083.91 4087.14 4089.27 4097.24 4105.00 4119.22 4123.99 4132.81 4146.06 4153.30 4185.46 4189.79 4233.27 4253.74 4253.98 4275.47 4303.78 4317.14 4336.86 4345.56 4349.43 4366.90 4368.25 4395.95 4414.91 4416.98 4448.21 4452.38 4465.45 4466.28 4467.83
K21599_S10.indb 59
III II III IV II IV IV II III IV II III III III III II I II II I I I II I III II II II II II II II II II II II V II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
50 360 285 80 d 160 360 450 160 360 285 220 285 160 230 w 220 135 160 190 90 110 135 120 110 130 160 190 80 160 190 110 100 400 450 490 80 100 100 100 320 360 400 130 80 100 360 450 210 400 450 320 210 100 120 120 100 870 810 750 80 100 100
4469.41 4590.97 4596.17 4609.39 4638.85 4641.81 4649.14 4650.84 4661.64 4676.23 4699.21 4705.36 4924.60 4930.27 4943.06 5329.10 5329.68 5330.74 5435.18 5435.78 5436.86 5577.34 5592.37 5597.91 5958.39 5958.58 5995.28 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6106.27 6155.98 6156.77 6158.18 6256.83 6261.55 6366.34 6374.32 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6500.24 6604.91 6653.83 7001.92 7002.23 7156.70 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7476.44 7477.24 7479.08 7480.67 7706.75 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7886.27 7943.15 7947.17
II II II II II II II II II II II II II V II I I I I I I I III V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
235 210 185 110 135 190 135 250 400 265 265 325 120 120 810 1000 935 325 160 d 120 80 80 80 235 450 490 450 400 540 590 490 640 185 120 120 d 235 140 265 160 235 210 120 120 100 100 120 160 80 65 235 235 120 140 120 160 120 d 590 640 490 490 490
7947.55 7950.80 7952.16 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.02 8233.00 8235.35 8426.16 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.43 9057.01 9118.29 9134.71 9150.14 9151.48 9156.01 9260.81 9260.84 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.77 9265.94 9266.01 9399.19 9481.16 9482.88 9487.43 9492.71 9497.97 9499.30 9505.59 9521.96 9523.36 9523.96 9528.28 9622.13 9625.29 9677.38 9694.66 9694.91 9741.50 9760.65 9909.05 9936.98 9940.41 9995.31 10421.18 11286.34 11286.91 11287.02 11287.32 11295.10
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
540 590 265 490 450 120 160 700 750 640 160 120 590 120 120 120 140 540 140
11297.68 11302.38 11358.69 12464.02 12570.04 12990.77 13076.91 13163.89 13164.85 13165.11 16212.06 17966.70 18021.21 18041.48 18042.19 18046.23 18229.23 18243.63 26173.56
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Palladium Pd Z = 46 200 705.49 200 727.72 500 763.06 500 766.42 2000 781.02 500 794.08 500 797.52 500 800.03 500 800.10 500 803.67 500 825.35 500 840.58 500 856.47 500 864.04 500 880.59 500 888.84 1000 889.29 300 1596.89 500 1741.62 4000 1782.55 400 1843.49 1500 1851.59 2000 1852.27 1000 1859.21 1500 1874.63 2000 1885.83 1000 1887.40 1500 1891.34 4000 1914.62 1000 1930.33 2000 1941.64 800 2002.16 1000 2004.47 500 2055.11 500 2149.82 500 2177.55 500 2177.63 100 r 2231.59 200 r 2296.53 100 2426.87 100 2430.94
III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II
Atomic
Intensity 110 220 110 315 w 285 360 410 160 110 230 360 150 80 250 110 160 120 450 160 185 160 140 220 100 200 450 220 160 285 450 80 d 50 d 150 d 110 220 285 100 160 50 220 285 450 80 50 d 50 d 50 d 50 d 285 160 220 285 220 100 220 450 285 160 160 50 50 d 50
10-59
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-60
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 100 150 1100 100 150 100 1700 250 300 200 150 150 150 100 150 1900 150 h 100 h 200 100 h 100 h 520 650 1500 1100 2600 11000 2700 3500 3600 5000 24000 13000 5000 6400 7700 10000 2000 12000 12000 4500 20000 20000 5500 1400 1500 1500 2200 1500 290 2500 180 160 120 55 75 55 h 65 75 120
2433.11 2435.32 2446.17 2447.91 2457.29 2469.29 2471.18 2476.42 2486.52 2488.92 2498.81 2505.73 2551.84 2565.51 2569.56 2658.75 2763.09 2776.85 2787.92 2854.59 2871.37 2878.01 2922.49 3002.65 3027.91 3065.31 3114.04 3242.70 3251.64 3258.78 3302.13 3373.00 3404.58 3421.24 3433.45 3441.40 3460.77 3481.15 3489.77 3516.94 3553.08 3571.16 3609.55 3634.70 3690.34 3718.91 3799.19 3832.29 3894.20 3958.64 4087.34 4212.95 4473.59 5163.84 5295.63 5542.80 5670.07 5695.09 6784.52 7368.12 7764.03
K21599_S10.indb 60
II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
45 55 45 65
7915.80 8132.82 8300.83 8761.35
Phosphorus P Z = 15 250 328.78 150 359.899 500 388.318 250 389.50 300 390.70 300 445.158 375 475.60 120 498.180 520 542.57 600 544.92 200 569.853 200 581.831 350 629.008 400 629.914 500 631.779 450 673.90 10 810.24 650 823.179 700 824.730 800 827.932 300 847.669 350 855.624 500 859.652 10 865.44 450 865.45 600 871.39 700 877.476 300 913.971 300 917.120 350 918.665 1000 950.655 250 1003.598 570 1025.563 500 1028.096 570 1030.517 500 1033.111 500 1035.517 900 1117.98 570 1118.551 700 1128.01 20 1249.82 20 1301.87 20 1304.47 15 1304.68 35 1305.48 60 1310.70 500 1334.808 650 1344.327 300 1344.845 500 1366.695 15 1372.033 400 1372.674 15 1373.500 10 1374.732 15 1377.080 15 1377.937
I I I I V IV IV V V IV V III V V III III IV IV IV V II IV IV IV III III III II V V IV III III III IV III IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II II II III III III IV I IV I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
25 25 15 500 400 350 80 120 450 150 200 140 100 180 140 140 600 600 140 100 100 100 100 600 500 400 140 140 100 140 100 500 400 140 650 180 140 280 280 180 400 400 400 400 400 280 500 180 450 250 750 950 750 500 250 300 400 400 500 250 450
1379.429 1381.469 1381.637 1484.507 1487.788 1502.228 1532.51 1535.90 1610.50 1618.632 1618.907 1671.070 1671.510 1671.680 1672.035 1672.474 1674.591 1679.695 1685.976 1694.028 1694.486 1706.376 1707.553 1774.951 1782.838 1787.656 1834.801 1847.165 1849.820 1851.194 1852.069 1858.886 1859.393 1864.348 1888.523 1905.481 1906.403 1907.665 2023.489 2024.516 2032.432 2033.477 2135.465 2136.182 2149.145 2152.940 2154.080 2235.732 2440.93 2478.256 2533.976 2535.603 2553.262 2554.915 2605.506 2632.713 2644.295 2728.770 2739.309 2739.872 2978.55
I I I IV IV III II II V III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV I I I I IV III IV IV IV IV V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
700 520 300 400 650 570 400 300 350 400 300 500 350 400 250 250 250 500 500 600 300 300 500 300 300 100 100 100 140 140 180 300 140 400 250 300 180 100 250 300 400 100 400 140 180 140 140 100 100 250 500 400 500 250 150 350 180 350 500 180 140
3175.09 3204.04 3219.307 3233.602 3347.736 3364.467 3371.122 3957.641 3978.307 4059.312 4080.084 4222.195 4246.720 4420.71 4479.776 4540.288 4541.112 4588.04 4589.86 4602.08 4626.70 4658.31 4943.53 4954.39 4969.71 5079.381 5098.221 5100.974 5109.628 5154.844 5162.290 5253.52 5293.539 5296.13 5316.07 5344.75 5345.851 5364.631 5378.20 5386.88 5425.91 5428.094 5450.74 5458.305 5477.672 5477.860 5478.267 5514.774 5516.997 5588.34 6024.18 6034.04 6043.12 6055.50 6083.409 6087.82 6097.690 6165.59 6199.024 6210.499 6375.681
V V III III IV IV IV III III III III III III II III IV IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II I II I I I I I I II II II II II III II I II I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 6388.579 6435.32 6459.99 6503.46 6507.97 6717.411 6992.690 7102.200 7158.367 7165.465 7175.102 7176.660 7443.657 7845.63 8046.801 8113.528 8278.058 8367.856 8531.475 8613.835 8637.578 8741.529 8872.174 9175.819 9193.85 9278.88 9304.94 9323.50 9435.069 9441.86 9452.83 9493.56 9525.73 9545.18 9556.81 9563.439 9593.50 9609.04 9638.939 9676.24 9706.533 9734.750 9736.680 9750.77 9790.21 9796.85 9834.80 9903.68 9976.67 10084.27 10511.58 10529.52 10581.57 10596.90 10681.40 10813.13 11183.23 11186.75 14241.64 14307.83 15711.52
K21599_S10.indb 61
I II II II II I III I I I I I IV II I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
228 296 203 1627 588 225 221 419 471 289 299 287 311
15962.53 16254.77 16292.97 16482.92 16590.07 16613.05 16738.68 16803.39 17112.48 17286.91 17423.67 23844.97 29097.16
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Platinum Pt 30 30 30 50 r 30 30 40 50 50 30 30 30 30 30 40 3200 4400 100 40 5500 1500 3000 1000 30 950 30 1900 100 600 1500 30 400 50 h 320 50 h 30 h 100 150 30 30 h 190 30 h 280 50 h 30 150 150
Z = 78 1621.66 1723.13 1751.70 1777.09 1781.86 1879.09 1883.05 1889.52 1911.70 1929.25 1929.68 1939.80 1949.90 1983.74 2014.93 2030.63 2032.41 2036.46 2041.57 2049.37 2067.50 2084.59 2103.33 2115.57 2128.61 2130.69 2144.23 2144.24 2165.17 2174.67 2190.32 2202.22 2202.58 2222.61 2233.11 2240.99 2245.52 2249.30 2251.52 2251.92 2268.84 2271.72 2274.38 2287.50 2288.20 2289.27 2292.40
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I I I I II I II I II I I II I II I II II II I II II I II I II II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
240 50 90 220 100 170 280 180 50 130 40 120 35 70 200 100 50 80 50 25 180 650 60 440 35 1000 25 200 160 240 50 120 50 60 240 140 40 50 160 18 50 50 70 30 50 30 1100 130 1000 500 20 2800 40 440 200 2000 1600 60 1300 130 1800
2308.04 2310.96 2315.50 2318.29 2326.10 2340.18 2357.10 2368.28 2377.28 2383.64 2386.81 2389.53 2396.17 2401.87 2403.09 2418.06 2424.87 2428.04 2428.20 2429.10 2436.69 2440.06 2450.97 2467.44 2471.01 2487.17 2488.74 2490.12 2495.82 2498.50 2505.93 2508.50 2514.07 2515.03 2515.58 2524.30 2529.41 2536.49 2539.20 2549.46 2552.25 2596.00 2603.14 2616.76 2619.57 2625.34 2628.03 2639.35 2646.89 2650.86 2658.17 2659.45 2674.57 2677.15 2698.43 2702.40 2705.89 2713.13 2719.04 2729.92 2733.96
I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
70 70 80 200 30 500 40 20 50 50 100 40 h 140 10 50 30 h 1400 70 16 80 h 40 h 40 h 100 h 25 25 600 300 60 120 120 70 30 1700 30 30 25 60 1800 35 220 30 30 h 130 800 3200 30 130 320 140 120 320 30 20 20 40 160 25 25 120 500 60
2738.48 2747.61 2753.86 2754.92 2769.84 2771.67 2773.24 2774.00 2774.77 2793.27 2794.21 2799.98 2803.24 2808.51 2818.25 2822.27 2830.30 2834.71 2853.11 2860.68 2865.05 2875.85 2877.52 2888.20 2893.22 2893.86 2897.87 2905.90 2912.26 2913.54 2919.34 2921.38 2929.79 2942.76 2944.75 2959.10 2960.75 2997.97 3001.17 3002.27 3017.88 3031.22 3036.45 3042.64 3064.71 3071.94 3100.04 3139.39 3156.56 3200.71 3204.04 3230.29 3233.42 3250.36 3251.98 3255.92 3268.42 3281.97 3290.22 3301.86 3315.05
I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I I I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Atomic
Intensity 100 250 600 600 600 100 150 100 100 180 180 180 200 250 100 150 140 100 140 140 180 400 100 180 950 600 1250 500 950 950 600 1250 1700 1500 280 1700 280 750 400 500 180 1500 280 1500 600 1700 280 400 280 229 458 962 1235 415 435 265 764 402 479 256 714
10-61
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-62
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
35 340 35 60 160 120 70 70 50 80 80 35 18 80 40 110 35 100 20 110 80 40 18 18 80 14 25 12 35 12 14 30 35 40 12 12 14 14 6 20 8 6 7 8 9 10 20 60 20 10
3323.80 3408.13 3427.93 3483.43 3485.27 3628.11 3638.79 3643.17 3663.10 3671.99 3674.04 3699.91 3706.53 3818.69 3900.73 3922.96 3948.40 3966.36 3996.57 4118.69 4164.56 4192.43 4327.06 4391.83 4442.55 4445.55 4498.76 4520.90 4552.42 4879.53 5044.04 5059.48 5227.66 5301.02 5368.99 5390.79 5475.77 5478.50 5763.57 5840.12 5844.84 6026.04 6318.37 6326.58 6523.45 6710.42 6760.02 6842.60 7113.73 8224.74
Plutonium Pu Z = 94 10000 2806.11 10000 2950.06 10000 3000.31 10000 3200.23 10000 3418.88 10000 3805.93 10000 4097.12 10000 4170.95 10000 4367.41 10000 5590.54
K21599_S10.indb 62
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
10000 10000 3000 3000 3000
7068.90 8691.94 9533.07 12144.46 16897.38
I I I I I
Polonium Po Z = 84 1500 w 2450.08 1500 w 2558.01 2500 w 3003.21 1200 4170.52 800 4493.21 500 8618.26
I I I I I I
Potassium K Z = 19 100 214.35 150 271.82 100 273.06 150 282.35 150 293.33 300 294.84 200 296.17 200 297.06 200 300.25 200 300.50 200 311.24 250 312.77 200 315.18 250 327.38 25 330.68 300 340.46 150 340.74 30 341.92 15 348.00 200 349.50 300 354.93 150 356.26 300 359.73 200 359.91 250 362.08 150 362.15 150 363.02 500 372.15 200 372.46 200 372.77 300 375.96 300 375.96 250 377.76 30 379.12 300 379.12 300 379.88 25 380.48 250 380.48 200 381.70 30 382.23 300 382.23 150 382.49 200 382.65 300 382.91 250 384.10 200 386.61 300 387.80
V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V III IV IV III III V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V III V IV III IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
250 250 250 250 250 300 200 200 500 250 200 15 200 200 400 20 300 250 150 30 250 40 50 30 250 200 30 150 30 30 400 300 500 75 50 250 25 200 300 75 200 250 75 750 200 200 250 400 400 75 100 75 45 10 40 10 10 200 200 30 75
388.92 389.07 389.07 390.11 390.42 390.57 391.46 392.47 393.14 395.40 398.36 398.63 398.88 399.75 400.21 402.10 402.91 403.97 404.41 406.48 408.08 408.96 413.79 414.87 415.05 415.79 416.00 417.28 417.54 418.62 422.18 425.16 425.59 434.72 435.68 438.02 441.81 442.30 443.57 444.34 445.61 446.83 448.60 448.60 449.71 452.90 455.67 456.33 456.33 466.79 470.09 471.57 474.92 476.03 479.18 482.11 482.41 482.71 483.75 495.14 497.10
IV IV V V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V IV III IV IV IV III IV III III III V V III IV III III V V V III III V II IV IV III IV IV III IV V V V IV V III III III III II III III III V V II III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
10 50 250 25 200 150 40 15 15 750 250 500 30 250 400 25 30 250 750 300 20 300 400 600 500 500 500 400 300 150 400 20 30 150 150 35 20 10 15 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 4 3 7 6 11 10 3 4 18 17 10 11
514.94 520.61 523.00 523.79 526.45 527.62 529.80 539.71 546.12 580.32 585.51 586.32 600.77 602.27 603.43 607.93 612.62 638.67 646.19 687.50 708.84 720.43 724.42 731.86 737.14 741.95 745.26 746.35 749.99 754.19 754.67 765.31 765.64 770.29 771.46 778.53 872.31 873.86 874.04 2550.02 2635.11 2689.90 2938.45 2986.20 2992.42 3052.07 3056.84 3062.18 3101.79 3102.04 3217.16 3217.62 3446.37 3447.38 3648.84 3648.98 4044.14 4047.21 4641.88 4642.37
III III IV III IV IV III III III V V V II V V II II V IV V III V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III V V III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 4740.91 4744.35 4753.93 4757.39 4786.49 4791.05 4799.75 4804.35 4849.86 4856.09 4863.48 4869.76 4942.02 4950.82 4956.15 4965.03 5084.23 5097.17 5099.20 5112.25 5323.28 5339.69 5342.97 5359.57 5782.38 5801.75 5812.15 5831.89 6120.27 6307.29 6911.08 6936.28 6938.77 6964.18 6964.67 7664.90 7698.96 7955.37 7956.83 8078.11 8079.62 8250.18 8251.74 8390.22 8503.45 8505.11 8763.96 8767.05 8902.19 8904.02 8923.31 8925.44 9347.24 9349.25 9351.59 9595.70 9597.83 9949.67 9954.14 10479.63 10482.15
K21599_S10.indb 63
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
8 17 16 17 16 17
10487.11 11019.87 11022.67 11690.21 11769.62 11772.83 12522.11 13377.86 13397.09 15163.08 15168.40 40158.37
Praseodymium Pr Z = 59 7000 865.90 5000 869.17 2000 1228.59 5000 1293.22 5000 1295.28 5000 1321.36 5000 1333.57 5000 1354.66 2000 1360.64 2000 1365.77 5000 1374.41 5000 1435.56 2000 1520.98 5000 1574.55 5000 1575.10 3000 1578.38 2000 1622.30 10000 1884.87 2000 2083.23 3300 2246.20 2000 c 2378.98 40 h 2598.04 100 h 2707.37 60 2760.35 270 3168.24 200 d 3195.99 190 3219.48 200 3584.21 250 3645.66 250 3646.30 370 3668.83 290 3714.05 410 3739.18 680 3761.87 680 3800.30 390 3811.84 1300 h 3816.02 680 3818.28 310 3821.80 960 3830.72 480 3840.99 580 3846.59 1200 3850.79 720 c 3851.55 960 3852.80 480 c 3865.45 480 3876.19 1700 c 3877.18
I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
680 440 c 440 c 770 c 630 310 1300 c 420 960 480 370 370 730 c 900 c 900 c 380 470 560 1600 c 560 c 500 320 620 c 320 1300 c 340 1600 560 c 320 620 c 730 1900 620 730 620 470 360 360 c 730 c 960 730 470 1300 340 450 2200 2200 450 3400 500 c 500 c 790 500 560 380 2900 c 1700 c 340 1500 c 2700 1700 c
3880.47 3885.19 3889.34 3908.05 3912.90 3913.55 3918.85 3919.63 3925.47 3927.46 3929.29 3935.82 3947.63 3949.43 3953.51 3956.75 3962.45 3964.26 3964.81 3966.57 3971.16 3971.67 3972.14 3974.85 3989.68 3992.16 3994.79 3997.04 3999.12 4000.17 4004.70 4008.69 4010.60 4015.39 4020.96 4022.71 4025.54 4029.72 4031.75 4033.83 4038.45 4039.34 4044.81 4047.08 4051.13 4054.88 4056.54 4058.80 4062.81 4079.77 4080.98 4081.85 4083.34 4096.82 4098.40 4100.72 4118.46 4130.77 4141.22 4143.11 4164.16
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
620 730 5200 2500 560 c 2500 c 500 320 320 3800 3800 320 320 c 960 340 840 c 500 320 790 c 470 c 790 c 450 c 1500 1300 360 620 cw 470 c 340 450 410 c 1200 320 430 1700 410 1200 c 730 960 1100 790 340 c 340 270 c 270 c 290 250 200 320 380 270 320 360 560 410 620 360 360 560 680 340 c 340
4171.82 4172.25 4179.39 4189.48 4191.60 4206.72 4208.32 4211.86 4217.81 4222.93 4225.35 4233.11 4236.15 4241.01 4243.51 4247.63 4254.40 4269.09 4272.27 4280.07 4282.42 4298.98 4305.76 4333.97 4338.70 4344.30 4347.49 4350.40 4354.91 4359.79 4368.33 4371.62 4405.83 4408.82 4413.77 4429.13 4449.83 4468.66 4496.46 4510.15 4534.15 4535.92 4628.74 4672.09 4695.77 4736.69 4924.60 4939.74 4951.37 5034.41 5045.52 5110.38 5110.76 5129.52 5173.90 5206.55 5219.05 5220.11 5259.73 5292.02 5292.62
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II I II II II II II II II II II II
Atomic
Intensity 4 6 5 7 5 7 6 8 7 8 8 9 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 12 14 16 17 15 17 8 7 19 12 20 7 12 25 24 5 4 7 6 9 8 3 11 10 4 3 13 12 5 4 7 3 6 15 14 6 5 9 5
10-63
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-64
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
430 65 150 110 90 90 90 160 d 90 90 160 7000 w 90 110 90 150 150 140 65 9000 w 65 65 5000 190 270 45 110 55 c 55 45 45 45 45 55 75 55 75 35 c 55 cw 35 cw 7000 40 5000 4500 20 24 16 20 c 14 20 16 14 14 10 cw 11 5000 w 10
5322.76 5509.15 5535.17 5623.05 5624.45 5756.17 5779.28 5815.17 5823.72 5859.68 5939.90 5956.05 5956.60 5967.82 6006.33 6017.80 6025.72 6055.13 6087.52 6090.02 6114.38 6148.23 6160.24 6161.18 6165.94 6244.35 6281.28 6359.03 6411.23 6429.63 6431.84 6486.55 6566.77 6616.67 6656.83 6673.41 6673.78 6747.09 6798.60 6827.60 6910.14 7021.51 7030.39 7076.62 7114.55 7227.70 7407.56 7451.74 7541.02 7645.66 7721.84 7871.67 8067.44 8122.78 8141.10 8602.74 8714.59
Promethium Pm Z = 61 1000 3892.15 1000 3910.26 1000 3919.10
K21599_S10.indb 64
II II II II II II I II II II II III II II II II II I II III II I III II II II II I I II II I II I II II II I I II III II III III I II II II II II I I I II I III II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1000 1000 r 1000 900 r 900 1000 d
3957.74 3998.96 4417.96 4728.36 6100.21 6520.45
Protactinium Pa Z = 91 3000 2599.16 3000 2699.22 3000 2822.79 3000 h 2871.42 3000 h 2891.14 3000 l 3011.10 3000 s 3033.59 3000 l 3071.24 3000 l 3093.23 3000 l 3126.23 3000 l 3146.28 3000 l 3170.89 3000 l 3171.54 3000 l 3240.58 3000 3274.46 3000 l 3332.69 3000 s 3346.66 3000 l 3452.82 3000 3504.97 3000 s 3530.65 3000 3570.56 3000 3571.82 3000 3618.07 10000 3636.52 3000 3702.74 3000 3752.67 3000 3873.35 3000 3931.83 3000 s 3952.62 10000 l 3957.85 3000 s 3970.07 3000 3981.82 10000 3982.23 3000 l 4012.96 3000 s 4018.21 3000 4030.16 3000 s 4046.93 10000 s 4056.20 10000 s 4070.40 3000 l 4176.18 10000 l 4217.23 10000 s 4248.08 3000 s 4291.34 3000 s 4601.43 3000 l 6035.78 3000 6162.56 3000 l 6358.61 3000 6379.25 3000 l 6438.97 3000 h 6792.75 10000 6945.72 3000 6960.09 3000 h 6961.78 3000 s 6992.73
II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
3000 3000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 3000 10000 l 3000 h 10000 h 3000 h 10000 h 10000 10000 s 10000 3000 10000 h 3000 3000 l 10000 10000 h 10000 10000 3000 s 3000 s 3000 h 10000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 h 10000 3000 10000 10000 3000
7076.27 7100.94 7114.89 7171.55 7227.13 7318.79 7368.25 7471.89 7493.15 7558.26 7608.20 7626.79 7635.18 7669.34 7679.20 7749.19 7872.95 7945.56 8039.34 8099.84 8199.04 8271.87 8358.98 8369.60 8441.04 8532.66 8572.96 8639.91 8653.51 8735.27 10923.32 11791.73 14344.76 18478.61
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Radium Ra 100 200 100 100 100 50 50 50
Z = 88 3649.55 3814.42 4340.64 4682.28 4825.91 5660.81 7141.21 8019.70
II II II II I I I II
Radon Rn Z = 86 100 4349.60 200 7055.42 100 7268.11 300 7450.00 100 7809.82 100 8099.51 100 8270.96 100 8600.07
I I I I I I I I
Rhenium Re 25000 16000 27000 10000 9800 3400 3700
Z = 75 2003.53 2017.87 2049.08 2085.59 2097.12 2139.04 2156.67
I I I I I II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
4900 3400 4200 c 5200 c 2900 2700 390 610 680 800 300 860 230 680 250 1200 570 520 220 320 370 340 230 320 320 210 d 210 1500 740 320 270 1200 300 300 2500 490 420 340 c 230 250 610 610 390 800 c 1200 390 980 370 370 570 230 270 1800 c 570 540 370 570 740 d 370 300 370
2167.94 2176.21 2214.26 2275.25 2287.51 2294.49 2298.09 2302.99 2306.54 2322.49 2328.66 2344.78 2349.39 2352.07 2356.50 2365.90 2367.68 2369.27 2370.76 2375.07 2379.77 2388.57 2393.65 2394.37 2396.79 2400.72 2401.68 2405.06 2405.60 2406.70 2410.37 2419.81 2421.73 2421.88 2428.58 2431.54 2432.18 2441.47 2442.51 2444.94 2446.98 2449.71 2461.20 2461.84 2483.92 2485.81 2487.33 2496.04 2501.72 2502.35 2504.60 2505.94 2508.99 2520.01 2521.50 2534.80 2540.51 2544.74 2545.48 2552.02 2554.63
I I II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2556.51 2559.08 2564.19 2568.64 2571.81 2586.79 2599.86 2603.89 2608.50 2611.54 2635.83 2636.64 2642.75 2649.05 2651.90 2654.12 2663.63 2674.34 2688.53 2715.47 2732.21 2733.04 2758.00 2763.79 2767.74 2768.85 2769.32 2770.42 2783.57 2791.29 2814.68 2819.95 2834.08 2843.00 2850.98 2867.19 2887.68 2896.01 2902.48 2905.58 2909.82 2927.42 2930.61 2943.14 2962.27 2965.11 2965.76 2976.29 2978.15 2980.82 2982.19 2988.47 2992.36 2999.60 3001.14 3004.14 3016.02 3016.49 3030.45 3047.25 3067.40
K21599_S10.indb 65
I I I II II I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
320 260 550 340 700 700 340 340 c 340 420 260 250 440 330 360 c 220 700 220 440 260 600 1100 1100 260 260 220 1100 c 380 600 600 300 280 280 280 240 320 280 240 600 2000 1600 810 320 240 d 240 320 320 240 4000 650 650 240 320 320 810 8000 400 300 320 400 16000 c
3069.94 3071.16 3082.43 3088.76 3100.67 3108.81 3110.86 3118.19 3121.36 3128.94 3134.02 3141.38 3151.64 3153.79 3158.31 3164.52 3168.37 3174.61 3177.71 3178.61 3182.87 3184.76 3185.57 3190.78 3192.36 3198.58 3204.25 3235.94 3258.85 3259.55 3268.89 3296.70 3296.99 3301.60 3302.23 3303.21 3303.75 3313.95 3322.48 3338.18 3342.24 3344.32 3346.20 3356.33 3377.74 3379.06 3379.70 3389.43 3399.30 3404.72 3405.89 3408.67 3409.83 3417.77 3419.41 3424.62 3426.19 3427.61 3437.71 3449.37 3451.88
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
240 55000 c 40000 c 400 240 400 320 240 560 320 320 320 240 240 360 810 c 650 810 320 810 440 320 860 c 1500 c 520 240 360 c 4000 240 c 810 910 300 cw 700 240 240 240 380 c 550 280 350 c 220 240 240 c 240 cw 1800 700 220 220 650 3600 c 260 c 380 360 cw 2600 260 500 2200 cw 220 1300 1600 cw 100
3453.50 3460.46 3464.73 3467.96 3476.44 3480.38 3480.85 3482.23 3503.06 3516.65 3517.33 3537.46 3549.89 3570.26 3579.12 3580.15 3580.97 3583.02 3617.08 3637.84 3651.97 3670.53 3689.50 3691.48 3703.24 3709.93 3717.28 3725.76 3735.01 3735.31 3740.10 3745.44 3787.52 3869.94 3875.26 3876.86 3917.27 3929.85 3961.04 3962.48 4033.31 4081.43 4110.89 4133.42 4136.45 4144.36 4182.90 4183.06 4221.08 4227.46 4257.60 4358.69 4394.38 4513.31 4516.64 4522.73 4889.14 4923.90 5270.95 5275.56 5667.88
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 c 110 cw 550 200 200 100 cw 180 c 260 50 cw 65 cw
5752.93 5776.83 5834.31 6307.70 6321.90 6605.19 6813.41 6829.90 7640.94 7912.94
I I I I I I I I I I
Rhodium Rh Z = 45 50 813.44 80 882.51 100 925.75 150 937.28 500 991.62 400 992.48 500 d 1009.60 200 1012.22 200 1015.17 200 1073.87 150 1784.24 200 1784.94 150 1796.50 200 1816.03 1000 1832.05 500 1859.85 800 1880.66 500 1884.91 500 1887.36 700 1888.62 800 1901.32 500 1910.16 600 1919.37 500 1927.07 700 1931.79 500 1954.25 500 1994.26 800 2013.71 500 2017.47 500 2028.53 800 2036.72 600 2037.61 1000 2040.18 3000 2048.67 2000 2064.11 800 2076.84 1000 2118.53 1000 2118.63 1000 2139.44 1000 2152.23 3000 2158.17 3000 2163.19 3000 2167.33 150 2276.21 140 2288.57 110 2309.82 350 2322.58 140 2326.47 190 2334.77 300 2361.92
III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I II I
Atomic
Intensity 1000 250 340 540 370 380 290 290 660 610 d 310 550 270 270 660 400 220 940 220 1300 220 610 220 210 310 220 220 350 550 220 220 880 310 220 270 240 2900 490 830 c 210 550 830 c 270 440 270 720 1500 310 210 220 220 220 1800 5500 350 220 500 300 380 240 1600
10-65
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-66
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 270 230 270 80 130 230 110 330 90 130 150 100 130 300 150 350 300 200 130 110 350 550 150 230 100 110 400 100 400 100 180 160 100 130 150 180 280 110 140 160 65 180 130 130 230 160 450 110 50 130 50 180 140 240 130 140 470 190 520 520
2368.34 2382.89 2383.40 2386.14 2415.84 2427.68 2429.52 2437.90 2440.34 2461.04 2473.09 2487.47 2490.77 2502.46 2504.29 2505.67 2509.70 2511.03 2515.75 2520.53 2537.04 2545.70 2555.36 2622.58 2625.88 2630.42 2647.28 2652.66 2680.63 2703.73 2715.31 2718.54 2728.94 2771.51 2783.03 2826.43 2826.68 2862.94 2878.66 2882.37 2907.21 2910.17 2924.02 2929.11 2931.94 2968.66 2977.68 2986.20 3004.46 3006.43 3023.91 3052.44 3083.96 3121.76 3123.70 3155.78 3189.05 3191.19 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61
K21599_S10.indb 66
I I I II II I I I I II I I II I II I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I III I III I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
2300 2300 280 210 260 50 4200 330 280 420 1100 110 110 5600 820 160 820 330 120 d 8200 1400 120 120 400 180 220 5900 180 4700 120 4700 2100 110 1200 5900 2800 8800 880 d 280 1200 1800 1200 4700 4700 5900 3100 1800 8200 1300 560 1900 9400 940 280 380 7600 940 650 420 420 1200
3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3294.28 3300.46 3310.69 3323.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3372.25 3377.14 3385.78 3396.82 3399.70 3406.55 3412.27 3421.22 3424.38 3434.89 3440.53 3447.74 3450.29 3455.22 3457.07 3457.93 3462.04 3469.62 3470.66 3472.25 3474.78 3478.91 3494.44 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3538.14 3541.91 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3626.59 3657.99 3666.22 3681.04 3690.70 3692.36 3695.52 3698.26 3698.60 3700.91 3713.02 3735.28 3737.27 3744.17 3748.22
I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
240 380 490 1000 2300 490 380 1000 1300 3800 4900 760 1300 470 760 1300 3800 2300 2000 5900 490 380 120 240 2000 590 3800 45 380 240 240 380 120 560 140 120 1100 1500 2100 240 330 3300 820 4200 130 150 70 70 60 60 95 130 95 160 40 29 40 35 130 35 14
3754.12 3754.27 3755.58 3760.40 3765.08 3769.97 3778.13 3788.47 3792.18 3793.22 3799.31 3805.92 3806.76 3815.01 3816.47 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3870.01 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3964.54 3975.31 3984.40 3995.61 3996.15 4023.14 4082.78 4097.52 4119.68 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4154.37 4196.50 4211.14 4288.71 4374.80 4569.00 4675.03 4745.11 5090.63 5155.54 5175.97 5193.14 5354.40 5390.44 5599.42 5686.38 5792.66 5806.91 5831.58 5983.60 6102.72 6199.99
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
16 29 40 13 11 20 65 16 16 18 15 18 35 18 h 12 12 11 29 55 21 29 15 8
6253.72 6319.53 6752.35 6827.33 6857.68 6879.94 6965.67 6979.15 7001.58 7101.64 7104.45 7268.18 7270.82 7442.39 7475.74 7495.24 7557.67 7791.61 7824.91 8029.91 8045.36 8136.20 8425.59
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Rubidium Rb Z = 37 30 465.85 40 481.118 500 482.83 500 489.66 600 493.48 90 497.430 20 508.434 150 513.266 300 530.173 75 533.801 1200 535.86 40 542.887 200 555.036 1200 556.19 1500 566.71 1000 572.82 1500 576.65 2500 579.63 1500 581.26 2500 589.419 1000 594.94 1300 595.88 1200 598.49 1500 643.878 25 663.76 3000 697.049 6000 711.187 25 716.24 50 740.85 10000 741.456 5000 769.04 25 776.89 2500 815.28 15 850.18 1000 1604.12 5000 1760.50 2000 2068.92
III II III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III II III III III II IV II II IV IV II III IV III IV II II II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2075.95 2143.83 2217.08 2291.71 2472.20 2631.75 2956.07 3086.84 3111.36 3148.90 3157.54 3227.98 3286.41 3348.72 3350.82 3587.05 3591.57 3600.60 3600.64 3940.51 4201.80 4215.53 4244.40 4273.14 4571.77 4648.57 4775.95 5087.987 5132.471 5150.134 5152.08 5165.023 5165.142 5195.278 5233.968 5260.034 5260.228 5322.380 5362.601 5390.568 5431.532 5431.830 5578.788 5647.774 5653.750 5724.121 5724.614 6070.755 6159.626 6206.309 6298.325 6299.224 6458.33 6560.81 7279.997 7408.173 7618.933 7757.651 7759.436 7800.27 7947.60
K21599_S10.indb 67
II II II II II III III III III II I I III I I I I II II II I I II II II II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
40 l 30 40 l 30 30 l 20 l 2000 c 35 l 30 l 100 20 30 75 1000 800 150 20 4
8271.41 8271.71 8868.512 8868.852 9522.65 9540.18 9689.05 10075.282 10075.708 13235.17 13442.81 13443.57 13665.01 14752.41 15288.43 15289.48 22529.65 27314.31
Ruthenium Ru Z = 44 250 850.09 200 850.30 250 919.74 500 940.09 500 966.54 750 974.14 900 979.43 500 981.35 900 986.84 900 994.56 300 1001.65 500 1009.13 900 1009.87 500 1014.68 800 1190.51 500 1200.07 500 1207.17 500 1209.77 300 1211.31 500 1941.35 500 2009.28 2400 2076.43 2600 2083.77 2400 2090.89 690 2255.52 780 2272.09 780 2279.57 480 2317.80 120 2334.96 190 h 2342.85 310 2351.33 170 2357.91 780 2402.72 150 2407.92 180 2455.53 150 2456.44 370 2456.57 280 2478.93 140 2498.42 140 2498.57 260 2507.01 110 2513.32
I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I I I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 150 550 370 830 460 330 400 330 690 330 200 690 140 310 1800 100 110 350 1700 350 400 640 420 550 1800 740 370 1100 180 370 550 170 140 550 1400 460 440 330 310 390 330 830 740 490 370 930 3100 4900 6400 8300 640 790 690 6400 6900 6400 1300 3100 6200 830
2517.32 2535.59 2549.58 2609.06 2612.07 2642.96 2651.84 2659.62 2661.61 2678.76 2692.06 2712.41 2719.52 2725.47 2734.35 2735.72 2778.38 2787.83 2810.03 2810.55 2818.36 2829.16 2854.07 2861.41 2866.64 2874.98 2886.54 2908.88 2916.26 2945.67 2949.50 2965.16 2965.55 2976.59 2976.92 2988.95 2994.96 3006.59 3017.24 3020.88 3064.84 3096.57 3099.28 3100.84 3294.11 3301.59 3339.55 3417.35 3428.31 3436.74 3498.94 3514.49 3539.37 3570.59 3589.22 3593.02 3596.18 3599.76 3634.93 3661.35 3663.37
II II I I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
650 550 8700 11000 7100 3500 870 2800 760 870 1200 600 600 1500 600 3900 6000 760 7600 7600 600 760 760 650 550 760 930 760 1300 650 1300 650 760 1500 3300 600 760 600 600 870 1500 600 1400 710 760 980 6000 930 1900 2000 650 870 550 550 7600 1500 5400 760 930 550 760
3669.49 3726.10 3726.93 3728.03 3730.43 3742.28 3742.78 3745.59 3753.54 3755.93 3759.84 3761.51 3767.35 3777.59 3782.74 3786.06 3790.51 3798.05 3798.90 3799.35 3812.72 3817.27 3819.03 3822.09 3824.93 3831.80 3839.70 3850.43 3857.55 3862.69 3867.84 3892.21 3909.08 3923.47 3925.92 3931.76 3945.57 3978.44 3979.42 3984.86 4022.16 4023.83 4051.40 4054.05 4068.37 4076.73 4080.60 4097.79 4112.74 4144.16 4145.74 4167.51 4197.58 4198.88 4199.90 4206.02 4212.06 4214.44 4217.27 4230.31 4241.05
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Atomic
Intensity 10000 30000 10000 5000 50000 1000 2000 500 500 5000 c 25 50 500 60 75 100 40 5000 10000 25000 1000 500 90000 15000 20000 10000 30000 2 2 10 10000 1 2 15 2 20 1 3 40 4 75 3 6 40 20 60 3 75 30 c 75 c 120 c 5 10000 5000 100 l 150 200 l 300 60 90000 c 45000 c
10-67
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-68
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
760 760 550 3700 930 550 550 710 870 2400 870 1300 1700 1600 1100 5400 1700 720 1400 500 550 160 450 120 200 530 170 250 110 500 920 180 130 260 110 130 110 h 80 130 90 290 180 65 55 80 21 h 16 35 18 26 26 18 16 26 h 21 55 21 30 21 26 110
4243.06 4284.33 4295.93 4297.71 4307.60 4319.87 4342.07 4354.13 4361.21 4372.21 4385.39 4385.65 4390.44 4410.03 4460.04 4554.51 4584.44 4647.61 4709.48 4757.84 4869.15 5011.23 5057.33 5076.32 5093.83 5136.55 5142.76 5147.24 5151.07 5155.14 5171.03 5195.02 5284.08 5309.27 5335.93 5361.77 5401.04 5484.32 5510.71 5559.75 5636.24 5699.05 5814.98 5919.34 5921.45 5973.38 5988.67 5993.65 6116.77 6199.42 6225.20 6295.22 6390.23 6444.84 6663.14 6690.00 6766.95 6775.02 6824.17 6911.48 6923.23
K21599_S10.indb 68
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
26 26 35 16 18 26 70 26 18 18 22 30 80 18 22
6982.01 7027.98 7238.92 7393.93 7468.91 7485.79 7499.75 7559.61 7621.50 7722.87 7791.86 7847.80 7881.49 8264.96 8710.84
Samarium Sm Z = 62 150 2789.38 410 3152.52 720 3183.92 600 3211.73 530 3216.85 600 3218.61 720 3230.56 720 3236.64 720 3239.66 720 3250.37 850 3254.38 1700 3306.39 1200 3321.18 1200 3365.86 1200 3382.40 4200 3568.27 4200 3592.60 1700 3604.28 3400 3609.49 1700 3621.23 3400 3634.29 2200 3661.36 2200 3670.84 1100 3693.99 1600 3728.47 2100 3731.26 1600 3735.98 2900 3739.12 1200 3743.87 930 3745.46 800 3756.41 1200 3757.53 1900 3760.69 1100 3764.37 370 d 3773.33 1100 3778.14 1500 3788.12 1600 3793.97 1600 3797.73 1600 3826.20 1100 3831.50 560 3834.48 1600 3843.50 530 3853.30 2700 3854.21
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I II I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
480 400 3700 1600 1300 2500 1900 1300 470 1500 1500 620 1000 1500 1400 1000 1900 1200 1000 1100 1000 1200 2100 1300 1200 2200 710 470 1600 1900 470 1800 440 1300 880 1100 440 530 1600 410 470 1500 2900 470 1600 1800 530 440 710 1300 1200 1000 2200 810 370 440 380 470 d 1100 370 530
3854.56 3858.74 3885.29 3896.98 3903.42 3922.40 3928.28 3941.87 3951.89 3963.00 3971.40 3974.66 3976.43 3990.00 4064.58 4092.27 4118.55 4152.21 4188.13 4203.05 4225.33 4236.74 4256.39 4262.68 4279.68 4280.79 4282.21 4282.83 4296.74 4318.94 4319.53 4329.02 4330.02 4334.15 4336.14 4347.80 4362.91 4380.42 4390.86 4401.17 4419.33 4420.53 4424.34 4429.66 4433.88 4434.32 4441.81 4442.28 4445.15 4452.73 4454.63 4458.52 4467.34 4470.89 4499.11 4581.73 4649.49 4670.75 4674.60 4688.73 4704.40
I I II II II II II II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II I II I I II I I II II I II II I I I II II II II I I I I I II I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
730 770 470 730 580 350 970 730 630 350 430 400 540 510 350 360 470 250 260 400 250 220 230 230 140 140 120 85 70 60 70 d 60 60 65 65 50 50 65 50 50 45 45 h 45 100 140 110 50 120 d 95 120 120 90 90 90 90 90 26 30 30 26 85 d
4716.10 4728.42 4745.68 4760.27 4783.10 4785.86 4841.70 4883.97 4910.40 4913.25 4918.99 5044.28 5071.20 5117.16 5122.14 5155.03 5175.42 5200.59 5251.92 5271.40 5282.91 5453.00 5493.72 5516.09 5550.40 5659.86 5696.73 5706.20 5773.77 5778.33 5786.98 5788.38 5800.52 5802.84 5867.79 5874.21 5898.96 5965.71 6045.00 6070.06 6084.12 6159.56 6256.54 6267.28 6569.31 6589.72 6671.51 6731.84 6794.20 6860.93 6955.29 7020.44 7039.22 7042.24 7051.52 7082.37 7088.30 7095.50 7104.54 7115.96 7149.60
I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I II II I II II II II II II I I I I II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 7213.82 7240.90 7347.30 7444.56 7445.41 7470.76 7645.09 7645.82 7835.08 7895.96 7928.14 8048.70 8065.16 8068.46 8305.79 8383.71 8485.99 8708.43 8913.66
I II I I I I II I II I II II I II II I II II II
Scandium Sc Z = 21 350 180.14 500 243.87 500 252.85 500 253.73 900 283.91 800 284.45 600 288.29 900 289.59 15 289.85 1000 d 291.93 800 293.25 15 296.31 15 299.04 700 300.00 1000 573.36 600 587.94 10 785.12 25 1168.61 15 1550.80 180 1603.06 150 1610.19 160 2010.42 12 2118.97 11 2185.43 11 2205.46 14 2222.22 11 2271.33 110 2438.62 560 2545.22 2900 2552.37 560 2555.82 2300 2560.25 1100 2563.21 11 2586.93 120 2692.78 350 2699.07 360 2706.77 210 2707.95 580 2711.35 230 2734.05 340 2965.86
V V V V V V V V IV V V IV IV V V V IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV I II II II II II IV I III I I I III I
K21599_S10.indb 69
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1200 1400 340 2200 2700 360 120 h 130 990 1500 4400 5500 110 d 270 9900 2000 1700 1700 4000 6600 130 200 200 270 530 270 180 130 d 110 200 2700 6600 6100 13000 9900 7700 4000 4000 28000 110 20000 13000 6600 110 5300 110 290 75 h 270 610 20000 23000 4400 5500 530 20000 20000 220 140 220 200
2974.01 2980.75 2988.95 3015.36 3019.34 3030.76 3056.31 3065.11 3251.32 3255.69 3269.91 3273.63 3343.28 3352.05 3353.73 3359.68 3361.27 3361.94 3368.95 3372.15 3418.51 3429.21 3429.48 3431.36 3435.56 3457.45 3462.19 3469.65 3471.13 3498.91 3535.73 3558.55 3567.70 3572.53 3576.35 3580.94 3589.64 3590.48 3613.84 3617.43 3630.75 3642.79 3645.31 3646.90 3651.80 3664.25 3666.54 3717.10 3833.07 3843.03 3907.49 3911.81 3933.38 3996.61 4014.49 4020.40 4023.69 4030.67 4031.39 4043.80 4046.48
I I I I I I I II II I I I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II I II II I I I I II I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
2700 120 5500 220 100 160 h 160 6100 200 400 440 h 530 h 720 1100 h 110 h 110 h 180 200 400 15000 290 350 4200 3300 2400 180 110 2000 130 1100 880 120 h 160 h 350 120 120 200 490 590 690 790 1200 200 220 170 90 90 90 170 120 150 140 530 250 530 250 2100 1200 1100 750 390
4047.79 4049.95 4054.55 4056.59 4068.66 4074.97 4078.57 4082.40 4086.67 4087.16 4133.00 4140.30 4152.36 4165.19 4218.26 4219.73 4231.93 4233.61 4238.05 4246.83 4294.77 4305.71 4314.09 4320.74 4325.01 4354.61 4358.64 4374.46 4384.81 4400.37 4415.56 4557.24 4573.99 4670.40 4706.97 4709.34 4728.77 4729.23 4734.10 4737.65 4741.02 4743.81 4753.16 4779.35 4839.44 4909.76 4922.84 4934.25 4954.06 4973.66 4980.37 4991.92 5031.02 5064.32 5070.23 5075.81 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.95 5087.14
I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II I II II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
270 390 620 370 180 150 320 390 280 350 280 210 120 350 120 210 530 270 370 270 120 750 530 570 660 660 70 110 80 250 1500 1200 1100 10 190 880 230 180 14 620 320 120 110 80 250 750 60 90 60 65 50 50 90 55 h 30 19 h 50 30 h 400
5089.89 5096.73 5099.23 5101.12 5109.06 5112.86 5116.69 5210.52 5219.67 5239.82 5258.33 5285.76 5341.05 5349.30 5349.71 5355.75 5356.10 5375.35 5392.08 5446.20 5451.34 5481.99 5484.62 5514.22 5520.50 5526.82 5564.86 5591.33 5640.98 5657.88 5671.81 5686.84 5700.21 5706.82 5708.61 5711.75 5717.28 5724.08 5771.63 6210.68 6239.78 6245.63 6249.96 6256.01 6258.96 6305.67 6378.82 6413.35 6604.60 6737.87 6819.52 6835.03 7449.16 7741.17 7800.44 8761.40 8829.78 8834.35 22051.86
I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I IV I I I I IV I I II I III I I I I II I I I III I I I III I I
150
22065.05
I
Atomic
Intensity 23 60 26 30 26 13 45 12 40 w 16 90 40 16 45 40 w 19 45 w 45 w 95
10-69
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-70 Intensity Atomic
Selenium Se 360 360 450 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 360 360 360 360 450 360 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 450 450 285 285 285 120 120 150 150 250 150 200 150 150 150 150 200 150 150 250 200 150 150 250 250 250 250 300 300 250 400 350 300 500 500
K21599_S10.indb 70
Wavelength/Å Z = 34 613.0 652.7 670.1 724.3 746.4 759.1 808.7 830.3 832.7 839.5 843.0 845.8 912.9 959.6 974.8 996.7 1013.4 1014.0 1033.6 1049.6 1057.4 1094.7 1099.1 1119.2 1141.9 1192.3 1227.6 1291.0 1308.9 1314.4 1435.3 1435.8 1449.2 1500.9 1530.4 1531.3 1531.8 1575.3 1577.6 1577.9 1579.5 1580.0 1587.5 1593.2 1606.5 1617.4 1621.2 1643.4 1671.2 1675.3 1690.7 1793.3 1795.3 1855.2 1858.8 1898.6 1913.8 1919.2 1960.9 2039.8
V IV IV III IV V V V II V III V II IV III IV II II II II II V III III II II V II II IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
285 500 285 500 600 300 360 285 285 220 160 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 360 450 285 285 220 285 500 400 300 285 360 450 360 100 120 110 285 285 285 450 285 200 360 285 285 150 120 100 200 150 300 200 250 150 300 200 150 150 180 150 200 180 150
2057.5 2074.8 2136.6 2164.2 2413.5 2548.0 2665.5 2724.3 2767.2 2773.8 2951.6 3387.2 3413.9 3457.8 3637.6 3738.7 3800.9 4169.1 4175.3 4180.9 4382.9 4446.0 4449.2 4467.6 4730.8 4739.0 4742.2 4840.6 4845.0 5227.5 5305.4 5365.5 5369.9 5374.1 5522.4 5566.9 5866.3 6056.0 6303.8 6325.6 6444.2 6490.5 6535.0 6831.3 6990.690 6991.792 7010.809 7013.875 7062.065 7575.1 7583.4 7592.2 8001.0 8036.4 8093.2 8094.7 8149.3 8152.0 8157.7 8163.1 8182.9
III I IV I I I IV IV III III IV III III III III III III III II II II II II II I I I II II II II I I I II II II II III I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
150 150 150 300 200 200 100 200 377 900 640 275 170 205 315 410 500 320 265 395 360 505 205 235 680 415 270 240 150 265 375 255 510
8440.47 8450.38 8742.33 8918.86 9001.97 9038.61 9432.50 10217.25 10307.45 10327.26 10386.36 11946.87 11952.64 11972.93 14817.93 14917.47 15151.44 15471.00 15520.97 15618.40 16659.44 16813.78 16866.54 21374.24 21442.56 21473.48 21716.36 21730.60 23388.85 24148.18 24385.99 25017.51 25127.43
Silicon Si Z = 14 10 85.18 15 96.44 10 97.14 20 117.86 20 118.97 4 457.82 8 566.61 8 653.33 7 815.05 8 818.13 9 823.41 40 h 845.77 100 889.72 200 892.00 9 967.95 100 989.87 200 992.68 10 993.52 13 994.79 16 997.39 50 1023.69 8 1066.63 14 1108.37 16 1109.97 18 1113.23 8 1122.49 10 1128.34
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V V IV III III IV IV III II II II III II II III III III II IV III III III IV IV
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 200 250 100 30 30 9 10 50 100 150 200 100 150 100 150 200 40 50 1000 2000 200 17 14 15 18 14 16 100 50 h 200 13 100 100 150 100 100 15 12 13 90 h 100 h 12 10 9 100 h 50 h 60 p 500 1000 150 100 300 200 100 100 100 200 200 200 100 h
1190.42 1193.28 1194.50 1197.39 1206.51 1206.53 1207.52 1210.46 1226.81 1227.60 1228.75 1229.39 1246.74 1248.43 1250.09 1250.43 1251.16 1256.49 1258.80 1260.42 1264.73 1265.02 1294.54 1296.73 1298.89 1298.96 1301.15 1303.32 1304.37 1305.59 1309.27 1312.59 1346.87 1348.54 1350.06 1352.64 1353.72 1393.76 1402.77 1417.24 1485.02 1485.51 1500.24 1501.19 1501.87 1509.10 1512.07 1516.91 1526.72 1533.45 1594.55 1622.87 1629.43 1629.92 1667.62 1668.52 1672.59 1675.20 1696.20 1697.94 1770.92
II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II II II I I II II II III III III III III III II II II III II II II II II IV IV III II II III III III II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 1776.83 1799.12 1808.00 1814.07 1816.92 1836.51 1841.44 1842.55 1843.77 1845.51 1847.47 1848.14 1850.67 1852.46 1874.84 1881.85 1887.70 1893.25 1901.33 1902.46 1910.62 1941.67 1949.56 1954.97 2058.65 2059.01 2072.02 2072.70 2124.12 2136.56 2207.98 2210.89 2211.74 2216.67 2218.06 2296.87 2308.19 2356.30 2357.18 2357.97 2435.15 2449.48 2506.90 2514.32 2516.113 2517.51 2519.202 2524.108 2528.509 2532.381 2541.82 2546.09 2559.21 2563.679 2568.641 2577.151 2631.282 2640.79 2655.51 2817.11 2881.579
K21599_S10.indb 71
I I II I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I III III II II II I III I I I IV I I I I III III III I I I I III III III I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
300 500 55 150 50 75 100 h 9 100 h 50 h 150 h 25 20 16 9 16 13 150 150 100 14 200 100 h 200 h 15 75 12 14 15 12 10 300 500 15 9 20 8 20 c 25 30 100 h 500 h 200 h 300 20 10 70 9 300 h 500 h 100 h 50 9 30 25 20 100 150 9h 10 h 9
2904.28 2905.69 2970.355 2987.645 3006.739 3020.004 3030.00 3040.93 3043.69 3048.30 3053.18 3086.24 3093.42 3096.83 3165.71 3185.13 3186.02 3188.97 3193.09 3195.41 3196.50 3199.51 3203.87 3210.03 3210.55 3214.66 3230.50 3233.95 3241.62 3258.66 3276.26 3333.14 3339.82 3486.91 3525.94 3590.47 3762.44 3791.41 3796.11 3806.54 3853.66 3856.02 3862.60 3905.523 3924.47 4088.85 4102.936 4116.10 4128.07 4130.89 4190.72 4198.13 4338.50 4552.62 4567.82 4574.76 4621.42 4621.72 4631.24 4654.32 4683.02
II II I I I I II III II II II III III III IV III III II II II III II II II III II III III III III III II II III III III IV III III III II II II I III IV I IV II II II II III III III III II II IV IV III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
16 50 35 80 15 16 18 30 40 1000 1000 10 h 100 100 h 200 h 500 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 500 h 500 h 100 h 200 h 35 100 h 150 h 30 100 h 200 h 90 150 h 80 1000 h 120 300 h 100 90 200 h 100 h 160 20 45 45 45 45 70 70 90 100 150 h 200 50 300 h 40 10 h 150 200 500 500 90 85
4716.65 4782.991 4792.212 4792.324 4813.33 4819.72 4828.97 4947.607 5006.061 5041.03 5055.98 5091.42 5181.90 5185.25 5192.86 5202.41 5405.34 5438.62 5456.45 5466.43 5466.87 5469.21 5496.45 5517.535 5540.74 5576.66 5622.221 5632.97 5639.48 5645.611 5660.66 5665.554 5669.56 5684.484 5688.81 5690.425 5701.105 5701.37 5706.37 5708.397 5739.73 5747.667 5753.625 5754.220 5762.977 5772.145 5780.384 5793.071 5797.859 5800.47 5806.74 5846.13 5868.40 5873.764 5898.79 5915.22 5948.545 5957.56 5978.93 6125.021 6131.574
III I I I III III III I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II I II I II I II I I II II I III I I I I I I I I II II II II I III II I II II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
90 100 100 160 160 40 125 125 180 45 1000 1000 45 45 45 50 h 100 7 50 h 100 50 30 80 180 180 90 250 6h 200 100 100 180 160 400 375 200 275 425 9h 12 h 100 6h 30 400 500 30 90 120 140 35 35 70 9h 11 h 35 9h 40 40 60 40 120
6131.850 6142.487 6145.015 6155.134 6237.320 6238.287 6243.813 6244.468 6254.188 6331.954 6347.10 6371.36 6526.609 6527.199 6555.462 6660.52 6671.88 6701.21 6717.04 6721.853 6829.82 6848.568 6976.523 7003.567 7005.883 7017.646 7034.903 7047.94 7165.545 7226.206 7235.326 7250.625 7275.294 7289.173 7405.774 7409.082 7415.946 7423.497 7466.32 7612.36 7680.267 7723.82 7800.008 7848.80 7849.72 7849.967 7918.386 7932.349 7944.001 7970.306 8035.619 8093.241 8102.86 8103.45 8230.642 8262.57 8443.982 8501.547 8502.221 8536.165 8556.780
I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I II II IV II I II I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I III III I IV I II II I I I I I I I III III I III I I I I I
Atomic
Intensity 100 h 100 h 150 500 h 200 200 200 9 200 300 400 200 500 200 500 h 200 200 200 h 1000 h 100 h 50 h 50 100 100 50 50 200 200 100 50 h 110 115 110 120 120 10 10 100 h 30 h 50 h 300 11 425 375 500 7 350 425 450 110 25 10 14 30 85 45 190 11 14 9 1000
10-71
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-72
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
50 40 75 100 35 100 100 30 120 120 120 30 30 60 30 80 140 60 130 30 30 80 30 80 370 220 440 190 95 110
8648.462 8728.011 8742.451 8752.009 8790.389 9412.72 9413.506 10371.269 10585.141 10603.431 10660.975 10694.251 10727.408 10749.384 10784.550 10786.856 10827.091 10843.854 10869.541 10882.802 10885.336 10979.308 10982.061 11017.965 11984.19 11991.57 12031.51 15888.39 16060.03 19722.50
Silver Ag Z = 47 25 730.83 30 752.80 400 799.41 15 1005.32 10 1065.49 12 1072.23 250 1074.22 150 1107.03 150 1112.46 60 1195.83 50 1223.33 50 1240.80 50 1246.87 55 1256.81 55 1257.55 50 1266.63 70 1273.67 65 1297.51 85 1311.20 55 1313.81 50 1314.61 60 1323.84 60 1342.09 50 1342.57 70 1346.62 50 1353.54 150 1364.50 100 1396.00 100 1410.93 90 1419.72
K21599_S10.indb 72
I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
95 100 50 50 r 100 r 50 r 100 100 60 50 700 120 500 10 50 125 750 10 h 75 600 700 100 600 500 600 150 150 200 100 80 r 60 600 50 60 100 r 500 75 r 75 30 h 700 70 r 80 r 70 r 80 r 70 50 h 75 90 r 100 r 80 80 60 50 h 60 60 75 100 h 30 h 90 100 55000 r
1432.60 1464.72 1466.23 1507.37 1515.63 1548.58 1555.16 1644.50 1651.52 1652.10 1656.18 1682.82 1693.51 1708.11 1709.27 1736.44 1751.03 1766.14 1790.37 1917.08 1957.62 1967.38 1975.92 1977.03 2000.24 2015.96 2033.98 2061.17 2069.85 2113.82 2145.60 2161.89 2186.76 2229.53 2246.43 2246.51 2248.74 2280.03 2309.56 2310.04 2317.05 2320.29 2324.68 2331.40 2357.92 2375.02 2411.41 2413.23 2437.81 2447.93 2473.84 2506.63 2575.63 2660.49 2721.77 2767.54 2824.39 3130.02 3180.70 3267.35 3280.68
II II II I I I II II I I III II III I I II III I II III III II III III III II II I I II II III II II II III II II I III II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I I II II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
28000 r 30 70 80 50 50 h 75 30 80 50 h 200 50 100 h 50 h 50 50 h 70 60 100 h 70 100 h 80 100 90 h 100 50 50 h 30 h 80 50 60 h 30 h 100 30 h 100 80 1000 1000 100 100 10 h 320 25 500 25 30 h 10 h 12 15 10 60 20 15 15
3382.89 3469.16 3475.82 3495.28 3542.61 3624.68 3682.46 3682.50 3683.34 3709.20 3810.94 3811.78 3840.74 3907.41 3909.31 3914.40 3920.10 3949.43 3981.58 3985.19 4055.48 4085.91 4185.48 4210.96 4212.82 4311.07 4476.04 4615.69 4620.04 4620.46 4668.48 4677.60 4788.40 4847.82 4874.10 5027.35 5209.08 5465.50 5471.55 5667.34 6268.50 7687.78 8005.4 8273.52 8403.8 8645.70 8704.85 8747.6 9000.9 12551.0 16819.5 17416.7 18307.9 18382.3
I I II II I I II I II I I I I I II I II II I II I II II I I I I I II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I
Sodium Na 7 8 9 8 8 8
Z = 11 142.232 146.064 150.298 150.687 155.510 156.537
IV IV IV IV IV IV
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
12 10 12 10 5 10 10 8 8 8p 8 8 15 50 c 30 25 70 50 50 20 p 20 10 300 350 100 70 12 10 15 10 13 11 11 d 12 12 d 11 12 11 15 c 20 d 12 11 12 d 30 16 20 h 300 18 17 300 300 25 18 20 1000 25 17 20 10 70 35
162.448 163.190 168.411 168.546 183.95 190.445 199.772 202.49 202.76 203.06 203.28 203.33 229.87 250.52 251.37 266.90 267.65 267.87 268.63 272.08 272.45 319.644 372.08 376.38 378.14 380.10 408.684 409.614 410.372 411.334 412.242 1582.18 1583.98 1584.14 1587.05 1615.92 1618.57 1655.47 1701.97 1887.47 1960.76 1965.08 2106.33 2230.33 2232.19 2246.70 2315.65 2386.99 2394.03 2420.99 2424.73 2459.31 2468.85 2474.73 2493.15 2497.03 2510.26 2543.84 2543.87 2593.87 2593.92
IV IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II II III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV IV III III III II III III II II III III III II III III I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2611.81 2661.00 2671.83 2680.34 2680.43 2841.72 2852.81 2853.01 2893.62 2904.92 2917.52 2919.05 2919.85 2920.95 2923.49 2951.24 2952.40 2977.13 2979.66 2980.63 2984.19 3124.42 3135.48 3137.86 3149.28 3163.74 3179.06 3189.79 3212.19 3257.96 3285.60 3301.35 3302.37 3302.98 3304.96 3318.04 3426.86 3533.05 3631.27 4238.99 4242.08 4249.41 4252.52 4273.64 4276.79 4287.84 4291.01 4321.40 4324.62 4341.49 4344.74 4390.03 4393.34 4419.88 4423.25 4494.18 4497.66 4541.63 4545.19 4664.811 4668.560
K21599_S10.indb 73
II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
20 30 200 400 40 80 280 70 560 80000 40000 120 240 130 130 130 20 10 50 25 4400 800 8800 100 60 25 40 60 80 20 60 200 80 120 35 50 400 1000 400 60 100 60 100 400 50 25 60 100
4747.941 4751.822 4978.541 4982.813 5148.838 5153.402 5682.633 5688.193 5688.205 5889.950 5895.924 6154.225 6160.747 6530.70 6544.04 6545.75 7373.23 7373.49 7809.78 7810.24 8183.256 8194.790 8194.824 8649.92 8650.89 8942.96 9153.88 9465.94 9961.28 10566.00 10572.28 10746.44 10749.29 10834.87 11190.19 11197.21 11381.45 11403.78 12679.17 14767.48 14779.73 16373.85 16388.85 18465.25 22056.44 22083.67 23348.41 23379.13
Strontium Sr Z = 38 15 298.12 15 300.12 125 330.67 500 351.62 75 358.80 250 363.49 150 371.21 20 378.53 75 392.44 50 393.00 50 396.22 1000 437.24
I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III IV IV IV IV III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1875 1250 3750 10 2500 25 30 25 50 25 200 35 100 12 50 35 50 1400 1400 100 100 50 160 100 40 40 100 200 10 100 50 50 100 400 650 50 950 600 1300 46000 32000 9 340 65000 9 3200 2200 1400 4800 3600 3000 2000 1000 8000 1300 800 h 1400 2000 2000 2800 4800
491.79 507.04 514.38 517.28 562.75 578.01 624.93 642.23 649.21 660.94 664.43 686.23 710.35 747.82 1025.23 1125.49 1236.23 2152.84 2165.96 2273.71 2340.13 2346.97 2428.10 2486.52 2555.60 2571.04 3002.61 3012.32 3019.29 3021.73 3061.43 3182.61 3235.39 3351.25 3380.71 3430.76 3464.46 3969.26 4030.38 4077.71 4215.52 4298.57 4305.45 4607.33 4685.08 4722.28 4741.92 4784.32 4811.88 4832.08 4872.49 4876.32 4891.98 4962.26 4967.94 5156.07 5222.20 5225.11 5229.27 5238.55 5256.90
III III III V III V V V V V IV V IV V III III III II II III III IV I III IV IV III III IV III III III III I II III II I I II II IV II I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
40 40 1500 7000 3500 2600 2000 2000 1000 900 h 600 h 9000 5500 1000 1700 3000 1800 4800 1200 5500 2500 500 400 h 200 h 120 200 100 400 h 600 300 100 100 h 300 1000 200 700 100 60 40 75 100 50 230 120 30
5257.71 5443.48 5450.84 5480.84 5504.17 5521.83 5534.81 5540.05 6380.75 6386.50 6388.24 6408.47 6504.00 6546.79 6550.26 6617.26 6791.05 6878.38 6892.59 7070.10 7309.41 7621.50 7673.06 8422.80 8505.69 8688.91 9294.10 9448.95 9596.00 9624.70 9638.10 9647.70 10036.66 10327.31 10914.88 11241.25 12014.76 12445.90 12495.00 12974.70 13123.80 17447.40 20261.40 20700.70 26023.60
Sulfur S Z = 16 5 437.4 5 438.2 5 439.6 20 519.3 20 520.1 40 520.8 20 522.0 20 522.5 20 551.2 40 652.5 40 653.0 70 653.6 40 654.0 70 655.6 20 655.9
III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I
Atomic
Intensity 850 850 1000 200 100 1000 400 200 2 1100 1100 1100 1200 1300 1000 1200 1100 1000 1100 1100 1300 1700 2500 1700 2000 2000 1000 1700 1600 1500 1700 1700 1200 600 1500 1000 50 1500 1200 6 10 1 2 15 20 2 3 30 40 3 5 40 60 5 8 60 100 10 15 120 200
10-73
V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-74
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 40 70 40 160 110 40 40 70 20 40 110 40 20 70 110 70 70 110 110 110 110 285 70 70 70 70 70 110 70 70 160 110 220 110 110 40 40 40 40 40 160 160 70 285 40 70 70 40 40 110 110 275 250 280 275 235 235 245 260 265
657.3 658.3 659.8 660.9 661.4 663.2 663.7 664.8 666.1 678.1 680.3 680.9 681.6 693.5 729.5 732.42 735.2 738.5 744.9 748.4 750.2 753.8 786.5 789.0 796.7 800.5 804.0 809.7 816.0 824.9 836.3 849.2 852.2 854.8 857.9 860.5 906.9 910.5 912.7 937.4 937.7 1062.7 1073.0 1073.5 1077.1 1102.3 1194.0 1201.0 1234.1 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 1270.782 1277.216 1295.653 1302.337 1302.863 1303.110 1303.430 1305.883 1310.194
K21599_S10.indb 74
IV V V IV IV V IV IV IV V V V V V III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III IV IV IV IV III III V V V V V II II II II II IV IV IV III II III III II II II II I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
355 290 375 355 775 710 960 640 775 1000 300 510 425 300 300 425 550 300 355 485 300 330 390 20 20 680 640 710 680 640 710 550 20 40 110 110 160 160 220 70 220 110 110 220 110 220 220 110 285 110 160 110 160 160 110 110 160 110 160 160 285
1316.542 1316.618 1323.515 1326.643 1381.552 1385.510 1388.435 1389.154 1392.588 1396.112 1409.337 1425.030 1433.280 1436.968 1448.229 1472.972 1473.995 1474.380 1481.665 1483.039 1483.233 1485.622 1487.150 1624.0 1629.2 1666.688 1687.530 1807.311 1820.343 1826.245 1900.286 1914.698 2387.0 2398.9 2460.5 2489.6 2496.2 2499.1 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2741.0 2756.9 2775.2 2785.5 2863.5 2904.3 2986.0 3097.5 3497.3 3632.0 3709.4 3717.8 3838.3 3867.6
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV III III III III III I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
285 160 360 450 280 360 450 450 360 450 285 160 280 450 360 450 285 360 650 1000 1000 1000 280 1000 450 450 280 650 450 160 450 450 280 450 450 450 280 280 280 360 160 285 450 450 450 285 450 1000 160 285 450 450 450 450 450 450 285 450 360 110 220
3902.0 3928.6 3933.3 4120.8 4142.3 4145.1 4153.1 4162.7 4253.6 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 4716.2 4815.5 4924.1 4925.3 4993.5 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5564.9 5606.1 5640.0 5640.3 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5706.1 5819.2 6052.7 6286.4 6287.1 6305.5 6312.7 6384.9 6397.3 6398.0 6413.7 6743.6 6748.8 6757.2 7579.0 7629.8 7686.1 7696.7 7924.0 7928.8 7930.3 7931.7 7967.4 7967.4 8314.7 8314.7 8585.6 8680.5 8694.7 8874.5 8882.5 8884.2
I III II I II II II II III I I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
160 450 450 450 285 285 285 650 450 450 450 285 285 285 285 285 285 285
9035.9 9212.9 9228.1 9237.5 9413.5 9421.9 9437.1 9649.9 9672.3 9680.8 9693.7 9697.3 9739.7 9932.3 9949.8 9958.9 10455.5 10459.5
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Tantalum Ta Z = 73 60 493.07 1000 890.87 500 947.30 67 999.34 79 1116.10 78 1136.17 85 1175.51 80 1189.28 80 1192.67 85 1213.09 500 1213.42 85 1215.53 90 1223.73 88 1238.12 95 1240.06 87 1258.34 94 1264.91 98 1272.42 94 1275.48 86 1275.94 92 1308.51 87 1315.58 92 1332.38 86 1343.30 92 1365.88 5000 1392.56 91 1398.78 93 1413.40 91 1454.32 92 1464.41 93 1469.82 90 1495.25 95 1514.19 85 1607.70 7000 1709.10 85 1712.16 85 1716.13 85 2055.75 1100 2140.13 1500 2146.87 1200 2182.71 1100 2193.88
V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II II
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2196.03 2199.58 2199.67 2207.64 2210.03 2239.48 2250.76 2261.42 2262.30 2272.59 2285.25 2286.59 2289.16 2302.24 2302.93 2312.60 2315.46 2331.98 2332.19 2357.30 2361.09 2364.24 2371.58 2387.06 2400.63 2416.89 2427.64 2429.71 2432.70 2470.90 2474.62 2484.95 2488.70 2490.46 2504.45 2507.45 2526.35 2532.12 2559.43 2562.10 2577.37 2603.49 2608.63 2635.58 2636.90 2647.47 2653.27 2656.61 2661.34 2675.90 2685.17 2694.52 2698.30 2710.13 2714.67 2727.44 2748.78 2749.83 2752.49 2758.31 2761.68
K21599_S10.indb 75
II IV II IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II I II II II I I II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I II II II I I I II I I II I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
770 680 680 510 640 560 1500 1900 360 470 380 770 560 310 410 310 1700 470 1200 510 340 1500 770 770 340 430 1800 290 d 530 530 360 560 380 380 270 320 270 600 300 1100 680 330 d 640 360 450 490 380 490 750 980 500 210 210 210 410 310 300 360 c 340 260 450
2775.88 2796.34 2797.76 2806.58 2844.25 2848.52 2850.49 2850.98 2861.98 2871.42 2880.02 2891.84 2902.05 2915.49 2925.19 2932.70 2933.55 2940.06 2940.22 2951.92 2953.56 2963.32 2965.13 2965.54 2969.47 2975.56 3012.54 3027.48 3049.56 3069.24 3077.24 3103.25 3124.97 3130.58 3132.64 3170.29 3173.59 3180.95 3223.83 3311.16 3318.84 3330.99 3371.54 3385.05 3406.94 3480.52 3497.85 3511.04 3607.41 3626.62 3642.06 3918.51 3970.10 3996.17 4061.40 4067.91 4205.88 4510.98 4574.31 4619.51 4681.88
I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
200 100 110 100 100 330 110 110 d 140 200 130 90 150 130 130 90 130 240 130 90 90 130 240 190 c 100 250 100 100 65 130 150 150 150 75 65 75 65 90 65 250 200 380 65 100 100 100 110 75 100 180 75 c 75 160 c 210 180 150 140 140 65 180 110 d
5037.37 5067.87 5115.84 5141.62 5143.69 5156.56 5212.74 5218.45 5341.05 5402.51 5419.19 5518.91 5645.91 5664.90 5776.77 5780.71 5811.10 5877.36 5882.30 5901.91 5918.95 5939.76 5944.02 5997.23 6020.72 6045.39 6047.25 6101.58 6144.56 6154.50 6256.68 6268.70 6309.58 6325.08 6341.17 6356.16 6360.84 6389.45 6428.60 6430.79 6450.36 6485.37 6505.52 6514.39 6516.10 6574.84 6611.95 6621.30 6673.73 6675.53 6740.73 6771.74 6813.25 6866.23 6875.27 6902.10 6927.38 6928.54 6951.26 6966.13 6995.22
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
75 150 110 140 160 140 c 100 90 cw 160 100 75 75
7006.96 7148.63 7172.90 7301.74 7346.41 7352.86 7356.96 7369.09 7407.89 7882.37 8026.50 8281.62
I I I I I I I I I I I I
Technetium Tc Z = 43 10000 c 3636.07 20000 c 4031.63 15000 4095.67 20000 4262.27 30000 4297.06 20000 4853.59
I I I I I I
Tellurium Te Z = 52 8 802.28 8 1059.51 8 1077.66 10 1161.42 10 1174.34 12 1175.79 9 1208.54 9 1220.98 9 1253.62 9 1270.52 10 1324.92 9 1363.24 8 1366.73 10 1374.80 10 1608.41 10 1613.15 5 1655.4 5 1688.5 6 1700.0 5 1708.0 10 1822.4 26000 2002.02 6500 2081.16 18000 2142.81 3200 2147.25 500 2259.02 1200 2383.26 1500 2385.78 50 2438.69 120 2530.72 100 2649.66 80 2661.10 110 2677.13 100 2858.29 150 2895.41 70 2967.29 70 3047.00 100 3175.14 60 3256.80 60 3329.22
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II II II II I II II
Atomic
Intensity 1500 90 1500 90 1400 d 1400 1200 840 990 990 790 600 990 440 440 440 420 690 550 250 260 600 320 1400 2400 320 360 360 480 380 600 500 600 500 600 600 1200 d 600 1200 460 600 600 1400 1200 860 2400 2600 1900 1500 770 1500 470 1000 1200 2600 470 1200 860 410 1000 430
10-75
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-76
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
150 50 50 50 100 50 50 70 100 80 100 60 80 150 75 170 80 100 70 100 180 200 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 130 200 8 50 50 150 150 100 200 150 100 50 10 h 20 h 20 h 15 h 20 h 12 15 15 15 10 30 h 10 20 15 15 10 205 81 5660 532
3406.79 3442.25 3521.11 3552.19 3611.78 3617.57 4006.52 4127.32 4169.77 4225.73 4261.11 4273.43 4285.85 4364.00 4385.10 4478.63 4537.07 4557.78 4630.62 4641.12 4654.37 4686.91 4696.38 4706.53 4766.05 4784.87 4827.14 4831.28 4842.90 4865.12 4866.24 5083.0 5449.84 5487.95 5576.35 5649.26 5666.20 5708.12 5755.85 5974.68 6367.13 6790.0 6837.6 6854.7 7191.1 7263.5 7460.98 7468.75 7921.69 7943.14 7950.34 8061.4 8122.44 8186.44 8273.53 8672.95 8733.81 8758.18 9004.37 9722.74 9868.92
K21599_S10.indb 76
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
689 325 5950 4097 381 397 745 1880 10200 508 6620 1580 1050 1480 2430 3760 1960 2780 1020 464 74 38
9956.30 9977.13 10051.41 10091.01 10118.08 10300.56 10493.57 10918.34 11089.56 11163.74 11487.23 13247.75 14513.51 15452.45 15546.23 16403.90 17303.54 18291.59 21043.73 21602.50 22555.29 26539.17
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Terbium Tb 1000 1000 1000 5000 2000 2000 1000 1000 110 110 130 140 190 270 320 250 230 230 460 460 670 480 480 480 440 480 480 1100 1200 480 760 760 1000 1500 3800 760 760 810
Z = 65 1259.40 1327.67 1373.86 1595.39 1633.19 2027.79 2089.98 2332.54 2584.61 2608.57 2628.69 2669.29 2704.07 2769.53 2897.44 2956.21 3010.59 3016.18 3053.55 3070.05 3078.86 3082.36 3089.58 3102.96 3139.64 3187.26 3199.56 3218.93 3219.98 3252.32 3280.31 3281.40 3285.04 3293.07 3324.40 3349.42 3364.93 3454.06
IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
810 d 810 5700 1300 1100 810 3200 810 4200 1600 1100 710 810 1600 810 2300 810 2000 3800 810 450 450 4700 2400 1000 d 650 870 870 1100 650 1700 2100 600 410 760 d 1500 540 920 d 3700 3500 w 480 490 2400 1600 480 650 760 810 d 2200 d 1800 970 1900 760 870 2100 430 410 1300 650 1100 350
3472.79 3500.84 3509.17 3523.66 3540.24 3543.89 3561.74 3567.35 3568.52 3568.98 3579.20 3585.03 3596.38 3600.44 3625.54 3650.40 3654.88 3658.88 3676.35 3682.26 3693.58 3700.12 3702.86 3703.92 3711.76 3745.04 3747.17 3747.34 3755.24 3759.35 3765.14 3776.49 3783.53 3789.92 3806.85 3830.26 3833.42 3842.50 3848.73 3874.17 3888.22 3894.64 3899.20 3901.33 3908.06 3915.43 3925.45 3939.52 3976.84 3981.87 4002.59 4005.47 4012.75 4032.28 4033.03 4054.12 4060.37 4061.58 4105.37 4144.41 4158.53
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II I II I I I I II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
390 650 600 480 480 650 760 cw 450 2200 600 600 3000 600 870 600 1700 700 870 330 300 260 350 240 240 430 75 110 110 110 110 210 65 65 75 d 95 65 65 h 85 210 260 cw 80 80 80 70 c 80 80 200 110 80 70 410 cw 180 100 80 80 95 65 85 110 75 85
4196.74 4203.74 4206.49 4215.09 4232.82 4266.34 4278.52 4310.42 4318.83 4322.23 4325.83 4326.43 4332.12 4336.43 4337.64 4338.41 4340.62 4356.81 4382.45 4388.23 4390.91 4423.10 4436.12 4448.04 4493.07 4514.31 4549.07 4550.45 4556.46 4563.69 4578.69 4584.84 4591.56 4626.32 4626.94 4632.07 4636.59 4641.00 4641.98 4645.31 4647.23 4662.79 4676.90 4681.87 4688.63 4693.11 4702.41 4707.94 4739.93 4747.80 4752.53 4786.78 4813.77 4875.57 4881.15 4915.90 4931.79 4993.82 5078.25 5089.12 5186.13
I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II II II II II I I II II II I I I I II II II II I I II I I II II I I II I II I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 5228.12 5248.71 5262.11 5281.05 5304.72 5319.23 5337.90 5354.88 5369.72 5375.98 5424.10 5459.81 5509.61 5514.54 5524.12 5747.58 5795.64 5803.13 5815.36 5851.07 5870.62 5920.78 5967.34 6331.68 6518.68 6581.82 6677.94 6702.61 6794.58 6896.37 6899.95 6901.98 7204.28 7257.73 7348.88 7496.12 7582.03 7590.24 7596.44 7627.81 7737.63 7855.79 7927.90 8025.42 8085.06 8194.82 8212.57 8450.06 8511.80 8583.45 8603.40 8765.74
I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I II I II II I I I I II I II I I I I II II II II II I II I II I II
Thallium Tl 10 5r 15 r 5r 10 r 5r 8r 30
Z = 81 570.49 670.87 696.30 709.23 817.18 836.34 1018.85 1028.69
IV II II II II II II IV
K21599_S10.indb 77
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
20 20 10 r 8r 5r 30 10 r 15 r 10 r 10 r 12 r 5r 10 15 r 8r 25 r 8r 10 r 10 8r 10 r 10 r 15 r 10 r 7r 5h 5 10 r 12 r 25 r 100 r 100 r 30 140 900 h 20 700 420 4400 d 10 2800 20 15 15 15 1200 15 15 9 20000 5000 8 9 12000 w 10 10 7 6 20 40 20
1034.73 1036.61 1049.73 1050.30 1074.97 1079.68 1130.17 1162.55 1167.43 1183.41 1194.84 1246.00 1266.33 1307.50 1310.20 1321.71 1330.40 1373.52 1477.14 1489.65 1499.30 1507.82 1561.58 1568.57 1593.26 1616. 1685.40 1792.76 1814.85 1908.64 2007.56 2210.71 2298.04 2315.98 2379.69 2530.86 2580.14 2709.23 2767.87 2849.80 2918.32 3091.56 3185.51 3186.56 3187.74 3229.75 3291.01 3369.15 3456.34 3519.24 3529.43 3540.08 3560.68 3775.72 3832.30 3887.15 4109.85 4269.81 4274.98 4306.80 4737.05
IV IV II II II IV II II II II II II III II II II II II III I II II II II II I I II II II I I II I I II I I I II I II II II II I II II III I I II II I II II III III II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
15 25 25 18000 15 d 10 25 10 10 16 h 10 10 20 10 10 20 20 40 20 30 40 1000 150 700
4981.35 5078.54 5152.14 5350.46 5384.85 5410.97 5949.48 6179.98 6378.32 6549.84 6966.5 7815.80 8373.6 8474.27 8664.1 9130. 9130.5 9509.4 9930.4 10011.9 10488.80 11512.82 12736.4 13013.2
II II II I II II II II II I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I
Thorium Th 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 500 480 520 410 800 1200 100 550 100 100 420 450 670 480 510 100 510 510 480 100 420 420 420 1100 770 560 560 480 590
Z = 90 1707.37 1959.02 2002.34 2413.50 2427.94 2431.68 2441.24 2565.593 2692.415 2747.156 2752.166 2832.315 2837.295 2848.084 2870.406 2936.086 2943.729 3049.092 3067.729 3078.828 3080.217 3108.296 3116.263 3119.526 3122.963 3125.507 3136.216 3139.306 3142.835 3175.726 3180.193 3188.233 3221.292 3229.009 3235.84 3238.116
IV IV IV III III III III II II II II II II I II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
910 180 910 620 910 620 240 480 510 840 250 620 620 310 980 620 250 1300 200 250 200 250 390 270 980 770 1300 170 200 670 180 170 200 530 200 270 270 980 200 480 270 210 170 220 280 700 150 170 180 340 590 770 1300 310 650 180 590 450 840 450 210
3256.274 3257.366 3262.668 3287.789 3291.739 3292.520 3301.650 3304.238 3321.450 3325.120 3330.476 3334.604 3337.870 3348.768 3351.228 3358.602 3374.974 3392.035 3396.727 3398.544 3405.558 3413.012 3421.210 3423.989 3433.998 3435.976 3469.920 3471.218 3486.552 3539.587 3544.018 3549.595 3555.013 3559.451 3576.557 3592.780 3598.120 3609.445 3612.427 3615.133 3635.943 3642.248 3649.735 3663.202 3669.968 3675.567 3682.486 3692.566 3698.105 3706.767 3719.435 3721.825 3741.183 3747.539 3752.569 3770.056 3803.075 3828.384 3839.746 3863.405 3875.374
II I II II II II I I II II I II II I II II I II I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I II II I II I I I II II I
Atomic
Intensity 120 75 75 w 75 65 110 65 w 160 75 75 50 55 55 50 65 85 c 75 75 65 65 65 65 c 75 35 35 cw 35 90 40 cw 130 55 45 h 40 65 40 45 45 27 h 45 65 30 30 30 27 30 30 65 95 40 30 h 45 30 65
10-77
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-78
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
340 590 200 390 200 150 530 220 220 280 4200 250 250 250 700 700 150 840 240 280 1100 200 200 450 620 620 110 110 480 700 130 1300 1100 110 280 90 50 280 260 110 120 95 110 95 60 60 95 70 85 60 50 50 50 50 60 50 50 h 55 30 30 30
3895.419 3929.669 3932.911 3967.392 3972.155 3980.089 3994.549 4008.210 4009.056 4012.495 4019.129 4030.842 4036.047 4063.407 4086.520 4094.747 4100.341 4108.421 4112.754 4115.758 4116.713 4127.411 4134.067 4149.986 4178.060 4208.890 4253.538 4260.333 4277.313 4282.042 4337.277 4381.860 4391.110 4498.940 4510.527 4723.438 4840.843 4863.163 5017.255 5067.974 5148.211 5216.596 5231.160 5247.654 5343.581 5587.026 5707.103 5760.551 5989.044 6169.822 6182.622 6274.116 6274.117 6355.911 6457.283 6462.614 6531.342 6989.656 7045.795 7084.171 7168.896
K21599_S10.indb 78
I II I I I I II I I I II I I I II II I II I I II I I II II II I I II II I II II I II I I II II I II II I II I I II I II I I II II II I I I I II I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
40 35 50 30 30 40 20 20 20 30 20 20 15 10
7191.132 7208.006 7525.508 7647.380 8330.451 8967.641 9833.42 10726.93 10942.24 11230.259 11984.67 17208.22 18811.88 22264.35
II I II I I I I I II I II II I II
Thulium Tm 5000 360 20000 5000 20000 5000 5000 6000 6000 3000 3000 4000 450 450 770 30000 2000 1300 3000 130 10000 360 540 430 170 h 810 730 5000 2000 3000 540 3000 4000 680 730 2000 580 200 1600 1000 490 1000 1500 360 7400 2300
Z = 69 2185.94 2284.79 2296.21 2305.03 2311.16 2312.72 2326.19 2328.50 2329.29 2331.80 2357.05 2406.63 2409.02 2426.17 2480.13 2489.44 2504.71 2509.08 2519.78 2527.02 2552.46 2552.76 2561.65 2588.27 2596.49 2607.06 2624.33 2682.32 2707.03 2719.47 2721.19 2724.44 2727.56 2794.60 2797.27 2806.77 2827.92 2854.17 2869.23 2947.72 2973.22 2998.28 3015.30 3081.12 3131.26 3133.89
III II III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III I III I II II I II II III III III II III III II II III II I II III I III II I II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1900 1500 450 2300 1200 1600 2300 320 1900 1600 1200 1100 1200 1200 2300 2000 1200 230 4000 1700 850 340 340 6400 340 4900 4900 8500 210 340 340 420 340 250 1700 420 210 340 420 1300 420 280 2100 1000 380 1100 4800 3800 7700 2400 5000 1700 6000 4800 7100 770 600 290 1300 290 8900
3151.04 3157.34 3172.65 3172.83 3236.81 3240.23 3241.54 3246.96 3258.05 3266.64 3267.40 3276.81 3283.40 3285.61 3291.00 3302.46 3309.80 3349.99 3362.61 3397.50 3410.05 3412.59 3416.59 3425.08 3429.33 3441.50 3453.66 3462.20 3467.51 3476.69 3480.98 3487.38 3499.95 3517.60 3535.52 3537.91 3555.82 3560.92 3563.88 3566.47 3567.36 3586.07 3608.77 3629.09 3638.41 3668.09 3700.26 3701.36 3717.91 3734.12 3744.06 3751.81 3761.33 3761.91 3795.75 3798.54 3807.72 3826.39 3838.20 3840.87 3848.02
II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I II III I II II II I II I I II II II I I I II I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
6800 1800 5400 440 3500 1500 1500 1800 220 380 10000 9500 1100 8800 6000 380 3000 270 150 2700 1400 200 140 120 540 150 260 110 270 300 80 95 110 120 160 120 110 680 70 80 140 160 160 150 95 80 650 80 270 520 40 35 190 35 240 140 200 95 110 120 80
3883.13 3883.44 3887.35 3896.62 3916.48 3949.27 3958.10 3996.52 4024.23 4044.47 4094.19 4105.84 4138.33 4187.62 4203.73 4222.67 4242.15 4271.71 4298.36 4359.93 4386.43 4394.42 4396.50 4454.03 4481.26 4519.60 4522.57 4548.60 4599.02 4615.94 4626.33 4626.56 4634.26 4655.09 4681.92 4691.11 4724.26 4733.34 4759.90 4831.20 4957.18 5009.77 5034.22 5060.90 5113.97 5213.38 5307.12 5346.49 5631.41 5675.84 5684.76 5709.97 5764.29 5838.76 5895.63 5971.26 6460.26 6604.96 6779.77 6844.26 6845.76
I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I II I I II II II II I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 6937.37 7017.90 7034.34 7106.14 7272.62 7310.51 7432.18 7481.08 7490.20 7558.33 7731.53 7856.08 7927.51 7930.84 8017.90 8472.01
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II
Tin Sn Z = 50 7 169.47 150 361.01 100 753.01 200 910.92 500 956.25 7 985.13 500 1019.72 1000 1044.49 1000 1073.41 200 1089.35 8 1108.19 1000 1119.34 1000 1139.29 1000 1158.33 200 1160.74 10 1161.43 1000 1184.25 2000 1210.52 9 1219.07 13 1223.70 11 1243.00 2000 1251.38 1000 1259.92 20 1290.86 200 1294.36 1000 1305.97 1000 1314.55 20 1316.59 1000 1327.34 1000 1347.65 1000 1386.74 25 1400.52 1000 1437.52 20 1475.15 9 1489.22 1000 1570.36 10 r 1737.21 15 r 1751.46 20 r 1764.98 30 r 1790.75 80 r 1804.60 15 1811.34 500 1811.71 40 r 1815.74
II V III III IV II IV IV IV V II IV III III V II III III II II II V III II V III IV II III III III II IV II II III I I I I I II III I
K21599_S10.indb 79
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
120 r 9 50 r 200 r 80 100 12 50 80 500 150 50 h 80 50 50 70 80 100 100 200 100 100 r 50 40 r 20 r 30 80 150 r 300 r 400 r 80 r 400 r 60 400 r 200 r 600 r 300 r 1000 r 22 100 800 r 1000 r 15 300 13 10 200 400 500 r 200 200 r 700 r 150 1400 r 1000 r 700 r 850 r 12 550 r 550 r 50
1823.00 1831.89 1848.75 1860.32 1886.05 1891.40 1899.91 1909.30 1925.31 1941.86 1952.15 1977.6 1984.20 2040.66 2054.03 2058.31 2068.58 2072.89 2073.08 2096.39 2100.93 2113.93 2121.26 2148.73 2151.43 2151.54 2171.32 2194.49 2199.34 2209.65 2231.72 2246.05 2251.17 2268.91 2286.68 2317.23 2334.80 2354.84 2368.33 2408.15 2421.70 2429.49 2448.98 2483.39 2483.48 2486.99 2495.70 2546.55 2571.58 2594.42 2661.24 2706.51 2779.81 2839.99 2863.32 3009.14 3034.12 3047.50 3175.05 3262.34 3283.21
I II I I I I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
110 60 10 11 280 r 10 20 25 500 15 50 100 150 250 100 400 200 150 100 70 25 20 10 13 100 100 h 200 80 300 400 50 h 50 h 80 h 150 50 100 h 300 h 500 54 70 56 200 200 258 96 106 254 48 111 42 42 89 187 187 68 378 144 40 4
3330.62 3351.97 3472.46 3575.45 3801.02 5332.36 5561.95 5588.92 5631.71 5799.18 5925.44 5970.30 6037.70 6069.00 6073.46 6149.71 6154.60 6171.50 6310.78 6453.50 6844.05 7191.40 7387.79 7741.80 7754.97 8030.5 8114.09 8357.04 8422.72 8552.60 8681.7 9410.86 9415.37 9616.40 9741.1 9742.8 9805.38 9850.52 10894.00 11191.85 11277.66 11454.59 11616.26 11739.78 11825.18 11835.82 11932.99 12009.50 12313.24 12530.87 12536.5 12888.5 12981.7 13018.5 13081.5 13460.2 13608.2 20861.7 24738.2
Titanium Ti Z = 22 17 252.96
I II II II I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
15 14 13 18 20 20 23 20 11 10 20 18 180 190 190 22 25 360 24 210 190 190 130 23 24 23 22 270 340 510 300 640 800 950 250 250 190 180 280 450 340 1100 1300 1600 22 1300 d 1100 1600 2300 3600 720 500 780 1000 1600 2400 1000 3100 3800 780 1100
498.26 502.08 526.57 779.07 1298.66 1298.97 1455.19 1467.34 1717.40 1841.49 2067.56 2103.16 2273.28 2279.96 2305.67 2413.99 2516.05 2525.60 2527.84 2529.85 2531.25 2534.62 2535.87 2540.06 2563.44 2565.42 2567.56 2599.92 2605.15 2611.28 2619.94 2641.10 2644.26 2646.64 2742.32 2802.50 2841.94 2877.44 2884.11 2912.08 2928.34 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2984.75 3066.22 3072.97 3075.22 3078.64 3088.02 3119.72 3161.20 3161.77 3162.57 3168.52 3186.45 3190.87 3191.99 3199.92 3202.54 3217.06
V V V IV III III III IV V V IV IV I I I III III II III I II II II III III III III I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I III II II II II II I II II II II I II I I II II
Atomic
Intensity 10 10 12 10 17 14 14 75 75 140 80 40 55 110 95 27
10-79
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-80
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1300 6600 5200 4100 2600 1200 1200 1200 1200 840 2900 2100 1800 1100 5700 4300 12000 4100 7200 1100 4300 5700 2900 d 1400 5700 1400 1400 1100 890 600 600 480 890 600 17 600 4800 6600 7200 600 3100 600 2900 3300 330 5200 3300 2900 840 500 530 2600 500 500 15 1100 890 1100 4500 4500 5200
3222.84 3234.52 3236.57 3239.04 3241.99 3248.60 3252.91 3254.25 3261.60 3314.42 3322.94 3329.46 3335.20 3340.34 3341.88 3349.04 3349.41 3354.64 3361.21 3370.44 3371.45 3372.80 3377.48 3380.28 3383.76 3385.95 3387.84 3394.58 3444.31 3461.50 3477.18 3491.05 3504.89 3510.84 3576.44 3610.16 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3671.67 3685.20 3689.91 3729.82 3741.06 3741.64 3752.86 3759.30 3761.32 3786.04 3882.89 3900.54 3904.78 3913.46 3914.34 3915.47 3924.53 3929.88 3947.78 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21
K21599_S10.indb 80
II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II I II I I II I II II I II II II II II II II II IV I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I II I II I III I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
950 950 4800 570 5700 7800 950 1200 840 890 840 950 840 840 2000 200 2900 4100 6000 1200 330 890 230 840 550 840 950 1100 240 530 780 1000 1000 780 6000 240 3600 2400 1200 1200 720 950 240 15 950 720 240 15 d 950 480 720 840 950 470 400 380 5800 4600 4000 3600 3200 d
3962.85 3964.27 3981.76 3982.48 3989.76 3998.64 4008.93 4024.57 4078.47 4286.01 4287.40 4289.07 4290.94 4295.76 4298.66 4300.05 4300.56 4301.09 4305.92 4314.80 4395.04 4427.10 4443.80 4449.15 4450.90 4453.32 4455.33 4457.43 4468.50 4481.26 4512.74 4518.03 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4533.97 4534.78 4535.58 4535.92 4536.05 4544.69 4548.77 4549.63 4549.84 4552.46 4555.49 4571.98 4572.20 4617.27 4623.09 4656.47 4667.59 4681.92 4840.87 4885.08 4899.91 4981.73 4991.07 4999.51 5007.21 5014.19
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I II III I I II III I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
840 840 1200 840 740 1200 1400 1100 1300 1400 17 20 340 270 320 250 130 95 95 85 400 230 120 150 120 300 200 270 340 110 120 120 120 17 380 380 300 55 65 75 18 18 80 20 18 260 130 130 120 90 60 60 55 75 100 100 75 120 170 490 240
5020.03 5022.87 5035.91 5036.47 5038.40 5039.95 5064.66 5173.75 5192.98 5210.39 5278.12 5398.93 5512.53 5514.35 5514.54 5644.14 5675.44 5689.47 5715.13 5739.51 5866.46 5899.32 5918.55 5922.12 5941.76 5953.17 5965.84 5978.56 5999.04 6064.63 6085.23 6091.17 6126.22 6246.65 6258.10 6258.70 6261.10 6546.28 6554.23 6556.07 6621.58 6667.99 6743.12 7072.64 7084.57 7209.44 7244.86 7251.72 7344.72 7357.74 7364.11 7978.88 8024.84 8364.24 8377.85 8382.54 8396.87 8412.36 8426.52 8434.94 8435.70
I I I I I I I I I I III IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
20 90
8466.87 8675.39
III I
Tungsten W 5800 13000 5100 4100 4100 7300 15000 5300 9700 6100 2100 2400 1500 1300 460 510 530 d 340 440 460 390 d 320 580 850 510 670 730 560 560 1700 d 610 870 1800 580 780 870 630 780 780 1100 1400 480 1200 870 1500 480 d 580 390 390 630 680 75 310 780 270 780 430 780
Z = 74 2001.71 2008.07 2009.98 2010.23 2014.23 2026.08 2029.98 2049.63 2079.11 2094.75 2118.87 2121.59 2166.32 2204.48 2249.80 2277.58 2294.49 2309.02 2313.17 2321.63 2326.56 2354.61 2360.44 2363.07 2374.47 2384.82 2397.09 2397.73 2397.98 2405.58 2415.68 2424.21 2435.96 2444.06 2451.48 2452.00 2454.98 2455.51 2456.53 2459.30 2466.85 2472.51 2474.15 2480.13 2481.44 2482.10 2484.74 2487.50 2489.23 2495.26 2504.70 2510.47 2520.46 2521.32 2522.04 2523.41 2527.76 2533.64
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I II I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2547.14 2550.38 2551.35 2561.97 2580.49 2584.39 2589.17 2601.96 2606.39 2608.32 2613.08 2613.82 2620.25 2622.21 2625.22 2632.48 2632.70 2633.13 2638.62 2646.18 2646.73 2656.54 2662.84 2671.47 2677.28 2681.42 2695.67 2699.59 2700.01 2706.58 2708.59 2708.80 2715.50 2718.91 2724.35 2725.03 2748.84 2762.34 2764.27 2769.74 2770.88 2774.00 2774.48 2792.70 2799.93 2818.06 2831.38 2833.63 2848.02 2896.44 2935.00 2944.40 2946.99 2979.71 3013.79 3016.47 3017.44 3024.93 3026.67 3041.73 3043.80
K21599_S10.indb 81
I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
440 810 180 180 d 370 240 240 230 260 290 320 190 390 390 520 1000 190 210 210 210 d 730 440 440 440 390 230 240 400 650 240 1900 650 400 570 810 510 680 1000 340 1000 290 190 260 1400 1100 730 1800 730 8600 540 910 730 5000 1000 540 450 220 250 540 1400 4100
3046.44 3049.69 3073.28 3084.83 3093.50 3107.23 3108.02 3117.57 3120.18 3163.42 3176.60 3181.82 3191.57 3198.84 3207.25 3215.56 3232.49 3254.36 3259.66 3266.62 3300.82 3311.38 3326.20 3331.69 3373.75 3429.59 3443.00 3495.24 3545.22 3570.65 3617.52 3682.08 3683.30 3688.06 3707.92 3757.92 3760.13 3768.45 3773.71 3780.77 3809.22 3810.38 3810.79 3817.48 3835.06 3846.22 3867.99 3881.41 4008.75 4015.22 4045.59 4069.95 4074.36 4102.70 4137.46 4171.17 4207.05 4219.37 4244.36 4269.38 4294.61
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
2200 200 180 200 640 170 640 640 790 380 220 820 770 220 65 55 45 40 55 55 55 40 45 35 40 17 13 15 13 15 9 11 10 15 15 10 17 17 13 11 22 22 13 10 27 10 13
4302.11 4378.48 4384.85 4408.28 4484.19 4588.73 4659.87 4680.51 4843.81 4886.90 4982.59 5053.28 5224.66 5514.68 5648.37 5735.09 5804.85 5902.64 5947.57 5965.86 6012.78 6021.52 6292.02 6404.21 6445.12 6611.62 6678.42 6693.08 6984.27 7140.52 7162.64 7200.16 7278.24 7285.81 7296.55 7509.00 7569.92 7614.15 7688.97 7784.15 8017.19 8055.64 8123.82 8338.08 8585.11 8594.42 8865.53
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Uranium U 440 610 830 870 630 630 870 680 920 970 1200 780 780
Z = 92 2565.41 2635.53 2793.94 2802.56 2807.05 2817.96 2821.12 2828.90 2832.06 2865.68 2889.62 2906.80 2908.28
II II II II II II II II II II II II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
580 530 p 1300 830 580 580 580 530 630 630 580 630 630 580 580 580 970 530 680 530 680 530 730 680 730 1100 730 580 580 630 680 1600 530 630 780 1600 630 530 1200 680 1200 2300 530 630 3200 840 2800 1100 600 680 950 600 1900 570 1900 750 2000 1200 2400 4900 1900
2931.41 2940.37 2941.92 2943.90 2956.06 2967.94 2971.06 2984.61 3022.21 3031.99 3050.20 3057.91 3062.54 3072.78 3093.01 3102.39 3111.62 3119.35 3124.95 3139.61 3149.24 3153.11 3229.50 3232.16 3291.33 3305.89 3390.38 3424.56 3435.49 3466.30 3482.49 3489.37 3496.41 3500.08 3507.34 3514.61 3533.57 3540.47 3550.82 3555.32 3561.80 3566.59 3569.08 3578.72 3584.88 3638.20 3670.07 3701.52 3738.04 3746.42 3748.68 3751.17 3782.84 3793.10 3811.99 3826.51 3831.46 3839.63 3854.64 3859.57 3865.92
II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I II I II I I I II II II I I I I II I I II II II II II I II II I II II I II II II
Atomic
Intensity 1200 780 2700 730 870 390 390 370 680 370 970 480 400 400 400 400 400 810 400 d 650 400 1600 810 810 650 2100 650 650 400 400 400 400 d 400 2100 2600 400 650 400 400 400 810 810 810 810 400 810 1600 810 810 1500 690 2400 2400 730 d 360 520 770 210 310 d 440 d 270
10-81
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-82
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1500 1000 2200 2000 1200 1200 1000 1600 880 2200 810 880 1400 1000 600 620 170 150 110 170 80 70 80 70 70 160 70 70 230 100 90 55 90 110 90 45 50 35 75 30 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 75 75
3871.03 3881.45 3890.36 3932.02 3943.82 3985.79 4042.75 4050.04 4062.54 4090.13 4116.10 4153.97 4171.59 4241.67 4472.33 4543.63 4689.07 4756.81 5008.21 5027.38 5160.32 5280.38 5475.70 5480.26 5481.20 5492.95 5780.59 5798.53 5915.39 5976.32 6077.29 6372.46 6395.42 6449.16 6826.92 7533.93 7881.94 8445.39 8607.95 8757.76 10554.93 11167.84 11384.13 11859.42 11908.83 12250.46 13185.16 13306.23 13961.58 18634.43 21910.22
Vanadium V Z = 23 20 225.46 20 251.66 20 286.84 35 483.01 50 633.94 200 677.34 500 684.37 400 737.85 100 864.27
K21599_S10.indb 82
I II II II I II I II II II II I II II II II II I II I II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V III IV IV IV III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
500 500 100 1000 1000 100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 300 500 400 500 2100 500 1000 2500 2500 1000 240 410 210 80 h 230 250 250 80 h 180 1100 680 530 640 180 240 900 900 1400 900 2400 710 2400 1700 900 1100 410 600 1200 1400 2400 3800 3000 2600 2000 1500 3200 5300 3800 410 530
1006.46 1149.94 1426.65 1643.03 1650.14 1680.20 1694.78 1760.07 1788.26 1794.60 1812.19 1861.56 1939.06 1951.43 1997.72 2092.44 2268.30 2292.86 2330.42 2371.06 2382.46 2507.78 2526.22 2527.90 2570.72 2574.02 2593.05 2595.10 2645.54 2661.42 2687.96 2700.94 2706.17 2715.69 2731.35 2864.36 2891.64 2892.66 2893.32 2906.46 2908.82 2923.62 2924.02 2924.64 2941.37 2944.57 2962.77 2968.38 3056.33 3060.46 3066.38 3093.11 3102.30 3110.71 3118.38 3125.28 3183.41 3183.98 3185.40 3187.71 3188.51
