The Pulitzer Prize Archive. Volume 18 Complete Bibliographical Manual of Books about the Pulitzer Prizes 1935–2003: Monographs and Anthologies on the coveted Awards 9783110953985, 9783598301889

Table of contents :
The Pulitzer Prize Plays 1918 – 1934
Pulitzer Prize Cartoons. The Men and Their Masterpieces
The Lines Are Drawn. American life since the First World War as reflected in the Pulitzer Prize Cartoons
The Pulitzer Prize Story. News Stories, Editorials, Cartoons, and Pictures from the Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University
The Pulitzer Prize Novels. A Critical Backward Look
A History of the Pulitzer Prize Plays
The Pulitzer Prizes. A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism
Man of the World. Herbert Bayard Swope: A Charmed Life of Pulitzer Prizes, Poker and Politics
Voices of Change. Southern Pulitzer Winners
Pulitzer Prize Editorials. America’s Best Editorial Writing, 1917 – 1979
The Pulitzer Prize Story II. Award-Winning News Stories, Columns, Editorials, Cartoons, and News Pictures, 1959 – 1980
American Reporter at the International Political Stage. Herbert Bayard Swope and his Pulitzer Prize-winning Articles from Germany in 1916
Moments. The Pulitzer Prize Photographs – Updated Edition, 1942-1982
Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 1:1928 –1945 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Consequences of World War I to the End of World War II
Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 2:1946 – 1962 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the End of World War II to the Various Stations of the Cold War
Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 3:1963 – 1977 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian Refugee Problems
The Best of Pulitzer Prize News Writing
The Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism -1917 –1985. A Guide to the Microfilm Edition
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 1. International Reporting 1928 – 1985: From the Activities of the League of Nations to present-day Global Problems
The Pulitzer Prizes. Volume 1: 1987
Julian Harris and the Columbus Enquirer-Sun. The Consequences of Winning the Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 2. National Reporting 1941 – 1986: From Labor Conflicts to the Challenger Disaster
The Pulitzer Prizes. Volume 2: 1988
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 3. Local Reporting 1947 -1987: From a County Vote Fraude to a Corrupt City Council
The Pulitzer Prizes. Volume 3:1989
The New York Times Facing World War II. Articles, Maps and Statistics from a Pulitzer Prize-winning Exhibit
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 4. Political Editorial 1916 -1988: From War-related Conflicts to Metropolitan Disputes
The Pulitzer Prizes. Volume 4:1990
Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 4:1978 -1989 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From Roarings in the Middle East to the Destroying of the Democratic Movement in China
The Pulitzer Prize. The Inside Story of America’s Most Prestigious Award
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 5. Social Commentary 1969 -1989: From University Troubles to a California Earthquake
Winning Pulitzers. The Stories Behind Some of the Best News Coverage of Our Time
Medicine, Media and Morality. Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writings on Health-Related Topics
Struggle for Press Freedom in Canada. A case study from the Province of Alberta and the key role played by the Edmonton Journal in 1938 – Based on a Pulitzer Prize winning exhibit
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 6. Cultural Criticism 1969 – 1990: From Architectural Damages to Press Imperfections
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 7. American History Awards 1917 – 1991: From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movement
Sports Journalism at its Best. Pulitzer Prize-Winning Articles, Cartoons, and Photographs
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 8. Biography / Autobiography Awards 1917 – 1992: From the lucky Discoverer of America to an unfortunate Vietnam Veteran
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 9. General Nonfiction Awards 1962 – 1993: From the Election of John F. Kennedy to a Retrospect of Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
The Pulitzer Diaries. Inside America’s Greatest Prize
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 10. Novel / Fiction Awards 1917 – 1994: From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 11. Poetry / Verse Awards 1918 -1995: From Carl Sandburg and Robert Frost to Archibald MacLeish and Robert Penn Warren
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 12. Drama / Comedy Awards 1917 – 1996: From Eugene O’Neill and Tennessee Williams to Richard Rodgers and Edward Albee
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 13. Editorial Cartoon Awards 1922 -1997: From Rollin Kirby and Edmund Duffy to Herbert Block and Paul Conrad
Who’s Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners
Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 5:1990 – 1999 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Reunification of Germany to the Impact of Aids in Africa by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (2000)
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 14. Press Photography Awards 1942 – 1998: From Joe Rosenthal and Horst Faas to Moneta Sleet and Stan Grossfeld
Written into History. Pulitzer Prize Reporting of the Twentieth Century from The New York Times
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 15. Musical Composition Awards 1943 – 1999: From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner
Capture the Moments. The Pulitzer Prize Photographs
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 16. Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917 – 2000: Journalists, Writers and Composers on their Ways to the Coveted Awards
The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 17. Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917 – 2000: Decision-Making Processes by Nominating Jurors and Board Members in all Award Categories

Citation preview

THE PULITZER PRIZE ARCHIVE A History and Anthology of Award-winning Materials in Journalism, Letters, and Arts Series Editor: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Ruhr University, Bochum Federal Republic of Germany

PART F: DOCUMENTATION

Volume 18

K G - Saur München 2004

Complete Bibliographical Manual of Books about the Pulitzer Prizes 1935 - 2003 Monographs and Anthologies on the coveted Awards

by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

Κ • G • Saur München 2004

Gefördert durch Mittel der Stiftung Presse-Haus NRZ Essen

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddh.de.

Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rigths Strictly Reserved K.G. Säur Verlag GmbH , München 2004 Printed in Germany by Strauss Offsetdruck, Mörlenbach Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30188-X ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

ν

PREFACE

Many publications about the Pulitzer Prize have appeared during the decades of its existence since 1917. The majority of them were mere articles in newspapers and magazines which were often critical and highlighted the annual awards. In later years, however, brochures were published emphasizing the award system itself, finally followed by various kinds of books. The intention of the present volume is to compile all monographs and anthologies which refer to the Pulitzer Prize in their titles or subtitles and have been published in book form. On the other hand, all PhD dissertations had to be ignored which exist only as unpublished manuscripts but not in printed form. In addition, biographical works about Joseph Pulitzer himself, the founder of the prize system, are not included. The following detailed bibliography lays emphasis on 52 book publications dealing with the prizes themselves or on those with documentations of the prize-winning contributions. This volume is, first of all, a chronological compilation of books according to their year of publication. Then follow two separate indexes containing all works in alphabetical order, first according to the authors' or editors' names and, secondly, according to book titles. Thereby, several different forms of guidance are offered to the reader of the present work. All publications presented in this bibliography are documented in a uniform system: the record of each book starts with its complete title followed by some significant extracts of the original preface or introductory remarks in order to describe the intention of the book. Finally, the complete contents section of the original book is presented. Thus, the reader finds a detailed survey on the respective volume and can easily see what to expect from it. The basis of the bibliographic searches was a number of different bibliographies as well as the rich collections of the Library of Congress and of the Columbia University Library. We are thankful to Mrs. Ingrid Dickhut who helped to compile the material and also made the typography of this volume. We are also indebted to quite a number of librarians who enabled us to have access to all original editions of the books presented in this work. Bochum, FRG July, 2004

E.J.F./H.-D.F

This volume is dedicated to the memory of Joseph Pulitzer, 1 8 4 7 - 1 9 1 1 A hundred years ago, in 1904, he stipulated in his will the establishment of the prizes named after him, and in the same year he published his famous article, The College of Journalism, which postulated the importance of journalism education at university level

VII

CONTENTS

A: Chronological Order by Publication Dates

The Pulitzer Prize Plays 1918 - 1 9 3 4 by Kathryn Coe and William H. Cordell (1935)

1

Pulitzer Prize Cartoons The Men and Their Masterpieces öy Dick Spencer III (1953)

5

The Lines Are Drawn American life since the First World War as reflected in the Pulitzer Prize Cartoons by Gerald W. Johnson (1958)

11

The Pulitzer Prize Story News Stories, Editorials, Cartoons, and Pictures from the Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University by John Hohenberg (1959)

17

The Pulitzer Prize Novels A Critical Backward Look by William J. Stuckey (1966)

27

A History of the Pulitzer Prize Plays by John L. Toohey (1967)

31

The Pulitzer Prizes A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism by John Hohenberg (1974)

35

Man of the World Herbert Bayard Swope: A Charmed Life of Pulitzer Prizes, Poker and Politics by Alfred Allan Lewis (1978)

41

VIII

Chronological Order

Voices of Change Southern Pulitzer Winners by Maurine Hoffman Beasley and Richard R. Harlow (1979)

47

Pulitzer Prize Editorials America's Best Editorial Writing, 1917 - 1979 by William D. Sloan (1980)

53

The Pulitzer Prize Story II Award-Winning News Stories, Columns, Editorials, Cartoons, and News Pictures, 1959 - 1980 by John Hohenberg (1980)

59

American Reporter at the International Political Stage Herbert Bayard Swope and his Pulitzer Prize-winning Articles from Germany in 1916 byErika J. Fischerand Heinz-D. Fischer (1982)

71

Moments The Pulitzer Prize Photographs - Updated Edition, 1942-1982 by Sheryle Leekley and John Leekley (1982)

77

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 1:1928 - 1 9 4 5 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Consequences of World War I to the End of World War II fay Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (1984)

81

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 2:1946 - 1 9 6 2 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the End of World War II to the Various Stations of the Cold War by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (1985) Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 3:1963 - 1 9 7 7 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian Refugee Problems by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (1986) The Best of Pulitzer Prize News Writing by William D. Sloan, Valarie McCrary and Johanna Cleary (1986) The Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism -1917 - 1 9 8 5 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition byMary E. Morrison (1986)

91

101 ....

109

117

by Publication Dates

IX

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 1 International Reporting 1928 -1985: From the Activities of the League of Nations to present-day Global Problems by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1987)

121

The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 1: 1987 by Kendall J. Wills (1987)

133

Julian Harris and the Columbus Enquirer-Sun The Consequences of Winning the Pulitzer Prize byGregory C. Lisby (1988)

139

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 2 National Reporting 1941 -1986: From Labor Conflicts to the Challenger Disaster by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1988)

143

The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 2: 1988 by Kendall J. Wills (1988)

151

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 3 Local Reporting 1947 -1987: From a County Vote Fraude to a Corrupt City Council byHeinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1989)

157

The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 3: 1989 by Kendall J. Wills (1989)

167

The New York Times Facing World War II Articles, Maps and Statistics from a Pulitzer Prize-winning Exhibit by Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer (1990)

173

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 4 Political Editorial 1916 -1988: From War-related Conflicts to Metropolitan Disputes by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer (1990)

181

The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 4: 1990 by Kendall J. Wills (1990)

193

χ

Chronological Order

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 4:1978 - 1 9 8 9 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From Roarings in the Middle East to the Destroying of the Democratic Movement in China fay Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (1991)

199

The Pulitzer Prize The Inside Story of America's Most Prestigious Award by J. Douglas Bates (1991)

207

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 5 Social Commentary 1969 - 1 9 8 9 : From University Troubles to a California Earthquake by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1991)

211

Winning Pulitzers The Stories Behind Some of the Best News Coverage of Our Time by Karen Rothmyer (1991)

221

Medicine, Media and Morality Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writings on Health-Related Topics by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (1992)

227

Struggle for Press Freedom in Canada A case study from the Province of Alberta and the key role played by the Edmonton Journal in 1938 - Based on a Pulitzer Prize winning exhibit by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (1992)

237

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 6 Cultural Criticism 1969 - 1 9 9 0 : From Architectural Damages to Press Imperfections by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1992)

241

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 7 American History Awards 1917-1991: From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movement by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1994)

249

Sports Journalism at its Best Pulitzer Prize-Winning Articles, Cartoons, and Photographs by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (1995)

261

by Publication Dates

XI

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 8 Biography / Autobiography Awards 1917 -1992: From the lucky Discoverer of America to an unfortunate Vietnam Veteran by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer (1995)

269

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 9 General Nonfiction Awards 1962 -1993: From the Election of John F. Kennedy to a Retrospect of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address byHeinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer (1996)

281

The Pulitzer Diaries Inside America's Greatest Prize by John Hohenberg (1997)

289

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 10 Novel / Fiction Awards 1917 -1994: From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1997)

297

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 11 Poetry / Verse Awards 1918 -1995: From Carl Sandburg and Robert Frost to Archibald MacLeish and Robert Penn Warren by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1997)

311

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 12 Drama / Comedy Awards 1917 -1996: From Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams to Richard Rodgers and Edward Albee by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1998)

323

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 13 Editorial Cartoon Awards 1922 -1997: From Rollin Kirby and Edmund Duffy to Herbert Block and Paul Conrad by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (1999)

335

Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners by Elizabeth A. Brennan and Elizabeth C. Clarage (1999)

351

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 5:1990 - 1 9 9 9 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Reunification of Germany to the Impact of Aids in Africa by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (2000)

355

XII

Chronological Order

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 14 Press Photography Awards 1942 -1998: From Joe Rosenthal and Horst Faas to Moneta Sleet and Stan Grossfeld fcyHeinz-D.

Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (2000)

363

Written into History Pulitzer Prize Reporting of the Twentieth Century from The New York Times by Anthony Lewis (2001)

383

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 15 Musical Composition Awards 1943 -1999: From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer (2001)

387

Capture the Moments The Pulitzer Prize Photographs ö y C y m a Rubin and Eric Newton (2001)

399

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 16 Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917 - 2000: Journalists, Writers and Composers on their W a y s to the Coveted Awards by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer (2002)

407

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 17 Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917 - 2000: Decision-Making Processes by Nominating Jurors and Board Members in all Award Categories by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer (2003)

411

XIII

C O N T E N T S

Β: Alphabetical Order by Autors / Editors

J. Douglas Bates The Pulitzer Prize The Inside Story of America's Most Prestigious Award Maurine Hoffman Beasley and Richard R. Harlow Voices of Change Southern Pulitzer Winners Elizabeth A. Brennan and Elizabeth C. Clarage Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners Kathryn Coe and William H. Cordell The Pulitzer Prize Plays 1918-1934

207

47 351 1

Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer American Reporter at the International Political Stage Herbert Bayard Swope and his Pulitzer Prize-winning Articles from Germany in 1916

71

Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer The New York Times Facing World War II Articles, Maps and Statistics from a Pulitzer Prize-winning Exhibit

173

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 1 International Reporting 1928 -1985: From the Activities of the League of Nations to present-day Global Problems

121

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 2 National Reporting 1941 -1986: From Labor Conflicts to the Challenger Disaster

143

XIV

Alphabetical Order

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 3 Local Reporting 1947 -1987: From a County Vote Fraude to a Corrupt City Council

157

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 4 Political Editorial 1916 -1988: From War-related Conflicts to Metropolitan Disputes

181

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 5 Social Commentary 1969 -1989: From University Troubles to a California Earthquake

211

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 6 Cultural Criticism 1969 -1990: From Architectural Damages to Press Imperfections

241

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 7 American History Awards 1917-1991: From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movement

249

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 8 Biography / Autobiography Awards 1917 -1992: From the lucky Discoverer of America to an unfortunate Vietnam Veteran

269

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 9 General Nonfiction Awards 1962 -1993: From the Election of John F. Kennedy to a Retrospect of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address . . . .

281

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 10 Novel / Fiction Awards 1917 - 1 9 9 4 : From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike

297

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 11 Poetry / Verse Awards 1918 - 1995: From Carl Sandburg and Robert Frost to Archibald MacLeish and Robert Penn Warren

311

by Authors / Editors

XV

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 12 Drama / Comedy Awards 1917 -1996: From Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams to Richard Rodgers and Edward Albee

323

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 13 Editorial Cartoon Awards 1922 -1997: From Rollin Kirby and Edmund Duffy to Herbert Block and Paul Conrad

335

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 14 Press Photography Awards 1942 -1998: From Joe Rosenthal and Horst Faas to Moneta Sleet and Stan Grossfeld

363

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 15 Musical Composition Awards 1943 -1999: From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Cario Menotti and Melinda Wagner

387

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 16 Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917 - 2000: Journalists, Writers and Composers on their Ways to the Coveted Awards

407

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 17 Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917 - 2000: Decision-Making Processes by Nominating Jurors and Board Members in all Award Categories

411

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Medicine, Media and Morality Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writings on Health-Related Topics

227

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 1:1928 - 1 9 4 5 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Consequences of World War I to the End of World War II

81

XVI

Alphabetical Order

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 2:1946 - 1 9 6 2 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the End of World War II to the Various Stations of the Cold War . . .

91

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 3:1963 - 1 9 7 7 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian Refugee Problems

101

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 4:1978 - 1 9 8 9 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From Roarings in the Middle East to the Destroying of the Democratic Movement in China

199

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 5:1990 - 1 9 9 9 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Reunification of Germany to the Impact of Aids in Africa

355

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Sports Journalism at its Best Pulitzer Prize-Winning Articles, Cartoons, and Photographs

261

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer Struggle for Press Freedom in Canada A case study from the Province of Alberta and the key role played by the Edmonton Journal in 1938 - Based on a Pulitzer Prize winning exhibit . .

237

John Hohenberg The Pulitzer Diaries Inside America's Greatest Prize

289

John Hohenberg The Pulitzer Prizes A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism

35

John Hohenberg The Pulitzer Prize Story News Stories, Editorials, Cartoons, and Pictures from the Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University

17

by Authors / Editors

XVII

John Hohenberg The Pulitzer Prize Story II Award-Winning News Stories, Columns, Editorials, Cartoons, and News Pictures, 1959- 1980

59

Gerald W. Johnson The Lines Are Drawn American life since the First World War as reflected in the Pulitzer Prize Cartoons

11

Sheryle Leekley and John Leekley Moments The Pulitzer Prize Photographs - Updated Edition: 1942-1982 Alfred Allan Lewis Man of the World Herbert Bayard Swope: A Charmed Life of Pulitzer Prizes, Poker and Politics Anthony Lewis Written into History Pulitzer Prize Reporting of the Twentieth Century from The New York Times

383

Gregory C. Lisby Julian Harris and the Columbus Enquirer-Sun The Consequences of Winning the Pulitzer Prize

139

Mary E. Morrison The Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism - 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 8 5 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition

117

Karen Rothmyer Winning Pulitzers The Stories Behind Some of the Best News Coverage of Our Time

221

Cyma Rubin and Eric Newton Capture the Moments The Pulitzer Prize Photographs William D. Sloan Pulitzer Prize Editorials America's Best Editorial Writing, 1917 - 1979

399

53

XVIII

Alphabetical Order

William D. Sloan, Valarie McCrary and Johanna Cleary The Best of Pulitzer Prize News Writing

109

Dick Spencer III Pulitzer Prize Cartoons The Men and Their Masterpieces

5

William J. Stuckey The Pulitzer Prize Novels A Critical Backward Look

27

John L. Toohey A History of the Pulitzer Prize Plays

31

Kendall J. Wills The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 1:1987

133

Kendall J. Wills The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 2:1988

151

Kendall J. Wills The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 3:1989

167

Kendall J. Wills The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 4: 1990

193

XIX

CONTENTS

C: Alphabetical Order by Book Titles

A History of the Pulitzer Prize Plays by John L. Toohey

31

American Reporter at the International Political Stage Herbert Bayard Swope and his Pulitzer Prize-winning Articles from Germany in 1916 by Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer

71

Capture the Moments The Pulitzer Prize Photographs by Cyma Rubin and Eric Newton

399

Julian Harris and the Columbus Enquirer-Sun The Consequences of Winning the Pulitzer Prize iyGregory C. Lisby

139

Man of the World Herbert Bayard Swope: A Charmed Life of Pulitzer Prizes, Poker and Politics by Alfred Allan Lewis Medicine, Media and Morality Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writings on Health-Related Topics by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

41

227

Moments The Pulitzer Prize Photographs - Updated Edition: 1942-1982 bySheryle Leekley and John Leekley

77

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 1:1928 - 1 9 4 5 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Consequences of World War I to the End of World War II by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

81

XX

Alphabetical Order

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 2:1946 -1962 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the End of World War II to the Various Stations of the Cold War by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

91

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 3:1963 -1977 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian Refugee Problems by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

101

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 4:1978 -1989 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From Roarings in the Middle East to the Destroying of the Democratic Movement in China by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

199

Outstanding International Press Reporting, Volume 5:1990 -1999 Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Reunification of Germany to the Impact of Aids in Africa by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

355

Pulitzer Prize Cartoons The Men and Their Masterpieces by Dick Spencer III Pulitzer Prize Editorials America's Best Editorial Writing, 1917 - 1979 by William D. Sloan

5

53

Sports Journalism at its Best Pulitzer Prize-Winning Articles, Cartoons, and Photographs by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

261

Struggle for Press Freedom in Canada A case study from the Province of Alberta and the key role played by the Edmonton Journal in 1938 - Based on a Pulitzer Prize winning exhibit by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

237

The Best of Pulitzer Prize News Writing by William D. Sloan, Valarie McCrary and Johanna Cleary

109

by Book Titles

XXI

The Lines Are Drawn American life since the First World War as reflected in the Pulitzer Prize Cartoons by Gerald W. Johnson

11

The New York Times Facing World War II Articles, Maps and Statistics from a Pulitzer Prize-winning Exhibit by Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer

173

The Pulitzer Diaries Inside America's Greatest Prize by John Hohenberg

289

The Pulitzer Prize The Inside Story of America's Most Prestigious Award by J. Douglas Bates

207

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 1 International Reporting 1928 -1985: From the Activities of the League of Nations to present-day Global Problems by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

121

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 2 National Reporting 1941 -1986: From Labor Conflicts to the Challenger Disaster by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

143

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 3 Local Reporting 1947 -1987: From a County Vote Fraude to a Corrupt City Council by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

157

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 4 Political Editorial 1916 -1988: From War-related Conflicts to Metropolitan Disputes by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

181

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 5 Social Commentary 1969 -1989: From University Troubles to a California Earthquake by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

211

XXII

Alphabetical Order

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 6 Cultural Criticism 1969 -1990: From Architectural Damages to Press Imperfections by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

241

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 7 American History Awards 1917 -1991: From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movement by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer

249

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 8 Biography / Autobiography Awards 1917 -1992: From the lucky Discoverer of America to an unfortunate Vietnam Veteran by Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer

269

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 9 General Nonfiction Awards 1962 -1993: From the Election of John F. Kennedy to a Retrospect of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

281

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 10 Novel / Fiction Awards 1917 - 1 9 9 4 : From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

297

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 11 Poetry / Verse Awards 1918 -1995: From Carl Sandburg and Robert Frost to Archibald MacLeish and Robert Penn Warren by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

311

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 12 Drama / Comedy Awards 1917 -1996: From Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams to Richard Rodgers and Edward Albee by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

323

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 13 Editorial Cartoon Awards 1922 -1997: From Rollin Kirby and Edmund Duffy to Herbert Block and Paul Conrad by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

335

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 14 Press Photography Awards 1942 -1998: From Joe Rosenthal and Horst Faas to Moneta Sleet and Stan Grossfeld by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

363

by Book Titles

XXIII

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 15 Musical Composition Awards 1943 -1999: From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

387

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 16 Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917 - 2000: Journalists, Writers and Composers on their Ways to the Coveted Awards by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

407

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 17 Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917 - 2000: Decision-Making Processes by Nominating Jurors and Board Members in all Award Categories by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

411

The Pulitzer Prize Novels A Critical Backward Look by William J. Stuckey

27

The Pulitzer Prize Plays 1918 - 1 9 3 4 by Kathryn Coe and William H. Cordell

1

The Pulitzer Prize Story News Stories, Editorials, Cartoons, and Pictures from the Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University by John Hohenberg

17

The Pulitzer Prize Story II Award-Winning News Stories, Columns, Editorials, Cartoons, and News Pictures, 1959 - 1980 by John Hohenberg

59

The Pulitzer Prizes A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism by John Hohenberg

35

The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 1:1987 by Kendall J. Wills

133

The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 2:1988 by Kendall J. Wills

151

XXIV

Alphabetical Order

The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 3: 1989 fay Kendall J. Wills

167

The Pulitzer Prizes Volume 4:1990 /by Kendall J. Wills

193

The Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism -1917-1985 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition by Mary E. Morrison

117

Voices of Change Southern Pulitzer Winners by Maurine Hoffman Beasley and Richard R. Harlow

47

Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners by Elizabeth A. Brennan and Elizabeth C. Clarage

351

Winning Pulitzers The Stories Behind Some of the Best News Coverage of Our Time by Karen Rothmyer

221

Written into History Pulitzer Prize Reporting of the Twentieth Century from The New York Times by Anthony Lewis

383

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Pulitzer Prize Plays 1918-1934

by Kathryn Coe and William H. Cordell

Random House New York 1935

COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY THE MODERN LIBRARY, INC. FIRST EDITION PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

FROM THE PREFACE

3

Joseph Pulitzer died 29 October, 1911. The bequests in his will, their individual variety and common purpose, have probably attracted more widespread attention in America than any bequests since the last testament of Cecil Rhodes. Several million dollars were left for the School of Journalism at Columbia University, other moneys for resident and travelling fellowships; then came the list of annual prizes—the best newspaper editorial, the best example of a reporter's work, the best American novel, the best book of the year on United States history, the best American biography; and finally, the matter with which we are concerned in this volume, the best American stage-play. Here is the original statement in the will: 8th. Annually, for the original American play, performed in New York,, which shall best represent the educational value and power of the stage in raising the standard of good morals, good taste and good manners, One thousand dollars ($1000). Under the powers of the Advisory Board of the School of Journalism at Columbia, this provision was in 1928 changed to read as follows: For the original American play, performed in New Yor\, which shall best represent the educational value and power of the stage, One thousand dollars. A second change was made in 1934, so that the provision now reads: For the original American play, performed in New Yori[, which shall best represent the educational value and power of the stage, preferably one dealing with American life, One thousand dollars. These two changes were salutary; the elision in 1928 of the phrase about good morals, etc. got rid of a metaphysical distinction and a hobble. The second change in 1934 was equally wise; it simply gave the Committee and then the final Court assistance in deciding between (let us say) two plays that might be of about equal artistic merit..

4

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

WILLIAM LYON PHELPS

WHY MARRY?

JESSE LYNCH WILLIAMS

BEYOND THE HORIZON

EUGENE O'NEILL

MISS LULU BETT

ZONA GALE

105

"ANNA CHRISTIE"

EUGENE O'NEILL

147

ICEBOUND

OWEN DAVIS

χ9Ι

HELL-BENT FER HEAVEN

HATCHER HUGHES

229

SIDNEY HOWARD

275

CRAIG'S WIFE

GEORGE KELLY

317

IN ABRAHAM'S BOSOM

PAUL GREEN

381

STRANGE INTERLUDE

EUGENE O'NEILL

427

STREET SCENE

ELMER RICE

541

THE GREEN PASTURES

MARC CONNELLY

599

ALISON'S HOUSE

SUSAN GLASPELL

649

OF THEE I SING

GEORGE S. KAUFMAN and

v

ü τ

53

THEY KNEW WHAT THEY WANTED

MORRIE RYSKIND

693

BOTH YOUR HOUSES

MAXWELL ANDERSON

745

MEN IN WHITE

SIDNEY KINGSLEY

795

BIBLIOGRAPHY

849

Pulitzer Prize Cartoons

The Men and Their Masterpieces

by Dick Spencer III

Iowa State College Press Ames, Iowa, 1953

6

second Edition, 1953

Copyright 1951 and 195} by The Iowa Slate College Press. All rights reserved. Composed and printed by The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. USA. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 53-5492

7

FROM THE PREFACE

may become lost. A civilization and its customs may be forgotten, but its art lives on to perpetuate its legends, and its history. Much of what we know about prehistoric man came from a study of his crude artistic efforts laboriously carved in stone. In later years, our own Sioux Indians possessed an annual historical record known as the Winter Count. This was the work of a tribal artist, wherein the outstanding event of the year was recorded in pictographs. T h e Winter Count, extending back more than two centuries, might have proved an invaluable record had the aborigines possessed any sense of historic values as we know them. Their feeling for history was trivial, however, and it is all too seldom that an event of more than passing interest emerges from the faded colors painted on the ancient buffalo hides. T h e Haida Indians of Alaska adorned their totem poles with symbolic figures which represented the communal life of the clan, or the individual events of one family. Who knows, perhaps the Pulitzer prizewinning cartoons of this era will be our totem for tomorrow. O n the following pages you have a time machine that takes you from the roaring twenties up to the present. You can see the cartoons that were chosen to represent the reflection of American thinking for each year on our totem. It is a brief span of history. On some of them the newsprint has scarcely begun to yellow, but already it is interesting to look at them in retrospect.

8

Since 1917, the prizes created by the will of the late Joseph Pulitzer have become the accolades for distinction in the fields of journalism, letters, and music. Prizes also are given for use in the study of art and travel, to broaden the points of view of prominent journalism students...

9

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1922

ROLLIN KIRBY

1923

No Award

1924

J A Y NORWOOD DARLING

1925

ROLLIN KIRBY

.

.

15

.

.

18

.

.

.

22

1926

DANIEL R . FITZPATRICK .

.

.

26

1927

NELSON HARDING

1928

NELSON HARDING

1929

.

.

.

.

.

.

30

.

.

.

.

34

ROLLIN KIRBY

.

.

36

1930

CHARLES R . MACAULEY .

.

.

38

1931

EDMUND D U F F Y

.

.

42

1932

JOHN T I N N E Y

.

.

46

1933

HAROLD M . T A L B U R T

.

.

50

1934

EDMUND D U F F Y

.

.

54

.

.

58

.

.

64

1935

Ross

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

MCCUTCHEON . .

.

.

.

LEWIS

1936

No Award

1937

CLARENCE D . BATCHELOR

1938

VAUGHN

SHOEMAKER

.

.

68

1939

CHARLES G . W E R N E R

.

.

72

1940

EDMUND D U F F Y

.

.

76

1941

JACOB BURCK

.

78

1942

H E R B E R T LAWRENCE

.

.

82

1943

J A Y NORWOOD DARLING

.

.

86

1944

CLIFFORD K . BERRYMAN

.

.

90

1945

B I L L MAULDIN

.

.

94

1946

BRUCE RUSSELL

.

.

98

1947

VAUGHN SHOEMAKER

.

.

102

1948

R U B E GOLDBERG

.

.

106

1949

L U T E PEASE

.

.

112

1950

JAMES T .

.

.

118

. .

.

.

.

.

.

. BLOCK

.

BERRYMAN

. .

. .

. .

. .

10

1951

REG MANNING

124

1952

FRED L . PACKER

130

1953

EDWARD D. KUEKES

134

11

The Lines Are Drawn American life since the First World War as reflected in the Pulitzer Prize Cartoons

by Gerald W. Johnson

J. B. Lippincott Company Philadelphia - New York 1958

Copyright © 1958 by Gerald W. Johnson First Edition Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 58-12275 Printed in the United States of America

13

FROM THE PREFACE

Τ

I η 1754 Benjamin Franklin published a picture in his I Pennsylvania Gazette. It was a crude woodcut depicting A . a serpent divided into segments bearing the initials of the British colonies from New England to Georgia, and it bore the caption, "Join Or Die." The occasion was the outbreak of the French and Indian War, confronting the colonies with a peril that they could overcome, as Franklin believed, only by united effort. Eleven years later a series of Parliamentary invasions of American liberty culminated in the Stamp Act. Again the colonies were confronted with a peril that they could overcome, as Franklin believed, only by united effort. Poor Richard then demonstrated his characteristic thrift; instead of having a new woodcut made, he dusted off the old one and reprinted it, with even greater effect. This is the basis of the myth that the American newspaper cartoon originated with Benjamin Franklin and dates back to 1754. It it true only in the sense that it is true that Leif Ericson discovered America in the year 1000; that is to say, it was an event without immediate consquence. Franklin's picture was a political cartoon, and it was published in an American newspaper, but it did not establish cartooning as an element of journalism. Nearly a hundred years were to pass before that eventuated, and it came about as a result of technical advances in engraving and printing; but it had effects extending far beyond the craft of the typographers. One of these effects was to transform the cartoonist from

14

an artist into a journalist—not completely, of course, but relatively. A great cartoonist is still an artist, but if it comes to that, so is a great reporter; a superb news story is as certainly literature as a superb cartoon is art. Journalism is characteristically sudden and swift; literature and art, as a rule, are slow and studied. When they become sudden and swift they take on the coloration of journalism. It is intellectual snobbery to assume that this implies degradation, but it does imply transformation. A journalist is to be judged fairly only by the standards of his own craft, and this is true whether he writes, or speaks into a microphone, or pushes a pencil over a drawing board. If his work meets the tests of good journalism it is not to be condemned because it may not meet those of graphic art or of literature. The history of the American political cartoon thus falls into two periods distinguished by a radical alteration in the status of the cartoonist—the period before and the period after the coming of photoengraving, the high-speed press, and other mechanical instruments of rapid reproduction. In the earlier period the cartoonist was an independent artist; in the second, beginning in the latter half of the nineteenth century, he became an organization man, charged with responsibility for only one element in a complex product that is the work of many men. Cartooning flourished, to be sure, before this transition, but as a weapon of independent propaganda, not as a part of journalism. T h e cartoonist of the early days offered his work, not to newspapers, but to commercial printers, to be published in the form of a broadside and distributed through dealers in prints. Seventy years after Franklin's death the celebrated lithographers, Currier and Ives, were still handling political cartoons in this way...

15

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. ON THE ROAD TO MOSCOW. ROLLIN KIRBY, 1 9 2 2

25

2 . IN GOOD OLD U S A . JAY NORWOOD DARLING, 1 9 2 4

30

3 . NEWS FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD. ROLLIN KIRBY, 1 9 2 5

....

36

4 . T H E LAWS OF MOSES AND THE LAWS OF TODAY D. R .

FITZPATRICK,

1926

42

5 . TOPPLING THE IDOL. NELSON HARDING, 1 9 2 7

48

6 . M A Y H I S SHADOW NEVER GROW LESS NELSON HARDING, 1 9 2 8

54

7. TAMMANY. ROLLIN KIRBY, 1 9 2 9

60

8 . PAYING FOR A DEAD HORSE. CHARLES R . MACAULEY, 1 9 3 0 . . . .

66

9 . AN OLD STRUGGLE STILL GOING O N . E D M U N D DUFFY, 1 9 3 1 . .

72

1 0 . A W I S E ECONOMIST ASKS A QUESTION JOHN T .

MCCUTCHEON,

1932

77

11. T H E LIGHT OF A S I A . H . M . TALBURT, 1 9 3 3 12. CALIFORNIA POINTS WITH PRIDE—I EDMUND DUFFY, 1 9 3 4

83 ..

13. SURE, I ' L L W O R K FOR BOTH SIDES-ROSS A . LEWIS, 1 9 3 5 14. COME ON IN, I ' L L TREAT YOU RICHT.

89 95

I USED TO KNOW YOUR

DADDY. C . D . BATCHELOR, 1 9 3 7

100

1 5 . T H E ROAD BACK.VAUGHN SHOEMAKER, 1 9 3 8

106

1 6 . NOMINATION FOR 1 9 3 8 . CHARLES G . WERNER, 1 9 3 9

112

1 7 . T H E OUTSTRETCHED HAND. EDMUND DUFFY, 1 9 4 0

117

18. I F I SHOULD D I E BEFORE I WAKE.JACOB BURCK, 1 9 4 1

123

19. BRITISH PLANE. HERBERT L . BLOCK, 1 9 4 2

129

2 0 . W H A T A PLACE FOR A WASTE PAPER SALVAGE CAMPAIGN JAY NORWOOD DARLING, 1 9 4 3

134

16 2 1 . B U T W H E R E IS T H E B O A T GOING?

Clifford K. Berryman, 1944

140

2 2 . F R E S H , SPIRITED A M E R I C A N TROOPS, FLUSHED W I T H VICTORY, ARE BRINGING IN THOUSANDS O F HUNGRY, RAGGED, BATTLEWEARY PRISONERS.

Bill Mauldin, 1945

2 3 . T I M E TO B R I D G E T H A T

145

GULCH

Bruce Alexander Russell, 1946

150

2 4 . S T I L L R A C I N G H I S SHADOW. VAUGHN SHOEMAKER, 1 9 4 7

156

25.

161

PEACE TODAY.

Reuben L. Goldberg, 1948

2 6 . W H O , ME? LUTE PEASE, 1949

167

2 7 . A L L S E T FOR A SUPER-SECRET SESSION IN W A S H I N G T O N

James Τ . Berryman, 1950 28.

HATS.

Reginald W. Manning, 1951

173 179

2 9 . YOUR EDITORS O U G H T T O H A V E M O R E SENSE T H A N T O P R I N T

Fred L. Packer, 1952

185

30. AFTERMATH. EDWARD D . KUEKES, 1955

190

3 1 . YOU W E R E A L W A Y S A GREAT FRIEND OF M I N E , J O S E P H

195

WHAT

I

SAYI

Herbert L. Block, 1954

3 2 . H O W W O U L D A N O T H E R MISTAKE H E L P ?

Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, 1955 3 3 . ACHILLES. ROBERT YORK, 1956

200 205

3 4 . W O N D E R W H Y M Y PARENTS D I D N ' T G I V E M E SALK SHOTS

Tom Little, 1957 35.

Bruce Shanks, 1958

THE

THINKER.

THE

THIRTY-FIVE

There were no awards in 1923, 1936.

210 215 221

The Pulitzer Prize Story News Stories, Editorials, Cartoons, and Pictures from the Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University

by John Hohenberg

Columbia University Press New York - London 1959

COPYRIGHT ©

1 9 5 9 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

0-231-08663-6 Fourth printing and Columbia Paperback edition 1971

ISBN:

PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

19

FROM THE PREFACE "What does it take to win a Pulitzer Prize?" "Where can I find some examples of the work of winners of the Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism?" These are the questions that have been asked of me most frequently since I became secretary of the Advisory Board on the Pulitzer Prizes five years ago. As to the first, I can't answer it. I wish I could. As to the second, Columbia University decided something should be done about it. This book is the result. A total of 251 Pulitzer Prizes for Journalism has been awarded from 1917 through 1958—41 gold medals for public service for newspapers and 210 cash prizes for individuals in varying amounts up to $1,000. (Most individual prizes have been $1,000, but for a time they were reduced to $500; moreover, some prizes have been shared.) Ninety-eight newspapers and 187 individuals, seven entire newspaper staffs, three wire services, three syndicates, and one group award for war correspondents have figured in the prizes. Twentynine news organizations or their staff members have been multiple winners. There have also been 13 special citations for journalism. With so large a selection to choose from, it became obvious from the first that not everyone could be represented; nor was it possible even to choose the best. Trying to pick the best of the Pulitzer Prizes would be like trying to select the best gold from the vaults at Fort Knox, Kentucky. It can't be done...

20

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Foreword Introduction

I.

THE FACE OF THE AGE

13

How Two Cub Reporters Solved the Loeb-Leopold Case

14

GENERAL 1.

vii 1

ASSIGNMENT:

The "story of a story" that won a prize for Alvin H. Goldstein and James W. Mulroy

2.

The Mercurial Rise and Fall of the State of Jefferson Stanton Delaplane of the San Francisco Chronicle records the saga

18

of the mining camps

3.

Arthur Krock Interviews Truman and Is Upheld Eight Years Later The story that didn't win a Pulitzer Prize because its author was on

22

the Board

4.

Why They Insist On Being Canadians

29

Austin Wehrwein of the Milwaukee Journal interprets our northern neighbors

5.

A Lady from Alice, Texas, and the Duke of Duval County Mrs. Caro Brown of the Alice Echo covers the downfall of a oneman empire

33

6.

Metro, City of Tomorrow: What It Will Be Like George Beveridge of the Washington Evening Star asks its readers

36

to worry about their city

7.

The Boys Who Came to Dinner: Footnote to a Senate Inquiry Clark Möllenhoff of the Des Moines Register & Tribune breaks a secret meeting between Jimmy Hoffa and Bob Kennedy

11. A NEVER-ENDING

BATTLE:

THE FIGHT

AGAINST

GRAFT 8.

Assassins Mow Down a Fighting Ohio Editor How the Canton Daily News avenged the murder of Don R. Mellett, a crusader for decency and justice

39

21

9.

A Small Oregon Daily Battles Ballot Box Thefts and Murder

50

Robert W . Ruhl and the Medford Mail Tribune defeat a gang of corrupt officeholders

10.

Joseph Pulitzer II Demands Mine Reform in Illinois The St. Louis Post-Dispatch makes an issue out of the tragedy of Centralia No. 5

55

11.

Two Newspapers Expose a Scandal About the Press

60

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the Chicago Daily News find fiftyone newspapermen on the Illinois state payroll

12.

Alicia Patterson Challenges a Labor Racketeer

63

And "Big Bill" DeKoning goes to jail in a Newsday trotting track expose

13.

Chicago Daily News Unmasks a Thieving State Auditor

66

A reader's tip starts the Hodge case, revealing a $2,500,000 larceny

III.

TURMOIL

OVER DIXIE:

THE RACIAL

PROBLEM

69

14.

Hatred and Bigotry for Sale: The N.Y. World Arraigns the Klan Herbert Bayard Swope leads the opening attack on the Invisible Empire and its bedsheets

70

15.

Louis Isaac Jaffe Fathers Virginia's Anti-Lynch Law The editor of die Norfolk Virginian-Pilot persuades Governor Byrd to act

77

16.

Folliard and the Columbians: "Hate Comes with the Wind" They wanted to be forty times as bad as the Klan, but Atlanta would have none of them

79

17.

Two North Carolina Weeklies Take On the Ku Klux Klan The Whiteville News Reporter and the Tabor City Tribune end an era of fear and floggings

85

18.

An Editor Rebukes a Mob in the Autherine Lucy Case "If they could have gotten their hands on her, they would have killed her," writes Buford Boone

91

19.

Relman Morin Reports the Shame of Little Rock A mob forces the withdrawal of eight Negro students as the Associated Press man dictates the story

95

22 20.

"We Are Going to Have to Decide What Kind of People We Are" 101 Harry S. Ashmore and the Arkansas Gazette lead the fight for decency in Little Rock

IV.

IN DEFENSE CRIME

OF JUSTICE:

THE REPORTING

OF 107

21.

A 70-Year-Old Reporter Smashes the "Almost Perfect" Crime 108 A. B. Macdonald of the Kansas City Star cracks the Payne murder case in Amarillo, Texas

22.

"Crime on the Waterfront" Stings Easy-going New York 115 A New York Sun reporter lifts the curtain on a reign of violence in the city

23.

Mike Berger Reconstructs a Mass Murder in Jersey 118 A celebrated report of a shocking crime by a veteran of the New York Times

24.

How a Lifer Was Cleared and Restored to Freedom 128 A New York World-Telegram and Sun reporter proves Louis Hoffner innocent of murder

V.

WITH GALLANTRY AND DEVOTION: TWO WORLD WARS

REPORTING 132

25.

Herbert Bayard Swope Sees "The Ordeal on the Somme" 134 The New York World sends its top reporter to the battlefields of World War I

26.

A Dying Reporter Relates the Coming of War in Africa 138 Will Barber of the Chicago Tribune dictates his last story in an Ethiopian hospital

27.

Carlos P. Romulo Penetrates the Orient's Wall of Silence 142 On the eve of Pearl Harbor, a Filipino warns that a billion Orientals seek freedom

28.

When the Japanese Were Caught with Their Kimonos Down 148 Ira Wolfert of NANA watches the fifth Battle of the Solomons and writes his story

23 29.

The Man Who Couldn't Swim Survives a Torpedoed Warship 152 Larry Allen of the AP is rescued at sea and writes how H.M.S. Galatea went down

30.

Ernie Pyle Covers the Normandy Breakthrough "It is an unnerving thing to be bombed by your own planes"

31.

The Liberation of Paris: From Kisses to Bullets 162 Mark Watson of the Baltimore Sun tells of a great day during World War Π

32.

The End of World War II: The Last Raid—and Peace 167 Homer Bigart writes two classic stories for the New York Herald Tribune

Vi.

WHEN AMERICAN IRON CURTAIN

REPORTERS

PIERCED

157

THE 174

33.

What Joseph Stalin's Mother Thought of Her Boy 175 "I didn't want him to be anything but a priest," she tells H. R. Knickerbocker

34.

This is Russia—Uncensored: Freedom Is Just a Word 185 Edmund Stevens of the Christian Science Monitor quits the land behind the Iron Curtain

35.

Harrison Salisbury Reveals How Beria Sealed His Own Fate 188 The man who might have been a Soviet dictator hesitated and paid with his life

36.

Zhukov Greets the Hearst Team: "I Hope to Visit the U.S." 192 An exclusive interview with Russia's military hero of World War II before the Khrushchev purge

VII.

COLD WAR AND HOT: FROM KOREA TO HUNGARY

199

37.

Marguerite Higgins Sees the Marines Land at Inchon 201 She goes in with the fifth wave to cover the United Nations' comeback in Korea

38.

With the Marines in Korea: A Trial by Blood and Ice 205 Keyes Beech of the Chicago Daily News relates how they came out of Changjin Reservoir

24 39.

This, Too, Was War in Korea: A Home on Pork Chop Hill 209 Jim Lucas writes of life and death in "Our Town" and "His Town"

40.

"The Great Deception" Produces a Great Story 212 Don Whitehead writes the story of President-elect Eisenhower's secret trip to Korea

41.

The Des Moines Register Brings the Russians to Iowa's Tall Corn 224 Lauren K. Soth writes a simple invitation with enormous impact on a bi-polar world

42.

"A Fight to the Death": Russell Jones Covers Budapest 226 A United Press correspondent reports a hopeless battle for freedom

43.

Eisenhower and Dulles, As James Reston Saw Them 232 Two pieces for the Sunday side of the New York Times help him win a Pulitzer Prize

VIII.

NEW SUNS AND NEW MOONS: SPACE AND ATOM

THE 239

44.

The Birth of the Atomic Age: "A Fireball Lit the Desert" 240 How the first atomic bomb rocked the earth, as told by William L. Laurence, who saw it

45.

Homer Bigart at Hiroshima: "They Are Still Dying" 246 A month after the atom bomb blasted the city, people still couldn't believe it

46.

"I Saw the Atomic Bomb Dropped on Nagasaki" 251 Bill Laurence of the New York Times writes the first eye-witness story of the raid

47.

The New York Times Reports the Dawn of the Space Age 255 Sputnik I is fired at 18,000 miles an hour—part of a prize-winning staff file

48.

Walter Lippmann and Sputnik: A Warning for the U.S. 258 A distinguished editorial writer and columnist looks at America in the space age

25 IX.

THE LONELY

49.

A 21-Year-Old Reporter Sees the Ordeal of Floyd Collins 264 "Skeets" Miller of the Louisville Courier-Journal stirs the nation with his stories

50.

The Submarine Operation That Saved a Boy's Life 268 George Weiler of the Chicago Daily News tells how amateurs did the job in enemy waters

51.

A City Editor Proves He Has a Heart 274 Paul Schoenstein of the New York Journal-American leads an attempt to save a baby's life

52.

Death Over Grand Canyon: How 128 Persons Died 279 The Salt Lake Tribune local staff covers an air crash 400 miles away

53.

John Paulson and Staff Cover a Dakota Tornado 282 The editor of the Fargo (N.D.) Forum finds his basement is the safest spot

X.

STRUGGLE:

OF PEOPLE AND PLACES: HUMAN INTEREST

MAN AGAINST HIS FATE

GOLDEN

THREADS

263

OF 287

54.

"He Was Home, the Unknown": Kirke Simpson's Great Story 289 An Associated Press reporter writes a classic about die Unknown Soldier for the night wire

55.

Anne O'Hare McCormick Visits Vatican City 296 The New York Times's foreign speciahst writes a colorful account of the life of Pius XI

56.

Ernie Pyle Writes an Obit: The Death of Captain Waskow 299 A War correspondent turns aside from battle to record a soldier's tribute

57.

How They Raised the Flag on Mount Suribachi 302 The story of the greatest picture of World War II, as told by Joe Rosenthal, who took it

58.

Gandhi Spins the Thread of Indian History 304 Price Day of the Baltimore Sun obtains one of the last interviews with the Mahatma

26 59.

For Margaret Truman: Advice to a Bride 307 James Reston of the New York Times writes on the care and feeding of a husband

XI.

ON CIVIL LIBERTIES:

60.

William Allen White Writes to an Anxious Friend 311 The publisher of the Emporia Gazette explains a creed that alone can banish fear

61.

"Who Knows What Effect Such an Editorial Would Have?" 313 The Los Angeles Times fights a lawyers' attempt to limit its right of fair comment

62.

What It Took to Clear an Accused Professor 317 A reporter from the Seattle Times disproves charges of Communist activity

63.

The Navy Rights a Wrong Because a Reporter Persisted 320 Anthony Lewis and the Washington Daily News help clear Abraham Chasanow

64.

"We've Got to Shoot the Works in a Fight for Tolerance" 324 Hodding Carter, of Greenville, Miss., writes an editorial about a Nisei combat regiment

THE HUMAN BIGHTS ISSUE

310

APPENDIXES I. II. III. IV.

The Pulitzer Prizes: A Brief History Plan for the Award of the Pulitzer Prizes Pulitzer Prize Awards, 1917-1958 Members of the Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board

329 332 335 363

The Pulitzer Prize Novels

A Critical Backward Look

by William J. Stuckey

University of Oklahoma Press Norman, Oklahoma, 1966

L I B R A R Y OF CONGRESS C A T A L O C C A X D N U M B E R :

66-1029;

Copyright 1966 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Publishing Division of the University. Composed and printed at Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A., by the University of Oklahoma Press. First edition, March, 1966; second printing, September, 1966.

29

from the Treface

account of the Pulitzer prize novel, I wrote to the grandson of Joseph Pulitzer explaining what I proposed to do and asking his assistance in obtaining permission to examine the records of the juries and the Advisory Board of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University. In reply, Mr. Pulitzer advised me to write to Professor John Hohenberg, executive secretary of the Advisory Board, and also to Carl W . Ackerman, dean emeritus of the Graduate School of Journalism, which I did. Dean Ackerman answered that he could not permit anyone to examine his private files. Miss Frances M. Barry, administrative assistant to Edward Barrett, dean of the School, replied for Professor Hohenberg, who was on sabbatical leave. Miss Barry wrote that in Professor Hohenberges absence my letter had been referred to Dean Barrett, who was temporarily out of the country. Miss Barry said that on Dean Barrett's return, I might expect an answer to my request. No further word came, however, and after a time, I wrote Dean Barrett himself, repeating the request I had made earlier to Professor Hohenberg. When neither Dean Barrett nor Miss Barry replied to my second letter, it became apparent that if I were to find out anything about the administration of the Pulitzer novel prize, I would have to do so without the assistance of the Columbia authorities...

30

Ί'αβίε of Contents

Preface Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

page vii I Joseph Pulitzer and His Prizes 3 II The Establishment of the Tradition 26 III Consolidation of the Tradition 47 IV New Themes: Sex and Libertinism 68 V New Brands of Individualism 94 V I The Fortunes of War 122 VII World War II as Entertainment and Moral Issue 138 Chapter VIII Celebrities and Best Sellers 165 Chapter IX Continuation of the Great Tradition 181 Chapter X Conclusion 205 Index 218

A History of the Pulitzer Prize Plays

by John L. Toohey

Citadel Press New York 1967

32

First Edition Copyright © 1967 by John L. Toohey All rights reserved Published by Citadel Press, Inc. 222 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003 Published simultaneously in Canada by George J. McLeod Limited 73 Bathurst St., Toronto 2B, Ont. Manufactured in the United States of America by The Haddon Craftsmen, Inc., Scranton, Pa. Designed by A. Christopher Simon Library of Congress catalog card number: 67-25654

33

FROM THE PREFACE A SEVENTEEN-YEAR-OLD HUNGARIAN IMMIGRANT named Joseph Pulitzer, barely able to speak English, / \ arrived in Boston in 1865, did a wartime stint with the Union Army, and then drifted out to St. A - Louis, where he began a newspaper career on a German-American paper. He eventually gained control of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World, a tight-knit little journalistic empire that made him a multimillionaire. On April 10, 1903, Pulitzer signed an agreement with the trustees of New York's Columbia University to endow a School of Journalism, specifying that the income from $500,000 of the $2,000,000 that he was assigning to Columbia be allotted for "prizes or scholarships for the encouragement of public service, public morale, American literature and the advancement of education." Pulitzer's will, dated April 16, 1904, spelled out in greater detail the conditions under which the Pulitzer Prizes were to be awarded. The trustees of Columbia were to be ultimately responsible for bestowing the prizes, but they were to be guided by the recommendations of an Advisory Board. The trustees were to be allowed to veto, but not to substitute choices of their own. The members of the Advisory Board, on the other hand, while expected to consider the advice of special jurors in each field, were empowered to make whatever use they chose of those juries' findings; they could accept, change, or reject them. The thirteen-members of the Advisory Board were to include the President of Columbia and a dozen assorted editors and publishers, drawn from newspapers across the nation. These board members are the true men of power, for the trustees are primarily figureheads, and the jurors have no assurance that their recommendations will be accepted. The annual award of the Pulitzer Prize for drama is frequently a source of irritation and resentment among people who earn their living in the theatre, for they feel that this is essentially a prize given by amateurs to professionals. They often question the Advisory Board's taste; more seriously, they question its credentials. Why on earth should a random group of editors feel qualified to identify the best American play of the season, particularly when not all members of the group have always seen all of the eligible plays? The phrase "Pulitzer Prize Play," however, has for years had magical overtones for the man in the street, who could not care less about the behind-the-scenes decisions, however arbitrary, that have led to its bestowal. It would be misleading, in the light of the above, to suggest that a collection of the forty-two plays so far tapped for the Pulitzer Prize represents anything more than a fascinating cross-section of the past fifty years of the American theatre. This book is for the most part an index of public taste, although not all of the Pulitzer Prize plays were chosen for their popularity. Alison's House and In Abraham's Bosom set no box-offices afire. An equally fine anthology could be compiled of plays which did not win the Pulitzer: What Price Glory?, Mourning Becomes Electra, The Children's Hour, Of Mice and Men, The Show-Off, Watch on the Rhine, The Adding Machine, Awake and Sing, The Little Foxes, The Petrified Forest, Once in a Lifetime, The Glass Menagerie, Mary of Scotland, Winterset, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and quite a few others. Some of these were necessarily eliminated because only one play is chosen each season; Of Mice and Men, for instance, is off the list because Our Town is on it, and Mourning Becomes Electra was shouldered aside by the bumptious Of Thee I Sing. In an article published in Theatre Annual of 1944, Walter Prichard Eaton made the most lengthy and revealing statement ever attributed to a Pulitzer juror, most of whom have confined their public remarks to grumbling when their recommendations have been overridden by the Advisory Board. At any rate, here they are. For richer or for poorer, warts and all, they constitute the single most famous group of American plays written in the past fifty years: The Pulitzer Prize Plays, 1917-1967...

34

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS

V

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION

1916-17

No Award

1917-18

WHY MARRY?

1918-19

No Award

VI

vii

1 2 9 10

No Award

195

1944-45

HARVEY

196

1945-46

STATE

OF THE UNION

1919-20

BEYOND

1920-21

MISS LULU BETT

1921-22

ANNA

1922-23

ICEBOUND

1923-24

HELL BENT FER HEAVEN

1924-25

THEY KNEW WHAT THEY WANTED 40 CRAIG'S

1952-53

PICNIC

1953-54

THE TEAHOUSE

1925-26

THE HORIZON

1943-44

16

CHRISTIE

WIFE

IN ABRAHAM'S

1927-28

STRANGE

1928-29

STREET

1929-30

THE GREEN

BOSOM

SCENE

OF THEE ISING

1932-33

BOTH YOUR HOUSES

1933-34

MEN IN WHITE

112

1934-35

THE OLD MAID

122

1935-36

IDIOT'S

1936-37

YOU CAN'T

1938-39

DELIGHT

1942-43

No Award THE SHRIKE

IT

240 242

250 OF

THE A UGUST MOON CAT

ON A

266

1955-56

THE DIARY

OF

1956-57

LONG DA Y'S

1957-58

LOOK

276 JOURNEY

INTO NIGHT

284

HOMEWARD,

ANGEL

292

1958-59

J. B.

1959-60

FIORELLO!

300

306 HOME

1960-61

ALL

OUR TOWN

148

1961-62

HOW TO SUCCEED

ABE

THE TIME THERE

156

THE SKIN

1962-63

No Award

326

1963-64

No Award

327

BE

1964-65

THE

176

No Award

185 OF

OUR TEETH

REALLY 320

166

OF

SHALL

THE WAY

WITHOUT TRYING

LINCOLN

186

258

HOT

TIN ROOF

140

NO NIGHT 1941-42

1950-51 1951-52

220

230

WITH YOU

YOUR LIFE 1940-41

PACIFIC

106

130

IN ILLINOIS 1939-40

OF A SALESMAN

SOUTH

ANNE FRANK

94

TAKE

DEATH

76 88

212

1949-50

1954-55

68

HOUSE

210

STREETCAR

1948-49

60

PASTURES

ALISON'S

1937-38

34

54

INTERLUDE

1931-32

A

NAMED DESIRE

48

1930-31

No Award

1947-48

22 28

1926-27

1946-47

202

SUBJECT

WAS ROSES 1965-66

No Award

1966-67

A

328 333

DEUCATE

BALANCE INDEX

334 340

IN

314 BUSINESS

The Pulitzer Prizes A History of the Awards in Books, Drama, Music, and Journalism

by

John Hohenberg

Columbia University Press New York - London 1974

36

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hohenberg, John. The Pulitzer Prizes; a history of the awards in books, drama, music, and journalism, based on the private files over six decades. Bibliography 1. Pulitzer prizes—History. 2. Columbia University. Graduate School of Journalism. I. Title. AS911.P8H83 001.4'4 74-8282 ISBN 0-231-03771-6 ISBN 0-231-03887-9 (pbk.)

