Caesarea Maritima, the Late Periods (700 - 1291 CE) 9781407302607, 9781407332611

Table of contents :
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Plates
Acknowledgements
Preface
Chapter I Caesarea Maritima-Historical Background and History of Excavations
Chapter II The Stratigraphy
Chapter III Pottery Deposits
Chapter IV Imported Vessels
Chapter IV Discussion and Conclusions
Chapter V Pottery Catalogue
Bibliography
Plates

Citation preview

BAR  S1771  2008   ARNON   CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (700–1291 CE)

Caesarea Maritima, the Late Periods (700–1291 CE) Yael D. Arnon

BAR International Series 1771 9 781407 302607

B A R

2008

Caesarea Maritima, the Late Periods (700 – 1291 CE) Yael D. Arnon

BAR International Series 1771 2008

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 1771 Caesarea Maritima, the Late Periods (700 - 1291 CE) © Y D Arnon and the Publisher 2008 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407302607 paperback ISBN 9781407332611 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407302607 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2008. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

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BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK [email protected] +44 (0)1865 310431 +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

Y. D. ARNON

In the memory of my parents Itzhak and Chaya Salamon, may they rest in peace. They rose from the burning ashes like a phoenix and created new life. Thank you.

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Y. D. ARNON

Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................................................................ 4 List of Plates .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter I Caesarea Maritima-Historical Background and History of Excavations .................................................................... 11 Chapter II The Stratigraphy .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter III Pottery Deposits .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter IV Imported Vessels ......................................................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter V Discussion and Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 56 Chapter VI Pottery Catalogue ........................................................................................................................................................ 59 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................. 379 Plates ......................................................................................................................................................................... 391

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

List of Figures Fig.1 Caesarea location map ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Fig.2 Site map and excavation areas .......................................................................................................................... 10 Fig.3 Area TPS .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Fig.4 Oil lamp type MA............................................................................................................................................. 14 Fig.5 Oil lamp type MB ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Fig.6 Oil lamp type MC ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Fig.7 Oil lamp type MD............................................................................................................................................. 15 Fig.8 Oil lamp type ME ............................................................................................................................................. 15 Fig.9 Oil lamp type MF ............................................................................................................................................. 15 Fig.10 Wheel made oil lamp ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Fig.11 Area I stratum VIIIa ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Fig.12 Area TPS central, Loci sequence...................................................................................................................... 18 Fig.13 Area I stratum VII ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Fig.14 Area I drainage channel .................................................................................................................................... 20 Fig.15 Area I stratum VI .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Fig.16 Area I clay drainage pipe.................................................................................................................................. 21 Fig.17 Area I stratum V ............................................................................................................................................... 22 Fig.18 Area I subterranean storage rooms ................................................................................................................... 23 Fig.19 Area I vaulted cistern ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Fig.20 Area I well ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 Fig.21 Area I well ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 Fig.22 Area I stratum IV .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Fig.23 Area TPS the Fatimid hoard (a sample) ........................................................................................................... 25 Fig.24 Area I stratum IIIa ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Fig.25 Area I stratum II ............................................................................................................................................... 27 Fig.26 The Crusader fortification ............................................................................................................................... 28 Fig.27 The Crusader principalities in the Levant......................................................................................................... 55

List of Plates (pp. 391-434) Pl.I 1. Oil lamp type MA 2. Oil lamp type MC (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.II 1. Oil lamp type MD (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Oil lamp type MF (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.III 1. Wheel made oil lamp 2. Wheel made oil lamp (Photo A. Levin) Pl.IV 1. Bowl type 115 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Bowl type 116 3. Cup type 311 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.V 1. Jug type 512 2. Sphero conical vessel 3. Sphero conical vessel (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.VI 1. Area LL Jar type 811 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Jar type 812 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.VII 1. Bowl type 121 2. Bowl type 1213. Bowl type 122 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.VIII1. Bowl type 123 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Bowl type 125 (Photo Z. Friedman) 3. Bowl type 126 (Photo Y.D. Arnon) Pl.IX 1. Bowl type 127(Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Bowl type 127 3. Bowl type 128 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.X 1. Bowl type 221 2. Bowl type 221 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XI 1. Bowl type 224 2. Bowl type 224 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XII 1. Bowl type 225 2. Cup type 322 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XIII1. Basin type 421 2. Jug type 521(Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XIV 1. Jug type 523 2. Jug type 524 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XV 1. Cooking Pot type 721 2. Jar type 821 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XVI 1. Zir type 921 2. Bowl type 232 (Photo Z. Friedman) 3. Bowl type 231 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XVII 1. Bowl type 232 2. Bowl type 232 3. Bowl type 233 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XVIII 1. Bowl type 233 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Bowl type 233 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XIX 1. Bowl type 235 2. Jug type 531 (Photo Z. Friedman) 3. Jug type 531 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XX 1. Jug type 531 2. Bowl type 231 (Photo Z. Friedman) 3. Bowl type 241 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XXI 1. Bowl type 242 2. Bowl type 243 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 4

Y. D. ARNON Pl.XXII 1. Bowl type 244 2.Bowl type 244 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XXIII 1. Jug type 541 2. Jug type 541 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XXIV 1. Jug type 543 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Bowl type 251 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XXV 1. Bowl type 251 2. Bowl type 251 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XXVI 1.Bowl type 252 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Bowl type 253 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XXVII 1.Bowl type 253 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Jug type 551 3. Jug type 551 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XXVIII1. Jug type 551 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Jug type 552 3. Jug type 552 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XXIX 1. Jug type 552 2. Jug type 552 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XXX 1. Jug type 652 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Zoomorphic Vessel (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XXXI 1. Jar type 851 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Amphora type 854 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XXXII 1. Bowl type 264 2. Bowl type 264 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XXXIII1.Jug type 662 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Bowl type 172 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XXXIV 1. Bowl type 271 2. Bowl type 271(Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XXXV 1. Bowl type 271 2. b ,c, d, Bowl type 272 3. Bowl type 272 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XXXVI 1. a, b, c Bowl type 272 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Bowl type 272 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XXXVII 1. Bowl type 273 2. Bowl type 274 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XXXVIII 1. Bowl type 274 2. Bowl type 275 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XXXIX 1. Bowl type 275 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Bowl type 276 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XL 1. Bowl type 276 2. Bowl type 276 3. Bowl type 276 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) Pl.XLI 1. Bowl type 277 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Jug type 572 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XLII 1. Jug type 671(Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Jug type 673 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) Pl.XLIII 1. Cooking Pot type 772 2. Cooking Pot type 772 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 3. Frying Pan type 775 (Photo Z. Friedman) Pl.XLIV 1. Amphora type 873(Photo Z. Friedman)

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Y. D. ARNON

Acknowledgements I wish to thank the directors of CCE, the late Prof. A. Raban, Prof. K.G. Holum, Prof. J. Patrich, and to Dr. Y. Porath the director of the IAA, for allowing me to study the pottery. To the Israel Antiquity Authority for providing the late Prof. A. Negev’s material and allowing me to study it. I am also grateful to Prof. M. Sharon for reading some of the stamped handles and to Mr. K. Abu Mukh for his help and patience with the inscribed ware. The Pottery Drawings were made by Miss S. Ad, Miss Z. Friedman and Mr. Y. Dukhovni, while the surface plans were executed by Mrs. A. Iamim. My thanks to all of them. A special gratitude to Mr. Harold Saunders for his support and Patience. And last but not least to my family: Zahi, Sivan, Ya’ara and Noa that without their patience this work wouldn’t have been accomplished. Yael D. Arnon

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Preface The selected samples represent the various types related to the Post Byzantine occupation levels. These are divided into two main historical eras: The Early Islamic (640-1101 C.E.), and the Crusader and Mamlūk periods (1101-1291).

Caesarea Maritima is located on the Eastern Mediterranean coast about 50 kilometers north to Tel Aviv (fig.1). Between 1992 and 1997, large-scale excavations took place on the site, conducted by the Combined Caesarea Expeditions (CCE) and by the Israeli Antiquity Authority (IAA). Thousands of pottery vessels from Post Byzantine levels, either intact or fragmental, were unearthed. The pottery was retrieved from areas I, Z and TP within the old city walls, from KK, CC and NN to the south of the fortification, from area I of the IAA excavations south to the city walls, from areas II and III of the IAA excavations within the old city, from excavations under the southern wall (permit nos.1641 and 1638) (fig.2), and from A. Negev’s excavations. Many were retrieved from sealed and homogeneous loci accompanied by coins, inscriptions and other dateable items. This enabled us to date the assemblage more accurately.

16 strata and 10 phases were identified in CCE areas I, TP and Z.: Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum

1: Post 1265 and Modern. 2: 13th CE 3a: 12th CE 3b: Second half of the 11th CE 4: First half of the 11th CE 5: Second half of the 10th CE 6: Late 9th - Mid 10th CE 7: Mid 8th - Late 9th CE 8a: Late 7th - Mid 8th CE 9: Late 6th - Mid 7th CE 8b: Mid 7th - Late 7th CE 10: Mid 6th - Late 6th CE 11: Late 5th - Mid 6th CE 12a: 5th CE 12b: Early 4th - 5th CE 13a: Mid 3rd-Early 4th CE 13b: Late 2nd - Mid 3rd CE 14a: Early 2nd - Late 2nd CE 14b: Late 1st - Early 2nd CE 14c: Early 1st - Late 1st CE 15: Late 1st BCE - Early 1st CE 16: 2nd - Late 1st BCE

Each one of these can be rather precisely dated and contain exceptionally rich and verified repertory of local and of imported pottery vessels. As mentioned above, the pottery vessels were accompanied by other small finds such as coins, which enabled us to study the pottery in a typo-chronological method. Although some of the samples represented in this monograph come from un-stratified deposits, their dates rely on areas I, Z and TP stratigraphy and, therefore, their dates can be considered reliable. The data will be presented consistent with its chronotypological appearance. The assemblage within each stratum was divided into three main categories: table ware, continence and cooking ware. Fig. 1 Caesarea location map

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

Fig. 2 Site map and excavation areas

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Y. D. ARNON

Chapter I Caesarea Maritima-Historical Background and History of Excavations “There is no city more beautiful…..” (Al- Muqaddasī, 985) “A fine city, with running water and palm gardens and oranges and citron trees. Its walls are strong and it has an iron gate. There are springs that gush out within the city…” (Nāsir-i-Khusrau, 1047) Caesarea Maritima was founded by Herod the Great between the years 22-10/9 BCE, at the site of a Hellenistic settlement named Stratonos Pyrgos (Straton’s Tower) (Stieglitz 1996:593). The new city was built adjacent to a large artificial harbour, known as Sebastos. During the Roman period, Caesarea was the capital of Judea-Syria Palestina and gained the title of Colonia Prima and Metropolis. From the 4th Century to the Arab conquest in the mid 7th Century, Caesarea was the capital of the Province Palestina Prima. Sebastos, Herod the Great’s harbour had been reduced to a municipal-sized one by 70 CE. From the 2nd to the end of the 5th Century, the harbour was used at a lesser rate, although the city’s sea borne trade remained a major factor in its economic prosperity. The harbour was partly renovated by the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I at approximately 500 CE, but suffered excessively from earthquakes during the 6th-7th Centuries (Holum et al 1988).

the conquest and Caesarea was included among these cities (Fahmy 1966:52-4; El’ad 1978:57). In 680 CE, during the rebellion led by ‘Abdullāh ibn al Zubayr ibn ‘Abd al Muttalib, the Byzantines took the opportunity to raid the Levantine coast and it is possible that they seized Caesarea temporarily. The town was recaptured by ‘Abd al Malik in 690 CE (Lewis 1951:59-64; El’ad 1978:262). Unfortunately, Caesarea is barely documented in the historical sources. Only a few Moslem historians and geographers refer to the city, and then mainly in regard to its geographical location. Caesarea is mentioned by Ibn Khurdādhbih, as one of the important cities on the coast of Jund Filastin, located on the “highway” linking alJazira with Gaza, via north Syria, the seaports, and the Levantine coast and, by Al-Ya’qūbī, who describes the city as one of the most impregnable cities in Palestine (Hazard 1975: 79; El’ad 1989: 289). In 975 CE, Caesarea is mentioned as one of the cities captured by John I Tzimisces during his expedition southward through Syria. After a while, he left for home leaving a small garrison behind in the city, which reverted quite soon to Fatimid rule (Hazard 1975:79). The 10th Century geographer al Muqaddasī and the 11th Century Persian traveller Nāsir-i-Khusrau gave the most significant descriptions of the site. Both describe a well-established, beautiful, fortified city, which enjoyed economic wealth ( al Muqaddasī 2002: 146; Le Strage 1890:162-63; Hazard 1975:79). Although not under the name of Qaisariya, in a letter sent from Ramlah to Fustat that was found in the Cairo Geniza, the city is mentioned as Hazor, or Mivzar Hazor. The letter was written by Jacob b. Salman alHariri, a Jewish merchant, in the early 11th Century. It describes a maritime voyage between Tyre and Jaffa. Due to a heavy storm, the passengers were forced to land and find shelter in the Caesarea anchorage where they were taken care of by the manager of synagogue affairs, the Gabai. (Gil 1983:267; Gil 1992:251). Two great revolts, supported by the Byzantine Empire, broke out in Palestine in the early 11th Century. A picture of anarchy, disturbance, and endless rebellion, accompanied by robbery, plunder, destruction, murder, and rape emerges from the historical evidence (Gil 1992:384-385) and from the reference of the Cairo Geniza, mentioned earlier. Caesarea is mentioned as one of the cities to have suffered from these excesses (Gil 1992:404). By the end of the 11th Century, while the Crusaders were marching from Antioch southward along the Syrian valleys towards the Holy Land, the inhabitants of Caesarea, relying on the city’s wealth and strong fortifications, awaited the

After a prolonged siege, the Moslems conquered Caesarea in Shawwal –19H – September/October 640 CE. (Marmardji 1951: 169-170; Donner 1981:153). The Arab sources, which treat the conquests as a favourite and recurrent theme, are far from unanimous as to the date, circumstances, or even the identity of the conqueror. They credit at least four commanders with that conquest (‘Amr ibn al ‘Ās, Abū ‘Ubayda ibn al Jarrāh, Yazīd ibn abī Sufyān, and Mu’āwiyah ibn abī Sufyān). De Goeje (De Goeje 1900:166-167) suggests that the various traditions are not necessarily contradictory. He followed al Balādhurī, who suggested that there was a first attempt to take the town as early as 634 CE, led by ‘Amr ibn al ‘As, on his way to Egypt. Later, Abū ‘Ubāyda besieged the city before dying in Emmaus. He was succeeded as the governor of Syria by Yazīd ibn abī Sufyān who, too, laid siege to the city before dying in Damascus. Eventually the city was taken by his brother Mu’āwiyah (Donner 1981:153). Apparently the Moslem conquerors maintained the Roman-Byzantine administrative subdivision - Palestina Prima and Palestina Secunda but gave them new names and new capital cities. Palestina Prima became Jund Filastin, with its administrative capital in Emmaus, Lydda, and later Ramlah (Sharon 1986:88; Luz 1996). The strategic and economic importance with which the first Moslem rulers viewed the coastal region led them to renovate and rebuild cities that had been damaged during the conquest. In the ensuing years, (El’ad 1978:157) by order of ‘Umar ibn al Khattāb, reconstruction began immediately after 11

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) first phase of the Early Islamic period (Lenzen 1983) was studied for a doctoral dissertation, and 2. a pottery study was conducted by J.A. Blakely in vault I in area CV (our CC), in which only small quantities of Early Islamic remains were recorded, which included a golden dirham from North Africa (Blakely 1987).

impending invasion with complacency. This episode occurred before the conquest, as described by Albert of Aachen, Raymond of Aguilers, Fulcher of Chartres and others (Hazard 1975:80-81). Eventually the city of Caesarea was captured on 17th May 1101, by the army of Baldwin I, assisted by the Genoese fleet. The slaughter of the inhabitants and the sharing of the booty (gold, silver, jewels, cloth, and spices) are well recorded by Christian and Muslim chronicles (Hazard 1975:82-83). Once again, after a gap of about 450 years, the city of Caesarea reverted to be found in the shadow of the cross.

From the late 1970s, sea and land excavations were also conducted by the Caesarea Ancient Harbour Excavation Project (CAHEP). None of the late period findings were ever published. Following these expeditions, in the late 1980s, the Joint Expedition to Caesarea Maritima and the Caesarea Ancient Harbour Excavation Project agreed to make their work accessible to the public through a museum exhibition called “King Herod’s Dream”. This exhibition gave rise to a book which contained a small chapter dealing with the Early Islamic period (Holum et al. 1988). Excavations for the Hebrew University conducted by E. Netzer and I.L. Levin were carried out within the walls and along the northern coast of the present public beach (Levin and Netzer: 1986). Yet, due to the relatively small scale of the excavated area, the medieval remains were found to be poorly stratified. Although the pottery was typologically analysed (Brosh 1986), not a single building complex of that period could be completely studied.

The new masters of the city turned Caesarea into a European-style feudal principality. Feudal Caesarea prospered until 1187 when Saladin defeated the Crusader armies at the Horn of Hattin. To make the fortifications ineffective, Saladin levelled at least part of them in all the Crusader cities he captured, Caesarea being one of them. Although taken and retaken several times, the city lay mostly desolated for nearly forty years. In 1228 German Crusaders who arrived with the Fifth Crusade, rebuilt the walls of Caesarea. The French king Louis IX, also known as “St. Louis”, completed the fortifications in 1251-52. On 27th February, 1265 Baybars the Mamlūk took the city with ease. In 1291, in order to prevent the Europeans for gaining a foothold in the Levant again, the subsequent Mamlūk Sultan ordered Caesarea and the rest of the coastal fortresses destroyed.

Since 1989, the Combined Caesarea Expedition (CCE), co-directed by K.G. Holum, A. Raban, and J. Patrich, excavated on a large scale along the southern shore outside the city walls, areas CC, CV, KK, and NN (Patrich 1999), on the Temple Platform areas TP (Holum 1999), and in the inner harbor and its margins, areas I and Z (Raban et al. 1999). The picture that emerges from the recent excavations in Caesarea especially at areas I, Z, TP and LL (the northern edge of the Inner Harbour) is that of a thriving and flourishing town, from the 9th Century on. It was a well-planned city that provided its inhabitant with a high standard of life. The paved streets, with various types of drainage system, the size of the private dwellings units, the abundance of clusters of storage bins and the great quantities of imported ware, attest to the economic well being of the city and its people (Arnon 1996:97-98; Raban 1998:64-66).

Natural deposits covered the whole site waiting to be peeled off in order to expose the glory of this ancient Metropolis. The site had already been surveyed in the 19th Century (Conder and Kitchener 1882:12-29, VII-XVI). Since the late 1950s and the early 1960s, excavations on a small scale and at various sites outside and inside the medieval walls were conducted intermittently. They focused on Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine remains. The post Byzantine layers, if at all mentioned, appear as an appendix. The Mission Archeologia Italiana (1959-1963) excavated outside the walls and found some Early Islamic material. Unfortunately, there is nothing in their final report (Frova et al. 1965) about the architecture or the stratigraphy of this period. In the course of these years, A. Negev excavated within the medieval city, cleaning the entire perimeter of the city walls and conducting limited probes on the Temple Platform and the low ground at its western face (Negev 1960; 1965; 1966; 1975). Except for a single typological pottery report (Pringles 1985), neither a final report nor a stratigraphical discussion of this excavation has been published to date. Since 1971, the Joint Expedition to Caesarea Maritima (JECM), led by R. Bull, excavated at various sites outside the walls, but never published a coherent report on the post Byzantine occupation levels (Bull et al. 1985; 1991). Two pottery studies were carried out within this JECM expedition: 1. a limited group of pottery that refers to the

Traditionally and historically the Medieval Period in Caesarea was divided into six Sub periods based on to the political changes: The first Caliphates 640 - 661 CE. The Umayyad Period 661 - 750 CE. The ‘Abbāsid Period 750 - 878 CE. The Tūlūnid, Ikhshīdid and the second Abbāsid Periods 878 - 969 CE. The Fatimid Period 969 - 1101 CE. and similar occurring within brief time interval Crusader and Mamlūk Periods. 1101 - 1292 CE. Such a division, which is also commonly used by the archaeologists (Sauer 1982; Walmsley1982; 1986; ‘Amr 12

Y. D. ARNON

Fig. 3 Area TPS

1990 and others), is based on the assumption that a new regime causes cultural changes, which are reflected in the material culture uncovered in an archaeological excavation. The latest studies on the rate of the change in the material culture, mainly ceramics, indicate that the production of ceramics is traditional and that it would take at least two generations after a significant sociopolitical break, before typological changes would become apparent (Whitcomb 1984:386). Hence, research which correlates typological division of material culture with political eras may lead to erroneous conclusions. The physical remains, the material culture exposed in an archaeological excavation are often mute, unless they include historically dated epigraphic documents. For that reason it might not fit the norms or strongly correlate with historical periodisation.

The difficulty led us to develop another approach in dividing the Medieval Period in Caesarea, based on stratified typological changes supported by coins and inscriptions, to three main sections: Early Islamic I, Early Islamic II and Early Islamic III. The first years after the Islamic conquest were considered as Transition periods. As mentioned above, Caesarea fell to the Arab Conquerors in 640 CE. The archaeological excavation in Caesarea did not expose any evidence of a violent conquest, there being neither destruction levels nor extensive ash layers; there were no visible changes in the material culture data. It seems as if there was a natural continuation in almost every aspect, if only on a reduced scale. The first stratum, as earlier referred to, yielded material culture of a somewhat different typology from the previous Late Byzantine one, stratum VIIIa.

The trend to correlate the archaeological data with historical events is reasonable and understandable, but the first stage in comprehending the chronological meaning of the material culture relating to its stratigraphical context and sequence, is to use a pure archaeological division unrelated to the historical dating.

The Early Islamic I Period in Caesarea relates to stratum VIII. This period commences around 700 CE and extends to around 750 CE. It corresponds, more or less, with the Umayyad regime and probably began after Abd al Malik’s administrative and monetary reforms and the appearance of the real Islamic coins. The period came to an end with the mid 8th Century massive destruction, probably caused by the 749 CE earthquake (Amiran et al. 1994:266). During 1995 we managed to trace, identify and isolate this event in area TPS L.024 on the Temple Platform (fig.3).

After five years of continuous excavations in Caesarea, we faced such problems. It was quite impossible to distinguish between the material culture of the Late Byzantine period and the early years following the Islamic conquest, just as it was difficult to notice the differences between the Abbāsid, Tūlūnid and Ikhshīdid periods. The transitional phase between the Late Fatimid and the Early Crusader was even more difficult to identify.

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

Fig. 5 Oil lamp type MB Fig. 4 Oil lamp type MA

They strongly reflect a Byzantine influence in their technique and decorative style.

Changes were observed in the pottery remains, mainly in the production technique, although there were minute differences in form and decoration. Two new oil lamp types with no forerunner in the Byzantine era were unearthed, on and below the Umayyad floors covered by earthquake debris; all were accompanied by Umayyad coins. The first and the most common was type MA (fig.4, Pl.I.1).

The Early Islamic I period in Caesarea corresponds, more or less, with Kh, Mafjar phase 1 (Whitcomb 1988:271), Hammat Gader phase III (Hirschfeld 1997:13), Tiberias stratum V (Stacey 1995:159), Pella phase VII (Watson 1992:234), Aqaba phase A (Whitcomb 1992:537), and Early Islamic I (Whitcomb 1988b: 21), Susa AIII (RosenAyalon 1974:12), Busrā strata 3&4 (Wilson and S’ad 1984:40), and Siraf period B4 (Whitehouse 1986:345) .

A pre-earthquake date to this type was given also in sites all over the region (Day 1942:71; Baramki 1944:65, 73; Kennedy 1961-63:90; von Brisch1964:abb30; Nevo 1985:pl.7.2; Walmsley1988:153 ill 9; Haiman 1995:16.17; ibid 1995a:fig.8.22 and Hadad 1997:178). The second type is MB (fig.5). This type was recorded in Jerash and is known as the “Jerash lamp”. A similar date was given in Jerash (Scholl 1991:66, Khariy and ‘Amr 1986) and Bet Shean (Hadad 1997:169). The two types mentioned, are exclusive to stratum VIIIa and were absent in all the others strata.

Although the Apollonia stratum VII is dated to the first half of the 8th Century, it seems that the pottery deposits related to this stratum, which include, among other types, “fine moulded buff ware” and glazed ware (Roll and Ayalon 1987:267), pertained to a later date. Thus, we may conclude that either the loci were contaminated or the excavators should reconsider the dating of the first level of the street to be late 8th or the 9th Century. A similar problem occurs in Capernaum, where the equivalent stratum, stratum IV dated to 650-750 C.E (Tzaferis 1989:1-9), contained glazed vessels, including

Fig. 6 Oil lamp type MC

14

Y. D. ARNON stylistic influence, hence, referring to the Early Islamic II period could be considered as Arab par excellence.

glazed frying pans (Berman 1989:124). Considering the pottery data reported by the excavators, our suggestion, which correspond with Magness proposal (Magness 1997:485) is that stratum V should be dated to 700-750 C.E. and IV to 750- late 9th Century and so forth. Alternatively, it may be assumed that the loci were not sealed and had been contaminated. The Early Islamic II period related to strata VII and VI dated from around 750 CE to around the mid 10th Century. This period corresponds mainly with the Abbāsid regime, but continues without any visible changes to the Tūlūnid and Ikhshīdid eras. The beginning of this era dates after the mid 8th Century destruction and lasts probably until the arrival of the Fatimid and the subsequent appearance of new types and glazing techniques. In these strata we notice the first appearance of four new oil lamp types, which appear in the levelling layer and the building phases above the debris in TPS. The most prominent is type MC (fig.6, Pl.I.2). The others are MD (fig.7, Pl.II.1), ME (fig.8) and MF, which is glazed (fig.9, Pl.II.2).

Fig. 8 Oil lamp type ME

Fig. 9 Oil lamp type MF Fig. 7 Oil lamp type MD

It seems as if the cultural vocabulary of the Islamic empire was translated into an Asian cultural world, replacing the traditional Mediterranean one. The Early Islamic II period in Caesarea corresponds to Susa AII (Rosen-Ayalon 1974:12), Siraf period B5, B6 (Whitehouse 1986:345), Pella phase VIII (Walmsley 1992:225), Tiberias strata IV and III (Stacey 1995:160165), Kh. Mafjar period 2,3(Whitcomb1988: 271), Aqaba phase B and C (Whitcomb 1992:537) and E.I.2 (Whitcomb 1988b: 21), Apollonia strata VI and V (Roll

Type MC has been assigned to both the Umayyad and Abbāsid periods (Day 1942:72), but according the evidence from Pella, Kh. Al-Mafjar, Beth Shean and Jerash, it seems that a post earthquake date will be correct for the appearance of this type (Walmsley 1991:145; Baramki 1944:73, pl. XVIII; Hadad 1997:178 and Scholl 1991:65). While the ceramic types related to The Early Islamic period I were still under a strong Byzantine

15

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) and Ayalon 1987:67) and Capernaum strata III and II (Tzaferis 1989:XXX). The Early Islamic III period related to strata V, IV and III, terminates 450 years of the first Islamic occupation in Caesarea. It begins some time after the arrival of the Fatimids from Egypt bringing with it a strong North African and Egyptian influence in style and production techniques. This prominent difference on the material culture in every aspect lasted until the establishment of the Second Crusaders Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1192 CE. Even though the Crusader’s conquest of Caesarea took place in 1101 CE, there were no visible changes in the ceramics types, which characterized the Late Fatimid reign. The pre- eminent phenomenon in the production technique on oil lamps was the replacement of the moulded lamps by lamps which were thrown on a wheel (fig.10, Pl.III.1, 2). Such lamps were uncovered in Tunisia in levels related to the Vandal occupation (Chapman et al. 1984:232-241 fig.91). Considering the fact that the wheel made lamp was well known in Tunisia since the 5th Century and since the Fatimids originated there, it is quite possible that the Vandal lamp was of the wheel made Fatimid archetype.

Fig. 10 Wheel made oil lamp

The last occupational level excavated in Caesarea below the modern deposits is Stratum II, dated to the late12th till the late 13th Century - the final destruction by Baybars the Mamlūk. This stratum is characterized by an abundance of new types of cooking ware, which appeared along with the mass imported ware from Cyprus, Southern Italy, Northern Syria and Asia Minor.

The Early Islamic III era corresponds with Aqaba phases D, E (Whitcomb 1992:537) and M.I.1 (Whitcomb 1988b: 21), Susa AI (Rosen-Ayalon 1974:12), Tiberias stratum III (Stacey 1995:174), and Kh. Mafjar period 3 (Whitcomb 1988:271).

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Chapter II The Stratigraphy from the analysis of the material culture. It appears that the conquest changed very little, if anything at all. In view of this fact, the present study focuses only on the second phase (VIIIa), while the first phase (VIIIb), designated as a Transition Period, will be studied separately. Very few deposits relating to stratum VIIIa were located on the Temple Platform and in the sealed-up Inner Harbour (Area I.), an area occasionally flooded by storm waves that deposited piles of sand mixed with shells and water-worn potsherds. At the relevant time there was still no real terrestrial building in this area (Raban 1996:664; Toueg 1996: 64; Raban et al. 1999: 217). On the western front of the Temple Platform, the quay served a secondary use, an alleyway lined with shops and workshops, including a furnace for iron smelting. During this period two stairways were constructed in the dilapidated quay. They were probably used for descending to the sandy area which may have served the purpose of an open market (fig.11). Towards the end of this period the Herodian intermediate harbour basin was filled-in by intensive dumping of building materials and urban waste (Raban et al. 1999: 628).

This study presents only the stratigraphy of the late periods, from stratum II through to VIIIa, all clearly related to the Early Islamic and to the Crusader periods. The present chapter focuses on CCE area I, the Herodian Inner Harbour; area LL, the northern edge of the Inner Harbour; area TPS, the south-eastern corner of the Temple Platform; and area Z, located at the southern margin of this platform (fig.2). Stratum VIIIa, Late 7th – First Half of the 8th Centuries Stratum VIII, which represent the first occupation layer after the Islamic conquest, can, in all probability, be divided into two phases, although it is difficult to distinguish the first phase from the second. Several changes observed in the buildings or in the urban plan were difficult to date either by the mute material finds or by the ceramic typology. It seems that after the Islamic occupation of Caesarea, some elements of the city’s original inhabitants remained while the new masters settled in abandoned buildings without making significant structural changes to them. The same picture emerges

Fig. 11 Area I stratum VIIIa

17

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Century; a date that corresponds with the well described earthquake of 749 CE. The Bath House contained the following ceramic assemblage: Table ware, Basins, Cooking ware and Containers such as: storage jars, amphorae and sphero-conical vessels also known as “Greek fire”. As stated above, the Early Islamic I period ceramic deposits were typologically and technologically a natural continuations from the Byzantine era, a phenomenon that was also observed in Jordan (Sauer1982:332; Gawlikowski 1986:120), Egypt (Rodziewicz 1976:64) and Israel (Lenzen 1983:394; Arnon 1999:225).

The most significant loci were located in area TPS (the south-eastern margin of the Temple Platform), where we managed to expose a Bath House that ceased to be used after a massive destruction. The state of preservation of the structure was excellent. Its floor (L.060, L.035 and L.056) was covered by destruction debris (fig12), but on and below the floor, an abundance of ceramic shards together with coins were unearthed. The date of the oldest coin found on the floor was minted in 715 CE (L.040.0074, 0094, 0108, 0112), while the oldest coin below it was dated 695 CE (L.062.0148). By virtue of these dates it is reasonable to assume that this building was destroyed some time around the mid 8th

Fig. 12 Area TPS central, Loci sequence

18

Y. D. ARNON delimited the insulae occupied by dwelling units containing sophisticated drainage and water supply channels. The dwellings within the insulae consisted of rooms around a wide central courtyard. Some insulae were delimited by shops built adjacent to the street. The entrance to the dwellings was from an alley leading from the street. Each unit had at least one well, but two or even three were not uncommon. The wells were dug into the sandy bottom to a depth of about two meters, slightly below the ground-water level. At the base, a wooden frame was laid in order to stabilize the walls which were made up of medium-sized cut stones.

In Caesarea, the first observed differences were mainly those of production techniques and appeared around 700 CE, as was uncovered in Pella by Watson (1992:246) and by Sauer (1986:301). Stratum VII, Late 8th -Mid 9th Century Unlike the previous stratum, this layer is characterized by enormous changes in the urban plan of area I (fig.13). The entire area was occupied, implying that the Inner Harbour was already landlocked and, therefore, that massive constructions could be installed there. This was probably necessary in order to accommodate the increase in the city’s population. Ground level had been raised by introducing sand taken from the bottom of the bay with the concomitant effect of deepening the level of the bay area which was necessary in order to renovate the anchorage. This sand fill was found all over area I and contained shards, dating to the Late Byzantine era, eroded by water and sand. It also contained un-eroded 8th –9th Century shards. The new urban plan was totally different from the one that had existed in the Roman-Byzantine City. This stratum contained the first significant architectural elements, which were constructed in the silt of the Inner Harbour; a new street network which

The wells were square in cross-section with an opening between 40cms-70 cms. across. In some of the complexes wells were dug, not only in the central courtyard, but also in rooms used as workshops or kitchens. Each unit had at least one cesspit that received its water from the drainage system and was lined with stone and covered by a stone slab, (Raban et al., 1999: 220) (Fig. 14). Large clay pithoi (Zirs) were used as drinking water containers. Some of them bear impressions on their handles of personal names, blessings, and even the place of manufacture (Magen and Dadon, 1999:67).

Fig. 13 Area I stratum VII

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

Fig. 14 Area I drainage channel

doubt that the renewed building, which included the Inner Harbour (Area I), was made possible by the assumed construction of a massive sea wall to the west, yet undiscovered. Based on the data from excavations carried out so far, while the exact extent of the city limits is still undetermined, it was much larger than the Crusader city, both to the east and to the north (Yeivin 1955, figs.2, 3; Frova et al., 1965: 264–65 and fig. 334).

The most prominent phenomenon in stratum VII was the appearance of the glazed vessel, mainly, open forms. Although the glazing technique was known in Mesopotamia since the 5th millennium BCE (Fehervari 1973:28) and since the 4th in Egypt (Lane 1958:8), there is nothing similar in the ancient periods to compare to the explosive dissemination of this technique that occurred during the Early Islamic Period. As to the date and the origin of the phenomenon, there was a great debate among scholars. Some suggested an 8th Century or even an earlier Umayyad date (Day 1960:40; Adams 1970:fig 11; Fehervari1973: 27; Scanlon 1984:70; Brosh 1986:Pl.II.3; Roll and Ayalon 1987:64; Berman 1989:124 and Engemann 1989:168-9), but the excavations that where executed during the last years provided solid evidence for a later date, not earlier than the second half of the 8th century (Rosen-Ayalon 1974:29-30; Bianquis et al 1974:173; Whitehouse 1979:60; Sauer 1982:33; Whitcomb 1982:115; ibid 1989:270; ibid 1991:7; Rodziewicz 1983:74; Lenzen 1983:375; Walmsley 1991:145; ibid 1992:257; Stacey 1995:160; Arnon 1996:45 and Avissar 1996:171).

Stratum VI, Late 9th - Mid 10th Centuries This stratum is characterized by enormous renovations, which took place all over the excavated areas (I, Z, LL and TPS) and affecting nearly every structure: floors were raised and paved with stone slabs, and drainage channels were added (Raban et al 1999:221) (fig.15).At least part of the built-up area was surrounded by a massive wall. The date is supported by archaeological evidence discovered beneath the Crusader walls and by a monumental inscription revealed near Kibbutz Sdot-Yam (Sharon 1996: 426–24). The prosperity is noticeable in the dwelling complexes and in their dimensions. In many of these dwellings two units were combined to form a larger space. Aside from this, pillars were added to the inner walls as a base for an arcade that supported the second floor, and the walls were thickened in order to carry the added weight. Most rooms, streets, and almost all of the inner courtyards, were paved with stone slabs, as already pointed out. The new streets were equipped with covered gutters below the elevated street level. The drainage gradient ended in large cesspits that were installed at relatively short intervals (20m–30m). The increase in the number of cesspits and wells is also noticeable in the dwelling complexes.

Much of the glazed pottery was imported. Most of it was imported from Egypt and some from Iraq and Iran (Arnon 1999: 226; Arnon, 2003: 292). The increase in imported pottery from Egypt possibly indicates a renewal of marine activity in Caesarea made possible, most likely, by the attempt to deepen the Inner Harbour. A very large quantity of dump material, mixed with sand and flooded with marine incrustation, was discovered piled-up in three large artificial mounds that covered the remains of the Byzantine city along the coast to the south (Thomas and Buyce, 1993:74; Arnon, 1996: 93–96).There is no 20

Y. D. ARNON

Fig. 15 Area I stratum VI

black on white bowls begin to appear, along with sgraffito decorations on monochrome and colour splash glazed vessels. These types originated either in the East or in Egypt, or may only have been imitations. This phenomenon can be explained by the Abbāsid expansion and the Tūlūnid domination. Although historically undocumented, it seems that along with the rehabilitation of the harbour of Acre (al-Muqaddasi 202:138), Ahmad ibn Tūlūn renovated other cities along the seacoast, Caesarea among them.

For the first time since the Byzantine period, there was a return to the use of clay drainage pipes by means of which rain water was drained from the roofs to the wells (fig.16). Despite the absence of commercial storage jars, which may point to a decline in commerce, there is a noticeable presence of glazed table ware, imported mainly from Egypt. During this period, the southern area was turned into a cemetery and hundreds of graves were dug in the sandy ground (Patrich 1996: 53). This prosperity is well reflected in the ceramic evidence. New imported types such as lusterware, blue on white and

Fig. 16 Area I clay drainage pipe

21

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Similar structures were common in Caesarea towards the end of the Byzantine period, and were constructed in a similar fashion. These were discovered in the areas next to the shore to the south, between the Crusader city and the theatre (Patrich 2002: 85).

Stratum V -Mid 10th – Early 11th Centuries Islamic Caesarea reached its zenith in this stratum. The streets were repaved and the dwelling units were enlarged (fig.17). Two new and important elements were added to the existing urban building complexes. The first element consisted of subterranean storage rooms, adjacent to or part of the dwellings on the side facing the street. These are square chambers, lined with flat stones embedded in thick white mortar with a large amount of plaster. The chambers are paved with rough mosaic or stone slabs with a round depression in the centre. The sizes of the storage spaces vary between 3m3 and 20 m3. The chambers were constructed in groups of 2, 4, 6 and even 8 units (Fig. 18). The complexes were spread throughout the city, but mostly alongside the streets leading to the intermediate Herodian basin. The make-up and quality of the stone coating points to an attempt to achieve impermeability. A very complex technique was used that utilized external ashlar stones and small field stones embedded in grey mortar. On top of this, the same white cement was applied, and then a layer of stone slabs. In some storage spaces, a sealing coat of mortar was applied on the inner sides of the stone slabs. The chambers were roofed with a vaulted ceiling whose centre had a square opening used for filling and emptying their contents.

Comparable storage chambers, but in an unclear stratigraphical contexts, were discovered in Zippori, Ramlah, and Acre (Syon and Tatcher forthcoming). There is no doubt that these subterranean structures were intended to store goods, most likely agricultural produce intended for export. The data collected from these spaces allow us to assume that the products were of a dry nature e.g. wheat or black pepper (Hazard 1975: 83). The second type of prominent structure in Stratum V found inside dwellings and in public commercial areas were large white plastered and vaulted cisterns. All cisterns are rectangular or L-shaped in plan, with a vaulted roof and a thick layer of hydraulic plaster applied to the ceiling, walls and the floor. All were constructed below the paved level of the courtyards. In courtyards that were paved with mosaics, the vaulted roofs of some formed slight bulges in the surface above (fig.19).

Fig. 17 Area I stratum V

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Fig. 18 Area I subterranean storage rooms

Fig. 19 Area I vaulted cistern

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

Fig. 20 Area I well

Many cisterns were constructed from relatively small ashlars, utilizing existing walls. Almost all the pits uncovered have a base area measurement of about 2m x 4m on average, and are high enough to allow an average sized person to stand upright inside. It appears that all were used to store rainwater, and were fed by gutters and clay pipes. Rainwater flowed through the pipes to a pair of containers and from there to the main cistern. In most cases, each dwelling unit had its own facility, but in some instances a common cistern was used by two adjacent units. Many cisterns unearthed intact had a ‘pumping’ opening situated in the vaulted roof. These openings were usually fashioned from re-used Byzantine marble column bases (Figs. 20, 21). The volume of these pits varies between 6 m3 and 40 m3. The sense of prosperity, which began in stratum VI and which improved generally, is reflected in the ceramic repertory. Except for the colour splashed Fayyumi style, bowls bore either a strong Egyptian influence or were actually imported from there. All other tableware types continued from the previous stratum but were of an enhanced variety. As stated in chapter 1, the pre-eminent phenomenon in the material culture is the appearance of the wheel made oil lamps, which replaced the previous moulded ones (fig.10). Stratum IV, First Half of the 11th Centuries During this phase, at the beginning of the 11th Century, there was a noticeable decline in urban life. Mosaic floors were replaced with simple ones, such as plaster-packed floors. Some of the drains went out of use and caved in, and were filled with garbage and silted up. Almost all the underground storage vaults also went out of use, and were transformed into rubbish pits, cisterns, or cesspits (fig.22). A hoard of jewels uncovered in A. Negev’s excavation (Holum et al 1988: 212; Negev 1992, 1375) and the hoard of metal, glass, and ceramic vessels

Fig. 21 Area I well

uncovered by us in Area TPS (Lester et al. 1999), probably point to a time of insecurity and the abandonment of the city by the populace. It was the first time, since its foundation as a Moslem city, when maintenance works of the drainage system changes and repairs were not carried out. The amount of storage capacity in the city was reduced. The dwellings were reorganized and it seems as if the city’s population had 24

Y. D. ARNON been diminished (Raban et al 1999:223). One of the more tangible evidence depicting this phenomenon is the outstanding bronze glaze and the hoard of ceramic vessels which was hidden in a sealed well and was found

in area TPS locus 010 (Arnon et al forthcoming c). The Serçe Limani bowls with or without incisions and the glazed globular cooking pots with the strap handles made their first appearance in this stratum.

Fig. 22 Area I stratum IV

Fig. 23 Area TPS the Fatimid hoard (a sample)

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

Fig. 24 Area I stratum IIIa

III was the only one to yield porcelain ware in a stratigraphical context.

Stratum IIIb and IIIa, Late 11th –Late 12th Centuries Generally, stratum III can be considered as the last Early Islamic occupation level on the site. Although architectural stratum III is divided into two phases, IIIb (late 11th) and IIIa (12th Century), there is no visible distinction in the pottery types between the two, therefore, stratum IIIb and IIIa will be discussed as a single unit. The first phase is characterized by a wide construction trend. Private dwelling were enlarged and public spaces were renovated (fig.24). It seems as if a recurring prosperous wave flowed over the city again. The differences between the two phases were not essential, except for minor renovations and the raising of the floor, there were no other visible changes. As for the pottery, there is a definite continuity from the previous stratum. The Serçe Limani wares monochrome or colour splashed, with or without sgraffito, are present in all the significant loci. Although the monochrome bowls are thicker than in the previous stratum, the forms, the ware, and the glazing technique are the same. Stratum III is the first stratum to yield the under glazed slip painted ware in manganese black on a white tin opaque background and in white or yellow under a transparent glaze. The last significant items relating to this stratum are the Sung porcelain ware. Although porcelain imitation appears already in Caesarea in stratum V, which might be an indication of porcelain ware in the region at the end of the 10th Century as it is in Fustat (Scanlon 1966:26); stratum

White porcelain decorated with incised floral patterns was unearthed in Fustat and was dated there to the mid 11th Century (Kubiak and Scanlon 1986:86 and fig.19). The Crusader and Mamlūk Occupation levels Stratum II - Late 12th Century and the Entire 13th Century. Although the Crusader conquest took place in the early 12th Century, no striking changes in the material culture could be associated with this event. Only towards the end of this Century, following the battle of Hattin and the establishment of the Second Kingdom of Jerusalem, renovations and changes in the city plan as well as in the material culture could be observed. The south-eastern part of the Temple Platform (area Z) and the southwestern part of the former Inner Harbour (area I) were converted to a cemetery and stone slabs floors replaced the former opus Sectile ones (fig.25). It seems that towards the mid 13th Century following the Islamic reconquista (1220 CE) and the return of the site to the Crusades by treaty; big renovations were taking place starting with the fortifications build by Louis the IX (fig.26). The picture that emerges from the archaeological 26

Y. D. ARNON data indicates massive theft of the urban facilities (private dwellings and mainly streets). The stones so removed may have been used for renovation and building of the city’s fortifications. Unfortunately, the Mamlūk conquest in the second half of the 13th Century and the deliberate destruction that followed on Baybar’s order did not leave much of the Crusaders dwellings in area I intact (Raban et al. 1999:224). As for the pottery deposit, the prominent phenomenon was the vast amount of imported vessels

from all over the Mediterranean, from Italy in the west to Asia Minor, to the north to Syria and to Cyprus in the east. The bowls and the plates were given an “S” shaped rim and white slip was applied just under the glaze bedding. The clay was usually red, resembling a cooking ware fabric, and the inner surface of cooking vessels, pots and frying pans was entirely covered with either a thick dark brown glaze or a transparent one.

Fig. 25 Area I stratum II

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

Fig. 26 The Crusader fortification

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Y. D. ARNON

Chapter III Pottery Deposits the Byzantine Period, mainly from the Coptic style in Egypt. The dark brown ornaments executed on a light red /orange surface is well represented as tableware in the Kellia Report where several types are dated to the 7th-8th Centuries (Egloff 1977 Pl.115, type 99 p.97, types 212 and 217 p.128-129 and type 247 p.138-139). Moreover, the colour of the fabric, the texture and the compositions of the clay in these types of vessels are characteristics of Egyptian clay (Arnon 1996:86).

Stratum VIIIa 1. Unglazed Open Table Ware 111. Egyptian Red Slipped Bowls. The red slipped bowls are characterised by their light red/pinkish micaceous fabric and by a reddish brown/orange slip interior on the upper part of the outer walls. This type was well known in Egypt since the Ptolemaic Period (Rodziewicz 1983:73). It was studied by Hayes and was dated to the 7th-8th Centuries (Hayes 1972:387). The excavations from Alexandria (Kom elDikka) and Fustat show that the red slipped bowls extend into the 9th and even the 10th Century (Rodziewicz1983: 74; Kubiak and Scanlon 1986:37). Such bowls were uncovered in Umayyad fills in area D in Tiberias (Stacey 2004: 89), in Ramlah beneath floor 072 related to the first occupation layer (Arnon 2007:fig.25.3) and in Caesarea; they appear in stratum IX and extend to stratum VII (Arnon 1996:35). Thin Section analysis from Caesarea indicates that this type originated in Egypt (Arnon 1996:89).

115. Hand-Made Painted Bowls (Pl.IV.1) Just one, nearly intact, bowl was retrieved from the largescale excavations executed in Caesarea. This makes the specimen a rare one. It is a hand-made bowl probably built up from coils from the base up. It consists of a flat base, vertical walls and a levelled rim decorated with excisions in a zigzag pattern. The fabric is grey, finely levigated and well fired, containing white and hard black grits, probably basalt. The inner and outer surfaces are densely decorated with white and red/brown paint. This horror vacui ornamentation consists of rectangular spaces, both internally and externally, delimited by white paint containing “X” shaped patterns. The inner base is decorated with white painted concentric circles with red painted zigzag lines in between. Speaking stylistically, it seems that this exceptional bowl is a combination of two well-known Umayyad Period types: the Umayyad Painted Bowl and the Hand-made Umayyad Bowl with excised decorations. Both were exposed in large quantities in Rujm al-Kursi, Jordan (‘Amr 1986). The basalt inclusions and the rarity of the vessel raise the question of its origin. ‘Amr, in his report from Rujm alKursi, notes that the Umayyad Painted Bowls are well distributed along the Jordan Valley from Bet Shean in the north to Rujm al-Kursi and Kh. Mafjar in the south (‘Amr 1986:146) and Al Hallabāt in the east. Basalt deposits are common in, both the Bet Shean and in Al Hallabāt regions, so that this bowl could have originated in either.

