A teacher’s concept of the California Junior Republic

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A TEACHER’S CONCEPT OF THE CALIFORNIA JUNIOR REPUBLIC

A Project Presented to the Faculty' of the School of Education The University of Southern California

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree «

Master of Science in Education

by Joseph Bonnet June 1950

UMI Number: EP46202

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T h is p r o je c t r e p o r t, w r it t e n u n d e r the d ire c tio n o f the candidate's a d v is e r a n d a p p r o v e d by h i m , has been presented to a n d accepted by the F a c u l t y o f the S c h o o l o f E d u c a t i o n in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the

re q u ire m e n ts f o r

the degree

of M a s te r

of

Science in E d u c a tio n .

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..

....... A d v is e r

Dean

ii INTRODUCTION God give us men! A time like this demands Strong minds, great hearts, true faith, and ready hands. Hen whom the lust of office does not kill; Men whom the spoils of office cannot buy; Men who possess opinions and a will; Men who have honor and who will not lie; Men who can stand before a demagogue And scorn his treacherous features without winking. Tall men, suncrowned, who live above the fog In public duty and in private thinking. — Josiah Gilbert Holland Every nation feels the need of men; men to shoulder the burdens and. "carry on" to ultimate achievement for all that is noble and best.

Too often, we measure from the fin­

ished product and fail to consider the nucleus and develop­ ment that must precede for these results to be obtained. "Tall oaks from little acorns grow" is not only a forest attribute, but is universal. The Originator.

William R. George, the founder of

the Junior Republic idea, held that. Wordsworth stated a vital truth in, "The child is father of the man," and the boy product of our great land will write its history of to­ morrow.

The youth of today are the builders of nations and

people of the next decade.

Mr. George claimed the goal of

all training in citizenship was to build citizens, not slackers, not knockers, not the grouch, not those whose fingerprints need to be kept on file, not even the adult

who stays avray from the polls - none of these.

But rather,

he envisioned a youth who can go out into the traffic line of life and keep his eyes to the front, his heart pure, his body clean, his mind clear, his shoulders ready to bear the burdens; builders of the strongholds of character and ser­ vice and Godliness; young America with a true spirit of loyalty to the flag. Need of Guidance.

The destiny of America is weighed

on the scale of the young citizen of today.

There must be

developed an inborn sentiment of high social and civic act­ ivities and ideals that will overflow into every phase of his living.

Life and its problems should be made alluring,

holding, and real, rather than foundationless, mysterious, and skeptical. aged.

Youth must be guided, inspired, and encour­

Youth must think and reach conclusions, then act.

Responsibility and self-assertion develop initiative.

To

train for citizenship, one should act the part. The Junior Republic Idea.

The average urban boy has

three distinct and well exemplified circles of environment, recognized by educators. and the playground.

They are the home, the school,

In some cases we find them overlapping

in others barely touching; and in many so separate and dis­ tinct as to develop in the child personalities as differ­ ently destined as Dr. Jekyll‘s and Mr. Hyde1s. At first the home influence is the only circle nec-

iv essary.

For the first six years, perhaps, it is his only

environment, and he develops according to its character. Then another circle is formed, the school.

It may be entire­

ly within the first circle, it may be partly within or en­ tirely without, depending wholly upon the completeness with which the home environment connects the kindergarten and the school.

Almost simultaneously with this circle a third

springs into existence, representing the environment of the street, the associates of the boy’s own choosing. becomes the dominating: factor of his life.

Soon this

Many fathers and

mothers know nothing of this circle nor of the urge of the adolescent boy- seeking action where it is to be found.

They

know the home boy, or perhaps the home and school boy, but of the boy free from restraint, following his unguided im­ pulses, they know nothing. The Junior Republic idea succeeds because it takes these three separate circles and forms them into one.

It

becomes the environment and the only environment until the scars of the old dual or triple personalities are well nigh eradicated. Basic Characteristics.

An inherent sense of pride

is one of the chief traits to be developed in helping boys. If this has been neglected or allowed to become perverted, the boy is drifting toward shoals that mean shipwreck.

Some

have come to the Republic so cramped and so crowded, so re­

V

pressed and restrained that they have had no opportunity to exercise or develop this admirable quality.

Others have

been so warped and tv/isted that the things of which they were proud were the things that mean trouble and sorrow. Sometimes it is a difficult task to find even a spark upon which to begin the development of pride in right things.

It may be found in the care of his room or clothes.

If so, from these he can be led to pride in a clean and or­ derly mind and body, then to clean and decent society.

When

this feeling is awakened, he looks forward to becoming one of the Junior Republic officers, and this is where the pro­ gram makes its strongest appeal.

He must be proud of a

clean mind, a clean body and a clean soul, and then he be­ comes a leader of the student body politic for a clean com­ munity.

He becomes a councilman, a mayor or a judge.

He

learns citizenship by being a citizen and exercising the rights and duties of each. Opportunity for Underprivileged Youth.

With these

ideals in mind, William R. G-eorge began his work of salvag­ ing the driftwood boy life in his home city of New1 York. His line of work gave him opportunity to study social and industrial conditions in the big metropolis.

He felt the

crying need of reform in many lines and became connected with various ways and means of bettering the child life which had not received a sciuare deal.

vi Reasons for Junior Republics.

These institutions

were established on the belief: First, that a boy or girl may break a law, or commit an offense, and still not be, necessarily, what is known as "bad” or "criminal.11 Second, that as a rule a boy or girl who commits an offense against social or civic laws is possessed of many of the qualities of courage, leadership and self-reliance, which if rightly directed, will make the strongest charac­ ter and the best citizen.

And that to direct and develop

these qualities and to instill the sense of responsibility, honor, self-respsect, and the respect of the rights of oth­ ers, or in a word to make a citizen, requires more than ar­ bitrary authority. Third, that to separate a youth who has broken the law, or who is criminally inclined, or is unmanageable, from the normal environments of educational, commercial, social, civic, religious, and home conditions, and commit him at an impressionable age for a definite period to an institution, where he is thrown in constant contact with the hardened criminal, where his manner of living is ar­ ranged for him, where he is restrained by rigid discipline from acting upon his own initiative, and where his individ­ uality is lost in numbers, will never prepare him for the problems and responsibilities of life and citizenship which

vii will confront him upon his release from the institution. Fourth, that to develop a sense of responsibility, the youth must learn self-support; and to respect 1aw and order, the youth must practice self-government. Fifth, not only do the Junior Republics reclaim children and upbuild character, but they develop the pecu­ liar individual talents and gifts of ea.ch citizen and offer a. rare opportunity to any boy or girl to find the work for which each is fitted.

They find the way to useful citizen­

ship in nthe big Republic.11 In Southern California.

The Junior Republic here

was especially designed to aid boys from broken homes, or boys wholly or partly orphaned, who came into the custody of the Juvenile Court.

Such boys, lacking home direction,

might drift into serious trouble if left to themselves, yet there was hardly ground for sending them to reform schools. They were boys who needed proper direction rather than boys with vicious tendencies.

In most cases they were boys who

had been mishandled. The Honorable Curtis D. bilbur, who was Judge of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County in the early part of the twentieth century, was both a pillar and a light in persona.lly interesting other social and philanthropic-minded men and women in the Republic.

The high moral and civic

challenge to help direct the energies of underprivileged

viii and misguided boys in the right direction uas met by many early and continuing supporters. !!Nothing Without Ls.bor.i!

The underlying and all-en­

compassing idea was then and is today, through directed self-government."

“Character building

Here at the Republic

the boy is given an incentive to become a good citizen.

He

is entrusted with responsibility, made to feel his rightful importance in the government and so learns the most important rule of life,

"self-mastery."

The capacity for good in

this sort of enterprise is incalculable.

The gree.t number

of worth-while citizens added to the greater Republic be­ cause someone "invested in boys' hopes and dresjns" cannot be summed up in dollars. It is not generally realized that the "G-eorge Junior Republic" idea, first expounded at Freeville, New York, and next at Chino, California, was the ba.sis for all present types of self-government activities.

High schools and col­

lege student bodies, many similar "Republics" for young people, and even corrective and penal institutions, owe their advanced philosophy to William R. "Daddy" G-eorge, a great and kindly humanitarian. To the Teacher.

This project will give a history of

the California Junior Republic and will describe its organ­ ization and administration.

It will picture the boys in

their various activities and show how the boy grows emotion­

ix ally stable and physically stable in his thinking and reason­ ing as a result of a twenty-four hour a day program, finally, to leave and take his place in society on an equal basis with other boys.

It will show to other teachers in California

schools the type of curriculum that is offered so when a Republic boy transfers to any other school, they will know better where to place the boy and what can be expected of him.

Finally, it will try to clear up any misconception

that people may have as to the institution being a reforma­ tory. Explanation.

The Articles of Incorporation and By-

Laws of the California Junior Republic; the Charter of Cal­ ifornia Junior Republic; Qualifications and Duties of Offi­ cers; Code of General Laws and Ordinances; and Housemother’s Manual have been used without making any changes. Acknowledgments.

Valuable assistance in the organi­

sation and the method of treatment of the material in this project has been given by Dr. Ted Gordon, Lecturer in Educa­ tion at University of Southern California. The author would like to acknowledge his indebted­ ness to his sister-in-law7-, Mrs. Glen Younkin, for her un­ tiring efforts in making many valuable suggestions and crit­ icisms and the hours spent in typing the original copy, and to my wife, Vera, for her help in running down supplies and materials.

Appreciation and thanks are given to Delbert Fiock, Managing Director; Frank Graves, Program Director; Larry Sullivan, Field Secretary; Herman Williams, printer; Stan­ ton Taylor, printer; Minna Etta Norris, former principal; to all the ex-citizens for their letters; to all the mem­ bers of the staff; and to those boys who so kindly have given of their time to answer questions and look up inform­ ation so as to make this project possible.

xi TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I WHAT IS THE REPUBLIC? Chapter

1.

History

2

Organization

21

3.

Administration

29

4.

Financial Support

35

2

.

Page

PART II WHAT IS THE REPUBLIC PROGRAM? 5.

At Home

38

6.

At Chapel

48

7.

At School

59

8.

At Work

76

9.

At Play

84

10.

Boy Government

91

11.

Club Activities

134

12.

Ex-Citizen

142

13.

Della Robbia Wreath

178 PART III

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SCHOOLS? 14.

Inter-school Relations

183

15.

Interscholastic Athletics

186

xii PART IV WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC? Chapter 16.

Public Relations

Page 196

APPENDIX

206

BIBLIOGRAPHY

230

xiii

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page "Boom Hotel"

7

Casa Colina

16

Atwood Cottage Hospital

32

The Republic Cottages

40

Margaret Fowler Auditorium

60

William Gorton Memorial Shop

62

Putzdale Getty Sir Progress

77

Prize Young Heifers

77

Loading Green Feed on Truck

79

Working in Garden

82

Tennis Court

85

Certificate of Citizenship

94

Application for Citizenship

95ab

Preparation of Della Robbia Wreath

179

1949 "Ram" Football Squad

189

Hedda Hopper Models Her Della Robbia Hat

202

1

.r

m m

rivr:.x

t

1

CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF THE CALIFORNIA JUNIOR REPUBLIC Be happy that you live in a land which has no aristocracy excepting that of manhood and character - the aristocracy of a Great Republic, — Anonymous You may think the smallest republic is down in Central America or tucked aitfay in the Balkans; but, the smallest re­ public we know of is in California - and there are only 240 acres of it.

Yet, it is a sure-enough republic and in elect­

ions it puts all other republics to shame - for every citi­ zen votes.

We are speaking of the California Junior Repub­

lic of Chino. The Idea.

William George of New York was the crea­

tor of the Junior Republic idea.

One day he saw a lot of

boys in Central Park, New York City, who had no other place to spread out.

It was a sweltering summer and most of them

lived In stuffy tenements.

He owned a farm up-state and de­

cided to take a dozen of these boys out there with him, con­ verting an old barn into barracks.

In a year or two he was

filling three old barns and the thing had changed from a summer camp into a permanent camp In which the boys learned useful things. When it grew large, the problem of government came up and George hit on the Junior Republic plan, letting the

boys elect their community officers, select their community laws and enforce them. Need in California.

At the turn of the century sev­

eral invited and appointed men and women acted as a commit­ tee to assist Judge Curtis D. Wilbur in his work connected with the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County.

Judge Wilbur

presented the many problems in boy and girl life that came up for consideration in Juvenile court.

Judge Wilbur held

that it had been demonstrated that "Reformatories0 do not reform and that many times boys in these institutions devel­ op into criminals. At the conference all phases of youthful delinquency were considered and it was agreed that wayward boys and girls should be granted a chance to let the good in them dominate rather than the evil.

The problem was to devise

some method whereby they might have a fair fight against the terrific environment which is so often directly respon­ sible for their downfall. Search for Suitable P l a n .

As an outcome of the con­

ference the Misses Evelyn and Bessie Stoddart offered to visit eastern institutions in search of suggestions of ways and means of dealing with the problems outlined by Judge Wilbur.

While in New York they heard many reports of work

being done at Freeville, New York, under the leadership of William R. G-eorge.

4 On March 9, 1906, they visited the G-eorge Junior Re­ public at Freeville, and were much impressed with the prin­ ciples promulgated at this "Independent Republic*"

Favorable

reports were forwarded to Los Angeles and other members of the committee were urged to investigate the plan, to decide If it was feasible as a solution to those of Los Angeles County. A careful survey was made of all other methods used by various communities and the plan used by Mr. G-eorge was considered the most plausible.

The high ideals on which it

was built gave a goal worth striving toward even if not ful­ ly reached, and yet one possible to attain.

Mr. George was

invited to visit Pasadena and explain the Junior Republic method as he had carried it out at Freeville.

A number of

meetings were held before the Los Angeles Juvenile Court As­ sociation called a special meeting to consider organization of a similar Republic. Freeville Plan Found B e s t .

Having found the princi­

ples of the George Junior Republic sound, vital, and far reaching,

the Juvenile Court Association enlisted the Inter­

est of the Juvenile Improvement Association and the gifts of Mrs. Margaret B. Fowler and Miss Kate Fowler made active measures possible.

Mr. George was asked to establish a Re­

public In Los Angeles County and a new corporation was form­ ed for Its special care.

Purpose of Corporation.

The California G-eorge Junior

Republic as a corporation was organized to exist under and by virtue of the lav/s of the State of California under its Articles of Incorporation: The purpose for which said corporation is formed is to organize a G-eorge Junior Repub­ lic for boys and girls over fourteen years of age on the plan of the one now located at Free­ ville, New York, and for that purpose to raise support of such Republic and its Citizens; to purchase, lease, receive, take hold, use, en­ joy, and improve such real and personal prop­ erty as may be necessary for the purposes of the corporation, to accept bequests and de­ vises of property, to invest and reinvest the funds, and to do all things necessary or con­ venient for said work, including also the maintenance of an institution for boys and girls under fourteen years of age and also to care for and obtain homes for dependent and neglected children. The Articles of Incorporation also stated that the corporation should

exist for

a term of fifty years andthat

it should be under

the control of a Board of Directors con­

sisting of eleven members to be elected on a following Board of

Directors

set date.

The

were those first elected:

Margaret B. Fowler

Pasadena,

California

Kate Fowler

Pasadena,

California

James Slauson

Los Angeles,

California

Valentine Peyton

Los Angeles,

California

Bessie D. Stoddart

Los Angeles, California

Nora McCartney

Los Angeles, California

Margaret F. Sartori

Los Angeles,

California

6 Evelyn L. Stoddart

Los Angeles, California

Leonard Merrill

Los Angeles, California

J. 0. Koepfli

Los Angeles, California

M. H. Newmark

Los Angeles, California

The California G-eorge Junior

Republic was to be estab­

lished on similar plan to the one at Freeville, New York, and be under the supervision of Mr. G-eorge, who would spend a part of each year at the California branch.

Mr. G-eorge ad­

vised that citizens in good standing at Freeville be brought to California to act as officers until the local plant could train the new citizens for the work. Search for Location.

During the summer of 1907 the

Board of Directors visited many sections of Southern Calif­ ornia, looking for an ideal situation, deciding finally to use for the time a site in San Fernando Valley that could be secured with their financial limits. The location was purchased from the San Fernando Mis­ sion Land and Mater Company and included a small acreage and the MBoom Hotel" with its furniture.

This hotel had been

built in the boom flurry of 1887 at a cost of §60,000 and contained seventy-five rooms, besides stables and other buildings. Opening of New Republic.

On March 10, 1903, Mr.