III III IV III III V III III III III III IV IV IV IV I IV III III III III I I II IV I III III IV I II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II II I II I I I II II II II II I I I II II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
750 1100 900 750 80 h 560 560 560 560 560 490 560 100 1300 1000 1500 1000 3800 1800 320 250 280 520 1100 570 570 1000 1300 1700 2600 1200 3000 1300 1500 700 2400 700 540 430 170 1100 1800 890 2800 590 2800 2300 8900 4300 1800 2000 3100 3100 2300 20 360 560 460 460 430 460
3190.68 3267.70 3271.12 3276.12 3514.25 3517.30 3533.68 3545.20 3556.80 3589.76 3592.02 3592.53 3679.86 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.86 3703.58 3704.70 3715.47 3727.34 3732.76 3790.32 3794.96 3799.91 3803.47 3813.49 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.37 3855.84 3864.86 3875.08 3890.18 3902.25 3909.89 3990.57 3998.73 4005.71 4090.58 4092.69 4095.49 4099.80 4102.16 4105.17 4109.79 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4123.57 4128.07 4132.02 4134.49 4200.32 4232.46 4268.64 4271.55 4276.96 4284.06 4330.02
II II II II IV II I II II II II I III I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
510 760 1000 12000 7000 4800 3600 1400 2300 2800 3600 4600 640 640 640 830 640 610 1000 2000 610 510 640 830 1300 230 100 130 160 130 110 130 130 130 150 120 320 480 620 740 110 110 110 110 110 110 100 140 140 100 200 400 110 110 310 1200 920 570 850 230 230
4332.82 4341.01 4352.87 4379.24 4384.72 4389.97 4395.23 4400.58 4406.64 4407.64 4408.20 4408.51 4416.47 4421.57 4437.84 4441.68 4444.21 4452.01 4459.76 4460.29 4462.36 4577.17 4580.40 4586.36 4594.11 4619.77 4635.18 4646.40 4670.49 4776.36 4786.51 4796.92 4807.53 4827.45 4831.64 4832.43 4851.48 4864.74 4875.48 4881.56 5128.53 5138.42 5192.99 5194.83 5234.07 5240.87 5401.93 5415.26 5584.50 5592.42 5624.60 5627.64 5657.44 5668.36 5670.85 5698.52 5703.56 5706.98 5727.03 5731.25 5737.06
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 6039.73 6081.44 6090.22 6119.52 6199.19 6216.37 6230.74 6243.10 6251.82 6268.82 6274.65 6285.16 6292.83 6296.49 6531.43 6753.00 6766.49 6784.98 7338.92 7356.54 8027.39 8116.80 8161.07 8919.85
Xenon Xe Z = 54 8 657.8 8 660.1 9 673.8 9 674.0 9 676.6 10 694.0 20 698.5 12 705.1 10 721.2 15 731.0 10 733.3 350 740.41 15 742.6 10 756.0 10 761.5 10 769.1 25 779.1 15 792.9 12 796.1 15 802.0 350 803.07 25 823.2 30 824.9 25 853.0 600 880.80 350 885.54 15 889.3 20 894.0 20 896.0 600 925.87 250 935.40 10 965.5 800 972.77 700 976.68 35 1003.4 35 1017.7
K21599_S10.indb 83
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III II III III III II II III III III II II III II II III III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
500 700 1100 10 1000 1200 12 2000 600 1200 30 600 250 800 p 250 25 600 250 1000 600 80 100 30 40 30 40 30 200 80 w 60 w 30 150 h 30 50 40 80 w 40 60 40 40 80 w 400 40 30 100 h 100 40 50 30 300 100 w 80 c 40 100 80 30 80 w 40 30 200 h 80
1032.44 1037.68 1041.31 1047.8 1048.27 1051.92 1066.4 1074.48 1083.86 1100.43 1130.3 1158.47 1169.63 1183.05 1192.04 1232.1 1244.76 1250.20 1295.59 1469.61 2668.98 2717.33 2814.45 2815.91 2827.45 2847.65 2862.40 2864.73 2871.10 2871.24 2871.7 2895.22 2896.62 2906.6 2911.89 2912.36 2940.2 2945.2 2947.5 2948.1 2970.47 2979.32 2992.87 3004.25 3017.43 3023.81 3083.5 3091.1 3106.46 3128.87 3138.3 3150.82 3185.2 3242.86 3268.98 3287.82 3301.55 3331.6 3358.0 3366.72 3384.12
II II II III II II III II II II III II II II I III II I I I III III III III III III III II III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III III II III III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
2 2 2 3 60 70 100 w 100 h 40 4 4 5 80 50 10 50 10 40 100 80 100 w 100 40 15 8 100 w 40 600 6 10 50 40 40 40 300 100 200 60 100 l 500 300 100 200 200 l 60 100 h 100 100 200 l 1000 h 500 h 300 h 100 h 300 h 100 300 h 400 h 500 h 100 l 30 500 h
3400.07 3418.37 3420.00 3442.66 3444.2 3454.2 3458.7 3461.26 3468.22 3469.81 3472.36 3506.74 3522.83 3542.3 3549.86 3552.1 3554.04 3561.4 3579.7 3583.6 3595.4 3606.06 3607.0 3610.32 3613.06 3615.9 3623.1 3624.08 3633.06 3669.91 3676.67 3685.90 3693.49 3776.3 3781.02 3841.5 3877.8 3880.5 3907.91 3922.55 3950.59 4037.59 4050.07 4057.46 4060.4 4098.89 4109.1 4145.7 4158.04 4180.10 4193.15 4208.48 4209.47 4213.72 4215.60 4223.00 4238.25 4245.38 4251.57 4285.9 4296.40
I I I I III III III II III I I I III III I III I III III III III III III I I III III III I I III I I III III III III III II III III II III II III II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
500 h 1000 l 200 h 100 l 500 h 500 l 200 l 150 l 50 500 h 100 w 1000 h 500 l 100 l 100 w 100 w 100 w 30 60 30 600 100 w 150 500 400 300 40 500 500 200 l 400 300 100 l 200 200 1000 300 100 100 300 400 100 60 500 500 2000 300 1000 2000 200 30 200 500 100 50 3000 800 300 200 400 1000
4310.51 4330.52 4369.20 4373.78 4393.20 4395.77 4406.88 4416.07 4434.2 4448.13 4462.1 4462.19 4480.86 4521.86 4569.1 4570.1 4641.4 4673.7 4683.57 4723.60 4734.152 4757.3 4792.619 4807.02 4829.71 4843.29 4869.5 4916.51 4923.152 4971.71 4972.71 4988.77 4991.17 5028.280 5044.92 5080.62 5122.42 5125.70 5178.82 5188.04 5191.37 5192.10 5239.0 5260.44 5261.95 5292.22 5309.27 5313.87 5339.33 5363.20 5367.1 5368.07 5372.39 5392.80 5401.0 5419.15 5438.96 5445.45 5450.45 5460.39 5472.61
II II II II II II II II III II III II II II III III III III III III I III I I I I III I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II I III II II II II II II
Atomic
Intensity 450 480 1300 600 450 450 430 710 280 130 170 200 200 170 110 65 c 50 c 40 40 35 29 c 120 w 70 c 60 c
10-83
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-84
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 l 40 200 600 100 300 300 600 150 100 200 200 500 500 300 300 100 300 150 100 300 100 200 100 500 300 2000 200 1000 2000 600 1500 400 100 100 150 120 300 500 100 60 100 25 60 60 500 400 100 100 250 500 400 600 200 100 300 150 120 100 200 h 300
5494.86 5524.4 5525.53 5531.07 5566.62 5616.67 5659.38 5667.56 5670.91 5695.75 5699.61 5716.10 5726.91 5751.03 5758.65 5776.39 5815.96 5823.89 5824.80 5875.02 5893.29 5894.99 5905.13 5934.17 5945.53 5971.13 5976.46 6008.92 6036.20 6051.15 6093.50 6097.59 6101.43 6115.08 6146.45 6178.30 6179.66 6182.42 6194.07 6198.26 6205.97 6220.02 6221.7 6238.2 6259.05 6270.82 6277.54 6284.41 6286.01 6300.86 6318.06 6343.96 6356.35 6375.28 6397.99 6469.70 6472.84 6487.76 6498.72 6504.18 6512.83
K21599_S10.indb 84
II III II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I III II III III III II II II I II I II II II II I I I I I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
200 100 1000 100 400 100 150 300 200 150 100 1000 200 100 300 80 100 800 h 100 2000 150 500 50 s 200 500 100 200 200 100 150 300 200 80 500 100 200 60 100 100 300 500 100 200 150 100 150 h 100 700 10000 500 7000 2000 100 2000 50 h 200 50 h 250 100 200 50 h
6528.65 6533.16 6595.01 6595.56 6597.25 6598.84 6668.92 6694.32 6728.01 6788.71 6790.37 6805.74 6827.32 6872.11 6882.16 6910.22 6925.53 6942.11 6976.18 6990.88 7082.15 7119.60 7147.50 7149.03 7164.83 7284.34 7301.80 7339.30 7386.00 7393.79 7548.45 7584.68 7618.57 7642.02 7643.91 7670.66 7787.04 7802.65 7881.32 7887.40 7967.34 8029.67 8057.26 8061.34 8101.98 8151.80 8171.02 8206.34 8231.635 8266.52 8280.116 8346.82 8347.24 8409.19 8515.19 8576.01 8604.23 8648.54 8692.20 8696.86 8716.19
II I II I II II I II I II II II I I I II I II I II II I II II II II II II I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I II I II I I I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
300 100 5000 300 200 200 1000 100 200 400 500 100 100 200 50 h 150 50 l 100 2000 3000 100 90 375 100 300 2500 250 2000 1250 800 375 140 3000 100 2500 150 250 100 1000 125 1500 1500 350 150 3000 250 1250 110 1800 175 2000 2500 250 750 300 150 100 100 600 1500 100
8739.39 8758.20 8819.41 8862.32 8908.73 8930.83 8952.25 8981.05 8987.57 9045.45 9162.65 9167.52 9374.76 9513.38 9591.35 9685.32 9698.68 9718.16 9799.70 9923.19 10838.37 11742.01 12235.24 12257.76 12590.20 12623.391 13544.15 13657.055 14142.444 14240.96 14364.99 14660.81 14732.806 15099.72 15418.394 15557.13 15979.54 16039.90 16053.28 16554.49 16728.15 17325.77 18788.13 20187.19 20262.242 21470.09 23193.33 23279.54 24824.71 25145.84 26269.08 26510.86 28381.54 28582.25 29384.41 29448.06 29649.58 29813.62 30253.14 30475.46 30504.12
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
500 6000 125 550 100 1800 3500 150 450 170 5000 110 250 150 450 850 140 175 270 120
30794.18 31069.23 31336.01 31607.91 32293.08 32739.26 33666.69 34014.67 34335.27 34744.00 35070.25 35246.92 36209.21 36231.74 36508.36 36788.83 38685.98 38737.82 38939.60 39955.14
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Ytterbium Yb Z = 70 1000 1050.24 1000 1054.46 5000 1134.43 900 1316.04 800 1326.36 900 1350.26 80 1561.42 80 h 1765.21 800 1791.06 100 1863.32 800 1873.91 500 1898.25 500 1998.82 900 2116.65 2500 2116.67 800 2123.32 3000 2126.74 800 2139.99 20000 2144.77 15000 2154.18 370 2161.60 850 2185.71 640 2224.46 300 2240.11 300 2305.32 140 2320.81 170 2390.74 460 2464.50 140 2512.06 270 2538.67 2000 2567.61 1000 2579.57 800 2599.14 600 2621.11 1000 2642.56 1000 2651.74 700 2652.25 990 2653.75 200 2665.04 2000 2666.13
IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III III III III IV II IV II IV IV IV II II II III III II II I II II III III III III III III III II II III
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2666.99 2671.96 2672.66 2718.35 2748.66 2750.48 2776.28 2795.60 2803.43 2816.92 2818.72 2821.15 2830.99 2847.18 2851.13 2859.80 2861.21 2867.06 2873.49 2888.04 2891.38 2898.30 2906.31 2914.21 2915.28 2919.35 2934.36 2945.91 2970.56 2983.99 2994.80 2998.00 3005.77 3017.56 3026.67 3029.49 3031.11 3092.50 3100.74 3107.90 3117.81 3126.01 3138.58 3140.94 3162.29 3191.35 3192.88 3201.16 3228.58 3239.58 3289.37 3305.25 3305.73 3319.41 3325.51 3337.17 3342.93 3375.48 3384.01 3387.50 3412.45
K21599_S10.indb 85
III I II II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II I II II III III II II II I II II II II III II II II III II III I II II III III II I III II II III I II I II I III II II II III I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
140 360 240 85 500 190 d 360 2400 500 500 50 230 35 200 170 360 200 240 70 90 240 140 32000 70 400 180 550 80 60 h 170 340 340 140 500 32000 930 50 2000 70 440 470 120 340 300 150 d 120 70 120 60 h 60 h 440 85 h 100 85 h 640 200 70 140 40 190 170 h
3418.39 3426.04 3431.11 3452.40 3454.08 3458.29 3460.27 3464.37 3476.30 3478.84 3517.00 3520.29 3559.03 3560.33 3560.70 3585.47 3619.80 3637.76 3648.15 3655.73 3669.69 3675.08 3694.19 3700.58 3711.91 3734.69 3770.10 3774.32 3791.74 3839.91 3872.85 3900.85 3911.27 3931.23 3987.99 3990.88 4007.36 4028.14 4052.28 4089.68 4149.07 4174.56 4180.81 4213.64 4218.56 4231.97 4277.74 4305.97 4393.69 4430.21 4439.19 4482.42 4517.58 4563.95 4576.21 4582.36 4589.21 4590.83 4684.27 4726.08 4781.87
I I I I II II I I II II I II I II II II II II I I II II II I III I I I I I I I I III I I I III I I I I II III II I I I I I I I III I I I I I I II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
170 35 40 40 h 27 710 140 30 70 220 50 60 85 100 150 h 170 30 h 150 30 40 60 40 17 85 h 2400 60 220 27 35 35 27 17 40 60 60 200 35 h 35 h 340 180 25 690 9h 8h 10 h 16 h 25 30 h 750 100 70 h 200 100
4786.61 4816.43 4837.46 4894.60 4912.36 4935.50 4966.90 5067.80 5069.14 5074.34 5076.74 5196.08 5211.60 5244.11 5277.04 5335.15 5351.29 5352.95 5363.66 5449.27 5481.92 5505.49 5524.54 5539.05 5556.47 5651.98 5719.99 5771.66 5833.99 5837.14 5854.51 5989.33 5991.51 6152.57 6274.78 6328.52 6400.35 6417.91 6489.06 6667.82 6727.61 6799.60 7244.41 7305.22 7313.05 7350.04 7448.28 7527.46 7699.48 7971.46 8922.56 10110.60 10830.36
Yttrium Y Z = 39 150 264.64 150 273.03 900 333.09 500 333.80 400 335.14 500 336.62 500 339.02
II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II III I I I I II I I I I I I I I III II III III IV IV V V V V V
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
500 900 300 300 400 500 300 300 600 300 4000 2000 5000 7000 15000 25000 5000 4000 4000 10000 16000 350 10000 10000 50 50000 40000 560 60 95 70 140 90000 45 70 95 160 99000 390 350 480 750 140 130 190 95 110 220 70 2300 2200 2200 3900 6200 4700 85 85 170 1700 3900 130
344.59 355.86 370.42 372.05 379.96 386.82 403.45 420.74 425.03 473.10 584.98 630.97 805.20 809.92 989.21 996.37 1314.51 1334.04 2068.98 2127.98 2191.16 2243.06 2284.34 2327.31 2354.20 2367.23 2414.64 2422.20 2694.21 2723.00 2742.53 2760.10 2817.04 2822.56 2854.43 2886.48 2919.05 2946.01 2948.40 2964.96 2974.59 2984.26 2996.94 3021.73 3045.37 3095.88 3173.06 3179.41 3191.31 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3327.89 3388.59 3412.47 3485.73 3496.09 3549.01 3551.80
V IV IV V V IV V V IV IV V V III III III III III III III III III II III III I III III II I I I I III I II I I III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I II II I
Atomic
Intensity 2000 390 390 170 230 1300 170 600 1000 600 1000 140 190 230 h 360 430 140 200 45 200 3600 600 1000 170 140 280 35 140 2000 200 170 800 310 160 160 2000 920 3000 28 170 190 4000 1000 230 28 800 390 240 2000 35 18000 130 140 80 2000 240 280 d 240 2000 140 50
10-85
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-86
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
540 170 190 260 3300 300 100 2800 10000 6200 7800 4300 1900 7800 3000 170 13000 1200 10000 1400 7400 1300 4000 80 480 4400 3600 940 2400 9400 2000 9900 8900 7500 100 h 2400 2000 8000 160 280 h 600 2200 300 360 h 2800 110 440 h 120 800 120 12000 150 h 100 1800 890 100 130 170 180 160 110
3552.69 3558.76 3571.43 3576.05 3584.52 3587.75 3589.69 3592.92 3600.73 3601.92 3611.05 3620.94 3628.71 3633.12 3664.61 3692.53 3710.30 3747.55 3774.33 3776.56 3788.70 3818.35 3832.88 3876.82 3878.28 3950.36 3982.60 4039.83 4047.64 4077.38 4083.71 4102.38 4128.31 4142.85 4157.63 4167.52 4174.14 4177.54 4217.80 4220.63 4235.73 4235.94 4251.20 4302.30 4309.63 4330.78 4348.79 4357.73 4358.73 4366.03 4374.94 4375.61 4387.74 4398.02 4422.59 4443.66 4446.63 4475.72 4476.96 4477.45 4487.28
K21599_S10.indb 86
I I I I II I I I II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II I II II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
300 500 890 440 100 100 130 95 2000 200 h 2000 180 170 160 410 120 170 180 140 120 770 550 410 120 890 330 1900 95 1100 100 150 120 100 75 75 1100 180 960 1500 10000 180 75 220 90 190 710 100 240 300 250 120 740 120 180 620 120 560 120 120 740 90
4487.47 4505.95 4527.25 4527.80 4544.32 4559.37 4596.55 4604.80 4643.70 4658.32 4674.84 4696.81 4728.53 4752.79 4760.98 4781.04 4786.89 4799.30 4819.64 4822.13 4839.87 4845.68 4852.69 4854.25 4854.87 4859.84 4883.69 4893.44 4900.12 4906.11 4921.87 4974.30 5006.97 5070.21 5072.19 5087.42 5135.20 5200.41 5205.72 5238.10 5240.81 5380.62 5402.78 5424.37 5438.24 5466.46 5468.47 5497.41 5503.45 5509.90 5521.63 5527.54 5544.50 5577.42 5581.87 5606.33 5630.13 5644.69 5648.47 5662.94 5675.27
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I I II I II II III I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
160 90 75 100 120 120 120 150 1200 300 1000 90 70 95 40 150 70 190 21 45 29 24 h 24 29 35 35 50 29 9000 35 29 110 10000 24 10000 95 19 h
5706.73 5743.85 5765.64 5781.69 6009.19 6023.41 6135.04 6138.43 6191.73 6222.59 6435.00 6538.60 6557.39 6613.75 6650.61 6687.58 6700.71 6793.71 6815.16 6845.24 6887.22 6950.31 6979.88 7052.94 7191.66 7264.17 7346.46 7450.30 7558.71 7563.13 7855.52 7881.90 7991.43 8344.43 8796.21 8800.62 8835.85
I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I II III I I II III I III I II
Zinc Zn Z = 30 200 425.90 200 428.54 200 430.59 1000 677.63 750 677.96 200 713.90 60 1193.23 50 1239.12 50 1249.69 500 1265.74 500 1306.66 200 1456.72 200 1459.98 300 1499.42 300 1500.42 300 1505.92 300 1515.85 300 1552.30 90 1572.99 200 1629.19 200 1639.33 200 1673.05 80 d 1735.61
IV IV IV III III III II IV IV IV IV III IV III III III III III II III III III II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 500 500 200 120 300 200 800 r 1000 150 1000 300 200 300 200 300 300 200 300 300 400 100 200 200 300 500 r 800 700 r 800 500 50 300 400 400 800 500 200 500 500 500 500 1000 h 300 300 100 100 100 100 20 20
1767.69 1797.64 1811.05 1833.57 1864.12 1866.08 1872.13 1918.96 1929.67 1969.40 1982.11 1986.99 2025.48 2062.00 2064.23 2079.08 2099.94 2102.18 2138.56 2501.99 2515.81 2557.95 2582.49 2608.56 2608.64 2670.53 2684.16 2712.49 2756.45 2770.86 2770.98 2800.87 2801.06 3035.78 3072.06 3196.31 3282.33 3302.58 3302.94 3345.02 3345.57 3883.34 4680.14 4722.15 4810.53 4911.62 4924.03 5181.98 5894.33 6021.18 6102.49 6214.61 6362.34 7588.5 7732.5 11054.25 13053.63 13150.59 14038.70 16483.45 16491.98
III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I I I I I I
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 16505.23 24375.02
I I
Zirconium Zr Z = 40 500 304.01 60 480.66 60 497.23 60 500.22 600 628.66 500 633.56 50 690.39 2000 740.61 10000 800.00 10000 806.89 10000 812.05 3000 841.40 300 863.65 500 864.59 9000 1183.97 9000 1201.77 10000 1219.86 500 1303.93 500 p 1323.81 1000 1469.47 10000 1546.17 10000 1598.95 5000 1607.95 100 1612.38 700 1725.02 200 1790.19 150 1793.56 125 1798.13 600 1860.86 200 1940.25 600 2028.54 125 2070.43 200 2086.78 10000 2091.49 10000 2092.36 600 2132.42 10000 2163.68 100 2175.80 100 2191.15 10000 2286.67 100 2301.60 90 2539.65 570 2567.64 1600 2568.87 2100 2571.39 250 2620.56 200 2643.79 150 2664.26 1800 2678.63 90 2687.75 750 2700.13 1300 2722.61 800 2726.49 1400 2734.86 1100 2742.56 660 2745.86 660 2752.21 530 2758.81
V IV IV IV IV IV III V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV V V IV IV IV IV III V III III III V III V III III IV IV V IV III III IV III I II II II III III III II I II II II II II II II II
K21599_S10.indb 87
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
620 390 530 710 660 350 350 340 490 300 270 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 820 320 820 350 500 880 350 d 690 690 350 500 500 350 690 540 880 880 540 540 760 630 630 760 1000 1300 880 540 880 380 380 380 760 380 760 540 380 570 760 5700 570 570 760 380
2814.90 2818.74 2825.56 2837.23 2844.58 2848.52 2851.97 2869.81 2875.98 2915.99 2918.24 2926.99 2948.94 2955.78 2960.87 2962.68 2968.96 2978.05 2985.39 3003.74 3011.75 3020.47 3028.04 3029.52 3036.39 3054.84 3106.58 3120.74 3129.18 3129.76 3132.07 3138.68 3164.31 3165.97 3182.86 3191.21 3212.01 3214.19 3231.69 3234.12 3241.05 3273.05 3279.26 3284.71 3305.15 3306.28 3322.99 3326.80 3334.25 3340.56 3344.79 3356.09 3357.26 3374.73 3387.87 3388.30 3391.98 3393.12 3404.83 3410.25 3414.66
I II II I II I II II I II II II II II I II II II I II I II II I II II II I II II I II II II II I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
1000 4700 600 410 820 600 1200 1300 4100 820 1000 2000 440 440 630 1800 630 1800 2100 1100 2100 1100 1300 880 3500 690 1100 1100 1100 1100 390 800 390 960 720 560 880 480 480 340 720 560 560 2200 1300 550 550 550 2900 770 990 1500 2900 2000 610 1200 940 490 990 660 770
3430.53 3438.23 3447.36 3457.56 3463.02 3471.19 3479.39 3481.15 3496.21 3505.67 3509.32 3519.60 3525.81 3533.22 3542.62 3547.68 3550.46 3551.95 3556.60 3566.10 3572.47 3575.79 3576.85 3586.29 3601.19 3611.89 3613.10 3614.77 3623.86 3663.65 3671.27 3674.72 3697.46 3698.17 3709.26 3745.98 3751.60 3764.39 3766.72 3766.82 3780.54 3791.40 3822.41 3835.96 3836.76 3843.02 3847.01 3849.25 3863.87 3864.34 3877.60 3885.42 3890.32 3891.38 3921.79 3929.53 3958.22 3966.66 3968.26 3973.50 3991.13
II II I II II I II II II II I I II I II I I II II I II I II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
770 400 770 990 400 490 400 610 490 400 610 770 600 1500 2000 240 2000 400 1200 400 400 660 400 610 610 610 400 2000 2000 770 770 1200 550 550 550 1000 290 310 350 550 610 490 490 350 700 2300 510 1900 1400 870 700 250 360 470 300 200 100 270 160 160 340
3998.97 4023.98 4024.92 4027.20 4029.68 4030.04 4035.89 4043.58 4044.56 4045.61 4048.67 4055.03 4055.71 4064.16 4072.70 4078.31 4081.22 4121.46 4149.20 4161.21 4166.36 4187.56 4194.76 4199.09 4201.46 4208.98 4213.86 4227.76 4239.31 4240.34 4241.20 4241.69 4282.20 4294.79 4341.13 4347.89 4359.74 4360.81 4366.45 4507.12 4535.75 4542.22 4575.52 4602.57 4633.98 4687.80 4688.45 4710.08 4739.48 4772.31 4815.63 5046.58 5064.91 5078.25 5155.45 5158.00 5191.60 5385.14 5664.51 5797.74 5879.80
II I I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I
Atomic
Intensity 20 10
10-87
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Line Spectra of the Elements
10-88
Atomic
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
170 170 680 340 440
6045.85 6121.91 6127.44 6134.55 6143.20
I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
300 150 150 540 280
6313.02 6953.84 6990.84 7097.70 7102.91
I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
170 590 160 160 150
7103.72 7169.09 7944.61 8005.27 8063.09
I I I I I
Intensity
Wavelength/Å
790 390 280
8070.08 8132.99 8212.53
I I I
Sources of Data for Each Element Numbers following the element name refer to the references on the following pages. Actinium: 193 Aluminum: 6,8,81,89,127,144,146,227,228,282 Americium: 92 Antimony: 164,167,194,386,406 Argon: 190,203,204,219,367,368,372,373,374,375,414,421 Arsenic: 163,168,197,244,280 Astatine: 188 Barium: 1,78,111,252,259,277,279 Berkelium: 53,339 Beryllium: 15,44,73,102,115,134,135,171,175,198,335 Bismuth: 1,357,358,359,360,361 Boron: 66,69,74,94,104,171,221,222 Bromine: 42,122,124,139,142,240,243,246,248,249,250,316 Cadmium: 44,285,296,353,399 Calcium: 16,25,70,150,270 Californium: 52,331 Carbon: 22,66,211 Cerium: 1,136,166,261,305 Cesium: 78,82,154,155,200,201,259,263,325 Chlorine: 11,28,30,31,85,233,238,239 Chromium: 1,379,380,412 Cobalt: 1,100,125,159,236,276,291 Copper: 199,273,290,295,324 Curium: 51,332 Dysprosium: 1 Einsteinium: 333 Erbium: 1,301 Europium: 1,312 Fluorine: 68,169,224,225,226 Francium: 408 Gadolinium: 1,46,137,151,152 Gallium: 2,19,62,132,140,141,143,195,281 Germanium: 5,119,293,340,341,342 Gold: 38,72,234,393,395 Hafnium: 1,369,404,410,425 Helium: 16,94,173,183,317 Holmium: 1 Hydrogen: 214 Indium: 1,132,348,349,350,351,352,353,435,436 Iodine: 20,21,58,84,124,153,161,176,184 Iridium: 1 Iron: 56,63,71,101,105,138,174,278,381,382 Krypton: 61,121,123,147,208,232,366,390,409,417,421 Lanthanum: 1,78,79,220,309 Lead: 54,64,106,256,274,297,283,329,330 Lithium: 3,15,17,18,37,44,112,284,321,335 Lutetium: 1,148,310,401 Magnesium: 4,7,49,83,103,128,129,177,217,269,315,335 Manganese: 1,126,385,405,433
K21599_S10.indb 88
Mercury (198): 43,50,69,145,229,242 Mercury (Natural): 34,45,90,117,133,189,235,304,327,328,343 Molybdenum: 1,383,420 Neodymium: 1 Neon: 56,58,69,118,150,230,364,365,371,388,389,400,402,413, 430 Neptunium: 93 Nickel: 1,294,415,416,422 Niobium: 1,392,407,431 Nitrogen: 66,107,108,212,213,318 Osmium: 1 Oxygen: 23,24,36,66,69,209,210,215 Palladium: 1,287,424 Phosphorus: 179,180,182,336 Platinum: 1,288 Plutonium: 91 Polonium: 47,48 Potassium: 32,59,60,75,76,86,150,160,172,268,314,322 Praseodymium: 1,149,306,308,337,338 Promethium: 196,260 Protactinium: 96 Radium: 253,254 Radon: 251 Rhenium: 1 Rhodium: 1,396 Rubidium: 12,109,130,241,257,258,262,264 Ruthenium: 1,423 Samarium: 1 Scandium: 1,88,150,298,323 Selenium: 9,80,181,216,245,247,275 Silicon: 87,170,237,292,319,320 Silver: 13,99,255,286,289,363,387,398 Sodium: 178,205,206,207,268,299,334 Strontium: 1,109,110,218,231,265,279,313 Sulfur: 29,144,202,209,210,266 Tantalum: 1,411,426 Technetium: 35 Tellurium: 1,344,345,346,347 Terbium: 1,302 Thallium: 1,195,348,354,355,356 Thorium: 1,97,98,156,157,165,434 Thulium: 1,307 Tin: 187,191,399,423 Titanium: 1,378,427,428 Tungsten: 1 Uranium: 1,303 Vanadium: 1,394,397,432 Xenon: 33,116,118,120,232,384,391,429 Ytterbium: 1,40,192,311 Yttrium: 1,77,265,419 Zinc: 39,55,113,131,185,186,370,376,377 Zirconium: 1,362,403,418
4/3/14 11:51 AM
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Atomic
Line Spectra of the Elements
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10-92
Atomic
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J. R. Fuhr, W. L. Wiese, L. I. Podobedova, and D. E. Kelleher For the 91st edition of this Handbook, we include new, more accurate data for H, He, Li, Be, B, C I and C II, N I and N II, Na I – IV, Mg I – IV, Al I – III, and Si I – V. The new printed tables contain critically evaluated atomic transition probabilities for about 9000 selected lines of all elements for which reliable data are available on an absolute scale. The material is largely for neutral and singly ionized spectra, but also includes some prominent lines of doubly and more highly charged ions of important elements. A more extensive database can be found in the Internet and CD-ROM editions of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Most of the data are obtained from comprehensive compilations of the Data Center on Atomic Transition Probabilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Specifically, data have been taken from recent critical compilations on H, He, and Li (Ref. 1); on Be and B (Ref. 2); on neutral and singly-ionized C and N (Ref. 3); and on Na (Ref. 4), Mg (Ref. 4), Al (Ref. 5), and Si (Ref. 6). Material from earlier compilations for the elements H through Ne (Refs. 7 and 8) and Na through Ca (Ref. 9) was supplemented by some more recent material taken directly from the original literature. Most of the original literature is cited in the above tables and in recent bibliographies (Refs. 10 and 11); for lack of space, individual literature references are not cited here. The wavelength range for the neutral species is normally the visible spectrum or shorter wavelengths; only the very prominent near infrared lines are included. For the higher ions, most of the strong lines are located in the far UV. The tabulation is limited to electric dipole - including intercombination - lines and comprises essentially the fairly strong transitions with estimated uncertainties in the 10 % to 50 % range. With the exception of hydrogen, helium, and the alkali metals, most transitions are between states with low principal quantum numbers. The transition probability, A, is given in units of 108 s–1 and is listed with as many digits as is consistent with the indicated accuracy. Generally, the estimated uncertainties of the A-values are in the range from 25 % to 50 % for two-digit numbers, 10 % to 25 % for three-digit numbers and 1 % or better for four- and five-digit numbers. Each transition is identified by the wavelength λ in angstroms and the statistical weights, gi and gk, of the lower (i) and upper (k) states [the product gkA (or gi f ) is needed for many applications]. Whenever the wavelengths of individual lines within a multiplet are extremely close, only an average wavelength for the multiplet as well as the multiplet A-value are given, and this is indicated by an asterisk (*) to the left of the wavelength. This also has been done when the transition probability for an entire multiplet has been taken from the literature and values for individual lines cannot be determined because of insufficient knowledge of the coupling of electrons. The wavelength data have been taken either from recent compilations or from the original literature cited in bibliographies published by the Atomic Energy Levels Data Center (Refs. 12 and 13) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Wavelength values are consistent with those given in the table “Line Spectra of the Elements,” which appears elsewhere in this Handbook. In addition to the transition probability A, the atomic oscillator strength f and the line strength S are often used in the literature. The conversion factors between these quantities are (for electricdipole transitions):
K21599_S10.indb 93
gi f = 1.499∙10–8 λ2gkA = 303.8 λ–1 S
where λ is in Å, A is in 108 s–1, and S is in atomic units, which are a02e2 = 7.188∙10–59 m2 C2. The table for hydrogen is presented first, followed by the tables for other elements in alphabetical sequence by element name (not symbol). Within each element, the tables are ordered by increasing ionization stage (e.g., Al I, Al II, etc.). The transition probabilities for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions are known precisely. Because of the hydrogen degeneracy, a “transition” is actually the sum of all fine-structure transitions between the principal quantum numbers; therefore, the hydrogen table gives weighted average A-values. For hydrogen-like ions of nuclear charge Z, the following scaling laws hold:
Atomic
Atomic Transition Probabilities
AZ = Z4AHydrogen fZ = fHydrogen SZ = Z–2SHydrogen λZ = Z–2λHydrogen
For very highly-charged hydrogen-like ions, starting at about Z > 25, relativistic values must be used.
References 1. Wiese, W. L., and Fuhr, J. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 38, 565, 2009.
2. Fuhr, J. R., and Wiese, W. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 39, 013101, 2010. 3. Wiese, W. L., and Fuhr, J. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36, 1287, 2007. 4. Kelleher, D. E., and Podobedova, L. I., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 267, 2008. 5. Kelleher, D. E., and Podobedova, L. I., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 709, 2008. 6. Kelleher, D. E., and Podobedova, L. I., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1285, 2008. 7. Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., and Glennon, B. M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne - A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 8. Wiese, W. L., Fuhr, J. R., and Deters, T. M., Atomic Transition Probabilities of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 9. Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., and Miles, B. M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca - A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 10. Fuhr, J. R., Miller, B. J., and Martin, G. A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (1914 through October 1997), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, 1978; Miller, B. J., Fuhr, J. R., and Martin, G. A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (November 1977 through February 1980), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, Supplement 1, 1980. 11. Wiese, W. L., Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union 18A, 116, 1982; 19A, 122, 1985; 20A, 117, 1988, Reidel, D., Ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 12. Moore, C. E., Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306 - Section 1, 1968; Sections 2-4, 1969. 13. Hagan, L., and Martin, W. C., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; Hagan, L., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; Zalubas, R., and Albright, A., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; Musgrove, A., and Zalubas, R., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985.
10-93
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-94
Atomic
λ Å
gk
A 108 s–1
Hydrogen HI 912.765 912.837 912.916 913.004 913.102 913.212 913.337 913.478 913.639 913.823 914.036 914.284 914.574 914.917 915.327 915.821 916.427 917.178 918.127 919.349 920.961 923.148 926.223 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.23 3663.37 3664.65 3666.07 3667.65 3669.43 3671.45 3673.73 3676.33 3679.32 3682.78 3686.80 3691.52 3697.12 3703.82 3711.94 3721.91 3734.34 3750.12 3770.60 3797.87 3835.35 3889.02 3970.08 4101.74 4340.47 4861.34
K21599_S10.indb 94
Weights gi
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32
5.1673∙10–6 6.1221∙10–6 7.2967∙10–6 8.7524∙10–6 1.0571∙10–5 1.2862∙10–5 1.5776∙10–5 1.9519∙10–5 2.4380∙10–5 3.0769∙10–5 3.9276∙10–5 5.0767∙10–5 6.6540∙10–5 8.8574∙10–5 1.1997∙10–4 1.6572∙10–4 2.3409∙10–4 3.3927∙10–4 5.0659∙10–4 7.8340∙10–4 1.2631∙10–3 2.1425∙10–3 3.8694∙10–3 7.5684∙10–3 1.6440∙10–2 4.1250∙10–2 1.2785∙10–1 5.5751∙10–1 4.6986 2.8474∙10–6 3.3742∙10–6 4.0224∙10–6 4.8261∙10–6 5.8304∙10–6 7.0963∙10–6 8.7069∙10–6 1.0777∙10–5 1.3467∙10–5 1.7005∙10–5 2.1719∙10–5 2.8093∙10–5 3.6851∙10–5 4.9101∙10–5 6.6583∙10–5 9.2102∙10–5 1.3032∙10–4 1.8927∙10–4 2.8337∙10–4 4.3972∙10–4 7.1225∙10–4 1.2156∙10–3 2.2148∙10–3 4.3889∙10–3 9.7320∙10–3 2.5304∙10–2 8.4193∙10–2
Weights
λ Å
gi
gk
6562.83 8392.19 8413.11 8437.75 8467.04 8502.27 8545.17 8598.18 8664.80 8750.25 8862.55 9014.67 9228.77 9545.70 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16406.4 16805.7 17361.2 18173.2 18751.0 19444.5 21655.2 26251.4 27573.0 28719.8 30381.1 32957.8 37391.4 40511.4 43747.2 46524.9 46706.2 51279.2 59072.4 74598.3 75009.1 123718.6
8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50 72 72
18 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72 128 98
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4
4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4
A 108 s–1 4.4101∙10–1 1.5167∙10–5 1.9643∙10–5 2.5804∙10–5 3.4442∙10–5 4.6801∙10–5 6.4901∙10–5 9.2117∙10–5 1.3431∙10–4 2.0207∙10–4 3.1558∙10–4 5.1558∙10–4 8.9050∙10–4 1.6506∙10–3 3.3585∙10–3 7.7829∙10–3 2.2008∙10–2 1.6205∙10–4 2.5565∙10–4 4.2347∙10–4 7.4593∙10–4 8.9860∙10–2 1.4242∙10–3 3.0415∙10–3 7.7110∙10–3 1.4024∙10–4 2.2460∙10–4 3.7999∙10–4 6.9078∙10–4 1.3877∙10–3 2.6993∙10–2 1.2884∙10–4 3.2528∙10–3 2.1096∙10–4 3.6881∙10–4 7.0652∙10–4 1.0254∙10–2 1.5609∙10–3 4.5608∙10–3
Aluminum Al I 2118.312 2123.362 2129.663 2134.733 2145.555 2150.699 2168.805 2174.028 2199.150 2204.590 2204.660 2210.046 2257.999 2263.462 2263.731 2269.096 2269.220
1.03∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 2.46∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 3.53∙10–1 1.75∙10–2 3.49∙10–2 4.37∙10–1 5.20∙10–1 3.77∙10–2 6.83∙10–1 7.50∙10–2 7.58∙10–1 1.26∙10–1
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
2367.052 2372.070 2373.124 2373.349 2378.368 2567.984 2575.094 2575.393 2652.484 2660.393 3082.1529 3092.7099 3092.8386 3944.0058 3961.5200 5557.063 5557.948 6696.015 6698.673 7835.309 7836.134 8772.866 8773.896 8828.909 8841.277 8912.900 8923.555 8925.504
2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4
4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 6 8 6 8 2 2 4 6 4
7.61∙10–1 5.76∙10–2 9.07∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 3.60∙10–1 5.99∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 2.84∙10–1 5.87∙10–1 7.29∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 4.99∙10–1 9.85∙10–1 2.30∙10–3 2.29∙10–3 1.00∙10–2 1.00∙10–2 3.71∙10–2 3.97∙10–2 6.47∙10–2 6.95∙10–2 6.72∙10–3 1.34∙10–2 2.28∙10–3 2.73∙10–3 4.54∙10–4
Al II 1047.8893 1048.5588 1049.9233 1189.1854 1190.0518 1191.8111 1350.1782 1539.8303 1670.7867 1719.4400 1721.2435 1721.2714 1724.9519 1724.9838 1760.1044 1761.9751 1763.8692 1763.9521 1765.8150 1767.7308 1772.802 1774.002 1774.770 1776.975 1777.825 1818.352 1820.124 1855.9286 1858.0262 1862.3111
1 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 1 3 5
3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3
2.33∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 4.17∙10–1 9.30∙10–1 1.12 1.48 4.80 6.70 1.41∙101 6.55 4.93 8.82 2.97 1.18∙101 3.13 4.12 3.04 9.21 1.23∙101 5.13 9.41 1.26∙101 7.01 1.67∙101 4.18 5.45 4.57 8.38∙10–1 2.49 4.08
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
1904.326 1906.4082 1906.596 1906.674 1910.8252 1911.013 1931.0481 1958.77 1990.5310 2192.604 2194.189 2195.502 2816.185 2994.277 2995.525 2998.150 3088.516 3649.184 3649.232 3651.065 3651.096 3654.981 3654.998 3703.219 3731.952 3733.908 3738.015 3866.160 3900.675 4663.056 5388.48 5593.302 5613.291 5853.62 5861.53 5867.81 5971.980 5999.70 5999.83 6001.76 6001.88 6006.410 6061.124 6066.32 6066.44 6068.43 6068.53 6073.198 6226.18 6231.745 6243.36 6335.701 6816.69 6823.48 6837.14 6917.93 6919.96 7042.06 7056.60 7063.64
K21599_S10.indb 95
Weights gi 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 7 7 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 7 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3
gk
A 108 s–1
3 5 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 7 1 5 3 1
2.70 2.00 2.00 8.20 5.80 3.40 1.04∙101 5.70 1.38∙101 2.47 2.74∙10–1 2.07 3.57 4.04∙10–2 5.44∙10–2 7.26∙10–2 1.08∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 3.80∙10–1 4.30∙10–2 1.30∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 3.70∙10–1 4.80∙10–3 5.81∙10–1 1.20∙10–2 9.26∙10–1 3.43∙10–2 1.28∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 4.90∙10–2 2.07∙10–2 2.07∙10–2 2.79∙10–2 1.55∙10–2 3.40∙10–2 7.60∙10–2 8.88∙10–3 8.88∙10–3 2.66∙10–2 2.66∙10–2 4.20∙10–2 6.20∙10–1 8.40∙10–1 1.11 1.40∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 3.40∙10–1 5.70∙10–1 1.60∙10–1 9.60∙10–1 5.78∙10–1 5.74∙10–1 5.73∙10–1
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
7449.42 7471.41 7624.48 7627.85 7635.33 8354.318 8359.23 8359.492 8363.251 8363.469 8640.705
3 5 1 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 1
5 7 3 5 7 9 7 7 5 5 3
1.20∙10–1 5.57∙10–1 4.59∙10–2 6.20∙10–2 9.00∙10–2 4.27∙10–1 4.75∙10–2 3.79∙10–1 6.64∙10–2 4.20∙10–1 3.00∙10–1
Al III 560.390 560.390 695.817 696.212 1162.66 1162.66 1162.67 1352.857 1352.857 1352.857 1379.670 1384.140 1605.7661 1611.8141 1611.8735 1854.7164 1862.7895 1935.8404 1935.8404 1935.9489 3283.316 3287.302 3601.628 3601.926 3612.356 3702.106 3713.123 3980.14 3980.14 4149.915 4150.173 4357.562 4364.642 4512.564 4528.942 4529.194 4701.148 4701.412 4904.10 4904.10 5696.603 5722.728
2 2 2 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 8 6 4 2 2
4 2 4 2 6 8 6 8 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2
6.10∙10–1 6.31∙10–1 6.83∙10–1 7.17∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 2.09 1.95 4.26 2.84∙10–1 3.98 4.61 9.22 1.16∙101 2.30 1.38∙101 5.44 5.36 1.19∙101 7.92∙10–1 1.11∙101 1.99∙10–2 2.29∙10–2 1.31 1.46∙10–1 1.45 1.13 2.27 2.33∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 2.05 1.91 7.40∙10–2 8.67∙10–2 2.09 4.15∙10–1 2.49 7.67∙10–2 7.31∙10–2 3.51∙10–1 3.27∙10–1 8.77∙10–1 8.65∙10–1
1
3 5.36
Argon Ar I 1048.22
λ Å 1066.66 3948.98 4044.42 4158.59 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4510.73 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4956.75 4989.95 5048.81 5054.18 5060.08 5070.99 5087.09 5118.21 5151.39 5162.29 5177.54 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42 5473.46 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5534.49 5558.70
Weights gi 1 5 3 5 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 7 3 7 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 7 5 3
gk
A 108 s–1
3 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 7 1 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 9 3 1 9 7 5 3 9 3 7 7 1 3 5 1 7 3 9 5 7 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 3 3 1 9 7 7 3 5
1.29 4.55∙10–3 3.33∙10–3 1.40∙10–2 5.61∙10–3 2.80∙10–3 5.39∙10–3 2.57∙10–2 9.67∙10–3 3.98∙10–2 3.12∙10–3 7.97∙10–3 3.77∙10–3 5.68∙10–3 3.87∙10–3 1.18∙10–2 4.5∙10–3 8.6∙10–3 8.8∙10–4 9.3∙10–4 7.8∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 1.8∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 4.6∙10–3 4.5∙10–3 3.7∙10–3 2.6∙10–3 1.6∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 2.39∙10–2 1.90∙10–2 2.4∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 2.1∙10–3 8.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 5.4∙10–3 3.6∙10–3 9.6∙10–4 1.2∙10–3 2.6∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 1.9∙10–3 9.3∙10–4 4.7∙10–3 3.6∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 1.69∙10–2 3.6∙10–3 1.7∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 1.42∙10–2
Atomic
λ Å
10-95
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-96
Atomic K21599_S10.indb 96
λ Å 5559.66 5572.54 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5623.78 5635.58 5639.12 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5802.08 5882.62 5888.58 5928.81 5942.67 5949.26 5968.32 5971.60 5987.30 5999.00 6005.73 6013.68 6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6105.64 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6212.50 6215.94 6248.41 6296.87 6307.66 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6466.55 6538.11 6604.02 6660.68 6664.05 6698.88 6719.22 6752.84
Weights gi 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 7 7 3 5 5 1 3
gk
A 108 s–1
5 7 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 1 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 3 7 5 1 5 3 3 5
2.2∙10–3 6.6∙10–3 1.5∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 2.20∙10–2 2.1∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 9.6∙10–4 2.1∙10–3 3.20∙10–2 2.6∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 5.9∙10–3 8.7∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 1.23∙10–2 1.29∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 1.8∙10–3 1.5∙10–3 1.8∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 1.2∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 9.0∙10–3 1.47∙10–2 1.9∙10–3 5.8∙10–4 3.0∙10–3 5.2∙10–3 3.3∙10–3 1.21∙10–2 8.6∙10–4 7.6∙10–3 5.1∙10–3 9.89∙10–4 5.0∙10–3 6.7∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 5.7∙10–3 6.8∙10–4 9.0∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 4.21∙10–3 1.16∙10–2 1.5∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 2.8∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 1.5∙10–3 1.6∙10–3 2.4∙10–3 1.93∙10–2
λ Å 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61 6779.93 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16 8014.79
Weights gi 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3 5
gk
A 108 s–1
3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 5
2.1∙10–3 3.6∙10–3 4.0∙10–3 1.21∙10–3 2.4∙10–3 6.7∙10–4 2.78∙10–2 1.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–3 2.5∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 3.08∙10–2 2.2∙10–3 2.4∙10–3 6.39∙10–2 7.5∙10–3 2.67∙10–2 3.80∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.5∙10–3 4.5∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 6.25∙10–3 2.1∙10–2 2.48∙10–2 6.6∙10–4 1.7∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 1.83∙10–2 1.2∙10–3 1.7∙10–2 9.6∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 9.6∙10–3 1.9∙10–2 8.47∙10–2 7.2∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 6.6∙10–4 3.1∙10–3 9.0∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 3.4∙10–3 4.45∙10–1 4.5∙10–3 4.02∙10–1 2.9∙10–3 2.9∙10–3 2.45∙10–1 2.8∙10–3 6.3∙10–4 5.18∙10–2 1.17∙10–1 8.7∙10–4 3.50∙10–3 9.5∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 1.86∙10–1 4.90∙10–2 9.28∙10–2
λ Å 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2 13622.4 13678.5
Weights gi 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3
gk
A 108 s–1
3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5 5 5
3.59∙10–3 1.12∙10–2 8.6∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 2.5∙10–1 3.31∙10–1 1.53∙10–1 2.4∙10–3 2.23∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 9.6∙10–4 1.39∙10–1 1.04∙10–2 9.2∙10–3 2.43∙10–2 9.5∙10–3 2.4∙10–3 4.6∙10–3 1.6∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 1.89∙10–1 1.76∙10–2 5.03∙10–2 3.26∙10–2 1.06∙10–2 5.43∙10–2 1.47∙10–2 9.8∙10–3 2.44∙10–2 3.96∙10–3 8.3∙10–3 2.22∙10–2 1.39∙10–2 3.69∙10–3 1.9∙10–3 3.76∙10–2 9.52∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 3.1∙10–2 4.5∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 4.9∙10–2 8.9∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.2∙10–3 7.1∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 7.4∙10–2 8.9∙10–2 8.1∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 2.2∙10–2 7.3∙10–2 6.2∙10–2
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
K21599_S10.indb 97
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5
1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3
3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1
4.3∙10–2 8.8∙10–4 5.2∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.2∙10–3 9.8∙10–5 2.9∙10–4 8.7∙10–4 1.9∙10–2 3.9∙10–4 1.2∙10–3 3.0∙10–4 2.6∙10–3 3.1∙10–3 2.5∙10–2 1.6∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 7.6∙10–4 3.2∙10–4 1.1∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 1.7∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 3.6∙10–3
Ar II 2942.9 2979.1 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3454.1 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3559.5 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6 3582.4 3588.4 3656.0 3717.2 3729.3 3763.5 3780.8 3799.4 3826.8 3841.5
4 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6 2 4 8 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 4
4 2 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 8 4 6 8 4 6 2
5.3∙10–1 4.16∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 1.06 6.3∙10–1 1.55∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 1.25 1.79 2.31 2.55 1.36 5.2∙10–1 2.27∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 8.7∙10–1 2.88 5.5∙10–1 2.75 1.76 2.53 3.03 7.6∙10–2 5.2∙10–2 4.80∙10–1 1.78∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 2.81∙10–1 2.69∙10–1
Weights
λ Å
gi
3844.7 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3880.3 3900.6 3928.6 3932.5 3952.7 3979.4 4013.9 4042.9 4052.9 4072.0 4079.6 4131.7 4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4474.8 4481.8 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2
6 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 8 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4
gk
A 108 s–1
8 4 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 8 6 4 6 2 6 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6
4.8∙10–2 3.87∙10–1 1.4 1.5∙10–1 2.32∙10–1 7.2∙10–2 2.44∙10–1 9.3∙10–1 2.08∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 4.06∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 1.31∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 1.32∙10–1 5.7∙10–2 5.74∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 1.17 2.12∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 6.6∙10–1 2.21∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 1.00 1.60∙10–1 3.04∙10–1 6.1∙10–2 8.17∙10–1 5.69∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 2.90∙10–1 4.55∙10–1 4.71∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 6.64∙10–1 6.7∙10–2 7.89∙10–1 7.1∙10–2 8.92∙10–1 5.88∙10–1 6.7∙10–2 5.80∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 7.80∙10–1 8.49∙10–1 8.23∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 1.44∙10–1 3.94∙10–1 9.7∙10–2 1.51∙10–1 2.07∙10–1
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 6114.9 6172.3 6243.1 6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3
2 6 4 10 8 8 4 6 4 10 2 8 4 6 2 4 6
4 8 6 8 6 6 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 4 4 4
2.23∙10–1 8.1∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 3.0∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 1.69∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 8.8∙10–2 1.07∙10–1 2.0∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 5.6∙10–2 1.07∙10–1
Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7
5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7
3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5
6.0 1.59 3.74 2.79 9.2∙10–1 1.22 9.0∙10–1 2.6 6.4∙10–1 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.2∙10–1 1.6 3.0∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 1.6 1.3 2.6∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 1.2 2.6∙10–1
Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60
4 4 4
2 2.73 4 2.70 6 2.63
Ar VI 292.15 294.05
2 4
2 6.9∙101 2 1.36∙102
Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75
9 9 1
3 2.78∙102 15 9.92∙101 3 7.83∙101
gk
108 s–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-97
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-98
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
*637.30
9
9 6.7∙101
Ar VIII 158.92 159.18 229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24 713.81
2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2
4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2
Ar IX 48.739
1
3 1.69∙103
Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10
5 9 5 1 9 9
3 3 5 3 9 15
3.4∙102 5.3∙102 1.66∙102 8.8∙101 9.5∙101 3.7∙101
Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35
2 2 4 4 2 4
4 2 4 2 2 2
4.5∙101 1.69∙102 1.97∙102 7.5∙101 4.6∙101 7.8∙101
Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3
1 1 9
3 1.7∙104 3 9.55∙101 9 8.1∙101
Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514
2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4
6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6
1.43∙104 4.4∙104 1.5∙101 1.1∙101 1.9 1.4 9.0∙10–2 6.5∙10–2
4 4 4 6 2 4 4
6 4 2 4 4 2 4
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.8 3.5∙10–1 3.1 6.0∙10–1
1.1∙102 1.11∙102 1.12∙102 2.21∙102 1.2∙101 1.0∙102 1.1∙102 6.3∙101 7.2∙101 1.2∙101 2.55∙101 2.4∙101
Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7
K21599_S10.indb 98
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2 2860.4 2898.7
4 6 4 2 4 2 4
6 4 2 4 4 2 2
4.2∙10–1 7.2∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 7.8∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 9.9∙10–2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 7
3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 1 7 5 7
5.60∙10–3 4.60∙10–3 4.20∙10–1 3.50∙10–1 1.10∙10–2 1.50∙10–2 4.99∙10–4 5.42∙10–4 6.11∙10–4 6.65∙10–4 6.70∙10–4 7.93∙10–4 8.43∙10–4 9.24∙10–4 9.90∙10–4 1.03∙10–3 1.13∙10–3 1.28∙10–3 1.36∙10–3 1.58∙10–3 1.78∙10–3 8.80∙10–2 2.70∙10–1 2.80∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 1.21 7.00∙10–1 4.07∙10–1 2.70∙10–2 6.10∙10–2 3.30∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 5.40∙10–2 9.00∙10–4 5.70∙10–1 1.19 8.00∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 2.39∙10–1 4.50∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 2.80∙10–1 8.10∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 6.00∙10–2 1.16∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 5.40∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Barium Ba I 2427.41 2472.74 3071.58 3501.11 3889.33 4132.43 4181.09 4181.66 4182.27 4182.94 4183.64 4184.40 4185.25 4186.16 4187.15 4188.25 4189.44 4190.76 4192.20 4193.81 4195.59 4323.00 4402.54 4488.98 4493.64 4573.85 4579.64 4599.72 4619.92 4700.42 4726.43 4801.30 4902.85 5169.53 5519.04 5535.48 5777.62 5784.04 5800.23 5826.27 5971.70 5997.09 6019.47 6063.11 6083.39 6129.23 6341.68 6450.85 6498.76
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
6527.31 6527.40 6595.33 6675.27 6693.84 6986.80 7059.94 7120.33 7195.23 7213.60 7280.30 7392.41 7417.54 7488.08 7528.18 7610.48 7644.90 7672.09 7780.48 7877.80 7905.75 8147.70 8560.00 8654.08 9370.12 9645.60 9704.31 9821.48 10370.30 10540.10 10649.10 11303.00 11373.70 12342.30 14723.10 14999.90 17186.90 18202.80 21567.70 30685.30
5 15 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5
5 15 3 3 5 3 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 1 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3
3.30∙10–1 6.15∙10–1 3.80∙10–1 1.89∙10–1 1.46∙10–1 5.20∙10–3 5.00∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 5.60∙10–2 6.50∙10–4 3.20∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 7.70∙10–3 7.30∙10–2 2.70∙10–2 1.10∙10–2 5.03∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 7.60∙10–2 1.60∙10–2 2.65∙10–1 6.30∙10–2 2.00∙10–1 3.10∙10–3 7.60∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 1.60∙10–1 5.50∙10–2 1.30∙10–2 1.80∙10–2 2.70∙10–2 1.10∙10–3 1.30∙10–1 9.00∙10–4 8.60∙10–3 2.50∙10–3 2.70∙10–2 1.20∙10–2 2.60∙10–3 6.50∙10–3
Ba II 2528.41 2634.78 3891.78 4130.65 4166.00 4267.92 4309.26 4325.75 4524.93 4554.03 4708.90 4843.48 4899.93 4934.08 4957.09 5012.95 5361.35 5391.59
2 4 2 4 4 6 8 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 6 8 4 6
4 6 4 6 4 8 10 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 8 10 6 8
6.91∙10–1 7.33∙10–1 2.17 2.18 3.54∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 5.65∙10–2 6.63∙10–1 1.11 8.47∙10–2 9.34∙10–2 1.04 9.53∙10–1 5.13∙10–1 5.15∙10–1 4.01∙10–2 4.22∙10–2
gk
108 s–1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
5784.15 5853.67 5981.26 6135.60 6141.71 6378.92 6496.90 6769.48 6874.08 7115.03 8496.80 8661.90 8703.69 8710.77 8737.75 8760.61 8897.46 9603.12 10115.00 10212.80 10768.00 11088.50 11127.50 11519.50 11577.10 11931.90 12475.00 13057.80 14211.50 17738.90 18530.70 18729.70 19642.60 19845.10 22994.70 24612.50 24699.00 25923.20 27687.20 29058.90 30196.00 42934.70 43294.30 47520.80
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 8 8 2 6 4 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 8 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 6
4 4 6 2 4 2 2 8 10 10 4 4 6 8 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 8 6 6
1.59∙10–1 6.00∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 6.64∙10–2 4.12∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 9.35∙10–1 9.26∙10–1 8.80∙10–3 3.31∙10–2 1.27∙10–2 3.69∙10–2 7.88∙10–1 7.29∙10–1 1.17∙10–2 4.93∙10–2 4.16∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 6.92∙10–2 5.56∙10–2 6.11∙10–2 1.01∙10–2 2.47∙10–2 1.75∙10–1 4.44∙10–2 2.80∙10–1 2.14∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 1.96∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 2.07∙10–2 6.18∙10–2 4.75∙10–3 9.98∙10–2 3.66∙10–2 6.10∙10–2 2.89∙10–2 4.70∙10–2 4.82∙10–3 4.39∙10–3 2.37∙10–4
1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 1
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 3
7.23∙10–2 5.12∙10–2 6.82∙10–2 5.43∙10–2 7.32∙10–2 9.77∙10–2 8.15∙10–2 6.12∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 3.67∙10–2 1.31∙10–1
Beryllium Be I 1661.48 1929.62 1929.71 1943.59 1943.62 1943.71 1964.54 1964.56 1964.56 1964.65 1964.65 1997.95
K21599_S10.indb 99
λ Å 1997.98 1997.98 1998.07 1998.07 2032.72 2055.88 2055.90 2055.90 2056.00 2056.00 2125.57 2125.68 2174.96 2174.99 2174.99 2175.10 2175.10 2348.61 2350.66 2350.70 2350.83 2494.54 2494.58 2494.58 2494.73 2494.73 2494.73 2650.45 2650.55 2650.60 2650.62 2650.70 2650.76 3193.83 3229.62 3282.91 3321.01 3321.08 3321.34 3367.63 3476.56 3515.54 3736.30 3813.45 4407.94 4572.66 5252.81 5365.49 5546.45 5857.01 6085.75 6229.11 6319.62 6473.54 6564.52 6711.74 6711.74 6711.74 6711.91 6711.91
Weights gi 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 5 5
gk
A 108 s–1
5 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5
1.76∙10–1 9.80∙10–2 5.88∙10–2 2.35∙10–1 5.3∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 3.08∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 4.11∙10–1 6.1∙10–2 1.01∙10–1 4.51∙10–1 3.39∙10–1 6.09∙10–1 2.03∙10–1 8.13∙10–1 5.54 4.68∙10–2 1.41∙10–1 2.35∙10–1 1.07 1.44 8.02∙10–1 5.35∙10–2 1.93 4.81∙10–1 1.06 1.41 1.06 3.17 4.23 1.76 5.08∙10–2 7.17∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 5.10∙10–1 8.50∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 3.11∙10–2 2.73∙10–1 5.09∙10–2 4.87∙10–1 1.01∙10–1 7.61∙10–1 3.12∙10–3 3.65∙10–3 5.4∙10–3 7.0∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 2.26∙10–2 2.2∙10–3 7.7∙10–3 3.49∙10–2 3.62∙10–3 4.89∙10–3 2.71∙10–3 6.52∙10–3 1.63∙10–3
λ Å 6725.96 6786.56 6786.56 6884.26 6884.26 6884.26 6884.44 6884.44 7049.72 7049.72 7049.91 7154.46 7154.46 7154.46 7154.65 7154.65 7209.13 7308.29 7434.42 7434.42 7434.63 7448.87 7498.42 7551.90 7618.66 7618.66 7618.66 7618.88 7618.88 7714.38 7792.05 8090.07 8153.74 8158.98 8158.98 8159.23 8254.07 8286.90 8547.36 8547.36 8547.36 8547.63 8547.63 8547.63 8801.37 8882.16 8882.16 8882.16 8979.19 9190.45 9190.45 9190.45 9190.45 9243.88 9392.74 9392.74 9392.74 9392.74 9392.74 9847.31
Weights gi 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5
gk
A 108 s–1
3 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 7 5 1 5 3 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 7 5 7 5 5 3 3 5 5 1 3
3.1∙10–3 1.7∙10–3 1.7∙10–3 3.81∙10–3 6.86∙10–3 5.08∙10–3 9.16∙10–3 2.29∙10–3 9.66∙10–4 2.90∙10–3 4.83∙10–3 5.55∙10–3 7.39∙10–3 9.99∙10–3 1.33∙10–2 3.33∙10–3 5.71∙10–2 3.33∙10–3 1.53∙10–3 4.59∙10–3 7.64∙10–3 5.63∙10–3 4.46∙10–3 4.3∙10–3 1.51∙10–2 1.12∙10–2 8.41∙10–3 2.02∙10–2 5.05∙10–3 8.21∙10–3 6.02∙10–3 3.29∙10–3 1.27∙10–2 2.65∙10–3 7.94∙10–3 1.32∙10–2 3.38∙10–1 8.00∙10–3 1.31∙10–2 1.74∙10–2 2.36∙10–2 3.14∙10–2 7.86∙10–3 8.73∙10–4 9.58∙10–2 1.34∙10–3 1.06∙10–3 1.59∙10–3 2.13∙10–2 1.43∙10–2 1.35∙10–2 1.79∙10–3 2.50∙10–3 9.47∙10–3 1.86∙10–3 6.19∙10–4 3.71∙10–4 2.08∙10–3 2.47∙10–3 5.2∙10–3
Atomic
λ Å
10-99
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-100
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
9895.58 9895.58 9895.95 9939.78 9939.78 9939.78 9939.78
3 1 5 5 5 7 3
3 3 3 7 5 7 5
1.59∙10–2 5.30∙10–3 2.65∙10–2 2.51∙10–2 4.40∙10–3 3.14∙10–3 2.38∙10–2
Be II 973.276 1026.89 1026.96 1036.30 1142.96 1143.04 1512.27 1512.41 1512.42 1776.10 1776.31 2296.81 2296.91 2302.96 2302.98 2381.95 2381.98 2413.34 2413.45 2453.84 2507.41 2507.45 2617.99 2618.13 2697.59 2728.85 2728.89 3046.52 3046.69 3046.70 3130.42 3131.07 3197.10 3197.15 3197.16 3233.54 3241.63 3241.83 3274.59 3274.67 4360.66 4360.99 4361.03 4673.33 4673.42 4673.45 4702.34 4702.52 4828.12 4828.18 5218.12
4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2
6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 4 6 2 6 8 4 6 4 4 2 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 4 2 4
9.69∙10–1 1.46 1.76 1.720 3.14 3.76 9.217 1.106∙101 1.843 1.361 2.722 1.09∙10–1 1.30∙10–1 7.28∙10–2 7.80∙10–2 1.13∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 1.06∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 3.18∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 3.23∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 4.66∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 9.33∙10–2 1.1292 1.1285 6.82∙10–1 7.31∙10–1 4.87∙10–2 3.37∙10–2 1.39∙10–1 2.78∙10–1 1.41∙10–1 1.41∙10–1 9.12∙10–1 1.09 1.82∙10–1 2.06 2.21 1.47∙10–1 4.73∙10–2 5.68∙10–2 7.89∙10–2 8.77∙10–2 7.08∙10–2
K21599_S10.indb 100
λ Å 5218.34 5218.34 5270.27 5270.81 5416.12 5416.36 6279.42 6279.74 6279.74 6756.75 6757.12 7401.20 7401.43 9048.14 9048.49 9048.49 9476.41 9477.03 9477.14
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4
6 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4
8.49∙10–2 1.41∙10–2 3.234∙10–1 6.466∙10–1 2.84∙10–2 5.68∙10–2 1.12∙10–1 2.23∙10–2 1.34∙10–1 4.90∙10–2 9.80∙10–2 2.54∙10–2 2.54∙10–2 2.47∙10–2 2.96∙10–2 4.94∙10–3 1.81∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 3.62∙10–2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
6 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4
1.2 6.0∙10–2 9.9∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 2.6∙10–2 8.9∙10–1 2.6 2.5∙10–1 4.3∙10–2 4.7∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 3.09∙10–1 3.6∙10–2 1.53 1.23 5.5∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 2.07 3.5∙10–2 1.81∙10–1 1.6∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 1.98∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 1.64∙10–1 1.6∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 1.17∙10–1 1.8∙10–2
4 2 2 4
4 4 2 4
2.44 3.42 1.37∙101 1.71∙101
Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2 2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8 Boron BI 1151.42 1378.65 1378.87 1378.94
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
1379.17 1465.56 1465.66 1465.79 1566.66 1587.38 1587.45 1587.59 1587.66 1587.75 1600.37 1600.76 1666.85 1667.27 1818.35 1825.89 1826.40 1826.40 2066.38 2066.65 2066.73 2066.93 2067.20 2067.20 2088.89 2089.57 2496.77 2497.72 5761.90 5942.62 5942.73 6244.56 6244.68 6819.52 6819.66 7208.59 8211.79 8211.79 8212.00 8667.23 8668.57 9576.21 9576.34
4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 6
2 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 8 6 8 6 2 8 6 6 2 2 6 8
6.84 3.3 6.6 9.9 3.36∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 1.4 5.0∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 1.2 4.67∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 8.66∙10–1 1.04 6.22∙10–1 1.70 2.04 3.39∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 1.6 9.4∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 1.0 1.9 3.61∙10–1 4.32∙10–1 8.37∙10–1 1.67 5.7∙10–3 8.4∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.72∙10–2 3.42∙10–2 2.28∙10–3 3.19∙10–2 1.83∙10–2 3.67∙10–2 5.01∙10–3 5.37∙10–3
B II 882.676 984.698 1230.17 1624.02 2005.87 2123.86 2220.30 2918.08 3323.21 3323.60 3451.30 4121.93 4121.93 4121.93 4121.93
5 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 7 7
7 7 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 7
2.44∙101 2.62∙101 1.36∙101 6.48 2.22 1.58 3.49 6.57∙10–1 8.62∙10–1 1.15 5.41∙10–1 3.68∙10–1 2.10 2.36 2.63∙10–1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
4121.93 4472.15 4472.86 4784.20 4940.37 6148.91 6148.91 6148.91 6285.51 6571.12 6717.65 7030.27 7032.03 7032.33 7159.55 7160.16 7165.11 7168.46 7170.45 7176.02 7228.46 7638.62 7638.62 7638.62 8655.83 9121.00 9226.43 9226.43 9226.43 9226.43 9226.43 9446.36 9659.49
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
K21599_S10.indb 101
gi
gk
A 108 s–1
3 3 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 3
5 3 3 5 7 7 5 9 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 5 5
1.98 5.44∙10–1 9.07∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 1.88 1.96∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 2.20∙10–1 3.30∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 3.97∙10–1 3.97∙10–1 3.97∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 4.75∙10–1 3.56∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 9.5∙10–2 6.4∙10–2 3.23∙10–1 4.37∙10–1 3.88∙10–1 3.67∙10–1 4.87∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 2.08∙10–1 6.3∙10–2
8446.6 8638.7
4 6
4 1.2∙10–1 4 9.7∙10–2
Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7
5 5 5
7 1.1 5 9.4∙10–1 3 1.1
Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5
1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3
3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5
5.3 2.8∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 4.06∙10–3 7.7∙10–1 1.2 6.7∙10–1 1.3 3.5∙10–1 4.7∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 5.9∙10–1
Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6
2 2 2 4 4
4 2 2 2 6
2.8 3.0 1.7 2.8 1.4∙10–2
4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2
4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2
1.2 1.4 2.0∙10–1 2.1∙10–2 8.1∙10–2 7.5∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 7.5∙10–3 9.3∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 2.8∙10–3 7.2∙10–3 1.6∙10–2 5.4∙10–3 2.6∙10–3 3.1∙10–3 7.6∙10–3 1.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 5.3∙10–2 1.9∙10–1 3.8∙10–2 2.2∙10–1
Calcium 5 5 3 5 7 5 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3
5 7 5 7 9 7 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5
7.5∙10–1 2.23∙10–1 2.97∙10–1 3.55∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 9.0∙10–1 2.18 4.34∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 4.66∙10–1 1.36 1.99 7.4∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 4.98∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 3.42∙10–1 8.7∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 1.76∙10–1
Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4 4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7
Weights
λ Å
Cadmium
Ca I 3006.9 3361.9 3630.8 3644.4 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
4581.4 4585.9 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6162.2 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7 6493.8 6499.7
5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 7 3 5
7 9 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 9 5 7 7 5 5
2.09∙10–1 2.29∙10–1 1.88∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 9.1∙10–2 4.4∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 6.0∙10–2 4.9∙10–1 8.3∙10–2 3.8∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 8.6∙10–2 1.4∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 9.6∙10–2 2.87∙10–1 3.54∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 9.0∙10–2 4.7∙10–1 5.9∙10–2 4.4∙10–1 8.1∙10–2
Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7 2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5
2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2
4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2
1.5∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 3.2∙10–3 3.1∙10–3 2.24∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 4.41∙10–2 3.54∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 7.0∙10–2 1.6∙10–1 3.08∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 3.1 3.6 5.8∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 1.7 1.47 1.4
Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55
1 1 1
3 8.8∙102 3 1.9∙10–1 3 1.6∙10–2
gk
108 s–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-101
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-102
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76
5 5 3 5 3 1 3
3 3 1 5 3 3 5
2.2∙101 3.9 9.1 6.9 2.3 2.9 2.1
Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41
5 1 3 3 5 5
5 3 5 3 7 5
1.8∙101 3.3 4.5 2.2 5.7 1.3
Ca VIII 182.71 184.16
2 4
2 1.6∙102 2 3.2∙102
Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81 378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57
5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 5
3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3
3.76∙102 8.8∙101 1.16∙102 1.5∙102 2.2∙102 1.12∙102 2.49∙101 7.2∙101 3.75∙101
Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01
2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2
4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2
2.9∙102 2.92∙102 2.3∙102 4.5∙102 2.9∙101 2.6∙102 2.8∙102 8.3∙101 9.5∙101 1.6∙101 3.50∙101 3.2∙101
Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212
1 1 1
3 6.2∙103 3 4.9∙104 3 2.0∙103
Ca XII 140.05 147.27
4 2
2 3.7∙102 2 1.6∙102
Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00
5 9 5
3 4.08∙102 3 6.3∙102 5 1.9∙102
K21599_S10.indb 102
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06
1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5
3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3
3.8∙104 4.9∙104 1.21∙102 2.76∙101 3.44∙101 2.37∙101 6.5∙101 3.28∙101
Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76
2 6 2 2
6 10 4 2
2.31∙104 7.0∙104 2.0∙101 1.3∙101
1 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 1 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 3 1 3 5 5 3
3 1 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 3
1.74∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 3.50∙10–2 3.60∙10–2 3.96∙10–2 8.49∙10–2 6.71∙10–2 3.38∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 9.04∙10–2 2.03∙10–2 2.73∙10–2 7.25∙10–2 3.58∙10–2 2.37∙10–2 1.83∙10–2 1.55∙10–1 4.96∙10–2 5.80∙10–2 4.79∙10–2 1.02∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 3.98∙10–2 1.82∙10–2 1.70∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 3.46∙10–2 4.86∙10–2 1.19∙10–1 6.41∙10–2 7.29∙10–2 2.22∙10–2 4.84∙10–2 4.13∙10–2 2.31∙10–1 1.70∙10–2 7.31∙10–2 8.98∙10–2 1.60∙10–1 6.24∙10–2
Carbon CI 1121.52 1121.64 1121.66 1121.92 1122.00 1122.00 1122.10 1122.18 1122.33 1122.45 1122.52 1122.65 1122.79 1123.11 1128.07 1128.17 1128.25 1128.28 1128.63 1128.69 1128.75 1128.82 1128.90 1129.03 1129.13 1129.20 1129.32 1129.40 1129.42 1129.59 1129.62 1129.87 1129.92 1138.38 1138.56 1138.56 1138.60 1138.95 1139.09 1139.30
λ Å 1139.43 1139.51 1139.65 1139.77 1139.79 1139.81 1139.86 1140.01 1140.01 1140.12 1140.32 1140.36 1140.57 1140.64 1155.81 1155.98 1156.03 1156.20 1156.39 1156.56 1157.33 1157.41 1157.77 1157.77 1157.91 1158.02 1158.03 1158.13 1158.13 1158.32 1158.40 1158.54 1158.67 1158.73 1158.91 1158.97 1188.83 1188.99 1189.07 1189.25 1189.45 1189.63 1191.84 1192.22 1192.83 1193.01 1193.03 1193.24 1193.26 1193.39 1193.65 1193.68 1194.00 1194.06 1194.23 1194.30 1194.41 1194.49 1194.61 1260.74
Weights gi 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 5 1
gk
A 108 s–1
7 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 7 3 3
4.31∙10–2 2.72∙10–1 2.26∙10–2 4.63∙10–2 2.11∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 1.30∙10–2 9.45∙10–2 6.10∙10–2 1.84∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 6.39∙10–2 4.17∙10–2 6.29∙10–2 8.21∙10–2 3.74∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 2.39∙10–2 1.51∙10–1 2.69∙10–1 3.99∙10–2 7.50∙10–2 2.50∙10–2 2.62∙10–1 3.52∙10–1 5.57∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 1.98∙10–1 2.58∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 8.20∙10–2 3.36∙10–2 2.19∙10–1 5.11∙10–2 8.37∙10–2 7.22∙10–2 1.95∙10–1 7.18∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 5.28∙10–1 2.91∙10–2 2.15∙10–2 2.19∙10–2 7.91∙10–1 6.39∙10–1 1.11 4.29∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 2.25∙10–2 2.54∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.98∙10–1 8.34∙10–2 4.10∙10–2 4.40∙10–1 6.77∙10–2 1.77∙10–1 5.70∙10–1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
1260.93 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1276.48 1276.75 1277.19 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.10 1329.12 1329.58 1329.60 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1560.68 1560.71 1561.34 1561.37 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1930.90 2478.56
3 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1
1 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3
1.81 4.68∙10–1 4.00∙10–1 7.51∙10–1 1.34 1.20∙10–2 5.04∙10–2 9.38∙10–2 1.81∙10–2 1.26 1.70 9.24∙10–1 2.28 6.30∙10–1 5.94∙10–2 3.43∙10–1 3.55∙10–1 6.38∙10–1 1.87∙10–1 8.82∙10–1 3.62∙10–1 7.31∙10–1 2.22 5.39∙10–1 5.55∙10–1 1.64 9.19∙10–1 5.45∙10–1 1.79 5.49∙10–1 1.41∙10–2 7.79∙10–3 3.45∙10–1 6.54∙10–1 8.82∙10–1 4.89∙10–1 2.93∙10–1 3.25∙10–2 1.17 8.72∙10–1 1.16 2.61 8.66∙10–1 3.47 1.44 8.38∙10–1 2.44∙10–2 3.39 2.80∙10–1
C II 687.053 687.345 687.352 806.384 806.533 806.568 806.677 806.687 806.830
2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4
4 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 2
2.35∙101 2.82∙101 4.70 2.53 3.51 5.89 1.12 1.40 7.01
K21599_S10.indb 103
λ Å 806.861 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34 1037.02 1065.89 1065.92 1066.13 1126.99 1127.13 1127.27 1127.41 1127.63 1323.86 1323.91 1323.95 1324.00 1334.53 1335.66 1335.71 1384.00 1384.36 1490.38 1720.46 1721.01 1721.68 1722.24 1760.40 1760.47 1760.82 1915.32 1916.01 2323.50 2324.69 2325.40 2326.93 2328.12 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2836.71 2837.60 3183.50 3187.70 3922.08 4309.31 4309.58 4312.80 4735.46 4737.97 4744.77 4747.28 6578.05
Weights gi 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 2
gk
A 108 s–1
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
3.79 1.49 2.93 6.78 2.70∙101 3.39∙101 1.36∙101 5.65 1.13∙101 1.69∙101 7.38 1.46∙101 1.30∙101 1.44 1.45∙101 1.01∙10–6 5.55∙10–7 1.91∙10–7 9.06∙10–8 1.78∙10–6 4.94∙10–1 4.38 4.55 3.27∙10–1 2.41 4.76∙10–1 2.88 4.07∙10–1 3.88∙10–1 2.02∙10–6 8.65∙10–1 3.46 4.33 1.72 3.68∙10–1 4.08∙10–2 4.09∙10–1 9.36∙10–2 9.50∙10–2 1.40∙10–8 5.99∙10–7 4.43∙10–7 8.49∙10–8 6.78∙10–7 4.71∙10–1 9.27∙10–2 5.61∙10–1 3.30∙10–1 3.29∙10–1 2.40∙10–7 8.09∙10–7 1.44∙10–7 3.92∙10–3 3.52∙10–2 3.92∙10–2 9.05∙10–5 5.47∙10–4 5.98∙10–4 2.33∙10–4 3.67∙10–1
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
6582.88 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17
2 2 4 4
2 4 6 4
3.66∙10–1 3.49∙10–1 4.18∙10–1 6.96∙10–2
C III 310.170 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52 5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00
1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5
6.56 3.46∙101 5.91∙101 7.97∙101 1.06∙102 6.24∙101 1.767∙101 3.293 4.385 3.287 9.856 1.313∙101 5.468 2.082∙101 1.376 1.95∙10–1 5.90∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 7.26∙10–1 7.25∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 7.24∙10–1 3.04∙10–1 2.27∙10–1 9.05∙10–1 6.78∙10–1 3.75∙10–1 5.30∙10–2 1.58∙10–1 2.61∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 1.34∙10–1 3.35∙10–2 1.00∙10–1 1.99∙10–2 1.11∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 8.32∙10–2 1.99∙10–1 4.95∙10–2 5.47∙10–3 7.60∙10–3 5.64∙10–3 3.79∙10–2 3.51∙10–2 1.26∙10–2 4.46∙10–2 7.80∙10–3 3.09∙10–2 1.30∙10–1 1.77∙10–1 1.76∙10–1 1.75∙10–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-103
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-104
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10 9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79
1 3 5 5 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 5
3 3 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 7 5 3
1.01∙10–1 5.32∙10–3 1.57∙10–2 7.53∙10–3 7.12∙10–3 8.47∙10–3 4.40∙10–2 5.93∙10–2 3.29∙10–2 7.88∙10–2 1.97∙10–2 2.19∙10–3
C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
4.63∙101 1.76∙102 2.65 2.64 3.17∙10–1 3.16∙10–1
CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12 8449.19
1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1 3
2.554∙10 8.873∙103 1.363∙102 1.278∙102 4.247∙102 6.680∙101 3.947∙102 5.646∙10–1 1.663∙10–1 6.898∙10–2 6.868∙10–2 6.832∙10–2 6.829∙10–2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
7.6∙10–6 7.9∙10–6 8.5∙10–6 9.4∙10–6 1.19∙10–5 1.49∙10–5 1.7∙10–5 1.07∙10–7 2.0∙10–5 1.43∙10–7 2.5∙10–5 1.97∙10–7 2.8∙10–5 2.63∙10–7 3.45∙10–5 3.7∙10–7 4.25∙10–5 7.0∙10–7 5.6∙10–5 9.8∙10–7 1.0∙10–4
3
Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6
K21599_S10.indb 104
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
2.7∙10–6 1.6∙10–4 5.2∙10–6 2.2∙10–4 1.1∙10–5 4.0∙10–4 2.4∙10–5 6.6∙10–4 6.6∙10–5 1.5∙10–3 2.5∙10–4 3.8∙10–3 9.7∙10–4 1.88∙10–2 8.0∙10–3 3.276∙10–1 2.87∙10–1
Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2 7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9
4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4
6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4
2.33 2.71∙10–1 2.39 1.74 4.19 3.23 7.5∙10–1 1.1∙10–2 6.8∙10–3 1.4∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 4.7∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 3.0∙10–2 6.3∙10–2 6.0∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 9.7∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 3.9∙10–2 2.1∙10–2
Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6
5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7
7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9
1.5 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.6 2.2 2.4 2.7
gk
108 s–1
Chlorine
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8 4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1
9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 3 5
9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 7
Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5 3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5
4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4
4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 6
4.2 4.2 2.8 4.4 5.3 4.3 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.7 6.6 3.4 4.8 3.5 3.5 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.7
9 5 7 9 9 7 7 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 3 9
9 7 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 11
1.4 7.5∙10–1 1.1 1.4 6.6∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 8.9∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 2.0 1.6 9.2∙10–1 8.3∙10–1 1.63 1.5 2.91
gk
108 s–1 8.2∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 1.6 7.6∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.0 1.04 9.9∙10–1 1.00 8.1∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 8.6∙10–1 1.0
Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2726.50 2769.90 2780.70 2889.22 2893.25 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2988.64 2996.57 3000.88 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
3024.36 3030.25 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48 4254.33 4263.15 4274.81 4275.98 4280.42 4289.73 4291.97 4297.75 4298.05 4300.52 4301.19 4302.78 4337.25 4373.65 4376.80 4413.86 4422.70 4424.29 4432.77 4490.55 4492.31 4495.28 4500.29 4506.84 4540.72 4564.17 4595.60 4622.47 4665.90 4689.38 4698.46 4708.02
K21599_S10.indb 105
Weights gi 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13 7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 9 13 7 5 9 15 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 7 9 11
gk 5 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11 9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 7 9 13 5 5 7 15 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 5 7 9
A 108 s–1 1.27 1.1 5.4∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 7.97∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 1.3 1.48 1.50 1.62 1.8 7.61∙10–1 4.13∙10–1 5.10∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 1.3 1.2 1.05 1.07 6.8∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 3.15∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 3.07∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 3.16∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 4.47∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 4.31∙10–1
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4718.43 4730.69 4737.33 4741.09 4752.07 4756.09 4792.49 4801.02 4816.13 4870.79 4887.01 4922.28 5204.51 5206.02 5208.42 5243.38 5297.37 5297.99 5328.36 5329.17 5783.11 5783.89 5787.97
13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 5
11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3 5 7
3.4∙10–1 3.83∙10–1 3.38∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 3.06∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 5.09∙10–1 5.14∙10–1 5.06∙10–1 2.19∙10–1 3.88∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 2.02∙10–1 2.35∙10–1
Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77 2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64
4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2
6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6 8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4
3.5∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 1.4 1.0 5.5∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.7 6.4∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 2.2 4.3∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 6.3∙10–1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 8.8∙10–1 7.9∙10–1 1.2 9.0∙10–1 1.1 1.8 1.8 5.4∙10–1 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.2 1.7
λ Å 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4 12 4 6 8
6 12 4 6 6
1.5 4.4∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1
Co I 2407.25 2414.46 2415.29 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2535.96 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3433.05 3443.64 3449.17 3453.51 3462.80 3474.02 3489.40 3495.68 3502.28 3506.32 3512.64 3518.34 3529.82 3569.37 3587.19 3845.47 3894.07 3995.31 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5280.63 5352.05 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79
10 6 4 10 8 6 4 10 10 8 6 10 8 8 4 8 6 10 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 10 8 8 12 10
12 8 6 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 4 10 8 10 4 8 6 12 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10
3.6 3.4 3.6 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.7 9.2∙10–1 3.0 2.8 1.9 1.0 4.2∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 1.0 6.9∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 1.1 7.9∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 1.3 4.9∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 1.0 1.6 4.6∙10–1 1.6 1.4 4.6∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 5.4∙10–2 9.0∙10–2 5.4∙10–2 2.0∙10–1 8.7∙10–2
Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28
11 9 7 5 3 5 3
13 11 9 7 5 3 3
3.3 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 1.32 1.5
Atomic
λ Å
10-105
Cobalt
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-106
Atomic
λ Å 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9
7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9
1.9 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.8 1.5 1.5 8.5∙10–1
Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4
6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2
9.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–1 9.13∙10–1 1.0 4.6∙10–1 1.19∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 3.11∙10–2 3.07∙10–1 9.6∙10–2 7.8∙10–2 3.76∙10–2 1.55∙10–2 1.55∙10–2 1.39 1.37 3.8∙10–3 1.90∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 3.45∙10–1 3.0∙10–2 2.75∙10–1 8.4∙10–2 2.12∙10–1 3.20∙10–1 3.80∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 6.0∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 2.4∙10–3 1.65∙10–2
Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5 2769.7
5 9 7 5 3 5 7
5 7 7 5 3 5 7
1.5∙10–2 1.1 4.1∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 1.2 6.8∙10–1 6.1∙10–1
Copper
Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7
K21599_S10.indb 106
17
15 6.5∙10–2
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1 3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4
17 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 13 17 17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17
17 17 13 13 13 19 17 19 15 11 17 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15
13 13 13
13 2.5 15 2.6 11 1.8
gk
108 s–1 6.5∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 3.0 3.1 8.7∙10–1 1.5 1.7 1.32 7.2∙10–1 2.08 1.85 1.52 4.5 3.6∙10–2 7.3∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 8.2∙10–2 5.7∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 2.7∙10–3 4.7∙10–3 4.0∙10–3 5.3∙10–3 2.6∙10–2 3.5∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 8.5∙10–3 7.5∙10–3
Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1 Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2710.0 2724.0 2892.5 2893.0 2909.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3210.6 3212.8 3213.8 3334.3 4594.0 4627.2
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
6 8 10 10 8 8 6 10 10 10 10 8 8 6 6 10 8
1.9∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 3.0∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 1.4 1.3
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
4661.9 5765.2 6018.2 6864.5
8 8 8 8
6 8 10 10
1.3 1.1∙10–2 8.5∙10–3 5.8∙10–3
4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2
6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4
3.3 2.8 2.6 5.77 5.1 1.3 2.5∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.4∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 4.94∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 2.85∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 5.6∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 7.8∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 7.0∙10–2 3.82∙10–1 2.1∙10–1
2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2
1.9∙10–2 3.3∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 3.1∙10–2 3.1∙10–2 7.0∙10–2 5.8∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 2.3∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Fluorine FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7 7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2 Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities A
gi
2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0
2 4 4 2 4
4 6 4 2 2
Ga II 829.60 1414.4
1 1
3 2.2∙10–1 3 1.88∙101
gk
108 s–1 1.2 1.4 2.7∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 9.2∙10–1
A
gi
6484.2
4
2 8.5∙10–1
2 2 6 4
4 2 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15 3 3 15 3 15 3 15 5 1 3 5 1 9 5 1 3 5 1 15 3 5 1 5 1
gk
108 s–1
Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30
1.99 1.64 1.90∙10–1 3.4∙10–2
Helium
Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6 2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8
3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1
1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3
7.0∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 1.1 8.5∙10–1 1.2 4.0∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 3.2∙10–2 9.6∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 7.1∙10–1 2.0 8.5∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 2.8 1.1 2.8 3.1∙10–2 2.9∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 9.5∙10–2
Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4
2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2
4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2
1.9 2.1 3.5∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 1.3 1.9∙101 2.2∙101 3.5 3.4 6.5 4.6∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 8.6∙10–2 1.9 1.3∙10–1 2.0 9.2∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 4.4∙10–1