Other Books by John Hohenberg Tbl Pulitzer Prize Story The Professional Journalist Foreign Correspondence: Tbe Great Reporters and Their Times The New Front Page Between Two Worlds: Policy, Press, and Public Opinion in Asian-American Relations Tbe News Media: A Journalist Looks at His Profession Free Press/Free People: Tbe Best Cause New Era in tbe Pacific: An Adventure in Public Diplomacy

Copyright Ο 1974 John Hohenberg Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 S

37

From the Preface

On the fiftieth anniversary of the Pulitzer Prizes, Archibald MacLeish observed to a brilliant company of prize winners, judges, and members of the Pulitzer directorate that it was time to pause, Draw rein, draw breath, Cast a cold eye On life, on death . . . and take stock of the consequences. The poet, a winner of three Pulitzer awards himself, graciously invoked literary hyperbole to describe the role of Columbia University in the proceedings as "restful, unambiguous, and unembarrassed." Then with an all-embracing gesture, he turned to his fellow laureates, saying: "Whereas we, ladies and gentlemen—we who address you and a large proportion of you whom we address—are the consequences. We are Mr. Pulitzer's dream made flesh. . . . " It was a moment that Joseph Pulitzer would have appreciated, a moment that brought a reflective smile to his grandson, Joseph Pulitzer Jr., who was on the dais as the chairman of the Advisory Board on the Pulitzer Prizes. There have been other consequences: Professor Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr., a Pulitzer Prize winner at the age of 28, was assured by an older laureate, Henry F. Pringle, that it was the "best label" anyone could have. Edward Albee, the dramatist, took an entirely opposite tack when he viewed his own award as a "declining honor" because it had not gone to his greatest play, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? And Shirley Ann Grau, the novelist, being far more concerned about her ailing six-month-old son than her writing, snapped at a telephone caller who congratulated her for winning a Pulitzer, "Don't be silly." Then she asked herself, "Could it really be true?" It

38 was. A far more practical reaction came from the diplomat, George F. Kennan, who promptly invested his prize money in a fine Swedish guitar—"for classical music," he took pains to explain. In a remote village-in Turkey, where Alfred Friendly of the Washington Post was vacationing, the townspeople wove him a wreath of native laurel and crowned him with it when they learned he had been honored. And in a steaming hotel room in Monrovia, Liberia, an Associated Press stringer greeted a visiting correspondent, Lynn Heinzerling, with a congratulatory cable and a toast in warm champagne. John Toland's Japanese wife, anxiously summoned to the telephone in Tokyo, was overwhelmed when the literary editor of Mainichi Shimbun exclaimed, "Omedeto gozaimasu," the most formal kind of congratulations, and confirmed that her husband had won a Pulitzer Prize. Professor David Brion Davis, besieged for an interview in Hyderabad, India, wasn't quite certain what it was he had won because the information was meager and vague, having been filtered from the BBC through an improbable network of his Indian students. But he granted the interview anyway. For Jean Stafford, the news of her prize wasn't real until she heard Walter Cronkite say it out loud, as she put it, on CBS News. Joseph P. Lash never had a chance to express doubts because his thoughtful editor, Evan Thomas, broke the news to him at home and brought him a bottle of champagne to help him celebrate. Professor Ernest Samuels' dean at Northwestern did even better, telephoning the prize winner to say, "Ernest, just throw away that letter I wrote you about next year's salary." His prospective pay increase, the dean announced, had been tripled. But for one of the most illustrious prize winners of all, Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the award touched off a running battle with Drew Pearson to prove the authenticity of Profiles In Courage. It was weeks before the President of the United States-to-be forced a retraction from the columnist...

39

Table of Contents

An Introduction: 1. The 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Prizes and Consequences

Grand Scheme, 1902-1916 The Germ of an Idea "To the Prizes I am Much Attached" The Will The Board Takes Over The Administration

1 9 9 11 IS 21 24

2. Prizes for a Brave New World, 1917-1923 1. The Beginning 2. Warriors and Peacemakers 3. The Emergence of Eugene O'Neill 4. The Novel: Whole or Wholesome? 5. History: The Aristocrats 6. Two Poets from Maine

28 28 34 43 55 61 68

3. Changing Times, Changing Awards, 1924-1933 1. Journalism: The Public Interest 2. The Embattled Novelists 3. Drama: Winners and Losers 4. History's Progressives 5. Poetry: From Frost to MacLeish

73 73 85 94 101 117

4. The 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Laureates Face the Storm, 1934-1942 The Press During the New Deal Fiction: The Mid-Victoria Cross Drama: The Battle of Broadway History: The Prqfesnonals Take Over Poets Pleasant and Unpleasant The Prizes After Twenty-five Years

127 127 136 147 157 163 169

40 5. The 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Prizes in War and Peace, 1943-1954 The Era of the Reporter The Troublesome Novel The Theater Looks Up History: The Broader View Poets: Modern and Not So Modern The First Music Prizes The Old Order Passes

177 177 197 205 213 220 223 229

6. A Change in Direction for the Prizes, 1955-1965 1. The New Board 2. The Press as Leader 3. New Novelists, New Arguments 4. The Drama's Time of Troubles 5. The Importance of Biography 6. Poetry and Music: Rewards of Fame

232 232 240 254 260 270 283

7. The 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

290 290 296 318 324 331 341 345

Prizes: Present and Future, 1966-1974 After Fifty Years Press versus Government Modern Fiction and Its Problems The Tough Theater Historians, Biographers, and Journalists Poetry and Music: No Time for Tradition Facing the Future

An Acknowledgment

355

Appendixes 1. Members of the Advisory Board 2. Pulitzer Prize Awards

359 359 361

3. A Note on the Pulitzer Scholarships

378

4. Prizes Withheld: A Summary

379

Notes and Comment

381

Bibliography

395

Index

401

Man of the World Herbert Bayard Swope: A Charmed Life of Pulitzer Prizes, Poker and Politics

by Alfred Allan Lewis

The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. Indianapolis - New York 1978

Copyright © 1978 by Herbert Bayard Swope, Jr., and Alfred Allan Lewis All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Published by The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. Indianapolis New York Designed by Gail Herzog Conwell Manufactured in the United States of America First printing

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lewis, Alfred Allan. Man of the world. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Swope, Herbert Bayard, 1882-1958. —United States—Biography. I. Title. PN4874.S796L4 070.5Ό924 [B] ISBN 0-672-5185^9

2. Journalists 76-45577

43

FROM THE PREFACE

There are those who are great men for all times. The nature of their achievements is seemingly eternal and colors our lives for generations after their deaths. There are also the ones who are great only within their own times: in a sense, this type is a measure of his time. His achievements become remarkable when viewed within a given era and a special place. The latter is also marked by the quality of the people he knew and the style in which he lived. He is one of the celebrities who give to an age its special glamour—the definitive shape, excitement, and tone that provide the substance of nostalgia. Such a man was Herbert Bayard Swope. Go to any library. Select at random the biography or autobiography of an important person who landed on the New York City shores at some point during the first half of the twentieth century. Run your finger down the index. You will almost surely come to the listing: Swope, Herbert Bayard. His fame was so widely broadcast that people all over the world knew the name. They might not have been precisely aware of who he was or what he had accomplished, but they knew the name. He was the epitome of the phrase "legend in his own lifetime." Characters in plays and novels were thinly disguised portraits of him. He gave rise to a stream of puns: "Where there's life, there's Swope." "Do not Swope until Swopen to." "Swope springs eternal." "The glory of the Swopen word." "Man cannot live on Swope alone." He was described as "the most charming extrovert in the Western world." In some promotion copy published in 1925, the New Yorker magazine promised that, among other things, it would answer the question "Is there a Herbert Bayard Swope?" Almost a quarter of a

44

century later it had progressed from question of existence to question of essence: it published a piece by E. J. Kahn, Jr., titled "What Is Herbert Bayard Swope?" Swope started his newspaper career as a reporter. It was soon generally agreed that he was the best reporter in town. In 1917 he won the first Pulitzer Prize ever awarded in journalism for his perceptive reportage in a series of articles collectively titled Inside the German Empire. That was the first time the word "inside" was ever used in the title of a book dealing with the internal affairs of a country. It was not long before there was a plethora of "Insides." As executive editor of the New York World, he turned a slumping newspaper into the liveliest daily in town. He left a legacy of journalistic style that lingers on to this day. He invented the Op Ed (opposite editorial) page—and its name—as a forum for airing the journalistic biases of a series of distinguished commentators. It is currently a prominent feature in the New York Times among many other papers across the country. Before Briton Haddon co-founded Time magazine with Henry Luce, he took a job on the World expressly to take notes on the workings of the paper and its editor. The best of the language known as "Timese" can be traced directly back to the Swope style. When Harold Ross started the New Yorker, he publicly stated that one of his goals was to capture in a weekly the quality found daily in the World. This adds up to quite an impressive journalistic heritage for one man to have left behind. And that was only part of the extraordinary "world" of Swope. Swope was one of the greatest conversationalists of his time. There were those who carped that sometimes he tended to be a monologist, but even they had to agree that listening to him was a fascinating experience. He was the quintessential dispenser of facts, trivia, and the opinions of his crowd, and that crowd included just about everybody worth knowing. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter called Swope the "creator of statesmen." That included elder statesmen. Depending on where one sat in the grandstands, it appeared either that the public image of Bernard M. Baruch was shaped by Swope or that Baruch was the father figure who enabled Swope to live in the magnificent fashion in which he did by

45

helping him in the stock market. The relationship was probably based on an amalgam of both elements. In the '20s, '30s, and '40s, he and his equally remarkable wife, Margaret, were the most famous and very probably the best host and hostess on the Eastern seaboard. In their New York apartment and at weekend parties in their home, first at Great Neck and later at Sands Point, Long Island, the guests ranged from Noel Coward and Ethel Barrymore, through assorted Vanderbilts and Harrimans, to Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein. The two shifts of servants were part of social folklore. It was said that one could get anything from a hamburger to pheasant under glass at any hour of the day or night. What follows is the story of the remarkable Swopes—Herbert Bayard and his wife, Maggie—who created a life-style, at work or at play, in the years between the two World Wars, that can never be duplicated.

46

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction / ix Before the World / 1 The World / 23 After the World / 157 Bibliography / 291 Index / 297

47

Voices of Change Southern Pulitzer Winners

by

Maurine Hoffman Beasley and Richard R. Harlow

University Press of America McLean, Virginia 1979

Copyright© 1979 by Maurine Hoffman Beasley Richard R. Harlow All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 0-819.1-0771-9

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-52511 ΤΙ» body copy of thii book was t y p « « on the INCO, INC. RP-8080 microproceeor. (INCO, INC., 7916 Wettpark Drive. McLean, Virginia 22102.)

49

FROM

THE

PREFACE

··· While socially responsible journalism in the United States is dedicated to providing information of immediate utility, history provides what Carl L. Becker called the study of "the self consciousness of humanity." Both fields deal with reality - as perceived by the journalist in immediate reaction to events and by the historian from a vantage point of time and studied reflection. Each generation rewrites its own history based on current cultural values, yet the task of the historian remains, as Becker said, to keep history "in reasonable harmony with what actually happened." Journalism thus becomes the initial step in the writing of history, and both journalists and historians endeavor to find the truth that humanity needs to know to make sense of its world ... The history of Southern journalism illustrates this point. Professing to love their land and their culture, the vast majority of Southern journalists declined to speak up for racial justice and compliance with Federal law during the 1950s, '60s and '70s when civil rights struggles dominated the scene. Since the days of Pollard, the Southern press, with few exceptions, had endorsed the concept of white supremacy. Although the post-Civil War South produced distinguished editors - such as Henry W. Grady of the Atlanta Constitution - these individuals fastened their eyes on ecouomic recovery and overlooked the injustices of a rigid racial structure. Particularly falling prey to prejudice were most segments of the rural and small-town press. Although they preached enlightment in the fields of education and agriculture, they sought to "keep the Negro in his place." Thomas D. Clark, historian of the Southern country press stated, "Almost unanimously the country press declared the South a white man's country. The Negro was said not to be ready to participate in political affairs. He needed education, poise and experience before he could be prepared." Few recommendations, however, were given for this "preparation." Even those journalists who recognized the inherent fallacy of white supremacy in a democratic society were afraid to voice their views. "In the discussion of the race question, as in that of almost every other public issue, editors realized the limiting factor of their patrons' preconceived opinion," Clark said. "No doubt many papers would have expressed a far more progressive attitude had their publishers felt the public mind was conditioned for it." This reluctance to oppose prevailing views is reflected in the relatively small number of Southern journalists to win Pulitzer prizes, the nation's most coveted journalistic awards, for their stands on racial questions. A total of 45 Southern newspapers and individual journalists have won Pulitzer prizes in public service, reporting, and editorial writing from 1918, when the annual awards were begun, to 1978. Given by Columbia University, the prizes represent the best-known symbols of journalistic excellence in the United States.

50 Of t h e 45 p r i z e s , 18 were given f o r j o u r n a l i s t i c accomplishments involving r a c i a l i s s u e s . When the Ku Klux Klan spread i t s d o c t r i n e s of r a c i a l b i g o t r y i n t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s , the Memphis Commercial Appeal and the Columbus (Ga.) Enouirer-Sun (along with the New York World) won P u l i t z e r p r i z e s for e f f o r t s t o combat i t . Even though the Klan controlled the Georgia s t a t e government, J u l i a n LaRose H a r r i s of t h e Enauirer-Sun found t h e c o u r a g e i n 1925 t o b e r a t e t h e KKK s l o g a n , " I t ' s Great to Be a G e o r g i a n , " on h i s e d i t o r i a l page: " I s i t g r e a t t o be a c i t i z e n of a s t a t e which i s the proud parent of a cowardly hooded order founded and f o s t e r e d by men who have been proved l i a r s , drunkards, blackmailers, and murderers?.... Let each one answer as he w i l l , but the reply of the Enouirer-Sun i s n o . " H a r r i s ' s e d i t o r i a l policy helped .to d e f e a t the Klan, but i t "did l i t t l e t o make the Enouirer-Sun a f i n a n c i a l success," according to h i s t o r i a n s . As t h e 1920s drew t o a c l o s e , Grover Cleveland H a l l , e d i t o r of t h e Montgomery (Ala.) A d v e r t i s e r , and Louis Isaac J a f f e , e d i t o r of t h e Norfolk (Va.) V i r g i n i a n - P i l o t , won prizes f o r crusades a g a i n s t l y n c h i n g . N e a r l y two f u l l decades elapsed before more Southern j o u r n a l i s t s earned P u l i t z e r p r i z e s f o r challenging the s t a t u s quo of white supremacy. I n 19^6 H o d d i h g C a r t e r , e d i t o r of t h e 6 , 5 0 0 - c i r c u l a t i o n D e l t a Democrat-Times of G r e e n v i l l e , M i s s . , was honored f o r a a e r i e s of e d i t o r i a l s t h a t a t t a c k e d r a c i a l , r e l i g i o u s , and economic b i g o t r y . Two y e a r s l a t e r , V i r g i n i u s Dabney of the Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch received the p r i z e f o r e d i t o r i a l s t h a t questioned Southern a t t i t u d e s and opposed the s i n g l e - p a r t y system and p o l l tax used to deprive blacks of voting r i g h t s . I n t h e 1950s w i t h changing r a c i a l p a t t e r n s impelled by the U.S. Supreme Court, a t o t a l of s i x P u l i t z e r p r i z e s - the same number t h a t had been awarded in t h e previous 30 years - were given to Southern e d i t o r s who attempted to calm r a c i a l passions. Two North Carolina weeklies, the Whlteville Newa Reporter and the Tabor Cltv Tribune, fought a r e v i v a l of the Ku Klux Klan and won p u b l i c s e r v i c e awards. Since the papers, which had a combined c i r c u l a t i o n of leas than 10,000, faced l o s s of advertising and t h r e a t s a g a i n s t t h e i r e d i t o r s , t h e i r campaigns showed exceptional devotion to j o u r n a l i s t i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . Each was honored in 1953The n e x t y e a r t h e Supreme Court outlawed segregation in public s c h o o l s , u n l e a s h i n g a wave of f u r y a c r o s s t h e South as r a c i a l supremacists vowed not to obey court o r d e r s . When a mob threatened to harm A u t h e r i n e Lucy, t h e f i r s t b l a c k s t u d e n t t o be admitted to the U n i v e r s i t y of Alabama, Buford Boone, e d i t o r of the Tuscaloosa (Ala.) Newsr endeavored t o bring peace to h i s community. Boone received the e d i t o r i a l w r i t i n g p r i z e i n 1957. As the desegregation b a t t l e reached L i t t l e Rock, a mob backed by Governor Orval Faubus forced eight black s t u d e n t s to leave a white high school and caused P r e s i d e n t Eisenhower to order Army p a r a t r o o p e r s i n t o the c i t y to uphold the law. In the midst of t h e t u r m o i l , t h e A r k a n s a s G a z e t t e p r o v i d e d f a c t u a l coverage of the crisis. In e d i t o r i a l s i t s e d i t o r , Harry S. Ashmore, argued, " . . . s o o n e r or l a t e r we have got to make some adjustment of our l e g a l i n s t i t u t i o n s to comply with the p u b l i c p o l i c y of the United S t a t e s " Both Ashmore and the Gazette won P u l i t z e r p r i z e s in 1958. Ralph McGill, e d i t o r of the A t l a n t a C o n s t i t u t i o n , was honored in 1959 f o r e d i t o r i a l writing t h a t attacked p o l i t i c i a n s who advocated lawlessness in f i g h t i n g i n t e g r a t i o n .

51 In the following 11 years five more Southern journalists won for urging racial justice in tense community situations, while a sixth was recognized for a successful campaign to improve housing, primarily for blacks. The editorial writing award in 1960 went to Lenoir Chambers, editor of the Norfolk Virginia-Pilot, for his stand against closing Virginia schools to avoid desegregating them. In Mississippi two editors, Ira B. Harkey Jr. of the Pascagoula Chronicle and Hazel Brannon Smith of the Lexington Advertiser, defied local segregationists and spoke up for civil rights. Harkey, who urged admission of James Meredith, a black, to the University of Mississippi, met .violent opposition and sold his newspaper after winning a Pulitzer prize for editorial writing in 1963. The same award went to Smith in 1964 for exposing the bigotry of White Citizens' Councils and upholding the rights of blacks to equal treatment before the law. In 1967 Eugene C. Patterson, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, won for editorial writing attacking racism and political demagoguery, including the failure of the Georgia legislature to seat Julian Bond, a black. The Gainesville (Fla.) Sun produced two other Pulitzer prize winners for editorial writing: John R. Harrison, the publisher, who won in 1965 for a housing code campaign, and Horance G. Davis, an editorial writer, honored in 1971 for calling on the community to accept peaceful school desegregation. Of the 18 awards given for promoting racial change in the South, fully half went to representatives of the community press (newspapers with less than 35,000 circulation). These included the awards to the anti-Klan Columbus (Ga.) Enauirer-Sun and two North Carolina weeklies, the Whlteville News Reporter and the Tabor Citv Tribune; Buford Boone, Ira B. Harkey Jr. and Hazel Brannon Suiith, all of whom opposed violent segregationists; and the two winners from the Gainesville Sun. John R. Harrison and Horance G. Davis··· This book introduces seven Pulitzer-prize winners from the community press who recognized the inevitability of social change and found the courage to tell their readers the trutli at a crucial period in Southern history. Six won for their stands on issues involving black-white relations during the last quarter-century of civil rights struggle. A seventh, Caro Brown, of the Alisa (Tex.) Echo, is included because she reported on another aspect of Southern change - attempts to.free Mexican-American voters from political bosses. Brown won a Pulitzer prize in 1955 for reporting a complicated series of court inquiries into the affairs of George B. Parr, who controlled a bloc of Mexican-American voters...

52

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1

VOICES OF CHANGE

1

CHAPTER

W. HORACE CARTER

7

2

Tabor City (N.C.) Tribune

CHAPTER 3

CARO BROWN

31

Alice (Tex.) Echo

CHAPTER 4

BUFORD BOONE

49

Tuscaloosa (Ala.) News

CHAPTER 5

IRA B. HARKET, JR.

65

Pascagoula (Miss.) Chronicle

CHAPTER 6

HAZEL BRANNON SMITH

83

Lexington (Miss.) Advertiser

CHAPTER 7

JOHN R. HARRISON

97

Gainesville (Fla.) Sun

CHAPTER 8

HORANCE 6. DAVIS

115

Gainesville (Fla.) Sun

APPENDIX A

SOUTHERN PULITZER WINNERS

132

APPENDIX Β

SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

137

NOTES

141

INDEX

143

53

Pulitzer Prize Editorials America's Best Editorial Writing, 1917-1979

by

William D. Sloan

Iowa State University Press Ames, Iowa 1980

54

© 1980 The Iowa State University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of the publisher. First edition, 1980

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Pulitzer prize editorials. 1. Editorials. 2. Pulitzer prizes. I. Sloan, William David, 1947PN4726.P8 081 80-11689 ISBN 0 - 8 1 3 8 - 1 4 9 0 - 1

55

FROM THE PREFACE

JOSEPH PULITZER'S chief concern in his New York World centered on its editorial page. It was to be expected, then, that his will establishing awards for journalism and letters included a prize for "the best editorial article written during the previous year." In setting out his plans for a journalism school at Columbia University, Pulitzer in 1902 had indicated strongly that he wished "the College to pay from the large income I am providing, a sum of in annual prizes to particular journalists or writers for various accomplishments. For instance, they might offer an annual prize of one thousand dollars for the best editorial." Since its inauguration in 1917, the Pulitzer Prize has become recognized as journalism's highest award for editorial writing. Yet, no collection of winning editorials exists except in the archives of the Pulitzer Prize administration at Columbia University. It is inaccessible to most people. Many newspapers do not have their winning editorials on file. Rarely have any of the editorials been reprinted or made available to journalists and students of editorial writing. This is an odd situation for what are usually considered ideal models of editorial writing. To remedy this problem is the purpose of this anthology. The original description of the editorial-writing award was as follows: "For distinguished editorial writing in a United States newspaper, published daily, Sunday, or at least once a week, during the year, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence public opinion in the right direction." A number of rule changes and additions have been made since 1917. In 1928 the last phrase was changed to "power to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction." While Pulitzer had indicated a desire to have the award based on the best individual editorial during a year, the emphasis is now placed on "the whole volume of the writer's editorial work during the year." Until 1933, every award except one—Grover Cleveland Hall's in 1928—was based on an individual editorial. Since then the award has been given only three times for a single editorial, although during a number of years a particular editorial has been cited as exemplary of a writer's work.

56

When the award was based on individual editorials, there was little problem with limits on the number of editorials a writer could enter in the contest. However, when Don Murray of the Boston Herald submitted more than 100 for his 1954 exhibit, the Pulitzer personnel decided it was time for a crackdown. After that, exhibits were to include no more than 12 editorials, though in unusual circumstances more would be acceptable. In practice, the limit has not been strictly observed. Today, 20 editorials are considered the maximum. One other rule change has probably been of some practical interest to winners. In 1953 the original $500 prize was increased to $1,000.

57

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface T h e Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing

vii ix

1917 The Lusitania Anniversary Frank H. Simonds 1918 Vae Victis! and War Has Its Compensations Henry Watterson 1920 Law and the Jungle Harvey E. Newbranch 1922 The Unknown Soldier Frank M. O'Brien 1923 To an Anxious Friend William Allen White 1924 Who Made Coolidge? Frank Buxton 1925 The Plight of the South Robert Lathan 1926 The House of a Hundred Sorrows Edward M. Kingsbury 1927 We Submit F. Lauriston Bullard 1928 We Predict a Freeze Grover Cleveland Hall 1929 An Unspeakable Act of Savagery Louis Isaac Jaffe 1931 The Gentleman from Nebraska Charles S. Ryckman 1933 Too Much Government Henry J. Haskell 1934 Where is Our Money? Edwin P. Chase 1936 Bankrupt Felix Morley Censorship, You—and Us George B. Parker 1937 The Opposition John W.Owens 1938 Tenancy Problem Is National William Wesley Waymack 1939 My Country 'Tis of Thee... Ronald G. Callvert 1940 Europe's Emperor Bart Howard 1941 Toward Totalitarianism Reuben Maury 1942 The Urgent Need of Unity Geoffrey Parsons 1943 Statesmanship in the Legion Forrest W. Seymour

3 7 13 17 19 21 24 26 28 31 33 35 40 43 47 49 51 56 59 62 65 68 71

1944 How Germany Fooled the World and That Valley Falls Latin Teacher Henry J. Haskell 1945 Relations of Freedoms George W. Potter 1946 1947

Go For Broke Hodding Carter Apathetic and Pathetic William H. Grimes

74 79 82 84

58 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977

1978 1979

We Will Not Be Intimidated Virginius Dabney Imagine, One Billion }öhn Η. Crider Church Unity Herbert Elliston First Things First Carl M. Saunders Government by Treaty: What We Can Do About It William H. Fitzpatrick The Low Estate of Public Morals Louis LaCoss The Quality of Morality Vermont Connecticut Royster Still Wanted- A New Look—1 Don Murray An Instance of Costly Cause and Effect Which Detroiters Should Weigh Soberly Royce Howes If the Russians Want More Meat... Lauren K. Soth What a Price for Peace Buford Boone Reflections in a Hurricane's Eye Harry S. Ashmore A Church, A School— Ralph McGill The Year Virginia Closed the Schools Lenoir Chambers The Pastoral Letter William J. Dorvillier The John Birch Society: An Editorial Thomas M. Storke Perfectly Capable of Closing Ole Miss Ira B. Harkey, Jr. Arrest of Bombing Victim Is Grave Disservice Hazel Brannon Smith Memo to McKinney John R. Harrison The Containment of Ideas Robert Lasch Julian Bond Got Used, Too Eugene Patterson Our "Commitments" Open to Question John S. Knight An Appeal to Reason Paul Greenberg Lyndon Johnson's Presidency Philip Geyelin Do You, Governor Kirk? Horance G. Davis, Jr. Whitewash John Strohmeyer Our $213 Million Gift Horse Roger B. Linscott Mr. Cahill's Colleagues F. Gilman Spencer Where They Square Off and Washington, the Father or an Infamous Traitor? John Daniell Maurice Justice Is Blind—and Gagged Philip P. Kerby Conforte's Influence Foster Church Conforte Influence in Washoe County Is Shocking Norman F. Cardoza Reno's Reputation Warren L. Lerude A Good Decision on Libel Meg Greenfield Solzhenitsyn at Harvard Edwin M. Yoder

88 91 93 95 98 100 104 106 109 114 116 118 121 124 127 129 132 134 137 139 142 144 149 152 155 157 159 161 164 167 171 173 175 178 180

59

The Pulitzer Prize Story II Award-Winning News Stories, Columns, Editorials, Cartoons, and News Pictures, 1959 - 1980

by

John Hohenberg

Columbia University Press New York - Guildford 1980

60

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Pulitzer prize story II. Companion volume to the 1959 work: The Pulitzer prize story, edited by J. Hohenberg. Includes index. 1. American prose literature—20th century. 2. Caricatures and cartoons—United States. 3. Pulitzer prizes. I. Hohenberg, John. PS647.N4P8 070.4'31 80-16880 ISBN 0-231-04978-1

Columbia University Press New York Guildford, Surrey Copyright © 1980 John Hohenberg All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

9 8 7 6 5 4 3

61

FROM THE PREFACE The Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism for 1959-1980, the years covered by this book, reflect one of the most difficult and dangerous eras in American history. It was the period of the nation's most disastrous foreign war, and of a thunderous social upheaval at home. More than that, it was marked by the assassination of one President, the involuntary retirement of a second, the disgrace and resignation of a third, and the unelected accession of a fourth. It was, in short, a time of trial and testing for America. Manifestly, in presenting the face of so troubled an age, the press in a very real sense had need of the Constitutional guarantees of its freedom to gather, process, and distribute the news to the people of the United States. But ironically, this was also the period in which pressures inside and outside government increased enormously to regulate newspapers by one means or another—or force them into unacceptable forms of self-regulation. That was the salient difference in the circumstances under which numerous Pulitzer Prizes were awarded in 1959-1980, as compared with the period from 1917-1958, which was illustrated in my earlier volume, The Pulitzer Prize Story. The press had not encountered such virulent hostility in this country since the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798. The courts restricted press coverage of criminal trials by closing pretrial proceedings and, in some cases, even ejecting reporters from open court. The police, under court sanction, exercised an unprecedented authority to raid newsrooms without a search warrant to seek evidence of the commission of crimes. Reporters were sent to jail for indefinite periods because they remained faithful to the principle of protecting confidential

62

sources and refused to disclose their informants' identities under court order. At least one newspaper, the New York Times, was heavily fined for supporting that principle, and others were threatened by irate judges with similar treatment. In the Congress, the Senate passed and sent to the House a viciously restrictive bill that would, if it is finally enacted in the Senate-approved form, be the virtual equivalent of Britain's crippling Official Secrets Acts. As for the executive branch, four separate administrations raised the cry of national security to attempt to justify suppressing—even falsifying—the news or issuing misleading information. Going into the critical decade of the 1980s, both the Supreme Court and the Congress showed some willingness to ease these pressures. The high court finally ruled that press and public had a right to attend criminal trials and Congress drafted other remedial legislation. But in the absence of positive assurance that the First Amendment would not be further diluted in one way or another, the softening of such pressures could only be viewed as temporary. Under these circumstances, many of the larger and stronger newspapers felt obliged to widen the distance between themselves and the government. The position, strained though it was, also became policy for a number of the more courageous medium- and smaller-sized newspapers. The government thus came under intensive and rigorous scrutiny, regardless of whether it turned out to be Republican or Democratic. To some, this appeared to signal an excessive hostility to the governmental process on the part of the press as a whole. But that, certainly, was not the intention either of the proprietors or the principal editors, the leaders of the press. It was very far from what any of them considered to be a proper requirement for the press in a self-governing society.

63

What they did require, and what they did believe to be necessary, was a continued watchdog role for the press over both governmental and private business and societal activities. No matter how much the political leadership may have longed for a cheerleader press, in the image of American newspapers during World War Π, there was a general recognition among journalists that such a function in this unsettled era eventually would have proved fatal both to a free press and to any government it blindly supported...

64

TABLE OF CONTENTS Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction

I. ASSIGNMENT—AMERICA: NEWS

xiii xv 1

RIDING THE CREST OF THE 11

1.

Walter Mears of the AP Calls a Tight Presidential Election The "Human Typing Machine" picks Carter over Ford at the end of a close race

14

2.

The San Diego Tribune Covers the Nation's Worst Air Tragedy An alert staff responds when a mid-air crash kills 144 only 28 minutes before the first edition deadline

20

3.

A Tornado Strikes Xenia, Ohio, and the Xenia Gazette Tells the Story Its stricken staff, despite personal hardships, reports on 33 dead, 1,600 injured, and huge losses

4.

5.

Tom Fitzpatrick Joins 200 Rioters During Chicago's Four Days of Rage A Sun-Times reporter rims with the Weathermen mob in an antiwar battle with the city's police Two UPI Reporters Probe the Life and Death of Diana Oughton Lucinda Franks and Thomas Powers reconstruct the conversion of a rich girl to a terrorist who died in a bomb blast

U. THE ENDLESS BATTLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS 6.

7.

28

32

42

Two Men Are Freed from Death Row Because Gene Miller Cared About Them An eight-and-a-half-year battle by the Miami Herald reporter ends in vindication for wrongfully convicted prisoners A Reporter Turns Ambulance Driver, Exposes "Misery Merchants" William Jones of the Chicago Tribune breaks up a police-linked ring that preyed on the poor

25

46

Chicago's 53

65 8. A Black and White Team Sees Famine Stalking Across Asia and Africa 56 William Mullen and Ovie Carter of the Chicago Tribune find millions who are threatened with hunger 9. A Black Woman Reporter Appeals for Better Race Relations Shirley Scott of the Hartford Times makes a contribution to the Gannett series, "The Road to Integration"

64

10. A. M. Rosenthal Visits Auschwitz and Writes a Memorable Story 69 The New York Times's correspondent in Poland recalls the horror of four million, mostly Jews, who died there

ΙΠ. DEMOCRACYS REPORTERS

WATCHDOGS:

INVESTIGATIVE 74

11. A New York News Reporter Uncovers a $1 Million Medicaid Fraud 76 William Sherman, posing as a Medicaid recipient, finds widespread abuses among doctors in New York City 12. The Reno Newspapers Attack A Brothel Keeper In Nevada 79 Three editorial writers combine forces to contain a clandestine political force in the city 13. The Anchorage News Examines a Union's Rising Power in Alaska 83 Local 959 of the Teamsters' Union is shown to be creating an empire with major political and economic interests 14. Two Philadelphia Reporters Assail Mistreatment Mentally ΠΙ Acel Moore and Wendell Rawls, Jr., of the Inquirer expose a pattern of crime and neglect at Farview Hospital

IV.

A CRUSADE TO SAVE OUR NATIONAL

of the

HERITAGE

89

95

15. The Louisville Courier-Journal Combats Kentucky Strip Mining 96 The newspaper forces the enactment of strict laws to save the beauty of the state's hill country

66 16. The Milwaukee Journal Fights Wisconsin's Water Pollution A series, "Pollution: The Spreading Menace," spurs the passage of stronger laws for cleaner water

101

17. The Christian Science Monitor Examines the National Parks The "crown jewels" of our land face new pressures and difficult decisions in the next generation

106

18. A Los Angeles Times Reporter Warns that Some of Our Dams Are in Danger 109 Gaylord Shaw shows that many aging dams threaten the lives and property of thousands of people

V. FOREIGN REPORTING:

THE EMPHASIS

SHIFTS

117

19. A Wall Street Journal Man Witnesses India's Conquest of Pakistan 122 Peter Kann records the collapse of the Pakistani army in his diary during the eastern war of 1971 20. Jack Anderson Discloses Secret Papers Revealing U.S. 'Tilt' Toward Pakistan 128 The Columnist quotes Kissinger: "I'm Getting Hell. . . from the President for not being tough enough on India" 21. Richard Ben Cramer Takes a Walk Through a Mideast No Man's Land 134 A young correspondent of the Philadelphia Inquirer finds an eerie stillness in occupied Lebanon 22. Max Frankel Covers Nixon's Opening to China for 8 WorkFilled Days 140 The New York Times's correspondent leaves with a feeling of the excitement of a Marco Polo and disturbed memories

VI. HEROISM AND DISCLOSURE: VIETNAM

THE PRESS

IN 144

23. The New York Times Makes History by Publishing the Pentagon Papers 151 The newspaper defeats a government effort in Supreme Court to suppress the secret origins of the Vietnam War

67 24.

Peter Amett Flies to Battle and Sees a U.S. Force Destroyed The Associated Press's war correspondent risks his life in Vietcong territory to join Americans under fire

169

25.

John S. Knight attacks Vietnam War and Warns of an American Defeat 174 The editor writes that Asians will seek their own destiny despite the United States military intervention

26.

Seymour Hersh Uncovers the Tragedy of the Army's Massacre at My Lai A free lancer, acting on a tip, tracks down eyewitnesses to the slaying of 109 civilians

181

27.

T h e Akron Beacon Journal's Staff Covers Kent State Killings The tragedy climaxes four days of rioting on the campus after Nixon orders a U.S. invasion of Cambodia

187

28.

Sydney Schanberg Sees Genocide as the Communists Seize Cambodia 193 The New York Times's correspondent stays behind to record the fall of Phnom Penh and is threatened with execution

VII. PRESIDENCY AND PRESS: A CLASH OF POWER

202

29.

Washington Post Exposes Watergate and Helps Topple a President 208 Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein disclose "cover-up" by Nixon White House of a "third-rate burglary"

30.

Mary McGrory Reflects on Watergate, History, and the English Language 228 The Washington Star's columnist sees the nation famished for civility and truth after the ordeal

31.

Meg Greenfield Appraises Ford: " H e Did a Hell of a J o b " The Washington Post's editorialist hails him for restoring civility to the Presidency

232

32.

William Safire Helps Toss Lance from Carter's White House The New York Times's conservative columnist attacks the Georgian'sfree-wheelingbanking routine

238

68 33. Merriman Smith Sees Assassination of President Kennedy in Dallas 245 The UPI's White House correspondent writes the story of a great and poignant national tragedy on Nov. 22, 1963

VIII.

CIVIL RIGHTS BATTLE STRAINS

THE NATION

34. Ralph McGill Leads the Fight for Civil Rights in the South The Atlanta Constitution's editor attacks bigots

256 261

who bombed a Jewish temple and a high school

35. Haynes Johnson Retraces the March from Selma to Montgomery, Ala. 267 The Washington Star's correspondent sees evidence

that the "old days" in the South are gone forever 36. The Los Angeles Times Reports the Five-Day Riots in Watts

272

An eyewitness tells of arsonists tossing Molotov cocktails into stores and shouting a slogan, "Burn, baby, burn"

37. Eugene Patterson Protests Two Outrages in the South

276

The Atlanta Constitution's editor criticizes a refusal to seat Julian Bond and the shooting of James Meredith

38. The Free Press Covers Detroit's Riot and Asks, "Why Did 43 People Die?" 280 The staff reports on the city's worst disaster then investigates troops, police and itself

39. The Globe Faces Blows and Bullets in Covering Boston's School Crisis 286 Anti-busing forces besiege newspaper over court order that brings many more blacks to South Boston classrooms

IX.

COLUMNISTS

AND CRITICS GAIN NEW INFLUENCE

40. Richard L. Strout of the Monitor Reports on 11 Presidents

292 294

The commentator watches Washington pass in review for 55 years and wins a Pulitzer Prize at 80

41. Red Smith Watches Muhammad Ali Beat Down a Gallant Joe Frazier 299 The New York Times's sports columnist salutes the comeback of a champion at Manila

69 42. David Broder Tolls a Requiem for Humphrey's Presidential Dream 302 The Washington Post's commentator concludes that the Senator's 25-year quest is over 43. Walter Kerr Sees Zero Mostel as a Great Natural Comic Force The New York Times's drama critic pays tribute to one of the world's funniest actors

307

44. Marquis Childs Ponders Man's Fate in a World Marred by Pollution 311 A St. Louis Post-Dispatch columnist reviews a film, "Can Man Survive?"—and can't help wondering 45. Russell Baker Finds Washington is Solemn but New York is Serious 314 The New York Times's resident humorist dissects the fine art of being funny in a daily paper

X.

THE PRESS EXAMINES

OUR LEGAL SYSTEM

318

46. The Philadelphia Inquirer Reveals Police Brutality on a Massive Scale 321 A pattern of violence against the legal rights of minorities is disclosed by an investigation 47. Newsday Follows the Heroin Trail from Turkey and France to the U.S. 326 A vast machine of illegal narcotics smugglers is exposed in a 13-country, 3-continent inquiry 48. The Wall Street Journal uncovers a $150 Million Salad Oil Fraud 332 Norman C. Miller follows the mystery of Allied Crude and the risky adventures of Tino DeAngelis 49. Howard James of the Monitor Sees a "Crisis in the Courts" The reporter finds miscarriages of justice on the bench in a nation-wide tour to assess our judicial problems

335

50.

340

St. Petersburg Times Exposes A Strange Cult in Florida Bette Orsini and Charles Stafford Reveal the Dark Side of Scientology's Work

The Los Angeles Times Protests Judicial Sanctions Against the Press 343 Philip F. Kerby writes an editorial about judges who claim the power of censorship over the news Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism, 1959-1980

349

Index

369

71

American Reporter at the International Political Stage Herbert Bayard Swope and his Pulitzer Prize-winning Articles from Germany in 1916

by Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer

Studienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer Bochum, Germany, 1982

CI Ρ-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Fischer, Erika J.: American reporter at the international political stage: Herbert Bayard Swope and his Pulitzer Prize-winning articles from Germany in 1916 / by Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer.-Bochum: Studienverlag Brockmeyer, 1982. (Studies in international communication; Vol. 2) ISBN 3-88339-238-3 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich; Studien zur internationalen Kommunikation ISBN 3-88339-238-3 Alle Rechte vorbehalten © 1982 by Studienverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer Querenburger Höhe 281, 4630 Bochum -1 Druck Thiebes GmbH & Co Kommanditgesellschaft Hagen Printed in Germany

73

From the Preface Η. B. S. - these three initials hold a stable place not only in the press history of the U.S.A., but also far beyond i t For Herbert Bayard Swope, whom they refer to, even to this d a y - n e a r l y a quarter century after his death - belongs to the most renowned and fascinating personages of international journalism. Being a myth already in his lifetime, Swope has developed certain professional standards for press reporting until the end of the twenties, which became guiding-principles for the future. Born as a son of an immigrant couple of German ancestry in S t Louis, Missouri, Swope advanced to one of the most profiled American journalists of the first half of our century during his about twenty-year-long activity for the New York daily paper The World. Although there are already several biographical compositions existent about Herbert Bayard Swope, none of these publications treats chiefly of the relation of this journalist to Germany, respectively to German problems. For that reason Part I of the book in hand wants to work out this aspect - inserted in numerous other questions - as a crucial point For this purpose not only the available secondary literature was brought up, but an additional use could be made of certain archival materials which have remained unnoticed or, at best, have been taken into account only peripherally so far. So it was not only the extremely comprehensive Herbert Bayard Swope Collection in the Mugar Memorial Library of Boston University, which has been made accessible for the authors, but also the Archives of the Pulitzer Prize Collection at the Graduate School of Journalism at the New York Columbia University, same as the Political Archives of the Foreign Office in Bonn, West Germany...

74

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer PART I:

• • • • • • • • • •

HERBERT BAYARD SWOPE - HIS LIFEAND POSITION IN AMERICAN JOURNALISM by Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer Editorial Remarks HB S - THREE INITIALS AND A MYTH SOCIAL ANTECEDENTS AND EARLY JOURNALISTIC ATTEMPTS STARTING HIS CAREER ON THE NEW YORK WORLD REPORTING FROM GERMANY IN THE THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FORMATION OF A SERIES OF ARTICLES ON GERMANY . . . REACTIONS ON THE SERIES OF ARTICLES AND ITS CONSEQUENCES RECIPIENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR REPORTING . . . . JOURNALISTIC ACTIVITIES IN WASHINGTON AND PARIS . . . WORKING FOR ANOTHER DECADE AT THE WORLD WANDERER BETWEEN JOURNALISM, POLITICS, AND BUSINESS

PART II: PRESS REPORTS FROM GERMANY DURING THE THIRD YEAR O F WORLD WAR I By Herbert Bayard Swope Editorial Remarks • INTRODUCTORY • U. S. AMBASSADOR RETURNS FROM GERMANY • BOELCKE, KNIGHT OF THE AIR • THE FOUR WAYS TOWARD PEACE • THE WAR'S OBJECTIVES AS GERMANY SEES THEM • PEACE WITH HONOR VS. A GERMAN PEACE • GERMAN HATRED OF AMERICA: ITS CAUSES • GERMANY AND THE AMERICAN PRESIDENT

5

11 12 13 14 17 26 30 36 44 52 56 65

77 78 81 85 93 101 107 Ill 115 119

75 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE MENACE OF THE U-BOAT LIBERALIZING GERMANY THE SPIRIT OF THE BELEAGUERED EMPIRE THE HOBGOBLIN OF GERMAN DUMPING BUSINESS BEHIND THE BATTLE LINE GERMANY'S PANTRY: F E E D I N G SEVENTY MILLIONS GERMANY'S BACKBONE: HER ARMY ON THE SOMME: ORDEAL BY BATTLE CAPTIVE BELGIUM AND NORTHERN FRANCE BLEEDING POLAND AND HER NEIGHBORS GERMANY'S BACK DOOR - AUSTRIA-HUNGARY TURKEY AND THE BALKAN CALDRON THE NEUTRALS AND HOW AMERICA MAKES THEM POSSIBLE BARRING THE SPIES FROM THE EMPIRE LUDENDORFF: THE MYSTERY MAN AMERICA THROUGH GERMAN EYES LEAVES FROM A REPORTER'S NOTE-BOOK

123 127 133 137 143 151 157 165 171 177 183 191 197 203 209 215 219

PART III: BASIC PROBLEMS AND PHILOSOPHY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM by Herbert Bayard Swope Editorial Remarks • THE AIMS OF THE NEW YORK WORLD • JOURNALISM AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CIVILIZATION

231 232 233 237

Index

243

77

Moments The Pulitzer Prize Photographs Updated Edition: 1942-1982

by Sheryle Leekley and John Leekley

Crown Publishers, Inc. New York 1982

® 1978.1982 by John and Sheryle Leekley Foreword β 1978,1982 by Dan Rather All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission In writing from the-publisher. Inquiries should be addressed to Crown Publishers, Inc., One Park Avenue. New York, N.Y. 10016 Printed in the United States of America Published simultaneously in Canada by General Publishing Company Limited LOU REOA PRODUCTIONS

Book Design: Huguette Franco Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Leekley, Sheryle. Moments: the Pulitzer Prize photographs. Updated edition: 1942-1982 1. Photography, Journalistic—Awards. 2. Pulitzer prizes. I. Leekley, John. II. Title. TR820.L43 1982 779'.0973 82-18252 ISBN 0-517-54736-8 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First Updated Edition

79

FROM THE PREFACE

The Pulitzer Prize represents the pinnacle of achievement in the field of American journalism. It is an annual award, endowed by newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), in a bequest to Columbia University in New York City... The first award for photography was presented in 1942 and, except for 1946, has been given in each succeeding year. In 1968, the photography category was expanded to include feature photography, where photos are not primarily dependent on the time value of a news event, as they are in spot news. Instead, the value is in its penetrating coverage of important issues and subjects. The feature category, and increasingly since 1979 the spotnews category, is often composed of a series of pictures that tends to provide a more filmic, documentary approach. This contrasts with the earlier awards, almost all single photographs, which tended toward an elliptical shorthand in telling a story, where images function as symbols or moral statements. The Pulitzer Prize collection has great personal significance. The lasting impression in the minds of most Americans about many major events is often made by that year's Pulitzer Prize photograph. In fact, we mark our lifetimes by remembering what we were doing when we first saw those images.·. As we got to know the photographers better, our respect for them developed into a kind of awe . . . for their personal courage, dedication, and "heart." It was this passion that enabled them to capture the sense of their times in one fleeting moment...

80

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

6

Foreword

8

Pulitzer Prize Photographs

11

Reference Information

154

The camera seems to me, next to unassisted and weaponless consciousness, the central instrument of our time. James Agee Let Us Now Praise Famous

Men

Outstanding International Press Reporting Volume 1: 1928-1945

Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Consequences of World War I to the End of World War II

by

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Walter de Gruyter Berlin · New York 1984

82

CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Outstanding international press reporting Pulitzer Prize winning articles in foreign correspondence / ed. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - Berlin; New York: de Gruyter NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 1.1928-1945: from the consequences of World War I to the end of World War II. - 1984. ISBN 3-11-008918-1 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Outstanding international press reporting Bibliography: v. 1, p. Includes index. Contents: v. 1.1928-1945, from the consequences of World War I to the end of World War II. 1. World politics · 20th century · Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Pulitzer prizes - Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Journalists - United States - Addresses, essays, lectures. 4. Foreign news · United States · Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich, 1937D 445.088 1983 909.82 83-18962 ISBN 3-11-008918-1 (v. 1) Copyright © 1984 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 30. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may reproduced in any form - by photoprint, microfilm or any other means nor transmitted nor translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher. - Typesetting: Kingsport Press, Kingsport, Tenn., USA. - Printing: Druckerei Gerike GmbH, Berlin. - Binding: Dieter Mikolai, Berlin. - Cover design: Lothar Hildebrand, Berlin. Printed in Germany.

83

FROM THE PREFACE The importance of those works awarded the Pulitzer prize cannot be overemphasized. The individual reporting is representative of brilliant stylistic proficiency, while the subject matter and the interpretation of these outstanding historical world occurrences are of timeless interest. Historians, journalists, politicians, sociologists, linguists, and writers will be able to appreciate the value of this constantly stimulating and informative reading matter. Even today the strength of its impact is great. The texts have been collected and are attended by the Pulitzer Archives at Columbia University, who provided access of these documents to the researcher. For the benefit of the general public the objective was to publish a selection of at least those most important parts which contain specific subject matter. The statement "a project like this one will not be easy to handle" was made by the late Professor Richard T. Baker, then administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes — a comment made almost a half decade ago when I submitted my preliminary thoughts on a comprehensive documentation of such a piece of work. This was confirmed. It is due to the Advisory Board on the Pulitzer Prizes that the preliminary studies for the edition could be started; they allowed unlimited use of the Pulitzer Prize Collection normally kept under lock and key and generously gave permission for an analysis of the confidential Jury Reports. The editor is particularly grateful for this extraordinary sign of trust. The problems and necessary research which arose during the revision were greater and more time-consuming than was expected. The fact that the first volume has been published is due to, in particular, the understanding support of a number of members of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, New York, as well as the Pulitzer Prize Office located in the same building. Professor W. Phillips Davison and the former associate dean Christopher G. Trump obtained the consent of the faculty members for this research project..

84

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface

ν

Contents of Future Volumes

xiii

Introduction: The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the First Phase of Their Development, 1928-1945 by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

xix

Editorial Remarks

li

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1916 The Situation and Several Upcoming Problems of the Country in the Third Year of the War

by Herbert B. Swope (The World, New York) Introductory Notes Germany Hopes for Peace and Prepares to Battle On The Germans' Pride and Its Impact on Foreign Policy Fortune of War Turns and Liberalism Is New Hope Trade and Unemployment as Central Factors Blockade Results and the Fight Against Famine Related Readings

3 4 5 10 15 20 24 29

REPORTS ABOUT SWITZERLAND IN 1928 Negotiations About a New Peace Concept and the Various Points of Dissent

by Paul S. Mowrer (The Chicago Daily News)

31

Introductory Notes Two Peace Concepts and Their Differences The U.S. Proposal and Its Chances The War Outlawry Pact and Its Difficulties Briand-Kellogg Pact Effects Hopes and Apprehensions The New Pact: A Chance and a Challenge Related Readings

32 33 35 37 39 41 45

85 REPORTS ABOUT FRANCE IN 1929 The Reparations Problem and the Struggle for Its Solution

by Leland Stowe (New York Herald-Tribune)

47

Introductory Notes Plans for a Reparations Organization and Its Task The Reparations Situation and the Role of Mr. Young Germany's Proposal and the Importance of France The New International Bank and Its Future Importance Final Agreement on a Contract and Its Consequences Related Readings

48 49 52 56 59 63 68

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1930 The Russian Economic System and the Situation of the Population

by Hubert R. Knickerbocker (New York Evening Post)

71

Introductory Notes The First Five-Year Plan and Its Postulates Russia's Fear and Her Decision for a Spurt The Government's Mistake and an Unexpected Event The Russian Inflation and Its Official Definition The Five-Year War and Its Victims Related Readings

72 73 77 81 84 89 94

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1931 The Soviet Policy and the Personal Impact of Stalin

by Walter Duranty ( The New York Times) Introductory Notes The System of Stalinism and Its Philosophy Soviet Opinion Monopoly and the Mass Media Soviet Censorship and Its Fruits Abroad The Red Army, Figures and Functions The Russian Empire and Its Ethnic Plurality Related Readings

95 96 97 100 101 104 106 108

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1932 Germany Between Radicalism and the Hope for a Better Future

by Edgar A. Mowrer (The Chicago Daily News)

109

Introductory Notes Radical Movements and the German Psychosis

110 111

86 The Middle Class's Turn to Radicalism and Its Cause Reichstag Elections and Hitler's First Halt German Hopes and Needs Before Christmas The Optimism for the Following Year and Its Reasons Related Readings

113 116 117 118 121

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1933 The Germans Under Fascist Rule and the Heralds of Destruction

by Frederick T. Birchall (The New York Times)

123

Introductory Notes Changes in German Policy and the Turn to Fascism Hitler's Internal Policy and a Lesson for the Future The Organized Anti-Semitism and Rumors Abroad A Letter of Dr. Goebbels and the Healthy German Arts The First Book Burnings and Their "Victims" Related Readings

124 125 127 130 133 136 139

REPORTS ABOUT THE UNITED STATES IN 1934 Centers of International Crises and the Ways They Might Develop

by Arthur Krock (The New York Times)

141

Introductory Notes The Russo-Japanese Problem and the Attitude to War The Conflicts of the East and America's Caution France's Tradition and Its Importance for Europe The U.S. Image in Latin America and Its Development Britain's Difficult Decision and America's Hope Related Readings

142 143 144 146 148 151 153

REPORTS ABOUT ETHIOPIA IN 1935 An Underdeveloped Country as It Faces the Menace of Imperialism

by William C. Barber (Chicago Daily Tribune)

155

Introductory Notes A People's National Pride versus Fascist Imperialism Africa's Last Free Country and Its Natural Defense Ethiopian Culture-Old Aged and Peculiar Addis Ababa-Poor and Epidemic Slavery in Ethiopia-Α Temptation and Its Fruits Related Readings

156 157 159 163 165 168 171

87 REPORTS ABOUT ITALY IN 1936 Italy Under the Mussolini Rule and the Reasons for Her Turn to Militarism

by Anne O'Hare McCormick (The New York Times)

173

Introductory Notes Changes in a Dictator and Their Causes Mussolini and Italy's Decision for the Military Way Italy's Militarism and the Effects of Sanctions The Worth of Pacts and Italy's "Training" War The New Italy: Hard, Simple, Militant Related Readings

174 175 178 180 182 186 189

REPORTS ABOUT THE UNITED STATES IN 1937 Problems Facing the President and Discussions About Their Solutions

by Arthur Krock ( The New York Times)

191

Introductory Notes The President's Philosophy and Its Practical Conditions Roosevelt's Main Problems and Their Important Traits A Monetary Dilemma and How the President Might Act Roosevelt's Dream and Why It Cannot Come True The President's Program and How It Might be Paid Related Readings

192 193 197 201 203 205 208

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1938 Hitler's Sudetenland Campaign and Europe's Attempts to Avoid War

by Louis P. Lochner (The Associated Press)

211

Introductory Notes Dictator Shows Strength and Stresses Will to Peace The Nazis' New Demands and the Role of Chamberlain Hitler's Claims and the Last Chance for Peace Hitler's Yield for Sudetenland and His Conditions The Negotiations and the Advance of Hitler's Troops Related Readings

212 213 215 217 220 223 225

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1939 The German Situation in the First Weeks of World War Π and the Nazi's Interior Policy

by Otto D. Tolischus (The New York Times)

227

Introductory Notes The First Weeks of War and the Situation in Cologne

228 227

88 Changes in Daily Life and the Importance of Russia The Blockade Strangle and Its Various Consequences The German Soul and the Nazi's Way of Ruling It The Effects of War Strain and Their Official Name Related Readings

231 233 236 239 242

REPORTS ABOUT FRANCE IN 1940 The Situation of France Under Nazi Occupation and the Mistakes Made by the Vichy Rule

by Percy J. Philip (The New York Times)

243

Introductory Notes The Nazis in France and Hope for a Victory by Spirit The Tactic of Laval and Its Consequences The Food Shortage and Its Various Causes The Test of the Vichy Rule and the Role of Monsieur Laval French Change Their Mind and Hope for Britain Related Readings

244 245 250 257 261 266 271

REPORTS ABOUT CHINA IN 1941 The Political Situation in Far East and the Special Importance of Free China

by Carlos P. Romulo (The Philippines Herald)

273

Introductory Notes The Situation in Far East and the Hope for America Free China's Capital and What It Symbolizes China's Will to Fight and the Chance for Appeasement China's Leader and His Political Ideas The Burma Road and Its Importance for China Related Readings

274 275 279 280 283 286 288

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOLOMONS IN 1942 The Pacific War Theatre and the American Plans and Operations

by Hanson W. Baldwin (The New York Times)

289

Introductory Notes The Solomon Battle and Its Tactical Necessities The Importance of Cooperation and Its Impediments Australia's Strategic Role and Its Consequences The U.S. Plane Superiority and Its Reasons War Technical Experiences and How They Are Used Related Readings

290 291 295 300 303 307 310

89 REPORTS ABOUT YUGOSLAVIA IN 1943 The Partisan Organization in Yugoslavia and Its Strikes Against the Germans

by Daniel de Luce (The Associated

Press)

Introductory Notes A Peoples Resistance and How It Works The Partisan War and Its Constellation Drug Tito and His Qualities Report from a Partisan Camp Aims and Structure of the Partisan Movement Related Readings

313 314 315 316 319 322 325 327

REPORTS ABOUT ENGLAND IN 1944 The Allies' Invasion Into France and the Important Contributions of Her Various Formations

by Mark S. Watson ( The Evening Sun, Baltimore)

329

Introductory Notes The Allies' Tactic and Its Main Elements Airborne Attacks and Increasing Nazi Opposition The Struggle for the Beaches and a Look at Russia The Pressure on Cherbourg and the Enemy's Distress The Need for La Haye and a Second Surprise Related Readings

330 331 334 337 339 340 342

REPORTS ABOUT JAPAN IN 1945 America's Fight Against Japan and the Consequent Way of Finishing It

Index

by Homer W. Bigart (New York Herald-Tribune)

345

Introductory Notes Sugar Loaf-The Battle and the Strategy The Bombing of 43,000 Civilians and Its Reasons Inspecting the Effects of the Atomic Bomb The End of War Theatre and the Actors' Final Scene A Study of Destruction After the Japanese Surrender Related Readings

346 347 349 353 354 357 362 363

91

Outstanding International Press Reporting Volume 2:1946-1962

Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the End of World War II to the Various Stations of the Cold War

by

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Walter de Gruyter Berlin • New York 1985

92

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Outstanding international press reporting Includes bibliographies and index. Contents: v. 1. 1928-1945, from the consequences of World War I to the end of World War II - v. 2. 1946-1962, from the end of World War II to the various stations of the Cold War. 1. World politics-20th century-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Pulitzer prizes-Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Journalists-United States-Addresses, essays, lectures. 4. Foreign news-United States-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Fischer, Heinz Dietrich, 1937D 445.088 1984 909.82 83-18962 ISBN 3-11-008918-1 (v. 1) CiP-Kurztiteiaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Outstanding international press reporting : Pulitzer Prize winning articles in foreign correspondence / ed. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - Berlin ; New York : de Gruyter NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 2. 1946-1962: from the end of World War II to the various stations of the Cold War.-1985. ISBN 3-11-009824-5 Copyright © 1985 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 30. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may reproduced in any form - by photoprint, microfilm or any other means nor transmitted nor translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher. - Typesetting and printing: Wagner GmbH, Nördlingen. - Binding: Dieter Mikolai, Berlin. - Cover design: Lothar Hildebrand, Berlin. Printed in Germany.