G-eorge with Superintendent Nathaniel Bedford and the ten citizens selected from the Freeville Republic arrived and

7

nBoom Ho tel11 First Home of Junior Republic in California

on March 19 the California Branch of the G-eorge Junior Re­ public was formally opened. The charter members of the California Junior Repub­ lic were:

Elmer Jones of Buffalo, New York, 17 years old,

president of the colony; Roy Huberts of Pittsburg, Pennsyl­ vania, 18 years old, vice-president; Herman Shaman, 18; Jo­ seph Buckley, 16; John Livingstone, 18; Ernest Hoover, 18; Edward Jones, 14; Clarence Norcutt, 14; G-eorge Bushby, 16; May Holstein, 16; Jennie Leufert, 14; Blanche La Movt, 16; ~

all citizens from Freeville, New York.

Mr. Bedford, a

former graduate of Freeville, was to be in charge of the colony; Mrs. Bedford, matron and nurse; Mrs. Norcutt, house­ mother.

8 Installation.

On Thursday, March 21, the President

of the new Republic was duly inaugurated and sworn in.

Nev­

er was the President of the United States inaugurated with a deeper sense of responsibility than was Elmer Jones, the first President of the California Junior Republic, as he stood beneath the stars and stripes while Justice H. H. Klammoth administered the oath of office,

and the young

statesman earnestly repeated his oath. Edward Farnsworth of Pasadena was the first Califor­ nia citizen recommended for admittance to the Republic. There were more than three hundred applicants.

Out of this

list twelve more citizens were selected and the colony be­ came a real California village. Trouble P e r i o d .

As we all know,

all new projects

must face a period of trial and tribulation, a formative period before it settles down to its ultimate destiny.

And

so it was with the first year of the California Junior Re­ public and its industries, occupations,

and citizenry.

The co-educational plan of problem boys and girls In the same environment and carrying the same responsibilities often caused upheavals and needed serious consideration. The nBoom Hotel" was far from Ideal as a home, either from the standpoint of convenience or the physical well-being of its inmates. Questions of water rights, land leases, limited

equipment in the line of machinery and tools, and social status in the San Fernando Community, were never settled sat' isfactorily if at all,

A lack of efficient superintendents

also hindered the success of the initial project. Search for New Location.

When it became apparent

that a move of location was necessary,

the Board of Direct­

ors investigated many possibilities before selecting Chino as the site of the new Republic.

The Chino site was five

miles from Pomona and three miles from Chino with 310 acres available in the tract. The location had quite an historical background as the property was formerly the original Chino settlement. The Chino home was the first building in that section before the Mexican war and the scene of a slight engagement between the Mexicans and Americans. Battle of Chino.

Among the many interesting histori­

cal events which have taken place in Chino Valley,

there is

one which seems of particular interest to the students of the Republic because it transpired in the immediate proxim­ ity of the Junior Republic Rancho.

This event, the Battle

of Chino, was fought during the summer of 1846, In Chino Valley, during the year of 1846, as every­ where in the South West, men prepared in earnest for the war which was now seen to be Inevitable.

Those who had ser­

ved with Castro, or with the Picos, hurried to Los Angeles

10 to join Varela.

Here also was Andres Pico, and Jose Antonio

Carrilo, leaders of insurrections of other days against Vic­ toria, Alvarado,

and Jose Maria Flories,

been repulsed by Stockton at San Pedro.

whose advances had Some of these had

fought against each ether in the past, but all were united now against a common foe.

Flories was chosen as ’’Commandate

General” of the Mexican forces. Organizing the Defense.

At the ranches little bands

were organized to defend the haciendas against attack and vacqueros were sent to guard against stampeding the cattle (a means of attack sometimes effective when arms and ammuni­ tion failed). While the Californians were gathering in Los Angeles, or strengthening their garrisons on the ranches,

the hand­

ful of Americans in Chino Valley, had chosen the Chino ranch house for their rendezvous, Angeles.

and others joined them from Los

This Chino ranch house is believed to have been

located near the present location of the Republic dairy. Here, although ill supplied with ammunition, fortified themselves as we11 as they could.

they

There was dan­

ger of attack, not only from the Mexicans from California, but also those from Old Mexico, whence Castro might return with reinforcements.

From the neighboring hills they kept

watch of the roads from Wa r n e r ’s ranch and Mexico, trails from the valley North and Vest.

and the

11 The American Force. pioneers,

thirty-six in all, that gathered in the well known

adobe ranch house* himself.

It was a hardy band of American

First of all, there was Colonel williams

Then there was (George Waters from San Bernardino.

Born in New Orleans, he had hunted over the Rocky Mountain trails and driven mule teams in New Mexico before he came, a couple of years before, Roubidioux,

to Los Angeles.

There was Louis

a loyal American of French descent, who had rid­

den over from his great estate on the Jurupa Rancho, whereon the city of Riverside has since arisen by the mountains that bear his name.

And then there was the Captain Benjamin Dav­

is Wilson, generally known as Benito, a pioneer from Tennes­ see, who had come from New Mexico in 1841 with William Work­ man! and John Rowland of La Puente. considerable means and influence.

Already he was a man of Married to Ramona,

daugh­

ter of Bernardino Voilea, he and his party from New Mexico had fought with the Picos hitherto, first against Michel Torena, and in June of 1841, against Castro, and now, like Colonel Williams, he stood with his Americans.

Possessing

later 10,000 acres of x^hat noxv is Pasadena, his name is al­ so perpetuated in Mt. Wilson, Peak.

formerly known as Wilson*s

With these Americans there iirere a number of Indians,

xtfho had not forgotten their sufferings at the hands of Val­ lejo,

and of Pio Pico, when he became governor of California

again in 1845.

And there -were with them also, two or three

12 Mexicans, 'bound to the Americans by ties of friendship or of marriage which proved stronger than those of race.

Among

the latter was Juan (called Chicon) Alvarado of the San Jose Rancho. The Opening Engagement.

Captain Wilson and Colonel

Williams with their men had not long to wait. of August, 1846,

On the 27th

Serbulo Varela, with sixty or seventy Ca b ­

alleros from Los Angeles and from the ranchos on the way, appeared before the adobe ranch house. house,

Riding up to the

they fired a volley into the windows and doors at

close range, and the Americans returned the fire. little time the battle was fast and furious.

For a

Though pro­

tected somewhat by the adobe walls, the Americans were out­ numbered three to one by the Californians, and their ammuni­ tion soon gave out.

Then a number of Caballeros, dashing

close to the building with torches, managed to set fire to the roof, which was made of asphalt. to burn,

As the building began

the house was filled with smoke,

were forced to come out and surrender.

and the Americans

Among the Mexicans

who had joined the attacking party were a number from the Rancho San Jose, some of them relatives and one of them a brother of Juan Alvarado, who had gone over to the Ameri­ cans.

Against him they were especially furious.

"Be sure

to get Chicon," they cried. Some Were Spectators.

Not all the Mexicans that

13 rode to the scene of the battle were in the attacking party. Some were not ready to shoot down their old friends.

And

there were boys who looked on as if at a realistic circus, not realizing fully its significance.

Ramon Vegar, then a

boy of sixteen, watched the battle with keen interest, wit­ nessing the death of the one Californian that was killed. Others on both sides were wounded but this one, shot through the temples, died very shortly.

During the fighting, Ramon

discovered his horse, which had been seized among others by the soldiers, and recaptured it.

He rode it home in spite

of his father's advice not to ta.ke it lest he provoke the soldier's anger.

"The horse is mine," he said,

"and I am

going to have it." Beginning of Mexican War in California.

Another in­

cident of the battle was narrated by Don Ramon Vejar, con­ cerning Captain Benito Wilson and the Mexican leader, Varela. When the Americans were driven out by the Mexican flames, their ammunition practically exhausted,

Benito Wilson, who

commanded much respect from the Californians, marched out before the others and surrendered to Varela.

There were

many who wished to put the Americans to death at once, but Varela,

facing his men with a gun in each hand,

said,

"These

men have surrendered to me and I am bound to protect them. I will kill any one who shoots them." much bitter feeling,

And though there was

there was no more shooting.

They were

14 all taken as prisoners to Flories,

the Commander at Los An­

geles, and treated with much consideration.

With this "battle

at the Chino ranch house began the Mexican War in California. Move to Chino. 1909,

On the stormy morning of March 19,

the caravans of citizens, their belongings loaded in

large farm wagons,

started its trek from San Fernando, ar­

riving at its new home on the Chino ranch in the evening of the day after.

They were cold, damp and tired, but full of

energy and zeal, and in spite of the continued inclement weather,

they proceeded immediately to establish the new

Republic at its new home with a cheerful spirit. The Permanent Site.

The first year at Chino there

were forty boys that composed the village, many of whom would otherwise have been placed in state institutions. The village consisted of two buildings, the garret and administration buildings.

The lower floor of the garret

contained the jail and supply rooms, while the upper floor was used for sleeping quarters. The Growth.

In the winter of 1911,

two new hotels

were built on the slope of Mt. Daddy; La Paloma, of Miss Kate Fowler,

the gift

and John Brewer Cottage, which is still

in use, a memorial to the brother of Mrs. Margaret Fowler. A school building was furnished and teachers were supplied by the Chino School System about this time. In 1913 more acreage was added.

15 Used New York P l a n .

The Republic at Chino was for

several years run strictly on the plan of the Republic at Freeville, New York., but in the course of time the admini­ stration felt it wiser to depart somewhat from the scheme of Mr. George. Many of the features of the original Republic were retained;

such as self-government by the citizens,

thing Without Labor" motto of self-support, development of the boys in the school.

the "No­

and the physical

They continued to

take many juvenile court boys, but found it not expedient to take boys that were criminals so that in no way would it be a discredit to any boy to be a graduate or citizen of the California Junior Republic. Change of N a m e .

With the departure from the original

scheme of Mr. George and since they were not doing the work under his guidance, it was not fair to continue to call it the George Junior Republic.

On September 1, 1921, the name

was officially changed by court order to the California Jun­ ior Republic. During the many years many generous contributions have been received to make it possible to add buildings and equipment for the present model Republic. There are now five cottages equipped to care for twenty boys each. modern,

The cottages are concrete and completely

each under the supervision and guidance of a house-

16

CASA COLINA, HOME FOR CRIPPLED CHILDREN

mother who acts as a mother to the group of boys in her cottage. Other buildings are the Administration building; Citizen Government building;

School building and Auditorium;

Gymnasium and Swimming Pool; Dairy Barn and Piggery; building;

Shop

Library; Hospital; Laundry; Kitchen and Dining

Room; Print shop; residences for staff members. Casa Colina.

Upon a hill beyond the Republic grounds

is Casa Colina, Home for Crippled Children.

This building

was the former home of Mrs. Eldridge M. Fowler, original benefactors of the Republic.

one of the

It is owned by the

17 Republic, but leased for use as a convalescent home for crippled children. Hrs. Margaret F owler.

No history of the California

Junior Republic would be complete without mention of Mrs. Margare t Fowle r . “Only once in a generation do you meet a, person like Mrs. Margaret Fowler.1*

So spoke George Hume of South Pasa­

dena, president of the board of trustees of the Republic at the time of her death. Mrs.

Fowler was a native of San Francisco and was the

daughter of John and Margaret

(Abernethy) Brewer.

Her fath­

er was one of the pioneer members of the San Francisco bar, having migrated to that city from Massachusetts in 1854.

He

was a graduate of Yale in the class of 1850.

Mrs. Fowler’s

mother was the daughter of

who in his

an Oregon pioneer,

lifetime achieved much prominence in geological exploration and in the early urban development of the Pacific Northwest. As a young woman, Mrs. Fowler went to Honolulu, where she took a teaching position and for more than a dozen years was prominently identified with educational work in the Ha­ waiian Islands.

She taught first at the Kawaiahao and later

as principal of the Punahou Preparatory School, where her influence as a teacher and builder of character were deeply impressed upon her pupils. In 1896 Mrs. Fowler

gave up her post in Honolulu and

18 went to New York, where she entered New York University to pursue graduate studies in education and philosophy.

In 1899

she received the degree of Master of Arts from this institu­ tion.

Four years later, after a period of residence in De­

troit and Pasadena,

she was married to Eldridge M. Fowler, a

man of large business interests in the middlewest and north­ west.

After their marriage they came to live in Southern

California, where Mr. Fowler died in 1904.

Mrs. Fowler con­

tinued to make her home here, maintaining a town house at 363 G-rove street, Pasadena, and a country home, known as Casa Colina, in the neighborhood of the California Junior Republic. During all these years Mrs. Fowler had given much of her time and thought to Y.W.C.A. work, the training of prob­ lem boys and the furtherance of collegiate education for wo­ men.

In all three fields she became one of the foremost

leaders in Southern California.

A club which she establish­

ed for the younger working x^romen In Pasadena developed into the Young N 0m e n fs Christian Association of that city.

With

her daughter, Mrs. Van Santvoord Merle-Smith of New York, she was instrumental in establishing the California Junior Republic. For 25 years she served as a trustee of the Junior Republic and was one of the most active members of the board.

Spending a considerable portion of her time at Casa

19

Colina,

immediately adjoining Republic grounds,

she was in

the closest contact with the boys and had an immeasurable influence upon their lives and characters.

The many hundreds

of boys who have passed through the Republic will treasure her memory with affectionate reverence. Although the Junior Republic was at all times Mrs. Fowler's chief interest,

she served for many years on the

World's Committee of the Young Women's Christian Associa­ tion.

During the World War I she went to France and took

charge of the social program for women war workers on be­ half of this organisation.

Her work during these years was

regarded as of the greatest value and was recognized by her appointment as chief liaison officer between the Y.W.C.A. war workers and the American colony in Paris, who formed the American Women's Club. Mrs. Fowler was one of the original trustees of Scripps College at Claremont and served on the board until her death.

For several years she was chairman of the build­

ing committee and to her fine taste is largely due the artis­ tic quality of the girls'

residence hails at Scripps, partic­

ularly as respects the interior furnishings of these attract­ ive buildings.

In recognition of great service to the cause

of education, Pomona College conferred on her in 192? the honorary degree of Master of Arts. In Pasadena, Mrs. Fowler's activities were woven into

20 every branch of the community life.

She was an associate

of the California Institute of Technology and repeatedly demonstrated her warm interest in that institution.

She

was long a supporter of All Saints’ Church and one of the benefactors of the Pasadena Hospital, being with her daugh­ ter, the donor of the Administration building. Past Leaders.

Superintendents of the Republic since

the beginning have been; to July,

Nathaniel L. Bedford, March, 1908,

1908; Warren C. Eberle, August, 1903,

1908; Henry 3. Mowbray,

November,

H. Holland,

to September,

July, 1909,

Saunders, August, 1909,

to November,

1908, to April, 1909; W.

to January,

1909; Dr. Fred W.

1910; John S. Guest,

Assistant- Superintendent, 1910; E. H. Childs, March, 1910, to June, 1910; May, 1917; FI esher,

C. M. Davis, May, 1917,

July, 1920,

May, 1921, 1221,

Gerald C. Waterhouse,

November,

1910, to

to July, 1920;

Joyce N.

to January, 1921; Homer W. Charlies,

to September,

1921; Mrs. Myron Hunt,

September,

to March, 1922; Edward Anderson, March, 1922, to

November, 1922; Executive Committee Staff, November, 1922, to December,

1922; Charles E. ’"right, January,

July, 1940; Robert C. Wilson, Frank Orndorff, October, Fiock, March,

1947,

1923, to

July, 1940, to October, 1946;

1945, to March,

still serving, 1950.

1947; Delbert S.

21 CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZATION True worth is in being, not seeming— In doing each day that goes by Some little good — not in dreaming Of great things to do by and by. For whatever men may say in blindness, And in spite of the fancies of youth, There's nothing so kingly as kindness, And nothing so royal as truth. We get back our mete as we measure--We cannot do wrong and feel right, Nor ca.n we give pain and gain pleasure, For justice avenges each slight, The air for the wing of the sparrow, The bush for the robin and wren, But always the path that is narrow And straight, for the children of men. — Anonymous The Governing B o d y .

The California Junior Republic

is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of California with power "to do all things necessary or convenient to its w o rk ."

Control of the corporation is vest­

ed in the California Junior Republic Association,

the member­

ship of which includes all persons who pay an annual fee of one dollar or more.

The annual meeting of the association

is held on the third Friday in February,

at which time a

board of trustees is elected to serve for three years

(one-

third retiring annually).

This board directs the w ork of the

institution.

the association appoints an advi­

In addition,

sory board which holds conference with the trustees, and the individual members of which are called upon to advise the

board or its committees whenever the occasion arises.

The

corporation is empowered to accept bequests and devises of property,

to invest and reinvest the same,

and to hold such

real property as may be necessary for carrying on its work. The superintendent, appointed by the board of trustees, has the immediate supervision of the work in all its branch­ es.

