Award-Winning Foreign Correspondents of the New York Times 1931-1991: Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting from the Stalin Era to Germany's Reunification (Pulitzer Prize Panorama) 3643914857, 9783643914859

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Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Award-Winning Foreign Correspondents of the New York Times 1931-1991 Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting from the Stalin Era to Germany’s Reunification

Pulitzer Prize Panorama No. 28

LIT

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Award-Winning Foreign Correspondents of the New York Times 1931 – 1991

Pulitzer Prize Panorama edited by

Prof. Dr. Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (Bochum)

Volume 28

LIT

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Award-Winning Foreign Correspondents of the New York Times 1931 – 1991 Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting from the Stalin Era to Germany’s Reunification

LIT

The front cover shows the new New York Times Tower, containing 52 stories and built on 620 Eighth Avenue. The back cover shows the main entrance of the former New York Times Building, with 25 stories, on 229 West 43rd Street at Times Square.

Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Axel Springer Stiftung.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. ISBN 978-3-643-91485-9 (pb) ISBN 978-3-643-96485-4 (PDF) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

©

L

IT VERLAG GmbH & Co. KG Wien, Zweigniederlassung Zürich 2022 Flössergasse 10 CH-8001 Zürich Tel. +41 (0) 76-632 84 35 E-Mail: [email protected] https://www.lit-verlag.ch Distribution: In the UK: Global Book Marketing, e-mail: [email protected] In North America: Independent Publishers Group, e-mail: [email protected] In Germany: LIT Verlag Fresnostr. 2, D-48159 Münster Tel. +49 (0) 2 51-620 32 22, Fax +49 (0) 2 51-922 60 99, e-mail: [email protected]

I

Preface It should be „the grandest Tiger in the Jungle,“ former New York Times publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger once defined the journalistic role of his newspaper. There are many other classifications about the Times to express its unique position in the American press system, from the myth as „the world’s best-edited paper“ to glorifications like „the most influential print-organ of the globe.“ The newspaper’s daily promise on its front page, to publish „All the News that’s Fit to Print“, tries to indicate the Times’ specific ambition of journalistic achievement. Journalism researcher John C. Merrill, in one of his books dealing with important dailies of the world, called the New York Times „a paper that is solidly ‘in’ the world’s elite press for a long time. This is a proud, almost arrogant, newspaper,“ going „to a special leadership audience around the world.“ In another book Merrill remarks: „In several respects, the New York Times ranks as the best or near-best newspaper in the United States... Much of the Times’ prestige rests on its excellent in-depth coverage... of national and international issues and political events.“ In addition, there also exists another indicator that shows the significance of the New York Times within the American newspaper system - expressed by the number of Pulitzer Prizes it has earned over the decades. Between 1918 and 2021 the paper won about 130 Pulitzer awards in different prize categories, - by far the most decorations of that kind for any American daily. During those more than onehundred years, the look at the statistics also indicates that the Times received about 55 Pulitzers for International Reporting. The book at hand only concentrates on the award-winners and their works in foreign correspondence from the early 1930s to the early 1990s, including the Stalin and Hitler systems, leading to World War II, Cold War, Korean War, Vietnam War until the end of the Soviet Union and the following German Reunification. I am very much indebted to Edward M. Kliment, Administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes at Columbia University, New York, for opening the doors to the Pulitzer Prize Archive to get access to the award-winning materials. He also made available the confidential written reports of the International Reporting juries. The award-winning articles are reproduced with reference to the „Doctrine of Fair Use“ as embodied in the United States Copyright Act. According to this doctrine, excerpts of copyrighted works may be reprinted when their use does not encompass a substantial portion of these works. In addition, Leonard R. Harris, former Director of Corporate Relations and Public Affairs of the New York Times Company, kindly also gave the newspaper’s reprint permission. September 2021 Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany

Heinz-D. Fischer

II

In Memory of

Prof. Dr. Frank Luther Mott (1886 - 1964)

Leading American Press Historian of his Generation and Pulitzer Prize Winner 1939

III

Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................

I

Prize Winners and Their Articles 1931 - 1990 1932 Winner: Walter Duranty Reports about the Soviet Union in 1931 .....................................

3

1934 Winner: Frederick T. Birchall Reports about Germany in 1933 ...............................................

13

1937 Winner: Anne O’Hare McCormick Reports about Italy in 1936 ......................................................

25

1940 Winner: Otto D. Tolischus Reports about Germany in 1939 ..............................................

35

1941 Winner: Percy J. Philip Reports about France in 1940 ..................................................

45

1943 Winner: Hanson W. Baldwin Reports about Australia in 1942 ...............................................

53

1946 Winner: William L. Laurence Reports about Japan in 1945 ....................................................

63

1946 Winner: Arnaldo Cortesi Reports about Argentina in 1945 .............................................

69

1947 Winner: J. Brooks Atkinson Reports about the Soviet Union in 1946 ..................................

77

1955 Winner: Harrison E. Salisbury Reports about the Soviet Union in 1954 ..................................

89

1958 Winner: Elie Abel Reports about Yugoslavia in 1957 ...........................................

99

1960 Winner: Abraham M. Rosenthal Reports about Poland in 1959 .................................................. 111 1964 Winner: David Halberstam Reports about Vietnam in 1963 ................................................ 119

IV

1973 Winner: Max Frankel Reports about China in 1972 .................................................... 151 1974 Winner: Hedrick L. Smith Reports about the Soviet Union in 1973 ................................... 113 1976 Winner: Sydney H. Schanberg Reports about Cambodia in 1975 ............................................. 153 1978 Winner: Henry Kamm Reports about Thailand in 1977 ............................................... 161 1982 Winner: John Darnton Reports about Poland in 1981 ................................................... 173 1983 Winner: Thomas L. Friedman Reports about Lebanon in 1982 .................................................. 183 1988 Winner: Thomas L. Friedman Reports about Israel in 1987 ..................................................... 195 1989 Winner: Bill Keller Reports about the Soviet Union in 1988 ................................... 209 1990 Winner: Nicholas D. Kristof / Sheryl WuDunn Reports about China in 1989 .................................................... 219 1991 Winner: Serge Schmemann Reports about Germany in 1990 ............................................... 229 Appendix .......................................................................................................... 249 List of all New York Times Pulitzer Prizes 1918 - 2021................................... 251 Bibliography of all unpublished and published Sources ................................... 258

1

Prize Winners and Their Articles 1931 -1990

2

Filled out Application Form for the 1932 Pulitzer Prizes

3

1932 Winner

Walter Duranty The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT T H E SO V I E T U N I O N I N 1931

The Soviet Policy and Stalin

4

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1931

After Duranty had received the Pulitzer Prize, he was criticized for his subsequent denial of, and thereby exacerbation of, widespread famine in the USSR, most particulary the famine in the Ukraine. Years later, there continued to be calls to revoke his Pulitzer decoration. In 1990, even the New York Times, which had submitted his works for the prize in 1932, wrote that his later articles denying the famine constituted „some of the worst reporting to appear in this newspaper.“ Duranty’s motivation have been hothly debated and his reporting is faulted for being too uncritical of the USSR, presenting Soviet propaganda as legitimate reporting. The following texts by Walter Duranty, copyright 1931, are reprinted by kind permission of the New York Times Company, New York, N.Y.

Walter Duranty

The System of Stalinism and Its Philosophy

5

6

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1931

Walter Duranty

7

8

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1931

Soviet Opinion Monopoly and the Mass Media

Walter Duranty

Soviet Censorship and Its Fruits Abroad

9

10

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1931

Walter Duranty

11

12

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1931

The Red Army, Figures and Functions

Walter Duranty

13

14

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1931

15

1934 Winner

Frederick T. Birchall The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1933 The Germans Under Fascist Rule

16

Reports about Germany in 1933

Frederick T. Birchall

Changes in German Policy and the Turn to Fascism

17

18

Reports about Germany in 1933

Frederick T. Birchall

Hitler’s Internal Policy and a Lesson for the Future

19

20

Reports about Germany in 1933

Frederick T. Birchall

21

22

Reports about Germany in 1933

The Organized Anti-Semitism and Rumors Abroad

Frederick T. Birchall

23

24

Reports about Germany in 1933

25

1937 Winner

Anne O’Hare McCormick The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT ITALY IN 1936 The Country under the Mussolini Rule

26

Reports about Italy in 1936

Anne O’Hare McCormick

Changes in a Dictator and Their Causes

27

28

Reports about Italy in 1936

Anne O’Hare McCormick

29

30

Reports about Italy in 1936

Mussolini and Italy’s Decision for the Military Way

Anne O’Hare McCormick

31

32

Reports about Italy in 1936

Italy’s Militarism and the Effects of Sanctions

Anne O’Hare McCormick

33

34

Reports about Italy in 1936

35

1940 Winner

Otto D. Tolischus The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1939 First Weeks of World War II