93

FROM THE PREFACE About one year after publication of the first volume of this edition the second volume is now at hand. As in the case of its predecessor, much time had to be spent on documentation and research work for the realization of this tome. This was completed partly by extensive correspondence. Again it has to be gratefully mentioned that the sources of the Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University, New York, had been made available as well as the confidential Jury Reports. These were most valuable for the classification and evaluation of the individual prize-winners and of their articles. Moreover, several archives and libraries had to be consulted in order to provide missing materials or to decide on contradictory source information. While the period of documentation could be easily defined for the first volume - the end of World War Π formed a distinct incision - , it proved somewhat difficult to define a final point for the book at hand. Finally, a pragmatic solution was decided upon. The entire post-war period up to the Cuban Crisis, which usually is regarded as the climax and the conclusion of the Cold War, have been chosen for documentation. The following years, which will be featured in the third volume, are essentially marked by the period before the Vietnam War, its course, and its lasting impact on world policies. As far as the selection and presentation of the prize-winning press materials are concerned, the same principles were applied in this volume as in the first volume of this edition. In order to make transparent these selective and editorial criteria also for those readers who have not at hand the preceding volume, the "Editorial Remarks" are reprinted in the present book. As most of the reprinted articles did not contain any context material for a further explanation of the issues involved this volume again contains various maps, diagrams, and other survey materials to supplement the on-the-spot reports and other contributions of the prize-winners. Thus, an element of diversity is added to the texts...

94

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

ν

Contents of Past Volumes Contents of Future Volumes

xiii xvii

Introduction: The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the Second Phase of Their Development, 1946-1962 by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

xxi

Editorial Remarks

lxv

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1946 The Post-War Situation and Some Typical Characteristics of the Country

by J. Brooks Atkinson (The New York Times) Introductory Notes The Byrnes Plan and How Moscow Views It America's Aims and Structure in the Soviet Press A System of Permanent Distrust and Its Purpose The Socialist Landscape and Its Climate Russo-American Relations and Their Future Outlook Related Readings

3 4 5 6 8 12 17 20

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1947 The Cultural Situation and How It Is Formed by the Party

by Paul W. Ward (The Sun, Baltimore)

21

Introductory Notes The Russian Sense of Humor and Some of Its Products The Idea of an Ethnic Plurality and Its Reality Religion in Soviet Russia and the Various Churches A 'Purge' in Arts and Its Consequences

22 23 25 29 33

95 'Socialist' Art and How It Is Produced Related Readings

36 40

REPORTS ABOUT INDIA IN 1948 The Country's Way to Sovereignty and the Cultural Impediments

by Price Day (The Sun, Baltimore,)

41

Introductory Notes Britain's Influence on India and Its Remainders Nehru as a Leader of Gentleness and Impatience Pakistan's Situation and Her Future Outlook The Cow and the Caste as Bars for Development Undernourishment and Overpopulation as Main Problems Related Readings

42 43 47 50 54 57 60

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1949 The Structure of the Government and the Way It Acts on the People

by Edmund W. Stevens (The Christian Science Monitor, Boston)

61

Introductory Notes The Supreme Soviet and What It Symbolizes Stalin's Secret Police and a Bitter Paradox The Order of Ascendency and the Favoured Candidates Bureaucracy and the Reversal of an Idea Trade Unions and Their Effects on Production Related Readings

62 63 66 68 70 73 75

REPORTS ABOUT KOREA IN 1950 America's Fight Against Communism and the Conquest of Seoul

by Marguerite Higgins (New York Herald-Tribune)

77

Introductory Notes Korean Resistance and the American Way of Breaking It Vignettes of Terror and the Liberation of Seoul Crowds Cheer and Liberators Inspect Conquered Area Works of Reconstruction and the Communist Practise The Victor's Ceremony and Further Casualties Related Readings

78 79 80 83 85 86 88

96 REPORTS ABOUT KOREA IN 1951 The Final Stage of the War and the Conditions for Peace

by John M. Hightower (The Associated Press)

91

Introductory Notes America's Educational Aim and Her Main Apprehension MacArthur's Policy and the Consequences at Home Plans for an Armistice and America's Precautions Negotiations for Peace and Communist Hospitality Early Negotiations for Peace and Their Main Issues Related Readings

92 93 95 97 98 101 102

REPORTS ABOUT CANADA IN 1952 The Country's Great Fortunes and How They are Exploited

by Austin C. Wehrwein (The Milwaukee Journal)

103

Introductory Notes Raw Materials Grow and Industry Expands The Canadian Stock Market and the Problem of Fraud Canada Starts on Seaway and America Missed the Boat Population Problems and How They Might be Solved A Province of Superlatives and Its Riches Related Readings

104 105 107 111 114 118 122

REPORTS ABOUT KOREA IN 1953 The Front and How the Soldiers Face It

by Jim G. Lucas (Scripps-Howard

Newspapers)

Introductory Notes 'Our Town'and Its Social Order A Basic Rule of War and Changes It Brings Along Nights of Terror and No End to be Seen Replacements Face Strange Country and 'Fear Future' Death-Bringing Planes and a Special Sort of a Bomb Related Readings

125 126 127 128 131 132 135 136

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1954 The Post-Stalin Era and Important Events Connected With His Death

by Harrison E. Salisbury (The New York Times)

137

97 Introductory Notes A New Regime and Tactical Political Changes The Death of Stalin and an Avoided Disaster Beria's Coup and Why It Brought Along His End Numerous Intrigues and a Toast to Justice The New Junta and How It Works Together Related Readings

138 139 146 152 158 163 169

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1955 Changes in the Leadership and Several Important Statements b y Its Members

by J. Kingsbury Smith (International News Service)

171

Introductory Notes Molotow Judges Chinese Conflict and Charges the U. S. Russia's View on Peace and Coexistence With America The Fall of Malenkov and Communist Democracy How Stalin Used to Relax and the Fall of His Brother Soviet Policy and the Role of the Journalists Related Readings

172 173 177 182 185 186 192

REPORTS ABOUT HUNGARY IN 1956 The Civil War and the Exposition of Communism

by Russell Jones ( United Press)

193

Introductory Notes The Ten-Day Revolution and Its Violent End A Ship named'Liberty'and Her Harbour Hope For Western Aid and Widespread Disappointment Masses Fight Fearlessly and Russia Now Sends Planes Hungarian 'Capitalism' and Why It Cannot be Extinguished Related Readings

194 195 197 198 201 203 204

REPORTS ABOUT YUGOSLAVIA IN 1957 Tito's Brand of Communism and Quarrels With Moscow

by Elie Abel (The New York Times)

207

Introductory Notes Yugoslavia's Illusion and How It Is Destroyed A Promised Credit and Its Political Implications Tito's Refusal to Changes and Rumors About a Meeting

208 209 211 213

98 Soviet Fulfills Promise and Opens a New Phase A Secret Meeting and Its Impact on the Future Related Readings

214 215 217

REPORTS ABOUT CUBA IN 1958 The Batista Rule and Rumors About Revolution

by Joseph G. Martin/Philip J. Santora (Daily News, New York)

219

Introductory Notes Batista's Reign of Terror and the Fight for Freedom Official Sadism and Its Various Exponents The Batista Coup and the Fruits of Temptation Cuba's Captive Press and How It Is Run The Dictator and His Counterpart Castro Related Readings

220 221 225 228 232 235 238

REPORTS ABOUT POLAND IN 1959 The Gomulka Government and the Structure of the Warsaw Pact

by Abraham M. Rosenthal (The New York Times)

239

Introductory Notes Gomulka's Move to Russia and the Polish Communism A Historic Event and Its Interpretation Poland's New Territory and How It Develops A Warsaw Pact Discussion and Its Premises Communist Diplomacy and Its Tactical Function Related Readings

240 241 243 245 247 250 251

REPORTS ABOUT THE CONGO IN 1960 A Period of Unrest and Lumumba's Struggle for Unity

by Lynn L. Heinzerling (The Associated Press)

253

Introductory Notes Lumumba's Aims and a Change of Direction Secessionist Movements and The Role of the U. N. Lumumba's Fight for Unity and Pressures From Without A Two-Hour Coup and Its Reported Details The Premier's Comeback and Several New Plans Related Readings

254 255 256 258 260 264 265

99 REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1961 Some Important Political Questions and How They Are Viewed in Communism

by Walter Lippmann (New York Herald-Tribune)

267

Introductory Notes Khrushchev Views Disarmament and Denies Neutrality The Inevitable Run of History and Its Social Changes The German Question and Three Ways of Answering It Communist Philosophy and the Only Real Alternative Two Important Talks and a New Political Philosophy Related Readings

268 269 271 273 277 279 281

REPORTS ABOUT CUBA IN 1962 The Escalation of a Global Crisis and How It Was Managed in Washington

by Harold V. Hendrix (The Miami News)

283

Introductory Notes Soviet Bases in Cuba and America's First Reactions The Cuban Challenge and Reactions in America Russia's Installment Effort and Her Technical Problems An Exhibition of Power and Reasons for an Invasion Early Intelligence and How It Was Handled Related Readings

284 285 287 289 290 294 296

Index

299

101

Outstanding International Press Reporting Volume 3:1963-1977

Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian Refugee Problems

by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Walter de Gruyter Berlin · New York 1986

102

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Revised for vol. 3) Outstanding international press reporting Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. 1928-1945, from the consequences of World War I to the end of World War II v. 3. 1963-1977, from the escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian refugee problems. 1. World politics—20th century. 2. Pulitzer prizes. 3. Journalists—United States. 4. Foreign news—United States. I. Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich, 1937 D 445.088 1984 909.82 83-18962 ISBN 3-11-008918-1 (v. 1) CIP-Kurztiteiaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Outstanding international press reporting : Pulitzer Prize winning articles in foreign correspondence / ed. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - Berlin ; New York : de Gruyter NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 3. 1963-1977: from the escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian refugee problems. - 1 9 8 6 . ISBN 3-11-009842-3 Copyright © 1986 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 30. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may reproduced in any form - by photoprint, microfilm or any other means nor transmitted nor translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher. - Typesetting and printing: Wagner GmbH, Nördlingen. - Binding: Dieter Mikolai, Berlin. - Cover design: Lothar Hildebrand, Berlin. Printed in Germany.

103

FROM THE PREFACE Following the first two volumes of this edition, which have been published within the last two years, this third volume covers fifteen years, illustrating the development of the Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting. The documentation and interpretation of the prize awarded journalistic texts fitting into this category now encompass fifty years altogether. This might possibly be considered to be rounded off artificially, but it can be justified in view of the contents, although chronological publications containing several volumes are often difficult to restrict to a certain period of time. I had to face such difficulties with this edition, too, but until now I have always been able to overcome them as regards contents. Whereas the first volume covered the whole period of time up to the end of World War Π and the second volume that of the Cold War, this third part deals with the time from the beginning of the Vietnam War until its aftermath. Although the annually prize-awarded journalistic texts, therefore, can not necessarily represent a systematically interdependent contents, they can, however, be relatively clearly grouped according to particular superior aspects. As far as the origin and the structure of the prize-awarded texts are concerned, some remarkable changes can be noticed, especially for the time covered in this volume: thoroughly investigated background stories increasingly replace a based-on-facts reporting. Now and then, these background stories are characterized by a critical and investigative journalism, as far as this seems to be possible under the partly aggravated circumstances abroad. And it is remarkable, too, that not only accredited, but also traveling correspondents are among the possible prize-winners. One of the editor's greatest and permanent problems with the preceding volumes was to reasonably choose five of the numerous prize-awarded texts written by the respective journalists. This difficulty was reduced, however, in the most recent documented period of time. The application rules for all categories of the Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism state that not more then ten texts from the entire year can be submitted by one author. For that reason, it is possible to present about one half of the prize-awarded texts written by each author...

104

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

v

Contents of Past Volumes Contents of Future Volumes

xiii xvi

Introduction: The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the Third Phase of Their Development, 1943-1967 by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

xix

Editorial Remarks

lxxi

REPORTS ABOUT VIETNAM IN 1963 Internal Quarrels and Their Impact on the Fratricidal War b y David Halberstam (The New York Times) Introductory Notes The Buddhist Crisis and Its Background A Coup d'Etat and Its Various Reasons The Coup's Development and Its Main Actors Saigon's New Junta and How It Faces the Vietcong A Decisive Phase and Expectations in the Generals Related Readings

3 4 5 11 14 21 25 31

REPORTS ABOUT EASTERN EUROPE IN 1964 The Turn Toward the West and Its Economic Reasons

by Joseph A. Livingston (Philadelphia Bulletin)

33

Introductory Notes Demands for Western Standards and Their Causes Scarcity and Its Role in Communist Philosophy Yugoslavia's Economy and Its Impact on Policy The Soviet Trade System and Why It Must Change The Need For a Dialogue and the Importance of Trade Related Readings

34 35 38 41 44 47 50

105

REPORTS ABOUT VIETNAM IN 1965 The War and Some of Its Typical Stories

by Peter G. Arnett (The Associated

Press)

Introductory Notes A War Movie and Its Real Intentions The Fate of a Flyer and His Brother's Goal Guerilla Warfare and the End of a U.S . Unit Vietcong Prison and Its Fence The Destruction of a Village and Its Reasons Related Readings

53 54 55 56 58 60 62 63

REPORTS ABOUT INDONESIA IN 1966 The Change of Government and How It Was Performed

by R. John Hughes (The Christian Science Monitor)

65

Introductory Notes A Student Revolt and Its Political Target The Fight Against the Establishment and Its Supporters Scenes of Upheaval and Sukarno's Reaction The Generals' Rule and Two Demands to Be Fulfilled Times For Changes and How They Are Prepared Related Readings

66 67 68 70 73 74 75

REPORTS ABOUT THE MIDDLE EAST IN 1967 The Six-Day War and Its World-Political Consequences

by Alfred Friendly (The Washington Post)

11

Introductory Notes Israel's Trouble and the U.S.A.'s Inability to Act An Unusual Plan and Its Various Backgrounds The Story of a Village and Some Theories Social Unity and Its Historic and Present Reasons A Favorable Position and the Fear of a Compromise Related Readings

78 79 82 83 85 87 90

REPORTS ABOUT VIETNAM IN 1968 The Fourth Year of the War and a Case of Atrocity

by William K. Tuohy (Los Angeles Times)

91

106 Introductory Notes A War of Attrition and No Prospect For an End The Creation of a Killer and Its Consequences Anti-Communist Strategy and the Organizations Needed A Victim of Justice and His Last Hopel08 Psychological Problems and How They Are Solved Related Readings

92 93 96 101 105 108 110

REPORTS ABOUT THE UNITED STATES IN 1969 The My Lai Massacre and the Futile Search For Its Reasons

by Seymour M. Hersh (Dispatch News Service)

111

Introductory Notes An Unexpected Order and Its Final Execution Examples of Obedience and the Suppression of Truth A Victim of Discipline and His Victims War Strains and the Production of Killers The Young Americans and the Logic of War Related Readings

112 113 116 119 122 124 127

REPORTS ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA IN 1970 The Apartheid System and the Misery of the Black People

by Jimmie L. Hoagland (The Washington Post)

129

Introductory Notes The Country's Rulers and Their Tribal Origin A System of Repression and Its Products The Soweto People and Their Socio-Cultural Structure Apartheid and the Economic Problems It Causes Separate Development and Its Political Functions Related Readings

130 131 138 142 145 148 153

REPORTS ABOUT PAKISTAN IN 1971 The Fratricidal War and the Problems Left After Its Settlement

by Peter R. Kann (The Wall Street Journal)

155

Introductory Notes A Fight For Independence and the Role of the U.S.A. Several Options For a Settlement and Their Chances An Absurd War and Why It Can't Be Finished Peacefully

156 157 162 168

107 Bangla Desh's New Rulers and Their Rhetoric Ability Substantial Problems and the Lack of Able Leaders Related Readings

172 175 180

REPORTS ABOUT RED CHINA IN 1972 The Unexpected Nixon Visit and Its Most Important Stations

by Max Frankel (The New York Times)

181

Introductory Notes Nixon's Arrival and a Modest Reception Ceremony An Unexpected Audience and Premier Chou's Formula Plans For Intensified Contacts and a Splendid-Show The End of the Visit and a Final Communique A Critical Issue and a Step For Its Settlement Related Readings

182 183 187 190 193 195 200

REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1973 Some Characteristic Traits of the Country and the Mentality of the People

by Hedrick L. Smith (The New York Times)

201

Introductory Notes A Dictator and His Posthumous Comeback Moscow's Satellites and Their Divergent Structures Striking Contrasts and Their Historical Backgrounds A Soviet Holiday and Its Specific Conditions The Story of a Dissident and Its Conclusions Related Readings

202 203 208 212 217 220 231

REPORTS ABOUT NORTH AFRICA IN 1974 The Famine Areas and Their Technical and Cultural Problems

by Ovie Carter / William C. Mullen (Chicago Tribune)

233

Introductory Notes A Famine Disaster and the Importance of Allah Mismanagement of Supplies and Its Various Reasons The Tuareg Tribe and Its Dispersion By Drought A Fertile Valley and Its Scourge Technical Needs and Hopes For America Related Readings

234 235 239 244 247 249 253

108 REPORTS ABOUT CAMBODIA IN 1975 The Communists' Take-Over and Some Accompanying Circumstances

by Sydney H. Schanberg (The New York Times)

255

Introductory Notes A Besieged City and Its Daily Routines The Food Shortage and Its Effect on the Children A War of Profit and a War of Death Phnom Penh's Liberation and Some Incisive Changes An Embassy Prison and the Life of Its Occupants Related Readings

256 257 259 262 265 272 275

REPORTS ABOUT GREAT BRITAIN IN 1976 The Struggle of the National Minorities and the Country's Economic Problems

by George F. Will (The Washington Post)

277

Introductory Notes Organized Terror and Ulster's Permanent Crisis British Socialism and Its Effects on the Economy Scottish Nationalism and Its Various Arguments A Softening Opposition and a Change of Direction Economic Problems and Their Basic Structures Related Readings

278 279 281 282 284 285 287

REPORTS ABOUT THAILAND IN 1977 The Boat People and the Trouble They Are Causing the Western World

Index

by Henry Kamm (The New York Times)

289

Introductory Notes A Ship Called "Good Luck" and the Plight of Its Passengers The Refugees' Fate and How the Children Face It "Hospitable" Thailand and the Outlook of Its Guests An American Aid Program and Its Unintentional Effects A Mathematical Exercise and Its Backgrounds Related Readings

290 291 293 295 299 300 302 303

The Best of Pulitzer Prize News Writing

by William D. Sloan, Valarie McCrary and Johanna Cleary

Publishing Horizons Columbus, Ohio, 1986

Copyright 1986, PUBLISHING HORIZONS, INC. 2950 North High Street P.O. Box 02190 Columbus, Ohio 43202 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Printed in the United States. 1234 7654 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Best of Pulitzer Prize news writing. 1. Journalism—United States. 2. Pulitzer prizes. I. Sloan, W. David (William David), 1947- . II. McCrary, Valarie, 1960- . III. Cleary, Johanna, 1961- . PN4726.B383 1986 071'.3 85-19410 ISBN 0-942280-14-8

111

From the Preface Why an anthology of news stories? The answer is simple. It is a truism that what one reads is reflected in how one writes. That concept is accepted in "literature"—"The way to learn to write," would-be authors are told, "is to read"—and aspiring novelists, poets, and essayists are encouraged to read good writing. What works in the literary genres is no less practicable in journalism. If a journalist wants to turn out ordinary writing, he or she should read ordinary news stories. If the goal is to produce superior writing, the journalist should read examples of superior news writing. There is the reason for this anthology. Few better sources of superior writing exist than those news stories which have won the Pulitzer Prize. The editors hope this volume of selected winners will provide a source of models of news writing for the journalist who wishes to be good. The first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded in 1917. For each of the first twelve years only one award for reporting was given. Since 1929 the categories have been increased, and more than two hundred reporters have been recognized with Pulitzer Prizes for "distinguished" reporting. Certainly the most prestigious awards in the field of journalism, the Pulitzers each year attract scores of entries from newspapers, ranging from weeklies to metropolitan dailies. To be selected for a Pulitzer instantly bestows professional distinction on a reporter. Most awards have been given for the reporting effort that went into stories, rather than for writing quality. To be sure, though, a multitude of winners have been marked by excellent writing style. Collected in this anthology are more than seventy of the articles that impress the editors as exemplars of superior writing. A few of these stories have appeared in other collections, either in part or in full. The editors of this anthology chose to reprint all selections in their entirety to do justice to the writing skills of the authors...

112

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface News Writing That Wins Prizes

xi xv

Parti NARRATIVE WRITING 1. The Unknown Soldier Is Laid to Rest

1

Kirke L. Simpson

2. A Lynch Mob's "Swift and Terrible" Retribution Royce

8

Brier

3. A Funeral Pyre in Germany

17

Frederick T. Birchall

4. An Emergency Appendectomy Under Enemy Waters George

5. American Soldiers Face Japanese Willing To Die Ira

22

Weiler

27

Wolfen

6. Nagasaki Annihilated

32

William L. Laurence

7. A Hate Organization

38

Edward T. Folliard

8. A Neighborhood in a Killer's Path Meyer

9. Marines in Korea: Suffering and Valor Keyes

54

Morin

11. The Integration of Central High Relman

51

Beech

10. Korean Village Collapses Under Communism Relman

42

Berger

57

Morin

12. The Death of an Opera Star

61

Sanche de Gramont

13. The Death of a Marine Column Peter

Arnett

14. The Death and Burial of Private Gibson John

65 68

Fetterman

15. A Fatal Journey Through the Brain Jon Franklin

73

113

16. A Cover-up of America's Worst Nuclear Accident Philadelphia Inquirer Staff 17. The Journey of an Illegal Alien JohnM. Crewdson 18. What Makes High Tech Fly Peter Rinearson 19. "I Lay Dying" Nan Robertson

82 87 95 105

Part II INVESTIGATIVE WRITING 20. A Monstrous, Medieval Prison Harold A. Littledale 21. Civil War in the Coal Fields John J. LearyJr. 22. Justice Hugo Black and the KKK Ray Sprigle 23. Rent Gougers in Welfare City Ed May 24. The Truth Behind Batista Joseph Martin and Phil Santora 25. How To Help One's Family Vance Trimble 26. The Perils of Used-Car Buying Miriam Ottenberg 27. A Victim of Mistaken Identity John Frasca 28. The Innocent Freed Gene Miller 29. Behind the My Lai Massacre Seymour M. Hersh 30. "Profiteers of Human Suffering" William Jones 31. The End of the Line for the Mentally 111 Acel Moore and Wendell Rawls Jr. 32. A New Religion Sneaks into Town Charles Stafford

125 129 135 141 144 149 154 160 165 173 178 182 196

114

Part III PROFILE WRITING 33. A Portrait of a Pope Anne O'HareMcCormick 34. Stalin as Described by His Mother H. R. Knickerbocker 35. The Death of Captain Waskow Ernie Pyle 36. The Death of Sgt. Shorty Plotnick Harold V. Boyle 37. An Interview with Gandhi Price Day 38. An Interview with Khrushchev Walter Lippmann 39. The Two Faces of a Terrorist Lucinda Franks and Thomas Powers 40. "..Who Lived in the House that Bertha Built" Margo Huston 41. An Old Man's Dream Madeleine Blais

204 212 220 222 224 230 234 238 247

Part IV DESCRIPTIVE WRITING 42. The Biggest Shadow on Earth Magner White 43. On Top of the Bottom of the World Russell Owen 44. Veterans March in Color and Glory Detroit Free Press Staff 45. Addis Ababa Waits for War Will Barber 46. The Liberation of Paris MarkS. Watson 47. A "Cargo of Liquid Life" Jack S. McDowell 48. Hiroshima after the Bomb Homer Bigart 49. Town of War Jim Lucas 50. In the Trail of a Tornado Tom Lucier

264 267 273 295 300 304 309 314 316

115 51. A Numbing Visit to a Death Camp A. M. Rosenthal 52. An American City Put to Torch . Robert Richardson A Fatally Tangled Life 53. J. Anthony Lukas 54. Four Days of Rage Tom Fitzpatrick 55. A Destructive Force Broken Loose GaylordD. Shaw 56. A Land Frozen in Time Richard Ben Cramer 57. The Refugee Life of Death and Destitution Joel Brinkley 58. A Nation in the Grip of Fear John Darnton 59. The Aftermath of a Flood Dan Luzadder

318 321 323 334 337 340 344 349 353

PartV

ANALYTICAL WRITING 60. Why Germany Hated America in 1916 Herbert Bayard Swope 61. In Search of a Haven in a Foreign Land Lauren D. Lyman 62. Germany's First Blitzkrieg and the Collapse of Poland Otto Tolischus 63. Life Behind the Iron Curtain Paul W. Ward 64. Security, Loyalty, and Guilt by Suspicion Bert Andrews 65. An Ill-Conceived Plot To Take over Russia Harrison Ε. Salisbury 66. The Vietnam Nightmare Begins Malcolm W. Browne 67. Incompetent and Callous Justice Howard James 68. A Listless Life of Numbing Hunger William Mullen

359 365 370 372 377 381 389 398 411

116 69. The Preface to the Presidency Walter R. Mears 70. Images of War Thomas Friedman 71. How the Federal Bureaucracy Works SaulPett

The Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism 1917-1985 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition

by Mary E. Morrison

University Microfilms International Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1986

118

Editor: Mary Ε. Morrison Editorial Assistant: Terry Berzanskis Technical Support: Rose Demyan-Bruetsch, Kerri Lutz, Pat Deaton, Elaine Mack

© 1986 University Microfilms Incorporated All Rights Reserved

ISBN: 0-8357-0709-1

For more information on this collection or any University Microfilm research collection, please write: University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

Cover photo by Steve Kuzma. Typewriter courtesy of Mr. & Mrs. Lee Atkins.

119

From the Preface

Toward The End of

his life, Joseph Pulitzer, a nineteenth century newspaper publisher who changed the face of American journalism through his ownership and management of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World, formulated a section of his will that would establish a School of Journalism at Columbia University. In the process, he also provided for an annual prize competition to reward the best in journalism and literature Pulitzer died in 1911. Because the will stipulated that the School of Journalism had to be in operation for three years before the first Pulitzer Prizes could be awarded, it was in 1917 that the first winners were announced (for work done in 1916). Since that time a remarkable number of major events in the twentieth century have received their first push into the history books with the Pulitzer Committee's acknowledgement of the superb journalism that recorded them. Reports on the capture of Leopold and Loeb, Byrd's adventures in Antarctica, Hitler's rise to power, dropping the atom bomb on Nagasaki, the integration of Little Rock's Central High School, and the dilemma of Baby Jane Doe are as compelling to read today as when they first appeared in the headlines. Thorough coverage is given to the World Wars, Korea and Vietnam, as well as to revolts and uprisings in such diverse places as Hungary, Detroit, Ethiopia, Watts and Indonesia. The entire spectrum of human malfeasance and skulduggery is exposed, from individual swindlers such as Charles Ponzi to the wholesale corruption and subversion of institutions from city halls to labor unions to Watergate. The U.S. fascination with the Soviet Union is explored in depth with a vast array of reports beginning in the early thirties and continuing to the present. Finally, thought-provoking editorials and columns, searing photographs and piercing cartoons all echo the heartbeat of the American consciousness for the last sixty-eight years...

120

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

i

The Microfilm Collection

ii

How To Use The Guide

ii

Reel Number Index

1

Year of Award Index

23

News Organization Index

45

Author Index

65

Prize Category Index

89

Subject Index

109

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 1

International Reporting 1928 - 1985: From the Activities of the League of Nations to present-day Global Problems

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G - Saur München • London • New York • Oxford · Paris 1987

CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek The Pulitzer prize archive: a history and anthology of award-winning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. München ; London ; New York ; Oxford ; Paris : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Pt. A. Reportage journalism. Vol. 1. International reporting 1928 - 1985 : from the activities of the League of Nations to present-day global problems / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1987 ISBN 3-598-30171-5

© 1987 by K. G. Saur Verlag KG Alle Rechte vorbehalten • All Rights Strictly Reserved Jede Art der Vervielfältigung ohne Erlaubnis des Verlages ist unzulässig. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Mainz Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30171-5 (Vol. 1) ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

123

FROM THE PREFACE A few years ago Michael I. Sovern, President of Columbia University, explained that the history of the Pulitzer Prizes "records two-thirds of a century of outstanding achievement in American journalism, letters and music. It is a history of courage... It is a history of creativity... And it is a history of those who write our history - journalists covering breaking stories, creative artists whose visions affected the way all of us see, commentators and scholars seeking meaning in the effluent of time. Joseph Pulitzer, reporter, editor, publisher and founder of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia, was first and foremost a journalist. But his horizons, like those of all good journalists, extended far beyond his own profession and when he decided to link a system of prizes to a university, he did so in the express hope that this would encourage "public service, public morals, American literature and the advancement of education.' All these things, I am convinced, the Pulitzer Prizes have done." The national and international prestige the Pulitzer Prizes have had for nearly seven decades supports this judgment. For some decades the prize system lived on its reputation and for a time the awarding procedures and the honored journalistic texts were not revealed - with the exception of the books awarded the Pulitzer Prize: they were available to everybody. It was not until the end of the 1950s that John Hohenberg, Secretary of the Advisory Board on the Pulitzer Prizes from 1954 to 1976, made some of the relevant texts available. His privileged position guaranteed him access to the materials and predestined him to tackle such a task. Hohenberg started to publish these materials in an edition of selected and awarded contributions ("The Pulitzer Prize Story," New York 1959, 375pp.). A description of the development of the whole prize awarding system ("The Pulitzer Prizes," New York - London 1974, 434 pp.), was followed by a continuation of the first edition ("The Pulitzer Prize Story II," New York 1980, 375 pp.).

124 Although John Hohenberg tried to give a survey of the Pulitzer Prize system, none of the volumes he published meet the requirements of a systematic documentation because the publications are selective, with only a relatively small number of the prize-winners" texts being presented. Hohenberg, in fact, seems to present only those texts which appeared interesting or important to himself without giving any selection criteria to justify his choice. Thus Hohenberg*s publications - in spite of their undoubted importance-only call attention to some of the. prize-winning texts. Often it remains unclear whether the texts or the stories they referred to were of importance. Unlike Hohenberg's unsystematic and eclectic procedure, the new series "The Pulitzer Prize Archive" is based on a systematic principle of edition: each volume of the series focuses on only one of the great Pulitzer Prize categories? these are analysed chronologically and documented...

125

TABLE OF CONTENTS

V

PREFACE INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

Χ Ν Π

Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR INTERNATIONAL REPORTING

XVII

SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA

Ι 2

FROM GENEVA (SWITZERLAND) IN 1928 By Paul S. Mowrer, The Chicago Daily

3 News

VITAL NATIONAL INTERESTS MAY CAUSE AN INTERNATIONAL DRAMA FROM PARIS (FRANCE) IN 1929 By Lei and Stowe, New lork Berald-Tribune

Τ

GERMAN REPARATION ANNUITIES TO BELGIUM ARE ACCEPTED FROM NOVGOROD (SOVIET UNION) IN 1930 By Hubert R. Knickerbocker, New lork Evening

8 17

Poet

FORD SEEMS TO FIT IN THE SOVIET FIVE-YEAR-PLAN SCHEDULE FROM MOSCOW (SOVIET UNION) IN 1931 By Walter Duranty, The New York Times

18 25

SOCIALISM IS NUMBER ONE IN THE SOVIET UNION PROGRAM FROM BERLIN (GERMANY) IN 1932 By Edgar A. Mowrer, The Chicago

4

26 31

Daily

News

HITLER SEES HIS CHANCE TO BECOME THE NATION'S DICTATOR . FROM BERLIN (GERMANY) IN 1933 By Frederick T. Blrchall, The New lork

32 35

Times

AN INCENDIARY FIRE WRECKS THE GERMAN REICHSTAG BUILDING

36

126 FROM WASHINGTON, D.C. (UNITED STATES) IN 1954 By Arthur Krock, The New lork Timea TRADE BANS WAR IN THE EYES OF THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER FROM ADDIS ABABA (ETHIOPIA) IN 1935 By Wilfred C. Barber, Chicago Daily

45

FROM LIEGE (BELGIUM) IN 1936 By Anne O'Hare McCormick, The New lork

46 W

Times

PEACE FACES INSTABILITY ON THE GERMAN-BELGIAN FRONTIER . FROM WASHINGTON, D.C. (UNITED STATES) IN 1937 By Arthur Krock, The New lork Times PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT INTENDS TO SHIELD AMERICAN DEMOCRACY

50 53 54 63

Press

HERMANN GÖRING IS STILL NUMBER TWO IN THE THIRD REICH .. FROM BERLIN (GERMANY) IN 1939 By Otto D. Tolischus, The New lork

42

Tribune

THE COUNTRY IS TRYING HARD TO BUY U.S. AND JAPANESE WEAPONS

FROM BERLIN (GERMANY) IN 1938 By Louis P. Lochner, The Associated

41

64 67

Times

ADOLF HITLER TRIES TO 'DEAL' POLAND A BLOW WITH RUSSIA .

68

FROM VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD IN 1940 By Numerous Journalists, All American Newspapers SOME OF THE FUTURE HIGHLIGHTS OF AMERICAN FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS FROM RANGOON (BURMA) IN 1941 By Carlos P. Romulo, The Philippines

75

Herald

POLITICAL LEADERS TEND TO SHOW A PRO-JAPANESE ATTITUDE .

FROM THE SOLOMONS (PACIFIC) IN 1942 By Hanson W. Baldwin, The New lork Times U.S. NAVAL SUPERIORITY MUST BE THE GOAL IN THE REGION ..

76

EX 82

127 FROM TUNIS (TUNESIA) IN 1943 By Ernest T. Pyle, Scripps-Boward

87 newspapers

WAR SEEMS TO HAVE ITS OWN PECULIAR SOUNDS ON THE FRONT . FROM LONDON (ENGLAND) IN 1944 By Harold V. Boyle, The Associated

Press

DURING WARTIME THE CAPITAL'S BLACK MARKETS ARE BOOMING . FROM BUENOS AIRES (ARGENTINA) IN 1945 By Arnaldo Cortesi, The New York Times

FROM MOSCOW (SOVIET UNION) IN 1946 By Eddy L. K. Gil more, The Associated

Press

FROM MOSCOW (SOVIET UNION) IN 1947 By Paul W. Ward, The Sun

104 107

A GREAT MANY RUSSIANS TRY TO MIGRATE TO THE UNITED STATES FROM DELHI (INDIA) IN 1948 By Price Day, The Sun

108 1«

THE COUNTRY SEES ITSELF AS THE CHAMPION OF ENTIRE ASIA .

114 121

Science

Monitor

A WESTERN ATMOSPHERE PREVAILS IΝ RUSS IA 1 S 'FORBIDDEN ZONE'

122 127

Press

PARALLEL THIRTY-EIGHT HAS BECOME A BLOOD-RED LINE NOW .. FROM SEOUL (KOREA) IN 1951 By John M. Hightower, The Associated

100 103

STALIN DEMANDS COUNTER-PROPAGANDA AGAINST 'WARMONGERS' .

FROM SEOUL (KOREA) IN 1950 By Rel man G. Mori η, The Associated

92 99

FREEDOM SEEMS TO RUN OUT UNDER WAR 'SECURITY 1

FROM MOSCOW (SOVIET UNION) IN 1949 By Edmund W. Stevens, The Christian

88

128 "3

Press

GENERAL MACARTHUR TRIES TO TAKE OVER U.S. POLICY IN WARZONE

134

128 FROM OTTAWA (CANADA) IN 1952 By Austin C. Wehrwein, The Milwaukee

137 Journal

THE COUNTRY'S LIBERAL PARTY PREFERS A RULE'

'BUSINESSMAN'S

FROM HEARTBREAK RIDGE (KOREA) IN 1953 By Jim G. Lucas, Scripps-Howard Newspapers

143

NINE MEN FIGHT FOR THEIR LIFES RETURNING FROM A PATROL . FROM YAKUTSK (SOVIET UNION) IN 1954 By Harrison E. Salisbury, The Hew York

147

Service

FROM BUDAPEST (HUNGARY) IN 1956 By Russell Jones, United Press

158 I65

RUSSIAN DIVISIONS ARE CRUSHING DOWN THE PEOPLE'S REVOLT FROM MOSCOW (SOVIET UNION) IN 1957 By James B. Reston, The Sew York Times

166 I69

THE COUNTRY IS WARNED U.S. WILL DEFEND TURKEY. IF ATTACKED FROM HAVANNA (CUBA) IN 1958 By Joseph G. Martin and Philip J. Santora, New York Daily News POLITICIANS GATHER PERSONAL PROFIT FROM CONSTRUCTION GRAFT

170 175

176 181

Times

NIXON AND GOMULKA TALKS ARE SAID TO IMPROVE RELATIONS .. FROM LEOPOLDVILLE (CONGO) IN 1960 By Lynn L. Heinzerling, The Associated

148 157

Sews

A JOURNALIST'S CONCLUSIONS AFTER HIS STAY IN THE KREMLIN

FROM WARSAW (POLAND) IN 1959 By Abraham M. Rosenthal, The New York

144

Times

M.V.D. IS THE UNDOUBTED MASTER IN SIBERIA'S PRISON CAMPS FROM MOSCOW (SOVIET UNION) IN 1955 By William R. Hearst, Jr., International

138

182 M

Press

A PRESENCE OF U.N. TROOPS MEANS A RISK OF LIVES NOW

188

129 FROM MOSCOW (SOVIET UNION) IN 1961 By W a l t e r L i p p m a n n , New

York

191

Berald-Tribune

AN INTERVIEW WITH KHRUSHCHEV ON WORLD POLITICAL ISSUES . FROM MIAMI, FLA, (UNITED STATES) IN 1962 By Harold V. H e n d r i x , The Miami

197

Sews

LATIN AMERICAN GUERRILLA FORCES ARE PROVIDED WIΤΗ WEAPONS FROM SAIGON (VIETNAM) IN 1963 Press

A BUDDHIST-LED PROVISIONAL REGIME CONTROLS THE COUNTRY

.

FROM PARIS (FRANCE) IN 1964 Bulletin

WESTERN EUROPE SEES A STRONG PULL OF THE U.S. DOLLAR ... FROM SAIGON (VIETNAM) IN 1965

210 215

Peter G. A r n e t t , The Associated

Press

U.S. MILITARY LEADERS FIND THEMSELVES ON THE WRONG TRACK

Christian

216 221

FROM JAKARTA (INDONESIA) IN 1966 Science

Monitor

THE COUNTRY FINDS ITSELF RUMBLING WITH TORMENT AND UPHEAVAL

Washington

222 225

FROM JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) IN 1967 By A l f r e d F r i e n d l y , The

204 209

By Joseph A. L i v i n g s t o n , Philadelphia

By R. John H u g h e s , The

198 203

By M a l c o l m W. B r o w n e , The Associated

By

192

Post

WESTERN POWERS ARE GIVEN THREE WEEKS TO OPEN AQABA GULF

226

FROM HUE (VIETNAM) IN 1968 By W i l l i a m K. T u o h y , Los Angeles

Times

U.S. MARINES ARE IN NEED OF HELP IN THE WARZONE FROM WASHINGTON, D.C, (UNITED STATES) IN 1969 By

Seymour M. H e r s h , Dispatch

Hews

230 235

Service

AMERICANS WITNESSED U.S. BUTCHERY OF VIETNAMESE CIVILIANS

236

130 FROM PRETORIA (SOUTH AFRICA) IN 1970 By Jimmie L. Hoagland, The Washington

241 Post

NONWHITES HAVE NO CHANCE LEFT IN THE APARTHEID SYSTEM .. FROM DACCA (BANGLA DESH) IN 1971 By Peter R. Kann, The Wall Street

249 Journal

WAR IS NO SOLUTION FOR ONE O F THE WORLD'S NATURAL VICTIMS FROM PEKING (CHINA) IN 1972 By Max Frankel, The mew York

250 257

Times

NIXON'S VISIT HELPS TO IMPROVE BILATERAL RELATIONS FROM MOSCOW (SOVIET UNION) IN 1973 By Hedrick L. Smith, The Sew York Times

258 263

EXPENSIVE CARS ARE LEONID I. BREZHNEV'S GREATEST WEAKNESS FROM LUDHIANA (INDIA) IN 1974 By William C. Mullen, Chioago

242

264 271

Tribune

CLIMATE CHANGES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SEVERE FOOD SHORTAGES FROM PHNOM PENH (CAMBODIA) IN 1975 By Sydney H. Schanberg, The Sew York

277 Times

FIVE YEARS AFTER SIHANOUK THE COUNTRY SUFFERS FROM MISERY FROM NOWHERE (WORLDWIDE) IN 1976 By Nobody, No Newspaper or News Agency

278 283

REPORT O F THE INTERNATIONAL REPORTING JURY OF MARCH 4, 1977 FROM KUALA LUMPUR (MALAYSIA) IN 1977 By Henry Kamm, The New York Times

— , . . . —

SOUTHEAST ASIA'S COASTS ARE CLOSED FOR DESPERATE REFUGEES FROM CAIRO (EGYPT) IN 1978 By Richard B. Cramer, The Philadelphia

272

284 285

286 291

Inquirer

SOMETHING MUST BE WRONG WITH A HUNDRED PERCENT DEMOCRACY

292

131 FROM ARANYAPRATHET (THAILAND) IN 1979 By Joel Brinkley, The Courier-Journal

299

FOR NUMEROUS PEOPLE THE NATION'S TRAGEDY IS A BONANZA .. FROM GUATEMALA CITY (GUATEMALA) IN 1980 By Shirley Christian, The Miami Herald

303

U.S. HELP IS OUT OF SIGHT WHILE THE COUNTRY IS BOILING . FROM WARSAW (POLAND) IN 1981 By John Darnton, The Sew lork

300

304 309

Times

KEY DECISIONS ARE LAID TO THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ARMY FROM BEIRUT (LEBANON) IN 1982 By Loren Jenkins, The Washington

310 315

Poet

MOSLEM QUARTERS ARE NOW OCCUPIED BY MILITARY FORCES FROM AMMAN (JORDAN) IN 1983 By Karen E. House, The Wall Street

316 321

Journal

POLITICAL PROBLEMS IN THE REGION ARE FAR FROM BEING SOLVED FROM ADDIS ABABA (ETHIOPIA) IN 1984 By Josh Friedman, Neweday

325

A DESPERATE CONTINENT FACES DEATH OF STARVATION FROM MANILA (THE PHILIPPINES) IN 1985 By Pete Carey/Katherine Ellison/Lewis M. Simons, San Mercury News

322

326 333 Joee

THE POVERTY-STRICKEN COUNTRY FACES A CAPITAL FLIGHT

334

WINNERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL REPORTING AWARD, 1986 - 2000 - SPACE FOR NOTES -

342

INDEX

345

The Pulitzer Prizes

Volume 1: 1987

by Kendall J. Wills

Simon & Schuster New York 1987

Copyright © 1987 by Kendall J . Wills All rights reserved including che right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Simon and Schuster/Touchstone Books Published by Simon & Schuster Inc. Simon jc Schuster building Rockefeller Center 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10020 SIMON A N D SCHUSTER, tOtlCMSTONE and colopkohs ite itgisttted kridetoatks of Simon it Schustef- Inc. Designed by tionni Leon Manufactured in the United States of America 10 10

9 9

8

8

7

6

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6

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ISSN 0896-2197 ISBN 0-671-65956-1 0-671-64466-1 Pbk.

3

2

1 Pbk.

135

FROM THE PREFACE Featured in these pages are the latest members of journalism's most exclusive, yet unofficial, club—that special group of people who share the honor of having their names forever linked with the phrase "Pulitzer Prize winner." As American journalism's most prestigious awards, the Pulitzer Prizes have been synonymous with the best in the business for nearly 70 years. Until now, though, the year's award-winning articles, photographs and editorial cartoons have never been collected in a single publication. It is my hope that this volume, in addition to paying tribute to the winners, will become a long-term record of some of the best journalism of the year and expand the audience of any individual contribution beyond its usual circulation to national readership. Editors and reporters can find practical lessons in these articles, and aspiring journalists may study them and learn from the reporting and writing techniques. Those outside the journalism profession will discover that the Pulitzer-winning selections are a good read and remain timely even as the stories continue to unfold. Since the earliest of times, mankind has had a passion to record the events of the day. Yet what constitutes "news," and the methods of gathering it, continue to change. Today, history is recorded instantly in words and photographic images, and the meaning and consequences of each day's events are given immediate analysis. Journalists are already researching, reporting and writing articles that will be chosen as the outstanding Pulitzer Prize-winning works next year. Modern journalism is also, by nature, ephemeral. Today's headlines are quickly discarded as tomorrow's news steals our attention. This volume offers an opportunity to step back, briefly, to note some of the major events of our time and to celebrate outstanding achievement in one of the oldest professions.

136

Although this is the first complete collection of the 1987 Pulitzer Prizes in journalism, the book represents neither a beginning nor an end. The Pulitzer Prizes, established by a grant from Joseph Pulitzer and administered by Columbia University, were first awarded in 1 9 1 7 , and the Pulitzer Prize Board has conferred hundreds of awards since then. This collection of photographs, editorial cartoons and writings is the first in what will be a series of annual anthologies. Only the journalism categories are included in the anthology, because many of the Pulitzer Prizes in the arts and literature categories are printed elsewhere. The pieces published here are reproduced in their entirety and represent a solid sample of each winner's work—a sample that should satisfy even readers with the most hearty appetite for journalism... I have not tried to critique the winning works; that is left to the reader. Each chapter is introduced by the winner's description of the story behind the story—or the story behind the photos or cartoons, as the case may be. These accounts provide fascinating background to some of the most important journalism of the year and give insight into how the journalists turned their work into prize winners. The winning selections are followed by biographical sketches of the contributors, who, after all, the book is really about.

137

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PULITZER PRIZE BOARD MEMBERS SPECIAL CITATION TO JOSEPH PULITZER JR.

ιι 17 19

ONE

"Flying High—Pilots on Drugs" 1987 Winner in the Public Service Category The Pittsburgh Press Andrew Schneider, Matthew Brelis

21

TWO

"The Goodyear War" 63 1987 Winner in the General News Reporting Category Akron Beacon Journal Staff

THREE

"Evidence of Innocence" 121 1987 Winner in the Investigative Reporting Category The Philadelphia Inquirer John Woestendiek "Disorder in the Court" 167 1987 Winner in the Investigative Reporting Category The Philadelphia Inquirer H. G. Bissinger, Daniel R. Biddle, Fredric N . Tulsky

FOUR

FIVE

"Bloom County" 237 1987 Winner in the Editorial Cartooning Category The Washington Post Berke Breathed "The Contra Connection" 1987 Winner in the National Reporting Category The Miami Herald Staff" "The Challenger Explosion" 1987 Winner in the National Reporting Category The New York Times Staff

247

281

138

SIX

"Censored in South Africa" 329 1987 Winner in the International Reporting Category Los Angeles Times Michael Parks

SEVEN

"People Power in the Philippines" 377 1987 Winner in the Spot News Photography Category San Francisco Examiner Kim Komenich

EIGHT

"Shattered Dreams" 385 1987 Winner in the Feature Photography Category The Des Moines Register David Peterson

NINE

TEN

ELEVEN

TWELVE

THIRTEEN

FOURTEEN

"Sunrise on the Border" 1987 Winner in the Editorial Writing Category The Tribune of San Diego Jonathan Freedman

39 1

"Critic's Choice" 1987 Winner in the Criticism Category Los Angeles Times Richard Eder

4"

"Political Prescriptions" 1987 Winner in the Commentary Category The Washington Post Charles Krauthammer

429

"Mediterranean Patrol" 1987 Winner in the Feature Writing Category The Philadelphia Inquirer Steve Twomey

441

"Altered Fates" 465 1987 Winner in the Explanatory Journalism Category Chicago Tribune Jeff Lyon, Peter Gorner "The Fall of the House of Bingham" 54 τ 1987 Winner in the Specialized Journalism Category The New York Times Alex S. Jones

ABOUT THE WINNERS

373

Julian Harris and the Columbus Enquirer-Sun The Consequences of Winning the Pulitzer Prize

by Gregory C. Lisby

University of South Carolina Press Columbia, S.C., 1988

An AEJMC Publication JOURNALISM MONOGRAPHS is one of six publications of the Association for Education in Journalism and Maas Communication: Journalism Quarterly (Founded in 1924); Journalism Educator (founded in 1946); Journalism Abstracts (founded in 1963); Journalism Monographs (founded in 1966); Journalism Directory (founded in 1983); and aejmc News, the organization's newsletter. JOURNALISM MONOGRAPHS was supported for its first two years by a gift from the University of Texas, and until 1979 by the American Association of Schools and Departments of Journalism. Most editions of JOURNALISM MONOGRAPHS are still in print and may be ordered from the Association. Microform and photocopies are also available through University Microfilms International, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Please indicate series number, author and title when ordering single copies. Monographs appearing here are regularly abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life and Resources in Education.

(aejmc) Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication 16?1 College Street u n v e r w y ot South Q n t t n e C O u n t e . SC SM0»0851 (803) 777 m »

Jennifer McGffl Executive Director

Judy Hall Subscription Manager Subscription Information

Address changes must reach the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication 30 days prior to the actual change of address to insure proper delivery. Copies undelivered because of address change will not be replaced. Other claims for undelivered copies must be made within four months of publication. You must give old address and zip code as well as new address on changes. Subscriptions are nonrefundable. Subscription Rates: US individual $20; US institution $25; Foreign individual $25; and Foreign institution $30 (air mafl surcharge, $15). Single issues, $5 (air mail surcharge $3). POSTMASTER: Send address correction form to AEJMC, 1621 College St, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208-0251. JOURNALISM MONOGRAPHS is published serially by AEJMC in Columbia, SC 29208-0251. Copyright 1988 by the Association for Education in Journalism and Maas Communication. ISSN 0022-5525

141

FROM THE PREFACE

The Columbus (Georgia) Enquirer-Sun was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1926 for the most disinterested and meritorious public service rendered in its brave and energetic fight against the Ku Klux Klan, against the enactment of a [l]aw barring the teaching of evolution, against dishonest and incompetent public officials and for justice to the Negro and against lynching. It was the first small city daily to be so honored, the award a result of "a Southern man returning to his sunny native soil to try o u t . . . his metropolitan newspaper experience." Newspaperman Julian LaRose Harris, in the opinion of his wife and colleague, was "responsible for a glorious episode in the history of the modern press in America." Others referred to him as the William Allen White of the South, ' 'a voice crying in the wildreness," and "one of the two or three most useful Georgians living."' Journalist Francis Paul wrote in a national periodical that "if there were more editors like Julian Harris in Georgia, and in the nation at large, the journalistic profession would be a more worthy one." In Columbus, however, Harris and his newspaper were "both dearly beloved and terribly hated."... While other researchers have examined the specific elements of the campaigns for which the Enquirer-Sun won the Pulitzer Prize, no one has chronicled the consequences of that honor. Such is the intent of this monograph. Most of the material contained herein was obtained from the Julian and Julia Collier Harris Papers, housed in the Special Collections Division of the Robert W. Woodruff Library for Advanced Studies at Emory University in Atlanta; the Pulitzer Prize files, housed in the Columbia University Library system (Journalism Building) at Columbia University in New York City; the newspaper library of the Columbus Ledger-Enquirer in Columbus, Georgia; and from interviews with survivors of the events chronicled herein...

142

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

1

Columbus During the 1920s

2

Harris and the Enquirer-Sun

4

An 'Intolerable' Situation

5

Pulitzer Prize Recognition

8

Southern Sensitivities Offended

11

Worsening Financial Problems

15

The Harrises Assessed

18

Conclusions

20

NOTES

21

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 2

National Reporting 1941 - 1 9 8 6 : From Labor Conflicts to the Challenger Disaster

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München • London · New York · Paris 1988

CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of award-winning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. München ; London ; New York; Paris : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Pt. A. Reportage journalism. Vol. 2. National reporting 1941 - 1 9 8 6 : from labor conflicts to the Challenger disaster / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1 9 8 8 ISBN 3-598-30172-3

Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co KG, München 1988 (A member of the international Butterworths Group, London) Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Mainz Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30172-3 (Vol. 2) ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

145

FROM THE PREFACE

Whereas the first volume of this series, which was published in 1987, documented and analyzed the Pulitzer Frizes in the International Reporting category, this book is devoted to the National Reporting category. While several texts have been awarded a general reporting award, a category introduced in 1917 and could be characterized as "national" Prize, none of these hybrids are considered here, because the editors tried to avoid their own definition of the awards. Therefore the true history of the National Reporting category doesn't begin until 1942 when the category "Telegraphic Reporting (National)" was established. This category must be considered as the direct predecessor of the National Reporting category. As in the case of the previous book, very much time was devoted to careful investigation, to ensure that the material is complete. The entries included here, prize winning texts and biographical notes can be found at the Pulitzer Prize office at Columbia University. Initially materials were incomplete; and required correspondence with archives, libraries and newspapers in the United States to establish facts and figures. Entries in published sources were incomplete for the purposes of this volume. Brief biographies of Pulitzer Prize-winners were difficult to locate. Often, even basic information had to be researched in press archives, or by contacting the authors or their relatives..

146

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE

Ν

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

—

XV

Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR NATIONAL REPORTING

XV

SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA

Ι 2

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1941 By Louis Stark, The New York Times

3

LABOR AND THE AMERICAN DEFENSE INDUSTRY FROM NOWHERE (NATIONWIDE) IN 1942 By Nobody, No Newspaper or News Agency

9

TELEGRAPHIC REPORTING (NATIONAL) JURY REPORT OF MARCH 15, 1943 FROM CHICAGO (ILLINOIS) IN 1943 By Dewey L. Fleming, The Baltimore

4

10 N

Sun

REPUBLICANS FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION

12

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1944 By James B. Reston, The New lork Times

Π

EAST AND WEST AGAINST AGGRESSION

18

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1 9 4 5 By Edward A. Harris, St. Louis-Post Dispatch THE OIL AND THE DEMOCRATIC CAMPAIGN FROM ATLANTA (GEORGIA) IN 1946 By Edward Τ. Folliard, The Washington ORGANIZED NAZISM

27 28 33

Post

IN GEORGIA

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1947 By Nat S. Finney, The Minneapolis Tribune SECRECY RULES UNDER TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION

34 39

40

147 FROM PHILADELPHIA BY

CHARLES RACE

P.

ISSUE

(PENNSYLVANIA) IN 1948

TRUSSELL,

THE

REMAINS

PROBLEM

A

NEW

YORK

«

TIMES 46

FROM SEATTLE (WASHINGTON) IN 1949 BY

EDWIN IN

0.

GUTHMAN,

CHARGE

OF

THE

53

SEATTLE

COMMUNIST

TIMES

ACTIVITIES

54

FROM NOWHERE (NATIONWIDE) IN 1950 BY

NOBODY,

NO

MEMBERS OF IN S P R I N G ,

NEWSPAPER

OR

NEWS

THE ADVISORY 1951

59 AGENCY

BOARD

ON

THE

PULITZER

60

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1951 BY

ANTHONY TRUMAN

LEVIERO, AND

THE

MACARTHUR

NEW

YORK

TIMES

ON

WAKE

ISLAND

DON

WHITEHEAD,

PRESIDENT

THE

ELECT

ASSOCIATED

EISENHOWER

Η PRESS

IN

KOREA

72

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1953 BY

RICHARD

WILSON,

RED

RINGS

SPY

THE

IN

DEE

THE

MOINES

WHITE

ANTHONY

LEWIS,

THE

ANOTHER

COMMUNIST-IN-CHARGE

HOUSE

84

WASHINGTON

DAILY

CHARLES

L.

SECRETARY

BARTLETT, OF

AIR

AND

CHATTANOOGA SPECIAL

90

IN 1 9 5 5

DAILY

JAMES

B.

PRESIDENT

RESTON,

THE

NEW

EISENHOWER'S

YORK BAD

PARTNER

RELMAN

G.

MORIN,

A

OF

RACE

CASE

THE

HEALTH

AND

ASSOCIATED

VIOLENCE

96

101

TIMES 102

FROM LITTLE ROCK (ARKANSAS) IN 1957 BY

95

TIMES

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1956 BY

89

NEWS

REHABILITATED

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) BY

83

REGISTER

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1954 BY

6I 62

FROM NEW YORK (NEW YORK) IN 1952 BY

PRIZES

109 PRESS 110

148 FROM IMMOKALEE (FLORIDA) IN 1958 BY

HOWARD

V.

MIGRANTS

SMITH, IN

A

THE

MIAMI

DESPERATE

117

SEWS

SITUATION

118

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1959 BY

VANCE

TRIMBLE,

FAMILY

TIES

SORIPPS-ROWARD

ON

CAPITOL

123

NEWSPAPERS

HILL

124

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1960 BY

EDWARD A

R.

CONY,

QUESTION

OF

THE

WALL

STREET

BUSINESS

129

JOURNAL

ETHICS

130

FROM KNOXVILLE (TENNESSEE) IN 1961 BY

N A T H A N G. TENNESSEAN

CALDWEL1/GENE

CONSPIRACY

IN

THE

S.

COAL

139

GRAHAM,

THE

NASHVILLE

INDUSTRY

140

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1962 BY

ANTHONY U.S.

LEWIS,

SUPREME

THE

NEW

COURT

LORK

UNDER

155

TIMES

FIRE

156

FROM DALLAS (TEXAS) IN 1963 BY

MERRIMAN

SMITH,

PRESIDENT

JOHN

UNITED F.

I6I

PRESS

KENNEDY'S

INTERNATIONAL ASSASSINATION

162

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1964 BY

LOUIS THE

M.

KOHLMEIER,

PRIVATE

WEALTH

THE OF

WALL

STREET

PRESIDENT

I^I

JOURNAL

JOHNSON

172

179

FROM SELMA (ALABAMA) IN 1965 BY

HAYNES AN

JOHNSON,

ALABAMA

TOWN

THE

WASHINGTON

FACES

RACIAL

EVENING

STAR

PROBLEMS

180

FROM FREEPORT (THE BAHAMAS) IN 1966 BY

M O N R O E W. K A R M I N / S T A N L E Y W . GRAND

BAHAMA

ISLAND

PENN,

ATTRACTS

ΙΒ9 THE

U.S.

WALL

STREET

GAMBLERS

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1967 BY

NATHAN

K.

KOTZ,

INVESTIGATING

MINNEAPOLIS

THE

MEAT

JOURNAL 190

203

TRIBUNE INDUSTRY

204

149 211

FROM MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK (COLORADO) IN 1968 BY

ROBERT THE

CAHN,

THE

CHRISTIAN

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1969

219

WILLIAM

J.