He is ,fex-officio11 a member of all committees of the

board and renders a monthly statement of all activities. Board of Trustees. Honorary President —

Honorable Curtis D. Wilbur, San Francisco

Honorary Chairman

Dr. Robert A. Miliikan, Pasadena

President —

—

Nicolas E. Griffin

South Pasadena

1st V.P. —

W. M. West

Los Angeles

2nd V.P. —

Donald R. Wright

Pasadena

Treasurer —

Raymond E. Smith

Asst. Treas. — Secretary —

Jesse P. Edmonds

Mrs. Henry D. Lyman

Pomona Pomona Pasadena

Earl VJ. Beebe

San Ms.rino

Edwin R. Chandler

San Marino

Mrs. Logan Clendening

San Marino

Raymond Andrew Dorn

Pasadena

Clyde Doyle

Long Beach

Mrs. W. E. Hansen

Pasadena

Mrs. Frederick Hard

Claremont

23

Abe Hay, Jr.

Pasadena

Mrs. Myron Hunt

Pasadena

Mrs. Anna Bissell McCay

Pasadena

Leon Pellissier

Whittier

Mrs. J. Wallace Reeder

Pasadena

M r s . Walter Rogers

Pasadena

Ron Stever

Pasadena

Mrs. Hallett W. Thorne

Pasadena

C. Burton Thrall

San Bernardino

Thompson Webb

Claremont

Mrs. Elmer Wilson

Pasadena

Hugh H. Wilson

Pasadena

Advisory Board. Richard Bard

Hueneme

Norman Chandler

Los Angeles

Dr. George P. Clements

La Canada

Mrs. John M. Hall

Pasadena

Preston Hotchkis

Los Angeles

George Hume

South Pasadena

Truman R. Johnson

Covina

Vierling Kersey

Los Angeles

W. S. Kienholz

Los Angeles

Roy Lacy

Los Angeles

Mrs. Van S. Merle-Smith

New York

24 Carl P. Miller

Covina

William C. Muilendore

Los Angeles

Dr. William B. Munro

Pasadena

L. G-raham Pattinson

Arcadia

Joseph D. Peeler

Los Angeles

Dr. Robert G-. Sproul

Berkeley

Charles A. Strong

Piedmont

Dr. G-eorge S. Sumner

Claremont

CALIFORNIA JUNIOR REPUBLIC BY LANS Revised September 13, 1924 Article 1 Membership Section 1 . Any person who pays to the Treasurer the amounts set forth in these By-laws shall be entitled to the privileges of membership in the California Junior Republic. Section 2 . Members are divided into seven classes, to wit: Associate members, Contributing members, Sustaining members, Life Members, Patrons, Benefactors, and Honorary members. Section 5 . The payments for each grade of membership shall be as follows: Associate members - five or ten dol­ lars per annum; Contributing member - twenty-five dollars per annum; Sustaining member - one hundred dollars per an­ num. Section 4 . Any person who pays to the Treasurer five hundred dollars shall be a Life member; anyone who pays one thousand dollars shall be a Patron; and anyone who pays five thousand dollars shall be a Benefactor. Patrons and Benefac­ tors shall have the privileges of Life membership. Section 5 . Any person who has rendered distinguished service in the solution of juvenile problems may be elected an Honorary member by a three-fourths vote of the Directors present at any regular meeting of the Board, and shall be entitled to the privilege of Life membership. William R.

25 G-eorge and Esther B. G-eorge shall be Honorary Members. Article 11 Meetings of Members Section 6 . The annual meeting of the members shall be held on the third Friday in February, unless the Board of Directors shall fix a different date, at the headquarters of the Association in Los Angeles, or at the Republic in Chino, or at such other place within the State of California as the Board of Directors shall by resolution determine in advance of such meeting. Notice of the annual meeting shall be giv­ en in the January issue of the Junior Republic Magazine or by notices mailed to members of the association at least sev­ en days before the da.te set for the meeting. Special meet­ ings of the members may be called by vote of the Boe.rd of Directors, and notice of such special meetings shall be sent to members at least seven days in advance. Section 7 . At meetings of the members a quorum shall consist of five members, except as otherwise provided in Sections 14 and 16 of the By-laws. Article 111 Officers Section 8 . The officers of the California Junior Re­ public shall consist of a President, Vice-president, Secre­ tary, Treasurer, Auditor and such other officers as the Board of Directors may deem necessary. They shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors. The President and Vicepresident shall be members of the Board. No officer of the association, and no member of the Board of Directors shall receive any remuneration. Section 9 . The President shall preside at meetings of the Board of Directors and at meetings of the members. He shall sign contracts and other written instruments on be­ half of the association. In his absence the Vice-president shall perform his duties. Section 1 0 . The Secretary shall compile an accurate list of the members, give notice of meetings as required by the By-laws, keep the records of all meetings, and perform such other duties as the Board of Directors may assign. Section 1 1 .

The Treasurer shall safely keep all mon-

26 eys belonging to the association and shall make payments on warrants or orders properly executed in accordance with re­ solutions of the Board of Directors. Section 1 2 . The Auditor shall examine the accounts of the association at the close of each fiscal year and shall submit a report thereon to the Board of Directors. Article IV Board of Directors Section 1 5 . The Board of Directors shall consist of at least eleven members elected by the members at the annual meeting. At the annual meeting of 1925 the Directors shall be grouped by lot into three approximately equal classes holding office for one, two and three years respectively. At annual meetings thereafter each group of Directors shall be elected for a term of three years or until their succes­ sors shall have been chosen. Section 1 4 . The manner of electing Directors shall be as follows: Prior to the annual meeting of the members the Board of Directors sho.ll appoint a nominating committee of three Directors. After hearing the report of this committee the Board shall nominate by ballot persons to succeed these Directors whose terms are about to expire. Independent nom­ inations signed by at least twenty-five members of the asso­ ciation, may be filed with the Secretary not less than four­ teen days preceding the date of the annual meeting. If no independent nominations are filed as aforesaid, the persons nominated by the Board of Directors shall be declared elect­ ed at the annual meeting. If independent nominations have been filed in proper form, the members present at the annual meeting shall elect the requisite number of Directors; but a quorum of members for this purpose shall be twenty-five, of whom not fewer than half shali be Life members, Patrons, or Benefactors. Section 1 5 . Vacancies on the Board of Directors, oc­ curring in the interval between annual meetings, or arising through the failure of the annual meeting to elect, shall be filled by the Board, and such elections shall be for the duration of the unexpired terms. Section 1 6 . The members of the association at any annual meeting, or at any special meeting duly called for the purpose, or the Board of Directors at e.ny regular meet­ ing or at any special meeting called in accordance with Sec-

27 tion 17 of these By-laws, may Increase or diminish the num­ ber of Directors, provided, however, that such action shall not affect the terms of Directors already in service, and provided that a quorum for this purpose at a m e e t i n g of the members of the association shall be stipulated In Section 14. The number of Directors shall be kept within the limits prescribed by Section 593 of the Civil Code of California and amendments thereto (Statutes, 1911, p. 77). Article V Meetings of Directors Section 1 7 . Regular meetings of the Board of Direct­ ors shall be held on the third Friday of each month at a place and hour designa.ted by the Boa.rd, but the Board of Di­ rectors shall have power to change this date at its discre­ tion, or to provide for regular meetings less often than once a month. Special meetings of the Board may be called by the President, and shall be called at the request of any three Directors. Reasonable notice of special meetings so called shall be given by the Secretary to all members of the Board, and such notices shall state the general nature of the business to be brought before any special meeting. Section 1 8 . At meetings of the Board of Directors five Directors shall constitute a quorum. Article VI Powers of the Board of Directors Section 1 9 . The Board of Directors shall have gener­ al charge of all the affairs of the association, shall sup­ ervise the work of Its officers, committees, agents, and employees, shall authorize and determine all expenditures, and shall exercise, on behalf of the association, all powers conferred on it by the Articles of Incorporation or by the laws of the State of California except as otherwise provided in these By-laws. Section 2 0 . The Board of Directors shall have power to employ a Superintendent and such other agents and employ­ ees as it may from time to time deem requisite. It shall have power to fix their terms, remuneration, and duties, and to remove any of them at its discretion. The Board of Directors may delegate to the Superintendent such powers as it deems advisable.

28

Section 2 1 . The Board of Directors may provide for the appointment of an Executive Committee, and of other com­ mittees, and may define the powers to be exercised by such committees. Section 2 2 . The Board of Directors shall submit to the association, at its annual meeting, a report on the af­ fairs of the California Junior Republic as required by Sec­ tion 579 of the Civil Code. Article Vll Amendments Section 2 5 . These By-laitfs may be amended, or new By­ laws adopted, at any annual meeting of the members of the association, or at any special meeting of the members duly called for the purpose, provided such amendments or new By­ laws have been approved by the Board of Directors. Amend­ ments may also be made, or new By-laws adopted, by a twothirds vote of the Directors present at any regular meeting if notice of such proposed action has been given at the reg­ ular meeting of the Board immediately preceding, or at any special meeting called in accordance with the provisions of Section 17 of these By-laws. Section 2 4 . adoption.

These By-laws shall go into force on

29

CHAPTER 3 THE ADMINISTRATION The heights that great men reached and kept, Were not attained by sudden flights But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward In the night. — Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Personnel.

The staff of the Republic consists of

a managing director and his secretary, program director and his secretary, publicity director, bookkeeper, recreation director and his assistant, housekeeper (who is also dieti­ tian)

and her staff of six housemothers and the cooks, the

doctor, the head nurse and her assistant, man, farm manager and his assistants,

the night watch­

the herdsman,

the main­

tenance man, the grounds keeper, the laundry man, the paint­ er, and the high school faculty, who will be mentioned in a later chapter. Managing Director.

The executive head of the Repub­

lic Is appointed by the Board of Trustees and has immediate supervision of all the work in all its branches. The duties of the office have greatly increased since the installation of the first superintendent, as he x^as then called, at San Fernando.

He must serve as ex-officio member

of all committees of the Board of Trustees and render at each monthly meeting a full account of all activities.

The

general welfare of the boys is under the managing director1s

30 direction.

He also selects and appoints other members of

the staff, manages the financial problems and the many other problems that need solution.

He receives all visitors and

presents the varied features of the Republic.

Many times he

is called on to address various organizations and social wel­ fare groups concerning the issues at hand,

future policies,

and the services rendered b y the organization. Program Director.

The person in charge of the b o y 1s

activities is hired b y the Board of Trustees with the recom­ mendation of the managing director. ly with the boy.

His duties deal entire­

He carefully goes through each application

and selects the boys who will fit into the Republic program. He makes all business arrangements with the parents, ians or court for the boy.

guard­

He is in complete charge of the

b o y !s program, work, play, finances, assigns him to the cot­ tages,

sees that he is properly clothed,

medical care when necessary, officers

sees that he has

continually keeps the probation

(if boy is a ward) or the home informed of the b o y 1s

progress, advises and solves any other problem that may arise with the boy. He also makes a personal tour once a year of the pro­ bation departments throughout the state so that the Republic can work more efficiently with them. Housekeeper.

The housemothers are directly under the

supervision of the housekeeper.

She sees that they have the

31 necessary supplies for the hoys, tends to their personal needs,

sees that they have their days off. She is also the dietitian and prepares the menus for

all the meals.

She works w i th the cooks,

ing room is properly arranged,

sees that the din­

and trains all of the waiters

in their duties. She does the buying for both departments and sees that all necessary supplies for boys, housemothers,

kitchens and

dining room are on hand at all times. The Athletic Supervisor.

The recreation director is

a part-time employee of the Chino Unified District and com­ pletes his work assignment with the Republic. of all the recrea.tion program,

cares and keeps all equipment,

assists the program director with his duties, boys, and is head coach. with recreation program, with the coaching.

He is in charge

advises the

He has an assistant, who helps him care of equipment and assists him

The assistant is also a part-time employ­

ee of the Chino Unified District. The Housemothers.

These matrons give the home influ­

ence so necessary to the boys under their care.

They see

that the cottage is inviting and that the boys are mothered and guided as a son should be cared for and guided. women are carefully selected.

They must be women of culture

and refinement as well as having a m o t h e r ^ tuition.

These

Their duties are many.

instinct and in­

(See appendix)

32

ATWOOD COTTAGE HOSPITAL

Head Nu rse.

A registered nurse is in charge of the

Atwood Cottage Hospital.

It contains two small wards and

two private rooms with ten beds in all, besides quarters for the nurse in charge,

a small, well equipped operating room,

a diet kitchen, and a, living room for the convalescents. An attractive sun-room was added to the hosoital during the summer of 1927.

Dr. Ross Proctor of Pomona is on call at

all times. The Present Republic Staff - 1950: Managing Director

Delbert Fiock

Secretary

Gladys Hatch

Program Director

Frank Graves

Secretary

V. M. Reynolds

Bookkeeper

.

Ida T. Fehl

33 Field Secretary

Larry Sullivan

Athletic Director

Bryan Robinson

Asst. Athletic Director

McDaniel Hammond

Dietitian

Margerle Peeso

Housemother - J. B. Brewer

Hildred Westphal

Housemother - Fowler

Wanda Morris

Housemother - Laws

Martha Emig

Housemother - McCormick

Ruth Beach

Housemother - Moore

J. J. Richey

Relief Housemother

Allegra Anderson

Head Cook

John Iavello

Assistant Cook

Martha Kunold

School Doctor

Dr. Ross Proctor

Head Nurse

Eva Mabel Schroyer

Assistant Nurse

Mr s . Edward Hesse

B o y !s Evening Supervisor

Harry Wright

Farm Manager

J. Paul Roberts

Farm Helper

S.

Dairyman

Edward Hesse

Maintenance

William Dalke

G-ardener

Roy Kramer

Painter

Peter Freese

Laundry

Mrs. G-. Jager

Relief Evening Supervisor and Farm Helper

Robert Hofstad

Staunojkovich

PART II

WHAT IS THE REPUBLIC PROGRAM?

35 CHAPTER 4 FINANCIAL SUPPORT It costs far less to give a good direction to a hundred boys than to repair the loss of a single man, who not having had the benefit of instruction, pursues a vicious charge. — Cavour Cost of C r im e.

What is more important In America

than the training of our boys?

What greater duty have the

citizens of the country than their proper supervision and training during adolescence?

Several thousand boys are

brought into the juvenile courts each year because they are not properly trained.

The cost of our criminal courts and

penal institutions today exceeds a.ny other national expendi­ ture . The expense of trials and punishments for crime Is only a fraction of the real cost.

We must reckon the prop­

erty loss, the industrial loss, and greater still,

the loss

to society from a moral,

intellectual,

point,

the untold heartaches, the defeat

the broken homes,

of trust and faith in our fellowman,

and spiritual stand­

and the crumbling of

high ideals which are the birthright of our nation. A study of the records of the thousands of boys who have been enrolled at the Republic during the years will re­ veal the fact that It has been so very worthwhile from an economical standpoint,

not considering the social side, that

36 one must realize the investment has yielded a heavy per cent in actual monetary value to the community at large.

Many of

these would he serving behind prison bars at public expense or destroying the property and peace of others. Our courts and prisons cost vast sums of money and we pay it willingly,

feeling it necessary to do so for our own

safety and the safety of others.

Schools like the Junior

Republic cost a fair sum to maintain but what a difference in the goal ahead.

We should pay our money so much more

willingly for preparing the boy to be an asset to society and industry than to sentence him to the surrender of all the rights of citizenship and his share in the development of the nation's status in the economic world.

Every boy

salvaged from the whirlpool and placed on a firm footing for clean manhood is worth many times the expense of such train­ ing.

Often these boys become captains of industry and doers

of great and noble things which would otherwise have been a dead loss and many times a heavy liability. Financial Support of Republic.

Since the founding of

the Republic in 1907, there has always been the faithful few who always faithfully responded to every financial crisis of its history and shouldered the burden and met the goal*

They

have also had the supreme reward of their giving in the har­ vest garnered in.

These gifts are voluntary and the door is

open for all to enter and help in this great work.

57 The cost of maintaining a boy in the Republic program is over 1100 per month.

Parents or guardians pay as much to­

ward the b o y 1s support as their financial condition will per­ mit.

If the boy is a county case, the Republic receives the

county rate, which is from 150 to farm yields

70 a month.

The Republic

some revenue from the various products, but this

does not cover the heavier expense of administration, ment, and current needs.

equip­

The Republic must depend largely

on the generosity of privileged people. A great many assist financially by tailing memberships in the organisation. their cost: ing,

0100;

Associate,

The following are the memberships and

Life membership in n5 0 0 n club, Contributing,

S50; Regular,

1500;

Sustain­

825; Endorsing,

§10;

15.

The Republic receives income from the following sour­ ces:

community chest, donations,

memberships,

tuitions,

farm and dairy endowment, and miscellaneous other sources. The expenses are about as follows: tence,

50/1; maintenance and operation,

and general,

151; administration

55;1.

Financial Support of High School. tional High School is financed by ADA. 50 was in the amount of 153,455.12. §5,345.51 for administration; ries;

care and subsis­

The Chino Voca­

The budget for 1949-

Expenditures included

833,550.00 for teacher sala­

§1,559.61 for other cost.