36

Reports about Germany in 1939

Otto D. Tolischus

The First Weeks of War and the Situation in Cologne

37

38

Reports about Germany in 1939

Otto D. Tolischus

Changes in Daily Life and the Importance of Russia

39

40

Reports about Germany in 1939

Otto D. Tolischus

The Blockade Strangle and Its Various Consequences

41

42

Reports about Germany in 1939

Otto D. Tolischus

43

44

Reports about Germany in 1939

45

1941 Winner

Percy J. Philip The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT FRANCE IN 1940 The Country Under Nazi Occupation

46

Reports about France in 1940

Percy J. Philip

The Nazis in France and Hope for a Victory by Spirit

47

48

Reports about France in 1940

Percy J. Philip

49

50

Reports about France in 1940

Percy J. Philip

51

52

Reports about France in 1940

53

1943 Winner

Hanson W. Baldwin The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT AUSTRALIA IN 1942 Operations of the Pacific War Theatre

54

Reports about Australia in 1942

Hanson W. Baldwin

The Solomons Battle and Its Tactical Necessities

55

56

Reports about Australia in 1942

Australia’s Strategic Role and Its Consequences

Hanson W. Baldwin

57

58

Reports about Australia in 1942

Hanson W. Baldwin

The U.S. Plane Superiority and Its Reasons

59

60

Reports about Australia in 1942

Hanson W. Baldwin

61

62

Reports about Australia in 1942

63

1946 Winner

William L. Laurence The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT JAPAN IN 1945 The Terrible American Atomic Bombings

64

Reports about Japan in 1945

Introductory Notes When the Pulitzer Prize Jury of the Reporting category met on April 1, 1946, it stated in its report that „out of nearly forty submissions“ the work by William L. Laurence of the New York Times should earn the award „based on his eye-witness account of the bombing of Nagasaki and his subsequent ten articles on the development, production and significance of the bomb.“ The Board accepted the proposal and made Laurence the Pulitzer Prize Winner. The New York Times reporter Bill Laurence was on Tinian Island on August 5, 1945, when scientists put together the first atomic bomb destined for military use. He tried to wangle a ride on the first atomic bomber over Hiroshima in order to write the story for the War Department, but the leading military officer decided that he should be on the second flight destined for Nagasaki. So it happened that Laurence rode in a pathfinder B-29 Superfortress that guided the atomic bomber „The Great Artiste“ over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 as the official reporter for the War Department. His eye-witness story wasn’t released for a month, and by that time World War II was already over. In 2004 two journalists called for the Pulitzer Board to strip Laurence and his paper, the New York Times, of his 1946 Pulitzer Prize. They argued that at the time Laurence „was also on the payroll of War Department“ and that, after the atomic bombings, he „had a front page story in the Times“ disputing the „notion that radiation sickness was killing people.“ William Leonard Lawrence was born Leib Wolf Siew on March 7, 1888, in Salantai, a small city in the Russian Empire that is now in Lithuania. He emigrated to the United States in 1905 and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1913. During World War I he served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps. In 1926 he began his career as a journalist at the New York World and moved to the New York Times in 1930, spezializing is reporting on scientific issues. In 1937 he shared the Pulitzer Prize for Reporting with four other science reporters, and in 1946 he earned his own Pulitzer Reporting award. The following texts by William L. Lawrence, copyright 1945, are reprinted by kind permission of the New York Times Company, New York, N.Y.

William L. Lawrence

65

Flight to drop the Bomb on Nagasaki [Source: William L. Lawrence: Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki told by Flight Member, delayed published in: The New York Times, Vol. XCIV/No. 32,005, September 9, 1945, p. 1, col. 4; p. 35, cols. 2-7] On August 9, 1945, we are on our way to bomb the mainland of Japan. Our flying contingent consists of three specially designed B-29 Superforts, and two of these carry no bombs. But our lead plane is on its way with another atomic bomb, the second in three days, concentrating in its active substance an explosive energy equivalent to twenty thousand and, under favorable conditions, forty thousand tons of TNT. We have several chosen targets. One these is the great industrial and shipping center of Nagasaki, on the western shore of Kyushu, one of the main islands of the Japanese homeland. I watched the assembly of this man-made meteor during the past two days and was among the small group of scientists and Army and Navy representatives privileged to be present at the ritual of its loading in the Superfort last night, against a background of threatening black skies torn open at intervals by great lightning flashes. lt is a thing of beauty to behold, this „ gadget.“ Into its design went millions of man-hours of what is without doubt the most concentrated intellectual effort in history. Never before had so much brain power been focused on a single problem. This atomic bomb is different from the bomb used three days ago with such devastating results on Hiroshima. I saw the atomic substance before it was placed inside the bomb. By itself it is not at all dangerous to handle. It is only under certain conditions, produced in the bomb assembly, that it can be made to yield up its energy, and even then it gives only a small fraction of its total contents - a fraction, however, large enough to produce the greatest explosion on earth. The briefing at midnight revealed the extreme care and the tremendous amount of preparation that had been made to take care of every detail of the mission, to make certain that the atomic bomb fully served the purpose for which it was intended. Each target in turn was shown in detailed maps and in aerial photographs. Every detail of the course was rehearsed - navigation, altitude, weather, where to land in emergencies. It came out that the Navy had submarines and rescue craft, known as Dumbos and Superdumbos, stationed at various strategic points in the vicinity of the targets, ready to rescue the fliers in case they were forced to bail out. The briefing period ended with a moving prayer by the chaplain. We then proceeded to the mess hall for the traditional early-morning breakfast before departure on a bombing mission. A convoy of trucks took us to the supply building for the special equipment carried on combat missions. This included the Mae West, a parachute, a lifeboat, an oxygen mask, a flak suit, and a survival vest. We still had a few hours before take-off time, but we all went to the flying field and stood around in little groups or sat in jeeps talking rather casually about our mission to the Empire, as the Japanese home islands are known hereabouts. In command of our mission is Major Charles W. Sweeney, twenty-five, of 124 Hamilton Avenue, North Quincy, Massachusetts. His flagship, carrying the atomic bomb, is named The Great Artiste, but the name does not appear on the body of the great silver ship, with its unusually long, four-bladed, orange-tipped propellers. Instead, it carries the number 77, and someone remarks that it was „Red“ Grange’s winning number on the gridiron.

66

Reports about Japan in 1945

We took off at 3:50 this morning and headed northwest on a straight line for the Empire. The night was cloudy and threatening, with only a few stars here and there breaking through the overcast. The weather report had predicted storms ahead part of the way but clear sailing for the final and climactic stages of our odyssey. We were about an hour away from our base when the storm broke. Our great ship took some heavy dips through the abysmal darkness around us, but it took these dips much more gracefully than a large commercial airliner, producing a sensation more in the nature of a glide than a „bump,“ like a great ocean liner riding the waves except that in this case the air waves were much higher and the rhythmic tempo of the glide was much faster. I noticed a strange eerie light coming through the window high above the navigator’s cabin, and as I peered through the dark all around us I saw a startling phenomenon. The whirling giant propellers had somehow become great luminous disks of blue flame. The same luminous blue flame appeared on the plexiglas window in the nose of the ship and on the tips of the giant wings. lt looked as though we were riding the Whirlwind through space on a chariot of blue fire. It was, I surmised, a surcharge of static electricity that had accumulated on the tips of the propellers and on the di-electric material of the plastic windows. One’s thoughts dwelt anxiously on the precious cargo in the invisible ship ahead of us. Was there any likelihood of danger that this heavy electric tension in the atmosphere all about us might set it off? I expressed my fears to Captain Bock, who seemed nonchalant and unperturbed at the controls. He quickly reassured me: „lt is a familiar phenomenon seen often on ships. I have seen it many times on bombing missions. It is known as St. Elmo’s fire.“ On we went through the night. We soon rode out the storm, and our ship was once again sailing on a smooth course straight ahead, on a direct line to the Empire. Our altimeter showed that we were traveling through space at a height of seventeen thousand feet. The thermometer registered an outside temperature of thirty-three degrees below zero Centigrade, about thirty below Fahrenheit. Inside our pressurized cabin the temperature was that of a comfortable airconditioned room and a pressure corresponding to an altitude of eight thousand feet. Captain Bock cautioned me, however, to keep my oxygen mask handy in case of emergency. This, he explained, might mean either something going wrong with the pressure equipment inside the ship or a hole through the cabin by flak. The first signs of dawn came shortly after five o’clock. Sergeant Curry, of Hoopeston, Illinois, who had been listening steadily on his earphones for radio reports, while maintaining a strict radio silence himself, greeted it by rising to his feet and gazing out the window. „It’s good to see the day,“ he told me. „I get a feeling of claustrophobia hemmed in in this cabin at night.“ He is a typical American youth, looking even younger than his twenty years. It takes no mind reader to read his thoughts. „It’s a long way from Hoopeston,“ I found myself remarking. „Yep,“ he replies, as he busies himself decoding a message from outer space. „Think this atomic bomb will end the war?“ he asks hopefully. „There is a very good chance that this one may do the trick,“ I assured him, „but if not, then the next one or two surely will. Its power is such that no nation can stand up against it very long.“ This was not my own view. I had heard it expressed all around a few hours earlier, before we took off. To anyone who had seen this manmade fireball in action, as I had less than a month ago in the desert of New Mexico, this view did not sound over-optimistic. By 5:50 it was really light outside. We had lost our lead ship, but Lieutenant Godfrey, our navigator, informs me that we had arranged for that contingency. We have an assembly