112. Grey or Semi-Grey “Metallic- Sound” Bowls. The so-called “Metallic Grey Ware” is quite commonly found in Late Byzantine deposits but also continues into the Islamic occupation levels. The grey colour of the fabric is a direct consequence of a reduced firing. It seems that during the Islamic Period potters had managed to control the process and produce “half reduced” vessels. That is to say, the inner surface remained red, pink or brown while the outer surface was fired to a greyish or a weak red tone. Such a phenomenon was also observed in Pella, Jerash and Tiberias (McNicoll 1982:141.5; Watson 1992:236 ware C, and Stacey 1995:157 ware I). It was found that the fabric was usually finely levigated and hard fired. The same technique is used on bowls, jugs and storage jars; the vessels are thinly potted and fired at a high temperature in a reduced atmosphere. This gave them a very distinctive metallic sound. As mentioned above, such vessels were recorded in Jordan (McNicoll 1982:pl.14.5; Sauer 1986:301-305)

116. Carved Stone Ware (Pl.IV.2) Very few items could be related to this category, because these vessels were carved in a soft stone, steatite or serpentine which is sourced in the South Arabian Peninsula. Due to the manufacturing technique, the form is always in vertical lines. Ledge handles and chiselled decorations are often noticed. Although it is considered an expensive product, it is well recorded in Umayyad occupation levels in the Negev, Syria, Egypt, Tiberias, Akko and Ramlah beneath floor 072, the first Umayyad occupation layer (Nevo 1985:pl.6.10; Ben Michael et al 2004:fig.14; Haiman 1995:fig.10.19; Porath 2006:fig.7.2; von Brisch 1963:abb.19; Kubiak and Scanlon 1973:fig.11a; Stacey 1995:fig.22.19; Arnon forthcoming

113. Coarse Ware Bowls The predominant character of the following bowls is the coarseness of their fabric. Even though they were produced from different clay and fired to different colour tones, all are coarsely levigated and crudely made. It can be assumed that the vessels served for common daily use in the household sector. 114. Orange Slipped and Brown Painted Bowls This style of decoration is an outstanding remnant from 29

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) disappear in stratum VI. The same phenomenon is recorded in Tiberias (Stacey 1995:161). The basins were decorated with thumb imprints or combing ornaments.

a: fig.2.7-8 and Arnon 2007: fig.14.12-15 and fig.25.5,6). All specimens unearthed in Caesarea were revealed in stratum VIII. Surprisingly, in Iran they were dated to the 11th Century (Kervran and Rougeulle 1984:95 and fig.48.15).

412. Red or Light Red Ware All red ware basins in Caesarea were wheel-made.

3. Cups and Goblets 5. Jugs and Juglets 311. Fine Ware (Pl.IV.3) This type of Fine Ware is also known as Byzantine Fine Ware (Gichon 1974:119) and traditionally it is dated to the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods (ibid 1974:139).

511. Coarse Ware Jugs The common features this group shares is, first of all, the coarseness of the fabric and the crudity of the production. In addition, all jugs consist of a ring base and were fired to a pale tone (almost two tones brighter than the original hue). Similar specimens were found in a 6th-7th Centuries structure near ‘En ‘Aneva (Porath 2006 fig.2.5). Although not dated to the 8th Century by the excavator, based on the published ceramic assemblage, we would suggest that the structure continued to be in use in the early 8th Century.

The fabric is characterised by finely levigated clay in a pinkish or orange tone; it is well potted and hard fired. Light brown bands following the marks of the wheel often appear on the outer and inner surfaces. This type of vessel is well recorded all over Israel, from Sde Boqer in the Negev and Kh. Mafjar in the South ( Nevo 1985:pl.6.16; Haiman 1995:fig.16, 1, 2; Ben Michael et al 2004:fig.11 ; 1Baramki 1944:68 ware 10, and Whitcomb 1988:fig.11e,) to Yoqne’am, Akko, Capernaum, Tiberias and Pella in the North (Avissar 1996:118 type 4; Arnon forthcoming a: fig.2.2-4; Peleg 1989:fig.43.19; Stacy 1995:fig.6.12 and Walmsley 1986:fig.9.11, 1991: figs. 9.6 and 7.8)). Although it appears in Caesarea in stratum IX (Late Byzantine), undoubtedly, it extends into stratum VIII and even to stratum VII (8th-9th Centuries) but in a different form (see stratum VII description of painted samples).

512. Red Painted Jugs (Pl.V.1) Despite the fact that this vessel type became the guiding fossil of the Umayyad Period (mainly during the first half of the 8th Century), very few (not more than half a dozen) red/brown painted shards were unearthed in Caesarea. Although still bearing the Byzantine stylistic influence, it might be considered a new type and easy to distinguish. The red/brown painting is executed on a bright surface, usually buff or light red/pinkish tone, and is abundant on bowls, jugs, cups and ewers. They are well distributed from Usais, Hammat Gader and Nevé Ur (von Brisch 1965:160; Ben Arieh 1997:pl.VIII.24; Shalem 2002:fig.8) through Tiberias, Kh. Karak and Kursi in the North (Stacey 1995: 157, fig.2; Delougaz and Haines 1960:35 and Tzaferis 1983:Pl.XV to Amman (Northedge 1992:fig.131 and Koutsoukou et al 1997:79), Umm- elWalid and Dhiban in the south (Haldimann 1992:pl.2, see also map in Sauer 1986:fig.1). They are absent in the 8th Century sites from the south of the Israel such as: Nahal Besor (Ben Michael et al 2004), Sde Boqer (Nevo 1985), Nahal Shahak (Israel et al 1995), Nahal Mitnan (Haiman 1995), Elat-Elot (Avner 1998) and the ‘Arabah (MacDonald 1982).

312. Coarse Ware Goblet Up to the time of writing only a single specimen of this type was exposed in Caesarea. A comparable goblet is recorded from Jerash and is dated to the Umayyad Period (Ruba Abu Dalu 1993:30). Although decorated, similar goblets were recorded in Kellia and were dated to the second half of the 7th Century (Egloff 1977:159-60 type 302 and 305 Pl.84 2, 9) 4. Basins 411. Grey Ware The grey ware basins were the dominant samples among the coarse household wares in stratum VIII. Most were coil made with a few exceptions that were thrown on the wheel. The grey tone appears as a result of a reduced firing process, a phenomenon that occurs by closing the kiln chamber and avoiding the oxygen to fuel the fire. Such a firing and formation techniques were quite common during the Umayyad Period and appeared also in Jordan (Franken and Kalsbeek 1975:155; Sauer 1986:305 and Schefer and Falkner 1986:425-29). Basins made by hand dating to the 8th Century are recorded in Tiberias, Yoqne’am, Kh. Mafjar and Capernaum (Stacey 1995:161; Avissar 1996:124; Baramki 1944:fig.10:2; 12:7 and Peleg 1989:54). The grey ware basins appear first in Caesarea in the Late Byzantine occupation levels as they do in Pella (McNicoll 1982:139) and extend all the way to the Abbāsid Period, stratum VII, and they

513. White Painted Jags and Juglets Although they share the same fabric as type 112, this type differs because of the surface treatment. The outer surface is always white painted in wavy lines. This style of decoration is a clear continuation from the Byzantine Period and is well recorded in such sites. During the Umayyad Period the walls tended to be thicker than in the previous era, they will become thinner again in the Abbāsid occupation levels. Sauer, surveying the Jordanian Islamic Pottery, determined this type as a typical Umayyad one (Sauer 1986:308). The type appears in Pella, Tiberias and Yoqne’am, where it was dated to the Umayyad and Abbāsid Period (McNicoll 1982:pl.3 a bowl and Walmsley 1988:pl.ill.10.7 and 1991 fig.3, 4.; Stacey 1995: fig.2, 6 and Avissar 1996:120 type 7), while 30

Y. D. ARNON information as to the specific use of the container although one of the shards bears an inscription ‫ﻧﺪاﻣﺔ‬ (regret); however, the large assemblage of sphero-conical vessels that came to light in Tiberias in a commercial zone (Stacey 1995:166), makes the interpretation of the use of the vessel as a “fire bomb” less acceptable. Another deposit that supports this assumption was unearthed in a bathhouse in Hammat Gader (Ben Arieh 1997:380). Considering the data from Tiberias and Hammat Gader, it seems that it is more reasonable to assume it to be a container for precious liquids such as: perfumes, medicines or even mercury for the gold industry.

in Jerash, Hammat Gader and Kh. Mafjar it was dated only to the Umayyad Period, before the 749 CE earthquake (Watson 1992:236; Ben Arieh 1997:fig.VIII.18 and Baramki 1944:fig.151). In Caesarea such vessels were also unearthed in stratum VIII and VII, but it must be emphasised that the stratum VIII specimens are thicker than those of stratum VII (Arnon 1999:225). 514. Fine Ware Juglets. (Pl.7.1) The Fine Ware juglets belong to the same category as type 311 mentioned above. This type was studies by Gichon and was determined as type γ nicked jug and juglets (Gichon 1974:132). It also appears in Magness’s study as form 2A (Magness 1993:240). In addition to the fabric, the main characteristics of the type are the string cut foot base, the globular body and the thick guttered rim. Just as the Byzantine Fine Ware mentioned above, the juglets are dated to the late Byzantine and Early Islamic eras (Magness 1993:239). Parallels from the Byzantine/Islamic levels are reported from Jerusalem, Ramat Rahel, Kh. Karak and Bethany (Delougaz and Haines 1960:Pl.34.1 Magness 1992:fig.12.15, Aharoni 1964:fig.23.7 and Saller 1957:304).

7. Cooking Ware 711. Globular Cooking Ware (Cooking Pots) The closed cooking pots of stratum VIII are characterised by a globular shape, at times slightly carinated towards the shoulders and heavily ribbed, having a definite neck, vertical or funnel shaped, a thick rim, sharp, rounded or bevelled with two loop handles extending from the rim onto the shoulders. The stylistic origin of this type of cooking pot is well anchored in the Byzantine Period and is well recorded in sites from this era (Calderon 2000:108, Uscatescu 1996:fig.89.539, Peleg 1989:61, 1973:Pl.109.5, Tubb1986: 61, Tomber 1999:fig.37-40, Kingsley 1999:282 fig.9.2, 526 and Johnson 1988:190-192). In such Byzantine sites there are two types of closed cooking ware, one with a neck and one without one. In Stratum VIII, all closed cooking pots have a neck and not a single specimen without a neck was found. If one considers the natural continuity from the Byzantine era to the Islamic Period, this is quite surprising. On the other hand, the more frequent type is the one with a smooth vertical neck and a semi-bevelled thick rim. In her report from Capernaum, Peleg identified such a type as an Umayyad one (Peleg 1989:79). A Transition Period or an Umayyad date was given to this type in: Sde Boqer (Nevo 1985: Pl.5.13), Elot (Avner 1998:fig.138-10), Jerash (Uscatescu 1996:fig.104.717 and Rasson and Seigne 1989:fig.10.1), Amman (Northedge et al 1992: fig.133.1), Nevé Ur (Shalem 2002:fig.910-13), Tiberias (Stacy 2004: fig.5.32:1-5 type 1), Pella (Watson 1992 fig.3.20), Carmiel (Sharabani 1992:136 and Yeivin 1992:fig23.5), Dhiorios and Kornos Cave in Cyprus (Catling 1972:11, fig.7, Catling and Dikigoropoulos1970:54-55, fig.7-8), Ramlah (Arnon 2007: fig.25.2) and Hammat Gader (Ben Arieh 1997:fig.XI.7).

515. Micaceous, Pink Slipped Juglets Pinkish slipped micaceous fabric vessels are a very rare specimen in Caesarea. All samples are of the closed form used as pouring ewers. The eminent characteristics are the dark red or brown fabric dotted and sparkled with golden mica flakes and the thick pink or whitish slip coating the entire vessel, both on the exterior and the interior. Usually the outer surface is decorated with dark brown, dark red or black painted ornaments above the slip. The tone and components of the fabric, the slip and the decoration style, resemble the Egyptian Christian Coptic ware (Ballet and Scanlon 1991: 481, 485-6). A similar description of the fabric and the slip is recorded from Fustat and was identified as Nubian ware (Scanlon 1981:68). In Alexandria, Rodziewicz classified it as type “W” and dated it to the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods (Rodziewicz 1976:61-62). The same date was given in Capernaum to a similar specimen (Peleg 1989: fig 51.1). Considering the presence of mica in the clay, a foreign origin cannot be ruled out. 516. Sphero-Conical Container (Pl.V.2, 3) This is an exceptional container which is characterised by a very thick potted sphero-conical body (turanji). The morphology of the rim might have changed, but usually it is a thickened rim with a narrow opening, probably to avoid the content spilling out. This type of vessel was studied by Ettinghausen and Ghouchani; the former dated it to the Umayyad Period (Ettinghausen 1965:224) while the latter preferred the 10th-13th Centuries (Ghouchani and Adle 1992:72). They suggested explanations for the function of the vessel; for instance, a beer jar (Ghouchani and Adle 1992:78) or containers for mercury and perfume (Ettinghausen 1965:218-229). Unfortunately, the Caesarea data cannot contribute any additional

712. Open Cooking Ware (Casseroles) The casseroles and their variants have a long life span beginning with the 2nd Century and extending to the 9th (Magness 1993:211 and Elgavish 1977:Pl.IV: XXVI: 20). The open cooking wares, also known as casseroles, originate in the Roman Period (Guz-Silberstein 1995:322, fig.6.49, No.9). In the Late Byzantine Period they vary 31

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) from a globular form to a blunt conical one. Most samples comprise two horizontal loop handles, sometimes pushed upward and attached to the upper part, just below the rim, with a slanting flat rim. Many of this type were recorded in Late Byzantine period sites from Tell ‘Arqa in the north (Thalmann 1978:fig.39.9) to Capernaum (Loffreda 1974:fig.11.1), Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:fig.XII.6.11-13), Caesarea (Adan Bayewitz 1986:125), Ramat Rahel (Aharoni et al 1964:fig.8.5), Jerash (Uscatescu 1996:fig.74) and Rehovot in the Negev in the South (Rosenthal Heginbottom 1988:Pl.V.200). An 8th Century date was given in Jerash (Schaefer and Falkner 1986:431), Amman (Northedge et al 1992:fig.133.3-4), Nevé Ur (Shalem 2002:fig.9.3-5), Nahal Mitnan (Haiman 1995:40 and fig.16.10), Nahal Besor (Ben Michael et al 2004:fig.11.15-17), Nahal Shahak (Israeli et al 1995:fig.6.12), Hammat Gader (Ben Arieh 1997:fig.XII.8), Ramlah (Arnon 2007: fig.25.1) and Kh. Mafjar (Baramki 1944:fig.13.2 and Whitcomb 1988:fig.1.3.g)

type lies in the Late Byzantine Period although some scholars suggest an earlier date, the 2nd Century CE. (Johnson 1988:214-15). Its main distribution is in the north of both Israel and Jordan. It seems that the Dead Sea is the southern limit of this type. The Late Byzantine specimen differs from the Early Islamic one in its thickness, the tone of its surface and the length of the neck. The Early Islamic Jar is thicker than the Late Byzantine, a phenomenon that was already observed in Jordan (Sauer 1986:305-6), it having a higher neck and a weak red/grey surface tone with a reddish core. AdanBayewitz in his study suggested that it contained olive oil rather than wine (Adan-Bayewitz 1986:88-101). Late Byzantine dates were given to this type in Capernaum (Loffreda 1974:fig.8 class B, Peleg 1989:60.3), Kh. Karak (Delougaz and Haines 1960:34), Kursi (Tzaferis 1983:fig.7: 1 pl. XIV: 1, 3,), Tel Keisan (Landgraf 1980:69-80), Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:147-8) and Mt.Nebo (Schneider 1950:21-4). In Pella, like in Caesarea, this type was dated to the Late Byzantine Period and extended to the 8th Century (Smith 1973:pl.45: 281, McNicoll 1982:pls.146:, 148:4, 6, Walmsley 1995:fig.1.3 and Riley 1975:31, AdanBayewitz 1986:99, Magness 1992:131). An Umayyad date was given in Jordan (Sauer 1982:fig.3, Uscatescu 1996:fig.112.808), in Tiberias (Stacey 1987-88: 4.2 and 1995:fig.1.2), Nevé Ur (Shalem 2002:fig.10) and in Kh. Mafjar (Baramki 1944 fig.3.1-3, pl.XIX.1-2).

8. Containers 811. “Southern Palestinian” Storage Jar (Pl.VI.1) This type is characterised by a “bag shaped body” covered with widely spaced ribbing, a relatively short, slightly swollen neck, two loop handles attached to the shoulders, a concave base usually ribbed and a thick everted rim. The shoulders and the lower part of the vessels are usually covered with deep ribbing. The fabric has a sandy texture that varies from orange to pink and orange brown. The “Southern Palestinian” jar is well know in Late Byzantine layers (6th-7th CE) in: Tel Fara (Tubb 1986:56, fig3.4, 4.1), Jerusalem (Magness 1993: 226:2), Tel Taninim (Kingsley 1997:5 fig.2.54), Kh Ed Dier (Calderon 1999:135), Jerash (Uscatescu 1996:163 fig.93: 601), Kastra (Haddad 1999:79), Rehovot-in-theNegev (Rosenthal -Heginbottom 1988:94,Pl.II.90) and in Caesarea (Adan Bayewitz 1986:91,Riley 1975:27, Peleg and Reich 1992: 145,fig.14.13, Lenzen 1983:90,fig.30.41 and Magness 1992:130-131). Post-Byzantine dates were given in Kellia (Egloff 1977:117-118, pl.19.4), Carthage (Hayes 1978:53 fig.13.49) and in Pella. Although McNicoll ascribes the type to phase V dated to 600-640 CE, Watson suggests that this phase must be linked to the 659/660 CE earthquake (McNicoll et al 1992:163 and 168, Watson 1995:315-6). In his study on the “BagShaped” amphorae, Kingsley emphasises the extending of the type to the 8th Century CE (Kingsley 1994-5:39-42)

813. Cylindrical “Gaza Jars” The “Gaza” storage jar is characterised by its cylindrical “cigar” shaped body, ending in a flat or rounded pointed base, its neck having a less rounded rim and, due to the production process,chunks of fired clay adhering to the outer surface below the rim. A heavy ribbing appears on the shoulders, between the handles and the pointed base. The origin of the “cigar” shaped amphora lies in the Classical Period in the Western Mediterranean (Sciallano and Sibella 1991: Amphora Mañá D)and it becomes common throughout the entire basin from the 3rd through the early 8th Centuries CE.The early specimens vary from the later ones in the shape of their rim. Stratum VIII in Caesarea yields only the late types characterised by a thick rounded rim sloping towards the shoulders. A late Byzantine date was given to this type in: Escalon (Johnson and Stager 1995:96 fig.6.10), the Negev region (Schaefer 1979:130-77 and Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1988:86), Tel Fara (Tubb 1986:54-55 fig.2.3 type 1), Jerash (Uscatescu 1996:171-75 fig.95.628 group XXXIX), Alexandria (Majcherek 1995:169 form 4), Jerusalem (Magness 1993:165 fig.12: 14), Tel Taninim (Kingsley 1997:14 fig.9.61) and Caesarea (Riley 1975:27 type 2 and Adan Bayewitz 1986:97-99 fig.1.13). The latest excavations in Caesarea brought to light the existence of this type in Early Islamic occupation levels as well; such data appear also in Kellia and Bethany (Egloff 1977: 117 type 183 and Saller 1957:212-13 pl.115.2).

812. “Northern Palestinian” Storage Jar (Pl.VI.2) Generally, the “Northern Palestinian” storage jar resembles in shape the “Southern” type except for a pronounced carination, always appearing at the junction between the shoulders and the body. The type is distinguished by its thin, hard fired ware, its grey tone and the white painted ornaments executed on the outer surface. The grey tone is a result of a reduced firing and is not due to a different clay mixture. The origin of the

32

Y. D. ARNON 814. Micaceous Bag Shaped Jar Because it has no forerunners in the Byzantine era, this type is the only storage jar that might be considered a guiding fossil to the Umayyad Period. A relatively swollen neck characterises its red micaceous fabric along with its fine levigation and excellent firing. Such jars were recorded in well stratified levels dated to the Umayyad Period in Pella were they appeared after the 659 CE earthquake (Walmsley 1995:661, and Watson 1995:319, fig.9.4), in Jerash (Uscatescu 1996:fig.23.3) and Amman (Sauer 1986:fig.2.68). Moreover, this type of jar was retrieved in Kellia in a deposit dating to 650730 CE along with type 5VIIIAI (Egloff 1977: pl 114.1) and in an Ashmunein context 130, dated to about 675-750 CE (Bailey 1998:136-137, pl.133.W10, W25)

in their forms. Stratum VII is the first to yield bowls, produced from the same fabric in various forms such as wide ledged rim, flaring or carinated bodies or bowls with incurved walls and various rim shapes. Some bowls were white slipped on the inner surface under a black painted decoration. Although it appears in the previous stratum, the term “Marble ware” is used for this type to distinguish it from the “Fine Byzantine” because it has the appearance of the typical brown bands resembling the appearance of marble. This type of bowl is well distributed all over the country and is designated in Gichon’s study as ware C type γ (Gichon 1974:fig.2.7) dated from Late Byzantine to Early Islamic eras. It is dated by Whitcomb in Kh. Mafjar to Period 1, 750-800 CE (Whitcomb 1988:fig.1.1g) while in Abu Gosh it was dated to 10th-11th Centuries (De Vaux and Steve 1950:123 and pl.XVI.4).Very few samples were recorded in Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:fig.XIII.67.2 type 4), Jerusalem (Tushingham 1985:105 and fig.33.7), Horbat Illin (Greenhut 2004: fig.8.8-9) and Bet Shean (Fitzgerald 1931: pl.XXXIII.33). The presence of such a type in Caesarea, Yoqne’am and Bet Shean casts doubt on the assumption that this type was an exclusively southern one (Gichon 1974:136). The petrographic analysis executed on this type of cup and bowl revealed an abundance of kurkar particles. This could point towards a possible origin of production for these vessels to the coastline or even to Caesarea. (Arnon 1996: 80)

815. Coarse Ware Bag Shaped Small Jar Just one specimen of this type could be distinguished. The body and rim shapes resembles the “Southern Palestinian” storage jar, but in a smaller version. The loop handles are thinner and more delicate than the prototype. Similar specimens were recorded in Kellia and Kursi were they were dated to the second half of the 7th Century extending to the first half of the 8th (Egloff 1977: 119 and pl.22.3 type 190 deposit X; Tzaferis 1983: pl. XV phase III) and in Kafar ‘Ara where they were dated to the Byzantine Period (Sussman 1976:100) 816. “Late Roman 2” Amphorae The acronym LR2 was given to this type in Carthage and Benghazi (Peacock 1984, Riley 1981 and 1993). Its main characteristic are: a relatively short conical neck with a high everted rim, two bowed handles attached to the neck and extending to the sloping shoulders, a bag shaped globular body ribbed on its upper part (below the handles) and a small knob base. The fabric ranges from buff to light red. The presence of mica flakes is indicative of a foreign origin, probably the Aegean or the Black Sea region (Peacock Williams 1986:182). This amphora was well distributed all over the Roman Empire, from Britain and France in the west to the Black Sea in the east, and to Egypt in the south. It was the second largest group exposed in the Yassi Ada wreck dated to the 7th Century (Bass 1982:157-60, Von Doorninck 1989:250). Although Robinson in the Athenian Agora dates this type to the 4th Century (Robinson 1959:109), most scholars suggest a Late Roman (Byzantine) date (Magness 1992:fig.68.3, Riley 1981: type LR2, Keay 1984:352-357 type LXV, Bonifay and Villedieu 1989:25-27, Arthur and Oren 1998:5-6) and even continuity from the Early Islamic era (Hayes 1992:71 type 32, Egloff 1977:113 type 167).

122. Hemispherical Shaped Bowl “Iron Age II Style Bowls” (Pl.VII.3) The hemispherical bowl resembles the “Iron Age II bowls” (Amiran 1969:pl.13.62), characterised by a hemispherical body slightly incurved and a string cut discus base. The fabric ranges from light brown 5YR 7/6 to pinkish/buff 5YR 8/2 or 8/3. It is well levigated, porous in texture and usually fired to a buff tone 2.5Y 8/3. Such specimens were unearthed in Caesarea only in Stratum VII (Arnon 1996:37). A similar date was given in Kh. Mafjar, Susa, Mevo Modi’in, and Tiberias (Baramki 1944:fig.12.8, 10, 11; Whitcomb 1988:fig.1.3.j; Guilbert 1984:fig.23.3; Eisenberg and Ovadiah 1998: fig. 14, 2, 3 and Stacey 1995:fig.6.5), while in Hammat Gader it was designated as “a local bowl” and was dated to the Umayyad Period (Ben Arieh 1997:fig.VIII.1). In a salvage excavation in Ramlah, 137 samples out of 210 bowls were classified as “hemispherical bowls”. Some were badly damaged in the kiln; assuming that badly damaged vessels are not saleable, it might indicate the presents of a local workshop on the site or near by (Arnon 2007:fig.1.1-3).

Stratum VII

123. Grey or Light Red/ Semi-Grey “Metallic- Sound” Bowls With or Without White Paintings (Pl.VIII.1) The main characteristic of this bowl is its greyish surface tone and the “metallic sound” of the ware. Such vessels were well known in the late Byzantine Period and continued into the Islamic eras. For a description of the fabric and firing technique see Stratum VIII above. White painted decorations are often noticed on the outer surface.

1. Unglazed Open Table Ware 121. Fine ware “Marble Ware” (Pl.VII.1, 2) This type of bowl corresponds to the previous stratum VIII types 311 and 514 fine ware cups and juglets. They share the same fabric and production technique but differ 33

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) while leather hard and before firing, fingers creating the dots (Ballet and Scanlon 1991:485-6). During the Byzantine era most ornaments were of an iconographic nature while in the Islamic Period all had a geometric pattern probably due to the new Faith. The Caesarea painted vessels share the same clay components as the red slipped bowls and the petrographic analysis proved that they originated in the same province, namely Egypt (Arnon 1996:89). They correspond, more or less to Rodziewicz’s type “W” (Rodziewicz 1976:61-62) produced probably in the Delta region or even in Alexandria (see stratum VIII type 111and 114). Such vessels were recorded in Egypt and Yoqne’am, where they were dated to the 8th Century (Scanlon 1967: pl IV.a, Scanlon 1986:fig.47 and Avissar 1996:fig.XII.73.1 type 10).

The same technique appears on bowls, jugs and storage jars. This type was observed in Pella, Jerash, Tiberias, Caesarea and Yoqne’am and was dated to the 8th-9th Centuries (McNicoll 1982:141.5, Walmsley 1986:187 Watson 1992:236ware C, Stacey1995: 157 ware I, Arnon 1999:fig.1.b, h and Avissar 1996:120). 124. Light Red Coarse Bowls With or Without Decorations (Painted, Incised and Thumbed Decorations) The predominant character of these bowls, as alluded to in stratum VIII, is the coarseness of their fabric and their crude production. Some were decorated with white painted ornaments, incisions and thumb decorations. The tone of the clay ranges from pale brown to light red and pale yellow. Even though they differ in their shapes, the bowls share the same texture, being porous and somewhat sandy with an abundance of white grits and grog inclusions. As stated above, they may have served as vessels in common daily use in the domestic sector. Similar vessels were recorded in Amman and Caesarea in post Umayyad occupation levels (Lenzen 1983:375, Northedge et al 1992:fig.160.4.3) while in Kh.Kerak, Shepherd’s Field and Kursi this type was dated to the Umayyad Period only (Delougaz and Haines 1960: pls. 32.1-3, 52.32-39, 53.2, 54.4 and 58.6, Tzaferis 1975:28 and Tzaferis 1983:figs. 3.10, 4.14-15 and 17). In Yoqne’am such bowls were classified as type 5 and were dated to the Umayyad Period but extending to the Abbāsid era (Avissar 1996:119).

127. Kerbschnitte Decorated Bowls (Pl.IX.1) All specimens retrieved in stratum VII were wheel-made. The type is well known in Early Islamic deposits and very often serves as a guiding fossil to the period. It is characterised by “cut” ornaments resembling a basket pattern which usually decorates the outer surface (German: Korb=basket, Schnitte=cuts). The fabric varies from light brown to red brown; it is finely levigated and dense in texture. Painted ornaments in red, brown, white and blue appear occasionally on the outer and inner surfaces. An early 8th Century date was given to this type in Rujm el-Kursi and Capernaum (‘Amr 1990:55, Peleg 1989:fig.46) while in Pella, Jerash, Tiberias, Nevé Ur, and Kh. Mafjar a post earthquake date was assigned to them (Walmsley 1992:668, Uscatescu 1996:fig.108.754, 755, Stacey 1995:fig.11.17, Shalem 2002:fig.5.14-15 and Whitcomb 1988:fig.1.2d). The decoration technique appears in Susa at Period 2 (8th-9th Centuries) (Rosen Ayalon 1974:figs.360-365). It seems that the hand-made specimens are earlier and should be dated to the beginning of the 8th Century as suggested by Abdel Jalil ‘Amr, Baramki, Gawlikowski and Avissar (‘Amr 1990:55, Baramki 1944:66, Gawlikowski 1986:118 and Avissar 1996:122), while the wheel-thrown items and the glazed ones, are probably of later date as is suggested by the Caesarea stratigraphical excavation.

125. Islamic Red Slipped Bowl (Pl.VIII.2) For a detailed description see Stratum VIII type 111 where it was claimed that this type extended to stratum VII. A similar date was given to this type in Tiberias (Stacey 1995:fig.6.22 stratum IV 750-880 CE) and in Nevé Ur where such bowls were found in the presence of coins dated to the second half of the 8th Century (Shalem 2002:176). Surprisingly, the number and the variety of shapes relating to this type in stratum VII is larger than in the previous one. These stratum specimens have only an orange slip interior and a red/purplish one on the upper exterior part. Some are decorated with roulette patterns a common decoration on the Egyptian Red Slipped Ware (Hayes 1972:fig.86).

128. Black Slipped and Burnished Bowls (PL.IX.3) The most prominent characteristic of this type is the attempt to imitate the precious and luxurious stoneware that was imported from the South Arabian Peninsula. All Caesarea specimens are hand-made and consist of a flat base, vertical walls and a straight rim. Two ledged handles often appear on the wall. The fabric is dark brown or grey 7.5YT 4/7 or 7.5YT 3/0, coarsely levigated, containing an abundance of white grits of various sizes and quartz inclusions. The vessels are black slipped and burnished and decorated with white incised ornaments resembling the Tell el Yehudiyyeh Ware from the middle Bronze Age II. This type was quite common during the 9th Century and was reported from sites such as: Nabratine (Magness 1994:192), Caesarea (Brosh 1986:pl.I.7, 8 and Arnon1996:37), Tiberias (Stacey

126. Red/Brown and Black Decorated Painted Bowls (Pl.VIII.3) The most distinguishable element of this type is the coloured decoration applied to the outer surface. The ornament consists of diagonal lines, waves and dots painted in red/brown, white or black colours on a white or pinkish background. The vessels are usually carinated in shape and produced from pinkish, porous micaceous clay, typical of Coptic vessels produced in Egypt (Ballet and Scanlon 1991:481). The artistic origin of the ornament can be considered as being genuine Coptic, starting in the Roman Period. The white colour was produced from pure kaolin while the black and the red/brown were made of manganese and iron oxides. The paintings were laid 34

Y. D. ARNON transparent and white were not rare. While the green and turquoise glazes were familiar from the Roman, Byzantine and Sassanian artistic repertoire, the white glaze is a totally new phenomenon and could be considered as an Islamic innovation par excellence (Caiger Smith1985: 28).

1995:23.12, 11.6 and Oren 1971:276) and Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:122 type 12). The frequently incised depiction on the wall of the vessels is of a geometric nature but floral (Palm trees) and zoological (fish and birds) patterns are not uncommon. 2. Glazed Open Table Ware

223. Colour Splash Glazed Bowls This type seems to be the earliest glazed group influenced by the Chinese T’ang ware (Fehervari 1973:35), a type well known in China since the 6th –7th Centuries (Sullivan 1984:112, 137). The body was white slipped under a transparent glaze over which a coloured glaze was applied, splashed, mottled or painted with a brush. Although the Chinese vessels were decorated with only three colours: green, amber/ yellow and blue, an additional manganese-purple is quite common on the Caesarea Early Islamic specimens. In Kh. Karak F. Day determined an Umayyad date and suggested a Syrian Roman origin for the style (Day 1960:40); an odd suggestion in view of the fact that most of the Syrian production in the period following the Islamic conquest was unglazed (Porter 1991:3). The colour splashed ware is well known all over the Near East beginning with the 9th Century (Wilkinson 1973:54, Northedge 1992:160.2 Abbāsid occupation, Lane 1937:fig.2.D 9th-10th Centuries, Najjar 1989:fig.9.37, Avissar 1996:78 and Whitcomb 1991:fig.3d). Moreover, this type was the first glaze type to be revealed in Pella (Walmsley 1986:193).

221. Coptic Glazed Bowls (Pl.X.1, 2) This distinctive group is characterised by its pinkish porous fabric containing small sized white grits and mica inclusions. The vessels are white or pink slipped on both sides under the painted ornaments and a transparent or a coloured glaze. Following the Rodziewicz report from Alexandria where it was first categorised (Rodziewicz 1984:fig.346-1-6), the term “Coptic Glaze” was given to this type by Whitcomb in Aqaba (Whitcomb 1989:182); such vessels were also recorded from: Pella (Walmsley 1991:fig.5.5-7, and 1995:664), Tiberias (Stacey 1995:164), Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:75) and Caesarea (Arnon 1996:46 and 1999:225). Although in Egypt the glaze on the Coptic ware appears as early as the7th-8th Centuries (Ballet and Scanlon 1991:483, Rodziewicz 1978:338-45 and 1983:73-75), the date in all the above mentioned sites is “not before the second half of the 8th Century”. The presence of mica flakes undoubtedly points to a foreign origin. Considering the archaeological data and the petrographic analysis, the best candidate for this would be Egypt (Arnon 1996:86). Stratum VII was the first to yield glazed pottery. The Coptic Glaze Ware could be considered as the first glazed type appearing in Caesarea in the Islamic occupation levels and by virtue of this it confirms the above date. The same data is given in Aqaba as well as in Egypt (Whitcomb1992: 48 and Mason 1997a: 225)

224. Moulded Glazed Ware (Pl.XI.1, 2) All specimens in this group were shaped in moulds instead of being thrown on a wheel. The moulds were produced from coarse fired clay, plaster or gypsum in various forms: from very flat dishes, to small bowls with vertical walls. Most ornaments were a combination of vegetal features such as: leaves (cone shaped or palmette), stems and inflorescence. Lead glaze in yellow, green or transparent under slip painted colours were applied on the vessels with or without a slip. While Kühnel suggests an 8th Century date and a Sassanian origin (Kühnel 1970:86), Wilson and Lane argue a Roman source, with two production centres, Egypt and Mesopotamia and they date the appearance of this type to the 9th Century (Lane 1958:8 and 1939:57, Wilson 1985:163). Based on excavations in Iran, it seems that Roman or Sassanian types occurred sometime during the late 8th and extended to the 9th Century. However, for the purpose of this argument it is unimportant which of the two; the important fact is that it appeared sometime during the 8th Century. (Rosen Ayalon 1971:207, Guilbert 1984:186 and Frierman 1975:fig.36), Egypt (Bianquis et al 1974:fig.4a, 4b, Scanlon 1984:68), Iraq (Sarre 1925:31-32) and Caesarea.

222. Monochrome Glazed Bowls All specimens in this group were covered with a single hue lead glaze which was applied to the vessel after a biscuit firing. The bowls were usually slipped before the glazing in order to provide a better background for the glaze, but nor necessarily so. They consist of a flat discus or ring shaped base and various body forms, from rims curving outward and flaring bodies to bevelled walls with sharp rims and simple rounded forms. As mentioned earlier, stratum VII was the first Islamic occupation level that included monochrome glazed ware. Although dated to the Umayyad Period in several sites (Adams 1970:fig.11, Brosh 1986:pl.II.3, Berman1989: 124 and Day1960: 40), recent excavations indicate that such bowls are widely distributed all over the Abbāsid Empire starting with the second half of the 8th Century (Wilkinson 1973:223, Guilbert 1984:144, Avissar 1996:82, Finkelstien 1997:fig.3.5, Gawlikowski 1986:118, Sauer 1986:308, Stacey 1995:160, Whitehouse 1979:59 and Whitcomb 1988:fig.1). The fabric ranges from light brown 10YR 7/4 to buffish brown 7.5YR 7/6. It is finely levigated, well potted and hard fired. Green or turquoise glaze were the most preponderant colours but others such as yellow, manganese black or even

225. Blue on White Glazed Painted Ware (Pl.XII.1) The main significance of this type is a cobalt blue painted ornament on an opaque white glazed surface. The opacity in the glaze is obtained by the addition of tin to the lead flux in the glazing process. This outstanding type was 35

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) stratum III (Stacey 1995:168 and fig.9.9); in Aqaba it was dated to the Abbāsid Period (Whitcomb 1989:fig.3). This type of basin accounts for about 60% of the total basin shards retrieved in stratum VII

studied by several scholars (Atil 1973:15; Fehervari 1973:40; Wilkinson 1973:179-182; Mason 1997:22, 27). The origin of this technique lies in Mesopotamia somewhere between the late 8th and the early 9th Century (Fehervari 1973:40; Mason 1997:27). Although the use of tin as a flux in the glazing process was unfamiliar in China and the blue cobalt paint was not in the Chinese repertoire of colours, all scholars mentioned above agree that this type bears a strong Chinese influence. Such bowls are reported from Susa and Nishapur and were dated to the 9th-10th Centuries (Kervran 1984:55, 144, 169, fig.18.4, fig.26.4, 5; Rosen Ayalon 1974:213, fig.519, 518, 521; Wilkinson 1973:179-182), while in Basra; Mason argues a suggested date in the mid 8th to early 9th CE (Mason 1997:27). The Caesarea specimens resemble Basra Opaque Glazed Group 1 (BOG1), with a shallow ring base (Mason 1997:22). None of the ornaments were a figurative depiction; all were of the floral type, the same as found in Samarra (Sarre 1925:44). It seems that all luxurious cobalt blue painted ware are an Iraqi production and were exported to Egypt, Syria, Iran and Spain (Wilkinson 1973:180) and even to Caesarea.

422. Red Ware, Wheel-Made With or Without Decorations The following specimens represent a large group of basins. They differ from the previous in their sizes and the way they were produced. All were wheel-made, well potted and fired. The body is usually round due to the wheel thrown method and the rim is thickened and triangular in section. Combed band or wavy line decorations below the rim are common. Similar items were recorded in Kh. Mafjar, Tiberias, Yoqne’am, Aqaba and Capernaum dated to the Abbāsid Period (Baramki 1944: ware 14 fig.10, 4, 5, 7, Stacy 1995:fig.4.1, Avissar 1996:127, Whitcom1989: fig.3.m and Peleg 1989:47.10) 423. Grey Ware, Hand-made With or Without Decorations This type continued from the previous stratum without any significant change. For the description see type 411 in Stratum VIII. It was mentioned there that hand-made basins were still in use during stratum VII, but were less frequent. The same phenomenon was observed in Pella and Tiberias (Walmsley 1995:fig.8.8 and Stacy 1995:161).

226. Glazed Kerbschnitte Style Ware This type of vessel can be considered as a sub-type to type 127. The decoration technique is the same with an additional glazing on both sides. 3. Cups and Goblets

424. Grey Ware, Wheel-made With or Without Decorations This type, as the previous one, extends from stratum VIII without any observable change.

322. Marble Ware (Fine Ware) Cups: Plain, Slipped or Painted (Pl.XII.2) For a general description see type 311 of stratum VIIIa. It was pointed out above that this type of cup extends to the 8th-9th Centuries in Pella, Kh. Mafjar and in Caesarea in stratum VII (Whitcomb 1988:fig.4.a and Walmsley 1991 figs. 9.6 and 7.8). While stratum VIIIa in Caesarea yielded small quantities of this type, an abundance of Marble ware shards were retrieved in stratum VII, including painted and red slipped ones. These were absent in the previous stratum but are well recorded in the Negev (Haiman 1995:40 and fig.16 4-6, Haiman 1995:fig.8.1), in Pella (Walmsley 1991:fig.3.8) and in Tiberias (Stacey 1995:fig.22.2).

425. Light Red Ware With or Without Decorations This group was distinguished by the hues of its clay which usually range from buff 2.5Y 8/3 to light red/brown 10YR 6/4 or 7.YR 7/4. Some vessels were decorated with combing and/or thumb decorations. Such treatment, although starting in the late Byzantine era (Uscatescu 1996:341,352 and 357), was quite common in the Umayyad Period (Sauer 1982:332, Watson 1992:fig.6.47, Avissar 1996: type 26 fig.XIII.79.1 and Lenzen 1983: Pl.21.3). It was still in use under the Abbāsid and Fatimid reign (Avissar 1996:129 type 31). Parallels can be found in Pella and Capernaum where it was dated to the Abbāsid period (Walmsley 1991:fig.7.9 and Peleg 1989:fig.47.8).

4. Basins 421. Red Ware, Hand-Made With or Without Decorations (Pl.XIII.1) All specimens relating to this type are made by hand using the “coil method” and smoothed on a turn table. The paste is coarsely levigated and contains an abundance of inclusions of various natures such as: organic particles (straw), mud balls, white grits and mica flakes. The presence of mica in the paste raises the question about the origin of the vessel. The general shape is that of a conical body with a flat base and a straight rim. In some cases a combed ornament decorates the vessels. Such a type was unearthed in Tiberias (although without mica flakes) and was dated to the 880-980 CE

5. Jugs and Juglets 521. Fine Buff Ware - Plain, Moulded, Incised and Barbutine Decorated (Pl.XIII.2) This type of jug and juglet is characterised mainly by the hue of the clay which ranges from light yellowish white or grey to very light grey or greenish/grey. All specimens in stratum VII are of the yellowish white type. The ewers are well and relatively thin potted, finely levigated and well fired. The origin of the style lies probably somewhere in the Sassanian empire (Adams 1970:95). In 36

Y. D. ARNON Century (Kervran 1977:80-82 pl.152). However, it seems that it only penetrated to this region just after the Abbāsid took over and a new stylistic wave flowed from the east. This type covers a very long time span; from the late 7th to the 11th Centuries, although the various forms and decoration techniques have a chronological meaning (this will be discussed in the concluding chapter). As recorded in Hama and Jerusalem, the buff ware extended to the 12th-14th Centuries but in a different style (Riis and Poulsen 1957:242-64 group DXVIIIa-f, Tushingham et al. 1985:fig.34.20).

the east it appeared in the 7th Century (Rosen Ayalon 1974:205, Adams 1970:fig.6 St.IV and V), but in most of the Middle Eastern sites, following the Abbāsid expansion (Arnon 1999:225-226 St.VII, Avissar 1996:155 types 2, 3, 4, Eisenberg and Ovadia 1998:fig.15.3, Walmsley 1988: ill 9.7-12 and Frierman 1975:fig.72), it arrived at the second half of the 8th Century and became one of the most common unglazed ware types. Although in some sites this type appears earlier in the 8th Century (Umayyad) (McNicoll 1982:144.1, 145.5, Loffreda 1974:61 and Tzaferis 1983:figs.7: 9-15), it seems that the expansion occurred sometimes during the second half of the 8th Century. It was mentioned earlier that this type became very common and well distributed from Syria in the north through Trans-Jordan and Palestine to Egypt in the south and Mesopotamia and Iran in the east (Walmsley 1988:ill 9.7-12, De Vaux and Steve 1950:27, Morgan and Latherby 1987:fig.47.24, Northedge 1992:fig.137.2, Sarre 1925:abb.6, Rosen Ayalon 1974:fig.2, 3, Lane 1937:fig.3.F,G Pl. XIX:2,2 B,C, Scanlon 1974:Pl.XV.9, Arnon forthcoming a: figs.7,8).

522. Grey or Weak Red, Plain or White Painted Jugs and Juglets This type, also known as “Metallic Grey Ware”, is well identified in late Byzantine Period deposits and also extends into the Early Islamic eras. The colour of the ware is grey or weak red due to a reduced firing process. It seems that during the Islamic Period potters managed to control the process and produce “half reduced” ware; that is to say, the inner surface remains red, pink or brown while the outer surface is fired to a greyish or a weak red hue. Such a phenomenon was observed in Pella, Jerash and Tiberias (McNicoll 1982:141.5, Watson 1992:236 ware C, and Stacey 1995:157 ware I). The clay is usually finely levigated, dense and hard. The vessels are thin potted and fired in a high temperature atmosphere which gave them the distinctive metallic sound. The outer surface is quite often painted with white painted wavy lines or net patterns. This style of decoration is a clear continuation from the Byzantine Period and is well recorded in such sites. During the Umayyad Period the walls tend to be thicker than in the previous era but they will become thinner again in the Abbāsid occupation levels. Sauer, surveying the Trans-Jordanian Islamic pottery, inferred this type to be a typical Umayyad one (Sauer 1986:308). The type is well recorded in Pella, Tiberias and Yoqne’am; in all these sites it was dated to the Umayyad and Abbāsid Period (McNicoll 1982:pl.3 a bowl and Walmsley 1988:pl.ill.10.7 and 1991 fig.3, 4., Stacey 1995: fig.2, 6 and Avissar 1996:120 type 7). On the other hand, in Jerash, Hammat Gader and Kh. Mafjar it was dated to the Umayyad Period prior to the earthquake (Watson 1992:236, Ben Arieh 1997:fig.VIII.18 and Baramki 1944:fig.151). Such vessels were also unearthed in stratum VIII and VII in Caesarea; but it must be emphasised that the stratum VIII specimens are thicker than those of stratum VII (Arnon 1999:225).

This group is the largest one unearthed in stratum VII. The samples in this group appear in various shapes: globular bodies funnel necks with or without stylistic strainers and straight flat or string cut disk bases. This is also true of the variations of decorations: Moulded buff vessels are characteristic of the Sassanian/Iranian artistic world. In Susa they appeared in the 7th and at the beginning of the 8th Century (Rosen Ayalon 1974:193, Kervran 1977:fig.27.1), while in the Middle East they did not arrive until the second half of the 8th Century (Baramki 1944:74; Arnon 1999:225-226 St.VII, and Avissar 1996:158 type 6). This type has been revealed in Ramlah with its moulds which would indicate a local production. As far as is known, not a single deposit relating to this type was exposed in a secure Umayyad context. “Barbutine” decoration is well recorded in Susa where it was dated to the 8th-9th Centuries (Rosen Ayalon 1974:51-52), Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:160), Kh. Karak (Delougaz and Haines 1960:pl.41: 10-12), Caesarea (Arnon 1999:fig.3), Capernaum (Peleg 1989:fig.62.35 and Loffreda 1974:fig.15.11) and Tiberias (Johnson 2000:fig.1132-33). The incised decoration is very typical of the 9th-10th Centuries as it appears in sites such as: Tiberias, Abu Gosh Yoqne’am, Ramlah, Fustat and Caesarea (Stacey 1995:fig.10.12, Johnson 2000:fig.1139-40, and Oren 1971:pl.XXI.b, De Vaux and Steve 1950:Pl.XVII.11-14, Avissar 1996:158, Rosen Ayalon and Eitan 1969, Barbé 2006:fig.4.14, Scanlon 1966:88 fig.3d, 1974:67-68 fig.6m.13, Arnon 1999:fig.5, 7).

523. Marble Ware Jugs and Juglets, Plain, or Black and White Painted Decorated (Pl.XIV.1). The ware and technique are as the Marble Ware bowls type 121. Most vessels in stratum VII were decorated with black and white paintings on a thin white slip or on the original surface. Like the Marble ware bowls and cups, the origin of this type goes back to the late Byzantine Period but it extends into the Early Islamic era, as already mentioned above (Gichon 1974:139, Avissar

Imprint with a roller: such a method of decoration can already be found in Susa in the first half of the 8th 37

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Hammat Gader (Ben Arieh 1997:fig.XVI.8) and Rehovot in the Negev (Rosenthal Heginbottom 1988:78 and pl.III.154).The dates suggested in these sites lie sometime between the 8th and the 10th Centuries.

1996: 117). The type corresponds, more or less to Gichon’s type θ or ζ. 524. Fine Red Ware Jugs and Juglets, With or Without Strainers (Pl.XIV.2) This type could be considered a buff ware subtype, for its shape and form are identical. The most distinguishable phenomenon of this type is the fine red ware 2.5YR 6/8, usually burnished. The paste was treated meticulously, it is excellently levigated, one can hardly notice any inclusions and it was thinly potted and fired at a high temperature. Although infrequent, this type was well represented in Kh. Mafjar in the deposits above the earthquake debris (Baramki 1944:fig.15.34-36)

7. Cooking Ware 721. Open Cooking Pots (Casseroles) (Pl.XV.1) The most prominent phenomenon in this stratum concerning the cooking vessels is the absence of the wheel-made globular shape. The only cooking pot unearthed in stratum VII was of the open version. Stratum VII types resemble the previous with very few exceptions. They differ from the previous mainly in their depth; they are less rounded and somewhat elongated. This type of cooking ware has a long time span starting in the Roman Period and extending to the 9th Century. Such specimens were recorded and related to the Abbāsid /Tūlūnid reign in Kh. Mafjar (Whitcomb 1988:fig.1.3, Baramki 1944: fig.13.2), Pella (Walmsley 1991:fig.5.4), Abu Gosh (De Vaux and Steve 1950:Pl.XVI.17), Tiberias (Stacey 1995:fig.9.4) and Amman (Northedge 1992:fig.155.1).