38 CHAPTER 5 THE REPUBLIC BOY AT HOME Each castle aglow with great glory For in each is God's richest pearl; The Builders of Nations and Peoples 1Tis the soul of some boy or some girl. — Minna E. Norris ¥ho Coroes to the Republic?

The boy who is selected

is one who needs help because of previous conditions and en­ vironment.

He is a boy with a problem.

His problem may be

a broken home where he cannot get along with his stepfather or stepmother.

He may be living with his grandmother be­

cause of a broken home and as a result of the difference in age, he may be too big a problem for his grandmother to man­ age.

He may be an orphan with no relatives,

may apply for his admittance.

and the court

He may be a boy living with

his mother due to a broken home,

and her particular job may

make it necessary for her to place him in a 24-hour-a-day school. court

He may be a juvenile delinquent and a ward of the

(this constitutes about 65%) and as a result has been

placed at the Republic. Basis of Selection.

No matter what the problem may

be, no one, not even the court, can place a boy at the Repub­ lic.

All parents,

guardians, or whoever is responsible for

the boy must fill out an application for admittance.

These

applications are gone over carefully by the Program Director

59

and he checks ea.ch one for three things: 1.

Does the boy have average intelligence (not under 90)? Thi s does not always work out and we do have a few with lower I.Q.

2.

Is the boy physically able to participate in our program without restrictions?

3.

Is it possible to make an outside check? This is not always easy to do. The Program Director will contact the school from which the boy came, and find out what he can. He will check this against the story of the parent or guardian. If a case history Is available, he will check that. In case of a ward of the court, there is always a case history available. All private placement causes must come In person before the boy will be accepted. All of these boys are in the stage known to psychiatrists as "primary behavior disorder.11

First D a y .

When the boy reports to the Republic, he

is given a number (for purpose of identifying personal be­ longings) and then sent to the hospital, medical history is made and kept.

where a complete

He is checked by the

school doctor, given his "shots" and then assigned to a cot­ tage. room,

He reports to his housemother, who shows him to his and he puts his clothes away, and after this he is con­

sidered at home. Cottages.

The Republic has six cottages,

modating about 20 to 30 boys.

each accom­

They are John Brewer,

McCormick, Hobart Moore, Eldridge Fowler, Lydia Null, Henry Laws.

Stanley and

John Brevier Cottage was built as a memorial to

the brother of Mrs. Margaret Fowler.

Hobart Moore Cottage,

40

The Republic Cottages Lydia Null Henry Laws John Brewer

Hobart Moore Eldridge Fowler Stanley McCormick

named after the donors, replaced the La Paloraa Cottage, which was a frame building and was burned in the early years of the Republic,

The Eldridge Fowler and Stanley

McCormick Cottages were gifts of Mrs, Cyrus McCormick. Lydia Null Cottage was donated by Mrs. Lydia Null.

It has

been torn down and a new cottage is being planned to re­ place it.

The Henry Laws Cottage was built In 1929.

Mr.

41 and Mrs. Fred Bixby of Long Beach made a generous contribu­ tion toward the cost of the building. Each cottage has a big living room,

fireplace,

(some have a piano), and the housemother*s quarters.

radio The

housemother is in charge of each cottage and the success of the cottage depends upon her way with boys.

She mothers

them, listens to their troubles and problems,

advises and

guides them, and does everything she can to make the boy*s life as near to what a normal boy*s home life should be.

In

many cases this is the first real home that the boy has had, and he is very appreciative of it. The boy officers in each cottage are: the councilman, health officer and house policeman.

They work with the

housemother in maintaining the high standards of their cot­ tage.

The councilman is directly responsible to the mayor

for the itfell being,

good conduct and morale of the citizens

of his cottage. There are two boys assigned to a room (a few have three boys).

Each boy can arrange his room as he desires

with pictures, pennants,

etc.,

as long as there is nothing

of an improper nature about the pictures.

Each boy can have

a radio and a reading lamp. Whenever the boy does not have a definite assignment, he can go to his room or to the big living room and read, study, play games

(such as ping-pong,

cards), xfork puzzles,

42 listen to his radio, sing, or write letters.

In the evenings

he can visit other boys but cannot visit in other cottages unless he has his housemother’s permission. Cottage R u l e s .

There are certain rules and regula­

tions that the boys must abide by.

They are:

1. Each boy is responsible for the clean and bright condition of his room. 2.

All beds must be made immediately after rising.

3. Rooms must be swept and dusted; all clothes, tow­ els, etc., hung in the closet; dressers and tables tidied; waste paper baskets emptied daily, before call to breakfast. 4. Every Saturday morning rooms will be THOROUGHLY cleaned and mopped as directed by housemothers. 5. Every Sunday student1s personal clothing shall be prepared for the laundry. Each laundry ba g should contain a slip headed b y name and number of student, on which are listed the number and kind of articles enclosed. Bags shall be tied, shirt sleeves and trouser legs rolled down, stockings turned inside out. Minimum laundry must be ready. 6. In decorating the room they are guided by the suggestions of the housemother. Nothing of an im­ proper nature will be allowed. 7. Visiting boys in other cottages is permitted only upon the written consent of housemother. Per­ mission to leave cottage for any purpose after sup­ per should be obtained from housemother or office. Boys are not to return to their cottages after breakfast or dinner a^nd are never allowed in other cottage areas without a note. 8. Walking on lawns or gardens will be considered a violation of cottage rules by season. 9. All boys, except those in the hospital, report to meals.

shall

10. Boys are to be in their rooms and in bed at taps. Lights must be out and silence observed immediately. 11.

Health rules. a. b. c. d. e. f.

Boys shall not sleep in underclothes. Pajamas or nightshirts must be worn. Wash hands, face and brush teeth before retiring. To appear in corridor in state of un­ dress is a court offense. Do not walk in the corridors barefooted. The health officer will make the rounds nightly and report any disobedience of these rules.

12. Destruction and mutilation of property belonging to the Republic will be charged against the boy re­ sponsible. When this is not clear, the damage will be charged against the cottage or other groups re­ sponsible. 13. The cottage is your home. Respect the rights of the other fellows, d o n 11 11rough-ho u s e ”, d o n 11 shout, but give your best effort toward making your cottage the best on the campus. Bedroom doors must remain open at all times except in winter. 14. Clothing may not be traded without housemother*s permission. 15.

All accidents must be reported immediately.

Radio R u l e s . 1. No student shall operate a radio without having a radio permit. Application for such permit is to be made to the Radio Commissioner and renewed semi­ annually. Where an electric radio is being applied for, the type and installation must be approved by the engineer. No radio permit shall be granted until the student has shown a cooperative spirit of the Junior Republic program, is a citizen and has become acquainted with these rules. 2. Any student found guilty of stealing radio parts or equipment shall lose all radio privileges in add­ ition to the regular Superior Court sentence for larceny.

44 3. Radios must be operated at all times at the quiet level during the hours permitted, 6:00 to 10:30 p.m. Penalties Will Be Given F o r . 1. Failure to attend Sunday chapel or evening pro­ grams. 2. Late for roll call, clubs, classes, meals.

industries or

3. Failure to report to clubs, classes, industries or meals. 4.

Late for special duty.

5. Failure to comply with orders given by boy offi­ cers or court. 6. Out of bed before rising siren or staying up after taps. Dining H a l l .

When the horn sounding 11chow” blows, all

the boys line up outside the dining hall and a health check­ up is made.

For breakfast and dinner the boys may wear work

clothes, providing they are not offensive. washed and hair combed.

For supper and all day on Sunday,

the boys must wear dress clothes. pleted,

They must be

After the check-up is com­

the boys march into the dining room quietly and stand

at their assigned places.

Each table seats eight people,

of

which at least one is a staff member. The boys in unison give the following dining room blessing:

"We thank Thee, Our Father, for all things; this

community with all its blessings; food.

our lives, our health, our

Amen." The boys seat any ladies who are present at their

45 table and then are seated themselves. quiet for two minutes. through eating,

All remain perfectly

After the majority of the tables are

the boys stack the dishes neatly at one end

of the table and leave the dining room quietly. Movies.

Every Saturday evening the Republic boys en­

joy a movie to which all boys a.nd staff members are invited. The shows, which are usually up to date, iated by everyone.

are always apprec­

Once a month each boy having a birthday

during the month sits at the birthday table.

There is a

special birthday cake at dinner, and each "birthday boy" is introduced and gives his name, home address, age, and length of time he has been at the Republic.

Some small present is

given to each birthday boy. Visitors.

Boys may receive visitors

(parents or

guardians or friends after having permission of parents or guardians) on Sunday between 8 a.m. and 7 p.m.

Visitors

must park on the plaza and register at the office immediate­ ly upon arriving. tives,

The boys may go out with parents,

rela­

and other boys* parents or staff members every other

Sunday if they are in good standing.

Parents can come every

Sunday and bring their picnic dinner and eat upon the hill. The Republic favors this very much as it gives the boy and his parents a chance to visit,

and this opportunity often

helps to relieve the strained feeling that existed at home, and which made it necessary to place the boy at the Republic.

46 Time Schedule,

The following Is the time schedule

for the boys: Weekdays - Monday through Friday Rising Breakfast Check-up Classes and Industry Dinner Ch ec i'si— up Classes $nd Industry Dress for Supper Supper Clubs Check-up Lights Out

6:30 A.M. 7:00 7:35 7:45 to 11:45 12:15 P.M. 12:50 1:00 to 5:00 5:00 to 6:00

6:00 6:30 to 8:30 3:30 9:00

Before each meal there Is a short check-up known as "health check-up" to see if the boys are clean, neat and properly dressed.

This check-up is for seven days a week.

Saturday Schedule Rising Breakfast Check-up Work Dinner Check-up Recreation (optional) Check-up Supper Movie Lights Out

6:30 A.M. 7; 00 rj. -7c; 7:45 to 11:45 12:15 P.I4. 2:00 2:00 to 4:30 4:30 6:00 7:15 As soon as mo

Sunday Schedule Rising Breakfast Check-up Recreation (optional) Check-up Check-up Supper Check-up

7:30 A.l 1. 8:00 10:00 2:00 to 4:30 2:00 4:30 5:30 7:15

47 Ghapel Lights Out Clothes. ing clothes.

7:30 9:00 The boy should be equipped with the follow­

Not all boys can afford all of these, but

through the donations of friends and agencies,

the boy is

equipped the best possible. Sunday and Evening Wear 1 1 3 2 1

Suit or dress pants and dress sweater or coat Extra pair trousers Shirts (light) Pair dress socks Pair dress shoes

Shop and Industry 3 4 6 2

Pair blue denims Shirts (work) Pair socks (heavy) Pair work shoes

Miscellaneous 4 Suits underwear 3 Suits pajamas 1 Sweater 1 Pair bathing trunks 1 Pair tennis shorts 1 Pair tennis shoes 6 Handkerchiefs 3 Neckties Toothbrush and paste Comb Soap Bathrobe Slippers

48 CHAPTER 6 THE REPUBLIC BOY AT CHAPEL I pray to Thee, this day, 0 God. To show to me the path to trod To make of me, in thine own way, A better man than yesterday. — Roderick Browne Services.

Although the California Junior Republic is

strictly a non-sectarian institution, it Is the aim of the trustees and the staff to create and preserve a reverent at­ mosphere.

Chapel services are conducted every Sunday evening

in the Fowler Memorial Building.

All the boys, together with

the members of the staff, attend. Speakers.

The services are conducted either b y mem­

bers of the Republic staff, or by visiting ministers, Y.M.C.A. leaders,

Sunday school workers, Boy Scout leaders, educators,

and other friends of the Republic, who respond to weekly calls for service in this work. The music is furnished by the Republic choir and the audience.

Responsive reading is led by one of the boys and

joined In by the audience. Easter M o r n i n g .

This Sunrise Service is held on Res­

ervoir Hill at 5:30 a.m., weather permitting. inclement weather,

If there is

the service is held in the auditorium.

Specia.1 music and vocal selections are presented. standing minister gives the sermon.

An out­

49 Many parents of the hoys and friends of the Republic attend this service.

Following service,

coffee and dough­

nuts are served in the dining hall, and those boys whose par­ ents come for them are free to go out for the day. The following are taken from chapel services: The American Way of Life and the The Statue of Liberty I doubt whether U.S. Secretary of State, George Mar­ shall, realized how far would go the program he outlined in his now famous speech of June, 1947, at Harvard University, when he said: IIIt is logical that the U.S. should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed, not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.B President Truman expressed his approval immediately. The preamble of the Foreign Assistance Act, setting up the Economic Cooperation Administration, which was passed by Congress on April o, 1S48, is clear In Its statement of pur­ pose - not relief by recovery. It says: "Recognizing the intimate economic and other relation­ ships between the U.S. and the nations of Europe, and recognizing that disruption following in the wake of war is not contained by national fron ti er s, the Con­ gress finds that the existing situation in Europe en­ dangers the establishment of a lasting p e a c e , the general welfare and national interest of the U.S. and the attainments of the objectives of the United Na­ tions . The restoration and maintenance in European countries of principles of individual liberty, free institutions, and genuine independence rests largely upon the establishment of sound economic conditions, stable international economic relationships, and the

50

achievement by the countries of Europe of a healthy economy independent of extraordinary outside assist­ ance. 11 On seventeen empty acres on Manhattan Island, where just two years ago stood a collection of old slaughterhouses and rickety tenements, the future home of the United Nations is going up. Only last month the cornerstone of the thirtynine story Secretariat building — largest of the four stru­ ctures in the U.N. group was laid. "You want w h a t ? ”

asked the startled policeman.

"I want your permission to leave New York. spend the night with friends in Jersey City." The Times Square cop asked quietly, "Czechoslovakia," country.n

she said,

I want to

"Where you from?11

"I’m studying in this

"So t h a t ’s it," he drawled, "Well, in the United States you can go wherever you want without my permission. As far as I ’m concerned you can even go to Hoboken." "This was my first lesson in democracy," the pretty blonde student told me later, "In my country, if we leave our town for twenty-four hours, we have to announce it to the police. I t ’s wonderful not to show your passport and birth certificate a dozen times a day." She was one of the growing army of young men and wo­ men from foreign countries now studying in the U.S. Democracy, for these visitors, takes many forms. The amount of freedom in American schools and colleges, the care* free give-and-take, amazes them. "I sat in a public high school for two weeks," said a G-reek educator, "and could not believe my eyes. Why, your students not only talk back to their teachers, t h e y even criticize them.' The respect each other’s opinions." Democracy also means the lack of caste system in the U.S. A young girl from Korea asked the president of her col­ lege whether she would lose "face" if she chatted with the students who waited on tables in the dining room. When assured she would not,

she exclaimed,

" I ’d be

51 socially punished for that in my land. I guess t h a t !s what makes this the most wonderful country in the w o r l d . 11 A prince from Syria said, "Your free public schools are one of the foundations of American democracy. In the United States, Rockerfeller1s son and the taxi driver's son are on the same footing. They can both reach the top. In my country that would not be possible.11 These illustrations show in a small way just what "OUR American Way of Life" means. Because we have always had these privileges and rights, we forget them too often* Did you know that the Statue of Liberty's gigantic features were hammered out of bronze sheets and not cast in a mold? Did you know that she towered in a back street in Paris, France, for more than six months before taking up her stand in New* York harbor? And did you know that there's room for 40 people Inside her head alone — and that she celebra­ ted her 63rd birthday in October, 1949? It took 300 sheets, each nine-tenths of an inch thick, to make this best known of -world statues. Riveted together, these molded sheets form the figure's "envelope" which is affixed to an ingenious iron skeleton. Then there's the Question of Hiss Liberty's six-month stay in Paris. That's where she was built, of course, and after her official presentation to the United States on July 4, 1884, she remained on exhibition until it was time for her to be taken down, crated, and shipped. And, as for the vast spaces inside her — well, if you're ever in New York City - and if you have plenty of wind, you can climb the spiral stairs to the observation room in her diadem and enjoy an unequalled view of Manhattan Island and the Upper Bay. She is 151 feet from toe to torch, stands on a 154 foot pedestal which, you'll be glad to know, has an elevator. But you can't tell Miss Liberty's story with facts and figures alone, any more than the story of a nation is told by the number of square miles it contains. It's a story of two freedom-loving peoples joined together in a com­ mon venture; a story of international goodwill at its best; and it's a story which very nearly didn't have a "happy end­ ing. " No, arriving on her pedestal on Bedloe's Island, New

52 York, wasn't all plain sailing for "the old girl" as many a Gr.I. Joe called her when she welcomed him home. In fact, it may surprise you to know that 21 years were to pass between the time Sculptor August Bartholdi began to create her in his imagination and the October day in 1886 when President Orover Cleveland accepted her in the name of the people of the United States. What happened? Well, for one thing, M. Bartholdi thought about his project for nearly five years. "What does freedom look like?" he kept asking. It was not until 1871 that he sailed for the United States to see whether the coun­ try itself might inspire him. Furthermore, even when he had returned to France with his plans full-blown, had received the backing of the French-American Union in Paris, and the promise of §250,000 for the statue's pedestal from the Amer­ icans, the task was barely begun. It was not only that the statue must be modelled and made, but that it's cost — another §250,000 — * must be raised from among the French peo­ ple. What followed was, without doubt, one of the most gen­ erous and unselfish gestures ever offered to one people by another, for contributions poured in from every Province in France. Housewives dug into their thriftily hoarded savings; schoolchildren dropped their hard-earned pennies into collec­ tion boxes; workmen surrendered their hard-earned francs* There were benefit balls, county fairs, and raffles until, long before the statue was ready to make its journey sicross the Atlantic, the ■peo'Dle of France could stanvo the bill, "Paid in Full." But what about the Americans and their half of the bargain — the building of the pedestal? Was it ready and waiting? Had the fund-raising committee been overwhelmed with subscriptions, and was the public beside itself with excitement? Astonishing though it may seem to us now, none of these things were true: 11 years after its promises to Bar­ tholdi, the committee had raised only half the necessary sum. Bedloe's Island was barren, and the citizens of New York showed little or no interest in the project. Even when the giant torch-bearing right arm was put on exhibition, enthu­ siasm failed to develop; and for a while, it appeared that the French gift might be refused. But finally, in 1883, the great publisher Joseph Pul­ itzer hit on the cause of the American apathy and began to

53 boost the project in his New York Nor Id. "We must raise the m o n e y ! 51 he wrote. "Let us not wait for the millionaires. Let us hear from the p e o pl e. ” The directness of this appeal, bolstered by countless editorials and cartoons, roused not only his readers but plain citizens from all over the United States, and now, for the first time, they rushed to contribute their nickels and dimes and dollar bills. Within 11 months the necessary sum had been raised, the 154 foot pedestal completed, and the work of riveting the statue's plates begun. "Liberty Enlightening the World" -- which, of course, is the huge figure's full name — began her long reign on October 28, 1885, when Auguste Bartholdi himself unveiled the great work in a bedlam of whistles, gun salutes, and cheering crowds — the happy ending at last. But Miss Liberty doesn't estal clearly tell her meaning:

"end."