William L. Lawrence

67

Front page of August 9, 1945

68

Reports about Japan in 1945

point in the sky above the little island of Yakushima, southeast of Kyushu, at 9:10. We are to circle there and wait for the rest of our formation. Our genial bombardier, Lieutenant Levy, comes over to invite me to take his front-row seat in the transparent nose of the ship, and I accept eagerly. From that vantage point in space, seventeen thousand feet above the Pacific, one gets a view of hundreds of miles on all sides, horizontally and vertically. At that height the vast ocean below and the sky above seem to merge into one great sphere. I was on the inside of that firmament, riding above the giant mountains of white cumulus clouds, letting myself be suspended in infinite space. One hears the whirl of the motors behind one, but it soon becomes insignificant against the immensity all around and is before long swallowed by it. There comes a point where space also swallows time and one lives through eternal moments filled with an oppressive loneliness, as though all life had suddenly vanished from the earth and you are the only one left, a lone survivor traveling endlessly through interplanetary space. My mind soon returns to the mission I am on. Somewhere beyond these vast mountains of white clouds ahead of me there lies Japan, the land of our enemy. In about four hours from now one of its cities, making weapons of war for use against us, will be wiped off the map by the greatest weapon ever made by man: in one-tenth of a millioneth of a second, a fraction of time immeasurable by any clock, a whirlwind from the skies will pulverize thousands of its buildings and tens of thousands of its inhabitants. But at this moment no one yet knows which one of the several cities chosen as targets is to be annihilated. The final choice lies with destiny. The winds over Japan will make the decision. If they carry heavy clouds over our primary target, that city will be saved, at least for the time being. None of its inhabitants will ever know that the wind of a benevolent destiny had passed over their heads. But that same wind will doom another city. Our weather planes ahead of us are on their way to find out where the wind blows. Half an hour before target time we will know what the winds have decided. Does one feel any pity or compassion for the poor devils about to die? Not when one thinks of Pearl Harbor and of the Death March on Bataan. Captain Bock informs me that we are about to start our climb to bombing altitude. He manipulates a few knobs on his control panel to the right of him, and I alternately watch the white clouds and ocean below me and the altimeter on the bombardier’s panel. We were then over Japanese waters, close to their mainland. Lieutenant Godfrey motioned to me to look through his radar scope. Before me was the outline of our assembly point. We shall soon meet our lead ship and proceed to the final stage of our journey. We reached Yakushima at 9:12; and there, about four thousand feet ahead of us, was The Great Artiste with its precious load. I saw Lieutenant Godfrey and Sergeant Curry strap on their parachutes, and I decided to do likewise. We started circling. We saw little towns on the coastline, heedless of our presence. We kept on circling, waiting for the third ship in our formation. It was 9:56 when we began heading for the coastline. Our weather scouts had sent us code messages, deciphered by Sergeant Cuny, informing us that both the target as well as the secondary were clearly visible. The winds of destiny seemed to favor certain Japanese cities that must remain nameless. We circled about them again and found no opening in the thick umbrella of clouds that covered them. Destiny chose Nagasaki as the ultimate target. We had been circling for some time when we noticed black puffs of smoke coming through the white clouds directly at us. There were fifteen bursts of flak, right up to our altitude, but by this time were too far to the left.

William L. Lawrence

69

We flew southward down the channel and at 11:33 crossed the coastline and headed straight for Nagasaki, about one hundred miles to the west. Here again we circled until we found an opening in the clouds. It was 12:01, and the goal of our mission had arrived. We heard the prearranged signal on our radio, put on our arc welder’s glasses, and watched tensely the maneuverings of the strike ship about half a mile in front of us. „There she goes!“ someone said. Out of the belly of The Great Artiste what looked like a black object went downward. Captain Bock swung around to get out of range; but even though we were turning away in the opposite direction, and despite the fact that it was broad daylight in our cabin, all of us became aware of a giant flash that broke through the dark barrier of our arc welder’s lenses and flooded our cabin with intense light. We removed our glasses after the first flash, but the light still lingered on, a bluish-green light that illuminated the entire sky all around. A tremendous blast wave struck our ship and made it tremble from nose to tail. This was followed by four more blasts in rapid succession, each resounding like the boom of cannon fire hitting our plane from all directions. Observers in the tail of our ship saw a giant ball of fire arise as though from the bowels of the earth, belching forth enormous white smoke rings. Next they saw a giant pillar of purple fire, ten thousand feet high, shooting skyward with enormous speed. By the time our ship had made another turn in the direction of the atomic explosion the pillar of purple fire had reached the level of our altitude. Only about forty-five seconds had

Nagasaki After the atomic bomb blast

70

Reports about Japan in 1945

passed. Awe-struck, we watched it shoot upward like a meteor coming from the earth instead of from outer space, becoming ever more alive as it climbed skyward through the white clouds. It was no longer smoke, or dust, or even a cloud of fire. lt was a living thing, a new species of being, born right before our incredulous eyes. At one stage of its evolution, covering millions of years in terms of seconds, the entity assumed the form of a giant square totem pole, with its base about three miles long, tapering off to about a mile at the top. Its bottom was brown, its center was amber, its top white. But it was a living totem pole, carved with many grotesque masks grimacing at the earth. Then, just when it appeared as though the thing had settled down into a state of permanence, there came shooting out of the top a giant mushroom that increased the height of the pillar to a total of forty-five thousand feet. The mushroom top was even more alive than the pillar, seething and boiling in a white fury of creamy foam, sizzling upward and then descending earthward, a thousand Old Faithful geysers into one. It kept struggling in an elemental fury, like a creature in the act of breaking the bonds that held it down. In a few seconds it had freed itself from its gigantic stem and floated upward with tremendous speed, its momentum carrying it into the stratosphere to a height of about sixty thousand feet. But no sooner did this happen when another mushroom, smaller in size than the first one, began emerging out of the pillar. It was as though the decapitated monster was growing a new head. As the first mushroom floated off into the blue it changed its shape into a flowerlike form, its giant petals curving downward, creamy white outside, rose-colored inside. lt still retained that shape when we last gazed at it from a distance of about two hundred miles. The boiling pillar of many colors could also be seen at that distance, a giant mountain of jumbled rainbows, in travail. Much living substance had gone into those rainbows. The quivering top of the pillar was protruding to a great height through the white clouds, giving the appearance of a monstrous prehistoric creature with a ruff around its neck, a fleecy ruff extending in all directions, as far as the eye could see.

71

1946 Winner

Arnaldo Cortesi The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT ARGENTINA IN 1945 The Dictatorial Régime of Perón

72

Reports about Argentina in 1945

Introductory Notes The end of World War II brought new award perspectives. The early postwar period influenced the two Pulitzer Prize categories for Foreign Reporting thematically. In the „International Telegraphic Reporting“ group Homer W. Bigart of the New York Herald-Tribune was awarded the prize for coverage of the final days of the war in Japan. The award in the „Correspondence“ category proved that the influence of the war was waning. Arnaldo Cortesi of the New York Times received the Pulitzer Prize „for distinguished correspondence during the year 1945, as exemplified by his reports from Buenos Aires, Argentina.“ The jury report of April 1st, 1946, about this decision argued: „Arnaldo Cortesi’s dispatches through 1945 from Argentina to the New York Times ... are but typical of the many he has filed from that country over the last four years, both under his own byline and anonymously under a Montevideo dateline. The material was gathered under difficulties and written often under the threat of personal attack. He overcame the former and defied the latter. Essential truth shine through each one. For clarity, background and interpretation I have not seen them surpassed,“ the chairman of the jury stated. Arnaldo Cortesi was born on September 21, 1897, in Rome, Italy, as a member of a distinguished journalistic family. He attended schools in England and earned an engineering degree from the University of Manchester. Afterwards he worked for some time at a Westinghouse Electric plant near that city before turning to journalism, too. His mother was an American from Boston who worked as the first New York Times correspondent in Rome. At her death in 1916, she was succeeded in that post by her elder daughter, Elizabeth, who resigned upon marrying in 1922. Now Arnaldo Cortesi was appointed her successor by Adolf S. Ochs, then publisher of the Times, who had met the young man during a visit to Italy. Since that time, he covered the Italian capital for many years. In his dispatches from Rome he reported on the rise of Mussolini as Italy’s dictator and the consolidation of the Fascist régime. Moreover he was among the first observers to see that Mussolini would join forces with Hitler. Seventeen years after Cortesi had beecome the New York Times correspondent in Rome, Mussolini gave the order that Italian citizens were not allowed to represent foreign news organizations in Italy. So the Times transferred Cortesi to Geneva and Mexico City for short stints and sent him to Buenos Aires in 1941. In this city he was able to observe the upcoming Perón régime towards the end of World War II. When the first of his articles on this topic was published early in June, 1945, in the New York Times, Cortesi was picked up and taken to police headquarters hours before the U. S. embassy was able to obtain his release. The day before he received the Pulitzer Prize in May, 1946, for his coverage of the Perón régime during the previous year, Cortesi had become a naturalized United States citizen. Following are several of his prize-winning articles: The following texts by Arnaldo Cortesi, copyright 1945, are reprinted by kind permission of the New York Times Company, New York, N.Y.