525. Micaceous Red Ware Jugs and Juglets The most distinguished item in this type is the presence of mica flakes in the paste. The ware is always red and is covered by a white or pinkish slip under a red brownpainted decoration. The ornaments on the vessels are derived from Coptic artisanship, developed in Egypt during the Roman Period and extended to the 10th Century (Ballet and Scanlon 1991:480 and Egloff 1977: types 210-217). The unglazed ware, which this type refers to, ceased to exist by the 9th Century (Rodziewicz 1983:73-75). Type 525 corresponds, more or less to Rodziewicz’s group “W” (Rodziewicz 1976:61-62). Following the reports from Fustat and Alexandria it seems that this type along with the painted bowls type 1AaVI mentioned above, were imported to Caesarea from Alexandria rather than Fustat (Scanlon 1981:figs.13, 32).

8. Containers 821. Storage Jar, Bag Shaped Grey or Weak Red Ware/Reduced Firing (Pl.XV.2) This type, with minute differences, is the only jar which extends from stratum VIII Northern Palestinian type (for details see type 812), through the entire Early Islamic Period. Stratum VII vessels are thinner than the previous; they lack the ridge on the shoulder and are fired at a higher temperature which causes an outstanding metallic sound. Such jars were recorded in Pella (Walmsley 1991:fig.4.3, 8.3 and 1995: ware 12), Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:149), Tiberias (Stacey 1995:fig.11.11) and Kh. Mafjar (Baramki 1944: 66, ware 1 and Whitcomb 1988:fig.1.1) and were dated to the Abbāsid/Tūlūnid reign.

526. Coarse Red Ware With Strainers The main distinguishing features of this type are: a three holes strainer placed at the bottom of the neck, a relatively long neck with a projecting ridge and a coarsely levigated light red ware. Similar strainer jugs were well known all over the Middle East during the Byzantine era starting with the 6th Century and extending to the Early Islamic Period (Egloff 1977:129 type 220, Saller 1957:243 and Calderon 2000: 110). The stratum VII type differs from the previous by a protruding ridge at the middle of the neck.

This group comprises the largest one in stratum VII and contains several subtypes such as specimens with: cylindrical long necks, conical necks, inverted or everted rims, guttered or bevelled rims and flat or omphalus bases.

527. Kerbschnitte (Cut) Decorated Jugs (Bottle) This elegant item is characterised by its decorating techniques. As referred to above, (type 125) the “cut” decorations are also performed on bowls and appear first in this stratum. The firing process resembles “reduced firing jugs” (type 522) and the final outcome is a greyish/weak red hue on the outer surface.

822. Buff or Buff Self Slipped Bag Shaped Storage Jars This group is mainly distinguished by its buff ware or buffish surface. The shape is similar to the previous. The buff ware vessels were quite prevalent during the Early Islamic Period, mainly as tableware but they were not rare as containers. Most vessels in stratum VII were fired to a yellowish/buff surface with a red body, probably due to the use of salt water as an impregnating agent. Such vessels have been found in Yoqne’am, Pella and Tiberias (Avissar 1996: 147 types 2 and 3, Walmsley 1988:156 and Oren 1971:276).

528. Pilgrim Flasks Just one type of this vessel was unearthed in stratum VII. All specimens were produced from pink or buff clay. In the first case they were always fired to a buffish hue. They consist of a ridged neck. Such vessels were recorded in Amman (Northedge 1992:fig.132.4), Sde Boqer (Nevo 1985:pl.6.9), Al Mina (Lane 1937: fig.3.j), Mevo Modi’in (Eisenberg and Ovadiah 1998:fig.16.16), 38

Y. D. ARNON Kh. Mafjar to the 12th –13th Centuries (Baramki 1944:66-67), it seems that this type made its first appearance in the second half of the 7th Century in Persia following the Sassanid tradition (Rosen Ayalon 1974:group 6 Pl.XX and Kervran 1977:81) and it extended to the 8th, 9th and even to the 10th Centuries all over the Levant (Avissar 1996:159 type 7, Delougaz and Haines 1960: Pl.39.10, Peleg 1989:fig.65.1, Brosh 1986: Pl.I.1-3, Whitcomb 1988: fig.1.3.B, Eisenberg and Ovadiah 1998:fig.16.3, Lane 1937:fig.5.A and Stacey 1995: fig.26.2, 3). Impressed circle patterns appear already on bones in the Byzantine Period but on pottery do not become known until just after the Islamic conquest (Saller 1941:Pl.133).

823. Red Ware Coarsely Potted This bag shaped jar is characterised by its coarse red ware which resembles the customary Late Byzantine “Southern Palestinian” jar (see stratum VIII discussion). Although the shape of the neck and the rim are somewhat different from the Byzantine origin, it is obvious that stratum VII type extend from the 7th Century type. Very few vessels of this type, less than 1%, were retrieved in this stratum. It seems as if it is the swan song of this type. 824. Sphero-Conical Containers For the discussion see stratum VIII type 516. Stratum VII specimens are identical to the previous and continuity is well presented in this stratum loci as it is in Tiberias (Stacey 1995:fig.11.1)

Stratum VI, Late 9th-Mid 10th Centuries 9. Large Containers / Pithoi 1. Unglazed Open Table Ware 921. Zir (Pl.XVI.1) The most pre-eminent detail that designates this group is its dimensions which make this vessel static and immovable. It appears that these vessels were moved only once when they left the workshop for their permanent location. They were used mainly for long term storage of contents of dry or wet goods. One rim of the vessel was sealed with a casserole and plastered with mortar. All stratum VII specimens were coil made and finished on a wheel. This type of vessel is characterised m by its excellently levigated clay and high quality of production. The ware is fired to a light brown/pinkish hue 7.5YR 7/4 at a high temperature which causes a very dense texture resembling that of stone. The vessels appear in various rim and neck shapes such as: conical and cylindrical. In both cases a definite ridge resembling a collar rim appears at the junction between the neck and the body. Such vessels were dated from the Byzantine/Umayyad era (Aharoni et al 1964:38, Avissar 1996:148 type 1 and Yannai 2006:fig.8.3) up to the 9th –10th Centuries (Eisenberg and Ovadiah 1998:fig.16.10, Singer 2004:fig.3.5, 6, 8, Arnon 1996:fig.28 and Arnon forthcoming a: fig.13.3). Some jars bear potter marks, a workshop trademark or some sort of blessings on the handle. Such a blessing was unearthed in Caesarea in an un-stratified locus and in Jerusalem and Nebi Samuil (Sharon 1996:438, Tushingham 1985:fig.35 and Magen and Dadon 1999:68). Another stamp designating Nabi Samuil as the workshop was unearthed in Jerusalem, Ramlah and Caesarea (Hamilton 1944:16, Amitai Preiss 1999:28, Sharon 1996:438 and Arnon 2003:124).

131. Unglazed Bowls Most unglazed ware relating to this stratum is produced from pale brown or pale yellow coarse ware. Some were fired to a whitish hue or were white slipped in an Egyptian tradition, but most were simply poorly fired. They differ in their shape; from flaring body and string cut bases to those with guttered rims which are absent in Caesarea but were reported from Amman (Northedge 1992:fig.160.4, 3). 2. Glazed Open Table Ware 231. Monochrome Glazed Bowls and Pots With or Without Sgraffito Decorations (Pl.XVI.3) As stated above, stratum VII was the first occupation level to yield glazed pottery of which monochrome glazed vessels were the largest groups. All forms unearthed in stratum VII extend to stratum VI with an addition of two new types: the first, a shallow bowl consisting of a flat base and a wide ledged rim. Such bowls were common in Egypt in the 9th-10th Centuries (Whitcomb 1988a:fig.7.k, Scanlon 1984:fig43 and Scanlon 1986:fig.56). The second type is identified as a “Chamber Pot” typical of the 10th –11th Centuries in Egypt (Kubiak and Scanlon 1986:41 and fig.61, 62), Iran (Kervran and Rougeulle 1984:95 and fig.38.10), Tiberias (Oren 1971:276) and Caesarea (Arnon 1996:pl.30.2, 3). The manufacturing process, by which is to be understood the clay types and the glazing technique, extends from stratum VII with an additional style, the sgraffito decoration. The main characteristic of this group is an incised decoration on the surface of the vessel. The required space is coated with a white or another light hue slip, while leather hard, by pouring or dipping. The decorations were engraved or incised through the layer of slip to show the original hue of the clay. When completely cooled, the vessel was coated with a monochrome glaze and was fired a second time. The final result is an incised decoration in a darker hue. The origin of the style lies in 5th –7th Centuries Egypt, where it was influenced by Coptic art; it was then extended to

922. Impressed and Barbutine Decorated Buff Ware Large Containers This richly decorated vessel was first published in Kh. Mafjar and is now well known as Kh. Mafjar ware. It is always made from buff clay and decorated with impressed circles of various patterns, plastic (Barbutine) applications and various incisions. The intact vessel is quite large; the rim diameter could reach up to 0.20m. Such an elegant vessel could have been used as a liquid container in official dining halls. Although first dated in 39

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) stratum VI samples include the imitations that are monochrome painted in an olive green hue. Not a single polychrome specimen was retrieved; this excludes a late 9th CE date for the Caesarea samples and reinforces a 10th Century or even an early 11th CE date. Olive Green samples appear in several studies (Philon 1980:63-261, Lane 1937:pl.XVI.1, Frierman 1975:fig.5, and Jenkins 1968:fig.4). Similar items were recorded from: Tiberias where they were dated to 980-1033 CE (Stacey 1995:fig.17.12, 13), Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:86), Qasr al -Hayr East (Grabar et al 1978: 118), Fustat (Scanlon 1984:fig.37) and Aqaba (Whitcomb 1983).

Mesopotamia and Iran where it flourished during the 10th –11th Centuries (Fehervari 1973:61-62). 232. Polychrome Under-Glaze Slip Painted Bowls (Pl.XVI.2 and Pl.XVII.1, 2) Although not the largest group unearthed in Caesarea, this group could be considered one of the earliest and the most widely used styles. The bowls were white slipped and probably painted in green and manganese black or purple brown in streaks, bows and daubs under a transparent, a monochrome coloured or a colour splashed glaze. The transparent glaze gives the background a straw colour. Such vessels are recorded from sites all over the Near East and were dated to the 9th –10th Centuries (Grabar et al 1978:Fig.H-1, De Vaux and Steve 1950:pl.XV.2-5, Avissar 1996:fig.XIII.2.4, Whitcomb 1989:fig.7.f, Frierman 1975:fig.6.0, Arnon 1996:fig.34 and 1999:fig.4, Singer 2004:fig.9.1, Barbé 2006:fig.4.1, Kletter 2005:fig.11.8 and Arnon forthcoming a: fig.5).

235. Black on White Glazed (Pl.XIX.1) This glazing style is characterised by a thick white slip applied to the leather hard vessels, under a black slipped painted ornament and under a transparent glaze. It is well known as Black and White ware in Nishapur (Wilkinson 1973:90). The origin of the style lies probably in the Eastern Provinces of the Abbāsid Empire such as Khorasan, Bukhara and Samarqand (Lane 1956:17). In these regions the potters used to add fluid clay to the painting pigments (as used for the white slip), so as to make the painted ornament appear blurred after the application of the lead glaze (Lane 1956:17 and Pls. 14B, 15, 18A). The pigment used for the decoration was so thick that the use of a stick or a knife was necessary to remove the superfluous pigment. The black varies from dark brown to manganese depending on the added minerals being either iron or manganese.

233. Colour Splash Glazed With or Without Sgraffito Decorations (Pl.XVII.3 and Pl.XVIII.1, 2) As in the monochrome type 231, the colour splashed style extends from stratum VII (see discussion in stratum VII type 223). The manufacture and glazing technique is the same as in the previous stratum, except for the additional sgraffito decoration applied to the vessel above the slip and under the colour splashed glazing. For further discussion of the sgraffito see the chapter dealing with monochrome glazed with or without sgraffito type 231. Stratum VI vessels were usually produced from pink clay, green, yellow and manganese glazed splashes being the most prevalent colours. The same style was well recorded in North Syria (Lane 1937 Pl.XVII.1, 2), Abu Gosh (De Vaux and Steve 1950:Pl.XV.1), Susa (Guilbert 1984 fig.28.5) and Nishapur (Wilkinson 1973:54), where it was dated to the 9th –10th Centuries.

Similar items were retrieved in Susa (Rosen Ayalon 1974: 234 group 18 and fig.554), Sirjan (Morgan and Latherby 1987:fig.9.5) and Nishapur (Wilkinson 1973:90). The style was dated in Susa and Nishapur to the 9th Century. 4. Basins

234. Lustre Ware This outstanding group that was considered to be “The real Islamic invention” (Fehervari 1973:41) is characterised by its opaque white background that was produced from tin flux mixed with lead. Over this background lustrous painted ornaments were applied. This lustre effect was achieved by adding silver and copper to the pigments and by firing it a second time in a reduced atmosphere (Caiger Smith 1985:31). The lustre vessels were considered to be luxurious ware and, because of that, there were quite a few attempts to imitate them. The imported vessels in Caesarea probably originated in Egypt during the 10th and 11th Century; all contained mica flakes in their paste. Although some scholars reject an Egyptian production before the late 10th, 11th Century (Frierman et al 1979:111 Mason 1997:224), claiming instead an exclusive Iraqi production; it seems that the data from Caesarea (Arnon 1999: 6) reinforce those who claim a Tūlūnid date for the beginning of the Egyptian lustre manufacture (Jenkins 1968:124, Kühnel 1970:126 and Lane 1937:20). Caesarea

431. Hand-Made Two main types can be distinguished under this heading. Both were produced from coarsely levigated red clay containing organic inclusions. The first contained additional mica flakes and extended from the previous stratum, while the second lacked this temper. The two are different in their shape; the first is somewhat conical while the second has vertical walls. 432. Wheel-Made The specimens made by wheels are produced from red and yellowish buff clay. Both were coarsely levigated and contained an abundance of white grits of various sizes. Some were decorated by combing, while others were plain. The most significant phenomenon was the absence of the grey ware which was fashionable during the Byzantine Period and in strata VIII and VII. The shape and the decorative style also extend from the previous strata (for the discussions see type 422 in stratum VII).

40

Y. D. ARNON 5. Jugs and Juglets

6. Glazed Ware

531. Buff and Buff Self Slipped Ware (Pl.XIX.2, 3 and Pl.XX.1) With a few exceptions, this type of vessel extends from the previous stratum type 521. Most of the forms are the same except for a new jug which is characterised by a carinated body and a funnel neck. Such a type is well recorded all over Bilad al Sham and is dated to the 10th Century from Yoqne’am and Pella in the north (Avissar 1996: fig.XII.135.1 type 9 and Walmsley 1991:fig.1.14) through Kh, Mafjar (Baramki 1944: fig.14.9 and Whitcomb 1988:fig.1.4.c), Abu Gosh (De Vaux and Steve 1950: Pl.XVII.21-24), Ramlah in the south (Frierman 1975 fig.72) and in the Eastern province of the Abbāsid Empire (Rosen Ayalon 1974:fig.23). Unlike the continuity in the forms of the vessels, the decorative style had changed. No moulded or Barbutine decorated specimens were observed while the incised style was flourishing with a new typical pseudo-calligraphic ornament.

631. Monochrome Glazed Ware These types of vessels differ from the previous by being glazed. The expansion of the glazing is still under debate but recent excavations reinforce the assumption that it occurred some time during the second half of the 8th and especially in the 9th Century (Arnon 1999:225, Bianquis et al 1974:73, Fehervari 1973:27, Gawlikowski 1986:118, Lenzen 1983:375, Rosen Ayalon 1974:29-30, Stacey 1995:160, Walmsley 1988:156, 1991:145,Whitcomb 1982:115, 1989:270 and 1992:48, Whitehouse 1979:59). The vessels were glazed in monochrome, polychrome and colour splash: in green, turquoise, yellow and manganese brown. Good parallels have been found in Aqaba (Whitcomb 1991:fig.7.p), Fustat (Kubiak and Scanlon 1986:44) and Nishapur (Wilkinson 1973:233) where it was dated to the late 9th Century. Stratum VI is the first to yield glazed closed tableware.

This type of decoration was quite common in Egypt during the 10th Century (Scanlon 1974:Pl.XL and fig.15), also all over Bilad al Sham (Avissar 1996:158, Rosen Ayalon, Eitan 1968, Oren 1971:Pl.XXI.b, and De Vaux and Steve 1950: Pl.C.14). It seems that the origin of this type lies in the east where it already had made an appearance during the late 8th and the beginning of the 9th Centuries (Rosen Ayalon 1974: fig.74 niveau 2). The stylistic strainers have good parallels in Fustat (Scanlon 1986:fig.11, 12) while the simple strainer is quite common in Abu Gosh (De Vaux and Steve 1950:Pl.XVIII.18). The discus bases appear in deposits related to the 9th –10th Centuries in Abu Gosh (De Vaux and Steve 1950:Pl.XVII.5.6), Amman (Northedge 1992:fig.137.2), Samarra (Sarre 1925:abb.6), Pella (Walmsley 1991:fig.4.12) and Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996: 160 type 10)

731. Unglazed Casseroles All casseroles in stratum VI are of the elongated form typical to stratum VII (for a discussion see stratum VII type 721)

7. Cooking Ware

732. Glazed Closed Cooking Ware (Globular Pots) After a brief gap of nearly one century, the wheel-made globular closed pots re-appear with an additional glazing on their inner base and extended since then. It was a dark brown glazing applied directly on the vessels after a biscuit firing. The first glazed pots consisted of a groove below the rim. Dark brown glazing drippings appear occasionally on the outer surface near the rim. Such specimens were recorded and dated to the late 9th to early 10th Centuries in Caesarea, Tiberias, Yoqne’am and Amman (Arnon 1999:fig.5.g, Stacey 1995:fig.9.2, Avissar 1996:fig.XIII.89.2 type 2 and type 4 and Northedge 1992:fig.137.7).

532. Fine Red Ware This type extends from the previous stratum (524), although in a more elegant version. Stratum VI specimens are thinner and quite often decorated with incised ornaments and contain decorated strainers. The ware is the same as in stratum VII and so are its shapes. The incised decoration was the most common. Similar items were recorded in Susa (Rosen Ayalon 1974:44) and Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996: type 14) dated to the 9th Century.

8. Containers 831. Bag Shaped, Weak Red or Grey Ware Storage Jar As pointed out in stratum VII, this type of storage jar is the only one that continues from Stratum VIII “Northern Palestinian” type. Stratum VI specimens are all weak red fired, not a single grey vessel was found. It seems as if the potters of this period managed to control the reduction process in the kiln and to produce a half reduced type. The core and the inside surface are always red while the outer surface is weak red. The jars have good parallels in Tiberias dating to the Tūlūnid/Abbāsid eras (Stacy 1995:fig.11.1and fig.11.11).

533. Metallic Ware, White Decorated The reduced fired jugs and juglets, which characterised this type, were well known in the previous strata. No visible changes, technique or artistry were noticed. It seems as if this type of tableware was still widespread in this stratum. (For a discussion see type 522 in stratum VII)

41

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Egypt starting in the late 10th Century and reaching its peak in the 11th with the S’ung incised celadon ware (Scanlon 1965:26). The manufacturing procedure, that is to say, the types of clay and the glazing technique that extend from stratum VI with the exception of the red clay which made its first appearance in this stratum along with the manganese brown monochrome glaze.

9. Large Containers 931. Zirs Most shapes extend from stratum VII with single exception which takes the widespread collar and consists of a slightly swollen short funnel neck. Stratum VI samples share the same excellent ware as found in the previous stratum and some vessels bear potter’s marks with an additional hexagonal pattern in this stratum. Although originated in the Roman Byzantine artistic world, the hexagram became quite common during the first centuries of the Islamic occupation and beyond. This well known motif appeared as a decorative or as a symbolic feature nearly on every type of bedding and substance such as: ceramics, textile, masonry and stone, metal, wood and papyrus. (Milstein 1996:181-182)

242. Polychrome Under-Glaze Slip Painted Bowls (Pl.XXI.1) With one exception, this type of vessel extends from the previous strata. The colours used for the slip paintings are either manganese black or very dark brown, usually applied on a white background and rarely on a coloured one. As already stated, this technique was well known during the 9th- 10th Centuries. 243. Colour Splash Glazed and Fayyumi Style Ware (Pl.XXI.2) The colour splash glazed decorative technique continues from the previous strata without visible changes, except for the “Fayyumi” style, newly come to light, which is characterised by an ornament of radial coloured stripes. The term Fayyumi probably derives from Fayyum in Egypt, its assumed place of origin. Several items unearthed in Fustat were petrographically analysed and were found to have been produced from Nile clay, the typical clay used in Fustat (Mason and Keal 1999: 172,174). This style was typologically studied by Fehervari and Philon and was dated to the late 10th and 11th Centuries (Fehervari 1973:40, Philon 1980:24). Furthermore, this style was quite common in the late 10th –11th Centuries all over the region and is well recorded in Syria (Grabar et al 1978:fig.K-1.8, 9, 10 “unique Wares”), Aqaba (Whitcomb 1991:fig.3e and Whitcomb 1988:fig.7.i) and Israel (Stacey 1995:fig.30.9 dated 9801033, Avissar 1996:82 type 10, Tushingham 1985:fig.44.12 dated Ayyubid and Arnon 1996:49 and 1999:fig.3, 4, 6). Fayyumi style bowls include the main type in a 10th Century wreck uncovered in France (Ximens 1976:Pl.1.4). Although dated to the second half of the 8th Century in Egypt (Scanlon 1974:74), it seems that the data mentioned above suggest a later date, namely the late 10th Century.

932. Large Containers with Stamped and Barbutine Decorations Similar to the previous type, these large decorated containers continue from stratum VII without any visible change (for the discussion see stratum VII 922). Stratum V -Mid 10th – Early 11th Centuries 1. Unglazed Open Table Ware 141. Unglazed Bowls As in the previous strata the unglazed tableware are characterised mainly by the coarseness they share. All specimens in this category are coarsely levigated and poorly fired (probably at a relatively low temperature). All were wheel-made usually in simple forms, occasionally comb decorated. The developed rims are exception. The ware ranges from light brown and pink to dark brown/grey. 2. Glazed Open Table Ware 241. Monochrome Glazed Bowls and Pots With or Without Sgraffito Decorations (Pl.XX.2, 3) All forms unearthed in stratum V relating to this type extend from stratum VI with an addition of two new types: the first, an incurved bowl consisting of a ring base and an inverted rim. This comprises the largest group of bowls in the Serçe Limani wreck dated to the first quarter of the 11th Century (Bass and Van Doorninck 1978fig.12, Jenkins 1992). The same shape was found in Tiberias dated to the Early Fatimid period 980-1033 CE (Stacey 1995 fig.14.5) and in Yoqne’am dated to the Crusader era (Avissar 1996:87-88 type 25). The second, a new shape, a petal shaped rim imitating the precious Chinese T’ang porcelain, also known as the yüeh tea-cup (Sullivan 1984:138 fig.170), is dated to the 10th Century. Similar items were unearthed in Fustat and Aqaba dated to the 10th Century (Scanlon 1981: Pl.XII, Scanlon 1984: fig.26 Scanlon 1980: fig.15 and Whitcomb 1988; fig.7.a). The imitated of T’ang porcelain was in great demand in

244. Lustre Ware (Pl.XXII.1, 2) The lustre ware of stratum V continues the stylistic attitude of stratum VI. All were produced from pinkish clay somewhat porous in texture, containing an abundance of inclusions and were decorated with olive green lustre paint. The decoration comprises a combination of floral and geometric patterns such as the Solomon seal. Although originating in the Roman Byzantine artistic world, the hexagram became current during the first centuries of the Islamic occupation and beyond. This well-known motif appeared as a decorative or a symbolic feature on nearly every type of bedding and substance such as: ceramics, textile, masonry and stone, metal, wood and papyrus. (Milstein 1996:181-182)

42

Y. D. ARNON The outer surface is always decorated with concentric circles containing chevrons with lines and dots as a fill-in between the circles. Although the decorative style and the olive green paint points towards Mesopotamia as the production centre (Stacey 1995:174, Wilson 1985:164 an Watson 1985:207), it seems that the fabric of stratum V specimens is identical to the Egyptian clay (Wilson 1985:165, Kühnel 1970:125 and Arnon 1996:88).

found in Susa in a bath dated to the late 10th early 11th Centuries (Kervran and Rougeulle 1984:fig.43.7).

4. Basins

7. Cooking Ware

441. Basins or Large Bowls All basins in stratum V are wheel-made, not a single hand-made vessel having been observed. The ware is always red but occasionally fired to a light hue of buff or light brown.

741. Closed Cooking Ware (Globular Pots) The globular cooking pots become the only closed cooking ware in stratum V. The open cooking ware, the casserole, disappeared and the typological trend which began in stratum VI extends and becomes exclusive. Most vessels have a short neck and a straight rim with an addition of thumb decorated ledge handles; while, a feature that was dominant in stratum VI, there were very few that still had the groove below the rim. The ware is always red and dark brown; the glaze is applied to the inner base vessel. Similar cooking pots were recorded in Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996: XIII.92.3 type 5), Hammat Gader (Boas: 1997:385, fig.I.12) and Tiberias where they were dated to the late 10th to early 11th Centuries (Stacey 1995:fig.25.6),

642. Colour Splashed Ware For the colour splash glazed vessels see discussion in stratum VI type 233 and, as mentioned above, in type 243 the Fayyumi style makes its first appearance in this stratum.

5. Jugs and Juglets 541. Unglazed Buff Ware (Pl.XXIII.1, 2) The buff ware of this stratum extends from stratum VI; the moulded style and the carinated jugs are absent from all the indicative loci while the incised, gouged and carved ware seem to be flourishing. The hue of the clay became more greenish than in the previous strata and a new decorative style makes its appearance, one that comprises all known decorative techniques, except for the mould. Such vessels were unearthed in Tiberias and were dated to the Early Fatimid, 980-1033 CE, (Stacey 1995 figs.15.10, 11). Parallels can also be found in Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:fig.XIII.129 type 3.10 and fig.XIII.129.11) and in Abu Gosh where they were dated to the 10th – 11th Centuries (De Vaux and Steve 1950 Pl.XVII.23).

742. Glazed Frying Pan Stratum V is the first layer that yields glazed frying pans. The frying pans are made from the same ware as the cooking pots and were glazed by the same methods. Some consist of an everted rim triangular in section with a flat base. The inside base is always glazed with a thick dark brown glaze. Some consist of horizontal loop handles which are attached to the rim, while several others bear thumb decorated ledges or have no handles at all. Such frying pans were recorded in Al Mina where they were dated to the 9th –10th Centuries. This seems to us a little early (Lane 1937:fig.5g). A more surprising date was given in Capernaum where it was dated to the Umayyad Period (Berman 1989:fig.71.3). In Fustat such frying pans were dated to the 10th Century (Scanlon 1981:Pl.XIV.9), in Yoqne’am the date was put to the Early Islamic Period (Avissar 1996:139 type 13), in Hammat Gader to the 9th –13th Centuries (Boas 1997:fig.I.13), in Jerusalem to the Ayyubid era (Tushingham 1985:fig.36.13) and in Caesarea to the10th –11th Centuries (Arnon 1999:fig.8). Although dated in Yoqne’am to the Crusader Period (Avissar 1996:fig.XIII.105.1 type 18 and fig.XIII.103.3 type 16), samples nos. 10/94 I4 0092. L.690.010 and 10/94 I4 0076.L.690.003 appear in Caesarea in stratum V.

542. Reduced Firing Vessels (Metallic Ware) Very few item of this type of vessel were unearthed in stratum V. It seems this common type had made its final appearance. For a discussion see stratum VI 534. 543. Light Red or Pale Brown Coarse Ware (Pl.XXIV.1) The light red coarse ware differs from previous stratum type 533 specimens only in its shape; they both share the same type of clay. All samples consist of a globular body and a typical foot base. The neck is usually cylindrical and rarely funnel shaped. Similar vessels were found in Fustat and were distinguished as “Classical Fatimid vessels” (Scanlon 1966:89 and Pl.XXX.6) and in Tiberias were they were dated to the Early Fatimid Period Stratum II (Stacey 1995:fig.31.3) 6. Glazed Ware 641. Monochrome Glazed The monochrome glaze technique extends from the previous strata. All monochrome glazed specimens in stratum V were white slipped on inner and outer surfaces, before the glaze was applied and produced from buff clay. Decorative elements such as stylistic handles or gouged patterns are not uncommon. Such vessels were

8. Containers 841. Reduced Firing Storage Jars The origin of this type lies in the Northern Palestinian Storage Jar which is discussed in Stratum VIII. All specimens in stratum V, as in stratum VI, are weak red or fired to a weak red hue. Most shapes continue from the 43

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) V except for the fact that the discus shaped base, which dominated in strata VII and VI, disappeared. Some vessels bear a sgraffito floral pattern decoration resembling the Fustat Fatimid Sgraffito (FFS) which begin to appear 50 years earlier (Scanlon and Kubiak 1986:40 and Scanlon 1999:265,281 and fig.4d). The alkaline incised glazed bowls were common in Egypt during the Fatimid Period (Talbot Rice 1965:91). Others were gouged or sgraffito decorated in the same style, glaze, shape and fabric as the bowls that were uncovered in the Serçe Limani wreck dated to the first quarter of the 11th Century (Jenkins 1992:56 and Bass 1984:65)

previous stratum, but in some cases it seems that stratum V jars have of a shorter neck, often finely ribbed. A vessel like it was found in Tiberias and was dated to the Early Fatimid Period, Stratum II –980-1033-(Stacey 1995:fig.30.5 and Oren 1971:276) and in Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996: fig.XIII.113.type3). 9. Large Containers 941. Dolia The large containers of this stratum differ from those in the previous strata. They resemble the large Dolium, typical of the Byzantine Period and probably having the same function as containers for liquid or dry content that remain in situ. This type of vessel functionally replaces the large “Zirs” which were in use in Strata VII and VI (see types 3BI discussion in both strata). All samples were hand-made and finished on a turntable; they are neckless with a straight or a slightly everted rim. Some were decorated by combing or with a plastic thumb intended decoration, or both. Large containers (Pithoi) were found in Tiberias dated to the Early Fatimid Period, stratum II (Stacey 1995:fig.31.4). Stratum V specimens have three handles (obviously not all for removing the vessel), such as were found in the three Pithoi unearthed in the autumn 1998 in Tiberias and which contained a bronze hoard dated to the Fatimid Period (Hirschfeld and Gutfeld 1999:106).

252. Colour Splash Glazed With or Without Sgraffito, Gouged or Champlevé Decorations (Pl.XXVI.1) The glazing technique of stratum IV colour splashed bowls extends from the previous strata. The use of the three main colours - yellow, green and manganese continued, as did the use of the Fayyumi style decoration. All vessels were white or pinkish slipped on both sides, under the required colourful glaze. In some cases the glaze, with or without sgraffito or champlevé decorations, was applied to the inner surface only, leaving the outer surface unglazed. Such a style was observed in the Serçe Limani wreck dated to the first quarter of the 11th Century (Bass and van Doorninck 1978:126). Most bowls in this stratum were of a hemispherical shape with an incurved rim and a ring base identical to the ones in Serçe Limani. Although dated in Yoqne’am to the Crusader Period (Avissar 1996: figs.XIII.16, fig.XIII.19, types 25 and 28), it seems that the beginning of this style goes back to the early 11th Century as it appears in Caesarea, Serçe Limani, Sarafand el- Kharab and Tiberias (Singer 2004:fig.5.1-4, Stacey 1995: fig.39.5 and fig.34.4, 5).

Stratum IV, First Half of the 11th Century 1. Unglazed Open Table Ware 151. Carinated Bowls The main characteristics of this type are: a thick wall, a carinated body and a discus or string cut flat base. All specimens are poorly fired and crudely made. The ware is usually reddish yellow and contains an abundance of white grits, grog and mud balls inclusions. The base shape and the crudeness of the manufacture apart, these types of bowls resemble the Unglazed Crusader Bowls reported from Yoqne’am and Emmaus (Avissar 1996: 124 type 14 and Bagatti 1947: 127).

253. Lustre Ware (Pl.XXVI.2 and Pl.XXVII.1) The lustre vessels in this stratum were produced from light brown clay 2.5YR 6/4 or 5YR 6/4, containing white grits, grog and mica flakes. This combination of tempers, the tone and texture of the clay might be indicative of an Egyptian origin (Arnon 1996: 86). While the majority was painted in golden brown, very few items were painted in olive green. As for the shape, the ring base became exclusive and the wide ledged rim that started in stratum VI extends into this stratum; similar dates were given to this form in Egypt (Scanlon 1986:fig. 56). The decorative elements comprise among others, a monochrome golden brown painted epigraphic ornament, probably the word “Baraka” (‫)ﺑﺮآﻪ‬, enriched by floral depictions, a direct consequence of the horror vacui. The style of the inscription, which contains “Swallow Tail” on the letter ha and an elaborate foliage decoration integrated with the letter Kaf, was quite common in the late 4th Century/H (late 10th to early 11th Centuries CE) (Sharon 1996:411). Short “good luck” inscriptions in decorative Kufic over arabesques were very fashionable during the Fatimid period (Kühnel 1970:126). The same epigraphic style appears on a lustre plate from Egypt, where it was dated to the 11th Century, moreover, the floral fill-in between the inscription resembles another

152. Flanged Rim Large Bowls This type of vessel resembles the cooking ware of stratum V, especially because of the shape of its rim. The ware is pale brown, coarse and poorly fired. 2. Glazed Open Table Ware 251. Monochrome Glazed, with or with out Sgraffito, Gouged, and Rouletted Decorations (Pl.XXIV.2 and Pl.XXV.1, 2) In general, the glazing method on bowls extends from the previous strata. Usually the vessels were made from pinkish 5YR 7/4 or red clay resembling a cooking ware fabric. All bowls were white or pinkish slipped both sides under a yellow, green, turquoise or manganese lead or alkaline glaze. All forms extended from strata VII, VI and 44

Y. D. ARNON The bowls were made from relatively coarse pale brown fabric. Some were decorated with the usual combing design. The form and technique resembles those from the previous strata.

lustre bowl from Egypt dated to the early 11th Century (Philon 1980 plates XIII and XIV) and appears on textiles (Turuz) during the reign of al-Hakim (996-1021 CE) (Jenkins 1988:70). This type of decoration was known in Egypt since the mid 10th Century and continued to the 11th (Jenkins 1968:120-125) and was probably produced there (Stacey 1995:174). The margins of the plates are decorated with a lustre brown painted Meander interlaces. The same ornaments appear on an ivory casket dated to 1004/5 CE placed in Pamplona, Spain (Ettinghausen and Grabar 1991 fig.131) and on a monochrome lustre painted bowl that originated in Egypt and was dated to the late 10th Century (Ibid fig.172). On the bottom of the unglazed base an inked eroded mark was observed and, following Philon’s study, we would like to suggest that it is probably the master painter’s signature Ibn Khaldan (‫ )ﺣﺎﻟﺪان ﺑﻦ‬rather than that of the potter (Philon 1980:168 and fig.298). The other prominent ornament is a depiction of a mosque lamp suspended from an arch apex. Although not the same bowl shape, clay type and the lustre hue, a mosque lamp depiction appears on a “Fatimid group II” bowl from the Benaki Museum (Philon 1980:163 and fig.538). The depiction on the Caesarea bowl also resembles a bronze lamp from the David Collection in Copenhagen dated to the 10th –11th Centuries (Ettinghausen and Grabar 1994:84), the glass lamps from the Serçe Limani wreck dated to the first quarter of the 11th Century (Jenkins 1986: 34), the glass lamps from Nishapur dated between the late 10th and the 12th Centuries (Kröger 1995: 179 and 182), the glass lamps from Fustat (Foy 1999:fig.5) dated to the 9th – 12th Centuries and the glass lamp from the Caesarea hoard dated to the first half of the 11th Century (Lester et al 1999: fig.5h)

5. Jugs and Juglets 551. Unglazed Buff or Fired to Buff Tone Vessels (Pl.XXVII.2, 3 and PL.XXVIII.1) All buff jugs and juglets were made of the same type of fabric, a greenish /buff hue in ranges from 2.5Y 7/2 –7/3 to 5Y 7/2-7/2, finely levigated and very thin “egg shell” produced. The vessels differ in their shapes and decorative style. The plastic Barbutine and the incised decorative style disappeared, while the use of stylistic strainers increased. Two specimens bear white-painted ornaments, one with a palmette depiction and the other with a zigzag pattern on the neck. The greenish/buff fabric made its first appearance in stratum V but, in stratum IV it became exclusive and replaced the previous well-known yellowish/buff which are characteristic of the 9th –10th Centuries. The same phenomenon was also recorded in Susa where the unglazed vessels of stratum AI (10th –11th Centuries) are produced from greenish buff clay while those of stratum AII (8th –9th Centuries) are more yellowish (Rosen Ayalon 1974:30). Some stylistic strainers have good parallels in Fustat and Serçe Limani (Bass and von Doorninck 1978:fig.10). Juglet number 42/93 Z2e.0294.L.420.001 has a good parallel in Fustat; dated to the 11th Century (Scanlon 1986 type B-I-B-1 fig.33). The same date is given to item number 47/92 TP8.0159.L.019 (Scanlon 1986:fig.72 type B-II-A-I-C). Item number 15/97.I6.0652.L.402.014 has a corresponding specimen in Fustat (Scanlon and Kubiak 1986: fig. 203) where it was dated to the 11th - 12th Centuries.

254. Multi-Cup Dish The Multi cup dish is characterised by a set of joined cups, used for nuts or sweetmeats. They appear in all the glazing styles, monochrome, under glaze slip painted, colour- splashed and even lustre. The rims and bases of the cups are always straight and the numbers of the cups ranges from two to eight. Such vessels were found in Iran in a 9th Century deposits (Wilkinson 1975: 238) and in Ramlah in an 8th –early 9th Centuries layer (Rosen Ayalon and Eitan 1969:fig.2 glazed pottery). A 13th Century lustre sample was recorded as well from Iran (Pope 1938-39: Pl.644.c). All the Caesarea specimens were produced from red clay as in Nishapur (Wilkinson 1975:248) and Baal Bek (Kohl 1925:abb.46). The two dishes represented in this study were retrieved from locus 050 in a sealed bin in area TP8 from an 11th Century deposit.

552. Fine Red Ware (Pl.XVIII.2, 3 and Pl. XXIX.1, 2) Starting at stratum VII this type of jug appears in almost all the strata excepting stratum V. The forms of stratum IV specimens are the same as those of stratum VI, apart from the decorations. Stratum IV specimens are very finely made, hard fired, plain and always contain a strainer. The fabric ranges from dark red 10R 4/8 to a lighter hue 2.5YR 5/8. The presence of mica flakes in sample number 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.022 probably points to it being of foreign origin. 553. Coarse Ware Red Vessels The coarse red vessels differ from the previous by the coarseness of the clay which contains an abundance of small and medium sized white grits. Although typologically they belong to the table ware category, this type of fabric resembles a cooking ware and it is quite possible that it was produced at the same workshop as the kitchen ware. The colour ranges from dark red 10R 5/8,4/8 to lighter hue 2.5YR 5/6,6/6,4/8 etc. Some items bear a stylistic strainer.

4. Basins 451. Large Bowls or Basins The large bowls or basins in Stratum IV were wheelmade and not a single hand-made vessel was observed.

45

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 752. Closed Coking Ware (Pots) As in the previous stratum, this type of cooking ware is the dominant type. It differs from stratum V; most of the pots consist of a variety of a definite groove under the rim, similar to those in stratum VI. In several cases the pots were fired in a reduced atmosphere before glazing which gave the outer surface a weak red hue. As earlier found in previous strata, a dark brown or a transparent lead glaze was applied directly on the inner base of the vessels leaving careless drips along the inner walls and on the rim. Typologically, stratum IV closed cooking pots can be divided into three main subtypes

6. Glazed Ware 651. Monochrome Glazed The shapes and the glazing technique of the monochrome glazed closed vessels extend from the previous strata. Sample number 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.012 contains mica flakes which may indicate a foreign origin. Similar specimens were unearthed in Aqaba and were dated to the Fatimid period (Whitcomb 1988:fig.7.o and 1991:fig.7.p). 652. Colour Splashed Fayyumi Style Ware (Pl.XXX.1) The Fayyumi style made its first appearance in the site in stratum V and extends without any visible change to stratum IV. The vessels were white slipped on both sides under a colour splashed glazed exterior and a monochrome or transparent glaze interior. The shape of the jugs resembles the Chinese T’ang ware, which were exported to the Near East, where they were imitated using a lesser quality clay (Sullivan 1984:136-7 and fig.169). Similar vessels were recorded from Aqaba (Whitcomb 1991: fig.7h) dated to the Fatimid period and Fustat (Kubiak and Scanlon 1986:85-86 and fig 18) dated to the 11th Century.

a. Having a globular body b. Having an elongated body c. Resembling a chamber pot Some specimens have handles: strapped, thumb decorated ledge ones or both types, while others are plain. Similarly, grooved cooking pots were recorded from Yoqne’am, Amman and Tiberias and were dated to the 10th Century (Avissar 1996: type 2 fig.XIII.89.2 and type 5 fig.XIII.92.9, Northedge 1992:fig.137.5, Stacey 1995:fig.9.2). Type 752o is a well recorded type dated to the 12th Century in Tel ‘Arqa, Yoqne’am and Jerusalem. (Thalmann 1978:32.3, Avissar 1996: type 8 fig.XIII.95.1, Tushingham 1985:fig.34.35) and in Tiberias to the 11th Century (Stacey 2004: fig.5.32:16). This type of cooking ware was retrieved in a sealed chamber along with approximately 200 glasses, bronze, and pottery items known as the Fatimid Caesarea Hoard (Lester et al 1999:fig.1.d).

653. Zoomorphic Vessel (Pl.XXX.2) The zoomorphic vessel, which was probably used as a decanting vessel, is a unique item in this stratum. The only zoomorphic vessels unearthed in Caesarea were the ones that were related to the Umayyad period and were recorded by Brosh (Brosh 1986:fig.2.1-3). Other sites that yield this type were: Ramlah (Rosen Ayalon and Eitan 1969), Kh. Mafjar (Baramki 1944:fig.16: 10-12, 14, 1820), Bet She’ an (Fitzgerald 1931: Pl.XXIX.4) and Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:171). Stratum IV vessel is an under-glazed slipped painted vessel. The fabric is red, finely levigated and contains small and medium sized white grits. The hue and the texture resemble a cooking ware. The entire body is decorated with white slip painted ornaments under a transparent glaze.

753. Frying Pans Stratum IV frying pans are identical to those in stratum V in every respect. As in previous stratum the dark brown glaze was applied only on the inner base. For further references see stratum V Frying Pans. 8. Containers

The red ware and the decoration technique were quite common on bowls in Palestine and Syria during the Crusader Period 12th –13th Centuries and were considered to be of local production (Avissar 1996 type 44 fig.XIII.32.3, Stern 1997.fig 7, Pringle 1985 fig.5.2628, Thalmann 1978 fig.33.2).

851. Reduced Firing Storage Jars. (Pl.XXXI.1) In general, Stratum IV storage jars share the same shape, apart from minute differences in the form of the neck, as those in the previous strata. They consist of a bag shaped body, slightly ribbed at its lower part, an “omphalus” ribbed base, sloping shoulders, an inverted rim triangular in section, and two vertically grooved loop handles which are attached at the shoulders. The same specimens consist with a slightly conical neck, while the others consist of a cylindrical one. All samples were produced from the same type of fabric: porous reddish brown 2.5YR 6/4 or light red 2.5YR 6/6 and were fired in a reduced kiln to a reddish brown hue 2.5YR 5/4 but on the outer surface only. The jars were decorated with white multi brush paint in a wavy pattern. In addition to the above mentioned, they differ in their volume; those with the conical neck contain 20.8 litres while the ones with the cylindrical one, contain 23.8 litres.

7. Cooking Ware 751. Glazed Open Cooking Ware (Casseroles). Only one specimen of this type was uncovered in Caesarea; it resembles a large bowl with a carinated shoulder. Although not a typical cooking ware, it seems that in view of the fact that it was blackened by use and was produced from a typical cooking ware fabric and probably glazed on its underside, it is classified as cooking ware in spite of the lack of comparative ware.

46

Y. D. ARNON The typological origin of the white painted “bag” shaped jar in Palestine was discussed in stratum VIII. The TPS locus 010 vessels were, as one may recall, the only white painted specimens that were found in a definite homogenous Fatimid deposit. The only parallels identical to the rim shape and the ware, were found in Burj al Ahmar where they were generally dated to the Early Islamic Period (Pringle 1986 fig.44.16, 18 phase A, 512c) and in Tiberias where they were dated to stratum II, i.e. 980-1033 CE (Stacey 1995 fig.28.1 )

Strata IIIb and IIIa, Late 11th –Late 12th Centuries 2. Glazed Open Table Ware 261. Monochrome Glazed Bowls With or Without Sgraffito Decorations All forms in this stratum III extend from the previous strata. The fabric is usually light yellow or pink but rarely red. The vessels were white slipped but only under the glazed surface. With few exceptions that were alkaline glazed in turquoise, most bowls were lead glazed in yellow and manganese purple. The monochrome sgraffito and gouged samples follow the Serçe Limani ware in fabric, form and decorative style. All were white or pinkish slipped on both sides under the glaze except for the base.

852. Cylindrical Jars The Cylindrical jar is an exclusive stratum IV type. It is characterised by its unique shape which resembles a glass jar that was uncovered in the Caesarea Fatimid hoard (TPS locus 010) (Lester et al 1999:fig.5.a). The vessel consists of an elongated cylindrical body rather than a bag shaped one. Similar jars were unearthed in Tiberias where they were dated to stratum II, the Fatimid period980-1033 CE) (Stacey 1995:fig.14.10)

262. Colour-Splash Glazed With or Without Sgraffito Decorations and Fayyumi Style Ware The colour splashed glaze and the Fayyumi style vessels, made their first appearance in the previous strata and extend without visible changes to stratum III. Except for the red “Serçe Limani” fabric all the rest were produced from light red or pinkish fabric. For both pink and red ware, white slip was always applied to the vessels before glazing.

853. Bi-conical Amphora This type of amphora consists of a double conical body, a pointed base, a thick everted rim rectangular in section, and two loop handles that extend from the rim onto the shoulders, at the widest part of the vessel. The fabric is red and resembles the early 11th Century Serçe Limani; the Sea of Marmora and the Serbian Danube area jar ware (Bass and von Doorninck 1979:fig.9, Günsenin 1989:fig.4 and Bjelajac 1989: fig.2.1 type I). Such vessels were recorded in Charsonissos where they were dated to the 9th – 11th Centuries (Romanchuck 1981:fig.6.5) and in Saraçena where they were dated to the 11th Century (Hayes 1992: 75 types 57-59). The presence of basalt inclusions and the exposure of the pottery kilns in Ganos on the western coast of the Sea of Marmora may indicate an Asia Minor origin. (Günsenin 1993:197)

263. Chinese Porcelain The T’ang porcelain and the Sung Celadon appeared in the site already at stratum IV, but the Sung white porcelain made its first appearance in this stratum. A relatively heavy potting and a lavender-blue glaze characterise this elegant ware which is also known as Chün Ware (Sullivan 1984:174). White porcelain decorated with relief floral patterns such as types 263a and 263b is recorded in Hama (Riis and Poulsen 1957:fig.353-366) and Fustat where it was dated to the mid 11th Century (Kubiak and Scanlon 1986:86, fig.19).

854. Buff Ware Amphorae (Pl.XXXI.2) It is a wheel-made amphora, consisting of an “omphalus” base, a bag shaped body, carinated shoulders, a relatively high ribbed cylindrical neck, an everted rim triangular in section and two grooved loop handles extending from mid neck onto the shoulders.