EATON,

PREJUDICED

ARE

BURSTING

MONITOR 212

A

PARKS

SCIENCE

PEOPLE

BY

NATIONAL

CHICAGO

JUDGE

IS

WITH

DAILY

TURNED

HEWS

DOWN

220

22

FROM DWIGHT (ILLINOIS) IN 1970 BY

LUCINDA THE

FRANKS/THOMAS

MAKING

OF

A

POWERS,

FEMALE

UNITED

FREES

TERRORIST

228

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1971 BY

JACK

ANDERSON,

TENSIONS

BELL-MCCLURE

IN W A S H I N G T O N ' S

?

INTERNATIONAL

237

SYNDICATE FOREIGN

RELATIONS

238

FROM ST, LOUIS (MISSOURI) IN 1972 BY

ROBERT A

S.

BOYD/CLARK

SENATOR'S

HISTORY

HOYT, OF

KNIGHT

NEWSPAPERS

PSYCHIATRIC

THERAPY

242

FROM NEW YORK (NEW YORK) IN 1973 BY

JAMES

R.

PAYING

POLK,

FOR

THE

WASHINGTON

PRESIDENT

STAR-SEWS

NIXON'S

CAMPAIGN

254

2

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1974 BY

D O N A L D L. B A R L E T T / J A M E S B. S T E E L E , UPPER

INCOME

TAXPAYERS

AND

TAX

THE PHILADELPHIA

RETURNS

&3

INQUIRER 264

FROM NEW ORLEANS (LOUISIANA) IN 1975 BY

JAMES

V.

CORRUPT

RISSER, GRAIN

THE

SHIP

DES

MOINES

INSPECTORS

REGISTER ACCUSED

270

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1976 BY

MALTER

R.

MEARS,

CARTER

OR

FORD

THE

FOR

ASSOCIATED

U.S.

PRESIDENT

278

FROM JOHNSTOWN (PENNSYLVANIA) IN 1977 BY

GAYLORD DAM

D.

SHAW,

INSPECTIONS

LOS

ANGELES

DIDN'T

PREVENT

2Η

PRESS

2

ES

TIMES A

CATASTROPHE

286

150 FROM DENVER (COLORADO) IN 1978 By James V. Risser, The Des Moines.

291 Register

HEAVY IRRIGATION THREATENS WATER SUPPLY

292

FROM CLEARWATER (FLORIDA) IN 1979 By Charles Stafford/Bette S. Orsini, St. Petersburg

299 Times

SCIENTOLOGY'S WHEELINGS AND DEALINGS FROM WHY (ARIZONA) IN 1980 By John M. Crewdson, The New lork

300 307

Times

POVERTY MAKES THEM ILLEGAL ALIENS FROM NIXON (NEVADA) IN 1981 By Rick Atkinson, The Kansas

308 319

City

Times

INDIANS DEMAND THEIR WATER RIGHTS

320

FROM BOSTON (MASSACHUSETTS) IN 1982 By Christina Robb, The Boston Globe

331

AGAINST THE NUCLEAR ARMS RACE

332

FROM EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE (CALIFORNIA) IN 1983 By John N. Wilford, The Sew lork Times

335

SPACE SHUTTLE COLUMBIA RETURNS SAFELY FROM DES MOINES (IOWA) IN 1984 By Tom Knudson, The Des Moines

336 SAI

Register

THE MOST DANGEROUS JOB OF FARMING FROM DALLAS (TEXAS) IN 1985 By J. Craig Flournoy/George P. Rodrigue, Dallas

342 3« Morning

RACIAL SEGREGATION AND HOUSING DISCRIMINATION FROM HOUSTON (TEXAS) IN 1986 ····· By Richard Witkin, The New York Times CHALLENGER EXPLOSION REMAINS UNSOLVED

Hews 352 369 370

WINNERS OF THE NATIONAL REPORTING AWARD, 1987 - 2001 - SPACE FOR NOTES -

374

INDEX

377

151

The Pulitzer Prizes

Volume 2: 1988

by Kendall J. Wills

Simon & Schuster New York 1988

152

TOUCHSTONE Simon & Schuster Building Rockefeller Center 1 2 3 0 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10020 Copyright © 1988 by Kendall J . Wills All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form T O U C H S T O N E and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster Inc. Designed by Bonni Leon Manufactured in the United States of America 10

9

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ι ι

Pbk.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 88-641507 I S B N 0 - 6 7 1 - 6 7 2 5 5-x I S B N 0-671-67202-9 Pbk.

153

FROM THE PREFACE The winners in the fourteen Pulitzer Prize journalism categories presented here are striking in their powerful reflection of the human condition. While each of the works is dramatic in its own right, the news articles, photographs and editorial cartoons tell a collective tale that is more significant than a simple assemblage of unrelated stories. To be sure, this volume contains some of the year's biggest stories — t h e stock-market crash, the PTL scandal, the "crack" cocaine menace and others that will be remembered years from now as among the most important issues of the day. But there are also lesser-known dramas presented by some of the country's best journalists. Although some of these stories have not yet received much attention outside the circulation areas of the newspapers in which they were printed, they are equally compelling chapters in our nation's history and deserving of our attention. The special value of this volume of The Pulitzer Prizes is the presentation, for the first time, of all the 1988 prizewinning works under one cover. This anthology includes fresh stories from around the country, told by some of the most seasoned as well as by some of the best emerging storytellers... Again this year, each chapter is introduced by the winners' descriptions of the background to the news events and the "inside stories" of how they turned the works into prizewinners. These essays are as compelling and instructive as the articles, photos and cartoons that follow. Despite the widespread interest in the Pulitzer Prizes and the significant publicity that surrounds almost everything related to them, I've discovered much confusion about how the works are nominated and who selects the winners. I think it's worthwhile, therefore, to describe briefly the selection process.

154

Anyone can submit an entry from a daily or weekly publication to the Pulitzer Prize Committee; all entries must reach the committee at the Columbia University campus by February ι for works published the previous year. The Pulitzer Prize Committee, composed of 1 7 members (listed on page 17), selects five jurors—journalists from newspapers across the country—in each of the 14 categories to review the entries. These 70 jurors serve one-year terms. After evaluating the entries, the jurors choose three finalists, which are nominated and presented to the Pulitzer Committee. The committee then reviews the nominations and may add to the lists presented to it. Committee members serve overlapping terms of three years. As vacancies occur, the committee chooses replacements. In the spring, the Pulitzer Committee selects the winners and awards them $ 3 , 0 0 0 from the endowment established by Joseph Pulitzer, the late newspaper publisher who envisioned the awards. The first awards were conferred in 1 9 1 7 , six years after his death. During the last 7 1 years, the selection process has successfully drawn attention to a treasury of outstanding achievement by American journalists. The winners have truly earned the respect that comes with being "the best in the business."

155

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PULITZER PRIZE BOARD MEMBERS ONE

TWO

"The PTL Scandal"

II

17 19

1988 Winner in the Public Service Category The Charlotte Observer Staff "A Death in the Family" 71 1988 Winner in the General News Reporting Category The Alabama Journal Staff "When Furloughed Murderers Strike Again" 116 1988 Winner in the General News Reporting Category Laurence Eagle-Tribune Staff

THREE

"The Spoils of Power" 153 1988 Winner in the Investigative Reporting Category Chicago Tribune Dean Baquet, Ann Marie Lipinski, William Gaines

FOUR

"Rebellious Genes" 211 1988 Winner in the Editorial Cartooning Category The Atlanta Constitution and The Charlotte Observer Doug Marlette

FIVE

"The Pentagon's Secret Cache" 1988 Winner in the National Reporting Category The Philadelphia Inquirer Tim Weiner

223

SIX

"Bitter Politics in the Middle East" 259 1988 Winner in the International Reporting Category The New York Times Thomas L. Friedman

SEVEN

"The Rescue of Baby Jessica" 305 1988 Winner in the Spot News Photography Category

156 The Odessa American Scott Shaw

EIGHT

"The Graveyard"

311

1988 Winner in the Feature Photography Category The Miami Herald Michel duCille

NINE

"Florida's Shame"

315

1988 Winner in the Editorial Writing Category The Orlando Sentinel Jane Healy

TEN

ELEVEN

"Child of the Television A g e " 1988 Winner in the Criticism Category The Washington Post Tom Shales

341

"Dave Barry's Quirky 'Yuk System' "

377

1988 Winner in the Commentary Category The Miami Herald Dave Barry

TWELVE

THIRTEEN

FOURTEEN

" A I D S in the Heartland" 1988 Winner in the Feature Writing Category St. Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch Jacqui Banaszynski

401

"Scandals and Scares on Wall Street" 461 1988 Winner in the Explanatory Journalism Category The Wall Street Journal Daniel Hertzberg, James B. Stewart "Lax Laboratories"

497

1988 Winner in the Specialized Journalism Category The Wall Street Journal Walt Bogdanich

ABOUT THE WINNERS

545

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 3

Local Reporting 1947 -1987: From a County Vote Fraude to a Corrupt City Council

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München · London · New York • Paris 1989

CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München ; London ; New York ; Paris: Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 3 : Pt. A, Reportage journalism. Local reporting 1947 1987 : from a county vote fraude to a corrupt city council / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1 9 8 9 ISBN 3-598-30173-1

© 1989 by K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München (Mitglied der internationalen Butterworth-Gruppe, London) Alle Rechte vorbehalten • All Rights Strictly Reserved Jede Art der Vervielfältigung ohne Erlaubnis des Verlages ist unzulässig. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Mainz Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30173-1 (Vol. 3) ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

159

FROM THE PREFACE

The Pulitzer Prize Archive series, the first part of which is dedicated to the documentation and interpretation

of Pulitzer

Prize articles from the area of reportage journalism, is now being continued with the publication of a third volume. Whereas the first volume

(1987) covered the area of International Reporting

and the second volume

(1988) dealt with the sphere of National

Reporting, this third volume covers the field of Local Reporting. Even before this third category of Pulitzer Prize awards was established, press articles on local issues had still often been distinguished with awards. This occurred,, however, within the general reporting category - a sort of melting pot which incorporated all entries which did not fall into more specific categories. A specific local reporting category specifically was first introduced in the late forties, when the already-mentioned general reporting category was divided

in order to better distinguish

between different areas. The Pulitzer Prize entry forms of 1947/48 were the first to mention a category devoted exclusively to local reporting. Since 1953, both categories, which to some extent included local reporting, ran parallel to one another. These were the categories Reporting, Edition Time and Reporting, No Edition Time. In 1964 these were renamed Local General Spot Newa Reporting and Local Investigative Specialized Reporting. Since 1985, still running parallel, these two categories have been called General News Reporting and Investigative Reporting. This third volume pays particular attention to the area of investigative reporting by primarily presenting texts or categories of texts which are less the result of reporting on current events under deadline pressure, and more those involving a high level of thorough and detailed journalistic investigation. Although the term "investigative reporting" was first recognized during the seventies, this method of investigation had already been employed for a long time previously. This was of course reflected in numerous Pulitzer Prizes from the forties onwards, whereby winning

160 articles were praised for their qualities of "exposure", "disclosure" or "uncovering". By concentrating on the documentation of investigative journalism within the sphere of reports on local issues, Volume 3 in the Pulitzer Prize Archive series does not in any way suggest the inferiority of other prize categories for reporting on local issues. For editorial reasons, a decision between the two main genres of local reporting had to be made. Thus this publication contains many texts - sensational in their day - which still impress today's reader with their original fire. Often, these local reporters were hindered or personally threatened during the course of their investigations. Many doors were closed to them once their investigative intentions became clear...

161

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

Ν

INTRODUCTION

χν

By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR LOCAL REPORTING

XV

S E L E C T I O N S FROM AWARD-WINNING E N T R I E S

Ι

REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA FROM M C R A E (GEORGIA) IN 1947 By George E. Goodwin, The Atlanta

2 3

Journal

APPARENT FRAUD IN THE ELECTION PROCESS FOR A GOVERNOR

..

FROM NEW YORK (NEW YORK) IN 1 9 4 8 By Malcolm M. Johnson, The Sun, New York

"

TERROR AND THE GRIP OF ORGANIZED CRIME IN A SEAPORT FROM CAMDEN

I?

Times

SLAUGHTER OF CITY RESIDENTS BY A FRANTIC WAR VETERAN FROM SAN FRANCISCO By

12

(NEW JERSEY) IN 1949

By Meyer Berger, The New York

(CALIFORNIA)

Edward S. Montgomery, San

...

Francisco

(CALIFORNIA)

Examiner 30 33

IN 1 9 5 1

By George de Carvalho, San Francisco

18 29

IN 1950

INTERNAL REVENUE OFFICE SUSPECTED OF EXTORTING TAX PAYERS FROM SAN FRANCISCO

4

Chronicle

RANSOM PAYMENTS BY IMMIGRANTS FOR RELATIVES IN RED CHINA FROM QUEENS (NEW YORK) IN 1952 By Edward J. Mowery, New Jork World-Telegram

and

The

34

Sun

RE-EXAMINATION O F A CITIZEN'S INCONGRUOUS CONVICTION

...

38

162 FROM TOPEKA (KANSAS) IN 1953 By Alvin S. McCoy, The Kansas

« City

Star

STATE PURCHASE CONNECTED WITH FEES AND POL ITICAL INFLUENCE FROM AUSTIN (TEXAS) IN 1954 By Röland K. Towery, The Cuero

W Record

ABUSES ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF A STATE VETERANS LAND PROGRAM FROM NORTH ADAMS (MASSACHUSETTS) By Arthur J. Daley, The New York

44

IN 1955 Times

SS

A FAMOUS BOXER AWAITING HEAVYWEIGHT WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP . FROM SEATTLE (WASHINGTON) IN 1956 By William G. Lambert/Wallace L. Turner, The

50

56 59

Oregonian

ILLEGAL ENTERPRISES BETWEEN GAMBLERS AND UNION OFFICIALS

60

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1957 By George Beveridge, The Evening Star, Washington, D.C. NEED FOR NEW POLITICAL APPARATUS REVEALED BY GROWING CITIES

66

FROM SCRANTON (PENNSYLVANIA) IN 1958 By John H. Brislin, The Soranton Tribune NO APPEAL FOR LABOR LEADERS BEING SENTENCED TO PRISON .. FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1959 — By Miriam Ottenberg, The Evening Star, Washington, D.C. UNSCRUPULOUS CAR DEALERS' TRICKS IN CHEATING CUSTOMERS . FROM BUFFALO (NEW YORK) IN 1960 By Edgar May, Buffalo Evening News DISTRESSING PROBLEMS OF STATE PUBLIC WELFARE PROGRAMS .. FROM CHICAGO (ILLINOIS) IN 1961 ···· By George W. Bliss, Chicago Tribune CITY SANITARY DISTRICT LOADED WITH POLITICAL FAVORITES .

74 77 78 83 84 09 90

163 FROM PECOS (TEXAS) IN 1962 By Oscar 0. Griffin Jr., The Pecos

95 Independent

FRAUD IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE BY FORGED SECURITIES

96

FROM PHILADELPHIA (PENNSYLVANIA) IN 1963 By Albert V . Gaudiosi/James v . Magee/Frederick A. Meyer, The Philadelphia Bulletin

99

UNLAWFUL GAMBLING FOUND OUT BY UNDERCOVER AGENTS

100

FROM PASADENA (TEXAS) IN 1964 By Gene Goltz, The Houston Post

105

PERSONAL PROFITS GATHERED BY MAYOR AND OTHER NOTABLES

..

FROM BARTOW (FLORIDA) IN 1965 By John A. Frasca, The Tampa Tribune

111

TRUE PERPRETATION OF ROBBERIES FINALLY CLEARED UP

112

FROM SARASOTA (FLORIDA) IN 1966 By Gene Miller, The Miami Eerald

IN

WOMAN IMPRISONED FOR TWO MURDERS CAN BE PROVED INNOCENT FROM NEW YORK (NEW YORK) IN 1967 By J. Anthony Lukas, The New lork

106

118 ISI

Times

LAST PHASE IN THE LIFE OF A DRUG-ADDICTED YOUNG WOMAN .. FROM ST. LOUIS (MISSOURI) IN 1968 By Albert L. Delugach/Denny Walsh, St·, Louis

1« Globe-Democrat

CRIMINAL AGREEMENTS UPON AN EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PROGRAM ... FROM MONTGOMERY (ALABAMA) IN 1969 By Harold E. Martin, The Montgomery

132

146 I*9

Advertiser

DRUG EXPERIMENTS ON PRISONERS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL CONCERNS

150

FROM CHICAGO (ILLINOIS) IN 1970 By William H. Jones, Chicago Tribune MISTREATMENT OF PATIENTS IN PRIVATE AMBULANCE BUSINESS

155 .

156

164 FROM SOMERVILLE (MASSACHUSETTS) IN 1971 By

S t e p h e n A.

Kurkjian/Timothy

Lei a n d / G e r a r d

Ann DeSantis/Ellen S. Zack, The Boston

M.

Globe

O'Neill/

COLLUSION BETWEEN PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND FAVORED COMPANIES FROM BOYS TOWN (NEBRASKA) IN 1972 By

Douglas Douglas

169

R. B r o w n / W e s l e y R. I v e r s e n / H . M i c h a e l D. S m i t h / P a u l N. W i l l i a m s , West Omaha

Rood/ Sun

LUCRATIVE INCOME OF A WELL-KNOWN CHILD-CARE HOME

170

FROM QUEENS (NEW YORK) IN 1973 By

William

S h e r m a n , Daily

News,

ISI New

York

FEDERAL SYSTEM OF MEDICAL CARE ABUSED BY PHYSICIANS .... FROM INDIANAPOLIS (INDIANA) IN 1974 By

Cady/ Star

FROM CHICAGO (ILLINOIS) IN 1975 Tribune

B. C r a w f o r d / Zekman,

ROTTEN CITIES RESULTING FROM A FEDERAL HOUSING PROGRAM . FROM WAYMART (PENNSYLVANIA) IN 1976 By

Acel

Moore/Wendell

Inquirer

L.

Rawls

J r . , The

207

FROM STAMFORD (CONNECTICUT) IN 1977 By Anthony R. Dolan, The Advocate, Stamford

224 229

FROM POTTSVILLE (PENNSYLVANIA) IN 1978 G. J a s p i n ,

208 223

GRAFTS FOR CITY POLICE TO PROTECT GAMBLING SYNDICATES ..

G i l b e r t M. G a u l / E l l i o t

200

Philadelphia

UNNATURAL CAUSES OF DEATH AT A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL

By

190 199

G e o r g e W. B l i s s / J a m e s A . B r a n e g a n / W i l l i a m W i l l i a m C. G a i n e s / C h a r l e s N e u b a u e r / P a m e l a

Chicago

182 "9

W i l l i a m E. A n d e r s o n / H a r l e y R. B i e r c e / R i c h a r d E. G e r a l d W. C l a r k / M y r t a P u l l i a m , The Indianapolis

BRIBABLE POLICEMEN INVOLVED IN CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES

By

162

"Pottsville

Republican

BANKRUPTCY OF A COAL COMPANY WELL-PLANNED BY MAGNATES ..

230

165 FROM BOSTON (MASSACHUSETTS) IN 1979 By Nils J. A. Bruzelius/Alexander Β. Hawes Jr./Stephen A. Kurkjian/Robert M. Porterfield/Joan Vennochi , The Boston Globe INEFFICIENCY W I T H I N U N I O N - D O M I N A T E D AUTHORITY

TRANSPORTATION

FROM TUCSON (ARIZONA) IN 1980 By Clark Hal las/Robert B. Lowe, The Arizona

FROM SEATTLE (WASHINGTON)

238 245

Daily

Star

IMPROPER USE OF UNIVERSITY ATHLETIC R E C R U I T I N G FUNDS

By Paul Henderson, The

...

IN 1981

Seattle

255 256

FROM WASHINGTON (DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA) IN 1982 By Loretta Tofani, The Washington Post RAPES AND VIOLENT SEXUAL ASSAULTS

267

IN A COUNTY JAIL

FROM ATLANTA (GEORGIA) IN 1983 By Kenneth J. Cooper/Stan Grossfeld/Jonathan Kaufman/ Norman A. Lockman/Gary W. McMi11an/Kirk Scharfenberg/ David M. Wessel, The Boston Globe M O R E ECONOMIC O P P O R T U N I T I E S AND P O L I T I C A L POWER FOR BLACKS FROM ST. PETERSBURG

(FLORIDA)

By Lucy Morgan/Jack

Reed, St. Petersburg

IN 1984

(KENTUCKY)

268 283

284 289

Times

YOUNG GIRLS A B U S E D AS BAIT IN A DRUG INVESTIGATION

FROM LEXINGTON

246

Times

INNOCENT M A N WRONGLY CONVICTED O F A RAPE CASE

By Jeffrey A. Marx/Michael

237

IN 1985 M. York, Lexington

297 Herald-Leader

GENEROUS BENEFITS FROM BOOSTERS TO SPORTS STUDENTS FROM PHILADELPHIA (PENNSYLVANIA) IN 1986 By Daniel R. Biddle/Henry G. B i s s i n g e r / F r e d r i c The Philadelphia Inquirer

290

298 321

N. Tulsky,

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN LAWYERS AND JUDGES THEY HELP ELECT .

322

166 FROM CHICAGO (ILLINOIS)

IN 1987

By Dean Baquet/Wi11iam C. Gaines/Ann M. Chicago Tribune

...

347

Lipinski,

CITY C O U N C I L DOMINATED BY WASTE O F MONEY AND INTEREST

SELF348

WINNERS OF T H E LOCAL REPORTING AWARD, 1 9 8 8 - 2 0 0 1 - SPACE FOR NOTES INDEX

374 377

167

The Pulitzer Prizes

Volume 3: 1989

by Kendall J. Wills

Simon & Schuster New York 1989

168

TOUCHSTONE Simon &. Schuster Building Rockefeller Center 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10020 Copyright © 1989 by Kendall J. Wills All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. TOUCHSTONE and. colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster Inc. Designed by Bonni Leon Manufactured in the United States of America 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 . 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

(Pbk.)

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Pulitzer prizes 1989. "A touchstone book." r. Journalism—United States. 2. Pulitzer prizes. I. Wills, Kendall J. PN4726.P82 1989 071'.3 89-2x780 ISBN 0-671-68748-4 ISBN 0-671-68749-2 (pbk.)

169

FROM THE PREFACE As you begin reading each chapter in this book, pause a moment and briefly imagine the "thud" of a newspaper landing at your doorstep, bearing the latest news from around the world or from across town. The freshness of those daily reports is preserved here in the latest annual volume of The Pulitzer Prizes. This year's collection of prizewinning news stories, photographs and editorial cartoons presents some of the most important news of the day, covered by some of the country's best journalists. These are the articles, photographs and cartoons that were selected as the best of the year by the winners' peers—juries of fellow journalists, some of whom are themselves former Pulitzer Prize winners. The final selections were made in March by 18 members of the Pulitzer Prize Board, composed of journalists and academicians. (A list of the board members is on page xvii.) The winning entries this year in the 14 Pulitzer Prize categories cover a broad range of writing styles and emotions. There is drama— ... There is humor— ... There is "watch dog" journalism at its best... There is great writing... There is thoughtful analysis · · · There is investigation... There is discovery coupled with a warning... There is writing that will educate... There are historic developments... Indeed, most of the stories in this book are ongoing. These articles are not destined to obscurity in the newspapers' "morgues," where old clips are filed. They form the basis of related stories that fill today's newspapers and that will shape the news of tomorrow. Finally, there is the story behind the story. As in past volumes, the winners here introduce their work by explaining how they go about

170

their craft. In the winners' own words, these essays offer the behindthe-scenes descriptions of the efforts that went into the works before they could appear in the newspapers. They describe false starts, setbacks at the hands of those who did not want the articles to be published and, finally, triumphs. These letters from the winners are as engaging as the winning works. Glenn Frankel, for instance, describes the difficulty of reporting as a neutral observer from the tension-filled Middle East. "Perhaps it was inevitable," he writes, "that in a conflict in which both sides routinely invoke history, morality and religion for their cause, no one would be allowed to remain neutral for very long and that the press itself would be quickly perceived as a combatant."... Clarence Page explains how his columns reflect an outlook shaped by an early encounter with racism. "I would be lying," he admits, "if I said that I was not profoundly influenced to this day by the bitter experience of being told at the age of six that I could not go to a nearby amusement park because 'little colored children ain't allowed in that park.' " . . . There's more. These Pulitzer Prize-winning articles, photographs and editorial cartoons, plus the reflections of the winners, provide a storehouse of stimulating reading about the issues at the top of this nation's agenda and on the front pages of American newspapers. It's worth saying again: The stories continue.

171

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PULITZER PRIZE BOARD MEMBERS ONE

x

xvj

"A People in Peril"

}

1989 Winner in che Public Service Category Anchorage Daily News Staff TWO

"Campaign for Bus Safety"

63

1989 Winner in the General News Reporting Category The Louisville Courier-Journal Staff

THREE

FOUR

FIVE

"The Color of Money" 97 1989 Winner in the Investigative Reporting Category The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Bill Dedman " A Cartoonist's Tickle and J a b " 1989 Winner in the Editorial Cartooning Category Chicago Sun-Times Jack Higgins

143

"The Great Tax Giveaway"

153

1989 Winner in the National Reporting Category The Philadelphia Inquirer Donald L. Barlett and James B. Sceele SIX

"The Palestinian Uprising"

229

1989 Winner in the International Reporting Category The Washington Post Glenn Frankel "Gorbachev's Grand Plan" 272 1989 Winner in the International Reporting Category The New York Times Bill Keller

172

SEVEN

"Rescue A t t e m p t "

313

1 9 8 9 Winner in the Spot News Photography Category St. Louis Post-Dispatch Ron Olshwanger

EIGHT

" A Class A c t "

317

1 9 8 9 Winner in the Feature Photography Category Detroit Free Press Manny Crisostomo

NINE

" C i t y Government's Folly and Fraud"

321

1 9 8 9 Winner in the Editorial Writing Category Chicago Tribune Lois W i l l e TEN

"Literary Heroes and 'Creative Writing' "

343

1 9 8 9 Winner in the Criticism Category The Raleigh News and Observer Michael Skube

ELEVEN

" T h e People's Republic of Chicago"

371

1 9 8 9 Winner in the Commentary Category Chicago Tribune Clarence Page

TWELVE

" B e i n g Black in South A f r i c a "

3 9 7

1 9 8 9 Winner in the Feature Writing Category The Philadelphia

Inquirer

David Zucchino

THIRTEEN

"Anatomy of an Air Crash"

433

1 9 8 9 Winner in the Explanatory Journalism Category The Dallas Morning News David Hanners, William Snyder, Karen Blessen

FOURTEEN

"Death in the Dark"

493

1 9 8 9 Winner in the Specialized Reporting Category The Orange County Register Edward Humes

ABOUT THE WINNERS ABOUT THE EDITOR

519 527

173

The New York Times Facing World War II Articles, Maps and Statistics from a Pulitzer Prize-winning Exhibit

by

Erika J. Fischer and Heinz-D. Fischer

Peter Lang Frankfurt am Main - Bern - New York - Paris 1990

174

CIP-Trtelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Fischer, Erika J.: The New York Times' facing World War II: articles, maps and statistics from a Pulitzer Prize-winning exhibit / Erika J. Fischer; Heinz-D. Fischer. - Frankfurt am Main ; Bern ; New York; Paris : Lang, 1990 ISBN 3-8204-9706-4 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich:

Cover design by Marcia Zoladz, Rio de Janeiro

ISBN 3-8204-9706-4 ©Verlag Peter Lang GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 1990 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Printed in Germany 1 2

4567

175 FROM THE PREFACE

Entering the Pulitzer Prize Archive at Columbia University, New York, one gets impressed not only by the rich collection of awarded works from journalism and literature but also by a wooden box, only marked with the logo

, indicating nothing more about its

content. The strange container, 21.88 inches long, 16.64 inches deep and 4.16 Inches high, is covered by a movable lid and kept together by a rather large belt. The content must be considered as one of the largest press-material entries, the Pulitzer Prize-juries ever received from a newspaper to be evaluated. The material - an imposing cross-section of descriptions and statistical data concerning the newspaper itself and a rich choice of foreign news and corresponding comments on international affairs - was The New lork Times ' entry to gain the Pulitzer Prize for "meritorious public service" in 1941.

However, it was not The Sew York Times but the St. Louis PostDispatch being honored in that award-category "for its successful campaign against the city smoke nuissance." Reporting and corresponding analysis on the dangers of pollution were preferred by the jury instead of the World War-orientated foreign news and comments of the New York paper. Nevertheless, the jury as well as the Advisory Board were deeply impressed by the carefully choosen and organized material, supporting The Neu iork Times' presentation.

In fact the material was considered that interesting and worthy, that both relevant committees took their - rarely used - right to honour applications beside the regular Pulitzer Prize categories by conferring "Special Awards and Citations." The New York Times' entry, receiving this special prize, not only consisted (as usual) of published press material.

The newspaper added rather compact background-information concerning the structure, composition and financial situation of the whole foreign correspondence system. So one of the leading US dailies confided to the Pulitzer Prize Committee and - as a consequence to the general public facts and data about its economic situation,

176 which normally is considered as a top secret matter for companyleaders' eyes only. The Pulitzer Prize Jury and the Advisory Board expressed their respect for the large impact of information, being typical for the background-material as well as for the "regular" New York Times ' publications in the entry, with a special award "for the public educational value of its foreign news reports, exemplified by its scope, by excellence of writing and presentation, illustration, and interpretation." This eulogy characterizes exactly the materials' content, but for a press-researcher it even means more. Five decades after presenting the entry, the material still seems that expressive, that the interested professional public should be enabled to have access to its content. Although the entry contains more detailed information on The New York Times ' inner structure than the newspapers' official history books, the material is not only "historically" relevant but also for scholarly purposes...

177 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

9

GENERAL STATEMENT

ON THE NEWSPAPER

11

0

STAFF AND FOREIGN NEWS SERVICE IN 1940

14

0

FOREIGN NEWS STAFF AND REGULAR CORRESPONDENTS

17

0

FOREIGN NEWS BUREAUS - CLERICAL STAFF

20

0

MAPS SHOWING SPECIAL FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS

21

DISPATCHES

FROM V A R I O U S

CORRESPONDENTS

25

0

GERMANS PREPARE MILITARY ATTACK by Otto D. Tolischus, Berlin

25

0

CONDUCT OF WAR FORCES ELECTION IN CANADA by Frederick T. Birchall, Ottawa

28

0

FINNS HALT DRIVE TO RELIEVE ENEMY by Karl I. N. Eskelund, Helsinki

33

0

NEW TERMS EXCEED PRE-WAR DEMANDS by Harold Callender, Stockholm

35

0

DANES 'CARRY ON' UNDER OCCUPATION by Sven Carstensen, Copenhagen

39

0

ITALY'S WAR ENTRY AFTER JUNE 10 SEEN by Herbert L. Matthews, Rome

42

0

BRITAIN WILL CARRY ON FIGHT by Raymond Daniell, London

45

0

REFUGEES JAM ROADS FROM PARIS by Percy J. Philip, Tours

50

0

JAPAN MAY ATTACK FRENCH INDO-CHINA by F. Tillman Durdin, Chungking

52

0

FRENCH STILL HIDE ARMY'S WEAKNESS by Gaston H. Archambault, Bordeaux

54

0

INSIDE PANAMA CANAL DEFENSE ZONE by Russell B. Porter, Quito

57

0

HONG KONG READY TO DEFEND ITSELF by Harold Callender, Hong Kong

60

178 0

FOREIGNERS IN MOSCOW PETITION FOR SIMPLE GOODS by George E. R. Gedye, Varna

64

Ο

NAZI MENACE MET IN SOUTH AMERICA by John W. White, Buenos Aires

68

0

JAPAN STAKES HER ALL ON TREATY WITH AXIS by Hugh Byas, Tokyo

71

0

STALIN POLICY STILL A PUZZLE by George E. R. Gedye, Istanbul

74

0

COVENTRY DEAD LAID IN ONE GRAVE by Raymond Daniell, Coventry

76

Ο

ITALIAN DEAD MARK FIELD OF 'CONQUEST' by Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Albania

80

0

JAPAN HAS GIVEN UP CHINA PEACE HOPES by Hallett Abend, Singapore

84

0

UNITY OF AMERICAS IS INAUGURAL NOTE by Arnaldo Cortesi, Mexico City

85

0

LISBON'S REFUGEES NOW PUT AT 8,000 by James B. Reston, Lisbon

91

SPECIAL SERIES OF ARTICLES

95

0

HITLER PREPARED THE PROPAGANDA FRONT by Otto D. Tolischus

0

SOVIET CENSORSHIP BLACKS OUT NEWS by George E. R. Gedye

103

0

NAZIS AIM TO WIN FRANCE TO SYSTEM by Percy J. Philip

107

THE MILITARY AND NAVAL COMMENT

95

115

0

THE FAR EASTERN PROBLEM by Hanson W. Baldwin

115

0

IF GIBRALTAR IS ATTACKED by Hanson W. Baldwin

118

0

SHADOW ON THE MEDITERRANEAN by Hanson W. Baldwin

120

179 EDITORIAL COMMENTS ON THE WAR

125

0

BATTLE OF ORAN IS CHALLENGE OF WAR by Anne O'Hare McCormick

Ο

CONFIDENCE THE WORLD'S FOUNDATION STONE by Anne O'Hare McCormick

Ο

THE LEAGUE SERVED US BETTER by Edwin L. James

131

Ο

HITLER REWRITES MILITARY STORY by Edwin L. James

135

WORLD NEWS IN TYPICAL WEEKDAY AND SUNDAY ISSUES

126 . 129

139

O

THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION (I) by Various Authors

141

Ο

THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION (II) by Various Authors

143

THE MAP SERVICE OF THE NEWSPAPER

145

O

WORLD DOMAINS THAT HANG IN THE BALANCE OF THE EUROPEAN WAR

146

Ο

WHERE JAPAN SEES HERSELF AS THE RULER OF A MIGHTY EMPIRE .

147

Ο

WHERE THE ITALIANS AND BRITISH ARE CLASHING IN EAST AFRICA. 148

Ο

LONDON - THE HEART OF THE CITY

149

Ο

HOW ALL FRANCE IS DIVIDED INTO MANY PARTS

150

0

A WORLD OIL MAP SHOWING SOURCES AND ROUTES OF THE FUEL OF WAR 151

0

HOW THE MAP OF EUROPE HAS CHANGED DURING THE LAST YEAR

152

COMMENTS ON THE PAPER'S NEWS VALUE

153

0

Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Editor of 'Foreign Affairs'

154

0

Edward C. Carter, Secretary-General of the Institute of Pacific Relations

155

0

Frank Ross McCoy, President of the Foreign Policy Association

156

0

Carl W. Ackerman, Dean of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University 157

180 0 0

The New York Times Advertisement after receiving the Pulitzer Prize

158

Members of the Advisory Board of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University

160

APPENDIX

161

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

162

0

PUBLICATIONS ON THE NEW YORK TIMES

162

0

PUBLICATIONS ON THE PULITZER JOURNALISM PRIZES

167

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 4

Political Editorial 1916 -1988: From War-related Conflicts to Metropolitan Disputes

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München · London · New York • Paris 1990

CIP-Titelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek The Pulitzer prize archive: a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München ; London ; New York ; Paris : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 4 : Pt. B. Opinion journalism. Political editorial 1916 — 1988 : from war-related conflicts to metropolitan disputes / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1 9 9 0 ISBN 3-598-30174-X Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier / Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten · All Rights Strictly Reserved K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1990 Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by W S Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Mainz Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30174-X (Vol. 4) ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

183

FROM THE PREFACE Whereas the preceding volumes in this series concentrated on the three main reporting categories of the Pulitzer Prize system international, national and local reporting - the focus now changes to the field of opinion journalism. This particular volume covers the most traditional category

in this field, namely "Editorial

Writing," for which prizes were already awarded in 1917. According to Joseph Pulitzer's will, this prize was to be awarded to "the best editorial article written during the previous year." He went on to make the following specifications: "For distinguished editorial writing in a United States newspaper, published daily, Sunday or at least once a week, during the year, the test of excellence being clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence public opinion in the right direction." In 1928 the wording of the last part of the sentence was changed to "power to influence public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction." Although Joseph Pulitzer originally intended the award to be given to the best individual editorial in any one year, the emphasis today is placed on "the whole volume of the writer's editorial work during the year." To avoid any misinterpretations the Pulitzer Prize plan of award contains the following restrictions: "Exhibits... are limited to. .. ten... editorials... Exhibits must be presented

in scrapbooks... to make clear the full scope

and impact the material entered... The Pulitzer Prize Board requires that any entry which exceeds the limits on article number... be revised to conform the entry requirements before it can be given jury consideration."...

184

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

Ν

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

XIX Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT O F THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR EDITORIAL WRITING

XIX

SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA

Ι 2

ABOUT MILITANT PATRIOTISM IN 1916 By Frank H. Siraonds, New Jork Tribune

3

GERMAN WAR ATROCITIES ARE AN ATTACK UPON CIVILIZATION .. ABOUT WAR CONSEQUENCES IN 1917 By Henry Watterson, The Courier-Journal,

' Louisville

IDEA OF PACIFISM IN TIMES OF EMERGENCY MEANS TREASON ... ABOUT NO TOPIC IN 1918 By Nobody, No Newspaper

10 IS

or News

Agency

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1919 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD' ABOUT LYNCHING PRACTICES IN 1919 By Harvey E. Newbranch, Morning World-Berald,

16 IT

Omaha

LAW EMBODIES THE ONLY PROTECTION AGAINST RIOTS AND VIOLENCE ABOUT NO TOPIC IN 1920 By Nobody, No Newspaper

4

18 23

or News

Agency

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1921 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD' ABOUT SYMBOLIC ACTIONS IN 1921 By Frank M. O'Brien, The New lork

24 25

Herald

DUTY AND HONOR REPRESENT THE WELLSPRINGS OF VICTORY

26

185 ABOUT BASIC RIGHTS IN 1922 By William A. White, The Emporia

29 Gazette

FREEDOM OF SPEECH IS FUNDAMENTAL TO JUSTICE AND PEACE .. ABOUT CALVIN COOLIDGE IN 1923 By Frank W. Buxton, The Boston

31

Herald

HOW TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES ABOUT REGIONAL MENTALITY IN 1924 By Robert Lathan, The News and Courier,

32 35

Charleston

POLITICAL INEFFICIENCY OF SOUTHERN STATES IS PERILOUS .. ABOUT POOR CITIZEN IN 1925 By Edward M. Kingsbury, The Hew York

ABOUT DEATH PENALTY IN 1926 By F. Lauriston Bui lard, The Boston

Timee 40 « Berald

INCONGRUOUS VERDICTS OF GUILT CALL FOR TOTAL CLEARING UP ABOUT ALABAMA LAWS IN 1927 By Grover C. Hall, The Montgomery

36 39

THE DISTRESSED NEED SOCIETY'S GENEROUS HELP AND CHARITY

44 ^

Advertiser

EXECUTIVE POWER KEEPS RATHER QUIET IN VIEW OF OUTRAGES . ABOUT LYNCHING PROCEDURE IN 1928 By Louis I. Jaffe, Virginian-Pilot

48 SI

and Norfolk

Landmark

RACIAL TENSIONS HAVE TO BE OUTLAWED TO STOP MOB MURDERS ABOUT NO TOPIC IN 1929 By Nobody, No Newspaper

30

52 55

or News

Agenoy

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1930 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD' ABOUT NEBRASKA POLITICS IN 1930 By Charles S. Ryckman, The Fremont

56 57

Tribune

EMBITTERED MIDDLE WEST TAKES UNUSUAL REVENGE ON THE NATION

58

186 ABOUT NO TOPIC IN 1931 By Nobody, No Newspaper

65 or News

Agency

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1932 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD' ABOUT INTERNATIONAL QUESTIONS IN 1932 By Henry J. Haskell, The Kaneaa City Star EUROPE'S CONFLICTING SELFISH INTERESTS LOAD MUTUAL CONTACTS ...... ABOUT FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES IN 1933 By Edwin P. Chase, Atlantic Vewe-Telegraph PROSPERITY CAN ONLY BE REGAINED BY THRIFT AND HARD WORK ABOUT NO TOPIC IN 1934 By Nobody, So Newspaper

66 67

68 T3 74 ™

or News

Agency

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1935 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD' ..... ABOUT ROOSEVELT'S INITIATIVES IN 1935 By Felix Morley, The Washington Poet; George B. Parker, Scrippe-Uoward Newspapers PROGRESS AND REVIVAL WILL BE ACHIEVED BY COLLECTIVE EFFORT ABOUT ELECTION LOSSES IN 1936 By John W. Owens, The Baltimore

80 EI

82 87

Sun

ELECTION CAMPAIGN REVEALS REPUBLICANS' LACK OF INTELLECT

88

ABOUT IOWA TRADITIONS IN 1937 By William W. Waymack, The Dee Moines Register FOR ONE CENTURY NOW A SEPARATE AND DEMOCRATIC STATE

93

ABOUT PATRIOTIC FEELINGS IN 1938 By Ronald G. Call vert, The Oregonian,

97

94

Portland

FUNDAMENTAL DEMOCRATIC VALUES MUST BE KEPT WELL IN MIND

98

187 ABOUT HITLER'S CONQUESTS IN 1939 By Bart B. Howard, St. Louie Post-Dispatch GERMANY'S RAIDS THREATEN THE CONTINENTAL BALANCE OF POWER ABOUT GROWING TOTALITARIANISM IN 1940 By Reuben Maury, Daily News, New York

ABOUT NATIONAL ESSENTIALS IN 1941 By Geoffrey Parsons, New lork Herald-Tribune MILITARY ACTION IS BOUND TO STRENGTHEN THE NATION'S DEFENSES

116 121 122 127

Journal 128 131

Democrat-Times

BRAVE EAST ASIAN-AMERICAN SOLDIERS DESERVE FULL RESPECT ABOUT ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS IN 1946 By William H. .Grimes, The Wall Street

132 135

Journal

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS REQUIRE A SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES ABOUT FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN 1947 By Vlrginius Dabney, Richmond

110

Star

FREEDOM OF THE PRESS HINGES ON CLEAR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE ABOUT JAPANESE-AMERICANS IN 1945 By W. Hodding Carter, The Delta

109

US

LANDING IN NORTH AFRICA BADLY PREPARED BY ADMINISTRATION ABOUT WARTIME CENSORSHIP IN 1944 By George W. Potter, The Providence

106

Register

BASIC DEMOCRATIC IDEAS IN JAPAN HAVEN'T BEEN ERASED YET ABOUT AFRICAN BATTLEFIELDS IN 1943 By Henry J. Haskell, The Kansas City

102 105

STATE CONTROL OF INDIVIDUAL AND BUSINESS IS BEING STEPPED UP

ABOUT EAST ASIA IN 1942 By Forrest W. Seymour, The Des Moines

101

136 141

Times-Dispatch

SHOWDOWN OF NATIONAL INTERESTS PREVENTS WORLD-WIDE CONFLICTS

142

188 ABOUT RELIEF PROGRAMS IN 1948 By John H. Crider, The Boston Herald; The Washington Post

Herbert B. Elliston,

EUROPE'S RECOVERY DEPENDS ON GENEROUS AND WELL-ORGANIZED AID ABOUT AMERICAN HOPES IN 1949 By Carl M. Saunders, Jackson

ISI Citizen-Patriot

PRAYERS FOR PEACE WILL LIFT THE BURDEN OFF A WARLIKE WORLD ABOUT CONSTITUTIONAL SUBJECTS IN 1950 By William H. Fitzpatrick, The New Orleans

155 INDIVIDUAL

ABOUT EXAMINATION CHEATING IN 1951 By Louis LaCoss, St. Louis Globe-Democrat PUBLIC MORALS HAVE BEEN SCANTILY TILLED BY POLITICS ABOUT GOVERNMENT POWER IN 1952 By Vermont C. Royster, The Wall Street

152

States

U.N. HUMAN RIGHTS DECLARATION MAY NULLIFY FREEDOM

156 I6? 168 I"

Journal

PRESIDENT OVERSTEPS THE LAW BY ACTING ON HIS OWN DISCRETION ABOUT NATIONAL DEFENSE IN 1953 By Don M. Murray, The Boston Herald

174 I"

EFFICIENT MILITARY POLICY DEMANDS GOOD PLANNING OF RESOURCES ABOUT LABOR CONFLICTS IN 1954 By Royce Β. Howes, The Detroit

146

180 185

Free

Press

A FIRM'S RIGHT TO MANAGE GUARANTEES WEALTH AND EMPLOYMENT ABOUT INVITING RUSSIANS IN 1955 By Lauren K. Soth, The Des Moines

186 I?I

Register

EXCHANGE OF EAST-WEST DELEGATION INCREASES UNDERSTANDING

192

189 ABOUT UNIVERSITY UPROAR IN 1956 By J. Buford Boone, The Tuscaloosa

195 News

ANSWER TO MOB VIOLANCE LIES IN THE USE OF LAW AND ORDER

196

ABOUT INTEGRATION CRISES IN 1957 By Harry S. Ashmore, Arkansas Gazette

I"

FORCE OF ARMS IS NO PROPER MEANS TO PREVENT RACIAL TROUBLES

200

ABOUT RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE IN 1958 By Ralph E. McGill , The Atlanta Constitution

205

EXTREMIST'S BOMBINGS ARE A RESULT OF PEOPLE'S DEFYING LAW ABOUT RACIAL CONTROVERSIES IN 1959 By Lenoir Chambers, The Virginian-Pilot

209

RESISTANCE TO DESEGRATION IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS FINALLY SUBDUED ABOUT CLERICAL INFLUENCES IN 1960 By W i n 1am J. Dorvi111er, the San Juan

210 213

Star

CHURCH AND STATE HAVE TO BE KEPT SEPARATE IN DEMOCRACY ABOUT SECRET ORGANIZATIONS IN 1961 By Thomas M. Storke, Santa Barbara

.

219 220 223 Chronicle

THE STATE'S REJECTION TO INTEGRATION PROVOKES DEMOCRACY. ABOUT KENNEDY'S ASSASSINATION IN 1963 By Hazel B. Smith, The Lexington Advertiser SOUTHERNERS' POLITICAL FANATISM ABETS THE PRESIDENT'S MURDER ABOUT HOUSING REFORMS IN 1964 By John R. Harrison, Gainesville

214

News-Press

POLITICAL FACTIONS SHOULD DISCLOSE THEIR REAL IDENTITY ABOUT RACIAL INJUSTICE IN 1962 By Ira B. Harkey Jr., Pasaagoula,

206

224 227

228 231

Sun

RESPONSIBLE PEOPLE CARE ABOUT DILAPIDATED NEIGHBORHOOD .

232

190 ABOUT SOUTHEAST ASIA IN 1965 By Robert Lasch, St. Louis Post-Dispatoh AMERICA HAS TO FACE THE TRUE NATURE OF THE VIETNAM WAR . ABOUT ATLANTA TURMOILS IN 1966 By Eugene C. Patterson, The Atlanta

236 239

Constitution

ONLY TALKING INSTEAD OF FIGHTING CAN CALM RACIAL RIOTS . ABOUT ANTIWAR ATTITUDES IN 1967 By John S. Knight, Knight Newspapers

240 245

YOUTH ARE FREE TO EXAMINE CAUSES OF WAR AND ITS IMMORALITY ABOUT KING'S MURDER IN 1968 By Paul Greenberg, Pine Bluff

235

246 251

Commercial

NONVIOLENCE AND HUMAN DIGNITY AS THE BLACK PREACHER'S VISION ABOUT JOHNSON'S PRESIDENCY IN 1969 By Philip L. Geyelin, The Washington

252 255

Post

SEVERAL ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT ABOUT PEACEFUL DESEGREGATION IN 1970 By Horance G. Davis Jr., Gainesville Sun INTEGRATED SCHOOL SYSTEM NEEDS ENCOURAGEMENT FROM PARENTS ABOUT ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE IN 1971 By John Strohmeyer, Bethlehem Globe-Times NO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IS WORTH DEGRADING THE ENVIRONMENT ABOUT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN 1972 By Rojer B. Llnscott, The Berkshire Eagle DE'RECIATION OF MORAL VALUES EARMARKS IN FEDERAL GQ/ERNMENT ABOUT ADMINISTRATION FAILURES IN 1973 By F. Gilman Spencer, The Trentonian OFFICIAL CORRUPTION REQUIRES INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS

256 263 264 267

268 273

274 219

280

191 ABOUT SCHOOLBOOK DISPUTES IN 1974 By John D. Maurice, Charleston Daily

285 Mail

CHILDREN'S EDUCATION INCLUDES LIBERAL THINKING AS WELL . ABOUT INFORMATION RESTRICTIONS IN 1975 By Philip P. Kerby, Los Angeles Times

289

UNITED STATES' COURTS SHOULD BE OPEN TO PUBLIC SCRUTINY ABOUT LOCAL CONTROVERSIES IN 1976 By Norman F. Cardoza/Foster Church/Warren L. Lerude, State Journal / Reno Evening Gazette

295

ABOUT FORD'S ADMINISTRATION IN 1977 By Meg Greenfield, The Washington Post

304 309

Star

U.S. POLITICS SHOULD KEEP A DISTANCE FROM MIDDLE EAST AFFAIRS

310 313

Journal

REAL ARMS CONTROL IMPLIES BILATERAL TROOP REDUCTIONS ... ABOUT NO TOPIC IN 1980 By Nobody, So Newspaper

296 303

POLITICAL LEGACY OF AN OUTGOING AMERICAN PRESIDENCY

ABOUT DEFENSE POLITICS IN 1979 By Robert L. Bartley, The Wall Street

290

Nevada

PUBLIC OFFICIALS MUST RESIST TO INFLUENCE OF MONEY AND POWER

ABOUT ISRAEL ENGAGEMENTS IN 1978 By Edwin M. Yoder Jr., The Washington

286

314 319

or News

Agency

BOARD MEMBERS IN SPRING 1981 VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD» ABOUT ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN 1981 By Jack Rosenthal, The New York

320 321

Times

THE VERY POOR DEEPLY FEEL THE CUTS IN SOCIAL SAFETY NET ABOUT ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN 1982 By Joe Oglesby/Robert A. Rankin/Robert F. Sanchez, The Miami Herald HAITIAN REFUGEES IN THE U.S. HAVE TO BE TREATED HUMANELY

322 325

326

192 ABOUT GEORGIA SCANDALS IN 1983 By Albert Scardino, The Georgia

333 Gazette

CORRUPTION EVEN IN STATE GOVERNMENT IS NOT ABOVE THE LAW ABOUT CIA INTERVENTIONS IN 1984 By Richard Aregood, Philadelphia

337 Daily

Newa

U.S. CENTRAL AMERICAN POLICY IS DETERMINED TO GO TO ANY LENGTH ABOUT CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES IN 1985 By Jack Fuller, Chicago Tribune LEGAL PROBLEMS HAVE TO BE DEALT WITH VERY CAUTIOUSLY ... ABOUT POPULATION STRATEGIES IN 1986 By Jonathan Freedman, The Tribune, San Diego IMMIGRATION REFORM BRINGS FREEDOM TO ILLEGAL ALIENS IN U.S ABOUT OVERDEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN 1987 By Jane E. Healy, The Orlando Sentinel WITHOUT BAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT WILL DESTROY A FLORIDA COUNTY ABOUT CHICAGO GOVERNMENT IN 1988 By Lois Wille, Chicago Tribune CITY ECONOMIC PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT MINORITIES ARE ABUSED WINNERS OF THE EDITORIAL WRITING AWARD, 1989 - 2001 - SPACE FOR NOTES INDEX

334

338 341 342 347

348 353

354 361 362

364 367

The Pulitzer Prizes

Volume 4: 1990

by Kendall J. Wills

Simon & Schuster New York 1990

194

TOUCHSTONE Simon & Schuster Building Rockefeller Center 1 2 3 0 Avenue of the Americas New York, New York 10020 Copyright © 1990 by Kendall J . Wills All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. TOUCHSTONE and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster Inc. Designed by Bonni Leon Manufactured in the United States of America 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Pulitzer prizes 1990/edited by Kendall J . Wills p. cm. " A Touchstone book." i . Journalism—United States. 2. Pulitzer prizes Kendall J . PN4726.P825 1990 071'.3—dc20 ISBN 0-671-72584-X

L

Wills

90-102.55 CIP

195

FROM THE PREFACE If the news of the year could be compressed into one newspaper, with the top writers, photographers and editorial cartoonists from papers all over the country contributing their best work, what a treasure that paper would be. In a sense, The Pulitzer Prizes, 1990 is that newspaper. With datelines from Beijing, China, to Buffalo, New York; from Washington, D . C . , to Washington, North Carolina; from Eastern Europe to Albuquerque, New Mexico; from Philadelphia and Pottstown, Pennsylvania, to Colorado Springs, Colorado; from St. Paul, Minnesota, to Valdez, Alaska, and San Jose, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Oakland, California, here are all the 1990 Pulitzer Prize—winning news and feature stories, commentary, editorials, photographs and political cartoons. The past year unleashed a torrent of dramatic news. Revolutionary changes disrupted decades-old political alignments in Eastern Europe; a tragic oil spill by the Exxon Valdez supertanker dealt enormous environmental damage to huge areas of the Alaska coast; Californians were rocked by the destructive force of the earth when a major quake struck the Bay Area; and shock waves were felt around the world as soldiers opened fire on pro-democracy demonstrators in China... This anthology—the "Extra!" edition newspaper—offers something that cannot be found in any of the newspapers that contributed prize-winning material. Here, in essays that introduce each chapter, readers can go behind the scenes and hear in the words of the journalists how they made their stories, photographs or cartoons prize-winners. What is evident from these essays is that instinct, a hunch, tenacity, plain hard work and maybe even a little luck at being in the right place at the right time played a part—small comfort to the teams of editors at some papers who try to cook up potential Pulitzer Prizewinning stories...

196 Some of the prize-winning articles stand out because the reporters left the "pack" of national and international journalists who were covering a story and sought a perspective the others had missed. David Boardman, assistant city editor at The Seattle Times, describes how his team of reporters beat the competition when the Exxon Valdez started leaking oil in what would become the worst oil spill in the country's history. "They were among the first to portray the magnitude of the disaster, to cut through Exxon's public-relations pablum and Alaska state officials' hysteria," Boardman writes. "They found their truth by leaving the pack of journalists in Valdez—which itself was unscarred by the spill—and finding their way to islands stained purple-black with the viscous oil." These and other "stories behind the story" offer rare glimpses into the journalists' thinking that went into the articles before they could be published. They describe the pitfalls, the dead ends, the false starts, the deadline pressures and finally the successful pulling together of information into gripping news stories that shape our perception of the world. This book is a permanent record of some of the best achievements of the journalism profession in the last year. It also stands as a tribute to the winners, who, collectively, make this volume a lasting treasury of great reporting and writing...

197

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PULITZER PRIZE BOARD MEMBERS ONE

TWO

"Not a Drop to Drink" 1990 Winner in the Public Service Category Washington (N.C.) Daily News Staff

ι

"The Blood Brokers" 1990 Winner in the Public Service Category The Philadelphia Inquirer Gilbert M. Gaul

31

"Earthquake!" III 1990 Winner in the General News Reporting Category San Jose Mercury News Staff

THREE

"Arson for Profit" 149 1990 Winner in the Investigative Reporting Category Minneapolis-St. Paul Star Tribune Lou Kilzer and Chris Ison

FOUR

"Tom Toles's Outrage" 191 1990 Winner in the Editorial Cartooning Category The Buffalo News Tom Toles

FIVE

SIX

"The Exxon Valdez Oil Slick" 1990 Winner in the National Reporting Category The Seattle Times Ross Anderson, Bill Dietrich, Mary Ann Gwinn, Eric Nalder

199

"Tiananmen Square" 237 1990 Winner in the International Reporting Category The New York Times Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn

198

SEVEN

"Destruction Along the Fault Line"

279

1 9 9 0 Winner in the Spot News Photography Category The (Oakland) Tribune Staff

EIGHT

"Faces of Democratic Change"

285

1 9 9 0 Winner in the Feature Photography Category Detroit Free Press David C. Turnley

NINE

"America's Endangered Farmland"

289

1 9 9 0 Winner in the Editorial Writing Category The Pottstown (Pa.) Mercury Thomas J . Hylton

TEN

ELEVEN

"The Social Promise of Architecture" 1 9 9 0 Winner in the Criticism Category San Francisco Chronicle Allan Temko

319

"Murray's Laws of Sports (and Life)"

353

1 9 9 0 Winner in the Commentary Category Los Angeles Times J i m Murray

TWELVE

" T h e Triumph of Adam and Megan Walter"

379

1 9 9 0 Winner in the Feature Writing Category Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph Dave Curtin THIRTEEN

" T h e Man from Wall Street"

405

1 9 9 0 Winner in the Explanatory Journalism Category The Washington Post Steve Coll and David A . Vise FOURTEEN

"L-Tryptophan—A Medical Puzzle"

451

1 9 9 0 Winner in the Specialized Reporting Category The Albuquerque Journal Tamar Stieber

ABOUT THE WINNERS ABOUT THE EDITOR

481 489

Outstanding International Press Reporting Volume 4: 1978-1989

Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From Roarings in the Middle East to the Destroying of the Democratic Movement in China

by

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Walter de Gruyter Berlin • New York 1991

200

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Revised for vol. 4) Outstanding international press reporting Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. 1928-1945, from the consequences of World War I to the end of World War II v. 3. 1963-1977, from the escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian refugee problems - v. 4. 1978-1989, from roarings in the Middle East to the destroying of the democratic movement in China. 1. World politics - 20th century. 2. Pulitzer prizes. 3. Journalists - United States. 4. Newspaper editors - United States. 5. Foreign news - United States. I. Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich, 1937D445.088 1984 909.82 83-18962 ISBN 3-11-008918-1 (v. 1) Die Deutsche Bibliothek - Cataloging in Publication Data Outstanding international press reporting : Pulitzer Prize winning articles in foreign correspondence / ed. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - Berlin ; New York: de Gruyter NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 4. 1978-1989 : from roarings in the Middle East to the destroying of the democratic movement in China. - 1 9 9 1 . ISBN 3-11-012539-0 © Copyright 1991 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., D-1000 Berlin 30. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany Printing: Ratzlow-Druck, Berlin Hildebrand, Berlin.