Arnaldo Cortesi

73

Pérón Resigns after Military Coup [Source: Arnaldo Cortesi: Pérón Resigns All Powers After Argentine Army Coup, in: The New York Times, Vol. XCIV/No. 32,036, October 14, 1945, p. 1, col.6; p. 8, cols. 3-4] The Argentine crisis precipitated by the ejection from the Government on Tuesday of Vice President Col. Juan D. Perón underwent three dramatic developments today when President Edelmiro J. Farrell accepted the resignation of all Ministers and Secretaries of State, with the exception of the newly appointed Minister of War, Gen. Eduardo Avalos, and later grudgingly permitted the Army to place Colonel Perón under arrest. Finally, the President submitted his resignation to the military leaders. Both these events were hailed by the Argentine people as victories, although the majority are still dissatisfied because they wish General Farrell to resign also and hand over the powers of Government to the Supreme Court. It was learned late this evening that General Farrell had sent his resignation to the committee of generals and admirals who have taken it upon themselves to carry on the negotiations to form a new Cabinet. The acceptance of General Farrell’s“ resignation, however, would be·tantamount to handing over the Government to the Suprem Court, as the Constitution provides that the court shall take over when there is neither a President nor Vice President. Campo de Mayo’s garrison decided against this solution. Instead it decided to keep General Farrell’s resignation in reserve for the present. The plan, in other words, is to organize a new Government under General Farrell’s Presidency and then later on either accept or not accept his resignation as further developments may counsel. What happened to Colonel Perón after his arrest is not certain. It is believed, however, that he is on board a small gunboat on the River Plate and is under strict surveillance. It is stated that one of the new government’s first acts will be to bring him to trial. At least one person was killed and nearly fifty injured Friday night as mounted police, awinging sabers and firing blank cartridges, charged thousands of Argentines in front of the Military Club in San Martin Square, The Associated Press reported. At least five of the wounded were policemen. After the first police charge, armed civilians sniped at mounted officers from doorways. The police abandoned tear gas and sabers for armored cars, rifles and sub-machineguns as street corners became the scene of battles. After the resignation of General Farrell’s Cabinet the political situation developed into something closely resembling chaos. Of the posts left vacant by the resigning Ministers, only the Ministry of the Navy has been filled, this post having been accepted by Vice Admiral Hector Vernengo Lima, formerly Chief of the Naval Staff. Since midday today, therefore, Argentina, in effect, has been without a Government, as the only men left in power are General Farrell and his Ministers of War and of the Navy. The formation of a new Cabinet was delayed at first by General Farrell, who stubbornly refused even to consider the appointment of new Ministers until his great personal friend, Colonel Perón, had been released. When he finally yielded on this point it was found that none of the prominent men who were under consideration as candidates for Ministerial posts would cooperate with General Farrell. Everyone on all sides insisted that the only acceptable solution was that the Government should be turned over to the Supreme Court. This solution, however, was vetoed by the Army garrison of Campo de Mayo, which is still the dominant factor in Argentine politics.

74

Reports about Argentina in 1945

Tonight, the prospects for a solution of this impasse seemed somewhat brighter, and it was hoped that at least the first three or four Ministers would be appointed tomorrow. One suggestion that seems to have found favor is that a council of notables should be appointed, with the task of choosing a new cabinet. Even some persons who had at first refused to cooperate in the Government headed by President Farrell seemed disposed this evening to do so in view of the urgent necessity that some decision should be taken without delay. Possibly, however, the conversations that are still going on as this is being written may render the appointment of a council of notables unnecessary. After a day of excitement and alarms, in which ultimatums and threats of military marches upon Buenos Aires followed one another in uninterrupted succession, three distinct points of view stood out among the Army and Navy officlers who held the solution of the Argentine crisis in their hands. First, there was the view of General Farrell and his supporters, who are trying to save what can still be saved of the military government, and who perhaps are also attempting to protect Colonel Perón out of personal friendship. Second, there is the military garrison of Campo de Mayo, which insisted on he resignation of the entire Cabinet but resisted any suggestion that the Government should hand over its powers to the Supreme Court. Third, there is the committee of generals and admirals, with headquarters in the Military Club in Buenos Aires, which wished the resignation of the whole Governnment, including General Farrell, and the delivery of its powers to the Supreme Court. This last suggestion was the one that had the support also of a large majority of the Argentine people. It was discarded early in the day, however. Campo de Mayo, with its overwhelming military force at the very gates of Buenos Aires, held the balance of power and would not even hear of it. The efforts of the committee of generals and admirals thereupon concentrated on obtaining at least the resignation of all members of the Cabinet, and this was apparently achieved without very great difficulty, since the Campo de Mayo also favored that plan. The question of how a new Cabinet should be formed was very much more complicated because all civilians who had been approached at first refused to cooperate in a Government headed by General Farrell. The generals’ and admirals’ committee, which included Gen. Orlando Peluffo, former Foreign Mininster, and Gen. Alberto Guglielmone, and Navy Minister Vernengo Lima and the commander of the river fleet Leonardo MacLean, was at work at 10 o’clock this morning. At that time it called at the War Ministry, where it conferred with the War Minister, General Avalos, and the chief of the general army staff, Gen. Carlos von der Becke, and other leading officers. From there they went to the Presidential residence to sound out General Farrell and his aides. Then they returned to the War Ministry and from there went to the Military Club, where they consulted with many prominent civilian figures in the political and intellectual worlds. While these events were going on, crowds of some thousands of persons had gathered outside the Military Club and made it quite plain that the Argentine people wanted the Government to deliver its powers to the Supreme Court. There was a moment of near panic when the dreaded mounted police appeared on the scene and warned the crowd that no public demonstrations would be permitted. The day was saved, however, by a young officer in uniform who appeared at a window of the Military Club and shouted to the commander of the mounted police that if he dared to

Arnaldo Cortesi

75

charge on the people, all officers in the club would themselves lead the people against the police and take the consequences. The police thereupon prudently retired out of sight, allthough they remained in great force in near-by streets. Unidentified persons had chalked or written in red paint on the front of the Military Club such phrases as „To the gallows with Perón.“ One wit, anticipating the early withdrawal of the military from the Government, had placed a board outside the club with the words „For Rent.“ While the crowd was waiting for developments members of various democratic organizations read proclamations from the balcony of a near-by house. They all contained a three-point program; namely, first the delivery to the Supreme Court of the Government’s powers; second, elections according to the old electoral law, without the modifications introduced into it by the military Government, and third, the lifting of the state of siege. There were some few incidents, as when one young man was manhandled for crying „Long live Perón!“ There was great enthusiasm when, from the windows of the Military Club, it was announced that the Cabinet had resigned. But the enthusiasm was even greater when the crowds were told some time later that Colonel Perón was under arrest. Finally a few minutes after 2 o’clock Admiral Vernengo Lima appeared at a window of the club and announced that the idea of turning over the Government to the Supreme Court had been discarded, but that the Army and Navy would see to it that Argentina soon would have a Govermnent of the people, for the people and by the people. There were numerous protests from the crowd and shouts of „We have heard such promises from Perón.“ The admiral replied with dignity, „I am not Perón. I am Admiral Vernengo Lima.“ Admiral Vernengo Lima then announced that the whole Cabinet· had resigned, and added, that General Farrell and the Army and Navy had given .him their word that they were in sympathy with the ideas of the Argentine people and they would hold the persons responsible for the present situation, and especially Colonel Perón, accountable for their actions. This last statement was cheered to the echo. The admiral ended by saying that the new Cabinet would be constituted by the best men in the country, and that he himself, as senior admiral, had accepted the post of Minister of the Navy. Though the final solution was not quite what the Argentine people had hoped for, they nevertheless made the best of it, and Admiral Vernengo Lima’s words were on the whole not unkindly received. Large crowds remained outside the Military Club all afternoon, awaiting news of further developments. There was no noticeable decrease of enthusiasm while the people kept singing songs and shouting the catchwords that have become fashionable during the last few months of the military régime. As the day wore on and tempers became frayed, however, the people clearly showed their resentment against the army for blocking their desire that the Government’s powers should be turned over to the Supreme Court. The appearance of army officers at the windows of the club brought forth hostile cries, whereas that of naval officers was applauded.