264. Manganese or Black Under-Glaze Slip Painted Vessels (Pl.XXXII.1, 2) This type, which is characterised by a white slipped background under a manganese slip painted decoration and covered by a colourless alkali-lead glaze, is well known all over the region as “Syrian Under-glazed Slip Painted Ware”. It is dated to the 12th –13th Centuries (Pringle 1985:19; Avissar 1996:102-105, fig.XIII.46.1, type 61, 62; Watson 1985:208; Philon 1980:fig.577; Waagé 1948:fig.53, 24, and 25). All specimens dated as of the 12th–13th Centuries and mentioned in the references, consist of a frit body with an addition of crushed quartz temper to the raw material so as to obtain a lighter hue of the body. The Caesarea stratum III specimens lack the frit body and unlike Tell Minis and Raqqa ware, they are covered with a transparent alkalilead glaze rather than a turquoise alkaline glaze which comprises the majority among the North Syrian types. Although Bahgat and Mussoul claimed that this type replaced the lustre-ware during the days of Saladin (Bahgat and Mussoul 1930:70-72), the Fustat

The ware is pale yellow / buff 5Y 8/3, porous in texture and contains an abundance of small and medium sized white grits. It has a liquid volume is 9 litres. Similar types were recorded from 12th and 13th Centuries deposits; all consist of folded rims (Avissar 1996 type 18 fig.XIII.125, Hakimian and Salamé’ Sarkis 1988 type D.11 fig.13.1-2 and Stillwell-Mackay 1967 no.59). It seems that the Caesarea amphora with its triangular-everted rim is a prototype of the Crusader vessel and appears almost one century earlier, as was found in Corinth (Stillwell-Mackay 1967 N0.35 p.276).

47

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) excavations, based on stratigraphic sequences provided soil evidence, pointed to a late 11th to early 12th Centuries date for this type (Scanlon 1988:187-188). The Caesarea specimens are made of a brownish/buff sandy fabric or a pinkish/buff one, like the Fustat bowls (Scanlon 1988:186; Mason 1997a: 224, group three). The most prominent decorative motive is a single trefoil leaf which was dated in Fustat to the 11th –12th Centuries (Scanlon 1988:190). A Fatimid date was also given to this type in Jerusalem (Ben Dov 1982:325).

562. Coarse Red Ware All coarse red ware share a similar shape. They consist of an “omphalus” base, a bag-shaped body and two loophandles extending from the mid-neck onto the shoulders. The fabric is red in ranges from 10R 4/8 to 10R4/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Such vessels were already reported from Caesarea and were dated to the Fatimid or Crusader Period (Brosh 1986: Pl.9.10, fig.5.1, 2). 563. Coptic Style Ware The Coptic style vessels are distinguished by their fabric which contained mica flakes among other inclusions, and by the typical whitish/pink slip under the brown painted decorations. Such treatment was well known in Egypt from Late Antiquity and extended to the Early Islamic Period (Ballet and Scanlon 1991:480). Despite the claim that unglazed Coptic Style had already disappeared by the 9th Century (Ballet and Scanlon 1991: 486), it seems that the strainer style permits us to extend this type to the very late Fatimid period (Scanlon 1986:fig.179).

265. White Under-Glazed Slip Painted Bowl The main characteristic of this group is the slip painted ornaments under the glaze. The fabric is red or light brown, finely levigated and well made. A slipped painted decoration is applied, usually on the inner surface of the vessel, under a transparent lead glaze. In the present case the decorations are white or cream on a red/brown background. This style was well known all over the Eastern Mediterranean during the late 12th-14th Centuries (Papanikola Bakirtzis 1999:161; Thalmann 1978:fig.331; Rosser 1985:fig.15; Smith 1973:pl.72.494; Pringle 1986:50.66; Baramki 1944:fig.11.7; Avissar and Edelstein 1997:96; De Vaux and Steve 1950:fig.32.9; Arnon 1999:227 fig.10; Stern 1999:127 figs. 1.10-14). In spite of the 12th –14th Centuries date quoted in the given references, it seems that if one considers the presence of a white under-glazed specimen in the Fatimid hoard retrieved in the site in stratum IV, then the very beginning of this style lies somewhere in the 11th Century, as it appears in Caesarea stratum III.

6. Glazed Ware 661. Colour Splash For the description see previous strata 662. White Under-Glazed Slip Painted Ware (Pl.XXXIII.1). For a general description and comments see type 265 in this stratum. Similar items were recorded in Jerusalem and were dated to the Ayyubid period (Tushingham 1985:fig.35.33).

4. Basins 7. Cooking Ware 462. Wheel-made Such basins extend from the previous strata. The same type was found in Yoqne’am, where it was generally dated to the Early Islamic Period (Avissar 1996: fig XIII.80.5, type 27).

761. Globular Glazed Cooking Pots There were no visible changes between stratum III cooking pots and those of stratum IV.

5. Jugs and Juglets

762. Glazed Frying Pans For the description see stratum IV. No visible changes were observed between the two strata

561. Unglazed Greenish /Buff or Buff Self Slipped Ware The greenish buff wares were already unearthed in stratum IV and extend without visible changes to this stratum.

Stratum II - Late 12th Century and the entire 13th Century 1. Unglazed Open Table Ware.

The stylistic strainer represented in type 561b has a good parallel in Fustat (Scanlon 1986:fig.203). The self-slipped ware is characterised by the different colour on the surface of the vessels that was not due to dipping in a slip liquid, but was caused by a concentration of salts on the surface of the vessel, or by the wet hands of the potter as he smoothed the surface before firing (Matson 1970:594).

171. Hand-Made Painted Bowls The bowls of this group are mainly characterised by their production technique. All are hand-made. They were pressed into a mould (which could be another bowl) and covered with a cloth (see also hand-made coarse ware red painted jugs). The ware is usually light brown, coarsely levigated and contains an abundance of white grits in various sizes, organic and quartz inclusions. Some were covered with painted decorations; in such cases the outer and inner surface was always white or pinkish slipped 48

Y. D. ARNON as “Monochrome glazed slipped ware” (Pringle 1985:177) and is well recorded in medieval sites such as: Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:91), Caesarea (Arnon 1999:227 and fig.11j), Jerusalem (Tushingham 1985: 34.24-32), Burj al Ahmar (Pringle 1986:fig.49.50-57), St. Mary of Carmel (Pringle 1984:25-29), Hammat Gader (Boas 1997:398), Cyprus (Megaw 1972:fog.F.4), the Aegean islands (Armstrong 1991:fig.7.19, 20), ‘Acre (Stern 1997:fig.6:42) and Tel ‘Arqa (Hakimian and Salmé Sarkis 1988:12 type AIII).

(due to the hue of the clay) to provide a better background to a red/brown painted decoration, usually in geometric patterns. When not decorated, the bowls were usually red slipped and burnished. Such specimens are well distributed all over the Middle East from Hama and Tel ‘Arqa in Syria to Yoqne’am, Mount Carmel, ‘Atlit, Burj al Ahmar and Jerusalem in Israel and Pella in Jordan (Riis and Poulsen 1957:270-74, Thalmann 1978:fig.31.1, Avissar 1996:132 and fig.XIII.87 type 34, Pringle 1984:figs. 4.21,22, Pringle 1986:140-142, Johns 1936:54 Tushingham 1985:fig.45.13 and Smith 1973:239-42 group D.) Although at Yoqne’am this type appears already in the last Crusader phase, stratum IIIa, and in Jerusalem in the Ayyubid occupation levels, i.e. the early 13th Century, it seems that the dispersion of this type occurred sometime during the Mamlūk Period as represented in ‘Atlit (Johns 1936:54).

272. Monochrome Glazed Bowls with Sgraffito or Gouged Decorations. (Pl. XXXV.2.b, c, d, Pl.XXXV.3 and Pl. XXXVI.1.a, b, c and Pl.XXXVI.2) The Sgraffito decoration technique extends from the previous strata. It became prevalent in the Byzantine ceramic industry (Papanikola Bakirtzis 1999) and were well recorded in medieval sites (Hayes 1992:Pl.10 and Pl.11, Hakimian and Salmé Sarkis 1988:3 type AI and fig. I, Thalmann 1978:24-26 types C-D, Tushingham 1985:fig.39.21 Pringle 1985:183, ibid 1986:150 and Megaw 1972:fig.22, Frantz 1938:fig.8, group A, Armstrong 1991: fig.6.15, “Aegean ware”). The suggested date in the aforementioned sites is 12th-14th Centuries. The Caesarea specimens were produced from red fabric, (resembling cooking ware), relatively finely levigated and containing small sized white grits. All were white slipped under the glaze bedding. The incisions were performed with a thin delicate tool, or gouged with a wide section instrument. Most of the bowls were decorated on the inner surface, with a few also being decorated on the outer surface. Such a style is recorded in Yoqne’am and Capernaum and dated to the 13th-14th Centuries (Avissar 1996:98 type 47, fig.XIII.35 and Loffreda 1982:fig.9.6).

172. Wheel and Mould Made Bowls. (Pl.14.1) The lower part of this unique vessel was wheel-made while its upper part was pressed from a mould made up of four triangular sections; it was then attached to the lower part with a stitch hidden with a Barbutine braid decoration. The fabric was red, resembling a cooking ware as were the glazed drips at the base and near the rim on the outer surface (the vessel was not glazed at all). No parallels had been found and it seems that it was some sort of a potter’s test or training. 2. Glazed Open Table Ware 271. Monochrome Glazed Bowls (Pl. XXXIV and PL.XXXV.1) As in the previous strata the fabric was usually slipped before glazing in order to provide a better background for the glaze. All Caesarea specimens consist of a ring base of various shapes, wide ledged twisted (“S” shaped) rims and flaring body which are common to the Crusaders and Ayyubid periods - late 12th-13th Centuries (Avissar 1996:types 34-38, Pringle 1985:fig.3.15, Thalmann 1978:30 figs.33.6-11, 34.1-15, 35.59, Hakimian and Salmé Sarkis 1988:fig.6.2type AIII.1, Sarkis 1980:191, Megaw 1971:123,142-46, Ben Tor 1963:fig.12.6 and Tushingham 1985:143).

One of the most debated types among the incised monochrome glazed group is the Zeuxippus ware which is characterised by dark red/purplish clay, hard and dense fabric, thinly potted with a shiny glaze and with meticulous decorations (Papanikola Bakirtzis 1999:22). The group was named after the place where it was first retrieved in large quantities, the Zeuxippus Bath in Istanbul. It was thought to have originated there or in its near vicinity. This assumption was later challenged because analytical investigation pointed towards the Aegean region and Cyprus. (Megaw 1989:259-266, Megaw and Johns1983: 263, Boas 1994:118 and Hayes 1995:197). It is dated from 1200 CE to the mid 13th Century and it was one of the first types to use tripod stilts. Early shapes were decorated with incisions enhanced by yellow/brown colour, while the later vessels have a yellow/orange glaze. Zeuxippus wares are well distributed all over the Eastern Mediterranean from Greece to the shores of the Black Sea, Cyprus, Egypt and the Levantine coast (Papanikola Bakirtzis 1999:22, Pringle 1986b:fig.1, Megaw 1968:74, Stern 1997:52). In her study on the pottery of Sparta, Armstrong noticed Zeuxippus ware somewhat different and she suggested a local production known as “Zeuxippus Derivative Ware”

Apart from the shape mentioned above, a carinated and inverted bowl, typical of the Mamlūk era (the second half of the 13th Century) was unearthed. The same dates were given to this type in Yoqne’am, Kh. Shema, Meron, Giv’at Yasaf and Jordan (Avissar 1996:96, Stern 1999:132, Meyers et al 1976:214-15, Meyers et al 1981:124 and Brown 1991:233). The hue of the clay ranges from light red/orange 2.5YR6/8 or 5YR 7/6 to dark red 10R 5/8, relatively finely levigated and containing an abundance of small white grits (resembling a cooking ware fabric). As mentioned above, the inner surface is always white or pinkish slipped under a shiny thick monochrome lead glaze in mustard yellow or green. The outer surface is usually smoothed or trimmed by a sharp tool. This type of glazing was designated by Pringle 49

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Cyprus (Papanikola Bakirtzis 1989). Boas in his study the “Import of the Western Ceramic to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem” suggests more than a single production centre and even a local manufacture (Boas 1994:120).

(Armstrong 1992). This group is characterised by it relatively soft and brittle fabric, in a lighter hue and was thick potted. Typologically these vessels resemble the Cypriot Under-Glaze Painted ware and the sgraffito decorated bowls and is considered to be a later variation of the original (Stern 1997:54). Following Armstrong and Stern it seems that the Caesarea specimens belong to this category. There is no doubt that was an important consideration; however, to trace the origin of its production further analytical examination is required.

275. Tin glazed Proto Maiolica Style Bowls. (Pl.XXXVIII.2 and Pl.XXXIX.1) Among the tin glazed bowls which were exposed in the site, the Proto Maiolica style is the most colourful specimen. A tin opaque glaze, decorated with painted ornaments usually in blue, manganese, brown and yellow, over the glaze, characterises this type of tableware. The clay is of a light colour, usually buff, due to a relatively iron free clay source. Except for type 275g which was probably imported from North Africa, the rest, by definition, was imported from south Italy or Sicily and was dated there to the 12th –14th Centuries (D’Angelo 1995:457). Some scholars accept a 12th Century date for the appearance of the style (Pringle 1982:104, ibid 1985:200 and Whitehouse 1967)), but a recent study on three well- documented churches in the Peloponnesian Peninsula suggested a 13th Century date when this type first appeared (Sander1989: 199). Such a date is confirmed by the excavations from Cyprus (Megaw 1972:fig.F.2), Corinth (Stillwell-Mackay 1967:257) and Caesarea (Arnon 1999:227). As far as is know there were not any local imitations of this type. The Proto Maiolica ware is well distributed all over the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean from Al Mina in the north (Lane 1937:pl.XXVII.2,”Atlit Ware”) through ‘Acre (Stern 1997:58), Yoqne’am (Avissar 1996:113 type 76), ‘Atlit (Johns 1934:pl.LIII.1, Pringle 1982), Tel Tanninim (Arnon 2006: 151), Caesarea (Pringle 1985:200), Mt. Carmel (Pringle 1984), Arsof-Apollonia (Pringle 1986a:470) and Jaffa (Pringle 1986a:470).

273. Moulded or Impressed Monochrome Glazed Bowls (Pl.XXXVII.1) The vessels referred to in this category are characterised by a moulded or impressed decoration. They are made from a light pale brown or even greenish buff frit ware. The vessels were produced from light hued clay, consisting of crushed glass quartz resembling Egyptian Faience probably influenced by the Ding and Qingbai Chinese Porcelain (Watson 1985:208). All were glazed in green or turquoise thick alkaline glaze which was applied directly on both sides of the biscuit fired body. Similar specimens were found in Jerusalem (Tushingham 1985: fig 44.15) and Hama (Riis and Poulsen 1957: figs.398 and 442), where they were dated to the second half of the 13th Century. The impressed diagonal decorations on the outer surface of bowls might be a local imitation of the precious Lung-ch’üan celadon ware dated to the same period (Sullivan 1984:178). 274. Colour Splash, Mottled With or Without Sgraffito Decorations Glazed Bowls. (Pl.XXXVII.2 and Pl.XXXVIII.1) This type of decoration technique is well known all over the Middle East as was previously mentioned, but it also extends to the Crusader and Mamlūk eras (Avissar 1996:87, Pringle 1985:3.20, Stern 1997:figs.6.62, 63 and Arnon 1999:227 and figs. 10.c, e). The sgraffito decoration as the “Monochrome” or plain “coloursplashed” ware was well distributed all over the Byzantine Empire during the 12th-15th Centuries. All Caesarea vessels are made of a light-red or red ware ranges from 10YR7/3-10YR5/8, finely levigated and well potted. The forms of the bowls varied from bowls with twisted ledged-”S” shaped rims and carinated bodies identical to the “Monochrome glazed ware”. The most frequent colours were green and yellow splashed. Only the inner surface was white slipped under the incisions and the glazing. Such a slip provided a lighter background to the coloured glaze. The only exceptions were the ones that related to the St. Symeon style which were slipped on both sides and were dated to the 13th Century (Boas 1994:108).

276. Under-Glazed Slip Painted Bowls, in Green, Yellow or Transparent Glaze. (Pl.XXXV.2, a, Pl.XXXVI.1,e, Pl.XXXIX.2 and Pl. XL) This group is characterised mainly by a white slipped painted decoration applied usually to the inner surface of the vessel under a transparent, yellow or green lead glaze. The fabric is usually red or light brown, finely levigated and well potted. In the first case the decorations are white or cream on a red/brown background, in the second, the white slipped paintings have a yellowish impact, while in the third the ornaments appear in green. Most Caesarea specimens are of the first type. Although unearthed in Yoqne’am in a late 12th Century stratum, most of the under-glazed slip painted bowls especially the carinated ones, originated in the Mamlūk strata (Avissar 1996:96), moreover, the green glazed bowls appear in Crusader loci while in the Mamlūk period it seems that a yellow glazed style was preferred. This style is well known all over the Eastern Mediterranean during the late 12th-14th Centuries (Papanikola Bakirtzis 1999:161, Thalmann 1978:fig.331, Tushingham 1985:fig.35.31, Rosser 1985:fig.15, Smith 1973:pl.72.494, Pringle 1986:50.66, Baramki 1944:fig.11.7, Avissar and

The broad distribution of the style all over the Mediterranean was the main reason for widespread researches trying to trace the production centres of this type. Workshops were revealed in St. Symeom, the Christian port of Antioch (Lane 1937:54), in the Greek islands (Papanikola Bakirtzis 1999:158-265) and in 50

Y. D. ARNON Edelstein 1997:96, De Vaux and Steve 1950:fig.32.9 Arnon 1999:227 fig.10 and Stern 1999:127 figs. 1.10-14).

572. Hand-made Jugs, With or Without Painted Decorations. (Pl.XLI.2) Although revealed in Yoqne’am and Jerusalem in Crusader and Ayyubid occupation levels (Avissar 1996:169, Tushingham 1985:figs.37.18, 38.32), there is no doubt that these types become a guiding fossil to the Mamlūk period (The late 13th Century). A light red fabric coarsely levigated and an uneven firing leaving a coarse grey core characterises this type of ware. The clay contains an abundance of white grits in various sizes and organic inclusions such as straw. Some were burnished, while others were white or pinkish slipped on the outer and inner surface under a painted decoration in red, brown or even black, usually in geometric patterns. The vessels were coil-made and shaped by a cloth with a prominent warp and weft texture (linen or jute cloth) which is often observed on the finished product. Besides the sites referred to and at Hama where this type originates in the late 12th Century (Riis and Poulsen 1957:270-74), all reports that concern this type dated it to the Mamlūk era (Mcquitty and Falkner 1993:fig.19.12, Johns et al 1989:fig.25, Pringle 1985:176, Tushingham 1985:fig.42.15-18, Pringle 1984:95, De Vaux and Steve 1950:133, Baramki 1944:71 and Whitcomb 1988:fig.1.4.B).

277. Lustre ware (Pl.XLI.1) This outstanding group that was considered to be “The real Islamic invention” (Fehervari 1973:41) is very modestly represented in Caesarea stratum II. Only one intact lustre bowl and a few fragments were exposed during the recent excavations. The characteristics and production technique of this outstanding type were discussed above. During the late 11th and the 12th Centuries, probably due to the famine in Egypt in 10651072 CE, or the destruction of the potter’s quarter in Fustat in 1168, new production centres appear in Syria, Tell Minis and Raqqa, and in Iran–Ray and Kashan (Kubiak 1969:24-25 and Mason 1995:8). A 12th Century date is also given in Yoqne’am and Caesarea (Avissar 1996:87 and Pringle 1985:fig.14.80). The 12th-13th Centuries Tel Minis ware are characterised among others by a greyish faience ware tin glazed and dark brown lustre paintings which resembles the Caesarea specimens (Porter 1991:3 and fig.1). 4. Basins 471. Wheel-Made, Grey Ware The grey ware basin comprises the largest group among the basins. The grey hue is due to the reducing atmosphere in the kiln. The vessels were well made and hard fired. Decorations such as thumb impressions or combed incisions are common.

573. Pale Yellow and Buff/Greenish Ware Jugs This type of vessel, mainly jugs and juglets, is characterised by the hue of the clay on their outer surface which runs from pale yellow to very light grey or greenish/grey. This type has a very long life span, from the late 7th Century up to the 12th-14th Centuries, as was found in Hama, Jerusalem and ‘Acre (Riis and Poulsen 1957:242-64 group DXVIII a-f, Tushingham et al 1985:fig.34.20 and Stern 1997:40 and fig.4.). The late specimens differ from the early ones by their greenish hue (Stern 1997:40) and by the relatively thick walls (it seems as if their manufacture was in some way sloppy). Most of Caesarea stratum II buff ware vessels were of the moulded and stabbed decoration types, which are characteristic of the Sassanian/Iranian artistic world (Rosen Ayalon 1974:193, Kervran 1977:fig.27.1), but extended to the 13th-14th Centuries as reported at Hama, Jerusalem and Damascus, (Toueir 1974 Pl. IV a-c), although Avissar in her study on the Yoqne’am late pottery assemblages, claims that “they do not seem to have reached this area” (Avissar 1996:159). Stylistic strainers, which are quite typical of such ewers, are not rare in Caesarea and are all dated to the 11th-12th Centuries based on the Fustat catalogue (Scanlon 1986: figs.91, 92,93,94 type B-II-A-3-a).

This type of ware has good parallels in Yoqne’am, Nazareth and Jerusalem where it was dated to the 12th and 13th Centuries (Avissar 1996: fig.XIII.84.2, type 31, and type 32, Bagatti 1947:fig.30.2 and Tushingham 1985:fig.34.21). 472. Wheel-Made Red Ware This type of basin extends from the previous strata without any visible change. The very fact that it was retrieved in large numbers from sealed and homogeneous loci related to stratum II enabled us to date this type to 12th -13th Centuries. 5. Jugs and juglets. 571. Three Handles Coarse Ware Jugs This type of jug comprises the largest group among the closed tableware in stratum II. It was easily distinguishable by its coarse, brittle and granular red or light red ware which is fired to a buff or buffish/grey surface. This type of jug consists of a globular body, an “omphalus” or a wide ring base, a funnel neck including a conical element at its base which might be an indication of a strainer, and three grooved loop handles that extend from the bottom of the neck onto the shoulders. Similar samples were retrieved in Bet Zeneta where they were dated to the Crusader Period (Getzov 2000:fig.22.8)

6. Glazed Jugs and Juglets 671. Monochrome Glazed Jugs and Juglets. (Pl.XLII.1) The only monochrome glazed closed vessels in stratum II were ring based jugs and juglets. They are characterised by their pinkish white coarse grained porous clay. All specimens were reddish/yellow slipped under a shiny 51

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Metropolitan Museum samples (Jenkins 1984: pl.3.b and pl.5.a:”Syrian Group”). The sample that was unearthed in TP4 is similar to the ones in Hama (Riis and Poulsen 1957:157 and figs. 562,563) and Raqqa (Porter 1991:Pl.VIII) and was dated by Philon to the Mamlūk period (Philon 1980:259). The Blue painted Albarello resembles items that were found in Cyprus (Megaw1972: fig.29) and ‘Acre (Stern 1997: fig.17.120)

green glaze. By their shape they resemble the underglazed slip painted ware from Cyprus (Stern 1997:fig.9 and Megaw 1971:pl.33.5; 1972:fig.F.6). The light colour of the clay and the reddish slip under the glaze, may indicate an Enkomi origin rather than a Paphos one (Papanikola Bakirtzis 1989:233). 672. Cypriot Under-Glazed Slip Painted Jugs and Juglets in Green and Yellow This group is characterised mainly by a slipped painted decoration applied usually to the outer surface of the vessel under a yellow or green lead glaze. All specimens consist of a red or light brown fabric, finely levigated and well potted. In the first case the white slipped paintings have a yellowish impact, while in the second the ornaments appear in green. Such jugs were produced during the 13th Century in Cyprus. Workshops were found in Lemba (Paphos region), Lapithos (Kyrenia region) and in Enkomi (Papanikola-Bakirtzis 1993:116121). The slips painted jars are less frequent in archaeological sites than are the bowls. They have been found in ‘Acre (Stern 1997:fig.9), Nazareth (Bagatti 1984:fig.64.8), ‘Atlit (Johns 1934:pl.57.2), St. Mary of Carmel (Pringle 1984:fig.7.52), Paphos (Megaw 1972:pl.7.6 and fig.32, Rosser 1985: fig18) Hama (Riis and Poulsen 1957: 830) and Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 2000:62 and English Cover photo).

7. Cooking ware 771. Unglazed Hand-Made Cooking Ware Very few items relating to this category were unearthed in Caesarea. All were hand-made, produced by coils and smoothed with a wet cloth. The shape was globular with a short rim or a hole-mouth rim opening. The ware was coarsely levigated and crudely made, containing large quantities of white grits in various sizes and an abundance of quartz due to sand inclusions. It was unevenly fired leaving a thick grey core in the section. The pots were incised or thumb decorated and the handles were set up in a pointed triangular shape or decorated with incisions. The hand-made cooking vessels are well recorded in Mamlūk occupation levels dated to the 13th-14th Centuries in: Pella, Jerusalem, Yoqne’am, Tel Tanninim, Burj al-Ahmar, and St. Mary of Carmel (Smith 1973:24243, fig.59.1024, Tushingham 1985:fig.45.16, 17, Avissar 1996:138, Arnon 2006:fig.125.3-4, Pringle 1986:fig.41 and Pringle 1984:fig.3.2-4).

673. Frit Ware, Alkaline Glazed Jugs and Juglets. (Pl.XLII.2) The main characteristics of this type are the fabric and the glazing technique. As mentioned in type 273, the vessels were produced from white clay consisting of crushed glass quartz resembling Egyptian Faience probably influenced by the Ding and Qingbai Chinese Porcelain (Watson 1985:208). The specimens were decorated with black, green, or with a composition of blue and black slip painted ornaments under a tin, or an alkaline transparent or turquoise glaze. The black and blue decorations appear at the second half of the 13th Century and flourish during the 14th (Porter 1991:9). The first Frit Ware appears in Syria in Tel Minis during the 12th Century and in Raqqa during the 13th (Porter 1991:9-10). The style was considered to have originated in Iran (Lane 1937:32), but recent studies suggested an Egyptian origin (Watson 1999:302). It seems that the Syrian ware tend stylistically towards Egypt while technically it was influenced by Iranian tradition. In Tell ‘Arqa, Yoqne’am, Hammat Gader and Bet She’ an (where 30 bowls of this type were retrieved in a pit under a floor), the Frit Ware are dated to the 13th-14th Centuries (Hakimian and Salmé Sarkis1988: 32 types As.2, 3, Avissar 1996:115, Boas 1997:pl.III.1 and Syon 2000:41). Among the obviously imported vessels unearthed in Caesarea stratum II, this group was by and large the smallest one, only half a dozen shards were exposed, most were decorated in black and blue slip painted geometric or floral designs which would indicate a 13th Century date and so resemble Raqqa ware type b (Porter 1991:13) imported from Syria. The Syrian import is reinforced by NAA executed on the

772. Glazed Globular Cooking Pots (Pl.XLIII.1,2) As mentioned in stratum VI, during the 10th Century a new closed type of cooking ware appears and replaces the open casserole that was common throughout Late Antiquity and the Umayyad and Abbāsid periods (Arnon 1999:fig.8 j-e, Avissar 1996:133 and Stacey 1995:167). The type extends to the 11th Century (Lester et al 1999: 234) and, with minute differences, to the 12th-13th Centuries. The later versions are globular and somewhat elongated. They usually bear strapped handles, very often accompanied with thumb decorated ledged ones and an everted rim, quite often ledged, and smeared with ginger brown glaze on the entire inner surface. Similar cooking pots were retrieved in Tel ‘Arqa, Cyprus, Hammat Gader, Yoqne’am, Tel Tanninim , ‘Acre, Caesarea, Jerusalem and Burj al Ahmar (Thalmann1978: fig.32, Hakimian and Salmé-Sarkis 1988:fig.11.6 type D.1.2, Megaw: 1972:334, Boas 1997:pl.I, Avissar 1996:136-37, Arnon 2006: fig.1251-2, Stern 1997:40 and fig.5.22, Tushingham 1985:fig.36.2, Pringle 1985:fig.2.3-8, 1997:139 and 1986:48). 773. Glazed Cooking Casseroles. The fabric and the glazing style of this type are identical to the closed cooking pots mentioned above. The cooking casseroles are characterised mainly by the carination on their upper part, near the rim. All specimens bear strapped handles accompanied with thumb decorated 52

Y. D. ARNON dated to the 11th –12th Centuries (Bjelajac 1989: fig 3.2. type II). A 12th or 13th Century date was given to this type in Saraçena (Hayes 1992:76, type 62 and 63 figs. 26.2-9, 12), Paphos (Megaw 1972:334 and fig.23) and in Agios Stephanos in the Peloponnesian Peninsula (Sanders 1989 type A and fig.5). Quite surprising is the absence of the most common Crusader amphora known as Günsenin type III or Saraçena type 61 (Günsenin 1989:271-274, Hayes 1992:76) which is well distributed in the port of ‘Acre and in the Lower Galilee (Stern 1997:fig.4.10, Getzov 2000:91 fig.22.3)

ledged ones. The rim diameter, the height of the vessels and their maximum width are almost the same. Similar items were unearthed in ‘Acre dated to the 12th – 13th Centuries (Stern 1997:40). 774. Glazed Cooking Bowls Although not a typical cooking vessels, however, because all the uncovered specimens were blackened by use, this type of bowl was designated as a cooking utensil. The vessels are shaped as ordinary bowls, produced from cooking ware fabric and were glazed in the typical ginger brown glaze which covers all stratum II cooking vessels. Similar bowls were found in Tel ‘Arqa and were dated to the 12th –13th Centuries (Thalmann 1987:fig.32.8).

873. Carinated Flat Base Amphorae. (Pl.XLIV.1) The main characteristic of this type is the very shallow ring base; this raises the question of its adjustment to serve as a sea born transport amphora. It consists of a relatively thick rim with a ridge below it, a high neck, and carinated shoulders. A shallow ring base and two thick loop handles are attached below the rim and extend onto the shoulders. An identical specimen was recorded in ‘Acre where it was petrographically analysed; according to this analysis its origin is probably the Southern Lebanon (Stern 1997:39 and figs.4.13, 14).

775. Glazed Frying Pans (Pl.XLIII.3) As stated earlier, wheel-made glazed frying pans made their first appearance during the 10th Century (stratum V). Its flat or concave base is covered with a thick ginger or dark brown glaze, a levelled or an everted rim and strap handles often accompanied by thumb decorated ledged ones, characterises this efficient cooking vessel. The Early Islamic specimens are glazed only at the base while the later ones are glazed on the entire inner surface up to the rim. Such frying pans are well recorded in sites such as: Yoqne’am, ‘Acre, Kh. Bet Zeneta, Caesarea, Tel ‘Arqa, St. Mary of Carmel and Hammat Gader (Avissar 1996:fig XIII.102 type 15, Pringle 1997:139, Getzov 2000:23.1,2, Arnon 1999:fig.12d and Pringle 1985:fig.3.9, Thalmann 1978:fig.31.5 and Hakimian Salamé Sarkis 1988:fig.11.1-4 type D1.1.1, Pringle 1986;fig.48.45 and Boas 1997:fig.I.14).

874. Bag Shaped Amphorae This type of amphora is the largest among the 12-13th centuries Amphorae in Caesarea. It is characterised by a bag shaped body, an Omphalus base and two loop handles in an upraised position. The depicted specimen was the only sample unearthed in the site and is, therefore, considered a rare specimen. Similar amphorae dated to the 12-13th Centuries were recorded at Saraçhane Turkey (Hayes 1992:76 and fig.15.17) and in the Serbian Danubian area, and in the northern coast of the Black Sea (Bjelajac 1989:115 and fig.3.3 type III).

8. Containers

9. Large Containers- Pithoi

871. Bag Shaped Jars or Amphorae There was only one bag shaped jar that was retrieved from an undisturbed deposit. It is a thick potted jar characterised by a long conical ribbed neck, an inverted rim triangular in section and two loop handles which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders. The fact that the handles extend from the neck onto the shoulders and are not placed exclusively on the shoulders and the relatively narrow mouth; allow us to conclude that this vessel was an amphora rather than a jar. The presence of hard black small grits, which might be basalt inclusions, places its origin in doubt.

971. Hand made Pithoi So far, only one sample of these large vessels was unearthed in Caesarea so far. It is characterised by a cylindrical neck and a thick ledged everted rim. Combing decorations were applied to the upper shoulders. The ware is coarse and poorly potted, containing an abundance of white grits, pebbles, grog and organic tempers. Such a treatment is quite typical to the 13th Century common vessels in Caesarea (see hand made jags and bowls). Similar hand made Pithoi were recorded from 12th-13th Centuries deposits in Trans-Jordan (Brown 1987:297), Khirbat Ka’Kul (Boas 2006:fig.7.40) and Jerusalem (Tushingham 1985:fig.42.8 and 45.14). Boas, in his study of the medieval vessels from Khirbat Ka’Kul, suggested that such vessels were produced around Jerusalem based on kilns found in Nebi Samuil and the Old City (Boas 2006:83)

872. “Carrot shaped” Amphorae The only red ware amphorae unearthed in stratum II were carrot shaped vessels with two grooved loop handles that are placed in various positions: some are attached to the shoulders and extend above the rim, while others extend from the shoulder to the mid neck. The whole vessel is finely ribbed and consists of a pointed base. Similar items were recorded from the Serbian Danube region and were

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

Chapter IV Imported Vessels specifically from the Delta region (Arnon 1996:86). However, the most interesting phenomenon was the high percentage of the micaceous coarse basins (types 421 and 431), comprising more than 60% of all basins unearthed in these strata (Arnon 2003:293). The presence of golden mica flakes in the fabric, along with the coarseness and the careless firing, raises the question of their origin: why would anyone have imported simple unsophisticated coarse domestic vessels, and in such quantities? Are we perhaps witnessing a certain need of a distinct group of people who traditionally were accustomed to use this specific basin, e.g. the wares of immigrants!?

In order to identify imported pottery types, two methods of study were performed. The first, by petrographic analysis conducted in 1995 (Arnon 1996:58-87) which established the foreign origin of the ceramics. The second indication of a foreign origin was considered to be the presence of visible tempers in the clay of the vessels or when the clays were not found in the geological sedimentation of Caesarea or in the North of Israel, e.g., mica flakes. Reference has already been made to the Early Islamic Period being represented by Stratum VIIIa, which corresponds, more or less, with the Umayyad Dynasty. Five of twelve tableware types were identified as being imported: the Egyptian red slipped bowls (type 111), the orange slipped and brown painted bowls (type 114), the hand made painted bowls (type 115), the carved stone ware (type 116), and the micaceous pink slipped jug (type 515). Two of seven types of containers were recognized as imports: the micaceous bag-shaped jar (type 814), and the LR2 amphora (type 816. It was not possible to identify imported cooking ware or basins. Apart from the carved stoneware which could have originated in the Arabian Peninsula, and probably the LR2 amphora which had been imported from the Byzantine territories, probably the Black Sea (Bass 1982), all other imported vessels originated in the Nile Delta of Egypt. It seems that the trade pattern that originated under the Byzantine Empire continued to flourish after the Islamic conquest, albeit on a smaller scale. The economic links with Egypt before and after the conquest are well known from Pella and Jerash (Watson 1995). Although the changeover from Byzantine to Islamic rule was expected to cause a shift in the economic network, the presence of Egyptian ceramics in relatively high proportions demonstrates that there was a steady continuity of relations between Egypt and alShām; both before and after the Islamic conquest, as well as some kind of commercial interrelations with the hostile Byzantine Empire.

Could it be that this type of vessel is a silent but real indicator of the new colonization policy of the coastal plain conducted by the Islamic rulers, as is suggested by the historical references (El’ad 1978:161-162; Gil 1983:89)? Nonetheless, one has to consider the possibility that local crushed grog, which contained mica, was used as a temper in the vessels’ paste. Such a possibility would require tracing by petrographic analysis. Although there were clear indications of trade relations with Egypt continuing as late as the Early Abbasid Era, the option of Egyptian clay, used either as grog or as actual silt for locally made vessels, must also be considered valid. The last Early Islamic sub-period extends from the late 10th to the late 12th Centuries (strata V, IV and III). Imported ware was identified as 25.8% of the tableware types, i.e. Lustre ware (types 344 and 253), which extended from the previous period, the Fayyumi style ware (type 652), which comprised the largest imported group, the manganese or black under glaze painted ware (type 264), and the porcelain (type 263). The most surprising data that emerged from this analysis were the large quantities of foreign amphorae in stratum IV. Almost 45% of the containers were distinguished as the Serçe Limani amphorae type (type 853) and the buff ware amphorae (type 854). The re-appearance of the sea-borne trade, portable container in such quantities in the 11th Century led to the conclusion that broad commercial activity was taking place under the Fatimid regime at its prime. “The rise and prosperity of the Fatimids in Egypt coincided with the emerging commercial revolution of the Mediterranean world of the 11th Century. Fatimid prosperity, first in North Africa and then in Egypt rode the wave of this commercial revolution that itself was fuelled by the general demographic expansion of Europe and the Mediterranean region” (Udovitch 1999:683).

In the Early Islamic II period, from the mid 8th to the mid 10th Centuries (strata VII and VI), which corresponds to the Abbasid International Style, only eight types were identified as being imports. The most prominent of these were the Islamic red slipped bowls (type 125) that extended from the previous period. The new types were: the red/brown and black decorated bowls (type 126), the Coptic glazed ware (type 221), the blue on white tin glazed bowls (type 225), the moulded glazed ware (224), the micaceous juglet (type 525), Lustre ware (type 234), and black on white ware (type 235). Except for the moulded glazed ware, the blue on white tin glazed bowls and the black on white ware, which could have originated in the eastern provinces, the rest were petrographically analyzed and determined to be vessels of Egyptian origin,

The Crusader occupation and especially the “Second Kingdom of Jerusalem” which is well represented in stratum II opened a new trade era that comprised the

54

Y. D. ARNON entire Eastern Mediterranean and the northern Levantine coast and even mainland Syria.

and 672) as well as Italian Proto Maiolica (type 275) made their way across the Mediterranean probably to the main sea gate at Acre. The St. Symeon (type 274), the Lustre ware (type 277 and the Frit ware (type 673) were imported from the northern principalities such as Tripoli, Antioch and even Edessa.

Vast amount of Aegean ware such as Monochrome bowls, Zeuxippus and Zeuxippus derivative ware (type 272), and carrot and bag shaped amphorae (type 872 and 874), along with vessels of Cypriot origin (types 276,671

Fig. 27 The Crusader principalities in the Levant

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

Chapter IV Discussion and Conclusions of vessels of Egyptian origin is indicative of continuous trade relations between this site and Egypt subsequent to the Islamic conquest. Certain questions arise: What was the nature of this trade relation? What were the commodities traded? Apart from the tableware traded for its intrinsic usefulness, most of the vessels traded were containers. One cannot say with any degree of certainty what they contained; however, the absence of the popular, traditional Egyptian Wine Amphora known as LR7 (Riley 1981:121), which had been widely distributed over the entire site during the 7th Century and was still present in Egypt in the current period (Vogt et al. 2002:66; Bailey 1998:129, Pl.123), might indicate a decline in the new inhabitants’ consumption of imported wine. It must be pointed out that the data from Egypt are derived from Coptic Christian sites where wine consumption was part of the Christian religious ritual.

Ceramics is the most common and the most frequently employed dating tool in an archaeological project. However, one of the main problems in using ceramics as a means of dating is that of establishing a reliable chronology of development or identifiably datable cultural influences on the pots. This consideration is the main objective of this study which, based on their relation to specific strata, attempts to distinguish development and continuity in the Early Islamic and Crusader pottery types, unearthed in Caesarea. For the following reasons, the Caesarea Maritima site can serve as an excellent laboratory for this objective: – The complete stratigraphy, which covers the entire Early Islamic and the Crusader periods; – The large-scale excavations that took place between 1992-1998; – The volume of unearthed material culture; – The geographical location on the seashore, which increased the probability of imported commodities.

Stratum VII dates to the time span between the mid 8th – mid 9th Centuries. The most prominent phenomenon noticed in this stratum, in all the selected loci and without exception, was the appearance of glazed pots in monochrome, under-glazed painted, and colour splashed coating.

Identifying such instances of development and relating them to a defined stratum enabled us to place the various types on a chronological scale and, by doing so, turn them into reliable Guiding Fossils for a given period. The current pottery study demonstrates that, generally, there exists a natural continuity between the different periods and strata. Very few types appeared without any precursors. Although in most cases a development could be traced, focus was directed to the alternations in form, decoration, technology, and their placement on a time scale based on the stratigraphy.

As referred to above, there was a great debate among scholars as to the date and the origin of this phenomenon. The contribution of the Caesarea excavations to this crucial debate is the fact that none of the glazed sherds that were unearthed dated earlier than the mid-late 8th Century, and that the most prominent and popular style found were the Coptic Glazed Bowls (type 221). This indicates a strong Egyptian influence. Among the monochrome glazed (type 222), the moulded specimens (type 224) were dominant. It is uncertain whether or not the source of the upsurge in the glazing technique was China, arriving by way of trade, prisoners of war, or some other influence; it seems that the gospel reached Caesarea and probably other sites, such as Aqaba, via Egypt. The colour-splashed ware (type 223), which most scholars (except Yolanda Crown) consider to be influenced by a Chinese archetype, and which was the first to be reproduced by Islamic potters, was the second most popular glazed type found in this stratum. The monochrome glazed ware, except for the moulded specimens, extended into the next stratum and the body sherds related to these types could not serve as secure datable items. On the other hand, the moulded glazed ware, the Blue on White bowls (type 225) and the Coptic glazed vessels, which appeared in this stratum and disappeared in the next, are excellent dating agents. Four unglazed open ware, the Marble ware bowl (type 121), the Hemispherical shaped bowl (type 122), the Kerbschnitte style decorated ware (type 127), and the black slipped coarse vessels (type 128), can also serve the same purpose, because their life span was short and they

The following summary focuses only on the Guiding Fossil that represents each stratum and a specific time range. Stratum VIIIa, representing the first Islamic occupation level, was dated from the late 7th to the mid 8th Century. Judging by its artistic vocabulary, it can be considered a Late Byzantine stratum. Only five new types, having neither forerunners in the Byzantine layers nor successors in the subsequent strata, were found. Thus, consistent with Caesarea excavations and parallel studies, including the Oil Lamps study (Arnon forthcoming b), the time span between the late 7th Century and the mid 8th Century could be established. This is based on the carved stone ware (type 116), the red painted ewers (type 512), the thick potted jugs (type 511), the micaceous storage jar (type 814) and two new oil lamps (MA, MB). Without these types or other datable items, such as coins, it would be quite difficult or even impossible to distinguish this stratum from Late Byzantine ones. As previously mentioned, these types apart, all others are a continuation from the Late Byzantine era. The relatively high presence 56

Y. D. ARNON style ware (type 243g) and the glazed frying pans (type 742) made their first appearance in this stratum, it extended without visible change into the next one, and for this reason cannot serve as a good dating agent. As can be seen, and not unexpectedly so, the anticipated influence of the Fatimids was not yet detectable. The transfer of the lusterware industry from Iraq to Egypt in the late 10th Century (Hallett 1999:196) was not represented in the Caesarea stratum V data. However, such an influence was well recorded in stratum IV, which represents the first half of the 11th Century, when the Fatimid dynasty was at its prime. The most prominent phenomenon in this stratum is the re-appearance of a quite high percentage of portable trade jars (amphorae}. Since these amphorae (types 853 and 854) originated somewhere along the coast of the Sea of Marmara, this would point to the open sea trade policy of the Fatimids. Although, according to historical sources, water skins for liquids were preferred to clay vessels (Goitein 1967:334) during the Fatimid period, it seems that the contents of the Serçe Limani wreck prove that both were in use. The fact that most of the amphorae from the Serçe Limani wreck were lined with resin suggests that they contained wine (Bass and von Doorninck1978: 131). However, since wine drinking is proscribed for Moslems, one must ask: who in Caesarea were the consumers of this commodity and in such amounts? Why was it brought from far away?

are related to stratum VII only. As regards the closed tableware, stratum VII was the first to yield the wellknown fine buff vessels, but this delicate ware became one of the most popular types extending across the entire Early Islamic period, with only minute differences in decoration and production techniques. The only buff ware subtype that can serve as a dating agent for this stratum is the moulded one (type 521k); all the rest extended into the next stratum without noticeable changes. Speaking from a stylistic point of view, it seems that if stratum VIII is almost purely Byzantine, then stratum VII can be considered a stylistic turning point, from the Mediterranean to the Far East. The decrease in the number of containers and variants from stratum VIII to VII can be explained by a change in the nature of Caesarea’s trade connections, or by the possibility that there was a difference in the functions of the excavated areas, that is to say, storage zone versus dwelling area (although the architectural remains would not substantiate such a notion). The ceramic data unearthed in stratum VII indicated a continuous trade relation conducted on the site, especially with Egypt (Arnon 1996). However, it is unclear whether the commodities were the vessels themselves, or the content stored within them. The fact that, by and large, most imported vessels were of open form tableware, makes the first assumption more likely. Indeed, Stratum VI, which is dated between the mid to late 9th to mid to late 10th Centuries, can be considered a natural extension from stratum VII, with the slight development of a few types, which could serve as dating agents. The incised and stamped decorations on the buff ware became predominant (types 531i, 531f and 531g) and the Sgraffito ornaments appeared on the monochrome and colour splashed ware (types 231b, 233m, n, o, p and q). A new style of bowls, flat and ledged rim, made their first appearance (type 231a) along with the Polychrome and Lustre glazed ware (type 232 and type 234). The Black on White bowls, although found in small quantities (type 235), arrived from the East. Very few types apart, such as metallic ware (type 534), the Northern Palestinian jar (type 831), and the cooking casserole (type 731), it can hardly be credited that this site was once the centre of gravity of Byzantine culture in Palestine. The limited difference between the two strata VII and VI, despite the difference in the political reality which they represent, could be explained by the expansion of the Eastern-Abbāsid technology and artistic style, which, by approximately the 10th Century, became the international style and was found in nearly every site in the Islamic world.

From the Geniza references we learn of a Jewish community in the site (vide Introduction), but this kind of congregation would not have used a non-kosher wine libation. Therefore, despite the plethora of historical references to the contrary, it appears that we must consider the presence of a quite large Christian community, who might have used this wine, not only for ritual but also for daily purposes. The non-religious, “Nature - centred” blessings inscribed on the metal vessels in the TPS hoard would support such an assumption. The last stratum that relates to the Early Islamic Period is stratum III, commenced in the second half of the 11th Century and extended into the late 12th Century. As was the case in the previous strata, most of the types in stratum III had earlier forerunners, except for three new ones: the Under-Glazed Slip Painted manganese or black bowl (type 264), the Under-Glazed Slip Painted white bowl (type 265), and the obviously imported Chinese Porcelain (type 263). Although the Under-Glazed Slip Painted manganese or black bowl and the white slip painted style extended to stratum II, it must be emphasized that the stratum II manganese or black slipped samples were produced from either frit ware or from common clay. The White Slipped style, on the other hand, extended without any visible change and, therefore, cannot serve as a dating agent for the above-mentioned periods. The porcelain, although found only in small quantities, had quite a significant presence in this stratum, and was not found in the strata that followed. The clay tended to be red instead of the typical light hue

Stratum V, which represents a very short time span between the late 10th and early 11th, Centuries, marks the arrival of the Fatimids. Generally speaking, most of the types extended from the previous strata. Only two types can serve as a Guiding Fossils to this stratum: the petal shaped rim bowl (type 241), which imitated the T’ang ware, and the large pithos (type 941), which replaced the former zir (types 931 and 941). Although the Fayyumi 57

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) usually red resembling a cooking ware fabric. The inner surface of cooking vessels, pots and frying pans, was entirely covered with a thick dark brown glaze or a transparent one (type 772). The hand made tableware and cooking pots (types 171,572 and 771) reappear in the region after a gap of almost 3000 years.

commonly used in all the early Islamic period strata. However, this new tendency extended to stratum II as well. The most problematic finding relating to stratum III was the total absence of containers. This significant phenomenon, when compared to the previous stratum, must be explained by the change in the sea borne trade policy of the Fatimid Empire on the eve of the First Crusade.

To summarize, this study, like all ceramic analyses, reinforces the already known fact that pottery types develop along a time scale. They usually do not appear out of nowhere nor disappear without a trace - it is a progressive process. But once in a while, in the course of such a process, changes in technology or in style become apparent. This study, due to the character of the site, was able to trace some of these changes, place them in a chronological order and, by so doing, identified possible dating agents for each stratum.