K21599_S10.indb 107
Weights
λ Å
He I 507.058 507.718 508.643 509.998 512.099 515.617 522.213 537.030 584.334 *2677.13 *2696.12 *2723.19 *2763.80 *2829.08 *2945.10 *3187.74 3231.270 3258.273 3296.773 3354.555 3447.589 *3554.42 *3562.99 *3587.28 *3599.32 3613.642 *3634.25 *3652.00 *3705.02 *3732.88 *3819.62 3833.549 3838.100 *3867.49 3871.786 3878.177 *3888.64 3926.544 3935.945 3964.729 4009.256 4023.980 *4026.21 *4120.84 4143.759 4168.971 4387.929 4437.553
1.5929∙10–1 2.1826∙10–1 3.1031∙10–1 4.6224∙10–1 7.3174∙10–1 1.2582 2.4356 5.6634 1.7989∙101 4.4174∙10–3 6.0234∙10–3 8.4996∙10–3 1.2508∙10–2 1.9389∙10–2 3.2006∙10–2 5.6361∙10–2 5.1015∙10–3 6.9627∙10–3 9.8432∙10–3 1.4537∙10–2 2.2691∙10–2 7.5971∙10–3 4.8363∙10–3 1.8107∙10–2 6.7245∙10–3 3.8022∙10–2 2.6062∙10–2 9.7444∙10–3 3.9528∙10–2 1.4895∙10–2 6.4351∙10–2 9.6470∙10–3 3.7425∙10–3 2.4466∙10–2 1.3386∙10–2 5.1753∙10–3 9.4746∙10–2 1.9371∙10–2 7.4475∙10–3 6.9507∙10–2 2.9612∙10–2 1.1281∙10–2 1.1600∙10–1 4.4529∙10–2 4.8812∙10–2 1.8298∙10–2 8.9889∙10–2 3.2689∙10–2
Weights
λ Å
gi
*4471.50 *4713.17 4921.931 5015.678 5047.738 *5875.66 6678.152 *7065.25 7281.350 *7298.04 *7499.85 *7816.14 8094.115 8265.701 *8361.73 8518.036 *8582.64 *8632.74 *8776.74 *8849.18 8914.772 8999.736 *9063.32 9085.421 9111.026 *9174.52 *9210.34 9303.163 9340.143 *9463.58 *9516.60 9603.441 9625.697 9682.388 *9702.65 10138.424 10233.102 *10311.27 *10667.71 *10830.17 *10913.00 *10996.65 11013.072 11044.983 11225.937 *10969.11 *12527.48 12755.688 *12846.01 12968.430 *12984.88 13411.683
9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 9 9 9 9 1 5 9 3 3 9 15 3 3 3 9 1 3 3 9 3 3 9 9 3 15 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 9 3 15 3
15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 9 3 3 9 3 15 3 15 3 3 7 15 5 1 3 21 5 1 9 15 3 5 1 3 5 1 15 3 9 21 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 3 5 9 1
2 4 2 4
4 6 4 6
gk
A 108 s–1 2.4578∙10–1 9.5209∙10–2 1.9863∙10–1 1.3372∙10–1 6.7712∙10–2 7.0703∙10–1 6.3705∙10–1 2.7853∙10–1 1.8299∙10–1 1.2913∙10–3 1.7942∙10–3 2.5748∙10–3 1.3791∙10–3 1.8722∙10–3 3.8126∙10–3 2.6252∙10–3 4.1927∙10–3 2.7471∙10–3 5.7758∙10–3 3.8377∙10–3 3.8260∙10–3 2.8406∙10–3 8.2702∙10–3 3.6807∙10–3 2.2000∙10–3 5.5996∙10–3 4.7381∙10–3 5.1030∙10–3 3.0562∙10–3 5.6868∙10–3 1.2439∙10–2 5.8286∙10–3 7.3744∙10–3 4.4271∙10–3 8.6511∙10–3 1.1248∙10–2 6.7731∙10–3 1.9945∙10–2 1.4471∙10–2 1.0216∙10–1 1.9801∙10–2 1.4253∙10–3 9.2496∙10–3 1.8457∙10–2 1.1168∙10–2 3.4781∙10–2 7.0932∙10–3 1.2754∙10–3 2.7317∙10–2 3.3615∙10–2 2.7292∙10–3 2.0572∙10–2
Atomic
Weights
λ Å
10-107
Indium In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1
4.0∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.3 1.3
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-108 Weights
A
Atomic
λ Å
gi
4101.8 4511.3
2 4
2 5.6∙10–1 2 1.02
In II 2941.1
3
1 1.4
4 4
4 2.71 6 1.6∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4 Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2924.79 2934.64 3220.78 3573.72 3661.71 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 8 6 12
10 12 10 10 8 12 10 12 10 8 10 10 10 8 12
2.1∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 1.42∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 5.4∙10–2 4.0∙10–2 2.7∙10–2 3.6∙10–2 3.3∙10–2
9 5 3 1 9 13 11 11 9 9 11 7 7 5 9 3 3 7 1 5 3 9 9 9 9 7 7
7 5 3 3 9 13 11 11 9 9 11 7 7 5 11 3 3 9 3 7 5 9 11 7 11 9 9
2.7 1.2 1.2 8.9∙10–1 3.09∙10–1 3.46 3.12 4.81∙10–1 5.85∙10–1 4.35∙10–1 2.40∙10–1 1.30 6.13∙10–1 1.74 4.80 2.26 6.40∙10–1 4.20 2.31 3.44 2.91 3.25∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 6.75∙10–1 2.56∙10–1 2.04∙10–1 1.93∙10–1
Iron Fe I 2166.77 2191.84 2196.04 2200.39 2298.17 2439.74 2442.57 2457.60 2462.65 2465.15 2468.88 2472.89 2474.81 2479.78 2483.27 2484.19 2487.07 2488.14 2489.75 2490.64 2491.16 2491.99 2496.53 2501.13 2505.01 2506.57 2507.90
K21599_S10.indb 108
λ Å 2510.83 2518.10 2522.85 2524.29 2527.27 2527.44 2529.14 2529.31 2533.14 2535.61 2537.17 2540.97 2542.10 2543.92 2545.98 2549.61 2584.54 2606.83 2609.22 2623.53 2635.81 2656.15 2669.49 2679.06 2706.01 2706.58 2708.57 2719.03 2719.06 2719.42 2720.90 2723.58 2728.82 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2737.64 2742.25 2742.41 2750.14 2762.03 2767.52 2769.30 2788.10 2789.80 2804.86 2806.98 2813.29 2825.56 2832.44 2843.98 2851.80 2894.50 2899.41 2901.91 2907.52 2918.02 2923.29 2923.85 2925.36
Weights gi 7 5 9 3 13 7 5 5 11 1 13 3 11 9 5 7 11 9 7 7 5 13 11 11 13 7 9 9 7 11 7 5 9 11 9 3 13 7 5 7 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 9 7 7 5 3 5 5 11 9 13 11 11 7
gk 5 3 9 1 13 7 5 7 11 3 15 5 13 11 7 9 13 11 7 9 7 15 13 11 13 5 9 7 7 11 5 3 9 9 7 3 11 5 5 7 7 9 13 13 9 7 11 11 9 9 7 5 5 3 11 11 13 11 11 9
A 108 s–1 1.29 1.93 2.13 3.23 3.46∙10–1 1.93 9.91∙10–1 4.86 2.07∙10–1 9.59∙10–1 3.70 9.59∙10–1 4.47 4.70 7.16∙10–1 2.31∙10–1 3.15∙10–1 2.43∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 2.13∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 1.63∙10–1 1.34∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 2.69∙10–1 6.49∙10–1 1.42 7.40∙10–1 3.20∙10–1 1.04 5.69∙10–1 2.98∙10–1 7.10∙10–1 5.03∙10–1 7.25∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 3.41∙10–1 4.70∙10–1 2.74∙10–1 1.76∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 1.80∙10–1 5.92∙10–1 2.36∙10–1 2.40∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 3.42∙10–1 1.32∙10–1 2.38∙10–1 3.17∙10–1 3.37∙10–1 4.83∙10–1 4.68∙10–1 1.78∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 1.18 1.39 2.97∙10–1 1.69∙10–1
λ Å 2929.12 2936.90 2947.88 2948.43 2953.49 2959.99 2966.90 2973.24 2980.53 2981.85 2983.57 2990.39 2994.43 2999.51 3000.95 3008.14 3009.57 3011.48 3020.49 3020.64 3021.07 3025.64 3025.84 3030.15 3037.39 3047.60 3057.45 3059.09 3067.00 3067.24 3075.72 3079.99 3083.74 3100.30 3100.67 3125.68 3132.52 3143.99 3156.27 3157.04 3157.89 3160.66 3166.44 3171.35 3175.44 3178.01 3180.22 3181.52 3182.97 3188.82 3192.80 3193.30 3196.12 3196.93 3199.53 3205.40 3210.23 3210.83 3211.99 3214.01
Weights gi 9 9 7 9 7 11 9 7 7 7 9 9 7 11 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 13 1 11 3 5 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 5 7 13 9 9 7 9 5 9 9 9 11 11 7 7 5 3 3 5 11 9 9 3 9 5 11 7
gk 9 9 7 9 7 13 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 11 3 1 9 9 5 9 7 13 3 11 5 7 9 9 13 7 5 11 3 5 7 11 7 9 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 9 3 11 3 9 7
A 108 s–1 1.53 1.40∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 3.64∙10–1 5.02∙10–1 2.72∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 2.79∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 6.42∙10–1 1.07 1.43∙10–1 3.79∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 7.59∙10–1 4.55∙10–1 5.86∙10–1 3.48∙10–1 5.04∙10–1 2.91∙10–1 2.84∙10–1 3.13∙10–1 1.63∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 3.12∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 8.35∙10–2 3.08∙10–1 1.87∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 8.46∙10–2 3.39∙10–1 6.10∙10–1 6.36∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 1.93∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 1.44∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 4.42∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 1.42∙10–1 2.53∙10–1 5.01∙10–1 3.07∙10–1 1.40∙10–1 5.97∙10–1 2.23∙10–1 9.77∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 9.24∙10–1 4.64∙10–1 8.38∙10–1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
3214.06 3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3219.80 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3239.43 3244.19 3248.20 3253.60 3254.36 3265.62 3271.00 3280.26 3282.89 3286.75 3292.02 3292.59 3305.97 3306.34 3306.35 3307.23 3314.74 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3392.65 3399.33 3402.26 3404.35 3406.44 3407.46 3410.17 3413.13 3417.84 3418.51 3422.66 3424.28 3425.01 3426.67 3427.12 3428.19 3440.61 3440.99 3445.15 3450.33 3459.91 3469.01
K21599_S10.indb 109
Weights gi 7 5 11 7 9 11 11 9 5 9 5 7 13 9 9 9 7 7 11 7 5 9 3 7 7 3 5 9 3 13 5 9 5 11 9 9 11 7 7 5 13 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 7 9 11 7 5 9 7 5 3 5 9
gk 5 5 9 9 7 11 13 7 3 11 5 5 15 9 9 11 7 9 13 5 3 11 5 7 9 3 7 9 5 13 7 11 5 11 9 9 11 7 7 5 13 7 5 9 5 7 3 1 5 7 7 11 9 5 7 5 7 3 3 9
A 108 s–1 1.18 6.19∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 4.64∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 8.65∙10–1 1.18 4.96∙10–1 3.72∙10–1 1.06∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 2.08∙10–1 2.95∙10–1 3.06∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 4.24∙10–1 3.06∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 4.21∙10–1 3.42∙10–1 5.99∙10–1 5.77∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 4.05∙10–1 5.74∙10–1 4.84∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 7.25∙10–1 8.21∙10–2 2.8∙10–1 2.21∙10–1 2.59∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 2.89∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 1.88∙10–1 2.76∙10–1 2.19∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 6.09∙10–1 5.07∙10–1 3.23∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 9.88∙10–1 1.38∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 2.57∙10–1 1.07∙10–1 5.04∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 2.34∙10–1 2.34∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 8.58∙10–2
λ Å 3476.34 3489.67 3495.29 3497.10 3508.47 3526.24 3526.38 3526.47 3526.67 3527.79 3529.82 3530.39 3533.01 3533.20 3536.56 3537.89 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3545.64 3547.19 3552.83 3553.74 3554.92 3556.88 3558.52 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.82 3570.10 3572.00 3573.39 3573.89 3575.25 3575.37 3576.76 3581.19 3582.20 3584.66 3584.79 3584.96 3585.32 3586.11 3586.98 3587.24 3588.61 3588.92 3589.45 3594.63 3597.02 3599.63 3602.46 3602.53 3603.20 3605.45 3605.50 3606.68
Weights gi 7 11 9 7 9 7 7 5 5 9 3 13 1 3 5 11 7 9 7 3 9 9 5 11 11 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 9 11 5 9 11 5 11 11 13 11 7 11 7 13 5 7 11 5 9 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 13 11
gk 7 13 7 7 11 9 7 5 5 9 3 13 3 5 7 11 9 11 9 5 9 9 5 9 13 11 7 3 9 9 7 9 11 11 7 7 9 5 9 13 11 11 5 9 7 11 5 9 11 3 7 9 3 9 7 5 11 9 11 13
A 108 s–1 2.70∙10–1 7.47∙10–2 9.46∙10–2 9.02∙10–2 6.46∙10–2 1.70∙10–1 4.13∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 5.26∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 7.75∙10–1 4.65∙10–2 8.52∙10–1 8.25∙10–1 9.95∙10–1 8.0∙10–2 9.48∙10–2 8.65∙10–1 9.51∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 7.13∙10–2 1.74∙10–1 1.09 1.40 4.1∙10–1 1.77∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 7.4∙10–2 4.29∙10–1 8.34∙10–2 6.72∙10–2 6.76∙10–1 2.89∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 5.73∙10–1 7.43∙10–2 3.06∙10–1 8.8∙10–2 1.02 2.35∙10–1 3.29∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 6.74∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 7.02∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 7.73∙10–2 1.19∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 2.59∙10–1 4.66∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 8.29∙10–1
λ Å 3608.14 3608.86 3610.16 3612.07 3617.79 3618.39 3618.77 3621.46 3621.72 3622.00 3623.19 3625.14 3630.35 3631.10 3631.46 3632.04 3634.33 3636.22 3637.87 3638.30 3640.39 3645.82 3647.42 3647.84 3649.51 3650.03 3650.28 3651.47 3655.46 3659.52 3667.25 3669.15 3669.52 3670.09 3676.31 3677.31 3677.63 3682.17 3682.24 3684.11 3684.14 3686.00 3687.46 3687.66 3688.46 3689.46 3690.73 3694.01 3695.05 3697.43 3701.09 3703.69 3704.46 3707.92 3709.25 3711.41 3716.44 3719.93 3721.50 3724.38
Weights gi 9 3 13 11 5 9 5 9 11 7 13 11 9 11 7 3 9 5 9 7 9 1 3 9 11 7 11 7 5 9 9 9 9 11 9 5 7 7 5 9 9 9 11 9 7 9 11 5 7 7 7 9 11 7 9 3 9 9 5 5
gk 11 5 13 13 7 9 7 11 9 7 13 9 7 11 9 5 7 7 9 9 11 3 3 11 9 7 11 9 5 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 5 5 7 7 11 9 9 9 9 11 7 9 7 9 11 9 5 7 5 7 11 5 7
A 108 s–1 6.22∙10–2 8.13∙10–1 5.90∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 7.09∙10–1 8.88∙10–2 7.22∙10–1 4.45∙10–1 1.07∙10–1 5.14∙10–1 6.68∙10–2 8.15∙10–2 1.04∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 5.17∙10–1 6.74∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 2.20∙10–1 5.9∙10–2 2.36∙10–1 3.57∙10–1 4.87∙10–1 3.38∙10–1 2.91∙10–1 3.94∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 6.15∙10–2 5.83∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 6.31∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 8.03∙10–2 2.34∙10–1 7.20∙10–2 4.63∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 6.08∙10–1 1.04∙10–1 1.5 2.97∙10–1 9.29∙10–2 3.34∙10–1 8.00∙10–2 7.38∙10–2 7.3∙10–2 3.70∙10–1 2.99∙10–1 8.35∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 6.35∙10–1 6.31∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 3.49∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 1.04∙10–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-109
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-110
Atomic
λ Å 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3727.81 3730.39 3732.40 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3743.47 3744.10 3745.56 3746.93 3748.96 3749.49 3753.61 3756.94 3758.23 3759.15 3760.05 3763.79 3765.54 3767.19 3778.51 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3793.48 3795.00 3797.51 3799.55 3801.98 3805.34 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3810.76 3813.88 3815.84 3817.64 3820.43 3821.18 3825.88 3827.82 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3846.41 3846.80 3849.97 3859.21 3859.91
K21599_S10.indb 110
Weights gi 5 9 7 7 9 5 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 11 5 5 7 9 9 7 11 7 13 13 5 13 3 7 11 5 5 3 7 5 13 7 11 9 3 11 3 5 13 9 11 11 11 9 7 7 5 9 5 5 9 11 7 3 13 9
gk 5 7 5 5 11 5 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 11 3 7 7 11 9 5 11 7 11 15 5 15 3 5 13 5 5 5 7 7 13 9 13 11 3 11 5 3 11 7 11 9 13 7 5 5 5 9 3 3 7 9 7 1 11 9
A 108 s–1 4.57∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 1.91∙10–1 9.73∙10–2 2.69∙10–1 9.01∙10–1 2.70∙10–1 1.41∙10–1 3.44∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 6.75∙10–2 2.60∙10–1 6.05∙10–1 3.17∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 7.63∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 6.34∙10–1 4.55∙10–2 4.47∙10–2 5.44∙10–1 9.51∙10–1 6.39∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 4.14∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 9.9∙10–2 1.29∙10–1 7.92∙10–2 1.15∙10–1 4.57∙10–1 7.31∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 8.60∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 4.35∙10–1 9.37∙10–2 1.94∙10–1 6.62∙10–2 1.12 7.7∙10–2 6.67∙10–1 5.54∙10–1 5.97∙10–1 1.05 4.52∙10–1 3.29∙10–1 2.35∙10–1 4.70∙10–1 1.36 3.70∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 6.20∙10–1 6.05∙10–1 7.25∙10–2 9.69∙10–2
λ Å 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.67 3878.73 3883.28 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3894.01 3897.89 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3916.73 3918.42 3918.64 3925.94 3926.01 3928.08 3935.81 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3948.10 3948.77 3951.16 3955.34 3956.46 3956.68 3957.02 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3983.96 3985.39 3996.96 3997.39 3998.05 4005.24 4006.31 4014.53 4021.87 4024.73 4030.49 4043.90 4045.59 4045.81 4062.44 4063.59 4067.98
Weights gi 3 5 11 5 11 7 9 3 7 5 5 3 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 13 3 7 1 7 9 5 5 3 9 7 11 3 3 13 11 5 3 9 7 9 11 5 3 9 5 9 9 11 7 11 9 7 7 9 7 9 9 3 7 9
gk 3 5 11 5 9 7 7 3 7 5 3 3 11 5 13 7 7 9 7 11 1 7 3 7 9 5 5 5 11 9 9 5 3 11 13 7 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 9 5 9 7 9 9 11 7 7 9 3 7 9
A 108 s–1 1.55∙10–1 3.16∙10–1 5.83∙10–2 1.05∙10–1 6.57∙10–2 7.72∙10–2 7.02∙10–2 5.34∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 2.50∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 2.71∙10–1 1.00∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 6.20∙10–2 7.9∙10–2 2.14∙10–1 7.61∙10–2 7.05∙10–2 9.83∙10–2 4.22∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 7.26∙10–2 5.64∙10–2 1.14∙10–1 9.1∙10–2 9.62∙10–2 3.91∙10–2 1.31∙10–1 2.08∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.76∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 6.09∙10–2 2.26∙10–1 4.97∙10–2 5.81∙10–2 1.20∙10–1 5.72∙10–2 8.53∙10–2 7.95∙10–2 1.26∙10–1 5.70∙10–2 2.04∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 1.53∙10–1 8.55∙10–2 8.09∙10–2 1.04∙10–1 8.69∙10–2 7.39∙10–2 8.62∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 6.65∙10–1 1.51∙10–1
λ Å 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4076.63 4084.49 4085.30 4098.18 4107.49 4109.80 4112.96 4118.55 4125.62 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4142.59 4143.41 4143.87 4149.37 4153.90 4154.50 4154.81 4156.80 4157.78 4158.79 4172.12 4175.64 4181.75 4184.89 4187.04 4187.80 4191.43 4195.33 4196.21 4198.25 4198.30 4198.63 4199.10 4200.92 4202.03 4203.94 4203.98 4210.34 4217.55 4219.36 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4227.43 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4247.43 4250.12 4250.79 4260.47
Weights gi 7 5 5 9 11 7 7 5 3 11 11 9 11 1 5 3 5 3 3 9 7 11 7 5 9 5 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 5 11 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 3 3 3 11 7 9 3 5 11 3 9 7 9 5 7 11
gk 5 5 3 9 9 7 7 3 3 13 13 11 11 3 7 5 7 5 5 9 9 13 9 3 11 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 7 3 11 7 9 9 5 11 9 9 13 5 3 5 13 7 11 5 7 13 5 9 9 11 7 7 11
A 108 s–1 1.1∙10–1 7.64∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 1.32∙10–1 8.66∙10–2 8.92∙10–2 7.49∙10–2 1.74∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 4.96∙10–1 9.9∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 1.43∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 7.70∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 2.75∙10–1 7.5∙10–2 2.70∙10–1 1.33∙10–1 4.23∙10–2 2.05∙10–1 2.64∙10–1 1.40∙10–1 1.20∙10–1 2.18∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 9.80∙10–2 1.14∙10–1 2.32∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 2.73∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 8.03∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 4.92∙10–1 6.25∙10–2 8.22∙10–2 2.97∙10–2 7.37∙10–2 1.48∙10–1 2.46∙10–1 2.88∙10–1 5.76∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 6.81∙10–2 1.65∙10–1 5.29∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 1.88∙10–1 2.41∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.07∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 3.99∙10–1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
4271.15 4271.76 4282.40 4299.23 4307.90 4315.08 4325.76 4327.10 4369.77 4383.55 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4433.22 4443.19 4455.03 4466.55 4469.38 4476.02 4484.22 4485.68 4528.61 4547.85 4556.13 4619.29 4654.61 4667.45 4673.16 4678.85 4736.77 4789.65 4800.65 4859.74 4871.32 4872.14 4878.21 4890.76 4891.49 4903.31 4918.99 4920.50 4957.30 4957.60 4966.09 4973.10 4978.60 4985.25 4988.95 5001.86 5006.12 5014.94 5021.59 5022.24 5048.44 5068.77 5074.75 5090.77 5121.64 5137.38
K21599_S10.indb 111
Weights gi 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 5 9 9 7 7 7 5 5 1 9 5 5 3 7 3 7 5 7 7 7 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 7 11 9 13 11 3 5 5 7 9 11 7 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 11
gk 9 11 5 11 9 5 7 5 9 11 7 7 9 7 3 3 7 7 7 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 7 9 7 9 11 7 9 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 11 11 3 3 5 7 7 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 5 5 9
A 108 s–1 1.82∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 1.21∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 3.38∙10–1 7.76∙10–2 5.16∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 6.09∙10–2 5.00∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 2.75∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 4.1∙10–2 1.20∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 1.01∙10–1 5.04∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 5.44∙10–2 4.48∙10–2 1.05∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 3.68∙10–2 6.03∙10–2 3.81∙10–2 4.97∙10–2 4.78∙10–2 4.57∙10–2 3.01∙10–2 1.62∙10–1 2.44∙10–1 2.54∙10–1 1.21∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 3.08∙10–1 6.58∙10–2 1.79∙10–1 3.58∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 4.22∙10–1 3.31∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 3.7∙10–1 5.87∙10–2 2.64∙10–1 6.18∙10–2 2.4∙10–1 4.88∙10–2 3.37∙10–2 1.4∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 7.9∙10–2 1.0∙10–1
λ Å 5139.25 5139.46 5184.27 5191.46 5192.34 5208.59 5215.18 5226.86 5232.94 5235.39 5242.49 5263.31 5266.56 5273.16 5281.79 5283.62 5302.30 5324.18 5339.93 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5393.17 5398.28 5404.15 5410.91 5415.20 5463.28 5473.90 5476.29 5476.56 5563.60 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5594.66 5602.95 5615.64 5624.54 5633.95 5638.26 5649.99 5655.18 5658.82 5662.52 5679.02 5686.53 5705.99 5753.12 5762.99 5816.37 5905.67 6301.50 6400.00 6411.65 6419.95 6469.19
Weights gi 7 9 5 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 13 5 7 1 5 7 3 9 5 5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 3 9 9 3 11 5 11 9 3 7 7 11 5 9 7 3 5 9 5 5 7 5 7 3
gk 5 9 7 3 7 5 3 5 11 7 11 5 9 3 7 7 5 9 7 7 9 11 9 13 9 5 11 9 13 9 7 9 9 7 3 5 1 7 9 3 9 5 13 7 5 9 7 9 7 11 9 5 7 11 3 5 9 7 7 3
A 108 s–1 9.16∙10–2 8.69∙10–2 3.8∙10–2 2.32∙10–1 1.34∙10–1 6.23∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 1.36∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 3.75∙10–2 2.38∙10–2 6.36∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 8.12∙10–2 5.00∙10–2 1.02∙10–1 9.04∙10–2 2.06∙10–1 6.36∙10–2 5.59∙10–1 7.13∙10–1 7.22∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 7.81∙10–1 4.91∙10–2 9.0∙10–2 6.92∙10–1 6.33∙10–1 7.67∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 2.87∙10–2 8.70∙10–2 3.4∙10–2 2.34∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.19∙10–1 5.20∙10–2 1.00∙10–1 2.64∙10–1 7.41∙10–2 7.7∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 4.7∙10–2 4.34∙10–2 6.18∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 6.71∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 8.26∙10–2 9.6∙10–2 4.49∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 6.43∙10–2 9.27∙10–2 4.43∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 8.3∙10–2
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
6496.47 6569.22 6633.75 6841.34 6855.16 7187.32 7511.02 8220.38 8699.45 9012.07 9401.11 9414.04 9443.80 9569.91 9626.50 9738.57 9763.38 9861.74 9889.04 22473.28 23566.67 24547.95 24729.10
5 7 7 5 7 9 11 13 7 11 9 7 5 11 9 11 3 7 9 11 9 11 13
5 9 7 7 9 11 11 11 9 9 11 9 7 11 9 13 5 9 11 11 11 9 11
7.8∙10–2 6.0∙10–2 3.44∙10–2 3.4∙10–2 2.86∙10–2 8.36∙10–2 1.35∙10–1 1.69∙10–1 4.08∙10–2 4.46∙10–2 2.64∙10–2 3.98∙10–2 6.39∙10–2 2.50∙10–2 4.51∙10–2 7.64∙10–2 5.42∙10–2 5.49∙10–2 2.22∙10–2 3.32∙10–2 2.21∙10–2 3.72∙10–2 5.08∙10–2
Fe II 1055.26 1063.97 1068.35 1071.58 1096.88 1112.05 1121.97 1122.84 1125.45 1128.05 1130.44 1133.40 1133.67 1138.63 1142.37 1143.23 1144.94 1147.41 1148.28 1151.15 1267.42 1272.61 1371.02 1563.79 1580.63 1608.45 1610.92 1618.47 1621.69 1623.09 1625.52 1625.91 1629.16 1631.13 1633.91
10 10 8 6 10 10 10 8 10 2 6 8 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 14 8 8 10 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6
8 8 8 8 8 12 8 6 8 4 8 10 8 8 8 10 12 8 10 8 6 4 12 8 10 8 10 8 6 8 10 8 6 4 8
4.6∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.59 1.14 2.26 2.0∙10–1 1.92 1.81 1.03 1.40 3.1∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 3.52 1.24 3.35 2.23 9.3∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 1.74 1.33 5.8∙10–1 1.91 1.94∙10–1 5.53∙10–1 1.32 1.99∙10–1 4.04∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 8.66∙10–1 6.93∙10–1 3.85∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-111
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-112
Atomic
λ Å 1634.35 1635.40 1636.33 1637.40 1639.40 1641.76 1647.16 1670.75 1676.86 1702.04 1761.37 1785.27 1786.75 1788.08 1818.52 2020.75 2078.16 2162.02 2182.36 2191.98 2201.59 2208.41 2209.03 2213.66 2218.26 2220.38 2228.73 2249.18 2253.13 2255.77 2260.08 2267.59 2279.92 2327.40 2327.88 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2338.54 2343.50 2343.96 2344.28 2345.34 2348.12 2348.30 2351.20 2351.67 2352.31 2353.47 2353.68 2354.48 2354.89 2359.11 2359.60 2360.00 2360.29 2360.53 2361.73 2362.02 2363.86
K21599_S10.indb 112
Weights gi 4 8 4 10 2 6 6 10 8 10 8 6 6 6 8 6 10 10 10 8 6 10 10 14 8 12 6 10 8 6 10 6 8 6 10 10 8 4 10 10 8 2 14 10 6 12 6 2 12 8 10 6 4 10 10 8 6 8 8 8
gk 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 8 12 8 8 6 4 8 8 10 10 8 8 8 10 8 14 10 12 8 8 8 4 10 8 10 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 10 6 4 14 8 8 4 6 10 10 6 8 8 8 10
A 108 s–1 3.21∙10–1 2.28 9.63∙10–1 3.57∙10–1 6.85∙10–1 1.76 4.98∙10–1 1.06 6.75∙10–2 1.02 1.42 1.2∙101 1.2∙101 4.6 5.70∙10–2 1.83∙10–1 2.84∙10–2 2.54∙10–1 8.6∙10–2 7.54∙10–1 7.77∙10–1 1.59 1.27 3.26∙10–1 1.57 4.19∙10–1 1.59 3.00∙10–2 4.41∙10–2 4.75∙10–1 3.18∙10–2 3.69∙10–2 4.49∙10–2 6.55∙10–1 1.08 3.17∙10–1 1.31 1.13 5.6∙10–2 1.73 3.13∙10–1 9.27∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 6.50∙10–1 1.15 7.19∙10–1 1.80 4.38 4.98 1.30 8.13∙10–1 2.67∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 3.59∙10–1 6.23∙10–1 2.22∙10–1 2.40∙10–1 1.41∙10–1 5.3
λ Å 2364.83 2365.76 2366.59 2366.88 2368.60 2369.95 2370.50 2373.74 2375.19 2376.43 2378.55 2378.70 2379.28 2379.42 2380.76 2382.04 2382.36 2382.90 2383.06 2383.24 2384.39 2385.01 2388.39 2388.63 2390.10 2390.76 2391.48 2394.00 2395.42 2395.63 2396.72 2399.24 2400.05 2401.29 2402.45 2402.63 2404.43 2404.89 2406.66 2410.27 2410.52 2411.07 2411.81 2412.01 2413.31 2416.45 2417.87 2418.44 2419.89 2422.69 2422.93 2423.21 2424.15 2424.39 2424.59 2424.65 2428.36 2428.80 2429.04 2429.39
Weights gi 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 4 12 8 8 8 10 6 10 4 12 8 6 4 6 10 8 14 6 8 12 6 8 10 6 12 6 10 8 4 6 4 8 4 2 10 6 2 8 12 6 10 6 10 4 10 6 6 8 8 4 2 4
gk 8 6 6 10 4 12 4 10 2 14 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 6 6 4 8 12 8 16 6 10 10 4 10 12 6 14 8 10 8 2 8 4 8 6 2 12 8 4 10 12 8 10 8 8 6 12 8 6 8 10 4 4 4
A 108 s–1 5.90∙10–1 2.16 1.01∙10–1 3.51∙10–2 6.06∙10–1 5.9 1.73∙10–1 4.25∙10–1 9.81∙10–1 6.4 1.70∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 2.73∙10–1 3.68∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 3.13 3.19∙10–2 1.62∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 3.59∙10–1 3.22∙10–1 3.60∙10–2 2.02∙10–1 1.05 5.5 1.17 3.77∙10–2 9.4∙10–2 2.67∙10–1 2.59 2.15∙10–1 1.39 4.57 1.89 5.8∙10–1 8.19∙10–1 6.44∙10–1 1.96 1.61 7.65∙10–1 1.55 2.37 4.33 1.66∙10–1 1.02 2.38 9.5∙10–1 2.28 2.2∙10–2 1.46 2.94∙10–2 1.40 2.21 1.61∙10–1 1.24 6.55∙10–2 2.68 1.38 1.23 6.9∙10–1
λ Å 2429.86 2430.08 2432.26 2432.87 2433.50 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2434.95 2435.00 2436.62 2439.30 2440.42 2441.13 2442.38 2443.71 2444.52 2445.11 2445.57 2445.80 2446.11 2446.47 2447.21 2447.33 2447.76 2449.96 2450.21 2453.98 2454.58 2455.71 2455.90 2457.10 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2463.28 2464.01 2464.91 2465.91 2466.50 2466.67 2466.82 2468.30 2469.37 2469.52 2470.41 2470.67 2471.28 2472.61 2473.32 2475.12 2475.54 2476.27 2477.35 2478.57 2480.16 2481.05 2482.12
Weights gi 8 8 6 14 10 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 6 10 10 8 6 12 4 4 8 12 6 4 12 4 2 8 14 8 4 6 10 6 10 6 8 12 10 6 8 2 4 6 10 10 8 6 8 10 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 12 14
gk 8 10 8 14 12 6 10 12 6 8 8 14 8 10 12 10 8 12 6 6 8 14 6 2 10 4 4 10 12 8 6 4 12 4 12 8 10 10 8 4 6 4 2 4 10 8 6 6 6 8 10 2 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 14
A 108 s–1 1.51 1.91 1.57 2.86 1.30∙10–1 7.2∙10–1 2.01 2.79 1.39 2.02 2.70 2.25 1.18 8.95∙10–1 2.75 1.44 2.78 2.03 2.07 1.23 1.06 2.99∙10–1 1.15 2.56 1.97 1.24 1.26 1.31 1.16 1.01 1.73 4.71∙10–1 2.31 2.51 5.39 2.34 2.43 7.1∙10–1 1.32 2.22 1.62 2.40 2.64 1.77 9.8∙10–2 2.23∙10–2 2.58 6.0∙10–1 1.54 4.15∙10–1 3.22 2.74 3.72 3.18 9.7∙10–2 1.70∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 1.55 1.46∙10–1 6.5∙10–1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
2482.33 2482.66 2482.87 2483.72 2484.24 2484.44 2489.48 2489.83 2490.71 2490.86 2491.40 2492.34 2493.26 2493.88 2494.12 2497.82 2500.92 2501.35 2502.39 2503.33 2503.54 2503.57 2503.88 2506.09 2506.80 2508.34 2510.57 2511.76 2513.15 2514.38 2517.14 2519.05 2521.09 2521.82 2525.39 2525.92 2526.08 2526.29 2527.10 2527.71 2528.68 2529.08 2529.23 2529.55 2530.10 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36 2535.49 2536.67 2536.81 2536.84 2537.14 2538.21 2538.40 2538.50 2538.68 2538.91 2538.99 2539.81
K21599_S10.indb 113
Weights gi 4 12 6 8 4 8 12 12 10 8 10 10 14 6 12 6 6 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 2 8 6 8 14 8 10 6 12 10 10 4 12 10 4 12 8 6 10 12 10 12 10 14 6 8 6 10 14 8
gk 4 10 4 10 6 8 12 12 12 8 8 12 16 6 10 6 8 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 4 6 4 8 14 8 8 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 12 8 4 8 12 10 14 10 12 8 6 8 8 12 8
A 108 s–1 2.23 1.25 1.69 5.4∙10–1 8.3∙10–2 2.16 5.1∙10–1 1.94 1.44 8.8∙10–1 1.01 2.30∙10–1 3.04 1.74 2.97∙10–2 1.68 2.41 1.48 1.43 7.3∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 2.53∙10–1 2.23 9.9∙10–1 1.98 3.79∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 2.30 2.49∙10–1 2.11 9.2∙10–1 2.10 2.05 2.36 1.91 7.4∙10–1 3.52∙10–1 2.47 3.67∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 2.3∙10–2 1.80 3.27∙10–1 2.20 6.6∙10–1 1.92 1.83 2.46 7.47∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 1.69 6.8∙10–1 1.44 1.26 3.7∙10–2 5.9∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 1.28 1.93 5.6∙10–2
λ Å 2540.52 2540.66 2541.10 2541.84 2542.74 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2546.67 2547.34 2548.32 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.57 2550.68 2551.20 2554.94 2555.07 2555.45 2557.08 2557.51 2559.24 2559.77 2559.93 2560.28 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.62 2566.91 2568.41 2568.89 2569.78 2570.85 2571.55 2572.97 2573.21 2573.76 2574.37 2576.86 2577.92 2581.11 2582.41 2582.58 2583.05 2585.62 2585.88 2586.06 2587.95
Weights gi 2 6 8 8 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 12 10 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 8 10 4 2 8 2 8 10 6 8 8 6 10 2 6 6 4 8 10 10 6 8
gk 2 8 6 6 2 12 4 6 10 10 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 6 10 8 8 8 8 4 2 6 4 10 6 12 2 4 8 4 6 10 8 10 8 4 12 2 6 8 4 10 10 8 4 10
A 108 s–1 1.26 1.70 9.6∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 1.61 6.7∙10–1 8.3∙10–1 3.93∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 7.98∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 2.69∙10–1 2.67∙10–1 2.43 6.0∙10–1 1.89 1.65 1.12 2.35∙10–1 1.74 3.91∙10–1 1.6∙10–2 1.07 2.48∙10–1 2.6∙10–2 1.96∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 2.8∙10–2 1.53∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 2.42∙10–1 2.47∙10–1 1.77 1.62 1.79 1.51 2.61 2.29 7.1∙10–2 1.15 4.77∙10–1 2.8∙10–2 1.11 1.84 2.89∙10–2 7.89∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 2.3∙10–2 2.43 1.32 1.24 7.61∙10–2 2.22∙10–1 8.80∙10–1 2.16∙10–2 3.09∙10–1 8.94∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 1.69
λ Å 2588.19 2588.80 2590.55 2591.54 2592.79 2593.73 2594.96 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2605.04 2605.31 2605.43 2605.90 2606.52 2607.09 2608.85 2609.13 2609.44 2609.87 2611.07 2611.87 2613.57 2613.82 2614.19 2614.59 2614.87 2617.62 2619.08 2620.17 2620.41 2620.70 2621.67 2623.13 2623.72 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2626.70 2628.29 2628.58 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.70 2637.50 2637.64 2639.57 2641.12 2642.01 2646.21 2649.47 2650.48 2652.57 2654.63 2657.92 2658.25
Weights gi 2 8 4 6 14 2 8 8 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 10 8 6 8 4 8 10 4 8 10 8 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 8 2 6 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 12 6 6 10 4 10 8
gk 2 8 6 6 16 4 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 10 8 8 6 8 12 2 10 8 6 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 10 8 8 8 4 10 8
A 108 s–1 1.5∙10–1 8.4∙10–2 7.9∙10–2 5.72∙10–1 2.74 1.63∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.43 2.35 1.49∙10–1 2.34 1.99 3.40∙10–1 1.27 2.31 1.73 5.0∙10–2 2.77∙10–1 6.0∙10–2 1.34∙10–1 7.28∙10–2 1.20 2.0∙10–2 2.12 3.3∙10–2 3.37∙10–2 3.5∙10–2 4.88∙10–1 2.48∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 4.30∙10–2 3.43∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 8.8∙10–2 1.92∙10–1 2.55 3.52∙10–1 3.48∙10–1 1.94∙10–2 8.74∙10–1 3.4∙10–2 7.2∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 8.16∙10–1 6.29∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.21 8.8∙10–2 6.2∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 2.29∙10–1 1.44∙10–2 1.98 1.60 4.45∙10–2 8.1∙10–1 3.2∙10–2 2.12∙10–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-113
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-114
Atomic
λ Å 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2670.38 2671.39 2680.23 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2691.74 2692.60 2693.86 2697.33 2697.46 2697.73 2699.20 2703.99 2704.58 2707.13 2709.06 2711.84 2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.44 2716.57 2717.88 2718.64 2719.30 2721.81 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2726.52 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.01 2732.94 2736.97 2739.55 2741.39 2743.20 2744.90 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2750.01 2751.13 2752.15 2753.29 2754.89 2755.74 2756.51 2757.03
K21599_S10.indb 114
Weights gi 2 8 6 4 2 6 2 6 8 4 8 10 10 8 4 4 10 4 8 8 4 4 12 10 8 6 6 14 16 10 6 12 8 6 6 6 12 6 8 4 10 8 4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 6 2 10 4 4 10 8 8 6 10
gk 2 10 8 6 4 8 4 8 10 6 10 8 12 6 4 2 8 4 8 8 6 6 14 12 6 6 6 12 14 8 8 10 8 8 6 8 10 4 10 4 8 6 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 10 4 4 12 6 10 8 8
A 108 s–1 1.33 1.91 1.87 1.02 5.2∙10–1 6.0∙10–2 6.5∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 1.57 5.04∙10–2 1.40 4.2∙10–2 2.48∙10–1 1.65 2.6∙10–2 6.2∙10–1 1.38 1.66∙10–2 8.3∙10–1 3.88∙10–1 4.36∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 5.70∙10–1 1.15 2.8∙10–2 1.35 1.51 1.18 4.44∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 9.58∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 3.12∙10–1 9.38∙10–1 1.25∙10–1 2.79∙10–1 7.05∙10–2 9.5∙10–1 1.22 2.21 2.03∙10–1 1.97 3.62∙10–2 2.05 1.69 1.21 2.16 1.16 1.8∙10–2 2.92∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.89 1.21 2.15 7.3∙10–2 8.07∙10–2
λ Å 2761.81 2762.33 2762.45 2763.66 2763.91 2764.79 2765.13 2767.50 2768.93 2769.15 2769.35 2770.50 2771.19 2774.69 2776.18 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.05 2783.69 2784.28 2785.19 2787.24 2790.56 2793.89 2796.63 2797.92 2799.29 2805.32 2805.79 2809.78 2811.27 2812.49 2813.61 2817.09 2819.34 2826.03 2827.43 2828.63 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2836.19 2836.51 2837.30 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.34 2840.65 2840.76 2842.08 2843.32 2843.48 2844.96 2845.60 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2848.91
Weights gi 2 6 6 14 8 12 10 12 4 8 12 12 10 2 6 8 10 2 2 12 2 12 8 8 10 10 10 10 4 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 8 12 12 4 6 4 4 2 10 4 10 8 12 2 10 8 10 4 2 8 4 6 6 12
gk 4 6 4 12 6 12 8 14 6 10 14 10 12 4 8 8 8 4 2 10 4 10 6 10 12 10 10 8 6 8 8 10 4 10 4 12 6 14 10 6 6 6 4 4 12 2 8 10 12 4 12 8 10 6 2 6 4 6 4 10
A 108 s–1 1.38∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 3.3∙10–2 1.34 2.9∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 1.47 1.58 4.75∙10–2 6.6∙10–2 2.07∙10–1 4.08∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 2.73∙10–1 2.66∙10–2 4.08∙10–1 1.00 2.56∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 1.06 3.4∙10–2 1.53 1.83∙10–1 2.1∙10–2 1.26∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 3.2∙10–2 1.55∙10–1 2.5∙10–2 3.22∙10–2 3.10∙10–1 1.2∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 3.40∙10–2 3.37∙10–1 9.7∙10–3 4.5∙10–2 2.4∙10–2 6.9∙10–2 7.6∙10–1 4.55∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 5.4∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 8.6∙10–1 1.47 5.8∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 7.6∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 1.40∙10–2 9.6∙10–2 5.5∙10–1 1.57 5.1∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 1.59 5.3∙10–2
λ Å 2849.61 2853.21 2855.67 2856.15 2856.38 2856.91 2857.17 2857.42 2858.34 2864.97 2869.16 2869.31 2871.06 2871.13 2872.38 2873.40 2875.35 2876.80 2879.25 2880.76 2883.71 2884.76 2885.93 2888.10 2894.78 2895.22 2897.27 2902.46 2906.12 2910.76 2917.08 2922.02 2926.59 2944.40 2947.65 2949.18 2953.77 2954.05 2959.60 2959.84 2964.13 2964.62 2965.03 2969.94 2970.52 2970.69 2982.06 2984.82 2985.54 2997.30 3000.06 3002.32 3002.65 3036.96 3044.84 3048.99 3056.80 3062.24 3065.32 3070.69
Weights gi 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 4 10 12 10 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 2 8 6 8 8 4 6 10 6 8 8 8 8 2 4 8 4 10 4 6 2 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 14 12 6 10
gk 12 6 10 10 8 8 8 6 12 8 10 6 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 14 8 12 6 12 10 4 10 4 8 8 10 10 2 4 8 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 8 6 8 6 6 10 4 12 10 6 8
A 108 s–1 4.6∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 9.2∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 4.42∙10–1 1.32 1.22∙10–1 2.0∙10–2 4.85∙10–1 4.3∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 4.04∙10–1 2.2∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 1.70∙10–1 4.56∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 9.56∙10–2 3.6∙10–2 2.21∙10–2 1.48∙10–1 2.46∙10–1 3.8∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.09∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 3.2∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 2.7∙10–2 3.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 3.5∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 2.45∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 9.7∙10–2 1.36∙10–1 4.6∙10–2 6.5∙10–2 9.43∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 2.70∙10–2 4.15∙10–2 2.41∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 2.39∙10–1 8.6∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.79∙10–1 2.22∙10–1 1.2∙10–2 3.84∙10–1 1.7∙10–2 1.36∙10–1 2.9∙10–2 1.28∙10–2
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3089.38 3096.29 3105.17 3105.55 3106.57 3114.30 3114.69 3116.58 3133.05 3135.36 3144.75 3154.20 3162.80 3167.86 3177.53 3179.50 3180.15 3186.74 3187.30 3192.91 3193.80 3193.86 3196.07 3210.44 3213.31 3227.74 3231.71 3232.78 3237.82 3243.72 3247.17 3258.77 3259.05 3276.60 3289.35 3323.06 3366.97 3381.01 3453.62 3468.68 3493.47 3621.27 3748.48 3759.46 3906.04 3935.96 3938.97 4233.17 4522.63 4549.19 4549.47 4583.84 4635.32 4923.93 4990.51 5001.96
K21599_S10.indb 115
Weights gi 2 4 14 6 6 8 4 2 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 10 8 8 8 6 4 4 10 6 2 8 6 2 4 6 6 8 2 10 4 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 8 8 10 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 10 6 6 6 12
gk 4 6 12 8 8 8 2 2 8 4 4 4 6 6 6 10 8 8 8 8 6 4 10 6 2 8 8 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 8 10 8 8 10 6 4 10 8 10 4 4 2 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 8 8 4 8 14
A 108 s–1 2.59∙10–1 3.75∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 7.5∙10–2 7.0∙10–2 1.88∙10–2 6.4∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 8.8∙10–2 2.7∙10–2 2.06∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 1.59∙10–1 1.74∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 3.85∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 1.27∙10–2 5.4∙10–2 3.86∙10–2 1.61∙10–2 3.63∙10–2 6.12∙10–2 8.9∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 7.1∙10–2 9.39∙10–2 6.7∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 8.5∙10–3 2.0∙10–2 3.2∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 3.4∙10–2 3.2∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 8.3∙10–3 8.4∙10–3 7.22∙10–3 8.4∙10–3 9.2∙10–3 1.00∙10–2 7.22∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 4.28∙10–2 5.2∙10–1 1.57
λ Å
Weights gi
A
gk
108 s–1
5018.44 5030.63 5035.71 5144.35 5149.47 5169.03 5197.58 5227.48 5247.95 5251.23 5264.18 5272.40 5276.00 5306.18 5316.22 5316.62 5387.06 5395.86 5402.06 5427.83 5429.99 5465.93 5482.31 5493.83 5506.19 5510.78 5529.05 5544.76 5783.63 5885.01 5902.83 5955.70 5961.71 5965.62 6175.15 6305.30 6331.95 6446.41 6456.38
6 10 10 4 8 6 6 12 4 6 8 6 10 6 14 12 12 6 10 12 8 6 10 8 12 10 6 12 8 4 8 6 10 10 8 10 6 8 8
6 10 12 6 10 8 4 14 6 8 10 6 8 8 14 10 14 8 12 10 10 8 12 10 14 12 6 12 10 6 10 8 12 10 8 10 8 10 6
2.0∙10–2 7.1∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 9.0∙10–1 4.22∙10–2 5.4∙10–3 1.22 1.43 8.0∙10–1 4.76∙10–1 3.9∙10–3 3.76∙10–3 3.28∙10–1 3.69∙10–1 3.89∙10–3 5.2∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 5.9∙10–3 6.0∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 4.78∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 1.14 2.28∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 4.62∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 4.98∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 2.19∙10–1 1.8∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 1.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–3 1.7∙10–3
Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32
9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7
7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7
4.8 4.9 5.5 5.7 6.1 5.5 5.0 5.7 5.3 6.0 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.1
λ Å
Weights gi
A
gk
108 s–1
1987.50
13
13 4.9
Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512 151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379
5 7 9 7 9 5 5 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9
7 9 11 7 9 7 5 7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7
1.3∙103 1.3∙103 1.6∙103 2.2∙102 2.1∙102 2.2∙102 5.3∙102 3.9∙102 2.4∙102 8.9∙102 1.2∙103 4.2∙102 3.5∙102 8.8∙102 7.7∙102 9.7∙102 2.4∙102 1.0∙103 1.8∙103 2.3∙102 6.9∙102 2.8∙103 2.9∙103 3.6∙103 2.7∙103 2.4∙103 1.5∙103 1.7∙102 1.3∙102 2.1∙102
Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601
4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4
4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6
3.6∙102 4.3∙102 4.5∙102 3.8∙102 3.0∙103 3.1∙103 2.0∙103 2.1∙103 1.0∙103 9.4∙102
Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534 175.266
2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4 2
2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6 4
1.8∙103 1.6∙103 2.6∙103 1.8∙103 1.7∙103 2.9∙103 2.9∙103 2.1∙103 2.6∙103 1.7∙103 2.1∙103 1.8∙103 1.72∙103
Atomic
λ Å
10-115
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-116
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733 92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762
5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9 9 11 9 5
7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11 11 13 11 7
2.9∙103 1.5∙103 1.6∙103 2.6∙103 2.5∙103 2.3∙103 3.4∙103 2.8∙103 4.1∙103 3.7∙103 3.9∙103 3.2∙103 1.67∙103
Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119
4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4
4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6
2.0∙103 1.7∙103 1.6∙103 1.1∙103 1.4∙103 1.7∙103 8.7∙102 1.4∙103 1.9∙103 4.5∙103 4.9∙103 5.2∙103 4.0∙103 2.3∙103 3.4∙103 4.6∙103 1.0∙103 9.0∙102 9.1∙102 8.6∙102
Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384
1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7
3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5
2.0∙103 1.2∙103 2.3∙103 3.9∙103 2.1∙103 1.0∙103 7.7∙102 2.1∙103 6.3∙103 5.5∙103 1.8∙103
Fe XIV 72.80 76.022 76.152 190 211.316 216 217 217
10 4 6 6 2 6 6 6
12 6 8 8 4 8 8 6
7.9∙103 6.6∙103 7.0∙103 2.8∙102 3.6∙102 1.7∙102 4.0∙102 2.6∙102
K21599_S10.indb 116
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
219 219 219.123 220 221 226 264.787 268 280 283 288.45
2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6
4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 8 4
4.8∙102 2.4∙102 3.9∙102 3.2∙102 5.9∙102 3.9∙102 3.38∙102 2.1∙102 2.8∙102 2.7∙102 1.6∙102
Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790 248 284.160
1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3 3 1
3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5 1 3
1.69∙103 2.94∙103 3.4∙103 1.6∙103 3.2∙102 9.8∙102 1.6∙103 9.2∙103 1.9∙103 7.4∙103 7.9∙103 8.8∙103 4.13∙103 2.6∙102 1.7∙103 8.8∙103 6.2∙103 2.2∙102 2.5∙102 2.4∙102 2.3∙102 4.2∙102 5.4∙102 2.28∙102
Fe XVI 39.827 40.153 40.199 40.245 46.661 46.718 50.350 54.142 54.728 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256
2 4 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4
4 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6
2.1∙103 2.5∙103 1.7∙103 1.8∙103 3.46∙103 3.7∙103 1.86∙103 3.41∙103 4.16∙103 1.05∙103 2.18∙103 9.39∙103 1.00∙104 6.69∙102 6.7∙102 7.72∙102 5.2∙102 5.4∙102 4.0∙102 4.8∙102 8.7∙102
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0
6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6
8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8
9.3∙102 3.93∙102 3.9∙102 5.9∙102 7.0∙102 1.6∙103 1.6∙103 6.5∙102 3.9∙102 4.3∙102
Fe XVII 11.023 12.123 12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11
2.1∙104 8.0∙104 5.9∙104 3.0∙103 3.5∙103 3.3∙104 3.4∙103 2.28∙105 6.0∙104 8.29∙103 9.33∙103 4.8∙103 4.0∙103 6.0∙103 1.2∙104
Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56 13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668
5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3
3 7 1 7 5 1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1
1.3∙104 4.8∙104 1.5∙105 2.0∙105 1.0∙104 8.0∙104 2.3∙104 2.7∙105 2.2∙104 1.0∙104 7.0∙104 1.4∙104 4.51∙104 2.0∙104 1.1∙104 1.1∙104 1.2∙104 2.5∙104 2.2∙104 1.4∙104 1.1∙104
Fe XX 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.93
4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4
4 2 4 4 4 4 6 6
2.1∙105 6.9∙104 1.4∙105 1.1∙105 2.7∙104 4.4∙104 1.4∙105 1.6∙105
gk
108 s–1
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities A
gi
12.98 12.99 13.01 13.03 13.13 13.79
2 6 2 4 2 6
2 6 4 2 4 6
6.7∙104 5.1∙104 3.0∙104 8.6∙104 8.9∙104 1.2∙104
Fe XXI 8.56 8.64 8.65 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.47 9.67 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.03
5 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 5
7 7 7 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 5
2.0∙104 1.5∙104 3.9∙104 3.3∙104 1.7∙104 5.2∙104 4.9∙104 5.7∙104 1.3∙104 1.8∙104 2.2∙104 1.5∙105 1.2∙105 2.1∙105 5.2∙104 2.1∙105 3.6∙104 3.1∙105 5.8∙104 1.3∙104 1.3∙104 1.5∙104 7.2∙104 8.2∙103 6.2∙103 1.3∙104
Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922 11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053
4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4
6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 4 8 4 6
5.5∙104 5.7∙104 5.3∙104 6.9∙104 8.3∙104 5.1∙104 1.2∙105 1.6∙105 1.8∙105 1.6∙105 2.6∙105 1.2∙105 1.7∙105 7.9∙104 2.3∙105 1.7∙105 1.3∙105 8.2∙104 1.8∙105 5.9∙104 6.9∙104 2.4∙105 9.7∙104 6.1∙104
K21599_S10.indb 117
gk
108 s–1
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325
2 4 6 2 4 2
4 6 6 4 6 2
1.0∙105 2.4∙105 7.8∙104 7.2∙104 9.9∙104 1.5∙105
Fe XXIII 8.614 8.752 10.927 10.934 11.165 11.298 11.325 11.338 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898
5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 1
7 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 7 5 7 5 5 3
7.7∙104 1.2∙105 6.0∙104 5.4∙104 6.7∙104 1.3∙105 1.7∙105 9.3∙104 1.2∙105 2.2∙105 5.6∙104 1.40∙105 1.16∙105 2.16∙105 2.3∙105 3.58∙105 1.0∙105 7.7∙104 7.3∙104 1.8∙105 2.03∙105
Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4
2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6
1.0∙105 4.82∙106 2.43∙106 3.06∙106 1.2∙105 6.24∙106 3.16∙106 5.47∙106 1.91∙106 2.14∙106 1.63∙106 3.5∙105 3.2∙105 2.0∙105 1.5∙105 8.3∙104 9.7∙104 9.8∙104 6.10∙104 7.07∙104 7.28∙104 7.51∙104 1.84∙105 2.18∙105
Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730
1 1 1
3 2.54∙105 3 5.05∙105 3 1.24∙106
gk
108 s–1
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038
1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3
3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3
1.5∙105 8.7∙104 4.69∙106 2.57∙106 1.19∙106 2.68∙106 1.63∙106 1.78∙106 1.23∙106 4.10∙106 2.59∙106 4.92∙106 2.81∙106 2.67∙106 2.22∙106 8.8∙105 1.0∙105 8.6∙104 4.1∙105 5.9∙105 4.57∙106 4.42∙105 8.08∙104
1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5
3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3
3.16 3.12 2.6∙10–2 3.2∙10–2 8.4∙10–3 5.6∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 4.4∙10–3 9.7∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 2.3∙10–2 9.2∙10–3 2.8∙10–3 2.1∙10–2 3.7∙10–3 1.8∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 5.1∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 5.6∙10–2 2.3∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 3.7∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Atomic
Weights
λ Å
10-117
Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9 4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7
4/3/14 11:51 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-118
Atomic
λ Å Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3 4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6
4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6
1.2∙10–1 9.6∙10–1 1.0 1.8 6.6∙10–1 9.6∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 6.5∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 2.4∙10–2 7.0∙10–2
1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5
3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3
5.2∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 1.5 1.9∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 1.9 3.1∙10–2 9.8∙10–4 7.1∙10–1 1.6 2.6∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 1.5 7.3∙10–1 3.5∙10–2 8.9∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–2 2.7∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 8.9∙10–3
Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0
K21599_S10.indb 118
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
*2562.3 *2741.2 *3232.7 *3671.7 *3720.9 *3746.6 *3795.1 *3835.6 *3915.3 *3985.5 *4132.6 *4273.1 *4602.9 *4971.7 *6103.6 *6707.8 *8126.4 *10510 *11032 *12237 *12782 *12929 *13557 *17545 *18697 *19276 *24463 *26880 *38079 *41792
2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 10 10 6 6 10 10 6 2 6 10
6 6 6 10 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 6 2 10 2 10 14 6 2 10 14 6 2 6 10 6
8.865∙10–3 1.248∙10–2 1.002∙10–2 1.678∙10–2 2.413∙10–2 1.01∙10–2 3.649∙10–2 1.56∙10–2 5.957∙10–2 2.59∙10–2 1.08∙10–1 4.76∙10–2 2.322∙10–1 1.038∙10–1 6.8563∙10–1 3.6891∙10–1 3.3466∙10–1 1.97∙10–2 1.46∙10–2 3.49∙10–2 4.578∙10–2 2.28∙10–3 2.84∙10–2 6.791∙10–2 1.383∙10–1 5.375∙10–3 7.453∙10–2 3.738∙10–2 1.37∙10–2 2.77∙10–3
Li II 199.279 *935.88 *944.72 *965.13 *1017.9 1093.43 1102.46 *1131.9 *1198.1 1237.28 1420.89 *1493.0 *1653.1 1681.66 1755.33 *2329.8 *2674.4 *3684.7 *5484.5 9581.43 *21061
1 9 3 9 9 1 3 9 3 3 1 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3
3 15 9 15 15 3 5 15 9 5 3 15 3 5 1 9 9 9 9 3 9
2.5569∙102 6.1345∙10–1 1.4329 1.0002 1.8076 1.3533 1.4070 3.8492 2.8969 3.1179 2.8309 1.1215∙101 2.8585 1.0069∙101 2.0499 1.1758∙10–1 1.9081∙10–1 3.0580∙10–1 2.2727∙10–1 5.1423∙10–2 2.5664∙10–2
Lutetium
Lithium Li I *2394.4 *2425.4 *2475.1
λ Å
2 2 2
6 2.664∙10–3 6 3.823∙10–3 6 5.735∙10–3
Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3
4 4 6
4 2.23 6 5.9∙10–1 4 1.1∙10–2
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
3841.2 4518.6
6 4
6 2.5∙10–1 4 2.1∙10–1
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 1 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 1
gk
108 s–1
Magnesium Mg I 1683.412 1707.061 1747.794 1827.934 2025.824 2731.993 2733.493 2736.542 2776.690 2778.270 2779.831 2779.831 2781.416 2782.972 2809.761 2811.112 2811.781 2846.716 2848.342 2851.660 2852.127 2915.453 2936.739 2938.473 2941.995 3091.065 3092.984 3096.890 3329.919 3332.146 3336.674 3829.3549 3832.2996 3832.3037 3838.2918 3838.2943 3890.241 3891.906 3893.304 3895.572 3898.120 3938.400 3986.7533 4057.5052 4167.2712 4351.9056 4571.0956 4702.9909 4730.0285 5167.3216 5172.6843 5183.6042 5528.4047 5711.0880
1.88∙10–2 3.28∙10–2 6.62∙10–2 1.60∙10–1 6.12∙10–1 6.97∙10–2 9.37∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 1.32 1.82 1.36 4.09 5.43 2.14 2.50 1.96 2.11 1.31∙10–1 1.77∙10–1 2.35∙10–1 4.91 4.09 1.37∙10–2 4.12∙10–2 6.83∙10–2 3.09∙10–1 3.74∙10–1 4.96∙10–1 3.09∙10–2 1.02∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 8.99∙10–1 6.74∙10–1 1.21 1.61 4.03∙10–1 1.31 1.77 9.81∙10–1 2.35 5.88∙10–1 5.47∙10–2 7.30∙10–2 1.02∙10–1 1.38∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 2.54∙10–6 2.19∙10–1 1.34∙10–2 1.13∙10–1 3.37∙10–1 5.61∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 3.86∙10–2
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
6318.716 6319.236 6319.493 7291.060 7657.603 7659.152 7659.902 7881.667 7930.806 7930.806 7947.07 7953.39 8047.73 8049.854 8054.232 8098.724 8098.724 8209.839 8213.034 8303.313 8305.596 8310.264 8346.120 8346.120 8710.175 8712.689 8717.825 8736.021 8736.021 8806.757 8923.569 9246.499 9255.778 9414.964 9414.964 9414.964 9429.814 9432.764 9438.783 9665.54 9983.20 9986.475 9993.209
3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 7 3 1 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 3 1 3 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 5
5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 9 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 3 3 7 7 9 5 3 5 7 5 3 3 3
2.63∙10–3 2.64∙10–3 2.63∙10–3 6.27∙10–4 1.23∙10–2 1.23∙10–2 1.23∙10–2 4.56∙10–3 5.38∙10–3 4.52∙10–3 2.91∙10–4 1.45∙10–3 3.53∙10–3 4.78∙10–3 6.36∙10–3 7.68∙10–3 6.46∙10–3 1.81∙10–3 4.38∙10–2 5.16∙10–3 9.28∙10–3 9.24∙10–3 1.15∙10–2 9.59∙10–3 7.97∙10–3 1.07∙10–2 1.43∙10–2 1.83∙10–2 1.54∙10–2 1.27∙10–1 5.86∙10–3 2.99∙10–3 7.95∙10–2 2.88∙10–2 3.24∙10–2 2.72∙10–2 1.34∙10–2 1.81∙10–2 2.41∙10–2 2.44∙10–3 1.57∙10–3 4.70∙10–3 7.81∙10–3
Mg II 870.2 870.2 884.7 884.7 907.4 907.4 946.703 946.769 1025.962 1026.108 1239.936 1240.399 1248.511 1249.932 1271.243
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4
1.04∙10–2 1.08∙10–2 1.38∙10–2 1.44∙10–2 1.94∙10–2 2.02∙10–2 2.69∙10–2 2.81∙10–2 3.43∙10–2 3.63∙10–2 1.35∙10–2 1.52∙10–2 3.83∙10–2 7.64∙10–2 1.23∙10–2
K21599_S10.indb 119
λ Å 1271.943 1272.725 1273.427 1306.711 1307.877 1308.282 1309.439 1365.545 1367.260 1367.704 1369.425 1476.004 1478.013 1480.890 1482.902 1734.845 1737.618 1750.654 1753.456 2329.578 2329.578 2449.590 2449.590 2660.755 2660.817 2790.776 2795.528 2797.998 2802.704 2928.634 2936.509 2968.020 2969.145 2971.839 3104.722 3104.809 3165.878 3168.951 3172.706 3175.783 3534.972 3538.813 3549.516 3553.366 3613.781 3615.583 3848.209 3848.335 3850.385 4384.637 4390.564 4427.994 4433.990 4436.486 4436.598 4481.130 4481.327 4630.878 4631.405 4739.588
Weights gi 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6
gk
A 108 s–1
2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 8 6 8 6 8 6 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 2 2 8 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 2 8
4.49∙10–2 1.44∙10–2 8.97∙10–2 2.19∙10–2 6.72∙10–2 2.58∙10–2 1.34∙10–1 4.53∙10–2 5.35∙10–2 1.08∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 1.30∙10–1 1.93∙10–1 3.85∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 5.09∙10–1 4.00∙10–1 7.98∙10–1 1.36∙10–1 1.27∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 2.02∙10–1 3.81∙10–1 3.56∙10–1 4.01 2.60 4.79 2.57 1.15 2.30 1.98∙10–2 2.25∙10–2 4.49∙10–2 7.97∙10–1 7.44∙10–1 2.89∙10–2 3.43∙10–2 3.41∙10–2 6.81∙10–2 5.80∙10–2 6.90∙10–2 5.64∙10–2 1.12∙10–1 1.79∙10–3 1.56∙10–3 2.96∙10–2 3.29∙10–3 3.24∙10–2 1.45∙10–1 1.73∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 6.38∙10–2 5.95∙10–2 2.33 2.17 2.75∙10–3 3.01∙10–3 8.09∙10–2
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4739.712 4868.845 4868.845 5068.937 5069.802 5264.215 5264.368 5434.039 5434.039 5451.259 5460.019 5464.136 5916.429 5918.158 5923.366 5928.233 5938.629 5943.499 6346.737 6346.962 6620.440 6620.569 6781.451 6787.851 6812.860 6819.270 7786.500 7790.978 7877.051 7896.368 8115.220 8120.434 8213.989 8234.639 8734.990 8745.657 8824.323 8835.082 9218.248 9244.266 9631.888 9632.435
4 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 4
6 4 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 8 6
7.55∙10–2 1.50∙10–3 1.41∙10–3 3.97∙10–3 4.35∙10–3 1.27∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 2.45∙10–3 2.33∙10–3 1.03∙10–2 1.11∙10–2 2.22∙10–2 6.42∙10–3 7.04∙10–3 1.40∙10–2 1.66∙10–2 1.36∙10–2 2.71∙10–2 2.20∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 4.61∙10–3 4.37∙10–3 2.49∙10–2 2.96∙10–2 2.11∙10–2 4.21∙10–2 1.97∙10–3 1.84∙10–3 6.58∙10–1 7.86∙10–1 1.22∙10–2 1.34∙10–2 2.65∙10–1 5.29∙10–1 5.34∙10–2 6.37∙10–2 3.69∙10–2 7.36∙10–2 3.64∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 4.21∙10–1 3.93∙10–1
Mg III 186.5149 187.1977 188.5296 231.7333 234.2631 1229.389 1239.827 1274.831 1350.156 1378.700 1393.391 1405.170 1422.118 1431.136 1435.550 1439.770
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 1 3
1.86∙102 1.26∙102 2.5 9.12∙10 4.98 5.72∙10–1 1.82 2.53 3.50∙10–1 5.32 6.38 1.54 1.80∙10–1 4.30 3.04 3.54∙10–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-119
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-120
Atomic
λ Å 1443.738 1446.254 1447.260 1458.172 1462.305 1467.188 1482.67 1493.097 1506.826 1550.82 1572.712 1586.237 1592.360 1626.093 1635.946 1642.826 1648.822 1652.218 1659.244 1663.287 1675.710 1679.470 1687.091 1697.282 1703.108 1703.731 1704.368 1714.783 1722.041 1730.733 1730.778 1731.786 1738.835 1739.475 1743.947 1745.009 1747.561 1748.932 1757.176 1757.888 1761.740 1763.805 1772.982 1775.942 1783.253 1787.927 1791.375 1793.207 1794.582 1800.662 1803.087 1820.421 1820.896 1826.750 1828.974 1838.336 1839.878 1847.561 1858.186 1868.225
K21599_S10.indb 120
Weights gi 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5
gk
A 108 s–1
3 1 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 1 7 5 7 3 5
1.81 4.15∙10–1 2.22 3.21 1.21 9.37∙10–1 1.55∙10–1 1.02 3.91∙10–1 1.04∙10 6.92 8.02 8.53 1.77∙10–1 2.44∙10–1 9.17∙10–1 5.38∙10–1 9.10∙10–1 8.48∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 5.88∙10–1 1.41 2.14 1.71∙10–1 2.97 1.79∙10–1 4.76∙10–1 3.23 1.03 1.44 1.60 1.14∙10 3.26∙10–4 3.76∙10–1 5.37∙10–2 7.38 8.71 2.04∙10–1 2.10 3.16∙10–3 3.17 7.67 1.28∙10–1 9.39 1.46 2.32 3.36∙10–1 7.73 8.21 1.03∙10–1 2.98 3.05∙10–2 1.32∙10–1 4.97∙10–1 1.09 4.55∙10–1 3.74∙10–2 1.28 1.94
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
1879.492 1887.308 1896.304 1901.572 1901.572 1908.500 1918.777 1921.374 1923.896 1930.374 1930.672 1937.843 1938.936 1941.500 1941.500 1954.831 1962.145 1971.514 1977.554 1979.327 1979.43 2004.860 2039.553 2055.491 2064.902 2085.891 2091.963 2094.207 2097.936 2112.773 2134.054 2177.694 2273.414 2318.125 2395.149 2467.751 2490.534 2529.190 2618.011 2905.419
5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 1 1
5 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3
1.76 7.56∙10–1 4.20∙10–1 3.78∙10–1 5.47∙10–1 5.15 1.98 2.26∙10–1 1.37 8.30∙10–1 1.70 1.46 8.97∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 3.27∙10–1 7.97∙10–1 7.76∙10–1 2.06 4.94∙10–1 1.22 4.10∙10–1 3.33∙10–1 1.54 2.35 4.21 1.61 2.57 1.21∙10–1 1.50 1.69 2.36 2.12 1.27∙10–2 4.44∙10–2 1.67 6.91∙10–1 1.61 1.89∙10–1 8.72∙10–1 6.84∙10–3
Mg IV 129.857 320.9943 323.3076 840.366 842.087 1346.543 1352.020 1384.425 1437.61
4 4 2 6 8 6 4 8 6
6 2 2 4 6 8 6 10 8
5.61∙102 1.13∙102 5.52∙101 1.24∙101 1.19∙101 1.07∙101 6.59 1.45∙101 1.21∙101
6 6 6 10 8
8 6 4 12 8
3.7 3.6 3.7 2.9∙10–1 5.9∙10–1
Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08 3016.45 3043.36
λ Å 3044.57 3045.59 3047.03 3082.71 3228.09 3230.72 3243.78 3256.14 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02 3463.66 3511.83 3577.87 3601.27 3608.49 3660.40 3675.67 3676.96 3680.15 3682.09 3684.87 3706.08 3718.92 3731.94 3771.44 3773.86 3800.55 3806.72 3823.51 3834.37 3841.07 3889.46 3924.08 3926.48 3952.84 3982.90 4011.91 4018.11 4030.76 4041.36 4048.75 4052.48 4055.55 4058.94 4065.08 4066.24 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30
Weights gi 10 10 12 14 10 8 6 4 14 6 12 10 8 12 10 12 6 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14 12 6 10 8 6 4 12 2 6 6 6 8 10 6 10 6 6 8 4 12 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8
gk 8 10 12 14 12 8 6 6 14 8 12 10 8 12 8 10 6 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14 12 8 12 10 8 6 14 4 8 6 4 8 8 8 10 4 8 8 2 14 8 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6
A 108 s–1 5.7∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 1.4 9.6∙10–1 1.0 1.9∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 5.21∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.54∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 7.87∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 4.31∙10–1 7.25∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 2.95∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 9.17∙10–1
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01 4455.82 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79
4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4 4 6 6 8 8 6 4 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8
4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2 6 6 8 8 10 6 4 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6
4.92∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.93∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 4.37∙10–1 7.98∙10–1 5.44∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 4.62∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 7.00∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 3.00∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 1.72∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 2.40∙10–1 3.03∙10–1 5.35∙10–1 7.83∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 4.99∙10–1 1.72∙10–1 3.32∙10–1
Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13 3482.90 3488.68
7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5 5 3
7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 3
2.6 2.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 4.3∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.5∙10–1
Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146
9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9
9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7
3.7∙101 5.7∙101 4.4∙101 3.4∙101 2.8∙101 5.7∙101 1.5∙101 2.2∙101 7.8∙101 2.2∙101 6.0∙101 2.7∙101 1.3∙102
K21599_S10.indb 121
λ Å
Weights gi
328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77 1285.10 1333.87
gk
A 108 s–1
5 3 1 5 3 5 7
5 5 3 3 1 7 9
4.4∙101 1.2∙101 1.1∙101 1.3∙101 1.2∙101 1.1∙101 1.0∙101
1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3
3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1
8.00∙10–2 3.88∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 6.10∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 1.6∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 4.5∙10–1 5.09∙10–1 9.4∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 6.56∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 1.3 1.8∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 4.0∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 2.88∙10–2 8.4∙10–2 5.57∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 2.7∙10–4 4.87∙10–1 2.36∙10–1 5.3∙10–3 4.3∙10–3 2.8∙10–2 9.7∙10–3 2.71∙10–1
3 5 5 7 7 9 7 9 9 5 7 9 9 7 9 11
5 7 5 5 9 7 7 11 9 7 9 11 7 7 9 11
7.34∙10–1 7.75∙10–1 7.57∙10–1 1.20 9.84∙10–1 4.08∙10–1 6.43∙10–1 1.31 4.18∙10–1 2.95∙10–1 2.54∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 2.85∙10–1 4.23∙10–1 2.84∙10–1 4.74∙10–1
Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79 Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79 2629.85 2638.30 2640.98 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2679.85 2684.16 2733.39 2751.47 2761.53 2787.83 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60
λ Å 2906.06 2915.38 2936.50 2945.43 2959.48 2977.27 2987.92 2988.23 2989.80 3000.85 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3085.62 3089.71 3094.66 3100.88 3101.34 3117.54 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3198.85 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44
Weights gi 3 5 11 7 9 9 3 5 9 5 7 9 5 3 13 13 11 9 7 13 13 11 9 11 9 7 9 5 7 7 5 13 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 15 1 9 9 7 7 9
gk 3 3 11 7 11 7 5 7 7 7 5 9 5 5 11 11 9 7 5 13 13 11 11 11 11 9 9 7 7 9 5 13 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 13 3 11 9 5 5 7
A 108 s–1 8.04∙10–1 7.31∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 3.66∙10–1 1.75∙10–1 3.28∙10–1 8.43∙10–1 4.28∙10–1 9.27∙10–1 2.58∙10–1 6.06∙10–1 2.75∙10–1 8.49∙10–1 5.81∙10–1 5.94∙10–1 1.63∙10–1 5.01∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 4.41∙10–1 8.46∙10–1 3.08∙10–1 2.72∙10–1 1.87∙10–1 1.42 9.55∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 1.63 2.34∙10–1 1.63 1.20 1.92 1.89∙10–1 1.79 3.68∙10–1 1.57∙10–1 4.10∙10–1 2.41∙10–1 2.75∙10–1 4.63∙10–1 1.37 2.03∙10–1 8.40∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 3.98∙10–1 2.77∙10–1 2.54∙10–1 6.10∙10–1 3.45∙10–1 4.40∙10–1 1.88∙10–1 1.53 1.75∙10–1 4.10∙10–1 7.22∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 2.55∙10–1 5.35∙10–1 2.77∙10–1 6.94∙10–1 2.01∙10–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-121
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-122
Atomic
λ Å 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3251.65 3256.21 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3285.35 3289.01 3290.82 3305.91 3323.95 3336.56 3344.73 3346.83 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3375.65 3378.46 3379.96 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3420.04 3422.31 3425.13 3427.90 3434.79 3435.45 3437.21 3445.03 3445.26 3447.12 3449.07 3449.85 3452.60 3456.15 3460.78 3466.19 3466.96 3467.85 3469.22 3469.63 3470.92
K21599_S10.indb 122
Weights gi 3 15 3 5 9 13 7 3 5 11 7 11 5 9 7 9 9 7 7 9 9 3 11 5 9 5 7 13 5 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 9 11 11 7 15 11 7 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 9 7 5 5 13 3
gk 5 13 1 7 11 13 9 5 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 7 9 5 9 7 9 5 11 7 9 7 9 13 5 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 5 9 11 13 7 15 9 9 5 11 9 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 3 15 5
A 108 s–1 4.20∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 1.41 3.85∙10–1 1.44∙10–1 6.33∙10–1 2.95∙10–1 3.05∙10–1 6.89∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 3.62∙10–1 5.42∙10–1 2.60∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 3.59∙10–1 4.49∙10–1 5.08∙10–1 5.44∙10–1 3.06∙10–1 2.82∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 6.04∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 7.59∙10–1 1.38∙10–1 2.74∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 3.75∙10–1 4.11∙10–1 7.32∙10–1 3.30∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 2.08∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 1.25∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 2.45∙10–1 3.28∙10–1 2.52∙10–1 2.29∙10–1 4.09∙10–1 1.75∙10–1 1.50 8.06∙10–1 1.53∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 8.75∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 1.65∙10–1 2.48∙10–1 3.60∙10–1 6.03∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 2.63∙10–1 6.96∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 2.91∙10–1
λ Å 3475.03 3479.42 3489.43 3504.41 3505.31 3508.11 3510.77 3517.55 3518.21 3521.38 3521.41 3524.98 3538.92 3540.57 3542.17 3552.71 3555.64 3558.09 3566.05 3566.74 3570.64 3573.88 3580.54 3581.88 3585.57 3590.74 3595.55 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3680.68 3681.72 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48
Weights gi 3 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 9 7 15 3 13 11 7 7 5 13 9 7 5 9 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 5 9 7 7 11 7 11 9 9 9 11 9 5 11 11 5 11 7 9 5
gk 3 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 9 7 15 5 11 13 5 9 5 11 9 9 7 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 7 9 9 9 11 5 13 7 11 9 11 7 7 9 9 7 11 9 7 7
A 108 s–1 4.68∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 3.27∙10–1 8.06∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 4.75∙10–1 5.41∙10–1 3.64∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 6.06∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 4.46∙10–1 4.93∙10–1 3.64∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 5.43∙10–1 2.67∙10–1 1.43∙10–1 7.18∙10–1 3.58∙10–1 5.49∙10–1 3.81∙10–1 3.95∙10–1 2.23∙10–1 2.32∙10–1 5.67∙10–1 2.07∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 3.25∙10–1 1.96∙10–1 5.58∙10–1 5.27∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 3.51∙10–1 3.33∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 2.03∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 6.70∙10–1 1.45∙10–1 3.48∙10–1 2.30∙10–1 9.54∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 3.26∙10–1 2.07∙10–1 6.36∙10–1 3.59∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 2.38∙10–1 1.34∙10–1
λ Å 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75 3846.18 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56
Weights gi 7 7 9 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 13 7 9 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9 7 9 11 7 3 7 7 9 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11
gk 9 7 11 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 9 9 7 9 9 9 11 9 9 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9 7 9 9 7 5 5 5 7 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11
A 108 s–1 2.86∙10–1 1.60∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 2.20∙10–1 1.45∙10–1 2.80∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 3.07∙10–1 3.95∙10–1 2.48∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 2.88∙10–1 2.46∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 2.87∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 6.90∙10–1 3.16∙10–1 2.44∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 1.40∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.20∙10–1 3.05∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.78∙10–1 6.24∙10–1 1.74∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 6.17∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 2.70∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 4.38∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 1.36∙10–1 1.96∙10–1 3.25∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.02∙10–1 6.05∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 1.60∙10–1 3.82∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 2.70∙10–1
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65 4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03
K21599_S10.indb 123
Weights gi 9 5 11 13 7 11 7 9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 13 1 9 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5
gk 11 5 13 11 9 11 9 11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 15 3 9 5 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5
A 108 s–1 3.17∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 1.76∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 1.36∙10–1 2.85∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 2.56∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 2.93∙10–1 3.83∙10–1 1.38∙10–1 2.63∙10–1 2.51∙10–1 1.90∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 2.09∙10–1 5.03∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 1.32∙10–1 2.35∙10–1 1.55∙10–1 1.72∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 3.63∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 4.49∙10–1 3.01∙10–1 4.67∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 4.36∙10–1 2.71∙10–1 4.07∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 3.11∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 1.31∙10–1 2.03∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 4.11∙10–1 5.83∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 3.74∙10–1 3.89∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 1.21∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 6.19∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 2.13∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 3.72∙10–1
λ Å 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
5 3 3 5 5 7 7 9
3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9
3.30∙10–1 3.02∙10–1 1.55∙10–1 2.60∙10–1 3.12∙10–1 1.63∙10–1 5.32∙10–1 3.45∙10–1
16 14 10 8 10 12 18 10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12
18 16 12 10 10 12 18 12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10
1.4∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 4.9∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 6.3∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 6.8∙10–2 3.7∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 8.5∙10–2 4.7∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 4.0∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 2.5∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 1.2∙10–2 1.6∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 7.0∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 5.9∙10–2 8.7∙10–2 5.6∙10–2 7.2∙10–2 4.6∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.1∙10–2
Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3 3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3
Atomic
λ Å
10-123
3.8∙10–1 9.3∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 6.11 4.86∙10–1 1.0∙10–3 7.6∙10–3 2.2∙10–3 9.2∙10–3 2.2∙10–3 1.0∙10–3 2.1∙10–2 4.9∙10–3 3.7∙10–2 7.0∙10–3 6.7∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 5.1∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 2.2∙10–3 6.9∙10–3 9.3∙10–2 9.9∙10–3 6.6∙10–3 4.3∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 1.6∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 2.2∙10–3 5.0∙10–3 2.1∙10–3 4.2∙10–2 3.3∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 5.6∙10–3 1.9∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 6.8∙10–3 5.3∙10–3 1.1∙10–1 9.0∙10–3 5.2∙10–3 2.83∙10–3 8.9∙10–3 6.9∙10–3 6.82∙10–1 1.4∙10–2 1.15∙10–1 4.8∙10–2 2.00∙10–3 1.13∙10–1 3.3∙10–2 3.51∙10–2
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-124 Weights
Atomic
λ Å
gi
6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1 6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525
3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
K21599_S10.indb 124
gk
A 108 s–1
3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5.61∙10–2 2.26∙10–3 6.03∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 6.09∙10–3 6.7∙10–3 2.82∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 1.46∙10–1 6.37∙10–2 2.49∙10–1 9.7∙10–3 6.39∙10–3 4.16∙10–2 3.39∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 1.61∙10–1 3.45∙10–3 3.21∙10–1 1.39∙10–2 5.14∙10–1 3.00∙10–1 1.08∙10–1 2.32∙10–1 5.9∙10–3 2.9∙10–3 2.33∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 4.9∙10–4 1.74∙10–1 1.89∙10–2 2.53∙10–1 3.0∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 2.87∙10–2 9.35∙10–2 2.55∙10–3 2.31∙10–2 4.0∙10–2 4.3∙10–1 7.8∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 4.9∙10–2 7.2∙10–3 2.03∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 1.00∙10–2 3.91∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 1.1∙10–3 1.6∙10–1 3.13∙10–1 9.4∙10–3 9.1∙10–2 1.1∙10–3 2.5∙10–2 6.3∙10–2 2.4∙10–3 4.2∙10–2 8.4∙10–2
Weights
λ Å
gi
11767 12459
3 3
Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7
6 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2
gk
A 108 s–1
3 6.9∙10–2 3 1.5∙10–2
10 2 10 6 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4
3.8∙101 1.6∙101 1.8∙101 4.07∙101 4.7∙101 2.3∙101 2.8∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 7.9∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 7.8∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 7.0∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 5.2∙10–2 5.5∙10–1 1.7 5.9∙10–1 9.6∙10–2 5.6∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 1.2 8.7∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.4 8.5∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 3.1 2.1 2.5 1.8 9.4∙10–1 1.3 1.3 4.2∙10–2 2.6∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 4.8∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 1.6∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 4.5∙10–2 6.0∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 3.9∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 1.7 2.3∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 1.7
Weights
λ Å
gi
3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7 3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1
4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4
gk 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6
A 108 s–1 2.2 3.6 3.5 1.3∙10–1 3.6 1.8 1.4∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 1.6 2.3∙10–1 1.5 2.4∙10–1 3.8∙10–2 3.9∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 5.7∙10–2 4.3∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 2.6∙10–1 4.4∙10–2 1.6 2.1∙10–1 1.6 9.1∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 3.9∙10–2 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.4 2.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.3 2.0∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 8.6∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 1.7 3.0∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 2.2 7.7∙10–2 4.4∙10–1 1.9 2.3 6.1∙10–1 1.8 1.8∙10–2 6.4∙10–1 1.6 1.4 3.5∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 1.6 9.6∙10–1 9.9∙10–2
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities A
gi
3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2 3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8 3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3
6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4
6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6
1.6 1.2∙10–2 4.3∙10–1 1.4 2.0 2.3∙10–2 7.6∙10–1 3.6∙10–2 6.0∙10–1 1.2 6.3∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 1.9∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.4 6.3∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.3 3.6∙10–2 1.3 2.6∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 6.7∙10–2 7.0∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 1.0 2.8∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 1.1 1.3 2.0∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 4.5∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 1.0∙10–2
Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6
9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3
9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5
6.7∙102 1.2∙103 1.5∙103 3.38∙102 7.0∙102 1.5∙102 2.1∙102 1.35∙102 3.01∙101 1.0∙101 1.9
K21599_S10.indb 125
gk
108 s–1
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
2265.7
5
7 2.4
Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95 561.38 561.73 562.99 564.53
1 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5
3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3
1.07∙103 4.8∙102 1.6∙103 1.9∙102 4.09∙101 8.11 1.07∙101 7.99 2.39∙101 3.17∙101 1.31∙101
Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
8.4∙102 2.77∙103 5.90 5.69 7.20∙10–1 6.88∙10–1
7 5 3 5 7 9 7 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5
9 7 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 11 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7
1.1 8.3∙10–1 9.3∙10–1 2.6 6.9∙10–1 2.1 7.5∙10–1 5.5 5.0 3.8 6.9 5.6 3.5 5.3 2.2 5.5∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 1.3 2.8∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.0 6.3∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.3 2.4∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 9.8∙10–2
gk
108 s–1
Nickel Ni I 1976.87 1990.25 2014.25 2085.57 2158.31 2289.98 2300.77 2312.34 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88
λ Å 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78 4732.47 4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29
Weights gi 3 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7 7 3 9 11 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3
gk 5 9 7 3 1 7 5 5 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7 9 3 9 11 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5
A 108 s–1 6.1∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 1.2 4.2∙10–1 1.0 5.6∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 9.3∙10–2 2.0∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 9.5∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.1∙10–1
Atomic
Weights
λ Å
10-125
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-126
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
A
gk
108 s–1
6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66
3 5 9 7 7
3 7 11 5 7
1.7∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 9.7∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 1.1∙10–1
Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46 2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87
10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6 8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8
10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10
2.4 1.58 1.43 1.77 2.90 1.3 1.66 3.4 2.3 9.8∙10–1 1.55 1.3 1.98 1.43 1.56 2.8 2.8 1.98 2.70 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.88 8.0∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.70 2.1 5.4∙10–1 5.8∙10–1
Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06
11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9
13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9
7.9 6.3 6.0 5.9 6.7 5.7 5.5 6.5 6.2 5.6
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
6 4 6 4 2 2 4 6
Nitrogen NI 951.079 951.295 952.303 952.415 952.523 953.415 953.655 953.970
K21599_S10.indb 126
8.29∙10–3 1.71∙10–3 1.12∙10–1 1.45∙10–1 7.62∙10–2 1.90 1.81 1.62
λ Å 954.104 955.264 955.437 955.529 955.882 959.494 960.201 963.990 964.626 965.041 1003.37 1003.38 1134.17 1134.41 1134.98 1159.82 1160.94 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1165.59 1165.72 1165.84 1165.88 1166.00 1167.45 1167.74 1167.86 1168.22 1168.33 1168.42 1168.54 1169.69 1170.16 1170.28 1170.42 1170.54 1170.67 1171.08 1171.20 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1183.28 1183.40 1184.24 1184.36 1184.98 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1243.17 1243.18 1243.31 1243.31 1310.54 1310.94 1310.95 1312.87
Weights gi 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4
gk
A 108 s–1
6 6 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 8 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6
1.95∙10–1 3.37∙10–3 1.40∙10–4 2.63∙10–3 4.29∙10–3 3.75∙10–3 1.69∙10–3 5.94∙10–1 5.66∙10–1 5.52∙10–1 1.86∙10–6 8.40∙10–6 1.51 1.49 1.44 4.94∙10–4 2.72∙10–4 3.25∙10–1 2.53∙10–3 2.98∙10–2 2.82∙10–1 1.69∙10–2 8.31∙10–4 1.99∙10–3 2.43∙10–4 6.79∙10–4 1.10 1.17∙10–4 7.03∙10–4 1.30∙10–2 1.24∙10–1 3.38∙10–2 9.32∙10–1 2.79∙10–2 3.03∙10–3 3.06∙10–2 4.91∙10–4 1.11∙10–3 5.86∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 3.93∙10–3 8.52∙10–1 9.91∙10–2 1.03 1.88∙10–5 2.16∙10–6 2.45∙10–3 3.34∙10–4 1.78∙10–3 4.07 4.03 4.00 3.33∙10–1 3.22 3.10 2.36∙10–1 7.68∙10–1 6.05∙10–1 1.75∙10–1 5.53∙10–4
λ Å 1313.07 1313.08 1313.28 1313.28 1314.97 1314.98 1315.43 1315.44 1316.04 1316.29 1318.50 1318.82 1318.83 1319.00 1319.00 1319.67 1319.68 1326.56 1326.57 1327.92 1327.92 1335.18 1336.39 1336.40 1337.19 1337.20 1411.93 1411.94 1411.95 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 1742.72 1742.73 1745.25 1745.26 6884.31 6900.36 7380.10 7403.39 7405.68 7421.94 7423.64 7442.30 7447.81 7468.31 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8664.39 8680.28 8683.40