The words on her ped­

"Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore: Send these, the homeless, tempest tossed to me! I lift my lamp beside the golden door." That Is why this particular season of the year, when we observe Armistice Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas, should be a time to reinforce our faith and appreciation of "The American Way of Life." Armistice Day -— the eleventh day of the eleventh month, when we pause to pay tribute on the eleventh hour to the men who gave their lives that we may have liberty. Thanksgiving — the one day of the year that we set aside to voice our thanks for the blessings we enjoy. Christms.s — the day set apart for Christians to .cel­ ebrate the birth of Jesus Christ — the prince of peace. All of these days are part of the "American Wa y of Life," of which the American flag and the Statue of Liberty are probably the best known symbols.

54 Reserve to Draw Upon The necessity for a spiritual reserve has never been so great as it is now yet the spiritual and emotional con­ cepts are all too often overlooked entirely or, at the most, tampered with. There are public institutions filled to overflowing with unfortunate persons who tackled their problems in an unsympathetic world without a sufficient re­ serve to see them through the period of crisis. There is a time in a person*s life when a little more reserve is need­ ed, and so it is necessary to accumulate this reserve. It is necessary that the income reserve not only equals but exceeds, the outgo. But d o n ’t wait until the last minute to stock up on a reserve. Start now by cultivating habits, fixing attitudes, evaluating — to place into your own hands, the key whi ch may very well admit you to a store­ house of reserve.

Why Skull Practice? Many years of athletic competition and intimate as­ sociation with athletes and coaches helped me to discover long ago that the principles of success are the same in both athletics and the classroom. I like to think of students as the athletes of the classroom, as competitors going into action, aggressive fel­ lows who keep their heads up and their minds open. Consc­ iously or unconsciously, successful a.thletes of the class­ room follox*/' the same rules that bring victory to the ath­ lete on the field. You must compete, so you might as well start now and learn all 3rou can from the athlete. Take competition out of anything that you do and all you have left is drab, stifling, monotonous regimentation of the masses. Enter the spirit of the game and you will be a long way on the road to success in the classroom. I knew that the rules in all sports were about the same. I knew that before a man could play any game he had to get in shape physically and mentally, and stay in shape. Muckers, cry babies, and sissies did not stay out for the team long enough to learn even the fundamentals. I knew that it took a lot of nerve to stay in there hitting the ball, fighting to the end in what sometimes seemed to be a losing cause. And yet a man must fight to the finish or turn in his suit, and he hates to quit.

55

I knew that an athlete had to study fundamentals and practice them until he was perfect, that confidence came to the player who knew what he was doing, and that en­ thusiasm — even absurd, uncontrolled enthusiasm, followed on the footsteps of confidence. I had learned well that, with the development of these qualities, an athlete could rise to great heights, usually until he became a champion in his game. I knew that competition meant hardships, suffering, sacrifice, and that a man would have to raise himself above the level of the crowd if he was ever going to be a better man. It seemed to me that possibly ten per cent of any man® s success would be due to what other people did for him, and that ninety per cent would have to be chalked up to what he did for himself — with a lot of emphasis on what, he did for himself. No one could fool me about an athlete's ability. Athletes just don't become champions without ability, but as the years went by I became convinced that spirit was the most important factor in victory, and that in many cases victory was about forty per cent ability and sixty per cent spirit. I saw athletes overcome unusual handicaps and drive on and up. Faith in their coach and in themselves, coupled with a steadfast belief that they could do what others said couldn't be done, has accounted for a lot of thrilling vic­ tories . Quitters soon went into calisthenics classes. They were not competitors and never would be as long as they lived. Boys came along and developed supreme confidence, that unbeatable attitude, and fine morale. A few got cocky, but the ones who got cocky were soon put in their places by a coach, their teammates, or a better opponent — after which they went places with their energy properly directed. I watched athletes pay the price of success and saw them give themselves a chance for so many years that I knew the rules of success in sports were hard bitter medicine in fact. Yet, the sacrifice was gladly made. It was fun all the way. It usually happens that the good athletes are the real competitors. They are TEAM MSN who are naturally co­

56 operative and who believe in only one slogan; anything for the good of the team must be done; or put in another way, one for all and all for one, instead of every man for him­ self with a brick, in his hand. I saw boys go in a huddle and come out fighting. They never quit trying and they never let a knockdown be a knockout. They always rose and fought again and they learn­ ed a lot from defeat. When they lost, they lost without panic, and they made the loss the incentive for redoubling their efforts. They hustled, kept their eyes opened and their heads up, won a lot of games, and d i d n ’t break their necks. I learned that athletes came in all shapes and sizes, and that you could not tell by the size, the shape or the build of a man what was in his brain or deep down in his heart. Optimists all, they knew where they were going, took each game in stride, refused to get upset, and they hustled. The hustlers were the active, positive, aggressive, offensive fellows — competitors at their best; they were the students of sport who won a lot, but never offered an alibi when they lost. Refreshing fellows to know and asso­ ciate with, they were morale builders, winners, champions, and the leaders of the future. I found champions fearless competitors. They had never made a study of fear, and somehow the word impossible was not in their vocabulary. Confident that loafers never went far, they never loafed. Certain that habits were pow­ erful, they developed good physical and mental habits, thought success and victory, and won. I found athletes studying and learning form and a lot about winning from every leader and champion in their sport. They kept on improving, practiced a lot, worked hard, and — they w o u l d n ’t be beaten. They loved their game and knew that nine-tenths of wisdom is being wise in time, so they planned their plays for each game and the season as a whole. They perfected their technique, concentrated on the little things that count, and refused to let bad luck, bad breaks, or lean years get them down, because they knew that they would have a lot of good luck, if they worked hard enough for it. These fellows were up and at them day in and day out. They never wasted a minute on self-pity — that showed they were

57 smart. They knew that they would have to play under the same conditions as their opponents, rain or shine, and they never quit trying. Butch Bergoff, the "big wheel from Winnemac High, came to the first session of freshman football practice at State University with a chip on his shoulder. The famous varsity coach, "Beans’1 Markham, was going to kick off with a. few choice remarks before turning the squad over to the freshman coach. Butch swaggered up to the great man and plunged in. "Look, coach, I ’ve been playing this game since I was old enough to hold a football. I was all-scholastic quarter on the Winnemac Gazette team last fall, and I scored more points than any other guy in town. You said you intend to give us some concentrated instruction on how to play football. What I want to know is — what's the matter with the way I play football?" Coach Markahm talked fast. "Listen, son," he said, not unkindly, "If you were a senior you'd never have asked that question. I've seen your symptoms before. You're good, and you know it. But, son, nobody is that good. When we ask you boys to take some more instruction, we're paying you a compliment. We aren't saying you can't play football already. We're saying you can play better. There is still quite a bit more to be learned about football, and we think you're smart enough to profit by it. If you are not a better player t^o months from now, you needn't come back a.nd try for the varsity next year! " That makes sense, not only in football, but in every­ thing you do. Take thinking, for example. You may say, "Why, I ’ve been thinking all my life. Why should I give any special time or study to it?" The answer is the same as for Butch: There is always room for improvement. You can learn a skill or an art only by working at it. And I promise you here and now, that you'll never learn anything more important and more useful in your whole life than how to study and how to think. In closing I would like to read a few rules on, to Study Effectively."

"How

1.

Attend to, remove or treat physical defects that often handicap mental activity.

2.

Provide yourself with all the necessary tools of

58 study before you sit down. 3.

Begin work promptly.

4.

Keep pushing steadily toward your goal. intensely.

5.

Train yourself to ignore distractions from with­ in and without.

6.

Do your work with the intent to learn and to re­ member.

7.

Have a clear notion of the aims.

8.

Seek daily to enlarge your reading vocabulary and your speaking and writing vocabularies.

9.

Learn to make skillful use of such aids to study as tables of contents, indexes, card catalogs, reader's guides, and encyclopedias.

Work

10.

Don't apply for help until you have to.

11.

Mentally review every paragraph as soon as you have read it. Locate the key sentence or key phrase and mark it.

12.

Seek always to distinguish between facts and opinions.

13.

In all your work apply your knowledge as m uch as possible a.nd as soon as possible.

14.

Don't try to pad your answer in an effort to substitute quantity for quality.

15.

Reread your answer to each question before passing to the next one.

59 CHAPTER 7 THE REPUBLIC BOY AT SCHOOL If democracy has any valuable and ultimate meaning, it is equality of opportunity. But there can be no equality of opportunity without equality of opportunity in educa­ tion. If to any child this Is denied, and it is permitted to grow to manhood or woman­ hood without that education which prepares it for good living, for the duties and re­ sponsibility of citizenship, and for making an honest living by some intelligent, useful occupation, then there is nothing which in­ dividual or society can do, nothing which man or G-od can do to make good the loss. — Philander P. Claxon The Republic idea is that if a boy can be taught how to work, how to read, write and figure, he will be able to do a good d a y 1s work, have his home and be accepted as a re­ spected citizen in whatever community he desires to live. A very small percentage of high school graduates go on to college.

A superintendent of schools,

teaching at

University of Southern California summer school,

said that

85 out of every 100 high school graduates do not go to col­ lege . This educator went on to say that if the high schools would fit their curriculum to meet the needs of the larger number that the universities would still get the high cali­ bre of student that they have at the present time. Too many high schools build their curriculum around the 15 that go to college, rather than to fit the need of

60

MARGARET FOWLER AUDITORIUM the larger number that do not go. The Republic idea is administered by a combination of the Managing Director and Program Director of the Calif­ ornia Junior Republic staff and the Chino Vocational High School teaching staff, who work hand in hand. The School Plant. was so named in 1925.

The Chino Vocational High School

It is located on the California Jun­

ior Republic grounds and is a part of the Chino Unified School District .under the jurisdiction of the Chino Board of Education.

It is an accredited high school financed, by

ADA and the California Junior Republic. The original school building was started in August and finished in October, 1912.

It was built by the Chino

61 School District on land given to the district by the Repub­ lic.

It now houses the print shop and the science depart­

ment.

Future plans call for it to be used for mechanical

drawing and vocational agriculture. The present auditorium, which is also used as chapel, was built as a living memorial to Margaret Fowler, f ounder of the California Junior Republic.

Ground was broken for

the building in May, 1939, and dedication ceremonies were held on March 31, 1940. In addition to the auditorium,

three classrooms and

the p r i nc ip al ’s office were provided at the same time. These were dedicated to Mrs. Ann Bissell McCay, Mrs. Virgin­ ia Pease Hunt, Mrs. Anne Stinchfield,

and Miss Henrietta

Brewer for their interest in and loyal support of the Re­ public through the years past.

Funds for the buildings

were donated by friends of the benefactors. The shop, woodshop, mechanical drawing and metal shop programs are held in the William Gorton Memorial Shop building, which was given in 1925 by Dr. and Mrs. Orrin B. Gorton of Sherbourne, Massachusetts, Dr. and Mrs.

in memory of a son.

Stehman of Pasadena gave the Henry M.

Stehman Memorial Library in memory of a son. On the hillside above the Administration Building stands the Government Building.

It formerly housed the

jail, which was abandoned in the early 2 0* s.

The Auditor-

62

WILLIAM GORTON MEMORIAL SHOP ium, in which boy government was held for years, now is be­ ing used for the Vocational Agriculture program.

This will

be converted into a gym room for boxing, wrestling and form­ al gymnastic work: in the future.” The other part has been converted into a shower and dressing room for physical edu­ cation classes and athletic teams. The present gym was a gift of Mrs. E. W. Brooks of Pasadena.

It is quite small and will be replaced in the

near future by a new and modern gym, which will tie in with the dressing room in the old Government building. The original swimming oool was given by Mrs. Preuss of Los Angeles.

It was replaced by the beautiful new pool,

given to the boys by the Ladies Auxiliary of Pasadena in 1948.

It is located in front of the old Government build­

ing.

This will centralize the athletic and physical educa­

tion department, where the buildings will overlook, the ath-

63 letio field and make supervision of the whole program more efficient. Chino Vocational High School Staff - 1949-50. President, Board of Trustees

Homer Bogue

Clerk of Board

Earl Newman

Member

Cecil Berry

Member

Melvin Reiley

Member

Blaine Van Dusen

Superintendent of Schools

Levi H. Dickey

Assistant Superintendent

Frank Orndorff

PrincipaSL, History and Bookkeeping

Joseph Bonnet

English

Ruth Persch

Science and Senior Problems

Bernice Silkett

Mathematics and English

Wilfred Michael

Woodshop and Mech. Drawing

Frank Andrews

Metal Shop

G-len Venard

Print Shop

Herman Williams

Vocational Agriculture

Charles Reading

Fhysical Education and Orientation (Part-time)

Bryan Robinson

Physical Education (Part-time)

Mac Hammond

The Staff.

The Chino Vocational High School staff

includes a Principal, who teaches part time, teachers and two other part-time teachers.

seven full-time All are college

64 graduates.

Three have m a s te r’s degrees, two more will have

m a s t e r ’s degrees very shortly, and one only needs to write a thesis for a d o c to r’s degree.

All are taking work at

various universities to further their education. The educational staff of the school is a very highly trained group.

The Managing Director of the Republic needs

only to write his thesis for his doctor’s degree.

The Pro­

gram Director of the Republic has his m a s t e r ’s degree. Four members of the staff have tenure. The Chino Vocational High School is a four year high school starting with the ninth grade.

There are 130 boys,

ranging between the ages of 13 and 17, although there are a few who are 18 when they graduate.

Occasionally one reaches

the age of 19, but that is the exception. In January, 1950,

a boy graduated whose father was

an American and mother a Philipplno.

During the war the

family was in the concentration camp in the Philippines where the mother died. Southern California.

The father died when he arrived in The boy, who was 17 years old, was

placed at the Republic.

He had had no high school training

but he was a very outstanding boy.

We gave him an acceler­

ated program and he graduated in two and one-half years. The Republic boy goes to school the year around. The regular school year corresponds with the Chino school system.

The first semester starts in September and ends

65 in January. in June.

The second semester starts in January and ends

The boy then has one week of vacation before the

eleven week summer school program starts.

Two summer school

sessions are the equivalent of one semester. The Republic boy,

in most cases, is a problem boy

and one of the problems is school attendance.

The older

boys, 14J- and 15, who are just beginning the ninth grade, are from one to two semesters behind and the summer school program helps to bring them up to where they belong in school.

Another problem that most of the boys have is be­

ing me_ladjusted.

This may be due to some physical reason

or it may be due to his previous environment. Whatever the problem may be, the Republic idea is that if you take a boy from his present environment and place him in a wholesome atmosphere of work,

school and

pi ay under the proper guidance and supervision for 24 hours a day,

the boy will respond and become a perfectly happy

member of society, doing his share and showing no signs of his former problems. Once a boy has been made at home at the Republic, he reports to the principal*s office and is given his program. The school is programmed on an hourly basis.