As mentioned above, Stratum II commenced at the late 12th Century, following the battle of Hattin and the establishment of the second Kingdom of Jerusalem and terminated with the deliberate final destruction by Mamlūks in the late 13th Century. As for the pottery deposit, the prominent phenomenon was the vast amount of imported vessels from all over the Mediterranean. From Italy, Sicily (type 275) and North Africa (type 275g) in the west to Asia Minor, the Aegean (types 272i, 272k, 0 and 272p), North and East of Syria (types 274e, f, g and 277,673) and Cyprus (types 276e, 272l, m, n, 274h, 672 and 671a) in the east. The bowls and the plates had an “S” shaped rim (type 271i) and a white slip was applied just under the glaze bedding. The clay was

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Chapter V Pottery Catalogue Stratum VIIIa 1. Unglazed Open Table Ware 111. Egyptian Red Slipped Bowls. Type: 111a Form: Bowl Registration No. 7/95 TPS.0425.L.062.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body and a slightly everted rim with a relatively wide bevelled grad below it. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, containing white grits, grog and mica flakes. Red brown slipped interior and on the outer upper surface. Rim D. 0.14m

Type: 111b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0123.L.659.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a straight rim. Pink ware 10YR 8/4, containing small size white grits, grog and mica flakes. Orange slipped interior and reddish 10R 4/8 on the outer upper surface. Rim D. 0.25m

Type: 111c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I5.0303.L.791.007 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR6/8, relatively dense and containing small sizes white grits and mica inclusions. Reddish brown 2.5YR slipped on the outer upper surface. Rim D. 0.25m

112. Gray or Smi-Grey “Metallic- Sound” Bowls. Type: 112a Form: Bowl Registration No. 15/97 I5 0303.L.791.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular ribbed body and an inverted rim triangle in section. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, dense, finely levigated and well fired and containing very small size white grits. The outer surface is fired to a gray hue 7.5YR 4/0. Rim D 0.22m

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 112b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0151.L.716.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, well potted and hard fired to a weak red hue. White painted on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.3m

113. Coarse Ware Bowls Type: 113a Form: Bowl Registration No. 15/97 I5.0267.L.753.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a grooved everted rim. Yellowish/red ware 5YR 5/6, coarsely levigated, crudely made, and containing small, medium and large size white grits. The gray core may indicate a relatively low firing temperature. Rim D. 0.25m

Type: 113b Form: Bowl Registration No. 3/96 I5 .0058.L.596.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rounded rim. Light reddish/brown ware 2.5YR 6/4 (pinkish), containing large quantities of large size white grits. Porous in texture, coarsely levigated and potted. Fired to a buff hue 5Y 8/3. Rim D 0.29m

Type: 113c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5 0034.L.596.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a grooved everted rim triangle in section and a smi-conical body. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 6/6, coarsely levigated, crudely made and containing large and medium size white grits. The shape resembles Hayes’s form 9c and 10 Cypriot Red Slipped Ware, which were the latest types in his Cypriot corpus, dated to the late 7th Century (Hayes 1972:379-83). We may consider this specific type as a local imitation of the Cypriot vessel. Rim D 0.17m

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Y. D. ARNON 114. Orange Slipped and Brown Painted Bowls Type: 114a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0114.L.060.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly everted rounded rim and bevelled walls. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, containing small size white grits, grog and golden mica flakes. Orange slipped interior and exterior. The outer upper part is decorated with reddish and brown paint. Remnants of rouletting ornaments appear below the paintings. Rim D 0.11m

115. Hand Made Painted Bowls Type: 115a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 25/99 LL1.0937.L.291 Description: Hand made, consists of a flat bade, vertical walls, and a levelled rim. Gray wares 10YR 4/1, containing white grits and hard black ones (basalt?). White and red painted ornaments are applied on the inner and the outer surface. Rim D. 0.14m Base D. 0.14m Height 0.07m

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 116. Carved Stone Ware Type: 116a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I9.0138.L.920.001 Description: Steatite carved bowl, consists of a flat base, vertical walls and a ledged handle. Base D. 0.17m

Type: 116b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95.Z.0415.L.145 Description: Serpentine carved bowl consists of a slightly concaved base, vertical walls, sharp rim and a ledged handle. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. 0.18m Height: 0.07m

Type: 116b Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/169 Description: Shape and production technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D.0.22 Base D. 0.22m Height 0.06m

Type: 116c Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.60/60 Description: Shape and production technique are as in the previous depiction. Geometric incised decorations are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.13 Base D. 0.13 Height 0.04m

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Y. D. ARNON Type: 116d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/94 II.37837.001 Description: Steatite stone-carved bowl consists of vertical walls, flat base and a straight rim Rim D. 0.36 Base D.0.37 Height 0.05m

Type: 116e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I5.0303.L.791.009 Description: Steatite stone-carved bowl consists of vertical walls and a straight rim Rim D. 0.31

Type: 116e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0222.L.121 Description: Steatite carved bowl consists of vertical walls and a straight rims Rim D. 0.40

Type: 116f Form: Shovel Registration No.: 6/94.II.37837.002 Description: Steatite carved shovel, consists of an incised decorated handle Rim D. 0.09m

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 116g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0796.L.995 Description: Steatite stone-carved box consists of an incised square outlines bearing four legs with a round depression at the center. Rim D. 0.05m Base 0.06x 0.06m Height 0.045m

3. Cups and Goblets 311. Fine Ware Type: 311a Form: Cup Registration No.: 7/95 TP12. 0223. L.000 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base with two concentric grooves and rounded everted rim. Pinkish ware 5YR 7/6, well made and hard fired. Light brown bands appear on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.1m Base d. 0.05m Heights 0.06m

Type: 311b Form: Small Bowl or a Large Cup Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0425.L.062.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, shallow ring base and a straight rim. Reddish/yellow ware 5YR 7/6, dense, finely levigated, well made, hard fired (gray core) and containing very small size white grits. Light brown bands following the wheel marks appear exterior and interior. Rim D 0.1m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.35m

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Y. D. ARNON 312. Course Ware goblet. Type: 312a Form: Goblet Registration No.7/95 TPS.0408.L.062.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of incurved walls, inverted rim triangle in section and a string cut flat foot widening at its edge. Reddish /yellow ware 5YR7/6, coarsely levigated, crudely made and containing medium and large size white grits and grog inclusions. Rim D.0.08m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.07m.

4. Basins 411. Gray Ware/ Reduced Firing. Type: 411a Form: Basin Registration no.: 10/94.I4.0123.L.659.006 Description: Hand made, consists of a guttered everted rim. The ware is gray 2.5R 4/0, coarsely levigated and containing large quantities of white grits. Thumb imprinting decoration below the rim. Rim D. 0.32m

Type: 411b Form: Basin Registration no.: 10/94 I4.0096.L.695.005 Description: Hand made, consists of an everted rounded rim. Gray ware 2.5Y 3/0, coarsely levigated and containing large quantities of medium and large size white grits. Combed decorations are applied below the rim. Rim D.0.32m

Type: 411b Form: Basin Registration no.: 10/94 I4.0123.L.659.004 Description: Hand made, consists of and everted rounded rim. Gray ware 2.5R 4/0, coarsely levigated and containing abundance of medium and large size white grits. Combed decorations in a wavy line are applied below the rim. Rim D.0.35m

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 412. Red or Light Red/ Oxygenated Firing. Type: 412a From: Basin Registration no.: 15/97.I5 0303.L.791.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a thick everted rim triangle in section. Light reddish brown ware 5YR 6/4, containing small size white grits and quartz inclusions. Combed decorations are applied below the rim. Rim D.0.475m

Type: 412b Form: Basin Registration No.: 15/97 I5.0267.L.753.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a guttered rim with a handle remnant below. Red ware 5YR 5/6, coarsely made and containing sand inclusions. The basin is fired to a reddish yellow hue 7.5YR 7/6. Rim D. 0.3m

5. Jugs and Juglets. 511. Thick Walls Coarse Jugs. Type: 511a Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97.I5.0267.L.753.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a relatively high ring base with two concentric circles. Yellowish red ware 5YR 5/6, porous in texture coarsely levigated and made. Containing abundance of medium and large size white grits and hard black ones (Basalt ??). The vessels is fired to a pale pink hue 7.5YR 8/4. Base D. 0.09m

Type: 511a Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0347.L.113.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, coarsely levigated and crudely made. Containing large size white grits Fired to a whitish hue on the outer surface. Base D. 0.09m

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Y. D. ARNON 512. Red Painted Jugs. Type: 512a Form: Jug Registration No. 42/93 I6.1576.L.042.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a relatively low neck, a guttered spouted rim and a loop handle which extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Light red ware 10R6/8, finely levigated, dense and well fired. Red/brown painted decoration on the outer surface only. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 512a Form: Jug Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0159.L.678.001 Description: Wheel made. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, finely levigated, dense, well made and fired to a buff hue 5Y8/3 with red/brown painted net pattern.

Type: 512b Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94.I4.1257.L.107 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a straight rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 5/8, dense and well made. Thin white slip is applied on the outer surface, under a red painted decoration. Rim D.0.16m

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 512c Form: Jug Registration No.: C87/Z-5007 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck and a levelled rim with a groove below. Pink ware 5YR 4/6, finely levigated and fired to a white surface. Red painted ornaments are applied below the rim. Rim D. 0.12m

513. White Painted Jags and Juglets. Type: 513a Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0123.L.659.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a guttered everted rim and a funnel neck. Gray ware 7.5R 5/0-7.5R 4/0, dense, well made and hard fired, containing very small size white grits. White painted decorations are applied on the outer surface in a wavy line. Rim D 0.1m

Type: 513b Form: Juglet Registration No. 15/97 I5.0303.L.791.005 Description: A wheel made juglet, consists of a straight rim, a funnel neck and a loop handle attached to the rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, porous in texture and containing small size white grits. Fired in a reduced kiln to a weak red hue 2.5YR 5/2 (pinkish/gray) and decorated with white painted horizontal lines on the Handle. Rim D. 0.07m

Type: 513c Form: Jug Registration No.: 38/92.III.30225 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ribbed globular body, cylindrical neck, everted rim and two loop handles extend from the rim onto the shoulders. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8 dense in texture and containing medium and small size white grits. The outer surface is fired to weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2 and decorated with white paint in wavy lines. Rim D. 0.09 m

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Y. D. ARNON Type: 513d Form: jug Registration No.: 7/95 CC11.0126.L.180 Description: Wheel made, consists of an Omphalus base, a conical neck, a slightly everted rim and a loop handled extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Red ware 10R 6/8, well potted and hard fired to a weak red hue. White painted decorations in a wavy line are applied on the outer surface. Base D. 0.1m Rim D. 0.08m Height: 0.2.

Type: 513e Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0037.L.007.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an Omphalus base, a globular body, a relatively high neck, a ridged everted rim and a loop handle remnant which probably extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, finely levigated and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 6/3. White painted decorations are applied on the outer surface Rim D. 0.06m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.27m

514. Fine Ware Juglets. Type: 514a Form: juglet Registration No. 7/95 TPS.0151.L.062.002 Description: A wheel made juglet, consists of a string cut flat foot base. Reddish/yellow ware 5YR 7/6, dense in texture, well potted, finely levigated and hard fired. The outer surface is fired to a pink hue 5YR7/4. The light brown bands, which are so typical to the “Fine Byzantine ware”, are absent. Rim D- 0.025m

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 514b Form: Jug Registration No: 7/95 TPS.0428.L.123 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base, a globular body, a cylindrical neck, an everted rim, triangular in section, and a loop handle attached to the rim. Light red/pink ware 2.5YR 6/5, dense, well made and hard fired. White slipped exterior only, under a black painted Coptic style ornament. Rim D. 0.08m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.08m

515. Micaceous, Pink Slipped Juglets. Type: 515a Form: Jug Registration No.: 6/93 II 33932 Description: Wheel made, consists of carinated body, a cylindrical neck and a loop handle which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulder. Dark brown ware 7.5YR 4/4, containing white grits, grog and mica inclusions. White slipped on the outer surface under a reddish/brown painted ornament. Max width 0.135m

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Y. D. ARNON Type: 515a Form: Jug Registration No.: 6/93 II 34028 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body, a cylindrical neck and a loop handle which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulder. Dark brown ware 7.5YR 4/4, containing white grits, grog and mica inclusions. Pinkish slipped exterior only under a reddish painted ornament on the shoulder. Max width 0.22

Type: 515b Form: Jug Registration No.: 6/93 II 34222 and 6/93 II 30006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck and an out bent rim. Ware and decoration technique as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 515a Form: Jug Registration No.: 6/93 II 34046-24 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base and a carinated body. Ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Base D. 0.1m Max width 0.135m

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 515c Form: Jug Registration No.: 6/93 II 42028 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck and an everted rim. Ware and decoration technique are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.125m

Type: 515d Form: Juglet Registration no.: 7/95 TPS.0148.L.062.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of foot base. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6, containing small size white grits and mica flakes. Thick pink slip is applied interior and exterior. Base D.005m

516. Sphero-Conical Container. Type: 516a Form: Sphero Conical container Registration no.: 3/96 I5.0117.L.650.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a Sphero conical body, carinated shoulders, flaring collared neck and a rounded thick everted rim. Red ware 10R 5/8, dense, finely levigated, thick walls and hard fired. A thin white slip coats the outer surface. Rim D.0.02m Max W.-0.08m

Type: 516a Form: Sphero-conical container Registration no.: 3/96 I5.0117.L.650.001 Description: A wheel made container, consists of a Sphero conical body, a flaring collared neck and a thick everted rimtriangular in section. Red ware 10R 5/6, dense in texture, finally levigated, well fired and thick potted. A pinkish slip coats the outer surface Rim D. 0.02m

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Y. D. ARNON 7. Cooking Ware. 711. Globular Cooking Ware (Cooking Pots). Type: 711a Form: Cooking pot Registration No. 7/95 TPS.0425.L.062.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of thick rounded rim, a funnel neck and a looped handle, which his attached to the rim. Red ware 10R 4/6, containing abundance of white grits. Rim D.0.15m

Type: 711b Form: Cooking pot Registration No.7/95.TPS.0094.L.040.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular slightly carinated ribbed body, vertical smooth neck, thick folded rimtriangular in section-and a loop handle extend from the rim onto the shoulder. The ware is red 2.5YR 5/8, containing abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.098m

Type: 711b Form: Cooking pot Registration No. 7/95 TPS.0142.L.060.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly carinated ribbed body, vertical smooth neck, sharp thick rim and a grooved loop handle extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Red ware 2.5YR 4/8, uneven fired (gray core) and containing large quantities of small size white grits. Rim D. 0.11m

Type: 711c Form: Cooking pot Registration No. 7/95.TPS.0425.L.062.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ribbed globular body, an everted rim-triangular in section- and a funnel neck. No handles remnant was observed. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6, porous in texture and containing large quantities of small size white grits. Rim D. 0.09m

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CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 712. Open Cooking Ware (Casseroles). Type: 712a Form: Casserole Registration No. 7/95 TPS.0347.L.113.003 Description: A wheel made casserole, consists of a blunt conical body, an incurved rim, triangular in section, and a horizontal loop handle slightly twisted and attached to the wall below the rim. The ware is red 10R 4/6, containing abundance of small size white grits. Rim D. 0.22m

Type: 712b Form: Casserole Registration No.: 15/97.I5.0267.L.753.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a blunt conical baby and a flat everted rim. There were no signs to handles on the walls. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, porous in texture and containing large quantities of small size white grits. The outer surface in blackened by use. Rim D.0.21

8. Jars and Amphorae 811.”Southern Palestinian” Storage Jar- Late Version Type: 811a Form: Storage jar Registration No. 7/95 TPS.0346.L.116 Description: Wheel made, consists of finely ribbed sloping shoulders, a short neck slightly swollen and a thick outturned rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, sandy in texture and containing small and medium size white grits. Rim D.0.098m

Type: 811b Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0117.L.650.002 Description: The form and shape as the previous. Red ware 10R 5/8, porous in texture and containing small size white grits (resembles a cooking ware past). Rim D. 0.1m

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Y. D. ARNON Type: 811a Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0117.L.650.001 Description: Form and shape as the pervious. Light ware 7.5YR 6/4, porous and containing small size whit grits. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 811a Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0347.L.113.006 Description: Shape and form are as in the previous depiction. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 7/6, porous and sandy, containing small and medium size white grits. Rim D. 0.085m

Type: 811a Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0094.L.040.001 Description: A wheel made jar, consists of a short neck slightly swollen, a thick everted rim with clay remnants attached to it, finely ribbed sloping shoulders and a handle remnant on the shoulder. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6 sandy in texture and containing small size of white grits Rim D.0.1m

75

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 811a Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0346.L.116 Description: The form and shape as the previous. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 6/6, sandy in texture and containing small size white grits. Fired to a light brown hue 7.5YR 6/3 Rim D. 0.09m

812. “Northern Palestinian” Storage Jar Type: 812a Form: Jar Registration No.: 38/92 I+10369.L.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, a pointed base, short swollen neck, a levelled rim and tow loop handles which are attached to the shoulders. Red ware 10R 8/5 well made and fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Multi brush paintings are applied on the body and a pressure release hole with lead remnants is placed below the handle. Rim D. 0.09m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.48m Max Width 0.29m

76

Y. D. ARNON Type: 812a Form: Jar Registration No.: 6/93 II.33818.L.10290 Description: Shape, ware and decorations technique as mentioned above. Base D. 0.15m Max. Width 0.52

Type: 812b Form: Jar Registration No.: 3/98 NN30.0012.L.021 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body with a projecting ridge on the shoulders below the handles, a cylindrical neck, a levelled rim and two loop handles which extend are attached to the shoulders. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, finely levigated and hard fired to a gray hue. Whit painted decorations are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.1m Max. Shoulders D. 0.27

77

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 812c Form: Jar Registration No.: 7/95.TPS.0094.L.040.002 Description: A wheel made jar, consists a relatively height cylindrical neck and an inward slanting rim. Red ware 2.5YR 6/8, dense, containing small size white grits, thick walls and hard fired. The outer surface is fired to a gray hue and the inner to a weak red 2.5YR 4/2 due to a reduced firing. Rim D.0.09m

Type: 812d Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94.I4.0151.L.716.002 Description: A wheel made storage jar, consists of a thick rounded rim slanting inwards. Red ware 2/5YR 6/8, dense, finely levigated and hard fired a red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Containing small size white grits. Rim D. 0.07m

Type: 812e Form: Jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0337.L.116 Description: A wheel made jar, consists of a conical neck and a thick rounded rim slightly slanting inwards. Gray ware 2.5YR 4/0, dense, finely levigated, thick potted and hard fired and containing small and medium size white grits. Rim D. 0.1m

78

Y. D. ARNON Type: 812f Form: Jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0094.L.040 Description: A wheel made jar, consists of a finely ribbed conical neck, everted rounded rim and fired clay chunks adhering to the outer surface below the neck- due to the production process. Light red ware 10R6/8, dense, finely levigated well and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 5/4 and containing small, medium and large size white grits. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 812g Form: Jar Registration No.: 15/97 I5.0303.L.791.002 Description: A wheel made jar, consists of a conical neck and a thick slanting inwards rim. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 7/8, dense, finely levigated and hard fired to reddish/gray hue 5YR 4/2.Containing very small size white grits. Rim D 0.1m

Form: handle Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0117.L.650=666 Description: Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, dense, finely levigated and hard fired reddish brown hue2.5YR 5/3 and containing very small size white grits. The outer surface is decorated with white paint.

Form: handle Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0347.L.113.001 Description: As in the previous depiction.

79

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 813. Cylindrical “Gaza Jar” Type: 813a Form: Jar or an Amphora Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0034.L.596.001 Description: A wheel made jar, consists of a thick rounded slightly everted rim and slopping shoulders covered with fired clay chunks. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 6/6, porous and containing medium size white grits and quartz inclusions. Rim D. 0.1m

814. Micaceous Bag Shaped Jar Type: 814a Form: Jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0094.L.040.004 Description: A wheel made jar, consists of a bag shaped body, sloping shoulders, swollen neck, a slightly everted rim and two loop handles attached to the shoulders. The body is ribbed on its upper part. Reddish brown ware 2.5YR 5/4, relatively dense and containing small size white grits and mica flakes. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 814a Form: Jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0438.L.062 Description: Ware and shape are as mentioned above. Rim: D.0.09m

80

Y. D. ARNON Type: 814b Form: Jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0352.L.116 Description: A wheel made jar, consists of an incurved neck and rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6, porous and containing white grits and mica flakes. Thin white skipped on the outer surface only. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 814c Form: Jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0142.L.060 Description: A wheel made jar, consists of funnel shaped neck and a slightly everted rim-triangular in section. Red ware 10R 5/6, porous and containing white grits and mica flakes. Thin white slipped interior only. Rim D. 0.12m

815. Coarse Ware Bag Shaped Small Jar Type: 815a Form: Small Jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0074.L.040 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ribbed concave base, bag shaped body, a short slightly swollen neck and a sharp rim. Reddish Brown ware 2.5YR 5/4, coarsely potted and poorly fired. Rim D. 0.09m Base d. 0.09m Max Width 0.26m Height 0.36m

81

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 816. “Late Roman 2” Amphorae Type: 816a Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0151.L.062.001 Description: A wheel made amphorae consists of a high conical neck, an everted rim and two loop handles attached to the neck. Light reddish brown ware 5YR 6/4, dense, well potted, finely levigated and hard fired to a pinkish hue 7.5YR 7/4. Containing very small size white grits. Rim D. 0.06m, Neck height 0.1m.

Stratum VII Late 8th Early 9th Century 1. Unglazed Open Table Ware 121. Fine Ware “Marble Ware” Type: 121a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I7.0018.L.227 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base, slightly carinated body and an everted rim. Light reddish brown ware5YR 6/4, dense, finely levigated and hard fired. Burnished bands following the wheel’s marks are observed on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.13m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.04m

Type: 121b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1523.L.045 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base containing two concentric grooves, conical body and a wide everted rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.14 Base D. 0.032m Height 0.03m

82

Y. D. ARNON Type: 121c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0212.L.311 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base, carinated body and a slightly incurved rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim 0.105 Base D.0.036m Height 0.038

Type: 121d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0170.L.081.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base, carinated body and an everted rim. Ware is as in the pervious depiction. Rim D.0.16m Base D.0.03m Height 0.04m

Type: 121e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0115.L.648 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flanged rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 121f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I5.0291.L.772 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flanged rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.16m

83

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 121g Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/155 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base with three concentric grooves, and a guttered rim. The ware is as mentioned in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.11m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.07m

Type: 121h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0877.L.976.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base, incurved body and rim. Ware is as the previous depiction. White slipped interior under a black painted decoration. Rim D. 0.13m Base D. 0.04 Height 0.04m

Type: 121i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93.II.33667 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base, carinated body and a flaring rim. Ware and decoration technique was as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.125m Base D.0.05m Height 0.025m

84

Y. D. ARNON Type: 121j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1271.L.108.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base, a flaring body and rim. Ware and decoration technique are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.14 Base D. 0.04m Height 0.03m

Type: 121j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC29.0065.L.044.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base containing three concentric grooves circles, carinated body and an everted rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. White slipped under a dark brown painted decoration. Rim D. 0.11 Base D. 0.05m Height 0.03m

Type: 121j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0997.L.010.001 Description: Shape, ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.25m

85

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 121j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0887.L.976.002 Description: Wheel made, consists a flaring body and rim. Ware and decoration technique was as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.24m

Type: 121j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 63/00 TP7.0442.L.304 Description: Shape, ware and decoration technique as the previous. Rim D. 0.275m

Type: 121j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0884.L.976.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base containing three grooved concentric circles. Ware and decoration technique are as mentioned above. Base D.0.05m

86

Y. D. ARNON Type: 121k Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/166 Description: Wheel made, consists of a guttered rim. Ware and decoration technique are as mentioned in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.22m

122. Hemispherical Shaped Bowl “Iron Age II Style”. Type: 122a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I1.1245.L.000 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base, incurved body and rim. Very pale brown ware, porous and containing small and medium size white grits. Pinkish/white slipped both sides Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.065m Height 0.05m

Type: 122a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0116.L.053.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base and an incurved body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 8/3 porous and containing small and medium size white grits. White slipped both sides. Rim D. 0.14m Base D.0.047m Height 0.03m

87

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 122a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC30.0024.L.011.004 Description: Shape, ware and slip are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.2m

Type: 122b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 NN14.0042.L.015.002 Description: Ware and shape are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.175

Type: 122a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC29.0067.L.044.011 Description: Ware and shape are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.2m

88

Y. D. ARNON 123. Grey or Light Red/ Smi-Grey “Metallic- Sound” Bowls With or Without White Paintings Type: 123a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I6.0406.L.229.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an Omphalus base, a carinated body and a flanged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, dense, finely levigated and hard fired. White painted wavy lines are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.16m Base D.0.05m Height 0.073m

Type: 123b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 1000. L.980.001 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a gutter rim. Gray/brown ware 7.5YR 6/22, finely levigated, dense and hard fired to a metallic tone. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 123c Type: 123a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 0877. L976.001 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a carinated body and a flanged rim. Gray ware 2.5YR 4/0, dense, finely levigated and hard fired to a metallic tone. White painted patterns in a wavy line are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 123c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1094. L118.008 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a double-flanged rim. Gray ware 2.5YR 5/0, dense, finely levigated and hard fired to a metallic tone. White painted ornaments in a wavy line are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.14m

89

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 123d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I2.0043. L023.005 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a flanged rim, a flat string cut base and a carinated body. Gray ware 2.5YR 4/0, dense, finely levigated and hard fired to a metallic tone. White painted patterns in a wavy line are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.16m Height 0.08m Base D. 0.08m

Type: 123e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1424. L129.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim, triangular in section. The ware is as mentioned above. Rim D.0.18m

Type: 123f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0126. L.657.006 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a wide guttered ledge rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, dense, finely levigated and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. White painted decorations are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.26m

90

Y. D. ARNON Type: 123f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0214.L.121.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide grooved everted rim. Reddish yellow ware7.5YR 7/6, dense, finely levigated and hard fired to a reddish gray hue. White painted wavy lines are decorating the outer surface. Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 123g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0625. L863.001 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a flanged rim and bevelled walls. Light red ware 5YR 7/6, dense, finely levigated and hard fired to a light weak red/brown hue 5YR2. White painted wavy lines are applied exterior only. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 123h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1087. L115.007 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a double flanged rim. Light red ware 5YR 7/4, dense, finely levigated and hard fired to a weak red hue. White painted patterns in a wavy line are applied exterior only. Rim D. 0.14m

Type: 123i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0198.L.068.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an inverted rim with a thumb decorated ridge below. Gray ware 2.5Y 5/0, dense, finely levigated and hard fired. Decorated with white painted wavy lines are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.08m

91

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 123j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I9.0764.L.923 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, a carinated body and an everted rim. Light red ware 2.5 YR 6/6, well made and hard fired to a pale brown hue. White painted ornaments are applied on the outer surface Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.042m Height 0.09m

124. Light Red Coarse Bowls With or Without Decorations (Painted, Incised and Thumbed Decorations). Type: 143a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7. 0158. L.059.001 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of an everted rim-triangular in section and a slightly ribbed globular body. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, coarsely levigated and crudely made, porous and sandy in texture and containing an abundance of white grits and grog inclusions in various sizes. Self slipped in a white/ buffish hue 10YR 8/2 (probably due to the use of salt water in the past??) Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 124b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 0559. L783.003 Description: Shape as in the previous depiction. Pink ware 7.5YR 8/4, porous and sandy in texture. Self slipped to s buff hue on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.175m

92

Y. D. ARNON Type: 124c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 0868. L918.004 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a grooved rim. Pale yellow ware 2.5YR 8/4, coarsely levigated and crudely made, porous and sandy in texture and containing large quantities of white grits. Rim D. 0.24m

Type: 124d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5. 0126. L.657.005 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a thick everted rim. Yellowish/red ware 5YR 5/6, texture is as the previous. Barbutine decorations are applied on the outer walls. Rim D. 0.21m

Type: 124e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5. 0126. L. 657.004 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of an incurved thumb decorated rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, Rim D. 0.18m

93

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 124f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641/ 91-20 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body, concave base and a ledged rim bearing incised decorations. Light red/pink ware 5YR 7/4, containing small and medium size white grits and grog. Fired to a light red hue Rim D. 0.18m Base~0.1m Height~0.07m

Type: 124g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0138.L.081.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and an everted thumb decorated rim. Light red ware, porous in texture and containing small size white grits and grog inclusions. Rim D. 0.14m

Type: 124h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I2. 0040. L.023.002 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a bevelled inverted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, coarsely levigated and crudely made. White painted diagonal lines are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.18m

94

Y. D. ARNON Type: 124h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 0110. L.689.002 Description: Ware and shape as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.23m

Type: 124i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I2. 0040. L.023.003 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a thick everted rim- triangular in section. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, porous and sandy in texture, coarsely levigated and crudely made. White painted wavy lines are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.18m

125. Islamic Red Slipped Bowl. Type: 125a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0381.L.404.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly concave base, a carinated body and an incurved rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, porous and containing small size white grits, grog and mica inclusions. Light orange slipped interior and reddish brown exterior. Rim D. 0.18m Based D. 0.06m Height 0.06m

95

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 125a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5. 0142. L.662.001 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a carinated body and a slightly inverted rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, porous and containing white grits, grog and mica flakes. Orange slipped interior and red/purplish on the outer upper part. Rim D.0.225

Type: 125b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS. 0319. L.076.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an out-bent thick rim. The Fabric is as in the previous. Rim D. 0.35m

Type: 125c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS. 0313. L.076.001 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of an incurved body and rim. The ware is as mentioned above. Rim D.0.275m

96

Y. D. ARNON Type: 125c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7. 0312. L.142.004 Description: Ware and shape as mentioned above. Rim D.0.2m

Type: 125d Form: Bowl (large cup) Registration No.: 3/96 I2. 0043. L.023.002 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of incurved walls and rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D.0.16m

Type: 125e Form: Bowl Registration No.: Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0392.L.828.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly pointed concave base, carinated body and a slightly incurved rim. Pink ware 5YR 8/4, porous in texture and containing small size white grits, grog and mica inclusions. Orange slipped interior and reddish/ brown exterior on the upper part. Rouletting decorations (three rows) are applied on the upper part of the vessel. Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.075m

97

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 125f Form: Bowl Registration No.: Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0655.L.416.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly pointed concave base, carinated body and a slightly incurved rim. Pink ware 5YR 8/4, porous in texture and containing small size white grits, grog and mica inclusions. Orange slipped interior and reddish/ brown exterior on the upper part. Rouletting decorations (three rows) are applied on the upper part of the vessel. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.07m

Type: 125f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS. 0404. L.076.001 Description: A wheel made bowl, consists of a carinated body and a sharp rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Three rows of roulette ornaments are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.175m

98

Y. D. ARNON Type: 125g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 0925. L.980.001 Description: A wheel made bowl, consists of a slightly concave base, a carinated body and a sharp rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. One row of roulette pattern is applied on the outer surface just below the rim. Rim D. 0.185 Height 0.075m Base D. 0.1m

126. Red/Brown and Black Decorated Painted Bowls. Type: 126a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0539.L.760.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a rounded everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 8/4, porous and containing white grits, grog and mica inclusions. Reddish yellow 5YR 7/6 slipped on both sides under a red/brown painted decoration. Rim D. 0.12 Height~0.06m

Type: 126a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0545.L.314.001 Description: Shape, ware, slip and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.2

99

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 126a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7. 0226. L.095.013 Description: Ware and shape are as mentioned above. Rim D.0.16m

Type: 126b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 0934. L.980.001 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a carinated body and a slightly inverted rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Yellowish/white slipped on both sides under dark red painted diagonal streaks on the outer surface upper part. Rim D. 0.16m

127. Kerbschnitte Decorated Bowls. Type: 127a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641/3-13-19 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base, a carinated body and an everted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, dense, well made and hard fired. Containing white and small size hard black grits (basalt??) Rim D. 0.196m Base D.0.16m Height 0.074m Type: 129b

100

Y. D. ARNON Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/94.II.37764 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly pointed concave base, carinated body and a straight rim. Reddish/yellow ware 7.5YR 7/6, dense, well-potted ad hard fired, containing white and small size hard black grits (basalt??). The inner surface is red slipped while the outer is weak red slipped. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. ~0.085 Height 0.085m

Type: 127c Form: Bowl Registration No.:42/93 I6. 1087. L.115.018 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a flat base and vertical walls slightly bevelled. Dark reddish brown ware 5YR 3/2, dense, finely levigated and hard fired and containing very small size white grits. White and red painted ornaments are applied on the inner surface. Base D. 0.185m

Type: 127d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I6.0185.L.350.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of vertical walls and a straight rim. Weak red ware 10R 4/4, dense, finely levigated and hard fired. Dark brown and white painted ornaments are applied on the inner surface. Rim D.0.17m

101

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 127e Form: Bowl Registration No.: C87/Z-060 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base on three short feet, a carinated vertical body and a flanged rim. The outer edge of the rim is cut to equal notches all around. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6 fine and unevenly fired. The inner surface is painted in green, yellow and black slip painted floral pattern. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.094m Height 0.07m

128. Black Slipped and Burnished Bowls Type: 128a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1116.L.053.001 Description: Hand made, consists of a flat base, vertical walls, a straight rim and a ledge handle attached to the middle of the vessels. Gray ware 2.5YR 4/0 coarsely levigated and containing large quantities of white grits. Black slipped and burnished on the outer surface under a white filled incised decoration. Rim D. 0.24m Base D. 0.23m Height 0.1m

102

Y. D. ARNON Type: 128a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0195.L.063.002 Description: Shape, ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D.0.1m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.06m

Type: 128a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690 Description: Ware, shape and decoration are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.175 Base D. 0.15m Height 0.06m

Type: 128a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC30.0024.L.011.005 Description: Shape, ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.14m Base D. 0.12m Height 0.055m

103

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 128b Form: Bowl Registration No.: C87/Z-170 Description: Hand made, consists of a flat base a slightly incurved body and rim. The ware and decoration technique as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. 0.18m Height 0.05m

Type: 128c Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/1123 Description: Hand made, consists of a flat base, vertical walls, a levelled rim and a ledge handle remnant. Ware and decoration technique are as mentioned in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.14m Base D. 0.14m Height 0.06m

Type: 128c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641/13-119 Description: Hand made, consists of a carinated body and a straight rim. Ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.16m Height ~0.05m

104

Y. D. ARNON Type: 128c Form: bowl Registration No.: 7/95 I7.00001.L.373 Description: Shape, ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.16m ~Height 0.08m

Type: 128c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641/13-120 Description: Shape, ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.11 ~Height 0.05m

105

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 128d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641/19-262 Description: Hand made, consists of carinated body, straight rim and a ledge handle. Ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim d. 0.15m

Type: 128e Form: Shovel Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0098.L.255.001 Description: Hand made, consists of a rounded reservoir bearing four legs and a cylindrical handle. Ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.11 Height 0.054m

106

Y. D. ARNON Type: 128f Form: Plat Registration No.: 10/94 NN12.0065.L.023 Description: Hand made, consists of a string cut flat base and wide ledge rim decorated with Zig-Zag incisions. Gray ware 2.5YR 4/0, coarsely levigated and containing an abundance of white grits. Black slipped and burnished both sides under a white filled incised decoration interior only. Rim D. 0.078m Base D. 0.035m Height 0.015m

Type: 128g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0210.L.121 Description: Hand made, consists of a wide ledge rim decorated with a white filled incised decoration in a zig-zag pattern. Ware, slip and burnish are as in the previous depiction. Rim D.0.25m

107

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 128g Form: Bowl Registration No.: C87/Z-172 Description: Shape, ware and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.23m Base D.0.13m Height 0.02m

Type: 128h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 CC55.0007.L.019.001 Description: Hand made, consists of a flat base, vertical walls and an everted rim cut in zig zag sections. Dark brown ware 10YR 4/4, coarsely levigated and poorly fired. Containing large quantities of medium and small size white grits. The outer and inner surfaces are black slipped and burnished. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.16m Height 0.05m

2. Glazed Bowls. 221. Coptic Glazed bowls. Type: 221a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5. 0113. L.646.003 Description: A wheel made Bowl, Consists of incurved walls and a straight rounded rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, porous and containing small size white grits, grog and mica flakes. Pinkish slipped both sides under a dark green glazed interior only. Rim D. 0.26m

108

Y. D. ARNON Type: 221a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5. 0103. L.646.002 Description: Ware and shape are as in the previous depiction. Pinkish slipped on both sides, under yellow, dark brown and green painting under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.155m

Type: 221a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5. 0173. L.684.002 Description: Ware and shape as in the previous depiction. Pinkish slipped on both sides, under yellow, dark brown and green colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.3m Height~0.04m

Type: 221b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0531.L.857 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base, incurved body and a levelled rim. Ware and slip as in the previous depiction, under a dark green painted inscription on a yellow and turquoise background. (The upper word consists the letters ‫آﻪ‬, which is probably Baraka= Blessing) Rim D. 0.22m Base D. 0.12m Height 0.05m

109

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 221c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0400.L.838 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base containing a wide grove, carinated body and a levelled rim. Ware and slip as in the previous depiction, under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.26m Base D. 0.14m Height 0.06m

Type: 221c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/94.II.3935 Description: Shape, ware and slip as in the previous depiction, under a monochrome glaze interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.28m Based D. 0.12m Height 0.053m

110

Y. D. ARNON Type: 221c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/95 I2.0216.L.000 Description: Wheel made, shape, ware and slip as the previous depiction. Dark brown painted ornaments are applied to the inner surface on a green colour splashed background. The outer surface is glazed with a green colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.12m Height 0.04m

Type: 221c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 TP19.L.126.001 Description: Shape, ware and slip as the previous depiction. The inner surfaces decorated with black, brown and yellow paintings on a green glaze. The outer surface is glazed with green stains. Rim D. 0.175 Base D.0.1m Heights 0.046m

111

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 221c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 TP19.L.126.002 Description: Shape, ware and slip as the previous. Black slips painted decorations are applied on the inner surface on a yellow and green colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.135m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.045m

Type: 221c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0377.L.420.002 Description: Shape probably as in the previous depiction and so are the ware and the slip. Green slip painted ornaments in a cross section circles pattern are applied on the inner surface on a pale yellow background. Base D. 0.1m

Type: 221c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 KK14.0003.L.004.001 Description: Shape is probably as the in the previous depiction and so are the ware, slip and decoration Base D. 0.1m

112

Y. D. ARNON Type: 221d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1125.L.053.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a levelled incurved rim. Ware and slip as in the previous depiction. White slip painted decorations is applied on a green glazed background. Rim D. 0.24m

222. Monochrome Glazed Bowls. Type: 222a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0773.L.895 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim and a flat string cut base. Light red ware 5YR 5/4, finely levigated and well made. Thin white slip is applied on the inner surface under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.045m Height 0.06m

Type: 222a Form: Bowl Registration No.:10/94 I9.0184.L.936 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base and a flaring body and rim. Light brown fabric 7.5YR 6/4, finely levigated and well potted. The entire bowl is covered by a shiny lead green glaze. Rim D.0.2m Base D.0.085m Height0.065m

Type: 222b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 1053. L.037.004 Description: Wheel made bowl, consists of a flaring rim. Pinkish ware 5YR 7/4, green glazed is applied directly on the clay on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.16m

113

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 222c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0456.L.319 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, flaring body and rim. The fabric is pale yellow, 2.5Y 8/3, finely levigated and well potted. Containing small size white grits and fine crushed grog. Pale green glaze is applied on the inner and outer surface. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.06m

Type: 222d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1249.L.106.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical body and a slightly everted rim. Buff (pale yellow) ware 2.5Y 8/3, porous and brittle, containing abundance of small size white grits. Turquoise/green lead glaze is applied on the inner and outer surface. Rim D. 0.23m

Type: 222d Registration No.: 7/95 Z.0516.L.172.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a flaring rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, sandy and containing small size white grits and grog inclusions. White slipped on both sided, under a white lead glaze. Rim D. 0.28m

114

Y. D. ARNON 223. Colour Splash Glazed Bowls. Type: 223a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1249.L.106.007 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical body and an everted rim. Light reddish ware (pink) 5YR 6/4, finely levigated and well made. White slipped both sides under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze interior and a yellow monochrome exterior. Rim D.0.29m

Type: 223b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1249.L.106.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical body and an everted rim. Light reddish ware 5YR 6/4, porous, well made, and containing large quantities of white grits. White slipped on both sides under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze interior Rim D.0.25

Type: 223c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I4.0859.L.633 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base. The ware is buff (pale yellow) 5Y 8/3, porous and well made. White slipped interior under brown and yellow colour splashed glaze. Base D. 0.08m

Type: 223d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0292.L.043 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical body and an everted rim. Light reddish (pink) ware 5YR 7/4, well-made and containing small size white grits. White slipped both sides, under turquoise/ blue colour splashed glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.18m

115

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 223e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0446.L.465.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical body and a levelled rim. Buff (pale yellow) ware 5Y 8/3, well made and containing small size white grits and fine crushed grog. White slipped interior under green and yellow colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.23

224. Moulded Glazed Ware. Type: 224a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7. 0262. L.095.001 Description: Mould made bowl, consists of a flat base, vertical walls and a wide ledged rim. Pale yellow ware 2.5Y 7/3, porous and containing very small size white and hard black grits (basalt??). “Cone shaped” printed leafs on the outer surface under a mustard yellow glaze both sides. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.16m Height 0.05m

Type: 224b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0215.L.687 Description: Mould made, consists of a flat base, vertical walls and an everted rim. Light reddish (pink) ware 5YR 7/4, finely levigated and well potted. White slipped on both sides, under a pale green glaze interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.16m Base D.0.14m Height 0.05n

116

Y. D. ARNON Type: 224c Form: Bowl Registration No.: C89 I1.0048.L.017 Description: Mould made, consists of a flat base, vertical walls and an everted rim slightly inclines inwards. Light reddish (pink ware) 5YR 7/4, porous and brittle, containing small size white grits and grog inclusions. The inner surface is glazed in mustard yellow and green bands. The outer surface and base are covered randomly with olive green and yellow mixed fluid glaze. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.03m

Type: 224c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/98 LL1.0653.L.240 Description: Mould made, consists of vertical walls and an everted rim slightly inclines inwards. Light reddish (pink ware) 5YR 7/4, porous and brittle, containing small size white grits, grog and hard black ones (basalt?). The inner surface is glazed with green and yellow bands with few drops on the outer lip. No glaze on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 224c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/98 LL1.L.235 Description: Mould made, consists of a flat base, vertical walls and an everted rim slightly inclines inwards. Ware and glaze as the previous (but another mold) Rim D. 0.12m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.04m

117

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 224d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I5. 0020. L.587 Description: A mould made bowl, consists of a flat base, incurved walls and rim. Light gray/pale brown ware 10YR 7/2-7/3, porous and brittle and containing small size white grits and grog inclusions. Yellow and green lead glazed interior only. Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.11m Height 0.02m

225. Blue on White Glazed Painted Ware. Type: 225a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 63/00 TP7 0442.L.302 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, flaring body and rim. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, finely levigated, well made and hard fired. Cobalt blue painted floral depictions are applied on an opaque white tin glaze on the inner surface and plain white tin glaze on the outer Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.07m

118

Y. D. ARNON 226. Glazed Kerbschnitte Style Ware. Type: 226a Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/195 Description: Wheel made, consists of vertical walls with Kerbschnitte decorations. Pink ware 7.5YR, finely levigated and meticulously made. Shiny green glaze is applied on both sides.

3. Cups and Goblets 322. Marble Ware (fine ware) Cups: Plain, Slipped or Painted. Type: 322a Form: Cup Registration No.: 7/95 TP12.0223.L.000 Description: Wheel made, consist of a flat base containing two concentric grooved circles. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 7/4, dense, well made and hard fired. Light brown bands following the wheels marks are visible on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.1m Base D.0.055m Height 0.08m

Type: 322a Form: Cup Registration No.: 42/93 I6. 1087. L.115 Description: A wheel made cup, consists of a string cut base containing two concentric circles, incurved body and rim. Light brown ware 7.5YR 7/4, dense, finely levigated and hard fired. Rim D. 0.075m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.045m

119

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 322a Form: Cup Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 0877 L.976.002 Description: Ware and shape are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.10m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.08m

Type: 322b Form: Cup Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0792.L.863.002 Description: Ware and shape are as in the previous depiction. White slipped on the outer surface only. Rim D. 0.13m

Type: 322c Form: Cup Registration No.: C87.Z.5072 Description: Shape and ware as in the previous depiction. Red slipped exterior only. Rim D. 0.14 Base D. 0.031m Height 0.148

120

Y. D. ARNON Type: 322c Form: Cup Registration No.: 47/92 I6.0085.L.548 Description: Ware, shape and slip as in the previous. Rim D. 0.08m Base D. 0.03m Height 0.07m

Type: 322d Form: Cup Registration No.: 3/96 I6.0400.L.229 Description: Shape and ware are as in the previous depiction. White painted circles consists of small dots in a radiated pattern are applied on the outer surface Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.11m

Type: 322d Form: Cup Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0167. L076.001 Description: Wheel made cup, consists of an incurved body and rim. Ware us as in the previous description. White painted decorations are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.15m

121

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 322d Form: Cup Registration: 10/94 I4.1070.L.011.001 Description: Shape and ware are as in the previous depiction. White painted circles are applied on the outer surface. Rim D.0.112m

Type: 322e Form: Cup Registration No: 10/94 I9.0181.L.932 Description: Shape and ware are as in the previous depiction. Black and white painted ornaments are applied on the outer surface Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.032m Height 0.157

Type: 322e Form: Cup Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0226. L095.005 Description: A wheel made cup, consists of an incurved body and rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Black and white slips painted decorations are applied on the outer surface only. Rim D.0.1m

122

Y. D. ARNON Type: 322f Form: Cup Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1021.L.016.001 Description: Shape and ware are as in the previous depiction. Dark brown painted decorations are applied on the outer surface Rim D. 0.09m

4. Basins. 421. Red Ware, Hand Made With or Without Decorations. Type: 421a Form: Basin Registration No.: 15/97 I7.L.095 Description: Hand made, Consists of a conical body and a straight rim. Reddish/yellow ware, 5YR /6, coarsely levigated, poorly fired and containing an abundance of organic and mica inclusions. Rim D. 0.46m

Type: 421b Form: Basin Registration No.: 1641-12-13 Description: Hand made, consists of a wide ledge rim. Reddish brown ware 2.5YR 5/4, coarsely levigated, poorly fired and containing an abundance of organic inclusions. Rim D. 0.25m

123

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 421c Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1098.L.055 Description: Hand made, consists of a conical body, flat base and an everted rim-triangular in section. Red ware 10R 4/6, coarse potted, poorly fired and containing organic and mica inclusions. Rim D. 0.44m Height ~ 0.35m

Type: 421d Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 I6. 0142. L.352.003 Description: Production technique and ware are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.59m Base D. 0.0425m Height 0.225m

Type: 421e Form: Basin Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0120.L.059 Description: Hand made, consists of a thick everted rim. Red ware 2.5YR 4/6, coarsely potted, poorly fired and containing organic and mica inclusions. Rim D. 0.38m

124

Y. D. ARNON Type: 421f Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0617.L.863.001 Description: Hand made, consists of a conical body and a hole-mouth rim. The ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.3m

Type: 421g Form: Basin Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0126.L.657.009 Description: Hand made, consists of bevelled walls and a thick rounded rim. Red ware 2.5YR 4/8 coarsely levigated, crudely made and poorly fired, containing organic, mica and grog inclusions. Rim D. 0.47m

422. Red Ware, Wheel Made With or Without Decorations. Type: 422a Form: Basin Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1087.L.115.016 Description: Wheel made, consists of a thick everted rim-triangular in section. The ware is red 10R 4/8, well potted and hard fired. Rim D.0.35m

Type: 422a Form: Basin Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1094.L.118.004 Description: Ware and shape are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.4m

125

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 422b Form: Basin Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1087.L115.017 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rounded rim and decorated with a combed wavy line below the rim. The ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.25m

Type: 422c Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0082.L.688.001 Description: Ware as mentioned in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.3m

Type: 422d Form: Basin Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0292.L.043 Description: Wheel made, consists of a thick out-bent rim, ware as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.4m

Type: 422e Form: Basin Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0118.L.648 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim-triangular in section- with a wide groove below. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6, coarsely levigated and poorly fired, leaving a thick gray core. Rim D. 0.26m

423. Gray Ware, Hand made With or Without Decorations. Type: 423a Form: Basin: Registration No.: 7 /95 TPS.0209.L.076.001 Description: Hand made, consists of a grooved ledged rim, thumb decorated. The ware is dark gray 2.5YR N4, dense and containing sand and white grits inclusions. Rim D. 0.43m

126

Y. D. ARNON Type: 423b Form: Basin Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0152.L.650 Description: Hand made, consist of an everted rim-triangular in section. Gray ware 2.5YR 4/0, relatively dense and well made, containing inclusions as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.42m

Type: 423c Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0190.L.063.001 Description: Hand made, consists of a thick everted rim thumb decorated. Ware and production technique as is mentioned above. Rim D. 0.3m

424. Gray Ware, Wheel made With or Without Decorations Type: 424a Form: Basin Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0195.L.684.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a thick everted rim-triangular in section and decorated with a combed wavy line. Gray ware 7.5YR 5/0, dense, well potted and hard fired Rim D. 0.38m

425. Light Red Ware With or Without Decorations. Type: 425a Form: Basin Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0243.L.130 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim- triangular in section. Incised decorations are applied on the outer surface below the rim and on the rim surface. Light reddish/ brown ware 5YR 6/3, coarsely levigated and poorly fired, leaving a gray core. Rim D. 0.33m

127

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 425b Form: Basin Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0123.L.657.009 Description: Ware and shape are as the previous depiction but without the incisions on the rims surface Rim D. 0.3m

Type: 425c Form: Basin Registration: 10/94 I4.0570.L.783.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly inverted rim with combed band and wavy line decorations below the rim. Light red ware 10R 6/6, coarsely levigated and crudely made, including an abundance of white grits, sand and ash tempers. The vessel is fired to a pinkish hue. Rim D. 0.42m

Type: 425d Form: Basin Registration No.: 15/97 I5.0310.L.792.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim –triangular in section. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, porous and containing white grits and hard black ones (basalt??) Rim D. 0.4m

Type: 425e Form: Basin Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0167.L.063 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hole-mouth rim decorate with thumbprints and two loop handle attached to the rim. Light red ware 2.5 YR 6/8, coarsely potted and poorly fired. The outer surface is decorated with combed ornaments in bands and wavy lines. Rim D. 0.5m

128

Y. D. ARNON 5. Jugs and Juglets. 521. Fine Buff Ware - Plain, Moulded, Incised and Barbutine Decorated. Type: 521a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 3/96 I5. 1130. L.657.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a straight rim. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3, finely levigated and well fired. Rim D. 0.06m

Type: 521b Form: Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0366.L.417 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, a levelled rim, and a handle remnant, attached to the rim. The fabric is buff 5Y 8/3, finely levigated and well fired. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 521c Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 CC30.0025.L011.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a levelled rim with a loop handle which is attached to the rim. Combed decorations are applied below the rim. The fabric is buff 5Y 8/2, finely levigated and well made. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 521d Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94. CC51.0138.L.081 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly incurved neck, a levelled rim, and a loop handle extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.07m

129

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 521e Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1064.L.118.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved neck, an everted, bevelled rim, triangular in section, and a loop handle remnant, attached to the rim. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 521f Form: Jug Registration No: 3/96 I5.0130.L.657.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved neck, an everted rim, triangular in section, and a loop handle remnant with an additional knob, attached to the rim and extends above. Buff ware 5Y 8/3 Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 521g Form: Jug Registration: 15/97 I7.0167.L.063 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut discus base. Pale yellow ware 2.5Y 7/3, fired to a buff surface 2.5Y 8/2. Base D. 0.07m

Type: 521f Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0312.L.142.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut discus base. Buff ware 5Y 8/4 Base D. 0.06m

130

Y. D. ARNON Type: 521g Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0214.L.121 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base with three concentric grooved circles. Very pale brow ware 10YR 8/3 fired to a buff hue. Well made and finely levigated. Base D. 0.12m

Type: 521h Form: Jug Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0123.L.657.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved neck and rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, containing small size white grits, grog and mica inclusions and fired to a buff hue. Rim D. 0.06m

Type: 521i Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1424.L.191 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, with a seven holes strainer, at its bottom. Buff ware 5Y 8/3 Strainer D. 0.082m

131

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 521i Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0250.L.130.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, with six holes strainer at its bottom. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, fired to a buff surface 2.5Y 8/3. Strainer D. 0.06m

Type: 521i Form: Jug Registration No.: 1641/19-18 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a multi holes strainer placed at its bottom. The ware is buff 5Y 8/4, finely levigated and well potted. Strainer D. 0.06m

132

Y. D. ARNON Type: 521j Form: Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0447.L.465.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a relatively toll neck, consists of a prominent ridge, and a three holes strainer at its bottom. The fabric is light red 2.5YR 6/6 and fired to a buff hue 2.5Y 8/3. Strainer D. 0.042

Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No: 42/93 I6.1116.L.053.017 Description: Mould made, consists of a funnel neck. Buff ware 5Y 8/3 Rim D.0.08m

133

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 521k Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1568.L.176 Description: Mould made, consists of a decorated flat base, a globular body, a cylindrical neck and a slightly everted rim with a stylistic strainer and a handle remnant on the shoulder. Buff ware 2.5YR 8/3 Base D. 0.11m Rim D. 0.06m Strainer D. 0.048m Height 0.12m

Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0547.L.334 Description: Mould made, consists of a globular body. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3.