76

Reports about Argentina in 1945

Pérón and his Followers on Campaigning [Source: Arnaldo Cortesi: Perón Talk Aimed at Allaying Fears, in: The New York Times, Vol. XCV/No. 32,110, December 23, 1945, p. 4E, cols. 6-8] Juan D. Pérón was heard again last week after a silence that had lasted more or less uninterruptedly for two months. He addressed a crowd that certainly exceeded one hundred thousand and spoke in conciliatory terms, making an effort to allay the fears of Argentine democrats and to win the Catholic vote for himself. But Perón’s dulcet tones could not make the people forget that up to the eve of his latest and greatest public meeting, his gunmen had spoken in the only language they know, and that the lengthening list of their victims bears mute but eloquent testimony to the convincingness of their arguments and to the accuray of their aim. After the outrages of Dec. 8 in the Plaza del Congreso, when Perónistas killed four persons and wounded more than thirty, Senor Perón made haste to shed crocodile tears over the victims. Such practices, he proclaimed, are undemocratic and those who indulge in them can therefore be no friends of his. But he admitted that the shooting had been started by men who had shouted ,“Death to the Jews!“ and „Long live Perón!“ The democratic parties are fighting with their backs to the wall and they know it. They are fighting not only against the undeniable fascination that Senor Perón exercises over some strata of the Argentine population but also against the apparatus of violence and intimidation that he built while he was in power and that is now in the hands of his trusted lieutenants. The Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare, the Subsecretariat of Information and Press, the federal police and most federal commiasioners in the provinces are working for Senor Perón night and day. They form a combination that is hard to beat. Nevertheless the democratic parties are perhaps encouraged rather than downcast by the recent outbursts of violence. They argue, not unreasonably, that if Senor Perón must resort to bloodshed and brute force it means that he realizes that he cannot win by any other means. It must not be thought, however, that Senor Perón relies exclusively on violence and on his machine. What everyone can see is that Senor Pcrón, despite his most strenuous efforts, has not yet succeeded in calling out crowds as numerous as those that gather in Buenos Aires at the first bidding of the democratic parties. But Buenos Aires is not the whole of Argentina and what is happening in the provinces and especially in the poorest and most backward provinces, is still something of a mystery even to experienced political observers. The direct observation of crowds that attend pro-Perón meetings would indicate that his appeal is mainly to the humblest and poorest among the Argentine workers. Most of his followers seem to have been recruited among the unskilled workers, whereas the skilled workers have in the main remained true to their old leaders and their free unions, which are decidedly against Senor Perón. There is no denying, also, that many of Senor Perón’s followers believe in him implicitly and with an almost mystic faith. The opposition says that large sums of money are spent on hiring people to shout „Viva Perón“ and in general to stir up factitious enthusiasm. This is undoubtedly true, but, on the other hand, nobody who has watched any pro-Perón meeting doubts that some of the persons who participate in them regard him as a demigod. This correspondent was impressed, for instance, by several thousand persons who got soaked to the skin last month standing in the rain for four hours.

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1947 Winner

J. Brooks Atkinson The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1946 The Post-War Situation of the Country

78

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1946

J. Brooks Atkinson

The Byrnes Plan and How Moscow Views It

79

80

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1946

America’s Aims and Structure in the Soviet Press

J. Brooks Atkinson

81

Front page of the Soviet newspaper „Pravda“ containing the program of the Communist Party of the USSR

82

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1946

A System of Permanent Distrust and Its Purpose

J. Brooks Atkinson

83

84

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1946

J. Brooks Atkinson

85

86

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1946

The Socialist Landscape and Its Climate

J. Brooks Atkinson

87

88

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1946

89

1955 Winner

Harrison E. Salisbury The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1954 The Post-Stalin Era and Political Events

90

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1954

Harrison E. Salisbury

A New Regime and Tactical Political Changes

91

92

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1954

The Death of Stalin and an Avoided Disaster

Harrison E. Salisbury

93

94

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1954

Harrison E. Salisbury

95

96

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1954

Harrison E. Salisbury

97

98

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1954

99

1958 Winner

Elie Abel The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT YUGOSLAVIA IN 1957 Tito’s Very Special Brand of Communism

100

Reports about Yugoslavia in 1957

Elie Abel

Yugoslavia’s Illusion and How It Is Destroyed

101

102

Reports about Yugoslavia in 1957

Elie Abel

A Promised Credit and Its Political Implications

103

104

Reports about Yugoslavia in 1957

Frontpage of the Communist newspaper

Elie Abel

Tito’s Refusal to Changes and Rumors About a Meeting

105

106

Reports about Yugoslavia in 1957

107

1960 Winner

Abraham M. Rosenthal The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT POLAND IN 1959 The Gomulka Government and the Warsaw Pact

108

Reports about Poland in 1959

Abraham M. Rosenthal

Gomulka’s Move to Russia and the Polish Communism

109

110

Reports about Poland in 1957

Frontpage of the Polish Communist newspaper

Abraham M. Rosenthal

A Historic Event and Its Interpretation

111

112

Reports about Poland in 1959

Abraham M. Rosenthal

Poland’s New Territory and How It Develops

113

114

Reports about Poland in 1959

Abraham M. Rosenthal

A Warsaw Pact Discussion and Its Premises

115

116

Reports about Poland in 1959

May 14, 1955: The Soviet delegation at the creation of the Warsaw Pact

Abraham M. Rosenthal 117

118

Reports about Poland in 1959

119

1964 Winner

David Halberstam The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT VIETNAM IN 1963 Internal Quarrels and the Fratricidal War

120

Reports about Vietnam in 1963

David Halberstam

The Buddhist Crisis and Its Background

121

122

Reports about Vietnam in 1963

David Halberstam

123

124

Reports about Vietnam in 1963

David Halberstam

125

126

Reports about Vietnam in 1963

David Halberstam

A Coup d’Etat and Its Various Reasons

127

128

Reports about Vietnam in 1963

David Halberstam

129

130

Reports about Vietnam in 1963

131

1973 Winner

Max Frankel The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT CHINA IN 1972 The Unexpected Nixon Visit and Its Stations

132

Reports about China in 1972

Max Frankel

Nixon’s Arrival and a Modest Reception Ceremony

133

134

Reports about China in 1972

Max Frankel

135

136

Reports about China in 1972

Max Frankel

An Unexpected Audience and Premier Chou’s Formula

137

138

Reports about China in 1972

Max Frankel

139

140

Reports about China in 1972

Plans for Intensified Contacts and a Splendid Show

Max Frankel

141

142

Reports about China in 1972

143

1974 Winner

Hedrik L. Smith The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1973 Some Characteristic Traits of the Country

144

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1973

Hedrick L. Smith

A Dictator and His Posthumous Comeback

145

146

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1973

Hedrick L. Smith

147

148

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1973

Hedrick L. Smith

149

150

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1973

Moscow’s Satellites and Their Divergent Structures

Hedrick L. Smith

151

152

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1973

153

1976 Winner

Sydney H. Schanberg The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT CAMBODIA IN 1975 The Communists’ Take-Over of the Country

154

Reports about Cambodia in 1975

Sydney H. Schanberg

A Besieged City and Its Daily Routines

155

156

Reports about Cambodia in 1975

Sydney H. Schanberg

The Food Shortage and Its Effect on the Children

157

158

Reports about Cambodia in 1975

Sydney H. Schanberg

159

160

Reports about Cambodia in 1975

161

1978 Winner

Henry Kamm The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT THAILAND IN 1977 The Boat People and the Western World

162

Reports about Thailand in 1977

Henry Kamm

A Ship Called „Good Luck“ and the Plight of Its Passengers

163

164

Reports about Thailand in 1977

Henry Kamm

The Refugees’ Fate and How the Children Face It

165

166

Reports about Thailand in 1977

Henry Kamm

„Hospitable“ Thailand and the Outlook of Its Guests

167

168

Reports about Thailand in 1977

Henry Kamm

169

170

Reports about Thailand in 1977

Henry Kamm

An American Aid Program and Its Unintentional Effects

171

172

Reports about Thailand in 1977

173

1982 Winner

John Darnton The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT POLAND IN 1981 Workers’ Resistance and Martial Law

174

Reports about Poland in 1981

John Darnton

The Solidarity Union as a Movement and Its Substance

175

176

Reports about Poland in 1981

John Darnton

The Fall of a Communist Leader and the Role of His Successor

177

178

Reports about Poland in 1981

John Darnton

179

180

Reports about Poland in 1981

The Military Takeover and How It Was Arranged By the Government

John Darnton

181

182

Reports about Poland in 1981

183

1983 Winner

Thomas L. Friedman The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT LEBANON IN 1982 Israel’s Invasion and the Ensuing Events

184

Reports about Lebanon in 1982

The following texts by Thomas L. Friedman, copyright 1982, are reprinted by kind permission of The New York Times Company, New York, N.Y.