The morning

sessions begin at 7:45 a.m. and continue until 11:45 a.m. After a lunch hour of one hour and fifteen minutes, afternoon sessions begin at 1 p.m. and end at 5 p.m.

the The

66

long noon hour is to permit the hoys with special duties to complete them and not he late to class. School Pro grain. hour hasis.

Each hoy is programmed on an eight

Except in special cases, one to three hours of

his schedule are industry, which is another way of saying flw o r k . H

Each boy spends five or six hours in school daily. The school curriculum offers the following courses:

English - three years Mathematics General Math including remedial Algebra Geometry Advanced Algebra Trigonometry Science General Science Biology Social Studies American History Givics Senior Problems Health Education and First Aid Driver Education Bookkeeping Orientation Vocational Education Woodshop Mechanical Drawing General Metal Printing Vocational Agriculture Physical Education

The program by years is as follows: Ninth Year English G-eneral Science General Math Physical Education Orientation

G-eneral Metal Shop Woodshop Mechanical Drawing

Tenth Year English Biology Algebra Physical Education Orientation

Vocational Agriculture Woodshop Mechanical Drawing Metal Print

Eleventh Year English American History Bookkeeping Geometry Phy sica-1 Education Orientation

Metal Vocational Agriculture Print Woodshop Mechanical Drawing

Twelfth Year Civics Senior Problems Bookkeeping Advanced Algebra Trigonometry Physical Education

Vocational Agriculture Print Metal Woodshop Mechanical Drawing

Summer School English - remedial G-eneral Math remedial Driver Education Health Education and First Aid Physical Education

Print Woodshop Mechanical Drawing Metal

68

To be added to curriculum in the near future are: Band - probably in September, 1950 Vocal Music - within next three years Electric Shop - within next three years Requirements for G r a d u a t i o n 200 hours of completed work 3 years of English 2 majors 1 year of Life Science 1 year of American History 1 semester of Civics 1 semester of Senior Problems 4 years of Physical Education Driver Education Testing P r o g r a m ,

Each boy,

on entering school,

is

given the California Mental Maturity tests and achievement tests in Reading, Arithmetic the last two weeks

and Language. Beginning with

of summer school inAugust, 1950, again

in January and June,

it is planned to give each boy the Iowa

tests to see what improvements have been made. Orientation. public,

Each boy, when he first enters the Re ­

is given a one semester course in Orientation.

The

first four weeks deal with the rules and regulations of the whole program, what he can and cannot do, government,

correct dress, proper manners.

weeks are given to testing.

the penalities, boy The next two

After this has been completed,

the remainder of the semester is spent on units in reading books,

geography and fundamentals of arithmetic. Vocational Education.

boys come from cities.

More than 90 per cent of our

Very seldom is a senior boy taken

59

into our program.

Very few juniors are accepted.

The big

percentage of our new boys are ninth and tenth graders. There are several reasons for this. First, the junior or senior boy is usually too old and set in his habits for our program to do him any good. Second, it takes at least one year as a minimum,

and better

two years, for our program to complete the job on the boy and be sure he will not revert to type he was when he was accepted. One of the biggest problems faced by the administra­ tion is to convince the home and the probation department the need of leaving the boy at the Republic a little longer. The probation department has a large number of boys that need the particular training given at the Republic. Very often the boy will show a big improvement after the first year and the department is willing to take a chance and let the boy go home in order to give another boy the needed opportunity. In private placement cases the parents often yield to a b o y ’s desire to go home when they see a big improvement in him.

They do not realize that although he is well-adjust­

ed under 24 hour supervision,

the mold is not yet set.

If

he Is removed too soon from full-time supervision, he often reverts to type.

Many times we have to take boys back when

parents realize their mistake.

Quite often the boy,

after

70 being out for a while,

realizes that the other pasture is

not as green as it appears and comes back of his own free will to graduate. Exploratory B a si s.

In vocational education at the

Republic, the ninth year and. first semester of the tenth year are used for exploratory purposes.

Each boy is assign­

ed to woodshop, mechanical drawing, metal shop, and vocation­ al agriculture.

The purpose is that even if he shows no ten­

dency for a career in either woodshop or metalshop, he learns how to use tools and do things that will come in handy when he has his own home.

Mechanical drawing will improve his

writing and neatness of work.

Vocational agriculture will

teach him how to care for plants, lawns, which will come in handy when he has his own yard. Starting with the second semester of his tenth year, if the boy finds that he has talent along any vocational sub­ ject or develops an interest in one, he can concentrate all his efforts along that particular line. If a boy has had three years training in our wood­ shop,

the carpenter’s union of Pomona is willing to give

two years of apprenticeship credit of the three necessary to any boy recommended by the Republic. In the print shop, which was re-opened in September, 1949, after being closed by necessity during the war because of the lack of trained instructors,

the program is being

71 handled differently.

Individuals are being hand-picked un­

til a trained personnel can be built up among the boys. In the school the classes are quite small in number, very seldom exceeding 20 in number but usually under 15. This makes it possible to give individual attention when needed.

All the boys are checked every week and if they

are not doing passing work in any subject, on the

“down l i s t . ”

they are placed

Being on this list loses privileges

for the boy.

He cannot go out on Sundays as long as he is

on the list.

During the show on Saturday night he reports

to a special study hall instead.

As a result of this con­

stant check, the boys who are continuously on this list are soon discovered. why.

Then everyone goes to w o r k to find out

The b o y ’s desire to regain his lost privileges also

helps him to keep after his studies. The attendance problem is a very simple one.

If the

boy is sick, he reports to the hospital, where it is very easy to check.

Other than for a very special reason,

boy is seldom out of school unless he is !lA W 0 L . f!

the

This

means that he has left without permission. Future Plans for School.

It is the plan to increase

the enrollment of the school to 200 boys within the next three years.

This will mean additional classrooms,

addi­

tional staff, new cottages, new gym, and additional courses to enrich the curriculum.

72 Starting in September one member of the faculty is going to be used for remedial work only.

This one teacher

will have one group of 12 boys for three hours a day in which she will teach them remedial writing, arithmetic.

spelling and

One hour of physical education and four hours

of industry will complete their daily schedule.

These boys

will be those that are so far behind in the three Hs that they get very little attention in regular class and are by­ passed and usually fail. bring any improvement,

If one year of special work will

it is felt that the program will be

well worth while. Besides the three period class, this teacher will have two single oeriods, one for reading and writing and the other for arithmetic,

for students who are especially

deficient in one subject or the other.

After a trial of

one year, the program will be evaluated to see if it is worth while or not. In September it is planned to teach instrumental music for one period a day. increased to 200,

As soon as the enrollment is

it is planned to add a combination English

and vocal music instructor to the staff.

It is felt that

the Republic music program has been inadequate.

It has

been given as part of the club program in the evening but it has been hard to get trained help under such conditions. Future plans also call for a well equipped science

73 laboratory,

separation of mechanical drawing from woodshop

to make it a full time program,

the addition of electricity

to the industrial arts program* Graduation. ary and June. cise.

Graduation exercises are held in Janu­

The class averages about eight at each exer­

The reason for two exercises is that since the boys

come from all over the state of California,

some of the boys

could not come back and would lose the experience of going through the graduation exercises. A typical graduation program is as follows: COMMENCEMENT Winter Class of Nineteen Hundred Fifty CALIFORNIA JUNIOR REPUBLIC Chino Vocational High School Chino, California BACCALAUREATE SERVICE Sunday, January 22, 1950 7:30 p.m. Processional

’’Prelude in C ”

Bach

Hymn

’’Holy, Holy, H o l y ”

L o r d ’s Prayer

Congregation

Doxology

Congregation

Scripture Reading

John R. Babcock

”A Song of P e a c e ” Sibelius

Reoublic Quartet

74 Baccalaureate Sermon nI Dare Y o u ” Rev. Gordon A McGrane, Pastor, Presbyterian Church Pomona, California Hymn

,fThis Is My Father's World"

Benediction

Rev. Gordon A. McGrane

Recessional

"Largo" - Handel

COMMENCEMENT SERVICE Thursday, January 26, 1950 8:00 p.m. Processional

"Pomp and Circumstance"

Invocation

Rev.

Gordon A. McGrane

Presentation of Outstanding Junior Republic Officer Award Mr. Delbert E. Fiock Managing Director, California Junior Republic Valedictory Address

Irvin P. Myerson,

Jr.

Presentation of California Junior Republic Citizens Mr. Delbert E. Fiock Awarding of Citizenship Diplomas Mr. Nicholas E. Griffin President, Board of Trustees, California Junior Republic Violin Solo "II Bacio" "Schon Rosemarin"

Bruce Strand L. Aditi Fritz Kreisler

Commencement Address Dr. Robert A. Millikan Professor Emeritus and Vice President California Institute of Technology Presentation of Graduating Class Mr. Joseph Bonnet Principal, Chino Vocational High School Awarding of Diplomas Mr. Melvin Reiley Member, Board of Trustees, Chino Schools Republic Hymn

"Land of Hope and Glory"

Benediction

Rev. Gordon A. McGrane

Recessional

flPomp and Circumstance" Citizenship Diplomas

John R. B a-bcoc]£

Dean D. Mattison

William Barto

Walter J. McMahan

Ronald Boggs

Bruce L. Melanson

Marvin Chapman

Irvin P. Myerson,

John E. Cropper

David L. Perkins

James Couch

Richard Satterberg

William H. Denton

Francis Schwartz

Fred L. Edmiston

Rudolph W. Struman

Roy Emery

William J. Sweeney

Lawrence W. Knight

Robert E. Walker

Jr.

George Martinez

High School Diolomas John R. Babcock

Lawrence W. Knight

John E. Cropper

Michael J. Martin

Fred L. Edmiston

Irvin P. Myerson,

Richard C. Goodknight

Rudolph W. Struman

Robert E. Walker

Jr.

CHAPTER 8 THE REPUBLIC BOY AT WORK Let me but do my work from day to day, In field or forest, at the desk or at the loom, In the roaring market-place or tranquil room; Let me but find it in my heart to say, When vagrant wishes beckon me astray, "This is my work; my blessing not my doom; Of all who live, I am the only one by whom This work can best be done in the right w a y . ” Then shall I see it not too great not small, To suit my spirit and to prove my powers; Then shall I cheerful greet the laboring hours, And cheerful turn, when the long shadows fall At eventide, to play and love a.nd rest, Because I know for me my work is best, — Henry Van Dyke With 125 potential engineers, painters, plumbers, farmers,

carpenters,

cooks, waiters,

and highway construct­

ors "on the payroll" it is little wonder that the California Junior Republic seldom needs to call upon outside aid. the exception of major construction,

With

it can most emphatical­

ly be said that, under trained supervision,

"This is the

farm that boys made and operate," although there is no ten­ dency to give the boys projects beyond their training. The "Work Experience Program," commonly referred to as "Industry," emphasizes our motto of "Nothing Without Labor."

This consists of two or three hours of activity

each day for each boy under an experienced supervisor. The Dairy.

The R e p u b l i c s dairy plays a big part in

7?

PUTZDALE GETTY SIR PROGRESS products for the dining room, “but serves as a laboratory in which boys interested in animal husbandry can get the very best training. The dairy is equipped wi th a milking machine and a pasteurizer.

The six boys directly responsible for its op'

eration and who run the dairy under the director get paid for this work.

Feeding, milking, pasteurizing,

and deliv­

ery are their responsibility. The pride and joy of the Republic boys are the five purebred young Holsteins, which form the nucleus of what they know will be one of the great model herds of the fut­ ure . A yearling bull, named Putzdale Getty Sir Progress,

PRIZE YOUNG HEIFERS START OF REPUBLIC DAIRY HERD

78 from one of the finest milk-producing lines in the state, has been donated to the Republic by Mr. Charles Putz of the Puts&aie Farm near Kingsburg. The two young heifers given to the school by the Los Angeles Rotary Club are: Var Wayne.

El Pajaro Burke Leda and El Pajaro

They come from the W. C. Latham herd at Laton,

California.

The two from the San Marino Kiwanis Club are:

Pal-O-Mita Jack Eleanor and Pal-O-Mita Rock Queen.

These

two are from the Pal-O-Kita Farms of Mr. and Mrs. Fermin Larrey of Fresno. The P l g g e r v .

This serves also as a laboratory in

which the boys interested in animal husbandry can get valu­ able training.

The Republic has a herd of about 100 pigs

and tries to maintain from 12 to 18 brood sows and 25 to 50 feeder pigs.

In this way meat is provided for the dining

hall and also pigs to sell to the market. Poultry. program.

This is also a part of the work experience

The Republic keeps a flock of about 500 chickens,

of which 150 to 200 are layers. baby chicks.

The flock is raised from

The layers are culled at frequent intervals

and are replaced by pullets.

The fryers and the old hens

are used for meat in the dining room. The F a r m .

The farm at the California Junior Republic

is a laboratory of 240 acres as equipment for the regular high school agricultural program.

It also is a perfect out-

79

LOADING- GREEN FEED ON TRUCK let for the boundless energies of 125 typical boys, whose greatest problem has been lack: of direction for those en­ ergies. Because of the hard fact that, like any other sound enterprise,

this school-farm for formerly under-privileged

boys has had to pull its own freight in balancing the oper­ ating budget,

the farm is nin business to make mo ne y. ”

Modern scientific methods, modern machinery,

and efficient

business-like management have not only enabled the Republic to supply itself with many needed vegetables,

fresh milk

and poultry products, but also to market a surplus. Crops have been well rotated at the Republic in late years in the belief that in this way, boys interested in farming will be able to observe all types of it and because it is good soil conservation. ley, and alfalfa,

Black-eyed beans,

corn, bar­

in addition to permanent pasture for

dairy make up the principal crops. Some of the work activities that the boys partici-

80 pate in are: digging the ditch so as to connect the over­ head irrigation system on the hill; running the equipment (tractors, trucks, mowers, etc.) to plant and ha.rvest the crops;

irrigating the row crops and the alfalfa; working

at the silo; caring for equipment.

This program is not

necessarily based on an eight hour work day. learns that when the work is there,

The boy

that it means getting

up early and working late. The Dining R o o m .

The dining room provides an oppor­

tunity for boys interested in this type of vocation to se­ cure such training under trained supervision.

The boys are

trained to prepare food, the care of vegetables, preparing salads,

cooking meat, dishing up food, washing pots and

pans, and getting ready for the next meal. In the dining room the boys are trained to wait on table,

setting table for next meal, washing dishes, and

mopping floors. The La un dr y.

Here the boy is trained in all phases

of a laundry under a trained supervisor.

The laundry is

fully equipped with automatic washers and mangles.

The boy

is trained in sorting and marking clothes, washing, pressing, and delivering of clothes. years,

After a period of a couple of

the boy would be qualified to work in a laundry. Building and Maintenance.

The activities which the

boys engage in under the building and maintenance work ex­

81 perience program includes painting, plastering, mechanical, electrical and carpentry. The Atwood Cottage, home of the Program Director, was completely remodeled and redecorated.

This project of

the carpenter shop gave the hoys a sound practical training and the school a real dollars and cents increa.se in assets and much needed additional useable quarters. The Importance of a recreational and athletic pro­ gram wherein every boy has an opportunity to make a team of some sort is increasingly recognized in character building. The boys have prepared under supervision a regulation 440 yard track with a 220 yard straight-a-way for the laying of cinders.

They helped to install the lights for the soft­

ball diamond. The boys dug the ditch and helped with laying of the gas line, about 400 feet, to install the heating unit for the swimming pool. The boys helped to construct a shed to house farm mac hi ne ry . Part of the old government building was completely remodeled and redecorated into shower and dressing rooms. The boys helped with the plumbing involved in bringing gas, hot and cold water,

showers, toilets,

and urinals.

They

helped with the tearing down, the concrete work, plastering, painting,

setting tiles,

and installing a heating system.

82

WORKING- IN GARDEN

At the present time the boys are busy remodeling the kitchen and dining room. in the dining room.

Additional space is needed

This necessitates moving the dish

washer, pantry, and serving tables into another room. means more plumbing, cement work, plastering,

This

laying tile,

painting and carpenter work. All of these projects mean valuable w o r k experience training for the boy and increased assets for the Republic. Ground Maintenance.

Here the boy gains valuable

training under proper supervision in the care of grounds, care of lawns,

and shrubs,

the proper method of pruning,

how to replace plants and how to control weeds. The ground maintenance crew also has charge of the garden. onions,

Here they raise potatoes, lettuce,

cucumbers,

corn, tomatoes,

carrots,

beans, and cabbage that are

83 used in the dining room. Custodial.

The hoys in the custodial crew have

charge of keeping all of the buildings clean, see that sup­ plies are on hand,

and make any small repairs that are nec­

essary. The work experience program offers all of the boys an opportunity to receive training in many different ways. When a boy graduates, he knows a little of just about every­ thing and does one thing very well.