134

Y. D. ARNON Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No: 42/93 I6.1116.L.053.012 Description: Mould made, consists of a funnel neck. Buff ware 5Y 8/3 Rim D.0.1m

Type: 521k Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0570.L.783.004 Description: Ware and shape are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.058m

Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0393.L.436.002 Description: Mould made, consists of a globular body, cylindrical neck and a levelled rim. The ware is buff ware 2.5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.073

135

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0153.L.059 Description: Mould made, consists of a slightly incurved rim. The ware is buff 5Y 7/3. Rim D. 0.07m

Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 3/96.I5.0199.L.694 Description: Mould made, consists of a slightly incurved rim. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0834.L.891.001 Description: Ware and shape are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 KK50.0092.L.028.002 Description: Ware and shape as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.08m

136

Y. D. ARNON Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0375.L.422 Description: Mould made, consists of a globular body and handles remnants attached to the shoulders. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3. On the joining point between the two molds an inscription is observed, “So break the pitcher” ‫ﻓﺎﮐﺴﺮﻩ اﻟﻤﻘﺮﻓﻪ‬ Max. W. 0.15m

Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0162.L.071 Description: Mould made, consists of a flat discus base. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 7/6, fired to a pale yellow/buff hue 2.5Y 8/3 Base D. 0.06m

137

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1144.L.053.003 Description: Mould made, consists of a globular body, and a flat base, which stands on three small knobs. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3. Base D. 0.1m

Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 KK50.0092.L.028.001 Description: Ware and shape are as in the previous depiction. Base D. 0.08m

138

Y. D. ARNON Type: 521k Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1116.L.053.002 Description: Ware, shape and decoration technique are as in the previous depiction. Base D. 0.08m

Type: 521l Form: jug Registration No.: 3/96.I5.0126.L.657.007 Description: Wheel made, consists s of an incurved neck and rim with a handle remnant attached to the rim. Incised decorations are applied on the shoulders. Buff ware 5Y 8/3 Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 521m Form: Juglet Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0226.L.095.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved neck and rim, and a small vertical loop handle, extend below the rim onto the neck, with a knob attached at its apex. The fabric is buff 5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.06m

139

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 521n Form: Juglet Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0262.L.095.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly incurved neck and rim, with a decorated loop handle. Ware as mentioned above. Barbutine decorations are applied below the rim Rim D. 0.052m

Type: 521n Form: Juglet Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0262.L.095.010 Description: Ware, Shape and decoration technique are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.05m

Type: 5210 Form: jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0808.L.918.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a double knob handle attached to the neck and extends above the rim. Buff ware 5YR 8/3. Rim D. 0.06m

Type: 521p Form: Jug Registration No: 7/95 I7.0356.L.068 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring rim, a loop handle with a knob decoration, which extend frown the rim onto the shoulder, and a strainer remnant at the neck’s bottom. The ware is buff 2.5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.12m

140

Y. D. ARNON Type: 521q Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0900.L.006.021 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring rim, with a strainer remnant. Imprint decorations. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3 Rim D. 0.16m.

Type: 521r Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1292.L.108.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, a slightly everted rim and an ornate handle extend from the rim onto the mid neck. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.065m

522. Gray or Weak Red, Plain or White Painted Jugs and Juglets Type: 522a Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 CC11.0126.L.180 Description: Wheel made, consists of an Omphalus base, a slightly carinated body, a conical neck, an everted rim and a loop handle, extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue10R 5/3. White painted ornaments in a wavy line are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.08m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.2m

141

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 522b Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0247.L076 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck and an everted bevelled rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, dense, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Rim D.0.08m

Type: 522c Form: Jug Registration No.: 3/96 I4.0051.L.646.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a slightly everted rim and a loop handle attached to the rim and extends onto the shoulders. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, dense, well potted and hard fired to a grayish hue with pink stains. Rim D.0.097m

Type: 522d Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1087.L.115.001 Description: Wheel made, consist of a grooved flanged rim. Gray ware 7.5YR 4/0, well made, levigated and hard fired. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 522e Form: Jug Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0117.L.650 Description: Wheel made, consists of a fine ribbed cylindrical neck, and a grooved flanged rim. Gray ware 2.5YR 5/0 with light red stains, containing very small size white grits. Well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.07m

142

Y. D. ARNON Type: 522f Form: Jug Registration No.: 6/93.II.34027 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ribbed neck and levelled grooved rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 4/6, dense, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 522g Form: Jug Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0109.L.649 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, slightly incurved neck and a levelled grooved rim. Reddish yellow ware7.5YR 7/6 well made and hard fired to a weak red/gray hue on the outer surface only. White painted decorations in a wavy line are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 522h Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0312.L.142.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a conical neck, an inverted rim – triangular in section, and a white painted loop handle attached to the rim and extends onto the shoulder. Reddish yellow ware 7.5YR 7/6, finely levigated, and hard fire to a gray hue. White painted wavy lines decorate the outer surface. Rim D. 0.07m

143

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 522i Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0222.L.095.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, an everted rim-triangular in section and a white decorated loop handle attached to the rim. Reddish gray ware 5YR 5/2, dense, finely levigated and well made. White painted decorations are applied on the outer surface Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 522j Form: Jug Registration No.: 38/92 III.30225 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ribbed globular body, a grooved everted rim and a loop handle extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 5/2. White painted ornaments in a wavy line are applied on the handle and on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 522k Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0082.L.688.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring neck and a guttered rim. Light red ware 10R 6/8, finely levigated, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 5/2. White painted wavy lines are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.12m

144

Y. D. ARNON Type: 522l Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 CC30.0001.L.001.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an incurved neck and rim and a tripled loop handle which extend from the neck onto the lower body. Weak red ware 2.5YR 4/2, finely levigated, well made and hard fired Rim D. 0.038

523. “Marble Ware” Jugs and Juglets, Plain, or Black and White Painted Ornaments. Type: 523a Form: Jug Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0123.L.657.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flanged rim and a cylindrical neck. The fabric is as in type 121. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 523b Form: Juglet Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0225.L.238 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck and an everted rim, triangular in section, and a loop handle remnant attached to the rim and extends above it. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, dense, well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 523c Form: Juglet Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0113.L.646.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a fine ribbed cylindrical neck and an everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, finely levigated, well made and hard fired. Brown bands following the wheels marks are observed on the inner and outer surface. Rim D. 0.06m

145

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 523d Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0125.L.238 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base, and a bag shaped body. Light red pink ware 2.5YR 6/6, dense, well made and hard fired. Red slipped on the outer surface under a white and a dark brown painted decoration. Base D. 0.05m Max. W. 0.14m

Type: 523e Form: Juglet Regis ratio No.: 1683/94-2 Description: Wheel made, Light red/pink ware 5YR 7/4, dense, well made and hard fired. Black and white painted decorations are applied on the outer surface on the shoulders.

Type: 523f Form: Juglet/ vase Registration No.: 6/93.III.30683 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base with three concentric grooves, and a levelled rim. Light red/pink ware 5YR 7/4, well made, dense and hard fired. Black painted diagonal streaks are applied on the outer surface Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.052 Height 0.12m

146

Y. D. ARNON 524. Fine Red Ware Jugs and Juglets, With or Without Strainers. Type: 524a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 7/95 Z.0521.L.172 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a funnel neck with a strainer remnant at its bottom and a levelled rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, finely levigated, well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.09m Strainer D. 0.05m

Type: 524b Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0333.L.803.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut discus base and a globular body, Red ware 2.5YR 5/8 well made and hard fired. Base D. 0.053m

525. Micaceous Red Ware Jugs and Juglets. Type: 525a Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0167.L.063 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base and a globular body. The ware is red 10R 5/6, containing mica, grog and small size white grits. Base D.: 0.055m

147

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 525b Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95.I7.0636.L.393.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring neck and a straight rim. Red ware 10R 3/6, containing mica, grog and small size white grits, White slipped exterior under a dark brown painted decoration. Rim D. 0.055m

Type: 525c Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95.I7.0636.L.393.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a flaring rim with a ridge below it. The ware and the decoration technique are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.075

Type: 525d Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95.I7.0660.L.373.001 Description: Ware and decoration are as mentioned above.

Type: 525e Form: Jug Registration No.: 3/98 LL4.0363.L.172 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck, a slightly everted rim-rounded in section and a loop handle, which is attached to the mid neck. Dark brown ware 7.5YR 5/5, porous and brittle, containing white grits and abundance of mica flakes. Pinkish/white slipped on the outer surface under a dark brown ornament. Rim D. 0.08m

148

Y. D. ARNON Type: 525f Form: Small Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0413.L.840 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base, a globular body, a cylindrical neck’ a levelled rim and a loop handle, which extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Red ware 2.5YR 5/4, porous and brittle, containing white grits, grog and mica inclusions. White slipped on the outer surface under a dark brown/reddish painted ornament. Rim D. 0.03m Base D. 0.018m Height 0.04m

Type: 525g Form: Jug Registration No: 42/93 I6.0787.L.863.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body. Red ware 10R 5/8, porous and brittle, containing white grits and mica flakes. Pinkish slipped on the outer surface under a dark brown painted decoration.

526. Coarse Red Ware Jugs and Juglets, With Strainers. Catalogue: Type: 526a Form: as the previous Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0095.L.689.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridged neck with a three holes strainer at its bottom. Red ware 5YR 7/6, coarsely levigated and crudely made, containing abundance of white grits, grog and hard black pebbles (basalt??). Strainer D. 0.046m

149

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 527. Kerbschnitte Decorated Jugs (Bottle) Type: 527a Form: Jug. Registration No: 6/93 II.34849 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly concave base, carinated body, a relatively high neck with three ridges at its lower part and an everted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, finely levigated, well made and fired to a weak red hue with gray stains. Kerbschnitte decorations are executed on the shoulders only. Rim D. 0.04m Base d. 0.14m Height 0.22m

528. Pilgrim Flasks. Type: 528a Form: Flask Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0198.L.699 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridge neck and an everted rim. Pink ware 5Yr 6/4, fired to a buffish/yellow hue 5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.04m

150

Y. D. ARNON Type: 528b Form: Flask Registration No.: 10/94 CC29.0017.L.009.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridged neck and a flanged rim. The ware is buff 5Y 8/4, sandy in texture and containing large quantities of white grits. Rim D. 0.06

7. Cooking Ware. 721. Open Cooking Pots (Casseroles). Type: 721a Form: Casserole Registration No.: 47/92 I6.0090.L.648 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly everted rim, elongated body, concave base and two horizontal loop handles below the rim. Gray ware 5Y 5/1, well-made and containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.28m Base D. 0.12m Height 0.18m

Type: 721a Form: Casserole Registration No.: 15/97 I7.L.095 Description: Ware and shape are as mentioned above. Rim D. 024m

151

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 721b Form: Casserole Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1074.L.109 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated body, a levelled rim and two handles remnants attached to the rim. The ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 721c Form: Casserole Registration No.: 10/94 CC41.0054.L.035 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated body, concave base, a slightly everted rim and two horizontal loop handles, which are attached below the rim. The ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.22m Base D. 0.15m Height 0.13m

Type: 721d Form: Casserole Registration No.: 10/94 CC30.0024.L.011.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated ribbed body, concave base, a slightly everted rim and two loop handles, which are attached below the rim. The ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim d. 0.21m

Type: 721e Form: Casserole Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0753.L.981.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a grooved everted rim and two grooved handles which are attached below the rim. The ware, is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.175m

152

Y. D. ARNON Type: 721f Form: Casserole Registration No.: 47/92 I6.0090.L.648.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a sharp rim, elongated body, concave base and two loop handles, which are attached to the rim. Red ware 10R 4/6, well-made and containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.225m base D. 0.17m Height 0.21m Max width. 0.24m

Type: 721g Form: Casserole Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0082.L.688.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a sharp rim, elongated body and two vertical loop handles are attached below the rim. The ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.25m

Type: 721h Form: Casserole Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0150.L.081.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated body, a slightly everted rim-triangular in section- and a thumbed decorated ledge handle below the rim. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.2m

Type: 721i Form: Casserole Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0130.L.657.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of a levelled rim and two horizontal loop handles are attached below the rim. Red ware 2.5YR 4/4, well-made and containing large quantities of white grits. Rim D. 0.26m

153

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 721i Form: Casserole Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0333.L.803.004 Description: Shape and ware are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.2m

Type: 721j Form: Casserole Registration No.: 3/96 I7.0013.L.009.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim and rounded elongated body. Dark red ware 2.5YR 3/4 Rim D. 0.21m

8. Containers. 821. Storage Jar, Bag Shaped Gray or Weak Red Ware/Reduced Firing Type: 821a Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0377.L.420 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly conical neck and a thick everted rim. Red ware 10R 6/8, finely levigated and hard fired to a weak red hue. White painted ornaments are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 821b Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1087.L.115.019 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly conical neck and a guttered inverted rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.09m

154

Y. D. ARNON Type: 821c Form: Jar Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0116.L.059 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed cylindrical neck. Gray ware 2.5YR 4/0, thin walls and hard fired. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 821d Form: Jar Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0018.L.590 Description: Wheel made, consists of a short cylindrical neck and a thick levelled rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.11m

Type: 821e Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0581.L.857.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim, a cylindrical neck, slopping ribbed shoulders and two loop handles which are attached to the shoulders. Weak red ware 10R 4/2, well made and hard fired Rim D. 0.09m

155

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 821f Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0333.L.803.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ribbed concave neck, Red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fire to a weak red surface 10R 4/2 Rim D. 0.097m

Type: 821g Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0082.L.688.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a flanged rim. Weak red ware 2.5YR 4/2, well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 821h Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1053.L.095.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck, an incurved rim, slopping shoulders decorated with white painted ornaments in a way line. Light red ware 5YR 7/6, dense and hard fired to a gray hue Rim D. 0.11m

156

Y. D. ARNON Type: 821h Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1053.L.095.007 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck with a projecting ridge below, an incurved rim and slopping shoulders decorated with white painted ornaments. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.11m

Type: 821h Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0599.L.905.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, slopping ribbed shoulders, cylindrical neck, everted rim and two loop handles which are attached to the shoulders. White painted ornaments are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.1m

157

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 821i Form: Jar Registration No.: 3/96.I5.0130.L.657.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of an Omphalus base. Red ware 2.5YR 6/6 well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 5/2. Base D. 0.06m

822. Buff or Buff Self Slipped Bag Shaped Storage Jars. Type: 822a Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0559.L.783.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a relatively high conical neck and a sharp rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated, crudely made and fired to a yellowish/buff hue Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 822b Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0793.L.932.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a high cylindrical neck and a sharp rim. Light brown ware 7.5YR 6/4, coarsely levigated, crudely made and fired to a buff hue both sides. Rim D. 0.098m

158

Y. D. ARNON Type: 822b Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0570.L.783.003 Description: Ware and shape are as is in the previous depiction. Rim D.0.08m

823. Red Ware Coarsely Potted. Type: 823a Form: Jar Registration No.: 3/96 I2.0043.L.023.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of cylindrical neck and an inverted rim. Red ware 7.5YR 4/6, coarsely levigated and containing white grits and grog inclusions. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 823b Form: Jar Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0182.L.684.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave neck and an inverted rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.1m

159

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 823c Form: Jar Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0074.L.617 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave neck and an inverted rim. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.09m

824. Sphero-Conical Containers. Type: 824a Form: Sphero conical container. Registration No. 10/94 I4.0581.L.857.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a pointed base and an everted thick rim. Dark brown /gray ware 10YR 4/2, well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.02m Base D.0.01m Height 0.11m Max. Diameter 0.09m

Type: 824b Form: Sphero conical container Registration No.: 42/93 I6. 0775. L.326 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim-triangular in section and a globular body with a wide depression. Ware is as the previous. Rim D. 0.02m

160

Y. D. ARNON Form: Sphero conical container Registration No: 47/92 I6.0186.L.000 Description: Wheel made, body sherd bearing an inscription (‫)ﻧﺪاﻣﺔ‬

9. Large Containers / Pithoi 921. Zir Type: 921a Form: Zir Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0735.L.907 Description: Coil and wheel made, consists of a bag shaped ribbed body, a conical neck with a ridge below an everted rim and two loop handles are attached to the shoulders. Reddish/brown ware 2.5YR 5/4 well made and hard fired. Rim 0.06m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.35m Max W. 0.3m

Type: 921a Form: Zir Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0572.L.373 Description: Coil and wheel made, consists of a conical neck, an inverted rim, a ridge below the neck, two loop handles, which are attached to the shoulders and combing decorations towards to bodies lower part. Reddish brown ware 2.5YR 5/4, well made and hard fired to a pink surface 5YR 7/3 Rim D. 0.12m Max Width 0.5m

161

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 921a Form: Zir Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0625.L.863.002 Description: Ware and shape are a in the previous depiction Rim D. 0.1n

Type: 921b Form: Zir Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0123.L.657 Description: Coil and wheel made, consists of a ridged cylindrical neck. Ware and rim shape are as mentioned in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.09m

Form: Zir Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0567.L.898 Description: A handle bears a rounded stamp with an inscription” Alla is one” (‫)أﺣﺪ أﷲ‬

162

Y. D. ARNON Form: Zir Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0493.L.000 Description: Handle bears the inscription” Alla is one”

(‫)أﺣﺪ أﷲ‬

Form: Zir Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1154.L.954.001 Description: Ware, stamp and inscription are as mentioned above.

Form: Zir Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1601.L.174 Description: A handle bears a rounded stamp with an inscription “Blessing Ayyūb” ‫)اﻳﻮب( ﺑﺮآﻪ‬

163

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Form: Zir Registration No.: 10/94 CC52.0052.0035.L.053 Description: Handle, bears a rounded stamp with the inscription “from my first work” (‫)ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

Form: Zir Registration No.: 7/95 I6.L.000 Description: Handle, bears a rounded stamp with the inscription “from Dayr Samuil” (‫)ﻣﻦ دﻳﺮ ﺳﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬

164

Y. D. ARNON Form: Zir Registration No.: 42/93 I6 0483.L.000 Description: handle, bearing a rounded stamp, depicted with concentric circles.

922. Impressed and Barbutine Decorated Buff Ware Large Containers. Type: 922a Form: Large Jar Registration No.: 7/95 Z 0415.L.083.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck, an everted rim and two decorated loop handles, which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders. The ware is yellowish/buff 5Y 8/3, well made and fired. Stamped and Barbutine decorations are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.2m

165

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Stratum VI Mid 9th Mid 10th Centuries. 1. Table Ware. 131. Unglazed Bowls. Type: 131a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0701.L.870.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base and a flaring rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 8/4, coarsely levigated, crudely made and poorly fired. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.048m Height 0.07m

Type: 131b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0106.L.002.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut discus base and a levelled rim. Pale brown ware 10YR 6/3, coarsely levigated, crudely made, and containing an abundance of white grits in various sizes. Rim D. 0.12m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.06m

Type: 131c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0400.L.838.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical body and a levelled rim. Light red ware 5YR 8/3 coarsely levigated, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.21m

166

Y. D. ARNON Type: 131d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4 1012.L.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly carinated body and a concave base. The ware is red 10R 4/8, contacting mica flakes and grog inclusions. White slipped on both sides (probably Egyptian). Rim D. 0.12m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.04m

Type: 131e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.33911 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body, levelled rim and a concaved base. The ware is dark brown 10R 4/8, containing grits, mica and quartz inclusions. White slipped on both sides. Rim D. 0.3m Height ~0.1m

Type: 131f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1683.13 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat string cut base and a levelled rim. Light red/pink ware 5YR 7/4, porous and brittle, containing small size white grits and grog. Fired to a buff hue 5Y 8/3 Rim D.0.07m Base D.0.03m Height 0.04m

167

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 131g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1683 56/1 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base, carinated body and an everted ledged rim with cut zigzag patterns on the lip. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, coarsely levigated, and poorly fired, containing large quantities of large size white grits and grog. An incised decoration in a wavy line is applied below the rim. Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.085m

Type: 131g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641/19-19 Description: Wheel made, consists of a low string cut foot, a carinated body and a slightly everted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, coarsely levigated and poorly fired to a yellowish hue. Combing decorations are applied below the rim Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.095 Height 0.094m

168

Y. D. ARNON 2. Glazed Bowls. 231. Monochrome Glazed Bowls and Pots With or Without Sgraffito Decorations Type: 231a Form: Bowl/Plat Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1275.L.149 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base and a wide ledged rim. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3, well made and hard fired. White slipped on both sides, under a lead transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.31m Base D. 0.25m Height 0.045m

Type: 231a Form: Bowl/Plat Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1424.L.191.001 Description: Shape and ware is as in the previous depiction. White slipped interior only under a thick manganese black lead glaze. Rim D. 0.31m Base D. 0.22m Height 0.05m

Type: 231a Form: Bowl/Plat Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0154.L.081.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base and a wide ledged rim. Buff ware 5U 8/3, white slipped on both sides under a greenish/ turquoise lead glaze interior. Rim D. 0.32m Base D. 0.24m Height 0.044m

Type: 231a Form: Bowl/Plat Registration No.: 6/93 II.34180 Description: Shape and ware as in the previous depiction. White slipped on both sides under a thick green lead glaze. Rim D. 0.3m Base D. 0.225m Height 0.03m

169

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 231a Form: Bowl /Plat Registration No.: 1641.7-83 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base and a wide ledge rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, containing small size grits and grog inclusions. White slipped on both sides under a green lead glaze. Rim D. 0.192m base D. 0.11m height 0.03m

Type: 231a Form: Bowl/ Plat Registration No.: 6/93 II.33982 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, bevelled walls graded towards the base and a wide ledged rim. The ware is yellowish/buff 2.5Y 8/3, well made and hard fired. Greenish/white slipped on both sides, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.15m Height 0.042m

Type: 231a Form: Bowl/Plat Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0400.L.838.006 Description: Shape and ware as in the previous depiction. White slipped on both sides under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.3m Base D. 0.22m Height 0.03m

Type: 231a Form: Bowl/Plat Registration No.: 6/95 II.33724 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, bevelled graded walls and a wide ledge rim slightly inclined. Yellowish/buff ware 10YR 7/4, containing white grits and mica flakes. White slipped on both sides under a turquoise glaze on the inner surface only. Rim D. 0.35m Base D. 0.25m Height 0.03m

170

Y. D. ARNON Type: 231b Form: Bowl/Plat Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1432.L.191.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat string cut base, incurved walls and rim. Pinkish ware 5YR 7/4, well made and fired. White slipped on both sides, under a Sgraffito decoration and a lead yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.23m Base D. 0.2m Height 0.03m

Type: 231c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.33207 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, flaring body and rim. Light brown ware 7.5YR 6/4, white slipped on both sides, under a thick grayish/white glaze. Rim D. 0.14m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.03m

Type: 231c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0974.L.006.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Pinkish ware 7.5YR 7/4, well made and fired. White slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.13m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.04m

171

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 231c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0978.L.006.024 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, well-made and fired White slipped both on sides, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.225 Base D. 0.11m Height 0.06m

Type: 231c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0974.L.006.015 Description: The ware and form are as in the previous depiction. White slipped on both sides, under a lead yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.13m Based D. 0.04m Height 0.04m

Type: 231c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0532.L.760.001 Description: Ware and form are as in the previous depiction. White slipped on both sides’ under a lead pale green glaze. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.05m

172

Y. D. ARNON Type: 231c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0978.L.006.011 Description: The ware and form are as in the previous depiction. White slipped on both sides, under a lead greenish/gray glaze. Rim D. 0.23m

Type: 231c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1030.L.006.004 Description: The ware and form are as in the previous depiction. White slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze interior and yellow glazed exterior. Rim D. 0.21m

Type: 231c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1461.L.191.002 Description: The ware and form are as in the previous depiction. White slipped on both sides, under a lead manganese glaze. Rim D. 0.175m

173

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 231d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.19-52 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, bevelled walls and a levelled rim. Yellowish/buff ware 2.5Y 8/6, white slipped on both sides, under a pale green lead glaze. Rim D. 0.19m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.06m

Type: 231d Form: Bowl Registration No: 1641.13-3 Description: Shape and ware as is mentioned above. White slipped on both sides, under an olive green lead glaze. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.062m Height 0.05m

Type: 231d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.13-5 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, bevelled walls and an everted rim with a ridge below. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a green/turquoise glaze interior and pale green on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.06m

174

Y. D. ARNON Type: 231d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0538.L.765.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and an everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 6/6, well made and hard fired. White slipped on both sides, under a pale yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.28m

Type: 231e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1260.L.149 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a lead dark yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.25m

Type: 231f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1252.L.149 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a flaring rim. Pale yellow ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a transparent lead glaze. Rim D. 0.11m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.04m

175

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 231f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I1.0014.L.140.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and an everted rim. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.076m

Type: 231f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.34028 Description: Wheel made, consists of flaring body and rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a lead yellow glaze on the inner surface and transparent on the outer one. Rim D. 0.25

Type: 231g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1288.L.018 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base and a levelled rim. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.3m Base D. 0.15m Height 0.06m

176

Y. D. ARNON Type: 231h Form: Bowl Registration No: 38/92 III.30084 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, and a wide ledge rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead dark yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.075m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.05m

Type: 231i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0386.L.780 Description: Wheel made, consists of a discus base, and a straight rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/9, white slipped interior only under a turquoise green glaze. Rim D. 0.075m Base D. 0.035m Height 0.05m

Type: 231j Form: Bowl/Cup Registration No.: 6/93 II. 33081 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave ring base, incurved walls, levelled rim and a loop handle that extends from the rim to the lower body. Red ware 5YR 5/8, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.045m Height 0.05m

Type: 231k Form: Chamber pot Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1252.L.149 Description: Wheel made, consists of vertical walls and a wide ledged rim. Red ware 7.5YR 4/8, white slipped on both sides under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.17m

177

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 231k Form: Chamber pot Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1424.L.191 Description: Wheel made, consists of vertical walls and a wide ledged rim. Red ware 7.5YR 4/8, white slipped on both sides, under a lead transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.14m Base 0.11m Height 0.09m

Type: 231k Form: Chamber pot Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1106.L.109.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of vertical walls, a wide ledged rim and two loop handles attached to the rim. Red ware 2.5YR 4/8, transparent glaze is applied directly to the body on both sides. Rim D. 0.15m

178

Y. D. ARNON 232. Polychrome Under Glaze Slip Painted Bowls. Type: 232a Form: Bowl/plat Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0680.L.870 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim and a flat base. Pink ware 10YR8/4, white slipped on both sides, under mustered yellow and manganese brown painted daubs under a transparent glaze interior and mustard yellow exterior. Rim D. 0.338m Base D. 0.255m Height 0.04m

Type: 232a Form: Bowl/plat Registration No.: 6/93 I.33665 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base and a bevelled everted rim. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3, black and green ornaments are applied on the inner surface, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.34m Base D. 0.25m Height 0.04m

179

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 232a Form: Bowl/plat Registration No.: 6/93 II.34189 Description: Shape and Ware as is mentioned above. White slipped on the inner surface, under black and green painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.34m Base D. 0.25m Height 0.04m

Type: 232a Form: Bowl/plat Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0534.L.847 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, containing mica inclusions, white slipped on both sides under, a green and manganese painted ornament with the inscription “Allah” (‫ ) ﷲأ‬in green under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.2m

180

Y. D. ARNON Type: 232a Form: Bowl/plat Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1007.L.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped interior, under black painted circles on a green and yellow colour splashed glaze background Rim D. 0.31m Base D. 0.22m Height 0.03m

Type: 232b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1250.L.149 Description: Wheel made, consists of a disk base, flaring body and rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, white slipped interior, under a pale green, dark green and yellow painted decoration, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.18m Base D.0.08m Height 0.06m

181

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 232b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.11-34 Description: Wheel made, consists of a discus bade and a flaring rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 8/4, white slipped on the inner surface, under a green, manganese and yellow painted decorations, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.06m

Type: 232b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.11-14 Description: Shape and ware as is mentioned above. White slipped on the inner surface, under a green, manganese and yellow painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.08m

182

Y. D. ARNON Type: 232b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.19-54 Description: Shape, ware and decoration technique are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.06m

Type: 232c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.3-16 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave discus base and a flaring rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under green and yellow painted dubs, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.08m

Type: 232d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.3-8 Description: Wheel made, consists of a discus base, incurved body and rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under green and manganese ornaments, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.05m

183

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 232c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1283.L.149 Description: Wheel made, consists of a disk base incurved body and rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, white slipped interior, under a pale brown, dark brown, manganese and yellow painted decorations under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.21m Base D.0.1m Height 0.075m

Type: 232c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC30.0025.L.011.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a discus base, incurved body and rim. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped on the inner surface, under yellow, green and dark brown painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.19m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.085m

Type: 232d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1074.L.109 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base incurved body and rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped interior under a dark manganese, green and yellow painted decorations under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.16m Base D.0.08m Height 0.05m

184

Y. D. ARNON Type: 232e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0629.L.870 Description: Wheel made, consists of a disk base flaring body and rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, white slipped interior, under yellow and dark brown polychrome slip painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.13m Base D.0.05m Height 0.04m

Type: 232e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.12-2 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, flaring body and rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, white slipped on the inner surface, under green and manganese painted dubs, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.06m

185

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 232e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641. 11-7 Description: Shape as mentioned above. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under brown, yellow and green painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface and yellow painted dubs under a transparent glaze on the outer one. Rim D. 0.28 Base D. 0.11m Height 0.1m

Type: 232f Form: Bowl Registration No: 1641.19-56 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, yellowish slipped on both sides, under brown and white bubs, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface and yellow glazed on the outer one. Rim D. 0.29m Base D. 0.13m Height 0.07m

186

Y. D. ARNON Type: 232f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.33724 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, bevelled walls and levelled rim. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/2, white slipped on the inner surface, under a green and manganese painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.25m Base D. 0.15m Height 0.05m

233. Colour Splash Glazed With or With out Sgraffito Decorations. Type: 233a Form: Bowl/plat Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0719.l.896.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base and a wide ledged rim. Pink ware 5Y 7/4 containing mica flakes. White slipped on both sides under, a colour-splashed glaze in manganese, and green interior and monochrome green glaze exterior. Rim D. 0.37m Base D. 0.3m Height 0.05m

187

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 233a Form: Bowl/plat Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0027.L.081 Description: Wheel made, shape as the previous. Pale yellow ware 5Y 8/3, whit slipped on both sides, under turquoise and manganese colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.24m Base D. 0.22m Height 0.04m

Type: 233a Form: Bowl/plat Registration No.: 1641.19 Description: Shape and ware as mentioned above. White slipped on both sides, under manganese and turquoise colour splashed glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.29m Base D. 0.21m Height 0.03m

Type: 233b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0719.L.896.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and sharp rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides under, green and white colour splashed glaze both sides. Rim D. 0.31m

188

Y. D. ARNON Type: 233b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0214.L.121 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a levelled rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides green colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.31m

Type: 233c Form: Bowl Registration No: 10/94 I4.L.686.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base, flaring body and rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under green colour splashed glazed on the inner surface and grayish glaze on the outer one. Rim D. 0.13m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.04m

Type: 233d Form: Bowl Reiteration No.: E/93 II.34698 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, flaring body and rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on the inner surface, under a turquoise and manganese colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.32m Base D. 0.15m Height 0.07m

189

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 233d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0386.L.780.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat discus base, flaring body and rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a dark purple and gray colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.14m Base D. 0.055m Height 0.045m

Type: 233d Form: Bowl Registration o.: 10/94 I4.0708.L.893.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3, white slipped interior under green splashes on a white background. Rim D. 0.11m

Type: 233d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0708.L.893.011 Description: Wheel made, consists of flaring body and rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, White slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze interior and yellow monochrome glaze exterior. Rim D. 0.21

190

Y. D. ARNON Type: 233e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0344.L.777.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls, ring base and levelled rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under turquoise colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and transparent on the outer one. Rim D. 0.26m base D. 0.11m Height 0.075m

Type: 233e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.7-78-61-82 Description: Shape as mentioned above. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/3, white slipped on both sides, under green and manganese colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and green splashes on the outer one. Rim d. 0.2m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.05m

Type: 233f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0222.L.121 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly carinated body and an everted rim. Light red ware 7.5YR 7/3, white slipped on both sides, under turquoise and manganese colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and turquoise/green drips are applied on the outer one. Rim D. 0.12m

191

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 233f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0250.L.130 Description: Shape as mentioned above. Light red ware 5YR 7/3, white slipped on both sides, under turquoise and manganese colour splashed glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.24m

Type: 233g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.8.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledge rim. Reddish/yellow ware 7.5YR 7/6, white slipped on both sides, under green and manganese colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and transparent on the outer one. Rim D. 0.3m

Type: 233h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I7.1011.L.007 Description: Wheel made, consists of a starting cut base, flaring body and rim. Light red ware (pink) 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under yellow, green and manganese colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and green glaze on the outer one. Rim D. 0.146m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.05m

192

Y. D. ARNON Type: 233i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0238.L.124.003 Description: Shape as mentioned above. White slipped on both sides, under yellow and green colour splashed glaze on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.11m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.04m

Type: 233j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1447.L.191.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of flaring body and rim. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under dark brown and yellow colour splashed glaze interior and yellow drippings exterior. Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 233k Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.13-7 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat cut base, bevelled walls and levelled rim. Very pale brown 10YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides; under green and yellow colour splashed glaze (mending holes are visible). Rim D. 0.22m Base D. 0.11m Height 0.06m

193

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 233l Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0214.L.733.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim, Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.24m

Type: 233l Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0803.L.929.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under green, manganese and yellow colour splashed glaze interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.17m

Type: 233m Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.12.13-19 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and an everted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface and yellow glazed on the outer one. Rim D. 0.31. Base D. 0.14m Height 0.07m

194

Y. D. ARNON Type: 233n Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0987.L.006.020 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 6/3, white slipped on both sides, under green, yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze decorated with Sgraffito interior and a transparent glaze exterior. Rim D. 0.22m Base D. 0.085 Height 0.07m

Type: 233o Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0528.L.369 Description: Wheel made, consists of a discus base bevelled walls and an everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 6/4, white slipped both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glazed interior and exterior with Sgraffito decorations interior only. Rim D. 0.275 Base D. 0.15m Height 0.09m

195

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 233p Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0214.L.733.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and levelled rim. Reddish/brown ware 5YR 5/4, white slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze, with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface and green gray splashed on the outer one. Rim D. 0.23m

Type: 233p Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.3-11 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, bevelled walls and levelled rim. Light red ware (pink) 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under green, mustard yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Green diamonds on a yellow background are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.35m Base D. 0.16m Height 0.07m

196

Y. D. ARNON Type: 233q Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.L.870+L.777+L.924 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, carinated body and an incurved rim. Pink ware 2.5YR 6/6, containing mica flakes. White slipped sides under green, mustard yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze both sides and additional Sgraffito ornaments interior. Rim D. 0.28m Base D. 0.155m Height 0.075m

234. Lustre Ware. Type: 234a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I6.0010.L.279.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Light brown ware 2.5YR 6/4, containing mica flakes. Olive green lustre painted on a white tin glazed background interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.25m

ype: 234b Form: Bowl Registration No: 10/94 I4.0975.L.966.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. Light red (pinkish) ware 2/5YR 6/4, opaque white tin glazed is applied under golden green lustre painted ornament. Rim D. 0.26m

197

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 235. Black on White glazed Catalogue: Type: 235a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.400.L.838 Description: Wheel made, consists of a discus base and flaring walls and rim. Pinkish ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides under, a slip painted manganese ornament, under a lead transparent glaze interior and lead transparent glaze exterior. Rim D. 0.11m Base D.0.06m Height 0.04m

Type: 235b Form: Bowl Registration No.: C87-Z2-063 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, out flaring body and a wide ledge rim. The ware is very pale brown 10YR 8/3, containing white inclusions. The inner surface is covered by a white tin glaze under a slip painted manganese black inscription, probably ‫ “ اﻠﺧاﻠﺪ‬eternal” or ‫“ أﻟﺤﺎﻣﻲ‬shield/protector” all adjectives of God . Rim D. 0.25m Base D. 0.2m Height 0.04m

198

Y. D. ARNON Type: 235c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I4.0815.L.618 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly everted rim. Light red (pink) ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under black slip painted dubs, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 235c Form: 42/93 I5.0552.L.490.001 Registration No.: Shape, ware and decoration technique as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 235d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0148.L.081.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base. The ware is pale yellow/buff 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a black slipped ornament, and covered by a transparent glaze. Base D. 0.12m

Type: 235e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC30.0024.L.011.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim and bevelled walls. Light red (pink) ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a black slipped painted decoration, and covered by a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.17m

199

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 4. Basins. 431. Hand Made. Catalogue: Type: 431a Form: Basin Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0110.L.109.005 Description: Hand made, consists of a flat base, bevelled walls and an everted rim- triangular in section. The ware is reddish/brown 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated, crudely made, poorly fired leaving a gray core, containing white pebbles, organic inclusions and mica flaks. Rim D. 0.47m Base D. 0.35m Height 0.24m

Type: 431b Form: Basin Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1117.L.109.002 Description: Hand made, consists of vertical walls, and everted rim rectangular in section. Red ware 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated and poorly fired, containing organic inclusions and large quantities of white grits. Rim D. 0.37m

Type: 431c Form: Basin Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0214.L.121.001 Description: Hand made, consists of bevelled walls, everted rim- rounded in section and combed decorations on the outer surface. The ware is red 2.5YR 5/6, coarse, poorly fired leaving a pink core, containing white grits, mud balls, organic and mica inclusions. Rim D. 0.44m

200

Y. D. ARNON 432. Wheel Made. Catalogue: Type: 432a Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0150.L.081.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide everted rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, coarsely levigated and crudely made. Rim D. 0.35

Type: 432b Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0176.L.081.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a thick everted rim-triangular in section. Incised decorations are applied on the outer surface. The ware is red 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated and crudely made. Rim D. 0.3m

Type: 432c Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0150.L.081.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim- triangular in section and a loop handle which extends from the rim onto the body. Combed decorations in an interlaced pattern are applied on the outer surface. Red ware 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated, poorly fired and crudely made. Rim D. 0.35m

Type: 432d Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0719.L.896.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a round everted rim with combing decorations and two loop handles remnants, which are attached to the rim. The ware is red 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated and crudely made. Rim D. 0.35m

201

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 432e Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1002.L.010.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted ledged rim incised decorated. The ware is very pale yellow 10YR 7/4, coarsely levigated and crudely made, containing white grits, and hard black ones (basalt??) Rim D.0.55m

5. Jugs and Juglets. 531. Buff and Buff Self Slipped Ware Catalogue: Type: 531a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1117.L.109 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, a levelled rim, and a loop handle which extends above the rim. The ware is buff 5Y 8/3, well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.065m

Type: 531b Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 NN13.0113.L.031.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a levelled rim. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.075

202

Y. D. ARNON Type: 531c Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0708.L.893.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a flanged rim. The ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 531d Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 CC30.0025.L.011.007 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridged funnel neck and an everted rim, triangular in section. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 531e Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0973.L.006.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base. Ware is as mentioned above. Base D. 0.08m

203

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 531f Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0368.L.780.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat string cut base, a funnel neck and a carinated body. Ware is as mentioned above. Base D. 0.09m

Type: 531f Form: Jug Registration No.: 6/93 II.33942 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat string cut base, a carinated body’ a funnel neck and a levelled rim. Ware is as mentioned above. Combed decorations are applied below the rim. Rim D. 0.10 Base D. 0.8 Height 0.25m

204

Y. D. ARNON Type: 531f Form: Jug Registration No.: 1641.12-65 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat string cut base, a carinated body’ a funnel neck, a levelled rim with combed decoration below and a loop handle remnant attached to the shoulder. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.083 Base D. 0.06m Height 0.16m

Type: 531g Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0047.L.669.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a decorated strainer and a handle remnant. Red ware 10R 4/8, fired to a buff hue 2.5Y 8/3. Strainer D. 0.06m

205

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 531g Form: Juglet Registration No: 47/92 TP8. 0062. L.050.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a stylistic strainer. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4 fired to buff hue 2.5Y 8/3 Strainer D. 0.055m

Type: 531g Form: Juglet Registration No:K.61/115.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a stylistic strainer. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4 fired to buff hue 2.5Y 8/3 Strainer D. 0.05m

206

Y. D. ARNON Type: 531g Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0047.L.669.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a decorated strainer and made of buff ware 2.5Y 8/3. Strainer D. 0.08m

Type: 531g Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0093.L.039.001 Description: A decorated strainer, pink ware 5YR 8/3, fired to a buff hue 5Y 8/2 Strainer D. 0.062m

Type: 531g Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1102.L.109 Description: Wheel made, consists of a decorated strainer, buff ware 2.5Y 8/3. Strainer D. 0.06m

207

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 531h Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1022.L.009.002 Description: Buff ware 5Y 8/4, Stamped decorations are applied on the outer surface. Max. Width 0.1m

Type: 531i Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0528.L.369 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, a globular body a funnel neck and a loop handle extends from the neck to the shoulder. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, incised decorations are applied on the neck. Base D. 0.04m

Type: 531i Form: Juglet Registration No.: 7/95 NN17.0118.L.039 Description: Wheel made, consists of a foot base, carinated body, funnel neck with incised decorations, a levelled rim and a handle remnant which is attached to the shoulder. Ware and decorations are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.2m

208

Y. D. ARNON Type: 531i Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0305.L.765.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a slightly everted rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/4, incised decorations are applied on the neck. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 531i Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1432.L.191.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, incised decorations are applied on the neck. Rim D.0.092m

Type: 531i Form: Juglet Registration No.: 6/93 II.34030.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of funnel neck and a slightly everted rim. Made of yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3, with incised decorations. Rim D. 0.09m

209

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 531j Form: Jug Registration No.: 6/93 II.33897 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, a carinated body and a handle remnant, which is attached to the shoulder. A human figure is depicted on the outer surface. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3 Base D. 0.05m

Type: 531k Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0150.L.081.002 Description: A body shred, incised and punctured. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3

Type: 531l Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 NN13.0069.L.020.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved neck, decorated with incisions and Barbutine applications. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.07m

210

Y. D. ARNON Type: 531m Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 NN17.0051.L.004.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a high cylindrical neck, decorated with Barbutine application. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3

532. Fine Red Ware. Catalogue: Type: 532a Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1074.L.109 Description: Wheel made, consists of a discus base, globular body, funnel neck with a strainer remnant, a straight rim and a decorated loop handle extends from the neck to the shoulder. Dark red ware 7.5YR 3/8, well and thin made, burnished remnants are visible on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.08m Based D. 0.05m Height 0.16m Strainer D. 0.04m

211

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 532a Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0617.L.921 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat discus base, globular body, funnel neck, levelled rim, a strainer remnant and a handle remnant on the shoulder. Dark red ware 7.5YR 3/8, well made, hard fired and burnished. Rim D. 0.07m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.155m Strainer D. 0.048m

Type: 532b Form: Jug Registration No.: 47/92 I1 1255.L.000 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a funnel neck, a levelled rim and a tripled loop handle, which extends from the mid neck onto the shoulder. Light red ware 10R 6/6, finely levigated, well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.1m

212

Y. D. ARNON 533. Coarse Light Red Ware Catalogue: Type: 533a Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1074.L.109.011 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide cylindrical neck an everted rim and a loop handle which extends from the rim onto the shoulder. Pale brown ware 7.5YR 7/4, coarsely levigated and potted Rim D. 0.06m Height~ 0.11m

Type: 533b Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1074.L109.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of an Omphalus base, wide cylindrical neck, an everted rim and a loop handle remnant attached to the shoulder. The vessel is not centred. Pink ware 7.5YR, coarsely levigated and crudely made. Rim D. 0.098m Base D. 0.075 Height 0.22m

213

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 533c Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 Z2.0095.L.478.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed bag shaped body, cylindrical neck, a spouted rim and a loop handle which extends from the rim onto the shoulder. Light red (pink) ware 7.5YR 7/4, coarsely levigated and poorly fired, containing large quantities of hard black grits (basalt??) Rim D. 0.11m Height ~0.24m

534. Metallic Ware, White Decorated Catalogue: Type: 534a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1441.L.138.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, a levelled rim and a remnant of a loop handle that is attached to the rim. Red ware 2.5YR 6/8 well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. White painted wavy lines are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 534b Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1053.L.095 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a slightly everted rim- triangular in section. Ware and decoration technique as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.09m

214

Y. D. ARNON Type: 534c Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0708.L.893.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ribbed funnel neck and an out-bent grooved rim. Red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fired in a reduced atmosphere to a weak red hue 10R 5/3. White painted decorations applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.11m

Type: 534d Form: Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0712.L.965.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved neck and rim. Red ware 2.5YR 6/6, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. White painted ornaments are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.06m

631. Glazed Ware Catalogue: Type: 631a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0753.L.981.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body, a short flaring neck and rim. Reddish/yellow ware 5YR 7/5, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.05m

Type: 631a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 1641.12-13.001 Description: Shape as mentioned above. Light red ware 7.5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze on the outer surface only. Rim D. 0.07m

215

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 631a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I6 1102.L.109.008 Description: Shape, ware and glazing technique as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 631b Form: Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1106.L.109 Description: Wheel made, consists of a discus base, globular body and an everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides under, a transparent glaze interior and green and white colour splashed glaze exterior Rim D. 0.08m Base D. 0.065 Height 0.11m

Type: 631c Form: Juglet Registration No.: 42/93 I2.0114.L.265.001 Description: Wheel made, shape and ware as the previous. White slipped on both sides, under a polychrome slip painted ornament in green, yellow and dark purple under a transparent glaze exterior and transparent glaze interior. Rim D. 0.07m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.11m

216

Y. D. ARNON Type: 631c Form: Jug Registration No.: K.60/60.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body and an everted rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, fired to a buff hue 5Y 8/3. White slipped on both sides, under slip painted ornaments and under transparent glaze exterior and green glaze interior and on the outer surface of the neck. Rim D. 0.11m

Type: 631c Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0305.L.765.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a jar shaped body and an everted rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, containing hard black grits (Basalt??). White slipped on both sides, under a transparent glaze interior and colour splashed glaze in green and yellow exterior Rim D. 0.06m

7. Cooking Ware Catalogue: Type: 731a Form: Casserole Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0707.L.892.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly inverted rim and two horizontal loop handle attached to the body below the rim. Red ware 10 R 4/8, containing abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 731a Form: Casserole Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0150.L.081.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated oval body and a slightly inverted rim and a handle remnants is attached to the vessel below the rim. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.25m

217

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Glazed Cooking Ware 732. Closed Cooking Ware (Globular Pots) Catalogue: Type: 732a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0978.L.006.003 Description: wheel made, consists of a globular body and an everted rim- triangular in section with a wide groove below it. Red ware 10R 4/8, well-made, containing abundance of small size white grits. Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 732a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0708.L.893.004 Description: Ware and shape are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 732a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 10/94 NN14.0049.L.019.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body and an everted rim- triangular in section with a wide groove below Red ware 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 732b Form: Cooking pot Registration No. 10/94 I4.0978.L.006.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular ribbed body and a thick everted rim. The Fabric is red 2.5YR 4/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.12m

218

Y. D. ARNON Type: 732c Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0708.L.893.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a sharp rim with a groove below it. Ware and glazing are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.25m

Type: 732d Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0024.L081.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed globular body and a wide everted rim with a wide groove below. Ware and glaze are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.4m.