Binding: Dieter Mikolai, Berlin -

Cover design: Lothar

® Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

201

FROM THE PREFACE Whereas in previous decades Pulitzer Prize-winning articles in the International Reporting category frequently were devoted also to 'regular' political, social and/or cultural constellations in the foreign correspondents' host countries, reporting in the late seventies and during the eighties concentrated to an increasing extent on crisis respectively war coverage. Thus the present fourth book of this series deals repeatedly with the regions of conflict in the Near and Middle East, with Asian and Latin-American restructure developments as well as with the decisive changes in Eastern Europe. So, in a particular way, the present book reflects the great, not to say revolutionary, developments in various regions of the world, which had a decisive effect on the course of global history. That this publication could be realized is - as was the case with the preceding volumes - in particular due to the sympathetic support and steady encouragement by Mr. Robert C. Christopher as well as Mr. Edward M. Kliment of the Pulitzer Prize Office, at Columbia University, New York. They generously made available not only the award-winning entries required for utilization, but also the jury reports, which, as exceptional sources on the annual awarding procedure, appear completely unrenouncable for a comprehensive and balanced account of the difficult selection and decision-making process of jurors and Pulitzer Prize Board members. Furthermore, at the Graduate School of Journalism of Columbia University, Professor Donald R. Shanor, director of the International Division, at any time was at hand with help and advice. Gratitude also is due to those American newspaper companies that gave permission to reprint the Pulitzer Prize-winning press reports...

202

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Contents of Past Volumes Contents of a Future Volume

xiii xviii

Introduction: The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the Fourth Phase of Their Development, 1978-1989 by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

xix

Editorial Remarks

xiv

REPORTS ABOUT THE MIDDLE EAST IN 1978 Some Centers of Crisis and How Life Goes on There

by Richard B. Cramer (The Philadelphia Inquirer) Introductory Notes The Cairo People and Their Hopes for the Future The West Bank Region and the Fruits of Religiosity Syria's Jews and the Meaning of Jerusalem The Israelic Dream and Its Present Reality Civil War in Beirut and the Use of Heroism Related Readings

3 4 5 9 14 18 27 32

REPORTS ABOUT CAMBODIA IN 1979 The Refugee Problem and Some of Its Most Shocking Aspects

by Joel Brinkley / Jay Mather (The Courier-Journal)

33

Introductory Notes Cambodia's "Emigrants" and Two Basic Thoughts The Sa Kaeo People and Their Personal Stories Thailands Problems and Some Ways to Solve Them A Thai Border Village and Its Free Market Eyewitnessing Cambodia and the Feelings Evoked Related Readings

34 35 38 43 45 48 50

203 REPORTS ABOUT EL SALVADOR IN 1980 The Brutal Civil War and Its World-Political Background

by Shirley Christian (The Miami Herald)

51

Introductory Notes The Funeral of a Priest and an Unchristian Incident The Country's Patriarchs and a Basic Notion A Horrible Discovery and the Role of the Junta Some Views of a Soldier and Their Consequences President Reagan's Stakes and His Main Options Related Readings

52 53 55 58 61 64 67

REPORTS ABOUT POLAND IN 1981 The Workers' Resistance and the Establishment of Martial Law

by John Darnton (The New York Times)

69

Introductory Notes The Solidarity Union as a Movement and Its Substance The Fall of a Communist Leader and the Role of His Successor The Military Takeover and How It Was Arranged By the Government The Country Under Army Control and Solidarity's Fears The Real Scope of Resistance and the Prisoners' Fate Related Readings

70 71 73 76 79 83 87

REPORTS ABOUT LEBANON IN 1982 The Israeli Invasion and the Ensuing Course of Events

by Thomas L. Friedman / Loren Jenkins (The New York Times / The Washington Post) Introductory Notes Invaders Cross the Borders and Fight with Guerrillas Arafat's Role and the Palestine Liberation Organization The Assassination of Bashir Gemayel and the Consequences A Refugee Camp Massacre and the Follow-Up Events The PLO Headquarters and the Record of Resistance Related Readings

89 90 91 94 100 103 119 124

REPORTS ABOUT JORDAN IN 1983 The Crisis in Middle East and the Involvement of King Hussein

by Karen E. House (The Wall Street Journal)

125

Introductory Notes

126

204 The Political Games of the PLO and the Stake of Chairman Arafat 127 Hussein's Refusal to Negotiate and the Consequences for Washington 128 The Middle East Problem and King Hussein's Desperate Struggle for a Solution 131 The King of Jordan and His Inherited Responsibility 135 The Failure of President Reagan's Peace Plan and Its Basic Causes 140 Related Readings 143

REPORTS ABOUT ETHIOPIA IN 1984 A Desperate Country and the Death of Starvation

by Dennis Bell / Josh Friedman / Ozier Muhammad (Newsday)

145

Introductory Notes A Blaming Situation and no Real Solutions Overcrowded Refugee Camps and Dying People Hunger Everywhere and International Aid Programs Few Survivors and Their Resettlement Camps Beyond the Country and other Drought Regions Related Readings

146 147 150 155 160 165 170

REPORTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES IN 1985 Transfer of Money out of the Country and the Results

by Pete Carey / Katherine Ellison / Lewis M. Simons (San Jose Mercury News) Introductory Notes Leading Filipinos and Their Overseas Fortunes Wealthy People and Real Estate Properties in America Hidden Billions and Signs of Social Unrest Big Money Smuggling and the Draining of the Country Economic Conditions and Communist Influences Related Readings

171 172 173 178 182 184 190 194

REPORTS ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA IN 1986 The Country's Drift into Disorder and the Real Causes

by Michael Parks (LOS Angeles Times)

195

Introductory Notes The Growth of Vigilantism Among Whites and the Blacks' Situation The African National Congress and Its Struggle for Political Rights The Emerging Brutal Warfare between Blacks and Black Factions Big American Companies and the Various Pressures on Them Sharp Differences between the Worlds of Whites and Blacks Related Readings

196 197 201 209 214 220 224

205 REPORTS ABOUT ISRAEL IN 1987 The Living Conditions and the Relations with the Arabs

by Thomas L. Friedman (The New York Times)

225

Introductory Notes Islamic Fundamentalism among the Arab Minority and the Results Fundamental Quarrels between the Zionists and the Orthodox Jews The Palestinian-Israeli Twilight War and the People Involved The Arab "Demographic Bomb" and Its Consequences for the Future The Palestinian Migrant Workers from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip Related Readings

226 227 233 238 246 249 254

a REPORTS ABOUT ISRAEL IN 1988 The Occupied Territories and the year-long Palestinian Uprising

by Glenn C. Frankel (The Washington Post)

255

Introductory Notes a The Death of a Teenager and the Escalation of Brutality a A State Anniversary and a Nation in Uncertainty a An Administrative Detention and the Human Price for It a Claims about the Use of Tear Gas and the Aftermath a How the Uproar Changed a General and the Army Related Readings

256 257 261 264 267 271 276

b REPORTS ABOUT THE SOVIET UNION IN 1988 The Perestroika Policy and Facets of the People's Life

by Bill Keller (The New York Times)

ill

Introductory Notes b Afghanistan War Veterans and Their Role in Society b The Drive for Progress and Its Small Efficiency b Conditions in the Rustbelt and Some Future Expectations b Developments in Armenia and the Communists' Strife b The Earthquake Drama and Its Most Tragic Aftermath Related Readings

278 279 287 293 296 299 302

REPORTS ABOUT CHINA IN 1989 Appeals for more Democracy and the Bloody Aftermath

by Nicholas D. Kristof / Sheryl WuDunn (The New York Times)

303

Introductory Notes Student Protesters and Their Supporters from Other Groups

304 305

206 The Nationwide Upheaval and the Situation in the Capital Leading Political Figures and Their Personal Intentions Killings on Tiananmen Square and in Other Beijing Quarters The Capital's Death Toll and Continuing Fightings Related Readings

Index

308 312 316 320 324

325

207

The Pulitzer Prize The Inside Story of America's Most Prestigious Award

by

J. Douglas Bates

Birch Lane Press New York 1991

Copyright ffi 1991 by J. Douglas Bates All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, except by a newspaper or magazine reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review. A Birch Lane Press Book Published by Carol Publishing Group Birch Lane Press is a registered trademark of Carol Communications, Inc. Editorial Offices: 600 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022 Sales & Distribution Offices: 120 Enterprise Avenue, Secaucus, N.J. 07094 In Canada: Musson Book Company, a division of General Publishing Company, Ltd., Don Mills, Ontario M3B 2T6 Queries regarding rights and permissions should be addressed to Carol Publishing Group, 600 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022 Carol Publishing Group books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases, for sales promotions, f u n d raising, or educational purposes. Special editions can be created to specifications. For details contact: Special Sales Department, Carol Publishing Group, 120 Enterprise Avenue, Secaucus, N.J. 07094 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bates, J. Douglas. The Pulitzer Prize : the inside story of America's most prestigious award / by J. Douglas Bates, p. cm. "A Birch Lane Press book." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1 - 5 5 9 7 2 - 0 7 0 - 0 1. Pulitzer prizes. 2. Pulitzer, Joseph, 1847-1911. 1. Tide. AS911.B38 1991 071'.3—dc20 91-13659 CIP

209

From the

Preface

2:45 P.M.—April 12,1990 RESTLESS REPORTERS FIDGET a little as they await

.their annual news handout at Columbia University. Some of them chatter self-consciously in small groups; some gaze out the dirty windows at the sideshow on Broadway. Others continue to arrive, one by one, with their notebooks and tape recorders and city-desk instructions. Now all they need are their press releases so they can call in to the glass cages where editors are waiting anxiously—or in some cases with smug anticipation—to hear who won the 1990 Pulitzer Prizes. As journalism goes, this is light duty. These reporters will be handed their news. All they are expected to do is phone in the winners. But deadlines weigh heavily this late in the day, and those editors back in the newsrooms are watching the clock with far more intensity than normal. This is the one day of the year when American newspaper executives suspend their usual objectivity and overplay a self-interest story— if their papers, not their competitors', win Pulitzers. So nerves grow increasingly taut until one of the assembled journalists—a reporter at the front of the room, wearing khaki pants and a pseudo-safari jacket—steps up to a bronze bust and grabs it by its prodigious nose. "Pull it, sir? Okay!" With a feigned tug, he yanks on Joseph Pulitzer's metallic beak. "Honk!" That lightens things up a little, drawing one belly laugh and a few smiles from some of those who saw it. Pulitzer's dusty bronze likeness just keeps staring, somewhat fiercely, at the media event that's ready to unfold in the cavernous World Room in Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism. Altogether, thirty-two reporters are gathered here for the yearly ritual glorifying Pulitzer, the nineteenth-century newspaper publisher...

210

Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1 "The Academy Awards of Journalism" 2 Three Finalists Await Their Fate 3 Unasked Questions 4 Jim Dwyer: Don't Take the A Train 5 Founder of the Prizes 6 Claire Spiegel: Heartbreak Hospital 7 Looking Back at the Prizes for Journalism 8 Seventy-five Years of Arts, Letters, and Music Awards 9 Tamar Stieber: Tracking the "Mystery Virus" 10 Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury 11 Columbia, the Prizes, and the Times 12 The All-Powerful Board 13 Pulitzer Prize Day Revisited 14 Epilogue

ίχ

3 15 26 37 58 82 101 122 135 154 180 192 216 228

A COMPLETE R E C O R D OF PULITZER PRIZE WINNERS, 1 9 1 7 - 1 9 9 1

235

BIBLIOGRAPHY

281

INDEX

285

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 5

Social Commentary 1969 - 1989: From University Troubles to a California Earthquake

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G - Saur München • London · New York · Paris 1991

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München ; London ; New York ; Paris: Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 5 : Pt. B, Opinion journalism. Social commentary 1969 1989 : from university troubles to a California earthquake / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1991 ISBN 3-598-30175-8

Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier / Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten · All Rights Strictly Reserved K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1991 Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by W S Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Mainz Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30175-8 (Vol. 5) ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

213

FROM THE PREFACE "The Pulitzer Prizes for 1970 will include for the first time an award for

'distinguished criticism or

commentary, 1 "

Andrew W.

Cordier, the president of Columbia University, announced in early December, 1969. "Critical writing in any United States daily, weekly or Sunday newspaper, including columns on public affairs and other forms of commentary - but excluding editorials - will be eligible for the new prize," Cordier added. By establishing this new award category, along struggle for this type of article came to an end. For more than five decades,

the editorial writing Pulitzer cat-

egory had been the only one in the whole area of opinion journalism. During this period, several steps were undertaken to create a second opinion-oriented award category beside of editorials, but all the

initiatives

in this direction had failed. When the new

commentary prize was established in 1970, according to John Hohenberg, "a jury considered almost one-hundred entries and concluded that this award - especially go to someone distinguished

in its first presentation - should for writing broadly in the field of

public affairs." The first award went

to Marquis W.

Childs who reported arid

commented for the St. Lou.%8 Poet-Dispatch

for more

than fourty

years. "Like Walter Lippmann, Arthur Krock, and Richard L. Strout," Hohenberg states, "he was the standard-bearer of an older generation of Washington correspondents

who

never

let themselves be

confined merely to politics and the day-by-day news of the nation's capital. In his work for the Post-Dispatch... on American life...

It was not a

jury recommended Childs." So the "This

man's

standing

he commented broadly

surprise, therefore, that the jury chairman wrote about him:

high quality of work and his own

distinguished

and reputation need no documentation here." From that

year on, the Pulitzer Commentary Prize was awarded annually to a top-rank columnist of

any kind. Since most of the award-winning

entries contain articles which can be defined as social commentaries, this work also carries this title although the real description of this award category reads

"for distinguished com—

214 mentary." So, in this category, there was space for political and sports columnists, as well as for society analysts or humor writers · · ·

215

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

Ν

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Univereität

XV Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR SOCIAL-COMMENTARY SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA ABOUT SOCIETY PROBLEMS IN 1969 By Marquis W. Childs, St. Louia

XV -

Ι 2 3

Poet-Diepatch

LEFT-WING STUDENT REBELLION UPSETS THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY

4

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION RISKS ARE DEVASTATING OUR PLANET

8

PROSPECT OF BILATERAL ARMS LIMITATION APPEARS RATHER DIM

10

THE POLITICAL AWARENESS TO FIGHT AIR POLLUTION IS GROWING

13

EAST-WEST NEGOTIATIONS ON NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL RAISE HOPES

16

UNITED STATES' FOREIGN POLICY DOES NOT NEED MORALIZING .

18

ABOUT LOCAL TOPICS IN 1970 By William A. Caldwell, The Record,

21 Hackensack

SCHOOL SEGREGATION IS STILL REALITY THROUGHOUT SOME STATES

22

THE MILITANTS' BID FOR POWER REVEALS THEIR INCOMPETENCE

25

WHY MANY PEOPLE DON'Τ CARE ENOUGH ABOUT SOCIETAL PROBLEMS DRUG ADDICTION CAN BE STOPPED BY FINDING OUT ITS REAL CAUSE

28 30

WOMEN'S EQUALITY SHOULD BE TACKLED BY MODERATE LEGAL PROCESS

33

GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED LOTTERY GAMES MEAN A TAX ON POVERTY

35

216 ABOUT METROPOLITAN LIFE IN 1971 By Hike Royko, Chicago Daily Sews

39

BRIBERY AND CONNIVANCE DOMINATE A CITY'S PUBLIC SERVICES

40

THEFT AND VIOLENCE FOUND EVEN IN VENERABLE NEIGHBORHOODS

43

LOCAL COURTS TREAT BUSINESS TRICKS TO CHEAT CUSTOMERS ..

45

UNFAIR PRACTICES OF SOME UNIONS MAY RUIN MEMBERS' LIVES

48

CITY HALL HARASSES CITIZENS OF DIFFERENT POLITICAL OPINION

51

CITY EMPLOYEES ARE BEING COERCED INTO AN ELECTION FORGERY

55

ABOUT CAMPAIGN FIGURES IN 1972 By David S. Broder, The Washington

59 Poet

THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN DEGENERATES INTO A VAUDEVILLE SHOW THE·' VICE-PRESIDENT' S CAREER SEEMS TO END IN DISAPPOINTMENT

60 63

SOME RABID BACKERS REDUCE THE DEMOCRATS * CHANCE OF VICTORY

65

THE PRESIDENT TRIES TO MISUSE THE PRESS AS A PROPAGANDA TOOL

67

AMERICAN VOTERS WANT A POLITICAL SYSTEM OF CHECKS AND BALANCES

70

CAPABLE POLITICIANS RECOGNIZE THE NATIONAL MOOD OF FRUSTRATION

72

ABOUT AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES IN 1973 By Edwin A. Roberts Jr., The national

?5 Observer

THE SELLING OF RURAL LAND IS A BIG AND PROFITABLE RACKET

76

LEFT-LEANING ^PUBLIC TELEVISION HARDLY SERVES THE PUBLIC

78

THE AMERICAN NATION DEVELOPS BY GRADUAL AND SUBTLE CHANGE

82

SOCIAL LIFE OF MAN REQUIRES ASSIMILATION OF ETHNIC GROUPS

89

PEOPLE STILL TRUST THE IMPORTANT NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS .

93

A BIG POLITICAL SCANDAL HAS BECOME A QUESTION OF VIRTUE

97

ABOUT PUBLIC AFFAIRS IN 1974 By Mary McGrory, Washington Star-News

101

THE VICE-PRESIDENT'S DELICATE JOB TO CHAMPION HIS PATRON

102

FACING IMPEACHMENT THE PRESIDENT FIGHTS FOR SURVIVAL ...

104

AN INVESTIGATING COMMITTEE LEAD BY A SOFT CHAIRMAN

106

A GREAT FEDERAL DRAMA UNFOLDS THE ABUSE OF LANGUAGE ....

109

TAPE RECORDINGS CLEARLY REVEAL THE TRUTH IN THE TRIAL ..

Ill

SEVERAL DEFENDANTS BEHAVE CURIOUSLY IN THE COURTROOM ...

114

217 ABOUT SPORTS ISSUES IN 1975 By Walter W. Smith, The New York

IN Times

SALARY ARBITRATION IN BASEBALL WORKS IN ITS SECOND YEAR

118

A BOXING CHAMPION PREPARES HIMSELF TO DEFEND HIS TITLE

120

FOOTBALL PLAYERS AND CLUB OWNERS QUARREL ABOUT CONTRACTS

123

LANDING THE ENTERTAINMENT DOLLAR ENDS A CITY'S FISCAL CRISES

126

BASEBALL'S UNFAIR REGULATIONS COME UNDER BIG DISCUSSIONS

129

AGAIN FOOTBALL PLAYERS FIGHT FOR BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS

131

ABOUT CRUCIAL POINTS IN 1976 By George F. Will, The

Washington

135 Poet

A DAY IN THE CHURNING LIFE OF A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE .

136

SOME PRINCIPLES AND IDEALS A TEXAN CONSERVATIVE FAVORS .

138

HOW MIDDLE CLASS LIFE CAN MAKE A GOOD MODEL FOR SATIRE .

141

THE TASK OF PUBLIC OFFICE REQUIRES DIGNIFIED POLITICIANS

143

WHAT A TWO YEAR OLD'S FATHER NEEDS TO KNOW AND TO HANDLE

146

JOURNALISM EXAGGERATES THE RANGE OF POLITICIANS' F R E E W I L L

148 151

ABOUT BANKING PRACTICES IN 1977 By William L. Saflre, The Hew York

Times

THE U.S. PRESIDENT COVERS A FRIEND'S DUBIOUS MONEY DEALS

152

HOW A TOP FINANCIAL ADVISER USES HIS JOB FOR PRIVATE GAIN

154

A POLITICIAN FILLS HIS OWN POCKETS AND GETS WHITEWASHED

158

WHITE HOUSE CABAL IMPEDES INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL CRIME

160

SENATE HEARINGS DISCLOSE AN ILLEGITIMATE MILLION-LOAN ..

163

THE PRESIDENT AND HIS MEN CONSPIRE TO DECEIVE THE PUBLIC

166 169

ABOUT PEOPLE'S HABITS IN 1978 By Russell W. Baker, The

Hew York

Times

THE WEAK DOLLAR CHANGES THE COUNTRY'S LIFE IN MANY WAYS A CERTAIN DRIFT TOWARD SOLITUDE MARKS THE U.S. SOCIETY

170 .

172

DEATH IS TOO BIG TO BE REDUCED TO ORDINARY ENTERTAINMENT

175

WHY SUMMER LIFE IN THE OLD DAYS REMAINS UNFORGETTABLE ..

177

HOW DECENCY AND INNOCENCE ONCE CHARACTERIZED THE NATION

180

TRIVIALITY DOMINATES THE PUBLIC DOMAIN IN BIG CITY LIFE

182

218 ABOUT NATIONAL EVENTS IN 1979 By Ellen H. Goodman, The Boston

IES Globe

RAPE IS A CRIME OF VIOLENCE RATHER THAN A CRIME OF SEX .

186

WHY NUMEROUS PEOPLE MISTRUST OFFICIALS OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY

18Θ

BIRTH CONTROL MEANS A STEP FORWARD TO SOFTEN NATURE'S RULE

191

WHO ELSE MAY DECIDE ON CHILDREN'S BEST MEDICAL TREATMENT

193

A FORMER PRESIDENT'S CALL FOR MOBILITY STILL IS LIVING ON THE GRAND OLD LADY'S LIFE WAS ONE OF ORDEAL AND FULFILLMENT

195

ABOUT PROFESSIONAL SPORTS IN 1980 By Dave P. Anderson, The New lork

198 201

Times

U.S. ICE HOCKEY TEAM FINALLY WINS AN OLYMPIC GOLD MEDAL

202

UNCONTROLLED BY LAW COLLEGE SPORTS' AGENTS MAKE FAST MONEY

205

THE WORLD'S OUTSTANDING GOLFER PROVES THAT HE IS BACK AGAIN

208

CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING A HIGH PRESTIGEOUS SAILBOAT RACE

212

POPULAR BOXING CHAMPION IS FACED WITH THE END OF HIS CAREER

215

BASEBALL TEAM OWNER DECIDES ON THE FATE OF HIS SUBORDINATES

217

ABOUT EVERYDAY'S ABSURDITIES IN 1981 By Art Buchwald, Los Angeles

221

Times

A MODEST PROPOSAL TO POINT OUT THE DANGERS OF NUCLEAR WAR

222

RECENT PLANS OF GOVERNMENT TAX CUT DISCRIMINATE THE RICH

223

THE NEW NATIONAL THREAT IS POLLUTION OF CHILDREN'S MIND

226

THE PRESIDENT SUBTLY PERSUADES DEMOCRATS TO VOTE FOR HIM

228

HOW THE PRESIDENT DECIDES ON EXPORT OF MILITARY HARDWARE

230

THE FEDERAL ECONOMIC PROGRAM HAS THE MAKINGS OF A MOVIE

233

ABOUT IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS IN 1982 By Claude F. Sltton, The Sews & Observer,

235

Raleigh

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS ARE CUT FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

236

OFFICIALS HAND THE ENVIRONMENT OVER FOR CORPORATE PLUNDER

238

UNSOLVED RACIAL PROBLEMS DEMAND GOVERNMENT'S INTERVENTION

240

EXPLOITATION OF NATURE DESTROYS THE REMNANT OF WILDERNESS

242

THE MILITARY RECRUITING SYSTEM SHOULD BE FAIR AND EFFECTIVE

244

TAR HEEL SENATOR HAS BECOME AN EMBARRASSMENT TO HIS STATE

247

219 251

ABOUT HISTORY LESSONS IN 1983 By Vermont C. Royster, The Wall Street

Journal

LOUD CRY FOR DISARMAMENT DENIES LAST WORLD WAR'S LESSON

252

SEVERAL COMMUNIST COUNTRIES LACK CONSCIENCE TO APPEAL TO

255

VIEW OF VIETNAM VETERANS NOW CHANGES FROM SHAME TO PRIDE

258

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE EVIL IN TIMES OF MORAL RELATIVISM

261

CERTAIN MILITARY ACTIONS REQUIRE PRECEDING PUBLIC APPROVAL

264

TAKING THE WHOLE WORLD'S BURDEN OVERTAXES THE U.S. POWER

267

ABOUT PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES IN 1984 By J. Murray Kempton, Hew a day, Long Island

271

TROUBLES OF MANAGINGΑ POL IΤICAL CAREER WITHOUT PATRONAGE

272

IN THE LONG RUN A CANDIDATE OF HOPE AND FAIRNESS WILL WIN

277

THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY REGAINS ITS IMPERISHABLE GLORIES ..

280

CONFORMITY RULES THE POLITICAL MAKEUP OF THE REPUBLICANS

282

A GREAT MOVIE STAR GETS THE PARTY DELEGATES ON HIS SIDE

285

WOMEN IN POLITICS HOLD THEIR OWN AGAINST MALE OPPONENTS

288

ABOUT CURRENT ITEMS IN 1985 By Jimmy Breslln, Daily IS ewe, New York

291

WHITE RESIDENT PITILESSLY TRIES TO HANDLE THE LAW ALONE

292

BLACK POLICEMEN OBVIOUSLY KILL AN INNOCENT WHITE GUY ...

294

SEVERAL SADISTIC CITY COPS TORTURE A HELPLESS TEENAGER

.

299

POLICE BRUTALITY IS NOT EASY TO INVESTIGATE INTERNALLY .

302

HOW LIVE CAN BE HANDLED IN FACE OF A LETHAL DISEASE

307

MANY AIDS AFFLICTED ARE TOO OFTEN LEFT TO THEIR FATE ...

311

ABOUT POLITICAL CULTURE IN 1986 By Charles Krauthammer, The Washington

315

Poet

NONVIOLENT BLACK REVOLUTION NEEDS RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP

316

ROMANTIC DREAM OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT IS DEFINITELY OVER

318

FAIR RULINGS ON RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ARE HARD TO GIVE .

322

TACTICS LEAD THE BILATERAL AGREEMENTS ON ARMS REDUCATION

325

FREE TV TIME FOR POLITICAL ADS INCREASES DEMOCRACY

329

U.S. FOREIGN POLICY BECOMES A SLAVE TO HOSTAGE-TAKERS ..

331

220 ABOUT OBSCURE CONSTELLATIONS IN 1987 By

Dave Barry, The Miami

335

Herald

SOME TIPS FOR PREPARING THE FEDERAL INCOME-TAX RETURN ..

336

TOP FEDERAL OFFICIALS RECEIVE LARGE RAISES IN SALARY ...

339

AMERICA CELEBRATES ITS 200-YEAR OLD VISIONARY DOCUMENT .

342

IRAN-CONTRA SCANDAL REVEALS POOR U.S. FOREIGN POLICY ...

344

WHAT QUALITIES A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE SHOULD PRESENT .

347

AIR TRAVEL OF TODAY REMAINS FRIGHTENING AND STRENUOUS ..

350

ABOUT RACE QUESTIONS IN 1988 By Clarence E. Page, Chicago Tribune

353

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION STILL BURDENS PROFESSIONAL SPORTS

354

RACISM IN TELEVISION-ENTERTAINMENT IS BEING BROKEN UP ..

356

FIGHTING POVERTY IS THE BIGGEST PROBLEM OF BLACKS TODAY

359

BLACKS SHOULD BE GENERALLY AWARE OF RACIAL FANATICISM ..

362

IN PURSUIT OF SUCCESS BLACK ACTIVISTS DISREGARD THE LAW

364

SOME BLACKS NEED TO LEARN HOW TO RESPECT CIVIL LIBERTIES

366

ABOUT SPORTS BACKGROUNDS IN 1989 By Jim Murray, Los Angeles Times FOOTBALL AT ITS BEST EMBODIES BOTH ART AND ATHLETICS ...

369 370

WHAT MAKES BLACKS SUPERIOR IN SPORTS COMPETITIONS

373

THE BIGGEST PRIZE IN HORSE RACING GOES TO AN OUTCAST ...

376

CAR RACING RULES TOLERATE SOME ROUGH PRACTICES TO WIN ..

379

WELL-KNOWN BASEBALL ATHLETE SHOWS SOCIAL CONSCIENCE ....

383

THOUSANDS OF BASEBALL FANS FACE THE WORST EARTHQUAKE ...

385

WINNERS OF THE DISTINGUISHED COMMENTARY AWARD, 1990 - 2001 - SPACE FOR NOTES -

388

INDEX

391

Winning Pulitzers The Stories Behind Some of the Best News Coverage of Our Time

by Karen Rothmyer

Columbia University Press New York - Oxford 1991

222

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

New York

Oxford

Copyright Ο 1991 Columbia University Press All rights reserved. Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are Smyth-sewn and printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper

Θ Printed in the United States of America c 10 ρ 10

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Catalogmg-in-Publication Data Winning Pulitzers : the stories behind some of the best news coverage of our time / Karen Rothmyer. p. cm. ISBN 0-231-07028-4 1. Journalists—United States—Interviews. 2. Pulitzer prizes. 3. Reportage literature, American. 4. Feature stories. I. Rothmyer. Karen. PN4871.W7 1990 070'.92'2—dc20

90-49406 CIP

223

FROM THE PREFACE

When journalists gather after work to talk about their day, the stories that they tell are not those that will be in tomorrow's newspaper, but rather the stories-behind-the-stories: the hunch that paid off, the search for a document that could be the key to a successful investigation, the encounters with the famous—or infamous—in the course of the day's assignments. This book is a series of just such stories-behind-the-stories, as recounted to me in a year-long series of interviews with newsmen and newswomen living all over the country. What makes them special is that each involves an example of journalism that won a Pulitzer Prize. These first-person reminiscences provide a ringside seat at some of the major historical events of the twentieth century, from Hiroshima to Vietnam to Iran-contra. In addition, they offer considerable insight into how journalism has been practiced in this country during the first seventy-five years of the Pulitzer Prizes' existence. Accompanying the stories-behind-the stories are brief excerpts from the prizewinners' entries. These are intended to give a flavor of each writer's work rather than a full sampling of the sort found in a variety of Pulitzer anthologies. Newspaper journalism is, by its nature, ephemeral: much of what it concerns itself with on any given day is unfamiliar or even unknown to succeeding generations of readers. What remains fresh and fascinating ten or even fifty years later are the memories and insights of the people who were there, witnessing social or political history with their own eyes. In this book, the winning journalists speak for themselves through taped and edited interviews. I asked them to talk not only about their prizewinning entries but also about themselves: what journalism and the world were like as they found them; what conclusions they've reached after years in the news business. Each chapter is devoted to a different

224

winner, and each includes a short introduction, an excerpt from that person's work, and a first-person account. The decision about which winners to approach was guided by a wish to include as diverse a group as possible in terms of age, type of journalism, and similar considerations. In some cases, the winners were members of teams that won for their collective efforts. In order to give some representation to the early era of the Pulitzer Prizes, I have included several winners who either left behind written recollections or whose prizewinning efforts were the subject of articles by others. In addition to writers, the group includes a news photographer and an editorial cartoonist. It also includes a Pulitzer Prize judge who, although he speaks here only in that capacity, was himself part of a Pulitzer Prize-winning effort...

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vii ix 1

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION P A R T I: T H E E A R L Y Y E A R S

Chapter 1 HERBERT BAYARD SWOPE Germany During World War I Chapter 2 ALVIN H. GOLDSTEIN and JAMES W. MULROY The Loeb-Leopold Murder Case Chapter 3 WILLIAM BURKE MILLER Trapped in a Kentucky Cave Chapter 4 WALTER DURANTY After the Russian Revolution

21 26 32 37

P A R T Π: T H E F O R T I E S

Chapter 5 HANSON W. BALDWIN War in the Pacific Chapter 6 DANIEL DE LUCE With the Partisans in Yugoslavia Chapter 7 HOMER BIGART Hiroshima After the Bomb

45 51 61

P A R T ΙΠ: T H E F I F T I E S

Chapter 8 EDWIN 0 . GUTHMAN "Un-American Activities" in Seatde Chapter 9 HARRISON E. SALISBURY The Death of Stalin

71 84

226 Chapter 10 JOHN D. PAULSON Tornado! Chapter 11 MARY LOU WERNER FORBES The Virginia School Integration Battle PART IV: THE SIXTIES Chapter 12 DAVID HALBERSTAM Vietnam—Sliding Toward Disaster Chapter 13 PAUL CONRAD A Cartoonist's View of the Kennedy Years and Beyond Chapter 14 WILLIAM SERRIN The Detroit Riot PART V: THE SEVENTIES Chapter 15 GENE MILLER Back from Death Row Chapter 16 STANLEY FORMAN Capturing Drama Through the Photographer's Lens Chapter 17 JOE HUGHES Plane Crash Over San Diego PART VI: THE EIGHTIES Chapter 18 ALBERT SCARDINO The Life and Death of a Weekly Newspaper Chapter 19 EDNA BUCHANAN Covering the Police in Miami Chapter 20 ALFONSO CHARDY The Administration and the Contras THE PULITZER PRIZE BOARD Chapter 21 ROGER W. WILKINS A Pulitzer Judge Reflects on a Decade of Change Afterword

Medicine, Media and Morality Pulitzer Prize-Winning Writings on Health-Related Topics

by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Krieger Publishing Company Malabar, Florida, 1992

Original Edition 1992

Printed and Published by KRIEGER PUBLISHING COMPANY KRIEGER DRIVE MALABAR, FLORIDA 32950 Copyright C 1992 by Krieger Publishing Company

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including information storage and retrieval systems without permission in writing from the publisher. No liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Ca taloglng-In-Publication Data Fischer, Heinz Dietrich, 1937Medicine, media, and morality : Pulitzer Prize-winning writings on health-related topics / by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89464-692-3 (alt paper) 1. Medical care. 2. Health. 3. Journalism, Medical. 4. Pulitzer prizes. L Title. [DNLM: 1. Health-collected works. 2. Writing—coUectcd works. WZ 345 F529m] R119.F548 1992 362.1—dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 92-11554 OP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

229

FROM THE PREFACE

Medical and health-related journalism has a long tradition in American mass media. To recognize the importance of medical reporting, quite a number of journalism awards were established over the past decades for this very specific field of writing. For example, the American Heart Association sponsors an award for heart and blood vessel diseases reporting; the Muscular Dystrophy Association offers a Prize for articles on muscular dystrophy and related disorders; the National Association for Mental Health recognizes journalism achievements on mental illness and treatment with a special award. In addition to these 'serious' honors there are quite a number of so-called medical awards which were mainly installed for PR purposes of the award donors rather than for excellence in medical resp. health-related writing. In this context it may be astonishing that the most traditional and prestigious of all journalism awards in the world, the Pulitzer Prize system, never has established a special medical writing award category, although there exist fourteen annual Pulitzer Prizes for different fields of journalism. But over the decades, since its establishment in 1917, many medical or health-related articles have received Pulitzer Prizes in various Pulitzer award categories. Since these articles were entered under different reporting or editorial text categories, it was absolutely necessary to search through the complete bulJc of Pulitzer Prize-winning stuff - totaling around one thousand exhibits, each of them containing quite a number of articles from award-winners. So the present volume is not a representative sample but a nearly complete collection of - in a relatively broad sense - all medical or health-related articles ever awarded with a Pulitzer Prize up until the late 1980s. After the texts and their specific topics were at hand, it was a difficult task to categorize the articles. Finally, the author found a way to organize the heterogeneous material into six main chapters, each of them having three sub-chapters, and each subchapter containing two articles. So this book presents altogether 36 Pulitzer Prize-winning texts on a variety of topics, ranging - in short - from ecological problems, health service and medical care questions to health conditions abroad. In this way, the book not only shows the broad spectrum of relevant topics but it also demonstrates different journalistic approaches, from on-the-spot news writing to investigative reporting to commentaries.

230

To realize the very time-consuming woric of detecting relevant articles, the author considers it a great privilege that he received unlimited access to the Pulitzer Prize collection at Columbia University during the last couple of years. Mr. Robert C. Christopher, Administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes, and Mr. Edward M. Kliment, Assistant Administrator, kindly made available not only the award-winning exhibits from a time span of more than seventy years but also the jury reports and other background materials on the annual awarding procedures. Special thanks go to both of them as well as to a number of media representatives granting reprint permission for the Pulitzer Prizewinning texts presented in this volume...

231

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

5

GENERAL INTRODUCTION: Medical Journalism and the Pulitzer Prize System - Several Aspects of Evolution, Ethics, and Education by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (Ruhr University, Bochum)

15

1

ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE TO THE LIVING CONDITIONS

41

POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH

43

1.1.1 Special Introductory Remarks 1.1.2 Campaign against Air Pollution in St Louis by Ralph Coghlan (St. Louis Post-Dispatch) 1.1.3 Balance of Water Pollution in North Carolina by Betty Gray (Washington [N.C.] Daily News)

43

1.2

52

1.1

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE AND SYNDROMES

1.2.1 Special Introductory Remarks 1.2.2 Pulmonary Diseases in the Cotton Industry by Robert Conn {The Charlotte Observer) 1.2.3 Fear of Diseases after a Nuclear Accident by Richard L. Papiernik et al. (The Philadelphia Inquirer)

44 48

52 53

56

1.3

FOOD SCANDALS AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

59

1.3.1

Special Introductory Remarks

59

1.3.2 Hygienic Deficiencies in Slaughter-Houses by Nick Kotz (Minneapolis Tribune) 1.3.3 Health Risks of American Farmers by Tom Knudson (The Des Moines Register)

60 62

232

2

COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF THE HEALTH SERVICE

69

2.1

DEFRAUDATION AND THE ORGAN DEAL

71

2.1.1

Special Introductory Remarks

71

2.1.2

Abuse of the Medicaid Program by William Sherman (Daily News, New York)

72

Dealers and Deals in Human Kidneys by Andrew Schneider/Mary P. Flaherty (The Pittsburgh Press)

76

2.2

HOSPITALS AND THE RECRUITMENT OF NEW PATIENTS

87

2.2.1

Special Introductory Remarks

87

2.2.2

The Degenerating Transportation of Sick People by William Jones (Chicago Tribune)

88

How Hospitals Attract Alcoholics by Pamela Zekman et al. (Chicago Tribune)

91

2.3

HEALTH POLITICS AND THE PUBLIC

96

2.3.1

Special Introductory Remarks

96

2.3.2

Financing Measures of Birth Control Provisions by Lois Wille (Chicago Daily News)

97

The National Spreading of Depressive Sickness by Jon D. Franklin (The Evening Sun, Baltimore)

99

2.1.3

2.2.3

2.3.3

3

VICTIMS OF DRUG ABUSE OR MISTREATMENT

107

3.1

TESTS OF MEDICAMENTS AND DESTINIES OF PATIENTS

109

3.1.1

Special Introductory Remarks

109

3.1.2

Tests with Mentally 111 People by Jack Nelson (The Atlanta Constitution)

110

Experiments with Numerous Prisoners by Harold E. Martin (The Montgomery [ΑΙ.] Advertiser)

114

3.1.3

233

3.2

TAKING DRUGS AND MEDICAMENTAL ABUSE

116

3.2.1

Special Introductory Remarks

116

3.2.2

Deal with Mexican Narcotics in America by Gene Sherman (.Los Angeles Times)

117

The Death Rate of Heroin Addicts by Anthony Marro (Newsday, Long Island, N.Y.)

120

3.3

TREATMENTS AND DEATH OF PATENTS

126

3.3.1

Special Introductory Remarks

126

3.3.2

Suspicion of Homicide in a Hospital by W. J. Bollenbeck (The Sheboygan Press)

127

Unelucidated Death Series in a Hospital by Acel Moore/Wendell Rawls Jr. (The Philadelphia Inquirer)

132

4

SPECIAL CASES OF MEDICAL CARE

135

4.1

EMERGENCY TREATMENTS AND EXTREME CONDITIONS

137

4.1.1

Special Introductory Remarks

137

4.1.2

The Use of Antibiotics to Save a Life by Charles Davis (New York Journal-American)

138

Transporting of Stored Blood to a Patient by Jack S. McDowell (The Call-Bulletin, San Francisco)

141

4.2

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND SYNDROMES

145

4.2.1

Special Introductory Remarks

145

4.2.2

Investigating the Causes of Sleeping Sickness by H. Ellwood Douglass (St. Louis Post-Dispatch)

146

Fighting against Mental Diseases of Old Age by Margo Huston (The Milwaukee Journal)

151

3.2.3

3.3.3

4.1.3

4.2.3

234

4.3

BRAIN SURGERY AND TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

156

4.3.1

Special Introductory Remarks

156

4.3.2

Reporting on a Dramatic Brain Operation by Jon D. Franklin (The Evening Sun, Baltimore)

157

Symptoms and Therapy of Toxic Shock Syndrome by Nan Robertson (The New York Times)

165

DESTINIES OF PROMINENT NATIONAL FIGURES

181

5.1

PROBLEMS OF DISABLED PEOPLE AND THE PUBLIC

183

5.1.1

Special Introductory Remarks

183

5.1.2

The Case of the Birth-Defected Baby Jane Doe by Kathleen Kerr (Newsday, Long Island, N.Y.) The Story of the Blind Boy Calvin Stanley by Alice Steinbach (The Sun, Baltimore)

187

5.2

TOP POLITICIANS AND THEIR DISEASES

196

5.2.1

Special Introductory Remarks

196

5.2.2

President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Heart Condition by James Reston (The New York Times)

197

4.3.3

5

5.1.3

184

5.2.3

Psychiatric Treatment of Missouri Senator Tom Eagleton by Robert S. Boyd/Clark Hoyt (The Miami Herald).... 201

5.3

AMERICAN CELEBRITIES AND THEIR SUDDEN DEATH ....

206

5.3.1

Special Introductory Remarks

206

5.3.2

Opera Baritone Leonard Warren's Heart Attack by Sanche de Gramont (New York Herald-Tribune).... 207

5.3.3

President John F. Kennedy's Assassination by Merriman Smith (United Press International)

211

235

6

MEDICAL ASPECTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 219

6.1

LAYMAN TREATMENT AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE

221

6.1.1

Special Introductory Remarks

221

6.1.2

An Appendectomy in a Submarine near Australia by George Weiler (The Chicago Daily News)

222

6.1.3

Medical Care in Thailand Refugee Camps by Joel Brinkley (The Courier-Journal, Louisville).... 227

6.2

HOSPITALS AT THE FRONT AND AMERICAN SOLDIERS ..

232

6.2.1

Special Introductory Remarks

232

6.2.2

A World War Army Hospital in France by Harold V. Boyle (The Associated Press) A Field Hospital's Situation in Korea by Jim G. Lucas (Scripps-Howard Newspapers)

6.2.3

233 236

6.3

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND FOOD SHORTAGE

238

6.3.1

Special Introductory Remarks

238

6.3.2

Consequences of the Overspill Population in India by William Mullen (Chicago Tribune)

239

The Gigantic Famine Problems in Ethiopia by Josh Friedman (Newsday, Long Island, N.Y.)

243

7

FIRST ORIENTATION BIBLIOGRAPHY

251

7.1

MEDICAL AND HEALTH JOURNALISM

253

7.2

MEDIA ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

255

7.3

PULITZER AND PULITZER PRIZES

256

6.3.3

INDEX

259

237

Struggle for Press Freedom in Canada A case study from the Province of Alberta and the key role played by the Edmonton Journal in 1938 Based on a Pulitzer Prize winning exhibit

by

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer Bochum, Germany, 1992

238

Die D e u t s c h e Bibliothek - C I P - E i n h e i t s a u f n a h m e F i s c h e r , Heinz-Dietrich: Struggle for press freedom in Canada / by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - Bochum: Universitätsverlag Brockmeyer 1992 (Canada communication; Vol. 1) ISBN 3-8196-0050-7 NE: G T ISBN 3-8196-0050-7 Alle Rechte vorbehalten © 1992 by Universitätsverlag Dr. Ν. Brockmeyer Uni-Tech-Center, Gebäude MC, 4630 Bochum 1 Gesamtherstellung: Druckerei Muscheiko, Inh. Manfred Stamm Fröhliche Morgensonne 2, 4630 Bochum 6 Telefon (0 23 27) 3 31 83

239

FROM THE PREFACE It was no little surprise when in May 1938 the announcement of the annual Pulitzer Prizes contained this statement: "A special public service prize in the form of a bronce plaque is awarded to the Edmonton (Alberta) Journal for its leadership in defense of the freedom of the press in the province of Alberta." Until today no other non-American newspaper has been so honored because - according to the will of Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911) - Pulitzer Prizes only can be awarded to American authors resp. publications. Why is this award earned by a Canadian newspaper so unique in the field, even after more than five decades now? The answer may be that since the mid-thirties great dangers for press freedom came up in many European countries, and it was the Canadian province of Alberta where similar steps for press control were undertaken, - a development which not only touched media freedom in Canada but also had some relevance for the press in North America as a whole. Since 1935 several attempts were made to limit the freedom of expression and especially that of the press in the Canadian province of Alberta to avoid critical comments on government politics, climaxing in a repressive press bill in 1937. Not only the newspapers in Alberta but the press from all parts of Canada lost no time in opposing the proposed restrictive press act by organizing nation-wide campaigns against the bill and its far-reaching consequences. The present publication intends to cover the press battle from its early beginnings to the final success, focusing on the extraordinary role the Edmonton Journal played in that heavy struggle. Basic information about the conflict and its various steps came from the award-winning exhibit available in the Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University in the City of New York. The Pulitzer Prize Office also made accessible the Jury Reports and other background sources of the awarding procedure in 1938. Additional research had to be done in the archive of the Edmonton Journal and in the Edmonton Public Library where the newspapers could be analyzed for the purpose of this research project. Various other Canadian Libraries in Alberta as well as in Ottawa were helpful in completing the material needed for this study...

240

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface

7

1. THE BASISA Short Glimpse at Canadian Newspaper Development

13

2. THE PRELUDEEarly Press Restrictions in the Province of Alberta

16

3. THE CASEIdea and Concept of a Special Alberta Press Bill

18

4. THE REACTION The Edmonton Journal's Fight against Press Control

21

5. THE PROTESTJoint Action of the Alberta Newspaper Publishers

28

6. THE SEDITIONGrim Newspaper Comments on the Proposed Press Bill

35

7. THE SUSPENSIONWithhold of the Press Law by Lieutenant-Governor

42

8. THE SUCCESSAlberta Press Bill is Declared Unconstitutional

47

9. THE SUMMARYA Comprehensive Account of the Press Law Struggle

53

10. THE REWARDEarning a Pulitzer Prize by the Edmonton Journal

60

11. THE SUPPLEMENTKey Texts and Documents of the Press Bill Battle

71

12. THE BIBLIOGRAPHY Books on Canadian Media and the Pulitzer Prizes

138

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 6

Cultural Criticism 1969 - 1 9 9 0 : From Architectural Damages to Press Imperfections

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München • London · New York · Paris 1992

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive: a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München ; London ; New York; Paris: Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 6 : Pt. B, Opinion journalism. Cultural criticism 1969 1990 : from architectural damages to press imperfections / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1 9 9 2 ISBN 3-598-30176-6

Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier / Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten - All Rights Strictly Reserved K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1992 A Reed Reference Publishing Company Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by W S Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Bodenheim Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30176-6 (Vol. 6) ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

243

FROM THE PREFACE When,

in 1970,

a new Pulitzer Prize category was

established

called "distinguished criticism or commentary," especially the "prize

for

criticism

growing importance journalism," most

John

powerful

was

a

long

of cultural Hohenberg

newspapers,

overdue

recognition

affairs as a special

stated. which

"Only

included

of

the wealthiest most

of

the

field of the

and

large

ones," he added, "could afford to maintain their own critics in such varied fields as books and drama, movies and television, art and architecture,

and music." What the Advisory Board of

the Pulitzer Prizes as well as the annual juries in this award category

hoped

for

was

to

encourage

also

younger

newspaper

people to go in for critical writing in years to come. Although it

is too early

to

decide whether

this gentle

aim could be

realized through this Pulitzer Prize category, the deeper sense behind establishing

the new award in the beginning

also might have been a question of image-lifting

seventies

for a some-

times hated journalistic profession. "Critic baiting,

like

riding to hounds,"

George N.

Gordon

said, "is an old and honorable sport that has it roots in Periclean Athens,

if not before.

Its

antiquity

derives

from the

fact that artistic criticism is certainly as old as the arts possibly has

older, because the

never

stood

in

the

absence, of anything to

way

of

the

confirmed

criticize

and

devout

critic... The trouble with criticizing critics is that it is all too easy to do poorly. Critics are vulnerable, and they may be

'proved' wrong

in too many

ways···

244

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

t ·

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

ν XV

Bo ahum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR DISTINGUISHED CRITICISM SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES .· REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA ABOUT ARCHITECTURE ISSUES IN 1969 By Ada L. Huxtable, The Hew lork Times MUNICIPAL TRAFFIC PLANS WILL MAIM SOME DOWNTOWN DISTRICTS SENSE OF HISTORY AND ESTHETICS PERVADES A NEW CITY HALL .

XV 1 2 3 4 8

A BLACK COMMUNITY FIGHTS A STATE OFFICE BUILDING PROJECT

12

RENEWAL PROGRAMS THREATEN CITY DISTRICTS AND NATURAL ASSETS

16

ABOUT MUSIC TOPICS IN 1970 By Harold C. Schonberg, The Sew lork

19

Times

SOVIET AVANTGARDE MUSIC OBSERVED BY THE POLITICAL SYSTEM

20

CONDUCTING MUSIC THE CELLIST VIRTUOSO BECOMES A YOUNG MAN

23

SOME GREAT CLASSICAL COMPOSERS DESERVE TIMELESS RELEVANCE

28

REMINISCENCES OF TWO FAMOUS BUT VERY DIFFERENT CONDUCTORS

32

ABOUT DANCE ARRANGEMENTS IN 1971 By Frank L. Peters Jr., St. Louis

Π Post-Dispatah

BALLET PERFORMANCES ENJOY POPULAR UPSWING AMONG FANS

38

FANATICAL DEVOTION OF CHAMBER MUSICIANS TO THEIR WORK ...

42

IN A WORLD OF INDIFFERENCE SOME PEOPLE LIVE THEIR MUSIC .

47

SENS I VITY TO ALL SORTS OF MUSIC CHARACTERIZES THAT PRODIGY

52

245 ABOUT TELEVISION OUTLINES IN 1972 By Ronald D. Powers, Chicago Sun-Timea

55

YOUNG CREATIVE WRITERS COULD ENLIVEN SILLY TV ENTERTAINMENT

56

OLYMPIC GAMES TV REPORTERS AS CUSTODIANS OF NATIONAL HONOR

60

SOBERING INSIGHTS INTO ONE OF AMERICA'S MOST POPULAR TV SHOWS

62

ELECTED TRUSTEES OF PUBLIC TV TRY TO SERVE VIEWERS' INTEREST

64

ABOUT ART EXHIBITIONS IN 1973 By Emily Genauer, Hewaday Syndicate

69

A NORWEGIAN PAINTER SEEN UNDER ASPECTS OF HIS PRIVATE LIFE

70

THE GREAT CUBIST'S POSITION IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY ART

73

NUDITY AND VIOLENCE IN ART AS EXPRESSIONS OF MODERN LIFE

78

THE PAINTER OF BIBLICAL VISIONS HAS GOT HIS OWN MUSEUM ..

82

ABOUT FILM PRODUCTIONS IN 1974 By Roger J. Ebert, Chicago Sun-Timea

SI

FEMALE MOVIE ROLES REPRESENT ONLY STEREOTYPED IMAGES

88

NEW WAVE FILMS AND THEIR TREATMENT OF SEX PROBLEMS

93

A PRIVATE EYE MOVIE AS COMPLEX STORY OF EVIL ITSELF CINEMATIC STRUCTURES OF TWO SUCCESSFUL FILM DIRECTORS ... ABOUT DANCE EVENTS IN 1975 By Alan M. Kriegsraan, The Waahington

97 103 109

Poat

INTERNATIONAL BALLETIC BRILLIANCE NOW SHOWN FOR DECADES .

110

ASPECTS OF SYMBIOTIC AFFILIATION BETWEEN FILM AND DANCE .

114

MOSCOW'S FAMOUS BALLET COMPANY EXPECTED WITH NEW PROGRAM

120

CERTAIN EFFECTS OF POLITICS ON A DANCER'S CAREER

127

ABOUT BOOK PUBLICATIONS IN 1976 By William A. McPherson, The Washington

131

Poat

A PROLIFICE WRITER'S NEW NOVEL IS ABOUT MONEY AND POWER .

132

DISTURBANCE OF EDEN BY PROGRESS IN A SMALL FARM VILLAGE .

136

YOUNG POET BETWEEN EDWARDIAN IDEALS AND OUTRAGEOUS REALITY

139

LETTERS ILLUMINATING VARIED DECADES OF AMERICAN HISTORY .

143

246 ABOUT THEATER PERFORMANCES IN 1977 By Walter F. Kerr, The Hew !ork

1*7

Times

THE FASCINATING ART OF PLAYING A ROLE SENSITIVELY

148

THEATER ONCE DEALT WITH ROMANCE NOW EXPOSES SEX

152

TWO FEMALE ENTERTAINERS PUT ON A STRIKING SHOW

15Θ

INTERPRETATIONS OF TWO ACTORS PLAYING THE SAME ROLE

162

ABOUT ARCHITECTURE DEFICIENCIES IN 1978 By Paul J. Gapp, Chicago Tribune

"7

NEW FEDERAL BUILDING NOT COMPATIBLE WITH CITY MASTER PLANS

168

CHEERLESS SHAPING OF LIVING SPACE IN SOME DOWNTOWN AREAS

172

FEW CITY HOTEL LOBBIES OFFER A TASTEFUL GENERAL ATMOSPHERE

176

RUTHLESS WRECKING OF LANDMARKS BY URBAN RENEWAL PROJECT .

180

ABOUT TELEVISION CONCEPTS IN 1979 By William A. Henry III, The Boston

Globe

FAIRYTALE FASCINATES TV AUDIENCE OVER TWO DECADES

186

HOW TO ADAPT A FAMOUS NOVEL OF GUILT AND LOVE FOR TV

189

ETHICS OF SEVERAL TV SPORTSCASTERS' BELONG ON THE SIDELINES

192

HIGHLY STEREOTYPED CHARACTERS DOMINATE TV NETWORK PROGRAMS

195

ABOUT BOOK MESSAGES IN 1980 By Jonathan Yardley, The Washington

199 Star

SLIMY'EXERCISES IN THE "NEW" JOURNALISM PROFESSION

200

CHINESE-AMERICANS' PROBLEMS O F CULTURAL INTEGRATION

203

A GREENHORN'S WILD ADVENTURES IN THE EARLY SIXTIES

207

GLIMPSES OF AN INFLUENTIAL COLUMNIST'S DUAL CAREER

210

ABOUT MUSIC PRESENTATIONS IN 1981 By Martin Bernheiraer, Los Angeles Times

215

AN OUTSTANDING VIOLINIST'S STANDARD WAS SIMPLY PERFECTION

216

MODERN SETTING OF A CLASSIC OPERA AS BIG MUSICAL CHALLENGE

221

ACCLAIMED STAR TENOR DISAPPOINTS IN ITALIAN OPERA PERFORMANCE

224

OPERA MASTERPIECE PERFORMED AS NAIVE COMPENDIUM OF CLICHES

227

247 ABOUT ART ASPECTS IN 1982 By Manuela V. Hoelterhoff, The Wall Street

233 Journal

AN ESTHETICALLY FASCINATING TV SERIES AS GREAT FILM ART .

234

TWO ART EXHIBITIONS ILLUMINATE MODERN ITALIAN PAINTING ..

236

SOME OLD MASTERS' PAINTINGS VISUALIZE HEAVEN AND EARTH ..

240

CONTEMPORARY ART SHOW DOESN'T INDICATE FUTURE TRENDS

244

ABOUT ARCHITECTURE CHALLENGES IN 1983 By Paul J. Goldberger, The Hew lork Times

249

A WORLD CAPITAL'S STEEL ICON BECOMES ONE CENTURY OLD

250

RESTORATION PLANS THREATEN U.S. PARLIAMENT BUILDING

254

DESIGN OF NEW COLLEGE HALL SHOWS COMPOSITIONAL TALENT ...

258

WEST COAST CITY PLANS TO LIMIT UNFETTERED DOWNTOWN GROWTH

263

ABOUT TELEVISION COVERAGES IN 1984 By Howard Rosenberg, Los Angeles Times IF PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES ONCE HELD AN HONEST TV DEBATE

269 270

ELECTRONIC PREACHERS MIX THEOLOGY AND DOCTRINAIRE POLITICS

273

A TV NETWORK'S JINGOISTIC COVERAGE OF THE L.A. OLYMPIC GAMES

276

SOFT-FOCUSED NEWS PROGRAMS PRESENTED BY PERKY TV ANCHORS

280

ABOUT MUSIC CONDITIONS IN 1985 By Donal J. Henahan, The Hew lork Times

283

A SOPRANO'S FAREWELL APPEARANCE IN A DEFICIENT PRODUCTION

284

THE MIRACLE OF TWO BAROQUE COMPOSERS' MUSICAL ACHIEVEMENT

287

OPERAGOERS' PROPOSALS TO PERFORM A MURDER SCENE PLAUSIBLY

292

FAULTS IN THE MUSICAL LOGIC OF TOO MANY YOUNG COMPOSERS .

296

ABOUT BOOK CONTENTS IN 1986 By Richard 6. Eder, Los Angeles

301

Times

TUMULTOUS SEARCH FOR A WOMAN'S PAST IN SOCIETY

302

MEMORIES OF A VERY HAUNTING ANO SOLITARY CHILDHOOD

305

AGE IS WELL ABLE TO PREVAIL OVER CHALLENGING YOUTH

309

NEW STEP IN A JOURNEY FROM A DARK CAVE INTO THE LIGHT ...

313

248 ABOUT TELEVISION PROGRAMS IN 1987 By Thomas W. Shales, The Washington Post

317

FICTIONAL TV STORY ON A SOVIET-OCCUPIED AMERICA

318

DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTIAL CONTENDERS IN TV DEBATES

325

TV TRANSMITTED HEARING ON NOMINATION TO SUPREME COURT ...

328

TV COVERAGE DOESN'T COME UP TO GRACIOUS HISTORIC SUMMIT .

332

ABOUT BOOK QUESTIONS IN 1988 By Michael Skube, The Sews and. Observer,

337 Raleigh

WHAT A FELLOWSHIP OF REGIONAL WRITERS SHOULD SET AS ITS AIM

338

TWO NOVELISTS RECONSTRUCT AMBIVALENT TIES OF FATHER TO SON

341

SHAPELESS AND WOODEN NOVEL AGAIN ATOP THE BEST SELLER LISTS LETTERS OF AN EXCELLENT MUSIC CRITIC SHOW WIT AND FRANKNESS ABOUT ARCHITECTURE PROBLEMS IN 1989 By Allan B. Temko, San Franaisoo Chronicle

344 347 351

FORMER ARMY BASE AS CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE ...