Weights gi 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 4
gk
A 108 s–1
4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 8 6
2.79∙10–3 7.66∙10–5 2.37∙10–3 1.15∙10–3 1.14∙10–3 6.83∙10–4 3.65∙10–3 7.40∙10–4 1.06∙10–3 1.12∙10–2 1.36∙10–4 1.45∙10–5 1.00∙10–2 4.59∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 5.76∙10–1 9.72∙10–3 6.71∙10–2 9.47∙10–2 4.43∙10–2 3.25∙10–6 1.02∙10–4 5.93∙10–4 3.16∙10–4 1.22∙10–4 4.46∙10–1 1.01∙10–1 5.34∙10–1 3.11 3.26∙10–1 3.46 2.12∙10–1 1.05 8.35∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 2.90∙10–6 1.27∙10–5 1.94∙10–5 1.14∙10–4 4.39∙10–5 1.63∙10–4 5.64∙10–2 1.19∙10–1 1.49∙10–4 1.96∙10–1 8.21∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 4.68∙10–2 5.23∙10–2 2.26∙10–1 2.62∙10–1 1.31∙10–1 4.86∙10–2 2.09∙10–1 2.67∙10–1 1.07∙10–1 1.63∙10–3 2.53∙10–1 1.88∙10–1
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 8758.21 8767.35 9020.69 9028.92 9060.48 9386.81 9392.79 9419.39 9460.68 9464.17 9493.77 9660.12 9708.45 9716.46 9740.39 9742.12 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56 9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9965.75 9968.51 9980.42
2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 4 8 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 4 6 4
4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 6
1.15∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 6.54∙10–2 3.75∙10–2 9.65∙10–3 2.62∙10–4 1.22∙10–3 3.68∙10–3 3.20∙10–1 3.21∙10–1 2.13∙10–1 2.51∙10–1 2.93∙10–4 3.73∙10–2 3.50∙10–3 4.06∙10–6 2.49∙10–4 3.18∙10–5 1.34∙10–4 9.03∙10–5 4.91∙10–7 1.40∙10–2 1.18∙10–2 3.83∙10–2 3.33∙10–2 5.42∙10–2 7.00∙10–3 5.74∙10–2 4.50∙10–2 1.03∙10–1 2.97∙10–2 1.83∙10–2 1.83∙10–3 4.07∙10–3 2.02∙10–2 3.48∙10–3 2.23∙10–3 4.86∙10–3
N II 525.983 526.118 526.345 528.529 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 533.884 534.637 534.872 536.300
1 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3
3 3 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 5
3.94∙10–2 8.74∙10–4 5.91∙10–3 1.86∙10–2 7.17 2.44∙101 6.86 4.83 1.04∙101 1.96∙101 2.46∙101 3.29∙101 1.70∙101 4.24∙101 9.35 9.54∙10–1 4.96∙10–2 7.14∙10–4 6.40∙10–2
K21599_S10.indb 127
λ Å 536.365 536.536 572.069 574.650 576.060 576.232 580.802 580.904 582.156 583.925 584.128 599.644 599.819 600.115 635.197 640.121 644.634 644.837 645.178 646.209 660.286 670.296 670.515 670.884 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 693.774 694.169 715.254 745.841 746.984 747.606 748.369 775.965 816.740 834.070 834.740 835.163 858.376 860.205 915.612 915.962 916.012 916.020 916.701 916.710 1064.95 1064.96 1083.99 1084.56 1084.58 1085.53 1085.55 1085.70 1162.50 1275.04
Weights gi 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 1 1 1 3 5 1 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 7
gk
A 108 s–1
7 5 3 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 1 5
1.52∙10–1 2.35∙10–2 4.24∙10–3 3.83∙101 4.22∙10–4 3.23∙10–2 1.39∙10–2 1.38∙10–1 2.74∙101 2.32∙10–2 2.35∙10–1 1.02∙10–4 1.69∙10–3 3.15∙10–4 2.58∙101 2.30∙10–2 1.19∙101 3.56∙101 5.94∙101 1.43∙10–2 3.17∙101 3.80∙10–1 3.02∙10–1 3.68∙10–1 2.84 8.52 3.40 2.53 1.13∙101 4.38 5.66∙10–5 4.14∙10–4 1.06∙10–3 1.35∙101 3.69∙101 7.17∙10–5 3.81 3.14∙101 1.85∙10–4 8.13∙10–7 2.42∙10–7 3.04∙10–8 2.56∙10–1 2.65∙10–2 4.23 1.27∙101 3.14 3.21 9.55 5.27 2.30∙10–5 5.16∙10–5 2.10 1.54 2.82 9.96∙10–2 9.10∙10–1 3.72 8.42∙10–5 5.10∙10–1
λ Å 1275.25 1275.28 1276.20 1276.22 1276.80 1299.81 1300.04 1304.77 1304.79 1306.71 1343.34 1343.57 1345.08 1345.31 1345.34 1346.41 1346.44 1381.97 1382.00 1538.57 1627.35 1627.38 1628.90 1628.92 1629.08 1629.83 1675.73 1675.75 1675.92 1678.89 1740.31 1743.20 1743.23 1745.05 1745.08 1745.26 1805.24 1805.28 1805.47 2139.01 2142.77 3329.70 3408.13 3437.14 3775.61 3919.00 3955.85 3977.31 3995.00 4046.74 4109.59 4114.33 4123.12 4236.36 4319.06 4374.99 4379.58 4393.85 4412.50 4445.03
Weights gi 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 1 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5
gk
A 108 s–1
5 5 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 3 7 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 5 3 7 7 7
9.34∙10–2 6.32∙10–3 4.54∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 6.08∙10–1 7.33∙10–6 4.14∙10–5 6.74∙10–4 2.32∙10–4 2.06∙10–5 6.40∙10–2 7.55∙10–3 1.27∙10–2 4.90∙10–2 1.03∙10–2 1.94∙10–2 5.28∙10–2 1.30∙10–7 7.07∙10–5 1.59∙10–5 7.03∙10–3 2.39∙10–2 5.17∙10–3 1.98∙10–2 7.93∙10–3 3.21∙10–2 2.70∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 9.09∙10–2 3.62∙10–6 2.21∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 5.40∙10–2 9.07∙10–2 5.97∙10–3 1.23∙10–1 2.48∙10–4 3.05∙10–5 4.06∙10–5 5.15∙10–7 1.27∙10–6 2.01∙10–2 1.91∙10–1 1.91 6.61∙10–6 7.56∙10–1 1.21∙10–1 7.79∙10–5 1.22 1.44∙10–5 1.24∙10–6 1.65∙10–3 4.37∙10–4 1.93∙10–3 5.59∙10–5 6.31∙10–3 1.76∙10–3 5.21∙10–4 2.93∙10–5 1.20∙10–6
Atomic
λ Å
10-127
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-128
Atomic
λ Å 4447.03 4459.94 4464.13 4465.53 4475.89 4476.27 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4709.44 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4874.57 4895.12 4897.54 4987.38 4994.37 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5007.33 5010.62 5016.38 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5114.28 5123.53 5138.90 5238.18 5355.00 5383.72 5390.69 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5493.23 5495.65 5666.63 5674.00
K21599_S10.indb 128
Weights gi 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 1 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3
gk
A 108 s–1
5 1 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 3 9 5 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5
1.12 7.99∙10–2 5.85∙10–8 1.59∙10–2 3.96∙10–4 3.40∙10–5 6.44∙10–2 8.62∙10–3 7.39∙10–2 1.65∙10–2 2.22∙10–1 3.15∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 9.04∙10–1 7.48∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 1.92∙10–2 2.31∙10–2 8.54∙10–2 1.49∙10–3 3.07∙10–2 2.49∙10–1 1.92∙10–2 2.50∙10–1 7.73∙10–2 3.17∙10–1 4.75∙10–2 1.87∙10–2 2.17∙10–5 3.04∙10–2 5.61∙10–6 6.98∙10–1 7.11∙10–1 9.65∙10–1 1.04 8.33∙10–2 1.14 7.43∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 1.04∙10–1 3.65∙10–3 3.37∙10–1 2.43∙10–2 3.88∙10–4 5.69∙10–5 3.34∙10–5 3.16∙10–5 7.02∙10–5 3.69∙10–3 2.04∙10–3 9.82∙10–2 3.70∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 5.22∙10–2 1.44∙10–1 3.11∙10–4 2.66∙10–1 3.45∙10–1 4.82∙10–7
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5927.81 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6086.54 6284.32 6285.69 6286.11 6309.25 6366.79 6379.62 6433.44 6457.68 6472.43 6482.05 6610.56 6802.17 6826.23 7262.55 7528.12 7545.36 7559.05 7762.24 8089.08 8128.14 8687.43 9399.64
1 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 1
3 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 3
2.80∙10–1 4.96∙10–1 1.78∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 1.26∙10–2 3.27∙10–2 2.39∙10–2 3.19∙10–1 4.23∙10–1 2.22∙10–1 5.47∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 1.29∙10–2 2.57∙10–3 5.87∙10–5 4.63∙10–2 1.10∙10–3 4.50∙10–4 1.71∙10–4 8.14∙10–5 3.52∙10–2 1.22∙10–4 1.17∙10–4 1.13∙10–4 2.58∙10–1 6.01∙10–1 1.43∙10–5 2.49∙10–4 1.42∙10–7 6.61∙10–5 4.53∙10–4 1.90∙10–5 8.49∙10–2 1.01∙10–4 5.55∙10–4 1.16∙10–2 1.04∙10–4
N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22
2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4
4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4
9.89∙101 1.03∙101 2.05∙101 9.63 3.83∙101 4.54∙101 1.95∙101 9.58 1.85∙101 8.19 1.64∙101 2.45∙101 2.09∙101 2.34∙101 8.84 9.21 4.18 8.17∙10–1 4.97 1.28 2.48∙10–1
λ Å 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33 2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03 3771.36 3792.97 3934.50 3938.51 3942.88 4097.36 4103.39 4195.74 4200.07 4215.77 4318.78 4321.22 4321.39 4325.43 4327.69 4327.88 4332.95 4337.01 4345.81 4351.11 4510.88 4510.96 4514.85 4518.14 4523.56 4530.86 4534.58 4547.30 4634.13 4640.64 4641.85 4858.70 4858.98 4861.27 4867.12 4867.17 4873.60 4881.78 4884.14 4896.58 5260.86
Weights gi 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2
gk 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2
A 108 s–1 1.51 6.67∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 8.24∙10–1 3.80∙10–1 7.66∙10–1 5.51∙10–1 7.51∙10–1 3.05∙10–1 2.44∙10–1 1.52 1.27 8.13∙10–1 1.90∙10–1 6.67∙10–2 3.78∙10–1 4.24∙10–2 5.59∙10–1 8.28∙10–2 1.03∙10–1 7.49∙10–1 8.96∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 8.70∙10–1 8.67∙10–1 9.37∙10–1 1.12 1.85∙10–1 5.40∙10–2 1.08∙10–1 5.03∙10–2 8.60∙10–2 3.06∙10–2 1.07∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 7.47∙10–2 1.82∙10–1 4.01∙10–2 2.84∙10–1 4.77∙10–1 6.80∙10–1 5.65∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 3.33∙10–2 6.36∙10–1 7.60∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 4.35∙10–1 4.66∙10–1 5.32∙10–1 1.73∙10–1 6.18∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 1.22∙10–2 8.71∙10–2 5.86∙10–3 2.80∙10–2
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
5270.57 5272.68 5282.43 5297.75 5298.95 5314.36 5320.87 5327.19 5352.46 6365.84 6394.75 6445.34 6450.79 6454.08 6463.09 6467.02 6468.57 6478.76 6487.84 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56
2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4
4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2
6.95∙10–2 1.39∙10–1 2.21∙10–2 4.93∙10–2 7.38∙10–2 1.14∙10–1 5.68∙10–1 5.29∙10–1 3.72∙10–2 2.18∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 8.89∙10–2 1.77∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 3.52∙10–2 6.31∙10–2 1.05∙10–2 3.53∙10–2 3.61∙10–2 1.65∙10–2 6.52∙10–2 8.03∙10–2 3.17∙10–2
N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49
1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5
3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7
1.19∙102 3.05∙102 8.99∙101 1.845∙102 2.55∙101 2.320∙101 1.759∙101 2.919∙101 2.321 1.07 1.33∙10–1 3.95∙10–1 6.48∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 3.42∙10–1 1.36 1.02 5.61∙10–1 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 9.10∙10–2 2.27∙10–2 6.73∙10–2 1.34∙10–2 7.37∙10–2 9.92∙10–1 6.62∙10–1 1.53∙10–2 7.60∙10–2 1.13∙10–2
K21599_S10.indb 129
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4762.09 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75 7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55
5 5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7
5 3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7
6.99∙10–2 2.50∙10–2 8.79∙10–2 1.53∙10–2 2.67∙10–1 3.55∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 1.46∙10–1 8.66∙10–2 9.48∙10–3 3.22∙10–2 1.84∙10–1 1.85∙10–2 5.51∙10–2 1.37∙10–2 1.36∙10–2 2.25∙10–2 4.01∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 6.28∙10–2 8.46∙10–2 4.70∙10–2 1.12∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 2.80∙10–2 3.11∙10–3 4.23∙10–2 4.45∙10–2 4.95∙10–2 7.66∙10–3 5.36∙10–3
NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
1.21∙102 4.26∙102 3.40 3.37 4.14∙10–1 4.10∙10–1
N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0
1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1
3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3
5.158∙103 1.809∙104 2.859∙102 2.697∙102 8.756∙102 8.205∙102 6.780∙10–1 2.079∙10–1 8.384∙10–2 3.276∙10–2
5 1 3 5 5
5 3 5 3 5
Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879
4.94 2.19 1.64 2.85 5.12
λ Å 922.008 935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23
Weights gi 5 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5
gk
A 108 s–1
7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7
1.23 1.33 4.22∙10–1 5.28 2.06 3.41 2.03 6.76∙10–1 6.63∙10–3 1.87∙10–3 5.19∙10–3 5.59∙10–3 8.31∙10–4 1.63∙10–2 4.91∙10–3 4.88∙10–3 4.87∙10–3 3.10∙10–3 1.29∙10–3 1.03∙10–3 7.73∙10–4 2.32∙10–3 2.41∙10–2 5.44∙10–3 2.26∙10–3 1.81∙10–3 4.04∙10–3 7.56∙10–3 7.59∙10–3 4.43∙10–3 8.44∙10–3 1.27∙10–2 7.13∙10–3 9.98∙10–3 9.48∙10–3 1.81∙10–2 2.71∙10–2 7.74∙10–3 1.29∙10–2 1.80∙10–2 2.69∙10–3 3.58∙10–3 5.83∙10–3 9.71∙10–3 6.80∙10–3 9.06∙10–3 1.05∙10–2 1.75∙10–2 3.50∙10–3 2.67∙10–2 5.08∙10–2 7.62∙10–2 3.76∙10–5 1.65∙10–2 2.75∙10–2 3.85∙10–2 1.18∙10–5 6.44∙10–6 2.65∙10–2 3.53∙10–2
Atomic
λ Å
10-129
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-130
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06
3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5
3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3
2.24∙10–2 3.73∙10–2 7.45∙10–3 3.69∙10–1 3.69∙10–1 3.69∙10–1 2.33∙10–4 3.09∙10–4 4.19∙10–4 1.41∙10–4 5.63∙10–4 2.89∙10–1 8.13∙10–2 2.26∙10–1 2.43∙10–1 4.86∙10–2 3.22∙10–1 3.22∙10–1 3.22∙10–1 2.93∙10–1 4.46∙10–1 3.34∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 2.60∙10–1 2.97∙10–1 2.97∙10–2 1.48∙10–1 4.45∙10–1 2.34∙10–1 5.22∙10–4 1.57∙10–3 3.25∙10–4 1.85∙10–3 4.54∙10–4 4.54∙10–4 4.54∙10–4
O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13 2418.46
4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6
2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 6
4.25∙101 4.13∙101 4.36∙101 2.05∙101 1.80∙101 3.22 2.60∙101 1.20 1.93∙101 7.41∙10–2 3.25∙10–1 4.17∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 2.20∙10–1 2.30∙10–1
K21599_S10.indb 130
λ Å 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00 4104.72 4104.99
Weights gi 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4
gk 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2 6 4
A 108 s–1 1.77∙10–1 4.21∙10–1 1.69∙10–1 7.56∙10–2 4.98∙10–1 7.72∙10–2 9.63∙10–2 1.20∙10–1 8.16∙10–2 1.15∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 1.23 9.99∙10–1 1.27 1.22 1.02 2.84∙10–1 5.81∙10–1 9.31∙10–1 1.02∙10–2 7.45∙10–2 3.55∙10–2 1.95∙10–1 6.00∙10–3 1.59∙10–1 2.72∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 6.59∙10–2 6.49∙10–2 9.12∙10–2 2.15∙10–1 1.80∙10–1 3.26∙10–2 3.38∙10–2 5.50∙10–1 8.94∙10–2 1.13∙10–1 1.89∙10–2 8.64∙10–2 1.09 1.41∙10–1 1.22 2.05∙10–1 8.57∙10–1 1.04 4.27∙10–1 1.52 1.53 1.98 2.11 5.52∙10–1 7.28∙10–2 4.55∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 4.70∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 3.62∙10–1 5.09∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 9.14∙10–1
λ Å 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27 4196.70 4317.14 4319.63 4319.87 4325.76 4327.46 4327.85 4328.59 4331.47 4331.86 4336.86 4345.56 4347.22 4347.41 4349.43 4351.26 4351.46 4359.40 4366.89 4369.27 4395.93 4405.98 4414.90 4416.97 4443.01 4443.52 4447.68 4448.19 4452.38 4466.24 4467.46 4563.18 4590.97 4595.96 4596.18 4638.86 4641.81 4649.13 4650.84
Weights gi 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 6 2
gk 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2
A 108 s–1 1.70∙10–2 1.21∙10–2 2.54∙10–1 7.70∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 2.41∙10–1 1.33 2.15∙10–1 2.60∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 1.79∙10–1 9.13∙10–1 4.09∙10–2 7.91∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 2.71∙10–1 1.91 7.06∙10–2 1.98 3.21∙10–1 3.56∙10–2 3.56∙10–1 3.70∙10–1 2.55∙10–1 5.62∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 6.76∙10–1 7.24∙10–2 1.12 4.82∙10–2 6.50∙10–1 1.57∙10–1 8.31∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 9.32∙10–1 6.91∙10–1 9.89∙10–1 5.82∙10–2 1.44∙10–2 3.98∙10–1 3.57∙10–1 3.91∙10–1 4.30∙10–2 8.34∙10–1 7.13∙10–1 5.05∙10–1 1.89∙10–2 2.52∙10–2 5.10∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 9.00∙10–1 9.00∙10–1 7.18∙10–3 8.85∙10–1 4.87∙10–2 8.34∙10–1 3.71∙10–1 5.96∙10–1 7.81∙10–1 6.86∙10–1
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4661.63 4673.73 4676.23 4690.89 4691.42 4696.35 4698.44 4699.01 4699.22 4701.18 4701.71 4703.16 4705.35 4710.01 4741.70 4751.28 4752.69 4844.92 4856.39 4856.76 4860.97 4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56
4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6
4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4
4.10∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 7.43∙10–1 3.25∙10–2 6.59∙10–2 9.88∙10–1 9.36∙10–1 9.23∙10–1 3.69∙10–1 9.20∙10–1 1.10 2.98∙10–1 4.71∙10–2 6.39∙10–2 1.45∙10–2 1.02∙10–2 5.58∙10–2 1.00∙10–1 4.70∙10–1 8.07∙10–2 5.60∙10–1 9.34∙10–2 4.80∙10–1 4.54∙10–1 5.43∙10–1 5.87∙10–1 7.78∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 3.29∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 3.58∙10–1 2.17∙10–2 2.14∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 9.88∙10–2 6.78∙10–2 3.37∙10–2 1.33∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 1.64∙10–3 2.97∙10–3 3.17∙10–2 5.35∙10–2 6.12∙10–2 2.72∙10–1 2.48∙10–1 3.03∙10–1 2.43∙10–1
O III 305.656 305.767 320.978 328.448 345.312 507.680 508.178
3 5 5 5 1 3 5
5 7 7 5 3 3 3
1.62∙102 2.16∙102 2.17∙102 1.04∙102 1.35∙102 4.82∙101 8.04∙101
K21599_S10.indb 131
λ Å 525.794 599.590 835.289 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2959.69 2983.78 2996.48 3004.34 3017.62 3023.43 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3201.14 3207.61 3216.07 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51
Weights gi 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5
gk
A 108 s–1
3 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 7
9.60∙101 5.41∙101 5.99 8.38∙10–1 2.50 1.11 3.29 1.37 1.62 3.43 6.75∙10–1 1.11 1.85 1.54 1.84 1.82 1.83 2.15 4.64∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 5.38∙10–1 4.79∙10–1 6.16∙10–1 4.59∙10–1 1.94 1.49 8.72∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 6.49∙10–1 2.27∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 3.76∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 1.07∙10–1 3.20∙10–1 2.55∙10–1 5.30∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 1.39 1.38 1.37 4.77∙10–1 4.40∙10–1 5.58∙10–1 1.68 1.88 1.58 2.89∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 6.81∙10–1 4.76∙10–1 7.92∙10–1 5.04∙10–1 3.76∙10–1 6.57∙10–1 1.25∙10–1 3.48∙10–1
λ Å 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.94 3466.13 3520.94 3531.22 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98
Weights gi 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 7 9 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 1 3
gk 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 7 9 3 1 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 7 3 5
A 108 s–1 4.86∙10–1 1.12 9.91∙10–1 6.89∙10–1 6.87∙10–1 1.49 1.12 5.20∙10–1 9.86∙10–1 3.70∙10–1 8.62∙10–1 1.48 4.88∙10–1 9.75∙10–2 1.93∙10–1 5.79∙10–1 1.44∙10–1 1.42∙10–1 2.37∙10–1 4.21∙10–1 9.71∙10–1 8.09∙10–1 1.19 1.44 8.06∙10–1 6.89∙10–1 1.72 5.14∙10–1 2.84∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 4.45∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 3.26∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 7.62∙10–1 1.14 8.53∙10–1 7.34∙10–1 1.13 6.59∙10–1 4.06∙10–1 9.73∙10–1 3.74∙10–1 2.80∙10–1 2.41∙10–1 1.29 1.45 1.22 7.40∙10–2 2.24∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 7.53∙10–1 5.56∙10–1 9.79∙10–1 3.91∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 1.25 3.37∙10–1 4.54∙10–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-131
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-132
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25
5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3
7 3 5 3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3
6.02∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 4.42∙10–1 4.40∙10–1 4.36∙10–1 3.38∙10–1 1.40∙10–1 8.40∙10–2 2.49∙10–1 8.27∙10–2 3.50∙10–1 1.06∙10–1 3.27∙10–1
O IV 238.570 554.513 625.853 779.820 779.912 923.367 1343.51 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2805.87 2816.53 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 3063.43 3071.60 3194.78 3209.65 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3489.89 3492.21 3560.39 3563.33 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03
4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 6
6 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 8 4 6 8
3.54∙102 6.06∙101 3.19∙101 1.31∙101 1.36∙101 1.10∙101 2.57 1.29 1.18 8.48∙10–1 2.32 1.94 1.19 1.24 2.90∙10–1 5.74∙10–1 8.43∙10–1 1.06 1.27 1.30 1.29 1.71∙10–1 2.53∙10–1 8.51∙10–1 1.02 7.71∙10–1 7.65∙10–1 7.56∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 7.19∙10–1 4.28∙10–1 1.02 8.49∙10–1 5.40∙10–1 3.00∙10–1 1.69∙10–1 1.02 7.29∙10–1 6.06∙10–1 1.03 1.10 5.61∙10–1 6.01∙10–1 6.86∙10–1
K21599_S10.indb 132
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18 4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30
4 8 6 8 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 4
4 10 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 2
2.23∙10–1 7.95∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 6.62∙10–2 9.91∙10–2 1.52∙10–1 2.79∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 2.45∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 2.91∙10–1 8.65∙10–2 6.10∙10–2 6.12∙10–2 7.35∙10–2 8.90∙10–2 3.48∙10–2
OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63
1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5
3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3
2.94∙102 6.90∙102 1.83∙102 4.292∙102 5.59∙101 2.872∙101 5.547 7.373 5.514 1.652∙101 2.197∙101 9.125 3.804∙101 3.336 4.52∙10–1 5.90∙10–1 4.38∙10–1 1.82 1.37 7.88∙10–1 1.40 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.39 8.86∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 3.38∙10–2 3.28∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 1.86∙10–2 4.76∙10–1 1.30∙10–1 1.97∙10–2 1.03∙10–1 1.41∙10–2 9.63∙10–2 2.91∙10–2
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76
7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5
7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5
1.18∙10–1 1.61∙10–2 3.66∙10–1 3.33∙10–1 4.81∙10–1 2.70∙10–1 3.34∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 3.39∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 1.19∙10–2 1.02∙10–2 2.41∙10–1 1.80∙10–1 1.85∙10–2 7.04∙10–2 1.42∙10–2 9.29∙10–3 2.68∙10–2 4.86∙10–2 8.33∙10–2 1.11∙10–1 6.20∙10–2 1.49∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 3.68∙10–2 4.08∙10–3 1.21∙10–1 9.37∙10–2 1.01∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 1.64∙10–2 1.14∙10–2 4.37∙10–2 5.79∙10–2 3.00∙10–2 7.35∙10–2 1.65∙10–2
O VI *150.10 *173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24
2 6 2 2 2 2
6 10 4 2 4 2
2.62∙102 8.78∙102 4.16 4.09 5.14∙10–1 5.05∙10–1
O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76
1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1
3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3
9.365∙103 3.309∙104 5.334∙102 8.982∙102 1.615∙103 1.523∙103 7.935∙10–1 2.514∙10–1 1.002∙10–1 3.864∙10–2
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
Phosphorus PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2 2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4
2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2
3.9∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 2.17 2.14 2.13 2.11∙10–1 2.83 3.18 4.85∙10–1 1.73∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 9.5∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 3.00∙10–1
P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1
1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5
3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7
5.0∙10–1 1.5 3.7∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 9.6∙10–1 1.7 1.6 1.9 6.3∙10–1 1.0 6.9∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 6.8∙10–1
P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1
2 4 4 4 6 4
4 6 4 4 4 2
5.5∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 9.0∙10–1 9.9∙10–1
2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2
1.24∙10–2 1.24∙10–2 3.50∙10–3 7.0∙10–3 6.3∙10–3 1.26∙10–2 4.0∙10–3 4.6∙10–3 1.23∙10–2
Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4
K21599_S10.indb 133
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0
4 2 4 2 4 2 2
2 4 6 2 2 4 2
K II 607.93
1
3 1.3∙10–2
K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8
6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2
4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4
K XVI 206.27
1
3 9.4∙101
K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76
2 4 4 2 4
4 6 4 2 2
gk
108 s–1 2.46∙10–2 2.8∙10–3 3.2∙10–3 2.72∙10–2 5.4∙10–2 3.87∙10–1 3.82∙10–1
2.0 1.2 2.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.5
4.7∙104 5.6∙104 9.3∙103 2.5∙103 4.7∙103
Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7
15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15 15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15
15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17 13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13
1.87∙10–1 1.00 8.4∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.91∙10–1 2.30∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 9.0∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 4.9∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 2.78∙10–1 1.25∙10–1 3.18∙10–1 9.5∙10–2 2.35∙10–1 1.1∙10–2 2.24∙10–1
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0
13 17 15 15 13 11
13 19 15 17 15 13
9.3∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 7.6∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 2.6∙10–2 1.9∙10–2
6 6 6 6 8 6 8 10 6 6 4 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 6 10 8 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 8
6 6 6 4 8 8 10 10 8 6 4 6 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 8 6 8 4 8 10 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 8 2 8 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 8 10
1.1∙10–1 3.03∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.36∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 6.3∙10–1 6.5∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 4.65∙10–1 2.22∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 8.90∙10–1 6.0∙10–2 8.8∙10–1 8.4∙10–2 3.23∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 6.2∙10–2 5.8∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 1.58∙10–1 7.15∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 9.8∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 3.9∙10–2 1.62∙10–1 6.1∙10–2 1.64∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-133
Rhodium Rh I 3121.76 3189.05 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3323.09 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70 3692.36 3700.91 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 4082.78 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4288.71 4374.80
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-134
Atomic
λ Å 5983.60
Weights gi 10
gk
A 108 s–1
10 2.1∙10–2
Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
4.13∙10–5 4.93∙10–5 8.2∙10–5 1.05∙10–4 1.49∙10–4 2.5∙10–4 1.3∙10–4 3.38∙10–4 2.0∙10–4 6.4∙10–4 3.8∙10–4 1.37∙10–3 8.9∙10–4 3.97∙10–3 2.9∙10–3 1.8∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 3.70∙10–1 3.40∙10–1
4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4
6 8 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 4 6 4 4
7.8∙10–1 8.7∙10–1 3.13 2.81 1.66 1.79 1.63 1.65 2.9∙10–1 3.11∙10–1 1.91∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 1.19 1.17 1.77∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 2.81∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 1.93∙10–1 1.10 8.8∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 2.58∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 2.09∙10–1 2.30∙10–1
Scandium Sc I 3015.37 3019.35 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48 3911.81 4020.39 4023.68 4031.38 4043.80 4067.00 4074.96 4078.56 4086.66 4132.98 4140.27 4161.85 4233.59 4238.05 4706.94 4709.31 4728.77 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36 4983.43 4991.91 5018.41 5021.52
K21599_S10.indb 134
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
5070.17 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5099.27 5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5446.20 5451.37 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5711.79 5717.31 6262.22 7741.16 7800.42
6 10 8 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 8 6 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 6 4 8 4 10 8
8 10 8 6 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 6 8 10 12 10 8 6 8 6 10 8
1.16∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 1.06∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 9.7∙10–2 5.2∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 4.5∙10–1 7.5∙10–2 8.4∙10–2 3.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–2
Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07
5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5
3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5
5.0 2.2 2.0 7.7 4.0∙10–1 2.21 6.9∙10–1 2.01 2.70 2.2 1.5 3.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.3 2.5 2.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.9 3.5 3.68 3.92 3.0∙10–1 4.00 2.5∙10–1 1.9 1.8
λ Å 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81 5526.79 5657.91 5669.06
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1 9 5 3
7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3 7 5 1
2.1 1.1 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.51 2.16∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 1.17 8.3∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 2.5 6.1∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.38 1.06 1.23 4.6∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 1.48 1.20 1.13 2.74∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 1.1 1.29 4.1∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 1.43∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 1.04∙10–1 1.31∙10–1
1 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 5
3 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3
2.62∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 4.54∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 1.05∙10–2 7.91∙10–3 1.32∙10–2 1.73∙10–3 5.47∙10–1 7.39∙10–1 1.68 5.49∙10–1 2.22 9.04∙10–1 2.17
Silicon Si I 2207.98 2210.89 2211.74 2216.67 2218.06 2218.91 2438.77 2443.36 2452.12 2506.90 2514.32 2516.113 2519.202 2524.108 2528.509 2881.579
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
2970.355 2987.645 3006.739 3020.004 3905.523 4102.936 4782.991 4792.212 4792.324 4947.607 5006.061 5622.221 5645.611 5665.554 5684.484 5690.425 5701.105 5708.397 5754.220 5772.145 5780.384 5793.071 5797.859 5948.545 6331.954 6555.462 6721.853 6976.523 7003.567 7005.883 7680.267 7918.386 7932.349 7944.001 7970.306 8035.619 8093.241 9413.506
5 5 3 5 1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 3
5 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 3 1
6.00∙10–4 1.34∙10–2 1.1∙10–5 3.3∙10–5 1.33∙10–1 6.09∙10–4 1.7∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 2.8∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 9.7∙10–3 6.31∙10–3 2.6∙10–2 9.26∙10–3 1.83∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 1.23∙10–2 3.6∙10–2 9.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 2.53∙10–3 2.2∙10–2 1.0∙10–4 6.9∙10–3 3.4∙10–2 3.26∙10–2 3.42∙10–2 3.83∙10–2 4.62∙10–2 5.22∙10–2 5.13∙10–2 5.75∙10–2 7.11∙10–3 8.11∙10–3 1.5∙10–2 2.26∙10–1
Si II 843.72 845.77 889.72 892.00 899.41 901.74 989.87 992.68 1020.70 1023.69 1190.42 1193.28 1194.50 1197.39 1224.25 1224.97 1226.81 1226.89 1226.99 1227.60
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 6
4 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6
7.05∙10–1 1.42∙10–1 1.43 2.88∙10–1 4.63∙10–1 9.23∙10–1 6.81 7.11 8.91∙10–1 1.77 6.53 2.69∙101 3.45∙101 1.40∙101 6.72 4.39 2.77∙101 6.55 1.39∙101 1.46∙101
K21599_S10.indb 135
λ Å 1228.44 1228.62 1228.75 1229.39 1246.74 1248.43 1251.16 1260.42 1264.73 1265.02 1304.37 1309.27 1348.54 1350.06 1350.52 1350.66 1352.64 1353.72 1410.22 1509.10 1512.07 1526.72 1533.45 1808.00 1816.92 1817.45 2072.02 2072.70 2334.40 2334.61 2344.20 2350.17 2682.21 2887.51 2904.28 2905.69 3203.87 3210.03 3333.14 3339.82 3853.66 3856.02 3862.60 4075.45 4076.78 4128.07 4130.89 4621.42 4621.72 5041.03 5055.98 5466.43 5466.87 5632.97 5660.66 5669.56 5681.44 5688.81 5701.37 5706.37
Weights gi 4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 8 6 10 4 8 6 4
gk
A 108 s–1
2 4 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 6 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 2
5.53 1.77∙101 2.32∙101 2.25∙101 4.03 8.30 1.30∙101 2.57∙101 3.04∙101 4.73 3.64 6.23 3.36 5.34 1.61 2.02 6.12 3.22 3.47 2.85 3.15 3.81 7.52 2.54∙10–2 2.65∙10–2 3.23∙10–3 9.6∙10–1 1.0 5.51∙10–5 2.44∙10–5 1.31∙10–5 4.70∙10–5 3.49∙10–2 6.39∙10–2 3.58∙10–1 3.83∙10–1 4.45∙10–1 5.29∙10–1 1.00∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 5.11∙10–2 4.40∙10–1 3.91∙10–1 4.00∙10–2 4.00∙10–2 1.49 1.74 1.28∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 7.00∙10–1 1.45 2.16∙10–1 1.54∙10–2 4.00∙10–2 7.00∙10–2 5.00∙10–1 1.00∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 4.50∙10–1 6.10∙10–1
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
5957.56 5978.93 6347.10 6371.36 6660.52 6665.00 6671.88 6699.38 6750.28 6818.45 6829.82 7848.80 7849.72 9412.72
2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 8
2 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 8
5.60∙10–1 1.13 5.84∙10–1 6.80∙10–1 3.64∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 4.80∙10–1 4.20∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 1.08∙10–1 2.16∙10–2 3.73∙10–1 3.99∙10–1 4.65∙10–2
Si III 566.61 652.22 653.33 673.48 673.48 800.07 823.41 883.40 939.09 967.95 993.52 994.79 997.39 1005.37 1031.16 1033.92 1037.05 1083.22 1108.37 1109.97 1113.23 1140.55 1141.58 1142.28 1144.31 1144.96 1145.18 1155.00 1155.96 1158.10 1160.26 1161.58 1174.37 1174.43 1206.51 1206.53 1207.52 1210.46 1235.43 1280.35 1294.54 1296.73 1298.89 1298.96
1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 1 5 3 1 3 5
3 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 5 3 3 5
1.21 2.67 4.40 8.44∙10–2 9.33∙10–3 4.13 5.85 5.79∙102 1.11·101 4.68 2.68 8.05 1.35∙101 7.06∙10–1 2.72 8.11 4.46 3.65 1.54∙101 2.07∙101 2.74∙101 1.96∙101 2.67∙101 1.75∙101 3.86∙101 1.19∙101 1.38 9.34 2.22∙101 7.88 8.65 1.42∙101 1.00 1.00 2.55∙101 4.17∙101 2.43∙101 1.60∙101 2.77∙101 1.04∙101 5.35 7.10 5.29 1.59∙101
Atomic
λ Å
10-135
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-136
Atomic
λ Å 1301.15 1303.32 1312.59 1341.47 1342.39 1343.39 1361.60 1362.37 1363.47 1365.26 1367.05 1369.44 1373.03 1387.99 1417.24 1433.69 1435.77 1436.17 1457.25 1500.24 1501.19 1501.87 1506.06 1673.32 1842.55 2176.89 2295.48 2300.93 2308.19 2449.48 2483.20 2541.82 2546.09 2559.21 2640.79 2655.51 2817.11 2831.49 2839.62 2959.15 2980.52 3013.09 3034.73 3037.29 3040.93 3043.93 3045.08 3068.24 3086.24 3086.46 3093.42 3093.65 3096.83 3126.27 3147.37 3161.61 3185.13 3186.02 3196.50 3210.55
K21599_S10.indb 136
Weights gi 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 9
gk 1 3 1 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 1 5 3 1 7 7 3 3 9 7 5 3 7 3 7 7 7 11 5 9 5 5 7 3 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 7 7 11 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 7 9 11
A 108 s–1 2.11∙101 8.71 6.66 8.96 7.54 8.16 1.06∙101 1.06∙101 8.53 9.40 1.05∙101 1.04∙101 8.00 2.09∙10–1 2.17∙101 8.67 4.22 7.79 1.07∙101 2.10∙101 1.86∙101 1.76∙101 1.24∙101 6.70 2.99 1.80 6.69∙10–1 5.80∙10–2 7.16∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 1.33∙10–1 3.22∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 1.63 1.83 1.35 2.22∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 2.37∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 2.37∙10–3 5.67∙10–2 4.50∙10–1 3.93∙10–2 4.87∙10–1 2.51∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 5.15∙10–1 1.46 2.61∙10–1 1.30 4.33∙10–1 1.73 4.67∙10–1 2.53∙10–1 4.91∙10–1 4.04 1.13 1.14 1.20
λ Å 3216.25 3230.50 3233.95 3241.62 3253.40 3253.74 3254.80 3258.66 3270.46 3276.26 3279.26 3486.91 3525.94 3569.67 3590.47 3622.54 3639.45 3645.12 3681.40 3682.15 3791.41 3796.11 3806.54 3842.46 3924.47 3947.49 3963.84 3981.24 4102.42 4115.50 4338.50 4341.40 4377.63 4405.90 4406.72 4494.05 4552.62 4554.00 4567.82 4574.76 4619.66 4638.28 4665.87 4683.02 4683.80 4716.65 4730.52 4800.43 4813.33 4819.72 4828.97 5113.76 5114.12 5197.26 5451.46 5473.05 5704.60 5716.29 5739.73 5898.79
Weights gi 5 1 3 5 5 7 9 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 7 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 9 3 3 5 7 9 1 7
gk 7 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 3 3 1 7 3 1 5 7 9 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 9 7 5 3 3 9 3 1 5 5 9 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 7 3 3 7 9 11 7 11 5 5 7 5 7 3 9
A 108 s–1 1.90∙10–1 4.75∙10–1 1.42 2.35 1.82∙10–1 1.75∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 1.01 2.99∙10–1 8.91∙10–1 1.18 1.54 2.48∙10–1 5.78∙10–1 2.53 1.25∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 9.58∙10–2 2.51∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 1.76 2.36 3.14 1.73∙10–1 3.47 5.59∙10–2 3.63∙10–2 2.09∙10–3 2.46∙10–1 4.07∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 5.25∙10–3 4.14∙10–2 4.84∙10–2 3.10∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 1.26 6.75∙10–1 1.25 1.24 2.89∙10–1 3.79∙10–1 2.79∙10–1 8.30∙10–1 1.10 1.32 4.47∙10–1 2.76∙10–1 2.10 2.12 2.25 3.82∙10–1 4.17∙10–1 2.47∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 6.07∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 1.91∙10–1 5.41∙10–1 4.86∙10–1
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
6314.46 6524.36 6831.56 7461.89 7462.62 7466.32 7612.36 8190.43 8191.16 8191.68 8262.57 8265.64 8269.32 8271.38 8271.94
3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 5 5 3 3 1
1 9 3 1 3 5 5 7 7 11 7 5 5 3 3
1.18 3.82∙10–1 5.83∙10–1 4.99∙10–1 3.75∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 9.94∙10–1 8.09∙10–1 7.05∙10–2 8.78∙10–1 7.18∙10–1 1.80∙10–1 5.36∙10–1 2.98∙10–1 3.96∙10–1
Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 645.76 645.76 645.76 749.94 749.94 815.05 818.13 1066.63 1122.49 1128.34 1393.76 1402.77 1722.53 1727.38 2120.18 2127.47 2287.04 2287.04 2287.04 2366.76 2370.99 2482.82 2485.38 2672.19 2675.12 2675.25 2677.57 2723.81 2723.81 2971.52 2971.52 2971.52 3149.56 3165.71 3244.19 3762.44 3773.15 4031.39 4038.06
2 2 2 4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 8 4 6 6 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 2 4
4 2 2 2 6 8 6 6 8 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 8 6 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 2
3.90 4.05 4.66 9.32 4.61∙10–1 6.92 6.46 9.33∙10–1 1.40∙101 1.18∙101 2.37∙101 2.54 2.14∙101 2.53∙101 8.80 8.63 4.92 5.47 3.06 6.14 4.27∙10–1 6.41 5.98 5.18∙10–1 1.04 6.62∙10–2 7.06∙10–2 2.49∙10–2 2.74∙10–1 2.61∙10–1 4.51∙10–3 1.10 7.34∙10–2 4.62∙10–3 9.70∙10–2 9.24∙10–2 4.02 4.77 4.21∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 2.33 2.29∙10–1 4.59∙10–1
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4088.85 4116.10 4212.41 4212.41 4314.10 4328.18 4403.73 4403.73 4403.73 4411.65 4611.27 4611.27 4950.11 4950.11 4950.11 5304.97 5304.97 5309.49 6667.56 6701.21 6998.36 6998.36 6998.36 7047.94 7068.41 7630.50 7654.56 8240.61 8240.61 8240.61 8957.25 9018.16
2 2 6 6 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2
4 2 8 6 2 2 8 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 2 6 4 6 4 2
1.56 1.53 1.63 1.09∙10–1 1.06 2.12 4.09∙10–1 2.73∙10–2 3.82∙10–1 1.74∙10–2 2.23∙10–2 3.71∙10–3 9.46∙10–3 1.89∙10–1 1.99∙10–1 1.90∙10–1 2.11∙10–2 2.10∙10–1 1.15 1.36 3.65∙10–2 5.48∙10–1 5.11∙10–1 9.05∙10–1 1.00 4.40∙10–1 8.82∙10–1 5.85∙10–3 1.23∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 4.26∙10–1 4.17∙10–1
Si V 96.44 97.14 98.21 117.86 118.97
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3
2.36∙103 2.42∙102 6.88 3.57∙102 3.84∙101
2 2 2 2 2 4 4
4 2 4 2 4 6 4
3.1∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 1.4 1.3 7.5∙10–1 8.6∙10–1 1.4∙10–1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 2 4 2 4 2 4
4.46∙10–4 4.35∙10–4 8.13∙10–4 7.96∙10–4 1.84∙10–3 1.81∙10–3 5.38∙10–3
Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6 Sodium Na I 2543.84 2543.87 2593.87 2593.92 2680.34 2680.43 2852.81
K21599_S10.indb 137
λ Å 2853.01 3302.37 3302.98 4238.99 4242.08 4242.08 4249.41 4252.52 4273.64 4276.79 4276.79 4287.84 4291.01 4321.40 4324.62 4324.62 4341.49 4344.74 4390.03 4393.34 4393.34 4419.88 4423.25 4494.18 4497.66 4497.66 4541.63 4545.19 4664.811 4668.560 4668.560 4747.941 4751.822 4978.541 4982.813 5148.838 5153.402 5682.633 5688.193 5688.205 5889.950 5895.924 6154.225 6160.747 7373.23 7373.49 7809.78 7810.24 8183.256 8194.790 8194.824 8649.92 8650.89 8942.96 8942.96 9153.88 9153.88 9465.94 9465.94 9961.28
Weights gi 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
gk
A 108 s–1
2 4 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 6 8 6
5.31∙10–3 2.75∙10–2 2.73∙10–2 2.90∙10–3 5.8∙10–4 3.46∙10–3 8.7∙10–4 1.73∙10–3 3.91∙10–3 7.8∙10–4 4.69∙10–3 1.19∙10–3 2.38∙10–3 5.5∙10–3 1.09∙10–3 6.6∙10–3 3.26∙10–3 6.50∙10–3 9.83∙10–3 1.95∙10–3 1.17∙10–2 2.82∙10–3 5.61∙10–3 1.23∙10–2 2.44∙10–3 1.46∙10–2 3.76∙10–3 7.50∙10–3 2.08∙10–2 4.14∙10–3 2.49∙10–2 6.19∙10–3 1.23∙10–2 4.09∙10–2 4.88∙10–2 1.14∙10–2 2.27∙10–2 1.01∙10–1 2.02∙10–2 1.21∙10–1 6.16∙10–1 6.14∙10–1 2.50∙10–2 4.98∙10–2 5.42∙10–4 5.30∙10–4 9.91∙10–4 9.72∙10–4 4.29∙10–1 8.57∙10–2 5.14∙10–1 2.25∙10–3 2.21∙10–3 2.47∙10–4 3.71∙10–3 3.5∙10–4 5.3∙10–3 6.38∙10–4 9.57∙10–3 8.45∙10–4
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
9961.28
6
8 1.27∙10–2
Na II 300.15 300.20 301.44 302.45 372.08 376.38 2315.65 2493.15 2506.30 2515.46 2531.54 2594.96 2661.00 2671.83 2678.09 2808.71 2829.87 2839.56 2872.95 2881.15 2886.26 2893.95 2901.14 2904.72 2919.05 2920.95 2930.88 2934.08 2937.74 2945.70 2951.24 2952.40 2960.12 2970.73 2974.24 2974.99 2977.13 2979.66 2980.63 3004.15 3009.14 3015.40 3053.67 3055.35 3057.38 3058.72 3064.38 3066.54 3080.25 3087.06 3094.45 3095.55 3104.40 3124.42 3125.21 3135.48 3137.86
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 5 5 5 7 7 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 7 3 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 5 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 7 5 1 5 1 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 7 3 3 3
Atomic
λ Å
10-137
1.18∙101 1.17∙101 3.33∙101 1.4 3.13∙101 1.70 1.05∙10–1 4.15 2.73∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 8.44∙10–1 3.71∙10–1 1.65 2.64 3.01 1.93∙10–2 3.36∙10–1 1.11 2.63∙10–1 2.50 1.07 1.48 2.89∙10–1 1.04∙10–1 7.94∙10–2 6.66∙10–1 9.83∙10–1 3.17 1.28 2.50∙10–2 4.33 1.29 5.60∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 2.02∙10–1 6.47∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 1.96 3.30∙10–3 9.44∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 2.99 8.80∙10–2 4.51∙10–1 2.18∙10–1 7.62∙10–2 3.74∙10–1 2.81 1.66∙10–1 1.91∙10–3 3.97∙10–3 5.63∙10–1 2.56 9.72∙10–2 7.42∙10–1 1.41
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-138
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
3145.71 3163.74 3179.06 3234.93 3257.96 3260.21 3274.22 3301.35 3304.96 3318.04 3327.69 3711.07 4123.08 4344.11 4368.60
3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 1
5 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3
7.23∙10–3 1.05 3.94∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.03 4.65∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 4.54∙10–2 3.60∙10–1 4.14∙10–1 9.45∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 3.71∙10–1 4.32∙10–1 3.59∙10–1
Na III 202.15 202.49 202.71 202.72 202.76 203.28 215.86 216.12 229.87 267.87 378.14 380.10 1336.76 1337.36 1340.67 1342.39 1342.73 1355.28 1361.90 1372.34 1420.89 1444.19 1449.31 1562.87 1565.29 1598.18 1711.12 1728.27 1731.11 1835.22 1838.94 1844.36 1849.56 1850.38 1855.92 1856.71 1861.21 1887.47 1918.45 1926.26 1927.24 1932.74 1933.89
4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 8 6 8 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 10 4 8 2 4 6
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 4 2 6 4 12 4 10 4 6 8
1.40∙101 1.59∙102 6.40∙101 6.72∙101 1.26∙102 9.24∙101 1.72∙101 1.57∙101 2.91∙101 7.56∙101 8.42∙101 4.13∙101 4.27 1.61 2.29 8.44∙10–1 1.06 3.44 2.24 5.81∙10–1 5.73 4.07 5.12 2.98 3.95∙10–1 7.96∙10–1 1.52 4.10 1.87 3.31 3.31 3.00 6.87 4.37 5.77 4.22 2.34 1.25∙101 2.29 8.94 5.66 5.37 6.33
K21599_S10.indb 138
λ Å 1946.43 1950.91 1951.24 1977.16 1985.57 1995.68 2004.21 2005.22 2008.47 2011.87 2014.17 2017.03 2028.56 2031.13 2035.90 2041.66 2043.29 2044.82 2045.44 2051.48 2060.36 2066.60 2140.72 2144.54 2202.83 2225.93 2230.33 2232.19 2246.70 2251.47 2278.42 2285.66 2309.99 2386.99 2394.03 2406.59 2459.31 2468.85 2474.73 2497.03 2510.26 2530.25 2542.80 Na IV 136.551 136.854 142.232 142.359 146.064 146.302 150.298 150.543 150.687 151.299 155.083 155.240 156.537 162.448 163.190
Weights gi 6 8 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 6 8 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 2
5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
gk
A 108 s–1
8 10 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 2 8 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2
5 7 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 7 7 5
8.28 8.55 2.38 8.46 1.78 8.12∙10–1 2.07 9.67∙10–1 1.45 6.37 4.88 5.44 1.93 3.08 6.23 1.64 4.02 4.00 1.05 4.36 8.12∙10–1 1.53 3.80 3.88 8.53∙10–1 1.82 3.64 2.34 2.72 1.66 2.98 7.73∙10–1 3.08 3.05 2.80 5.1∙10–1 3.0 2.4 1.38 1.99 2.19 3.65∙10–1 3.39∙10–1
2.08∙102 1.56∙102 3.06∙102 2.77∙102 6.69∙10 2.00∙102 2.38∙102 1.71∙102 9.87∙10 6.70∙10 1.33∙102 1.88∙102 2.92∙102 6.04∙102 4.32∙102
λ Å 168.411 168.546 319.644 360.76 408.684 409.614 410.372 411.334 412.242 1580.50 1582.18 1582.33 1583.98 1584.14 1587.05 1613.95 1615.92 1618.57 1655.47 1701.97 1702.41 1960.76 1965.08 1967.60 2018.39
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
3 1 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 5 5 3
3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 5 5 7 9 7 9 11 9 7 5 7 5 3 5
1.37∙102 1.81∙102 2.52∙102 1.38∙101 2.66∙101 6.34∙101 4.73∙101 2.09∙101 1.55∙101 6.27 7.16 3.34 5.55 6.34 9.46 8.74 8.89 9.23 8.72 7.93 5.95 3.71 3.68 3.67 3.44
Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3 2428.1 2569.5 2931.8 4607.3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
6.6∙10–3 8.5∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 6.7∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 5.3∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 2.01
Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9
2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2
1.2∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 8.3∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 3.1 5.1∙10–1 1.42 6.5∙10–1 1.27 1.4 1.1∙10–1 1.8∙10–2 7.0∙10–2
Strontium
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities A
gi
5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6
2 4 4 2 4 4 4
4 6 4 2 2 6 4
1.9∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 7.1∙10–2 1.4∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 9.7∙10–2
5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7
5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5
4.9 2.7 1.8 1.6 6.6 1.9 2.4 9.1∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 4.5 1.2 3.3 1.9 2.4 7.3 4.2∙10–1 1.6 5.0∙10–1 6.2∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 1.2 7.5∙10–1 8.7∙10–1 6.3 9.4∙10–1 1.9 3.8 2.2 7.2∙10–1 6.7∙10–3 6.7∙10–3 6.5∙10–3 5.7∙10–3 9.5∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 7.9∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 2.8∙10–2
gk
108 s–1
Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3 1820.3 1826.2 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7 S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5
K21599_S10.indb 139
2 4 2 4 4 4 4
4 4 2 2 2 4 6
1.0 4.6 3.5 1.4 4.6∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 3.4∙10–1
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8 5606.1 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7
8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 10 4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6
6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6 8 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4
5.3∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 9.3∙10–2 1.2 1.2 9.0∙10–2 2.9∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 6.5∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 8.5∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 8.1∙10–2 6.6∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.8∙10–2 5.7∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 8.5∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 3.0∙10–1
S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4
7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5
5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3
2.5 2.3 4.5∙10–1 1.4 6.2∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 1.9 1.2 7.7∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3
5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5
6.0∙10–1 1.1 1.4 6.1∙10–1 5.1 5.7 4.7 3.0 4.0 6.4∙10–1 1.0 4.4∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 1.3 1.6 6.7∙10–1 1.2 9.0∙10–1
8 4 8 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 10 4 2 4 10 10 2 4 8 10 6 8 6 4 6 2 10 6 10 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 6
10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 12 6 8 4 4 4 10 12 4 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 4 8 8 12 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 6
8.5∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 1.91∙10–2 2.62∙10–2 4.9∙10–2 2.72∙10–2 4.6∙10–2 7.1∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 1.30∙10–2 3.98∙10–2 3.35∙10–2 3.60∙10–2 2.8∙10–2 7.3∙10–3 6.5∙10–2 3.83∙10–2 1.82∙10–2 1.79∙10–2 2.8∙10–2 8.9∙10–3 2.08∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 2.28∙10–2 2.53∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 1.36∙10–2 1.56∙10–2 2.42∙10–2 9.5∙10–3 2.5∙10–2 5.3∙10–2 2.85∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 4.08∙10–2 1.4∙10–2
gk
108 s–1
Atomic
Weights
λ Å
10-139
Tantalum Ta I 3170.3 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3497.9 3505.0 3607.4 3626.6 3642.1 3784.3 3848.1 3922.8 3996.2 4026.9 4029.9 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4530.9 4553.7 4565.9 4619.5 4669.1 4681.9 4691.9 4706.1
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-140 Weights
Atomic
λ Å
gi
4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5087.4 5090.7 5136.5 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5435.3 5499.4 5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5811.1 5877.4 5939.8 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9
4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 8 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 4 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 2 4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6
K21599_S10.indb 140
gk 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 4 6 10 10 10 8 8 6 12 4 6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8
A 108 s–1 5.0∙10–2 7.5∙10–3 2.8∙10–2 2.16∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 2.63∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 1.95∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 4.5∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 2.73∙10–2 2.92∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 9.5∙10–3 4.5∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 6.3∙10–3 8.2∙10–3 7.5∙10–3 5.5∙10–3 2.2∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 6.1∙10–3 3.8∙10–2 6.0∙10–3 4.9∙10–3 1.43∙10–2 5.7∙10–3 2.3∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 2.13∙10–2 2.4∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 2.6∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 3.5∙10–3 3.3∙10–3 1.83∙10–2 4.6∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 2.9∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 5.8∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 1.25∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 5.8∙10–3 2.58∙10–2 1.01∙10–2 1.69∙10–2 3.7∙10–3 8.3∙10–3
Weights
λ Å
gi
6966.1 6969.5 7407.9
8 10 6
gk
A
8 1.2∙10–2 10 2.9∙10–3 4 2.0∙10–2
Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4
4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2 2
4.0∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 5.8∙10–2 3.1∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 1.9∙10–1 7.8∙10–2 4.4∙10–1 1.1∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.9∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 1.26 8.0∙10–2 4.2∙10–1 7.6∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 1.24 2.20∙10–1 6.25∙10–1 7.05∙10–1
8 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8
10 8 10 6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10
6.9∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 6.1∙10–2 2.0∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 8.8∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 3.0∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 5.7∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 9.8∙10–2 4.2∙10–2
Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5 2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2
8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6
8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 8 10 6
9.5∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.2 3.9∙10–1 1.0 3.8∙10–1 1.5 1.0 4.0∙10–2 2.9∙10–1 9.0∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 6.1∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 4.2∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 3.4∙10–2 3.9∙10–2 3.9∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.3∙10–2
1 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5
3 5 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5
3.6∙10–2 2.9∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 1.6 1.2 3.1∙10–1 2.0 6.6∙10–1 1.7 3.1∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 2.5 1.5 8.0∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 7.4∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 4.5∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 3.7∙10–3
108 s–1
gk
108 s–1
Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities A
gi
2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0 6073.5 6171.5
5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3
7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3
1.8∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.7 3.3∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 8.3∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 2.0 1.9∙10–1 1.0 4.7∙10–2 1.2∙10–3 2.7 2.0∙10–1 4.1∙10–2 2.8∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.4∙10–2 9.6∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 4.6∙10–2 6.3∙10–2 4.9∙10–2
Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1
4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2
2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 8 4 2 2
4.4∙10–3 3.7∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 1.0 1.0 1.6∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 8.6∙10–1 1.2 8.5∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 1.2 3.2∙10–1 6.6∙10–1
7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 5
5 7 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 11 7
1.4 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.0 9.3∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 6.5∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Titanium Ti I 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88
K21599_S10.indb 141
λ Å 3354.63 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4533.24 4534.78 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4856.01 4885.08 4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5224.30 5259.98
Weights gi 7 9 7 9 5 7 9 9 7 9 5 9 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 11 9 7 9 9 7 5 3 9 11 13 9 5 13 11 7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 11 5
gk 9 11 5 7 7 9 11 9 7 9 3 7 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 7 3 9 11 13 9 7 15 13 9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 11 7
A 108 s–1 6.9∙10–1 7.2∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 8.04∙10–1 7.74∙10–1 7.54∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 4.17∙10–1 5.04∙10–1 1.4 4.05∙10–1 3.76∙10–1 3.79∙10–1 4.08∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 9.6∙10–1 5.98∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 3.28∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 1.72∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 8.83∙10–1 6.87∙10–1 2.85∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 8.51∙10–1 5.74∙10–1 6.64∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 7.13∙10–1 7.40∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.90∙10–1 4.44∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 6.60∙10–1 3.25∙10–1 5.84∙10–1 5.27∙10–1 3.52∙10–1 4.92∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 3.94∙10–1 3.87∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 2.3∙10–1
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46
7 11 9 11 13 9 9
7 9 11 13 15 7 7
3.4∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 1.8∙10–1
Ti II 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2856.10 2877.47 2884.13 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64 3023.67 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3103.81 3106.26 3127.86 3128.50 3168.55 3181.73 3189.49
4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 12 8 10 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 10 8 4 6 12 10 8 6 8 10 10 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4
4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 12 8 10 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 12 10 6 8 12 10 8 4 6 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 8 4
1.9 1.7 1.9 2.7 2.6 3.7 1.1 7.2∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 4.6 5.1 3.8 6.5∙10–1 7.9∙10–1 1.0 4.4 1.2 9.1∙10–1 7.9∙10–1 1.2 8.3∙10–1 1.2 1.5 5.7∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 8.9∙10–1 3.2 2.7 2.4 1.8 1.1 2.7 4.0 4.0 1.2 5.6∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 1.2 1.0 1.13 1.09 1.1 1.25 1.3 1.1 7.8∙10–1 1.6 1.1 4.1∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 9.2∙10–1
Atomic
Weights
λ Å
10-141
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-142
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3278.28 3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3321.70 3322.94 3332.11 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3456.40 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90 3510.86 3535.41 3741.64 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18
6 4 12 4 8 10 8 6 6 4 4 6 2 8 4 10 6 8 6 4 4 10 8 10 8 4 6 8 6 6
8 6 10 2 6 10 8 6 4 4 4 4 2 10 4 10 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 6 4
Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35
5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3
3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1
K21599_S10.indb 142
A 108 s–1 1.3 1.1 7.0∙10–1 2.0 6.0∙10–1 1.38 1.11 9.87∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 1.16 9.6∙10–1 1.0 1.6 1.4 7.2∙10–1 3.96∙10–1 1.1 1.1 1.11 1.09 8.2∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 9.3∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 3.2∙10–1
6.6∙101 7.6 4.3∙101 1.3∙101 3.8∙101 5.1∙101 2.0 2.2 2.4 1.0 4.9 3.2 1.2 4.0 3.0 1.6 6.4 2.8 3.4 1.2 5.4 3.3 2.5 1.1 1.7 5.7 2.4 4.3
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
2331.66 2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14 4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87
3 5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5 9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11
3 3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5 11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13
1.2 3.0 3.3 4.0 3.8 3.4 2.3 1.9 2.5 1.5 3.4 2.8 3.7 3.7 4.4 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 9.9∙10–1 2.2 2.2 1.1 2.3 9.5∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 1.7 3.0 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.5 2.6 1.5 1.1 2.1 9.7∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 1.1
Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88
4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6
6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8
4.9∙101 5.3∙101 5.5 5.0 5.7 6.9 1.4∙101 1.8∙101 2.1∙101 5.1 5.0 6.9 7.4
λ Å 2862.60 3576.44
Weights gi 4 4
A
gk
108 s–1 2 4.1 6 4.6
Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6 3198.8 3207.3 3208.3 3215.6 3221.9 3223.1 3232.5 3235.1 3259.7 3300.8 3311.4 3363.3 3371.0 3371.4 3386.1 3413.0 3459.5 3510.0 3545.2 3570.6 3606.1 3617.5 3631.9 3675.6 3682.1 3707.9 3757.9 3760.1 3768.5 3780.8 3809.2 3817.5 3829.1
1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1 7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 3
3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3 9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3 5 5 7 3
2.4∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 1.54∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 9.27∙10–2 1.21∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 1.1∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 2.33∙10–2 1.58∙10–2 4.8∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 2.12∙10–2 2.64∙10–3 2.3∙10–2 3.2∙10–2 4.6∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 1.61∙10–2 3.53∙10–3 2.4∙10–2 2.68∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 8.1∙10–2 5.6∙10–2 6.6∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 6.7∙10–3 2.64∙10–3 9.7∙10–3 2.04∙10–3 5.2∙10–3 3.2∙10–2 6.7∙10–3 9.6∙10–3 1.1∙10–1 1.3∙10–2 1.20∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 1.38∙10–2 1.99∙10–2 3.47∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 3.1∙10–2 3.83∙10–3
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
gi
3835.1 3846.3 3847.5 3864.3 3868.0 3881.4 3968.5 3975.5 4001.4 4008.8 4019.3 4028.8 4045.6 4055.2 4070.0 4070.6 4074.4 4088.3 4102.7 4115.6 4137.5 4171.2 4203.8 4219.4 4244.4 4269.4 4283.8 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9 4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6
5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9 13 7 9 9 1
K21599_S10.indb 143
gk 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11 11 5 11 11 3
A 108 s–1 5.2∙10–2 2.14∙10–2 8.3∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 4.6∙10–2 3.6∙10–2 5.07∙10–3 4.1∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 1.63∙10–1 6.7∙10–3 2.0∙10–2 2.88∙10–2 1.79∙10–3 3.60∙10–2 5.6∙10–3 1.0∙10–1 4.13∙10–3 4.9∙10–2 4.8∙10–3 8.4∙10–3 8.6∙10–3 4.9∙10–3 6.1∙10–3 1.38∙10–2 3.04∙10–2 1.69∙10–3 1.2∙10–1 3.6∙10–2 5.1∙10–3 1.64∙10–3 3.48∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 1.5∙10–2 1.55∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 3.6∙10–3 3.3∙10–3 7.0∙10–3 1.42∙10–3 4.20∙10–3 3.4∙10–3 1.42∙10–2 2.9∙10–3 8.8∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 3.22∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 5.20∙10–3 2.72∙10–3 4.1∙10–3 2.6∙10–3 1.9∙10–2 8.1∙10–3 1.75∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 1.36∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 4.17∙10–3
Weights
λ Å
gi
4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4
11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9
gk 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7
A 108 s–1 6.3∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 5.4∙10–3 5.2∙10–3 1.9∙10–2 3.4∙10–3 1.61∙10–3 4.0∙10–3 1.12∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 3.86∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 6.9∙10–3 7.3∙10–3 2.2∙10–3 1.47∙10–3 1.43∙10–3 6.8∙10–3 2.20∙10–3 2.21∙10–3 1.47∙10–3 2.40∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 8.7∙10–3 4.7∙10–3 3.0∙10–3 6.6∙10–3 2.26∙10–3 1.84∙10–3 1.50∙10–3 1.29∙10–3 6.4∙10–3 4.6∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 2.04∙10–3 1.46∙10–3 1.47∙10–3 3.73∙10–3 3.80∙10–3 1.6∙10–3 1.89∙10–3 1.53∙10–3
Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9 3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7
15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11 11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11
13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9 13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11
5.5∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 2.4∙10–1 3.8∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 5.3∙10–3 2.7∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 6.3∙10–3 1.3∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 4.0∙10–2 3.5∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 7.8∙10–3 8.3∙10–3 2.3∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 7.5∙10–3 2.1∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 2.4∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 1.9∙10–2 2.8∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 5.9∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 5.3∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 7.2∙10–2
4 6 8 10 6 8 4 10 8 10 6 6
4 6 8 10 8 10 6 12 10 12 6 8
1.3 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.7 1.3 1.4 6.0∙10–1 5.2∙10–1
gk
108 s–1
Atomic
Weights
λ Å
10-143
Vanadium 13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13 13 11 9 7 9
13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11 13 13 7 9 7
2.0∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 8.4∙10–3 7.9∙10–3 2.7∙10–2 4.1∙10–3 7.5∙10–3 2.9∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 3.9∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 6.4∙10–2
VI 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3205.58 3212.43 3377.62 3533.68
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-144
Atomic
λ Å 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3706.03 3708.71 3794.96 3806.79 3840.75 3855.85 3871.07 3902.26 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46 4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20
K21599_S10.indb 144
Weights gi 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 6 14 4 10 8 10 12 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 10 8 6
gk 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 6 16 4 8 6 10 12 10 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6
A 108 s–1 3.1 2.7 9.2∙10–1 2.7 1.3 2.2 2.3∙10–1 2.9 3.5∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 2.8 6.6∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 5.48∙10–1 5.78∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 2.68∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 8.5∙10–1 2.30∙10–1 7.2∙10–1 4.10∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 2.1 4.9∙10–1 5.00∙10–1 1.01 5.80∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 1.00 7.70∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.90∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.2 9.6∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 1.2 8.8∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 7.8∙10–1 1.1 1.1 6.9∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 6.0∙10–1
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71 4474.04 4496.06 4524.21 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21
14 10 10 12 8 10 10 8 12 10 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8
16 12 8 14 10 12 8 6 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6
9.2∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 2.60∙10–1
V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09 2687.96 2689.88 2690.25 2690.79 2700.94 2706.17 2734.22 2753.41 2784.20 2787.91 2825.86 2843.82 2847.57 2854.34 2862.31 2868.11 2869.13 2882.49 2884.78 2889.61 2891.64
13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1 9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5
13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3 9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3
6.1∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.2 3.4∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 1.3 5.0∙10–1 1.2 9.9∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 2.1 4.8∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 1.9 1.4
λ Å
Weights gi
A
gk
108 s–1
2892.43 2892.65 2893.31 2903.07 2906.45 2908.81 2910.01 2910.38 2911.05 2912.46 2915.88 2924.02 2924.63 2930.80 2941.37 2944.57 2948.08 2952.07 2955.58 2968.37 2972.26 2973.98 2985.18 3001.20 3014.82 3016.78 3020.21 3048.21 3063.25 3100.94 3113.56 3122.89 3134.93 3136.50 3139.73 3151.32 3190.69 3250.78 3251.87 3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92
9 7 9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5 7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3
9 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7 9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5
3.6∙10–1 1.3 1.2 3.4∙10–1 7.8∙10–1 1.6 1.1 1.2 3.7∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 1.7 1.2 5.8∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 7.2∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 8.9∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 1.0 5.8∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 4.5∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 3.3∙10–1
V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73
8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6
10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8
4.6 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.7 3.6 4.2
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi
108 s–1
2366.31 2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10
8 10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8
10 12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8
V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84
9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5
9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7 9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5
K21599_S10.indb 145
A
gk 4.2 5.2 2.9 5.0 4.3 2.5 3.7 3.5 2.0 1.2 2.8 2.8
6.7 1.2∙101 1.1∙101 6.5 6.9 7.7 1.1∙101 1.5∙101 1.1∙101 5.6 2.4∙101 1.0∙101 4.7 6.1 5.0 6.3 5.0 8.9 9.4 1.0∙101 1.5∙101 9.4 4.7 2.7∙101 1.5∙101 7.0 7.9 8.7 8.6 8.7 9.9 4.0 1.5∙101 4.8 6.0 1.7∙101 7.5 8.3 2.5∙101 4.9 1.4∙101 7.5 8.4 1.1∙101 1.2∙101 4.6
λ Å 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25
Weights gi 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9
gk
A 108 s–1
7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11
5.2 1.3∙101 7.1 2.2∙101 5.0 5.4 7.0 1.1∙101 7.2 5.5 1.2∙101 5.2 7.3 7.2 4.8 5.3 6.6 5.8 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.0 8.1 7.0 6.6 5.1 4.3 1.2∙101 5.3 7.6 5.3 4.4 4.7
Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1 1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3
5.9∙10–1 1.3 8.5∙10–2 2.45 1.9∙10–1 3.99 4.10∙10–1 4.34∙10–1 1.5 4.4∙10–2 1.6 6.2 1.4∙10–1 2.46 2.81 6.2∙10–3 2.1∙10–3 7.2∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 2.4∙10–2 6.6∙10–2 3.0∙10–3 1.0∙10–2
Weights
A
λ Å
gi
Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9
4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10
4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8
2.2 1.4 1.0 8.2∙10–1 1.1 6.3∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 8.9∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 9.9∙10–2 8.8∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 2.8∙10–1 7.5∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 3.6∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 2.7∙10–1
Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3
9.1∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.76 1.14∙10–2
Yb II 3289.4 3694.2
2 2
4 1.8 2 1.4
gk
108 s–1
Atomic
λ Å
10-145
Ytterbium
Yttrium YI 2984.25 4077.36 4102.36 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4379.33 4476.95 4514.01 4527.78 4544.31 4559.36 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31
6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8 4 8 6 2 4 4 6 8 6 6
8 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 8 10 8 4
4.8∙10–1 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.6 2.38∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 7.83∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 3.34∙10–1 8.33∙10–1 4.10∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 2.6∙10–1
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Atomic Transition Probabilities
10-146
Atomic
λ Å
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
4804.80 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 5380.63 5424.36 5466.47 5513.65 5527.56 5606.34 5630.14 5675.27 5732.09 6087.94 6437.17 6538.57 6815.15 7035.15
4 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 6 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 6 6 10 10 2 4
4 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 4 12 6 10 10 6 6 6 4 8 10 4 4
3.84∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 7.26∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 3.47∙10–1 6.3∙10–1 2.39∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 5.84∙10–2 4.9∙10–1 9.3∙10–2 7.5∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 4.8∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 7.18∙10–2 6.3∙10–2
Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3448.81 3467.88 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91
1 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 1 5 3 7 3
3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 3
1.3∙10–2 3.8∙10–2 8.23∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 2.77 2.0 2.0 4.1∙10–2 2.7∙10–2 3.49∙10–1 3.97∙10–1 4.02∙10–1 1.4 1.13
K21599_S10.indb 146
λ Å 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42 5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82
Weights gi 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 7
gk
A 108 s–1
5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9 7 5 7 5
1.04 3.3∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 1.5 1.9∙10–1 1.1 2.42∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 9.70∙10–2 3.0∙10–1 2.9∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 2.80∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 2.7∙10–1 1.8∙10–2 5.27∙10–1 5.36∙10–3 2.20∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 1.29∙10–1 5.55∙10–2 9.97∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.9∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 3.9∙10–1 1.5∙10–3 4.7∙10–1 4.51∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 2.0∙10–1 1.6∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 6.7∙10–3
λ Å 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16
Weights gi
gk
A 108 s–1
9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5
7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3
3.9∙10–3 4.3∙10–2 7.62∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 4.24∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 3.3∙10–3 1.3∙10–2
Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1
6.0∙10–2 7.6∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 3.05∙10–1 7.09 3.29∙10–4 9.0∙10–1 1.2 6.7∙10–1 1.7 4.0∙10–1 4.5∙10–2 4.74∙10–1 2.43∙10–1
Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6
2 2 4 4 4
4 4 6 4 6
3.3 4.6 5.6 9.3∙10–1 1.6
Zinc
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical reviews of Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1511, 1999, Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 731, 1985, and Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1511, 1999. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity which was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. The development of cluster-ion photodetachment apparatuses has brought an
explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higher-order clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988 and on the NIST WebBook at the Internet address http://webbook.nist.gov/. For the present tabulation, the 2010 CODATA value e/(hc) = 8065.54429 ± 0.00018 cm–1 eV–1 (http://physics.nist.gov/constants/) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm–1, into eV for these tables. Experimental measurements have improved to the level that the 25 ppb uncertainty in e/(hc) will make a difference in a few cases. For this reason, very accurate electron affinities will be given in cm–1 with the relevant references. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; attach = electron attachment/detachment equilibrium; e-scat = electron scattering; kinetic = dissociation kinetics; Knud = Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy.
Atomic
Electron Affinities
TABLE 1. Atomic Electron Affinities Atomic number 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
K21599_S10.indb 147
Atom H D D T He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S S
Electron affinity in eV 0.754195 0.75420817 0.754593 0.75465629 0.75480545 not stable 0.618049 not stable 0.279723 1.262119 not stable 1.4611135 3.4011897 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.43283 1.3895211 0.746607 2.07710403 2.0771043
Uncertainty in eV Method Ref. 0.000019 — 0.000074 — — — 0.000020 — 0.000025 0.000020 — 0.0000009 0.0000024 — 0.000025 — 0.00005 0.0000013 0.000010 0.00000051 0.0000011
LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT
89 205 89 deuterium 205 deuterium 205 tritium 1 185 1 191 28 1 4 227 1 1 1 208 4 377 334 32S 334 34S
10-147
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Electron Affinities
10-148
Atomic K21599_S10.indb 148
Atomic number 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 63 65 66 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Atom Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Eu Tb Dy Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Electron affinity in eV 3.612725 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525 0.666 not stable 0.151 0.662 1.156 1.235 not stable 0.43 1.232712 0.804 2.020670 3.3635882 not stable 0.48592 0.048 0.307 0.426 0.916 0.748 0.55 1.05 1.137 0.562 1.302 not stable 0.3 1.112067 1.046 1.970876 3.0590368 not stable 0.471626 0.14462 0.47 0.65 0.962 >1.916 0.864 >1.165 >0 1.029 –0.020 0.34 0.014 0.322 0.81626 0.15 1.1 1.5638 2.128 2.30863 not stable
Uncertainty in eV Method Ref. 0.000027 — 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.012 — 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 — 0.03 0.000015 0.002 0.000025 0.0000019 — 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.005 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007 — 0.2 0.000015 0.005 0.000007 0.0000010 — 0.000025 0.00006 0.02 0.03 0.024 — 0.024 — — 0.022 — 0.01 — 0.012 0.00007 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 —
LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPES calc LPT LPT LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPT calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat
52 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1 27 27 1 37 1 183 28 352 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 311 127 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 28 108 261 92 1 1 195 184 269 225 342 268 342 342 264 196 223 343 1 360 1 1 141 1 1 1
4/3/14 11:52 AM
Electron Affinities
10-149
Atom
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 118 114 121 57–71 89–103
Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac ekaradon — ekaactinium lanthanides actinides
Electron affinity in eV 0.377 0.364 0.942362 1.9 2.8 not stable 0.486 0.10 0.35 0.056 0.2 μs < 0.2 μs
< 0.02 μs < 0.03 μs 0.15 s
0+ 1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/2-
ann.rad./ 0.678/79. ann.rad./ 1.2662(5)/1.2
0.48793
+0.64382
–0.068
+1.00
+0.047
0+
0.9083(4)/0.06 3.1033(2)/94.2 0.1962(4)/0.2 1.9421(3)/84. 1.301/52. 1.697/44. (0.2116-1.874)
0+
(0.118-2.912)
0+
/ < 4. / ~ 40 0+ /18. /54.
β+, p/11.98
0.986, 1.52/0.7 0.762–2.75 9.47/50. /0.05 /0.026 4.51/98.
31.98569
297. ms
33
Cl
32.9774519
2.511 s
β+ /12.69 β+, α β+, p β+ /5.583
32.2 m
β+/ I.T./
K21599_S11.indb 11
ann.rad./
0+
Cl
Cl
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0+
32
34m
4.42/78. 5.08/20. 4.39/99.
0.1674/100.
43
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+ 5/2+
β- /0.1672
S
42
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
p/2.26, 7.80
87.2 d
38
41
Spin (h/2π) 0+
β+ /13.79 β+, p/ β+ /6.138
32
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. S 16 26 S 27 S 28 S 29 S
11-11
1.35/24. 2.47/28.
3/2+
1+
1.11
3/2+
+0.752
3+
ann.rad./ 2.234 1.249-4.045 ann.rad./ 2.2305/92 (1.55–4.77) ann.rad./ 0.8409/0.52 1.966/0.45 2.866/0.44 ann.rad./ 0.1457(8)/42. 2.1276(5)/42.
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-12 Natural Elem. Abundance or Isot. (Atom %) 34 Cl 35 Cl 75.76(10) 36 Cl
39
Cl
38.968008
40
Cl
39.97042
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 1.528 s β+ /5.4922 4.50/100. 0+ 3/2+ 3.01 × 105 a β- /0.7086 0.7093/98. 0+ β+, EC/1.1421 0.115/0.002 3/2+ 0.715 s I.T./ 537.2 m β- /4.9168 1.11/31. 22.77/11. 4.91/58. 55.6 m β- /3.442 1.91/85. 3/2+ 2.18/8. 3.45/7. 1.38 m β- /7.48 2-
Cl Cl 43 Cl 44 Cl
40.9707 41.9733 42.9741 43.9783
34. s 6.8 s 3.3 s ~ 0.43 s
45
Cl
44.9803
0.40 s
46
Cl
45.984
0.23 s
47
Cl
46.989
0.10 s
Cl 49 Cl 50 Cl 51 Cl Ar 18 30 Ar 31 Ar
47.995 48.000 50.008 51.014 39.948(1) 30.0216 31.0121
> 0.2 μs > 0.17 s
Ar
31.997638
98. ms
Cl 38m Cl 38 Cl 37
24.24(10)
Atomic Mass or Weight 33.9737628 34.96885268 35.9683070 36.96590259
Nuclear
37.9680104
41 42
48
β- /5.7 β- /9.4 β- /8.0 β-/12.3 β-, n β-/11. β-, n β-/14.9 β-, n β-/15. β-, n
3.8/
p/2.08/100. /55. /2.5 /0.11
4.94/93.
< 0.02 μs ~ 14.1 ms
Ar
33.9802712
0.844 s
35
Ar
34.975258
1.77 s
β+/5.965
35.0 d
EC/.813
268. a
β-/0.565
0.565/100.
1.82 h
β-/2.492
1.198/
K21599_S11.indb 12
0.0629(7) 99.6035(25)
ann.rad./ 0.6714/100 1.64216/33.3 2.16760/44.8
2.05
0.25026(1)/47. 1.26720(5)/54. 0.986–1.517 0.6431(3)/6. 1.4608(1)/77. 2.8402(2)/17. (0.167–1.359)
> 0.2 μs
34
35.96754511 36.9667763 37.9627324 38.964313 39.962383123 40.9645006
–0.0646
/ < 3.
174. ms
0.3336(21)
+0.68412
/ ~ 60
32.9899257
Ar Ar 38 Ar 39 Ar 40 Ar 41 Ar
–0.082 –0.018
/24.
Ar
37
+0.82187 +1.28547
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./
/ < 8.
33
36
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
(0.352-4.247)
β+ /18.4 β+, p β+, 2p β+, 3p β+ /11.2 β+, p β+ /11.62 β+, p/ β+/6.061
32
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0+ 5/2+
0+ 3.98–6.40/22.7 3.17,2.10 (1.32–5.72) 5.0/95.
1/2+
ann.rad./ –0.72
0+
3/2+
0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/20+ 7/2-
+0.6322
–0.08
+1.15
+0.076
–1.59
–0.12
ann.rad./ 0.810(2)/48. ann.rad./ 0.6658(1)/2.5 3.1290(1)/1.3 ann.rad./ 1.2185(5)/1.22 1.763(1)/0.25 2.964(1)/0.2
1.29364(5)/99. 1.6770(3)/0.05
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 33. a β-/0.60 0.60/100. 0+ 5.4 m β-/4.6
44 45
Ar Ar
43.964924 44.968040
11.87 m 21.5 s
β-/3.55 β-/6.9
0+ 7/2-
46 47
Ar Ar
45.96809 46.9722
8.4 s 1.23 s
β-/5.70 β-
0+
47.9745 48.981 49.984 50.992 51.997 53.005 39.0983(1) 32.022 33.0073 33.9984 34.98801
0.48 s 0.17 s ~ 0.085 s > 0.2 μs 10 ms
Ar Ar 50 Ar 51 Ar 52 Ar 53 Ar K 19 32 K 33 K 34 K 35 K 48 49
36
37
K
35.98129
K
36.9733759
K
38m
38
K
39
K K K K
40
41 42
< 0.025 μs < 0.04 μs 0.19 s
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4791(2)/10. 0.7380(1)/43. 0.9752(1)/100. 1.4400(3)/39. 0.182–1.866 0.0610/25. 1.020/35. 3.707/34. 1.944/ 0.36/100 1.66/53 1.74/41 (2.02–4.01)
β+ /11.88 β+, p/
n// ~ 65. n// ~ 35.
0+ 0+
3/2+
0.392
2+
+0.548
β+, p
5.3/42. 9.9/44. /0.048
1.23 s
β+ /6.149
5.13/
3/2+
+0.2032
924.5 ms
β+ /6.742 IT ββ+ /5.913
5.02/100. /0.033 /0.4 × 1016 a 4.536 d
β- /0.257 β-ββ-/1.992
47.952534
β-βββ- /5.262
β- /4.97
54
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1743(5)/80. 1.2607(8)/7. 1.7056(6)/69. 2.3542(5)/14. 1.347(1)/91. 3.700(5)/28. 0.56474(3)/15. 0.58575(3)/85. 2.0131/100 0.67122(1)/4. 0.6723(5)/20. 0.78016(1)/32. 3.83153(7)/80. 2.025/ 2.252/ 1.027/21.7 3.46/3.9 (1.976-4.035) 2.563/25.2 2.377/6.9 1.027/0.55 2.22/15.3 2.56/51.5
//68(10) /2.23/0.218 //79(12) /1.040/0.216 3/2+ //85(19)
55
Ca Ca 41 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 39 40
96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3)
48
Ca
49
Ca
48.955674
4.4 × 1019 a >7.1 × 1019 a 8.72 m
50
Ca
49.95752
14. s
K21599_S11.indb 14
0.187(21)
0+ p/1.43/49 1.9–8.8 p/2.61/32 p/1.71/7 p/3.19/40.7 p/(0.899–2.00)
0+
ann.rad./
3/2+
ann.rad./ 1.369 ann.rad./ 1.5677(5)/25. 3.210(2)/1. ann.rad./
0+
5.49/100.
0.257/100. 0.684/84. 1.98/16.
3/2+ 0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 7/2-
1.02168
0.04
–1.5948
–0.090
–1.31764
–0.055
–1.327
+0.05
–1.38
+0.02
1.297/75 (0.041–1.88)
0+ 0.89/7. 1.95/92.
3/2-
3.12/
0+
3.0844(1)/90.7 4.0719(1)/8.12 (0.143–4.738) 0.2569/98.