8. Containers 831. Bag Shaped, Weak Red or Gray Ware Storage Jars Catalogue: Type: 831a Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1289.L.166 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, ribbed toward the base, cylindrical neck, levelled rim and a grooved handle which is attached to the shoulder. Red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 4/2. Rim D. 0.1m Max. Width 0.38m

219

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 831a Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0167.L.081.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed cylindrical neck and a levelled rim. Light red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 4/2. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 831a Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1116.L.053.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed cylindrical neck and a levelled rim. Weal red ware 2.5YR 4/2, well made and hard fired. White painted ornaments are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 831b Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0150.L.081.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical neck and a slightly everted rim. Red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 4/2. Rim D. 0.09m

220

Y. D. ARNON Type: 831c Form: Jar Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0238.L.124.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly incurved neck and a levelled rim. Red ware 2.5YR 6/6, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 831d Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0708.L.893.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ribbed cylindrical neck and a slightly everted rim. Red ware 10R 6/8, well made, and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 4/8. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 831e Form: Jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0712.L.965.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and an everted rim with an inner gutter. The ware and the production technique are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.08m

221

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 831f Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0719.L.896.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical ribbed neck and a levelled rim. Red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fired to a weak red ware 10R 4/2. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 831g Form: Jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0978.L.006.022 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridged conical neck and a thick everted rim. The ware and the production technique as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.09m

9. Large Containers 931. Zirs Catalogue: Type: 931a Form: Zir Registration No.: 1641-12 Description: Coil and wheel made, consists of a conical neck, ridged at its bottom, incurved rim and a loop handle which is attached to the shoulder. Light red ware (pink) 5YR 7/4, well made, dense and hard fired to a pale brown hue 10YR 8/3. Rim D. 0.08m

222

Y. D. ARNON Type: 931b Form: Zir Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0111.L.266.001 Description: Coil and wheel made, consists of a conical neck ridged at its base and decorated with a combed pattern in a wavy line and an incurved rim. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 931c Form: Zir Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1012.L.010.003 Description: Coil and wheel made, consists of a high cylindrical collar neck and a slightly inverted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, well potted and hard fired. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 931d Form: Zir Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0090.L.258.001 Description: Coil and wheel made, consists of a short neck, ridged at its base and a mushroom shaped rim. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 931e Form: Zir Registration No.: 42/93 I5.040.L.454.001 Description: Coil and wheel made, consists of a short funnel neck and a shape rim. Reddish buff ware 7.5YR 8/4, well made and hard fired Rim D. 0.12m

223

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 931f From: Zir Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0545.L.867.003 Description: Handle, bears a round stamp with a Solomon Seal depiction. Ware is as mentioned above.

932. Large Containers With Stamped and Barbutine Decorations Catalogue: Type: 932a Form: large container Registration No.: 7/95 CC51.0248.L.063.001 Description: Wheel made. The fabric is buff 5Y 8/3, well made and hard fired. Stamped and Barbutine applications are applied on the outer surface.

Stratum V -Mid 10th Early 11th Centuries 1. Table Ware 141. Unglazed Bowls Catalogue: Type: 141a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.015 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 8/6, coarsely made and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.225m

224

Y. D. ARNON Type: 141b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a straight rim. Very pale brown ware 105YR 8/4, coarsely potted and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 141c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.016 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut base and a straight rim. Very pale brown ware 2.5Y 7/4, coarsely potted and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.128m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.075m

Type: 141d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly concave base and a flanged rim. Very pale brown ware 2.5Y 7/4, coarsely potted and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.175m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.1m

225

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 141e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a broad flanged rim. Light brown ware 7.5Y 6/4, coarsely potted and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.2

Type: 141f Form: bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flanged rim grooved bellow. Brown gray ware 5YR 5/2, coarsely levigated, potted and poorly fired. Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 141f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I6.0088.L.666.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flanged rim with a wide groove below. Gray ware 5YR 5/2, coarsely levigated and made. Rim D. 0.17m

Type: 141g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641 19-19 Description: Wheel made, consists of a low foot base, a combed decorated carinated body and a slightly inverted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, coarse and poorly fired to a yellowish surface leaving a gray core. Rim D. 0.17m base D. 0.098m Height 0.094m

226

Y. D. ARNON Type: 141g Form: Bowl Registrations No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.013 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. Yellow ware 10YR 8/6, coarsely made and poorly fired. Combed decorations are applied below the rim. Rim D. 0.225m

2. Glazed Bowls 241. Monochrome Glazed Bowls and Pots With or With out Sgraffito Decorations Catalogue: Type: 241a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.011 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a sharp rim. Buff ware 2.5YR 8/3, manganese/purplish glaze is applied directly to the vessel surface on both sides. Rim D. 0.24m

Type: 241a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a sharp rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.27m Base D.0.1m Height 0.08m

227

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 241a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.1-2 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, bevelled walls and an everted rim. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a mustard yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.06m

Type: 241b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1683 93-1 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a turquoise glaze on the inner surface and on the outer upper part. Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 241b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.33871 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Red ware 10R 4/6, white slipped on both sides, under a gray glaze on the inner surface and green on the outer one. Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.05m

228

Y. D. ARNON Type: 241b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.33923 Description: Shape as mentioned above. Yellowish/buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a mustard yellow glaze on the inner surface and transparent on the outer one. Rim D. 0.23m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.065m

Type: 241b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base and an everted rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4 well made. A lead green glaze is applied directly on the vessel’s inner surface. Rim D. 0.24m Base D. 0.11m Height 0.09m

Type: 241b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. Buff ware 2.5YR 8/3 well made. A lead olive green glaze is applied directly on the vessel’s inner surface. Rim D. 0.2m

229

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 241b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.014 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring rim. Pink ware 7.5Y 7/4, white slipped both sides under a lead olive green glaze interior and transparent glaze exterior. Rim D. 0.225m

Type: 241c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.012 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base and a sharp rim. The vessel was defected during the firing process. Buff ware 2.5YR 8/3 well made. A thick lead manganese/purplish glaze is applied directly on the vessel inner surface. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.04m

Type: 241d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.020 Description: Wheel made, consists of incurved walls and rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/6 well made. A lead yellow glaze is applied directly on the vessel surface on both sides. Rim D. 0.31m

Type: 241d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.33924 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, incurved body and rim. Light brown (pink) ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a grayish/green glaze. Rim D. 0.23m Base D.0.11m Heights 0.06m

230

Y. D. ARNON Type: 241e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a petal shaped rim. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/2, white slipped on both sides, under a turquoise lead glaze Rim D. 0.225m Height ~ 0.055m

Type: 241e Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/823 Description: Wheel made and presses against a mould, consists of a ring base, petal shaped body and a levelled rim. The fabric is buff 2.5Y 8/3, meticulously produced and finely levigated. White slipped on both sides, under a thick white glaze imitating a T’ang porcelain ware. Rim D. 0.15m Base D.0.065m Height 0.055m

Type: 241f Form: Bowl (or chamber pot) Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze exterior only. Base D. 0.15m

231

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 241g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledge rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on both sides, under a lead yellow glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.25m

Type: 241h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and an everted rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, containing silver mica flakes, shiny lead green glaze is applied directly on the vessel on both sides, under a Sgraffito decoration interior only. Rim D. 0.29m

Type: 241i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on both sides, under a lead yellow glaze and Sgraffito decoration interior only. Rim D. 0.26m

232

Y. D. ARNON Type: 241j Form: Chamber pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0092.L.690.017 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, ledge rim and two loop handles extend from the rim to the mid body. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.11m

242. Polychrome Under Glaze Slip Painted Bowls Catalogue: Type: 242a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.015 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a straight rim. Pink ware 7.5YR8/2, white slipped on both sides, under a black slip painted ornament on a green background exterior and a monochrome green glaze interior. Rim D. 0.16m

233

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 243. Colour Splash Glazed and Fayyumi Style Ware Catalogue: Type: 243a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.015 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a slightly everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a colour splashed glaze in turquoise, greenish brown and manganese on a pale green background interior and greenish brown and green Fayyumi style strips on the outside. Rim D. 0.18m Base D.0.07m Height 0.078m

Type: 243a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a colour splashed glaze in green, manganese and mustard yellow on both sides. Rim D. 0.28m

Type: 243a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 8/3, a colour splashed glaze in green and mustard yellow is applied directly on the vessels surface. Rim D. 0.14m

234

Y. D. ARNON Type: 243b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0092.L.690.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and an everted rim. Red ware 7.5YR 4/8, white slipped on both sides, under a colour splashed glaze in green and mustard yellow on both sides. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 243c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 43/92 I6.0088.L.666.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledge everted rim. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped interior under, a colour splashed glaze in green and manganese. Rim D. 0.29m

Type: 243d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and an incurved body and rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, thin white slipped interior and exterior, under a colour splashed glaze in green, and mustard yellow. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.11m Height 0.07m

235

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 243e Form: Bowl Registration No.: E/93 II.34698 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Yellowish/ buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on the inner surface, under a turquoises and manganese colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.32m Base D. 0.15m Height 0.07m

Type: 243f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I6 0088.L.666.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim. Yellowish/buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under manganese glazed splashes. Rim D. 0.22m

Type: 243g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0531.L.490.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/3, white slipped on both sides, under a colour splashed glaze Fayyumi style in manganese and yellow. Base D. 0.24m

236

Y. D. ARNON Type: 243g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.014 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledge rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, thin white slipped interior, under a colour splashed glaze Fayyumi style in manganese and green. Rim D. 0.27m

Type: 243h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0076.L.690.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, thin white slipped interior, under a colour splashed glaze Fayyumi style in manganese and white. Rim D. 0.25m

237

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 243h Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.60/69.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and a levelled rim. Light red ware 5YR 7/4, finely levigated and hard fired. White slipped under a colour-splashed glaze in green, yellow and manganese in Fayyumi style on the inner surface, while the outer one is glazed in white. Rim D. 0.12m Base D.0.055m Height 0.04m

Type: 243h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/93 II.33957 Description: A wheel made, consists of a ring base, carinated body and a levelled rim. Light red (pinkish) ware 5YR 6/4, containing grog and mica inclusions. White slipped on both sides, under a green and manganese colour splashed Fayyumi style glaze on the inner surface and transparent on the outer one. Rim D.0.11m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.04m

Type: 243i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641 11-15 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ridged body and an everted rim-triangular in section. Dark brown ware 5Y R 3/3, slipped on both sides, under green and yellow Fayyumi style colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and yellow glazed on the outer one. Rim D. 0.3m

238

Y. D. ARNON 244. Lustre Ware Catalogue: Type: 244a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.34185 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Pale yellow ware 5Y 8/3, well made and hard fired. Opaque tin glaze is applied on both sides, under an olive green lustre painted decoration. Rim D. 0.225m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.05m

Type: 244a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TP14 0315.L.000 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim. Light red (pink) ware 2.5YR 6/4, well made and hard fired. Opaque tin glaze is applied on both sides, under an olive green lustre decoration. Rim D. 0.23m

239

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 244a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 I7 0161.L.214 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim. Pink ware 2.5YR 6/4, opaque tin glazed is applied on both sides, under an olive green lustre painted decorations. Rim D. 0.28m

Type: 244a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.018 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Pink ware 2.5YR 6/4, opaque tin glazed is applied on both sides, under an olive green lustre painted decorations both sides. Rim D. 0.125m Base 0.04m Height 0.7m

Type: 244b From: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1435.L.687.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a levelled rim. Light red ware (pink) 5YR 7/4, well made and hard fired. White tin glaze is applied on both sides; under an olive green lustre painted ornament on the inner surface and golden brow on the outer one. Rim D. 0.12m

240

Y. D. ARNON 441. Basins or Large Bowls Catalogue: Type: 441a Form: Large bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.102.L.690.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of chamber pot shape and a wide ledge rim. Light red ware 2.5Y 6/6, coarse ware, containing an abundance of white ad hard black grits, fired to a yellowish hue. Rim D. 0.25m

Type: 441b Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 I4 0076.L.690.014 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim-triangular in section and a carinated body. Red ware 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated and made, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.35m

5. Jugs and Juglets 541. Unglazed Buff ware Catalogue: Type: 541a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, globular body, a levelled rim and a decorated loop handle, which extend above the rim and is attached to the shoulder. The ware is buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, finely levigated and well potted. Rim D. 0.07m Base 0.05m Height 0.11m

241

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 541a Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4 0077.L.686.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a levelled rim. Greenish/buff ware 2.5YR 7/2, well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.13m

Type: 541b Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0532.L.490.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, globular body, a guttered rim and a loop handle remnant is attached to the shoulder. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, well made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.135m Base 0.087m Height 0.24m

Type: 541c Form: Juglet Registration No.: 3/96 I5.0105.L.645.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly everted rim and a shallow ridged neck with stamped decorations. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.06m

242

Y. D. ARNON Type: 541d Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0102.L.690.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a strainer remnant, straight rim and buff ware 5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 541e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6 0547.L.334 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved neck rim and a thumb decorated loop handle. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim 0.07m

Type: 541f Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I14 0031.L.027.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, a conical neck, a grooved levelled rim and a loop handled, which extends from the rim onto the shoulder. Rim D. 0.08m

243

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 542. Reduced Firing Vessels (Metallic Ware) Catalogue: Type: 542a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0161.L.214.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of flat base containing a nipple, bag shaped body and two loop handles extend from the shoulders and the lower part of the body. Reddish brown ware 2.5YR 4/4 well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Base D. 0.03m

543. Light Red or Pale Brown Coarse ware Catalogue: Type: 543a Form: Juglet Probably a drinking cup Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0076.L.690.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a foot base, globular body, cylindrical neck, a straight rim and a loop handle, which extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Very pale brown ware 7.5YR 7/3, coarsely levigated and crudely made. Rim D. 0.108m Base D. 0.052m Height 0.13m

244

Y. D. ARNON Type: 543b Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0118.L.690.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a funnel neck, a straight rim and a loop handle bearing a trademark, extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Light red ware 5YR 7/4, coarsely levigated and crudely made. Rim D. 0.15m

Type: 543b Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0076.L.690.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a cylindrical neck, a straight rim and a loop handle, which extends from the rim onto the shoulder. Light red ware 5YR 7/4, coarsely levigated and crudely made. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 543c Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.007 Description: Wheel made, consists of string cut base. Light reddish brown ware 5Y 6/4, coarsely levigated and poorly fired Base D. 0.04m Max width 0.09m

245

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 6. Glazed Ware 641. Monochrome Glazed Catalogue: Type: 641a Form: Jugs handle Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.025 Description: Stylistic handle attached to the body of the jug. Buff hue 5Y 8/3, white slipped both sides under a deep manganese lead glaze.

Type: 641a Form: Jug Registration No.: K.60/76 Description: Wheel made, consists of a stylistic handle. Light red ware 5YR 7/4, finely levigated and containing white grits in various sizes. Green glaze is applied directly on both sides. Incised and stamped ornaments are decorating the outer surface.

246

Y. D. ARNON Type: 641b Form: Jug Registration No.: K.60/58 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a collared funnel neck and an everted rim. Light red ware 5YR 7/4, finely levigated. White slipped on both sides, under a shiny green glaze. A manufacturing flaw is visible on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 641b Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.026 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body and three stylistic handle attached to the shoulders of the jugs. Buff ware 2.5Y 8/3, white slipped both sides under a lead green glaze.

247

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 641b Form: Jug Registration No.: C87-Z-5065 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, carinated shoulders, a short flaring neck and an everted rim. Three handles are attached to the shoulders. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under an alkaline turquoise glaze. Rim D. 0.09m

642. Colour Splashed Ware Catalogue: Type: 642a Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0031.L.027.012 Description: Wheel made, consists of carinated shoulders and a flaring rim. Pink ware 5YR7/4, white slipped both sides under a lead green glaze interior and a colour splashed glaze in green, mustard yellow and manganese in Fayyumi style exterior. Rim D. 0.09m Max. width 0.13m

7. Cooking Ware 741. Closed Cooking Ware (Globular Pots) Catalogue: Type: 741a Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0095.L.690.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, everted rim-triangular in section and a prominent groove below the rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, well-made and containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.15m

248

Y. D. ARNON Type: 741b Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 42/93 I6 0695.L.869.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, short neck with a narrow groove, a levelled rim and two horizontal handles, which are attached to the mid body. Red ware 2.5YR 6/6, well made and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.11 m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.12m

Type: 741c Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0076.L.690.026 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, everted rim and a shallow groove below it. Red ware 10R 4/8, well-made and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze drips on the inner walls. Rim D. 0.125m

Type: 741d Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0092.L.690.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted rim and two thumb decorated ledge handles. The ware is as mentioned above. Dark brown glaze drips on the inner walls. Combing decorations are applied on the upper part of the vessels. Rim D. 0.2m

249

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 741d Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0076.L.690.027 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a short neck, a straight rim and two thumb decorated ledge handles. Ware is as in the previous depiction. Dark brown glaze drips on the inner walls. Rim D. 0.175m

742. Glazed Frying Pan Catalogue: Type: 742a Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0102.L.690.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body, a flat base, an everted rim-triangular in section and two loop handles, which are attached to the body. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, well made and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.16m Height 0.03m

Type: 742a Form: Frying Pan Registration: 42/93 KK14.0040.L.400.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, bevelled walls and an everted rim-triangular in section and two horizontal loop handles, which are attached to the body. Ware and glazing are as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.275m Base D. 0.16m Height 0.03m

250

Y. D. ARNON Type: 742b Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0076.L.690.028 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body, a flat base, an everted rim-triangular in section and two loop handles attached to the rim. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, well made and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.32m Height ~ 0.05m

Type: 742c Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0111.L.690.020 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls, a flat base, a round everted rim and two thumb decorated ledge handles attached to the rim. The fabric is red 10R 4/6, well made and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze applied on the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.23m Base D. 0.175 Height ~ 0.05m

Type: 742d Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0092.L.690.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls, and an everted rim-triangular in section. Red ware 10R 4/6, well-made and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze applied on the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. ~ 0.17m Height ~ 0.045m

251

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 8. Containers 841. Reduced Firing Storage Jars Catalogue: Type: 841a Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 42/93 I6 0545.L.867.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, a cylindrical neck and a levelled rim. Red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fired to a weak red surface 10R 4/2. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 841b Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0092L.690.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, flaring neck, rim and finely ribbed slopping shoulder. Well made and hard fired to a weak red ware 2.5YR 4/2. Rim D. 0.098m

Type: 841c Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0076.L.690.025 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridged neck and a flanged rim. Red ware 2.5YR 6/8, well potted and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Rim D. 0.093m

252

Y. D. ARNON 941. Large Containers Catalogue: Type: 941a Form: Pithos Registration No.: 10/94 I14.0040.L.530.001 Description: Hand made, consists of a flat base, carinated body, three loop handles attached to the upper part and a straight rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, coarse, combing and thumb decorations are applied below the rim. Rim D. 0.2m Base 015m Height 0.45m Max width 0.45m

Stratum IV, Late 10th – First Half of the 11th Century Table Ware 1. Unglazed Bowls 151. Carinated bowls Catalogue: Type: 151a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.016 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body an incurred rim and a discus base. Pale yellow ware 5Y 8/4, coarsely levigated, crudely made and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits and grog inclusions. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.06m

253

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 151a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 KK28.0037.L.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, carinated body and a slightly incurved rim. Yellowish/buff ware 2.5Y 8/2, crudely made and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits and grog inclusions. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.06m

Type: 151a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body an incurved rim and a flat string cut base. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 6/6, coarsely levigated, crudely made and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits, mud balls and grog inclusions. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.05m

Type: 151b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a slightly everted rim. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 7/6, coarsely made and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits, mud balls and grog inclusions. Rim D. 0.23m

254

Y. D. ARNON 152. Flanged Rim Large Bowls This type of vessel resembles the cooking ware of stratum V and this one, especially by the shape of the rim. The fabric is pale brown, coarse and poorly fired. Catalogue: Type: 152a Form: Large Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flanged rim with a grove below it. Light reddish brown ware 5YR 6/4, crudely made and poorly fired, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.23m

2. Glazed Bowls 251. Monochrome Glazed With or Without Sgraffito, Gouged, and Rouletted Decorations Catalogue: Type: 251a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0016.L.010.016 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, White slipped on both sides under different hues of yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.06m

Type: 251a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0016.L.010.017 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base slightly concave, flaring body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, White slipped on both sides, under an alkaline turquoise glaze interior and exterior on the upper part only. Rim D. 0.135m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.05m

255

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 251a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 Z2 0021.L.441 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. The fabric is buff 2.5Y 8/2, finely levigated and well potted. The entire vessel is covered by an ivory white lead glaze. Rim D.0.13m Base D.0.05m Height 0.045m

Type: 251a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0016.L.010.019 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, White slipped on both sides, under an alkaline yellow glaze interior and exterior on the upper part only. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.06m

Type: 251a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, White slipped on both sides, under a lead grass green glaze. Rim D. 0.24m

256

Y. D. ARNON Type: 251b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I6. 0782. L.897 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.063m

Type: 251b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.013 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 8/4, white slipped on both sides, under a lead turquoise glaze interior and transparent glaze exterior. Rim D. 0.12m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.05m

Type: 251b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0644.L.394.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and an everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4. White slipped on both sides, under a lead turquoise glaze interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.24m

257

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 251c Form: Bowl Registrations No.: 42/93 I2 0111.L.266.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. Yellowish/buff ware 2.5Y 8/2, white slipped on both sides, under a green glaze. Rim D. 0.23m

Type: 251d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5 0516.L.462.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly carinated body and an everted rim. Red ware 7.5YR 4/8, pinkish slipped on both sides, under a yellow glaze interior. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 251d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5 0518.L.462.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Red ware 7.5R 5/8, whitish slipped on both sides, under a yellow glaze interior. Rim D. 0.16m Height ~0.04m

258

Y. D. ARNON Type: 251d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641 7-11 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze interior. Rim D. 0.35m Base D. 0.16m Height 0.13m

Type: 251e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.33869 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, and a wide ledged rim. Pink ware 5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.098m Height 0.06m

Type: 251e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0644.L.394.007 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and an everted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, containing mica flakes. White slipped on both sides; under a shiny lead olive green glaze both sides (resembling a celadon ware). Rim D. 0.22m

259

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 251e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II. 33941 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and an everted rim, triangular in section. Light brown ware (pink) 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a turquoise glaze interior. Rim D. 0.25m Base D. 0.11m Height 0.08m

Type: 251f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.018 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base slightly concave everted ledge rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/3, white slipped under a deep alkaline manganese glaze interior and exterior on the upper part only. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.05m

Type: 251f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.012 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and an everted ledge rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/3. White slipped on both sides, under a deep alkaline turquoise glaze interior and exterior on the upper part only. Rim D. 0.23m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.05m

260

Y. D. ARNON Type: 251g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0644.L.394.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and an everted ledge rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, pinkish slipped on both sides, under a lead mustard yellow glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.04m

Type: 251h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5 0393.L.436.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and rim. Yellowish/buff ware 5Y 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.17m

Type: 251h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.013 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base a flaring body and rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, containing mica, white slipped on both sides, under an alkaline turquoise glaze and Sgraffito decorations interior only. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.06m

261

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 251i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6 1290.L.126.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and rim. Red ware 2.5 YR5/8, white/pinkish slipped on both sides, under a mustard yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.25m Base D. 0.125m Height 0.07m

Type: 251i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0644.L.394.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Red ware 10R 5/8, white slipped on both sides, under a lead mustard yellow glaze and gouged decorations interior only. Rim D. 0.22m

262

Y. D. ARNON Type: 251i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 TP8.0050.L.047.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, a slightly carinated body and an incurved rim. The ware is red 10R 4/8, porous and containing small size white grits. The inner and outer surface is pinkish/white skipped under a yellow lead glaze interior and decorated with Sgraffito ornaments in a free hand. Rim D. 0.28m Base D. 0.16m Height: 0.08m

Type: 251j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I6 0165.L.695.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, a carinated body and a levelled rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on both sides, under a green glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.275m Base D. 0.15m Height 0.07m

263

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 251k Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.022 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a carinated body decorated with roulette. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped both sides under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.138m Base 0.08m Height 0.13m

252. Colour Splash Glazed With or Without Sgraffito, Gouged or Champlevé Decorations Catalogue: Type: 252a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6 0644.L.394.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and a wide ledged rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a green, yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and white glaze on the outer. Rim D. 0.35m

264

Y. D. ARNON Type: 252a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0644.L.394.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and a wide ledge rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a green mustard yellow and pale yellow colour splashed glaze interior and pale yellow exterior. Rim D. 0.19m

Type: 252b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and an everted rim. Light reddish ware (pink) 5YR 6/4, white slipped on both sides, under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze interior. Rim D. 0.14m

265

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 252c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.19 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and rim. Light red ware 2/5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under green, yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and green and yellow colour splashed glaze on the outer. Rim D. 0.18m base D. 0.085m Height 0.048m

Type: 252c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0644.L.394.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, a hemispherical body and an incurved rim. Red ware 10R 5/8, white slipped on both sides, under a pale yellow, green and manganese colour splashed glaze interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.18m Base 0.1m Height 0.083m

266

Y. D. ARNON Type: 252c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0644.L.394.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body and an incurved rim. Red ware 10R 5/8, white slipped on both sides, under a pale green, mustard yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze interior only, Serçe Limani style. Rim D. 0.2

Type: 252d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0644.L.394.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body and an everted rim. Red ware 10R 5/8, white slipped on both sides, under green mustard yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.38m

267

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 252e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7 0153.L.075.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a slightly everted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under a Fayyumi style colour splashed glazed in yellow, manganese, turquoise and green on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.24m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.08m

Type: 252e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body and an everted rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under a green yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze interior and yellow and manganese in Fayyumi style exterior. Rim D. 0.26m Base D.0.12m Height 0.1m

268

Y. D. ARNON Type: 252f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1683.56-10 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, pinkish slipped on both sides, under yellow and green colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.32m

Type: 252f Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.60/69.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, pinkish slipped on both sides, under a colour-splashed glaze in yellow and green with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.27m

269

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 252f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6 0544.L.394.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body, a ring base and an incurved rim. The fabric is red 2.5YR 5/8, pinkish slipped on both sides, under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations interior. Rim D. 0.28m Base D. 0.15m Height 0.08m

Type: 252f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641 1-4 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Pinkish ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides, under green and mustard yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface and green and yellow colour splashed glaze in Fayyumi style on the outer one. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.05m

270

Y. D. ARNON Type: 252f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.34678 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, white slipped on both sides, under yellow and green colour splashed glaze with gouged decorations on the inner surface and green drips on the outer one. Rim D. 0.22m

Type: 252g Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.60/68 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and rim. The fabric is red 10R 5/4, resembling a cooking pot fabric. Pinkish slipped on both sides, under a colour splashed glaze in green and yellow with gouged decorations. Mending hole is visible below the rim. Rim D. 0.3m Base D. 0.16m Height 0.085m

271

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 252g Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/169.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, a slight carinated body and an incurved rim. Ware and slip are as mentioned above. Colour splashed glaze in green and yellow with champlevé decorations are applied interior only. Serçe Limani style. Rim D. 0.3m Base D. 0.12m Height 0.05m

Type: 252g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body and an incurved rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, pinkish slipped on both sides, under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze with champlevé decorations interior only. Serçe Limani style. Rim D. 0.22m

Type: 252g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.34028 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body and an incurved rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, white slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze with gouged decorations on the inner surface and green glazed drips on the outer. Rim D. 0.22m

272

Y. D. ARNON Type: 252g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.34709 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body and an incurved rim. Red ware 2.5YR 4/6, pinkish slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze with gouged decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.28m

253. Lustre Ware Catalogue: Type: 253a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.020 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, carinated body and a wide ledge rim. Light brown ware 2.5YR 6/4, containing white grits, grog and mica flakes. Golden brown lustre painted ornaments and an inscription (‫ ﺒﺮآﮦ‬, Baraka “Blessing”) are applied on an opaque white tin glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.025m

273

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 253b Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/843 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and a wide ledge rim. Very pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, finely levigated and hard fired. Yellow lustre painted ornaments are applied on the inner surface, under an opaque white tin glaze. Rim D. 0.27m Base D. 0.125m Height 0.09m

Type: 253c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I2.0018.L.227.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Light reddish brown ware 5YR 6/4, containing white grits, grog and mica flakes. Olive green lustre painted ornaments are applied on an opaque white tin glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.078m

274

Y. D. ARNON Type: 253c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5 0394.L.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base and a slightly everted rim. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 7/6, containing white grits, grog and mica flakes. Olive green lustre painted ornaments are applied on an opaque white tin glaze interior only. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.05m

254. Multi-Cup Dish Type: 254a Form: Multi-Cup Dish Registration No.: 47/92 TP8.0062.L.050.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of at least two cups joined together. Red ware 10R 5/8, porous in texture and containing small size white grits (resembles a cooking pot fabric). Whit slip painted under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.07m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.048m

275

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 254a Form: Multi-Cup Dish Registration No.: 47/92 TP8.0062.L.050.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of at least three cups joined together. Red ware 10R 5/8, porous in texture and containing small size white grits (resembles a cooking pot fabric). Whit slipped on both sides under a shiny lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.083m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.035m

451. Large Bowls or Basins Catalogue: Type: 451a Form: Large bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I6.0176.L.049.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim, triangular in section. Light reddish brown (pale brown) ware, 5YR 6/4, coarsely potted and poorly fired living a thick gray core. Combing decorations are applies below the rim. Rim D. 0.22m

276

Y. D. ARNON 5. Jugs and Juglets 551. Unglazed Buff or fired to a buff hue Vessels Catalogue: Type: 551a Form: juglet Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0016.L.010.023 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly concave ring base, globular body funnel neck, an everted rim and three loop handles extend from the neck onto the shoulders. Greenish/buff ware 2.5Y 7/2. Rim D. 0.05m Base D. 0.03m Height 0.11m

Type: 551a Form: juglet Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0016.L.010.024 Description: Ware and form as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.06m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.12m

277

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 5551b Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I14.0025.L.022 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a funnel neck, a levelled rim and a loop handle, which extend from the shoulder above the rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, well made and fired to a buff hue 5y 8/3. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 551c Form: juglet Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0016.L.010.026 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly concave ring base, globular body, incurved swollen neck and a straight rim. The fabric is greenish buff 2.5Y 7/3, with white painted ornaments. Rim D. 0.02m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.12m

278

Y. D. ARNON Type: 551d Form: juglet Registration No.: 7/95 TPS 0016.L.010.025 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly concave ring base, globular body, cylindrical neck, a straight rim and a loop handle extend from the neck onto the shoulder. Greenish buff ware 5Y 7/2, white painted ornaments are applied on the body and a stylistic strainer is placed in the necks bottom. Rim D. 0.07m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.11m

279

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 551e Form: juglet Registration No.: 42/93 Z2e.0294.L.420.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly concave ring base, globular body, cylindrical neck, a straight rim and a decorated loop handle extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Greenish buff ware 2.5Y 7/2 with a stylistic strainer placed in the mid neck. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.15m Strainer D. 0.07

Type: 551e Form: Jug Registration No.: 47/92 TP8. 0159 .L. 019 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, funnel neck with a stylistic strainer at its bottom, levelled rim and a loop handle, which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulder. The ware is as was mentioned above. Rim D. 0.08m Strainer D. 0.045m

280

Y. D. ARNON Type: 551f Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0623.L.374.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly concave base, globular body, funnel neck, a straight rim and a decorated loop handle extend from the neck onto the shoulder. The fabric is greenish buff 2.5Y 7/3 with a stylistic strainer, which is placed at the necks bottom. Rim D. 0.12m Base D. 0.064m Height 0.13m Strainer D. 0.09m

281

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 551f Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.014 Description: Wheel made, globular body, funnel neck, a straight rim, stylistic strainer and a decorated loop handle extend from the neck onto the shoulder. The ware is greenish buff 2.5Y 7/2. Rim D. 0.1m Strainer D. 0.09m

Type: 551f Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.015 Description: Wheel made, globular body, funnel neck, a stylistic strainer, which is placed in the necks bottom and a straight rim. Greenish buff ware 2.5Y 7/2 Strainer D. 0.07m

282

Y. D. ARNON 552. Fine Red Ware Catalogue: Type: 552a Form: Juglet Registration No.: K.60/62 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a stylistic strainer and three loop handles extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, finely levigated and meticulously produced. Strainer D. 0.05m

Type: 552b Form: Jug Registration No.: K.61/155.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed funnel neck with a stylistic strainer and a levelled rim. Ware is as mentioned in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.09m Strainer D. 0.05m

283

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 552c Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 TP 0037.L.007.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, globular body, and funnel neck with a stylistic strainer at its bottom, a levelled rim and two adjacent loop handles, which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, fine, well and thin made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.08m Base D. 0.048m Height 0.14m Strainer D. 0.05m

284

Y. D. ARNON Type: 552d Form: Jug Registration No.: K.61/155.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a stylistic strainer and a thumb decorated rim. Ware is as mentioned in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.1m Strainer D. 0.05m

Type: 552e Form: Juglet Registration No.: 47/92 TP8.0159.L.019 Description: Wheel made consists of a funnel neck with a stylistic strainer at its bottom and a levelled rim. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D. 0.08m Strainer D. 0.045m

285

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 552f Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6 0652.L.402.002/003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, funnel neck, levelled rim, a handle remnant that is attached to the shoulder and a strainer, which is placed at the bottom of the neck. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, fine, well and thin made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 552g Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.017 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck, a straight rim with a stylistic strainer remnant and a loop handle that extend from the mid neck onto the shoulder. The fabric is red 2.5YR 5/8, fine, well and thin made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.09m

286

Y. D. ARNON Type: 552h Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.016 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, a straight rim and a stylistic strainer remnant. Red are 10R 5/8, fine, well and thin made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.09m

Type: 552h Form: juglet Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck and a straight rim with a stylistic strainer remnant. The fabric is red 2.5YR 5/8, fine, well and thin made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.098m

Type: 552i Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.013 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck, a stylistic strainer remnant and a decorated loop handle extend from the mid neck onto the shoulder. Red ware 2.5YR 4/6, fine, well and thin made and hard fired.

287

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 552j Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.015 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridged cylindrical neck and a straight rim. Red are 10R 5/8, fine, well and thin made and hard fired. Rim D. 0.096m

Type: 552k Form: juglet Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.022 Description: Wheel made, consists of cylindrical neck and a thick levelled rim. Red are 2.5YR 5/6, fine, well and thin made containing mica flakes Rim D. 0.06m

Type: 552 Form: Handle Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.024 Description: Double loop handle containing a knob decoration. Red are 10R 5/8, fine, well and thin made and hard fired.

288

Y. D. ARNON 553. Coarse Ware Red Vessels Catalogue: Type: 553a Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.011 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck, a slightly everted rim and a loop handle, which extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Red are 2.5YR 5/6, coarse, porous and containing an abundance of white grits Rim D. 0.07m

Type: 553a Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.012 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical neck, a straight rim and a loop handle which extends from the rim onto the shoulder. Red are 2.5YR 5/6, coarse, porous and containing an abundance of white grits Rim D. 0.072m

Type: 553b Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly conical neck, a straight rim and a loop handle, which extend from the rim onto the shoulder. Red are 2.5YR 6/6, coarse, porous and containing an abundance of white grits Rim D. 0.1m

289

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 553c Form: jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.023 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck, containing a stylistic strainer. Red are 10R 5/8, coarse, porous and containing an abundance of white grits. Strainer D. 0.05m

Type: 553c Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6 0646.L.401.020 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a decorated strainer at its bottom. Red ware 10R 4/6, coarse and containing an abundance of white grits. Strainer D. 0.05m

Type: 553c Form: Jug Registration No.: 47/92 TP8 0059.L.019 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a stylistic strainer at its bottom. Ware is as mentioned above. Strainer D. 0.05m

290

Y. D. ARNON Type: 553c Form: Jug Registration No.: 47/92 TP8 0159.L.019.001 Description: Ware and shape are as mentioned above. Strainer D. 0.05m

Type: 553d Form: juglet Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0628.L.394.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridged funnel neck, a trefoil rim, a loop handle extends from the rim onto the shoulder and a slightly concave base. Red are 2.5YR 4/8, coarse, porous and containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.03m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.123m Max. width 0.06m

291

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 6. Glazed Ware 651. Monochrome Glazed Catalogue: Type: 651a Form: Juglet Registration No.: K.60/69.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridges funnel neck, a levelled rim and a loop handle remnant which extends from the upper neck onto the shoulder. Buff ware 2.5Y 7/3, finely levigated and hard fired. A thick green glaze is applied directly on the fired clay on both sides. Rim D. 0.07m

Type: 651b Form: juglet Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0652.L.402.012 Description: Wheel made, consists of globular body and a slightly concave base. Light reddish brown ware 2.5YR 6/4, well potted and hard fired, containing mica flakes. White slipped both sides under a turquoise/green lead glaze interior and exterior Base D. 0.043m

292

Y. D. ARNON 652. Colour splashed Fayyumi style Ware Catalogue: Type: 652a Form: jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0261.L.742.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of globular body, a slightly concave base a funnel neck and a straight rim. Pinkish ware 7/4, well potted and hard fired, containing mica flakes. White slipped both sides under a transparent glaze interior and a colour splashed glaze Fayyumi style in manganese, green and yellow. Rim D. 0.094m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.2m

293

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 53. Zoomorphic Vessel Catalogue: Type: 653a Form: Zoomorphic vessel Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.L.010.028 Description: A pouring vessel which consists of a wheel-made cylindrical body containing a funnel at its back, near the tail, four hand made legs, a tail, a neck and a ram’s head with two spiral shaped horns. The nose functions as a spout. The clay is red 10R 4/6, porous, finely levigated and containing small and medium size white grits. The entire body is decorated with white slip painted ornaments under a transparent glaze. Length 0.12m Width 0.042 Height 0.04m

7. Cooking Ware 751. Glazed Open Cooking Ware (Casseroles). Catalogue Type: 751a Form: Casserole Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0630.L.391.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a straight rim and carinated shoulders. The fabric is red 2.5YR 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.26m

294

Y. D. ARNON 752. Closed Coking Ware (Pots) Catalogue: Type: 752a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a slightly everted rim with a shallow groove below. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner and outer surface walls. Rim D. 0.14m

Type: 752b Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0360.L.391.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted rim, triangular in section with a shallow groove below and a strapped handle remnant on the body. The fabric is red 10R 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 752b Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.011 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted rim-triangular in section with a shallow groove below. The fabric is red 2.5YR 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.16m

295

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 752b Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted rim-triangular in section with a shallow groove below. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.14m

Type: 752b Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.007 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted rim-triangular in section with a shallow groove below. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Transparent glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 752c Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0630.L.391.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a rounded everted rim with a shallow groove below. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, containing an abundance of white grits fired to a gray hue 2.5YR 5/0. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.2m

296

Y. D. ARNON Type: 752c Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a straight rim with a shallow groove below. The fabric is red 2.5YR 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Transparent glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 752d Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0630.L.391.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated body, a straight rim with a step between the rim and the body. The fabric is red 10R 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 752e Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.016 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a straight rim and carinated shoulders. Red ware 2.5YR 6/6, containing an abundance of white grits and fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 752f Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.015 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a straight rim and defected carinated shoulders. Red ware 2.5YR 6/8, containing an abundance of white grits and fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 4/2. Dark brown glaze drippers are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.13m

297

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 752g Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0630.L.391.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted rim triangular section with a groove below and two thumbed decorated ledge handles attached to the body. Red ware 2.5YR 5/6 and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied to the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 752g Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted rim-triangular in section with a groove below and two strapped handles are attached to the body. The fabric is red 10R 4/8 containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied to the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 752h Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.024 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted rim-triangular in section with a groove below, a string cut flat base and two strapped handles attached to the body. Red ware 2.5YR 4/8 and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied to the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.13m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.1m

298

Y. D. ARNON Type: 752i Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated body, an everted rim-triangular in section with a groove below. The fabric is red 2.5YR 4/4, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze drips are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 752i Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated body, an everted rim-triangular in section with a groove below. The fabric is red 2.5YR 5/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Transparent glaze drips are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 752j Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0462.L.470.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted ledge rim and a flat base. The ware is red 10R 3/4, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied to the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.09m Height 0.14m Max. Width 0.14m

299

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 752k Form: cooking pot Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0458.L.470.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an everted ledge rim and a loop handle extend from the rim onto the body. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glazed drips are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.16m

Type: 752l Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 6/93 II.3006 Description: wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, globular body and a wide bevelled rim. The fabric is red 10R 5/6 containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.034m Height 0.085m

Type: 752m Form: cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0360.L.391.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated body, an incurved rim and a two thumbed decorated ledge handles attached to the body. The fabric is red 2.5YR 4/4, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glazed drips are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.18m

300

Y. D. ARNON Type: 752n Form: cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.017 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, an incurved rim and a two thumbed decorated ledge handles attached to the body. The fabric is red 2.5YR 4/6, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glazed drips are applied to the inner surface walls. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 752o Form: cooking pot Registration No.: 7/95.TPS.0016.L.010.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a straight rim, concave base and a two thumbed decorated ledge handles accompanied with two strapped ones attached to the body. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glazed is applied to the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.12m Base 0.24m Height 0.315

Type: 752o Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 47/92 I2.2427.L.311 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body, a levelled rim and two thumbed decorated ledge handles, which are attached to the body. The fabric is red 10R 5/8 containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom and as a decoration below the rim on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.12m Height 0.22m Max. Width 0.26m

301

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 752o Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 47/92 I6.0105.L.209.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concaved base, globular body, a slightly everted rim, two thumbed decorated ledge handles accompanied by two strap ones are attached to the mid body. Ware and glazing as is mentioned above. Rim D. 0.12m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.12m

Type: 752p Form: Cooking Pot Registration No.: 47/92 I6 0187.L.703.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly everted rim. Red ware 10R 4/8 containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.16m

753. Frying Pans Catalogue: Type: 753a Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1438.L.136.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, bevelled walls, an everted rim-triangular in section and a ledge handle remnant attached to the rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glazed is applied to the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.23m Base 0.2mHeight 0.05

302

Y. D. ARNON Type: 753b Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0630.L.391.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, bevelled walls, an everted rim-triangular in section and a ledge handle accompanied by two loop ones extend from the rim onto the body. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glazed is applied to the inner bottom accompanied by careless flow towards the rim. Rim D. 0.26m

Type: 753c Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 10/94 I4 0192.L.720.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a thick everted rim, squared in section. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.2m

Type: 753d Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 7/95 I7 0118.L.168 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and an everted rim-triangular in section. The fabric is red 10R 4/3 containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.25m Base D. 0.115m Height 0.05m

303

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 753e Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0618.L.374.022 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, bevelled walls, an everted rim-triangular in section and a ledge handle accompanied by two loop ones extend from the rim onto the body. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glazed is applied to the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.25m Base D.0.15 Height 0.05m

754. Lids Catalogue: Type: 754a Form: Lid Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0486.L.470.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed hemispherical cover, an everted rim-triangular in section, a knob handle and a small hole to release the steam pressure. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.22m Height 0.06m

304

Y. D. ARNON 8. Containers 851. Reduced firing Storage Jars Catalogue: Type: 851a Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, an Omphalus base, a conical neck, slopping shoulders, two loop handles attached to the shoulders and an inverted rim triangular in section. Light reddish brown ware 2.5YR 6/4, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 5/4. White painted decorations in a way line are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.075m Base D. 0.075m Max. width 0.25 Height 0.32m

Type: 851a Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.004 Description: Shape and ware as was mentioned above. Rim D. 0.075m Base D. 0.075m Max. width 0.25 Height 0.35m

305

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 851b Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, an Omphalus base, a slightly ribbed cylindrical neck, slopping shoulders, two loop handles attached to the shoulders and an inverted rim triangular in section. Light reddish brown ware 2.5YR 6/4, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 5/4. White painted decorations in a way line are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.079m Base D. 0.08m Max. width 0.25 Height 0.33m

Type: 851b Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, an Omphalus base, a slightly ribbed cylindrical neck, slopping shoulders, two loop handles attached to the shoulders and an inverted rim triangular in section. Light reddish brown ware 2.5YR 6/4, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 2.5YR 5/4. White painted decorations in a way line are applied on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.075m Base D. 0.075m Max. Width 0.25 Height 0.36m

306

Y. D. ARNON Type: 851c Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 10/94 I6.0176.L.049.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, slopping shoulders, a ribbed cylindrical neck, a guttered inverted rim and two loop handles extend from the neck’s bottom onto the shoulders. Light red ware 10R 6/8, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 4/2 on the outer surface only, with white painted decorations. Rim D. 0.1 Max. Width 0.26m

Type: 851c Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0646.L.401.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed conical neck and an inverted rim triangular in section. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 4/2. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 851d Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1546.L.174.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly ribbed conical neck and a guttered inverted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, well made and hard fired to a weak red hue 10R 4/2. Rim D. 0.11m

307

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 852. Cylindrical Jars Catalogue: Type: 852a Form: Storage jar Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1546.L.174.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a cylindrical body and an everted rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, coarsely made and containing an abundance of white grits. Fired to a yellowish hue 2.5Y 8/6 Rim D. 0.11m

853. Biconical Amphora Catalogue: Type: 853a Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0624.L.391.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a double conical body, a tapering base a thick everted rim rectangular in section and two loop handles remnant attached to the shoulders. Red ware 10R 4/6, well made and fired, containing white grits and an abundance of hard black ones. Rim D. 0.06m Base D. 0.015m Height 0.275 Max. Width 0.137m

Type: 853b Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 93.II.34225 Description: Wheel made, consists of a conical ribbed body, thick rounded everted rim and two loop handles, which extend from the rim onto the shoulders. Rim D. 0.08m Max. Width 0.275m

308

Y. D. ARNON Type: 853c Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 47/93 I1 1245.L.020 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base slightly pointed, a bi-conical body, a thick everted rim square in section and two grooved handles, which extend from the rim onto the shoulders. The fabric is red 10R 5/6, containing white and black grits and mica inclusions. Rim D. 0.08m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.28m Max. Width 0.27m

Type: 853d Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0623.L.374.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a double conical body, a thick everted rim rectangular in section and two loop handles extend from the rim onto the shoulders. Red ware 10R 4/6, well made and fired, containing white grits and an abundance of hard black ones. Rim D. 0.06m Max. Width 0.137m

309

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 854. Buff ware Amphorae Catalogue: Type: 854a Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0016.L.010.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, an everted rim-triangular in section, a tall ribbed cylindrical neck and two loop handles extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders. Buff ware 5 8/3, well potted and fired, containing white grits. Rim D. 0.05m Base D.0.04m Height 0.24m Max. Width 0.17m

Type: 854b Form: Amphora Registration No.: 47/92 I6 0329.L.775 Description: Wheel made, consists of an Omphalus base, a bag shaped body, a slightly ribbed cylindrical neck and an everted rim-triangular in section and two loop handles, which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders. The fabric is pale yellow 5Y 8/4, containing white and black grits. Rim D. 0.06m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.26m Max Width 0.2m

310

Y. D. ARNON Type: 854c Form: Amphora Registration No.: 47/2 I10 0014.L.302 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, slightly ribbed cylindrical neck, an everted rim-triangular in section and two loop handles, which extend from the mid neck onto the combed decorated shoulders. Light brown ware containing white and black grits and fired to a whitish/yellow hue 2.5Y 8/2. Rim D. 0.09m Base D ~0.1m Height 0.48m Max Width 0.36m

Stratum IIIb and IIIa, Late 11th –Late 12th Century Table Ware 261. Monochrome Glazed Bowls With or Without Sgraffito Decorations Catalogue: Type: 261a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5 0518.L.462.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of flaring body and rim. Reddish/yellow ware 5YR 7/6, finely levigated and well made. White slipped on both sides, under a lead yellow glaze interior and green exterior. Rim D. 0.15m

311

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 261a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7 0140.L.055.022 Description: Wheel made, consists of flaring body and rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, well-made and hard fire. White slipped on both sides, under a lead deep manganese glaze. Rim D. 0.17m

Type: 261a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0093.L.038.001 Description: Wheel made, consists flaring body and rim. The fabric is pale yellow (buffish) 2.5Y 8/3, well made and fired. White slipped on both sides under, a lead manganese purple glaze. Two mending holes are visible on the vessels wall. Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 261b Form: Bowl Registration No: 7/95 I1 0640.L051.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Pale brown ware 10YR 7/4, finely levigated and well made. A thick alkaline turquoise glaze is applied on both sides. Mending holes are visible on the upper part. Rim D. 0.22m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.08m

Type: 261b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0259.L.117.001 Description: Wheel made, consists flaring body and rim. The fabric is pale yellow 2.5Y 8/3, well made and fired. White slipped both sides under a thick lead white glaze. Rim D. 0.2m

312

Y. D. ARNON Type: 261c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7 0140.L.055.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled body and a levelled rim. The fabric is pink 7.5YR 7/4, finely levigated and well made. White slipped on both sides, under yellow glaze on both sides. Rim D. 0.24m

Type: 261d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 CC51.0185.L.063.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. The fabric is red 10R 4/9, containing an abundance of white grits. White slipped on both sides, under a green lead glaze interior only with green glaze drips on the outer. Rim D. 0.23m

Type: 251e Form: Bowl Registration No: 6/93 II.34678 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and an everted rim. Ware and glazing technique as mentioned above. Mending hole are visible. Rim D. 0.4

Type: 261f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II 31708 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and an everted rim. Red ware 2/5YR 5/6 containing an abundance of white grits. White slipped on both sides, under brown glaze on the inner surface with glaze drips on the outer one. Rim D. 0.22m

313

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 261g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0259.L.117 Description: Wheel made, consists of a rig base, a flaring body and an everted rim. Rouletting decorations are applied on the outer surface below the rim. The fabric is very pale brown 10YR 8/3, finely levigated and well potted. The entire bowl except the base is covered by a thin green lead glaze. Rim D.0.18m Base D.0.07m Height 0.06m

Type: 261h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0246.L.104.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a rig base. Red ware 10R 5/8, white slipped both sides under a lead green glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Base D. 0.1m

Type: 261h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0200.L.720.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on both sides under a lead yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 0.23m

314

Y. D. ARNON 262. Colour-Splash Glazed With or Without Sgraffito Decorations and Fayyumi Style Ware Catalogue: Type: 262a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0738.L.909.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of flaring body and rim. Reddish brown ware 5YR 6/4, containing white grits. White slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze on the inner surface and green splashes on the outer. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 262b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641-8-002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and an everted rim-triangular in section. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. White slipped on both sides, under green, yellow and brown colour splashed glaze on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 262c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 6/93 II.33697 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Red ware 10R 5/6, pinkish slipped on both sides, under green, yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.13m Height 0.05m

Type: 262d Form: Bowls Registration No.: 10/94 I4 0167.L.721.004 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a carinated body and a straight rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, White/pinkish slipped on both sides, under a green and yellow colour-splashed lead glaze, on the interior and green glaze drips on the exterior near the rim Rim D. 0.27m

315

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 262e Form: Bowls Registration No.: 15/97 I7 0126.L.055.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ridged cylindrical body and a slightly everted rim. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/4, White/pinkish slipped on both sides, under a green and yellow colour- splashed lead glaze, Fayyumi style, on the exterior and green glaze on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.11m

Type: 262f Form: Bowl Registration No: 6/93 II.33690 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim. Red ware 10R 5/6, pinkish slipped on both sides, under green, yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze Fayyumi style on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.10m Height 0.06m

Type: 262f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0449.L.797.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a levelled rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on both sides, under yellow and green colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.32m.