352

ESTHETIC QUALITY SHOULD LEAD DOWNTOWN BUILDING PROGRAMS .

357

EARTHQUAKE REVEALS SOME FAULTS IN BUILDING TECHNIQUES ...

362

NEW HALFWAY HOUSE IS A MASTERPIECE OF SOCIAL DESIGN

368

ABOUT MEDIA FAILURES IN 1990 By David L. Shaw, Los Angeles Times

373

MOSTLY UNCRITICAL MEDIA COVERAGE OF A CONTROVERSIAL TRIAL

374

LOOKING TOWARD AUTHORITIES THE MEDIA PREJUDGED DEFENDANTS

381

HOW A LARGE NEWSPAPER CAN CONTRIBUTE TO PUBLIC OUTRAGE ..

387

WHAT IS DECISIVE FOR A GAZETTE'S FAIR COURT REPORTING? ..

396

WINNERS OF THE DISTINGUISHED CRITICISM AWARD, 1991-2001 - SPACE FOR NOTES INDEX

407

249

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 7

American History Awards 1917-1991: From Colonial Settlements to the Civil Rights Movement

by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München · New Providence · London · Paris 1994

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München ; New Providence ; London ; Paris: Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] 7 : Pt. C, Nonfiction literature. American history awards 1917 - 1991 from colonial settlements to the civil rights movement / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1994 ISBN 3-598-30177-4

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1994 A Reed Reference Publishing Company Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Bodenheim Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30177-4 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

251

FROM THE PREFACE

Among the awards that carry the name of Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911) and which were established in Pulitzer's will of 1903 there are not only prizes to honour works in different categories of journalism but also in the arts. One of these prizes for literary products was defined as awarding authors "for the best book of the year upon the history of the United States." This Pulitzer Prize for American History, John Hohenberg stresses, "remains in substantially the same form today, 'the best' having been replaced by 'a distinguished.' It was discovered very early in the risky business of prize-giving," Hohenberg explains, "that an award for 'the best' of anything invariably created an unnecessary amount of argument and the Pulitzer authorities dropped the term." The present volume of the Pulitzer Prize Archive deals with this special literary award, established in 1917, and its development until now. At the same time the book marks the beginning of a three-volume series handling the Pulitzer Prizes for non-fictional book publications. As the history award's definition was wide-ranged from its beginning on, books on rather all historical eras, topics and aspects were allowed to take part in the competition. Consequently strongly different publications were awarded with a Pulitzer Prize in the course of time. Among the Prize-winning works count historical overall views as well as more detailed examinations and problemorientated case studies with topics from outside the political history. As the awarded books in the history category sometimes were published more than once and sometimes as pocket books or otherwise licensed, the problem of copyright for reprinting short sequences was not easy to solve. Furthermore, it was difficult to choose particularly those text portions which were to a certain extend representative for the work as a whole and which could be understood without knowing the book's entire content. Different authors as well as the publishers to whom we addressed generously agreed to this practice, so that - next to the detailed presentation and analysis of the prize's history based upon the jury reports - short text examples could be presented to the reader...

252

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE INTRODUCTION

V XIX

By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität Bochum HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR AMERICAN HISTORY

XIX

SELECTIONS F R O M AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA

1 2

1917 AWARD: ABOUT THE AMERICANS IN VARIOUS HISTORICAL PHASES

3

By Jean J. Jusserand PIERRE L'ENFANT DESIGNS THE FEDERAL CITY

4

1918 AWARD: ABOUT THE STAGES OF THE CIVIL WAR

7

By James F. Rhodes SOME BASIC LIFE CONDITIONS IN THE NORTH 1919 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE HISTORY PRIZE By The Advisory Board

8 11

NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

12

1920 AWARD: ABOUT THE CENTRAL ASPECTS OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO

13

By Justin H. Smith THE SITUATION AROUND THE SANTA FE AREA 1921 AWARD: ABOUT THE NAVAL STRATEGY IN WORLD WAR I By William S. Sims / Burton J. Hendrick AMERICAN DESTROYERS IN FULL ACTION 1922 AWARD: ABOUT THE FOUNDING OF NEW ENGLAND STATES...

14 17 18 21

By James T. Adams THE GREAT MIGRATION IN THAT REGION

22

253 1923 AWARD: ABOUT THE SUPREME COURT IN U.S. HISTORY

27

By Charles Warren THE TIMES OF SLAVERY AND STATE DEFIANCE 1924 AWARD: ABOUT THE BACKGROUND OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

28

31

By Charles H. Mcllwain TRIALS OF A CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION 1925 AWARD: ABOUT THE FRONTIER DEVELOPMENT OF THE U.S...

32 35

By Frederic L. Paxson THE BOUNDARY LINE IN EARLY 19TH CENTURY 1926 AWARD: ABOUT THE GENERAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

36

41

By Edward Channing EARLY RAILROADS IN THE OHIO VALLEY REGION 1927 AWARD: ABOUT THE DISPUTES ON THE MISSISSIPPI QUESTION .

42 45

By Samuel F. Bemis DIPLOMACY IN THE OLD AND THE NEW WORLD 1928 AWARD: ABOUT THE ROMANTIC REVOLUTION IN AMERICA

46 49

By Vernon L. Parrington INDICATORS OF THE MIND OF THE SOUTH 1929 AWARD: ABOUT THE UNION ARMY'S ADMINISTRATION

50 53

By Fred A. Shannon FEEDING AND CLOTHING THE VOLUNTEERS 1930 AWARD: ABOUT THE RESULTS OF THE INDEPENDENCE W A R .

54 57

By Claude H. Van Tyne EUROPEAN COUNTRIES SUPPLY SECRET AID 1931 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMING OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

58 61

By Bernadotte E. Schmitt THE UNITED STATES AND MEDIATION IN PARIS

62

254 1932 AWARD: ABOUT THE PERSONAL EXPERIENCES IN WORLD WAR I

65

By John J. Pershing THE U.S. COMMANDER AND THE ARMISTICE TALKS 1933 AWARD: ABOUT THE SECTIONS IN AMERICAN HISTORY

66 69

By Frederick J. Turner STATE-MAKING IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA 1934 AWARD: ABOUT THE PRESIDENTS AFTER GEORGE WASHINGTON

70 73

By Herbert S. Agar FROM WOODROW WILSON TO WARREN HARDING 1935 AWARD: ABOUT THE COLONIAL PERIOD OF NORTH AMERICA.

74 79

By Charles M. Andrews SOME ASPECTS OF EARLY MASSACHUSETTS LIFE 1936 AWARD: ABOUT THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

80

83

By Andrew C. McLaughlin THE FINAL ADOPTION OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION 1937 AWARD: ABOUT THE FLOWERING OF THE NEW ENGLAND REGION

84

87

By Van W. Brooks EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF HARVARD COLLEGE 1938 AWARD: ABOUT THE ROAD TO AMERICAN REUNION

88 91

By Paul H. Buck THE SITUATION OF BLACKS IN THE SOUTH 1939 AWARD: ABOUT THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN PERIODICALS

92 95

By Frank L. Mott SKETCH OF THE UNITED STATES MAGAZINE 1940 AWARD: ABOUT THE WAR YEARS OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

96 99

By Carl A. Sandburg KILLING THE PRESIDENT IN FORD'S THEATER

100

255 1941 AWARD: ABOUT THE CONTINUING SETTLEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES By Marcus L. Hansen PIONEERS OF THE GREAT ATLANTIC MIGRATION

105 106

1942 AWARD: ABOUT THE CONCLUSIVE PHASE OF LINCOLN'S PRESIDENCY

111

By Margaret K. Leech THE LINCOLN FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS 1943 AWARD: ABOUT THE UPCOMING OF A FAMOUS BOSTON PIONEER

112

119

By Esther Forbes PAUL REVERE AND THE WORLD HE LIVED IN 1944 AWARD: ABOUT THE GROWTH OF THOUGHT IN AMERICA

120 123

By Merle E. Curti THE POPULARIZATION OF BUSINESS KNOWLEDGE 1945 AWARD: ABOUT THE U.S. POLICY AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR

124

129

By Stephen Bonsai AMERICA'S POSITION AT THE PARIS CONFERENCE 1946 AWARD: ABOUT THE AGE OF PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.

130 135

By Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. THE PRESIDENTS FIRST YEAR IN OFFICE 1947 AWARD: ABOUT THE U.S. STRUGGLE FOR SUPERIORITY IN WORLD WAR II

136

139

By James P. Baxter ΠΙ THE ANTIMALARIALS AND MILITARY MEDICINE 1948 AWARD: ABOUT THE CROSSING OF THE MISSOURI RIVER

140 145

By Bernard A. DeVoto PIONEER TIMES OF THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS 1949 AWARD: ABOUT THE DISRUPTION OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY

146 149

By Roy F. Nichols MAIN ASPECTS IN THE SPLIT OF THE REPUBLIC

150

256 1950 A W A R D : ABOUT THE ART AND LIFE IN THE UNITED STATES..

153

By Oliver W . Larkin ARCHITECTURE OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS 1951 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PIONEER PERIOD OF THE NORTHWEST..

154 159

By R. Carlyle Buley MEDICAL AND HEALTH-RELATED CONDITIONS 1952 A W A R D : ABOUT THE GREAT MIGRATIONS IN AMERICA

160 163

By Oscar Handlin GHETTOS IN SEVERAL METROPOLITAN AREAS 1953 AWARD: ABOUT THE YEARS OF PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE.

164 167

By George B. Dangerfield THE PRESIDENTS BACKGROUND AND PLANS 1954 A W A R D : ABOUT THE CIVIL WAR IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA..

168 171

By C. Bruce Catton A BATTLE NEAR THE APPOMATTOX RIVER 1955 AWARD: ABOUT THE RIO GRANDE IN NORTH AMERICAN HISTORY

172 175

By Paul Horgan AMERICAN AND MEXICAN RIVER SETTLEMENTS

1956 A W A R D : ABOUT THE AGE OF REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES

176

179

By Richard Hofstadter PROGRESSIVE IMPULSE IN THE URBAN SCENE 1957 AWARD: ABOUT THE EARLY SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS

180 183

By George F. Kennan THE MAJOR STATESMEN IN THAT PROCESS

1958 AWARD: ABOUT THE AMERICAN BANK POLICY SINCE THE REVOLUTION

184

189

By Bray Hammond THE GROWTH OF MAJOR BANKING INSTITUTIONS

190

257 1959 AWARD: ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE U.S. ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM

193

By Leonard D. White / D. Jean Schneider GLANCES OF THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT 1960 AWARD: ABOUT THE TWENTY-FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

194

197

By Margaret K. Leech MCKINLEY AS A CHAMPION OF PROTECTIONISM 1961 AWARD: ABOUT THE AMERICAN POSITION AT THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE

198

201

By Herbert Feis ROOSEVELTS AND TRUMAN'S POLAND POLICY 1962 AWARD: ABOUT THE PRE-REVOLUTION YEARS IN AMERICA

202 207

By Lawrence H. Gipson NEWSPAPERS IN SOME METROPOLITAN AREAS 1963 AWARD: ABOUT THE EMERGENCE OF THE U.S. CHIEF NATIONAL CITY

208

213

By Constance M. Green THE VILLAGE AND CAPITAL OF WASHINGTON 1964 AWARD: ABOUT THE FORMATION OF A NEW ENGLAND SPOT

214 219

By Sumner C. Powell THE MASSACHUSETTS VILLAGE OF WATERTOWN 1965 AWARD: ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN FINANCE POLICY

220

223

By Irwin Unger ASPECTS OF POST-CIVIL WAR MONEY DEBATE 1966 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIFE OF THE MIND IN AMERICA

224 229

By Perry G. Miller ORIGINS OF CHURCH AND STATE SEPARATION 1967 AWARD: ABOUT THE EXPLORERS OF THE AMERICAN WEST..

230 235

By William H. Goetzmann SOME LEADING FIGURES OF THAT REGION

236

258 1968 AWARD: ABOUT THE IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE REVOLUTION By Bernard Bailyn THE LITERATURE AS A DISCUSSION PLATFORM

1969 AWARD: ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF THE FIFTH AMENDMENT

241 242

245

By Leonard W. Levy THE BASIC RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION

1970 AWARD: ABOUT THE EXPERIENCES IN THE STATE DEPARTMENT

246

251

By Dean G. Acheson TOP GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN WORLD WAR II

1971 AWARD: ABOUT THE THIRTY-SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

252

255

By James M. Burns THE REELECTION OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

1972 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPARISON OF RACE RELATIONS IN AMERICA

256

261

By Carl N. Degler STATUS OF BLACKS IN BRAZIL AND U.S.A

1973 AWARD: ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN CIVILIZATION

262

265

By Michael G. Kämmen SOME PARADOX ASPECTS OF THE PEOPLE

1974 AWARD: ABOUT THE DEMOCRATIC EXPERIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES

266

269

By Daniel J. Boorstin SOME KEY FOUNDERS OF DEPARTMENT STORES

1975 AWARD: ABOUT THE TIME AND LIFE OF THOMAS JEFFERSON

270

273

By Dumas Malone BEGIN OF THE PRESIDENTS SECOND TERM

1976 AWARD: ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF Α MISSIONER IN AMERICA

274

279

By PaulHorgan THE MOUNT VERNON TIME OF LAMY OF SANTA FE

280

259 1977 A W A R D : ABOUT THE IMPENDING C R I S I S IN THE UNITED STATES

283

By David M. Potter THE BASIC FUNCTION OF THE 1860 ELECTION 1978 A W A R D : ABOUT THE MANAGERIAL REVOLUTION IN U.S. BUSINESS

284

289

By Alfred D. Chandler Jr. EARLY RAILROADS AS THE KEY ENTERPRISES 1979 A W A R D : ABOUT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A S U P R E M E COURT DECISION

290

295

By Don E. Fehrenbacher THE DRED SCOTT CASE AS KEY JUDGMENT 1980 A W A R D : ABOUT THE AFTERMATH OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES

296

301

By Leon F. Litwack THE SUDDEN FEEL OF FREEDOM FOR BLACKS

302

1981 A W A R D : ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENTS IN AMERICAN EDUCATION POLICY 305 By Lawrence A. Cremin NEW YORK CITY'S EARLY SCHOOL SYSTEM

306

1982 A W A R D : ABOUT THE EYEWITNESS R E P O R T S FROM THE CIVIL WAR 309 By C. Vann Woodward THE GREAT DIARY BY MARY BOYKIN CHESNUT

310

1983 A W A R D : ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATION OF EIGHTEENHUNDRED VIRGINIA

313

By Rhys L. Isaac THOMAS JEFFERSON AS A SYMBOL AND A LEGEND 1984 A W A R D : ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE HISTORY PRIZE

314 317

By Pulitzer Prize Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

318

260 1985 AWARD: ABOUT THE PROTAGONISTS OF THE U.S. REGULATION IDEAS

319

By Thomas K. McCraw GOVERNMENT TRIALS TO REGULATE ECONOMY 1986 AWARD: ABOUT THE AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN SPACE AGE

320 323

By Walter A. McDougall STRATEGIES DURING THE EISENHOWER ERA 1987 AWARD: ABOUT THE PRE-REVOLUTION PEOPLING IN THE UNITED STATES

324

327

By Bernard Bailyn IMMIGRATION TO THE EAST COAST STATES 1988 AWARD: ABOUT THE LAUNCHING OF MODERN SCIENCE IN THE U.S

328

333

By Robert V. Bruce SOME TRENDSETTERS IN HIGHER EDUCATION 1989a AWARD: ABOUT THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT YEARS

334 337

By Taylor Branch MARTIN LUTHER KING'S WASHINGTON SPEECH 1989b AWARD: ABOUT THE ERA OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

338 341

By James M. McPherson ASPECTS AND BOOKS ON SPECIFIC QUESTIONS 1990 AWARD: ABOUT THE UNITED STATES INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

342

345

By Stanley Karnow AMERICA EXPORTS ITSELF TO THE PHILIPPINES 1991 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIFE IN EIGHTEEN-HUNDRED MAINE

346 349

By Laurel T. Ulrich A WOMAN FROM THE KENNEBEC RIVER REGION

350

WINNERS OF THE AMERICAN HISTORY AWARD, 1 9 9 2 - 2 0 0 2

352

INDEX

355

261

Sports Journalism at its Best Pulitzer Prize-Winning Articles, Cartoons, and Photographs

by

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

Nelson-Hall Chicago, Illinois, 1995

262

Project Editor Rachel Schick Typesetter Ε. T. Lowe Printer Bookcrafters Cover Painting: Joseph J. Cuitin Library of C o n f r e * · Cataloglng-tn-PnbllcAtlon Data Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich, 1937Sports journalism at its best: Pulitzer Prize-winning articles, cartoons, and photographs / Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 04304-I36S4 1. Sports journalism. 2. Pulitzer prizes. I. Title. Π. Title: Pulitzer Prize-winning articles, cartoons, and photographs. PN4784.S6F57 1995 070.4'49796—dc20

94-27374 CIP

Copyright Ο 1995 by Nelson-Hall Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for broadcast or for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper. For information address Nelson-Hall Publishers, 111 North Canal Street, Chicago, Illinois 60606. Manufactured in the United Stales of America 10

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

FROM THE PREFACE

263

Sports in the History of the Pulitzer Prizes

Sports journalists in American press organs didn't always have the prestige they enjoy nowadays. It has been handed down, for instance, that a sports editor, working in the mid-thirties at the highly reputed New York Herald-Tribune, "hated his sports job with an abiding and venomous hatred. He didn't like sports, didn't see any sense in a sports page and wanted to get back to the city staff as fast as he could. He had been transplanted against his will and the first chance he got, he left, becoming assistant city editor" of another New York-based newspaper. In 1935, another journalist of the Herald-Tribune became the first ever to win a Pulitzer Prize for sports journalism, thereby boosting the prestige of the whole trade. William H. Taylor was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in the "Reporting" category, created in 1917, "for his series of articles on the international yacht races" published in the THb in 1934. (see p. 14). In contrast to the sports detestors at the New York Herald-Tribune, Taylor, the yachting editor of the paper, is said to have had a great affinity for sports: he was "familiar with boats and the sea through a lifetime of close association, a seaman in the most exacting sense of the word. He was born at New Bedford, Massachusetts, the port from which many of his ancestors had sailed in whalers and in merchant ships. His family summer home was only a step from the beach, off which he paddled a skiff for the first time when he was a small boy." Thus, the first Pulitzer Prize winner for sports-related reporting represented the sort of sports journalist typical throughout the thirties, who wrote about a kind of sport he himself knew

264

competently. Although in 1934 "there were 455 collegiate institutions in the United States offering journalism instruction, and 812 teachers of journalism throughout the country," the systematic professional training of sports journalists was an absolute rarity among the various curricula. In 1935 the creation of the first graduate school of journalism at Columbia University was a milestone, and "indicative of.. .change in the field of journalism education," but this was only a humble beginning on the way "to the social demands for more effectively trained newspaper men and women." Concretely, the ambitious training program at the university center of education founded by Joseph Pulitzer offered "classes in government, history, economics, law, science, business, philosophy, international relations and other subjects as a reporter would be given assignments by his city editor." The enumeration of the enlarged training program continues, "Another innovation was the organization of the program of the school along the lines of a newspaper office," soon expressly including "coverage of sports" too. It is also reported that at the New York Times, "sports bylines multiplied like rabbits" as early as 1925... Although a Pulitzer Prize category solely dedicated to sports journalism has never existed, over the decades quite a number of articles, cartoons, and photos dealing with sports topics have earned this highest honor for print media communication. As Percy H. Tannenbaum once stated in an article for Journalism Quarterly in 1950, there "arose a new brand of sports writing and reporting during the Twenties... Informality of style, originality of composition and a new jargon blossomed on the sports pages—but accompanied by a tendency towards verbosity, triteness, and shopworn cliches, synonyms and analogies. The golden age of sports was matched by a slightly tarnished silver age of sports writing." Since the mid-thirties, sports journalism in several newspapers has reached a certain standard and—step by step—outstanding achievements in this field have been awarded Pulitzers. So, to some extent, the progress in sports coverage is reflected in the

265 development of the Pulitzers until today. The present book intends to be a supplementary volume to books like Douglas A. Anderson's Contemporary Sports Reporting. Anderson wrote, "on pages that not long ago were filled almost totally with play-by-play accounts and features of major sports, we now find first-person stories," demonstrating "the changes that have occurred on the nation's daily newspaper sports pages."...

266

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ix CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 1 Sports in the History of the Pulitzer Prizes 1 Sports as Part of a New Pulitzer Prize Category 6 CHAPTER TWO

FACT-ORIENTED GENRES 13 Spot News Sports Reporting 13 Preparations for an International Yacht Race 14 A Heavyweight Boxing World-Championship 18 A National Football League's Annual Auction 21 Winning an Olympic Ice Hockey Gold Medal 24 Accident During an International Car Race 27 Sports Photography Coverage 31 Retirement Ceremony of a Baseball Hero 32 Dangerous Attack on a Football Player 34 Short Break for the World's Best Diver 36 Jubilation of a Successful Women's Coach 40 A Soccer Player Observed in Full Action 42

267

CHAPTER THREE

BACKGROUND-ORIENTED GENRES 47 Profiles of Sports Celebrities

47

An Old Master Among American Jockeys 48 A Glamour Boxing Champion and His Court 50 Comeback of a Famous Golf Professional 53 Unusual Engagement of a Top Ballplayer 56 The Personal Tragedy of a Basketball Idol 58

Investigative Sports-Related Cases

61

Exposures of Big Corruption in Basketball Improper Use of University Athletic Funds Problems Facing Athletic College Programs Career Steps of a University Football Player Disclosure of College Basketball Cheatings

62 69 78 82 86

CHAPTER FOUR

OPINION-ORIENTED GENRES 93 Editorial Page Sports Comments

93

Basic Discussions About Sports Amateurism 94 Fears About the 1980 Moscow Olympics 97 A Plea for Curbing of Sports Agents 98 Opposing Racial Remarks About Black Athletes 1 02 Curious Theories on Athletic Supremacy 104

268

Criticizing Television Sportscasting 108 Values and Judgments of a Sportscaster 109 Violence Coverage from the Munich Olympics 111 Sportscasting and Its Ethical Background 114 Deficits in the Coverage of the LA. Olympics 118 Sportscasters Highly Ignore the Losers 121 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

125

NOTES 129 BIBLIOGRAPHY

141

269

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 8

Biography / Autobiography Awards 1917-1992: From the lucky Discoverer of America to an unfortunate Vietnam Veteran

by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G - Saur München · New Providence • London · Paris 1995

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München ; New Providence ; London ; Paris : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 8 : Pt. C, Nonfiction literature. Biography, autobiography awards 1917-1992 : from the lucky discoverer of America to an unfortunate Vietnam veteran / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. -1995 ISBN 3-598-30178-2

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1995 A Reed Reference Publishing Company Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS-Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Bodenheim Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30178-2 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

271

FROM THE PREFACE

Together with the Pulitzer Prize for American History the one for Biography and Autobiography respectively has the longest tradition among the awards for non-fiction literature - both came into existence in 1917, the first year the awards were given away. "The vogue for biography in the United States, at the time the Pulitzer Prizes were inaugurated," John Hohenberg states, "was even greater than the urge to find different approaches to American history. The American public fairly reveled in highly personal books about the great and the near-great and rewarded the irreverent authors with both wealth and heady praise." In view of the large wave of biographical/autobiographical books published since the turn of the century that partly referred to the "famous names" in American history, Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), defining the prize in his testament, gave a remarkable description with the following delimiting content: The prize was meant "for the best American biography teaching patriotic and unselfish service to the people, illustrated by an eminent example, excluding as too obvious the names of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln." Looking back on the history of this award the historian Julian P. Boyd once pointed out, "that this form of letters has attracted the pens of some of the ablest writers in twentieth-century America." As a consequence quite a few winners of the Pulitzer Prize in the biography/autobiography category were themselves highly prominent authors or personalities well-known to the public such as John F. Kennedy, who was among the individuals honored with this prestigious award. But in the course of time the passage in the definition of the prize, according to which biographical works on Lincoln and Washington were to be excluded, was dropped and because of that studies on these two subjects increasingly came into consideration, sometimes even winning Pulitzer Prizes...

272

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

V XIX

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR BIOGRAPHY/AUTOBIOGRAPHY SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA 1917 Award: ABOUT THE POET JULIA WARD HOWE

XIX 1 2 3

By Laura E. Richards / Maud H. Elliott / Florence H. Hall HER BATTLE HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC 1918 Award: ABOUT THE AUTHOR BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

4 9

By William C. Bruce HIS MORAL STANDING AND FINANCIAL STATUS 1919 Award: ABOUT THE HISTORIAN HENRY ADAMS

10 13

By Henry B. Adams HIS STUDIES AND EXPERIENCES IN BERLIN

14

1920 Award: ABOUT THE JUSTICE JOHN MARSHALL

19

By Albert J. Beveridge HIS INTENTIONS AS A BIOGRAPHER 1921 Award: ABOUT THE AUTHOR EDWARD BOK

20 25

By Edward W. Bok HIS WORK FOR THE LADIES' HOME JOURNAL 1922 Award: ABOUT THE SETTLER ISABEL McCLINTOCK

26 31

By Hamlin Garland HER FAILING HEALTH AND LONELINESS

32

273 1923 Award: ABOUT THE DIPLOMAT WALTER H. PAGE

37

By Burton J. Hendrick HIS RESIGNATION FROM AMBASSADOR POST

38

1924 Award: ABOUT THE PHYSICIST MICHAEL PUPIN

41

By Michael I. Pupin HIS NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL PORTRAIT

1925 Award: ABOUT THE EDUCATOR BARRETT WENDELL

42

47

By M. A. DeWolfe Howe HIS VISITING PROFESSORSHIP IN PARIS

1926 Award: ABOUT THE PHYSICIAN WILLIAM OSLER

48

53

By Harvey W. Cushing HIS PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE BOOK

1927 Award: ABOUT THE POET WALT WHITMAN

54

59

By R. Emory Holloway HIS EARLY YEARS AS A JOURNALIST

1928 Award: ABOUT THE CONDUCTOR THEODORE THOMAS

60

63

By Charles E. Russell HIS MOVE FROM NEW YORK TO CHICAGO

1929 Award: ABOUT THE EDITOR WALTER H. PAGE

64

69

By Burton J. Hendrick HIS ACTIVITIES AT THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY

1930 Award: ABOUT THE STATESMAN SAM HOUSTON

70

73

By Marquis James HIS PLANS FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS

1931 Award: ABOUT THE EDUCATOR CHARLES W. ELIOT

74

77

By Henry James HIS ESTABLISHMENT OF GRADUATE DEGREES

1932 Award: ABOUT THE PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELT

78

83

By Henry F. Pringle HIS INAUGURATION SPEECH CIRCUMSTANCES

84

274 1933 Award: ABOUT THE PRESIDENT GROVER CLEVELAND

89

By Allan Nevins HIS FORMATION OF THE FIRST CABINET

1934 Award: ABOUT THE DIPLOMAT JOHN HAY

90

95

By Tyler W. Dennett HIS POLICY UNDER THEODORE ROOSEVELT

96

1935 Award: ABOUT THE GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE By Douglas S. Freeman

99

HIS APPOINTMENT AS HEAD OF WEST POINT

1936 Award: ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGIST WILLIAM JAMES

100

105

By Ralph B. Perry HIS EARLY STUDY AND BOOK PUBLICATION

1937 Award: ABOUT THE SECRETARY HAMILTON FISH By Allan Nevins HIS RETIREMENT FROM BIG POLITICS

1938a Award: ABOUT THE PHILOSOPHER BRONSON ALCOTT By Odell Shepard HIS FAME AS A THINKER AND EDUCATOR

1938b Award: ABOUT THE GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON By Marquis James HIS PLANS AFTER THE FLORIDA RAID

1939 Award: ABOUT THE STATESMAN BENJAMIN FRANKLIN By Carl C. Van Dören HIS BEGINNING AS POSTMASTER GENERAL

1940 Award: ABOUT THE PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON By Ray S. Baker HIS VARIOUS ACTIVITIES DURING WORLD WAR I

1941 Award: ABOUT THE THEOLOGIAN JONATHAN EDWARDS

106

109 110

115 116

121 122

125 126

131 132

135

By Ola E. Winslow HIS DISMISSAL FROM NORTHAMPTON PULPIT

136

275 1942 Award: ABOUT THE AUTHOR HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

141

By R. Forrest Wilson HER SUCCESSFUL BOOK UNCLE TOM'S CABIN 1943 Award: ABOUT THE ADMIRAL CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

142 147

By Samuel E. Morison HIS LANDING IN THE NEW WORLD 1944 Award: ABOUT THE INVENTOR SAMUEL MORSE

148 151

By Carleton Mabee HIS MEETING IN PARIS WITH DAGUERRE 1945 Award: ABOUT THE HISTORIAN GEORGE BANCROFT

152 155

By Rüssel B. Nye HIS LAST VOLUME OF THE U.S. HISTORY

156

1946 Award: ABOUT THE NATURALIST JOHN MUIR

159

By Linnie M. Wolfe HIS ACTIVITIES IN YOSEMITE PARK 1947 Award: ABOUT THE EDITOR WILLIAM ALLEN WHITE

160 163

By William A. White HIS PURCHASE OF THE EMPORIA GAZETTE 1948 Award: ABOUT THE POLITICIAN JOHN BIGELOW

164 169

By Margaret A. Clapp HIS IDEA OF A NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY 1949 Award: ABOUT THE SECRETARY HARRY L. HOPKINS

170 173

By Robert E. Sherwood HIS TRAVEL TO THE CASABLANCA CONFERENCE 1950 Award: ABOUT THE STATESMAN JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

174 179

By Samuel F. Bemis HIS INFLUENCE ON THE MONROE DOCTRINE 1951 Award: ABOUT THE STATESMAN JOHN C. CALHOUN

180 183

By Margaret L. Coit HIS PRIVATE DOMICILE AT FORT HILL

184

276 1952 Award: ABOUT THE JURIST CHARLES EVANS HUGHES By Merlo J. Pusey HIS NOMINATION AS U.S. CHIEF JUSTICE 1953 Award: ABOUT THE STATESMAN EDMUND PENDLETON By David J. Mays HIS START AS JUSTICE OF CAROLINE COUNTY 1954 Award: ABOUT THE AVIATOR CHARLES LINDBERGH By Charles A. Lindbergh Jr. HIS ARRIVAL AND RECEPTION AT PARIS

189 190 193 194 197 198

1955 Award: ABOUT THE SENATOR ROBERT A. TAFT By William S. White HIS NEW TRY FOR PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION

203

1956 Award: ABOUT THE ARCHITECT B. HENRY LATROBE By Talbot F. Hamlin HIS WORK FOR THE U.S. GOVERNMENT

207

1957 Award: ABOUT THE STATESMAN DANIEL WEBSTER By John F. Kennedy HIS OUTSTANDING ROLE AS AN ORATOR

213

204

208

214

1958 Award: ABOUT THE PRESIDENT GEORGE WASHINGTON By Douglas S. Freeman / John A. Carroll / Mary W. Ashworth HIS RETIREMENT FROM FEDERAL OFFICE

219

1959 Award: ABOUT THE PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON By Arthur C. Walworth Jr. HIS FAMOUS FOURTEEN POINT SPEECH

223

1960 Award: ABOUT THE ADMIRAL JOHN PAUL JONES By Samuel E. Morison HIS LAUNCHING OF THE SHIP AMERICA 1961 Award: ABOUT THE STATESMAN CHARLES SUMNER By David H. Donald HIS ROLE AS AN OUTRAGEOUS PHILANTHROPIST

220

224 229 230 235 236

277 1962 Award: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE BIOGRAPHY PRIZE 239 By The Columbia Trustees NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR GIVING THE AWARD 240 1963 Award: ABOUT THE NOVELIST HENRY JAMES By J. Leon Edel HIS FINANCIAL SITUATION IN PARIS

241

1964 Award: ABOUT THE POET JOHN KEATS By W. Jackson Bate HIS WRITING LEVEL IN HYPERION

247

1965 Award: ABOUT THE HISTORIAN HENRY ADAMS By Ernest Samuels HIS TRAVEL TO PRE-WORLD WAR I EUROPE

251

1966 Award: ABOUT THE PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY By Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. HIS FAMOUS SPEECH IN WEST BERLIN

255

1967 Award: ABOUT THE AUTHOR MARK TWAIN By Justin Kaplan HIS WORKING ON THE TOM SAWYER BOOK

259

1968 Award: ABOUT THE DIPLOMAT GEORGE F. KENNAN By George F. Kennan HIS GERMAN MISSION IN WORLD WAR II

263

1969 Award: ABOUT THE PHILANTHROPIST JOHN QUINN By Benjamin L. Reid HIS AIDS FOR SEVERAL FAMOUS POETS

242

248

252

256

260

264 267 268

1970 Award: ABOUT THE GOVERNOR HUEY P. LONG By T. Harry Williams HIS HONORARY DEGREE FROM LOYOLA

273

1971 Award: ABOUT THE POET ROBERT FROST By Lawrance R. Thompson HIS TEACHING POSITION AT AMHERST

279

274

280

278 1972 Award: ABOUT THE FIRST LADY ELEANOR ROOSEVELT By Joseph P. Lash HER RADIO SPEECHES ON VARIOUS TOPICS

285

1973 Award: ABOUT THE PRESSMAN HENRY LUCE

289

286

By William A. Swanberg HIS SUCCESSFUL WORK AT LIFE MAGAZINE 1974 Award: ABOUT THE DRAMATIST EUGENE O'NEILL By Louis Sheaffer HIS RETURN TO THE BROADWAY STAGES 1975 Award: ABOUT THE MASTERBUILDER ROBERT MOSES By Robert A. Caro HIS GIGANTIC TRIBOROUGH BRIDGE PROJECT

290 295 296 301 302

1976 Award: ABOUT THE NOVELIST EDITH WHARTON By Richard W. B. Lewis HER SUCCESSFUL PUBLICATIONS AND INCOME

305

1977 Award: ABOUT THE ADVENTURER THOMAS E. LAWRENCE By John E. Mack HIS TIME AS ADVISOR TO CHURCHILL

311

1978 Award: ABOUT THE AUTHOR SAMUEL JOHNSON By W. Jackson Bate HIS WORK FOR GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE

306

312 317 318

1979 Award: ABOUT THE RABBI LEO BAECK By Leonard Baker HIS SURVIVAL FROM THE HOLOCOUST

321

1980 Award: ABOUT THE COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT By Edmund Morris HIS CUBAN BATTLE OF SAN JUAN

327

1981 Award: ABOUT THE CZAR PETER THE GREAT By Robert K. Massie HIS WORKING AND LIVING PRINCIPLES

322

328 331 332

279 1982 Award: ABOUT THE PRESIDENT ULYSSES S. GRANT By William S. McFeely

335

HIS ENTHUSIASTIC RECEPTION IN LONDON

336

1983 Award: ABOUT THE AUTHOR RUSSELL BAKER By Russell W. Baker HIS CHILDHOOD DURING WAR TIMES

339

1984 Award: ABOUT THE EDUCATOR BOOKER T. WASHINGTON By Louis R. Harlan HIS BASIC IDEAS OF HIGHER EDUCATION 1985 Award: ABOUT THE THEOLOGIAN COTTON MATHER By Kenneth E. Silverman HIS PREPARATION FOR PREACHER'S CAREER 1986 Award: ABOUT THE POET LOUISE BOGAN By Elizabeth Frank HER LESS HAPPY FINAL YEARS

340 345 346 351 352 357 358

1987 Award: ABOUT THE REVEREND MARTIN LUTHER KING By David J. Garrow HIS WINNING OF THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE

361

1988 Award: ABOUT THE NOVELIST THOMAS WOLFE By David H. Donald HIS BOOK OF TIME AND THE RIVER

367

1989 Award: ABOUT THE DRAMATIST OSCAR WILDE By Richard Ellmann

373

HIS IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST PLAY

374

1990 Award: ABOUT THE STATESMAN NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI By Sebastian de Grazia HIS WRITING PRACTICES AND HABITS 1991 Award: ABOUT THE PAINTER JACKSON POLLOCK By Steven W. Naifeh / Gregory W. Smith HIS BREAKTHROUGH BY PRESS PROMOTION

362

368

377 378 381 382

280 1992 Award: ABOUT THE ATTORNEY LEWIS PULLER

387

By Lewis B. Puller Jr. HIS SUFFERING FROM VIETNAM EXPERIENCES

388

WINNERS OF THE BIOGRAPHY/AUTOBIOGRAPHY AWARD, 1993-2003

391

INDEX

393

281

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 9

General Nonfiction Awards 1962 -1993: From the Election of John F. Kennedy to a Retrospect of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München · New Providence · London · Paris 1996

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München ; New Providence ; London ; Paris: Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 9 : Pt. C, Nonfiction literature. General nonfiction awards 1962-1993: from the election of John F. Kennedy to a retrospect of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg address / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1 9 9 6 ISBN 3-598-30179-0 Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1996 A Reed Reference Publishing Company Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS-Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Bodenheim Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30179-0 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

283

FROM THE PREFACE

The award group General Non-Fiction is an absolute latecomer among the categories in the Pulitzer Prize system for outstanding journalistic and literary achievements, which exist since the end of World War I. Only created in 1962, the new category for non-fictional books at the time of its establishment thus was roughly four and a half decades younger than the two other Pulitzer Prize categories in this realm, including the fields of American History as well as Biography/Autobiography - both awarded for the first time in 1917. The General Non-Fiction category, set up at the beginning of the 60s, however, was not established coincidentally, but sprang from a multiple need. Because the two older non-fictional book categories were restricted to historical and (auto)biographical works respectively, heretofore all other sorts of non-fiction automatically were of no consequence for the Pulitzer Prize system. In the course of time, therefore, a considerable whirlpool developed to honor excellent work outside the historical-biographical range. When the General Non-Fiction category finally was established, it soon turned out to be so encompassing that problems arose how the jurors could possibly exclude certain areas of content. Theoretically, this category could be conceived for cookbooks or instructions for horticultural landscaping as well as for highly specialized scientific treatises. Jurors once complained about this character of a "diffuse and catch-all category", yet it did not prevent the juries in nearly all years of awarding from reaching relatively unanimous votes concerning the respective finalists and potential prizewinners. Essentially, the main problem remained the comparatively high number of publications on hand, theoretically protecting the chances of many authors and realms of contents, and the jurors each time had to carry out sometimes rigorous methods of selection to arrive at convincing results...

284

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

V

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

XV Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR GENERAL NON-FICTION SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA 1962 AWARD: ABOUT THE U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1960..

XV 1 2 3

By Theodore H. White WINNING THE WHITE HOUSE BY JOHN F. KENNEDY 1963 AWARD: ABOUT THE EARLY STAGES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

4

13

By Barbara W. Tuchman THE SITUATION IN BERLIN IN AUGUST 1914 1964 AWARD: ABOUT THE ANTI-INTELLECTUALISM IN AMERICAN LIFE

14

23

By Richard Hofstadter RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTELLECT AND POWER 1965 AWARD: ABOUT THE FORMATIVE YEARS OF THE AMERICAN CULTURE

24

33

By Howard M. Jones FOREIGN IMAGES OF THE STRANGE NEW WORLD 1966 AWARD: ABOUT THE JOURNEY OF A NATURALIST

34 43

By Edwin W. Teale THE LEVEL FLOOR OF THE TULAROSA BASIN

44

285 1967 AWARD: ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF SLAVERY IN WESTERN CULTURE By David B. Davis THE CASE OF 18TH CENTURY LATIN AMERICA 1968 AWARD: ABOUT THE UPCOMMING OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

53 54

61

By Ariel Durant / Will Durant TOWARDS THE MEETING OF THE STATES GENERAL 1969a AWARD: ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF PESSIMISM IN AMERICA

62

71

By Rend J. Dubos PREDICTIONS OF SOME PROPHETS OF GLOOM 1969b AWARD: ABOUT THE ANTI-VIETNAM WAR MOVEMENT IN THE U.S

72

81

By Norman Mailer PREPARATIONS FOR A MARCH TO THE PENTAGON

82

1970 AWARD: ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF GANDHI'S MILITANT NONVIOLENCE

91

By Erik H. Erikson FIGURES OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 1971 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECLINE AND END OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE

92

101

By John W. Toland THE FALL OF OKINAWA IN WORLD WAR II

102

1972 AWARD: ABOUT THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN CHINA SINCE 1911 111 By Barbara W. Tuchman STILWELL AND THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1973a AWARD: ABOUT THE LIVES OF THE U.S. URBAN POOR

112 121

By Robert Coles GHETTO PEOPLE IN SOME NORTHERN CITIES

122

286 1973b AWARD: ABOUT THE INHABITANTS AND THE AMERICANS IN VIETNAM

131

By Frances FitzGerald SEVERAL NATIONS AND EMPIRES OF THE REGION 1974 AWARD: ABOUT THE DENIAL OF DEATH BY HUMAN BEINGS...

132 141

By Ernest Becker DEPTHS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HEROISM 1975 AWARD: ABOUT THE MEMORIES OF A VALLEY IN VIRGINIA

142 151

By Annie D. Dillard LIVING IN A BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS AREA 1976 AWARD: ABOUT THE TRAGEDY OF OLD AGE IN AMERICA

152 161

By Robert N. Butler REALITY AND MYTHS ABOUT SENIOR CITIZENS

1977 AWARD: ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA

162

171

By William W. Warner FOUNDING AND PROGRESS OF THE CRAB FISHING

172

1978 AWARD: ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEINGS

181

By Carl E. Sagan ASSUMPTIONS RELATING TO THE EARTH'S AGE 1979 AWARD: ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN NATURE

182 189

By Edward 0 . Wilson APPEARANCE OF THE SPECIES HOMO SAPIENS

1980 AWARD: ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF NEW FORMAL SYSTEMS....

190

199

By Douglas R. Hofstadter A DIALOGUE BETWEEN TORTOISE AND ACHILLES 1981 AWARD: ABOUT THE FIN-DE-SIECLE CITY OF VIENNA

200 209

By Carl E. Schorske URBAN MODERNISM AT THE RINGSTRASSE AREA

210

287 1982 AWARD: ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER S Y S T E M S

219

By J. Tracy Kidder IBM AND THE RAPID GROWTH OF AN INDUSTRY 1983 AWARD: ABOUT THE CREEDMOOR PSYCHIATRIC CENTER IN QUEENS

220

229

By Susan Sheehan A WOMAN'S MISHAP AND HER HOSPITALIZATION 1984 AWARD: ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN MEDICINE

230

239

By Paul E. Starr STRUGGLES FOR SOLID MEDICAL CARE SYSTEMS

240

1985 AWARD: ABOUT THE ORAL HISTORY OF WORLD WAR TWO.... 249 By Studs L. Terkel MEMORIES AND TRAUMAS OF TERRIBLE TIMES 1986a AWARD: ABOUT THE MANY AND TROUBLED PEOPLES OF SOUTH AFRICA

250

259

By Joseph S. Lelyveld PHASES OF DEVELOPING THE APARTHEID SYSTEM 1986b AWARD: ABOUT THE INFLUENTIAL POLITICIANS FROM BOSTON

260 269

By J. Anthony Lukas SEARCH FOR A U.S. VICE-PRESIDENT CANDIDATE

270

1987 AWARD: ABOUT THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN ARABS AND JEWS 279 By David K. Shipler WAR AS AN EXPERIENCE OVER DECADES 1988 AWARD: ABOUT THE PIONEERS OF THE ATOMIC BOMB

280 289

By Richard L. Rhodes ROBERT OPPENHEIMER'S WAY TO LOS ALAMOS

290

1989 AWARD: ABOUT THE BACKGROUND SZENES OF THE VIETNAM WAR 299 By Neil Sheehan J. P. VANN'S STATE FUNERAL AT ARLINGTON

300

288 1990 A W A R D : ABOUT THE RISE AND FALL OF THE COTTON INDUSTRY

309

By Dale D. Maharidge / Michael S. Williamson SPREAD OF THE PLANT OVER THE CENTURIES

310

1991 A W A R D : ABOUT THE TERRESTRIAL WORLD'S PREMIER SOIL TURNER

319

By Bert K. Hölldobler / Edward 0. Wilson ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTS 1992 A W A R D : ABOUT THE OIL POLICY AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

320 331

By Daniel H. Yergin OPEC AND THE KEY ROLE OF SAUDI ARABIA 1993 A W A R D : ABOUT THE GETTYSBURG A D D R E S S BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN

332

341

By Garry Wills VARIOUS VERSIONS OF THE SPOKEN TEXT

342

W I N N E R S O F T H E G E N E R A L NON-FICTION A W A R D , 1994-2004

351

INDEX

353

289

The Pulitzer Diaries Inside America's Greatest Prize

by John Hohenberg

Syracuse University Press Syracuse, N.Y., 1997

290

Copyright Ο 1997 by John Hohenberg All Rights Reserved First Edition 1997 96 97 - 9 8 99 00 01

6 5 4 3 2 1

T h e paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984.@"

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hohenberg, John. The Pulitzer diaries : inside America's greatest prize / John Hohenberg. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8156-0392-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Pulitzer prizes—History. 2. Hohenberg, John. I. Title. AS911.P8H625 1996 07Γ.3—dc20 96-34121

Manufactured m the United States of America

291

From the Preface

After a lifetime's contribution of memorable lyrics to the American theater, Oscar Hammerstein II concluded, "There is no invariable or inevitable method in writing songs." That also is true of the art of the diarist. Just as a change of a few notes or words in a song may warm the heart, the perceptive diarist sometimes can vary his method or add new material to give a more valid picture of the society about him. That has been my purpose in this work, based on the diaries and notebooks covering my twenty-two years as administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes. What I have done in effect is to complete the public record of the years of struggle for control of the prizes and the system through which they are selected. That applies as well to my activities and my close-up view of such combined awards as those for the Pentagon Papers, Watergate, and the Vietnam War together with individual prizes such as those for John F. Kennedy and William Randolph Hearst Jr.; nor do I overlook the denial of a similar honor to Duke Ellington. It was my decision entirely to delay my public accounting even if what I did or did not do was no secret to my superiors either at Columbia University or on the Pulitzer board. This is not to say that we diarists as a rule take ourselves as seriously as our more austere associates—the historians, biographers, and social scientists among them. The prince of diarists, Samuel Pepys, wrote once after a difficult weekend three centuries ago: "After dinner, we all went to the church stile, and there we ate and drank, and I was as merry as I could counterfeit myself to be." Does the diarist, then, often counterfeit himself into merriment? I can observe only that pretense and cajolery, like outright lying, nullify the basic purpose of keeping a diary, which is to try to be honest with oneself. True, Pepys felt, in some of his sharper observations, that it would be prudent for him to resort to code, but he nevertheless had his say.

292 Code is not, however, something I have been obliged to use in this work about my long association with the Pulitzer Prizes. Nor was I ever handicapped, as my predecessors sometimes were, by the refusal of an earlier Columbia president, Nicholas Murray Butler, to consider Pulitzer Prizes for books, plays, or journalistic feats of which he disapproved. And usually, he carried with him the Pulitzer board of his time. Fortunately for me, I never had to contend with such moral problems as the administrator of the prizes. Nor have I, in these eminently personal reflections on my years at Columbia, adhered to the convention in American journalism under which the writer refrains from serious personal commentary as I was bound to do in my earlier work, The Pulitzer Prizes: A History, for which some of my superiors acted as editors before publication in 1974. A lot of changes have occurred since, as these pages now demonstrate in my ninth decade. To give the background of my diaries, they were begun toward the conclusion of my second year as a tenured Columbia professor in 1952 when I hadn't the faintest inkling of a future association with the prizes. I find the first notation of the Pulitzers in these hastily scrawled pages in 1953: April 23—The Pulitzer Prizes were decided upon today behind closed doors in the Journalism building. My friend Professor Richard T. Baker, who was in the room with the Pulitzer board and its secretary, Dean Carl W. Ackerman, offered to tell me in confidence who won in advance of the formal announcement, but I said no thanks. I didn't see much point in knowing about the Pulitzer winners when the news would become public shortly.

I wasn't prepared for my unexpected appointment as the prize administrator as well as board secretary in 1954, therefore. And I was even less certain how I would be able to handle work that was so new to me in addition to my usually full academic load of instruction as a university professor. Such feelings were reflected in the opening pages of the diaries which, from then on, became more concerned with the Pulitzers than anything else at Columbia...

293

Table of Contents

The Art of the Diarist

PART ONE

xi

Expanding Horizons

1. The Big Prize

3

2. My View of the Prizes 3. An Atomic Crisis

8

13

4. New Times for the Prizes 5. Test for a Teacher

29

6. With Hearst in Moscow 7. The Kennedy Prize PART TWO

21 39

47

The Best of Times

8. A Question of Funding 9. The University Experience

59 68

l·

10

In the Public Interest

11

Shuffling the Prizes

80

12

Presidential Politics

88

13

Press versus Government

14

The Soviet Challenge

15

Showdown

PART THREE

74

95 103

109

The Prizes as History

16

The Greatest Sacrifice

121

17

Asian Dilemma

18

The Prizes and Vietnam

19

Honors for the Duke

145

20

Fifty-Year Reckoning

152

21

The Grand Show

22

Losing a Prize

128

161 169

136

295

PART FOUR

Surviving the War

23. The Oldest Rebel 24. Turnabout

181

189

25. The War at Home

196

26. Another World

204

27. The Peace Riots

212

28. Tragedy at Kent State 29. Rommy

227

30. Saigon Revisited

PART FIVE

220

236

The Trials of Peace

31. Life after Vietnam

247

32. Turmoil at Columbia 33. Watergate in Retrospect

257 265

34. The Awards under Fire 35. A Prize Solution 36. Beyond Defeat

283 290

37. Auld Lang Syne

297

Southern Exposure Notes

313

Bibliography Index

335

331

304

297

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 10

Novel / Fiction Awards 1917 - 1994: From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike

by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München · New Providence · London • Paris 1997

298

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München ; New Providence ; London ; Paris : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 NE: Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich [Hrsg.] Vol. 10: Pt. D, Belles lettres. Novel, fiction awards 1917-1994: from Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1 9 9 6 ISBN 3-598-30180-4

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1996 A Reed Reference Publishing Company Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS-Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Bodenheim Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30180-4 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

299

FROM THE PREFACE

With the volume on hand this series of publications for the first time is turning to the field of fiction that holds an eminent place within the Pulitzer Prize system. J. Douglas Bates once tried to account for this fact by offering the following explanation: "An argument can be made that Joseph Pulitzer's journalism prizes never would have become famous if he hadn't tacked on the separate awards in arts and letters. These first national prizes for books and plays captured the public attention right from the start. And that happened primarily as a result of headline-grabbing controversy." Indeed the other Pulitzer Prizes hardly ever provoked such controversial opinions as the one that in the early years from 1917 onwards was known under the term of "Novel" and in 1949 was renamed "Fiction". In all eight decades of awarding the prize there was repeatedly strong, sometimes even harsh criticism of the decisions made by the jury and the Pulitzer Prize Board respectively. And time and again names of authors were publicly discussed that - for whatever reasons - were never even considered for the prestigious award. In this respect the book at hand not only is a complete documentation of the laureates but - running along the jury reports - an exciting inside-story on the annual decision-making process of selecting, nominating and bestowing the prize in all of the various committees. Franz Schneider stated once that, from the point of view of an communications scientist, "the interdependency of the decisive discussions of such committees and the so-called public opinion" forms actually one of the very "central problems of communication sciences."...

300

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

V

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

XXI Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR NOVEL/FICTION

SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA

1917 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE NOVEL PRIZE

XXI

1 2

3

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

1918 AWARD: ABOUT THE MIDDLE-AGED FATHER OF AN OLD NEW YORK FAMILY

4

5

By Ernest Poole STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1919 AWARD: ABOUT THE HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF THE GROWTH OF THE NATION

6

9

By N. Booth Tarkington STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1920 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE NOVEL PRIZE

10

13

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

1921 AWARD: ABOUT THE PICTURE AND ANALYSIS OF A CASTE DURING A PERIOD

14

15

By Edith N. Wharton STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

16

301 1922 AWARD: ABOUT THE SYMPATHIC PORTRAIT OF A MIDDLECLASS HOME-LIFE

19

By N. Booth Tarkington STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1923 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A NEBRASKAN IN WORLD WAR ONE

20

23

By Willa S. Cather STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1924 AWARD: ABOUT THE FRONTIER LIFE OF THE SCOTTISH PRESBYTERIANS

24

27

By Margaret W. Wilson STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1925 AWARD: ABOUT THE EFFORTS MAKING A DEBT-RIDDEN FARM PROSPEROUS

28

31

By EdnaFerber STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1926 AWARD: ABOUT THE PHASES IN THE CAREER OF A MEDICAL RESEARCHER

32

35

By H. Sinclair Lewis STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1927 AWARD: ABOUT THE MARRIAGE OF A WOMAN INTO A WEALTHY FAMILY

36

39

By Louis Bromfield STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1928 AWARD: ABOUT THE COLLAPSE OF A BRIDGE AND THE FIVE PEOPLE KILLED

40

43

By Thornton N. Wilder STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1929 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIVES OF BLACKS ON A SOUTH CAROLINA PLANTATION

44

47

By Julia M. Peterkin STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

48

302 1930 AWARD: ABOUT THE RESULTS OF A TRAGIC AMERICAN INDIAN LOVE AFFAIR By Oliver H. La Farge STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1931 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIFE OF A WOMAN AND THE AMERICAN SOCIAL SCENE By Margaret A. Barnes STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1932 AWARD: ABOUT THE CHINESE FARMER RISING TO A WEALTHY LANDOWNER By Pearl S. Buck STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1933 AWARD: ABOUT THE CRUMBLING OF THE OLD AND THE BIRTH OF A NEW SOUTH By Thomas S. Stribling STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1934 AWARD: ABOUT THE EXPERIENCES OF A FAMILY IN THE GEORGIA WILDERNESS By Caroline Miller STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1935 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIVING CONDITIONS ON A SMALL MIDWESTERN FARM By Josephine W. Johnson STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1936 AWARD: ABOUT THE MIGRATION FROM THE HOP FIELDS TO EASTERN OREGON By Harold L. Davis STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1937 AWARD: ABOUT THE HUMAN RELATIONS IN THE CIVIL WAR AND AFTERWARDS By Margaret M. Mitchell STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

51 52

55 56

59 60

63 64

67 68

71 72

75 76

79 80

303 1938 AWARD: ABOUT THE PERSONAL PORTRAIT OF AN INFLUENTIAL BOSTON IAN

83

By John P. Marquand STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1939 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMING OF AGE OF A POOR BOY IN A FLORIDA AREA

84

87

By Marjorie K. Rawlings STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1940 AWARD: ABOUT THE MIGRATION OF THE DUST BOWL OKIES TO CALIFORNIA

88

91

By John E. Steinbeck STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1941 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE NOVEL PRIZE

92

95

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD'

1942 AWARD: ABOUT THE FAMILY MEMBERS FROM A VIRGINIA TIDEWATER CITY

96

97

By Ellen A. Glasgow STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1943 AWARD: ABOUT THE AMERICANS RECOGNIZING THE THREAT FROM GERMANY

98

101

By Upton B. Sinclair Jr. STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1944 AWARD: ABOUT THE PRISON OF LONELINESS OF A VERY SUCCESSFUL MAN

102

105

By Martin A. Flavin STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1945 AWARD: ABOUT THE AMERICANS IN ITALY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR

106

109

By John R. Hersey STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

110

304 1946 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE NOVEL PRIZE

113

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1947 AWARD: ABOUT THE TRAGEDY OF THREE FORMER CHILDHOOD FRIENDS

114

115

By Robert P. Warren STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1948 AWARD: ABOUT THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS DURING WORLD WAR TWO

116

119

By James A. Michener STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1949 AWARD: ABOUT THE DEEPER MEANING OF HUMAN CONFLICT SITUATIONS

120

123

By James G. Cozzens STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1950 AWARD: ABOUT THE DREAM OF THE RICH LANDS IN THE AMERICAN WEST

124

127

By Alfred B. Guthrie Jr. STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1951 AWARD: ABOUT THE AMERICAN PIONEERS ON THE WAY TO CIVILIZATION

128

131

By Conrad M. Richter STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1952 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIVES OF MEN ON SHIPBOARD AND THEIR PROBLEMS

132

135

By Herman Wouk STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1953 AWARD: ABOUT THE OLD FISHERMAN IN THE WORLD OF THE GULF STREAM

136

139

By Ernest M. Hemingway STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

140

305 1954 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE FICTION PRIZE

143

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

1955 AWARD: ABOUT THE REVOLT OF A FRENCH ARMY UNIT IN WORLD WAR ONE

144

145

By William Faulkner STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1956 AWARD: ABOUT THE CONFEDERATE PRISON STOCKADE IN THE CIVIL WAR

146

149

By MacKinlay Kantor STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1957 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE FICTION PRIZE

150

153

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

1958 AWARD: ABOUT THE DEATH IN A CLOSELY KNIT FAMILY FROM TENNESSEE

154

155

By James Agee STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1959 AWARD: ABOUT THE JOURNEY OF A FATHER AND HIS SON TO CALIFORNIA

156

159

By Robert L. Taylor STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1960 AWARD: ABOUT THE SMOKE-FILLED COMMITTEE ROOMS OF THE U. S. SENATE

160

163

By Allen S. Drury STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1961 AWARD: ABOUT THE YEARS OF DEPRESSION IN A SMALL ALABAMA TOWN

164

167

By N. Harper Lee STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

168

306 1962 AWARD: ABOUT THE PORTRAIT OF A PRIEST AND IRISHAMERICAN LIFE

171

By Edwin G. O'Connor STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1963 AWARD: ABOUT THE JOURNEY OF THREE MISSISSIPPI BOYS TO MEMPHIS

172

175

By William Faulkner STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1964 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE FICTION PRIZE

176 179

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1965 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIVES OF BLACKS AND WHITES AT THE GULF COAST

180

181

By Shirley A. Grau STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1966 AWARD: ABOUT THE ASSEMBLED TALES AND STORIES ON VARIOUS TOPICS

182

185

By Katherine A. Porter STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1967 AWARD: ABOUT THE TRANSFORMATION FROM A LITTLE MAN INTO A BIG ONE

186

189

By Bernard Malamud STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1968 AWARD: ABOUT THE REVOLT LED BY AN OUTSTANDING BLACK PREACHER

190

193

By William C. Styron Jr. STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER 1969 AWARD: ABOUT THE ROOTS AND THE SOUL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN

194

197

By N. Scott Momaday STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

198

307 1970 AWARD: ABOUT THE THIRTY STORIES FROM AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN AREAS

201

By Jean Stafford STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1971 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE FICTION PRIZE

202

205

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

1972 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIVES OF FOUR GENERATIONS OF AN AMERICAN FAMILY

206

207

By Wallace E. Stegner STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1973 AWARD: ABOUT THE MEMORIES OF GROWING UP IN A MISSISSIPPI TOWN

208

211

By Eudora Welty STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1974 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE FICTION PRIZE

212

215

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

1975 AWARD: ABOUT THE MOST CRUCIAL BATTLE DURING THE CIVIL WAR TIME

216

217

By Michael J. Shaara Jr. STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1976 AWARD: ABOUT THE TRIALS AND TEMPTATIONS OF THE AMERICAN ARTIST

218

221

By Saul Bellow STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1977 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE FICTION PRIZE

222

225

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

226

308 1978 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIFE AT THE BORDERLINE OF BLACK AND WHITE AMERICA

227

By James A. McPherson STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1979 AWARD: ABOUT THE SIXTY-ONE STORIES DEALING WITH A LONG-LOST WORLD

228

231

By JohnCheever STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1980 AWARD: ABOUT THE CRIME AND PUNISHMENT OF A CONVICTED MURDERER

232

235

By Norman Mailer STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1981 AWARD: ABOUT THE RENDERING OF REAL LIFE IN DOWNTOWN NEW ORLEANS

236

239

By John K. Toole STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1982 AWARD: ABOUT THE CHIEF SALES REPRESENTATIVE OF A MOTOR COMPANY

240

243

By John H. Updike STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1983 AWARD: ABOUT THE HEROIC LIVES OF TWO SEPARATED AMERICAN SISTERS

244

247

By Alice M. Walker STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1984 AWARD: ABOUT THE RETURN OF A FORMER BASEBALL PLAYER TO ALBANY

248

251

By William J. Kennedy STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1985 AWARD: ABOUT THE CROSSING OF THE PATHS OF TWO AMERICAN ACADEMICS

252

255

By Alison Lurie STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

256

309 1986 AWARD: ABOUT THE CATTLE DRIVE OPERATIONS FROM TEXAS TO MONTANA

259

By Larry J. McMurtry STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1987 AWARD: ABOUT THE PRIVILEGED SOCIETY OF WELLBORN TENNESSEAN PEOPLE

260

263

By Peter H. Taylor STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1988 AWARD: ABOUT THE LIFE OF A FORMER SLAVE IN POSTCIVIL WAR OHIO

264

267

By Toni Morrison STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1989 AWARD: ABOUT THE RETROSPECT ON AN ENTIRE LIFE OF A MARRIAGE

268

271

By Anne Tyler STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1990 AWARD: ABOUT THE VARIOUS SIGHTS AND SOUNDS OF AN ERA IN MUSIC

272

275

By Oscar Hijuelos STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1991 AWARD: ABOUT THE LOOKING FOR REASONS TO LIVE AT LATE MIDDLE AGE

276

279

By John H. Updike STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1992 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERY SPECIAL WORLD OF A THRIVING FARM IN IOWA

280

283

By Jane G. Smiley STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

1993 AWARD: ABOUT THE MANY VIETNAMESE EXPATRIATES LIVING IN AMERICA

284

287

By Robert O. Butler Jr. STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

288

310 1994 AWARD: ABOUT THE CRACKED-UP CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN FAMILY LIFE By E. Annie Proulx STYLE SAMPLE FROM THE OPENING CHAPTER

291 292

WINNERS OF THE NOVEL / FICTION AWARD, 1995-2005

295

INDEX

297

311

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 11

Poetry / Verse Awards 1918 - 1995: From Carl Sandburg and Robert Frost to Archibald MacLeish and Robert Penn Warren

by

Heinz-D. Fischerand Erika J. Fischer

K G - Saur München 1997

312

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München: Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 11: Pt. D, Belles lettres. Poetry, verse awards 1918-1995: from Carl Sandburg and Robert Frost to Archibald MacLeish and Robert Penn Warren / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1 9 9 7 ISBN 3-598-30181-2

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1997 Part of Reed Elsevier Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS-Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Bodenheim Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30181-2 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

313

FROM THE PREFACE

As the original award concept did not take into consideration a Pulitzer Prize for top-class poetry performances, some years had to go by until such an award was established additionally. There was, however, an indirect forerunner of the later prize, which had been awarded for two years. The actual Pulitzer Poetry Prize, though, was not established before 1922 and thus proved to be a latecomer in the history of the whole award system. Yet there is another point which makes this prize a special one in some respect: "The one major difference between poetry and the other categories is," J. Douglas Bates once put it, "that most of the winning books are collections, so verse theoretically has multiple chances to win. Poems that failed to win a prize one year could be published in a new collection that might win in a future year." Besides, it is also remarkable that, for many decades, there were far less controversies among the members of the different juries than in the other award categories based on book publications. That is also the reason why there has been only one "no award"-year since the establishment of the Pulitzer Poetry Prize about three quarters of a century ago. It is more than fifty years, though, since that "no award" decision has been made. It proved to be impossible to get into contact with all the prize-winners as well as their descendants and/or the publishing houses of the poetry volumes documented in the book on hand. Therefore, as already practised in the preceding volume of this series, the poems in this book could be reprinted with reference to the "Doctrine of Fair Use" as embodied in the United States Copyright Act of 1976. According to this doctrine, excerpts of copyrighted works in the context of a compendium or a work of reference may be reprinted when the quotation does not encompass a substantial portion of the copyrighted work and enhances public awareness and value of the work in question...