85

TENNIS COURT

unit has just been added so the pool can be used the year around. pong,

There are also facilities for horse-shoes, ping-

and badminton.

During the recreation period on Sat­

urday and Sunday, which is from 2 to 4:30 p.m., have free play.

the boys

They can use any of the facilities they

desire, under the supervision of a staff member. Softball L e a g u e .

During the summer an intermural

softball program is played for which the boys are divided into two leagues according to ability,

"A” and "B".

The

winner of each league is taken to some professional athle­ tic contest.

At the end of the season the b o y ’s team

plays the staff.

This is enjoyed by both groups.

Birthday N i g h t .

The last weekend of each month is _

known as "birthday night."

All of t h e ‘boys and staff mem-

85 bers, who had birthdays during the month, are honored at a dinner for them and their families.

The boys sit at the

birthday table and each one receives a birthday card and a small gift. name,

After dinner,

each boy stands up,

gives his

age, where he is from, and how long he has been at

the Republic.

Later all adjourn to the auditorium for the

movie. Movies.

The Republic,

eouioped with a modern sound

picture machine, provides a weekly schedule of the best films,

shown on Saturday nights and holidays. Some of the movies recently shown are:

Was My Valley, Home Sweet Homicide,

Shocking Miss Pilgrim,

Man About the House, Prince of Foxes, and a Prayer,

Submarine Patrol,

How Green

Stormy Weather, Wing

House on 92na Street,

It's

Everybody Does It, I Was a Male War Bride,

All in the Stars,

Father Was a Fullback, Purple Heart. Dances. the year.

Deduces are held at different times during

The Dean of Girls at Chino High School and the

Girl's Physical Educetion Teacher at Pomona High School an­ nounce the dance at school and post a sign-up list for the girls who will go.

The girls are picked up in the school

bus, at a central place before the dance, and are delivered to their homes after the dance.

Once a girl has attended

one of the dances, she usually looks forward to the next one

87

* so she can come again.

The dances are from 8 to 11 p.m.

Some times there is an orchestra, 11juke b o x . ”

then again it may he a

Refreshments for the dances are prepared and

served by the boys. The first dance of the year is the Halloween dance. It is held on Saturday night nearest to Halloween in the gym.

The boys decorate the gym with bales of hay, corn

stalks, halloween figures, and streamers.

The boys put in

hours of work and when they are through, only seeing it can describe it.

They have a setting that is seldom,

if ever,

found at any dance in a public school. The next dance Is the Junior-Senior prom held in January to honor the midyear graduating seniors.

This is

a semi-formal dance, where the girls wear their good Sunday dresses and the boys have to wear coats and ties.

Again

the boys will put in hours, using different ideas for deco­ rations with graduation as the motif.

This year a boy in

school, very talented in art, drew a series of ca.rtoons de­ picting life at the Republic from the time a boy arrives un­ til he leaves.

The cartoons were masterpieces.

At this

dance the juniors and seniors are the envy of the rest of the boys since they are the only ones permitted to go.

This

dance Is held in the library with the big fireplace with a cheery fire burning during the dance. The next dance is held in February for all of the

88 boys.

Valentine Is the motif for decorations and again the

boys go all out.

This dance is held in the gym and is usu­

ally the most colorful with the many bright colors.

This is

a sport dance, where the boy may wear a sport shirt. The last dance of the year is held in May and called the spring dance.

It is held in the gym and the boys use

many different ideas for decorations.

This is usually a

semi-formal dance. Vacations.

The Republic boy gets two vacations a

year when he can go home.

The first one is in June at the

end of the regular school year and before summer school be­ gins.

This is for one week.

time and for two weeks.

The other is at Christmas

If the boy has only been in school

for a short time, he may only get two or three days.

Almost

all of the boys are home on Christmas unless they have no home.

It is this time of year that brings out the most sym­

pathy for some of the boys. Just before Christmas last year, one of the teachers said to one of the boys,

”1 guess you*11 be going home for

Christmas, w o n ’t y o u ? ” The boy replied,

”Yes, but I guess t h e y ’ll find some

reason w h y they d o n ’t want me around and I ’ll be back in two or three d a y s. ” He was not a problem boy either. Those that are at the Republic on Christmas day are

89 taken into Pomona for a dinner and show b y one of the house­ mothers.

That evening they have some kind of a party in one

of the cottage living rooms. All other school holidays and vacations are usually f,work d a y s 11 or Hwork w e e k s 11 to the boys.

It is during these

!,work d a y s ” and Mwork w e e k s ” that the change that comes over the boys under the Republic program really begins to show. The majority of the boys, who are wards of the court,

find

that their troubles started with their failure to attend school or because they were habitual truants.

Imagine hear­

ing those boys say the day before a 11work w e e k , ”

”1 sure

wish there was school tomorrow.11 In the Co t ta ge .

In the evening the boys can get to­

gether in their living room and sing, listen to their radios, play cards,

checkers, w o r k on puzzles,

that they wish.

read, or do anything

When it is cold, there is a big fireplace

with plenty of wood to burn to give a very cheery atmos­ phere . Miscellaneous.

There are large numbers of other en­

tertainments held for the boys.

Honor trips to the beach,

radio shows, and athletic games are some. weather permits,

Then, when the

there are barbecues on the hill.

On the

Fourth of July the boys have wrestling and boxing matches, sxfiraming, which is followed by a. barbecue on the hill and a show in the evening.

90 At Christmas the Ladies Auxiliary have a party for the "boys.

They first have a special dinner and then each

boy is presented with a gift.

Then an outstanding vaude­

ville stage show from the Orpheum circuit is presented in the Auditorium. The Rotary Club of Chino each year makes an annual Crombie Allen award to the outstanding boy. dinner and a stage show, and is held in May.

This means a The award is

an engraved wrist watch and band. At the Republic the boys have lots of time for play and recreation.

It is quite a varied program and it can

truthfully be said that some of the talent brought for the entertainment of the boys is never seen by a lot of boys and girls.

The program is planned so that the boy can en­

joy some of the things that he missed in his own home.

91 CHAPTER 10 BOY GOVERNMENT Sometimes you may misjudge me and think: me stern and unsympathetic, but in the end you will appreciate the wisdom of my course and the sincerity of my efforts. Come, take my hand, and I will lead you out of the shadows back again to the kingdom of youth. — Franklin Chase Hoyt Organized as Small C i t y .

The system of boy govern­

ment is the feature which conspicuously distinguishes the Republic.

It is the essence of the Junior Republic idea.

Every boy is entrusted with responsibility,

not only for

his own work, but for his own discipline. In other words,

the Republic community is organized

as a municipality with a republican form of government. Each cottage is a district and elects a councilman.

The

whole body elects a mayor, a judge and a district attorney. Elections are held three times a year. Town Me e ti n g s .

Every Monday evening, known as G o v ­

ernment N i g ht ,” a town meeting is held, which every boy must attend.

At these meetings the boys make their own ordin­

ances, with due formalities, After the meeting,

and with penalties attached.

the weekly court is convened,

at

which time any boy who has violated the rules is tried b e ­ fore the judge or a jury of his fellow citizens. jurymen are chosen by lot.

The six

Some offenders are merely warned

92 against repeating,

some are put on probation, while others

are sentenced to do extra work or are deprived of various privileges,

such as attending the weekly motion picture

show or using the swimming pool. An instructor attends the court sessions,

to assist

in an advisory capacity in the administering of justice. Example of T r i a l . smoking.

Hal,

for example, was accused of

A lighted butt had been found beneath his window

and a rope of bedsheets dangled from the sill.

Hall pleaded

not guilty. His attorney argued long and skillfully.

The knotted

sheet might serve as circumstantial evidence that Hal had climbed out the window but

nmy client is not on trial for

climbing out a w i n d o w ...... no one saw him smoke

anyone

could have dropped the cigarette....unless you can find to a moral certainty and beyond a reasonable shadoxv of a doubt that he is guilty...." The jury found Hal not guilty. Results accomplished.

Several thousands have gradu­

ated from the California. Junior Republic.

Kany have gone

on to become business executives, high ranking military and naval officers,

and public officials.

Nearly all have done

as well or better than the average high-school graduate. And, what most pleases the men and women who super­ vise these citizens is that "not one alumnus we've contacted

93 has ever expressed anything hut pride that he came from h e r e ....which is pretty good,

considering that we have to

work like Trojans the first two or three months after a boy arrives to get it out of his head h e ’s in a reformatory.” Application for Citizenship.

After a boy has been a

resident of the Republic for 60 days and is in good standing with both the Citizen and Federal Governments, his application for citizenship.

he may file

After learning the Repub­

lic B o y ’s oath and upon successfully passing his examination for citizenship, the Republic.

the boy becomes a full-fledged citizen of

This entitles him to hold office and partici­

pate in all the activities. Each boy must memorize the Republic Citizenship Oath which is shown on the Application for Citizenship form.

QUALIFICATIONS AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS M a y o r . Only citizens over the age of fifteen who have held a high elective or appointive office, been at the Republic one year and are in good standing are eligible for nomination. Candidates should be able to command respect and courtesy from all citizens. They should have experience in administering club programs. Candidates should be fully informed concerning the Charter and be able tc reply when called upon, to any par­ ticular article contained therein. The Mayor presides at all sessions of the Council and at all civic functions of the government. He is recognized as the spokesman for both the Council and the Government. He is the recognized official of the Government for all pub­ lic gatherings and ceremonial purposes and must see the c i t y ’s dignity and honor maintained.

Certificate of

Citi3enebip tn tiff

California junior IRepublic Aurartoii 5fa______________________________ tutfn ifaa paaarb ttye (Eiwil S’rrutrr Examination anb fyaa bftttanatratrb Ijia mnrtljinraa tn hr a ritfern. Apprntteb bp________________ ____ For Civil Service Commission

___________ bap n f____________ 10___ Mayor

For Federal Government

A P P L IC A T IO N for

C ITIZEN SH IP in the

C A L IF O R N IA JU N IO R REPUBLIC +

+

*

REPUBLIC CITIZENSHIP OATH (ATHENIAN OATH) I W IL L N O T D ISG R A C E T H E S E SACRED ARMS N O R EVER DESERT A C O M R A D E I N T H E RANKS I W IL L G U A R D T H E TE M P L E S A N D CENTERS O F C IV IC L IF E A N D U P H O L D T H E ID E A L S O F M Y C O U N T R Y B O T H A L O N E A N D I N C O N C E R T W I T H O TH E R S A N D OBSERVE T H E LAW S, AS W E L L T H O S E A T PRESENT I N FORCE A N D T H O S E T H E M A J O R IT Y H E R E A FTE R E N A C T S H O U L D A N Y O N E SEEK T O S U B V E R T T H O S E LAW S OR SET T H E M A S ID E H I M W IL L I OPPOSE I N C O M M O N W I T H O TH E R S OR A L O N E I N T H E S E W A Y S I T W IL L BE M Y C O N S T A N T A IM N O T O N L Y T O PRESERVE T H E T H IN G S OF W O R T H I N M Y N A T IV E L A N D BUT T O M A K E T H E M O F S T IL L GREATER W O R T H O A T H O F T H E Y O U N G M E N OF A T H E N S 400 B. C

CITIZENSHIP RULES 1. Sixty days residence in the Republic is required before a resident can apply for citizenship. 2. Every applicant must show that he has been courteous to instructors, square in his dealings, that he is sincere in his efforts to improve. 3. Every applicant must answer to the satisfaction of the Civil Service Committee the questions set forth in the Citizenship Applicant Blank. 4. Every application must be filed three days before it can upon.

be acted

5. Any citizen or instructor may protest against any applicant receiving civil service. Such protest shall be in writing and set forth the reasons for the protest and shall be signed by the protestant. The applicant shall at once be served with a copy of the protest and shall be given an opportunity to come before the Committee and answer the same. 6. Citizenship standing may be forfeited when in the judgement of the Civil Service Committee the citizen makes a misuse of it, or when the citizen shows deterioration. The citizen shall be given a fair trial before the Committee.

CALIFORNIA J U H L O R R E P U B L IC

APPLICATION FOR CITIZENSHIP 95b 19 —....................

.

Date

..............

I,

-............. .......... ......

Hereby make application, for Citizenship in the California Junior Republic. Answer the following questions carefully, specificallyand neatly: 1. How’ long have you been at the Republic?............................ ........................................... ............................. ................. 2. What is your Industry?

________________

3. What is your standing in school?

Standing? ............. ............. ............. ............. .....

...................

4. Name the Athletica in which you are active

In the..cottage?.... ....................................................

..... ..................................... ..... .................

5. List here offences for which you have been brought before the Judge or Justice of peace. Offences Sentence

6. State any improvements you have made in: a.

Health .......

.

b.

Habits

c.

Character ......

...

. .. ................. . ...

. ....................

............................

.... .

..... ....................... .................

7. Do you respect the orders given by the Boy Officers?. ..

...

-

-

-

....

-

-

-

- ------------ ------------------------------

.......

----

—

lu. Have you at any time forfeited your right to become a citizen? ... .

........ .

--------

9. Are you in sympathy with and loyal to these ideals?

11. Have you studied the Athenian Oath? ----

......................

............. ...............

2.

3......

, ...... .

....................

8. What is your understanding of the ideals for which the Republic stands? ....

1

....

-

.............

......

> - .......

....... .......

-

.....

The following oath must be signed in the presence of the Civil Service Commission: Read carefully before signing I take solemn oath that the above answers are true to the best of my knowledge and belief; and that, if I pass this examination, I will in every way possible, whether an elected officer in the Republic or not, endeavor to uphold the law and maintain a spirit of high honor and loyalty among all citizens. Signed .......

-......... Applicant

Declared before me on this ..........................day of

19

at the California Junior Republic

Signed ---------Chairman Civil Service Commission

Name ____

Number ........ ........

REFERENCES Have your House Mother, your School or Industrial Instructor, any Elective Officer, any appointive officer, and any citizen who would give you a reference, sign below: House Mother ___________________________

....

Instructor ....... ...................................... .................. .......................... Elective Officer ___ __________________ ____________________ Appointive Officer _______________ ________

_____________

Citizen ------------------------ ------------ -------- -------------- ------- ------Date of Filing ___ __________________ ________19 .

96 His powers and duties shall be such as are conferred upon him by the Council, in accordance with the provisions of the Government Charter. He is required to sign any or­ dinance before it becomes a law. The Charter requires that he shall preside ever a Council meeting at least once every seven days. In cases where the Mayor is not able to perform in official capacity, it will be the duty of the Council to elect one of their members to act as Mayor iirotem. The Council convenes every Monday evening at 7:15 and the order of business is as follows: America Council will come to order Head minutes of last meeting Corrections Old business Reports: Councilmen a. b. Fire Chief c . Chief of Police d. Radio Commissioner e . Health Commissioner f . Civil Service Commissioner g- M a y o r 1s reports and comments New business: Curtail petty matters Law business (10 minutes) New boys taking out Citizenship Certificates Adjournment Time 7:15 to 7:50 Extra Duties of the M a y o r . The Mayor is in charge of breakfast, dining room; in charge, meal assemblies; in charge, Saturday and Sunday assemblies; in charge, assembly on the plaza in case of fire. Ju dg e. Citizens desirous of securing the office of Judge are expected to have held a salaried office, and to have been at the Republic one year. The2f must be at the time of election 15 years of age and shall have been mem­ bers of the Bar Association for a period of at least three months, and never have bee n convicted of a major offense. They must have shown good leadership, honest judgment and high integrity. They should be fearless, straightforward and Independent thinkers. The Judge presides over all sessions of the Citi zen1s Court and has the rower to arpoint or remove his Clerk or Bailiff. The Judge is responsible for carrying into effect all

97 orders cf the Court. His position requires him to dispense Justice to those seeking the mercy of the court and to mete out penalties to those found guilty of violation of Grainanc e s . when a defendant is charged "by the citizens of the California Junior Republic with committing a misdemeanor or felony contrary to the form of the statutes, in such cases made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the aforesaid citizens, the Judge shall weigh all evidence very carefully and administer Justice, being guided by the Char­ ter and the General Laws. The office of Judge carries dignity and respect, and the Judge is required to command civility and courtesy from all the citizens and officials when presiding over Court. The Charter requires that the Court shall be held once every seven days. The Charter further provides that a Court may be held at any required time, at the advice of the District Attorney. The Judge should look for any signs of threatening or bulldozing a witness of the defendant and warn the attorneys accordingly. District A ttorne y. Candidates for the office of Dis­ trict Attorney should be quite intelligent, alert and keen investigators. They should have held an appointive office for a per­ iod of six itfeeks or already have served as an elective offi­ cer and shall have been an attorney-at-law for the Califor­ nia Junior Republic for a period of two months. No candidate may offer himself for this office who has b een guilty of any felony designated as a *major offen­ se . s Candidates must be able to express themselves in a clear manner and should have experience in speaking before public gatherings. The duties of the District Attorney are to accept complaints from all Boy Officers, citizens or instructors who seek to prosecute any boy believed to be guilty of an infringement of the Laws and Rules as provided by the Char­ ter . He is expected to investigate all cases before bring­ ing the defendant before the Court. His duties require him to enforce the laws of the Republic, laws of the country and the State of California, against persons feloniously violat­ ing them. He will prosecute in a fair, straightforward manner, at the same time insisting that the law must be upheld and that the defendant is guilty until proved innocent.