Thomas L. Friedman

Invaders Cross the Borders and Fight with Guerrillas

185

186

Reports about Lebanon in 1982

Thomas L. Friedman

187

188

Arafat’s Role and the Palestine Liberation Organization

Reports about Lebanon in 1982

Thomas L. Friedman

189

190

Reports about Lebanon in 1982

Thomas L. Friedman

191

192

Reports about Lebanon in 1982

Thomas L. Friedman

193

194

Reports about Lebanon in 1982

195

1988 Winner

Thomas L. Friedman The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT ISRAEL IN 1987 The Living Conditions with the Arabs

196

Reports about Israel in 1987

Thomas L. Friedman

Islamic Fundamentalism among the Arab Minority and the Results

197

198

Reports about Israel in 1987

Thomas L. Friedman

199

200

Reports about Israel in 1987

Thomas L. Friedman

201

202

Reports about Israel in 1987

Thomas L. Friedman

Fundamental Quarrels between the Zionists and the Orthodox Jews

203

204

Reports about Israel in 1987

Thomas L. Friedman

205

206

Reports about Israel in 1987

Thomas L. Friedman

207

208

Reports about Israel in 1987

209

1989 Winner

Bill Keller The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1988 Perestroika Policy and the People’s Life

210

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1988

Bill Keller

Afghanistan War Veterans and Their Role in Society

211

212

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1988

Bill Keller

213

214

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1988

Bill Keller

215

216

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1988

Bill Keller

217

218

Reports about the Soviet Union in 1988

219

1990 Winners

Nicholas D. Kristof / Sheryl WuDunn The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT CHINA IN 1989 Appeals for Democracy and the Bloody Aftermath

220

Reports about China in 1989

Nicholas D. Kristof / Sheryl WuDunn

Student Protesters and Their Supporters from Other Groups

221

222

Reports about China in 1989

Nicholas D. Kristof / Sheryl WuDunn

223

224

Reports about China in 1989

The Nationwide Upheaval and the Situation in the Capital

Nicholas D. Kristof / Sheryl WuDunn

225

226

Reports about China in 1989

Nicholas D. Kristof / Sheryl WuDunn

227

228

Reports about China in 1989

229

1991 Winner

Serge Schmemann The New York Times

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1990 Some Phases of Reuniting the Divided Country

230

Reports about Germany in 1990

The following texts by Serge Schmemann, copyright 1990, are reprinted by kind permission of The New York Times Company, New York, N.Y.

Serge Schmemann

The Currency Union as a very First Step

231

232

Reports about Germany in 1990

Serge Schmemann

233

234

Reports about Germany in 1990

Serge Schmemann

Two Towns Share a Common Heritage

235

236

Reports about Germany in 1990

Serge Schmemann

237

238

Reports about Germany in 1990

Serge Schmemann

239

240

Subdued Mood Replaces Early Euphoria

Reports about Germany in 1990

Serge Schmemann

241

242

Reports about Germany in 1990

Division of Berlin Comes to an happy End

Serge Schmemann

243

244

Reports about Germany in 1990

Serge Schmemann

Results of the First Free All-German Elections

245

246

Reports about Germany in 1990

Serge Schmemann

247

Signatures of the Allied Four Powers

248 Reports about Germany in 1990

249

Appendix

251

LIST OF ALL NEW YORK TIMES PULITZER PRIZES 1918 - 2021 1918: The New York Times, for complete and accurate coverage of World War I 1923: Alva Johnston, for distinguished reporting of science news 1926: Edward M. Kingsbury, for the most distinguished editorial of the year, „The House of a Hundred Sorrows“ 1930: Russell Owen, for graphic news dispatches from the Byrd Antartic Expedition 1932: Walter Duranty, for reporting of the news from Russia 1934: Frederick T. Birchall, for unbiased reporting from Germany 1935: Arthur Krock, for distinguished, impartial and analytical Washington coverage 1936: Lauren D. Lyman, for distinguished reporting a worl beat on the departure of the Lindberghs for England 1937: Anne O’Hare McCormick, for distinguished foreign correspondence: dispatches and special articles from Europe, William L. Laurence, for distinguished reporting of the Tercentenary Celebration at Harvard, shared with four other reporters 1938: Arthur Krock, for distinguished Washington correspondence 1940: Otto D. Tolischus, for articles from Berlin explaining the economic and ideological background of war-engaged Nazi-Germany 1941: The New York Times, special citation for the public education value of its foreign news reports. 1942: Louis Stark, for distinguished reporting of labor stories. 1943: Hanson W. Baldwin, for a series of articles reporting a tour of the Pacific battle areas. 1944: The New York Times, for the most disinterested and meritorious service rendered by an American newspaper - a survey of the teaching of American history. 1945: James B. Reston, for news and interpretive articles on the Dumbarton Oaks Security Conference. 1946: Arnaldo Cortesi, for distinguished correspondence from Buenos Aires, William L. Laurence, for his eyewitness account of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki and articles on the atomic bomb. 1947: Brooks Atkinson, for a distinguished series of articles on Russia. 1949: C.P. Trussell, for consistent excellence in covering the national scene from Washington. 1950: Meyer Berger, for a distinguished example of local reporting - an article on the killing of 13 people by a berserk gunman. 1951: Arthur Krock, a special commendation for his exclusive interview with President Harry S. Truman, the outstanding instance of national reporting in 1950. 1950: Cyrus L. Sulzberger, special citation for his interview with Archbishop Stepinac of Yugoslavia. 1952: Anthony H. Leviero, for distinguished national reporting.

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1953: The New York Times, special citation for its Review of the Week section which „has brought enlightenment and intelligent commentary to its readers.“ 1955: Harrison E. Salisbury, for a series based an his five years in Russia, Arthur Krock, a special citation for distinguished correspondence from Washington. 1956: Arthur Daley, for his sports column, „Sports of The Times.“ 1957: James B. Reston (Scotty Reston), for distinguished reporting from Washington. 1958: The New York Times, for distinguished coverage of foreign news. 1960: A.M. Rosenthal, for perceptive and authoritative reporting from Poland. 1963: Anthony Lewis, for distinguished reporting of the United States Supreme Court. 1964: David Halberstam, for distinguished reporting from South Vietnam. 1968: Anthony Lukas, for a distinguished example of local reporting - an article on a murdered 18-year-old girl and her two different lives. 1970: Ada Louise Huxtable, for distinguished architecture criticism. 1971: Harold C. Schonberg, music critic, for distinguished criticism. 1972: The New York Times, for a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper-publication of the Pentagon Papers. 1973: Max Frankel, for his coverage of President Richard Nixon’s visit to China, a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs. 1974: Hedrick Smith, for a distinguished example of reporting on foreign affairs, coverage of the Soviet Union. 1976: Sydney H. Schanberg, for his coverage of the fall of Cambodia, a distinguished example of foreign affairs; Walter W. Smith (Red Smith), for his „Sports of The Times“ column, an example of distinguished criticism. 1978: Henry Kamm: chief Asian diplomatic correspondent, for articles calling attention to the plight of Indochinese refugees; Walter Kerr, Sunday drama critic, for an outstanding example of distinguished criticism; William Safire, Op-Ed Page columnist, for his columns on the Bert Lance affair, an example of distinguished commentary. 1979: Russell Baker, for his „Observer“ column, an example of distinguished commentary. 1981: David Anderson, for his „Sports of The Times“ column, an example of distinguished commentary; John M. Crewdson, for his coverage of illegal aliens and immigration, a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs. 1982: John Darton, for his coverage of the crisis in Poland, a distinguished example of international reporting; Jack Rosenthal, deputy editorial page editor, for a distinguished example of editorial page writing. 1983: Thomas L. Friedman, for his coverage of the war in Lebanon, a distinguished example of international reporting; Nan C, Robertson, for her article in The New York Times Magazine on her experience with a distinguished example of feature writing.

253

1984: Paul Goldberger, for distinguished architecture criticism; John Noble Wilford, for national reporting on a wide variety of scientific topics. 1986: Donal Henahan, music critic, for distinguished criticism; The New York Times, for explanatory journalism: a series of articles on the Strategic Defense Initiative, the „Star Wars“ program. 1987: The New York Times, for national reporting on causes of the Challenger shuttle disaster; Alex S. Jones, for distinguished specialized reporting on the dissension that dissolved a Louisville newspaper dynasty. 1988: Thomas L. Friedman, for coverage of Israel, a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs. 1989: Bill Keller, for coverage of the Sovie Union, a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs. 1990: Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, for coverege ef political turmoil in China, a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs. 1991: Natalie Angier, for coverage a molecular biology and animal behavior, a distinguished exemple of beaf reporting; for coverage of the reunification of Germany, a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs. 1992: Anna Quindlen, for „Public & Private,“ a compelling column covering a wide range of personal and political topics; Howell Raines, for „Grady’s Gift,“ an account in The New York Times Magazine of his childhood friendship with his family’s housekeeper and the lasting lessons of their interracial relationship. 1993: John F. Burns, for courageous coverage of the strife and destruction in Bosnia, a distinguished example of international reporting. 1994: The New York Times, for local reporting of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, pooling the efforts of the metropolitan staff as well as Times journalists covering locations as far-ranging as the Middle East and Washington; Isabel Wilkerson, for distinguished feature writing; Kevin Carter, for his photograph of a vulture perching near a little girl in the Sudan who had collapsed from hunger, a picture that became an icon of starvation. 1995: Margo Jefferson, for her book reviews and other pieces, examples of distinguished criticism. 1996: Rick Bragg, for distinguished feature writing; Robert D. McFadden, for distinguished rewrite journalism, applied to a broad range of stories; Robert B. Semple, for distinguished editorial writing on environmental issues. 1997: John F. Burns, for distinguished international reporting on the Taliban movement in Afghanistan. 1998: Linda Greenhouse, for reporting on the Supreme Court’s work and its significance with sophistication and a sense of history; Michiko Kakutani, for reviewing 1997’s many major literary works in essays that were fearless and authoritative; The New York Times, for a series of articles on the effects of drug corruption in a distinguished example of international reporting. 1999: Maureen Dowd, for the moral insight and wit she brought to bear in her columns on the combat between President Bill Clinton and Kenneth Starr; The New York Times, notably Jeff Gerth for a series of articles disclosing the