314

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

V

INTRODUCTION

XVII

By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität Bochum HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR POETRY

XVII

SELECTIONS F R O M AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES

1

REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA

2

1918 A W A R D : A B O U T THE V E R S E C O L L E C T I O N LOVE

SONGS

3

By SaraTeasdale SAMPLE POEM "Summer Night, Riverside"

4

1919a A W A R D : A B O U T THE V E R S E C O L L E C T I O N CORNHUSKERS

5

By Carl A . Sandburg SAMPLE POEM "Prairie"

6

1 9 1 9 b A W A R D : A B O U T THE P O E M S THE OLD ROAD

TO PARADISE....

9

By Margaret Widdemer SAMPLE POEM "Old Books" 1920 A W A R D : A B O U T THE M I S S I N G O F A POETRY

10 PRIZE C A T E G O R Y

13

By The Editors SOME ADDITIONAL REMARKS 1921 A W A R D : A B O U T THE MISSING O F A POETRY

14 PRIZE CATEGORY

15

By The Editors SOME ADDITIONAL REMARKS 1922 A W A R D : A B O U T THE V O L U M E COLLECTED

16 POEMS

17

By Edwin A. Robinson SAMPLE POEM O l d Trails" 1923 A W A R D : A B O U T THE V E R S E C O L L E C T I O N A FEW THISTLES

18 FIGS

FROM 21

By Edna St. Vincent Millay SAMPLE POEM "Recuerdo"

22

315 1924 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION NEW HAMPSHIRE.... By Robert L. Frost SAMPLE P O E M "New Hampshire"

24

1925 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE VOLUME THE MAN WHO TWICE By Edwin A. Robinson

DIED 27

SAMPLE P O E M "The Man Who Died Twice"

28

1926 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION WHAT'S O'CLOCK.... By Amy Lowell SAMPLE P O E M "Autumn and Death"

1927 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION

23

31 32

FIDDLER'S

FAREWELL By Leonora Speyer

35

SAMPLE P O E M "Ballad of a Lost House"

36

1928 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE VOLUME TRISTRAM By Edwin A. Robinson

39

SAMPLE P O E M "Tristram"

40

1929 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE VOLUME JOHN BROWN'S By Stephen V. Ben6t

BODY...

SAMPLE P O E M "Prelude — The Slaver"

1930 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME SELECTED By Conrad P. Aiken

44

POEMS

47

SAMPLE P O E M "Evensong"

1931 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME COLLECTED By Robert L. Frost

48

POEMS

SAMPLE P O E M "Christmas Trees"

1932 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THE STONE By George Dillon SAMPLE P O E M "One Beauty"

43

51 52

FLOWERING 55 56

316 1 9 3 3 A W A R D : ABOUT T H E NARRATIVE P O E M CONQUISTADOR

59

By Archibald MacLeish SAMPLE POEM "Prologue"

60

1 9 3 4 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME THE COLLECTED

VERSE

63

By Robert S. Hillyer SAMPLE POEM "Ecstasy"

64

1935 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION BRIGHT AMBUSH By Audrey M. Wurdemann

67

SAMPLE POEM "The Eagle's Wing"

68 STRANGE

1 9 3 6 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION HOLINESS

71

By Robert P. T. Coffin SAMPLE POEM "First Flight"

72

1 9 3 7 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION A RANGE

FURTHER 75

By Robert L. Frost SAMPLE POEM "A Roadside Stand"

76

1 9 3 8 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION COLD MORNING By Marya A. Zaturenska SAMPLE POEM "The Daisy" 1 9 3 9 A W A R D : ABOUT T H E VOLUME SELECTED

SKY

79 80

POEMS

81

By John G. Fletcher SAMPLE POEM "In Memory of a Night" 1 9 4 0 A W A R D : ABOUT T H E VOLUME COLLECTED

82 POEMS

85

By Mark A. Van Dören SAMPLE POEM "Now the Sky" 1941 A W A R D : ABOUT T H E VERSE COLLECTION CAPTURE

86 SUNDERLAND 89

By Leonard Bacon SAMPLE POEM "Sunderland Capture"

90

317 1942 AWARD: ABOUT THE POEMS BOOK THE DUST WHICH IS GOD

93

By William R. Bendt SAMPLE POEM "Calendar Leaves' 1943 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION A WITNESS TREE...

94 97

By Robert L. Frost SAMPLE POEM 'The Wind and the Rain" 1944 AWARD: ABOUT THE NARRATIVE POEM WESTERN STAR

98 101

By Stephen V. Benet SAMPLE POEM "Prelude" 1945 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION V-LETTER

102 105

By Karl J. Shapiro SAMPLE POEM "THE SYNAGOGUE" 1946 AWARD: ABOUT THE WITHHOLD OF THE POETRY PRIZE

106 109

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

110

1947 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION LORD WEARY'S CASTLE

111

By Robert T. S. Lowell Jr. SAMPLE POEM "The Ghost" 1948 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE VOLUME THE AGE OF ANXIETY..

112 115

By Wystan H. Auden SAMPLE POEM "The Night of All Souls" 1949 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION TERROR AND DECORUM

116

119

By Peter R. E. Viereck SAMPLE POEM "A Walk on Snow" 1950 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION ANNIE ALLEN

120 123

By Gwendolyn Brooks SAMPLE POEM "The Children of the Poor"

124

318 1951 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME COMPLETE

POEMS

127

By Carl A. Sandburg SAMPLE POEM "Moonlight and Maggots" 1952 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME COLLECTED

128 POEMS

131

By Marianne C. Moore SAMPLE POEM "People's Surroundings" 1953 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME COLLECTED

132 POEMS

135

By Archibald MacLeish SAMPLE POEM "Empire Builders"

136

1954 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THE WAKING

139

By Theodore Roethke SAMPLE POEM "Unfold! Unfold!"

140

1955 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME THE COLLECTED

POEMS

143

By Wallace Stevens SAMPLE POEM "To an old Philosopher in Rome"

144

1956 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME POEMS-NORTH

AND SOUTH

147

By Elizabeth Bishop SAMPLE POEM "The Monument"

148

1957 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THINGS WORLD

OF THIS 151

By Richard P. Wilbur SAMPLE POEM "Looking into History"

152

1958 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION PROMISES

155

By Robert P. Warren SAMPLE POEM "Colder Fire" 1959 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME SELECTED

156 POEMS

159

By Stanley J. Kunitz SAMPLE POEM "The Thief" 1960 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION HEART'S

160 NEEDLE....

163

By William D. Snodgrass SAMPLE POEM "These Trees Stand..."

164

319 1961 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION TIMES THREE

165

By Phyllis McGinley SAMPLE POEM "The Doll House"

166

1962 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION POEMS

169

By AlanDugan SAMPLE POEM "Sixteen Lines on Marching"

170

1963 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION PICTURES BRUEGHEL

FROM 171

By William C. Williams SAMPLE POEM "Tapiola"

172

1964 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION AT THE END OF THE OPEN ROAD

173

By Louis A. M. Simpson SAMPLE POEM "Lines written near San Francisco"

1965 AWARD: ABOUT THE VOLUME SEVENTY-SEVEN

174

DREAM SONGS

177

By John Berryman SAMPLE POEM "A Stimulant for an Old Beast"

1966 AWARD: ABOUT THE VOLUME SELECTED

178

POEMS

181

By Richard G. Eberhart SAMPLE POEM "Meditation One"

1967 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION LIVE OR DIE

182

185

By Anne G. Sexton SAMPLE POEM "Those Times ..."

1968 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THE HARD HOURS..

186

189

By Anthony E. Hecht SAMPLE POEM "Behold the Lilies of the Field"

1969 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION OF BEING NUMEROUS

190

193

By George Oppen SAMPLE POEM "Of Being Numerous"

194

320 1970 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION UNTITLED SUBJECTS

197

By Richard Howard SAMPLE POEM "1824-1889"

1971 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THE CARRIER OF LADDERS

198

201

By William S. Merwin SAMPLE POEM "The Judgment of Paris"

1972 AWARD: ABOUT THE VOLUME COLLECTED POEMS

202

205

By James A. Wright SAMPLE POEM "The Assignation"

1973 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION UP COUNTRY

206

209

By Maxine W. Kumin SAMPLE POEM "Cellar Hole in Joppa"

1974 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THE DOLPHIN

210

213

By Robert T. S. Lowell Jr. SAMPLE POEM "Winter and London"

1975 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION TURTLE ISLAND

214

217

By Gary Snyder SAMPLE POEM "The Bath"

1976 AWARD: ABOUT THE POEMS SELF-PORTRAIT IN A CONVEX MIRROR

218

221

By John L. Ashbery SAMPLE POEM "Voyage in the Blue"

1977 AWARD: ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION DIVINE COMEDIES...

222

225

By James I. Merrill SAMPLE POEM "The Book of Ephraim"

1978 AWARD: ABOUT THE VOLUME THE COLLECTED POEMS

226

229

By Howard Nemerov SAMPLE POEM "Watching Football on TV"

230

321 1979 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION NOW AND THEN

233

By Robert P. Warren SAMPLE POEM "Amazing Grace in the Back Country" 1980 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME SELECTED

234

POEMS

237

By Donald R. Justice SAMPLE POEM "A Letter"

238

1981 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME THE MORNING

OF THE POEM..

239

By James M. Schuyler SAMPLE POEM "Bob, who am I kidding ?" 1982 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME COLLECTED

240 POEMS

243

By Sylvia Plath SAMPLE POEM "Daddy" 1983 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME SELECTED

244 POEMS

247

By Galway Kinnell SAMPLE POEM "The Schoolhouse" 1984 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION PRIMITIVE

248 AMERICAN 251

By Mary Oliver SAMPLE POEM "Postcard from Flamingo" 1985 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION YIN

252 253

By Carolyn A. Kizer SAMPLE POEM "Semele Recycled" 1986 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THE FLYING CHANGE

254

257

By Henry S. Taylor SAMPLE POEM "Taking to the Woods" 1987 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THOMAS AND BEULAH

258

261

By Rita F. D o v e SAMPLE POEM "The Satisfaction Coal Company"

262

322 1988 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION PARTIAL ACCOUNTS

265

By William M. Meredith SAMPLE POEM "Hydraulics"

266

1989 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME NEW AND COLLECTED

POEMS.

269

By Richard P. Wilbur SAMPLE POEM "Castles and Distances"

270

1990 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PROSE POEMS THE WORLD DOESN'T END

273

By Charles Simic SAMPLE POEM "Once I knew..."

274

1991 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION NEAR CHANGES

275

By Mona J. Van Duyn SAMPLE POEM "The Ferris Wheel" 1992 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VOLUME SELECTED

276 POEMS

279

By James Tate SAMPLE POEM "I Take Back All My Kisses"

280

1993 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THE WILD IRIS

283

By Louise E. Glück SAMPLE POEM "The Silver Lily" 1994 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION NEON

284 VERNACULAR

285

By Yusef Komunyakaa SAMPLE POEM "Fever" 1995 A W A R D : ABOUT THE VERSE COLLECTION THE SIMPLE

286 TRUTH

289

By Philip Levine SAMPLE POEM "Soul"

290

WINNERS OF THE P O E T R Y / V E R S E AWARD, 1 9 9 6 - 2 0 0 6

293

INDEX

295

323

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 12

Drama / Comedy Awards 1917 - 1996: From Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams to Richard Rodgers and Edward Albee

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München 1998

324

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München: Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 12: Pt. D, Belles lettres. Drama, comedy awards 1917-1996: from Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams to Richard Rodgers and Edward Albee / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 1 9 9 8 ISBN 3-598-30182-0

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1998 Part of Reed Elsevier Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS-Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Bodenheim Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30182-0 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

325

FROM THE PREFACE

"How significant is the Pulitzer award in the development of contemporary American drama I am not prepared to say; but I think its influence has been and is noticeable." With these restrained words William L. Phelps, who temporarily had acted as juror in the drama category himself, commented more than half a century ago, in the mid-thirties, on the Pulitzer Prize for drama. Today there can be no doubt that this prize is one of the most prestigious among all the awards for theatrical achievements, prompting each year comparatively many playwrights to compete for the coveted honor. "For some playwrights, the award comes after years of effort," Carol Lawson writes, "for others it arrives remarkably quickly. Some feel they won for the best play of their career; others feel they wrote more deserving plays that went unrecognized." As the drama award is held in especially high regard, this Pulitzer Prize category traditionally has been controversially discussed not only among the members of the juries and the Advisory Board but on side of the public as well. The volume at hand reflects vividly the judgments made by and all the aspects taken into consideration by the juries while trying to decide who was most deserving of the award. In addition, it was of main concern for the authors of this book that the original cast of each prize-winning play was documented in its completeness with regard to its first New York production. The intention to convey an impression of the design and content of the various theater programs necessitated endeavours sometimes taking several years in order to print facsimiles of the original playbill of every single Pulitzer Prize-winning work...

326

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

V

Dedication to George Gershwin

VI!

Note about the Special Award

VIII

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

XIX Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR DRAMA/COMEDY SELECTIONS FROM AWARD-WINNING ENTRIES REMARKS ABOUT THE SELECTIONS CRITERIA 1917 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

XIX 1 2

3

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1918 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMEDY WHY MARRY?

4 5

By Jesse L. Williams THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1919 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

6

9

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1920 AWARD: ABOUT THE TRAGEDY BEYOND THE HORIZON

10 11

By Eugene G. O'Neill THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1921 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMEDY MISS LULU BETT

12 15

By Zona Gale THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1922 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY ANNA CHRISTIE

16 19

By Eugene G. O'Neill THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

20

327 1923 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY ICEBOUND

23

By Owen Davis THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1924 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY HELL-BENT FER HEAVEN

24 27

By Hatcher Hughes THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1925 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMEDY THEY KNEW WHAT THEY WANTED

28

31

By Sidney C. Howard THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1926 AWARD: ABOUT THE DRAMA CRAIG'S WIFE

32 35

By George E. Kelly THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1927 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY IN ABRAHAM'S BOSOM

36 39

By Paul Green THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1928 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY STRANGE INTERLUDE

40 43

By Eugene G. O'Neill

'

THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

44

1929 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY STREET SCENE

47

By Elmer L. Rice THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1930 AWARD: ABOUT THE FABLE THE GREEN PASTURES

48 51

By Marc(us) C. Connelly THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1931 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY ALISON'S HOUSE

52 57

By Susan K. Glaspell THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1932 AWARD: ABOUT THE MUSICAL OF THEE I SING

58 61

By George S. Kaufman / Morrie Ryskind / Ira Gershwin THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

62

328 1933 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY BOTH YOUR HOUSES

67

By Maxwell Anderson THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1934 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY MEN IN WHITE

68 71

By Sidney Kingsley THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1935 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY THE OLD MAID

72 75

By Zoe Akins THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1936 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY IDIOTS

DELIGHT

76 79

By Robert E. Sherwood THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

80

1937 A W A R D : ABOUT THE COMEDY YOU CAN'T TAKE IT WITH YOU

83

By Moss Hart / George S. Kaufman THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

84

1938 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY OUR TOWN

87

By Thornton N. Wilder THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1939 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY ABE LINCOLN IN ILLINOIS

88 91

By Robert E. Sherwood THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1940 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY THE TIME OF YOUR LIFE

92 95

By William Saroyan THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1941 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY THERE SHALL BE NO NIGHT

96 99

By Robert E. Sherwood THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1942 A W A R D : ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

100

103

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

104

329 1943 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMEDY THE SKIN OF OUR TEETH

105

By Thornton N. Wilder THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1944a AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

106

109

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD" 1944bSPECIAL AWARD: ABOUT THE MUSICAL OKLAHOMA!

110 111

By Richard Rodgers / Oscar Hammerstein Π THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

112

1945 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMEDY HARVEY

117

By Mary C. Chase THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1946 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMEDY STATE OF THE UNION

118 121

By Russel Crouse / Howard Lindsay THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1947 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

122

125

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1948 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE

126 127

By Tennessee Williams THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1949 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY DEATH OF A SALESMAN

128 131

By Arthur Miller THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1950 AWARD: ABOUT THE MUSICAL PLAY SOUTH PACIFIC

132 135

By Richard Rodgers / Oscar Hammerstein II / Joshua L. Logan ΙΠ THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

136

330 1951 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

141

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

1952 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE SHRIKE

142

143

By Joseph Kramm THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1953 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY PICNIC

144

149

By William M. Inge THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1954 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE TEAHOUSE OF THE AUGUST MOON

150

153

By John Patrick THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1955 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY CAT ON A HOT TIN ROOF By Tennessee Williams THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1956 AWARD: ABOUT THE DRAMA THE DIARY OF ANNE FRANK

154

159 160

163

By Albert Hackett / Frances Goodrich THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

164

1957 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY LONG DAY'S JOURNEY INTO NIGHT By Eugene G. O'Neill

167

THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

168

1958 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY LOOK HOMEWARD, ANGEL

171

By Ketti H. Frings THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1959 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY IN VERSE J. Β

172

177

By Archibald MacLeish THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

178

331 1960 AWARD: ABOUT THE MUSICAL FIORELLO!

183

By Jerome Weidman / George F. Abbott / Jerry L. Bock / Sheldon M. Harnick THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1961 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY ALL THE WAY HOME

184 189

By Tad Mosel THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1962 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS WITHOUT REALLY TRYING

190

195

By Frank Loesser / Abe Burrows THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1963 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

196

201

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1964 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

202

203

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1965 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE SUBJECT WAS ROSES

204 205

By Frank D. Gilroy THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1966 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

206

209

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1967 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY A DELICATE BALANCE

210 211

By Edward F. Albee THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1968 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

212

215

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

216

332 1969 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE GREAT WHITE HOPE

217

By Howard Sackler THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1970 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMEDY NO PLACE TO BE SOMEBODY.

218 225

By Charles Gordone THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1971 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE EFFECT OF GAMMA RAYS ON MAN-IN-THE-MOON MARIGOLDS

226

229

By Paul Zindel THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1972 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

230

233

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1973 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THAT CHAMPIONSHIP SEASON

234 235

By Jason Miller THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1974 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

236

239

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1975 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY SEASCAPE

240 241

By Edward F. Albee THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1976 AWARD: ABOUT THE MUSICAL A CHORUS LINE

242 245

By Michael Bennett / James Kirkwood / Nicholas Dante / Marvin F. Hamlisch / Edward L. Kleban THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1977 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE SHADOW BOX

246 251

By Michael Cristofer THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

252

333 1978 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY THE GIN GAME

255

By Donald L. Coburn THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1979 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY BURIED

256

CHILD

259

By Sam(uel) Shepard THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

260

1980 A W A R D : ABOUT THE COMEDY TALLEY'S FOLLY

263

By Lanford E. Wilson THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1981 A W A R D : ABOUT THE DRAMA CRIMES

264

OF THE HEART

267

By Beth Henley THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

268

1982 A W A R D : ABOUT THE DRAMA A SOLDIER'S

PLAY

271

By Charles H. Fuller Jr. THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

272

1983 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY 'NIGHT, MOTHER

275

By Marsha Norman THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1984 A W A R D : ABOUT THE PLAY GLENGARRY

276 GLEN ROSS

279

By David A. Mamet THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1985 A W A R D : ABOUT THE MUSICAL SUNDAY IN THE PARK WITH GEORGE

280

283

By Stephen J. Sondheim / James E. Lapine THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE 1986 A W A R D : ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE DRAMA PRIZE

284

289

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1987 A W A R D : ABOUT THE DRAMA FENCES

290 291

By August Wilson THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

292

334 1988 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY DRIVING MISS DAISY

295

By Alfred Uhry THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1989 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE HEIDI CHRONICLES

296

299

By Wendy Wasserstein THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1990 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE PIANO LESSON

300

305

By August Wilson THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1991 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY LOST IN YONKERS

306

309

By M. Neil Simon THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1992 AWARD: ABOUT THE SERIES OF PLAYS THE KENTUCKY CYCLE

310

315

By Robert F. Schenkkan THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1993 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY ANGELS IN AMERICA

316

323

By Tony Kushner THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1994 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THREE TALL WOMEN

324

329

By Edward F. Albee THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

330

1995 AWARD: ABOUT THE PLAY THE YOUNG MAN FROM ATLANTA. 333 By Horton Foote THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

1996 AWARD: ABOUT THE MUSICAL RENT

334

337

By Jonathan Larson THE WORK AND ITS NEW YORK PREMIERE

338

WINNERS OF THE DRAMA /COMEDY AWARD, 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 7

343

INDEX

345

335

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 13

Editorial Cartoon Awards 1922 - 1997: From Rollin Kirby and Edmund Duffy to Herbert Block and Paul Conrad

by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G - Saur München 1999

336

Die Deutsche Bibliothek-CIP-Einheitsaufnähme The Pulitzer prize archive: a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 13: Pt. E, Liberal arts. Editorial cartoon awards 1922 -1997 : from Rollin Kirby and Edmund Duffy to Herbert Block and Paul Conrad / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. -1999 ISBN 3-598-30183-9

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 1999 Part of Reed Elsevier Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by WS-Druckerei Werner Schaubruch, Bodenheim Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30183-9 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

337

FROM THE PREFACE While preparing this book, we had a completely unexpected reunion with someone we haven't seen for decades: In the late fifties, during a lecture dealing with "The Political Cartoon Past and Present" at the Free University of Berlin the professor showed slides of some estimated examples. In one session, a caricature appeared on the wall of the darkened room and Prof. Dr. Emil Dovifat, one of the doyens of German "Journalism and Communication Research," pointed to it explaining that this one was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. The name of that drawing was "Peace Today" and the artist was Reuben Goldberg of the New York Sun. The cartoon gave an extremely graphic description of the Cold War Period displaying an atomic bomb on the edge of an abyss, which symbolized the highly explosive situation of those days. All the students, including the authors, were particularly appealed by that drawing at a point of time when West Berlin was in the center of the permanent confrontation between the Western and Eastern Super Powers. Thus, the authors have developed a special affinity for the cartoon by Reuben Goldberg dated 1947, of which a reprint can be found on page 104 of the volume on hand. In general, while making this book, we ran into numerous difficulties: The definite location of the award-winning cartoons in the Pulitzer Prize Collection at Columbia University was one of these problems as well as finding usable reproduction copies. Furthermore, it proved to be exceptionally complicated to pinpoint where exactly the drawings were located within the newspapers when they were first published. That is why, for instance, it took weeks of extensive research in the Library of Congress, Washington/D.C. and in the New York Public Library as well as in different municipal and newspaper archives all over the US in order to ensure precise bibliographical and other references...

338

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

V

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

χχΐ Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR EDITORIAL CARTOON PRESENTATION PRACTICES OF AWARD-WINNING CARTOONS REMARKS ABOUT THE DOCUMENTATION CRITERIA 1922 AWARD: ABOUT PROBLEMS WITHIN THE SOVIET UNION IN 1921

XXI 1 2

3

By Rollin Kirby, The World, New York "WELL-YOU MAY 'KEEP PART OF YOUR FOOD,' IVAN" "ASSISTING THE SICK MAN" "ON THE ROAD TO MOSCOW" 1923 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE PRIZE FOR WORK DONE IN 1922

4 5 6

7

By The Advisory Board, Columbia University, New York NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

8

1924 AWARD: ABOUT AMERICAN PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS IN 1923

9

By Jay N. Darling, Des Moines Register & Tribune "IN GOOD OLD U.S.A." "RIDDLE: WHY IS THE MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT LIKE ANY OTHER KIND OF MACHINERY?" "AND WE TALK ABOUT STABILIZING THE FARM INDUSTRY BY LEGISLATION I"

10

1925 AWARD: ABOUT PEACE HOPES AND WAR FEARS IN 1924

13

11 12

By Rollin Kirby, The World, New York "NEWS FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD" "A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS" "BRINGING A LITTLE LIGHT INTO IT"

14 15 16

339 1926 AWARD: ABOUT LAW AND ORDER VALUES IN 1925 By Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis

17

Post-Dispatch

"THE LAWS OF MOSES AND THE LAWS OF TODAY" "THE VOLSTEAD TRAIL" "MAKING HER RIDICULOUS" 1927 AWARD: ABOUT CONFLICTS AND PROBLEM SOLVING IN 1926..

18 19 20 21

By Nelson Harding, Brooklyn Daily Eagle "TOPPLING THE IDOL" "TOP-HEAVY STRUCTURES REQUIRE BRACING" "HIS OWN DUST" 1928 AWARD: ABOUT PEACE KEEPING WITH LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES IN 1927

22 23 24

25

By Nelson Harding, Brooklyn Daily Eagle "MAY HIS SHADOW NEVER GROW LESS" "A NEW BOUNDARY MARK" "A BIRD OF PEACE" 1929 AWARD: ABOUT ASPECTS OF THE GRAND OLD PARTY IN 1928 .

26 27 28 29

By Rollin Kirby, The World, New York "TAMMANY" "SEE THE PRETTY BANNER" "WE'LL RUN THIS CAMPAIGN" 1930 AWARD: ABOUT WAR DEPTS AND REPARATIONS IN 1929

30 31 32 33

By Charles R. Macauley, Brooklyn Daily Eagle "PAYING FOR A DEAD HORSE" "WILL THE PEACE DOVE RETURN?" •LIGHTING THE WORLD"

34 35 36

1931 AWARD: ABOUT RUSSIA'S INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ITEMS IN 1930

37

By Edmund Duffy, The Sun, Baltimore "AN OLD STRUGGLE STILL GOING ON* •CAN'T GET A FIRM GRIP" "MOVE OVER!"

38 39 40

340 1932 AWARD: ABOUT DEPRESSION AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1931 .... By John T. McCutcheon, Chicago Daily

41

Tribune

"A WISE ECONOMIST ASKS A QUESTION" "THE DANGEROUS SHORT-CUT" "THE DREAM OF LABOR"

42 43 44

1933 A W A R D : ABOUT JAPAN'S QUARRELS AND AGGRESSIONS IN 1932 . By Harold M . Talburt, The Washington Daily

45

News

"THE LIGHT OF ASIA" "HARA KIRI" "FANNING THE FLAME"

46 47 48

1934 A W A R D : ABOUT AMERICAN LYNCHING PRACTICES IN 1933

49

By E d m u n d Duffy, The Sun, Baltimore "OVER THE DOME AT ANNAPOLIS—" "CALIFORNIA POINTS WITH PRIDE—II" "A REMINDER"

50 51 52

1935 AWARD: ABOUT STRIKES AND LABOR ACTIVITIES IN 1934 By Ross A. Lewis, The Milwaukee

53

Journal

"WHY MUST IT REACH THIS 'POINT?'" "WE COVER THE WATERFRONT" "SURE, I'LL WORK FOR BOTH SIDES"

54 55 56

1936 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE PRIZE FOR WORK DONE IN 1935 By T h e Advisory Board, Columbia University,

57

N e w York

NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

1937 A W A R D : ABOUT DANGEROUS EUROPEAN CONDITIONS IN 1936.

58

59

By Clarence D. Batchelor, Daily News, N e w York "COME ON IN, I'LL TREAT YOU RIGHT. I USED TO KNOW YOUR DADDY" "EUROPE'S EYE VIEW OF HER FUTURE" "A FAMOUS CAT BEGINS TO WORRY OVER ITS REMAINING LIVES"

1938 AWARD: ABOUT ARISING OF WORLD-WIDE CONFLICTS IN 1937 . By V a u g h n Shoemaker, The Chicago Daily

60 61 62

63

News

"WHEN THE LAST ETHIOPIAN IS DEAD" "WHEEEEE-E-E-E-E-E-E—BANG!—EXCUSE IT, PLEASE" "THE ROAD BACK?"

64 65 66

341 1939 AWARD: ABOUT GERMANY'S STRATEGIES OF OCCUPATION IN 1938

67

By Charles G. Werner, The Daily Oklahoman, Oklahoma City "THE NEXT BITE" "THE STAKES ARE HIGH" "NOMINATION FOR 1938"

1940 AWARD: ABOUT BREAKING OUT OF WORLD WAR II IN 1939

68 69 70

71

By Edmund Duffy, The Sun, Baltimore "THE OUTSTRETCHED HAND" "THE BOY AT THE DIKE" "THE WILD WAVES AREN'T SAYING NICE THINGS"

72 73 74

1941 AWARD: ABOUT GERMANY'S BOMBING OF GREAT BRITAIN IN 1940

75

By Jacob Burck, Chicago Times "IF I SHOULD DIE BEFORE I WAKE..." •WEATHER FORECAST: CLOUDY - CONTINUED SHOWERS" "ALL IS CALM..."

1942 AWARD: ABOUT WAR AND ITS ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES IN 1941

76 77 78

79

By Herbert L. Block, Newspaper Enterprise Association, Cleveland "BRITISH PLANE" "LOSSES" "LABOR DAY PARADE - 1941"

1943 AWARD: ABOUT WARTIME COMMUNICATIONS IN 1942

80 81 82

83

By Jay N. Darling, The Des Moines Register "NEWS AT HOME AND ABROAD" "WHAT A PLACE FOR A WASTE PAPER SALVAGE CAMPAIGN" "THE MOST EXCITING READING OF ALL TIME"

1944 AWARD: ABOUT CONDITIONS OF FIGHTING NATIONS IN 1943 ..

84 85 86

87

By Clifford K. Berryman, The Evening Star, Washington, D.C. "POST WAR FOOD PLANS" "BUT WHERE IS THE BOAT GOING?" "THANKSGIVING FEAST IN BERLIN, 1943"

88 89 90

342 1945 AWARD: ABOUT AMERICAN INFANTRY TROOPS IN EUROPE IN 1944 By William H. Mauldin, United Feature Syndicate, "COLONEL CAPTURED BY GERMANS" "FRESH, SPIRITED AMERICAN TROOPS..." ΎΑ DON'T GIT COMBAT PAY..."

1946 AWARD: ABOUT SUPER POWERS AFTER THE WAR IN 1945 By Bruce A. Russell, Los Angeles

91

New York 92 93 94

95

Times

"HITLER'S LEGACY" "TIME FOR ATOMIC STATESMANSHIP" "TIME TO BRIDGE THAT GULCH"

96 97 98

1947 AWARD: ABOUT LIVING COSTS AND STARVATION IN 1946 By Vaughn Shoemaker, Chicago Daily

99

News

"OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND" "MEMORIAL" "STILL RACING HIS SHADOW"

100 101 102

1948 AWARD: ABOUT FEARS OF ANOTHER WORLD WAR IN 1947

103

By Reuben L. Goldberg, The Sun, N e w York "PEACE TODAY" "COUNTING BEARS" "PRAYER FOR TODAY"

104 105 106

1949 A W A R D : ABOUT INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL U.S. PROBLEMS IN 1948 By Lute C. Pease Jr., Newark Evening

107

News

"WHO, ME?" "AUGUST IN BERLIN" "Ά LOT OF FACES WILL BE RED'-PROPHET TRUMAN"

1950 A W A R D : ABOUT TRUMAN'S ADMINISTRATION AND THE PUBLIC IN 1949

108 109 110

111

By James T. Berryman, The Evening Star, Washington, D.C. "THERE ARE ENTIRELY TOO MANY HEADLINE HUNTERS..." "ECONOMIC REPORT TO THE NATION" "ALL SET FORA SUPER-SECRET SESSION IN WASHINGTON"

112 113 114

343 1951 AWARD: ABOUT EARLY PHASES OF THE KOREAN WAR IN 1950

115

By Reginald W. Manning, The Arizona Republic, Phoenix "SHIPS THAT PASS" "HATS" "WE LOVE THE RED CHINESE, WE LOVE THEM NOT..."

116 117 118

1952 AWARD: ABOUT PRESIDENT TRUMAN AND THE DOLLAR VALUE IN 1951

119

By Fred L. Packer, Daily Mirror, New York "OUR GLORIOUS DEAD I" "I WAS A HEAVYWEIGHT CHAMP..." "YOUR EDITORS OUGHT TO HAVE MORE SENSE...." 1953 AWARD: ABOUT CONSEQUENCES OF THE KOREAN WAR IN 1952

120 121 122

123

By Edward D. Kuekes, Cleveland Plain Dealer "WHITE CROSSES MOUNT WHILE PEACE TALKS DWINDLE" "CROSSES" "AFTERMATH" 1954 AWARD: ABOUT STALIN'S DEATH AND HIS FOLLOWER IN 1953

124 125 126 127

By Herbert L. Block, The Washington Post "YOU WERE ALWAYS A GREAT FRIEND OF MINE, JOSEPH" "ERA OF THE MECHANICAL MAN" "ANY OTHER IMPORTANT FUNERALS COMING UP?" 1955 AWARD: ABOUT EAST-ASIAN ZONES OF CRISIS IN 1954 By Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis

128 129 130 131

Post-Dispatch

•HOW WOULD ANOTHER MISTAKE HELP?" "SLOGAN PAINTER'S TROUBLES" "IT STOPPED THE RED RASH IN EUROPE, DOCTOR" 1956 AWARD: ABOUT DEFICITS DURING PROSPERITY TIMES IN 1955

132 133 134

135

By Robert York, The Louisville Times "ACHILLES" "CONSTRUCTION BOOM" "SOME ARE STRANDED ON THE LEDGES"

136 137 138

344 1957 AWARD: ABOUT HEALTH QUESTIONS AND LIFE RISKS IN 1956 By Tom Little, The Nashville

139

Tennessean

"WONDER WHY MY PARENTS DIDNT GIVE ME SALK SHOTS?" 'EVERY TIME I START TO DOZE OFF, HE DROPS ΈΜ" "THINK YOU'LL MAKE IT?"

140 141 142

1958 AWARD: ABOUT SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS IN 1957.. 143 By Bruce M. Shanks, Buffalo Evening News "THE THINKER" "LITTLE ROCK" "VOX POP"

144 145 146

1959 AWARD: ABOUT ACTIVITIES OF THE SOVIET UNION IN 1958 By William H. Mauldin, St. Louis

147

Post-Dispatch

"I WON THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR LITERATURE. WHAT WAS YOUR CRIME?" "DON'T PUSH YOUR LUCK, MISTER" "GOOD MORNING, COMRADES!"

148 149 150

1960 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE PRIZE FOR WORK DONE IN 1959

151

By The Advisory Board, Columbia University, New York NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

152

1961 AWARD: ABOUT KHRUSHCHEV'S ROLE IN WORLD POLITICS IN 1960

153

By Carey Orr, Chicago Daily Tribune "A WARNING FROM THE JUNGLE" "HIT BACK! HIT BACK! YOU CAN'T WIN COVERING UP!" "THE KINDLY TIGER"

154 155 156

1962 AWARD: ABOUT INTENTIONS OF SOCIALIST COUNTRIES IN 1961

157

By Edmund S. Valtman, The Hartford Times "BY GOVERNMENT DECREE EVERY MEMBER OF THE COMMUNE IS ENTITLED TO A PRIVATE LOT" "I WOULD HAVE PREFERRED IT WELL-DONE" "WHAT YOU NEED, MAN, IS A REVOLUTION LIKE MINE!"

158 159 160

345 1963 AWARD: ABOUT NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND WORLD POLITICS IN 1962

161

By Frank A. Miller, The Des Moines Register "I S A I D - W E SURE SETTLED THAT DISPUTE, DIDN'T WE!' "A NEEDLE IN A HAYSTACK IS EASY" "AWALL!"

1964 AWARD: ABOUT ATTITUDES AND HOPES TOWARD INTEGRATION IN 1963 By Paul F. Conrad, The Denver Post "STAND BACK EVERYBODY! HE'S GOT A BOMB.!!" "NO CHEEKS LEFT TO TURN" "PROFILE IN COURAGE"

1965 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE PRIZE FOR WORK DONE IN 1964 By The Advisory Board, Columbia University, New York NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

162 163 164

165 166 167 168

169 170

1966 AWARD: ABOUT CONFLICT PHANTASIES AND REALITIES IN 1965

171

By Don C. Wright, The Miami News "YOU MEAN YOU WERE BLUFFING?" "ANYBODY SEE A PLACE TO GET OFF?" "HOW THE WAR WENT TODAY"

172 173 174

1967 AWARD: ABOUT SOUTH-EAST ASIAN TROUBLE ZONES IN 1966 .. 175 By Patrick B. Oliphant, The Denver Post "THEY WONT GET US TO THE CONFERENCE TABLE ...WILL THEY?".. 176 "YOU WANT US TO SIT DOWN AND DISCUSS OUR PROBLEMS? / DON'T HAVE ANY PROBLEMS!" 177 "PROPOSALS..." 178

1968 AWARD: ABOUT PRESIDENT JOHNSON AND SENATOR KENNEDY IN 1967

179

By Eugene G. Payne, The Charlotte Observer "DR. KING SAYS, WOULD YOU PLEASE MOVE TO THE BACK OF THE BUS?" "THE WAR IS GOING VERY W E L L - P A S S IT ON" "IT'S TERRIBLE THE WAY TOBACCO ADVERTISING IS SLANTED TOWARDS YOUNG PEOPLE"

180 181 182

346 1969 AWARD: ABOUT WAR OUTSIDE AND WITHIN THE U.S. IN 1968

183

By John Fischetti, Chicago Daily News "SPEAKING FROM A POSITION OF STRENGTH...· "AMERICAN STYLE" "TRAMP, TRAMP, TRAMP, THE BOYS ARE MARCHING..."

184 185 186

1970 AWARD: ABOUT AMERICANS DURING THE VIETNAM WAR IN 1969

187

By Thomas F. Darcy, Newsday, Garden City, N.Y. "GOOD NEWS, WE'VE TURNED THE CORNER IN VIETNAM!" "PRISONER OF WAR" "SORRY FELLAS... BUT THAT'S THE ONLY WAY OUT"

188 189 190

1971 AWARD: ABOUT WAR CONDITIONS AND WAR VICTIMS IN 1970 .. 191 By Paul F. Conrad, Los Angeles Times "THE OPERATION WAS A COMPLETE SUCCESS... AS THE AUTOPSY WILL SHOW I" "FROM HERE TO ETERNITY" "THE U.S. ARMY..."

192 193 194

1972 AWARD: ABOUT AMERICAN POLITICS AND ECONOMY IN 1971 .. 195 By Jeffrey K. MacNelly, The Richmond News Leader "GEORGE?..." "FEDERAL FLOATING NOTE" "THE ECONOMY" 1973 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE PRIZE FOR WORK DONE IN 1972

196 197 198

199

By The Advisory Board, Columbia University, New York NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR 'NO AWARD" 1974 AWARD: ABOUT WATERGATE AND ITS FOLLOW-UP IN 1973

200 201

By Paul M. Szep, The Boston Globe "SOME OF THE STARS HAVE JUST ARRIVED" "I'VE DECIDED NOT TO TELL YOU ABOUT THE ALLEGED SHIPWRECK" "YOU'RE SURROUNDED NIXON... GIVE UP THE TAPES!"

202 203 204

347 1975 A W A R D : ABOUT POLITICS OF THE POST-WATERGATE ERA IN 1974

205

By Garry Trudeau, Universal Press Syndicate, N e w Y o r k "THE PRESIDENT FIGHTS BACK" "CONGRESS GROWS RESPONSIVE" "THE WATERGATE REUNIONS"

1976 A W A R D : ABOUT FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND DOMESTIC ISSUES IN 1975

206 207 208

209

By Tony Auth, The Philadelphia Inquirer "O BEAUTIFUL FOR SPACIOUS SKIES, FOR AMBER WAVES OF GRAIN..." "BEIRUT..." "CIA..."

1977 A W A R D : ABOUT FACETS OF THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN IN 1976

210 211 212

213

By Paul M . Szep, The Boston Globe "THREE VERSIONS OF JIMMY CARTER" "I'LL BE JACK KENNEDY... WHO DO YOU WANT TO BE?" "END OF ROUND ONE"

214 215 216

1978 A W A R D : ABOUT TAX QUESTIONS AND ENERGY ASPECTS IN 1977

217

By J e f f r e y K. M a c N e l l y , The Richmond News Leader "INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAX RETURN" "IRS..." "ENERGY PROGRAM"

218 219 220

1979 A W A R D : ABOUT POLITICS AND CAMPAIGN SPENDINGS IN 1978. 221 By Herbert L. Block, The Washington Post "AND BRING ME THEIR HEADS SO I CAN SEE WHAT GOES ON INSIDE THEM" "PRE-ELECTION BALLOT BOX" "ELECTION TRENDS"

1980 A W A R D : ABOUT DEATH PENALTY PROBLEMS OF FLORIDA IN 1979

222 223 224

225

By Don C. Wright, The Miami News •FLORIDA STATE PRISON" "THE ELECTRIC CHAIR" "SHORTAGE OF BURIAL PLOTS"

226 227 228

348 1981 AWARD: ABOUT UNEXPECTED RESULTS OF CONDITIONS IN 1980 By Mike B. Peters, Dayton Daily News

229

"CAN YOU GUESS WHICH ONE'S BEEN BANNED?" 230 "LOOK, LADY-YOU'RE THE ONE WHO ASKED FOR A FAMOUS MOVIE STAR WITH DARK HAIR, STRONG NOSE AND DEEP SET EYES..." ... 231 "HE'S GROWN A FOOT SINCE I SAW HIM LAST..." 232

1982 AWARD: ABOUT WAR RELICTS AND DEFENSE ASPECTS IN 1981

233

By Ben Sargent, The Austin American-Statesman "WELCOME HOME HOSTAGES' "U.S. GUNS IN EL SALVADOR" "DEFENSE SYSTEM"

1983 AWARD: ABOUT PRESIDENT REAGAN'S PUBLIC APPEARANCE IN 1982

234 235 236

237

By Richard E. Locher, Chicago Tribune "DIPLOMACY IN ACTION" "RONALD REAGAN'S WEATHER MAP" "WATT"

1984 AWARD: ABOUT POLITICAL EMOTIONS AND ATTITUDES IN 1983

238 239 240

241

By Paul F. Conrad, Los Angeles Times "PLAY IT AGAIN, RON ..." "WELL, TELL HIM TO TURN UP HIS HEARING AID!" "THE DAY AFTER"

242 243 244

1985 AWARD: ABOUT TOP AMERICAN POLITICAL FIGURES IN 1984... 245 By Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Chicago Tribune "ASK YOURSELVES ..." "CABINET MEETINGS" OKAY, SENATOR GARN..."

1986 AWARD: ABOUT BASIC ATTITUDES OF AMERICANS IN 1985

246 247 248

249

By Jules Feiffer, The Village Voice, New York "REAGAN CRITICIZES RACISM..." "THE U.S. IS NOT GOING..." "THE MEDIA REPORTS..."

250 251 252

349 1987 AWARD: ABOUT REALISTIC PROBLEMS OF AN UNREALISTIC WORLD IN 1986

253

By Berke Breathed, The Washington Post "MILO'S MEADOW" "69,9 CENT A GALLON!" "GOOD MORNING, MADAM"

254 255 256

1988 AWARD: ABOUT EXCUSES AND ILLUSIONS IN THE U.S. IN 1987 257 By Doug N. Marlette, The Charlotte Observer / The Atlanta

Constitution

"THAT'S RIGHT-JIM AND TAMMY WERE EXPELLED FROM PARADISE AND LEFT ME IN CHARGEI" "TO ERR IS HUMAN..." "PRESIDENT?... NO, CHILD, BUT YOU CAN GROW UP TO BE FRONTRUNNER!" 1989 AWARD: ABOUT THEMES AND TABUS IN AMERICAN LIFE IN 1988

258 259 260

261

By Jack Higgins, Chicago Sun-Times "HOW ABOUT MORE BLACKS..." "BEST ACTRESS..." "...ALL CONGRESSMEN..." 1990 AWARD: ABOUT REAGAN LEAVING BUSH ENTERING THE STAGE IN 1989

262 263 264

265

By Tom G. Toles, The Buffalo News "WE WONT FORGET YOU!" "FIRST AMENDMENT" "THE EDUCATION PRESIDENT"

266 267 268

1991 AWARD: ABOUT CONFLICTS AND GERMANY'S REUNIFICATION IN 1990

269

By Jim M. Borgman, The Cincinnati Enquirer •DOMINO THEORY" "NOW WE WAIT..." "ACTUALLY, ITS SO WE ALWAYS KNOW WHERE THEY ARE" 1992 AWARD: ABOUT HUMAN NEEDS AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN 1991

270 271 272

273

By Signe Wilkinson, Philadelphia Daily News "PULL THE PLUG?!!" "HELLO, WASHINGTON?" "HOME ALONE"

274 275 276

350 1993 AWARD: ABOUT U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNING IN 1992

277

By Stephen R. Benson, The Arizona Republic, Phoenix "I HOPE I CAN GET THIS TURNED AROUND..." "HANG IN THERE" "MY ELECTION STRATEGY IS SIMPLE..."

278 279 280

1994 AWARD: ABOUT VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT AREAS IN 1993

281

By Michael P. Ramirez, The Commercial Appeal, Memphis "NEVER AGAIN ..." "AS THE SMOKE CLEARED..." •SOMALIA"

282 283 284

1995 AWARD: ABOUT AMERICAN BEHAVIOR IN KEY SITUATIONS IN 1994

285

By Mike Luckovich, The Atlanta Constitution "PIE-EATING CHAMPIONSHIP..." "MOMENT OF SILENT PRAYER AT BEGINNING OF CLASS" "WHEN YOUR BIRTHDAY'S ON CHRISTMAS..."

286 287 288

1996 AWARD: ABOUT TOPICS OF THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION IN 1995

289

By Jim Morin, The Miami Herald OPINION POLLS" "WHO CARES ABOUT BOSNIA?" "FACE LIFTS AND COSMETIC SURGERY"

1997 AWARD: ABOUT FACETS OF THE WASHINGTON ESTABLISHMENT IN 1996

290 291 292

293

By Walt Handelsman, The Times-Picayune, New Orleans "...WELFARE REFORM..." "... I LIED, I CHEATED..." "FBI SEEKS NEW SUSPECTS..."

294 295 296

WINNERS OF THE EDITORIAL CARTOON AWARD, 1 9 9 8 - 2 0 0 8

297

INDEX

299

Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners

by Elizabeth A. Brennan and Elizabeth C. Clarage

Foreword by Seymour Topping

Oryx Press Phoenix, Arizona 1999

352

© 1999 by The Oryx Press 4041 North Central at Indian School Road Phoenix, Arizona 85012-3397 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from The Oryx Press. Published simultaneously in Canada Printed and bound in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brennan, Elizabeth A. Who's who of Pulitzer Prize winners / by Elizabeth A. Brennan, Elizabeth Clarage. p. cm. Includes biblographical references and index. ISBN 1-57356-111-8 1. Pulitzer Prizes. 2. Biography—20th century. I. Clarage, Elizabeth. II. Title. AS911.P8B74 1999 071'.3'092273—dc21 98-44979 CIP

353

From the Preface

SCOPE Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners was inspired by the difficulty we had as librarians when attempting to answer questions from students and library patrons about the people who won the award. We believe that the winners of the Pulitzer Prize, one of the pre-eminent awards given in journalism, letters, and music, deserve coverage in a source that includes information on their lives, careers, and accomplishments. The first edition of this work includes 1175 entries for 1334 awards presented. The discrepancy exists where some prizes were awarded to groups of individuals, each of whom is profiled, or where winners won multiple prizes. All prize winners from 1917, when the prizes were established, through 1998 are included. The authors researched each entry by using traditional biographical sources as well as information from the Pulitzer Prize archive at Columbia University Office of Public Affairs, and from information supplied by the individual winners.

thereafter under each prize category and year that the winners have received the award. If no award was given in a particular year for a certain category, "No award" is noted under the year for that category...

ENTRIES Each entry includes up to 15 fields of biographical and bibliographic information. (See "Using This Book.") Information has been included in each field when available and verifiable. The dates of winning newspaper articles were provided whenever such information was readily available from sources such as the Pulitzer Prize archive, newspaper articles about the prizes, or from the winning newspaper. Unfortunately, many newspaper companies cited in the entries are no longer in existence. We have often tried to keep the exact wording used by the Pulitzer Committees when they awarded these prizes. We've also included other information about the winners in the Commentary field.

INDEXES ARRANGEMENT The main body of this book is arranged alphabetically by prize category. Within each category, entries are arranged chronologically, and in the case of multiple winners in a given year, alphabetically. For winners who have received more than one award, a full entry is provided the first time one of their prize categories appears according to the alphabetical arrangement of this book, and cross-references to that full entry appear

Four indexes have been developed to assist users of Who's Who in Pulitzer Prize Winners: (1) Newspaper and Organization Winners—an alphabetical listing of these winners; (2) Individual Winners—an alphabetical listing of individual winners; (3) Education Institutions—a listing of all postsecondary educational institutions and the winners who attended those schools; and (4) Chronology of Prizes Awarded—a listing arranged by year of all the awards and their recipients...

Outstanding International Press Reporting Volume 5:1990-1999

Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence: From the Reunification of Germany to the Impact of Aids in Africa

by

Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

K G - Saur München 2000

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Outstanding international press reporting : Pulitzer prize winning articles in foreign correspondence / ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München: Saur Vol. 5 . 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 9 : from the reunification of Germany to the impact of aids in Africa. - 2000 ed. with general and special introd. by ISBN 3-598-23024-9

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 2000 Part of Reed Elsevier Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed and bound by Strauss Offsetdruck, Mörlenbach

ISBN 3-598-23024-9

357

FROM THE PREFACE In 1998 Edward Seaton, editor-publisher of the Kansas-based Manhattan Mercury and member of the Pulitzer Prize Board, was elected President of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. Upon his election Seaton declared: "It is an effort to look at how we are using international news with an emphasis on helping readers figure out how international forces are effecting and changing their communities and their lives." This remarkable statement was picked up by Tom Winship, chairman of the International Center for Journalists in Washington, D.C. Winship commented: "This is not a project to juice up the likes the New York Times, the Washington Post or the husky regionale to print more foreign news. Far from it. This is about more approaches to global news within easy reach of community newspapers of all sizes." The above statements point to a central problem in the field of international communication: "Foreign reporting is neglected by many of the small and medium-size newspapers of the United States. Is it simply that these papers leave the field of foreign reporting to the papers of the major cities although they themselves could at least publish reports by news agencies? Do the editors think that foreign reports do not interest their readers? Is there a belief that the field of foreign reporting is most effectively covered by the major televisionchannels, or are there yet other reasons for the neglect of foreign reporting by many newspapers?" In addition to the explanations mentioned, one factor that certainly comes to mind is the financial one. A number of years ago an analysis was undertaken that compared the Süddeutsche Zeitung of Munich with the Boston Globe. Both newspapers by that time were similar with regard to their overall structure and readership, and yet one striking difference was discovered: while the Süddeutsche Zeitung employed a number of foreign correspondents, the Boston Globe did not have a single one. When asked about the reasons for this discovery, the editor in chief of the Boston Globe frankly admitted that financial considerations kept the newspaper from hiring own foreign correspondents. The large amount of money required to establish and maintain a network of correspondents is thus at least partly responsible for the fact that many American newspapers refrain from offering their readers the "luxury" of foreign reporting. To a certain degree this also explains why the Pulitzer Prize-winning entries in the category of foreign reporting most times come from a limited number of large newspapers. The prize-winning articles collected on the following pages illustrate this fact. Within the decade documented here, The New York Times collected no less than four Pulitzer Prizes for foreign reporting. New York Newsday received two, while the Washington Post, the DallasTimes Herald, the Wall Street Journal, the news agency Associated Press and New York's Village Voice all received one prize. At the same time there were indications that the newspapers thus honored increasingly employ teamwork in the field of foreign reporting, as the increase in the number of group awards shows...