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Ca Ca 53 Ca 54 Ca 55 Ca 56 Ca 57 Ca 58 Ca Sc 21 36 Sc 37 Sc 38 Sc 39 Sc 40 Sc 51 52
41
Atomic Mass or Weight
43
10. s 4.6 s 0.4 s 0.1 s 22 ms 11 ms
44.955912(6) 36.0149 37.0031 37.9947 38.98479 39.977967
0.102 s 0.181 s < 0.3 μs < 0.3 μs 0.182 s
p β+ /14.320
β+ /6.4953 β+ /
Sc Sc
41.9655164 42.961151
0.682 s 3.89 h
β+ /6.4259 β+, EC/2.221
58.2 h 3.93 h
I.T./0.27 EC/3.926 β+, EC/3.653
45.955172
18.7 s 83.81 d
I.T./0.14253 β- /2.367
Sc Sc 46 Sc 45
43.959403 100.
5.73/50. 7.53/15. 8.76/15. 9.58/20. 5.61/100. 2.82/
+5.431
–0.156
0+ 7/2-
+4.50
–0.21
6+
+3.81
–0.20
1.47/
2+
+2.51
+0.18
+4.75649
–0.220
0.357/100.
7/214+
+3.04
+0.12
0.439/69. 0.601/31. 0.655/
7/2-
+5.34
–0.22
6+
3.72
5.32/100. 0.82/22. 1.22/78.
7/27+
Sc
46.952408
3.349 d
β- /0.600
48
Sc
47.95223
43.7 h
β- /3.99
49
Sc Sc
48.950024 49.95219
57.3 m 1.71 m
β- /2.006 β- /6.89
2.00/99.9. 3.05/76. 3.60/24.
7/2(5+)
Sc
50.95360
12.4 s
β- /6.51
4.4/ 5.0/
7/2-
Sc Sc 54m Sc 54 Sc
51.9567 52.9596
8.2 s > 3. ms 2.8 μs 0.53 s
β- /9.0 β- /8.1 I.T. β- /11.6
Sc Sc
54.968
0.103 s 0.06 s
β- /13
51
52 53
55
56m
K21599_S11.indb 15
53.9633
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.0715–1.59)
2.11/56 0.247/65
4-
47
50
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
(3/2-) 0+
44.955912
46m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0+
0.596 s 61.6 s
Sc
Spin (h/2π)
0+
40.9692511
Sc
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
β- /7.3 β- /8.0 β- /10.9
Sc Sc
44m
44
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
50.9615 51.965 52.9701 53.974 54.981 55.986
42m
42
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-15
ann.rad./ 0.752/41. 3.732/99.5 (1.12–3.92) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4375(5)/100. 1.2270(5)/100. 1.5245(5)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3729(1)/22. 0.27124(1)/87. (1.00–1.16) ann.rad./ 1.157/100 0.14253(2)/62. 0.8893/100 1.121/100 0.15938(1)/68. 0.9835/100 1.03750(1)/97. 1.3121/100 1.7619(3)/0.05 0.5235(1)/88. 1.1210(1)/100. 1.5537(2)/100. 1.4373(4)/52. 0.718–2.144
(3+) (5+)
0.110/IT 0.100/50 1.70/40 0.50/40 0.593(1)/40 1.161/21 0.690/19
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-16
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 56 Sc 57 Sc 58 Sc 59 Sc 60 Sc 61 Sc Ti 22 38 Ti 39 Ti 40 Ti
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 55.973 56.978 57.984
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 35. ms β(1+) 13. ms β12. ms β-
47.867(1) 38.0098 39.0016 39.9905
< 0.12 μs 29. ms 52. ms
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+ β+ /15.4 β+ /11.7 β+, p
p//94 p/2.16/29 3.73/23 1.70/22 0.242–5.74 p/4.73/107 3.10/67 3.75/39 0.744–6.73 6.0/48
0+
2.467/8.5
3/2+
ann.rad./
0+
ann.rad./ 0.6107(5)/56. ann.rad./ 0.06787/91 0.07832/97 ann.rad./ (0.36–1.66)
41
Ti
40.9832
83. ms
β+, p/12.93
42
Ti
41.97303
0.208 s
β+ /7.000
43
Ti Ti
42.96852 43.959690
0.50 s 59. a
β+ /6.87 EC/0.268
5.80/
7/20+
0.85
Ti
44.958126
3.078 h
β+/86/2.062 EC/14/
1.04
7/2-
0.095
~ 0.015
–0.78848
+0.30
–1.10417
+0.25
44
45
Ti Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 51 Ti 46 47
8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)
45.952632 46.951763 47.947946 48.947870 49.944791 50.946615
5.76 m
β- /2.471
0+ 5/20+ 7/20+ 3/2-
52
Ti
51.94690
1.7 m
β- /1.97
1.50/92. 2.13/ 1.8/100.
53
Ti
52.9497
33. s
β- /5.0
(2.2–3)/
54
Ti Ti
53.9511 54.9553
1.5 s 1.3 s
β- /4.3 β- /7.4
0+
Ti Ti 58 Ti 59 Ti 60 Ti 61 Ti 62 Ti 63 Ti V 23 40 V 41 V 42 V 43 V
55.9582 56.9640 57.967 58.973 59.978 60.983
0.20 s 98. ms 53. ms 30. ms 22. ms > 0.3 μs
β- /7.0 β- /11. βββ-
0+
50.9415(1) 40.0111 40.9998 41.9912 42.9807
< 0.055 μs 79. ms
55
56 57
K21599_S11.indb 16
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.129/48
β+ /11.3
0+ 3/2-
0.3197(2)/93. 0.6094–0.9291 0.0170(5)/100. 0.1245/100 0.1008(1)/20. 0.1276(1)/45. 0.2284(1)/39. 1.6755(5)/45. (1.72–2.8)/ 0.672/44 (0.32–1.83)
0+
0.114
0+
p// < 2.5
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.09 s 0.54 s 0.4223 s 32.6 m
Particle Energy/ Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) β+, α/13.7 β+ /7.13 7/2β+ /7.051 6.03/100. 0+ β+, EC/2.928 1.90/99.+ 3/2-
47.952254
15.98 d
β+ /4.012
0.698/50.
48.948516 49.947159
337. d 1.4 × 1017 a
EC/0.602 EC β-
/82.7 /17.3
50.943960 51.944776 52.944338
3.76 m 1.56 m
β- /3.976 β- /3.436
2.47/ 2.52/
V V
53.94644
0.9 μs 49.8 s
I.T. β- /7.04
55
V
54.9472
6.5 s
β- /6.0
56
V
55.9505
0.22 s
β- /9.1
57
V
56.9526
0.35 s
β- /8.1
58
V
57.9567
0.19 s
β- /11.6
V V 60 V 61 V 62 V 63 V 64 V 65 V 66 V Cr 24 42 Cr
58.9602
β- /9.9
59.9650 60.9685 61.9738 62.978 63.983
97. ms 0.12 s 0.07 s 47. ms 34. ms 17. ms > 0.3 μs
51.9961(6) 42.0064
13. ms
β+, p
48
V
49
V V
50
V V 53 V 51 52
0.250(4) 99.750(4)
54m 54
59
60m
Cr
42.9977
21. ms
β+, p
44
Cr Cr
43.98555 44.9796
43. ms 61. ms
β+, (p)/10.3 β+, p/12.5
Cr Cr 48 Cr
45.96836 46.96290 47.95403
0.3 s 0.51 s 21.6 h
β+ /7.60 β+ /7.45 EC/1.66
46 47
K21599_S11.indb 17
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
2.01
7/26+
4.47 +3.34569
+0.21
7/23+ 7/2-
+5.148706
–0.04
(5+) 3+
(7/2-)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.7949(8)/0.19 (0.2–2.16) ann.rad./ 0.9835/100 (1.3–2.4)
4+
β- /14.
43
45
1.00/5. 2.00/12. 2.95/45. 5.20/11. 6.0/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Nuclear
Atomic Mass or Weight 43.9741 44.96578 45.960201 46.954909
Elem. or Isot. 44 V 45 V 46 V 47 V
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
11-17
1.4341(1)/100. 1.0060(5)/90. 1.2891(3)/10. 0.108/IT 0.8348/97. 0.9887/80. 2.259/46. (0.56–3.38) 0.5177/73. (0.224–1.21) 1.01/30. 0.688/26. (0.82 – 1.32) 0.268/52. 0.692/20. (0.25 – 1.31) 0.880/62 1.056/28 2.217/13 (1.04 – 1.57) 0.90/80. 0.102–0.208 (0.071-1.144)
p/1.90/29 p/1.50–3.7 p/3.83/18 p/4.29/15 p/1.01–4.59 p/0.95–3.1 p/2.088/19.6 p/(0.945–1.61)
0+
0+ 7/20+ 3/20+
1.623/35 1.555/35 0.838/6.2 1.937/1.8 0.677/59. ann.rad./ (1.08-1.37) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-18 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Nuclear
49
Cr
50
Cr Cr
4.345(13)
Cr Cr 54 Cr 55 Cr
83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7)
51
52 53
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
48.951336
42.3 m
β+, EC/2.631
49.946044 50.944767
>1.3 × 1018 a 27.70 d
Atomic Mass or Weight
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
1.39/ 1.45/ 1.54/
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
5/2-
0.476
β+EC EC/0.7527
0+ 7/2-
–0.934
51.940508 52.940649 53.938880 54.940840
3.497 m
β- /2.603
2.5/
0+ 3/20+ 3/2-
–0.47454
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.3201/9.8 0.00543/2.6 0.00495/0.02 –0.22 1.5282(2)/0.04 (0.13–2.37) 0.026(2)/100. 0.083(3)/100. 0.850/8. (0.083-2.62) (0.131–0.683) 0.208/IT 0.193 0.102 1.236
56
Cr
55.940653
5.9 m
β- /1.62
1.50/100.
0+
57
Cr
56.943613
21. s
β- /5.1
3.3/ 3.5/
3/2-
58
Cr Cr
57.9444
7.0 s 0.10 ms
β- /4.0 I.T.
Cr Cr 61 Cr 62 Cr 63 Cr 64 Cr 65 Cr 66 Cr 67 Cr 68 Cr Mn 25 44 Mn 45 Mn 46 Mn
58.9486 59.9500 60.9547 61.9566 62.9619 63.9644 64.9702 65.973 66.980
1.0 s 0.6 s 0.23 s 0.19 s 0.129 s 0.043 s 0.027 s 0.01 s > 0.3 μs
β- /7.7 β- /6.0 β- /8.8 β- /7.3 ββββ-
54.938045(5) 44.0069 44.9945 45.9867
< 0.105 μs < 0.07 μs 36. ms
Mn Mn
46.9761 47.9685
88. ms 0.15 s
β+ /17.1 β+, p β+ /12.3 β+ /13.5
Mn
48.95962
0.38 s
β+ /7.72
p/3.00/6.5 // ~ 58 p// 0.1 ms 87 ms 0.092 s 64 ms 45 ms ~ 28 ms 14 ms
55.845(2) 45.0146 46.0008 46.9929 47.9805 48.9736
2.6 ms 13. ms 21.9 ms 45. ms 65. ms
2p /1.14 β+ /13.1 β+ /15.6 β+ /11.2 β+ /13.0
54
55 56
57 58
59
Mn Mn
100.
60m 60
61 62
63
64m
49.9630 50.95682
0.15 s 0.31 s 46. s
β+ /8.2 β+ /8.02 β+ /4.4
Fe
51.94811
8.28 h
β+ /57/2.37 EC/43/ I.T./ I.T./3.0407
51
52
Fe
53m
K21599_S11.indb 19
2.6 m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
6+
+3.063
+0.5
7/23+
5.035 +3.306
+0.16 +0.37
5/23+
+3.4687 +3.2266
+0.32 +0.5
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.7–4.8) ann.rad./ 0.74421(1)/90. 1.4341/100 0.8340/100
//1.3 × 10–7 0.718/18. 1.028/34.
3.8/ 5.1/
5/23+
(5/2)(3+)
β- /11.8 β- /10.
Fe Fe 52m Fe 50
0.575/
Spin (h/2π)
p// ~ 59. p// 79. p//87. p//16. p/1.977/34.5 p/(1.161–1.550)
0+ 0+ (7/2-) 0+ (5/2-) (12+)
0.804/
0+
19/2-
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-19
0.84675/98.9 1.81072(4)/26.3 2.113/13.8 (1.04 – 3.37) 0.45916(2)/20. 0.81076(1)/82. 1.32309(5)/53. 0.726/ 0.473/ 0.287–2.35 0.824/ 0.8234/12.2 1.150/5.0 1.523/3.0 0.877/ 0.942–1.299 0.356,0.450 0.135/IT 0.746 0.366 0.471
0.493/23. 0.892/76. 0.313/63. 0.797/23.7 (0.261-1.279) 0.651 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.622–2.286)/ ann.rad./ 0.16868(1)/99. 0.377 (I.T.)/ 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87. 1.3281(1)/87. 2.3396(1)/13.
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-20 Elem. or Isot. 53 Fe
Fe Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 8.51 m β+ /3.743 2.40/42. 7/22.80/57.
53.939611 54.938293 55.934938 56.935394 57.933276 58.934876
>3.1 × 1022 a 2.73 a
44.51 d
β-/1.565
0.273/48. 0.475/51.
Fe Fe
59.934072
2.6 × 106 a 0.25 μs
β- /0.237 I.T.
0.184/100.
61
Fe
60.93675
6.0 m
β- /3.98
62
Fe Fe
61.93677 62.9404
68. s 6. s
β- /2.53 β- /6.3
2.5/13. 2.63/54. 2.80/31. 2.5/100.
Fe Fe 65 Fe 66 Fe 67m Fe 67 Fe
63.9412
β- /4.9
66.9510
2.0 s 1.1 s 0.8 s 0.44 s ~ 0.04 ms 0.48 s
Fe Fe 70 Fe 71 Fe 72 Fe 73 Fe 74 Fe Co 27 47 Co 48 Co 49 Co 50 Co
67.954 68.959 69.961 70.967 71.970
0.19 s 0.11 s 0.10 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
58.933195(5) 47.0115 48.0018 48.9897 49.9815
< 0.035 μs 39. ms
β+ /17.0
69. ms 0.12 s 0.25 s 0.24 s 1.46 m
β+ /12.8 β+ /14.0 β+, p/ β+ /8.30 β+ /8.44
54
5.845(35)
Atomic Mass or Weight 52.945308
55
Nuclear
60
91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)
61m
63
64
65m
68 69
Co Co 53m Co 53 Co 54m Co 51 52
54 55
56
64.9454 65.9468
50.9707 51.9636 52.95422
EC-EC EC/0.2314
0+ 3/20+ ½0+ 3/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2–3.2) Mn x-ray
+0.0906
0.16
–0.336
1.099/57 1.292/43. (0.14–1.48) 0.0586/100 0.654/IT 0.207 1.205/44. 1.028/43. (0.12–3.37) 0.5061(1)/100. 0.995/ (1.365–1.427)
0+ (9/2+)
0+ 5/20+
β- /7.9 β- /5.7 I.T. β- /8.8
0+ (5/2-)
β- / ~ 7.6
0+
(0.413-2.996) (0.128-1.997) 0.471–1.425 0.367/IT 0.189/85 2.089/14
0+ 0+
p/2.770/41. p/(1.874–2.296) p// < 3.8
4.25/100.
0.2614/64. (0.482-1.308)
19/27/27+
Co Co
53.948460 54.941999
0.1932 s 17.53 h
β+ /8.2430 β+ /3.4513 EC/
7.34/100. 0.53/ 1.03/ 1.50/
0+ 7/2-
+4.822
Co
55.939839
77.3 d
β+/4.566
1.459/18.
4+
3.85
K21599_S11.indb 20
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
~+0.25
0.849–1.942 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99. 1.130(1)/100. 1.408(1)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
57
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
59
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
Co
56.936291
271.8 d
EC/0.8361
7/2-
+4.72
+0.5
Co Co
57.935753
9.1 h 70.88 d
I.T./ β+ /2.307 EC/
5+ 2+
+4.04
+0.22
10.47 m
7/22+
+4.63 +4.4
+0.41 ~+0.3
0.315/99.7
5+
+3.799
+0.44
58m 58
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Co Co
100.
58.933195
60
Co
59.933817
5.271 a
I.T./99.8/0.059 β- /0.2/1.56 β- /2.824
61
Co
60.932476
1.650 h
β- /1.322
1.22/95.
7/2-
13.9 m
β- /
0.88/25. 2.88/75.
5+
1.03/10. 1.76/5. 2.9/20. 4.05/60. 3.6/
2+
7.0/
1+ (7/2)(8-)
60m
Co
62m
62
Co
61.93405
1.50 m
β- /5.32
63
Co
62.93361
27.5 s
β- /3.67
Co Co 66m2 Co
63.93581 64.93648
0.30 s 1.14 s > 0.1 ms
β- /7.31 β- /5.96 I.T.
64 65
66
Co Co 67 Co
65.9398 66.9409
1.2 μs 0.25 s 0.43 s
I.T. β- /10.0 β- /8.4
Co Co 70 Co
67.9449 68.9463 69.951
0.19 s 0.20 s 0.12 s
β- /11.7 β- /9.3 β- 13.
71
Co
70.953
97. ms
72
Co
71.958
60. ms
ββ-,n ββ-,n
66m1
68 69
73
Co
72.960
41. ms
74
Co
73.965
30. ms
Co 76 Co Ni 28 48 Ni 49 Ni 50 Ni
74.968
0.03 s
58.6934(4) 48.020 49.0097 49.9959
~ 2.1 ms 12. ms 12. ms
75
K21599_S11.indb 21
ββ-,n ββ-,n β-,n
2p β+, p
7/2-
(5+)
0.0586/2.0 1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156–2.17 (0.063-1.273) 0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245–1.425) 0.694 (0.189-2.769)
1.26/102 0.97/100 (0.45 – 0.92) 0.566/100 (0.25 – 0.77) 1.096/100 0.845 (0.455 – 1.197) 0.524/100 (0.24 – 0.76) 0.739 1.024
// > 3 // > 6
// < 7.9 // ~ 18 //< 16
p // ~ 25 p //~83 p //70.
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26–3.61) 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 0.02489/0.035 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-21
0+ 0+
0.965/82 0.063
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-22 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Nuclear
51
Ni
50.9877
24. ms
β+ /16.0
52
Ni
51.9757
38. ms
β+ /11.7
53
Ni
52.9685
55. ms
β+, p/13.3
Ni Ni 56 Ni
53.95791 54.95133 55.94213
0.10 s 0.20 s 6.08 d
β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+ /4 × 1019 a ~ 7.6 × 104 a
EC-EC EC/
Ni Ni
65.929139
Ni
66.931569
54 55
57
Ni Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 65 Ni 58
68.077(19)
59
66
26.223(15) 1.1399(13) 3.6345(40) 0.9255(19)
67m
67
Ni Ni
68m2 68m1
68
Ni Ni
67.931869
69m2
Ni Ni
69m1 69
68.935610
Ni
70m
Ni Ni 72 Ni 73 Ni 74 Ni 75 Ni 76 Ni 77 Ni 70 71
K21599_S11.indb 22
69.9365 70.9407 71.9421 72.9465 73.9481 74.9529 75.955 76.961
Particle Energy/ Intensity Spin (MeV/%) (h/2π) p /1.97/14 p/4.66/8.7 p/1.08–5.66 p//87. p//31. 0+ p/1.35/9 p//23. 7/2p/1.93/5.4 0+ 7.66/ 7/20+
0.712/10. 0.849/76.
3/2-
0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ ½0+ 5/2-
101. a
β- /0.066945
0.065/
2.517 h
β- /2.137
0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.
54.6 h 13.3 μs
β- /0.23 I.T.
21. s
β- /3.56
0.34 μs 0.86 ms
I.T.
(5-)
29. s 0.44 μs
β- /2.06 I.T.
0+ (17/2)
3.5 s 11. s
β- /5.4
0.21 μs
I.T.
(8+)
6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 0.9 s 0.34 s 0.24 s 0.13 s
β- /3.5 β- /6.9 β- /5.2 β- /9. β- /7. β-,n β-,n β-,n
0+
3.8/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.98
–0.798
–0.75002
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.090 0.765/73 1.087/29 1.546-1.743 2.418/38 0.142 ann.rad./ 0.849/13 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695–0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127–3.177)
+0.16
0.69
0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23.
0+ 9/2+
0.56
½-
+0.601
0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10–1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033 0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259
0+ 0+ /10 /14 / ~ 30
0+
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) ~ 0.11 s
63.546(3) 51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9661 55.9586
< 0.3 μs < 0.075 μs ~ 27. ms 93. ms
Cu Cu
56.94921 57.944539
196. ms 3.21 s
β+ /8.77 β+ /8.563 EC/
59
Cu
58.939498
1.36 m
β+ /4.800
60
Cu
59.937365
23.7 m
61
Cu
60.933458
62
Cu
63
Cu Cu
69.15(15)
Cu Cu
30.85(15)
57 58
64
65 66
67
Cu
K21599_S11.indb 23
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.511/233 2.700/100 0.9507–3.287 0.77–3.01 ann.rad./ 0.0403(4)/5. 1.4483(2)/11. 1.4546(2)/16. ann.rad./ 0.3393(1)/8. 0.8780(1)/12. 1.3015(1)/15. (0.4–2.6) ann.rad./ 1.3325/88. 1.7915/45. (0.12–5.048) ann.rad./ 0.2830/13. 0.6560/11. (0.067–2.123) ann.rad./ 1.17302(1)/0.6 (0.87–3.37)
+1.91
β+ /6.127 EC/
2.00/69. 3.00/18. 3.92/6.
2+
+1.219
3.35 h
β+ /2.237
3/2-
+2.14
61.932584
9.67 m
β+ /98/3.948 EC/
0.56/3. 0.94/5. 1.15/2. 1.220/51. 2.93/98.
1+
–0.380
62.929598 63.929764
β- /38/0.579 β+ /19/1.6751 EC/41/
0.578/ 0.65/
3/21+
+2.2273 –0.217
–0.211
12.701 h
64.927790 65.928869
β- /2.642
+2.3817 –0.282
66.927730
2.580 d
β- /0.58
1.65/6. 2.7/94. 0.395/56. 0.484/23. 0.577/20.
3/21+
–0.195
5.09 m
3/2-
+2.54
3.79 m
I.T./86/ β- /14/1.8
6-
+1.24
31. s
β- /4.46
1+
+2.48
0.36 μs
I.T.
(13/2+)
+1.5
2.8 m
β- /2.68
3/2-
+2.84
67.929611
68.929429
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
p//15.
3/2-
Cu
Cu
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
1.9/ 3.75/
69m
69
Spin (h/2π) 0+
+2.58 +0.48
Cu
Cu
β+ /13.2 β+ /15.3
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
3/21+
68m
68
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
4.5/15. 7.439/83.
3.5/40. 4.6/31.
2.48/80.
Nuclear
Atomic Mass or Weight 77.963
Elem. or Isot. 78 Ni 79 Ni Cu 29 52 Cu 53 Cu 54 Cu 55 Cu 56 Cu
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
11-23
ann.rad./35.1 1.3459(3)/0.47
0.8330(1)/0.22 1.0392(2)/9.2 0.09125(1)/7. 0.09325(1)/17. 0.18453(1)/47. 0.0843(5)/70. 0.1112(5)/18. 0.5259(5)/74. (0.64–1.34) 1.0774(5)/58. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15–2.34) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT 0.680 1.871 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6.
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-24 Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Cu
6.6 s
β/93
Cu
33. s
IT/7 β- /52 IT/48
44.5 s
β- /6.60
0.28 μs
I.T.
(19/2)
3/2(4-)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
70m2
70m1
Nuclear Cu
70
69.932392
Cu
71m
Cu Cu
70.932677
20. s 1.76 μs
β- /4.56 I.T.
Cu Cu
71.935820 72.936675
6.6 s 4.2 s
β- /8.2 β- /6.3
Cu Cu 76m Cu 76 Cu
73.93988 74.942
β- /9.9 β- /7.9
75.94528
1.59 s 1.2 s 1.2 s 0.64 s
Cu
76.9479
0.47 s
71
72m
72 73
74 75
77
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π) 1+
+1.9
2.52/10.
3-
–3.5
5.42/54. 6.09/46.
6-
+1.5
5.8/43 6.25/42
β- /11. β-,n β- / ~ 10. β-,n β- /12. β-,n β- /11. β-,n
/88. /7.
p//87 p//91. p//86.
+1.743
(5/2)
+1.006
0.33 s
79
Cu
78.9546
0.2 s
Cu 81 Cu 82 Cu Zn 30 54 Zn 55 Zn 56 Zn 57 Zn 58 Zn 59 Zn
79.961
~ 0.17 s
65.38(2) 53.9930 54.9840 55.9724 56.9648 57.95459 58.94926
~ 3.2 ms 20. ms 30. ms 47. ms 0.09 s 183. ms
2p
Zn
59.94183
2.40 m
β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/
Zn
60.93951
1.485 m
β+ /5.64
4.38/68.
3/2-
Zn
61.93433
9.22 h
β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/
0.66/7.
0+
60
61
62
K21599_S11.indb 24
β+, p/14.6 β+ β+, p/9.09
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0065(8)/10. 0.8849/100 1.072/19 0.141/ IT 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90. 1.2517(5)/60. (0.39–3.06) 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017/99.7 (0.438–3.062) 0.133/IT 0.494 0.939 1.189 0.490/ 0.051/IT 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307–1.559
0.5057 (.1147-3827)
/30 /35 /65
77.9520
80
+2.275
(1+) (3/2)
Cu
78
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
/7
8.1/
0+ 0+ (7/2-) 0+ 3/20+
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15–3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20–1.526)/
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 62.933212
Zn Zn
49.17(75)
Zn Zn 68 Zn 69m Zn 69 Zn 70 Zn 71m Zn
27.73(98) 4.04(16) 18.45(63)
65.926033 66.927127 67.924844
0.61(10)
68.926550 69.925319
64 65
66 67
63.929142 64.929241
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 38.5 m β+ /93/3.367 1.02/ 3/2EC/7/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84. >7. × 1020 a EC-β+ 0+ 244. d β+ /98/1.3514 0.325/ 5/2EC/1.5/ 0+ 5/20+ 13.76 h I.T./99+/0.439 9/2+ 56. m β- /0.906 0.905/99.9 ½>2.3 × 1017 a β-β0+ 3.97 h β- / 1.45/ 9/2+
71
Zn
70.92772
2.4 m
β- /2.81
72
Zn
71.92686
46.5 h
β- /0.46
Zn Zn
72.92978
6. s 24. s
Zn
73.92946
Zn Zn 77m Zn 77 Zn 78m Zn 78 Zn 79 Zn
74.9329 75.9333
Zn
0.25/14. 0.30/86.
0+
β- /4.29
I.T./0.196 4.7/
(7/2+) (1/2-)
1.60 m
β- /2.3
2.1/
0+
β- /6.0 β- /4.2 β- / β- /7.3
3.6/
0+ (1/2-)
77.9384 78.9427
10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s > 0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s
79.9443
0.56 s
73m 73
74
75 76
80
76.9370
Zn
80.9505
0.29 s
Zn 83 Zn 84 Zn 85 Zn Ga 31 56 Ga 57 Ga 58 Ga 59 Ga 60 Ga
81.9544 82.9610
> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
69.723(1) 55.9949 56.9829 57.9743 58.9634 59.9571
< 0.043 μs 0.07 s
81
82
K21599_S11.indb 25
½-
β- /6.4 β- /8.6 β-,n β- /7.3 β-,n β- /11.9 β-,n
4.8/ 0+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) –0.28164
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.29 ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24–3.1)
+0.7690
–0.023
+0.8753
+0.15
ann.rad./ 1.1155/50.2
1.157
0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/
1.05
0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099–2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12–2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 0.0565/ 0.1401/ (0.05–0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 63 Zn
11-25
/2 0+ / 2.4 × 1026 a 14.10 h
Ga
72.925175
74.87 h
β- /1.59
Ga Ga
73.926946
10. s 8.1 m
I.T./ β- /5.4
2.6/
1+ 3-
75
Ga
74.926500
2.10 m
β- /3.39
3.3/
3/2-
76
Ga
75.928828
29. s
β- /7.0
77
Ga
76.929154
13.0 s
β- /5.3
78
Ga
77.931608
5.09 s
β- /8.2
71 72
73
Ga Ga
39.892(9)
74m 74
K21599_S11.indb 26
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
3/2-
EC/0.2/0.655 β- /99.8/1.656 ββ- /4.001
70
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48
1.65/99. 0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8. 3.15/11.
+0.104 +0.52
+1.836
–0.29
+2.020
–0.21
3-
5.2/ 3+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.088–1.362 ann.rad./ 0.954/0.085 (0.851-5.92) ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091–0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/
0.8340/95.53 2.202/26.9 0.630/26.2 (0.113–3.678) 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01–1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23–3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12–2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34–4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77.
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Ga Ga 81 Ga
78.9329 79.9365 80.9378
2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s
Ga
81.9430
0.599 s
79 80
82
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β- /7.0 β- /10.4 β- /8.3 β-,n β- /12.6 β-,n β- /~ 11.5 β- /14 β-,n
Ga Ga
82.9470 83.9527
0.308 s ~ 0.085 s
Ga 86 Ga 87 Ga Ge 32 58 Ge 59 Ge 60 Ge 61 Ge 62 Ge 63 Ge 64 Ge
84.9570 85.963
> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
72.63(1) 57.9910 58.9818 59.9702 60.9638 61.9547 62.9496 63.94165
> 0.11 μs ~ 44. ms 0.13 s 0.15 s 1.06 m
65
Ge
64.9394
31. s
66
Ge
65.93384
2.26 h
67
Ge
66.932734
19.0 m
β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/
68
Ge Ge
67.92809 68.927965
270.8 d 1.63 d
EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/
83 84
85
69
Ge Ge 71 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 75m Ge 75 Ge
20.57(27)
Ge Ge
7.73(12)
70
76
77m
K21599_S11.indb 27
70.924951 71.922076 72.923459 73.921178 74.922859 75.921403
Spin (h/2π)
4.6/ 10./ 5.1/ / 1.8 × 1023 a
β-
48. s 1.380 h
I.T./ β- /1.177
1.6 × 1021 a 53. s
β-βI.T./20/ β- /80/2.861
0+
0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. //0.011 0+
1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/
69.924247
71m
27.45(32) 7.75(12) 36.50(20)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-27
I.T./0.0234
1.19/
½-
0+ 5/2-
0+ 9/2+ ½0+ 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ ½0+ ½-
2.9/
0.735
0.02
–1.041 +0.547
~ 0.34
–0.879468
–0.17
+0.510
ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022–1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25–3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2–2.04) 0.1749
0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2 1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-28 Elem. or Isot. 77 Ge
78
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 76.923549
Nuclear
Ge
77.922853
1.45 h
β- /0.95
Ge Ge
78.9254
39. s 19.1 s
β- /IT β- /4.2
Ge
79.92537
29.5 s
β- /2.67
2.4/
0+
~ 7.6 s
β- /
3.75/
½+
79m 79
80
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 11.25 h β- /2.702 0.71/23. 7/2+ 1.38/35. 2.19/42.
Ge
81m
0.70/
4.0/20. 4.3/80.
7/2+ ½-
Ge
80.9288
~ 7.6 s
β- /6.2
3.44/
9/2+
82
Ge Ge
81.9296 82.9346
4.6 s 1.9 s
1.093/80
0+
Ge 85 Ge 86 Ge 87 Ge 88 Ge 89 Ge 90 Ge As 33 60 As 61 As 62 As 63 As 64 As 65 As 66m2 As 66m1 As 66 As 67 As
83.9375 84.9430 85.9465 86.9525 87.957 88.964
0.98 s 0.54 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
β- /4.7 β- /8.9 β-,n β- /7.7 β- /10.
84
74.92160(2) 59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9496
65.945 66.9392
< 0.043 μs 0.02 s 0.13 s 8. μs 1.1 μs 95.8 ms 42. s
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
81
83
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0.1096/21. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/
/63 0+ 0+ 0+
β+ /9.4
β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/
5.0/
5/2-
68
As
67.93677
2.53 m
β+ /8.1
69
As
68.93227
15.2 m
β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/
2.95/
5/2-
+1.623
70
As
69.93092
52.6 m
1.44/
4+
+2.1061
+0.09
71
As
70.927112
2.72 d
β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013 EC/68/
5/2-
+1.6735
–0.02
72
As
71.926752
26.0 h
β+ /77/4.356
0.669/5.
2-
–2.1566
–0.08
K21599_S11.indb 28
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.
3+
0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61–3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17–4.4)/ ann.rad./ 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.
73
As
72.923825
80.3 d
EC/0.341
74
As
73.923829
17.78 d
β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β- /1.353
0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.
0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.
As As 76 As
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
3/2-
2-
–1.597
3/22-
+1.43947 –0.903
3/2-
+1.295
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1–4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.
0.017 s
75m 75
Spin (h/2π)
100.
74.921597 75.922394
26.3 h
β- /2.962
77
As
76.920647
38.8 h
β- /0.683
78
As
77.92183
1.512 h
β- /4.21
1.21 μs
I.T.
As
79m
3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.
2-
9/2+
+0.31 0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3–2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/77. 0.344/65. (0.561 – 1.894)
79
As
78.92095
9.0 m
β- /2.28
1.80/95.
3/2-
80
As
79.92253
16. s
β- /5.64
3.38/
1+
81
As
80.92213
33. s
β- /3.856
13.7 s
β- /
3.6/
5-
7.2/80.
(2-)
0.6544(1)/54. (0.755 – 3.667) 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325–5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/
As
82m
3/2-
82
As
81.9245
19. s
β- /7.4
83
As
82.9250
13.4 s
β- /5.5
As As
83.9291
0.6 s 4. s
ββ-, n/7.2
1-
As
84.9320
2.03 s
β-, n/8.9
3/2-
As As 88 As 89 As 90 As 91 As 92 As Se 34 64 Se
85.9365 86.9399 87.9449 88.9494 89.956 90.960 91.967 78.96(3)
0.95 s 0.49 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
β-, n/11.4 β-, n/10.
84m 84
85
86 87
K21599_S11.indb 29
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-29
> 0.18 μs
0+
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-30
Se Se
65.9552 66.9501
68
Se
67.94180
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 0.011 s β+ /60/14. β+, p 3.55/ 0.03 s 0+ 0.13 s β+ /10.2 β+, (p)/ 36. s β+ /4.7 0+
69
Se
68.93956
27.4 s
70
Se
69.9334
41.1 m
71
Se
70.93224
72
Se Se
71.92711
73
Se
74
Se Se
0.89(4)
Se Se 77 Se 78 Se 79m Se 79 Se 80 Se 81m Se
9.37(29)
Elem. or Isot. 65 Se 66 67
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 64.965
Nuclear
β+ /6.78 EC/ β+, p β+ /2.4
5.006/
4.7 m
β+ /4.4 EC/
3.4/36.
8.5 d 40. m
EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77
72.92677
7.1 h
β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/
73.922476 74.922523
> 5.5×1018 a 119.78 d
EC-EC EC/0.864
17.4 s
I.T./
73m
75
76
81
Se
82
Se Se
7.63(16) 23.77(28)
76.919914 77.917309
49.61(41)
78.918499 79.916521
8.73(22)
3.92 m 3.3 × 105 a
I.T./ β- /0.151
57.3 m
I.T./99/0.1031
80.917993
18.5 m
β- /1.585
81.916699
>9.5 × 1019 a 1.17 m
β-ββ- /3.96
83m
0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.
5/2-
0+ 3/2-
9/2+
0.86
0+ 5/2+
0.68
0+ 7/2+ ½0+
1.0
0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024–0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.
+0.53506 0.09573(3)/9.5
7/2+ 0+ 7/2+
1.6/98.
2.88/ 3.92/
½-
0+ ½-
Se
82.919118
22.3 m
β- /3.668
0.93/ 1.51/
9/2+
84
Se Se
83.91846 84.92225
3.3 m 32. s
β- /1.83 β- /6.18
1.41/100. 5.9/
0+ 5/2+
K21599_S11.indb 30
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5)
0+
83
85
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
// ~ 0.045
75.919214
77m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
–1.02
+0.8 0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32 0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19–3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21–2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22.
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
86
Se
85.92427
15. s
β- /5.10
0+
87
Se
86.92852
5.4 s
5/2+
Se Se 90 Se 91 Se 92 Se 93 Se 94 Se 95 Se Br 35 67 Br 68 Br 69 Br 70m Br 70 Br 71 Br 72 Br 73 Br
87.93142 88.9365 89.9400 90.9460 91.950 92.956 93.960
1.5 s 0.41 s > 0.3 μs 0.27 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
β- /7.28 n/ β-, n/6.85 β-, n/9.0
88 89
79.904(1) 66.9648 67.9585 68.9501 69.9446 70.939 71.9366 72.93169
Br
74m
< 1.5 μs < 0.024 μs 2.2 s ~ 0.08 s 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m
0+ 0+ 0+
β+ /9.6 9+ β+ /10.0 β+ /6.9 β+ /8.7 β+ /4.7
/0.75 3 3/2-
0.6
3.7/
46. m
β+ /
4.5/
4-
1.82
+0.75
73.92989
25.4 m
β+ /6.91
75
Br
74.92578
1.62 h
β+ /76/3.03
3/2-
1.4 s
I.T./5.05
4+
76
Br
75.92454
16.0 h
β+ /57/4.96
Br Br
76.921379
4.3 m 2.376 d
I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365
Br
77.921146
6.45 m
β+ /92/3.574 EC/8/
4.86 s
I.T./0.207
4.42 h
I.T./0.04885
77m 77
78
Br Br 80m Br 79m 79
K21599_S11.indb 31
50.69(7)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/
β-, n/8.
Br
Br
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
74
76m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-31
78.918337
1.9/ 3.68/
1.2/ 2.5/
1-
0.54821
0.270
9/2+ 3/2-
0.973
+0.53
1+
0.13
9/2+ 3/25-
+2.106400 +1.3177
+0.31 +0.70
0.4547–1.317 ann.rad 0.065–0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2–4.38) ann.rad 0.6341 0.6348 (0.2–4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1–1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4–4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08–1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7–3.0) 0.2072 Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-32 Elem. or Isot. 80 Br
81
Br Br
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
49.31(7)
Atomic Mass or Weight 79.918529
Half–life/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) 17.66 m β- /92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+ /2.6/
80.916291 6.1 m
82
Br
81.916804
1.471 d
I.T./98/0.046 β- /2 /3.139 β- /3.093
83
Br
82.915180
2.40 h
β- /0.972
6.0 m
β- /4.97
82m
Nuclear
Br
84m
84
Br
83.91648
31.8 m
β- /4.65
85
Br
84.91561
2.87 m
β- /2.87
86
Br
85.91880
55.5 s
87
Br
86.92071
55.6 s
Br Br
87.92407
5.1 μs 16.3 s
89
Br
88.92640
4.35 s
90
Br
89.9306
1.91 s
91
Br
90.9340
0.54 s
92
Br
91.93926
0.31 s
93
Br
92.9431
0.10 s
88m 88
Br Br 96 Br 97 Br 98 Br Kr 36 69 Kr 70 Kr 71 Kr 72 Kr 94 95
K21599_S11.indb 32
93.9487 94.9529 95.959 96.963
0.07 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
83.798(2) 68.9652 69.9553 70.950 71.94209
0.03 s 0.06 s 100. ms 17.1 s
Particle Energy/ Intensity Spin (MeV/%) (h/2π) 1.38 β-/7.6 1+ 1.99 β-/82 0.85 β+ /2.8 3/22-
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 0.5140
0.444/
5-
+1.6270
0.395/1 0.925/99 2.2/100
3/2(6-)
2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57
2-
β- /7.63
3.3 7.4
(2-)
β- /6.85 n/
6.1/
3/2-
3/2-
β- /8.96 n/
1-
β- /8.16 n/ β- /10.4 n/
3/2-
β- /90 /9.80 β- n/10 / β- /12.20 β- n/ β- /11 β- n β- n/
β+, (p)
8.3/ 9.8/
+2.270562
2-
2.
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.18 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64–1.45) +0.26 0.046/0.24 (0.62–2.66) 0.69 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013–1.96) 0.52964 (0.12–0.68) 0.4240/100 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23–4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09–2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5–6.8) 1.41983/55. 1.578/45. (0.173–1.76) 0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1–6.99) 0.7753 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740 0.117 (0.237–3.606)
//11
4.07/ 0+
β+, EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/
0+
(0.198–0.207) ann.rad 0.3099/15.3
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
73
Kr
72.93929
28. s
74
Kr
73.933084
11.5 m
75
Kr
74.93095
4.3 m
β+ /4.90 EC/
76
Kr
75.925910
14.8 h
EC/1.31
77
Kr
76.924670
1.24 h
β+ /80/3.06 EC/20/
Kr Kr 79 Kr
0.355(3)
Kr Kr 81 Kr
2.286(10)
Kr Kr
11.593(31)
Kr Kr 85m Kr
11.500(19) 56.987(15)
78
77.920365
79m
80
78.920082
80.916592
83 84
Kr Kr 87 Kr 86
17.279(41)
3.2/
5/2+
–0.531
+1.1
5/2+
–0.583
+0.9
0+ 7/2+ ½-
–0.786 +0.536
+0.40
0+
1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/
EC-EC I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /
13.1 s 2.1 × 105 a
I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807
0+ ½7/2+
+0.586 –0.908
1.86 h
I.T./0.0416
0+ ½-
+0.591
82.914136 83.911507
84.912527 85.9106107 86.9133549
10.73 a
β- /79 / I.T./21 /0.305 β- /0.687
1.27 h
β- /3.887
0.83/79
1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30
0.15/0.4
9/2+ 0+ ½9/2+ 0+ 5/2+
88
Kr
87.91445
2.84 h
β- /2.91
89
Kr
88.9176
3.15 m
β- /4.99
3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/
5/2+
90
Kr
89.91952
32.3 s
β- /4.39
2.6/77
0+
K21599_S11.indb 33
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
>1.5 × 1021 a 53. s 1.455 d
4.48 h
85
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
/0.25
81.913484
83m
Spin (h/2π)
5/2-
79.916379
81m
82
β+ /6.7 EC/ β+, p/ β+ /3.1 EC/
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
–0.970669
+0.644
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4150/12.8 (0.305 – 3.305) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06–0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010–1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02–1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03–1.07) ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02–2.3)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-33
Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04–1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03215/0.055
+0.259
+0.633 1.005
+0.443
–1.023
–0.30
–0.330
+0.16
0+
0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13–3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03–2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2–4.7) 0.12182/32.9
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-34 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Nuclear
91
Kr
90.9235
8.6 s
β- /6.4
92
Kr
91.92616
1.84 s
93
Kr
92.9313
1.29 s
β- /5.99 n/ β- /8.6 n/
94
Kr
93.9344
0.21 s
Kr Kr 97 Kr 98 Kr 99 Kr 100 Kr 101 Kr Rb 37 71 Rb 72 Rb 73 Rb 74 Rb 95 96
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.8/6
4.33/ 4.59/
7.1/
n//1.0
β- /9.7 β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n
n//2.9 n//3.7 n//7. n//7. n// ~ 11.
0.10 s ~ 80 ms 0.06 s 0.05 s 0.04 s > 0.34 μs
85.4678(3) 70.9653 71.9591 72.9506 73.944265
< 1.5 μs < 0.03 μs 64.8 ms
β+ /10.4
5/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
–0.583
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
+0.30
0+
β- /7.3 n
94.9398 95.9431 96.9486 97.952 98.958 99.9611
Spin (h/2π)
½+
–0.413
0+
–0.410 0+ 0+ 0+
75
Rb
74.93857
19. s
β+ /7.02
2.31/
76
Rb
75.935072
39. s
β+ /8.50
4.7/
1-
–0.372623
+0.4
77
Rb
76.93041
3.8 m
β+ /5.34
3.86/
3/2-
+0.654468
+0.70
5.7 m
I.T./0.1034 β+ / EC/ β+ /7.22 EC/
4-
+2.549
+0.81
5/2+
+0.3358
–0.10
Rb
78m
78
Rb
77.92814
17.7 m
79
Rb
78.92399
23. m
β+ /84/3.65 EC/16 /
80
Rb
79.92252
34. s
β+ /5.72
30.5 m
I.T./0.85 β+, EC/ β+ /27/2.24 EC/73
Rb
81m
81
Rb
Rb
82m
K21599_S11.indb 34
80.91900
4.57 h
6.47 h
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1–4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2–4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14–3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057–4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098–0.985)
β+/26/
3.4 0+
4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4
1+
–0.0836
+0.35
9/2+
+5.598
–0.74
1.05/
3/2-
+2.060
+0.40
0.80/
5-
+1.51001
+1.0
0.456/0.0025 (0.053 – 4.244) ann.rad 0.179 ann.rad 0.4240/92. (0.064–1.68) ann.rad 0.0665/59 (0.04–2.82) ann.rad 0.4553/81. (0.103–4.01) ann.rad 0.4553/63. (0.42–5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017–3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05–1.9) ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/74/
82
Rb
81.918209
1.258 m
β+/96/4.40 EC/4/
83
Rb
82.91511
86.2 d
Rb
Rb Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 88 Rb 85
EC/0.91
5/2-
+1.425
+0.20
20.3 m
I.T./0.216
6-
+0.21293
+0.6
32.9 d
β+/22/2.681 EC/75 / β-/3/0.894
2-
–1.32412
–0.015
85.9111674 86.90918053 87.9113156
1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88 × 1010 a 17.7 m
I.T./0.5560 β-/1.775 β-/0.283 β-/5.316
5/2623/22-
+1.353 +1.815 –1.6920 +2.7512 0.508
+0.28 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13
89
Rb
88.91228
15.4 m
β-/4.50
3/2-
+2.38
+0.14
4.3 m
β-/4.50
4-
+1.616
+0.20
+2.182
+0.15
0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/
84.91178974
86m
27.83(2)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
+0.19
83.914385
72.17(2)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
+0.554508
Rb
3.3/
Spin (h/2π)
1+
84m
84
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Rb
90m
1.774/8.8 0.273/100 5.31
1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18 1.7/ 6.5/
90
Rb
89.91480
2.6 m
β-/6.59
6.6
1-
91
Rb
90.91654
58.0 s
β-/5.861
5.9
3/2-
92
Rb
91.91073
4.48 s
β-/8.11
8.1/94
1-
93
Rb
92.92204
5.85 s
β-/7.46 n/1
7.4/
5/2-
+1.410
+0.18
94
Rb
93.92641
2.71 s
β-/10.31 n/10
9.5/
3
+1.498
+0.16
95
Rb
94.92930
0.377 s
β-/9.30 n/8
8.6/
5/2-
+1.334
+0.21
β-/11.76 n/13/ β-/10.42 n/27/
10.8/
2+
+1.466
+0.25
10.0
3/2+
+1.841
+0.58
Rb
1.7 μs
96m
96
Rb
95.93427
0.199 s
97
Rb
96.93735
0.169 s
K21599_S11.indb 35
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092–2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47–3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03–0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02–1.9)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-35
0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14.4 1.8360/22.8 (0.34–4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12–4.09) 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16–5.41) 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093–0.369 0.815/76. (0.20–5.42) 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56.
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-36 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Rb
97.94179
0.107 s
Rb 100 Rb
98.9454 99.9499
59. ms 53. ms
β-/12.34 n/13 β-/11.3 β- /13.5
Rb Rb 103 Rb Sr 38 73 Sr 74 Sr 75 Sr 76 Sr 77 Sr
100.9532 101.9589
0.03 s 0.09 s
β- /11.8 β-
87.62(1) 72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.94177 76.93795
> 25 ms > 1.5 μs 88. ms 7.9 s 9.0 s
Sr Sr
77.93218 78.92971
2.7 m 2.1 m
β+ ,p β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β+, p β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32
80
Sr
79.92452
1.77 h
β+ /1.87
81
Sr
80.92321
22.3 m
β+ /87/3.93 EC/13/
Sr Sr 83 Sr
81.91840
25.36 d 5.0 s 1.350 d
EC/0.18 I.T./0.2591 β+/24/2.28 EC/76/
1.127 h 64.85 d
I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065
2.81 h
I.T./0.3884
98
99
Nuclear
101 102
78 79
82
83m
84
Sr Sr
82.91756
0.56(1)
Sr Sr 87m Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 91 Sr 86
9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)
84.912933 85.909260
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.258/52. (0.14–2.08) (0.07–3.68) 0.129 (0.058–4.483)
0+
86.908877 87.905612 88.907451 89.907738 90.910203
50.6 d 28.9 a 9.5 h
β-/1.497 β-/0.546 β-/2.70
92
Sr
91.911038
2.64 h
β-/1.91
93
Sr
92.91403
7.4 m
β-/4.08
K21599_S11.indb 36
Spin (h/2π)
0.144/
p//5.
0.144/4.5 0+
5.6 //0.08 4.1
0+ 3/2-
–0.348
+1.4
–0.474
+0.71
0+
2.43/ 2.68/
0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/
83.913425
85m
85
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10
1/2-
+0.544
0+ ½7/2+
+0.582 –0.8298
0+ ½-
+0.600
9/2+ 0+ ½9/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
+0.76
(0.047–0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135–0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24–0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06–1.7) Rb x-ray 0.2591/87.5 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094–2.15) 0.2318/84. (0.15–0.24) 0.51399/99.3
–1.001
+0.28
+0.63 –1.0936
+0.305
–1.148
–0.3
0.9092
–0.885
+0.05
–0.793
+0.26
0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12–2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24–1.1) 0.5903/
0.3884(IT)
0+ 5/2+
0.147
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
94
Sr
93.91536
1.25 m
β-/3.511
95
Sr
94.91936
25.1 s
β-/6.08
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.6/25 3.2/65
2.1/ 3.3/
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
½+
–0.537
6.1/50
96
Sr
95.92170
1.06 s
β-/5.37
4.2/
0+
97
Sr
96.92615
0.42 s
β-/7.47
5.3
(1/2+)
98
Sr
97.92845
0.65 s
β-/5.83
5.1
0+
Sr Sr 101 Sr 102 Sr 103 Sr 104 Sr 105 Sr 106 Sr 107 Sr Y 39 76 Y 77 Y 78m Y 78 Y
98.9332 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952 104.959
0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
β-/8.0 β-/7.1 β-/9.5 β-/8.8
99
100
88.90585(2) 75.9585 76.9497 77.9436
Y Y 80 Y
78.9374
81
82
> 0.2 μs ~ 57. ms 5.8 s 53 ms
–0.26
0+ 0+
(5+) β+/10.5
β+/7.1
79.9343
β+/7.0
5.5 5.0/
Y
80.9291
1.21 m
β+/5.5
3.7/ 4.2/
Y
81.9268
9.5 s
β+/7.8
6.3/
80m
K21599_S11.indb 37
0.8
0+
15. s 4.8 s 30. s
79
–0.498
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17–3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-37
(4-)
1+
0.279/100 0.504/90 0.713/40 (0.152–1.106) 0.2285 ann.rad./ 0.3858/100 0.5951/42 0.756–1.396 ann.rad./ 0.428 0.469 ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-38 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Y
83m
Nuclear
83
Y
82.92235
Y
84m
84
Y
83.9204
Y
85m
85
Y
84.91643
Y
86m
86
Y
85.91489
Y
87m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /
2.9
1/2-
7.1 m
β+/4.47 EC/
3.3
9/2+
4.6 s
β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/
40. m
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
1+ 1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7
5-
β+/70/ EC/30/
2.6 h
β+/55/3.26 EC/45/
48. m
I.T./99/ β+/ EC/
8+
4.8
14.74 h
β+/5.24 EC/
4-
0.2 μs 0.06 s ~ 4.5 s
Zr Zr 83m Zr 83 Zr
80.9372 81.9311 82.9287
5.3 s 32. s 7. s 44. s
β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC
Zr
83.9233
26. m
β+ /2.7 EC/
0+
10.9 s
I.T./0.2922 β+, EC/
½-
100
Nuclear
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Y Y 101 Y 102 Y 103 Y 104 Y 105 Y 106 Y 107 Y 108 Y 109 Y 100m
78 79
81 82
84
Zr
85m
0.94 s 0.73 s 0.43 s 0.36 s 0.23 s 0.18 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
3+ 1+ (5/2+)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
+3.22
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
–1.5
0+ β+ /8.0
0+ 6.1 3. 4.8
(3/2-) 0+ (7/2+) (1/2-)
Zr
84.9215
7.9 m
β+ /4.7 EC/
86
Zr
85.91647
16.5 h
EC/1.47
0+
14.0 s
I.T./0.3362
½-
+0.64
β+ /3.67 EC/
9/2+
–0.895
+0.42
(8+) 0+ ½-
–1.81
+0.51
Zr
Zr
86.91482
1.73 h
Zr Zr 89m Zr
87.91023
1.4 μs 83.4 d 4.18 m
87
88m 88
K21599_S11.indb 40
EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/
3.1
0.290 0.538
85
87m
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7242 1.0130
2.26
7/2+
+0.80
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.077 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 88.908889
Zr
90m
Zr Zr 92 Zr 93 Zr 94 Zr 95 Zr 90 91
96
Zr
Zr Zr 99 Zr 97 98
51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)
2.80(9)
89.904704 90.905646 91.905041 92.906476 93.906315 94.908043
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 3.27 d β+ /23/2.832 0.9/ 9/2+ EC/77/ 0.809 s I.T./ 5-
1.5 × 106 a >1017 a 64.02 d
β- /0.091 β-ββ- /1.125
96.910953 97.91274 98.91651
2.3 × 1019 a >1.7 × 1018 a 16.75 h 30.7 s 2.2 s
β-βββ- /2.658 β- /2.26 β- /4.56
95.908273
0.366/55 0.400/44
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+
1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/
½0+ ½+
Zr
99.91776
7.1 s
β- /3.34
101
Zr
100.92114
2.1 s
β- /5.49
102
Zr
101.92298
2.9 s
β- /4.61
0+
102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.9408 107.944 108.9492 109.953
1.3 s 1.2 s ~ 1. s > 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
β- /7.0 β- /5.9 β- /8.5
0+
92.90638(2) 80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336
0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
β- /4.57 β- / β- /7.21 β- /5.53 β-, n/ β-, n/8.1 β-, n/6.5 β-, n/9.3 β-, n/7.9 β, n/ β, n/ β, n/
95.96(2) 82.9487 83.9401 84.9366 85.9307 86.9273 87.92195
~ 6. ms ~ 2.2 s 3.2 s 19. s 14. s 8.0 m
100
101
102m
101.91804 102.9191
Mo
89m
89
90
½-
β+ /5.58 EC/
9/2+
89.91394
1.2 μs 5.7 h
Mo
K21599_S11.indb 43
(0.193–0.590)
I.T./0.118
Mo Mo
91m
0.2960–2.184
0.19 s 2.2 m
1.08 m
0+
+0.5
–1.39 β+ /25/2.489 EC/75 /
I.T./50/0.653
1.085/
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6451 0.7874 1.0243 0.0978/100 (0.138–3.010) 0.0977 0.1378/3.1
5/2+
0+ ½+ 0+
88.91948
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
Nb k x-ray 0.159 0.6364 1.0637 0.5354 0.6001–1.566 0.1105–0.810
β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC
Mo
90m
7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 98 Nb
11-43
0+
½-
0.58
(0.752–1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 0.063 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-44 Elem. or Isot.
Mo
92
Mo Mo
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Particle Energy/ Decay Mode/ Intensity Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) β+, EC/50 / 2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/
90.91175
15.5 m
β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/
91.906811
> 3 × 1017 a 6.9 h
β+-EC I.T./99+ /2.425
0+ 21/2+
92.906813 93.905088 94.905842 95.904680 96.906022 97.905408 98.907712
3.5 × 103 a
EC/0.405
2.7476 d
β- /1.357
5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ ½+
99.90748 100.91035
6 × 1020 a 14.8 m
β-ββ- /2.82
Atomic Mass or Weight
Nuclear
91
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
14.53(30)
93m
Mo Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 93 94
100 101
Mo Mo
9.15(9) 15.84(11) 16.67(15) 9.60(14) 24.39(37)
9.82(31)
3.44/94
0.45/14 0.84/2 1.21/84
2.23/ 0.7/
0+ 1/2+
Mo
101.91030
11.3 m
β- /1.01
103
Mo
102.9132
1.13 m
β- /3.8
3/2+
104
Mo
103.9138
1.00 m
β- /2.16
0+
105
Mo
104.9170
36. s
β- /4.95
3/2+
106
Mo
105.91814
8.4 s
β- /3.52
0+
Mo Mo 109 Mo 110 Mo
106.9217 107.9235 108.9278 109.9297
3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.27 s
β- /6.2 β- /5.1 β- /7.2 β- /5.7
Mo Mo 113 Mo 114 Mo 115 Mo 116 Mo
110.9344 111.937 112.942 113.945 114.950
> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
108
111 112
K21599_S11.indb 44
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
9/2-
102
107
1.2/
Spin (h/2π)
0+
+9.9
0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304
–0.9142
–0.02
–0.9335
+0.26
0.375
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1–4.2)
0.144048 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809–2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12.
0+
(0.028–0.636)
0+
Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039–0.599)
0+ 0+ 0+
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
90
Tc
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
84.9488 85.9429 86.9365 87.9327 88.9272
89.9236
Tc
91m
91 92
Tc Tc
90.9184 91.91526
Tc
93m
93
Tc
92.910249
Tc
94m
94
Tc
93.909657
Tc
95m
95
Tc
94.90766
Tc
96m
96
Tc
K21599_S11.indb 45
95.90787
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) > 0.15 μs
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
< 0.1 ms 0.05 s 2.4 s 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s
β+ /7.5 β+
8.3 s
β+ /8.9
3.3 m
β+ EC
3.14 m 4.4 m
β+ /6.2 β+ /7.87 EC
43. m
I.T./13 EC/20
2.73 h
β+ /13/3.201 EC/87/
52. m
β+ /72/4.33 EC/28/
2+
4.88 h
β+ /11/4.256 EC/89/
7+
62.0 d
I.T./4/ β+ /0.3 EC/96
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
β+ /11.9 β+ /8.6 β+ /10.1
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 117 Mo Tc 43 85 Tc 86 Tc 87 Tc 88 Tc 89m Tc 89 Tc 90m Tc
11-45
5.3/
6+
7.0/15 7.9/95.
1+ ½+
5.2 4.1
9/2+ 8+
½-
0.81
9/2+
6.3
5.12
1/20.5/ 0.7/
20.0 h
EC/100/1.691
9/2+
52. m
I.T./90/ β+, EC/2/
4+
4.3 d
EC/2.973
7+
5.9
+5.1
ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1–3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-46 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Tc
91. d
97m
Nuclear
97 98
Tc Tc
96.906365 97.907216
Tc
4.2 × 106 a ~ 6.6 × 106 a 6.01 h
99m
99
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β- /1.80 EC I.T./100/0.142
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
1/2-
0.40/100 // 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
β-, n
/1.3
101.07(2) 86.949 87.9403 88.9361 89.9299
> 1.5 μs 1.2 s 1.4 s 12. s
β+ .p/8. β+ /5.9
0+
109 110
112 113
Tc Tc 116 Tc 117 Tc 118 Tc 119 Tc 120 Tc Ru 44 87 Ru 88 Ru 89 Ru 90 Ru 114 115
(3)
0+
90.9263
7.9 s
β+, EC/7.4
9/2+
92
Ru
91.9201
3.7 m
β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/
0+
10.8 s
I.T./21/ β+, EC/79/
1/25.3/
93
Ru
92.9171
1.0 m
β+ /6.3 EC/
9/2+
94
Ru
93.91136
52. m
EC/100/1.59
0+
95
Ru
94.91041
1.64 h
EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/
96
Ru
95.90760
>3.1 × 1016 a
β+β+
K21599_S11.indb 47
5.54(14)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835
0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520
Ru
Ru
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435
91
93m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-47
1.20/ 0.91/
5/2+
0.86
ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 ann.rad./ (0.205-1.998) ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593 ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5–4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.3364/71 1.097/16.4 0.6268/15.9 0.036–2.424
0+
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-48 Elem. or Isot. 97 Ru
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Ru Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 103 Ru
1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14)
Ru Ru
18.62(27)
Atomic Mass or Weight 96.90756
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.84 d EC/1.12 5/2+
97.90529 98.905939 99.904220 100.905582 101.904349 102.906324
39.26 d
β- /0.763
0.223
103.905433 104.907753
4.44 h
β- /1.917
1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49
Ru Ru
105.90733 106.9099
1.020 a 3.8 m
β- /0.0394 β- /2.9
0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/
0+
Ru
107.9102
4.5 m
β- /1.4
1.2/
0+
Ru
108.9132
34.5 s
β- /4.2
110
Ru
109.9141
15. s
β- /2.81
0+
Ru Ru 113m Ru 113 Ru
110.9177 111.9190
β- /5.5 β- /4.5
0+
112.9225
1.5 s 4.5 s 0.6 s 0.80 s
Ru
113.9243
0.57 s
β- /6.1
Ru Ru 116 Ru 117 Ru 118 Ru 119 Ru
114.9287 115.931 116.936 117.938 118.943
0.08 s 0.32 s 0.20 s 0.14 s 0.12 s > 0.15 μs
98 99
Nuclear
104 105
106 107
108
109
111 112
114
115m 115
K21599_S11.indb 48
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+
0+ 3/2+
β- /7. 0+
β- /8.
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) –0.79
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
–0.64
+0.079
–0.72
+0.46
0.206
+0.62
–0.3
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606
0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04–1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1–1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967
0.2632 0.048–2.418 0.127/24 (0.053–0.180) 0.0617 0.292
0+ 0+
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
94
Rh
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 119.945
102.90550(2) 88.9488 89.9429 90.9366 91.9320 92.9257
93.9217
Rh
95m
95
Rh
94.9159
Rh
96m
96
Rh
95.91446
Rh
97m
97
Rh
K21599_S11.indb 49
96.91134
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) > 0.15 μs
> 0.15 μs ~ 12. ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 1.5 s 0.5 s 4.7 s 12. s 25.8 s
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π) 0+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 120 Ru 121 Ru 122 Ru 123 Ru 124 Ru Rh 45 89 Rh 90m Rh 90 Rh 91m Rh 91 Rh 92m Rh 92 Rh 93 Rh 94m Rh
11-49
IT
β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1 β+ /
8+
1.18 m
β+ /9.6
6.4/
1.96 m
I.T./88/ β+, EC/12/
5.0 m
β+ /5.1
3.2
1.51 m
I.T./60/0.052 β+, EC/40/
4.70/
4+
½+
9/2+
2+
9.6 m
β+/6.45 EC/
3.3/
5+
46. m
I.T./5 / β+, EC/95/
2.6/
1/2-
31.0 m
β+ /3.52
2.1/
9/2+
0.387 (0.438-0.973) 0.866 (0.163-0.991) (0.138–1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2–3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452 ann.rad./ 0.1886
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-50 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Rh
98m
Nuclear 98
Rh
97.91071
Rh
99m
99
Rh
98.90813
Rh
100m
100
Rh
99.90812
Rh
101m
101
Rh
100.90616
Rh
102m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
3.5 m
β+ /
8.7 m
β+ /90/5.06
3.4/
2+
4.7 h
β+ /8/ EC/92/
.74/
9/2+
16. d
β+/4/2.10 EC/97/
0.54/ 0.68/
1/2-
4.7 m
I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/
20.8 h
β+ /3.63 EC/
4.35 d
EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573
9/2+
3.3 a
EC/0.54
1/2-
3.74 a
EC/2.323 IT/0.0419 β+
6+
> 1.2 × 106 a
102
Rh
Rh Rh
101.906843
103m 103
K21599_S11.indb 50
100.
102.905504
207. d
EC/62 β- /19/ β+ /14/
56.12 m
IT
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
5+
5.67
5+
2.62/ 2.07/
1-
+5.47
4.04
/ 1.5 μs 1.0 s 1.2 s
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0.3489 0.1285 (0.103-1.923) (0.276-0.783)
1+
106.42(1) 90.949 91.9404 92.9359
94
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
–0.66
0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2–2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Pd Pd
1.02(1)
Pd Pd 106 Pd 107m Pd
11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)
102 103
104 105
Pd Pd 109m Pd 107 108
109
Pd
110
Pd Pd
26.46(9)
Atomic Mass or Weight
101.905609 102.906087
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
16.99 d
EC/0.543
0+ 5/2+
20.9 s
I.T./0.2149
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-
6.5 × 106 a
β- /0.033
4.75 m
I.T./0.1889
13.5 h
β- /1.116
5.5 h
I.T./73/0.172 β- /27/
103.904036 104.905085 105.903486
106.905133 107.903893
108.905950 11.72(9)
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
0.03/
1.028
109.905153
111m
Spin (h/2π)
5/2+ 0+ 11/25/2+ 0+ 11/2-
0.35 0.77
Pd
110.90767
23.4 m
β- /2.19
2.2/95
5/2+
Pd Pd 113 Pd
111.90731
β- /0.29 β- / β- /3.34
0.28/
0+ 5/2+
112.91015
21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m
Pd
113.91036
2.48 m
β- /1.45
0+
Pd Pd
114.9137
50. s 25. s
β- /4.58
(9/2-) (3/2+)
Pd
115.9142
12.7 s
β- /2.61
0+
Pd Pd
116.9178
19. ms 4.4 s
β- /5.7
(9/2-) (3/2+)
118
Pd
117.9190
2.4 s
β- /4.1
0+
119
Pd
118.9231
0.9 s
β- /6.5
120
Pd
119.9247
0.49 s
β- /5.0
111
112
113m
114
115m 115
116
117m 117
K21599_S11.indb 53
0+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2963 0.5904 Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971
–0.642
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-53
+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)
Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08–1.0) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.089 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.203 0.2473 0.077–0.403 0.1254 0.028–0.596 0.2566 0.070–0.326 0.1581
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-54 Elem. or Isot. Pd Pd 123 Pd 124 Pd 125 Pd 126 Pd 127 Pd 128 Pd Ag 47 93 Ag 94m2 Ag 121 122
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 120.9289 121.9306 122.935 123.9369
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.29 s 0.18 s 0.17 s ~ 0.04 s
Nuclear
0.40 s
Ag
0.60 s
94
Ag
93.9428
0.03 s
95
Ag Ag
94.9355
2.0 s 4.4 s
Ag
95.9307
96m
7. s
β+ β+,p β+ β+,p β+ β+,p β+, p/ β+ β+, p β+ /11.6 EC/ β+, p
96.9240
19. s
β+ /7.0 EC/
98
Ag
97.9216
47.6 s
β+ /8.4 EC/ β+, p
Ag
99m
98.9176
Ag
100m
100
Ag
Ag
101m
K21599_S11.indb 54
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.053–0.595
0+
Ag
Ag
Spin (h/2π)
0+
97
99
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
107.8682(2) 92.950
94m1
96
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
99.9161
p/1.01/2.2 p/0.79/1.9
21+
(0.153-1.132)
7+
(0.659-0.905)
p//20. 0+ (0.089–2.940) 8+ /8. 2+ /18.
5+ /36. /0.11
11. s
I.T./100/
½-
2.07 m
β+ /87 5.4 EC/13/
9/2+
2.3 m
β+ / EC/
2+
2.0 m
β+/7.1 EC/
3.1 s
I.T./0.23
4.7/
5+
½-
ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352–3.294) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153–1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT)
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 100.9128
Ag
102m
102
Ag
101.91169
Ag
103m
103
Ag
102.90897
Ag
104m
104
Ag
103.90863
Ag
105m
105
Ag
104.90653
Ag
106m
106
Ag
105.90667
Ag
Ag Ag
108m
K21599_S11.indb 55
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 5.7
7.8 m
β+ /38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/
3.4
2+
+4.1
13.0 m
β+ /78/5.92 EC/22/
2.26/
5+
~ 4.6
5.7 s
I.T./0.134
1.10 h
β+ /28/2.69 EC/72/
1.7 1.3
7/2+
+4.47
33. m
β+ /64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/
2.71/
2+
+3.69
69. m
β+ /16/4.28 EC/84/
0.99/
5+
3.92
7.2 m
I.T./98/0.0255 EC/2 /
7/2+
+4.41
41.3 d
EC/1.35
1/2-
0.101
8.4 d
EC/
6+
3.71
24.0 m
β+ /59/2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093
1+
+2.9
7/2+
+4.40
1.0
1/26+
–0.113680 3.58
+1.3
44.2 s
107m
107
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 11.1 m β+ /69/4.2 2.7/ 9/2+ EC/31/ 2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/
51.839(8)
106.905097 418. a
EC/92/ I.T./8 /0.079
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
1/2-
/1.96
+1.1
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2–3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5564 0.7193 0.163–2.242 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18–2.27) Ag x-ray 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1–1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 101 Ag
11-55
Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-56 Elem. or Isot.
108
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Ag
Atomic Mass or Weight
107.905956
Nuclear
Ag
109m
109
Ag Ag
48.161(8)
Ag
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
2.39 m
β- /97/1.65 EC/2/ β- /1/1.92
1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3
39.8 s
I.T./0.088
249.8 d
β- /99/ I.T./1 /0.1164
0.087 0.530
24.6 s
β- /2.892
2.22/5 2.89/95
1.08 m
IT/99/0.0598 β- /1/
108.904752
110m
110
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
109.906107
Ag
111m
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
1+
+2.6884
7/2+
+4.40
+1.0
1/26+
–0.13069 +3.61
+1.4
1+
+2.727
0.2
7/2+
111
Ag
110.905294
7.47 d
β- /1.037
1.035/
1/2-
–0.146
112
Ag
111.90701
3.13 h
β- /3.96
3.94/ 3.4
2-
0.0547
1.14 m
I.T./80 /0.043 β- /20 /
1.5
Ag
113m
7/2+
113
Ag
112.90657
5.3 h
β- /2.02
2.01/
1/2-
114
Ag
113.90880
4.6 s
β- /5.08
4.9/
1+
18.7 s
β- /
7/2+
20. m
β- /3.10
1/2-
20. s 9.8 s
β-,IT/7 β-/92 /
2.68 m
I.T./8 β- /6.16
IT/0.0479 3.2/ 2.9 IT/.0809 5.3
5.3 s
β- /
3.2/
Ag
115m
115
Ag
114.90876
Ag Ag
116m2 116m
116
Ag
Ag
117m
K21599_S11.indb 56
115.91136
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5+
2-
7/2+
0.159
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447–1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4–2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887 0.1316 0.2128 0.2291 0.4727 (0.13–2.49) 0.5134 0.7055 (0.255–2.838) 0.5134 0.6993 2.4779 0.1354 0.2981
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
117
Ag
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
116.91168
Ag
118m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
1.22 m
β- /4.18
2.3
2.8 s
β- /59/ I.T./41 /0.1277
118
Ag
117.9146
4.0 s
β- /7.1
119
Ag
118.9157
2.1 s
β- /5.35
0.40 s
β- /63. I.T./37.
1.23 s
β- /8.2 β-,n
Ag
120m
120
Ag
119.9188
Ag
120.9199
0.78 s
β- /6.4
Ag Ag
121.9235
1. s 0.44 s
β- / β- /9.2
Ag Ag 125 Ag
122.9249 123.9286 124.9304
0.28 s 0.17 s 0.17 s
β- /7.4 β- /10.1 β-
Ag Ag 128 Ag 129m Ag 129 Ag 130 Ag Cd 48 95 Cd 96 Cd 97 Cd 98 Cd
125.9345 126.9368 127.9412
0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.16 s ~ 46. ms ~ 35 ms
βββ-
121
122m 122
123 124
126 127
99
Cd Cd
100
K21599_S11.indb 57
128.9437 129.9505 112.411(8) 94.950 95.9398 96.9349 97.9274 98.9250 99.9203
1.0 s 3. s 9.2 s 16. s 1.1 m
Spin (h/2π)
1/2-
7/2+
n//1.9 × 1019 a 6.52 h
Cd Cd
0.89(3)
107.90418 108.904982
Cd Cd
12.49(18)
Cd Cd 113m Cd 113 Cd
12.80(12) 24.13(21)
110.904178 111.902758
12.22(12)
112.904402
Cd
28.73(42)
113.903359
Nuclear
102
107
108 109
110
112
114
5/2+
–0.7393
+0.43
EC, EC EC/99+/1.417 β+ /
0+ 5/2+
–0.615055
~ +0.68
Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289
>4.1 × 1017 a 462.0 d
EC EC EC/0.214
0+ 5/2+
–0.827846
~ +0.69
Ag k x-ray 0.08804/.0366
48.5 m
I.T./
0+ 11/2-
–1.105
~ –0.85
Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454
14.1 y 8.04 × 1015 a
β- /99.9/0.59 β-
1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+
–1.087784 –0.622301
~ –0.71
0.2637
>1.3 × 1018 a
β-β-
44.6 d
β- /1.629
0.68/1.6 1.62/97
11/2-
–1.041034
~ –0.54
114.905431
2.228 d
β- /1.446
0.593/42 1.11/58
1/2+
–0.648426
0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780
116
Cd Cd
117m
K21599_S11.indb 58
7.49(18)
115.904756
3.8 × 1019 a 3.4 h
β-ββ- /2.66
1.69/
109.903002
Cd
Cd
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31–2.84 ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1–2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25–2.4)
~ –0.8
115m
115
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
–0.81
111m
111
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0.59/99.9
–0.594886
0+
0.72/
0+ 11/2-
0.1586 0.5529 0.37–2.42
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 116.907219
Cd Cd
117.90692
119
Cd
120
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.49 h β- /2.52 0.67/51 1/2+ 2.2/10
50.3 m 2.20 m
β- /0.52 β- /
118.9099
2.69 m
β- /3.8
~ 3.5/
1/2+
Cd Cd
119.90985
50.8 s 8. s
β- /1.76 β- /
1.5/
0+ 11/2-
Cd
120.9130
13.5 s
β- /4.9
(3/2+)
Cd Cd 123 Cd 124 Cd
121.91333
5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s
β- /3.0 β- / β- /6.12 β- /4.17
0+
0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.0175 ms 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.24 s 0.162 s
β- / β- /7.16 β- /5.49
118
119m
121m
121
122
123m
Cd Cd 126 Cd 127m Cd 127 Cd 128 Cd 129 Cd 130 Cd
122.91700 123.9177
125m 125
Cd Cd 133 Cd In 49 97 In 98m In 98 In 99 In 100 In 101 In 102 In 131 132
In In
124.9213 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9322 129.9339 130.9407 131.9456 114.818(3) 96.950 97.9421 98.9342 99.9311 100.9263 101.9241
0.7 s 0.5 s ~ 3.8 s 5.9 s 15. s 23. s
102.91991
34. s 1.1 m
103m 103
K21599_S11.indb 59
68 ms 0.10 s 0.06 s
0+ 11/2-
3+ 0+
3/2+ 0+
β- /8.5 β- /7.1 β- /5.9 β- / β-, n
3/2+ 0+
/~ 3.5
β-, n/
/60
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 117 Cd
11-59
0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403
0.0365 0.0628 0.1799
0.2601 (0.110-0.849) 0.247 0.281
0+ (0.844-6.039)
β+ /8.9 β+, (p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9
β+, EC/6.05 EC
0+
(0.297-1.365)
4.2 /45
(5)
0.1566 0.7767 (0.397–0.923)
9/2+
ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157–3.98)
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-60 Elem. or Isot. 104m In 104 In
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 103.9183
In
105m
Nuclear
105
In
104.91467
In
106m
106
In
105.91347
In
107m
107
In
106.91030
In
108m
108
In
107.90970
In
109m
109
In
108.90715
In
110m
110
In
In
111m
K21599_S11.indb 60
109.90717
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 16. s IT/0.0935 1.84 m β+, EC/7.9 4.8 5+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
+4.44
+0.7
+5.675
+0.83
+4.92
~ +0.97
43. s
I.T.
½-
5.1 m
β+, EC/4.85
3.7
9/2+
5.3 m
β+ /85/ EC/15/
4.90
3+
6.2 m
β+ /65/6.52 EC/35/
2.6
7+
51. s
I.T./0.6786
32.4 m
β+ /35/3.43 E.C/65/
2.20/
9/2+
+5.59
+0.81
57. m
β+ /53/ EC/47/
1.3
6+
+4.94
+0.47
40. m
β+ /33/5.15 EC/67/
3.49/
3+
+4.561
+1.01
1.3 m
I.T./0.650
4.17 h
β+ /8/2.02 EC/92/
9/2+
+5.54
+0.84
4.9 h
EC/
7+
+4.71
+1.00
1.15 h
β+ /62/3.88 EC/38/
2+
+4.37
+0.35
7.7 m
I.T./0.537
½-
+5.53
½-
½0.79/
2.22/
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781 In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2–2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1–1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6–3.6) In k x-ray
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
111
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
In
Atomic Mass or Weight 110.905103
In
112m
112
In
111.90553
In
In In
4.29(5)
113.904914
In
20.8 m
I.T./0.155
4+
+5.227
+0.71
14.4 m
β+ /22/2.586 EC/34/ β- /0.663 I.T./0.3917
1+
+2.82
~ +0.087
½-
–0.21074
9/2+ 5+
+5.5289 +4.65
1+
+2.82
1.984/
+0.80 +0.74
4.4 × 1014 a 2.16 s
9/2+ 8-
+5.5408 +3.22
+0.81 +0.31
54.1 m
β- /0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β- /
/0.023 1.0
5+
+4.44
+0.80
14.1 s
β- /3.274
3.3/99
1+
2.788
0.11
1.94 h
β- /53/1.769 I.T./47 /
1.77/
½-
–0.25174
44. m
β- /1.455
0.74/
9/2+
+5.519
+0.83
In
8.5 s
(8-)
+3.32
+0.44
In
4.40 m
I.T./98/ β- /2/ β- /
1.3 2.0
5+
+4.23
+0.80
5.0 s
β- /4.42
4.2/
1+
17.9 m
2.7/
½-
–0.32
2.3 m
β- /97/ I.T./3/0.311 β- /2.36
1.6/
9/2+
+5.52
+0.85
47 s
β- /6.1
8-
+3.692
+0.53
In In
95.71(5)
114.903878
In
115.905260
In
117m
In
116.90451
118m2
118m1
In
117.90635
In
119m
119
+0.80
–0.2440
In
118
+5.50
1.198 m
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
½-
116m1
117
9/2+
I.T./97/0.190 EC/3 / β- /97/1.989 EC/3/1.453
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
I.T./95/0.336 β- /5 /0.83
116m2
116
EC/0.866
Spin (h/2π)
4.486 h
115m
115
2.8049 d
49.51 d
In
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
112.904058
114m
114
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
1.658 h
113m
113
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
In
In
120m2
K21599_S11.indb 61
118.90585
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-61
In k x-ray 0.19027 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 In k x-ray 0.1624 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531 0.55294 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 In k x-ray 0.1382 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 0.3114 0.7631 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 1.171
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-62 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
In
120m1
120
In
119.90796
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
46. s
β- /5.8
2.2/
5+
3.1 s
β- /5.37
5.6/ 3.1/
(1+)
3.8 m
β- /99/ I.T./1/0.313
3.7/
1/2-
–0.355
23. s
β- /3.36
2.5
9/2+
+5.50
+0.81
10. s
β- /
4.4/
8-
+3.78
+0.59
1.5 s
β- /6.37
5.3/
(1+)
47. s
β- /
4.6/
(1/2-)
–0.400
6.0 s
β- /4.39
3.3/
(9/2+)
+5.49
+0.76
3.4 s
β-
8-
+3.89
+0.66
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +4.30
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) +0.81
Nuclear In
121m
121
In
120.90785
In
122m
122
In
121.91028
In
123m
123
In
122.91044
In
124m
124
In
123.91318
3.18 s
β- /7.36
5/
3+
+4.04
+0.61
In In
124.91360
12.2 s 2.33 s
β- / β- /5.42
5.5/ 4.1/
1/29/2+
–0.433 +5.50
+0.71
4.9/
3+
+4.03
+0.49
+4.061
125m 125
In
1.53 s
126m
126
In
125.91646
In
127m
127
In
K21599_S11.indb 62
126.91735
1.63 s
β- /8.21
4.2/
8-
3.73 s
β- /
6.4/
(1/2-)
1.14 s
β- /6.51
4.9/
(9/2+)
+5.52
+0.59
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.023 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4–2.7) 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 0.2620 0.6573 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.7 s
β- /
5.4/
(8-)
0.80 s
β- /8.98
5.0/
3+
1.23 s
β- /98/ n/2/
~ 7.5/
1/2-
0.63 s
β- /7.66
5.5/
9/2+
In
0.53 s
β- /
8.8/
5+
In
0.51 s
β- /
6.1/
10-
β- /10.25 β- / β- / β- /9.18
10.0/
1(21/2+) (1/2-) (9/2+)
6.0/ 8.8/
Atomic Mass or Weight
In
128m
128
In
127.92017
In
129m
129
In
128.9217
130m2
130m1
In In 131m1 In 131 In
129.92497
130.92685
0.29 s 0.3 s 0.35 s 0.28 s
In
131.9330
~ 0.206 s
β- /13.6
132.9378 133.9442 134.9493 118.710(7) 98.949 99.939 100.9361
0.165 s 0.14 s 0.09 s
β-, (n)
1.0 s 1.9 s
β+ /7.3 β+ /9.
101.9303 102.9281
3.8 s 7. s
β+ /5.8 β+ /7.7 β+,p EC β+, EC/4.5 β+ /6.3 β+, p β+ /20/3.18 EC/80/
130
131m2
132
In In 135 In Sn 50 99 Sn 100 Sn 101 Sn 133 134
102 103
Sn Sn
Sn Sn
103.9231 104.9214
21. s 32.7 s
106
Sn
105.91688
2.0 m
107
Sn
106.9156
2.92 m
104 105
K21599_S11.indb 63
6.4/
Spin (h/2π)
(7-)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205–2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212 1.9052
Nuclear
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
11-63
0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406 (0.354–2.005)
EC/5.0 β+ /
3.4/
0+
0+ p//1.2 / 20. 0+ EC//42. p//0.11 0+
1.2/
0.352 1.065 (0.069-1.425) 1.3558 (0.351-2.813) (0.913-1.846) In-x-ray (0.288–3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772 0.4218 0.6105
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-64 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Sn
107.91193
10.3 m
β+ /1/2.09 EC/99/
0.36/
0+
109
Sn
108.91128
18.0 m
β+ /9/3.85 EC/91/
1.52/
7/2+
110
Sn
109.90784
4.17 h
EC/0.64
111
Sn
110.90773
35. m
β+ /31/2.45 EC/69/
112
Sn Sn
111.904818
> 1.8 × 1019 a 21.4 m
Ec/ec I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/
0+ 7/2+
115.1 d
EC/1.036
½+
I.T./0.3146
0+ ½+ 0+ 11/2-
I.T./0.0896
½+ 0+ 11/2-
Nuclear
108
0.97(1)
113m
113
Sn
112.905171
Sn Sn 116 Sn 117m Sn
0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)
Sn Sn 119m Sn
7.68(7) 24.22(9)
Sn Sn 121m Sn
8.59(4) 32.58(9)
114 115
117 118
119 120
Sn Sn 123m Sn 122
123
Sn
124
Sn Sn
118.903308 119.902195 44. a
121
4.63(3)
5.79(5)
1.5/
116.902952 117.901603 293. d
–1.08
+0.3
7/2+
+0.61
+0.2
½+ 0+ 11/2-
–0.879
–0.9188 –1.396
–0.4
Sn k x-ray 0.15856
0.21
Sn k x-ray 0.02387
–1.388
–0.14
Sn k x-ray 0.03715
0.698
~ –0.02
–1.0010 –1.4 –1.0473
1.128 d
0.354/ 0.383/100
40.1 m
β- /1.428
1.26/99
3/2+ 0+ 3/2+
122.905721
129.2 d
β- /1.404
1.42/99.4
11/2-
–1.370
~ +0.03
123.905274
>2.2 × 1018 a 9.51 m
β-ββ- /2.387
2.03/98
0+ 3/2+
+0.764
+0.8
–1.348
~ +0.1
120.904236 121.903439
125
Sn
124.907784
9.63 d
β- /2.364
2.35/82
11/2-
126
Sn
125.90765
2.0 × 105 a
β- /0.38
0.25/100
0+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105–1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169
I.T./78/0.006 β- /22/ β- /0.388
125m
K21599_S11.indb 64
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
113.902779 114.903342 115.901741 14.0 d
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2–2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Sn
127m
127
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
4.15 m
β- /3.21
2.72/
3/2+
+0.757
+0.60
2.42/ 3.2/
11/2-
–1.33
+0.3
Sn
126.91036
2.12 h
β- /3.20
Sn Sn
127.91054
6.5 s 59.1 m
IT/0.091 β- /1.27
128m 128
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
0.48/ 0.63/
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
(7-) 0+
Sn Sn 130m Sn
128.91348
6.9 m 2.4 m 1.7 m
β- / β- /4.0 β- /
Sn
129.91397
3.7 m
β- /2.15
1.10/
0+
1.02 m
β- /
3.4/
11/2-
–1.28
+0.747
129m 129
130
Sn
131m
11/23/2+ (7-)
Sn Sn
130.91700 131.91782
39. s 40. s
β- /4.69 β- /3.12
3.8/ 1.8/
3/2+ 0+
Sn Sn 135 Sn
132.92383 133.9283 134.9347
1.44 s 1.04 s 0.53 s
7.5/
7/20+
Sn 137 Sn 138 Sn Sb 51 103 Sb 104 Sb 105 Sb 106 Sb 107 Sb
135.9393 136.946
0.25 s 0.19 s 0.15 s
β- /7.8 β- /6.8 ββ-,n β-, n β-, n
131 132
133 134
136
121.760(1) 102.9397 103.9365 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242
> 1.5 μs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s 4.0 s
β+,p β+ /10.5 β+ /7.9
107.9222 108.91813
7.0 s 17.3 s
β+ /9.5 β+ /6.38 EC/
110
Sb
109.9168
24. s
β+ /9.0 EC/
111
Sb
110.91316
1.25 m
β+ /87/4.47
109
K21599_S11.indb 65
–1.30 +0.754 –0.381
~ –0.2 ~ +0.05 –0.4
~ –0.04
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08–3.21) see 131mSn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985 (0.053-2.417) (0.053-0.830) 0.733–1.855
0+ 0+
Sb Sb
108
/21. /30. /~ 58
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-65
p// 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
β- /9.3
127.60(3) 104.9436 105.9375 106.9350
~ 0.63 μs 0.07 ms 3.1 ms
α α/4.3 α/ 70/ β+, EC/10.1 α /68 / β+, EC/32 /6.8 β+ EC/96 /8.7 α/4 / β+, EC/4.5
134m 134
135
136 137
108
Te
107.9294
2.1 s
109
Te
108.9274
4.6 s
110
Te
K21599_S11.indb 68
109.9224
19. s
8-
7/2+
Α/4.70 /100 3.86(1)/
0+
3.314(4)/
0+
3.00
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279
(0.090-0.721)
3.107(4)/ 0+
0.7523 0.287–2.045 ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
111
Te
110.9211
19.3 s
β+, EC/8.0
(7/2+)
112
Te
111.9170
2.0 m
β+, EC/4.3
0+
113
Te
112.9159
1.7 s
β+ /85/5.7 EC/15/
114
Te
113.91209
15. m
β+ /40/3.2 EC/60/
0+
6.7 m
β+ /45/ EC/55/
(1/2+)
Te
115m
115
Te
114.91190
5.8 m
β+ /45/4.6 EC/55/
116
Te
115.90846
2.49 h
EC/1.5
117
Te
116.90865
1.03 h
EC/75/3.54 β+ /25/
118
Te Te
117.90583
6.00 d 4.69 d
EC/0.28 EC/
119
Te
118.90640
16.0 h
β+ /2/2.293 EC/98/
120
Te Te
119.90402
1.9×1017 a ~ 154. d 16.8 d
β+ EC I.T. (89%) EC (11%) EC/1.04
119.7 d
I.T./0.247
119m
0.09(1)
121m
121
Te
122
Te Te
123m
K21599_S11.indb 69
120.90494
2.55(12)
121.903044
4.5/
2.7/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
(7/2+)
7/2+
0+ 1.78/
0.627/
½+
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22–2.7) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998
0+ 11/2-
0.89
½+
0.25
0+ 11/2-
0.90
Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731
–0.93
Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1
½+
0+ 11/2-
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-69
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-70 Natural Elem. Abundance or Isot. (Atom %) 123 Te 0.89(3) 124 Te 4.74(14) 125m Te Te Te 127m Te 125 126
Nuclear
Te Te 129m Te
7.07(15) 18.84(25)
129
Te
130
Te Te
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) >9.2 × 1016 a EC/0.051 ½+ 0+ 58. d I.T./0.145 11/2-
124.904431 125.903312 109. d
127 128
Atomic Mass or Weight 122.904270 123.902818
31.74(8)
34.08(62)
126.905226 127.904463
9.30 h 2.2 × 1024 a 33.6 d
I.T./98/0.088 β- /2/0.77 β- /0.698 β-βI.T./63/0.105 β- /37/
128.906598
1.16 h
β- /1.498
129.906224
8 × 1020 a 1.35 d
β-ββ- /78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18
131m
½+ 0+ 11/20.696/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) –0.736948
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
–0.99
–0.06
Te k x-ray 0.0355
~ 0.2
Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603 Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728
–0.8885 –1.04
3/2+ 0+ 11/2-
0.635 –1.09
0.40
3/2+
0.702
0.06
0+ 11/2-
–1.04
~ 0.25
1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215
3/2+
0.70
1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89
0.42/
131
Te
130.908524
25.0 m
β- /2.233
132
Te
131.90855
3.26 d
β- /0.51
55.4 m
β- /82/ I.T./18/0.334
2.4/30
11/2-
–1.13
0.3
0.85
0.2
0.7
0.3
Te
133m
0+
133
Te
132.91096
12.4 m
β- /2.94
2.25/25 2.65
3/2+
134
Te
133.91137
42. m
β- /1.51
0+
135
Te
134.9165
19.0 s
β- /6.0
0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0
136
Te
135.92010
17.5 s
β- /5.1
2.5/
0+
137
Te
136.9253
2.5 s
6.8
7/2-
Te Te 140 Te 141 Te 142 Te 143 Te I 53 108 I
137.9292 138.9347 139.9389 140.9447 141.949
1.4 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
β- /98 /6.9 n/2 / β- /6.4
126.90447(3) 107.9435
0.04 s
138 139
K21599_S11.indb 70
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.0811 0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121 0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 (0.079–0.926) 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 (0.087–3.235) 0.2436
0+ 0+ 0+
α/91/4.
3.95
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 108.9382
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) 93.5 μs p α α//0.014
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
110
I
109.9352
0.65 s
111
I
110.9303
2.5 s
β+, EC/83/11.4 α/17/~ 3.6 3.457(10)/ p/11/ β+, E.C./8.5
112
I
111.9280
3.4 s
β+, EC/10.2
113
I
112.9236
5.9 s
β+, EC/7.6
114
I
113.9219
2.1 s
β+, EC/8.7
115
I
114.9181
1.3 m
β+, EC/6.7
116
I
115.9168
2.9 s
β+ /97/7.8 EC/3/
6.7/
1+
117
I
116.91365
2.22 m
β+, EC/4.7
3.2/
(5/2+)
3.1
8.5 m
β+, EC/ I.T.
4.9/
7-
4.2
2-
2.0
(5/2+)
+2.9
I
118m
5/2+
118
I
117.91307
14. m
β+, EC/7.0
119
I
118.91007
19. m
β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/
2.4/
53. m
β+ /80/ EC/20/
3.8
1.36 h
β+ /56/5.62 EC/
4.03 4.60
I
120m
120
I
K21599_S11.indb 71
119.91005
4.2
2-
1.23
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.593/100 0.717/63 (0.496–1.057) ann.rad./
ann.rad./ 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550–1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052 1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 109 I
11-71
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-72 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
I
120.90737
2.12 h
β+ /13/2.27 EC/87/
1.2/
5/2+
2.3
122
I
121.90759
3.6 m
β+ /4.234 EC/
3.1/
1+
+0.94
123
I
122.905589
13.2 h
EC/1.242
5/2+
2.82
124
I
123.906210
4.18 d
β+ /23/3.160 EC/77/
2-
1.446
125
I
124.904630
59.4 d
EC/0.1861
5/2+
2.82
126
I
125.905624
13.0 d
EC/ β+ /2.155 β- /1.258/47
2-
1.438
Nuclear
121
127 128
129
I I
100.