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corporate sale of American technology to China with the approval of the U.S. Government despite national security risks. 2001: The New York Times, for national reporting, for its compelling and memorable series exploring racial experiences and attitudes across contemporary America. David Cay Johnston, beat reporting, for his penetrating and enterprising reporting that exposed loopholes and inequities in the U.S. tax code, which was instrumental in bringing about reforms. 2002: The New York Times, for public service, for „A Nation Challenged,“ a daily special section covering the aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks, the war in Afghanistan and America’s campaign against terrorism. The section, which included biographical sketches of the victims, also appeared online; The New York Times, for its informed and detailed reporting that profiled the global terrorism network and the threats it posed, a distinguished example of explanatory reporting; The New York Times, for its photographs chronicling the pain and the perseverance of people enduring protracted conflict in Afghanistan and Pakistan, a distinguished example of feature photography; The New York Times, for its consistently outstanding photographic coverage of the terrorist attack on New York City and its aftermath, a distinguished example of breaking news photography; Gretchen Morgenson, for her trenchant and incisive Wall Street coverage, a distinguished example of beat reporting; Barry Bearak, for his deeply affecting and illuminating coverage of daily life in war-torn Afghanistan a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs; Thomas Friedman, for his clarity of vision, based on extensive reporting, in commenting on the worldwide impact of the terrorist threat. 2003: Clifford J. Levy, for investigative reporting, for his „Broken Homes“ series that exposed the abuse of mentally ill adults in state-regulated homes. 2004: The New York Times, for public service, for its series written by David Barstow and Lowell Bergman that examined death and injury among American workers and exposed employers who break basic safety rules. 2005: Walt Bogdanich, for national reporting, for his investigative series about the corporate cover-up of responsibility for fatal accidents at railway crossings. 2006: Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn for commentary on bringing the genocide in Darfur to the world’s attention; Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley for international reporting for their examination of China’s legal system; James Risen and Eric Licht blau for national reporting for their coverage of the United States’ government’s secret eavesdropping program. 2007: Andrea Elliott for feature writing for coverage of an immigrant imam striving to serve his faithful in America. 2008: Amy Harmon for explanatory reporting on the social impact of genetic tests; Walt Bogdanich and Jake Hooker for lnvestigative reporting on how contaminated ingredients from China make their way into consumer goods, including medicine.

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2009: David Barstow, for his tenacious reporting that revealed how some retired generals, working as radio and television analysts, had been co-opted by the Pentagon to make its case for the war in Iraq, and how many of them also had undisclosed ties to companies that benefited from policies they defended. 2010: Michael Moss, in Explanatory Reporting, for an lnvestigative feature on food safety (e.g., contaminated meat); Matt Richtel, in National Reporting, for a series on the dangers of distracted driving, Sheri Fink of ProPublica of in collaboration with The New York Times Magazine, in Investigative Reporting, for the „The Deadly Choices At Memorial“ about Hurrican Katrinâ survivors (award shared with the Philadelphia Daily News). 2011: Clifford J. Levy and Ellen Barry, in International Reporting, for their „Above the Law“ series, which examined abuse of power in Russia, showing how authorities had jalled, beaten or harassed citizens who opposed them; and David Leonhardt, in Commentary, for his weekly column „Economic Scene“ which offered perspectives on the formidable problems confronting America, from creating jobs to recalibrating tax rates. 2012: David Kocieniewski, in Explanatory Reporting, for his series on tax avoidance; and Jeffrey Gettleman, in International Reporting, for his reports on famine and conflict in East Africa. 2013: David Barstow and Alejandra Xanic von Bertrab, in lnvestigative Reporting, for describing bribery by Walmart in Mexico; New York Times staff, in Explanatory Reporting, for examining global business practices of Apple Inc. and other technology companies; David Barboza, in International Reporting, for exposing corruption in the Chinese government; and John Branch, in Feature Writing, for a multimedia presentation about avalanches. 2014: Tyler Hicks, in Breaking News Photography, for his compelling pictures that showed skill and bravery in documenting the unfolding terrorist attack at Westgate mall in Kenya; Josh Haner, in Feature Photography, for his moving essay on a Boston Marathon bomb blast victim who lost most of both legs and now is painfully rebuilding his life. 2015: Eric Lipton, in lnvestigative Reporting, for reporting that showed how the influence of lobbyists can sway congressional leaders and state attorneys general, slanting justlce toward the wealthy and connected; New York Times staff, in International Reporting, for courageous frontline reporting and vivid human stories on Ebola in Africa, engaging the public with the scope and details of the outbreak while holding authorities accountable (Team members named by The Times were Pam Belluck, Helene Cooper, Sheri Fink, Adam Nossiter, Norimitsu Onishi, Kevin Sack, and Ben C. Solomon.); and Ben C. Solomon.); and Daniel Berehulak, in Feature Photography, for his gripping, courageous photographs of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. 2016: Tyler Hicks, Maurice Lima, Sergey Ponomarev and Daniel Etter for breaking news photography for coverage of the ongoing migrant crisis in Europe and the Middle East, and Alissa Rubin for international reporting for her coverage of the lives of women and girls in Afghanistan including the murder of young

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Afghan woman who was beaten to death by a mob after being falsely accused of burning Quran, John Woo and Adam Ellick and produced an accompanying video about the murder. 2017: C.J. Chivers, in Feature Writing, for showing, through an artful accumulation of fact and detail, that a Marine’s postwar descent into violence reflected neither the actions of a simple criminal nor a stereotypical case of PTSD. 2017: The New York Times staff, in International Reporting, for agenda-setting reporting on Vladimir Putin efforts to project Russia’s power abroad, revealing techniques that included assassination, online harassment and the planting of incriminating evidence on opponents. 2017: Daniel Berehulak, in Breaking News Photography, for powerful stoıytelling through images published in The New York Times showing the callous disregard for human life in the Philippines brought about by a government assault on drug dealers and users. (Moved into this category from Feature Photography by the nominating jury.) 2018: Jodi Kantor, Megan Twohey, Emily Steel, and S. Schmidt in Public Service, for „explosive, impactful journalism that exposed powerful and weaithy sexual predators, including allegations against one of Hollywood’s most influential producers, bringing them to account for long-suppressed allegations of coercion, brutality and victim silencing, thus spurring a worldwide reckoning about sexual abuse of women.“ (Received jointly with Ronan Farrow of „The New Yorker“.) 2018: Staff, in National Reporting, for „deeply sourced, relentlessly reported coverage in the public interest that dramatically furthered the nation’s understanding of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election and its connections to the Trump campaign, the President-elect’s transition team and his eventual administration.“ (Received jointly with the Washington Post.) 2018: Jake Halpern and Michael Sloan, in Editorial Cartooning, for „an emotionally powerful series, told in graphic narrative form, that chronicled the daily struggles of a real-life family of refugees and its fear of deportation.“ 2019: David Barstow, Susanne Craig and Russ Buettner, in Explanatory Reporting, for „an exhaustive 18-month investigation of President Donald Trump’s finances that debunked his claims of self-made wealth and revealed a business empire riddled with tax dodges.“ 2019: Brent Staples in Editorial Writing, for „editorials written with extraordinary moral clarity that charted the racial fault lines in the United States at a polarizing moment in the nation’s history.“ 2020: Brian M. Rosenthal, in Investigative Reporting, „for an exposé of New York City’s taxi industry that showed how lenders profited from predatory loans that shattered the lives of vulnerable drivers, reporting that ultimately led to state and federal investigations and sweeping reforms.“ 2020: Staff, in International Reporting, „for a set of enthralling stories, reported at great risk, exposing the predations of Vladimir Putin’s regime.“

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2020: Nikole Hannah-Jones, in Commentary „for a sweeping, provocative and personal essay for the ground-breaking 1619 Project, which seeks to place the enslavement of Africans at the center of America’s story, prompting public conversation about the nation’s founding and evolution.“ 2021: Staff, in Public service, „for courageous, prescient and sweeping coverage of the coronavirus pandemic that exposed racial and economic inequities, government failures in the U.S. and beyond, and filled a data vacuum that helped local governrnents, healthcare providers, businesses and individuals to be better prepared and protected.“ 2021: Wesley Morris, in Criticism, „for unrelentingly relevant and deeply engaged criticism on the intersection of race and culture in America, Written in a singular style, alternately playful and profound.“