358

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface

ν

Dedication Page

νϋ

Contents of Past Volumes

xiii

Introduction: The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the Fifth Phase of Their Development, 1990-1999 by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer

xxi

Editorial Remarks

li

REPORTS ABOUT GERMANY IN 1990 Phases of Reuniting the Divided Country

by Serge Schmemann (The New York Times) Introductory Notes The Currency Union as a very First Step Two Towns Share a Common Heritage Subdued Mood Replaces Early Euphoria Division of Berlin Comes to an happy End Results of the First Free All-German Elections Related Readings

3 4 5 9 14 16 19 22

REPORTS ABOUT KUWAIT IN 1990 Iraqi Invasion of the Persian Gulf Emirate

by Caryle M. Murphy (The Washington Post)

23

Introductory Notes The Ruling Emir Family Flees to Saudi Arabia Many Kuwaitis ignore of Seeing the Dangers Resistance and Some Hopes for the near Future Many Westerners Caught by Occupation Troops Establishment of the Nineteenth Province of Iraq Related Readings

24 25 28 31 37 43 48

359 REPORTS ABOUT KUWAIT IN 1991 Gulf War Called Operation Desert Storm

by Patrick J. Sloyan (Newsday)

49

Introductory Notes Clouds and Sandstorms Influence the Fights The Largest Battle Occurred for Two Days U.S. Army Division Breaks Through Iraqi Lines How U.S. Soldiers Were Accidentally Killed The Troops' Bitter Legacy and Bad Memories Related Readings

50 51 54 56 59 68 72

REPORTS ABOUT BOSNIA IN 1992 Some Cases of Aggressions Towards Civilians

by Roy W. Gutman (Newsday)

73

Introductory Notes Deportation and Destruction of Muslims Serbs Establish Concentration Camps An Eyewitness of Death and Torture Many Civilians as Victims of Terror Observations of a Death Camp's Survivor Related Readings

74 75 77 82 83 85 88

REPORTS ABOUT BOSNIA IN 1992 Aspects of the Civil War in Former Yugoslavia

by John F. Burns (The New York Times)

89

Introductory Notes Ancient Ties of Coexistence Are Broken Anger and Grief in the Ruins of Sarajevo People Under Artillery Fire Try to Overcome How a Hospital Works Under Horror Conditions Practices and Results of the Ethnic Cleansing Related Readings

90 91 95 99 104 108 111

REPORTS ABOUT GLOBAL FACTS IN 1993 Violence Against Women in Various World Areas

by Anne Reifenberg et al. (The Dallas Morning News)

113

Introductory Notes Abuses of Rights in International Perspective

114 115

360 Poor Thai Parents Sell Girls Into Prostitution Situation in Islamic Countries Like Egypt Sexual Abuse Practices by Dallas Policemen Vienna World Conference on Human Rights Related Readings

120 126 132 137 141

REPORTS ABOUT RWANDA IN 1994 Chaos and Killings in a Civil War

by Mark Fritz (The Associated Press)

143

Introductory Notes The Country as a Gigantic Killing Field Brutal Slaughters in a small Village Basic Fears of Returning 6migr6s Many Children become War Victims Soldiers are Expecting Foreign Aid Related Readings

144 145 146 148 150 152 154

REPORTS ABOUT BOSNIA IN 1995 The Largest Tragedy in Europe since the Holocaust

by David Rohde (The Christian Science Monitor)

155

Introductory Notes Strong Evidence of Massacre of Prisoners Muslims are Executed by Bosnian Serbs An Eyewitness Report of Mass Killings Peacekeepers Fail to Protect Civilians Graves Found That Confirm War Crimes Related Readings

156 157 160 163 166 171 174

REPORTS ABOUT AFGHANISTAN IN 1996 Rule and Terror of the Islamic Taliban Force

by John F. Burns (The New York Times)

175

Introductory Notes Kabul under Continuing War Conditions From Cold War to another Conflict Area Proclamation of a Muslim Fundamental System Keeping Foreigners from Mass Executions An Autocratic Regime and its many Victims Related Readings

176 177 182 188 192 196 202

361

REPORTS ABOUT MEXICO IN 1997 Heavy Drug Trafficking across the U.S. Border

by Sam Dillon et al. (The New York Times)

203

Introductory Notes High Officials Involved in Illegal Achievements Military Leaders as Links to Drug Connection Misinformation and Mistakes about Corruption Informant Names Multiple Layers of Betrayal United States Looking for Anti-Drug Partner Related Readings

204 205 212 216 227 237 243

REPORTS ABOUT RUSSIA IN 1998 Economic Crisis and Struggles to Overcome

by Andrew T. Higgins et al. (The Wall Street Journal)

245

Introductory Notes Old Soviet Standards turn Many Profits into Losses General Problems of a Missing Market Discipline Belarus Promotes a Down-with-Free-Markets Campaign Heavy Harvests Shortages and following Panic Buyings Apathy and Anger Lead to Unexpected Reactions Related Readings

246 247 254 258 261 266 269

REPORTS ABOUT AFRICA IN 1999 The Aids Virus as the Agony of the Continent

Index

by Mark Schoofs (The Village Voice)

271

Introductory Notes A Generation of Orphans in Zimbabwe Virus Inflicted Relatives from Nigeria Past and Future Epidemics in Gabon Vaccination of Prostitutes in Kenya Building a Movement in South Africa Related Readings

272 273 280 286 293 300 307 309

363

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 14

Press Photography Awards 1942-1998: From Joe Rosenthal and Horst Faas to Moneta Sleet and Stan Grossfeld

by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München 2000

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive: a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 14: Pt. E, Liberal arts. Press photography awards 1942 - 1 9 9 8 : from Joe Rosenthal and Horst Faas to Moneta Sleet and Stan Grossfeld / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 2000 ISBN 3-598-30184-7

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, München 2000 Part of Reed Elsevier Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by Strauss Offsetdruck, Mörlenbach Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30184-7 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

365

FROM THE PREFACE In the history of the system of Pulitzer Prizes, the award for photography was a comparatively late invention. John Hohenberg describes how "with the outpouring of photography from domestic sources and the combat zones... a new photography prize was... created in 1942," at the height of the Second World War. At first the award was designed to cover the entire field of photo-journalism, but it took only a quarter-century until the necessity arose to split it up. In 1968 two prizes were established which were independent from one another, and there has been one award-category for "Spot News Photography" and another category for "Feature Photography" ever since. Also, while in the first decades of its history the prize was usually awarded for exactly one photograph, it later became common practice to honor several pictures by one photographer, as long as they dealt with one topic. This book attempts to document the history of the Pulitzer Prize for photography. It contains a collection of Pulitzer Prize winning photographs from more than half a century, and carefully explains their contents and cultural background. The reproduction of the individual photographs varies in quality, which in some cases is due to the varying quality of the photographs' negatives which could be retrieved from the Pulitzer Prize Collection. There are also cases, when photographs had to be "reconstructed" from newspaper clippings, because their negatives could no longer be found in any of the archives of the different media or photographers. Despite such difficulties, it was possible to document the complete history of the Pulitzer Prize for photography...

366

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR PHOTOGRAPHY By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität Bochum

V

XXV

PRESENTATION PRACTICES OF AWARD-WINNING PHOTOS

1

REMARKS ABOUT THE DOCUMENTATION CRITERIA

2

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE DEMONSTRATORS OF A MAJOR DETROIT MOTOR PLANT IN 1941

3

1942

By Milton E. Brooks, The Detroit News

1943

FORD STRIKERS RIOT

4

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT AN EXTREMELY THIRSTY INDIAN SAILOR CLOSE TO DEHYDRATION IN 1942

5

By Frank Noel, The Associated Press

1944

WATER!

6

GENERAL AWARD (I) ABOUT A TOTALLY DESTROYED ISLAND IN THE PACIFIC WAR THEATRE IN 1943

7

By Frank X. Filan, The Associated Press

1944

TARAWA ISLAND

8

GENERAL AWARD (II) ABOUT A SOLDIER'S RETURN AND THE WELCOME BY HIS FAMILY IN 1943

9

By Earle L. Bunker, World-Herald, Omaha HOMECOMING

10

367 1945

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE ERECTION OF A WAR HISTORICAL AMERICAN MONUMENT IN 1945 By Joe Rosenthal, The Associated

1946

11

Press

THE PLANTING OF THE FLAG ON MOUNT SURIBACHI, IWO JIMA

12

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE PRIZE FOR PHOTOS FROM 1945

13

By The Advisory Board, Columbia University, New York

1947

NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD"

14

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE FLAMES DESTROYING A COMPLETE BUILDING AND KILLING PEOPLE IN 1946

15

By Arnold Hardy, The Associated

1948

Press

A MOST DISASTROUS HOTEL FIRE

16

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT BOSTON PATROLMEN AND AN UNEXPECTED SHOOTING IN 1947

17

By Frank Cushing, Boston Traveler

1949

BOY GUNMAN AND HOSTAGE

18

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT A HERO OF BASEBALL AND HIS MOVING RETIREMENT CEREMONY IN 1948

19

By Nathaniel Fein, New York Herald-Tribune

1950

BABE RUTH BOWS OUT

20

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT DANGEROUS FLYING MANOEUVRES AT OAKLAND AIRPORT IN 1949

21

By Bill Crouch, Oakland Tribune NEAR COLLISION AT AIR SHOW

22

368 1951

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT FLEEING PEOPLE IN THE EARLY STAGES OF THE KOREAN WAR IN 1950

23

By Max Desfor, The Associated Press

1952

FLIGHT OF REFUGEES ACROSS WRECKED BRIDGE IN KOREA

24

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT AN UNFAIR ATTACK ON A TOP BLACK FOOTBALL PLAYER IN 1951

25

By John R. Robinson / Don T. Ultang, Des Moines Register & Tribune

1953

EVER SEE A JAW BROKEN ?

26

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE ADLAI STEVENSON IN MICHIGAN IN 1952

27

By William M. Gallagher, The Flint Journal

1954

ADLAI'S FOOTWEAR

28

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT A SEMI-TRUCK ACCIDENT AND SOME KIND OF A MIRACLE IN 1953

29

By Virginia Schau, The Associated Press

1955

THRILLING RESCUE

30

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT A COUPLE AFTER THEIR INFANTS DEATH AT THE BEACH IN 1954

31

By John L. Gaunt Jr., Los Angeles Times

1956

TRAGEDY BY THE SEA

32

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT A BURNING AIRPLANE AFTER SMASHING TO A LONG ISLAND GROUND IN 1955

33

By George Mattson et al., New York Daily News BOMBER CRASHES IN STREET

34

369 1957

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE ANDREA DORIA SHIP CATASTROPHE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC IN 1956

35

By Harry A. Trask, Boston Traveler

1958

SINKING OF A SEA LINER

36

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT A TWO-YEAR OLD BOY TALKING TO A POLICEMAN DURING A PARADE IN 1957

37

By William C. Beall, The Washington Daily News FAITH AND CONFIDENCE 1959

1960

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE TRAGEDY OF A YOUNG CHILD KILLED AT A MINNEAPOLIS STREET IN 1958 By William C. Seaman, Minneapolis Star

38

39

TOO LATE - THE DOCTOR WALKED AWAY

40

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE RESULT OF A WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL BY CASTRO'S TROOPS IN 1959

41

By Andrew Lopez, United Press International

1961

RECEIVING LAST RITES

42

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT AN ASSASSINATION BY SWORD OF A JAPANESE POLITICIAN IN 1960

43

By Yasushi Nagao, United Press International

1962

TOKYO STABBING

44

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT CONVERSATIONS OF EISENHOWER AND KENNEDY AT CAMP DAVID IN 1961

45

By Paul Vathis, The Associated Press SERIOUS STEPS

46

370 1963

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE FINAL ABSOLUTION BY A NAVY CHAPLAIN IN VENEZUELA IN 1962

47

By Hector Rondon, The Associated Press AID FROM THE PADRE

1964

48

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT JACK RUBY'S SHOOTING OF THE ACCUSED KENNEDY SLAYER IN 1963

49

By Robert H. Jackson, The Dallas Times Herald

1965

THE MURDER OF A PROPOSED MURDERER

50

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT THE HARSH REALITIES OF THE VIETNAM WAR TO CIVILIANS IN 1964

51

By Horst Faas, The Associated Press

1966

INNOCENT VICTIM

52

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT VIETNAMESE WOMEN AND CHILDREN TRAPPED IN THE ACTION IN 1965

53

By Kyoichi Sawada, United Press International

1967

FLIGHT TO SAFETY

54

GENERAL AWARD ABOUT SHOOTING DOWN OF A BLACK VOTER ON A MISSISSIPPI HIGHWAY IN 1966

55

By Jack R. Thornell, The Associated Press SHOOTING BY A ROADSIDE RIFLEMAN

1968 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT A SUCCESSFULL MOUTH-UPON-MOUTH REANIMATION PROCEDURE IN 1967

56

57

By Rocco Morabito, Jacksonville Journal THE KISS OF LIFE

58

371 1968 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE FRUSTRATION OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN VIETNAM BATTLE FIELDS IN 1967

59

By Toshio Sakai, United Press International DREAMS OF BETTER TIMES 1969 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE KILLING OF A PRISONER BY VIETNAM'S NATIONAL POLICE CHIEF IN 1968

60

61

By Edward T. Adams, The Associated Press SAIGON EXECUTION 1969 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE ATLANTA FUNERAL SERVICE FOR A MONUMENTAL BLACK LEADER IN 1968

62

63

By Moneta J. Sleet Jr., Ebony magazine MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.'S WIDOW 1970 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT S O M E HEAVY TURMOILS AND VIOLENT ACTIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY IN 1969

64

65

By Steve Starr, The Associated Press CAMPUS GUNS 1970 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT LIVING CIRCUMSTANCES AND POVERTY OF FLORIDA MIGRANT W O R K E R S IN 1969 By Dallas Kinney, The Palm Beach Post CROP WORKERS IN FIELDS UNHEALTHY HOUSING CONDITIONS RESTING SENIOR CITIZENS 1971 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE SHOOTINGS AND TRAGEDIES AT KENT STATE UNIVERSITY IN 1970

66

67 68 69 70

71

By John P. Filo, The Valley Daily News & Daily Dispatch, Tarentum STUDENTS AND GUARDS FORM THEIR LINES A KILLED STUDENT LYING ON THE GRUND UPSET STUDENT CALLS GUARD MURDERER

72 73 74

372 1971 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT CONDITIONS AT ILLINOIS STATE SCHOOLS FOR THE RETARDED IN 1970

75

By Jack W. Dykinga, Chicago Sun-Times OVERCROWDED SLEEPING COTTAGE APATHETIC WHEELCHAIR GROUP RESIDENTS IN THE DAY ROOM 1972 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT SHOCKING TORTURES AND KILLINGS OF PEOPLE IN BANGLADESH IN 1971

76 77 78

79

By Horst Faas / Michel Laurent, The Associated Press BRUTALITY AGAINST TIED PRISONERS GRISLY BAYONETTING OF TWO VICTIMS ALL THE PRISONERS ARE MURDERED 1972 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT SEVERAL DISCOURAGING FACTS ON THE VIETNAM WAR IN 1971

80 81 82

83

By Dave H. Kennedy, United Press International AMERICAN FLAG AND A SOUTH VIETNAMESE SOLDIER SOLDIER MOVES AMID SHATTERED TREES WOUNDED SOUTH VIETNAMESE SOLDIER 1973 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT VIETNAMESE CHILDREN ESCAPING FROM A NAPALM BOMB AREA NEAR SAIGON IN 1972

84 85 86

87

By Huynh Cong Ut, The Associated Press THE TERROR OF WAR 1973 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT WITNESSING THE BIRTH OF A CHILD IN MIDDLE AMERICA IN 1972

88

89

By Brian T. Lanker, Topeka Capital-Journal PREPARATION IN A STERILE HOSPITAL ROOM MOMENT OF JOY AFTER THE DELIVERY THE BABY GIRL SHORTLY AFTER HER BIRTH

90 91 92

373 1974 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE KILLING OF AN ALLEGED KIDNAPER IN HOLLYWOOD IN 1973

93

By Anthony K. Roberts, The Associated Press HOSTAGE AND KIDNAPER SECURITY GUARD'S INTERVENTION KIDNAPER SHOT TO DEATH 1974 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE RETURN OF AN U.S. SOLDIER FROM A NORTH VIETNAMESE PRISON CAMP IN 1973

94 95 96

97

By Slava J. Veder, The Associated Press BURST OF JOY 1975 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT TOTALLY EXHAUSTED FIREMEN AFTER THE BURN OUT OF A HOUSE IN 1974

98

99

By Gerald H. Gay, The Seattle Times LULL IN THE BATTLE

100

1975 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT SEVERAL ASPECTS OF THE WASHINGTON LIFE-STYLE IN 1974 101 By Matthew Lewis Jr., The Washington Post ART HISTORIAN IN A NATIONAL GALLERY CITY COUNCILMAN AT THE CORNER OF HIS BLOCK OLD LADY AT HOME WITH HER ANIMAL FAMILY 1976 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE TRAGEDY AND THE RESULTS OF A BOSTON HOTEL FIRE IN 1975

102 103 104

105

By Stanley J. Forman, The Boston Herald American FIREFIGHTERS ARRIVE FIRE ESCAPE COLLAPSES WOMAN FALLS TO DEATH 1976 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT STRONG CONTROVERSIES ON BUSING IN LOUISVILLE'S SCHOOLS IN 1975

106 107 108

109

By Frank Kimmel et al., The Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times WISH TO RETURN TO HIS FORMER SCHOOL TWO BOYS IN EMPTY CLASSROOM POLICEMAN ESCORTES SCHOOL BUS

110 111 112

374 1977 a SPOT AWARD (I) ABOUT HEAVY DISORDER AND BRUTALITY IN THE STREETS OF BANGKOK IN 1976

113

By Neal H. Ulevich, The Associated Press WOUNDED STUDENT AFTER DEMONSTRATION MOMENTS BEFORE STORMING THE UNIVERSITY STRIKING THE BODY OF A STUDENT VICTIM

114 115 116

1977 a SPOT AWARD (II) ABOUT TROUBLE ON A BOSTON CITY PLAZA AFTER STUDENT DEMONSTRATIONS IN 1976 117 By Stanley J. Forman, The Boston Herald American FLAG AS A LANCE 1977 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE CHATTANOOGA ARMED FORCES DAY PARADE AT A RAINY DAY IN 1976

118

119

By Robin L. Hood, Chattanooga News-Free Press DISABLED VIETNAM VETERAN 1978 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE KIDNAPPING OF AN INDIANAPOLIS BROKER AND THE ROLE OF TV IN 1977

120

121

By John H. Blair, United Press International HOSTAGE AT GUNPOINT 1978 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE WHITE-RULED RHODESIA AND OPPOSING GUERILLA ACTIVITIES IN 1977

122

123

By J. Ross Baughman, The Associated Press ROPE AROUND PRISONER'S NECK SOLDIER HOLDS ENEMY NEWSMAN PRISONERS IN MIDDAY SUN 1979 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT A FAMILY TRAGEDY IN A SMALL PENNSYLVANIA TOWN IN 1978

124 125 126

127

By Thomas J. Kelly III, The Pottstown Mercury PREPARATION TO STORM A CRIMINAL'S HOME DRAMATIC CAPTURE OF A MURDERER INJURED GIRL IN SAFE HANDS

128 129 130

375 1979 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE DESTROYING POWER OF A NEW ENGLAND BLIZZARD IN 1978 131 By Paul Benoit et al., The Boston Herald American RESCUE WORKER IN ACTION STRANDED CARS ON HIGHWAY LIGHTHOUSE IN ANGRY SEA

1980 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE EXECUTION OF PEOPLE BY THE NEW IRANI LEADERSHIP IN 1979

132 133 134

135

By Unnamed Photographer, United Press International FIRING SQUAD IN IRAN

1980 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE LONELY AND ASCETIC LIFE OF THE TEXAS WESTERN COWBOY IN 1979

136

137

By Erwin Η. Hagler, Dallas Times Herald TEXAS COWBOY WORKING CONDITIONS ONE-ROOM HOME

1981 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE PUNISHMENT OF PEOPLE OF THE FORMER LIBERIAN GOVERNMENT IN 1980

138 139 140

141

By Larry C. Price, Fort Worth Star-Telegram SOLDIER KICKS A CIVILIAN EXECUTION OF GOVERNMENT LEADERS SLUMPED BODIES AFTERWARDS

1981 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE LIVING CONDITIONS IN THE MICHIGAN STATE PRISON AT JACKSON IN 1980

142 143 144

145

By Taro M. Yamasaki, Detroit Free Press PRISON CELLS SUPERVISING GUARD OBSERVATION OFFICER

146 147 148

376 1982 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT ON PRESIDENT REAGAN IN WASHINGTON IN 1981 By Ron Edmonds, The Associated Press SHOT PRESIDENT PUSHED INTO LIMOUSINE SECRET SERVICE AGENT GIVES COMMANDS WOUNDED PRESIDENTIAL AIDES LIE ON STREET 1982 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT ARMY MEMBERS, POLICE DUTIES AND MUSIC EDUCATION IN ILLINOIS IN 1981

149 150 151 152

153

By John H. White, Chicago Sun-Times SEARCHING POLICE OFFICER SPECIAL VIOLONIST TECHNIQUE NATIONAL GUARD GROUP 1983 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT VICTIMS AND SURVIVORS OF A MASSACRE IN A BEIRUT CAMP IN 1982

154 155 156

157

By Bill Foley, The Associated Press STREET SCENE AFTER THE MASSACRE NUMEROUS BODIES LIE IN STREETS ON THE WAY TO A MEMORIAL SERVICE 1983 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT LIFE AND DEATH DURING THE EL SALVADOR CIVIL WAR IN 1982

158 159 160

161

By James B. Dickman, Dallas Times Herald WOMEN TAKEN FROM HER HOME BY DEATH SQUAD INNOCENT CHILDREN IN RAMSHACKLE REFUGEE CAMPS BODY OF A FAMILY MEMBER PLACED ON A TABLE

162 163 164

1984 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT SOME EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON THE PEOPLE OF LEBANON IN 1983

165

By Stan Grossfeld, The Boston Globe FRIGHTENED CHILDREN PLAYING ORPHANS PALESTINIAN WIDOW

166 167 168

377 1984 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT MEMORIAL DAY GRIEVING AND THE EFFECTS OF STARVATION IN ETHIOPIA IN 1983

169

By Anthony Suau, The Denver Post SOLDIER'S GRIEVING WIDOW HUNGRY ETHIOPIAN BABY WOMAN AT A WATER HOLE

170 171 172

1985 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT SOME HIGHLIGHTS AND TRAGEDIES AT THE L.A. OLYMPICS IN 1984

173

By Rick Rickman et al., The Register, Santa Ana DISMOUNT FROM THE RINGS EXHAUSTED MARATHON COMPETITOR MISFORTUNE IN A SEMIFINAL

1985 b FEATURE AWARD (I) ABOUT ILLEGAL MEXICANS AT THE U. S. BORDER AND FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA IN 1984

174 175 176

177

By Stan Grossfeld, The Boston Globe MEXICANS TRY TO MOVE INTO THE UNITED STATES LONG LINE OF ETHIOPIANS LEAVING THEIR COUNTRY ETHIOPIANS FLEEING TO FOOD RELIEF CAMPS IN SUDAN

1985 b FEATURE AWARD (II) ABOUT WAR VICTIMS OF THE FIGHTS IN ANGOLA AND EL SALVADOR IN 1984 By Larry C. Price, The Philadelphia

178 179 180

181

Inquirer

FAMILY FLEES FROM EL SALVADOR FOOD FOR SALVADORIAN CHILDREN ANGOLAN WOMEN GREET SOLDIERS

1986 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE DEVASTATION AFTER A COLOMBIA VOLCANO ERUPTION IN 1985

182 183 184

185

By Carol Guzy / Michel du Cille, The Miami Herald RESCUE WORKERS' AND VICTIMS TEENAGER IN DANGER TO LIFE HELICOPTER LIFTS A SURVIVOR

186 187 188

378 1986 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT HOMELESS PEOPLE AT THE STREETS OF PHILADELPHIA IN 1985

189

By Tom Gralish, The Philadelphia Inquirer AIDING A MAN ASLEEP HELPING A HOT-DOG VENDOR WATCHING RESTAURANT CUSTOMERS 1987 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE FALL OF MARCOS' AUTOCRATIC SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES IN 1986

190 191 192

193

By Kim Komenich, San Francisco Examiner FERDINAND MARCOS' LAST BATTLE MARCOS AND HIS WORRIED LOOKING WIFE TRIBESMEN EXORCISE A MARCOS STATUE 1987 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE SHATTERED ECONOMIC DREAMS OF MANY AMERICAN FARMERS IN 1986

194 195 196

197

By David C. Peterson, The Des Moines Register COUPLE FORCED TO SELL THEIR FARM SELLING THE FARM AND MOVING TO TOWN ONE HUNDRED-YEAR OLD FARM SOLD 1988 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT A BABY'S ACCIDENT AND THE SUCCESSFUL LIFESAVING PROCEDURES IN 1987

198 199 200

201

By Scott A. Shaw, The Odessa American RESCUE OF A CHILD 1988 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT DESCRIBING AND ANALYZING THE GRADUAL DECAY OF DRUG CONSUMERS IN 1987

202

203

By Michel du Cille, The Miami Herald MAN SMOKING CRACK FROM A PIPE WOMAN TEMPTED INTO CRACK SCENE WEEPING MAN AFTER HIS ARREST

204 205 206

379 1989 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE RESCUE ATTEMPTS AT A BURNING ST. LOUIS APARTMENT BUILDING IN 1988 By Ron Olshwanger, St. Louis

207

Post-Dispatch

FIRST AID BY FIREFIGHTER

208

1989 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT SOME FACETS OF STUDENT LIFE AT A DETROIT HIGH SCHOOL IN 1988 209 By Manny Crisostomo, Detroit Free Press THREE OUT OF FOUR DROPPED OUT LINING UP FOR GRADUATION CEREMONIES ENJOYING A STUDENTS' GARDEN PARTY 1990 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE RESULTS OF THE SAN FRANCISCO KILLER EARTHQUAKE IN 1989

210 211 212

213

By Roy H. Williams et al., The Tribune, Oakland MAN RESCUED FROM A COLLAPSED BRIDGE WOMAN ESCAPED AND SAVED HER LIFE COUPLE IN SAFETY AFTER THE DESTRUCTION 1990 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE POLITICAL UPRISINGS IN CHINA AND ROMANIA IN 1989

214 215 216

217

By David C. Turnley, Detroit Free Press MAN KILLED AT TIANANMEN SQUARE DAYS AFTER THE BEIJING MASSACRE AFTER THE CEAUSESCU ERA IN ROMANIA 1991 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS MURDERING A SUPPOSED ENEMY IN 1990 By Greg Marinovich, The Associated

218 219 220

221

Press

MAN BEING ATTACKED DURING FACTIONAL VIOLENCE BEATING AND STONING OF THE VICTIM FINALLY THE VICTIM WAS SET ON FIRE

222 223 224

380 1991 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT ORPHANED CHILDREN LIVING IN POST-COMMUNIST ROMANIA IN 1990

225

By William D. Snyder, The Dallas Morning News RESPONSIBLE FOR TWENTY CHILDREN ON THE WAY TO GATHER FOOD TEENAGE BOY BEHIND BARBED WIRE 1992 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT AN ATTEMPTED COMMUNIST COUP D'ETAT IN MOSCOW IN 1991

226 227 228

229

By Liu Heung-Shing et al., The Associated Press CONVOY OF SOVIET TANKS INVADES TOPPLED STATUE OF KGB FOUNDER BORIS YELTSIN AFTER FAILED COUP 1992 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE LIFESTYLES OF TWENTY-ONE-YEAR-OLDS ACROSS THE U.S. IN 1991

230 231 232

233

By John Kaplan, Block Newspapers BAND MEMBER WITH HIS PET BOA HARVARD STUDENT IN HER DORM ROOM BOY DISPLAYS HIMSELF ON THE STREET 1993 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES IN BARCELONA IN 1992

234 235 236

237

By Ken Geiger / William D. Snyder, The Dallas Morning News SOCCER GAME U.S. AGAINST ITALY BASKETBALL PLAY OF U.S. AND ANGOLA POLE VAULT WORLD RECORD HOLDER 1993 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT SOME IMAGES OF BILL CLINTON'S PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN IN 1992

238 239 240

241

By J. Scott Applewhite et al., The Associated Press SMALL TALK IN NEW HAMPSHIRE EARLY BIRD SPEECH IN TEXAS SAXOPHONE PLAYER IN GEORGIA

242 243 244

381 1994 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE DANGEROUS AMERICAN MISSION TO SOMALIA'S CAPITAL MOGADISHU IN 1993

245

By Paul R. Watson, The Toronto Star KILLED AMERICAN SOLDIER

246

1994 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT A COLLAPSED SUDANESE GIRL ON HER WAY TO A FEEDING CENTER IN 1993

247

By Kevin Carter, The New York Times AN ICON OF STARVATION

248

1995 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE STATE OF HAITI AND ITS AFTERMATH IN 1994

249

By Carol Guzy, The Washington Post HAITIANS SALUTE U.S. ARMY HELICOPTER U.S. SOLDIERS PROTECTING A HAITIAN CELEBRATION OF PRESIDENTS RETURN

1995 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE FLIGHT OF RWANDANS TO OVERCROWDED ZAIRE CAMPS IN 1994 By Jacqueline Artz et al., The Associated

250 251 252

253

Press

HUTU BOY AND HIS DYING MOTHER CHILD TOO WEAK TO STAND IN VACCINATION LINE REFUGEE CHILDREN SEPARATED FROM THEIR FAMILIES

254 255 256

1996 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE OKLAHOMA CITY BLAST AND THE RESCUE OF A VICTIM IN 1995

257

By Charles H. Porter IV, The Associated

Press

SEARCH FOR VICTIMS IN DESTROYED BUILDING A BABY BODY IS FOUND IN THE CHAOS FIREFIGHTER AND DEAD BABY

258 259 260

1996 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT A KENYAN GIRL SUFFERING FROM A SHOCKING CIRCUMCISION RITE IN 1995 261 By Stephanie Welsh, Newhouse News Service DURING THE CUTTING AFTER THE MARTYRIUM DOUBTS AND FEARS

262 263 264

382 1997 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT THE HEAVY CALIFORNIA FLOODWATER CATASTROPHE IN 1996 265 By Annie J. Wells, The Press Democrat, Santa Rosa LAST MINUTE RESCUE SUCCESS 1997 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT THE RUSSIAN PRESIDENT IN ACTION AT A ROCK CONCERT IN ROSTOV IN 1996

266

267

By Alexander V. Zemlianichenko, The Associated Press DANCING BORIS YELTSIN

268

1998 a SPOT AWARD ABOUT HUMAN TRAGEDIES IN CENTRAL AFRICAN COUNTRIES IN 1997 269 By Martha Rial, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette REFUGEE TRAIN FROM RWANDA CARING FOR A TANZANIAN ORPHAN FLEEING MAN FROM BURUNDI

270 271 272

1998 b FEATURE AWARD ABOUT YOUNG CHILDREN OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSING ADULTS IN 1997 273 By Clarence J. Williams ΙΠ, Los Angeles Times ALCOHOLIC FATHER AND HIS SON WOMAN SCREAMING AT YOUNG BOY BOY DIGS THROUGH GARBAGE CONTAINER

274 275 276

WINNERS OF THE PHOTOGRAPHY AWARD, 1999 - 2009

277

INDEX

279

383

Written into History Pulitzer Prize Reporting of the Twentieth Century from The New York Times

by Anthony Lewis

Henry Holt and Company New York 2001

384

Times Books Henry Holt and Company, L L C Publishers since 1866 115 West 18th Street New York, New York 10011 Henry Holt* is a registered trademark of Henry Holt and Company, L L C . Copyright © 2001 by The New Yor^ Times Introductions copyright © 2001 by Anthony Lewis All rights reserved. Published in Canada by H. B. Fenn and Company Ltd. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Written into history : Pulitzer Prize reporting of the twentieth century from the New York times / edited and with an introduction by Anthony Lewis, p. cm. Includes index. ISBN: 0-8050-6849-X i. Journalism—United States. 2. Pulitzer Prizes. I. Lewis, Anthony, 1927II. New York times. PN4726 .W75 2001 07ΐ'·3—dc2i

2001035555

Henry Holt books are available for special promotions and premiums. For details contact: Director, Special Markets. First Edition 2001 Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

385

From the Preface

...Pulitzer Prizes are the preeminent mark of achievement in American journalism. As the prizes for reporting on Vietnam in defiance of official wishes show, they also point to the press's view of its role in society. That view has changed substantially over the more than eighty years of the Pulitzer Prizes' existence. Exposing official corruption on a local level has always been part of what journalists see as their function. But today, more than ever before, they are ready to write critically about the policies of the federal government, even in the once sacrosanct areas of foreign and national security affairs... This book presents some great, and lasting, examples of American journalism. Lasting is a necessary qualifier, because journalism tends to be ephemeral. Sketches in the Sand, James Reston of the New Yorl{ Times called a collection of his columns. These pieces have lasted. Some are firsthand history, others evocations of memorable people and situations. They appear here just as they were originally published and won Pulitzer Prizes, except for some cuts for reasons of space. There can be no claim that this book canvasses the American press or the Pulitzer Prize record as a whole. It does not include the triumphs of other newspapers, such as the Watergate disclosures by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein that brought the prize for meritorious public service to the Washington Post in 1973. T h e New Yorf{ Times alone is represented. But the Times and its staff have won more Pulitzers than any other paper or news service, and the pieces collected here are a fair sample of what the American press can do at its best. It is inevitably an eclectic collection, spanning the work of decades as it does and ranging from reports of murders to commentary by critics of the arts. I alone, as editor, made the choices of what to include from the eighty-one Pulitzers won by the Times and staff members from 1918 to 2001. The selection was based on what would make good reading and what would throw light on the development of journalism and society over those decades...

386

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

IX

ONE: What a Government Doesn't Want You to Know TWO: In Danger THREE:

FOUR:

five·.

ι 50

Around the Globe

89

The Public Advocate

142

Life and Times

182

SIX: New Frontiers

211

SEVEN: Up Close

243

EIGHT:

Personal Stones

310

APPENDIX:

Chronological List of New York Times Pulitzer Prizes

343

index

347

387

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 15

Musical Composition Awards 1943-1999:

From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

Κ · G • Saur München 2001

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 15: Pt. E, Liberal arts. Musical composition awards 1943 -1999 from Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner / ed. with general and special introd. by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer. - 2001 ISBN 3-598-30185-5

Θ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH, München 2001 Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by Strauss Offsetdruck, Mörlenbach Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30185-5 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

389

FROM THE PREFACE When the American conductor James Levine brought works by Charles Ives and Roger Sessions to European concert halls, he had selected composers who had won Pulitzer Prizes in "Musical Composition". Within the system of Pulitzer awards, this category is a rather new one, and it was not created until the 1940s. Joseph Pulitzer's will, writes J. Douglas Bates, "did not ask for a prize in music. It called only for a scholarship for a music student." The category of Musical Composition has, similar to other categories, provoked the question, which American composers never won a Pulitzer Prize, although their works were considered important and influential. Some famous composers were, indeed, never nominated for the award. Thus, Leonard Bernstein never won a Pulitzer Prize. George Gershwin and Duke Ellington, on the other hand, received special awards only posthumously, many years after they had died. Ever since the prize in Musical Composition was created, the Pulitzer Board has taken great care that the juries consist of experts in music. When the first prize was awarded, the entries were judged by only three people, but among them were the composer and critic Chalmers Clifton and the composer Quincy Porter, who was to win the prize a decade later. Through the years, it became usual practice that the juries consisted of both, composers and music critics. Increasingly, former prize-winners were also included. Examples are Dominick Argento, Milton Babbitt, Aaron Copland, John Harbison, Leon Kirchner, Wayne Peterson, Gunther Schuller, Charles Wuorinen or Ellen Taaffe Zwilich...

390

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

V

INTRODUCTION By Heinz-Dietrich Fischer, Ruhr-Universität

XV||

Bochum

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PULITZER PRIZE FOR MUSIC . XVII P R E S E N T A T I O N O F A W A R D - W I N N I N G M U S I C A L C O M P O S I T I O N S ... REMARKS ABOUT THE DOCUMENTATION CRITERIA 1943 A W A R D : ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SECULAR - A FREE SONG

1 2

CANTATA

NO. 2 3

By William H. Schuman FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

4

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

5

1944 A W A R D : ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SYMPHONY

NO. 4, OPUS 34

7

By H o w a r d H. Hanson FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

8

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

9

1945 A W A R D : ABOUT THE BALLET MUSIC APPALACHIAN

SPRING

11

By Aaron Copland FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

12

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

13

1953 A W A R D : ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE MUSIC PRIZE

43

By T h e Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1954 A W A R D : ABOUT THE COMPOSITION CONCERTO PIANOS AND ORCHESTRA

44

FOR TWO 45

By Quincy W. Porter FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

46

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

47

391 1955 AWARD: ABOUT THE OPERA THE SAINT OF BLEECKER STREET

49

By Gian-Carlo Menotti FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

50

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

51

1956 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SYMPHONY NO. 3

53

By Ernst Toch FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

54

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

55

1957 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION MEDITATIONS ON ECCLESIASTES

57

By Norman Dello Joio FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

58

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

59

1958 AWARD: ABOUT THE OPERA VANESSA

61

By Samuel Barber FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

62

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

63

1959 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION CONCERTO FOR PIANO AND ORCHESTRA

65

By John La Montaine FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

66

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

67

1960 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SECOND STRING QUARTET

69

By Elliott C. Carter Jr. FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

70

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

71

1961 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SYMPHONY NO. 7

73

By Walter H. Piston Jr. FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

74

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

75

392 1962 AWARD: ABOUT THE OPERA THE CRUCIBLE

77

By Robert E. Ward FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

78

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

79

1963 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION PIANO CONCERTO NO. 1 ..

81

By Samuel Barber FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

82

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

83

1964 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE MUSIC PRIZE

85

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1965 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE MUSIC PRIZE

86

87

By The Advisory Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1966 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION VARIATIONS FOR ORCHESTRA

88

89

By Leslie R. Bassett FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

90

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

91

1967 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION QUARTET NO. 3

93

By Leon Kirchner FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

94

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

95

1968 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION ECHOES OF TIME AND THE RIVER

97

By George H. Crumb FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

98

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

99

393 1969 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION STRING QUARTET NO. 3...

101

By KarelHusa FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

102

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

103

1970 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION TIME'S ENCOMIUM

105

By Charles P. Wuorinen FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

106

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

107

1971 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SYNCHRONISMS FOR PIANO AND ELECTRONIC SOUND

NO. 6 109

By Mario Davidovsky FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

110

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

111

1972 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION WINDOWS

113

By Jacob R. Druckman FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

114

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

115

1973 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION STRING QUARTET NO. 3...

117

By Elliott C. Carter Jr. FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

118

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

119

1974 AWARD: ABOUT THE CHAMBER MUSIC PIECE NOTTURNO

121

By Donald J. Martino FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

122

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

123

1975 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION FROM THE DIARY OF VIRGINIA WOOLF

125

By Dominick Argento FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

126

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

127

394 1976 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION AIR MUSIC

129

By NedRorem FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

130

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

131

1977 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION VISIONS OF TERROR AND WONDER

133

By Richard F. Wernick FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

134

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

135

1978 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION DEJÄ VU FOR PERCUSSION QUARTET AND ORCHESTRA

137

By Michael C. Colgrass FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

138

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

139

1979 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION AFTERTONES

OF INFINITY.

141

By Joseph Schwantner FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

142

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

143

1980 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION IN MEMORY OF A SUMMER DAY

145

By David Del Tredici FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

146

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

147

1981 AWARD: ABOUT THE DECISION TO WITHHOLD THE MUSIC PRIZE

149

By The Pulitzer Prize Board NAMES OF THE BOARD MEMBERS VOTING FOR "NO AWARD" 1982 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION CONCERTO FOR ORCHESTRA

150

151

By Roger H. Sessions FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

152

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

153

395 1983 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SYMPHONY NO. 1

155

By Ellen Taaffe Zwilich FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

156

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

157

1984 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION "CANTI DEL SOLE" FOR TENOR AND ORCHESTRA

159

By Bernard Rands FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

160

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

161

1985 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SYMPHONY, RIVERRUN

163

By Stephen J. Albert FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

164

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

165

1986 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION WIND QUINTET IV

167

By George Perle FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

168

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

169

1987 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION THE FLIGHT INTO EGYPT..

171

By John Harbison FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

172

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

173

1988 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION 12 NEW ETUDES FOR PIANO 175 By William E. Bolcom FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

176

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

177

1989 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION WHISPERS OUT OF TIME..

179

By Roger L. Reynolds FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

180

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

181

396 1990 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION "DUPLICATES": A CONCERTO FOR TWO PIANOS AND ORCHESTRA By Mel Powell

183

FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

184

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

185

1991 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION SYMPHONY

187

By ShulamitRan FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

188

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

189

1992 AWARD: ABOUT THE FACE OF THE NIGHT, THE HEART THE DARK By Wayne T. Peterson

OF 191

FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

192

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

193

1993 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION TROMBONE

CONCERTO

195

By Christopher C. Rouse Π Ι FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

196

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

197

1994 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION OF REMINISCENCES REFLECTIONS

AND 199

By Gunther Α. Schuller FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

200

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

201

1995 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION STRINGMUSIC

203

By Morton Gould FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

204

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

205

1996 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION LILACS

207

By George T. Walker Jr. FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

208

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

209

397 1997 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION BLOOD ON THE FIELDS

211

By Wynton Marsalis FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

212

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

213

1998 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION STRING QUARTET NO. 2 ... 215

By Aaron J. Kemis FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

216

THE S C O R E S OPENING PASSAGE

217

1999 AWARD: ABOUT THE COMPOSITION CONCERTO STRINGS

AND PERCUSSION

FOR FLUTE, 219

By Melinda Wagner FIRST PERFORMANCE OF THE WORK

220

THE SCORE'S OPENING PASSAGE

221

WINNERS OF THE MUSICAL AWARD, 2000 - 2010

223

INDEX

225

399

Capture the Moments -

The Pulitzer Prize Photographs

by Cyma Rubin and Eric Newton

W. W. Norton New York - London 2001

400

Copyright © 2001, 2000 by The Freedom Forum Newseum, Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by the Newseum, Arlington, Va. in association with W. W. Norton, New York - London All of the photographs in this volume are protected individually under United States Copyright laws. Unauthorized use or reproduction is forbidden. Newseum web site address http://www.newseum.org Printed by Mondadori Printing, S . p A , Verona, Italy, on acid-free paper

401

From the Preface

This catalogue records the first major exhibition in the United States of Pulitzer Prize-winning photographs, many of which are cited around the world as classics of photojournalism. The 118 newspaper photographs reprinted in these pages capture defining moments in the tumultuous second half of the 20th century. Typically published on front pages, these are the pictures that influenced our thinking in times of crisis and sometimes stirred us to action. They still bear stark witness against the brutalities of war, racism and despotism. Others are exemplars of heroism, compassion and the strivings of ordinary people for a better life under the burdens of poverty and crime.

Among these are indelible images that, in coming centuries, will inevitably be used as flashbacks to illustrate the triumphs and tragedies of our era ...

403

INTRODUCTION Seymour Topping

5

THE PULITZER PRIZE PHOTOGRAPHERS 1942

Milton Brooks

1943

Frank Noel

10

1944

Frank Filan

12

1944

Earle L. Bunker

14

1945

Joe Rosenthal

16

1947*

Arnold E. Hardy

18

1948

Frank Cushing

20

1949

Nathaniel Fein

22

1950

Bill Crouch

24

1951

Max Desfor

26

1952

Donald T. Ultang and John R. Robinson

28

1953

William M. Gallagher

30

1954

Virginia Schau

32

1955

John L. Gaunt, Jr.

34

1956

New York Daily News staff"

36

1957

Harry A. Trask

38

1958

William C. Beall

40

1959

William Seaman

42

1960

Andrew Lopez

44

1961

Yasushi Nagao

46

1962

Paul Vathis

48

1963

Hector Rondon

50

1964

Robert H. Jackson

52

.1965

Horst Faas

54

1966

Kyoichi Sawada

56

1967

JackR. Thornell

58

1968 Spot News

Rocco Morabito

60

' 1946: No Award

8

404

1968 Feature

Toshio Sakai

62

1969 Spot News

Edward T. Adams

64

1969 Feature

Moneta Sleet, Jr.

66

1970 Feature

Dallas Kinney

68

1970 Spot News

Steve Starr

70

1971 Spot News

John Paul Filo

72

1971 Feature

Jack Dykinga

74

1972 Spot News

Horst Faas and Michel Laurent

76

1972 Feature

David Hume Kennerly

78

1973 Spot News

Huynh Cong Ut

80

1973 Feature

Brian Lanker

82

1974 Spot News

Anthony K. Roberts

84

1974 Feature

Slava Veder

86

1975 Feature

Matthew Lewis

88

1975 Spot News

Gerald H.Gay

90

1976 Feature

The Courier-Journal and Louisville Times Photographie staff

92

1976 Spot News

Stanley J. Formen

94

1977 Spot News

NealUlevich

96

1977 Spot News

Stanley J. Forman

98

1977 Feature

Robin Hood

100

1978 Spot News

John H. Blair

102

1978 Feature

J. Ross Baughman

104

1979 Spot News

Thomas J. Kelly III

106

1979 Feature

Boston Herald American staff

108

1980 Spot News

Photographer unnamed

110

1980 Feature

Erwin Hagler

112

1981 Feature

Taro M. Yamasaki

114

1981 Spot News

Larry C. Price

116

1982 Spot News

Ron Edmonds

118

1982 Feature

John H. White

120

405

1983 Spot News

Bill Foley

122

1983 Feature

James B. Dickman

124

1984 Spot News

Stan Grossfeld

126

1984 Feature

Anthony Suau

128

1985 Spot News

The Orange County Register staff

130

1985 Feature

Larry C. Price

132

1985 Feature

Stan Grossfeld

134, 136

1986 Feature

Tom Gralish

138

1986 Spot News

Carol Guzy and Michel duCille

140

1987 Feature

David Peterson

142

1987 Spot News

Kim Komenich

144

1988 Spot News

Scott Shaw

146

1988 Feature

Michel duCille

148

1989 Spot News

Ron Olshwanger

150

1989 Feature

Manny Crisostomo

152

1990 Feature

David C. Turnley

154

1990 Spot News

The Oakland Tribune Photo staff

156

1991 Feature

William Snyder

158

1991 Spot News

Greg Marinovich

160

1992 Spot News

The Associated Press staff

162

1992 Feature

John Kaplan

164

1993 Spot News

Ken Geiger and William Snyder

166

1993 Feature

The Associated Press staff

168

1994 Spot News

Paul Watson

170

1994 Feature

Kevin Carter

172

1995 Spot News

Carol Guzy

174

1995 Feature

The Associated Press staff

176

1996 Feature

Stephanie Welsh

178

1996 Spot News

Charles Porter IV

180

1997 Feature

Alexander Zemlianichenko

182

1997 Spot News

Annie Wells

184

406

1998 Feature

Clarence J. Williams ΙΠ

186

1998 Spot News

Martha Rial

188

1999 Spot News

The Associated Press staff

190

1999 Feature

The Associated Press staff

192

2000 Spot News

Rocky Mountain News staff

194

2000 Feature

Carol Guzy, Michael Williamson and Lucian Perkins

196

2001 Spot News

Alan Diaz

198

2001 Feature

Matt Rainey

200

AFTERWORD

202

BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PHOTOGRAPHERS

203

407

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 16

Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917 - 2000: Journalists, Writers and Composers on their Ways to the Coveted Awards

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

Κ · G • Saur München 2002

408

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive: a history arid anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 16: Pt. F, Documentation. Complete Biographical Encyclopedia of Pulitzer Prize Winners 1917 - 2000 : Journalists, Writers and Composers on their Ways to the Coveted Awards by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer. - 2002 ISBN 3-598-30186-3

Θ

Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH, München 2002 Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by Strauss Offsetdruck, Mörlenbach Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30186-3 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

409

FROM THE PREFACE The history of the Pulitzer Prizes is also the personal success story of those journalists, writers and composers who won this coveted award. In many cases, the honor of winning advanced their professional careers. In other cases, personal tragedy resulted from the fact that someone was repeatedly nominated for the Prize or applied for it, but never won. Some of those who never were awarded the Prize did, however, belong to the finalists selected by the jurors: For a number of years, the names of the finalists have been published alongside the names of the actual winners at the annual awards announcements. This volume portrays the careers of those prizewinners who were individually named on the official lists by the Pulitzer Prize Board. This includes individuals who contributed to collective works and thus were named on the lists of winners. Two names often mentioned in connection with the Pulitzer Prize are, however, missing in this book: Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. Although they played a central role in the coverage of the Watergate affair, the 1973 Prize was not awarded to them, but to the Washington Postl The biographies of the 1.118 Pulitzer-Prize winners portrayed in this work are largely based upon brief biographical sketches which were included in the application material. Additionally, general biographical works of reference as well as biographies and autobiographies were consulted. Large-scale correspondence with prizewinners or their descendants was used for retrieving additional information. In more recent times, the internet was also employed to locate missing facts and data from a number of sources. Each biography contained in this book follows the life of a prizewinner up to the point of his or her winning the award. Due to the varying quality of the sources used, the different biographies must naturally be of slightly varying informational value. Despite all efforts, in a small number of cases it was not possible to retrieve the date and/or place of birth of the laureates. This book contains a complete list of award winners from 1917 to 2000...

410

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE Abbreviations

V VIII

Dedication

χ

A

George F. Abbott - William A. Auth

1

Β

Milton B. Babbit - Robert O. Butler

11

C

Herbert E. Caen - Harvey W. Cushing

35

D

Virginius Dabney - Jack W. Dykinga

51

Ε

William J. Eaton - Erik H. Erikson

63

F

Horst Faas - Jack W. Fuller

67

G

William C. Gaines - Mary A. Gwinn

79

Η

Albert Hackett - Thomas J. Hylton

93

I

William M. Inge - Charles E. Ives

113

J

Harold Jackson - Donald R. Justice

115

Κ

Michiko Kakutani - Tony Kushner

120

L

Louis La Coss - Jeffrey R. Lyon

135

Μ

Carleton Mabee - James P. Murray

149

Ν

Yasushi Nagao - Russell Β. Nye

175

Ο

Frank M. O'Brien - John W. Owens

179

Ρ

Fred L. Packer - Ernest T. Pyle

182

Q

AnnaQuindlen

194

R

Howell H. Raines - Morrie Ryskind

195

S

Howard Sackler - Paul M. Szep

208

Τ

Harold M. Talburt - Anne Tyler

238

U

Alfred Uhry - Huynh C. Ut

248

V

Edmund S. Valtman - Paula Vogel

250

W

Melinda Wagner - Audrey M. Wurdemann

253

Y

Taro M. Yamasaki - Robert York

271

Ζ

Marya A. Zaturenska - Ellen Taffee Zwilich

273

Appendix: Prize Winners by Award Categories

275

411

The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Vol. 17

Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917 - 2000: Decision-Making Processes by Nominating Jurors and Board Members in all Award Categories

by

Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer

K G · Saur München 2003

412

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The Pulitzer prize archive : a history and anthology of awardwinning materials in journalism, letters, and arts / ser. ed.: Heinz-Dietrich Fischer. - München : Saur ISBN 3-598-30170-7 Vol. 17: Pt. F, Documentation. Complete historical handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917 - 2000 : Decision-Making Processes in all award categories based on unpublished sources / by Heinz-D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer. - 2003 ISBN 3-598-30187-1

Θ

Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed on acid-free paper Alle Rechte vorbehalten / All Rights Strictly Reserved K.G. Saur Verlag GmbH, München 2003 Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany by Strauss Offsetdruck, Mörlenbach Bound by Buchbinderei Schaumann, Darmstadt Cover Design by Manfred Link, München ISBN 3-598-30187-1 ISBN 3-598-30170-7 (Complete Set)

413

FROM THE PREFACE To speak of "Pulitzer Prizes" means to speak of a highly differentiated system of awards for outstanding works in various areas. Since their creation about eight and a half decades ago, the bestowal of the Prizes has without doubt become a public institution in America. Along with the Nobel Prizes, which are awarded annually in Stockholm and Oslo, and along with the Academy Awards ("Oscars"), which are awarded in Los Angeles, the Pulitzer Prizes belong to the most prestigeous honors worldwide. They are given for first class journalistic, literary and artistic achievements on the basis of a strict system of selection and assessment criteria. This book takes a close inside-look at the complex structure of the Pulitzer-Prize system and its various categories of awards. The development of each category is described chronologically. Each description begins with the year the category was established. An excellent source of information could be used for an exact reconstruction of the decisive debates of the individual juries: Due to the friendly help of the Pulitzer Prize Board we enjoyed the privilege of being able to study all existing approximately 1.200 unpublished jury reports with a total of about 3.000 pages. This book, therefore, is the first general work on all Pulitzer Prizes from 1917 through 2000 which is based exclusively on authentic sources. The focus is placed on the precise description of those discussions which led to the selection of the prize winners. Secondary sources are only used in a small number of passages where they are necessary to point out complex facts. Because of the large amount of material consulted, it was not possible to aim at stylistic elegance. Rather, the plain analyses of decisionmaking processes and their results was our main focus. With regard to the contents of the book, we were guided by the intention of devoting the main chapters to prizes which belong together thematically. This "dramaturgic" concept enables the reader to observe the interdependencies between different media which are honored by Pulitzer Prizes. We have benefited from our long experience in studying the history of the Pulitzer Prizes and from the publication of - up to this point about twenty books on the subject, which, among other things, have documented many prize-winning works...

414

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

V

1. 1.1 1.2

PRIZES NAMED AFTER JOSEPH PULITZER Life of the Journalist and Publisher Instigator of various Benefactions

1 1 4

1.3

Operation of the Award System

7

2. 2.1 2.2 2.3

PRIZES FOR VARIOUS PRESS-RELATED FIELDS Meritorious Public Service Award Newspaper History Award School of Journalism Development Award

13 13 36 36

3. 3.1 3.2 3.3

PRIZES FOR REPORTING ON DOMESTIC TOPICS Reporting Award Telegraphic National Reporting Award National Reporting Award

39 39 49 51

4. 4.1 4.2 4.3

PRIZES FOR REPORTING ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS Correspondence Award International Telegraphic Reporting Award International Reporting Award

67 67 74 76

5. 5.1 5.2 5.3

PRIZES FOR REPORTING ON REGIONAL EVENTS Local Reporting Award Local Reporting, Edition Time Award Local General Spot News Reporting Award

97 97 98 102

6. 6.1 6.2 6.3

PRIZES FOR DIVERSE REPORTAGE CLASSES General News Reporting Award Spot News Reporting Award Breaking News Reporting Award

109 109 111 113

7. 7.1 7.2 7.3

PRIZES FOR RECHERCHE JOURNALISM EFFORTS Local Reporting, No Edition Time Award Local Investigative Specialized Reporting Award Investigative Reporting Award

115 115 118 124

415 8. 8.1 8.2 8.3

PRIZES FOR G E N R E S O F OPINION JOURNALISM Editorial Writing Award Commentary Writing Award Criticism Writing Award

129 129 155 167

9. 9.1 9.2 9.3

PRIZES FOR SPECIFIC JOURNALISM DIVISIONS Feature Writing Award Explanatory Journalism Award Specialized/Beat Reporting Award

181 181 186 192

10. 10.1 10.2 10.3

PRIZES FOR PICTORIAL JOURNALISM AREAS Photography Award Spot / Breaking News Photography Award Feature Photography Award

197 197 207 218

11. 11.1 11.2 11.3

PRIZES FOR T O P ARTISTIC ACHIEVEMENTS Drama Award Music Award Cartoon Award

231 231 261 280

12. 12.1 12.2 12.3

PRIZES FOR FACT-ORIENTED LITERATURE American History Award Biography/Autobiography Award General Non-Fiction Award

303 303 327 355

13. 13.1 13.2 13.3

PRIZES FOR AREAS OF BELLES-LETTRES Novel Award Fiction Award Poetry Award

371 371 381 397

14. 14.1 14.2 14.3

PRIZES FOR EXTRAORDINARY MERITS Special Journalism Award Special Letters Award Special Music Award

427 427 430 431

AFTERWORD

433

BIBLIOGRAPHY

437

INDEX

441

416

Plan for the Award of the Pulitzer Prizes The following provisions govern the award of the Pulitzer Prizes and Fellowships established in Columbia University by the will of thefirstJoseph Pulitzer: 1. The prizes and fellowships are awarded by Columbia University on the recommendation of The Pulitzer Prize Board. The Board meets twice annually. The prizes are announced during the Spring. Nominating Jurors for the prizes are appointed by the Board in each category. They are invited to exercise their independent and collective judgment and submit three nominations· The Nominating Jurors are advised that their nominations are for the information and advice of The Pulitzer Prize Board only inasmuch as the Board is charged with the responsibility and authority under the will of Joseph Pulitzer to select, accept, substitute or reject these nominations, and may in extraordinary circumstances offer its own. Each Nominating Jury should submit to the Board three nominations in its category. These must be listed in alphabetical order and each of the three must be accompanied by a statement as to why the jury believes that this particular entry merits a Pulitzer Prize. It is not a part of the jury's charge to offer its preferences among its three nominees. 2 Entries must be submitted in writing and addressed to the Administrator of The Pulitzer Prize Board, Mr. Seymour Topping, 709 Journalism, 2950 Broadway, Mail Code 3865, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 10027. Entries for journalism awards must be submitted on or before February 1 to cover work done in the preceding calendar year. Entries for letters awards must be submitted on or before July 1 of the year of publication in the case of books published between January 1 and June 30 and on or before November 1 in the case of books published between July 1 and December 31. Competition for prizes is limited to work done during the calendar year ending December 31, except in drama and music For the drama prize, works produced during the twelve months from March 2 through March 1 are considered. For the music award, works given their American premiere during the twelve months between March 2 through March 1 are considered. 3. Entries for journalism awards may be made by any individual from material appearing in a United States newspaper published daily, Sunday or at least once a week during the calendar year. Each entry must be accompanied by an exhibit, in scrapbook form, of news stories, editorials, photographs or cartoons as published, with name and date of paper. Exhibits in the public service category are limited to twenty items, which may include articles, cartoons, photographs, and a single on-line presentation. (If an on-line presentation is submitted as part of a public service entry, it must be in the form of a single CD-ROM whose content pertains to the print items in the exhibit and was produced for and published on the newspaper's Web site.) Entries in the cartoon and photography categories are limited to twenty cartoons or pictures, and in the remaining categories to ten articles or editorials, except for feature writing which is limited to five articles. Up to three individuals may be named on a team entry, otherwise the entry must be made in the name of the staff of the newspaper. Any significant challenge to the accuracy or fairness of an entry, such as published letters, corrections, retractions, as well as responses by the newspaper, should be included in the submission. In the photography categories, no entry whose content is manipulated or altered, apart from standard newspaper cropping and editing, will be deemed acceptable. Exhibits must be presented in scrapbooks measuring no more than 12 χ 17 inches, except in cases where a full newspaper page is required to make clear the full scope and impact of the material entered.