I
β- /2.118 EC/1.251
2.13/
5/2+ 1+
+2.8133
25.00 m
128.904988
1.7 × 107 a
β- /0.194
0.15/
7/2+
+2.6210
9.0 m
I
130
I
129.906674
12.36 h
I.T./83/0.048 β- /17/ β- /2.949
131
I
130.906125
8.021 d
β- /0.971
131.90800
1.39 h 2.283 h
IT β- /14/3.58 I.T./86/
9. s
I.T./1.63
20.8 h
β- /1.77
I
132m
I
I
133m
133
I
K21599_S11.indb 72
132.907797
–0.78
1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/
126.904473 127.905809
130m
132
1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
–0.71
–0.50
2+ 1.04/ 0.62
5+
3.35
0.606/
7/2+
+2.742
–0.35
84+
3.09
0.08
+2.86
–0.24
0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/
19/2-
1.24/85
7/2+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.111–3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14–1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31–1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622 Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
I
134m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
3.7 m
I.T./98/0.316 β- /2/
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π) 8-
134
I
133.90974
52.6 m
β- /4.05
1.2/
4+
135
I
134.91005
6.57 h
β- /2.63
0.9/ 1.3/
7/2+
47. s
β- /
4.7/ 5.2/
6-
I
136m
136
I
135.91465
1.39 m
β- /6.93
4.3/ 5.6/
2-
137
I
136.91787
24.5 s
β- /5.88
5.0/
(7/2+)
138
I
137.9224
6.5 s
β- /7.8
6.9/ 7.4/
2-
139
I
138.92610
2.30 s
β- /6.81 n/
140
I
139.9310
0.86 s
β- /8.8 n/
I I 143 I 144 I 145 I Xe 54 109 Xe
140.9350 141.9402 142.9446 143.9500
0.45 s ~ 0.2 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
β- /7.8 β-
13. ms
α
0.11 s
β+ /9.2 α
141 142
110
Xe
K21599_S11.indb 73
131.293(6)
109.9443
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
(3)
2.940
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16–2.36) 0.3447 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3–6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25–4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4–5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-73
α/3.92 α/4.06 0+ /~ 64
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-74
Xe Xe 114 Xe
111.9356 112.9333 113.92798
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 0.9 s EC, β+ 0.7 s EC, β+ /10.6 α/ 3.58(1)/ 3. s EC, β+ /7.2 α/0.8/ 0+ 2.8 s EC, β+ /9.1 10.0 s β+, EC/5.9 0+
Xe Xe
114.92629 115.92158
18. s 56. s
β+, EC/7.6 β+, EC/4.3
117
Xe
116.92036
1.02 m
β+, EC/6.5
118
Xe
117.91618
~ 4. m
β+, EC/3.
2.7/
0+
119
Xe
118.91541
5.8 m
β+, EC/5.0
3.5/
7/2+
120
Xe
119.91178
46. m
β+, EC/97/1.96 β+ /3/
121
Xe
120.91146
39. m
β+ /44/3.73 EC/56/
122
Xe
121.90837
20.1 h
EC/0.9
123
Xe
122.90848
2.00 h
β+ /23/2.68 EC/77/
124
Xe Xe
123.905893
> 1017 a 57. s
β-βI.T./0.252
17.1 h
EC/1.653
Elem. or Isot. 111m Xe 111 Xe
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
110.9416
112 113
Nuclear
115 116
Atomic Mass or Weight
0.0952(3)
125m
125
Xe
K21599_S11.indb 74
124.906395
3.3/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
(5/2+) 0+
(5/2+)
–0.594
+1.16
–0.654
+1.31
–0.701
+1.33
0+
2.8/
5/2+
0+ 1.51/
0.47/
½+
–0.150
0+ (9/2-)
–0.745
½+
–0.269
+0.42
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1–1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1–3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1–2.1) ×e k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
126
Xe Xe
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
0.0890(2)
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
1.15 m
I.T./0.297
0+ (9/2-)
–0.884
36.34 d
EC/0.662
½+
–0.504
8.89 d
I.T./0.236
0+ 11/2-
–0.89122
I.T./0.164
½+ 0+ 11/2-
2.19 d
I.T./0.233
3/2+ 0+ 11/2-
132.905911
5.243 d
β- /0.427
133.905394
>1.1 × 1016 a 15.3 m
β- βI.T./
134.907227
9.10 h
β-/1.15
135.90722 136.91156
>8.5 × 1021 a 3.82 m
β-ββ- /4.17
Atomic Mass or Weight
125.90427
127m
127
Xe
128
Xe Xe
126.905184
1.9102(8)
127.903531
129m
Xe Xe 131m Xe
26.4006(82) 4.0710(13)
Xe Xe 133m Xe
21.2324(30) 26.9086(33)
129 130
131 132
133
Xe
134
Xe Xe
128.904779 129.903508 11.9 d
10.4357(21)
130.905082 131.904153
135m
135
Xe
136
Xe Xe
137
8.8573(44)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.346/99
0.91/
4.1/ 3.6/
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1884 0.2434
+0.69
×e k x-ray 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750
+0.64
×e k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966
–0.99405
+0.73
×e k x-ray 0.16398
+0.69186
–0.12
–1.082
+0.77
3/2+
+0.813
+0.14
0+ 11/2-
1.1030
+0.62
3/2+
0.903
+0.21
0+ 7/2-
–0.97
–0.48
–0.30
+0.40
+0.010
–0.58
Spin (h/2π)
138
Xe
137.91395
14.1 m
β- /2.77
0.8/ 2.4/
139
Xe
138.91879
39.7 s
β- /5.06
4.5/ 5.0/
140
Xe
139.9216
13.6 s
β- /4.1
2.6
0+
141
Xe
140.9266
1.72 s
β- /6.2
6.2/
5/2+
K21599_S11.indb 75
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-75
–0.77798
0+
×e k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 ×e k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807 0.45549 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1–3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04–2.3) 0.1187 0.9095
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-76 Elem. or Isot. 142
Xe
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
141.9297
1.22 s
β- /5.0
142.9351 143.9385 144.9441 145.9478 146.9536
0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
ββ- /7.3 β- /6.1 β-, (n)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.7/ 4.2/
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
Nuclear Xe Xe 144 Xe 145 Xe 146 Xe 147 Xe 148 Xe Cs 55 112 Cs 113 Cs 114 Cs 143m 143
115
132.9054519(2) 111.9503 0.5 ms 112.9445 17. μs 113.9414 0.58 s
116
~ 1.4 s 0.7 s
β+, EC/8.4 β, EC/
Cs
115.9334
3.8 s
β+, EC/10.8
117.92656
6.5 s ~ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s
β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.
Cs Cs
118.92238
29. s 43. s
Cs Cs
119.92068
Cs Cs 118m Cs 118 Cs 117
116.9287
119m 119
120m 120
p p β+, EC/11.8
114.9359
117m
Cs
121m
K21599_S11.indb 76
+0.93
0+ 0+
Cs Cs
116m
–0.460
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.05–2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718 0.6181 0.6448
0.81 0.96 1+
ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223 ann.rad./
2
5. +3.88
+1.4
β+, EC/6.3
3/2 9/2+
+0.84 +5.46
+0.9 +2.8
60. s 64. s
β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.92
2+
+3.87
+1.45
2.0 m
I.T./60/ β+ /40/
(9/2+)
+5.41
+2.7
4.4
ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 120.91723
Cs Cs
122m2 122m1
Cs
121.91611
122
Cs
123m
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.3 m β+, EC/5.40 4.38/ 3/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.77
4.4 m 0.36 s
β+, EC IT
8-
+4.77
21. s
β+, EC/7.1
(1+)
–0.133
1.6 s
I.T./
Cs
122.91300
5.87 m
β+ /75/4.20 EC/25/
Cs Cs
123.91226
6.3 s 30. s
IT β+ /9 /5.92 EC/8 /
Cs
124.90973
45. m
Cs
125.90945
Cs
5.8/
11/2-
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.84 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08–0.56) +3.3 ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27–2.22) –0.19 ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964
3.0/
1/2+
+1.38
~ 5.
7+ 1+
+0.673
β+ /40/3.09 EC/60/
2.06/
1/2+
+1.41
1.64 m.
β+ /81/4.83 EC/19/
3.4 3.7/
1+
+0.78
126.90742
6.2 h
β+ /96/2.08 EC/4/
0.65/ 1.06
1/2+
+1.46
Cs
127.90775
3.62 m
β+ /68/3.930 EC/32 /
2.44/ 2.88/
1+
+0.97
Cs
128.90606
1.336 d
EC/1.195
1/2+
+1.49
130
Cs Cs
129.90671
3.5 m 29.21 m
51+
+0.629 +1.46
+1.45 –0.06
Cs 132 Cs
130.90546 131.906434
9.69 d 6.48 d
IT, β+, EC β+ /55/2.98 EC/43/ β- /1.6/0.37 EC/0.352 EC/98/ β+ /0.3/2.120 β- / /1.280
5/2+ 2-
+3.543 +2.22
–0.58 +0.51
7/2+ 8-
+2.58291 +1.0978
–0.00355 +1.0
123
124m 124
125
126
127
128
129
130m
131
Cs Cs
133
134m
K21599_S11.indb 77
100.
132.90545193 2.91 h
I.T./0.139
1.98/
–0.74
–0.68
–0.57
0.44/1.6
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 121 Cs
11-77
ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 Xe k x-ray Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 Cs k x-ray 0.12749
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-78 Elem. or Isot. 134 Cs
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 133.90671848
Cs
135m
Nuclear
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.065 a β- /2.059 0.089/27 4+ 0.658/70 EC/1.22
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +2.994
53. m
I.T./1.627
19/2-
+2.18
β- /0.269 I.T./ β- /2.548
0.341/
7/2+ 85+
+2.7324 +1.32 +3.71
Cs Cs 136 Cs
134.905977 135.907312
2.3 × 106 a 19. s 13.16 d
Cs
136.907089
30.2 a
β- /1.176
0.514/95
7/2+
+2.851
2.9 m
I.T./75 β- /25 /
/0.080 3.3
6-
+1.71
135
136m
137
Cs
138m
0.205/100
138
Cs
137.91102
32.2 m
β- /5.37
2.9/
3-
+0.700
139
Cs
138.913364
9.3 m
β- /4.213
4.21
7/2+
+2.70
140
Cs
139.91728
1.06 m
β- /6.22
5.7/ 6.21/
1-
+0.133895
141
Cs
140.92005
24.9 s
β- /5.26
5.20/
7/2+
+2.44
142
Cs
141.92430
1.8 s
β- /7.31
6.9/ 7.28
143
Cs
142.92735
1.78 s
β- /6.24
6.1
(3/2+)
+0.87
144
Cs
143.93208
1.01 s
β- /8.47
8.46/ 7.9/
1
–0.546
145
Cs
144.93553
0.59 s
β- /7.89
7.4/ 7.9/
3/2+
+0.784
146
Cs Cs
145.9403 146.9442
0.322 s 0.227 s
β-, (n)/9.38 β-, (n)/9.3
~ 9.0
2-
–0.515
147
K21599_S11.indb 78
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.389 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 +0.9 0.7869 0.8402 +0.050 +0.7 +0.23 0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 +0.051 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 –0.40 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628 1.43579 +0.12 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 –0.07 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4–3.66) –0.11 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41–3.94) –0.4 Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05–3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 +0.47 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17–1.98) +0.30 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587 +0.6 0.1126 0.1755 0.1990 +0.22 (0.024-2.2798)
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 147.9492 148.9529 149.9582 150.9622 137.327(7) 113.9507
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) 0.15 s β-, (n)/10.5 > 50 ms > 50 ms > 50 ms
Ba Ba 117 Ba 118 Ba 119 Ba 120 Ba
114.947 115.9414 116.9385 117.9330 118.9307 119.9260
0.45 s 1.3 s 1.8 s 5.2 s 5.4 s 24. s
β+, (p) α β+, (p) β+, (p) β+, (p), EC/8.4 β+, β+, EC/8. β+, EC/5.0
Ba Ba 123 Ba
120.9241 121.91990 122.91878
30. s 2.0 m 2.7 m
β+, EC/6.8 β+, EC/3.8 β+, EC/5.5
5/2+ 0+
Ba
123.91509
12. m
β+, EC/2.65
0+
Ba Ba
124.9145
8. m 3.5 m
β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.6
Ba
125.91125
1.65 h
β+ /2/1.67 EC/98 /
0+
Ba Ba
126.91109
1.9 s 12.9 m
IT β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/
7/21/2+
Ba
127.90832
2.43 d
EC/0.52
0+
2.17 h
EC/98/ β+ /2/
2.2 h
β+ /20/2.43 EC/80/
115 116
121 122
124
125m 125
126
127m 127
128
Ba
129m
129
Ba
K21599_S11.indb 79
128.90868
0.43 s
p/20 /0.9 p/ 0.15 μs
β- /5.75 β-, n/5.11 β-, (n)/7.3
0+ 0+
EC, β+ /11.
124.92082
2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m
La La
125.9195
< 50. s 54. s
β+, EC/7.6
127
La
126.91638
3.8 m
β+, EC/4.7
3/2+
128
La
127.9156
5.0 m
β+ /80/6.7 EC/20/
(5-)
La La
128.91269
0.56 s 11.6 m
IT β+ /58/3.72 EC/42/
130
La
129.91237
8.7 m
β+ /78/5.6 EC/22/
131
La
130.91007
59. m
β+ /76/3.0 EC/24/
129m 129
K21599_S11.indb 81
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0644 0.2513 0.3270 0.3329 0.3622
0+
p
126
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5.5/
23 ms
126m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 146 Ba
11-81
0.806/
3/2+
EC, β+/~ 9.7 EC/7. EC/ ~ 8.8
(7+)
β+, EC/5.6
11/2-
2.42/
(11/2-) 3/2+
3+
1.42/ 1.94/
3/2+
ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676 ann.rad./ 0.256 0.455 0.117–3.853 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315–2.212) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1–1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965–1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-82 Elem. or Isot. 132m La
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 24. m I.T./76/ 6β+, EC/24/
Nuclear
132
La
131.91010
4.8 h
β+ /40/4.71 EC/60/
2.6/ 3.2 3.7/
2-
133
La
132.90822
3.91 h
β+ /4/2.2 EC/96/
1.2/
5/2+
134
La
133.90851
6.5 m
β+ /63/3.71 EC/37/
2.67/
1+
135
La
134.90698
19.5 h
EC/1.20
136
La
135.9076
9.87 m
β+ /36/2.9 EC/64/
137
La La
136.90649 137.907112
6 × 104 a 1.06 × 1011 a
EC/0.60
138.906353 139.909478
1.678 d
β- /3.762
La La
140.910962 141.91408
3.90 h 1.54 h
β- /2.502 β- /4.505
La La 145 La 146m La 146 La 147 La 148 La 149 La
142.91606 143.91960 144.9216 145.9258 146.9282 147.9322 148.9347
14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s 1.10 s
β- /3.43 β- /5.5 β- /4.1 β- /6.7 β- /6.6 β- /5.0 β- /7.26 β- /5.5
La
149.9388
0.51 s
150.9417 151.9462 152.950 153.955 154.958 140.116(1) 118.953 119.947 120.943 121.9379 122.9354 123.9304
> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
138
139 140
141 142
La La
143 144
150
La La 153 La 154 La 155 La Ce 58 119 Ce 120 Ce 121 Ce 122 Ce 123 Ce 124 Ce 151 152
K21599_S11.indb 82
0.08881(71) 99.91119(71)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5/2+ 1.8/
1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/
1+
+3.7
~ –0.4
7/2+ 5+
+2.70 +3.71365
+0.21 +0.44
7/2+ 3-
+2.783046 +0.73
+0.20 +0.09
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5–1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35
7/2+ 2-
7/23/2+ (6) (2-) 20.1335 0.009–1.709 x-ray (0.097–0.209)
0+ 1.1 s
β+, p
3.8 s 6. s
β+, EC/~ 8.6 EC/~ 5.6
0+ ann.rad./ 0+
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
Ce Ce
125.92397 126.9227
50. s 29. s
EC/4. β+, EC/6.1
0+
128
Ce
127.91891
4.1 m
β+, EC/3.2
0+
129
Ce
128.91810
3.5 m
β+, EC/5.6
130
Ce
129.91474
26. m
β+, EC/2.2
5. m
β+ EC
10. m
β+, EC/4.0
9.4 ms
IT/2.340
3.5 h
EC/1.3
0+
1.6 h
β+, EC/
½+
126 127
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ce
131m
131
Ce
130.91442
Ce
132m
132
Ce
131.91146
Ce
133m
132.91152
5.4 h
β+/8/2.9 EC/92/
134
Ce
133.90892
3.16 d
EC/0.5
0+
20. s
I.T./0.446
11/2-
134.90915
17.7 h
β+/1 /2.026 EC/99 /
135.90717
>0.7 × 1014 a > 4.2 × 1015 a 1.43 d
EC EC β- βI.T./99 /0.254 EC/0.8 /
Ce
135
Ce
136
Ce Ce
137m
K21599_S11.indb 83
0.185(2)
1.3/
0.8/
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ (0.058–1.961) ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray 0.047–1.431 ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad. 0.119 0.169 0.414 0.3255 0.10–0.955 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad. 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad. 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001 0.6068
2.8/
Ce
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.1666 0.056–1.329
0+
133
135m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
9/2-
1/2+
Nuclear
124.9284
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2. m 9.6 s β+, EC/7. 7/2-
Elem. or Isot. 125m Ce 125 Ce
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
11-83
0+ 11/2-
1.0
Ce k x-ray 0.1693
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-84 Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
136.90781
9.0 h
β+/1.222
3/2+
137.90599
>3.7 × 1014 a 56.4 s
EC EC I.T./0.7542
0+ 11/2-
138.90665
137.6 d
EC/0.28
3/2+
1.06
139.905439 140.908276
32.50 d
β-/0.581
0+ 7/2-
1.1
Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0
141.909244 142.912386
>1.6 × 1017 a 1.38 d
β- ββ-/1.462
0+ 3/2-
0.43
Ce
143.913647
284.6 d
β-/0.319
0.185/20 0.318/
0+
Ce
144.91723
3.00 m
β-/2.54
1.7/24 1.3
3/2-
Ce
145.9188
13.5 m
β-/1.04
0.7/90
0+
Ce Ce
146.92267 147.92443
56. s 56. s
β-/3.29 β-/2.1
3.3/ 1.66/
0+
Ce
148.9284
5.2 s
β-/4.2
Ce Ce
149.93041 150.9340
4.4 s 1.8 s
β-/3.0 β-/5.3
0+
152
Ce
151.9365
1.4 s
β-/4.4
0+
Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray (0.035-0.637) 0.098 0.115
Ce Ce 155 Ce 156 Ce 157 Ce Pr 59 121 Pr 122 Pr 123 Pr 124 Pr 125 Pr
152.9406 153.9434 154.948 155.951 156.956 140.90765(2) 120.955 121.9518 122.946 123.943 124.9378
> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs
Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Ce
137
Ce Ce
138
0.251(2)
Atomic Mass or Weight
139m
Nuclear
Ce
139
Ce Ce
88.450(51)
Ce Ce
11.114(51)
140 141
142 143
144
145
146
147 148
149
150 151
153 154
K21599_S11.indb 84
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.436/69 0.581/31 1.404/ 1.110/47
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 0.96
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472 Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 1.320/72.1 0.255/59.6 0.825/45.8 (0.231-2.364)
0+ 0+
0.01 s
p
1.2 s ~ 3.3 s
β+, EC/12. β+
p/0.882
ann.rad./ ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
126
Pr
125.9353
3.1 s
β+, EC/~ 10.4
127
Pr
126.9308
4.2 s
β+ /~ 7.5
128
Pr
127.92879
3.0 s
β+, EC/~ 9.3
129
Pr
128.92510
32 s
β+, EC/5.8
Pr Pr 131 Pr
129.9236
β+, EC/8.1
130.9203
40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m
Pr
131.9193
1.6 m
β+, EC/7.1
1.1 s
IT/0.192
6.5 m
β+, EC/4.3
~ 11. m
β+, EC/
130
131m
132
Pr
133m
133
Pr
132.91633
Pr
134m
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
β+, EC/5.3
5/2+
Pr
133.91571
17. m
β+, EC/6.2
135
Pr
134.91311
24. m
β+, EC/3.7
2.5/
3/2+
136
Pr
135.91269
13.1 m
β+ /57 /5.13 EC/43
2.98/
2+
137
Pr
136.91071
1.28 h
β+ /26 /2.70 EC/74 /
1.68/
5/2+
2.1 h
β+ /24 / EC/76 /
1.65/
7-
Pr
K21599_S11.indb 85
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
~ 5.5
134
138m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
2+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400–1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395–1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 0.1305 0.0617 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16–1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-85
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-86 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Pr
137.91075
1.45 m
β+ /75 /4.44 EC/25 /
3.42/
1+
139
Pr
138.90894
4.41 h
β+ /8 /2.129 EC/92 /
1.09/
5/2+
140
Pr
139.90908
3.39 m
β+ /51 /3.39 EC/49 /
2.37/
1+
14.6 m 19.12 h
I.T./0.004 β- /2.162 EC/0.744 β- /0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β- /
c.e. 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/
0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97
0-
2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/
2-
4.0/ 3.8/ 0.77/36 4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0
(4)
Nuclear
138
Pr Pr 142 Pr 141
100.
140.907653
142m
141.910045
Pr Pr
142.910817
13.57 d 7.2 m
144
Pr
143.913305
17.28 m
β- /2.998
145
Pr
144.91451
5.98 h
β- /1.81
146
Pr
145.9176
24.2 m
β- /4.2
147
Pr
146.91900
13.4 m
β- /2.69
2.0 m
β- /
143
144m
Pr
148m
148
Pr
147.92213
2.27 m
IT β- /4.9
149
Pr
148.9237
2.3 m
β- /3.40
150
Pr
149.92667
6.2 s
β- /5.7
152
Pr Pr
Pr Pr 155 Pr 156 Pr 153 154
K21599_S11.indb 86
150.92832 151.9315
22.4 s 3.2 s
β- /4.2 β- /6.7
152.9338 153.9375 154.9401 155.9443
4.3 s 2.3 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
β- /5.5 β- /7.9
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5/2+ 52-
+4.275 2.2 +0.234
–0.08
7/2+ 3-
+2.70
+0.8
7/2+
3/2+
1– (5/2+)
1– ~ 5.5
151
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
4+
+0.03
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0378 (0.07–2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3069 1.5965
0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247 0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 0.3016 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017 0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527 0.0726 0.164 0.285
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
0.6 s
β+, p β+, EC/9. β+, EC/6.
128.9332
1.8 s 4. s 2.6 s 4.9 s
β+, EC/8.
5/2(-)
Nd Nd
129.92851 130.92725
28. s 0.5 m
β+, EC/5. β+, EC/6.6
0+
132
Nd
131.92332
1.5 m
β+, EC/3.7
0+
133
Nd
132.92235
1.2 m
β+, EC/5.6
134
Nd
133.91879
~ 8.5 m
β+ /17 /2.8 EC/83 /
Nd Nd
134.91818
5.5 m 12. m
β+ / β+ /65 /4.8 EC/35 /
Nd
135.91498
50.6 m
EC/94 /2.21 β+ /6 /
1.6 s
I.T./0.5196
130 131
Atomic Mass or Weight 156.9474 157.952 158.956 144.242(3) 123.952 124.9489 125.9432 126.9405 127.9354
135m 135
136
Nd
137m
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
0+ (5/2)
9/2-
1.04/
β+ /40 /3.69 EC/60 /
138
Nd
137.91195
5.1 h
EC/1.1
5.5 h
I.T./12 /0.231 β+ /88 /
1.17/
11/2-
1.77/
3/2+
Nd
138.91198
30. m
β+ /25 /2.79 EC/75 /
140
Nd Nd
139.90955
3.37 d 1.04 m
EC /0.22 IT/99+/0.756
K21599_S11.indb 87
+1.9
11/2-
38. m
139
–0.78
0+
136.91457
141m
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.134,0.399 ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09–1.00)
0+
Nd
Nd
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
137
139m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
1.7/20 2.40/20
1/2+
–0.63
0+
0+ 11/2-
+0.91
+0.3
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 157 Pr 158 Pr 159 Pr Nd 60 124 Nd 125 Nd 126 Nd 127 Nd 128 Nd 129m Nd 129 Nd
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
11-87
ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11–1.8) Pr k x-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10–0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806 Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-88 Elem. or Isot. 141 Nd Nd Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 147 Nd 142 143
Nuclear
148 149
150 151
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
27.152(40) 12.174(26) 23.798(19) 8.293(12) 17.189(32)
Nd Nd
5.756(21)
Nd Nd
5.638(28)
141.907723 142.909814 143.910087 144.912574 145.913117 146.916100
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.49 h EC/98 /1.823 0.802/ 3/2+ β+ /2 / 0+ 7/22.1 × 1015 a α 1.83 0+ 7/20+ 10.98 d β- /0.896 0.805/ 5/2-
147.916893 148.920149
1020 a 1.73 h
β- ββ- /1.691
149.920891 150.923829
1.33 × 1020 a 12.4 m
β-ββ- /2.442
Atomic Mass or Weight 140.909610
1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/
1.2/
0+ 5/2-
0+ (3/2+)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +1.01
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.3 Pr k x-ray (0.15–1.7)
–1.07
–0.60
–0.66
–0.31
0.58
0.9
Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111–0.686
0.35
1.3
Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.026–1.6) Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806 (0.10–1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016–0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848
152
Nd
151.92468
11.4 m
β- /1.1
0+
153
Nd Nd
152.92770 153.9295
28.9 s 25.9 s
β- /3.6 β- /2.8
0+
Nd Nd 157 Nd 158 Nd 159 Nd 160 Nd 161 Nd Pm 61 128 Pm 129 Pm 130 Pm
154.9329 155.9350 156.9390 157.9416 158.946 159.949 160.954
8.9 s 5.5 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
β- /5.0 β- /4.1
0+
127.9484 128.9432 129.9405
1.0 s ~ 2.4 s 2.5 s
β+, p
ann.rad.
β+, EC/11.
Pm
130.9359
~ 6.3 s
β+
131.9338 132.92978 133.9284
6. s 12. s 24. s
β+, EC/10. β+, EC/~ 7.0 β+, EC/~ 8.9
Pm Pm
134.9249 135.9236
0.8 m 1.8 m
β+, EC/6.0 β+ /89 /7.9 EC/11 /
11/2(3+)
Pm
136.92048
2.4 m
β+, EC/5.6
(11/2-)
0.1589 0.326–1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 (0.13–0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086
154
155 156
131
Pm Pm 134 Pm 132 133
135 136
137
K21599_S11.indb 88
0+ 0+
(5+)
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Pm
138m
Pm Pm 139 Pm 138
137.91955
139m
138.91680
Pm
140m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
3.2 m
β+ /50 /~ 7.0 EC/50 /
3.9/
3+
10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m
β+ /6.9 IT/ β+ /68 /4.52 EC/32 /
6.1/ 3.52/
1+ (11/2-) (5/2+)
5.87 m
β+ /70 / EC/30 /
3.2
7/2-
140
Pm
139.91604
9.2 s
β+ /89 /6.09 EC/11 /
5.07/74
1+
141
Pm
140.91356
20.9 m
β+ /52 /3.72 EC/48 /
2.71
5/2+
Pm Pm
141.91287
67 μs 40.5 s
β+ /86 /4.87 EC/20 /
3.8/
1+
143
Pm
142.910933
265. d
144
Pm
143.912591
360. d
145
Pm
144.912749
146
Pm
145.914696
142m 142
147
Pm
146.915139
Pm
148m
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
3.
EC/1.041 β+ /< 6 × 10–6/ EC/2.332 β+ /7 × 10–6/
5/2+
3.8
5-
1.7
17.7 a
EC/0.163
5/2+
+3.8
+0.2
5.53 a
EC/63 /1.472 β- /37 /1.542
0.795/
2.623 a
β- /0.224
0.224/
7/2+
+2.6
+0.6
41.3 d
β- /95 /2.6 I.T./5 /0.137
0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/
6-
1.8
1-
+2.0
3.3
3-
148
Pm
147.91748
5.37 d
β- /2.47
149
Pm
148.918334
2.212 d
β- /1.071
0.78/9 1.072/90
7/2+
150
Pm
149.92098
2.68 h
β- /3.45
1.6/ 2.3/ 1.8/
(1-)
K21599_S11.indb 89
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
~ +0.2
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 (0.208-0.882) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17.
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-89
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-90 Elem. or Isot. 151
Pm
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 150.92121
Pm Pm
152m2 152m1
Nuclear
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
1.183 d
β- /1.187
0.84/
15. m 7.5 m
β-, I.T./ β- /
Pm
151.92350
4.1 m
β- /3.5
153
Pm
152.92412
5.4 m
β- /1.90
3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/
2.7 m
β- /
2.0/
1.9/
Pm
Pm
153.92646
1.7 m
β- /4.1
Pm Pm 157 Pm 158 Pm 159 Pm 160 Pm 161 Pm 162 Pm 163 Pm Sm 62 129 Sm 130 Sm 131 Sm 132 Sm 133 Sm
154.92810 155.93106 156.9330 157.9366 158.9390 159.9430 160.9459 161.950 162.954 150.36(2) 128.954 129.9489 130.9461 131.9407 132.9387
48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 1.5 s
β- /3.2 β- /5.16 β- /4.6 β- /6.3
~ 0.55 s
β+, p
1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s
β+, EC/ β+ β+, EC/~ 8.4
Sm Sm 136 Sm 137 Sm 138 Sm
133.9340 134.9325 135.92828 136.92697 137.92324
11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m
β+, EC/5. β+, EC/7. β+, EC/4.5 β+, EC/6.1 β+, EC/3.9
10. s
I.T./94 /0.457 β+ /6 /
154
155 156
134 135
Sm
139m
139
Sm
K21599_S11.indb 90
138.92230
5/2+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +1.8
(>6) (4-)
152
154m
Spin (h/2π)
1+ (5/2-)
(5/2-)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) 1.9
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.25–2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14–1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12–2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08–2.8) (0.05–0.78)
(0.072-0.261)
0+
2.6 m
β+ /75 /5.5 EC/25 /
ann.rad./ 0+ 5/2+
0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+
(11/2-)
1.1
½+
–0.53
4.7
4.1/
ann.rad./ 0.3696 0.0845 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
140
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Sm
Atomic Mass or Weight
139.91900
Sm
141m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
14.8 m
β+, EC/3.4
1.9/
0+
22.6 m
β+ /32 / EC/68 / I.T./0.3 /0.1758
1.6/ 2.19/
11/2-
–0.84
–0.74
Spin (h/2π)
141
Sm
140.91848
10.2 m
β+ /52 /4.54 EC/48 /
3.2/
½+
142
Sm
141.91520
1.208 h
β+ /6 /2.10 EC/94 / IT/99/0.7540
1.0/
0+
2.47/
Sm
1.10 m
143m
143
Sm
144
Sm Sm
145
Sm Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 153 Sm
3.07(7)
146 147
154 155
Sm Sm
14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16)
22.75(29)
8.83 m
β+ /46 /3.443 EC/54 /
143.911999 144.913410
340. d
EC/0.617
1.03 × 108 a 1.06 × 1011 a 7 × 1015 a 1016 a
α/ α/ α/ α/
2.50/ 2.23/ 1.96/
96. a
β- /0.0768
0.076/
1.930 d
β- /0.808
0.64/ 0.69/
153.922209 154.924640
22.2 m
β- /1.627
1.52
+1.01
+0.4
0+ 7/2-
–1.12
–0.6
–0.815
–0.26
–0.672
+0.075
–0.363
+0.7
0.02154
–0.0216
+1.3
Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/28 0.075–0.714
1.1
Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264 (0.036-0.741)
0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/20+ 3/2+
0+ 3/2-
Sm
155.92553
9.4 h
β- /0.72
0.43/ 0.71/
0+
157
Sm
156.92836
8.0 m
β- /2.7
2.4/
3/2-
158
Sm
157.9300
5.5 m
β- /2.0
0+
Sm Sm 161 Sm 162 Sm 163 Sm
158.9332 159.9351 160.9388 161.941 162.945
11.3 s 9.6 s ~ 4.8 s 2.4 s
β- /3.8 β- /3.6
0+
160
K21599_S11.indb 91
+1.6
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07–1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565
3/2+
156
159
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
11/2-
142.914628
145.913041 146.914898 147.914823 148.917185 149.917276 150.919932 151.919732 152.922097
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0+
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-91
Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-92
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 164 Sm 165 Sm Eu 63 130 Eu 131 Eu 132 Eu 133 Eu 134 Eu 135 Eu 136m Eu 136 Eu 137 Eu 138 Eu 139 Eu 140m Eu 140 Eu 141m Eu
141
Eu
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 163.948 164.953 151.964(1) 129.964 130.9578 131.9544 132.9492 133.9465 134.9418 135.9396 136.9356 137.93371 138.92979 139.9281
140.92493
Eu
142m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.9 ms ~ 26. ms
p β+, p
1.027/ p/0.95
0.5 s 1.5 s ~ 3.2 s ~ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s
EC, β+ EC, β+ /~ 8.7
40. s
7+ 1+ 11/27+
EC, β+ /10. EC/~ 7.5 EC, β+ /~ 9.2 EC, β+ /6.7 EC, β+ EC, β+ /8.4 β+ /58 / EC/9 / I.T./33 /0.0964 β+ /81 /5.6 EC/15 /
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Spin (h/2π) 0+
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5 6
111/2-
+1.37
+0.31
5/2+
+3.49
+0.85
1.22 m
β+ /83 / EC/17 /
4.8/
8-
+2.98
+1.4
β- /94/7.4 EC/6 / β+ /72/5.17 EC/28/
7.0/
1+
+1.54
+0.12
4.1/ 5.1/
5/2+
+3.67
+0.51
142
Eu
141.92343
2.4 s
143
Eu
142.92030
2.62 m
144
Eu
143.91882
10.2 s
β+ /86 /6.33 EC/13 /
5.31/
1+
+1.89
+0.10
145
Eu
144.916265
5.93 d
β+ /2 /2.660 EC/98 /1.71
0.79/
5/2+
+4.00
+0.29
146
Eu
145.91721
4.57 d
β+ /5 /3.88 EC/95 /
1.47/
4-
+1.42
–0.18
147
Eu
146.916746
24.4 d
EC/99. /1.722 β+ /0.4 /
5/2+
+3.73
+0.53
148
Eu
147.91809
54.5 d
EC/3.11
5-
+2.34
+0.35
K21599_S11.indb 92
0.92
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09–1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27–2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113/20.6 0.19725/24.0 (0.601-1.077) Sm k x-ray
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
149
Eu
148.917931
93.1 d
EC/0.692
5/2+
+3.57
+0.75
150
Eu
149.91970
36. a
EC/2.26
5-
+2.71
+1.13
12.8 h
β- /92 / β+ /0.4 / EC/8 /
+3.472
+0.90
Eu
150m
151
Eu Eu
47.81(6)
150.919850
152m2
Eu
152m1
152
Eu
153
Eu Eu
151.921745
52.19(6)
>1.7x1018 a 1.60 h
1.013/ 1.24/
5/2+ 8-
I.T./0.1478
9.30 h
β- /72 / EC/28 /
1.85/ 0.89/
0-
13.5 a
EC/72 /1.874 β- /28 /1.818
0.69/ 1.47/
3-
–1.941
+2.71
+2.41
I.T./~ 0.16
5/2+ 8-
+1.533
46.1 m
0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/
3-
–2.01
+2.8
5/2+
+1.520
+2.50
0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41
1+
≈1.1
(5/2+)
+1.50
+2.6
152.921230
154m
0-
154
Eu
153.922979
8.59 a
β- /99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717
155
Eu
154.922893
4.76 a
β- /0.252
156
Eu
155.92475
15.2 d
β- /2.451
157
Eu
156.92542
15.13 h
β- /1.36
158
Eu
157.9279
45.9 m
β- /3.5
2.5/
(1-)
+1.44
+0.7
159
Eu
158.92909
18.1 m
β- /2.51
2.4/ 2.57/
(5/2+)
+1.38
+2.7
K21599_S11.indb 93
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067–2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770/4.1 0.3275/4.8 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25–1.8) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-93
Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252–1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76. 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-94 Elem. or Isot. 160 Eu
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 159.9320
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 38. s β- /4.1 2.7/ (0-) 4.1/
Nuclear
Eu Eu 163 Eu 164 Eu 165 Eu 166 Eu 167 Eu Gd 64 135 Gd 136 Gd 137 Gd 138 Gd 139m Gd 139 Gd 140 Gd 141m Gd 141 Gd 142 Gd 143m Gd
160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953 157.25(3) 134.953 135.9473 136.9450 137.9401
143
Gd
142.9268
39. s
β+ /82 /6.0 EC/18 /
144
Gd
143.92296
4.5 m
β+ /45 /4.3 EC/55 /
1.44 m
I.T./95 /0.749 β+ /4 /5.7
161 162
138.9382 139.93367 140.93213 141.92812
Gd
145m
27. s 11. s
β- /3.7 β- /5.6
1.1 s
β+
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719
(0.163–0.360) 0+
7. s ~ 4.7 s ~ 4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m
EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+
0+
EC, β+ /~ 7.7 EC/4.8 EC, β+ / β+ /7.3 EC, β+ /4.2 β+ /67 / EC/33 / I.T./
0+ 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-
1/2+
3.3/
0+
11/2-
–1.0
–0.74
145
Gd
144.92171
23.4 m
β+ /33 /5.05 EC/67 /
2.5/
1/2+
146
Gd
145.918311
48.3 d
EC/99.9 /1.03 β+ /0.2
0.35/
0+
147
Gd
146.919094
1.588 d
EC/99.8 /2.188 EC/0.2 /
0.93/
7/2-
K21599_S11.indb 94
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
1.0
ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104–0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32–3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546 Eu k x-ray 0.2293
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
148 149
150 151
152 153
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
71. a 9.3 d
α/3.27 EC/1.32
3.1828/
Gd Gd
149.91866 150.920348
1.8 × 106 a 124. d
α/2.80 EC/0.464
2.73/
151.919791 152.921750
240. d
Gd Gd
0.20(1)
Gd Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 158 Gd 159 Gd
2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7)
Gd Gd
21.86(19)
0.8
Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432
EC/0.485
0+ 3/2-
0.4
Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318
0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-
153.920867 154.922622 155.922123 156.923960 157.924104 158.926389
18.6 h
β- 0.971
159.927054 160.929669
>1.9 × 1019 a 3.66 m
β- ββ- /1.956
1.56/85
0+ 5/2-
1.0/
0+
β- /1.39
163
Gd
162.9340
1.13 m
β- /3.1
163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953 158.92535(2)
45. s 10 s ~ 4.8 s
β- /2.3 β-
0.9 ms
p
Tb
139.946
2.4 s
β+, EC/11
Tb Tb 142m Tb 142 Tb 143 Tb 144m Tb
140.9415
3.5 s 25 μs 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s
β+, EC/~ 8.3
K21599_S11.indb 95
141.9387 142.9351
–0.258
+1.30
–0.340
+1.36
–0.44
Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685
0+ (0.040-1.015)
0+
1.6 s
142m2
0.971/58 0.913/29 0.607/12
0+
137.9532 138.9483
141
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1–1.8)
0+ 7/2-
8.4 m
Gd Gd 166 Gd 167 Gd 168 Gd 169 Gd Tb 65 135 Tb 138 Tb 139 Tb
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465
161.930985
165
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0.9
Gd
164
Spin (h/2π)
0+ 7/2-
162
140
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
147.918115 148.919341
155
161
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Gd Gd
154
160
Atomic Mass or Weight
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-95
β+, EC/ β+, EC/10. β+, EC/7.4 IT
p/1.179 0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355–0.740
40+ 11/25-
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-96 Elem. or Isot. 144 Tb 145m Tb
145
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 143.93305
Nuclear
Tb Tb
144.9293
Tb Tb
145.92725
Tb
146.92405
147m
147
Tb
148m
148
Tb
147.92427
Tb
149m
149
Tb
148.923246
Tb
150m
150
Tb
Tb
151m
K21599_S11.indb 96
β+, EC/6.5 β+ /76 / EC/24 /
½+ (5-)
~ 8. s 1.8 m
β+ /8.1 β+ /35 / EC/65 /
1+ 11/2-
1.6 h
β+ /42 /4.61 EC/58 /
5/2+
2.3 m
β+ /25 / EC/75 /
9+
1.00 h
β+, EC/5.69
2-
4.16 m
EC/88 / β+ /12 /
11/2-
4.13 h
β+ /4 /3.636 α/16/
6.0 m
β+ /17 / EC/83 /
3.3 h
25. s
23. s
146m
146
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) < 1.5 s β+, EC/8.4 1+ 30. s β+, EC/~ 6.6 11/2-
149.92366
1.8/ 3.97/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795
+1.70
–1.75
½+
+1.35
β+, EC/4.66
2-
–0.90
I.T./95 / β+, EC/7 /
11/2-
–0.3
ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120–3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14–3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1–3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3–4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 150.923103
Tb
152m
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 17.61 h β+/1 /2.565 0.70/ 1/2+ EC/99 /
4.3 m
I.T./79 /0.5018 EC/21 /4.35
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.92
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
2-
–0.58
+0.3
+1.1
(8+)
152
Tb
151.92407
17.5 h
β+ /20 /3.99 EC/80 /
153
Tb
152.923435
2.34 d
EC/1.570
5/2+
+3.44
Tb
23.1 h
EC/98 / I.T./2 /
(7-)
0.9
Tb
10.0 h
β+ /78 / I.T./22 /
(3-)
+1.7
+3.
+2.01
+1.41
154m2
154m1
2.5/ 2.8/
154
Tb
153.92468
21.5 h
EC/99 /3.56 β+ /1 /
155
Tb
154.92351
5.3 d
EC/0.82
3/2+
Tb
1.02 d
I.T./
(7-)
Tb
5.3 h
I.T./0.0884
(0+)
156m2
156m1
1.86/ 2.45
0-
156
Tb
155.924747
5.3 d
EC/2.444
3-
~ 1.7
+2.
157
Tb
156.924025
1.1 × 102 a
EC/0.0601
3/2+
+2.01
+1.4
10.5 s
I.T./0.11
0-
157.925413
1.8 × 102 a
EC/80 /1.220 β- /20 /0.937
3-
+1.76
+2.7
158.925347 159.927168
72.3 d
β- /1.835
3/2+ 3-
+2.014 +1.79
+1.43 3.8
Tb
158m
158
Tb
159
Tb Tb
160
K21599_S11.indb 97
100.
0.57/47
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1–1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2–2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05–1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12–2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872 (0.12–3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 151 Tb
11-97
Dy k x-ray
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-98 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.86/27
Spin (h/2π)
Tb
160.927570
6.91 d
β- /0.593
0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10
3/2+
162
Tb
161.92949
7.6 m
β- /2.51
1.4
(1/2-)
163
Tb
162.930648
19.5 m
β- /1.785
0.80/
3/2+
164
Tb
163.9334
3.0 m
β- /3.9
1.7/
(5+)
165
Tb
164.9349
2.1 m
β- /3.0
166
Tb Tb
165.9380 166.9401
26 s 19 s
β-/
Tb Tb 170 Tb 171 Tb Dy 66 139 Dy 140 Dy 141 Dy 142 Dy 143 Dy 144 Dy 145m Dy 146m Dy 146 Dy 147m Dy
167.944 168.946 169.950 170.953 162.500(1) 138.960 139.954 140.9514 141.9464 142.9438 143.93925 144.9365
8s
147
Dy
148
149
Nuclear
161
167
168 169
β+, p
0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s
EC, β+ /9. EC, β+ /7.1 EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+ /~ 6.2 EC, β+ I.T. EC, β+ /5.2 I.T./40 / β+, EC/60 /
146.93109
75. s
EC, β+ /6.37
Dy
147.92715
3.1 m
β+ /4 /2.68 EC/96 /
Dy
148.92731
4.2 m
β+, EC/3.81
K21599_S11.indb 98
2.2
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
+1.2
3/2+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648 0.057 0.070 (0.075–0.227)
0.6 s
145.93285
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0+ 0+
1.2/
0+ 11/210+ 0+ (11/2-)
–0.66
½+
–0.92
+0.7
0+
(7/2-)
–0.12
–0.62
Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
150
Dy
149.925585
7.18 m
151
Dy
150.926185
17. m
152
153
154 155
156 157
158 159
Dy
151.92472
Dy
152.925765
Dy Dy
Dy Dy
0.056(3)
Dy Dy
0.095(3)
Dy Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165m Dy 160 161
2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54)
2.37 h 6.3 h
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
β+, EC/67 /1.79 α/33 / β+ /5 /2.871 EC/89 / α /6 /
EC/0.60 α/ β+ /1 /2.171 EC/99 / α /0.01 /
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+ 4.233/ 7/2-
(7/2-)
–0.78
~–0.15
0+ 3/2-
–0.385
+1.04
Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269
0+
3.46/
2.87/ 0.845/
0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16–2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997 0.2137 (0.08–1.66)
–0.30
4.067/
3.63/ 0.89/
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray
–0.95
153.92442 154.92575
3. × 106 a 9.9 h
α/2.95 β+ /2 /2.095 EC/98 /
155.92428 156.92547
8.1 h
EC/1.34
0+ 3/2-
–0.301
+1.30
Tb k x-ray (0.061–1.319)
157.924409 158.925739
144. d
EC/0.366
0+ 3/2-
–0.354
+1.37
Tb k x-ray 0.3262
–0.480
+2.51
+0.673
+2.65
159.925198 160.926933 161.926798 162.928731 163.929175 1.26 m
I.T./98 /0.108 β- /2 /
0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/20+ 1/2-
165
Dy
164.931703
2.33 h
β- /1.286
1.29/
7/2+
166
Dy
165.932807
3.400 d
β- /0.486
0.40/
0+
167
Dy
166.9357
6.2 m
β- /~ 2.35
1.78
(1/2-)
168
Dy
167.9371
8.5 m
β- /1.6
K21599_S11.indb 99
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
0+
–0.52
–3.5
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-99
Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray 0.09468/3.8 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06–1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-100
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 169 Dy 170 Dy 171 Dy 172 Dy 173 Dy Ho 67 140 Ho 141m Ho 141 Ho Ho Ho 144 Ho 145 Ho 146 Ho 147 Ho 148m Ho 148 Ho 142 143
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 168.9403 169.9424 170.9462 171.9488 172.953 164.93032(2) 139.969 140.963 141.960 142.9546 143.9515 144.9472 145.9446 146.94006 147.9377
Ho
149m
149
Ho Ho
148.93378
Ho
149.93350
150m
150
Ho
151m
151
Ho
150.93169
Ho
152m
152
Ho
Ho
153m
K21599_S11.indb 100
151.93171
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) ~ 39. s β- /3.2
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ 0+
6 ms 8 μs 4.1 ms
p/ p/ β+, p
p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.17/99.3 p/0.97/0.7
0.4 s > 0.2 μs 0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9.6 s 2. s
EC/β+, p β+, EC/12 β+ β+, EC/10.7 β+, EC/8.2 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.4
(10+) 11/241+
21. s
β+, EC/
11/2-
> 30. s 25. s
β+, EC/6.01 β+, EC/
1/2+ (9+)
1.3 m
β+, EC/6.6
47. s
β+, EC/87 / α/13
0.307
ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911
4.605/
35.2 s
β+, EC/80/5.13 α/20 / 4.519/
50. s
β+, EC/90/ α/10/
(9+)
+5.9
–1.3
~ +0.1
4.453/
2.4 m
β+, EC/88/6.47 α/12/ 4.387/
(3+)
–1.02
9.3 m
β+, EC/99+/4.12 α/
5/2
+1.19
4.01/
ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
153
Ho
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
152.93020
Ho
154m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
2.0 m
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
β+, EC/99+/4.13 α/
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
11/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
+6.8
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
–1.1
3.91/
3.3 m
β+, EC/
(8+)
5.7
–1.0
154
Ho
153.93060
12. m
β+, EC/5.75
1-
–0.64
+0.2
155
Ho
154.92910
48. m
β+/6/3.10 EC/94 /
(5/2+)
+3.51
+1.5
5.8 m
I.T./0.0352 β+ /25 / EC/75 /
+2.99
+2.3
7/2-
+4.35
+3.0
+2.44
+1.6
+3.77
+4.1
Ho
156m
1.8/ 2.9/
156
Ho
155.92984
56. m
β+, EC/4.4
157
Ho
156.92826
12.6 m
β+/5/2.54 EC/95/
Ho
28. m
I.T./44/ EC/56/
2-
Ho
21. m
β+, EC/
(9+)
11.3 m
β+/8/4.24 EC/92/
158m2
158m1
158
Ho
K21599_S11.indb 101
157.92894
(5+)
1.18/
1.30/
5+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06–2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28–2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-101
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-102 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ho
159m
Nuclear
159
Ho
158.927712
Ho Ho
160m
Ho
159.92873
Ho
161m
161
Ho
160.927855
Ho
162m
162
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
8.3 s
IT/0.206
1/2+
33.0 m
EC/1.838
7/2-
+4.28
+3.2
1+ 2-
+2.52
+1.8
5+
+3.71
+4.0
3. s 5.0 h
160m2
160
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Ho
161.929096
Ho
163m
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35
0.57/
Spin (h/2π)
β+, EC/3.29
6.8 s
IT/0.211
2.48 h
EC/0.859
7/2-
+4.25
+3.2
1.12 h
IT/61/ EC/39/
6-
+3.60
+4.
15. m
EC/96 /0.295 β+ /4 /
1+
1.09 s
I.T./0.298
(1/2+) +4.23
+3.6
+4.17 3.6
+3.6 ~ –3.
162.928734
4.57 × 103 a 36.4 m
EC/0.00258 I.T./0.140
7/2(6-)
164
Ho
163.930234
29. m
EC/58 /0.987 β- /42 /0.963
1+
165
Ho Ho
1.2 × 103 a
β- /
164m
166m
K21599_S11.indb 102
100.
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
25.6 m
Ho Ho
163
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
164.930322
7/27-
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0989 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06–1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.18407
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
166
Ho
165.932284
1.117 d
β- /1.855
1.776/48 1.855/51
0-
167
Ho
166.93313
3.1 h
β- /1.007
0.31/43 0.61/21 0.96/15 0.97/15
(7/2-)
Ho Ho
167.93552
2.2 m 3.0 m
I.T./ β- /2.91
2.0/
3+
Ho
168.93687
4.7 m
β- /2.12
1.2/ 2.0/
(7/2-)
168m 168
169
Ho
170m
43. s
β- /
1+
6+
170
Ho
169.93962
2.8 m
β- /3.87
171
Ho Ho
170.941 171.9448
53 s 25. s
β- / β- /
172
Ho Ho 175 Ho Er 68 144 Er 145m Er 145 Er 146 Er 147m Er 147 Er 148 Er 149m Er 149 Er 150 Er
172.9473 173.951 174.954 167.259(3) 143.9604
148.94231 149.93791
> 0.2 μs 1.0 s 0.9 s ~ 1.7 s 25. s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s
Er
150.93745
23. s
173 174
151
K21599_S11.indb 103
144.9574 145.9520 146.9495 147.9446
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-103
Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08–2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387 Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186)
0+ β+ β+
0.067 0.049 0+ 0.683
E.C, β+ /~ 9.1 β+, EC/6.8 IT ECβ+ /8.1 β+ /36 /4.11 EC/64 /
0+ 11/2½+ 0+
β+, EC/5.2
7/2-
ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-104 Elem. or Isot. 152 Er
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 151.93505
Nuclear
Half–life/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) 10.2 s β+, EC/10/3.11 α/90/ 37.1 s α/ β+, EC/47/4.56 3.7 m β+, EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ 5.3 m β+, EC/47/3.84 EC/53 /
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π) 0+
4.804/ 4.674 4.35/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./
–0.934
–0.42
0.351 (0.0945–1.70) ann.rad./
–0.669
–0.27
–0.412
+0.92
–0.304
+1.17
ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07–2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07–1.74)
153
Er
152.935063
154
Er
153.93278
155
Er
154.93321
156
Er
155.93107
20. m
β+, EC/1.7
0+
157
Er
156.93192
25. m
β+, EC/3.5
3/2-
158
Er
157.92989
2.2 h
EC/99.5 /1.78 β+ /0.5 /
159
Er
158.930684
36. m
β+ /7 /2.769 EC/93 /
3/2-
160
Er
159.92908
1.191 d
EC/0.33
0+
161
Er
160.93000
3.21 h
EC/2.00
3/2-
–0.37
+1.36
162
Er Er
0.139(5)
161.928778 162.93003
1.25 h
EC/1.210
0+ 5/2-
+0.557
+2.55
Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135
Er Er 166 Er 167m Er
1.601(3)
10.36 h
EC/0.376
+0.643
+2.71
Ho k x-ray
2.27 s
I.T./0.208
0+ 5/20+ ½-
Er Er 169 Er
22.869(9) 26.978(18)
7/2+ 0+ ½-
Er Er
14.910(36)
163
164 165
167 168
170 171
K21599_S11.indb 104
33.503(36)
163.929200 164.930726 165.930293
166.932048 167.932370 168.934590
9.40 d
β- /0.351
169.935464 170.938030
7.52 h
β- /1.491
0+ 4.166/ (7/2-)
0.74/
0.35/~ 100
0+
0+ 5/2-
Er k x-ray 0.2078 –0.5639
+3.57
+0.485
0.66
Tm k x-ray 0.1098 0.1182 2.9
Tm k x-ray
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
172
Er
171.939356
2.05 d
β-/0.891
173
Er
172.9424
1.4 m
β- /2.6
(7/2-)
174
Er
173.9442
3.1 m
β- /1.8
0+
174.9478 175.9501 176.954 168.93421(2)
1.2 m
β-
Er Er 177 Er Tm 69 144 Tm 145 Tm 175 176
144.9701
Tm
146m
146
147
~ 1.9 μs 3.1 μs
p p// ~ 10
0.198 s
β+, p
145.9664
73 ms
β+/14. p
Tm Tm
146.9610
0.4 ms 0.56 s
147.9578
0.7 s
β+, p EC, β+/85 p/15/ β+, EC/12.
148.9527 149.9500 150.94548
0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s
Tm Tm 149 Tm 150 Tm 151 Tm 152m Tm 152 Tm 153 Tm 148m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08–1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) (0.0765–1.17)
0+
Tm
147m
0.28/48 0.36/46
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-105
1.70, 1.43 1.73/91 1.40/~9.6 p/1.12/99 p/0.89/~1 p/1.19/68 p/1.01/~18 p/0.94/~14 p/1.115 ~ 10.7 1.052/ ann.rad./
148
151.9444 152.94201
Tm
3.3 s
154m
154
Tm
153.94157
8.1 s
155
Tm
154.93920
30. s
Tm Tm
156m 156
157
Tm
K21599_S11.indb 105
155.93898
156.93697
19. s 1.40 m
3.6 m
β+, EC/~ 9.2 β+, EC/~ 11.5 β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/8.8 β+,EC/10 /6.46 α/90 / β+, EC/15 / α/ β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/44 / β+, EC/5.58 α/
11/26-
(0.101–2.177) ann.rad./
9+
5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45
(11/2-)
6.9
~ +0.5
(9+)
+5.9
~ –0.2
(2-)
–1.14
~ +0.4
4.46/
β+, EC/4.5
2.6
ann.rad./ 0.4605–0.796 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067
4.46/
α/ β+, EC/7.6 α/
ann.rad./ ann.rad./
2-
+0.40
½+
+0.48
4.23/
–0.5
ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-106 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Particle Energy/ Decay Mode/ Intensity Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) α/ 3.97/
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
Tm
157.93698
4.0 m
β+, EC/74 /6.5 EC/26 /
(2-)
+0.04
+0.7
159
Tm
158.93498
9.1 m
β+/23 /3.9 EC/77 /
5/2+
+3.42
+1.9
Tm Tm
159.93526
1.24 m 9.4 m
IT β+/15 /5.9 EC/85 /
(5) 1-
+0.16
+0.58
Tm
160.93355
31. m
β+, EC/3.2
7/2+
+2.40
+2.9
24. s
I.T./90 / β+, EC/10 /
5+
+0.69
Nuclear
158
160m 160
161
Tm
162m
162
Tm
161.93400
21.7 m
β+ /8 /4.81 EC/92 /
1-
+0.07
163
Tm
162.93265
1.81 h
EC/98 /2.439 β+ /1 /
½+
–0.082
5.1 m
I.T./80 / β+, EC/20 /
6-
2.0 m
β+ /36 /3.96 EC/64 /
Tm
164m
164
Tm
K21599_S11.indb 106
163.93356
2.94/
1+
+2.38
+0.71
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1–1.58) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18–2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05–1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04–2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1–3.75) Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
165
Tm
164.932435
1.253 d
EC/1.593
½+
–0.139
166
Tm
165.93355
7.70 h
EC/98 /3.04 β+ /2 /
2+
+0.092
167
Tm
166.932852
9.24 d
EC/0.748
½+
–0.197
168
Tm
167.934173
93.1 d
EC/1.679
3+
+0.23
+3.2
169
Tm Tm
168.934213 169.935801
128.6 d
½+ 1-
–0.231 +0.246
–1.2 +0.74
½+
–0.228
100
171
Tm
170.936429
1.92 a
β- /99.8/0.968 EC/0.2 /0.314 β- /0.096
172
Tm
171.93840
2.65 d
β- /1.88
173
Tm
172.939604
8.2 h
β- /1.298
0.80/21 0.86/71
½+
Tm Tm
173.94217
2.29 s 5.4 m
β- /3.08
0.70/14 1.20/83
(4-)
175
Tm
174.94384
15.2 m
β- /2.39
0.9/36 1.9/23
(1/2+)
176
Tm
175.9470
1.9 m
β-/4.2
2.0/ 1.2/
(4+)
176.9490 177.9526 178.955 173.054(5)
1.4 m
β-
170
174m 174
Tm Tm 179 Tm Yb 70 177 178
K21599_S11.indb 107
0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29
2-
+2.14
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-107
Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08–1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691
(7/2-)
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-108
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 148 Yb 149 Yb 150 Yb 151 Yb 152 Yb 153 Yb 154 Yb 155
156
157
Yb Yb Yb
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 147.967 148.964 149.9584 150.9554 151.9503 152.9495 153.94639 154.9458 155.94282 156.94263
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.7 s > 0.2 μs 1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s 1.7 s 26. s 39. s
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
β+, p
p/2.5–6.4/
β+ /8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7 /4.49 α/93 / β+, EC/16 /6.0 α/84 / β+, EC/21/3.57 α/79 / β+, EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/
Spin (h/2π) 0+
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.647
0+ (1/2+) 0+ 0+
ann.rad./
5.32/ (7/2-)
–0.91
–0.5
ann.rad./
5.19/ 0+
ann.rad./
4.69/ 7/2-
–0.64
4.69/
158
Yb
157.93987
1.5 m
β+, EC/1.9
0+
159
Yb
158.94005
1.4 m
EC, β+/5.1
5/2-
160
Yb
159.93755
4.8 m
β+, EC/2.0
0+
161
Yb
160.93790
4.2 m
β+, EC/3.9
3/2-
162
Yb
161.93577
18.9 m
β+, EC/1.7
0+
163
Yb
162.93633
11.1 m
β+ /26 /3.4
164
Yb
163.93449
1.26 h
EC/1.0
165
Yb
164.93528
9.9 m
β+ /10 /2.76 EC/90 /
166
Yb
165.93388
2.363 d
EC/0.30
K21599_S11.indb 108
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
1.4/
3/2-
–0.37
–0.22
–0.33
+1.03
–0.37
+1.24
+0.48
+2.48
0+
1.58/
(5/2-)
0+
ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) ann.rad./ 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06–1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
168
Yb Yb
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
0.123(3)
Atomic Mass or Weight 166.934950
167.933897
169m
169
Yb
Yb Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 175 Yb 170 171
168.935190
2.982(39) 14.09(14) 21.68(13) 16.103(63) 32.026(80)
169.934762 170.936326 171.936382 172.938211 173.938862 174.941277
Yb
176m
176
Yb Yb
12.996(83)
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 17.5 m β+ /0.5 /1.954 0.639/ 5/2EC/99.5 /
175.942572
177m
46. s
I.T./0.0242
0+ 1/2-
+0.51
32.02 d
EC/0.909
7/2+
–0.63
4.19 d
β- /0.470
0+ 1/20+ 5/20+ 7/2-
11.4 s
I.T./1.051
(8-)
1026 a 6.41 s
β-βI.T./0.3315
0+ 1/2-
0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2
177
Yb
176.945261
1.9 h
β- /1.399
1.40
9/2+
178
Yb
177.94665
1.23 h
β- /0.65
0.25/
0+
Yb Yb 181 Yb 182 Yb Lu 71 150m Lu 150 Lu 151m Lu 151 Lu 152 Lu 153 Lu 154 Lu 155m Lu 155 Lu
178.9502 179.9523 180.9562
8. m 2. m
β- /2.4 β-
(1/2-) 0+
p/1.29 p p/1.31 p/1.231
(3/2+) (11/2-)
154.95432
0.045 ms 43. ms 16 μs 0.08 s 0.7 s 0.9 s 1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s
155.9530
0.20 s ~ 0.5 s
179 180
Lu 156 Lu
174.9668(1) 149.973 150.9676 151.9641 152.9588 153.9575
156m
Lu
157m
K21599_S11.indb 109
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.62
~ 9.6 s
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +2.70 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633
+3.5
Yb L x-ray 0.0242 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.05 0.0207–0.261
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 167 Yb
11-109
+0.49367 –0.67989 0.77
+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114–0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897 Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028–0.442
11/2β+, EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+, EC/9.5 α/ α
(25/2-) (11/2-) 5.66/90 5.57/
9+ 2-
ann.rad./
5.45/ 4.925/
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-110 Elem. or Isot. 157 Lu
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 156.95010
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 4.8 s β+, EC/94 /6.93 α/ 5.00/ 10.4 s β+, EC/99 /8.0 2α/ 4.67/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
Nuclear
158
Lu
157.94931
159
Lu
158.94663
12.3 s
β+, EC/6.0
160
Lu
159.9460
36.1 s
β+, EC/7.3
161
Lu
160.94357
1.2 m
β+, EC/5.3
1/2+
+0.223
Lu Lu
161.9433
~ 1.5 m 1.37 m
EC/ β+, EC/6.9
41-
+0.055
163
Lu
162.94118
4.1 m
β+, EC/4.6
1/2+
+0.077
164
Lu
163.94134
3.14 m
β+, EC/6.3
1.6/ 3.8/
1-
+0.059
165
Lu
164.93941
10.7 m
β+, EC/3.9
2.06/
1/2+
–0.0245
Lu
2.1 m
β+ /35 / EC/65 /
(0-)
Lu
1.4 m
β+, EC/58 / I.T./42 /0.0344
(3-)
+0.189
+2.72
2.8 m
β+ /25 /5.5
(6-)
+2.91
+4.33
162m 162
166m2
166m1
166
Lu
K21599_S11.indb 110
165.93986
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./
ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562 +0.52
+0.61
ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986 ann.rad./ 0.1024 0.2281 0.2861 0.8119 0.8301 ann.rad./
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
167
Lu
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
166.93827
Lu
168m
168
Lu
167.93874
Lu
169m
169
Lu
168.93765
Lu
170m
170
Lu
169.93848
Lu
171m
171
Lu
170.937913
Lu
172m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/75 /
52. m
β+ /2 /3.1 EC/98 /
6.7 m
β+ /12 / EC/88 / IT/ 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
β- /
Hf Hf 187 Hf 188 Hf 185 186
K21599_S11.indb 114
0+
0+
–0.641 +9.
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851 Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 0.089–0.574 Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141
+3.86 +4.6
Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432
Ta k x-ray 0.13294/36.6 0.48200/67.7 0.3459/13.5 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704/79 (0.098–0.270) Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738
0+
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
180.94788(2) 154.975 155.9723
3. ms 0.11 s
157
Ta
156.9682
10 ms
158
Ta
157.9667
37. ms
159
Ta
158.96302
0.6 s
160
Ta
159.9615
1.4 s
161
Ta
Ta Ta 164 Ta 162 163
160.9584 161.9573 162.95433 163.95353
3.16 s 4. s 10.6 s 14.2 s
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
p/1.44 β+ /~ 11.6 p/ α/ p/ α/ β+, EC/20 /8.5 α/80 / β+, EC/10.1 α β+, EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6 EC/6.8 β+ /8.5 α/
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
ann.rad./ 5.41/ ann.rad./ 5.15
3+
ECβ+/5.9 β+ /82 /7.7 EC/18 /
Ta Ta
166.94809 167.94805
1.4 m 2.4 m
β+, EC/5.6 β+ /77 /6.7 EC/23 /
169
Ta
168.94601
4.9 m
β+, EC/4.4
170
Ta
169.94618
6.8 m
β +/70 /6.0 EC/35 /
(3+)
171
Ta
170.94448
23.3 m
β+, EC/3.7
(5/2-)
172
Ta
171.94490
36.8 m
β+ /25 /4.9 EC/75 /
(3-)
173
Ta
172.94375
3.6 h
β+ /24 /3.7 EC/76 /
(5/2-)
168
K21599_S11.indb 115
ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768
4.62/
31. s 34. s
167
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
ann.rad./
164.95077 165.95051
166
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
1.02/~ 100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55
Ta Ta
165
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 189 Hf 190 Hf Ta 73 155 Ta 156 Ta
11-115
3+
1.70
–1.9
ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1241 0.2619 0.7518 (0.307–1.985) ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05–1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09–3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-116 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
Nuclear
174
Ta
173.94445
1.12 h
β+ /27 /3.8 EC/73 /
(3+)
175
Ta
174.94374
10.5 h
EC/2.0
7/2+
176
Ta
175.94486
8.1 h
EC/3.1
1-
177
Ta
176.944472
2.356 d
EC/1.166
7/2+
2.4 h
EC/
(7-)
177.94578
9.29 m
EC/99 /1.9 β+ /1 /
1+
+2.74
+0.65
178.945930
1.8 a 3.65 × 1016 a 4.5 × 1016 a > 2.0 × 1016 a 8.15 h
EC/0.110
7/2+ (9-)
+2.29 +4.82
3.37 +4.95
Ta
178m
178
Ta
179
Ta Ta
180m
180
181
0.01201(32)
Ta
Ta Ta
179.947465
99.98799(32)
βEC EC/87 /0.854 β- /13 /0.708
15.8 m
I.T./0.5198
2.25
1+
Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340
7/2+ 10-
+2.370
182
Ta
181.950152
114.43 d
β- /1.814
0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40
3-
+3.02
183
Ta
182.951373
5.1 d
β- /1.070
0.45/5 0.62/91
7/2+
+2.36
184
Ta
183.95401
8.7 h
β- /2.87
1.11/15 1.17/81
(5-)
Ta Ta
184.95556
17 ms 49. m
β- /1.99
1.21/5 1.77/81
(7/2+)
185m 185
K21599_S11.indb 116
+3.6
0.61/3 0.71/10
180.947996
182m
2.27
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.17219 (0.06–2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09–3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487 Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07–1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09316 Hf k x-ray
+3.3
+2.6
Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09–1.4) 0.280 W k x-ray 0.0697
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
β- /3.9
2.2/
Ta
185.9586
10.5 m
Ta Ta 188 Ta 189 Ta 190 Ta 191 Ta 192 Ta W 74 157 W 158m W 158 W 159 W 160 W 161 W
186.9605
> 0.3 μs 20 s ~ 4.4 μs 1.3 μs 5. s
186
187
188m
162
W
187.9637 188.9658
183.84(1)
157.975 158.9729 159.9685 160.9674
0.28 s 0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s
161.9635
1.39 s
W
162.9625
2.7 s
164
W
163.95895
6. s
166
167 168
W W W W
164.95828 165.95503 166.95482 167.95181
5.1 s 16. s 20. s 53. s
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09–1.5) (0.143–0.434) 0.292 (0.207–0.357) 0.219
(7/2-) α α/ α/ α/ β+, EC/18 /8.1 α/82 / β+, EC/54 /5.8 α/46 / β+, EC/59 /7.5 α/41 / β+, EC/97 /5.0 α/3 / β+, EC/99 /7.0 α/1 / β+, EC/99 /4.2 α/1 / EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10–5/
169
W
168.95178
1.3 m
EC/5.4
170
W
169.94923
2.4 m
EC/2.2
171
W
170.94945
2.4 m
EC/4.6
172
W
171.94729
6.6 m
β+, EC/2.5
173
W
172.94769
6.3 m
EC/4.0
K21599_S11.indb 117
(3-)
2. s
163
165
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-117
8.28(3)/ 6.433/96
0+
5.92/
0+
5.78/ 0+ 5.54/ 5.38/ 0+
ann.rad./
5.15/ ann.rad./ 4.91/ 0+
ann.rad./
0+
ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755 (0.037–0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097–0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060–0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052–0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034–0.674) ann.rad./
4.74/
4.40(1)
0+
0+
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-118 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
W
173.94608
35. m
EC/1.9
0+
175
W W
174.94672 175.94563
35. m 2.5 h
EC/2.9 β+, EC/0.8
½0+
177
W
176.94664
2.21 h
EC/2.0
(1/2-)
178
W W
177.94588
21.6 d 6.4 m
0+ (1/2-)
179
W
178.94707
38. m
EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06
180
W W
0.12(1)
179.946704 180.948197
1.8 × 1018 a 121.1 d
α/ EC/0.188
0+ 9/2+
W W
26.50(16)
181.948204
>7.7 × 1021 a 5.15 s
α/ I.T./
0+ (11/2+)
>4.1 × 1021 a >8.9 × 1021 a 1.6 m
α/ α/ I.T./0.1974
½0+ 11/2+
+0.1177848
β- /0.433 α/ IT β- /1.311
3/20+ 11/2+ 3/2-
+0.54
186.957161
74.8 d >8.2 × 1021 a 1.6 μs 23.9 h
Nuclear
174
176
179m
181
182
183m
W W 185m W 183 184
W W 187m W 187 W
14.31(4) 30.64(2)
185 186
28.43(19)
182.950223 183.950931
184.953419 185.954364
(7/2-)
0.433/99.9 0.411 0.624/66 1.315/16 0.081–1.18 0.349/99
188
W
187.958489
69.78 d
β- /0.349
189
W
188.9619
9.7 m
β- /2.5
1.4/ 2.5/
(3/2-)
W W
189.9632
~ 0.11 ms 30. m
β- /1.3
0.95/
0+
W
190.9666
> 0.3 μs
190m 190
191
K21599_S11.indb 118
0+
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035–0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056–0.429) (0.015–0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307 Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221 W k x-ray 0.0465 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605
0.62
W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536 (0.014–0.287) Re k x-ray 0.68572/33 0.134–0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 0.2604 (0.1262–1.466) (0.0585–0.694) Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 191.968
186.207(1)
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) > 0.3 μs
~ 0.02 ms
160
Re
159.9821
0.7 ms
161
Re
160.9776
14 ms
162
Re
161.9760
0.10 s
163
Re
162.97208
0.26 s
164
Re
163.9703
~ 0.85 s
Re 165 Re
164.96709
~ 2.37 s 2.6 s
Re
165.9658
2.5 s
Re 167 Re
166.9626
6.2 s 3.4 s
Re
167.96157
4.4 s
165m
166
167m
168
Re
169m
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
α p p/ α/ α/ p α/
8.1 s
β+, EC/9.0 α/ β+, EC/10.7 α/ α/ β+, EC/87 /8.1 α/ β+, EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+, EC/7.4 α/ β+, EC/9.1 α/ α
Re Re
168.95879 169.95822
16. s 9.2 s
β+, EC/9.0
Re Re
170.95572
15.2 s 55. s
EC/~ 5.7 β+, EC/
172
Re
171.9554
15. s
β+, EC/7.3
173
Re Re
172.95324 173.95312
2.0 m 2.4 m
EC/~ 3.9 β+, EC/5.6
Re Re
174.95138 175.95162
5.8 m 5.3 m
β+, EC/4.3 β+, EC/5.6
Re
176.95033
14. m
EC/78 /3.4 β+ /22 /
169 170
171
172m
174
175 176
177
K21599_S11.indb 119
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π) 0+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
α/6.78/7.5 p/1.80 1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 192 W 193 W 194 W 195 W Re 75 159 Re
11-119
5.78/ 5.502/ 5.49/ < 5. 5.50/
5.015/ 4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/
0.1117
0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)
(3+)
(5/2-)
ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-120 Elem. or Isot. 178 Re
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 177.95099
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 13.2 m β+ /11 /4.7 3.3/ (3+) EC/89 /
Re Re
178.94999
0.47 ms 19.7 m
180
Re
179.95079
181
Re
180.95007
179m
Nuclear
179
Re
182m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
EC/99 /2.71 β+ /1 /
0.95/
(5/2+)
2.8
2.45 m
EC/92 /3.80 β+ /8 /
1.76/
1-
1.6
20. h
EC /1.74
5/2+
3.19
12.7 h
EC/
2+
3.3
+1.8
0.55/ 1.74/
182
Re
181.9512
2.67 d
EC/2.8
(7+)
2.8
+4.1
183
Re
182.95082
70. d
EC/0.56
(5/2+)
+3.16
+2.2
165. d
I.T./75 /0.188 EC/25 /
8+
+2.9
35. d
EC/1.48
3-
+2.53
+3.0
+2.19
I.T./0.150
5/2+ 8+
+3.1871
2.0 × 105 a 185.954986
3.718 d
β- /92 /1.070 EC/8 /0.582
0.973/21 1.07/71
1-
+1.739
+0.62
186.955753
4.16 × 1010 a 18.6 m
β- /0.00266 I.T./0.172
0.0025/
5/2+ (6-)
+3.2197
+2.07
17.00 h
β- /2.120
1.962/20
1-
+1.788
Re
184m
184
Re
185
Re Re
183.952521
37.40(2)
184.952955
186m
186
Re
187
Re Re
62.60(2)
188m
188
Re
K21599_S11.indb 120
187.958114
+0.57
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07–2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06–2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10–1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 08948 0.90328 Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5 (0.63–0.77) Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
189
Re
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
188.95923
Re
190m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.118/79
24. h
β- /1.01
1.01/
3.0 h
β- /51 / I.T./49 /
189.9618
3.0 m
β- /3.2
1.8/
Re Re 192 Re 193m Re 193 Re 194 Re 195 Re 196 Re 197 Re 198 Re Os 76 161 Os 162 Os 163 Os 164 Os 165 Os 166 Os
190.96313
9.7 m ~ 0.12 ms 16. s ~ 0.08 ms 0.07 ms 1.0 s 6. s 3. s
β- /2.05 ββ- /4.2
1.8/
161.984 162.9827 163.9780 164.9768 165.97269
0.64 ms 1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s
166.9716
0.84 s
α α/ α/ α α β+, EC/28 /6.3 α/72 / β+, EC/76 /8.2 α/24 / β+, EC/51 /5.7 α/49 / β+, EC/89 /7.7 α/13 /
191
192m
167
Os
191.9660 192.9675 193.9704
190.23(3)
168
Os
167.96780
2.2 s
169
Os
168.96702
3.3 s
170
Os
169.96358
7.1 s
171
Os
170.96319
8.4 s
172
Os
171.96002
19. s
173
Os
172.95981
16. s
174
Os
173.95706
44. s
175
Os
K21599_S11.indb 121
174.95695
1.4 m
(5/2+)
(6-)
Re
190
Spin (h/2π)
(2-)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.15502 0.309–2.022 0.1471 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1–1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-121
(0.0606–0.146) (0.2–0.75) (0.061–0.146)
~ 2.5/
ββ-
β+, EC/5.0 α/ β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/19 / β+, EC/99 /4.5 α/1.1/ β+, EC/6.3 α/0.4 / β+, EC/3.9 α/0.02 /
β+, EC/5.3
/5.5 6.60 6.51 /96 /88 6.27/ 5.98/84
(7/2-) 0+ 0+ 0+
ann. rad./ ann.rad./
5.84/ 0+ 5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8
ann.rad./
0+ 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 0+ 5.10/ 4.94/ 0+ 4.76/
ann. rad./
ann.rad./ (0.162–0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190–0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063–1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142–0.299 0.118 0.138/0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-122 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Os
175.95481
3.6 m
β+, EC/3.2
0+
Os
176.95497
2.8 m
β+, EC/4.5
(1/2-)
Os
177.95325
5.0 m
β+, EC/2.3
0+
Os
178.95382
7. m
β+, EC/3.7
Os
179.95238
21.5 m
β+, EC/1.5
0+
1.75 h
EC/
(1/2-)
176
Nuclear
177
178
179
180
Os
181m
Os
180.95324
2.7 m
EC/2.9
(7/2-)
Os
181.95211
21.5 h
EC/0.9
0+
9.9 h
EC/84 / I.T./16 /
½-
182.95313
13. h
EC/2.1
9/2+
183.952489 184.954042
93.6 d
EC/1.013
0+ ½-
2. × 1015 a
α/
181
182
Os
183m
Os
183
Os Os
0.02(1)
Os Os 188 Os 189m Os
1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8)
Os Os
16.15(5)
184 185
186 187
189
190m
K21599_S11.indb 122
185.953838 186.955750 187.955838
5.8 h
I.T./0.0308
0+ ½0+ 9/2-
9.9 m
I.T./1.705
3/2+ 10-
188.958148
~ 2.75/
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
–0.79
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
+3.1
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958 0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07–2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818 Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805
+0.0646519 Os L x-ray 0.0308 +0.659933 –0.6
+0.9 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
191
Os
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
13.1 h
I.T./0.0744
15.4 d
β- /0.314
6.0 s
I.T./2.0154
191.961481 192.964152
30.0 h
β- /1.141
1.04/20
0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/
Atomic Mass or Weight 189.958447
190.960930
Os
192m
192 193
Os Os
40.78(19)
194
Os
193.965182
6.0 a
β- /0.097
195
Os Os
194.968 195.96964
6.5 m 34.9 m
β- /2.0 β- /1.16
2.8 m
β-
196
197
Os
Os Os 200 Os Ir 77 164 Ir 165 Ir
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0.140/100
Spin (h/2π) 0+ 3/29/2-
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
+0.96
+2.5
+0.730
+0.47
(10-)
0+ 3/2-
0+
0+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201–1.000)
Nuclear
Natural Elem. Abundance or Isot. (Atom %) 190 Os 26.26(2) 191m Os
11-123
Ir k x-ray 0.1389 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9 0.2239 (0.0412–0.406)
198 199
192.217(3) 163.9922 164.9875
5. s 6. s
Ir
166.98167
32. ms
Ir Ir 169 Ir 170 Ir
167.9799 168.97630 169.9750
0.17 s 280. ms 353. ms 0.81 s
p p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48, β+ p/32 α/80, β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/
Ir Ir
170.97163 171.9705
1.3 s 2.1 s
α/ α/
6.12/59 5.99/42 6.01/ 6.05/ 5.95/ 6.12/ 5.91/ 5.811/
173
Ir
172.96750
3.0 s
α/
5.665/
174
Ir
173.96686
4. s
α/
5.478/
175
Ir Ir
174.96411 175.96365
~ 4.5 s 10.9 s
5.393/
Ir
176.96130
30. s
α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/
Ir
14.3 ms
166m
166
Ir
165.9858
Ir
168
169m
171 172
176
177
K21599_S11.indb 123
0.010 s 26. ms
167m
167
0.06 ms 0.3 ms
1.78 1.71 6.72 6.545 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.39/90 1.25/0.42 6.35/48 1.06/39.3
5.118/ 5.011/
0.175
0.228 (0.379–0.475) 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135–0.415) 0.184 (0.062–0.194)
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-124 Elem. or Isot. 178 Ir
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 177.96108
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) 12. s β+, EC/6.3
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
Nuclear
179
Ir
178.95912
4. m
EC/4.9
180
Ir
179.95923
1.5 m
EC/6.4
181
Ir
180.95763
4.9 m
β+, EC/4.1
182
Ir
181.95808
15. m
β+ /44 /5.6 EC/56 /
+2.6
~ –1.7
183
Ir
182.95685
57. m
β+, EC/3.5
+2.4
~ –1.8
184
Ir
183.95748
3.0 h
β+ /12 /4.6 EC/88 /
5-
0.70
+2.41
185
Ir
184.95670
14. h
β+ /3 /2.4 EC/97 /
(5/2-)
2.60
–2.1
1.7 h
EC /
(2-)
0.64
+1.46
Ir
186m
(7/2+)
2.3/ 2.9/
186
Ir
185.95795
15.7 h
EC/98 /3.83 β+ /2 /
(5+)
3.9
–2.55
187
Ir
186.95736
10.5 h
EC/1.50
3/2+
+0.17
+0.94
188
Ir
187.95885
1.72 d
β+ /2.81 EC/99+ /
(2-)
0.30
+0.48
189
Ir
188.95872
13.2 d
EC/0.53
3/2+
+0.14
+0.88
3.09 h
β+, EC/95 / I.T./5 / I.T. /0.0263 EC/2.0
(11-)
0.04
+2.8
Ir
190m2
Ir
190m1 190
Ir
K21599_S11.indb 124
189.960546
1.12 h 11.8 d
1.13/ 1.64/
7+ (4+)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 0.2765 (0.132–1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.020–1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13–3.0) Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376 Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Ir
191m
191
Ir
37.3(2)
Ir
191.962605
Ir
193m
193
Ir Ir
62.7(2)
Ir
193.965078
Ir
195m
195
Ir
194.965980
Ir
196m
196
Ir
195.96840
Ir
4.93 s
I.T./0.1714
11/2-
+0.603
I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580
3/2+ (9+) (1+)
+0.151
241. a 1.44 m
73.83 d
β- /1.460
(4-)
+1.92
+2.15
10.53 d
I.T./0.0802
11/2+0.75
β- /
3/2+ 11
+0.164
170. d
19.3 h
β-/2.247
1.92/9 2.25/86
1-
+0.39
3.9 h
β- /
0.41/ 0.97/
(11/2-)
2.8 h
β- /1.120
(3/2+)
1.40 h
β-/
1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/
52. s
β- /3.21
2.1/15 3.2/80
0-
8.9 m
197
Ir
196.96965
5.8 m
β- / I.T./ β- /2.16
198
Ir
197.9723
8. s
β- /4.1
198.97380
6. s
β- /
197m
Ir Ir 201 Ir 202 Ir 199
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
192.962926
194m
194
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
190.960594
Ir 192m1 Ir 192m2
192
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Spin (h/2π)
(11/2-) 1.5/ 2.0/
(3/2+)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294
+0.82
+0.34
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-125
Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1–2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 see Ir[197m] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070
200
K21599_S11.indb 125
11 s
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-126 Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
195.084(9) 165.995 166.930 167.9882
0.3 ms 0.9 ms 2.1 ms
α/ α/ α
7.11/ 6.98/ 6.82
Pt Pt
168.9867 169.98250
7.0 ms 14.0 ms
α α
6.69 6.55
171
Pt
170.9812
0.048 s
α
6.45
172
Pt Pt
171.97735 172.9764
0.10 s 0.36 s
6.31/94 6.23 6.20/
Pt
173.97282
0.89 s
α/ β+, EC/8.2 α/ β+, EC/17 /5.6 α/83 / β+, EC/65 /7.6 α/35 /
Elem. or Isot. 203 Ir Pt 78 166 Pt 167 Pt 168 Pt Nuclear
169 170
173
174
175
176
Pt
Pt
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
174.97242
175.96895
2.5 s
6.3 s
β+, EC/60 /5.1 α/40 /
177
Pt
176.96847
11. s
EC/91 /6.8 α/9 /
178
Pt
177.96565
21. s
EC/93 /4.5 α/7 /
179
Pt
178.96536
33. s
Pt
179.96303
52. s
Pt 182 Pt
180.96310 181.96117
51. s 2.7 m
180
181
Pt
183m
β+, EC/5.7 α/ β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 α/0.3 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.9
43. s
β+, EC/ I.T./
183
Pt
182.96160
7. m
β+, EC/4.6
184
Pt
183.95992
17.3 m
β+, EC/2.3
K21599_S11.indb 126
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
0+ 0+
0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62
0+
0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214–0.726 0.4450 (0.1564-1.208)
0+
0+ 6.040/ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128
5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 0+
ann.rad./ 0.2277
5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6
0.0908
0+ 5.286/0.2 5.442/7 +0.43 5.16/ 0+ 5.140/ +0.48 0+
(7/2-)
+0.78
+0.50
0+
+3.4
ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100 ann.rad./ 0.3132/26 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058–1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058–1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5484
+0.50 –0.75
+4.
–0.40
–1.0
ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09–1.47)
Pt Pt
184.96062
33. m 1.18 h
β+, EC/ β+, EC/3.8
½(9/2+)
186
Pt
185.95935
2.0 h
β+, EC/1.38
0+
187
Pt
186.96059
2.35 h
β+, EC/3.1
3/2-
188
Pt
187.95940
10.2 d
EC/0.51
0+
189
Pt
188.96083
10.9 h
β+, EC/1.97
3/2-
–0.43
–1.2
190
Pt Pt
0.012(2)
189.95993 190.961677
4.5 × 1011 a 2.86 d
α EC/1.02
0+ (3/2-)
–0.50
–0.9
Pt Pt
0.782(24)
4.33 d
I.T./0.1498
0+ 13/2+
–0.75
60. a
EC/0.0566
4.01 d
I.T./0.2952
185m 185
191
192
191.961038
193m
Pt Pt 195m Pt 193 194
Pt Pt 197m Pt 195 196
197
Pt
198
Pt Pt
32.86(40)
33.78(24) 25.21(34)
192.962988 193.962680
194.964791 195.964952
196.967340
7.356(130)
+0.6095
0.51
I.T./97 / β- /3 /
19.9 h
β- /0.719
1/2-
13.6 s
I.T./0.424
0+ 13/2+
199
Pt
198.970593
30.8 m
β- /1.70
200
Pt
199.971441
12.5 h
β- /~ 0.66
0.90/18 1.14/14
–0.61
(5/2-)
0+
Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays
+0.60
1/20+ 13/2+
1.590 h
197.967893
199m
K21599_S11.indb 127
(1/2-) 0+ 13/2+
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-127
~ +1.4
Pt k x-ray 0.0989
Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688 Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/3.88 0.49375/4.47 0.5430/11.7 (0.055–1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-128 Elem. or Isot.
201
Pt
Nuclear
Pt Pt 203 Pt 204 Pt 205 Pt Au 79 170m Au
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
200.97451
2.5 m
β- /2.66
201.9757
0.3 ms 1.8 d
Atomic Mass or Weight
202m 202
170
Au
196.966569(4)
169.9961
Au
Au Au 172 Au 173m Au 173 Au 174 Au 175m Au 175 Au 176 Au
Au Au
0.62 ms 0.30 ms 1.09 ms
170.99188
172m
171.9900 172.98624 173.9848 174.98127 175.9801
0.022 ms 8. ms 22. ms 15 ms 0.02 s 0.14 s 0.14 s 0.15 s 0.9 s
p/58 α/42 p/89 α/11 α/66 p/34 p/100 α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α α β+, EC/10.5 α/
1.0 s 1.5 s
α α/
Au Au 180 Au
177.9760 178.97321 179.97252
2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s
α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/
181
Au
180.97008
11.4 s
182
Au
181.96962
21. s
EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+, EC/6.9 α/0.13/
183
Au
182.96759
42. s
EC/5.5 α/0.8/
Au Au
183.96745
48 s 21. s
I.T. EC, β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+, EC/ I.T./0.145
178 179
184m 184
Au
185m
K21599_S11.indb 128
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
(5/2-)
0+
176.97687
177m 177
Spin (h/2π)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 (0.535–0.719) 0.440
0.055 ms
171m
171
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
6.8 m
1.74/ 7.11/ 1.46/ 7.00/ 6.995 1.694 1.437 6.80 6.76 6.732 6.672 6.54 6.43/90
6.260/80 6.290/20 6.12/66 6.16/40 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50
0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597
5.482/ (2+)
1.3
+1.97
(2+) (5+)
+1.44 +2.07
+1.9 +4.7
ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13–1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 184.96579
188
190
–1.28
+3.1
Au Au
186.96457
2.3 s 8.3 m
IT β+, EC/3.60
9/21/2+
+0.53
Au
187.96532
8.8 m
β+, EC/5.3
(1-)
–0.07
Au Au
188.96395
4.6 m 28.7 m
β+, EC/ EC/96 /3.2 β+ /4 /
11/21/2+
+6.19 +0.49
Au
189.96470
43. m
β+ /2 /4.44 EC/98 /
1-
–0.07
0.9 s
I.T./0.2663
(11/2-)
6.6
3/2+
+0.137
+0.72
1-
–0.011
–0.23
189m 189
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) –1.1 ann.rad./
185.96595
187m 187
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +2.17
Au Au
186m 186
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 4.3 m β+, EC/4.71 (5/2-) α/0.26/ < 2. m β+, EC/ 10.7 m β+, EC/6.0 3α/8(10)–4/
Au
191m
191
Au
190.96370
3.2 h
EC/1.83
192
Au
191.96481
4.9 h
β+ /5 /3.52 EC/95 /
3.9 s
I.T./0.2901
11/2-
6.2
+1.98
3/2+
+0.140
+0.66
1-
+0.076
–0.24
Au
193m
2.19/ 2.49/
193
Au
192.96415
17.6 h
EC/1.07
194
Au
193.96537
1.64 d
β+ /3 /2.49 EC/97 /
30.5 s
I.T./0.3186
11/2-
6.2
+1.9
186.10 d 9.7 h
EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954
3/2+ 12-
+0.149 5.7
+0.61
8.1 s 6.17 d
I.T./0.0846 EC/92 /1.506
8+ 2-
+0.591
~ 0.81
Au
195m
195
Au Au
194.965035
196m2
Au Au
196m1 196
K21599_S11.indb 129
195.966570
1.49/
0.1915 ann.rad./ 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088–1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 185 Au
11-129
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-130 Elem. or Isot. 197m Au
197
Au Au
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
100.