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ALL UNPUBLISHED AND PUBLISHED SOURCES Unpublished Material Media Exhibits New York Times Entry for Walter Duranty, 1932 New York Times Entry for Frederick T. Birchall, 1934 New York Times Entry for Anne O’Hare McCormick, 1937 New York Times Entry for Otto D. Tolischus, 1940 New York Times Entry for Percy J. Philip, 1941 New York Times Entry for Hanson W. Baldwin, 1943 New York Times Entry for William L. Laurence, 1946 New York Times Entry for Arnaldo Cortesi, 1946 New York Times Entry for J. Brooks Atkinson, 1947 New York Times Entry for Harrison E. Salisbury, 1955 New York Times Entry for Elie Abel, 1958 New York Times Entry for Abraham M. Rosenthal, 1960 New York Times Entry for David Halberstam, 1964 New York Times Entry for Max Frankel, 1973 New York Times Entry for Hedrick L. Smith, 1974 New York Times Entry for Sydney H. Schanberg. 1976 New York Times Entry for Henry Kamm, 1978 New York Times Entry for John Darnton, 1982 New York Times Entry forThomas L. Friedman, 1983 New York Times Entry for Thomas L. Friedman, 1988 New York Times Entry for Bill Keller, 1989 New York Times Entry for N. Kristof/S. WuDunn, 1990 New York Times Entry for Serge Schmemann, 1991 Jury Statements Correspondence Jury Report, March 11, 1932, 2 pp. Correspondence Jury Report, March 23, 1934, 4 pp. Correspondence Jury Report, March 18, 1937, 2 pp. Correspondence Jury Report, April 22, 1940, 4 pp. Correspondence Jury Report, April 1, 1941, 2 pp. Correspondence Jury Report, March 12, 1943, 2 pp. Correspondence Jury Report, April 1, 1946, 2 pp. Correspondence Jury Report, March 30, 1947, 1 p. International Reporting Jury Report, March 18, 1955, 3 pp. International Reporting Jury Report, March 11, 1958, 3 pp. International Reporting Jury Report, March 25, 1960, 3 pp. International Reporting Jury Report, March 6, 1964, 2 pp.

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International Reporting Jury Report, March 9, 1973, 2 pp. International Reporting Jury Report, March 8, 1974, 2 pp. International Reporting Jury Report, March 5, 1976, 1 p. International Reporting Jury Report, March 5, 1978, 1 p. International Reporting Jury Report, March 3, 1982, 2 pp. International Reporting Jury Report, March 9, 1983, 2 pp. International Reporting Jury Report, March 2, 1988, 1 p. International Reporting Jury Report, March 1, 1989, 1 p. International Reporting Jury Report, March 7, 1990, 1 p. International Reporting Jury Report, March 5, 1991, 1 p. Published Materials Berger, Meyer: The Story of the New York Times, 1851-1951, New York 1951 Blendermann, Hella: Die New York Times 1914 - 1919, Berlin 1943 Brown, Francis: The Story of the New York Times Book Review, New York 1969 Catledge, Turner: My Life and The Times, New York 1971 Cohen, Bernard C.: The Press and Foreign Policy, Princeton, N.J., 1963 Cohen, Herbert J.: Page One - Major Events 1920-1983 in the New York Times, New York 1983 Cose, Ellis: The Press - Inside America’s most powerful Newspaper Empires, New York 1989 Davis, Elmer: History of the New York Times 1851-1921, New York 1921 Desmond, Robert W.: The Press and World Affairs, New York 1937 Diamond Edwin: Behind the Times - Inside the New York Times, New York 1994 Dinsmore, Herman H.: All the News that Fits, New York 1969 Dovifat Emil: Der amerikanische Journalismus, Berlin - Leipzig 1927 Dovifat, Emil: Handbuch der Auslandspresse, Bonn - Köln - Opladen, Germany, 1960 Dryfoos, Susan W.: Iphigene - Memoirs of Iphigene Ochs Sulzberger of the New York Times Family, New York 1981 Elson, Robert T.: Times Inc., New York 1968 Emery, Edwin: The Press and America, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1963 Emery, Michael: The Press and America - An Interpretative History of the Mass Media, Boston 1999 Fellow, Anthony: American Media History, Belmont, Ca., 2005 Fischer, Erika J./Fischer, Heinz-D.: The New York Times Facing World War II, Frankfurt - Bern - New York - Paris 1990 Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich: Die grossen Zeitungen - Porträts der Weltpresse, Munich 1966 Frankel, Max: The Times of my Life and my Life with The Times, New York 1999 Goulden, Joseph C.: Fit to Print - A. M. Rosenthal and His Times, Secaucus, N.J., 1988

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Halberstam, David: The Powers That Be, New York 1979 Hohenberg, John: Foreign Correspondence - The Great Reporters and Their Times, New York - London 1964 Hollis, Daniel W.: The Media in America, Santa Barbara, Ca., 1995 Johnson, Gerald W.: An Honorable Titan - A Biographical Study of Adolph S. Ochs, New York 1946 Karetzky, Stephen: The Cannons of Journalism - The New York Times Propaganda against Israel, Stanford, Ca., 1984 Kayser, Jacques: One Week’s News - Comparative Study of Seven Major Dailies, Paris 1953 Krock, Arthur: Memoirs - Sixty Years on the Firing Line, New York 1968 Lee, Alfred McClung: The Daily Newspaper in America, New York 2000 Lewis, Anthony: Written into History - Pulitzer Prize Reporting of the Twentieth Century from the New York Times, New York 2001 MacCormick, Mona: The New York Times’ Guide to Reference Materials, New York 1985 McPherson, James B.: Journalism at the End of the American Century; Westport, Ct., 2006 Merrill, John C.: The Elite Press - Great Newspapers of the World, New York Toronto - London 1968 Mott, Frank L.: American Journalism 1690-1960, New York 1962 Pool, Ithiel de Sola: The ‘Prestige Papers’ - A Survey of their Editorials, Palo Alto, Ca., 1952 Prakke, Henk et al: Handbuch der Weltpresse, 2 vols., Cologne - Opladen 1970 Reston, James: The Artillery of the Press - Its Influence on American Foreign Policy, New York 1966 Reston, James: Deadline - A Memoir, New York 1991 Rudenstine, David: The Day the Presses Stopped - A History of the Pentagon Papers Case, Berkeley, Ca., 1996 Salisbury, Harrison E.: Without Fear or Favor - An Uncompromising Look at the New York Times, New York 1980. Sohramm, Wilbur: One Day in the World’s Press, Palo Alto, Ca., 1959 Schudson, Michael: Discovering the News - A Social History of American Newspapers, New York 1978 Shepard, Richard F.: The Paper’s Papers - A Reporter’s Journey Through the Archives of The New York Times, New York 1996 Siegel, Kalman: Talking Back to the New York Times, New York 1972 Sloan, William D.: American Journalism History, Jefferson, N.C., 2002 Startt, James D.: The Significance of Media in American History, Northport, Al., 1994 Taft, William Howard: Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Journalism, New York 1986 Tebbel, John: The Compact History of American Newspapers, New York 1963

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Tifft, Susan E./Jones, Alex S.: The Trust - The Private and Powerful Family Behind the New York Times, Boston - New York - London 1999 Vaughn, Stephen: Encyclopedia of American Journalism, New York 2008 Villard, Oswald G.: Newspapers and Newspapermen, New York 1923 Ward, Hiley: Mainstreams of American Media History, Needham Hights, Ma., 1997

Pulitzer Prize Panorama hrsg. von Prof. Dr. Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (Bochum)

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Milestones of American Press History Selected Writings by Pulitzer Prize Laureates This volume presents in compact form main persons and press organs in the history of the American media system, described by Pulitzer Prize Winners. There are personality profiles of press tycoons like Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst and Henry Luce as key figures. There are other press founders like Alexander Hamilton, creator of the ‘New York Evening Post’, or Henry Raymond who established the ‘New York Times’. There also are sketches about originally bankrupt newspapers sold at auctions and became successful under new publishers, like the ‘New York World’ or the ‘Washington Post’. Other chapters cover high-circulation publications as exemplified by the ‘Ladies’ Home Journal’ or ‘Time’ magazine. In addition, several early stages of news distribution in the United States are told as well as basic press philosophies by starjournalists like Walter Lippmann. vol. 25, 2021, 224 pp., 29,90 ¤, pb., ISBN-CH 978-3-643-91380-7

LIT Verlag Berlin – Münster – Wien – Zürich – London Auslieferung Deutschland / Österreich / Schweiz: siehe Impressumsseite

This volume presents 25 Foreign Correspondents of the New York Times and their Pulitzer Prize-decorated works from the early 1930s to the early 1990s, covering political and social occurrences in countries like Argentina, Australia, Cambodia, China, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Poland, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam and Yugoslavia. Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, EdD, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany.

978-3-643-91485-9

LIT www.lit-verlag.de

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