316

Y. D. ARNON 263. Chinese Porcelain Catalogue: Type: 263a Form: Bowls Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0470.L.740.001 Description: Bluish/gray glazed white porcelain.

Type: 263b Form: Bowls Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0010.L.279.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a wide ledged rim. Bluish/gray glazed white porcelain, floral relief pattern on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.24m

317

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 264. Manganese or Black Under-Glaze Slip Painted Ware Catalogue: Type: 264a Form: Bowls Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0250.L.740.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a slightly concave shallow ring base, flaring body and rim. Pinkish/buff ware 5YR 7/3, sandy and containing white grits and grog inclusions. White slipped on the interior, under a manganese slip painted design covered by an opaque transparent tin glaze. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.055m Height 0.05m

318

Y. D. ARNON Type: 264a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0773.L.895 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, flaring body and rim. The fabric is light red 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under a dark manganese slip painted decoration, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface and transparent glaze on the outer one. Rim D. 0.19m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.06m

Type: 264a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I6.0193.L.693.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of flaring body and rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under a dark manganese slip painted decorations, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface and transparent glaze on the outer one. Rim D. 0.25m

319

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 264b Form: Bowls Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0174.L.720.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a straight rim. Pinkish/buff ware 5YR 7/6, sandy and containing white grits and grog inclusions. White slipped on both sides, under manganese slip painted design, interior only, and covered by an opaque transparent tin glaze on both sides. Rim D. 0.22m

Type: 264c Form: Bowls Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0250.L.740.002 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a wide ledge rim. Pinkish/buff ware 5YR 7/3, sandy and containing white grits and grog inclusions. White slipped on both sides, under manganese slip painted design, interior only, and covered by a transparent alkaline turquoise glaze. Rim D. 0.33m

Type: 264d Form: Bowl Registration No: 47/92 I6 0077.L.649.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of flaring body and an everted rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under a dark manganese slip painted decoration, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface and transparent glazed on the outer one. Rim D. 0.2m

320

Y. D. ARNON Type: 264e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0137.L.720.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a ring base, incurved body and rim. Brownish/buff ware 2.5Y 7/4, sandy and containing white grits. White slipped on both sides, under manganese slip painted design, interior only, and covered by a transparent alkaline glaze. Base D. 0.3m Base D.0.11m Height 0.05m

Type: 264f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0740.L.934.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a ring base. Buff ware 5Y 8/3, sandy, and containing white grits. White slipped on both sides, under manganese slip painted design, interior only, and covered by a transparent opaque tin glaze. Base D. 0.1m

321

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 264f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 38/92.II.30200 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base. The fabric is light red (pink) 7.5YR 7/4, white slipped on both sides under a dark manganese slip painted floral ornament, under a transparent glaze on both sides. Base D. 0.15m

Type: 264f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I5.0512.L.462 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on both sides, under a dark manganese slip painted ornament, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface and transparent on the outer one. Base D. 0.11m

322

Y. D. ARNON Type: 264g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/96 I2.0018.L.277.003 Description: Wheel made, consisting of ring base, a carinated body and an everted rim. Pinkish ware 5YR 7/4, sandy and containing white grits and grog inclusions. White slipped on both sides, under manganese slip painted design, exterior only, and covered by a transparent opaque tin glaze. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. 0.075 Height 0.12m

265. White Under-Glazed Slip Painted Ware Catalogue: Type: 265a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I4.0820.L.555.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a disk base, flaring body and rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, finely levigated and hard fired. White slipped painted ornament, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface only. Rim D. 0.11m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.04m

323

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Basins 462. Wheel Made Catalogue: Type: 462a Form: Basin Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0158.L.719.004 Description: Wheel made, consisting of an everted rim, triangular in section. The fabric is reddish brown 10R 4/8, coarsely potted and poorly fired and containing large quantities of white grits. Rim D. 0.3m

Jugs and Juglets 561. Unglazed Greenish Buff or Buff self slipped ware Catalogue: Type: 561a Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 I7. 0086. L. 177.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slightly everted rim and a decorated loop-handle that is extending from the mid neck onto the shoulder. Greenish/buff ware 5Y 7/2, Roulette decorations are applied on the shoulders. Rim D. 0.145m Strainer D. 0.12m

324

Y. D. ARNON Type: 561b Form: Juglet Registration No.: 7/95 I7. 0126. L.055.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a cylindrical neck, bearing a stylistic strainer and an everted rim, triangular in section. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, well made and hard fired, covered by a pale yellow/buff self slip 2.5Y 8/3. Rim D. 0.04m

562. Coarse Red Ware Catalogue: Type: 562a Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1353.L.172.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of an Omphalus base, a bag-shaped body, cylindrical neck and two loop-handles that are extending from the mid-neck onto the shoulders. Red ware 10R 4/8, coarse and containing an abundance of white grits. Base D. 0.05m

Type: 562a Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6 1353.L.172.002 Description: Wheel made, consisting of an Omphalus base, a bag-shaped body, cylindrical neck, and two loop-handles that are extending from the mid-neck onto the shoulders. Red ware 10R 4/6, coarse, and containing an abundance of white grits Base D. 0.08m

325

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 563. Coptic Style Ware (Pl.114.6) Catalogue: Type: 563a Form: Jug Registration No.: C87/Z-22 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body and a levelled rim. The fabric is as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.08m Strainer D. 0.05m

Type: 563a Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0259.L.117.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a stylistic strainer at the base of the neck. Reddish brown ware 5YR 4/4, wellpotted and containing mica flakes. White slipped exterior, under a brown-painted decorations and pink slipped interior. Strainer D. 0.04m

326

Y. D. ARNON 661. Glazed Ware, Colour Splash Catalogue: Type: 661a Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0470.L.740.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a flat string-cut base and a carinated body. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, well potted and hard fired. White slipped on both sides, under a gray and a green colour-splashed glaze on the exterior only. Base D. 0.06m

662. White Under Glazed Slip Painted Ware Catalogue: Type: 662a Form: Juglet Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0473.L.740.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a flat string-cut base, a globular body, an everted rim and a loop-handle that is extending from the mid-neck onto the shoulder. Red ware 10R 4/8, White slipped painted decorations under a transparent glaze on the outer surface only. Base D. 0.032m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.092m

327

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 662b Form: Juglet Registration No.: 7/95 I7.0072.L.160 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, slightly concave, funnel neck, a trefoil rim and a loop handle, which extend from the mid neck on to the shoulder. Red ware 10R 4/8 with yellow slip painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.04m Base D. 0.045 Height 0.11m

761. Cooking Ware, Globular Glazed Cooking Pots Catalogue: Type: 761a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0174.L.720.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a concave base, a globular body and inverted rim triangular in section and two strap-handles that are attached to the body. Red ware 10R 4/8, containing large quantities of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom and some drips are observed on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.125m Base D.0.09m Height 0.12m

Type: 761b Form: Cooking pot Registration No: 10/94 I4.1289.L.112.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body and a slightly everted rim. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze drips are applied on the outer surface near the rim. Rim D. 0.17m

328

Y. D. ARNON Type: 761c Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0246.L.104.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a globular body and inverted rim, triangular in section. The fabric is red 10R 5/8, containing large quantities of white grits. Dark brown glaze drips are applied on the inner walls. Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 761c Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0603.L.915 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base, globular body, two strapped handles and a levelled rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, finely levigated and thin potted, containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied to the inner base and on the outer surface below the rim. Rim D. 0.12m Base D.0.075 Height 0.175m

Type: 761c Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0093.L.038.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a globular body and a straight rim. The fabric is red 10R 5/6, containing large quantities of white grits. Dark brown glaze drips are applied on the inner walls and on the outer near the rim. Rim D. 0.18m

329

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 762. Glazed Frying Pans (Pl.115.1-4) Catalogue: Type: 762a Form: Frying pan Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0246.L.104.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of a flat base, bevelled walls, a thick everted rim, triangular in section, and a remnant of a loop-handle that is attached to the rim. The fabric is red 10R 4/6, containing large quantities of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom only. Rim D. 0.24m Base D. 0.18m Height ~0.04m

Type: 762b Form: Frying pan Registration No.: 15/97 I7.0112.L.038.002 Description: Wheel made, consisting of bevelled walls and a thick everted rim, triangular in section. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing large quantities of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom only. Rim D. 0.38m

Type: 762c Form: Frying pan Registration No.: 15/97 I4.0192.L.720.001 Description: Wheel made, consisting of concave base, bevelled walls, a thick everted rim, triangular in section, and a loop-handle that are attached to the rim. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, containing large quantities of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom only. Rim D. 0.22m Height ~0.05m

Type: 762d Form: Frying pan Registration No.: 10/94 I4 0738.L.909.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a thick everted rim-triangular in section. The fabric is red 2.5YR 4/4, dark brown glaze is applied on the inner bottom. Rim D. 0.19m

330

Y. D. ARNON

The Crusader and Mamlūk Occupation Layers Stratum II - Late 12th Century and the Entire 13th Century. 171. Hand Made Painted Unglazed Bowls Catalogue: Type: 171a Form: Bowl Registration No.: K/61/169.003 Description: Hand made, consists of a concave base and an uneven straight rim. Pinkish/gray ware 5YR 6/2, coarsely levigated, crudely made and containing an abundance of white pebbles, organic and quartz inclusions. Reddish/brown geometric painted ornaments are applied on both sides. Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.06m

172. Wheel Made Unglazed Bowls Catalogue: Type: 172a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0014/0015.L.284 Description: Wheel and mould made, consists of a ring base, carinated body and an everted decorated rim-triangular in section. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, resembling a cooking ware. Transparent glazed drips are visible on the bottom of the base and near the rim. Rim D. 0.175m Base 0.075m Max. Width 0.2m Height 0.10m

331

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Glazed Bowls 271. Monochrome glazed Catalogue: Type 271a Form: Bowl Registration No: 10/94 KK12.0007.L.203.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a wide ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on the inner surface only, under an olive green glaze. Rim D. 0.26

Type 271b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1683.29-7 Description: Wheel made, consists of a graded body and a wide ledged rim. Light red ware 5YR 7/4, white slipped on the inner surface under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.34m

Type 271c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/97 I2.0084.L.255.009 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, a flaring body and rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.04m

Type: 271d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/93 I6.1310.L.128 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, incurved body and rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, white slipped on the inner surface under a thick yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.055m

332

Y. D. ARNON Type: 271e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0084.L.255.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and a wide twisted ledge rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a shiny lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.22m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.045m

Type: 271e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2 0140.L.284.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a ledged everted rim. Dark red ware 10R 5/6, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead yellowish green glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.065m

Type: 271e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2 0140.L.284 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a ledged everted rim. Dark red ware 10R 5/6, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.25m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.08m

333

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 271e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1235.L.128 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a ledged everted rim. Light reddish brown ware 2.5YR 6/4, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead shiny weed green glaze. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.045m

Type: 271f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 I1.1584.L.222 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and an everted rim. Dark red ware 10R 5/6, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.08m

Type: 271f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0084.L.255 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a wide twisted ledges rim. Dark red ware 10R 5/6, white slipped on the inner surface, under a yellowish/brown lead glaze. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.04m

Type: 271g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 38/92 III.30022/30010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, and a wide twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/4, white slipped on the inner surface, under a dark shiny green glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.075m

334

Y. D. ARNON Type 271h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1612.L.263.015 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a mustard yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.19m

Type: 271h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0148.L.698.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, white slipped on the inner surface under a green lead glaze, under a reddish/brown painted inscription ‫“ ؤاﷲ اﻟﺮاﻋﻰ‬My Lord is my Sheppard” or ‫ “ واﻟﻌﺎدل اﻟﺮاﻋﻰ‬The justice Sheppard”. Rim D. 0.22m

Type: 271i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.L.799 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base a wide “S” shaped rim. Red ware 7.5YR 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a pale yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.052m

335

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 271i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0039.L.218.001 Description: wheel made, consists of a ring base and an “S” shaped rim. Red ware 7.5YR 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under an olive green glaze. Rim D. 0.13m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.05m

Type: 271i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4. 1316. L.984 Description: wheel made, consists of a ring base and an”S” shaped rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.26m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.075m

Type: 271j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.11-3 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and an everted rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Height~0.04m

336

Y. D. ARNON 272. Monochrome Glazed Bowls With Sgraffito or Gouged Decorations Catalogue: Type: 272a Form: Bowl Registration No.: C84 I1-8-86-993 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, flaring body and rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 0.19m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.05m

Type: 272b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1683. 5-5 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a mustard yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 0.26m

337

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 272c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/93 I6.0848.778.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, and a wide ledged rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 0.25m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.06m

Type: 272c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0084.L.255.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, and a twisted wide ledged rim. Red ware 10R 5/6, pinkish slipped on the inner surface, under a yellow/brownish lead glaze and a Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 022m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.06m

Type: 272c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 15/97 I1.0010.L.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, and a twisted wide rim. Red ware 2.5YR 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a mustard yellow glaze and Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.083m Height 0.047m

338

Y. D. ARNON Type: 272d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 I7 0072.L.124 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 5.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 0.31m Base D. 0.125m Height 0.075

Type: 272e Form: Bowl Regis ratio No.: 47/92 I10.0027.L.302 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a mustard yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 0,26m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.06m

339

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 272e Form: Bowl Registration No.: C-84-I-0804.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface under a lead green glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Rim D 021.m

Type: 272f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I6.01218.L.716.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a wide “S” shaped rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated, white slipped on the inner surface, under a yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations. Rim D. 0.23m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.03m

Type: 272g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 38/92. III.30064 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a graded “S” shaped rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, coarsely levigated, white slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the rim. Rim D. 0.23m base D. 0.08m Height 0.048m

340

Y. D. ARNON Type: 272h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0897.L.957.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, finely levigated and well potted. White slipped on the inner surface, under a pale yellow glaze and a fine Sgraffito decoration. Base D. 0.11m

Type: 272i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0054.L.674 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base, Light red ware 5YR 6/6, White slipped on both sides, under a pale green glaze with a fine Sgraffito decoration on the inner surface. Base D 0.12m

Type: 272j Form: Bowl Registration No.: 3/98 TP2. 0826. L.235. Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base with a tripod mark. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a shiny green glaze with Sgraffito decorations in a circle pattern. Base D. 0.12m

341

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 272k Form: Bowl Registration No.; 42/93 I6.1013.L.074 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base an incurved body and a levelled rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/4, well potted and hard fired. White slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze with gouged decorations. Rim D. 0.23m Base D.0.1m Height 0.08m

Type: 272k Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0109.L.255 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and a levelled rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/4, dense, well made and hard fired. White slipped on the inner surface, under a lead green glaze with a gouged decoration. Rim D. 0.13m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.05m

342

Y. D. ARNON Type: 272k Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0098.L.255.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/4, dense, well made and hard fired. White slipped on the inner surface, under a pale green glaze with a stylistic gouged decoration (Rabbit). Base D. 0.1m

Type: 272l Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1347.L.990.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a high foot base (“trumpet base”) and a wide twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 7.5YR 7/4, dense, well made and hard fired. White slipped, under a shiny yellow glaze with two gouged concentric circles. Base D. 0.06m

343

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 272m Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.11-30 Description: Wheel made, consists of a high foot base (“trumpet”). Dark reddish brown ware 2.5YR 5/4, dense, thick walls and hard fired. White slipped under a pale yellow glaze with gouged decorations. Base D. 0.06m

Type: 272n Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0612L.000.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of carinated body, an everted rim and a high foot base (“trumpet”). Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, dense, well made and hard fired. White slipped, under a mustard yellow glaze with two gouged concentric circles on the inner bottom and a white slip painted ornament under, a yellow glaze on the outer surface near the rim. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.098m

Type: 272o Form: Bowl Registration No: 1641.11-6 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and a slightly everted rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, dense, well made and hard fired. White slipped on both sides, under a pale greenish/yellow glaze with gouge decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.22m

344

Y. D. ARNON Type: 272o Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.11-4 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and an incurved rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, dense, well made and hard fired. White slipped on both sides, under a greenish/yellow glaze with gouged decorations on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.3m

Type: 272p Form: Bowl Registration No.: K.61/182 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, Reddish/yellow ware 5YR 6/6, finely levigated, meticulously produced and hard fired. White slipped under a pale yellow glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Zeuxippus ware Base D. 0.05m

345

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 273. Moulded or Impressed Monochrome Glazed Bowls. Catalogue: Type: 273a Form: Bowl Registration No: 7/95 I1. 1593. L. 222 Description: Wheel made, consists of bevelled walls and a slightly incurved rim. The bowl was produced from very pale brown frit ware 10YR 8/3. A thick alkaline turquoise glaze is applied on the clay on both sides and an eroded impressed ornament is imprinted on the rim’s inner surface. Rim D. 0.14m

Type: 273b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I4.0667.L.547 Description: Wheel made, consists of a slight concave ring base, incurved body and rim. Very light brown frit ware 10YR 8/3. A thick alkaline green glaze is applied to the body on both sides. Rim D. 0.12m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.07m

346

Y. D. ARNON Type: 273c Form: Bowl (large goblet) Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0677.L.000 Description: Mould made, consists of a stylistic foot base thrown on a wheel. The fabric is greenish/buff frit 5Y 7/2. An alkaline green glaze is applied to the body on both sides. A tripod remnant is visible on the base. Base D. 0.08m

274. Colour Splash, Mottled With or Without Sgraffito Decorations Glazed Bowls Catalogue: Type: 274a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 NN13.0012.L.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide graded ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/8, well potted and white slipped on the inner surface, under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.17m

347

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 274b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0673.L.935 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under a green and white mottled glaze. Rim D. 0.225m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.06m

Type: 274c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1608.L.263.020 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, white slipped on the inner surface, under green and mustard yellow colour splashed glaze. Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 274d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1615.L.263.032 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and an everted rim. Light red ware 5YR 8/3, white slipped on both sides, under a yellow and green colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations (St. Symeom). Rim D. 0.18m

348

Y. D. ARNON Type: 274e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 38/92.III.30016.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/4, dense and finely levigated. White slipped on both sides, under green, pale yellow and mustard yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations (St. Symeom). Rim D. 0.175

Type: 274e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 38/92. III.30016.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/4, relatively dense and white slipped on both sides, under a green, pale yellow and mustard yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. (St. Symeom). Rim D. 0.2m Height 0.05m

349

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 274f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 1641.11-32 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, relatively dense and hard fired. White slipped ob both sides, under green, yellow and manganese colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface and green and yellow on the outer one. Rim D. 0.28m

Type: 274g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1608.L.263.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a twisted wide kedged rim. Light red ware 5YR 8/3, relatively dense, and well made. White slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface. Rim D~0.14m

350

Y. D. ARNON Type: 274g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 38/92.III.30024 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ledged rim. Light red ware 5YR 7/6, dense and well made. White slipped on both sides, under green and yellow colour splashed glaze with gouged and Sgraffito decorations on the inner surface (St. Symeom). Rim D. 0.18m

Type: 274h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 7/95 I1.1563.L.222.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a high foot base a carinated body and an everted rim. Reddish yellow ware 5YR 6/6, dense and well made. White slipped on the inner surface, under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze with a gouged bird on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.19m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.09m

351

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 274h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 38/92.III.30010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a slightly everted rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, dense and well made. White slipped on the inner surface under a pale green and mustard yellow colour splashed glaze with a gouged decoration. Rim D. 0.125m

Type: 274h Form: Bowl Registration No.: 38/92.III.30187 Description: Wheel made, consists of a carinated body and a slightly everted rim. Red ware 2.5YR 5/8, finely levigated and hard fired. White slipped on the inner surface, under a green and yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito and gouged decorations. Rim d. 0.2m

352

Y. D. ARNON Type: 274i Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1347.L.990.000 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body, a ledged everted rim and a high ring base. The outer surface is trimmed by a sharp tool. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, finely levigated and hard fired. White slipped on the inner surface, under a brown and yellow colour splashed glaze with Sgraffito and gouged decorations. Rim D. 0.09m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.065m

275. Tin Glazed Proto Majolica Style Bowls. Catalogue: Type: 275a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0039.L.1218.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 5YR 6/3, white slipped on both sides, under an opaque white tin glaze with slip painted geometrical and a bird depiction in purple, blue and olive green on the inner surface and incised potter’s marks on the outer one. Rim D. 0.19m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.07m

353

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 275b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1249.L.163 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 5YR 6/3, white slipped on both sides, under an opaque white tin glaze with slip painted fish depiction surrounded by interlaced ornament, in pale blue and purple. Rim D. 0.18m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.05m

Type: 275c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0140.L.284.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and rim. Light red ware 5YR 6/3, white slipped on both sides, under a white opaque tin glaze with pale brown and blue slip painted ornaments. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.06m

354

Y. D. ARNON Type: 275d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0691.L.975.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base, an incurved body and a twisted ledged rim. Light red ware 5YR 6/3 and white slipped on both sides, under an opaque white tin glaze with slip painted ornaments in dark purple, yellow and blue. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.06m

Type: 275e Form: Bowl Registration No: 42/93 I6.0776.L.799 Description: Wheel made, consists of a high foot base and a wide ledged rim. Light red ware 5YR 6/3, white slipped on both sides, under an opaque white tin glaze with slip painted ornaments in purple and blue. Rim D. 0.19m Base D.0.56m Height 0.075m

Type: 275f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 42/93 I4.0859.L.633 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim. Light red ware 5YR 6/3, white slipped on both sides, under an opaque white tin glaze and with slip painted dark manganese and yellow ornaments. Rim D. 0.10m

355

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 275g Form: Bowl/ tray Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1601.L.263.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a ring base and a flat surface. Light red ware 5YR 6/3, white slipped on both sides, under an opaque white tin glaze with slip painted ornaments in purple and blue. Rim D. 0.27m Base D.0.2m Height 0.05m

276. Under Glazed Slip Painted Bowls, in Green, Yellow or Transparent Glaze Catalogue: Type: 276a Form: Bowl Registration No: 10/94 I4.0072.L.663 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow concave ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 10R 8/4, covered with white slip painted ornament on the inner surface, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.06m

356

Y. D. ARNON Type: 276a Form: Bowl Registration No: 47/92 I8.0147.L.289 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow concave ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 10R 8/4, covered with white slip painted ornament on the inner surface, under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.07m Height 0.055m

Type: 276a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0025.L.218.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, covered with white slip painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface. An incised potter’s mark is applied on the outer bottom one. Rim D. 0.125m Base D. 0.04m Height 0.042m

357

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 276a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0025.L.218.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave ring base and a wide twisted ledged rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, covered with white slip painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface. An incised potter’s mark is applied on the outer base. Rim D. 0.25m Base D.0.063. Height 0.06m

Type: 276b Form: Bowl Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0133.L.674 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave ring base and a wide ledged rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, covered with white slip painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.27m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.07m

358

Y. D. ARNON Type: 276c Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I1.1315.L.150.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave ring base and a slightly everted rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, covered with white slip painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.28m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.11m

Type: 276d Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/93 I6.0447L.000 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave ring base. Red ware 7.5R 4/8, covered with white slip painted ornaments, under a transparent glaze on the inner surface. An incised potter’s mark is applied on the outer surface. Base D. 0.065m

359

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 276e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/93 I6.0603.L.915 Description: Wheel made, consists of a relatively high ring base, a carinated body and a levelled rim. Light red ware 7.5YR 7/4, well potted and hard fired. White slipped painted ornaments are applied to the inner surface, under a yellowish glaze. Rim D. 0.24, Base D. 0.1m Height 0.075m

Type: 276e Form: Bowl Registration No.: 63/00 LL7.0184.L.090 Description: Wheel made, consists of a relatively high ring base, a carinated body and a levelled rim. Light red ware 2.5YR 7/6, well potted and hard fired. White slipped painted ornaments are applied to the inner surface, under a green glaze. Rim D. 0.14, Base D. 0.1m Height 0.08m

360

Y. D. ARNON Type: 276f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 TP8 0084. L.050.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body and rim. The ware is red 10R 4/8, porous in texture and containing an abundance of small size white grits. Yellow slipped painted ornaments are applied on the inner surface under a transparent glaze. Rim D. 0.13m

Type: 276f Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 TP8 0091.L.050.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a hemispherical body and rim. The ware is red 10R 4/8, porous in texture and containing an abundance of small size white grits. White slipped painted ornaments are applied on the inner surface under a yellow glaze. Rim D. 0.12m

Type: 276g Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 TP8 0047.L.050.003 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flaring body and an everted rim. The ware is red 10R 4/8, porous in texture and containing an abundance of small size white grits. White slipped painted ornaments are applied on the inner surface under a green glaze (green decorations on a brown background). Rim D. 0.12m

361

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 277. Lustre ware Catalogue: Type: 277a Form: Bowl Registration No: C84-I1-4-86-994.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a shallow ring base and an incurved body and rim. Grayish buff frit ware 5Y 7/3 covered with tin glazed on both sides, under dark brown lustrous paintings. Crescents and Pseudo–Calligraphic ornaments in-between comprises the inner surface depiction. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.075m

4. Basins 471. Wheel made, gray ware Catalogue: Type: 471a Form: Basin Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1191.L.121 Description: Wheel made, consists of an elongated body, a flanged rim and a rather wide gutter below it. Gray ware 2.5Y 3/0, relatively fine, well made and hard fired, containing an abundance of small and medium white grits and sand (quartz) inclusions. Rim D. 0.4m

362

Y. D. ARNON Type: 471b Form: Basin Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1612.L.263.005 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide thumb decorated everted rim and combed decorations in a wavy line on the upper body. Gray ware 2.5YR 4/0, well made and finely levigated, containing large quantities of white grits in various sizes. Rim D. 0.4m

472. Wheel Made Red Ware Catalogue: Type: 471a Form: Basin Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0608.L.373.008 Description: Wheel made, consists of an incurved body and rim with two vertical loop handles, which extend from the rim onto the mid body. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, porous in texture and containing medium size white grits and hard black ones. Combed incised decorations are applied on the outer upper body. Rim D. 0.48m

5. Unglazed jugs and juglets. 571. Three handles coarse ware jugs Catalogue: Type: 571a Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4.1347.L.990.002: Description: Wheel made, consists of an Omphalus base, a globular body, a funnel neck with a strainer remnant and three loop handles, which extend from the bottom of the neck onto the shoulders. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/6, coarse and fired to a buff hue 5Y 8/3. Rim D.0.1m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.25m

363

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 571a Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0682.L.321.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a wide ring base, globular body, and funnel neck with a strainer remnant and three loop handles, which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders. Reddish/gray ware 5YR 5/2, course and containing an abundance of medium and large size white grits. The outer surface is fired to a buffish/gray hue 2.5Y 7/2. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.06m Height 0.24m

Type: 571a Form: Jug Registration No.: 15/97 I6.0682.L.321.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a strainer remnant and three loop handles, which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders. Red ware 2.5YR 6/8, course and containing an abundance of white grits. The outer surface is fired to a very pale brown hue 10YR 8/3. Strainer D. 0.07m

364

Y. D. ARNON 572. Hand made jugs, with or without painted decorations. Catalogue: Type: 572a Form: Jug Registration No.: 10/94 I4 1412.L.931.001 Description: Coil made, consists of a flat base with cloth depiction, bag shaped body, a cylindrical neck and a levelled rim. Pink ware 5YR 7/4, coarsely levigated and poorly fired. Burnish marks are visible on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.07m base D. 0.08m Height 0.14m

Type: 572b Form: Jug Registration No.: 42/93 I6.0776.L.999 Description: Coil made, consists of a shallow ring base, a globular body a funnel neck, a slightly everted rim and a loop handle, which extend below the rim onto the shoulder. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, coarsely made and poorly fired. White slipped on both sides, under a red/brown painted geometric ornaments on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.09m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.2m

365

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 572b Form: Jug Registration No.: 7/95 TPS.0051.L.007 Description: Coil made, consists of a shallow ring base, globular body, funnel neck, an unlevelled rim, a loop handle, which extend from the neck onto the shoulder and a spout remnant on the body. The fabric is red 7.5R 4/8, coarsely made and poorly fired. White slipped on both sides, under a red/brown painted geometric ornaments on the outer surface. Rim D. 0.12m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.23m

573. Pale Yellow/Greenish Ware Jugs. Catalogue: Type: 573a Form: Jug Registration No: 15/97 I7.0142.L.075 Description: Wheel made, consists of a funnel neck with a strainer remnant at its base. Greenish/buff ware 5Y 7/3, well levigated and relatively hard fired. Strainer D. 0.06m

366

Y. D. ARNON 6. Glazed Jugs and Juglets 671. Monochrome Glazed Jugs and Juglets. Catalogue: Type: 671a Form: Jug Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0140L.284.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a low ring base, a globular body, a slightly ribbed cylindrical neck, a slightly everted rim and a loop handle, which extends from the mid neck onto the body. Pinkish porous coarse grained ware 5YR 8/3 covered with reddish yellow slip 5YR 7/4, under a shiny green glaze interior and exterior. Rim D. 0.03m Base D.0.075m Height 0.18m

672. Cypriot Under Glazed Slip Painted Jugs and Juglets in Green and Yellow Catalogue: Type: 672a Form: Jug Registration No.: K.61/169.002 Description: Wheel made, consists of a string cut flat base. Light reddish brown ware 2.5YR 6/4, finely levigated and hard fired. White slipped, under a light green glaze. White slipped painted ornaments are applied on the shoulders, under a light green glaze. Base D. 0.11m

Type: 672a Form: Jug Registration No.: K.60/74 Registration No.: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body. Red ware 10R 5/4, well-made and containing an abundance of white grits. White painted slipped ornaments are applied on the outer surface, under a yellow glaze.

367

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 673. Frit Ware, Alkaline Glazed Jugs and Juglets Catalogue: Type: 673a Form: Jug Registration No.: 63/00 TP4.L.501.0342 Description: Wheel made, consists of a globular body a cylindrical neck and an everted rim. Very pale brown/ pale yellow frit ware 10YR 8/3-2.5Y 8/3. Olive green painted ornaments on a turquoise alkaline glaze on the outer side and plain turquoise glaze on the inner. Rim D. 0.08m

Type: 673b Form: Albarello Registration No.: K.61/91.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a relatively high cylindrical neck and a thick everted rim. White frit ware 5Y 8/1. Black and blue painted ornaments are applied on the outer surface, under a thick transparent alkaline glaze and turquoise glaze on the inner surface. Rim D. 0.1m

Type: 673 Form: Jug Registration No.: K/61/195.001 Description: Wheel made body sherd. White frit ware 5Y 8/1. Black and blue painted ornaments appear under a thick transparent glaze exterior and a turquoise glaze interior.

368

Y. D. ARNON 7. Cooking Ware 771. Unglazed Hand Made Cooking Ware Catalogue: Type: 771a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 3/98 TP24.0038.L.016.001 Description: A hand made vessels consists of a globular body, a short inverted rim-triangular in section. A ledged handle and a remnant of a strapped one, both are attached to the body. Pink ware 7.5YR 7/3, coarsely made and unevenly fired, leaving a thick gray core and containing an abundance of white pebbles and sparkling quartz. Rim D. 0.17m

772. Glazed Globular Cooking Pots Catalogue: Type: 772a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0140.L.284.012 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base, globular elongated body, a wide ledge everted rim and thumb decorated ledged handles along with strapped looped ones. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, porous in texture and containing small size white grits. Ginger brown glaze covers the entire inner surface. Rim D. 0.23m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.27m Max width 0.28m

369

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 772a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0140.L.284.040 Description: Shape, ware and glaze are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.25m Base D. 0.12m Height 0.26m Max width 0.29m

Type: 772a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0140.L.284.011 Description: Shaped, ware and glaze are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.21m Base D. 0.09m height 0.19m Max width 0.25m

Type: 772a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0147.L.284.007 Description: Shape, ware and glaze are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.16m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.15m Max width 0.19m

370

Y. D. ARNON Type: 772a Form: Cooking pot Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0147.L.284.009 Description: Shape, ware and glaze are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.17m Base D. 0.12m Height 0.25m Max width 0.24

Type: 772b From: Cooking pot Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0147.L.284.010 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base, elongated globular body, a slightly carinated rim, two strapped loop handles and a wide thumb decorated ledge handle, which is attached below the loop ones. Ware and glaze are as in the pervious depiction. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.10m Height 0.25m Max width 0.25m

773. Glazed Cooking Casseroles. Catalogue: Type: 773a Form: Casserole Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0140.L.284.001 Description: Wheel made, canoeists of a concave base, globular body with a carination below a levelled rim and two strapped handles accompanies by a wide thumb decorated ledged one. The fabric is red 10R 4/8, porous in texture, containing an abundance of white grits and covered by a ginger brown glaze on its entire inner surface. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.18m

371

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 773a Form: Casserole Registration No.: 47/92 I2. 0140. L .284.009 Description: Ware, shape and glaze are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.145m vase D. 0.06m Height 0.13

774. Glazed Cooking Bowls Catalogue: Type: 774a Form: Bowl Registration No.: 47/92 I2. 0105. L. 269.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base and a levelled rim. Dusky red ware 10R 3/4, porous in texture and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the entire inner surface. Rim D. 0.15m Base D. 0.055m Height 0.075m

Type: 774b Form: Casserole Registration No.: 47/92 I6.0467.L.000 Description: Shape, ware and glaze as the previous with additional two horizontal loop handles. Rim D. 0.1m Base D. 0.05m Height 0.06m

372

Y. D. ARNON 775. Glazed Frying Pans Catalogue: Type: 775a Form: Fraying Pan Registration No.: 47/92 I2.0147.L.284.004 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base, bevelled walls, an everted rim and two horizontal loop handles, which are attached below the rim. The fabric is red 10R 5/6, porous in texture and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the entire inner surface. Rim D. 0.3m Base D. ~0.18m Height 0.06m

Type: 775b Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 1683 14-12 Description: Wheel made, consists of a concave base, carinated body, an everted rim squared in section and two horizontal loop handles, which are attached to the rim. Red war 10R 5/6, porous in texture and containing an abundance of white grits. Ginger brown glaze is applied on the entire inner surface. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.08m Height 0.05m

Type: 775c Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 47/92 I6.0302.L.778 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, bevelled walls a levelled rim and two horizontal loop handles, which were attached below the rim. Ware and glaze are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.31m Base D. 0.25m Height 0.045m

Type: 775c Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 47/92 I10.0027.L.302.001 Description: Ware, shaped and glaze are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.28m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.056m

373

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) Type: 775d Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 1683.236-1 Description: Ware, shape and glaze are as in the previous depiction with an additional thumb decorated ledged handle. Rim D. 0.24m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.045m

Type: 775e Form: Frying Pan Registration No: 15/97 I7.143.L.075.001 Description: Wheel made, consists of an everted rim-triangular in section and a degenerated thumb decorated ledge handle attached to the rim. Ware and glazing technique are as in the previous depiction. Rim D. 0.2m Base D. 0.17m Height 0.03m

Type: 775f Form: Frying Pan Registration No.: 1683 66-1 Description: Wheel made, consist of incurved body and rim and two horizontal loop handles, which are attached to the rim. Red ware 10R 4/8, porous and containing an abundance of white grits. Dark brown glaze is applied on the entire inner surface. Rim D. 0.22m

374

Y. D. ARNON 8. Containers 871. Bag shaped jars or Amphorae Catalogue: Type: 871a Form: Amphorae Registration No.: C87. Z. 5009.L.502 Description: Wheel made, consists of a bag shaped body, relatively high conical ridged neck, inverted rim and two loop handles. Light red ware 2.5YR 6/6, relatively fine, well made and hard fired. Containing an abundance of white grits and hard black ones (Basalt??). Rim D. 0.075 Neck L. 0.1

872. “Carrot shaped” Amphorae Catalogue: Type: 872a Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 10/94 I4.0459.L.817.001 Description: Shape and form as mentioned above. The ware is usually light reddish 5YR 6/4, thick potted and containing an abundance of white and hard black grits (Basalt??). Rim D. 0.04m Max. width 0.15m

Type: 872b Form: Amphora Registration No.: C89 I1.0030.L.019 Description: Wheel made, consists of a “carrot shaped” body, a levelled rim and two loop handles, which extend from the shoulders to the mid neck. An incised potter’s mark is applied on the outer surface above the shoulders. Ware is as mentioned above. Rim D.0.045 Max. Width 0.22m

375

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 873. Carinated flat base amphorae Catalogue: Type: 873a Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 42/93 I6.1240.L.147.006 Description: Wheel made, consists of a flat base, carinated body, a thick inverted rim with a projecting band below, and two loop handle that extends from the mid neck onto the shoulders. The ware is light red 2.5YR 6/6 and contains an abundance of white grits. Rim D. 0.05m Base D. 0.075m Height 0.3m Max width 0.15m

376

Y. D. ARNON 874. Bag Shaped amphorae Catalogue: Type: 874a Form: Amphorae Registration No.: 47/92 TP8 0106.L.052.001 Description: Wheel made consists of a bag shaped body; inverted rim, Omphalus base and two loop handles which extend from the mid neck onto the shoulders in a upraised position. Light brown ware 7.5YR 6/4, dense, finally levigated, well potted and hard fired, containing very small size white and black grits. The inner surface is white slipped and a “Z” incised mark is applied on the shoulder. Rim D. 0.09m Base D. 0.1m Height 0.56m Max width 0.28m

377

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE) 9. Large Containers- Pithoi 971. Hand made Pithoi Catalogue: Type: 971a Form: Pithos Registration No.: 47/92 TP8 0052.L.047.003 Description: Wheel made consists of a cylindrical neck and a thick everted rim Light ware 2.5YR 6/6, coarsely levigated and crudely potted, containing white grits, pebbles, grog and organic inclusions. Combing decorations are applied on the shoulders. Rim D. 0.2m

378

Y. D. ARNON

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Y. D. ARNON Instituto Orientale di Napoli, Vol 39, and N.S. XXIX: 45-61. 1986 Abbasid Maritime Trade: Archaeology and the Age of Expansion. Rivista degli Studi Orietali (1985) LIX: 339-347 Wilkinson C.K. 1973 Nishapur, pottery of the Early Islamic Period. Greenwich. Connecticut. Wilson R.F 1985 Studies in Islamic Art. London Wilson J. and Sa’d .M. 1984 The Domestic Material Culture of Nabatean to Umayyad Periods in Busra. Berytus XXXII: 35-142 Ximenes .S. 1975 È’tude Pré’liminariee de Ľepave Sarrasine du Rocher de Ľestéou”. Cahiers D’archéologie Subaquatique V: 141-150 Yannai E. 2006. A settlement from the Middle Ages and Byzantine Period at Kh. Ibreika. Atiqot 53:37-47 (Hebrew with English abstract) Yavor Z. 1999 Haifa. Kh. Tinani. Hadashot Arkheologiyot 109:21-23 (Hebrew) Yeivin S. 1955 Excavations at Caesarea Maritima. Archaeology 7:122-128 Yeivin, Z. 1992 Excavations at Carmiel (Khirbet Bata). Atiqot XXI: 109-128 Zayadin .F. et al 1986 Jerash Archaeological Project 1981-1983 Vol I. Amman

389

Y. D. ARNON

1. Oil lamp type MA 2. Oil lamp type MC (Photo Z. Friedman)

391

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Oil lamp type MD

2. Oil lamp type MF (Photo J. J. Gottlieb)

392

Y. D. ARNON

1. Wheel made oil lamp 2. Wheel made oil lamp (Photo A. Levin) 393

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 115 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Bowl type 116 3. Cup type 311 (Photo Z. Friedman)

394

Y. D. ARNON

1. Jug type 512 2. Sphero conical vessel 3. Sphero conical vessel (Photo

395

Z. Friedman)

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Area LL Jar type 811 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Jar type 812 (Photo Z. Friedman)

396

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 121 2. Bowl type 121

3. Bowl type 122 (Photo Z. Friedman) 397

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 123 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Bowl type 125 (Photo Z. Friedman) 3. Bowl type 126 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 398

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 127 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Bowl type 127 3. Bowl type 128 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 399

CAESAREA MARITIMA, THE LATE PERIODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 221 2. Bowl type 221 (Photo Z. Friedman)

400

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 224 2. Bowl type 224 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 401

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 225 2. Cup type 322 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 402

Y. D. ARNON

1. Basin type 421 2. Jug type 521 (Photo Z. Friedman) 403

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Jug type 523 2. Jug type 524 (Photo Z. Friedman) 404

Y. D. ARNON

1. Cookng Pot type 721

2. Jar type 821 405

(Photo Z. Friedman)

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Zir type 921 2. Bowl type 232 (Photo Z. Friedman) 3. Bowl type 231 406

(Photo Y .D. Arnon)

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 232

2. Bowl type 232

3. Bowl type 233 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb)

407

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 233 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Bowl type 233 (Photo Z. Friedman) 408

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 235

2. Jug type 531 (Photo Z. Friedman) 3. Jug type 531 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb)

409

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Jug type 531 2. Bowl type 231 (Photo Z. Friedman) 3. Bowl type 241 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 410

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 242 2. Bowl type 243 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 411

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 244 2. Bowl type 244 (Photo Z. Friedman) 412

Y. D. ARNON

1. Jug type 541 2. Jug type 541 (Photo Y .D. Arnon)

413

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Jug type 543 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Bowl type 251 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 414

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 251 2. Bowl type 251 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 415

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1.Bowl type 252 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Bowl type 253 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 416

Y. D. ARNON

1.Bowl type 253 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 2. Jug type 551 3. Jug type 551 (Photo Z. Friedman)

417

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Jug type 551 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Jug type 552 3. Jug type 552 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 418

Y. D. ARNON

1. Jug type 552 2. Jug type 552 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb)

419

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Jug type 652 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Zoomorphic essel (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 420

Y. D. ARNON

1. Jar type 851 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Amphora type 854 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb)

421

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 264 2. Bowl type 264 (Photo Z. Friedman)

422

Y. D. ARNON

1.Jug type 662 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Bowl type 172 (Photo Z. Friedman) 423

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 271 2. Bowl type 271 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 424

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 271 2. b ,c, d, Bowl type 272 3. Bowl type 272

425

(Photo Y .D. Arnon)

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. a, b, c Bowl type 272 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Bowl type 272 (Photo Z. Friedman)

426

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 273 2. Bowl type 274 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 427

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 274 2. Bowl type 275 428

(Photo Z. Friedman)

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 275 (Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Bowl type 276 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 429

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Bowl type 276

2. Bowl type 276 3. Bowl type 276 (Photo Y .D. Arnon)

430

Y. D. ARNON

1. Bowl type 277 (Photo Y .D. Arnon) 2. Jug type 572 (Photo Z. Friedman) 431

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Jug type 671(Photo Z. Friedman) 2. Jug type 673 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb)

432

Y. D. ARNON

1. Cooking Pot type 772 2. Cooking Pot type 772 (Photo J. J. Gottlieb) 3. Frying Pan type 775 (Photo Z. Friedman)

433

CAESAREA MARTMA, THE LATE PERODS (~700 - ~ 1291 CE)

1. Amphora type 873 (Photo Z. Friedman)

434