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 7.8 s I.T./0.4094 11/2β- /8 /0.686
196.966569
198m
2.30 d
I.T./0.812
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +6.0
+0.14575 +5.9
2-
+0.5934
3/2+
~ +0.2715
12-
5.9
Nuclear
3/2+ (12-)
198
Au
197.968242
2.695 d
β- /1.372
199
Au
198.968765
3.14 d
β- /0.453
18.7 h
β- /84 /1.0 I.T./16 /
199.97073
48.4 m
β- /2.24
0.7/15 2.2/77
1-
Au Au 203 Au 204 Au
200.971657 201.9738 202.975155 203.9777
26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s
β- /1.28 β- /3.0 β- /2.14 β- /4.5
1.27/82
3/2+ (1-) 3/2+ (2-)
Au Au 207 Au 208 Au 209 Au 210 Au Hg 80 171 Hg 172 Hg 173 Hg 174 Hg 175 Hg 176 Hg 177m Hg 177 Hg 178 Hg
204.9799
31. s
β- /
0.06 ms 0.3 ms 0.8 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 1.5 μs 0.13 s 0.26 s
α α α α α α IT α EC/50 /6.1 α/50 / EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/
Au
200m
200
Au
201 202
205
0.290/1 0.961/99 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/
~ 1.9/
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.7 Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790 +0.55 Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 +0.64 Hg k x-ray 0.411794/95.3 +0.51 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 Au k x-ray 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084–0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570) (0.027–0.732) 0.4396 (0.04–0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38–1.33)
206
200.59(2) 171.0038 171.9988 172.9972 173.99286 174.9914 175.98736 176.9863 177.98248
179
Hg
178.98183
1.05 s
180
Hg
179.97827
2.6 s
Hg Hg
181m 181
K21599_S11.indb 130
180.97782
0.48 ms 3.6 s
β+ EC/76 /~ 7.3 α/24 /
7.49 7.36 7.20 7.07 6.74/94
0+ 0+ 0+ 0.246
6.58 0+ 6.43/ 6.29/ 0+
0.1250 0.3005 0.3812
6.12/33 5.69/.03 (13/2+) (1/2-)
+0.507
0.0663 0.0811 0.0924
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
182
183
184
Hg
Hg
Hg
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
181.97469
182.97445
183.97171
Hg
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
10.8 s
9. s
30.9 s
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
β+, EC/85/5.0 α/15/ β+, EC/77/6.3 α/ β+, EC/99/4.1 α/1/
21. s
β+, EC, IT, α/
184.97190 185.96936
51. s 1.4 m
Hg 187 Hg
186.96981
1.9 m 2.4 m
β+, EC/95/5.8 β+, EC/3.3 α β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.9
Hg
187.96758
3.2 m
185m
185 186
Hg Hg
187m
188
Hg
189m
β+, EC/2.3 α
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+ 5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 ½-
+0.524
5.83/ 5.91/ 0+ 5.54/1.3 5.07/0.002 5.37/
13/2+
–1.02
~ +0.2
½0+
+0.509
13/2+ 3/2-
–1.04 –0.594
+0.5 –0.8
5.09/0.02
0+ 4.61
8.6 m
EC/
13/2+
–1.06
+0.7
–0.609
–0.8
189
Hg
188.96819
7.6 m
EC/4.2
3/2-
190
Hg
189.96632
20.0 m
EC/1.5
0+
51. m
β+ /6 / EC/94 /
13/2+
–1.07
+0.6
–0.62
–0.8
Hg
191m
191
Hg
190.96716
50. m
β+, EC/3.2
(3/2-)
192
Hg
191.96563
5.0 h
EC/~ 0.5
0+
K21599_S11.indb 131
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.129/122 0.2176/66 0.0256–0.543 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.1565/102 0.2367/100 0.2384/18 (0.018–0.4227) 0.211 0.292 0.02–0.55 0.1119 0.2518 see Hg[187m] 0.1034/32 0.2334/100 0.2403/33 0.27151/31 0.3763/38 0.5254/30 0.10–2.18 0.0988 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08–2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07–1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-131
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-132 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Hg
193m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
11.8 h
β+, EC/91 / I.T./9 /0.2901
13/2+
–1.058430
~ +0.92
Nuclear 193
Hg
192.96667
3.8 h
EC, B+/2.34
3/2-
–0.6276
–0.7
194
Hg Hg
193.96544
520. a 1.67 d
EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/
0+ 13/2+
–1.04465
+1.1
195
Hg
194.96672
10.5 h
EC/1.51
1/2-
+0.541475
196
Hg Hg
195.965833
>2.5 × 1018 a 23.8 h
α I.T./(93)/0.2989
0+ 13/2+
–1.027684
2.69 d
EC/0.600
1/2-
+0.527374
42.7 m
I.T./0.532
0+ 13/2+
–1.014703
195m
0.15(1)
197m
197
Hg
198
Hg Hg
196.967213 9.97(20)
197.9667690
199m
Hg Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 199 200
204 205
206
Hg Hg Hg
Hg Hg 209 Hg 210 Hg 211 Hg 212 Hg 213 Hg 214 Hg 215 Hg 216 Hg 207 208
Tl
81
176
Tl
K21599_S11.indb 132
16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)
6.87(15)
198.9682799 199.9683260 200.970302 201.970643 202.972873
46.61 d
β- /0.492
0.213/100
1/20+ 3/20+ 5/2-
203.9734939 204.976073
5.2 m
β- /1.531
1.33/4
0+ 1/2-
205.97751
8.2 m
β- /1.31
0.935/34 1.3/63
206.9826 207.9859 208.9910 209.9945
2.9 m 41. m 36 s > 0.3 μs
β- /4.8 βββ-
204.382– 204.385 176.0006
5 ms
p
0+
(9/2+) 0+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1–1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-ray Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798
+1.2
Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735
+1.2
Hg k x-ray 0.15841
+0.505885 –0.560226
+0.37
+0.8489
+0.34
+0.6009
Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2–1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502 0.474 0.324
0+
1.26/~ 100
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
177
Tl
176.99643
178
Tl
177.9949
Tl
1.5 ms
179m
179 180
Tl Tl
178.99109 179.9899
Tl
181m
181 182
Tl Tl
180.98626 181.9857
Tl
183m
183 184
Tl Tl
182.98219 183.98187
Tl
185m
Tl Tl 186 Tl 185
184.9788
186m
185.9783
Tl Tl 188m Tl
186.97591
Tl
187.97601
187m 187
188
Tl
189m
189
Tl
Tl
190m
K21599_S11.indb 133
Half–life/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) 0.23 ms p/51 α/49 0.017 s α/73 p/27 0.25 s α/
188.97359
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.95 7.48
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
6.704 6.785 6.62 6.859 /7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.57/ 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/96 6.97/2.6 6.19/100
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 177m Tl
11-133
0.3 s 1.09 s
α α α α//8
1.4 ms
α
3.2 ms 3. s
α/ < 10 β+, EC/10.9
53. ms
α//1.5
5. s 11. s
β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/ 6.16/
½+
1.8 s
(9/2-)
20. s 4. s 28. s
I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+, EC/7.5
15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m
I.T./~ 0.33 β+, EC/6.0 β+, EC/
(9/2+) ½+ (7+)
+3.79 1.6
1.2 m
β+, EC/7.8
(2-)
+0.48
+0.129
1.4 m
β+, EC/
(9/2-)
+3.88
–2.29
2.3 m
β+, EC/5.2
(1/2+)
3.7 m
β+, EC/
+0.495
+0.29
6.33/80 6.38/16 6.46/4
0.351 (0.26–0.41) 0.0618 (0.046–0.0894)
9/2-
0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840
6.01
4.2/
(7+)
–2.4
0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129 0.5043 0.5921 see Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
11-134 Elem. or Isot. 190 Tl
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 189.97388
Tl
191m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.254
5.2 m
β+, EC/(98)/
(9/2+)
+3.903
2.2 m 10.8 m
β+, EC/
(1/2) (7+)
+1.588 +0.518
+0.46
Nuclear
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.6 m β+, EC/7.0 5.7/ (2-)
191
Tl Tl
190.97179
Tl
191.97223
9.6 m
β+, EC/6.4
(2-)
+0.200
–0.33
Tl Tl
2.1 m 22. m
I.T./(75)/ β+, EC/3.6
(9/2-) (1/2+)
+3.948 +1.591
–2.20
192.9707
32.8 m
β+ /(20)/~ 0.30 EC/(80)/
(7+)
+0.540
+0.61
33.0 m
β+, EC/5.3
2-
+0.140
–0.28
3.6 s
I.T./0.483
9/2-
1.16 h
EC/97/2.8 β+ /(3)/
1/2+
+1.58
1.41 h
β+, EC/95/4.9
(7+)
+0.55
+0.76
1.84 h
β+ /(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/
2-
+0.072
–0.18
0.54 s
IT/53/0.608 β+, EC/47/
9/2-
192m
192
193m 193
Tl
194m
194
Tl
193.9712
Tl
195m
195
Tl
194.96977
Tl
196m
196
Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) –0.33 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 –2.2 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359
Tl
Tl
197m
K21599_S11.indb 134
195.97048
0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.4279/75.2 0.6452/10.8 (0.395–1.623) Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13–2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353 0.6954 (0.08–1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262
4/3/14 11:59 AM
Table of the Isotopes
197
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Tl
Atomic Mass or Weight
196.96958
Tl
198m
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
1/2+
+1.58
1.87 h
β+, EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347
7+
+0.64
197.9405
5.3 h
EC, β+ /(1)/3.5
199
Tl
198.96988
7.4 h
EC/1.4
200
Tl
199.97096
1.087 d
EC/2.46
201
Tl
200.97082
3.038 d
202
Tl
201.97211
203
Tl Tl
29.52(1)
202.972344 203.973864
Tl Tl
70.48(1)
206
Tl
205.976110
Tl
207m
207 208
209
1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/
2-
1/2+
+1.60
2-
0.04
EC/0.48
1/2+
+1.605
12.47 d
EC/1.36
2-
0.06
3.78 a
β- /97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347
1/2+ 2-
+1.622258 0.09
I.T./2.644
1/2+ 12-
+1.638215
3.76 m
4.20 m
β- /1.533
1.3 s
I.T./1.350
1.07/ 1.44/
0.763/97
204.974428
206m
1.53/99.9
011/2-
Tl Tl
206.97742 207.982019
4.77 m 3.053 m
β- /1.423 β- /5.001
1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51
1/2+ (5+)
Tl
208.98536
2.16 m
β-/3.98
1.8 /100
(1/2+)
K21599_S11.indb 135
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
β+ /(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/
Tl
205
Spin (h/2π)
2.83 h
198
204
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
+1.88 +0.29
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23–2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11–2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-135
Hg k x-ray
Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray 1.5670/100 0.4651/95 (0.12–1.33)
4/3/14 12:00 PM
Table of the Isotopes
11-136 Elem. or Isot. 210 Tl
Tl Tl 213 Tl 214 Tl 215 Tl 216 Tl 217 Tl Pb 82 178 Pb 179 Pb 180 Pb 181 Pb 182 Pb 183m Pb 211 212
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Nuclear
Atomic Mass or Weight 209.99007
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 1.30 m β- /5.48 1.3/25 (5+) 1.9/56
210.9935 211.9982
> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs
ββ-
~ 0.2 ms ~ 3.5 ms 4.2 ms 0.036 s 55 ms 0.42 s
α α/ α/ α α
207.2(1) 178.00383 179.0022 179.99792 180.9966 181.99267
182.99187
0.54 s
α/
Pb Pb 185 Pb
183.98814 184.98761
0.48 s 4.3 s 6.3 s
α/~ 80 α α/
Pb
185.98424
5. s
β+, EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/
184
185m
186
Pb
187m
187
188
Pb
Pb
186.98392
187.98087
189
190
β+, EC/ α/12
18.3 s
EC/7.2 α/7
6.08/
188.98081
39 s 51. s
Pb
189.97808
1.2 m
Pb
191m
K21599_S11.indb 136
2.2 m
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Pb k x-ray 0.081 0.2981 0.79788
EC/(78)/4.8 α/(22)/
EC/6.1 α/ β+ (13)/4.1 EC/(86)/ α/(0.9)/
β+, EC/
0+ 0+ 13/2+
–1.25
~ 1.7
(3/2-)
–1.16
~ 0.6
0+ 13/2+ 3/2-
–1.19 –1.10
~ 0.9 ~ 0.2
(1/2-)
–1.21
~ –0.5
13/2+
–1.13
~ –0.4
–1.19 –1.08
~ –1.3 ~ 0.5
0.205 0.269
0+
15.2 s
Pb Pb
189m
7.35 7.25 7.02 6.90 6.70/82.7 6.86/1.9 6.57/4.3 6.78/11.0 6.63/ 6.41/100 6.29/56 6.49/44 6.55/ 4 × 1010 a
α/5.992 sf/< 10–10
231
U
231.036294
4.2 d
EC/0.36 α/(10–3)
228
232
U
K21599_S11.indb 157
232.037156
70. a 2.6 × 1015 a
α/5.414 sf/2.7 × 10–12
0+ 0+
8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.87/83 7.82/15 7.63/2 7.56/86 7.38/14 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/0.01 5.6624(3)/0.26 5.6663(3)/0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67
0+
0+
0+
(3/2+)
0+
(5/2-) 5.46/1.6 × 10–3 5.47/1.4 × 10–3 5.40/1. × 10–3 4.9979(1)/0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31
0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246
Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081–0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.08420
0+
4/3/14 12:00 PM
Table of the Isotopes
11-158 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
233.039635
1.590 ×105 a >2.7 × 1017 a
α/4.909 sf/6 × 10–11
2.453 ×105 a 1.5 × 1016 a
α/4.856 sf/1.6 × 10–9
26. m 7.03 × 108 a 1.0 × 1019 a
IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 sf/7 × 10–9
Atomic Mass or Weight
U
234
U
0.0054(5)
234.040952
U U
0.7204(6)
235.043930
Nuclear
233
235m 235
Particle Energy/ Intensity Spin (MeV/%) (h/2π) 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/13.2 5/2+ 4.8247(8)/84.4 4.510–4.804 4.604(1)/0.24 4.7231(1)/27.5 4.776(1)/72.5 4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/6. 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/19. 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/57. 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/4.8 4.332(8)/0.26 4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74
1/2+ 7/2-
U
236.045568
2.342 ×107 a 2.5 × 1016 a
α/4.569 SF// 9 × 10–8
237
U
237.048730
6.75 d
β- /0.519
0.24/ 0.25/
1/2+
238
U
238.050788
4.47 × 109 a 8.2 × 1015 a
α SF// 5 × 10–5
0+
239
U
239.054293
23.5 m
β- /1.265
240
U
240.05659
14.1 h
β- /0.39
4.0395/0.23 4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/
U Np 93 225 Np 226 Np 227 Np
242.0629
16.8 m
β- /~ 1.2
225.0339 226.0352 227.0350
> 2 μs 0.03 s 0.51 s
α/ α/
228
Np
228.0362
61. s
229
Np Np
229.0363 230.0378
4.0 m 4.6 m
Np
231.03825
48.8 m
242
230
231
232
Np
K21599_S11.indb 158
232.0401
14.7 m
EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, sf α/7.010 EC/97 /3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368 EC/99 /2.7
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
5/2+ 0+
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
+0.59
3.66
Th L x-ray 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252–1.119) 0.05323/0.156 0.12091
–0.38
4.94
Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378/0.134 0.16338/0.067 0.18574/0.806 0.1949/0.009 0.20533/0.774 0.2214/0.0014 (0.03–0.79) Th L x-ray 0.04946/100 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray 0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0135–1.102)
0+
236
99.2742(10)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760
0+
8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/
6.890(20) 6.660(20) 5/2 6.280/2 (4-)
0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925
4/3/14 12:00 PM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
233
Np
233.04074
36.2 m
EC/1.2
234
Np
234.04290
4.4 d
β+, EC/1.81
235
Np
235.044063
1.085 a
EC/99.9 /0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52 / β- /48 /
Np
22.5 h
236m
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
0.79/
(0+)
5/2+ (1-)
Np
236.04657
1.55 × 105 a
EC/91 /0.94 β- /9 /0.49
237
Np
237.048173
2.14 × 106 a 1 × 1018 a
α/4.957 sf/2.1 × 10–10
238
Np
238.050946
2.117 d
β- /1.292
239
Np
239.052939
2.355 d
β- /0.722
0.341/30 0.438/48
5/2+
7.22 m
β- /99.9 / IT/0.1 /
2.18/
(1+)
Np
(6-)
4.6395(5)/6.5 4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/22.7 4.7884(5)/47.8 4.558–4.873 1.2/
5/2+
2+
240
Np
240.05616
1.032 h
β- /2.20
0.89/
5+
241
Np
241.0583
13.9 m
β- /1.3
1.3/
5/2+
2.2 m
β- /
5.5 m
β- /2.7
Np
242m
242
Np
K21599_S11.indb 159
242.0616
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
(5/2+)
236
240m
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
(1+)
2.7/
6+
+3.14
+3.87
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot.
11-159
U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15 0.08653/12 (0.03–0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04–0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735 0.1471/ 0.5664 0.6008 0.1330/ 0.1740 0.280 0.15910 0.2651/ 0.78570 0.9448/ 0.6209 0.73620 0.78074
4/3/14 12:00 PM
Table of the Isotopes
11-160 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
Np Np Pu 94 228 Pu 229 Pu
243.06428 244.0679
1.9 m 2.3 m
228.03874 229.0402
~ 1.1 s 1.1 m
230
Pu
230.03965
1.7 m
231
Pu
231.04110
8.6 m
232
Pu
232.04119
34. m
243 244
Nuclear
233
234
235
Pu
Pu
Pu
233.04300
234.04332
235.04529
237
8.8 h
25.3 m
Pu Pu
236.046058
1.2 μs 2.87 a 1.5 × 109 a
Pu
237.048410
45.7 d
236m 236
20.9 m
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
α/ α/50 EC/50 SF < 7 α/ EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/ 2.4 × 10–14
< 6 × 1016 a
K21599_S11.indb 160
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)
Spin (h/2π)
7.81(2)/ 7.46/
0+
7.06/81 7.00/19
0+
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.47340 (0.04–2.37)
6.72 0+ 6.542(10)/38 6.600(10)/62 0.1503 0.1804 0.2353 0.5002 0.5346/ 1.0352/
6.300(20)/0.1
0+ 6.035(3)/0.024 6.149(3)/1.9 6.200(3)/4. (5/2+) 5.850(20)/0.003 5.611/0.21 5.7210/30.5 5.7677(1)/69.3
0+
7/25.334(4)/0.0015 5.356(4)/0.0006 5.650(4)/0.0007
5.3583(1)/0.10 5.465(1)/28.3 5.4992(1)/71.6 5.055/0.047 5.076/0.078 5.106/11.9 5.144/17.1 5.157/70.8 (4.74–5.03) 5.0212(1)/0.07 5.1237(1)/26.4 5.1681(1)/73.5 (4.492–4.863) 4.853/3 × 10–4 4.897/0.002
0+
1/2+
+0.203
0+
5/2+
–0.68
+6.
0.0476/0.07 0.109/0.02 (0.17–0.97) Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.026344 0.03319 0.05954 (0.03–0.5) U k x-ray 0.04347 (0.04–1.1) U k x-ray 0.05162 0.05682 0.12928 0.37502 0.41369 U L x-ray 0.04524 0.10423 (0.04–0.97) 0.14854 0.1600
4/3/14 12:00 PM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight 242.058743
243
Pu
243.062003
244
Pu
244.064204
245
Pu
246
Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 3.75 × 105 a α/4.983 4.7546(7)/0.098 0+ sf/5.5 × 10–4 4.8564(7)/22.4 6.77 × 1010 a 4.9006(7)/78 4.956 h β- /0.582 0.49/21 7/2+ 0.58/60
245.06775
8.12 × 107 a 6.6 × 1010 a 10.5 h
α/99.9/4.665 sf/0.12 β- /1.21
4.546(1)/19.4 4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11
Pu
246.07021
10.85 d
β- /0.40
0.150/85 0.35/10
Pu Am 95 230 Am 232 Am 233 Am 234 Am 235 Am
247.0741
2.3 d
232.0466 233.0464 234.0478 235.0480
0.9 m ~ 3.2 m 2.3 m 10.3 m
247
Am Am 237 Am 236m 236
238
Am
236.0496 237.0500
238.05198
2.9 m 3.6 m 1.22 h
1.63 h
EC/~ 5.0 α EC/4.2 EC α
(9/2-)
0+
6.46/0.4 (1-) (5-) (5/2-)
EC EC/99.98 /1.7 α/0.02 /6.20
6.042(5)/0.02
EC/2.26 α/0.0001 /6.04
5.940/0.0001
1+
239.053025
11.9 h
EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924 5.734(2)/0.001 5.776(2)/0.008
5/2-
240
Am
240.05530
2.12 d
EC/1.38 α/5.592
(3-)
K21599_S11.indb 161
241.056829
432.7 a 1.2 × 1014 a
α/5.637 sf/3.6 × 10–10
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) U L x-ray 0.04491 0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray 0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804 / 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03–1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371
6.78
Am
Am
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
0+
239
241
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Nuclear
Elem. or Isot. 242 Pu
11-161
5.378/16 × 10–4
5.2443(1)/0.002 5.3221(1)/0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/12.8 5.4857(1)/85.2 5.5116(1)/0.20
5/2-
+1.58
+3.1
Pu K x-ray 0.291/100 (0.170–0.828) (0.583–0.713) (0.158–1.038) Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.18172 0.22818 0.27760 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.88878 0.98764 (0.1–1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 /.024 0.0332/.00126 0.05954/0.359 (0.03–1.128)
4/3/14 12:00 PM
Table of the Isotopes
11-162 Elem. or Isot.
Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Am
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 141. a
242m
> 3 × 1012 a
Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)
Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.5442(1)/0.34
IT/99.5/0.048 α/0.5/5.62 sf/< 4.7 × 10–9
5.141(4)/0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4
Spin (h/2π)
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)
Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)
5-
+1.0
+7.
Nuclear
242
Am
242.059549
16.02 h
β- /83 /0.665 EC/17 /0.750
0.63/46 0.67/37
1-
+0.388
~ –2.4
243
Am
243.061381
7.37 × 103 a 2. × 1014 a
α/5.438 sf/3.7 × 10–9
5.1798(5)/1.1 5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/0.16
5/2-
+1.50
+2.86
Am Am
244.064285
~ 26. m 10.1 h
β- /1.498 β- /1.428
Am
245.066452
2.05 h
β- /0.894
0.65/19 0.90/77
(5/2+)
25.0 m
β- /
1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7
2-
1.2/
(7-)
244m 244
245
Am
246m
246
Am
246.06978
39. m
β- /2.38
247
Am
247.0721
22. m
β- /1.7
Am Am Cm 96 232 Cm 233 Cm
233.0508
~ 23 s
α/20 EC/80 α/27 EC/71 SF/~2
(1-)
γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Am L x-ray 0.04863 0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197 0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04–2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267 / 0.2853 /
248 249
234
Cm
234.05016
~ 51. s
235
Cm Cm
235.0514 236.0514
6.8 m
236
237
Cm
K21599_S11.indb 162
237.0529
EC/1.7/82 α/18 SF/< 0.1 EC/2.5
7.34/ 7.24/
0+
0+ 6.95
4/3/14 12:00 PM
Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)
Atomic Mass or Weight
Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)
238
Cm
238.05303
2.4 h
239
Cm
239.0550
~ 3. h
240
241
242
243
244
245
Cm
Cm
Cm
Cm
Cm
Cm
240.055530
241.057653
242.058836
243.061389
244.062753
245.065491
Particle Energy/ Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) α/90 /0.97 α/6.558/86 0+ α/ 95 α// < 5 α α/7.719/98.5 SF// 1.5 EC/3.3 α/7.60 α/7.509 sf/ 10. a sf/0.045
Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 2.9
276. d > 2.5 × 107 a 40. d
4.35
2.6 × 103 a 7.6 h
α/ sf/< 3 × 10–6 β- /92 /0.29 α/8 / sf/0.0042 β- /
Es Es 258 Es Fm 100 241 Fm 242 Fm 243 Fm
256.0936 257.0960
25. m 7.7 d
β-/1.7 β-
242.0734 243.0744
0.8 ms 0.22 s
Fm Fm
244.0741 245.0754
3.2 ms 4. s
Fm
246.07530
1.2 s
SF// > 96 α/ sf/< 0.4 sf/> 97 α/ sf/98.7 α// 94 /3.1 α/10 EC/>50 /3.9 α/12 >12→atm >12 atm atm atm 0.125 0.03 atm atm atm HP c.w. atm >7.5 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >2.0
Pearson symbol oC4 hP4 cF4 oC8 hP4 cF4 hP2 cF4 cI2 tI2 cI2 cF4 cF4 ? cF4 oC4 hP2 cI2 hR3 hP2 hP4 cF4 cI2 mC8 cP16 cI2 cF4 cI2 hP2 oC8 tI2 oC40 hP2 cI2 hR3 cF8 tI4 tP12 cI16 cF4 hP2 hP2 cF4 cI2 hP2 cl2 hR1 tI2 hR1 hP2 hR3 oC8 tI2 cF4 cI2 cF4 hP4 cF4 cI2 cF4
Space group Cmcm P63 /mmc Fm3m Cmca P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm Im3m Fm3m Fm3m … Fm3m Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m C2/c Pm3n Im3m Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Cmca I4/mmm Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m Fd3m I41/amd P41212 Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m R3m I4/mmm ? P63 /mmc R3m Cmca I4/mmm Fm3m Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m Fm3m
Struktur bericht designation A20 A3´ A1 … A3´ A1 A3 A1 A2 … A2 A1 A1 … A1 … A3 A2 … A3 A3´ A1 A2 … … A2 A1 A2 A3 A11 A6 … A3 A2 … A4 A5 … … A1 A3 A3 A1 A2 A3 A2 A10 … … A3 … … A6 A1 A2 A1 A3´ A1 A2 A1
Lattice parameters, nm Prototype αU αLa Cu Cl αLa Cu Mg Cu W α´Cr W Cu Cu … Cu α´Dy Mg W αSm Mg αLa Cu W αF γO W Cu W Mg αGa In γGa Mg W αSm C (diamond) βSn σGe γSi Cu Mg Mg Cu W Mg W αHg βHg … Mg αSm Cl In Cu W Cu αLa Cu W Cu
a 0.3049 0.339 ? 0.624 0.3496 0.4382 0.25071 0.35447 0.28848 0.2882 0.6141 0.6465 0.5800 … 0.36146 0.3595 0.35915 0.403 0.3436 0.35592 ? ? 0.45827 0.550 0.667 0.28665 0.36467 0.29315 0.2468 0.45186 0.2808 1.0593 0.36336 0.406 0.361 0.56574 0.4884 0.593 0.692 0.5338 0.3776 0.3555 0.4240 0.4110 0.31946 0.3610 0.3005 0.3995 … 0.35778 0.334 0.72697 0.3253 0.38392 0.5321 0.5810 0.37740 0.5303 0.426 0.517
b 0.5998 … … 0.448 … … … … … … … … … … … 0.6184 … … … … … … … 0.338 … … … … … 0.76570 … 1.3523 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.47903 … … … … … … … …
c 0.5215 1.1015 … 0.826 1.1331 … 0.40686 … … 0.2887 … … … … … 0.5678 0.56501 … 2.483 0.55850 … … … 0.728 … … … … 0.396 0.45258 0.4458 0.5203 0.57810 … 2.603 … 0.2692 0.698 … … 0.6162 0.5798 … … 0.50510 … … 0.2825 … 0.56178 2.45 0.97942 0.49470 … … … 1.2171 … … …
Comment, c/a or α or β … 2*1.625 … … 2*1.621 … 1.6228 … … 1.002 … … … … … … 1.5732 … 4.5*1.606 1.5692 … … … β = 102.17o … … … … 1.603 … 1.588 … 0.5910 … 4*1.60 … 0.551 1.18 … … 1.632 1.631 … … 1.5811 … α = 70.53o 0.707 … 1.5702 4.5*1.63 … 1.5210 … … … 2*1.6125 … … …
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements
K21599_S12.indb 17
Pressure, GPa atm atm c.w. atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >3.3 atm atm atm atm atm >5.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >10.3 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >4.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >1.08 >2.05 atm atm atm atm atm >5.0 >7.5 >14.0
Pearson symbol hP2 cI2 cF4 hP2 hP2 cl58 cP20 cF4 cI2 cI2 cP8 hP4 tP4 hP2 cI2 cI2 hP4 cI2 cF4 cF4 cF4 oP8 tP4 cI2 mC4 hR2 cP16 hP2 oC8 tI2 cI2 cF4 hP2 cF4 hP4 cI2 cP1 hR1 hP4 cI2 cF4 cF4 mP16 mI34 oF8 cF4 tI2 cI2 cI2 cI2 ? ? hP2 cF4 hP2 oF128 hR2 cP1 hP2 mP3
Space group P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc I43m P4132 Fm3m Im3m Im3m Pa3 P63 /mmc P42 /mnm P63 /mmc Im3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m Fm3m Fm3m Pnma P4212 Im3m C2m R3m Pm3n P63 /mmc Cmca I4/mmm Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Im3m Pm3m R3m P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m Fm3m P21/m I2/m Fddd Fm3m I4/mmm Im3m Im3m lm3m … … P63 /mmc Fm3m P63/mmc Fddd R3m Pm3m P63 /mmc ?
Struktur bericht designation A3 A2 A1 A3 A3 A12 A13 A1 A2 A2 … … … A3 A2 A2 A3´ A2 A1 A1 A1 Ac Ad A2 … … … A3 … Aa A2 A1 A3 A1 A3´ A2 Ah … A3´ A2 A1 A1 … … … A1 A6 A2 A2 A2 … … A3 A1 A3 A16 A7 Ah A3 …
Lattice parameters, nm Prototype Mg W Cu Mg Mg αMn βMn Cu W W αN βN γN Mg W W αLa W Cu Cu Cu αNp βNp W αO βO γO Mg P (black) αPa W Cu Mg Cu αLa W αPo βPo αLa W Cu Cu αPu βPu γPu Cu In W W W … … Mg Cu Mg αS αAs αPo Mg …
a 0.3111 0.35093 0.4388 0.35052 0.32094 0.89126 0.63152 0.3860 0.3080 0.31470 0.5661 0.4050 0.3957 0.3767 0.42906 0.33004 0.36582 0.413 0.480 0.4462 0.35240 0.6663 0.4883 0.352 0.5403 0.4210 0.683 0.27341 0.33136 0.3921 0.381 0.49502 0.3265 0.38903 0.365 (0.410) 0.3366 0.3373 0.36721 0.413 0.488 0.39236 0.6183 0.9284 0.31587 0.46371 0.33261 0.36343 0.5148 0.5705 … … 0.27609 0.38032 0.27058 1.0464 0.45067 0.2992 0.3376 0.556
b … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.4723 … … 0.3429 … … … 1.0478 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.4822 1.0463 0.57682 … … … … … … … … … … 1.28660 … … … 0.404
c 0.5093 … … 0.55494 0.52107 … … … … … … 0.6604 0.5109 0.6154 … … 1.17966 … … … … 0.4887 0.3389 … 0.5086 … … 0.43918 0.43763 0.3235 … … 0.5387 … 1.165 … … … 1.18326 … … … 1.0963 0.7859 1.0162 … 0.44630 … … … … … 0.4458 … 0.42816 2.44860 … … 0.5341 0.422
Comment, c/a or α or β 1.637 … … 1.5832 1.6236 … … … … … … 1.631 1.291 1.634 … … 2*1.6124 … … … … … 0.694 … β = 132.53o α = 46.27o … 1.6063 … 0.825 … … 1.650 … 2*1.60 … … α = 98.08o 2*1.6111 … … … β = 101.97o β = 92.13o … … 1.3418 … … … … … 1.6145 … 1.5824 … α = 57.11o … 1.582 β = 86.0o
Solids
Element αLi βLi γLi Lu Mg αMn βMn γMn σMn Mo αN βN γN αNa βNa Nb αNd βNd γNd Ne Ni αNp βNp γNp αO βO γO Os P (black) αPa βPa αPb βPb Pd αPm βPm αPo βPo αPr βPr γPr Pt αPu βPu γPu σPu σ´Pu єPu Ra αRb βRb γRb Re Rh Ru αS αSb βSb γSb σSb
Temper ature, °C 1079 >1143 25 125 >215 >320 >463 >483 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
12-17
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements
12-18
Solids
Element αSc βSc γSe αSi βSi γSi σSi αSm βSm γ´Sm σSm αSn βSn γSn αSr βSr β´Sr Ta α´Tb aTb βTb γTb Tc αTe βTe γTe αTh βTh αTi βTi ωTi αTl βTl γTl Tm αU βU γU V W Xe αY βY αYb βYb γYb Zn αZr βZr ωZr
K21599_S12.indb 18
Temper ature, °C 25 >1337 25 25 25 25 25 25 >734 >922 25 547 25 25 1289 25 25 25 25 25 25 >1360 25 >882 25 25 >230 25 25 25 >668 >776 25 25 1478 795 25 25 >863 25
Pressure, GPa atm atm atm atm >9.5 >16.0 >16→atm atm atm atm >4.0 atm atm >9.0 atm atm >3.5 atm atm atm atm >6.0 atm atm >2.0 >7.0 atm atm atm atm HP→atm atm atm HP atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm HP→atm
Pearson symbol hP2 cI2 hP3 cF8 tI4 cI16 hP4 hR3 hP2 cI2 hP4 cF8 tI4 tI2 cF4 cI2 cI2 cI2 oC4 hP2 cI2 hR3 hP2 hP3 hR2 hR1 cF4 cl2 hP2 cl2 hP3 hP2 cI2 cF4 hP2 oC4 tP30 cI2 cI2 cI2 cF4 hP2 cI2 hP2 cF4 cI2 hP2 hP2 cI2 hP2
Space group P63 /mm Im3m P3121 Fd3m I41/amd Im3m P63 /mmc R3m P63 /mmc Im3m P63 /mmc Fd3m I41/amd ? Fm3m Im3m Im3m Im3m Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m P63 /mmc P3121 R3m R3m Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m P6/mmm P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Cmcm P42 /mnm Im3m Im3m Im3m Fm3m P63/mmc Im3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Im3m P6/mmm
Struktur bericht designation A3 A2 A8 A4 A5 … A3´ … A3 A2 A3´ A4 A5 … A1 A2 A2 A2 … A3 A2 … A3 A8 A7 … A1 A2 A3 A2 … A3 A2 A1 A3 A20 Ab A2 A2 A2 A1 A3 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3 A3 A2 …
Lattice parameters, nm Prototype Mg W γSe C (diamond) βSn γSi αLa αSm Mg W αLa C (diamond) βSn γSn Cu W W W α´Dy Mg W αSm Mg γSe αAs βPo Cu W Mg W ωTi Mg W Cu Mg αU βU W W W Cu Mg W Mg Cu W Mg Mg W ωTi
a 0.33088 (0.373) 0.43659 0.54306 0.4686 0.6636 0.380 0.36290 0.36630 (0.410) 0.3618 0.64892 0.58318 0.370 0.6084 0.487 0.4437 0.33030 0.3605 0.36055 (0.407) 0.341 0.2738 0.44566 0.469 0.3002 0.50842 0.411 0.29506 0.33065 0.4625 0.34566 0.3879 ? 0.35375 0.28537 1.0759 0.3524 0.30240 0.31652 0.6350 0.36482 (0.410) 0.38799 0.54848 0.444 0.26650 0.32316 0.36090 0.5036
b … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.6244 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.58695 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
c 0.52680 … 0.49537 … 0.2585 … 0.628 2.6207 0.58448 … 1.166 … 0.31818 0.337 … … … … 0.5706 0.56966 … 2.45 0.4393 0.59264 … … … … 0.46835 … 0.2813 0.55248 … … 0.55540 0.49548 0.5656 … … … … 0.57318 … 0.63859 … … 0.49470 0.51475 … 0.3109
Comment, c/a or α or β 1.5921 … 1.1346 … 0.552 … 1.653 4*1.6048 1.5956 … 2*1.611 … 0.5456 0.91 … … … … … 1.5800 … 4*1.60 1.604 1.3298 α = 53.30o α = 103.3o … … 1.59873 … 0.6082 1.5983 … … 1.5700 … 0.526 … … … … 1.5711 … 1.6459 … … 1.8563 1.5929 … 0.617
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure
Element Americium
Beryllium Boron
Calcium Californium Cerium
Cobalt Curium Dysprosium
Fluorine Gadolinium Hafnium Iron
Lanthanum
Lithium Manganese
Neodymium Neptunium
K21599_S12.indb 19
Symbol Am Am Am Be Be B B B Ca Ca Cf Cf Ce Ce Ce Ce Co Co Cm Cm Dy Dy Dy F2 F2 Gd Gd Hf Hf Fe Fe Fe La La La Li Li Mn Mn Mn Mn Nd Nd Np Np Np
Transition α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→liq ε→α α→liq α→β β→liq α’→α α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→γ γ→δ δ→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq
t/°C 769 1077 1176 1270 1287 1100 1500 2075 443 842 590 900 –177 61 726 799 422 1495 1277 1345 –187 1381 1412 –227.60 –219.67 1235 1313 1743 2233 912 1394 1538 277 860 920 –193 180.50 727 1100 1138 1246 855 1016 280 576 644
References 1. Massalski, T. B., Ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1990. 2. Cordfunke, E. H. P., and Konings, R. J. M., Eds., Thermochemical Data for Reactor Materials and Fission Products, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1990. 3. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. 4. Rhyne, J. J., “Magnetic Phase Transitions of the Elements”, Bull. Alloy Phase Diag. 3, 402, 1982. Comments
Solids
This table gives the phase transition temperatures for the elements that can exist in two or more crystalline forms (allotropes). The crystal phases are labeled by Greek letters in the most common conventions, although some variation is found. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure.
β-Ce and γ-Ce are magnetic
magnetic transition at 1115 °C magnetic transition at –221 °C
magnetic transitions in α-Dy at –184 °C and –94 °C
magnetic transition in α-Fe at 771 °C
magnetic transition in α-Mn at –100 °C
magnetic transition in α-Nd at –253 °C
12-19
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure
12-20 Element Nitrogen Oxygen
Phosphorus
Plutonium
Polonium Solids
Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Samarium
Scandium Selenium Sodium Strontium Sulfur Terbium
Thallium Thorium Tin Titanium Uranium
Ytterbium
Yttrium Zirconium
K21599_S12.indb 20
Symbol N2 N2 O2 O2 O2 P P P Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Po Po Pr Pr Pm Pm Pa Pa Sm Sm Sm Sc Sc Se Se Na Na Sr Sr S S Tb Tb Tb Tl Tl Th Th Sn Sn Ti Ti U U U Yb Yb Yb Y Y Zr Zr
Transition α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq brown→β-white β-white→α-white α-white→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→δ’ δ’→ε ε→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α-red→gray gray→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α’→α α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α (gray)→β (white) β (white)→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq
t/°C –237.54 –210.0 –249.29 –229.35 –218.79 –190 –76.9 44.15 124.5 214.8 320.0 462.9 482.6 640 54 254 795 931 890 1042 1170 1572 734 922 1072 1337 1541 180 220.8 –233 97.794 547 777 95.3 115.21 –53 1289 1359 230 304 1360 1750 13.2 231.928 882 1668 669 776 1135 3 795 824 1478 1522 866 1854.7
Comments
several amorphous phases (red, black, gray) exist (Ref. 3)
magnetic transition in α-Pm at –175 °C
magnetic transition in α-Sm at –167 °C
many allotropes exist (Ref. 3)
many allotropes exist (Ref. 3)
magnetic transition in α-Tb at –230 °C
defining fixed point on ITS-90
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies H. D. B. Jenkins and H. K. Roobottom THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND CALCULATED VALUES
METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF VALUES NOT TABULATED
Table 1 contains calculated values of the lattice energies (total lattice potential energies), UPOT , of crystalline salts, MaXb. UPOT is expressed in units of kilojoules per mole, kJ mol–1. M and X can be either simple or complex ions. Substances are arranged by chemical class. Also listed in the table is the lattice energy, UPOTBFHC, obtained from the application of the Born–Fajans–Haber cycle (BHFC) described below, using the “Standard Thermochemical Properties of Chemical Substances” table in Section 5 of this Handbook, References 1 through 4, and certain other data that are given in Table 3 below. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is given by the cycle:
In cases where the lattice energy is not tabulated and we want to furnish an estimate, then the Kapustinskii equation (Ref. 5) can be used to obtain a value (in kJ mol–1): U POT =
121.4 z a zb v 1− 0.0345 (ra + rb ) (ra + rb )
where za and zb are the moduli of the charges on the v ions in the lattice and ra and rb (in nm) are the thermochemical radii given in Table 2. The ra for metal ions is taken to be the Goldschmidt radius (Ref. 6). To cite an example, if we wish to estimate the lattice energy of the salt [NH+4][HF–2] using the above procedure, we see that Table 2 gives the thermochemical radius (ra ) for NH+4 to be 0.136 nm and that for HF–2 (rb ) to be 0.172 nm. The lattice potential energy is then estimated to be 700 kJ mol–1 compared with the calculated value of 705 kJ mol–1 and the Born–Fajans–Haber cycle value of 658 kJ mol–1.
Solids
References
where (ss) is the standard state of the element concerned. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is obtained using the equation:
∆H L = a∆ f H o (M b+ , g ) + b∆ f H o (X a− , g ) − ∆ f H o (M a X b , c)
and is further related to the total lattice potential energy, UPOT, by the relationship:
n n ∆H L = U POT + a M − 2+ b X − 2 RT 2 2
where nM and nX equal 3 for monatomic ions, 5 for linear polyatomic ions and 6 for polyatomic non-linear ions.
K21599_S12.indb 21
1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 4. Jenkins, H. D. B., and Pratt, K. F., Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 22, 1, 1978. 5. Kapustinskii, A. F., Quart. Rev. 10, 283, 1956. 6. Goldschmidt, V. M., Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I, Mat.Naturn. Kl, 1926. See also Dasent, W. E., Inorganic Energetics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982.
12-21
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
12-22 Table 1. Lattice Energies (kJ mol–1) Substance Acetates Li(CH3COO) Na(CH3COO) K(CH3COO) Rb(CH3COO) Cs(CH3COO)
Calc. UPOT
UPOTBHFC
Solids
– 828 749 715 682
843 807 726 – –
Acetylides CaC2 SrC2 BaC2
2911 2788 2647
2902 2782 2652
Azides LiN3 NaN3 KN3 RbN3 CsN3 AgN3 TlN3 Ca(N3)2 Sr(N3)2 Ba(N3)2 Mn(N3)2 Cu(N3)2 Zn(N3)2 Cd(N3)2 Pb(N3)2
861 770 697 674 665 854 689 2186 2056 2021 2408 2730 2840 2446 –
875 784 – 691 674 910 742 2316 2187 – 2348 2738 2970 2576 2300
Bihalide Salts LiHF2 NaHF2 KHF2 RbHF2 CsHF2 NH4HF2 CsHCl2 Me4NHCl2 Et4NHCl2 Bu4NHCl2
821 755 657 627 607 705 601 427 346 290
847 748 660 631 – 658 – – – –
Bicarbonates NaHCO3 KHCO3 RbHCO3 CsHCO3 NH4HCO3
820 741 707 678 –
656 573 522 520 577
5146 5104 5021 7447 7406 10083 7447 7447 7406 7447 5104 7489 7489 7489
– – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Borides CaB6 SrB6 BaB6 YB6 LaB6 CeB6 PrB6 NdB6 PmB6 SmB6 EuB6 GdB6 TbB6 DyB6
K21599_S12.indb 22
Substance HoB6 ErB6 TmB6 YbB6 LuB6 ThB6
Calc. UPOT 7489 7489 7489 5146 7489 10167
UPOTBHFC – – – – – –
Borohydrides LiBH4 NaBH4 KBH4 RbBH4 CsBH4
778 703 655 648 628
– 694 638 – –
Borohalides LiBF4 NaBF4 KBF4 RbBF4 CsBF4 NH4BF4 KBCl4 RbBCl4 CsBCl4
699 657 611 577 556 582 506 489 473
749 674 616 590 565 – 497 486 –
Carbonates Li2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 Rb2CO3 Cs2CO3 MgCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3 CuCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 SnCO3 PbCO3
2523 2301 2084 2000 1920 3138 2804 2720 2615 3046 3121 3443 3494 3121 2929 2904 2728
2254 2016 1846 1783 1722 3122 2811 2688 2554 3092 3169 3235 – 3273 3052 – 2750
Cyanates LiNCO NaNCO KNCO RbNCO CsNCO NH4NCO
849 807 726 692 661 724
– 816 734 – – –
Cyanides LiCN NaCN KCN RbCN CsCN Ca(CN)2 Sr(CN)2 Ba(CN)2 NH4CN AgCN
874 766 692 638 601 2268 2138 2001 617 (741)
759 686 – – 2240 – 2009 691 935
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies Calc. UPOT 2809 2583
UPOTBHFC 2817 2591
865 791 713 685 651 715
– 804 722 – – –
7991 7301 6987 6653
– 7306 – 6643
Halates LiBrO3 NaBrO3 KBrO3 RbBrO3 CsBrO3 NaClO3 KClO3 RbClO3 CsClO3 LiIO3 NaIO3 KIO3 RbIO3 CsIO3
883 803 740 720 694 770 711 690 – 975 883 820 791 761
880 791 722 705 681 785 721 703 679 974 876 780 – –
Halides LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbF RbCl RbBr RbI CsF CsCl CsBr CsI FrF FrCl FrBr FrI CuCl CuBr CuI AgF AgCl AgBr
1030 834 788 730 910 769 732 682 808 701 671 632 774 680 651 617 744 657 632 600 715 632 611 582 992 969 948 953 910 897
1049 864 820 764 930 790 754 705 829 720 691 650 795 695 668 632 759 670 647 613 – – – – 996 978 966 974 918 905
Germanates Mg2GeO4 Ca2GeO4 Sr2GeO4 Ba2GeO4
K21599_S12.indb 23
Substance AgI AuCl AuBr AuI InCl InBr InI TlF TlCl TlBr TlI Me4NCl Me4NBr Me4NI PH4Br PH4I BeF2 BeCl2 BeBr2 BeI2 MgF2 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 SrF2 SrCl2 SrI2 BaF2 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaI2 RaF2 RaCl2 RaBr2 RaI2 ScCl2 ScBr2 ScI2 TiF2 TiCl2 TiBr2 TiI2 VCl2 VBr2 VI2 CrF2 CrCl2 CrBr2 CrI2 MoCl2 MoBr2 MoI2 MnF2 MnCl2 MnBr2 MnI2 FeF2
Calc. UPOT 881 1013 1029 1027 – – – – 738 720 692 566 553 544 616 590 3464 3004 2950 2780 2926 2477 2406 2293 2640 2268 2132 1971 2476 2142 1984 2347 2046 1971 1862 2284 2004 1929 1803 2380 2291 2201 2724 2439 2360 2259 2607 – – 2778 2540 2377 2269 2737 2742 2630 2644 2510 2448 2212 2849
UPOTBHFC 892 1066 1059 1070 764 767 733 850 751 734 710 – – – – – 3526 3033 2914 2813 2978 2540 2451 2340 2651 2271 – 2087 2513 2170 1976 2373 2069 1995 1890 – – – – – – – – 2514 2430 2342 2593 2534 2470 2939 2601 2536 2440 2746 2753 – – 2551 2482 – 2967
Solids
Substance Zn(CN)2 Cd(CN)2 Formates Li(HCO2) Na(HCO2) K(HCO2) Rb(HCO2) Cs(HCO2) NH4(HCO2)
12-23
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
12-24
Solids
Substance FeCl2 FeBr2 FeI2 CoF2 CoCl2 CoBr2 CoI2 NiF2 NiCl2 NiBr2 NiI2 PdCl2 PdBr2 PdI2 CuF2 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 AgF2 ZnF2 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 CdF2 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 HgF2 HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 SnI2 PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 ScF3 ScCl3 ScBr3 ScI3 YF3 YCl3 YI3 TiF3 TiCl3 TiBr3 TiI3 ZrCl3 ZrBr3 ZrI3 VF3 VCl3 VBr3 VI3 NbCl3 NbBr3 NbI3 CrF3
K21599_S12.indb 24
Calc. UPOT 2569 2515 2439 3004 2707 2640 2569 3098 2753 2729 2607 2778 2741 2748 3046 2774 2715 2640 2942 3021 2703 2648 2581 2809 2552 2507 2441 2757 2657 2628 2628 2551 2297 2251 2193 2535 2270 2219 2163 5492 4874 4729 4640 4983 4506 4240 5644 5134 5012 4845 – – – 5895 5322 5214 5121 5062 4980 4860 6033
UPOTBHFC 2641 2577 2491 3042 2706 2643 2561 3089 2786 2721 2637 2818 2751 2760 3102 2824 2774 – 2967 3053 2748 2689 2619 2830 2565 2517 2455 – 2664 2639 2624 – 2310 2256 2206 2543 2282 2230 2177 5540 4901 4761 – – 4524 4258 – 5153 5023 – 4791 4758 4591 – 5329 5224 5136 – – – 6065
Substance CrCl3 CrBr3 CrI3 MoF3 MoCl3 MoBr3 MoI3 MnF3 MnCl3 MnBr3 MnI3 TcCl3 TcBr3 TcI3 FeF3 FeCl3 FeBr3 FeI3 RuCl3 RuBr3 RuI3 CoF3 RhCl3 IrF3 IrBr3 NiF3 AuF3 AuCl3 ZnCl3 ZnBr3 ZnI3 AlF3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 GaF3 GaCl3 GaBr3 GaI3 InCl3 InBr3 InI3 TlF3 TlCl3 TlBr3 TlI3 AsBr3 AsI3 SbF3 SbCl3 SbBr3 SbI3 BiCl3 BiI3 LaF3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 CeCl3 CeI3 PrCl3
Calc. UPOT 5518 5355 5275 6459 5246 5156 5073 6017 5544 5448 5330 5270 5215 5188 5870 5364 5333 5117 5245 5223 5222 5991 5641 (6112) (4794) (6111) (5777) (4605) 5832 5732 5636 5924 5376 5247 5070 5829 5217 4966 4611 4736 4535 4234 5493 5258 5171 5088 5497 4824 5295 5032 4954 4867 4689 3774 4682 4263 4209 3916 4394 – 4322
UPOTBHFC 5529 – 5294 – 5253 – – – – – – – – – – 5436 5347 – 5257 5232 5235 – 5665 – – – – – – – – 6252 5513 5360 5227 6238 5665 5569 5496 5183 5117 5001 – 5278 – – 5365 5295 5324 4857 4776 4692 4707 – – 4242 – 3986 4348 4061 4387
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
Hydrides LiH NaH KH
K21599_S12.indb 25
Calc. UPOT – 4343 4376 4393 4406 4481 4501 4527 4548 – – 4096 4243 4268 4289 (3959) 4293 10012 9431 9288 9108 8853 8021 7661 7155 8795 8556 8510 8427 8355 7970 9519 5795 5753 5669 5448 5381 5330 2891 2853 2803 2753 2694 2669 5711 5653 5569 5339 5272 5209 845 766 699 674 636 678 736 916 807 711
UPOTBHFC 4101 4415 4450 4490 4495 4529 4572 4591 4608 4340 4651 – – – – – – 9908 – 9059 8918 8971 8144 7984 7801 – 9603 9500 – 8930 8852 – – – – – 5429 5370 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 756 689 – – – 685 918 807 713
Substance RbH CsH VH NbH PdH CuH TiH ZrH HfH LaH TaH CrH NiH PtH AgH AuH TlH GeH PbH BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 ScH2 YH2 LaH2 CeH2 PrH2 NdH2 PmH2 SmH2 GdH2 AcH2 ThH2 PuH2 AmH2 TiH2 ZrH2 CuH2 ZnH2 HgH2 AlH3 FeH3 ScH3 YH3 LaH3 FeH3 GaH3 InH3 TlH3
Calc. UPOT 686 648 1184 1163 979 828 996 916 904 828 1021 1050 929 937 941 1033 745 950 778 3205 2791 2410 2250 2121 2711 (2598) 2380 2414 2448 2464 2519 2510 2494 2372 2711 2519 2544 2866 2711 2941 2870 2707 5924 5724 5439 5063 4895 5724 5690 5092 5092
UPOTBHFC 684 653 (1344) (1633) 1368 1254 1407 1590 – – – – – – – 1108 – – – 3306 2718 2406 2265 2133 2744 2733 2522 2509 2405 2394 – 2389 2651 – 2738 – – 2864 2999 – – – 5969 – – 4910 4493 – – – –
Hydroselenides NaHSe KHSe RbHSe CsHse
703 644 623 598
732 712 689 669
Hydrosulphides LiHS NaHS RbHS
768 723 655
862 771 682
Solids
Substance PrI3 NdCl3 SmCl3 EuCl3 GdCl3 DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl3 TmI3 YbCl3 AcCl3 UCl3 NpCl3 PuCl3 PuBr3 AmCl3 TiF4 TiCl4 TiBr4 TiI4 ZrF4 ZrCl4 ZrBr4 ZrI4 MoF4 MoCl4 MoBr4 MoI4 SnCl4 SnBr4 PbF4 CrF2Cl CrF2Br CrF2I CrCl2Br CrCl2I CrBr2I CuFCl CuFBr CuFI CuClBr CuClI CuBrI FeF2Cl FeF2Br FeF2I FeCl2Br FeCl2I FeBr2I LiIO2F2 NaIO2F2 KIO2F2 RbIO2F2 CsIO2F2 NH4IO2F2 AgIO2F2
12-25
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
12-26
Solids
Substance CsHS NH4HS Ca(HS)2 Sr(HS)2 Ba(HS)2
Calc. UPOT 628 661 2184 2063 1979
Hydroxides LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Ti(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Pd(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 CuOH AgOH AuOH TlOH Zn(OH)2 Cd(OH)2 Hg(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 Sc(OH)3 Y(OH)3 La(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Mn(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 In(OH)3 Tl(OH)3 Ti(OH)4 Zr(OH)4 Mn(OH)4 Sn(OH)4
1021 887 789 766 721 3477 2870 2506 2330 2142 – 2909 2653 2786 2832 – 2870 1006 918 1033 705 2795 2607 2669 2489 2376 5063 4707 4443 5556 6213 5627 5732 5280 5314 9456 8619 10933 9188
1028 892 796 765 732 3620 2998 2637 2474 2330 2953 3008 3044 3109 3186 3189 3229 – 845 – 874 3151 2909 – 2721 – 5602 – – 6299 – – 6368 – – – – – 9879
Imides CaNH SrNH BaNH
3293 3146 2975
– – –
Metavanadates Li3VO4 Na3VO4 K3VO4 Rb3VO4 Cs3VO4
3945 3766 3376 3243 3137
– – – – –
848 755 685 662
854 763 694 671
Nitrates LiNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 RbNO3
K21599_S12.indb 26
UPOTBHFC 657 718 (2171) – (1956)
Substance CsNO3 AgNO3 TlNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 Sn(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2
Calc. UPOT 648 820 690 2481 2268 2176 2062 2318 – 2560 – – 2376 2238 2155 2067
UPOTBHFC 650 832 707 2521 2247 2151 2035 2478 (2580) 2647 2729 2739 2649 2462 2254 2208
Nitrides ScN LaN TiN ZrN VN NbN CrN
7547 6876 8130 7633 8283 7939 8269
7506 6793 8033 7723 8233 8022 8358
Nitrites NaNO2 KNO2 RbNO2 CsNO2
774 699 724 690
772 687 765 –
Oxides Li2O Na2O K2O Rb2O Cs2O Cu2O Ag2O Tl2O LiO2 NaO2 KO2 RbO2 CsO2 Li2O2 Na2O2 K2O2 Rb2O2 Cs2O2 MgO2 CaO2 SrO2 KO3 BeO MgO CaO SrO BaO TiO VO MnO
2799 2481 2238 2163 2131 3273 3002 2659 (878) 799 741 706 679 2592 2309 2114 2025 1948 3356 3144 3037 697 4514 3795 3414 3217 3029 3832 3932 3724
2814 2478 2232 2161 2063 3189 2910 2575 (872) 821 751 721 696 2557 22717 2064 1994 1512 3526 3132 2977 707 4443 3791 3401 3223 3054 3811 3863 3745
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
Perchlorates LiClO4 NaClO4 KClO4 RbClO4 CsClO4 NH4ClO4
K21599_S12.indb 27
Calc. UPOT 3795 3837 3908 3736 4135 4142 3806 3907 3919 3652 3520 13557 12705 12452 12661 12703 12736 12811 12878 12945 12996 13071 13138 13180 13263 13322 13380 13665 12573 – 15096 15276 15146 14309 15916 15590 13928 (14841) 9627 10397 10573 10644 10707 10786 10799 10832 12150 11188 11648 12970 13125 12828 11807 11217
UPOTBHFC 3865 3910 4010 – 4050 3971 – – – – – 13708 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14149 14520 14957 15035 14774 – 15220 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
709 643 599 564 636 583
715 641 595 576 550 580
Substance Ca(ClO4)2 Sr(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Permanganates NaMnO4 KMnO4 RbMnO4 CsMnO4 Ca(MnO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Ba(MnO4)2
Calc. UPOT 1958 1862 1795
UPOTBHFC 1971 1862 1769
661 607 586 565 1937 1845 1778
– – – – – – –
11632 10602 10125 9652 7397 7251 8201 7427 7381
11407 10479 10075 9654 – 7300 – 7507 –
Selenides Li2Se Na2Se K2Se Rb2Se Cs2Se Ag2Se Tl2Se BeSe MgSe CaSe SrSe BaSe MnSe
2364 2130 1933 1837 1745 2686 2209 3431 3071 2858 2736 2611 3176
– – – – – – – – – 2862 – – –
Selenites Li2SeO3 Na2SeO3 K2SeO3 Rb2SeO3 Cs2SeO3 Tl2SeO3 Ag2SeO3 BeSeO3 MgSeO3 CaSeO3 SrSeO3 BaSeO3
2171 1950 1774 1715 1640 1879 2113 3322 3012 2732 2586 2460
– 1916 1749 1675 – – 2148 – 2998 – 2588 2451
Selenates Li2SeO4 Na2SeO4 K2SeO4 Rb2SeO4 Cs2SeO4 Cu2SeO4 Ag2SeO4 Tl2SeO4 Hg2SeO4 BeSeO4
2054 1879 1732 1686 1615 2201 2033 1766 2163 3448
– – – – – – – – – –
Phosphates Mg3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ba3(PO4)2 MnPO4 FePO4 BPO4 AlPO4 GaPO4
Solids
Substance FeO CoO NiO PdO CuO ZnO CdO HgO GeO SnO PbO Sc2O3 Y2O3 La2O3 Ce2O3 Pr2O3 Nd2O3 Pm2O3 Sm2O3 Eu2O3 Gd2O3 Tb2O3 Dy2O3 Ho2O3 Er2O3 Tm2O3 Yb2O3 Lu2O3 Ac2O3 Ti2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ga2O3 In2O3 Pb2O3 CeO2 ThO2 PaO2 VO2(g) NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 TiO2 ZrO2 MoO2 MnO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2
12-27
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
12-28 Substance MgSeO4 CaSeO4 SrSeO4
Calc. UPOT 2895 2632 2489
UPOTBHFC – – –
Solids
Sulphates Li2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Rb2SO4 Cs2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Cu2SO4 Ag2SO4 Tl2SO4 Hg2SO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4 MnSO4
2229 1827 1700 1636 1596 1766 2276 2104 1828 – 2489 2577 2469 2920
2142 1938 1796 1748 1658 1777 2166 1989 1722 2127 2480 2484 2374 2825
Sulphides Li2S Na2S K2S Rb2S Cs2S (NH4)2S Cu2S Ag2S Au2S Tl2S
2464 2192 1979 1929 1892 2008 2786 2606 2908 2298
2472 2203 (2052) 1949 1850 (2026) 2865 2677 – 2258
Ternary Salts Cs2CuCl4 Rb2ZnCl4 Cs2ZnCl4 Rb2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnI4 CsGaCl4 NaAlCl4 CsAlCl4 NaFeCl4 Rb2CoCl4 Cs2CoCl4 K2PtCl4 Cs2GeF6 (NH4)2GeF6 Cs2GeCl6 K2HfCl6 K2IrCl6 Na2MoCl6 K2MoCl6 Rb2MoCl6 Cs2MoCl6 K2NbCl6 Rb2NbCl6 Cs2NbCl6 K2OsCl6 Cs2OsCl6 K2OsBr6 K2PdCl6 Rb2PdCl6
1393 1529 1492 1498 1454 1386 494 556 486 492 1447 1391 1574 1573 1657 1404 1345 1442 1526 1418 1399 1347 1375 1371 1381 1447 1409 1396 1481 1449
– – – – – – – – – – – – 1550 – – 1419 1461 1440 1504 1412 1399 1347 1398 1385 1344 1447 – – 1493 –
K21599_S12.indb 28
Substance Cs2PdCl6 Rb2PbCl6 Cs2PbCl6 (NH4)2PbCl6 K2PtCl6 Rb2PtCl6 Cs2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 Tl2PtCl6 Ag2PtCl6 BaPtCl6 K2PtBr6 Ag2PtBr6 K2PtI6 K2ReCl6 Rb2ReCl6 Cs2ReCl6 K2ReBr6 K2SiF6 Rb2SiF6 Cs2SiF6 Tl2SiF6 K2SnCl6 Rb2SnCl6 Cs2SnCl6 Tl2SnCl6 (NH4)2SnCl6 Rb2SnBr6 Cs2SnBr6 Rb2SnI6 Cs2SnBr6 K2TeCl6 Rb2TeCl6 Cs2TeCl6 Tl2TeCl6 (NH4)2TeCl6 K2RuCl6 Rb2CoF6 Cs2CoF6 K2NiF6 Rb2NiF6 Rb2SbCl6 Rb2SeCl6 Cs2SeCl6 (NH4)2SeCl6 (NH4)2PoCl6 Cs2PoBr6 Cs2CrF6 Rb2MnF6 Cs2MnF6 K2MnCl6 Rb2MnCl6 (NH4)2MnCl6 Cs2TeBr6 Cs2TeI6 K2TiCl6 Rb2TiCl6 Cs2TiCl6 Tl2TiCl6 K2TiBr6 Rb2TiBr6
Calc. UPOT 1426 1343 1344 1355 1468 1464 1444 1468 1546 1773 2047 1423 1791 1421 1416 1414 1398 1375 1670 1639 1604 1675 1363 1361 1358 1437 1370 1309 1306 1226 1243 1318 1321 1323 1392 1318 1451 1688 1632 1721 1688 1357 1409 1397 1420 1338 1286 1603 1688 1620 1462 1451 1464 1306 1246 1412 1415 1402 1560 1379 1341
UPOTBHFC – 1343 – – 1471 – – – – 1881 2070 1392 2276 – 1442 – – 1375 1765 1673 1498 – 1390 1363 – – 1344 – – – – 1320 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1447 1416 1384 1553 1379 1331
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies Calc. UPOT 1339 1504 1484 1473 1459 1398 1397 1392 1408 1361 1362 1339 1341 1339
Tellurides Li2Te Na2Te K2Te Rb2Te Cs2Te Cu2Te Ag2Te Tl2Te BeTe MgTe CaTe
UPOTBHFC 1306 – – – – 1423 1434 1366 1408 1391 1332 1371 – 1307
2212 1997 1830 1837 1745 2706 2607 2084 3319 2878 2721
– 2095 – – – 2683 2600 2172 – 3081 –
Substance
Calc. UPOT
Thiocyanates LiCNS NaCNS KCNS RbCNS CsCNS NH4CNS Ca(CNS)2 Sr(CNS)2 Ba(CNS)2 Mn(CNS)2 Zn(CNS)2 Cd(CNS)2 Hg(CNS)2 Sn(CNS)2 Pb(CNS)2 Vanadates LiVO3 NaVO3 KVO3 RbVO3 CsVO3
UPOTBHFC
764 682 623 623 623 605 2184 2063 1979 2280 2335 2201 2146 2117 2058
(765) 682 616 619 568 611 2118 1957 1852 2351 2560 2374 2492 2142 –
810 761 686 657 628
– – – – –
Solids
Substance Cs2TiBr6 Na2UBr6 K2UBr6 Rb2UBr6 Cs2UBr6 K2WCl6 Rb2WCl6 Cs2WCl6 K2WBr6 Rb2WBr6 Cs2WBr6 K2ZrCl6 Rb2ZrCl6 Cs2ZrCl6
12-29
TABLE 2. Thermochemical Radii (nm) Ion Singly Charged Anions AgF4AlBr4AlCl4AlF4AlH4AlI4AsF6AsO2Au(CN)2AuCl4AuF4AuF6B(OH)4BF4BH4BrBrF4BrO3CF3SO3CH3CO2ClClO2ClO3ClO4ClS2O6CNCr3O8CuBr4FFeCl4-
K21599_S12.indb 29
Radius 0.231 0.321 0.317 0.214 0.226 0.374 0.243 0.211 0.266 0.288 0.240 0.235 0.229 0.205 0.205 0.190 0.231 0.214 0.230 0.194 0.168 0.195 0.208 0.225 0.260 0.187 0.276 0.315 0.126 0.317
± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
GaCl4HH2AsO4H2PO4HCO2HCO3HF2HSO4II2BrI3I4IBr2ICl2ICl4IO2F2IO3IO4IrF6MnO4MoF6MoOF5N3NCONbCl6NbF6Nb2F11NbO3NH2NH2CH2COONO2-
Ion
0.328 0.148 0.227 0.213 0.200 0.207 0.172 0.221 0.211 0.261 0.272 0.300 0.251 0.235 0.307 0.233 0.218 0.231 0.242 0.220 0.241 0.241 0.180 0.193 0.338 0.254 0.311 0.194 0.168 0.252 0.187
Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
12-30
Solids
NO3O 2O 3OHOsF6PaF6PdF6PF6PO3PtF6PuF5ReF6ReO4RuF6S 6SCNSbCl6SbF6Sb2F11Sb3F14SeCl5SeCNSeHSHSO3FS3N3S3N3O4TaCl6TaF6TaO3UF6VF6VO3WCl6WF6WOF5-
Ion
Doubly Charged Anions AmF62Bi2Br82Bi6Cl202CdCl42CeCl62CeF62CO32CoCl42CoF42CoF62Cr2O72CrF62CrO42CuCl42CuF42GeCl62GeF62HfF62HgI42IrCl62MnCl62MnF42MnF62MoBr62-
K21599_S12.indb 30
0.200 0.165 0.199 0.152 0.252 0.249 0.252 0.242 0.204 0.247 0.239 0.240 0.227 0.242 0.305 0.209 0.320 0.252 0.312 0.374 0.258 0.230 0.195 0.191 0.214 0.231 0.252 0.352 0.250 0.192 0.301 0.235 0.201 0.337 0.246 0.241
Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.034 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
0.255 0.392 0.501 0.307 0.352 0.249 0.189 0.306 0.209 0.256 0.292 0.253 0.229 0.304 0.213 0.335 0.244 0.248 0.377 0.332 0.314 0.219 0.241 0.364
± 0.019 ± 0.055 ± 0.073 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.031 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
MoCl62MoF62MoO42NbCl62NH2Ni(CN)42NiF42NiF62O2O22OsBr62OsCl62OsF62PbCl42PbCl62PbF62PdBr62PdCl42PdCl62PdF62PoBr62PoI62Pt(NO2)3Cl32Pt(NO2)4Cl22Pt(OH)22Pt(SCN)62PtBr42PtBr62PtCl42PtCl62PtF62PuCl62ReBr62ReCl62ReF62ReF82ReH92ReI62RhF62RuCl62RuF62S2S2O32S2O42S2O52S2O62S2O72S2O82S3O62S4O62S6O62ScF62Se2SeBr62SeCl62SeO42SiF62SiO32SmF42Sn(OH)62SnBr62-
Ion
0.338 0.274 0.231 0.343 0.128 0.322 0.211 0.249 0.141 0.167 0.365 0.336 0.276 0.279 0.347 0.268 0.354 0.313 0.333 0.252 0.380 0.428 0.364 0.383 0.333 0.451 0.324 0.363 0.307 0.333 0.245 0.349 0.371 0.337 0.256 0.276 0.257 0.421 0.240 0.336 0.248 0.189 0.251 0.262 0.270 0.283 0.275 0.291 0.302 0.325 0.382 0.276 0.181 0.363 0.336 0.229 0.248 0.195 0.218 0.279 0.374
Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.026 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies Ion
Multi-Charged Anions AlH63AsO43CdBr64CdCl64CeF63CeF73Co(CN)63Co(NO2)63CoCl53CoF63Cr(CN)63CrF63Cu(CN)43Fe(CN)63FeF63HfF73InF63Ir(CN)63Ir(NO2)63Mn(CN)63Mn(CN)65MnCl64N3Ni(NO2)63-
K21599_S12.indb 31
0.345 0.265 0.427 0.204 0.218 0.363 0.337 0.244 0.260 0.419 0.220 0.383 0.353 0.430 0.238 0.424 0.360 0.263 0.356 0.335 0.252 0.354 0.256 0.204 0.363 0.339 0.237 0.334 0.335 0.306 0.219 0.384 0.334 0.306 0.348 0.258
Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019
0.256 0.237 0.374 0.352 0.278 0.282 0.349 0.343 0.320 0.258 0.351 0.254 0.312 0.347 0.298 0.277 0.268 0.347 0.338 0.350 0.401 0.349 0.180 0.342
± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038
Ni(NO2)64NiF63O3P3PaF83PO43PrF63Rh(NO2)63Rh(SCN)63TaF83TbF73Tc(CN)65ThF73TiBr63TlF63UF73YF63ZrF73-
Ion
Singly Charged Cations N(CH3)4+ N2H5+ N2H62+ NH(C2H5)3+ NH3C2H5+ NH3C3H7+ NH3CH3+ NH3OH+ NH4+ NH3C2H4OH+ As3S4+ As3Se4+ AsCl4+ Br2+ Br3+ Br3Br5+ BrClCNH2+ BrF2+ BrF4+ C10F8+ C6F6+ Cl(SNSCN)2+ Cl2C=NH2+ Cl2F+ Cl3+ ClF2+ ClO2+ GaBr4I2+ I3+ I5+ IBr2+ ICl2+ IF6+ N(S3N2)2+ N(SCl)2+ N(SeCl)2+ N(SF2)2+ N2F+ NO+ NO2+
0.383 0.250 0.288 0.224 0.299 0.230 0.281 0.345 0.428 0.284 0.290 0.410 0.282 0.315 0.271 0.285 0.275 0.273
Radius ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038
0.234 0.158 0.158 0.274 0.193 0.225 0.177 0.147 0.136 0.203 0.244 0.253 0.221 0.155 0.204 0.238 0.229 0.175 0.183 0.172 0.265 0.228 0.347 0.173 0.165 0.182 0.147 0.118 0.317 0.185 0.225 0.263 0.196 0.175 0.209 0.258 0.186 0.246 0.214 0.156 0.145 0.153
± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.029 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.036 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
Solids
SnCl62SnF62SnI62SO32SO42TcBr62TcCl62TcF62TcH92TcI62Te2TeBr62TeCl62TeI62TeO42Th(NO3)62ThCl62ThF62TiBr62TiCl62TiF62UCl62UF62VO32WBr62WCl62WO42WOCl52ZnBr42ZnCl42ZnF42ZnI42ZrBr42ZrCl42ZrCl62ZrF62-
12-31
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
12-32
Solids
Ion O 2+ O2(SCCF3Cl)2+ ONCH3CF3+ OsOF5P(CH3)3Cl+ P(CH3)3D+ PCl4+ ReOF5S(CH3)2Cl+ S(N(C2H5)3)3+ S2(CH3)2Cl+ S2(CH3)2CN+ S2(CH3)3+ S2Br5+ S2N+ S2N2C2H3+ S2NC2(PhCH3)2+ S2NC3H4+ S2NC4H8+ S3(CH3)3+ S3Br3+ S3C3H7+ S3C4F6+ S3CF3CN+ S3Cl3+ S3N2+ S3N2Cl+ S4N3+ S4N3(Ph)2+ S4N4H+ S5N5+ S7I+ Sb(NPPh3)4+ SBr3+ SCH3O2+ SCH3P(CH3)3+ SCH3PCH3Cl2+ SCl(C2H5)2+ SCl2CF3+ SCl2CH3+ SCl3+ Se3Br3+ Se3Cl3+ Se3N2+ Se3NCl2+ Se6I+ SeBr3+ SeCl3+ SeF3+ SeI3+ SeN2Cl+ SeNCl2+ (SeNMe3)3+ SeS2N2+ SF(C6F5)2+ SF2CF3+ SF2N(CH3)2+ SF3+ SFS(C(CF3)2)2+ SH2C3H7+ SN+ SNCl5(CH3CN)-
0.140 0.275 0.200 0.246 0.197 0.196 0.235 0.245 0.207 0.439 0.265 0.223 0.233 0.267 0.159 0.211 0.310 0.218 0.225 0.239 0.245 0.199 0.261 0.263 0.233 0.201 0.232 0.231 0.316 0.178 0.257 0.262 0.518 0.220 0.183 0.248 0.205 0.207 0.207 0.204 0.185 0.253 0.245 0.288 0.163 0.260 0.182 0.192 0.179 0.238 0.196 0.157 0.406 0.282 0.294 0.198 0.210 0.172 0.275 0.210 0.158 0.290
Radius ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.034 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038
Ion (SNPMe3)3+ SNSC(CH3)N+ SNSC(CN)CH+ SNSC(Ph)N+ SNSC(Ph)NS3N2+ SNSC(PhCH3)N+ (Te(N(SiMe3)2)2+ Te(N3)3+ Te4Nb3OTe2I6+ TeBr3+ TeCl3+ TeCl3(15-crown-5)+ TeI3+ Xe2F11+ Xe2F3+ XeF+ XeF3+ XeF5+ XeOF3+
0.308 0.225 0.209 0.251 0.327 0.264 0.371 0.226 0.407 0.235 0.216 0.282 0.243 0.266 0.221 0.174 0.183 0.186 0.186
Radius ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027
Doubly Charged Cations Co2S2(CO)62+ FeW(Se)2(CO)2+ I42+ Mo(Te3)(CO)42+ S192+ S2(S(CH3)2)22+ S2I42+ S3N22+ S3NCCNS32+ S3Se2+ S4N42+ S6N42+ S82+ Se102+ Se172+ Se192+ Se2I42+ Se3N22+ Se42+ Se4S2N42+ Se82+ SeN2S22+ (SNP(C2H5)3)22+ TaBr6Te(trtu)42+ Te(tu)42+ Te2(esu)4Br22+ Te2(esu)4Cl22+ Te2(esu)4I22+ Te2Se22+ Te2Se42+ Te2Se82+ Te3S32+ Te3Se2+ Te42+ Te82+ W(CO)4(h3-Te)2+ W2(CO)10Se42+
0.263 0.260 0.207 0.234 0.292 0.230 0.231 0.184 0.220 0.326 0.186 0.232 0.182 0.253 0.236 0.296 0.218 0.182 0.152 0.224 0.186 0.182 0.312 0.351 0.328 0.296 0.356 0.361 0.342 0.192 0.222 0.252 0.217 0.193 0.169 0.187 0.234 0.290
± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.049 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035
Multi-Charged Cations I153+ Te2(su)64+
0.442 0.453
± 0.051 ± 0.034
Ligand abbreviations: su = selenourea; esu = ethyleneselenourea; tu = thiourea; ph = phenyl.
K21599_S12.indb 32
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Lattice Energies
12-33
Species AsO43– BrO3– ClO4– CNCO32– Fe(NO3)2 HF2– HfCl62– IO2F2– IO3– IrCl62– LiCH3O2 NbCl62– NH2CH2CO2– O22– PdCl62– PO43– PtCl62– ReBr62– ReCl62– Ti(OH)2
K21599_S12.indb 33
State g g g g g c g g g g g c g g g g g g g g c
∆fHo (289) –145 –344 66 –321 (–448) –774 –1640 –693 –208 –785 (–745) –1224 –564 553 –749 291 –774 –689 –919 –778
Solids
Table 3. Ancillary Thermochemical Data (kJ mol–1)
4/3/14 12:40 PM
The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy If U is the crystal lattice energy and M is the Madelung constant, thena U=
Substance
NMzi z j e 2 r
(1 − 1/n )
Solids
Ion type
Crystal formb
Sodium chloride, NaCl
–
M ,X
FCC
1.74756
Cesium chloride, CsCl
M+, X–
BCC
1.76267
Calcium chloride, CaCl2
M++, 2X–
Cubic
2.365
Calcium fluoride (fluorite), CaF2
M++, 2X–
Cubic
2.51939
Cadmium chloride, CdCl2
–
M , 2X
Hexagonal
2.244c
Cadmium iodide (α), CdI2
M++, 2X–
Hexagonal
2.355c
Magnesium fluoride, MgF2
M , 2X
Tetragonal
2.381c
Cuprous oxide (cuprite), Cu2O
2M+, X– –
Cubic
2.22124
Zinc oxide, ZnO
M ,X
Hexagonal
1.4985c
Sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS
M++, X– –
FCC
1.63806
Wurtzite, ZnS
M ,X
Hexagonal
1.64132c
Titanium dioxide (anatase), TiO2
M4+, 2X– –
Tetragonal
2.400c
Titanium dioxide (rutile), TiO2
M , 2X
Tetragonal
2.408c
β-Quartz, SiO2
M , 2X
Hexagonal
2.2197c
Corundum, Al2O3
2M3+, 3X– –
Rhombohedral
4.1719
+
++
++
++
++
4+ 4+
–
––
––
–– ––
M
a
N is Avogadro’s number, zi and zj are the integral charges on the ions (in units of e), and e is the charge on the electron in electrostatic units (e = 4.803 × 10–10 esu). r is the shortest distance between cation–anion pairs in centimeters. Then U is in ergs (1 erg = 10–7 J).
b c
FCC = face centered cubic; BCC = body centered cubic.
For tetragonal and hexagonal crystals the value of M depends on the details of the lattice parameters.
The Born Exponent, n is: Ion type He, Li
n 5
+
Ne, Na+, F–
7
Ar, K , Cu , Cl +
+
–
9
Kr, Rb+, Ag+, Br–
10
Xe, Cs+, Au+, I–
12
For a crystal with a mixed-ion type, an average of the values of n in this table is to be used (6 for LiF, for example).
12-34
K21599_S12.indb 34
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals H. P. R. Frederikse This table gives selected values of elastic constants for single crystals. The values believed most reliable were selected from the original literature. The substances are arranged by crystal system and, within each system, alphabetically by name. A reference to the original literature is given for each value; a useful compilation of published values from many sources may be found in Reference 1. Data are given for the single-crystal density and for the elastic constants cij, in units of 1011 N/m2, which is equivalent to 1012 dyn/cm2.
General References 1. Simmons, G., and Wang, H., Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
CUBIC CRYSTALS
K21599_S12.indb 35
Formula
Aluminum Aluminum antimonide Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Argon Barium fluoride Barium nitrate Calcium fluoride Calcium telluride Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium iodide Chromite Chromium Cobalt oxide Cobalt zinc ferrite Copper Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Garnet (yttrium-iron) Germanium Gold Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead Lead fluoride Lead nitrate Lead telluride Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnetite Manganese oxide Mercury telluride Molybdenum Nickel Niobium
Al AlSb NH4Br NH4Cl Ar BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 CaF2 CaTe Cs CsBr CsCl CsI FeCr2O4 Cr CoO CoZnFeO2 Cu GaSb GaAs GaP Y3Fe2(FeO4)3 Ge Au InSb InAs InP Ir Fe Pb PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbTe Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI MgO Fe3O4 MnO HgTe Mo Ni Nb
ρ/g cm–3 2.6970 4.3600 2.4314 1.5279 1.7710 4.8860 3.2560 3.810 5.8544 1.9800 4.4560 3.9880 4.5250 4.4500 7.20 6.44 5.43 8.932 5.6137 5.3169 4.1297 5.17 5.313 19.283 5.7890 5.6720 4.78 22.52 7.8672 11.34 7.79 4.547 8.2379 0.5326 3.47 2.068 2.638 4.061 3.579 5.18 5.39 8.079 10.2284 8.91 8.578
T/K
Ref.
298 300 300 290 4.2 298 293 298 298 78 298 298 298 RT 298 298 303 298 298 298 300 298 298 296.5 298 293 RT 300 298 296 300 293 303.2 298 RT 295 RT RT 298 RT 298 290 273 298 300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 32 20 32 35 36 37 15 38
C11
1.0675 0.8939 0.3414 0.3814 0.0529 0.9199 0.2925 1.6420 0.5351 0.0247 0.3063 0.3644 0.2446 3.2250 3.398 2.6123 2.660 1.683 0.8839 1.1877 1.4120 2.680 1.2835 1.9244 0.6720 0.8329 1.0220 5.80 2.26 0.4966 0.8880 0.3729 1.0795 0.1350 0.3940 0.4927 1.1397 0.2850 2.9708 2.730 2.23 0.548 4.637 2.481 2.4650
C12
0.6041 0.4427 0.0782 0.0866 0.0135 0.4157 0.2065 0.4398 0.3681 0.0206 0.0807 0.0882 0.0661 1.4370 0.586 1.4699 1.530 1.221 0.4033 0.5372 0.6253 1.106 0.4823 1.6298 0.3670 0.4526 0.5760 2.42 1.40 0.4231 0.4720 0.2765 0.0764 0.1144 0.1880 0.2310 0.4767 0.1400 0.9536 1.060 1.20 0.381 1.578 1.549 1.3450
C44
0.2834 0.4155 0.0722 0.0903 0.0159 0.2568 0.1277 0.8406 0.1994 0.0148 0.0750 0.0804 0.0629 1.1670 0.990 0.8300 0.780 0.757 0.4316 0.5944 0.7047 0.766 0.6666 0.4200 0.3020 0.3959 0.4600 2.56 1.16 0.1498 0.2454 0.1347 0.1343 0.0878 0.1910 0.2495 0.6364 0.1350 1.5613 0.971 0.79 0.204 1.092 1.242 0.2873
Solids
Name
12-35
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals
12-36 CUBIC CRYSTALS
Solids K21599_S12.indb 36
Name
Formula
Palladium Platinum Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Pyrite Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium iodide Silicon Silver Silver bromide Sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Spinel Strontium fluoride Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium titanate Tantalum Tantalum carbide Thallium bromide Thorium Thorium oxide Tin telluride Titanium carbide Tungsten Uranium carbide Uranium dioxide Vanadium Zinc selenide Zinc sulfide Zinc telluride Zirconium carbide
Pd Pt K KBr KCl KCN KF KI FeS2 Rb RbBr RbCl RbI Si Ag AgBr Na NaBrO3 NaBr NaClO3 NaCl NaF NaI MgAl2O4 SrF2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrTiO3 Ta TaC TlBr Th ThO2 SnTe TiC W UC UO2 V ZnSe ZnS ZnTe ZrC
ρ/g cm–3 12.038 21.50 0.851 2.740 1.984 1.553 2.480 3.128 5.016 1.58 3.350 2.797 3.551 2.331 10.50 5.585 0.971 3.339 3.202 2.485 2.163 2.804 3.6689 3.6193 4.277 2.989 4.99 5.123 16.626 14.65 7.4529 11.694 9.991 6.445 4.940 19.257 13.63 10.97 6.022 5.262 4.088 5.636 6.606
T/K 300 300 295 298 298 RT 295 300 RT 170 300 300 300 298 300 300 299 RT 300 RT 298 300 300 298 300 293 300 RT 298 RT 298 300 298 300 RT 297 300 298 300 298 298 298 298
Ref. 39 40 41 11 11 32 33 42 43 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 32 33 50 11 51 52 53 54 29 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 107 64 65 66 67 68 68 68 63
C11
2.2710 3.4670 0.0370 0.3468 0.4069 0.1940 0.6490 0.2710 3.818 0.0296 0.3152 0.3624 0.2556 1.6578 1.2399 0.5920 0.0739 0.5450 0.3970 0.4920 0.4947 0.9700 0.3007 2.9857 1.2350 0.4255 1.601 3.4817 2.6023 5.05 0.3760 0.7530 3.670 1.1250 5.00 5.2239 3.200 3.960 2.287 0.8096 1.0462 0.7134 4.720
C12
1.7604 2.5070 0.0314 0.0580 0.0711 0.1180 0.1520 0.0450 0.310 0.0250 0.0500 0.0612 0.0382 0.6394 0.9367 0.3640 0.0622 0.1910 0.1001 0.1420 0.1288 0.2380 0.0912 1.5372 0.4305 0.2921 0.435 1.0064 1.5446 0.73 0.1458 0.4890 1.060 0.0750 1.13 2.0437 0.850 1.210 1.190 0.4881 0.6534 0.4078 0.987
C44
0.7173 0.7650 0.0188 0.0507 0.0631 0.0150 0.1232 0.0364 1.094 0.0171 0.0380 0.0468 0.0278 0.7962 0.4612 0.0616 0.0419 0.1500 0.0998 0.1160 0.1287 0.2822 0.0733 1.5758 0.3128 0.1590 0.590 4.5455 0.8255 0.79 0.0757 0.4780 0.797 0.1172 1.75 1.6083 0.647 0.641 0.432 0.4405 0.4613 0.3115 1.593
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals
12-37 TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS
Name
Formula
ρ/g cm–3
T/K
Ref.
Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Barium titanate Calcium molybdate Indium Magnesium fluoride Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rutile Tellurium oxide Tin (white) Zircon
NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4
2.3110 1.8030
298 293
69 69
0.6747 –0.106 0.1652 0.6200 –0.050 0.1400
C12
C13
C16
C33
C44
C66
BaTiO3 CaMoO4 In MgF2 NiSO4·6H2O KH2AsO4
5.9988 4.255 7.300 3.177 2.070 2.867
298 298 RT RT RT RT
70 79 71 72 73 12
2.7512 1.447 0.4450 1.237 0.3209 0.530
1.7897 0.664 0.3950 0.732 0.2315 –0.060
1.5156 0.466 0.4050 0.536 0.0209 –0.020
1.6486 0.134 1.265 0.4440 1.770 0.2931 0.370
0.5435 0.369 0.0655 0.552 0.1156 0.120
1.1312 0.451 0.1220 0.978 0.1779 0.070
KH2PO4 RbH2PO4 TiO2 TeO2 Sn ZrSiO4
2.388 2.800 4.260 5.99 7.29 4.70
RT 298 298 RT 288 RT
71 74 75 76 77 78
0.7140 0.5562 2.7143 0.5320 0.7529 2.585
–0.049 –0.064 1.7796 0.4860 0.6156 1.791
0.1290 0.0279 1.4957 0.2120 0.4400 1.542
0.5620 0.4398 4.8395 1.0850 0.9552 3.805
0.1270 0.1142 1.2443 0.2440 0.2193 0.733
0.0628 0.0350 1.9477 0.5520 0.2336 1.113
0.3022 0.0685 0.0639 0.3000 0.0910 0.0610
Solids
C11
ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS Name
Formula
ρ/g cm
T/K
Ref.
Acenaphthene Ammonium sulfate Aragonite Barite Benzene Benzophenone Bronzite Calcium sulfate Celestite Cesium sulfate Fosterite Iodic acid Lithium ammonium tartrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Natrolite Nickel sulfate heptahydrate Olivine Potassium pentaborate Potassium sulfate Rochelle salt Rubidium sulfate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium tartrate Strontium formate dihydrate Sulfur Thallium sulfate Topaz Uranium (alpha) Zinc sulfate heptahydrate
C12H10 (NH4)2SO4 CaCO3 BaSO4 C6H6 (C6H5)2CO (MgFe)SiO3 CaSO4 SrSO3 Cs2SO4 Mg2SiO4 HIO3 LiNH4C4H4O6·4H2O
1.220 1.774 2.93 4.40 1.061 1.219 3.38 2.962 3.96 4.243 3.224 4.630 1.71
293 293 RT RT 250 RT RT RT RT 293 298 RT RT
80 81 82 82 83 32 78 84 12 81 85 73 12
0.1380 0.3607 1.5958 0.8941 0.0614 0.1070 1.876 0.9382 1.044 0.4490 3.2848 0.3030 0.3864
0.0210 0.1651 0.3663 0.4614 0.0352 0.0550 0.686 0.1650 0.773 0.1958 0.6390 0.1194 0.1655
0.0410 0.1580 0.0197 0.2691 0.0401 0.0169 0.605 0.1520 0.605 0.1815 0.6880 0.1169 0.0875
0.1262 0.2981 0.8697 0.7842 0.0656 0.1000 1.578 1.845 1.061 0.4283 1.9980 0.5448 0.5393
0.0460 0.1456 0.1597 0.2676 0.0390 0.0321 0.561 0.3173 0.619 0.1800 0.7380 0.0548 0.2007
0.1117 0.3534 0.8503 1.0548 0.0583 0.0710 2.085 1.1180 1.286 0.3785 2.3530 0.4359 0.3624
0.0265 0.1025 0.4132 0.1190 0.0197 0.0203 0.700 0.3247 0.135 0.1326 0.6515 0.1835 0.1190
0.0290 0.0717 0.2564 0.2874 0.0378 0.0155 0.592 0.2653 0.279 0.1319 0.8120 0.2193 0.0667
0.0185 0.0974 0.4274 0.2778 0.0153 0.0353 0.544 0.0926 0.266 0.1323 0.8088 0.1736 0.2326
MgSO4·7H2O
1.68
RT
86
0.325
0.174
0.182
0.288
0.182
0.315
0.078
0.156
0.090
(Na,Al)SiO3 NiSO4·7H2O
2.25 1.948
RT RT
78 86
0.716 0.353
0.261 0.198
0.297 0.201
0.632 0.311
0.297 0.201
1.378 0.335
0.196 0.091
0.248 0.172
0.423 0.099
(MgFe)SiO4 KB5O8·4H2O
3.324 1.74
RT RT
87 71
3.240 0.582
0.590 0.229
0.790 0.174
1.980 0.359
0.780 0.231
2.490 0.255
0.667 0.164
0.810 0.046
0.793 0.057
K2SO4 NaK(C4H4O6)·4H2O Rb2SO4 NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O
2.665 1.79 3.621 1.587
293 RT 293 RT
81 71 81 12
0.5357 0.255 0.5029 0.3685
0.1999 0.141 0.1965 0.2725
0.2095 0.116 0.1999 0.3083
0.5653 0.381 0.5098 0.5092
0.1990 0.146 0.1925 0.3472
0.5523 0.371 0.4761 0.5541
0.195 0.134 0.1626 0.1058
0.1879 0.032 0.1589 0.0303
0.1424 0.098 0.1407 0.0870
Na2C4H4O6·2H2O Sr(CHO2)2·2H2O
1.794 2.25
RT RT
12 12
0.461 0.286 0.320 0.547 0.352 0.665 0.124 0.031 0.4391 0.1037 –0.149 0.3484 –0.014 0.3746 0.1538 0.1075
0.098 0.1724
S TlSO4 Al2SiO3(OH,F)2 U ZnSO4·7H2O
2.07 6.776 3.52 19.0453 1.970
RT 293 RT 293 RT
12 81 82 88 86
0.240 0.4106 2.8136 2.1486 0.3320
0.076 0.0751 1.3089 0.7454 0.0830
K21599_S12.indb 37
–3
C11
C12
0.133 0.2573 1.2582 0.4622 0.1720
C13
0.171 0.2288 0.8464 0.2176 0.2000
C22
0.205 0.3885 3.8495 1.9983 0.2930
C23
0.159 0.2174 0.8815 1.0764 0.1980
C33
0.483 0.4268 2.9452 2.6763 0.3200
C44
0.043 0.1125 1.0811 1.2479 0.0780
C55
0.087 0.1068 1.3298 0.7379 0.1530
C66
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals
12-38 MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS
Solids
Name
Formula
ρ/g cm–3
Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)
(NaFe)Si2O6 C14H10 CoSO4·7H2O (CaMg)Si2O6 KHC4H4O6 KAlSi3O8 FeSO4·7H2O Li2SO4·H2O C10H8 K2C4H4O6 Na2S2O3 (C6H5CH)2 (NH2CH2COOH)3· H2SO4
3.50 1.258 1.948 3.31 1.97 2.56 1.898 2.221 1.127 1.987 1.7499 1.60 1.68
C25 0.094 –0.0170 –0.018 –0.196 0.0176 –0.148 –0.019 0.0571 –0.0270 0.0182 0.0983 –0.005 –0.0036
C33 2.344 0.1522 0.371 2.380 0.6816 1.215 0.360 0.5400 0.1190 0.5540 0.4590 0.0790 0.2630
Name Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)
K21599_S12.indb 38
C23 0.626 0.0375 0.158 0.482 0.1173 0.192 0.172 0.0368 0.0230 0.1330 0.1713 0.0485 0.2080
T/K
Ref.
C11
C12
C13
RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT
89 90 86 91 12 92 86 32 93 32 12 94 32
1.858 0.0852 0.335 2.040 0.4294 0.664 0.349 0.5250 0.0780 0.3110 0.3323 0.0930 0.4550
0.685 0.0672 0.205 0.884 0.1399 0.438 0.208 0.1715 0.0445 0.1720 0.1814 0.0570 0.1720
0.707 0.0590 0.158 0.0883 0.3129 0.259 0.174 0.1730 0.0340 0.1690 0.1875 0.0670 0.1980
C35 0.214 –0.0187 –0.047 –0.336 0.0294 –0.131 –0.014 –0.0254 0.0290 0.0710 –0.0678 –0.005 –0.0500
C44 0.692 0.0272 0.060 0.675 0.0961 0.143 0.064 0.1400 0.0330 0.0870 0.0569 0.0325 0.0950
C46 0.077 0.0138 0.016 –0.113 –0.0044 –0.015 0.001 –0.0054 –0.0050 0.0072 –0.0268 0.0050 –0.0026
C15 0.098 –0.0192 0.016 –0.193 –0.0105 –0.033 –0.020 –0.0196 –0.006 0.0287 0.0225 –0.003 –0.030
C55 0.510 0.0242 0.058 0.588 0.1270 0.238 0.056 0.1565 0.0210 0.1040 0.1070 0.0640 0.1110
C22 1.813 0.1170 0.378 1.750 0.3460 1.710 0.376 0.5060 0.0990 0.3900 0.2953 0.0920 0.3210
C66 0.474 0.0399 0.101 0.705 0.0841 0.361 0.096 0.2770 0.0415 0.0826 0.0598 0.0245 0.0620
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals
12-39 HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS
Formula
ρ/g cm
T/K
Ref.
Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) Be3Al2Si6O18 Be BeO Cd CdSe CdS Co Dy Er Gd Hf H2O(solid) In Mg Re Ru Tl Ti TiB2 Y Zn ZnO ZnS Zr
3.218 2.68 1.8477 3.01 8.652 5.655 4.824 8.836 8.560 9.064 7.888 12.727 0.920 7.2788 1.7364 21.024 12.3615 11.560 4.5063 4.95 4.472 7.134 5.6760 4.089 6.505
RT RT 300 RT 300 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 250 300 298 298 298 300 298 RT 300 295 298 298 298
12 12 95 96 97 68 98 99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 100 100 106 102 107 108 109 110 96 102
C11
Name
Formula
ρ/g cm–3
T/K
Ref.
C11
Aluminum oxide Aluminum phosphate Antimony Bismuth Calcite Hematite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Quartz Selenium Sodium nitrate Tourmaline
Al2O3 AlPO4 Sb Bi CaCO3 Fe2O3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 SiO2 Se NaNO3
3.986 2.556 6.70 9.80 2.712 5.240 4.70 7.45 2.6485 4.838 2.27 3.05
300 RT 295 295 300 RT RT RT 298 300 RT RT
111 73 112 112 113 82 114 114 115 116 12 82
4.9735 1.0503 1.0130 0.6370 1.4806 2.4243 2.030 2.330 0.8680 0.1870 0.8670 2.7066
1.667 2.800 2.923 4.70 1.1450 0.7046 0.8431 3.071 0.7466 0.8634 0.6667 1.881 0.1410 0.4535 0.5950 6.1820 5.6260 0.4080 1.6240 6.90 0.7790 1.6368 2.0970 1.2420 1.434
C12
0.131 0.990 0.267 1.68 0.3950 0.4516 0.5208 1.650 0.2616 0.3050 0.2499 0.772 0.0660 0.4006 0.2612 2.7530 1.8780 0.3540 0.9200 4.10 0.2850 0.3640 1.2110 0.6015 0.728
C13
0.655 0.670 0.140 1.19 0.3990 0.3930 0.4567 1.027 0.2233 0.2270 0.2132 0.661 0.0624 0.4151 0.2180 2.0780 1.6820 0.2900 0.6900 3.20 0.2100 0.5300 1.0510 0.4554 0.653
C33
1.396 2.480 3.364 4.94 0.5085 0.8355 0.9183 3.581 0.7871 0.8554 0.7191 1.969 0.1515 0.4515 0.6155 6.8350 6.2420 0.5280 1.8070 4.40 0.7690 0.6347 2.1090 1.4000 1.648
C55
0.663 0.658 1.625 1.53 0.1985 0.1317 0.1458 0.755 0.2427 0.2809 0.2089 0.557 0.0288 0.0651 0.1635 1.6060 1.8060 0.0726 0.4670 2.50 0.2431 0.3879 0.4247 0.2864 0.320
Solids
Name Apatite Beryl Beryllium Beryllium oxide Cadmium Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfide Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Gadolinium Hafnium Ice Indium Magnesium Rhenium Ruthenium Thallium Titanium Titanium diboride Yttrium Zinc Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide Zirconium
–3
TRIGONAL CRYSTALS
K21599_S12.indb 39
C12
1.6397 0.2934 0.3450 0.2490 0.5578 0.5464 0.530 0.470 0.0704 0.0710 0.1630 0.6927
C13
1.1220 0.6927 0.2920 0.2470 0.5464 0.1542 0.750 0.800 0.1191 0.2620 0.1600 0.0872
C14
–0.2358 –0.1271 0.2090 0.0717 –0.2058 –0.1247 0.090 –0.110 –0.1804 0.0620 0.0820 –0.0774
C33
4.9911 1.3353 0.4500 0.3820 0.8557 2.2734 2.450 2.750 1.0575 0.7410 0.3740 1.6070
C44
1.4739 0.2314 0.3930 0.1123 0.3269 0.8569 0.600 0.940 0.5820 0.1490 0.2130 0.6682
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals
12-40
References
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6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Solids
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K21599_S12.indb 40
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4/3/14 12:40 PM
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals
T/K
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
T/K
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
K21599_S12.indb 41
Aluminum 0.000100 0.000193 0.000755 0.0181 0.0959 0.245 0.442 1.006 1.587 2.417 2.650 2.709 2.733 3.87 4.99 6.13 7.35 8.70 10.18 Gold 0.0220 0.0226 0.035 0.141 0.308 0.481 0.650 1.061 1.462 2.051 2.214 2.255 2.271 3.107 3.97 4.87 5.82 6.81 7.86
References 1. C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183–322, 1983; 13, 1069– 1096, 1984; 13, 1097–1130, 1984, 13, 1131–1172, 1984. 2. R. A. Matula, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 1147–1298, 1979. 3. T. C. Chi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 339–438, 1979; 8, 439–498, 1979. 4. K. H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group III, Vol. 15, Subvolume a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 5. L. A. Hall, Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K, NBS Technical Note 365, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 1968.
Electrical Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m
Barium 0.081 0.189 0.94 2.91 4.86 6.83 8.85 14.3 20.2 30.2 33.2 34.0 34.3 51.4 72.4 98.2 130 168 216
Hafnium 1.00 1.00 1.11 2.52 4.53 6.75 9.12 15.0 21.0 30.4 33.1 33.7 34.0 48.1 63.1 78.5
Beryllium 0.0332 0.0332 0.0336 0.0367 0.067 0.075 0.133 0.510 1.29 3.02 3.56 3.70 3.76 6.76 9.9 13.2 16.5 20.0 23.7 Iron 0.0225 0.0238 0.0287 0.0758 0.271 0.693 1.28 3.15 5.20 8.57 9.61 9.87 9.98 16.1 23.7 32.9 44.0 57.1
Calcium 0.045 0.047 0.060 0.175 0.40 0.65 0.91 1.56 2.19 3.11 3.36 3.42 3.45 4.7 6.0 7.3 8.7 10.0 11.4 Lead
4.9 6.4 9.9 13.6 19.2 20.8 21.1 21.3 29.6 38.3
Cesium 0.0026 0.243 0.86 1.99 3.07 4.16 5.28 8.43 12.2 18.7 20.5 20.8 21.0
Lithium 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.074 0.345 1.00 1.73 3.72 5.71 8.53 9.28 9.47 9.55 13.4
Chromium
1.6 4.5 7.7 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.7 15.8 20.1 24.7 29.5 34.6 39.9 Magnesium 0.0062 0.0069 0.0123 0.074 0.261 0.557 0.91 1.84 2.75 4.05 4.39 4.48 4.51 6.19 7.86 9.52 11.2 12.8 14.4
Solids
The first part of this table gives the electrical resistivity, in units of 10–8 Ω m, for 28 common metallic elements as a function of temperature. The data refer to polycrystalline samples. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values. However, at low temperatures (especially below 50 K) the electrical resistivity is extremely sensitive to sample purity. Thus the low-temperature values refer to samples of specified purity and treatment. The references should be consulted for further information on this point, as well as for values at additional temperatures. The second part of the table gives resistivity values in the neighborhood of room temperature for other metallic elements that have not been studied over an extended temperature range.
Copper 0.00200 0.00202 0.00280 0.0239 0.0971 0.215 0.348 0.699 1.046 1.543 1.678 1.712 1.725 2.402 3.090 3.792 4.514 5.262 6.041 Manganese 7.02 18.9 54 116 131 132 132 136 139 143 144 144 144 147 149 151 152
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Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals
12-42
Solids
T/K
Molybdenum 0.00070 0.00089 0.00261 0.0457 0.206 0.482 0.858 1.99 3.13 4.85 5.34 5.47 5.52 8.02 10.6 13.1 15.8 18.4 21.2
T/K
Sodium 0.0009 0.0015 0.016 0.172 0.447 0.80 1.16 2.03 2.89 4.33 4.77 4.88 4.93
1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Element Antimony Bismuth Cadmium Cerium (β, hex) Cerium (γ, cub) Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Holmium Indium Iridium Lanthanum Lutetium Mercury Neodymium Niobium
K21599_S12.indb 42
T/K
273 273 273 290–300 298 273 290–300 290–300 290–300 290–300 273 290–300 273 273 290–300 290–300 298 290–300 273
Nickel 0.0032 0.0057 0.0140 0.068 0.242 0.545 0.96 2.21 3.67 6.16 6.93 7.12 7.20 11.8 17.7 25.5 32.1 35.5 38.6
Palladium 0.0200 0.0242 0.0563 0.334 0.938 1.75 2.62 4.80 6.88 9.78 10.54 10.73 10.80 14.48 17.94 21.2 24.2 27.1 29.4
Platinum 0.002 0.0154 0.0484 0.409 1.107 1.922 2.755 4.76 6.77 9.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 14.6 18.3 21.9 25.4 28.7 32.0
Potassium 0.0008 0.0160 0.117 0.480 0.90 1.34 1.79 2.99 4.26 6.49 7.20 7.39 7.47
Rubidium 0.0131 0.109 0.444 1.21 1.94 2.65 3.36 5.27 7.49 11.5 12.8 13.1 13.3
Strontium 0.80 0.80 0.92 1.70 2.68 3.64 4.58 6.84 9.04 12.3 13.2 13.4 13.5 17.8 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.6
Tantalum 0.10 0.102 0.146 0.751 1.65 2.62 3.64 6.19 8.66 12.2 13.1 13.4 13.5 18.2 22.9 27.4 31.8 35.9 40.1
Tungsten 0.000016 0.000137 0.00196 0.0544 0.266 0.606 1.02 2.09 3.18 4.82 5.28 5.39 5.44 7.83 10.3 13.0 15.7 18.6 21.5
Vanadium
Zinc 0.0100 0.0112 0.0387 0.306 0.715 1.15 1.60 2.71 3.83 5.46 5.90 6.01 6.06 8.37 10.82 13.49
Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m 39 107 6.8 82.8 74.4 5.6 92.6 86.0 90.0 131 13.6 81.4 8.0 4.7 61.5 58.2 96.1 64.3 15.2
0.0145 0.039 0.304 1.11 2.41 4.01 8.2 12.4 18.1 19.7 20.1 20.2 28.0 34.8 41.1 47.2 53.1 58.7
Element Osmium Polonium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Uranium Ytterbium Yttrium
T/K
273 273 290–300 290–300 273 273 273 273 290–300 290–300 290–300 273 273 290–300 273 273 273 290–300 290–300
Silver 0.00100 0.00115 0.0042 0.0539 0.162 0.289 0.418 0.726 1.029 1.467 1.587 1.617 1.629 2.241 2.87 3.53 4.21 4.91 5.64 Zirconium 0.250 0.253 0.357 1.44 3.75 6.64 9.79 17.8 26.3 38.8 42.1 42.9 43.3 60.3 76.5 91.5 104.2 114.9 123.1
Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m 8.1 40 70.0 75 est. 17.7 17.2 4.3 7.1 94.0 56.2 115 15 14.7 67.6 11.5 39 28 25.0 59.6
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Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys
Wt % Al 99a 95a 90b 85b 80b 70b 60b 50b 40c 30c 25f 15h 10g 5c 1b
Wt % Al 99c 95c 90c 10b 5b 1a
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
K21599_S12.indb 43
Values of the resistivity are given in units of 10–8 Ω m. General comments in the preceding table for pure metals also apply here.
Reference C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183–322, 1983.
Aluminum-Copper 293 K 300 K
100 K
273 K
0.531 0.895 1.38 1.88 2.34 3.02 3.49 4.00
2.51 2.88 3.36 3.87 4.33 5.03 5.56 6.22 7.57 11.2 16.3
8.71 7.92 3.22
10.8 9.43 4.46
100 K
273 K
0.958 3.01 5.42 14.0 9.93 2.78
2.96 5.05 7.52 17.1 13.1 5.92
3.18 5.28 7.76 17.4 13.4 6.25
100 K
273 K
Copper-Gold 293 K
0.520 1.21 2.11 3.01 3.95 5.91 8.04 9.88 11.44 12.43 12.59 11.38 9.33 5.91 2.00
1.73 2.41 3.29 4.20 5.15 7.12 9.18 11.07 12.70 13.77 13.93 12.75 10.70 7.25 3.40
1.86 2.54 4.42 4.33 5.28 7.25 9.13 11.20 12.85 13.93 14.09 12.91 10.86 7.41 3.57
2.74 3.10 3.59 4.10 4.58 5.31 5.88 6.55 7.96 11.8 17.2 12.3 11.0 9.61 4.60
350 K
400 K
2.82 3.18 3.67 4.19 4.67 5.41 5.99 6.67 8.10 12.0 17.6
3.38 3.75 4.25 4.79 5.31 6.16 6.77 7.55 9.12 13.5 19.8
3.95 4.33 4.86 5.42 5.99 6.94 7.63 8.52 10.2 15.2 22.2
11.1 9.68 4.65
11.7 10.2 5.00
12.3 10.7 5.37
Aluminum-Magnesium 293 K 300 K 3.26 5.36 7.85 17.6 13.5 6.37 300 K 1.91 2.59 3.46 4.38 5.32 7.30 9.36 11.25 12.90 13.99 14.14 12.96 10.91 7.46 3.62
350 K 3.82 5.93 8.43 18.4 14.3 7.20 350 K 2.24 2.92 3.79 4.71 5.65 7.64 9.70 11.60 13.27 14.38 14.54 13.36 11.31 7.87 4.03
Solids
These values were obtained by fitting all available measurements to a theoretical formulation describing the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity of metals. Some of the values listed here fall in regions of temperature and composition where no actual measurements exist. Details of the procedure may be found in the reference.
400 K 4.39 6.51 9.02 19.2 15.2 8.03 400 K 2.58 3.26 4.12 5.05 5.99 7.99 10.05 11.94 13.65 14.78 14.94 13.77 11.72 8.28 4.45
12-43
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Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys
12-44
Solids
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70i 60i 50i 40c 30i 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c
Wt % Cu 99b 95b 90b 85b 80b 70b
Wt % Au 99c 95c 90i 85b 80b 70c 60b 50a 40a 30b 25b 15a 10a 5a 1a
K21599_S12.indb 44
100 K 1.45 6.19 12.08 18.01 23.89 35.73 45.76 50.22 36.77 26.73 22.22 13.49 9.28 5.20 1.81 100 K 0.91 2.99 5.69 8.30 10.74 15.67 20.45 26.07 33.53 45.03 44.12 31.79 23.00 13.09 8.97
273 K 2.71 7.60 13.69 19.63 25.46 36.67 45.43 50.19 47.42 40.19 33.46 22.00 16.65 11.49 7.23 273 K
Copper-Nickel 293 K 2.85 7.71 13.89 19.83 25.66 36.72 45.38 50.05 47.73 41.79 35.11 23.35 17.82 12.50 8.08
2.23 4.35 7.03 9.61 12.12 17.01 21.87 27.79 35.51 46.66 46.45 36.99 29.51 20.75 12.67
100 K
273 K
Copper-Zinc 293 K
0.671 1.54 2.33 2.93 3.44 4.08
1.84 2.78 3.66 4.37 5.01 5.87
100 K
273 K 2.69 5.21 8.01 10.50 12.75 18.23 26.70 27.23 24.65 20.82 18.86 15.08 13.25 11.49 10.07
2.91 7.82 13.96 19.90 25.72 36.76 43.35 50.01 47.82 42.34 35.69 23.85 18.26 12.90 8.37
Copper-Palladium 293 K 300 K
2.10 4.21 6.89 9.48 11.99 16.87 21.73 27.62 35.31 46.50 46.25 36.52 28.90 20.00 11.90
1.31 3.88 6.70 9.14 11.23 16.44 24.64 23.09 19.40 14.94 12.72 8.54 6.54 4.58 3.01
300 K
1.97 2.92 3.81 4.54 5.19 6.08 Gold-Palladium 293 K 2.86 5.35 8.17 10.66 12.93 18.46 26.94 27.63 25.23 21.49 19.53 15.77 13.95 12.21 10.85
2.27 4.40 7.08 9.66 12.16 17.06 21.92 27.86 35.57 46.71 46.52 37.16 29.73 21.02 12.93 300 K 2.02 2.97 3.86 4.60 5.26 6.15 300 K 2.91 5.41 8.22 10.72 12.99 18.54 27.02 27.76 25.42 21.72 19.77 16.01 14.20 12.46 11.12
350 K 3.27 8.22 14.40 20.32 26.12 36.85 45.20 49.73 48.28 44.51 39.67 27.60 21.51 15.69 10.63 350 K 2.59 4.74 7.41 10.01 12.51 17.41 22.30 28.25 36.03 47.11 46.99 38.28 31.19 22.84 14.82 350 K 2.36 3.33 4.25 5.02 5.71 6.67 350 K 3.32 5.79 8.56 11.10 13.45 19.10 27.63 28.64 26.74 23.35 21.51 17.80 16.00 14.26 12.99
400 K 3.62 8.62 14.81 20.70 26.44 36.89 45.01 49.50 48.49 45.40 42.81 31.38 25.19 18.78 13.18 400 K 2.92 5.08 7.74 10.36 12.87 17.78 22.69 28.64 36.47 47.47 47.43 39.35 32.56 24.54 16.68 400 K 2.71 3.69 4.63 5.44 6.17 7.19 400 K 3.73 6.17 8.93 11.48 13.93 19.67 28.23 29.42 27.95 24.92 23.19 19.61 17.81 16.07 14.80
4/3/14 12:40 PM
Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys
Wt % Fe 99a 95c 90c 85c 80c 70b 60c 50d 40d 30c 25b 15c 10c 5c 1b
Wt % Ag 99b 95b 90b 85k 80k 70k 60i 50k 40m 30b 25k 15i 10i 5b 1a
100 K
273 K
Gold-Silver 293 K
1.20 3.16 5.16 6.75 7.96 9.36 9.61 8.96 7.69 6.15 5.29 3.42 2.44 1.44 0.627
2.58 4.58 6.57 8.14 9.34 10.70 10.92 10.23 8.92 7.34 6.46 4.55 3.54 2.52 1.69
2.75 4.74 6.73 8.30 9.50 10.86 11.07 10.37 9.06 7.47 6.59 4.67 3.66 2.64 1.80
100 K
273 K
Iron-Nickel 293 K
10.9 18.7 24.2 27.8 30.1 32.3 53.8 28.4 19.6 15.3 14.3 12.6 11.4 9.66 7.17
12.0 19.9 25.5 29.2 31.6 33.9 57.1 30.6 21.6 17.1 15.9 13.8 12.5 10.6 7.94
3.32 10.0 14.5 17.5 19.3 20.9 28.6 12.3 7.73 5.97 5.62 4.97 4.20 3.34 1.66 100 K 0.839 2.528 4.72 6.82 8.91 13.43 19.4 29.3 40.8 37.1 32.4 21.0 14.95 8.91 3.97
273 K 1.891 3.58 5.82 7.92 10.01 14.53 20.9 31.2 42.2 40.4 36.67 27.08 21.69 15.98 11.06
2.80 4.79 6.78 8.36 9.55 10.91 11.12 10.42 9.11 7.52 6.63 4.72 3.71 2.68 1.84 300 K 12.4 20.2 25.9 29.7 32.2 34.4 58.2 31.4 22.5 17.7 16.4 14.2 12.9 10.9 8.12
Silver-Palladium 293 K 300 K 2.007 3.70 5.94 8.04 10.13 14.65 21.1 31.4 42.2 40.6 37.06 26.68 22.39 16.72 11.82
Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3%. c Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 5%. d Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7% below 300 K and ± 5% at 300 and 400 K. e Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7%. f Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 8%. g Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 10%. h Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 12%. i Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 4%. j Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 1%. k Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. m Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. a
300 K
2.049 3.74 5.98 8.08 10.17 14.69 21.2 31.5 42.2 40.7 37.19 27.89 22.63 16.98 12.08
350 K 3.22 5.19 7.19 8.75 9.94 11.29 11.50 10.78 9.46 7.85 6.96 5.03 4.00 2.96 2.12
400 K 3.63 5.59 7.58 9.15 10.33 11.68 11.87 11.14 9.81 8.19 7.30 5.34 4.31 3.25 2.42
Solids
Wt % Au 99b 95a 90j 85j 80j 70j 60j 50j 40j 30a 25a 15a 10a 5i 1b
12-45
400 K 18.7 26.8 33.2 37.3 40.0 42.4 73.9 43.7 34.0 27.4 25.1 21.1 18.9 16.1 12.8 350 K 2.35 4.04 6.28 8.38 10.47 14.99 21.6 32.0 42.3 41.3 38.1 29.3 24.3 18.8 13.92
400 K 2.66 4.34 6.59 8.68 10.78 15.30 22.0 32.4 42.3 41.7 38.8 30.6 25.9 20.5 15.70
b
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Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials L. I. Berger
Solids
At normal conditions, the only stable crystallographic modification of carbon is graphite. The quasi-stable diamond turns into graphite starting from about 1000 ºC in air. In industry, a graphitic material is commonly called either carbon, if it consists of small and low-oriented crystallites, or graphite, the material with highly ordered structure. In the 1970s, the first carbon filaments of about 7 nm in diameter were grown by Morinobu Endo at the University of Orleans, France, by the vapor-growth technique. In 1985, Sir Harold Walter Kroto of Sussex University, UK, and Richard E. Smalley and co-workers at Rice University discovered spherical carbon molecules, C60 (or C60), consisting of combinations of carbon atoms organized into hexagons and pentagons, named buckminsterfullerenes or fullerenes and possessing very promising mechanical and electrical properties. In 1991, Sumio Iijima, NEC Labs, Japan, and David S. Bethune, IBM Almaden Labs, observed the carbon atomic groups in the form of tubes capped by halves of the fullerene molecules and formed on the cathodes of carbon arc devices. The length of the tubes could be up to tens of micrometers and the diameter, naturally, is equal to that of the fullerene molecule. These tubes, called nanotubes, may be single wall (SWNT) or consist of several concentric tubes with a common axis (multi-walled nanotubes, MWNT). Twodimensional graphene is another crystallographic modification of
Material
Electrical resistivity ρ at R. T. mΩ cm [µΩ inch]
graphite (Saroj Nayak, Rensselaer U., 2004) that is a flat hexagonal network of carbon atoms with a thickness equal to the carbon atom size. The nanotube may be considered as formed by strips of graphenes turned into a cylinder. The character of the electrical conductivity (metallic or semiconductive) of a SWNT depends on orientation of the carbon hexagons of the nanotube surface regarding its axis (the chiral angle [Ref. 1]). The following table contains some typical data on electrical and electronic properties of graphite materials.
References 1. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and Ph. Avouris (Eds.), Carbon Nanotubes. Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, Springer-Verlag, 2001. 2. ESPI Metals Catalog, 2007. 3. SPI Supplies Catalog, 2007. 4. F. L. Vogel, J. Mater. Sci. 12, 982–986, 1977. 5. K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature 438, 197–200, 2005. 6. Y. Zhang et al., Nature 438, 201–204, 2005. 7. N. Tombros et al., Nature 448, 571–574, 2007. 8. H. Dai, in Ref. 1, pp. 29–53. 9. CTI Carbon Nanotube Cat., 2007. 10. L. Matija et al., Sci. Forum 413, 49–52, 2003. Energy gap at R. T. Electron mobility (1/ρ)dρ/dt near R. T. 10–4 °C–1 Ref. eV cm2/V s
Bulk graphite Electromet graphite
1.90 [750]
–5
2
Electro graphite
1.60 [630]
–5
2
Aeromet graphite
1.47 [580]
–5
2
ESPI Superconductive
1.75 [690]
–5
2
Radioelectronics data
30 [11,800]
–5.6
3
Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite
Parallel 0.04 [15.7]
3
Across 150 [59000] Single crystal graphite, normal to c-axis
4
1•10-6
Graphenes n-Graphene
≈5 (М); ≈10 (Г)c
p-Graphene
106
5,6
10
7
4
Carbon nanotubes Metallic SWNT Semiconducting SWNT MWNT
1
12 kΩa 0.7 – 0.9
b
128
d
1 9
102
Carbon fullerenes Fullerene (C60) a b c d
1012
1.95
10
Minimum resistance of individual nanotubes [Ref. 8] Est. from Ref. 1, p. 47 Est. from Ref. 1, p. 116 Est. from Ref. 1, p. 179.
12-46
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Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids H. P. R. Frederikse This table lists the permittivity ε, frequently called the dielectric constant, of a number of inorganic solids. When the material is not isotropic, the individual components of the permittivity are given. A superscript S indicates a measurement made under constant strain (“clamped” dielectric constant). If the constraint is removed, the measurement yields εT, the “unclamped” or free dielectric constant. The temperature of the measurement is given when available; the symbol r.t. indicates a value at nominal room temperature. The
Ag3AsS3
Name Silver thioarsenate (Proustite)
Reference
Young, K. F., and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2, 313, 1973.
T/K
εijk T 11
S 11
T 33
S 11
ε = 16.5, ε = 14.5 ε = 20.0, ε = 18.0
AgBr AgCN AgCl AgNO3 AgNa(NO2)2 Ag2O (AlF)2SiO4
Silver bromide Silver cyanide Silver chloride Silver nitrate Silver sodium nitrite Silver oxide Aluminum fluosilicate (topaz)
Al2O3
Aluminum oxide (alumina)
AlPO4 AlSb AsF3 BN BaCO3 Ba(COOH)2
Aluminum phosphate Aluminum antimonide Arsenic trifluoride Boron nitride Barium carbonate Barium formate
BaCl2 BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O BaF2 Ba(NO3)2
Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium nitrate
Ba2NaNb5O15
Barium sodium niobate (“Bananas”)
12.50 5.6 11.15 9.0 4.5 ± 0.5 8.8 ε 11 = 6.62 ε 22 = 6.58 ε 33 = 6.95 ε 11 = ε 22 = 9.34 ε33 = 11.54 T ε11 = 6.05
11.21 5.7 7.1 8.53 ε 11 = 7.9 ε22 = 5.9 ε33 = 7.5 9.81 9.00 7.32 4.95 S T ε11 = 222, ε11 = 235 S 22
T 22
ε = 227, ε = 247 S 33
T 33
ε = 32, ε = 51 BaO BaO2 BaS BaSO4 BaSnO3 BaTiO3
Barium oxide (baria) Barium peroxide Barium sulfide Barium sulfate Barium stannate Barium titanate
34 ± 1 10.7 19.23 11.4 18 T ε11 = 3600
Barium tungstate
BaZrO3
Barium zirconate
K21599_S12.indb 47
r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 293 r.t. r.t. 297 297 297 298 298
2 × 107
r.t. 300 r.t. r.t. 291 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 292 292
103 i.r.
296
104
106 5 × 105 9.4 ×109 7 × 103 7 × 103 7 × 103 102 – 8 × 109 102 – 8 × 109
i.r. 2 × 105 103 103 103 103 5 × 102 – 1011 2 × 105
296 296 248, 333 r.t. r.t. 288 298
60 × 107 2 × 106 7.25 × 106 108 25 × 105 105
298
2.5 × 108
T 33
298
105
S 33
298
2.5 × 108
ε = 80
BaWO4
2 × 107
298
ε = 150
Barium titanium niobate
r.t.
S 11
ε = 2300
Ba6Ti2Nb8O30
ν/Hz
ε11 = ε22 ≈ 190 ε33 ≈ 220 ε 11 = ε22 = 35.5 ± 0.2 ε33 = 37.2 ± 0.2 43
Solids
Formula
frequency of the measurement is given in the last column (i.r. indicates a measurement in the infrared). Substances are listed in alphabetical order by chemical formula.
298 298 297.5 297.5 r.t.
1.6 × 103 1.6 × 103
12-47
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Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids
12-48
Solids
Formula Be3Al2Si6O18
Name Beryllium aluminum silicate (Beryl)
BeCO3 BeO BiFeO3
Beryllium carbonate Beryllium oxide (beryllia) Bismuth iron oxide
Bi12GeO20 Bi(GeO4)3 Bi2O3 Bi4Ti3O12 C
C4H4O6
Bismuth germanite Bismuth germanate Bismuth sesquioxide Bismuth titanate Diamond Type I Type IIa Tartaric acid
C6H14N2O6
Ethylene diamine tartrate (EDT)
εijk ε33 = 5.95 ε11 = ε22 = 6.86 9.7 7.35 ± 0.2 40 ± 3 S ε11 = 38
16 18.2 112 5.87 ± 0.19 5.66 ± 0.04 ε11 = ε22 = 4.3 ε33 = 4.5 ε13 = 0.55 T ε11 = 5.0
293 293
T ε11 = 4.0
r.t.
19
Colemanite
CaCO3
Calcium carbonate
CaCeO3 CaF2 CaMoO4
Calcium cerate Calcium fluoride Calcium molybdate
Ca(NO3)2 CaNb2O6 Ca2Nb2O7 CaO CaS CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O
Calcium nitrate Calcium niobate Calcium pyroniobate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfide Calcium sulfate dihydrate
CaTiO3 CaWO4
Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate
Cd3As2 CdBr2 CdF2 CdS
Cadmium arsenide Cadmium bromide Cadmium fluoride Cadmium sulfide
ε11 = 20 ε33 = 25 ε11 = 8.67 ε22 = 8.69 ε33 = 8.31 21 6.81 ε11 = ε22 = 24.0 ± 0.2 ε33 = 20.0 ± 0.2 6.54 ε11 = 22.8 ± 1.9 ~45 11.8 ± 0.3 6.699 ε11 = 5.10 ε22 = 5.24 ε33 = 10.30 165 ε11 = ε22 = 11.7 ± 0.1 ε33 = 9.5 ± 0.2 ε33 = 18.5 8.6 8.33 ± 0.08 ε11 = ε22 = 8.7 ε33 = 9.25 ε11 = ε22 = 8.37 ε33 = 9.00 εT11 = 8.48
103 103
293
T ε13 = 0.7
Methyl ammonium alum (MASD)
103
197
T 33
ε = 9.48
293 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 300 297.5 297.5 292 r.t. r.t. 283 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 297.5 297.5 4 293 300 300 300 8 8
103 103 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 5 × 102–1011 Tmp 93 177 95 271 224 398, 357, 305, 255 266 185 432
Name or acronym
Solids
12-56
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Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals H. P. R. Frederikse Some important antiferroelectric crystals are listed here with their Curie temperatures TC. The last column gives the constant T0 which appears in the Curie–Weiss law describing the dielectric constant of these materials above the Curie temperature: ε = const./(T – T0)
Name or acronym ADP ADA ADDP ADDA AdDDP AdDDA Sodium niobate Lead hafnate Lead zirconate Lead metaniobate Lead metatantalate Tungsten trioxide Potassium strontium niobate Sodium nitrite Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Ammonium trihydrogen periodate
K21599_S12.indb 57
Formula NH4H2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4D2AsO4 ND4D2PO4 ND4D2AsO4 NaNbO3 PbHfO3 PbZrO3 PbNb2O6 PbTa2O6 WO3 KSr2Nb5O15 NaNO2 NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 (NH4)2H3IO6
TC/K 148 216 242, 245 299 243 304 911, 793 476 503 843 543 1010 427 437 193 271 245
T0/K
Solids
378 475 530 533 413 437 192 245
12-57
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Dielectric Constants of Glasses
Solids
Type Corning 0010 Corning 0080 Corning 0120 Pyrex 1710 Pyrex 3320 Pyrex 7040 Pyrex 7050 Pyrex 7052 Pyrex 7060 Pyrex 7070 Vycor 7230 Pyrex 7720 Pyrex 7740 Pyrex 7750 Pyrex 7760 Vycor 7900 Vycor 7910 Vycor 7911 Corning 8870 G. E. Clear (silica glass) Quartz (fused) a
Dielectric constant at 100 MHz (20 °C) 6.32 6.75 6.65 6.00 4.71 4.65 4.77 5.07 4.70 4.00 3.83 4.50 5.00 4.28 4.50 3.9 3.8 3.8 9.5 3.81 3.75 (4.1 at 1 MHz)
Volume resistivity (in MΩ cm at 350 °C) 10 0.13 100 2,500 – 80 16 25 13 1,300 – 16 4 50 50 130 1,600 4,000 5,000 4,000–30,000 –
Loss factora 0.015 0.058 0.012 0.025 0.019 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.0048 0.0061 0.014 0.040 0.011 0.0081 0.0023 0.00091 0.00072 0.0085 0.00038 0.0002 (1 MHz)
Power factor × dielectric constant equals loss factor.
12-58
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Properties of Superconductors L. I. Berger and B. W. Roberts The following tables include superconductive properties of selected elements, compounds, and alloys. Individual tables are given for thin films, elements at high pressures, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields, and high critical temperature superconductors. The historically first observed and most distinctive property of a superconductive body is the near total loss of resistance at a critical temperature (Tc) that is characteristic of each material. Figure 1(a) below illustrates schematically two types of possible transitions. The sharp vertical discontinuity in resistance is indicative Ho
–4πM
Normal
Solids
ρ
of that found for a single crystal of a very pure element or one of a few well-annealed alloy compositions. The broad transition, illustrated by broken lines, suggests the transition shape seen for materials that are not homogeneous and contain unusual strain distributions. Careful testing of the resistivity limit for superconductors shows that it is less than 4 × 10–23 ohm cm, while the lowest resistivity observed in metals is of the order of 10–13 ohm cm. If one compares the resistivity of a superconductive body to that of copper at room temperature, the superconductive body is at least 1017 times less resistive.
Hc Superconducting
0 (a)
Tc
0
(b)
Tc
0
Hcl Hc Mixed state (c)
Hc2
Hc3
FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors. (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line); impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line). (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or “soft” superconductors. (c) Schematic magnetization curve for “hard” or Type-II superconductors.
The temperature interval ∆Tc, over which the transition between the normal and superconductive states takes place, may be of the order of as little as 2 × 10–5 K or several K in width, depending on the material state. The narrow transition width was attained in 99.9999% pure gallium single crystals. A Type-I superconductor below Tc, as exemplified by a pure metal, exhibits perfect diamagnetism and excludes a magnetic field up to some critical field Hc, whereupon it reverts to the normal state as shown in the H-T diagram of Figure 1(b). The magnetization of a typical high-field superconductor is shown in Figure 1(c). The discovery of the large current-carrying capability of Nb3Sn and other similar alloys has led to an extensive study of the physical properties of these alloys. In brief, a highfield superconductor, or Type-II superconductor, passes from the perfect diamagnetic state at low magnetic fields to a mixed state and finally to a sheathed state before attaining the normal resistive state of the metal. The magnetic field values separating the four stages are given as Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. The superconductive state below Hc1 is perfectly diamagnetic, identical to the state of most pure metals of the “soft” or Type-I superconductor. Between Hc1 and Hc2 a “mixed superconductive state” is found in which fluxons (a minimal unit of magnetic flux) create lines of normal flux in a superconductive matrix. The volume of the normal state is proportional to –4πM in the “mixed state” region. Thus at Hc2 the fluxon density has become so great as to drive the interior volume of the superconductive body completely normal. Between Hc2 and Hc3 the superconductor has a sheath of current-carrying superconductive material at the body surface, and above Hc3 the normal state exists. With several types of careful measurement, it is possible to determine Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. Table 6 contains some of the available data on high-field superconductive materials.
K21599_S12.indb 59
High-field superconductive phenomena are also related to specimen dimension and configuration. For example, the Type-I superconductor, Hg, has entirely different magnetization behavior in high magnetic fields when contained in the very fine sets of filamentary tunnels found in an unprocessed Vycor glass. The great majority of superconductive materials are Type-II. The elements in very pure form and a very few precisely stoichiometric and well annealed compounds are Type I with the possible exceptions of vanadium and niobium. Metallurgical Aspects. The sensitivity of superconductive properties to the material state is most pronounced and has been used in a reverse sense to study and specify the detailed state of alloys. The mechanical state, the homogeneity, and the presence of impurity atoms and other electron-scattering centers are all capable of controlling the critical temperature and the current-carrying capabilities in high-magnetic fields. Well-annealed specimens tend to show sharper transitions than those that are strained or inhomogeneous. This sensitivity to mechanical state underlines a general problem in the tabulation of properties for superconductive materials. The occasional divergent values of the critical temperature and of the critical fields quoted for a Type-II superconductor may lie in the variation in sample preparation. Critical temperatures of materials studied early in the history of superconductivity must be evaluated in light of the probable metallurgical state of the material, as well as the availability of less pure starting elements. It has been noted that recent work has given extended consideration to the metallurgical aspects of sample preparation. Symbols in tables: Tc: Critical temperature; Ho: Critical magnetic field in the T = 0 limit; θD: Debye temperature; and γ: Electronic specific heat. 12-59
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Properties of Superconductors
12-60
Solids
Element Al Am* (α,?) Am* (β,?) Be Cd Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (∆) Hf Hg (α) Hg (β) In Ir La (α) La (β) Lu Mo Nb Os Pa Pb Re Ru Sn Ta Tc Th Ti Tl U V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)
TABLE 1. Selective Properties of Superconductive Elements Tc(K) Ho(oersted) θD(K) 1.175 ± 0.002 104.9 ± 0.3 420 0.6 1.0 0.026 0.517 ± 0.002 28 ± 1 209 1.083 ± 0.001 58.3 ± 0.2 325 5.9, 6.2 560 7 950, HFa 7.85 815, HF 0.128 12.7 4.154 ± 0.001 411 ± 2 87, 71.9 3.949 339 93 3.408 ± 0.001 281.5 ± 2 109 0.1125 ± 0.001 16 ± 0.05 425 4.88 ± 0.02 800 ± 10 151 6.00 ± 0.1 1096, 1600 139 0.1 ± 0.03 350 ± 50 0.915 ± 0.005 96 ± 3 460 9.25 ± 0.02 2060 ± 50, HF 276 0.66 ± 0.03 70 500 1.4 7.196 ± 0.006 803 ± 1 96 1.697 ± 0.006 200 ± 5 4.5 0.49 ± 0.015 69 ± 2 580 3.722 ± 0.001 305 ± 2 195 4.47 ± 0.04 829 ± 6 258 7.8 ± 0.1 1410, HF 411 1.38 ± 0.02 1.60 ± 3 165 0.40 ± 0.04 56 415 2.38 ± 0.02 178 ± 2 78.5 0.2 5.40 ± 0.05 1408 383 0.0154 ± 0.0005 1.15 ± 0.03 383 0.85 ± 0.01 54 ± 0.3 310 0.61 ± 0.15 47 290 0.65, 0.95
γ(mJ mol–1K–1) 1.35
0.21 0.69 0.60
2.21 1.81 1.37 1.672 3.19 9.8 11.3 1.83 7.80 2.35 3.1 2.35 2.8 1.78 6.15 6.28 4.32 3.3 1.47 9.82 0.90 0.66 2.77
TABLE 2. Range of Critical Temperatures Observed for Superconductive Elements in Thin Films Condensed Element Al Be Bi Cd (Disordered) (Ordered) Ga Hg In La Mo a
K21599_S12.indb 60
Tc Range (K) 1.15–5.7 5–9.75 6.17–6.6 0.79–0.91 0.53–0.59 2.5–8.5 3.87–4.5 2.2–5.6 3.55–6.74 3.3–8.0
Usually at Low Temperatures
Comments HFa HF
HF HF
HF denotes high magnetic field superconductive properties.
Element Nb Pb Re Sn Ta Tc Ti Tl V W Zn
Tc Range (K) 2.0–10.1 1.8–7.5 1.7–7 3.5–6 13 0.12 0.18 0.55 3.7 2.8 1.2c 0.263 0.257 0.39 0.50 >25 >25 14–21 18–28 14–20 19–26 75c 98.7c 36–38 15 >25 30
3.06 3.7 3.35 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2
Tobs, Ka
Solids
Substance Al2CMo3 AlNb3 BaxO3Sr1-xTi Bi0.5Cd0.1Pb0.27Sn0.13 BixPb1-x Bi0.56Pb0.44 Bi7.5w/oPb92.5w/ob Bi0.099Pb0.901 Bi0.02Pb0.98 Bi0.53Pb0.32Sn0.16 Bi1-0.93Sn0-0.07 Bi5Tl3 C8K (excess K)
0 0 0 1.2 1.2
0.12 0.25 0.35 2.65 5.5
22–33 37–43 20–37 26–37
4.2 2.93 2.76 2.94 3.12 4.2 4.2 0 3.3 3.25 3.21 3.16 0.76 1.3 1.25 4.2 1.3 4.2 1.3 0 0 3.0 4.2
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Superconductors
12-72 Substance 15.2 16.1
NNbxO1-x NNbxZr1-x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 Na0.086Pb0.914 Na0.016Pb0.984 Nb
13.5–17.0 9.8–13.8 13.8 9.15
Hc1, kOe
0.19 0.28
Solids
Nb Nb (unstrained) Nb (strained) Nb (cold-drawn wire) Nb (film) NbSc Nb3Sn
0.4–1.1 1.1–1.8 1.25–1.92 2.48
Nb0.1Ta0.9 Nb0.2Ta0.8 Nb0.65-0.73Ta0.02-0.10Zr0.25 NbxTi1-x
0.084
Nb0.222U0.778 NbxZr1-x
1.98
O3SrTi O3SrTi PbSb1 w/o(quenched) PbSb1 w/o(annealed) PbSb2.8 w/o(quenched) PbSb2.8 w/o(annealed) Pb0.871Sn0.129 Pb0.965Sn0.035 Pb1-0.26Tl0-0.74 PbTl0.17 Re0.26W0.74 Sb0.93Sn0.07 SiV3 SnxTe1–x Ta (99.95%)
Ta0.5Nb0.5 Ta0.65-0Ti0.35-1 Ta0.5Ti0.5 Te TcxW1-x Ti Ti0.75V0.25 Ti0.775V0.225 Ti0.615V0.385 Ti0.516V0.484 Ti0.415V0.585 Ti0.12V0.88 Ti0.09V0.91 Ti0.06V0.94
K21599_S12.indb 72
Tc , K
N(12.8 w/o)Nb NNb (wires)
0.170
0.43 0.33
7.20–3.68 6.73 17.0
0.0049c 0.00195c
0.45 0.53
0.55 0.00043–0.00236 0.425 0.325 0.275 0.090
4.4–7.8 3.3 5.75–7.88
0.25c
5.3 4.7 7.07 7.20 7.49
0.029c 0.024c 0.050 0.062 0.078
Hc2, kOe
>9.5 153c 132 95 53 38 4- >130 >130 6.0 2.05 2.020 1.710 3–5.5 3.40 3.44 4.10 >25 >30 221 70 54 34 17 0.154 10 >70–>90 148 max. 120 max. 23 127 max. 94 max. 0.504c 0.420c >1.5 >0.7 >2.3 >0.7 1.1 0.56 2–6.9c 4.5c >30 0.12 156e 0.005–0.0775 1.850 1.425 1.175 0.375 3.55 >14–138 138 8–44 199c 172c 34 28 25 17.3 14.3 8.2
Hc3, kOe
13.2 0 4.2 8 12
Tobs, Ka
4.2 4.2
6–9.1 6.0–8.7 ≈10
1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 14.15 15 16 17 4.195 4.2 4.2 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 0 0 3.7
2.7
28.1 16.4 12.7
0.012–0.079 1.3 2.27 2.66 3.72 4.2 1.2 1.2 0 4.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Superconductors Substance
12-73 Tc , K
Ti0.03V0.97 TixV1-x V
5.31
V0.26Zr0.74
≈5.9
W (film)
1.7–4.1
Hc1, kOe
0.8 0.75 0.45 0.30 0.238 0.227 0.185 0.165
Hc2, kOe
3.8 108 max. 3.4 3.15 2.2 1.2
>34
6.8
Hc3, kOe
4.2 1.2 1.79 2 3 4 1.05 1.78 3.04 3.5 1
Tobs, Ka
Temperature of critical field measurement. b w/o denotes weight percent. c Extrapolated. d Linear extrapolation. e Parabolic extrapolation.
Solids
a
References 1. B. W. Roberts, in Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties. Progress in Cryogenics, Vol. IV, 1964, pp. 160–231. 2. B. W. Roberts, Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties, NBS Technical Notes 408 and 482, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966 and 1969; B. W. Roberts, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 581, 1976. 3. B. W. Roberts, Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials, 1978 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 983, 1978. 4. T. Claeson, Phys. Rev., 147, 340, 1966. 5. C. J. Raub, W. H. Zachariasen, T. H. Geballe, and B. T. Matthias, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 24, 1093, 1963. 6. T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, V. B. Compton, E. Corenzwit, G. W. Hull, Jr., and L. D. Longinotti, Phys. Rev., 1A, 119, 1965. 7. C. J. Raub, V. B. Compton, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, J. P. Maita, and G. W. Hull, Jr., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2051, 1965. 8. R. D. Blaugher, J. K. Hulm, and P. N. Yocom, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2037, 1965. 9. T. Claeson and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1081, 1966. 10. S. C. Ng and B. N. Brockhouse, Solid State Comm., 5, 79, 1967. 11. O. I. Shulishova and I. A. Shcherbak, Izv. AN SSSR, Neorg. Materials, 3, 1495, 1967. 12. T. F. Smith and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 569, 1967. 13. A. C. Lawson, J. Less-Common Metals, 23, 103, 1971. 14. R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, J. Solid State Chem., 3, 515, 1971. 15. M. Marezio, P. D. Dernier, J. P. Remeika, and B. T. Matthias, Mat. Res. Bull., 8, 657, 1973. 16. J. K. Hulm and R. D. Blaugher in Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, D. H. Douglass, Ed., American Institute of Physics, 4, 1, 1972. 17. R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and D. C. Johnston, Mat. Res. Bull., 10, 297, 1975. 18. H. D. Wiesinger, Phys. Status Sol., 41A, 465, 1977. 19. O. Fisher, Applied Phys., 16, 1, 1978. 20. D. C. Johnston, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1977. 21. H. C. Ku and R. H. Shelton, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1441, 1980. 22. H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1489, 1980. 23. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, H. Barz, and J. P. Remeika, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1635, 1980. 24. E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron, Yu. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova, and L. F. Myzenkova, in Superconducting Materials, Plenum Press, 1981, p. 107. 25. R. Fluckiger and R. Baillif, in Topics in Current Physics, O. Fischer and M. B. Maple, Eds., Springer Verlag, 34, 113, 1982. 26. R. N. Shelton, in Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, W. Buckel and W. Weber, Eds., Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 1982, p. 123. 27. D. C. Johnston and H. F. Braun, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 11, 1982.
K21599_S12.indb 73
28. R. Chevrel and M. Sergent, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 25, 1982. 29. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, and H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 17, 963, 1982. 30. R. Muller, R. N. Shelton, J. W. Richardson, Jr., and R. A. Jacobson, J. Less-Comm. Met., 92, 177, 1983. 31. You-Xian Zhao and Shou-An He, in High Pressure in Science and Technology, North Holland, 22, 51, 1983. 32. You-Xian Zhao and Shou-An He, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1983. 33. G. P. Meisner and H. C. Ku, Appl. Phys., A31, 201, 1983. 34. R. J. Cava, D. W. Murphy, and S. M. Zahurak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2345, 1983. 35. R. N. Shelton, J. Less-Comm. Met., 94, 69, 1983. 36. B. Chevalier, P. Lejay, B. Lloret, Wang Xian–Zhong, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Annales de Chemie, 9, 191, 1984. 37. G. Venturini, M. Meot-Meyer, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, and B. Rogues, Mat. Res. Bull., 19, 1647, 1984. 38. J. M. Tarascon, F. G. DiSalvo, D. W. Murphy, G. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak, Phys. Rev., 29B, 172, 1984. 39. G. V. Subba and G. Balakrishnan, Bull. Mat. Sci., 6, 283, 1984. 40. B. Batlog, Physica, 126B, 275, 1984. 41. M. J. Johnson, Ames Lab (USA) Report IS-T-1140, 1984. 42. I. M. Chapnik, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 4, 370, 1985. 43. W. Rong-Yao, L. Q-Guang, and Z. Xiao, Phys. Status Sol., 90A, 763, 1985. 44. W. Xian-Zhong, B. Chevalier, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Mat. Res. Bull., 20, 517, 1985. 45. H. R. Ott, F. Hulliger, H. Rudigier, and Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev., 31B, 1329, 1985. 46. P. Villars and L. D. Calver, Pearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, Vol. 1–3, ASM, 1985. 47. G. V. Subba Rao, K. Wagner, G. Balakhrishnan, J. Jakani, W. Paulus, and R. Scollhorn, Bull. Mat. Sci., 7, 215, 1985. 48. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, Zs. Physik, B64, 189, 1986. 49. W. Rong-Yao, Phys. Status Sol., 94A, 445, 1986. 50. H. D. Yang, R. N. Shelton, and H. F. Braun, Phys. Rev., 33B, 5062, 1986. 51. G. Venturini, M. Kanta, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, B. Malaman, and B. Roques, Mat. Res. Bull., 21, 1203, 1986. 52. W. Rong-Yao, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 5, 87, 1986. 53. M. K. Wu, J. R. Ashburn, C. J. Torng, P. H. Hor, R. L. Meng, L. Gao, Z. J. Huang, Y. Q. Wang, and C. W. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 908, 1987. 54. R. J. Cava, R. B. Van Dover, B. Batlog, and E. A. Rietman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 408, 1987. 55. L. C. Porter, T. J. Thorn, U. Geiser, A. Umezawa, H. H. Wang, W. K. Kwok, H-C. I. Kao, M. R. Monaghan, G. W. Crabtree, K. D. Carlson, and J. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1645, 1987. 56. A. M. Kini, U. Geiser, H-C. I. Kao, K. D. Carlson, H. H. Wang, M. R. Monaghan, and K. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1834, 1987.
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12-74
Solids
57. T. Penney, S. von Molnar, D. Kaiser, F. Holtzberg, and A. W. Kleinsasser, Phys. Rev., B38, 2918, 1988. 58. Y. K. Tao, J. S. Swinnea, A. Manthiram, J. S. Kim, J. B. Goodenoug, and H. Steinfink, J. Mat. Res., 3, 248, 1988. 59. G. G. Peterson, B. R. Weinberger, L. Lynds, and H. A. Krasinski, J. Mat. Res., 3, 605, 1988. 60. J. B. Torrance, Y. Tokura, A. Nazzai, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 542, 1988. 61. K. Kourtakis, M. Robbins, P. K. Gallagher, and T. Teifel, J. Mat. Res., 4, 1289, 1989. 62. J. C. Phillips, Physics of High-Tc Superconductors, Academic Press, 1989, p. 336. 63. Shui Wai Lin and L. I. Berger, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 507, 1989. 64. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1975. 65. O. Fischer and M.B. Maple, Eds., Topics in Current Physics, Volume 32: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I; Volume 34: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1982. 66. K. J. Dunn and F. P. Bundy, Phys. Rev., B25, 194, 1982. 67. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, New York, 1982.
K21599_S12.indb 74
Properties of Superconductors 68. D. H. Douglass, Ed., Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. 69. D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, (Volume II, 1990; Volume III, 1992; Volume V, 1996), World Scientific, Singapore. 70. T. Ishiguro and K. Yamji, Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 71. Sh. Okada, K. Shimizu, T. C. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, and Sh. Endo., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1924, 1996. 72. A. Bourdillon and N. X. Tan Bourdillon, High Temperature Superconductors: Processing and Science, Academic Press, 1994. 73. J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H. Whangbo, Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Theory, Prentice–Hall, 1992. 74. J. Nagamatsu, N. Nakagawa, T. Muranaka, Y. Zenitani, and J. Akimitsu, Nature (London), 410, 63, 2001. 75. Y. Boguslavsky, G. K. Perkins, X. Qi, L. F. Cohen, and A. D. Caplin, Nature (London), 410, 563, 2001. 76. B. Q. Fu, Y. Feng, G. Yan, Y. Zhao, A. K. Pradhan, C. H. Cheng, P. Ji, X. H. Liu, C. F. Liu, L. Zhou, and K. F. Yau, J. Appl. Phys., 92, 7341, 2002.
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High-Temperature Superconductors C. N. R. Rao and A. K. Raychaudhuri The following tables give properties of a number of high-temperature superconductors. Table 1 lists the crystal structure (space group and lattice constants) and the critical transition temperature Tc for the more important high-temperature superconductors studied so far. Table 2 gives the energy gap, critical current density, and penetration depth in the superconducting state. Table 3 gives electrical and thermal properties of some of these materials in the normal state. The tables were prepared in November 1992 and updated in November 1994.
References
2. Rao, C. N .R., Ed., Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. 3. Shackelford, J. F., The CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 98–99 and 122–123. 4. Kaldis, E., Ed., Materials and Crystallographic Aspects of HTcSuperconductivity, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. 5. Malik, S. K. and Shah, S. S., Ed., Physical and Material Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, Nova Science Publ., Commack, N.Y., 1994. 6. Chmaissem, O. et al., Physica, C230, 231–238, 1994. 7. Antipov, E. V. et al., Physica, C215, 1–10, 1993.
Solids
1. Ginsburg, D. M., Ed., Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, Vols. I–III, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989–1992.
Table 1. Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors Material
La2CuO4+δ La2-xSrx(Bax)CuO4 La2Ca1-xSrxCu2O6 YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 Bi2Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 Bi2Sr2(Ln1-xCex)2Cu2O10 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 Tl(BaLa)CuO5 Tl(SrLa)CuO5 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CuO5 TlCaBa2Cu2O7 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)CaSr2Cu2O7 TlSr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu2O7 TlCa2Ba2Cu3O8 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 TlBa2(La1-xCex)2Cu2O9 Pb2Sr2La0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 Pb2(Sr,La)2Cu2O6 (Pb,Cu)Sr2(La,Ca)Cu2O7 (Pb,Cu)(Sr,Eu)(Eu,Ce)Cu2Ox Nd2-xCexCuO4 Ca1-xSrxCuO2 Sr1-xNdxCuO2 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 Rb2CsC60 NdBa2Cu3O7 SmBaSrCu3O7 EuBaSrCu3O7 GdBaSrCu3O7 DyBaSrCu3O7 HoBaSrCu3O7 ErBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) TmBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) YBaSrCu3O7 HgBa2CuO4 HgBa2CaCu2O6 (annealed in O2) HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10
K21599_S12.indb 75
Structure
Bmab; a = 5.355, b = 5.401, c = 13.15 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.779, c = 13.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.825, c = 19.42 Å Pmmm; a = 3.821, b = 3.885, c = 11.676 Å Ammm; a = 3.84, b = 3.87, c = 27.24 Å Ammm; a = 3.851, b = 3.869, c = 50.29 Å Amaa; a = 5.362, b = 5.374, c = 24.622 Å A2aa; a = 5.409, b = 5.420, c = 30.93 Å A2aa; a = 5.39, b = 5.40, c = 37 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.888, c = 17.28 Å A2aa; a = 5.468, b = 5.472, c = 23.238 Å; I4/mmm; a = 3.866, c = 23.239 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.855, c = 29.318 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.85, c = 35.9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.83, c = 9.55 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.7, c = 9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.738, c = 9.01 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.856, c = 12.754 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.05 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.10 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.853, c = 15.913 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.81, c = 15.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.8, c = 29.5 Å Cmmm; a = 5.435, b = 5.463, c = 15.817 Å P2212; a = 5.333, b = 5.421, c = 12.609 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.820, c = 11.826 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.837, c = 29.01 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.95, c = 12.07 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.902, c = 3.35 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.942, c = 3.393 Å Pm3m; a = 4.287 Å a = 14.493 Å Pmmm; a = 3.878, b = 3.913, c = 11.753 I4/mmm; a = 3.854, c = 11.62 I4/mmm; a = 3.845, c = 11.59 I4/mmm; a = 3.849, c = 11.53 Pmmm; a = 3.802, b = 3.850, c = 11.56 Pmmm; a = 3.794, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.787, b = 3.846, c = 11.54 Pmmm; a = 3.784, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.803, b = 3.842, c = 11.54 I4/mmm; a = 3.878, c = 9.507 I4/mmm; a = 3.862, c = 12.705 Pmmm; a = 3.85, c = 15.85 Pmmm; a = 3.854, c = 19.008
Tc/K (maximum value) 39 35 60 93 80 93 10 92 110 25 92 119 128 40 40 40 103 90 90 110 120 40 70 32 50 25 30 110 40 31 31 58 84 88 86 90 87 82 88 84 94 127 133 126
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High-Temperature Superconductors
12-76 Table 2. Superconducting Properties
Jc (0): Critical current density extrapolated to 0 K λab: Penetration depth in a-b plane kB: Boltzmann constant Material Y Ba2Cu3O7 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba3CaCu2O8 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.15 Nd2-xCexCuO4
Form Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic
Energy gap (∆) 2∆ƒit/kBTc† 2∆pp/kBTc* 5–6 4–5 8–9 5.5–6.5 6–7 4–6 7–9 4–6 8 4–5
10–6 × Jc (0)/A cm–2 30 (film) 2 10 (film, 80 K)
λab/Å 1400 2700 2000
0.2 (film)
* Obtained from peak to peak value. † Obtained from fit to BCS-type relation.
Solids ρab: ρc: +ve: –ve: nH: k: in plane: out of plane: Material YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.12 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.20 Nd2–xCexCuO4, x = 0.17
x = 0.15
Table 3. Normal State Properties
Resistivity in the a-b plane Resistivity along the c axis ρc has positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ρc has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity Hall density Thermal conductivity Along a-b plane Perpendicular to a-b plane ρab/µΩ cm ρc/mΩ cm Form 300 K 100 K 300 K Single crystal 110 35 5 Film 200–300 60–100 Single crystal 75 20 10 Film 100–200 20–50 Single crystal 300 150 5000 Single crystal 150 50 >1000 Single crystal 300–400 50–75 200–300 Ceramic ∗∗∗ ∗∗ Single crystal 900 350 200 Single crystal 400 200 80 Film 400 160 Single crystal 500 275 Film 140–180 35
dρc/dT
10–21 × nH/cm–3 300 K 100 K
+ve
11–16 5–9
4–6 2–3
–ve
14 22
17
–ve
6
5
–ve
4
3
+ve
3.1
2.5 ≈ 2*
+ve for T >225 K +ve for T >150 K
k/(mW/cm K) at 300 K in plane out of plane 120
3
60
8
50 (for x = 0.04)
20
2.5 10 8.4
6.3
53 32
17 11
250 (for x = 0.15)
* At 200 K ** ρ ~0.4 mΩ cm at 120 K *** ρ ~1.5 mΩ cm at 300 K
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Organic Superconductors H. P. R. Frederikse Figure 2a, while Figure 2b illustrates how the alkali atoms fit into the A3C60 molecule to form the A15 crystallographic structure. Their superconducting transition temperatures range from 8 to 31.3 K (see Table 3).
References 1. Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 2. Williams, J. M. et al., Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992. 3. The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H. W., Fisher, J. E., and Cox, D. E., Pergammon Press, Oxford, 1993. 4. Schluter, M. et al., in The Fullerenes (Ref. 3), p. 303.
Solids
Although the vast majority of organic compounds are insulators, a small number of organic solids show considerable electrical conductivity. Some of these materials appear to be superconductors. The superconducting organics fall primarily into two groups: those containing fulvalenes (pentagonal rings containing sulfur or selenium) and those based on fullerenes, involving the nearly spherical cluster C60. The transition temperatures Tc of the fulvalene derivatives are shown in Table 1. The abbreviations of the various molecular groups are listed in Table 2 and their chemical structures are depicted in Figure 1. Most of the Tc’s are between 1 and 12 K. Several of the compounds only show superconductivity under pressure. The fullerenes are A3C60 compounds, where A represents a single or a combination of alkali atoms. The C60 cluster is shown in
Table 1. Critical Pressure and Maximum Critical Temperature of Organic Superconductors Material (TMTSF)2PF6 (TMTSF)2AsF6 (TMTSF)2SbF6 (TMTSF)2TaF6 (TMTSF)2ClO4 (TMTSF)2ReO4 (TMTSF)2FSO3 (ET)4(ReO4)2 βL-(ET)2I3 βH-(ET)2I3 γ-(ET)3I2.5 ε-(ET)2I3(I8)0.5 α-(ET)2I3I2-doped αt-(ET)2I3 ε→β-(ET)2I3a θ-(ET)2I3 κ-(ET)2I3
Pc/kbar
6.5 9 11 12 0 9.5 5 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tc/K
1.2 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 3 2 1.4 8.1 2.5 2.5 3.3 8 6 3.6 3.6
Material β-(ET)2IBr2 β-(ET)2AuI2 (ET)4Hg2.89Cl8 (ET)4Hg2.89Br8 (ET)3Cl2(H2O)2 κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 κ-(d-ET)2Cu(NCS)2 (DMET)2Au(CN)2 (DMET)2AuI2 (DMET)2AuBr2 (DMET)2AuCl2 (DMET)2I3 (DMET)2lBr2 (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 TTF[Pd(dmit)2]2 (CH3)4N[Ni(dmit)2]2
Pc/kbar
0 0 0 12 16 0 0 1.5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 7
Tc/K
2.8 4.8 4.2 1.8 2 10.4 11.4 0.9 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 3.5 1.6b 6.5 5
Converted from ε-type to β-type by thermal treatment. For 7 kbar. From Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. With permission. a
b
Table 2. List of Symbols and Abbreviations
TTF TMTSF BEDT-TTF or “ET” MDT-TTF DMET dmit Tc Pc
K21599_S12.indb 77
tetrathiafulvalene tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene [dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene] 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thione transition temperature to superconducting state minimum pressure required for superconducting transition
12-77
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Organic Superconductors
12-78 H3C
Se
Se
CH3
S
S
H3C
Se
Se
CH3
S
S
TMTSF
TTF
Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene H H H H
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Tetrathiafulvalene
H H H H
Me
Se
S
S
Me
Se
S
S
BEDT − TTF or ET
DMET
Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene Dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene Solids
S
S
S
S S
S
S
S
C
C
S
S C S
S M
C
n–
S
S C S
C S
MDT − TTF
M=Ni, Pd, Pt M(dmit)22–
Methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene
Ligand is 4,5-dimercapto-1.3-dithiole-2-thione
FIGURE 1. Structures of various donor molecules and acceptor species.
(001)
(010)
(100)
(a) (b) FIGURE 2. (a) C60 cluster placed in a fcc lattice. Each crystal axis crosses a double bond shared by two hexagons. (b) A hypothetical A3C60 with the A15 structure. The structure can be seen to be an ordered defect structure of A6C60.
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Organic Superconductors
12-79 Table 3. Unit Cell and Tc for FCC-A3 C60
Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 Na2CsC60 No. 1a Na2CsC60 No. 2a K3C60 K2RbC60 Rb2KC60 No. 1a Rb2KC60 No. 2a Rb3C60 Rb2CsC60
Lattice parameter(s) (Å) 14.148(3) 14.132(2) 14.176(9) 14.253(3) 14.299(2) 14.336(1) 14.364(5) 14.436(2) 14.493(2)
Tc/K 8.0 10.5 14.0 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.4 29.4 31.3
Samples labeled No. 1 and No. 2 have the same nominal composition. From Schluter, M et al., The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. With permission.
Solids
a
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Properties of Semiconductors L. I. Berger
Solids
The term semiconductor is applied to a material in which electric current is carried by electrons or holes and whose electrical conductivity, when extremely pure, rises exponentially with temperature and may be increased from its low “intrinsic” value by many orders of magnitude by “doping” with electrically active impurities. Semiconductors are characterized by an energy gap in the allowed energies of electrons in the material that separates the normally filled energy levels of the valence band (where “missing” electrons behave like positively charged current carriers “holes”) and the conduction band (where electrons behave rather like a gas of free negatively charged carriers with an effective mass dependent on the material and the direction of the electrons’ motion). This energy gap depends on the nature of the material and varies with direction in anisotropic crystals. It is slightly dependent on
temperature and pressure, and this dependence is usually almost linear at normal temperatures and pressures. Data are presented in five tables. Table 1 lists the main crystallographic and semiconducting properties of a large number of semiconducting materials in three main categories: “Tetrahedral Semiconductors” in which every atom is tetrahedrally coordinated to four nearest neighbor atoms (or atomic sites) as for example in the diamond structure; “Octahedral Semiconductors” in which every atom is octahedrally coordinated to six nearest neighbor atoms—as for example the halite structure; and “Other Semiconductors.” Table 2 gives electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, while Tables 3 and 4 give more details on the semiconducting properties and band structures of the most common semiconductors. Table 5 lists semiconducting minerals with typical resistivity ranges.
TABLE 1. Physico-Chemical Properties of Semiconductors (Listed by Crystal Structure)
Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Substance weight weight (Å, room temp.) 1.1. Tetrahedral (Adamantine) Semiconductors
Density (g/cm3)
Melting point (K)
Microhard ness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)
Debye temp. (K)
Coefficient of Thermal thermal linear conductivity expansion [mW/cm·K [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]
471.5
2340
1.18
9900(I) 23200(IIA) 13600(IIB)
702 321.9 213
645 374 230
2.6 5.8 5.4 (220 K)
1240 640
490 381 276 270
240 207 181
12.1 15.4 19.2
8.4 12.5 16.8
232
134
–2.5
4.2
5.0 (M) 1780
494 472
416 530
2.9 6.36
234 251
1350 900
339 264
400 223
7.2 8.19
140 108
1.1.1. Diamond Structure Elements (Strukturbericht symbol A4, Space Group Fd3m-Oh7 ) C (Diamond) 12.01 3.56683 3.513 ≈4713 10 (M) (12.4 GPa) Transition to graphite > 980 Si 28.09 5.43072 2.329 1687 11270 Ge 72.64 5.65754 5.323 1211.35 7644 α-Sn 118.71 6.4912 5.769 505.1 (Tr. 286.4)
Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)
1.1.2. Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3 Space Group F43m-Td2 ) CuF CuCl CuBr Cul AgBr
82.54 98.99 143.45 190.45 187.77
41.27 49.49 71.73 95.23 93.89
4.255 5.4057 5.6905 6.60427
AgI
234.77
117.39
6.502
I-VII Compounds 1181 3.53 695 2.3 (M) 4.98 770 2.5 (M) 5.63 878 192 6.473 >1570 (Tr. 2.5 (M) 410) 5.67 831 2.5 (M)
BeS BeSe BeTe BePo ZnO ZnS
41.08 87.97 136.61 (2318) 81.39 97.46
20.54 43.99 68.31 (109) 40.69 48.72
4.865 5.139 5.626 5.838 4.63 5.4093
2.36 4.315 5.090 7.3 5.675 4.079
ZnSe ZnTe ZnPo
144.34 192.99 (274)
72.17 96.5 (137)
5.6676 6.101 6.309
5.42 6.34
II-VI Compounds dec.
2248 2100 (Tr. 1295) 1790 1568
12-80
K21599_S12.indb 80
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-81
Lattice parameters (Å, room temp.) 5.832 6.05 6.477 6.665 5.8517 6.084 6.4623
BN BP(L.T.) BAs AlP AlAs AlSb GaP GaAs GaSb InP InAs InSb
24.82 41.78 85.73 57.95 101.90 148.74 100.70 144.64 191.48 145.79 189.74 236.58
12.41 20.87 42.87 28.98 50.95 74.37 50.35 72.32 95.74 72.90 94.87 118.29
3.615 4.538 4.777 5.451 5.6622 6.1355 5.4905 5.65315 6.0954 5.86875 6.05838 6.47877
MnS MnSe β-SiC (3-C SiC) Ga 2Se3 Ga2Te3 In2Te3(H.T.) MgGeP2 ZnSnP2 ZnSnAs2(H.T.) ZnSnSb2
87.00 133.90 40.10 376.32 522.24 608.44 158.84 246.00 333.90 427.56
43.5 66.95 20.1 75.26 104.45 121.7 39.71 61.5 82.38 106.89
5.011 5.82 4.348 5.429 5.899 6.173 5.652 5.65 5.851 6.281
Density Melting (g/cm3) point (K) 4.826 1750 5.674 1512 5.86 1365
Debye temp. (K) 219 181 200
Coefficient of thermal linear expansion [10–6 K–1 (300K)] 4.7 3.8 4.9
Thermal conductivity [mW/cm·K (300K)] 200 90 58.5
7.73 8.25 8.17
3 (M) 2.5 (M) 300
151 242
5.46 4.6
10 20
3.49 2.9 2.42 3.81 4.218 4.13 5.316 5.619 4.787 5.66 5.775
1820 1070 943
III-V Compounds 3239 10 (M) 1398 (dec) 37000 ≈2300 19000 ≈2100 5.5 (M) 2013 5000 1330 4000 1750 9450 1510 7500 980 4480 1330 4100 1215 3300 798 2200
210 178 164 793
320 268 144
≈1900 ≈980 ≈625 588 417 292 446 344 265 321 249 202
200
3.5 4.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 4.6 4.7 4.7
920 840 600 752 560 270 800 290 160
Solids
Substance CdS CdSe CdTe CdPo HgS HgSe HgTe
Average Molecular atomic weight weight 144.48 72.24 191.37 95.68 240.01 120.00 (321) (161) 232.66 116.33 279.55 139.78 328.19 164.10
Microhard ness, Specific N/mm2 heat, (M-Mohs J/kg·K Scale) (300 K) 1250 330 1300 255 600 205
Other Sphalerite Structure Compounds
3.21 4.92 5.75 5.8
3070 1020 1063 940
3160 2370 1660
5.53 5.67
1200 1050 870
2500
2.9 8.9
4.9 50 47 69
76 76
1.1.3. Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B4, Space Group P 6 3 mc -C6v4 ) CuCl CuBr Cul Agl
99.0 143.45 190.45 234.77
49.5 71.73 95.23 117.40
3.91 4.06 4.31 4.580
6.42 6.66 7.09 7.494
BeO MgTe ZnO ZnS ZnTe CdS CdSe CdTe
25.01 151.9 81.37 97.43 192.99 144.48 191.37 240.01
12.51 76.0 40.69 48.72 46.50 72.23 95.68 120.00
2.698 4.54 3.24950 3.8140 4.27 4.1348 4.299 4.57
4.380 7.39 5.2069 6.2576 6.99 6.7490 7.010 7.47
BP(H.T.) AlN GaN
41.79 40.99 83.73
20.90 20.50 41.87
3.562 3.111 3.190
5.900 4.978 5.189
K21599_S12.indb 81
I-VII Compounds 703 770
3.85 5.66 4.1 4.82 5.66
II-VI Compounds 2800 ≈2800 2250 2100 1568 1748 1512
600 460 401 316
III-V Compounds 3.26 6.10
≈2500 1500
823 656
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-82
Substance InN
Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density Melting weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3) point (K) 128.83 64.42 3.533 5.693 6.88 1200
MnS MnSe SiC MnTe Al2S3 Al2Se3
87.00 133.90 40.10 182.54 150.14 290.84
43.5 66.95 20.1 91.27 30.03 58.17
3.985 4.12 3.076 4.078 3.579 3.890
6.45 6.72 5.048 6.701 5.829 6.30
Microhard ness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)
Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)
Debye temp. (K)
Coefficient of Thermal thermal linear conductivity expansion [mW/cm·K [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)] 556
Other Wurtzite Structure Compounds 3.248
2.55 3.91
1400 1250
12 1.1.4. Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E11 , Space Group I 4 2d -D24 )
Solids
I-III-VI2 Compounds 3.47 2500 4.70 2260 5.50 2550 4.35 2300 5.56 1970 4200 5.99 2400 3500 4.75 1400 2550 5.77 1600 2050 6.10 1660 400 6.32 7.11 900 4.088 1135 850
CuAlS2 CuAlSe2 CuAlTe2 CuGaS2 CuGaSe2 CuGaTe2 CuInS2 CuInSe2 CuInTe2 CuTlS2 CuTlSe2(L.T.) CuFeS2 CuFeSe2 CuLaS2 AgAlS2 AgAlSe2 AgAlTe2 AgGaS2 AgGaSe2 AgGaTe2 AgInS2(L.T.) AgInSe2 AgInTe2 AgFeS2
154.65 248.45 345.73 197.39 291.19 388.47 242.49 336.29 433.57 322.05 425.85 183.51 277.31 266.58 198.97 292.77 390.05 241.71 335.51 432.79 286.87 380.61 477.89 227.83
38.66 62.11 86.43 49.53 72.80 97.12 60.62 84.07 108.39 83.01 106.46 45.88 69.33 66.65 49.74 73.19 97.51 60.43 83.88 108.2 71.70 95.15 119.47 56.96
5.323 5.617 5.976 5.360 5.618 6.013 5.528 5.785 6.179 5.580 5.844 5.29
10.44 10.92 11.80 10.49 11.01 11.93 11.08 11.56 12.365 11.17 11.65 10.32
5.65 5.707 5.968 6.309 5.755 5.985 6.301 5.828 6.102 6.42 5.66
10.86 10.28 10.77 11.85 10.28 10.90 11.96 11.19 11.69 12.59 10.30
3.94 5.07 6.18 4.72 5.84 6.05 5.00 5.81 6.12 4.53
ZnSiP2 ZnGeP2 ZnSnP2 CdSiP2 CdGeP2 CdSnP2 ZnSiAs2 ZnGeAs2 ZnSnAs2 CdSiAs2 CdGeAs2 CdSnAs2
155.40 199.90 246.00 202.43 246.94 243.03 242.20 287.80 333.90 290.34 334.83 380.93
38.85 49.98 61.5 50.61 61.74 73.26 60.55 71.95 83.48 72.58 83.71 95.23
5.400 5.465
10.441 10.771
3.39 4.17
5.678 5.741 5.900 5.61 5.672 5.8515 5.884 5.9427 6.0944
10.431 10.775 11.518 10.88 11.153 11.704 10.882 11.2172 11.9182
4.00 4.48 4.70 5.32 5.53 5.60 5.72
275
195
5.4 6.9
42 27
6.6 7.1
37 49
1220 1000 1120 990 1053 965
4400 1800 2250 1850
II-IV-V2 Compounds 1640 1100 1295 8100 6500 ≈1470 10500 1049 5650 840 5000 1311 9200 1150 6800 1048 4550 >1120 6850 938 4700 880 3450
212
10 30 9.49, 0.69
180 282 195
110 140
263 271
110 150 48 40
1.1.5. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination Cu2SiS3(H.T.)
K21599_S12.indb 82
251.36
41.89
3.684
6.004
3.81
I2-IV-VI3 Compounds 1200
23
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-83
Cu3PS4 Cu3AsS4 Cu3AsSe4 Cu3SbS4 Cu3SbSe4
349.85 393.79 581.37 440.64 628.22
40.73 49.22 72.67 55.08 78.53
7.44 6.43 5.570 5.38 5.654
CuSi2P3 CuGe2P3 AgGe2P3
212.64 301.65 345.97
35.44 50.28 57.66
5.25 5.375
6.19 6.14 10.957 16.76 11.256
Density (g/cm3) 3.63 5.47 4.45 4.46 5.57 5.92 5.02 5.94 6.51
Melting point (K)
Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)
Debye temp. (K)
Coefficient of Thermal thermal linear conductivity expansion [mW/cm·K [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]
1210
4550
510
254
7.2
12
1030
3840 2890 2770 2510 1970
340
168
8.4
440 310
214 148
7.8 8.9
24 130 28 35 144
169
3.2 9.5
30.2 19
131
12.4
14.6
8.21
37.6
1110 960 680 810
Solids
Substance Cu2SiS3(L.T.) Cu2SiTe3 Cu2GeS3(H.T.) Cu2GeS3(L.T.) Cu2GeSe3 Cu2GeTe3 Cu2SnS3 CuSnSe3 Cu2SnTe3 Ag2GeSe3 Ag2SnSe3 Ag2GeTe3 Ag2SnTe3
Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters weight weight (Å, room temp.) 5.290 10.156 537.98 89.66 5.93 295.88 49.31 5.317 5.327 5.215 436.56 72.76 5.589 5.485 582.51 97.09 5.958 5.935 341.98 57.00 5.436 482.66 80.44 5.687 628.61 104.77 6.048 525.21 87.54 571.31 95.22 671.13 111.86 717.23 119.54
Microhard ness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)
600 I3-V-VI4-Compounds 4.37 5.61 4.90 6.0
931 733 830 700 I-IV2-V3 Compounds
4.318
1113 1015
8500 6150
429
1.1.6. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht Symbol E3, Space Group I 4 -S 42 ) 435.18 62.17 5.503 10.90 4.37 ZnAl2Se4 629.74 84.96 5.904 12.05 4.95 ZnAl2Te4(?) 333.06 47.58 5.274 10.44 3.80 ZnGa2S4(?) 520.66 74.38 5.496 10.99 5.21 ZnGa2Se4(?) 715.22 102.17 5.937 11.87 5.67 ZnGa2Te4(?) 610.86 87.27 5.711 11.42 5.44 1250 ZnIn2Se4 805.42 115.06 6.122 12.24 5.83 1075 ZnIn2Te4 294.61 42.09 5.564 10.32 3.06 CdAl2S4 482.21 68.89 5.747 10.68 4.54 CdAl2Se4 676.77 97.68 6.011 12.21 5.10 CdAl2Te4(?) 380.09 54.30 5.577 10.08 4.03 CdGa2S4 567.69 81.10 5.743 10.73 5.32 CdGa2Se4 762.25 108.89 6.093 11.81 5.77 CdGa2Te4 852.45 121.78 6.205 12.41 5.9 1060 CdIn2Te4 382.79 54.68 5.488 10.26 4.11 HgAl2S4 570.39 82.48 5.708 10.74 5.05 HgAl2Se4 764.48 109.28 6.004 12.11 5.81 HgAl2Te4(?) 468.27 66.90 5.507 10.23 5.00 HgGa2S4 655.87 93.70 5.715 10.78 6.18 HgGa2Se4 746.07 106.58 5.764 11.80 6.3 1100 HgIn2Se4 940.63 134.38 6.186 12.37 6.3 980 HgIn2Te4(?) 1.1.7. Other Adamantine Compounds α−SiC 40.10 20.10 2163.19 144.21 Hg5Ga2Te8 2253.39 150.23 Hg5In2Te8 657.89 93.98 Cdln2Se4
K21599_S12.indb 83
3.0817 15.12 6.235 6.328 a = c = 5.823
3.21
3070
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-84
Substance
Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters weight weight (Å, room temp.)
Density (g/cm3)
Melting point (K)
Microhard ness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)
Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)
Debye temp. (K)
Coefficient of Thermal thermal linear conductivity expansion [mW/cm·K [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]
1.2. Octahedral Semiconductors 1.2.1. Halite Structure Semiconductors (Strukturbericht Symbol B1, Space Group Fm3m-Oh5 ) GeTe 200.21 100.10 5.98 6.14 SnSe 197.67 98.83 6.020 1133 SnTe 246.31 123.15 6.313 6.45 1080 (max) PbS 239.3 119.63 5.9362 7.61 1390 PbSe 286.2 143.08 6.1243 8.15 1340 PbTe 334.8 167.4 6.454 8.16 1180
Solids
1.2.2. Selected Other Binary Halites BiSe 287.94 143.97 BiTe 336.58 168.29 EuSe 230.92 115.46 GdSe 236.21 118.11 NiO 74.69 37.35 CdO 128.41 64.21 SrS 119.69 59.84
5.99 6.47 6.191 5.771 4.1684 4.6953 6.0199
7.98
880
6.6 3.643
2300 2400 2260 1700 3000
1.3.1. Antifluorite Structure Compounds ( Fm3m-Oh5 ) 76.70 25.57 6.338 Mg2Si 121.22 40.4 6.380 Mg2Ge 167.32 55.77 6.765 Mg2Sn 225.81 85.27 6.836 Mg2Pb
1.88 3.08 3.53 5.1
1375 1388 1051 823
5 1.3.2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3m-D3d ) 626.3 125.26 4.25 30.3 Sb2Te3 654.84 130.97 4.14 28.7 Bi2Se3 800.76 160.15 4.38 30.45 Bi2Te3
6.44 7.51 7.73
895 979 858
6.73
>1270 1230 1123
91 23 17 23
2.4
7
1.3. Other Semiconductors
1.3.3. Skutterudite Structure Compounds (Im3-Th5 ) 151.85 37.96 7.7073 CoP3 286.70 71.65 8.2060 CoAs3 424.18 106.05 9.0385 CoSb3 283.45 70.86 8.330 NiAs3 195.83 48.96 7.9951 RhP3 327.67 81.92 8.4427 RhAs3 468.16 117.04 9.2322 RhSb3 285.14 71.29 8.0151 IrP3 416.98 104.25 8.4673 IrAs3 557.47 139.37 9.2533 IrSb3 1.3.4. Selected Multinary Compounds 387.54 96.88 AgSbSe2 484.82 121.2 AgSbTe2 (or Ag19Sb29Te52) AgBiS2(H.T.) 380.97 95.24 474.77 118.69 AgBiSe2(H.T.) 143.01 AgBiTe2(H.T.) 572.05 486.43 60.80 Cu2CdSnS4
7.36 9.12 9.35
5.786 6.078
6.60 7.12
910 830
5.648 5.82 6.155 5.586
10.83
K21599_S12.indb 84
12.6
167 155
92
24 30
16
307
50
6.43 >1470 >1270 1170 >1470 >1470 1170
1.3.5. Some Elemental Semiconductors B 10.81 4.91
11.5 15.0 9.9 10.0
2.34
2348
100
90 303 10.5 86
9.5 (M)
1277
1370
8.3
600
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
Substance Se(gray)
12-85
Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density Melting weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3) point (K) 78.96 4.36 4.95 4.81 493
Te
127.60
4.45
5.91
6.23
Microhard ness, Specific N/mm2 heat, (M-Mohs J/kg·K Scale) (300 K) 350 292.6
723
Debye temp. (K)
196.5
Coefficient of thermal linear expansion [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (||C) 17.89 (⊥C) 74.09 16.8
Thermal conductivity [mW/cm·K (300K)] (||C) 45.2 (⊥C) 13.1 (||C) 33.8 (⊥C) 19.7
Mobility Minimum (room temp.) Heat of Atomic room (cm2/V·s) formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap Electrons Holes Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)
Optical transition
Breakdown voltage kV/mm
Remarks
2.1. Adamantine Semiconductors 2.1.1. Diamond Structure Elements (Strukturbericht symbol A4, Space Group Fd 3m-Oh7 ) C 714.4 18 5.7 –5.88 2.419 5.4 (589 nm) Si 324 0.306 11.9 –3.9 3.49 1.12 (589 nm) Ge 291 0.768 16 –0.12 3.99 0.67 (589 nm) α-Sn 267.5 24 2.75 0.0; 0.8 (589 nm)
1800
1400
i*
500
1900
500
i
30
3800
1820
i
2500
2400
Solids
TABLE 2. Basic Thermodynamic, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of Semiconductors (Listed by Crystal Structure)
2.1.2. Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3 Space Group F 43m-Td2) CuF CuCl CuBr Cul AgBr AgI BeS BeSe BeTe BePo ZnO ZnS
I-VII Compounds 481 481 439 486 389
0.26 0.26 0.27 0.41
7.9 7.9 6.5 12.4 10
477
8.9
ZnSe ZnTe ZnP CdS CdSe CdTe CdPo HgS
422 376
9.2 10.4
HgSe HgTe
247 242
BN
815
K21599_S12.indb 85
1.93 2.12 2.346 2.253 2.22
–9.9
3.17 2.91 2.95 2.50 2.22
4000 30
d d d i d
II-VI Compounds 4.17 3.61 1.45
20
i i d
2.356
3.54
180
5(400°C) d
2.89 3.56
2.58 2.26
540 340
28 100
Nantokite Marshite Bromirite Miersite
See 2.1.3. See also 2.1.3.
d d See 2.1.3. See 2.1.3.
339
7.2
2.50
1.44
2.85
1200
50
250 2.10 (α) –0.06
III-V Compounds 4.6
20000 25000
d d
≈1.5 350
s s
Metacinna barite Tiemannite Coloradoite Borazone
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-86
Solids
Heat of formation Volume Static [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant BP(L.T.) BAs AlP AlAs 627 10.9 AlSb 585 0.571 11 GaP 635 0.110 11.1 GaAs 535 0.771 13.2 GaSb 493 0.457 15.7 InP 560 0.735 12.4 InAs 477 0.549 14.6 InSb 447 0.442 17.7
Minimum Mobility Atomic room (room temp.) magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) susceptibility Index of energy gap (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes ≈2.1 500 70 ≈1.5 2.45 80 2.16 1200 420 3.2 1.60 200–400 550 –13.8 3.2 2.24 300 150 –16.2 3.30 1.35 8800 400 –14.2 3.8 0.67 4000 1400 –22.8 3.1 1.27 4600 150 –27.7 3.5 0.36 33000 460 –32.9 3.96 0.163 78000 750
Optical transition
Breakdown voltage kV/mm
Remarks Ignites 470K
i i i i d d d d d
* i = indirect, d = direct, s = semimetal. Other Sphalerite Structure Compounds
MnS
See also 2.1.3. See also 2.1.3.
MnSe β-SiC Ga2Te3 In2Te3 (H.T.) MgGeP2 ZnSnP2 ZnSnAs2 (H.T.) ZnSnSb2
2.697 271 198
–13.5 –13.6
2.3 1.35 1.04
4000 50 50
2.1 ≈0.7
El–Td12 Same Same
0.4
Same
2.1.3. Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B4, Space Group P6 3 mc -C6v4) I-VII Compounds
CuCl CuBr CuI AgI BeO MgTe ZnO ZnS ZnTe CdS CdSe CdTe BP(H.T.) AlN GaN InN MnS MnSe SiC
K21599_S12.indb 86
2.63
Iodargirite
II-VI Compounds
–350 –206 –163 8.45; 9.12
2.32
3.2 3.67
180
2.42 1.74 1.50
350 900 650
40 50
d d
Greenockide Cadmoselite
III-V Compounds 6.02 3.34 2.0 Other Wurtzite Structure Compounds
2.654
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-87
Minimum Mobility Heat of Atomic room (room temp.) formation Volume Static magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes MnTe ≈1.0 426 4.1 Al2S3 Al2Se3 367 3.1
Optical transition
Breakdown voltage kV/mm
Remarks
12 2.1.4. Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E11, Space Group I42d -D2d )
ZnSiP2 ZnGeP2 ZnSnP2 CdSiP2 CdGeP2 CdSnP2 ZnSiAs2 ZnGeAs2 ZnSnAs2
0.106 0.141 0.227 0.141 0.187 0.278
Solids
I-III-VI2 Compounds 2.5 2.67 0.88 2.38 0.96, 1.63 0.82, 1.0 1.2 0.86, 0.92 0.95
0.106
CuAlS2 CuAlSe2 CuAlTe2 CuCaS2 CuGaSe2 CuGaTe2 CuInS2 CuInSe2 CuInTe2 CuTlS2 CuTlSe2 (L.T.) CuFeS2 CuFeSe2 CuLaS2 AgAlS2 AgAlSe2 AgAlTe2 AgGaS2 AgGaSe2 AgGaTe2 AglnS2 (L.T.) AgInSe2 AgInTe2 AgFeS2
1.07 0.53 0.16
0.7 0.56 1.66 1.1 1.9 1.18
0.150 0.182 0.280 0.185 0.238 0.338
0.96, 0.52
312 293 275 0.103 289 270 290 271 252
–14.4 –18.4
II-IV-V2 Compounds 2.3 2.2 1.45 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.7 0.85 0.65
0.143
CdSiAs2 CdGeAs2
266
CdSnAs2
247
Chalcopyrite
13.7
1000
1000
50 300
Disorders at 910 K Disorders at 903 K
–23.4
1.6 0.53
70
25
–21.5
0.26
22000
250
2.1.5. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination Cu2SiS3 (H.T.)
K21599_S12.indb 87
II2-IV-VI3 Compounds
Wurtzite
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-88
Solids
Heat of formation Volume Static [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant Cu2SiS3 (L.T.) Cu2SiTe3 Cu2GeS3 (H.T.) Cu2GeS3 (L.T.) Cu2GeSe3 211.5 Cu2GeTe3 190.2 Cu2SnS3 CuSnSe3 Cu2SnTe3 Ag2GeSe3 Ag2SnSe3 Ag2GeTe3 Ag2SnTe3 Cu3PS4 Cu3AsS4 Cu3AsSe4 Cu3SbS4 Cu3SbSe4 CuSi2P3 CuGe2P3 AgGe2P3
Minimum Mobility Atomic room (room temp.) magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) susceptibility Index of energy gap (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes
–15.8 –13.1 –8.3 –20.5
127.1
Tetragonal
0.94
238
0.91 0.66
405 870
Same Same Cubic Cubic Cubic
0.91 (77K) 0.81 0.25 0.08
Famatinite Famatinite
El El
0.90
2.1.6. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E3, Space Group ZnAl2Se4 ZnAl2Te4 (?) ≈3.4 ZnGa2S4 (?) ≈2.2 ZnGa2Se4 (?) 1.35 ZnGa2Te4 (?) 1.82 ZnIn2Se4 206 ZnIn2Te4 198 1.2 CdAl2S4 CdAl2Se4 CdAl2Te4 (?) 256 3.44 CdGa2S4 CdGa2Se4 216 2.43 CdGa2Te4 Cdln2Te4 195 (1.26 or 0.9) HgAl2S4 HgAl2Se4 HgAl2Te4 (?) 249 2.84 HgGa2S4 HgGa2Se4 204 1.95
K21599_S12.indb 88
Enargite
1.24 0.88 0.74 0.31 II-IV2-V3 Compounds
0.12
Remarks Tetragonal
360
II3-V-VI4 Compounds 269.6 161.3
Breakdown voltage kV/mm
Cubic Cubic
–18.7
–21.3 –23.4 –18.2 –21.0 –28.4 –29.6 –29.5 –31.4 –31.0
Optical transition
I4 -S 42 )
35
60 33 4000
400
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-89
Minimum Mobility Heat of Atomic room (room temp.) formation Volume Static magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes 0.6 290 HgIn2Se4 196 HgIn2Te4 188 0.86 200 (?) 2.1.7. Other Adamantine Compounds α−SiC Hg5Ga2Te8
10.2
–6.4
2.67
2.86
400
Hg5ln2Te8
0.7
2000
Cdln2Se4
1.55
Optical transition
Breakdown voltage kV/mm
Remarks
6H structure B3 with superlattice B3 with superlattice
2.2.1. Halite Structure Semiconductors (Strukturbericht symbol B1, Space Group Fm3m-Oh5 ) GeTe SnSe SnTe PbS 435 0.5 600 PbSe 393 161 0.37 1000 PbTe 393 280 0.26 1600 360 0.25 2.2.2. Selected Other Binary Halites BiSe BiTe EuSe GdSe NiO CdO 531 SrS
Solids
2.2. Octahedral Semiconductors
600 900 600
Altaite
0.4 1.8 2.0 or 3.7 2.5 4.1
4 100
0.77 0.74 0.36 0.1
405 520 320
2.3. Other Semiconductors 2.3.1. Antifluorite Structure Compounds (Fm3m-Oh5 ) 79.08 Mg2Si Mg2Ge Mg2Sn 76.57 Mg2Pb 52.72 5 2.3.2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3 -D3d ) Sb2Te3 Bi2Se3
Bi2Te3
2.3.3. Skutterudite Structure Compounds (Im3-Th5 ) CoP3 CoAs3 CoSb3 RhP3 RhAs3 RhSb3 IrSb3 2.3.4. Selected Multinary Compounds AgSbSe2
K21599_S12.indb 89
0.3
360
0.35 0.21
600 1140
0.43 0.69 0.63
70
0.85 0.80 1.18
70 110 260
680
R3m (166)
~4000 ~3000 700 ~3000 ~7000 1500
0.58
4/3/14 12:41 PM
Properties of Semiconductors
12-90 Minimum Mobility Heat of Atomic room (room temp.) formation Volume Static magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes 0.7, 0.27 AgSbTe2 (or Ag19 Sb29Te52) AgBiS2 (H.T.) AgBiSe2 (H.T.) AgBiTe2 (H.T.) 1.16