98 The District Attorney is the Judge's right-hand man, vet he must not attempt to influence the Judge in any man­ ner for his personal gain. Procedure in Court: After charge is read and defen­ dant has pleaded guilty or not guilty, the case is in the hands of the District Attorney. If plea is guilty: 1. Explain cffense to Court. 2. Tell of circumstances that led to act. 3. Produce evidence. 4. Make plea in the interests of justice. If plea is not guilty: 1. Explain why action is being brought against defendant 2. Produce evidence. 3. Call witnesses to the stand. 4. Listen to Defending Attorney, objecting accordingly. 5. Sum up his case and appeal to the jury and Judge . Councilman. Candidates for the office of Councilman are expected to have held an appointive office for not less than six weeks, proved their worth a.s a leader in civic mat­ ters, and be a resident of the cottage which they represent. Candidates should be brave, honest, able and consc­ ientious. They should be individual in their viewpoint and not dependent upon others for their opinions. They are re­ quired to have the interests of their fellow citizens at heart. Experience in conducting club and group meetings will be of vital importance. Each Councilman is directly responsible to the Mayor for the well-being, good conduct and morale of the citizens in his cottage. He is the recognized boy-head of his cot­ tage, with control over all boys and officers who may be re­ siding therein. The further duties of the Councilman are to interest citizens in inter-cottage sports, competitive games and lo­ cal programs. They are required to help all boys in becom­ ing acquainted with the cottage laws and Republic rules. They are official hosts to all cottage visitors. At the request of the Mayor they will attend special Council meetings on Monday nights. Any Councilman has the right to request a Council meeting and must take the matter to the Mayor for his approval. Each Councilman is expected to submit at the weekly Council meeting ideas and reforms, rules and ordinances that will improve the condition of his ward, with the intent of improving conditions for the residents of his precinct. He

99

is required to be familiar with health conditions and the condition of property and orderliness of his community. Duties of Council. Each cottage is represented by one Councilman. Three, including the Mayor, make a quorum.. They may meet at any given time, upon the request of the Mayor. The Council attends to the general business of the city, making laws and ordinances for the regulation of the affairs of the city. It is the duty of the Council to listen to petitions and complaints from private citizens, also to accept re­ ports from appointive officers. The Council shall examine all applications from citi­ zens seeking appointive offices. Their selection should be based upon the candidate's ability to fit the position, and not upon personal prejudice or favor. The Council also elects the Chief of Police, Health Commissioner, Civil Service Commissioner, Radio Commissioner, and Justice of the Peace. These many responsibilities add to the importance of their judgment. Justice of the P e a c e . A candidate for the office of Justice of the Peace shall have held an appointive office for six weeks and shall be a member of the Bar Association. He must be familiar with Court procedure and have a complete knowledge of the Charter and G-eneral Laws, as well as the Justice of the Peace laws. He must be one of the most re­ spected citizens and possess real qualities of fairness, kindliness and a sense of justice. The position of Justice of the Peace carries a. dig­ nity and the official is expected to command at all times civility, courtesy, and respect from all citizens. The Justice of the Peace listens to all minor charges preferred and listed in the Charter under Justice of the Peace Court Laws . The Justice of the Peace Court is held once a week, preferably Monday night. The Justice of the Peace appoints his own Bailiff, District Attorney and Charge Reader. The Justice of the Peace attends all meetings of the Superior Court. Chief of P o l i c e . Candidates for the office of Chief of Police are required to be of excellent physique and good health. They are required to have served on the Republic Police Force at least six weeks. Their character should be outstanding, where the qual­ ities of even temper, courtesy, firmness and good fellowship

100

are pronounced. They must be disciplinarians and able to enforce all laws governing the peace of the Republic* The Chief of Police is in charge of the discipline at all public gatherings and is permitted to call upon any pri­ vate citizens to render aid or assistance on such occasions as considered necessary by him. In case of fire he immediately proceeds to the scene and assumes disciplinary control, beeping citizens from pos­ sible danger and seeing that there is no interference with the firemen in their duties. The Chief of Police is immediately under the direction of the Mayor (in place of Police Commission) and is required to confer with the Mayor on any particular problem concern­ ing his duties. The Chief shall hold a meeting with Republic Police at least once a week. He assigns his men during the we ek­ ends to different areas of the Republic. Further, he is in full charge of the detention rooms and must detail an offi­ cer to clean same. Should any citizen be confined therein, he must see that the person is fed at the regular meal times, given a shower, and at lea.st one-half h o u r ’s exercise daily. Health Commissioner. The Health Commissioner is re­ quired to have served six weeks, in good standing, as health officer. He should be interested in the sanitary conditions of the school and be a leader in physical and hygiene acti­ vities. The Health Commissioner is appointed by the Council and has full charge of the Health Officers. He is required to hold a meeting with the Health Officers ea,ch Monday noon and receive their reports. He must pay at least one visit to each cottage per week. He notes the sanitary conditions of public lavatories, public buildings and gutters. At Council session on Monday evening he is required to give a verbal report. He is in charge of the Saturday morning extra special duty. He must check up on Health Officers in line once a day. Civil Service Commissioner. A candidate for the po­ sition of Civil Service Commissioner should have an aptitude to work with boys or a desire to later do b o y s 1 work; he should be a clean, straightforward and independent thinker; he should have a high standing in school and citizenship; and must command the respect of the citizens. He must be familiar with all Republic laws, rules and ordinances, and should have the interests of the new boys at heart.

101

In pursuance of his duties, he must meet and greet new hoys, show them to the hospital and. introduce them to the nurse. He should introduce them to the citizens at the gym, school and shops, and to their housemothers. He shall assign them to their places in the dining room. He should instruct, advise and assist them in learn­ ing the rules. The Commissioner is required to hold at least one meeting each week with the new "boys, preferably on Friday evening, at which time his assistants must be present. Mat­ ters pertaining to Republic affairs are taken up and Civil Service examinations are held during these meetings. He is required to offer a report at the Monday Coun­ cil meeting. The Commissioner appoints two citizens as his assist­ ants. The Commissioner or one of his assistants must attend the Justice of the Peace Court. The Commissioner is expected to confer frequently with the Government advisor. The Civil Service position incurs, perhaps, more re­ sponsibility than any other in the Boy Government, so it is imperative that the citizen selected should have all or many of the aforesaid qualifications. When a citizen is asked b y the Judge to forfeit his citizenship rights, it is the duty of the Commissioner to collect his citizenship certificates. Ha.rd Labor Commissioner. Any citizen of sufficient character and with ability to lead and administer discipline is considered an eligible candidate. He should have a high standing in school and in citizenship and must command the respect of the citizens. The appointment is made by the Federal Government. The duties of the Hard Labor Commissioner are: 1. Keep an orderly record of the hours assigned each boy. 2. Make a verbal report at Council meeting re­ garding work being done each week. 3. Plan and assign work. 4. Inspect and supervise all hard labor projects and work. 5. Submit a report each week concerning the boys in his custody. Radio Commissioner. Any citizen familiar with radio mechanism and interested in making and repairing radios, also able to make a crystal set, Is considered an eligible candidate. He should be conversationally familiar with the Radio Rules. He should definitely be honest and must never

102

have been brought before the Boy Court and sentenced under the charge of larceny. This office demands a boy of the highest integrity, as he has in his control radios and parts thereof of some value. Duties of this office are: 1. Award radio permits. 2. Be in charge of radios taken by night watchman. 3. Return radios when period of deprivation is up. 4. Examine new boys regarding radio rules. 5. Examine cottages once a. week to see that Radio Rules are observed. 6. Authorize repairs of individual sets by a cit­ izen appointed for this work. 7. Keep a notebook listing all boys losing radio privileges, number of times, violation, etc. 8. G-ive a verbal report at Council meeting. 9. See that sets of boys on Court sentences or probation are taken. A citizen anxious to secure any of the lesser appoin­ tive offices must be at the Republic to witness at least part of two governments. He must be a citizen in good standing. He is required to be honest, straightforward and will­ ing to take orders. The candidates for the respective offices should in­ cline by liking and desire to one particular field and should not take an office simply to become an officer. Republic P o l i c e . Keep law and order in his cottage. Cooperate and assist the housemother in all manner of disci­ pline . Prevent rowdyism, fighting and wrestling in b o y s 1 rooms or the living room. He is required to make the rounds at night to see that every boy is in bed. He is present at all public meetings. He will at any time confer with the Chief of Police when confronted with problems that require further judgment. A good police­ man is a peacemaker and should be capable of acting as arbi­ trator. If a fire breaks out he gives the alarm and assumes the control of order. He is required, to be able to administer first aid. Every Monday afternoon he is required to hand in a report to the Chief of Police, as to the orderliness and conduct of the citizens in his precinct. On Saturday afternoons he is assigned special duties in and. around the Republic grounds and must report at 4:30 p.m. to the Chief.

i ri.'z JL w u

ulth Officers. The Health Cffleer Is required to report to the Health Commissioner every Monday night the sanitary health conditions existing in his precinct or cot­ tage . After 9:00 nightly he is required to make the rounds of the cottage and see that the boys adhere to these rules. a. The boys shall wear pajamas while sleeping. b. Socks cannot be worn to bed. c. The door of each room must be left open. (not when cold) d. Each boy is required to clean his teeth. e. The Health Officer has the authority to request any boy to wash his hands or face, should the condition of the boy's person warrant. f. Keep the lavatories in clean condition. g. 3reakfast check-up regarding correct dress. Fire Chie f. The Fire Chief is in charge of the fire squad, fire apparatus and fire drills, and he must be a boy enrolled in Woodshop. The Fire Brigade consists of eight citizens whom he shall appoint and instruct in the use of firs apparatus. Each cottage is required to have at least one member in the brigade. Every Saturday afternoon the Fire Chief inspects all hose and apparatus in every building around the Republic and sees that all the hydrants operate and. that all syphons are filled. He shall offer a verbal report at the weekly Council meet i n g . The Fire Chief may have fire drills on occasions de­ emed necessary by him and the Government Advisor. In case of a building being on fire, the first duty of the fireman is to save human lives. He should know the exact place in which all fire-fighting apparatus is stored and the loca­ tion of all hydrants. The Chief organizes his men so that every man has a particular job. The Republic fire alarm is given by blow­ ing the siren in series of short blasts for four one-minute periods with a brief interval between each period. After the hose is used, it must be drained and dried before being rolled onto the wagon. Charge R e a d e r . The Charge Reader is required to at­ tend every Court held, whether by Judge or Justice of the Peace. He is to read the charge as prepared by the District At t o r n e y . Clerk of Counci l.

The Clerk of Council is expected

104 write in a clear, neat handwriting and should be able to formulate sentences briefly. He attends all Council meetings and registers all order of business, motions, nominations and general affairs of the Council. At every Town Meeting the Clerk of Council must read the minutes of the previous meetings not yet made public. Clerk of C ourt . The Clerk of Court is expected to write in a clear, neat handwriting. He shall keep a full and accurate account of all cases hrought before the attention of the Court. He must also record the findings of the Judge, to­ gether with any punishment awarded. After Court he must complete a list especially pre­ pared for this purpose and post same on the bulletin board at the office. The Court book must not be accessible to the citizens and the Clerk is entirely responsible for enforcing this order. Baili ff. The Bailiff is also responsible for the con­ duct of any Court and citizen group. He attends all sessions of the Court and Council and shall see that all persons who have charges preferred against them are present when the Court sits. On the appearance of the Judge, the Bailiff requests the citizens to stand and announces in a clear voice the name of the presiding Judge. When the Judge calls for the first case, the Bailiff produces the charge sheet and calls the defendant before the bar, at the same time handing the papers to the charge reader. The Bailiff is also responsible for the conduct of any person brought before the bar. He shall at all times enforce the dignity of the Court to the best of his ability. At the order of the Judge the Bailiff dismisses the court.

CODE OF GENERAL LAWS AND ORDINANCES The Council of the California Junior Republic ordains as follows: Section 1. Title of A c t . This A c t , whenever cited, referred to or amended, may be designated as the Code of G-eneral Laws for the California Junior R e public. All Acts in conflict with this Act and not otherwise repealed b y the passage of the Penal Code are hereby repealed.

105 Section 2 . Duties of Offi cer s, Officers of the California Junior Republic shall have the duties and powers expressed in this code, in addition to those which may be assigned in the Charter. Section 5. Order of Business for Council Meeting:. The order of business of all public council meetings shall be as follows: Salute to the Flag. Council is called to order; minutes of the previous meeting are read; any old business is discussed; officers give reports; new business is introduced; applications for citizenship are made; ad­ journment . Section 4.

Indictment.

A. Indictment or Information. What to Cont ain . The indictment or information must contain the title of the action, specifying the name of the court to which the same is presented, and the name of the parties. The statement of the acts constituting the offense must be alleged in an ordinary and concise manner, and in such manner as to allow a person of common understanding to know what is intended. B. Form of Ind ictment. The form of indictment shall be: The People of the California Junior Republic against A - B - . In the Superior Court of the California Junior Re­ public, the day of ,nineteen hun­ dred and _______. A-B-_is accused by the citizens of the California Junior Republic of the crime of (Desertion, a Felony, etc.), committed as follows: The said A-B- on the day o f _________ nineteen hun­ dred and _________, a.t the California Junior Re­ public did wilfully and unlawfully (here set forth details of alleged acts or offense), contrary to the form, force and effect of the statutes in such cases made and provided, against the peace and dignity of the People of the California. Junior Repu b l i c . C.

Indictment or Information Against Judge or District A t t o r n e y . If an Indictment or Information is found against a Judge it must be transmitted to the Mayor, who shall designate a citizen with the qualifications of Judge to preside at the trial. If the District Attorney is accused of crime, the charge shall be

106 transmitted to the Judge, who shall name another prosecutor to prosecute the case. Section 5.

Jurisdiction of the C o u r t s ,

A. Federal C o u r t . The federal Court shall have original jurisdiction in major cases of felony. The following offenses are in the classification of major offenses against the statutes and laws of the State of California and necessitate Federal Court action; 1. Attempted Blackmail 2. Obscenity 3. Defamation of Character 4. Extreme disrespect to Republic instructors 5. Sedition, etc. Any person convicted of these major offenses shall be guilty of a felony and is subject to an indef­

inite hard labor and loss of privileges. The Federal Court has appellate jurisdiction over all cases tried in the lower courts. B. Superior Co urt . The Superior Court shall have original jurisdic­ tion in all cases cf felonies and such misdemean­ ors as are provided for in the Penal Code of the California Junior Republic, and shall have appel­ late jurisdiction over cases appealed from the Justice of the Peace Court. C. Justice of the Peace Court . The Justice of the Peace Court shall have juris­ diction over the following misdemeanors; 1. Violation of health rules. 2. Violation of radio rules. 3. Violation of cottage rules. 4. Violation of gym and swimming rules. 5. Violation of rules regarding any Republic building 6. Violation of "miscellaneous rules" as listed in the handbook. 7. Disturbing the peace. 8. Disobedience or disrespect to any officer in the lawful carrying out of his duties. 9. General untidiness or incorrect dress. 10. Swearing or profane or indecent language. 11. Contempt of Court in the Justice cf the Peace Court.

107 The maximum penalty for any minor offense is one week loss of privileges and twelve hours hard labor. Section 6.

Meeting t i m e s .

A. Town meetings, will all citizens in attendance, will be held on Monday and will start at 7:15 p.m. B. The Justice of the Peace Court, with all cit­ izens in attendance, will convene after the town meeting. C. Superior Court, with all citizens in attend­ ance will convene immediately after the Justice of the Peace Court. D. All other meetings of official bodies shall set their meeting times so as not to interfere with the school program and shall receive the approval of the Federal Government. Section 7.

Court Procedure.

The court procedure shall be as provided by the laws of California, except as otherwise provided by this code. A. Order of Court Busi n e s s . Bailiff orders defendant to the bar. Reader reads the charge. Judge asks the defendant whether he pleads ngui lty11 or nnot guilty.'1 If the pleat is "guilty11 the court asks the District Attorney to present the facts of the case. The defendant is then questioned and the sentence named according to the instruct­ ions covering the particular misdemeanor or felony w ith which the defendant is charged. Should the plea be "not guilty" the Judge in­ structs the District Attorney to prove his case. He also a.sks the defendant whether he wishes an Attorney to defend him and if he wishes for a Jury trial, the Judge acts as referee in the selection of Jurors. Procedure of Case: 1. District Attorney presents case. 2. Offers p e o p l e 1s w i t n e s s e s . 3. Defending Attorney may examine any of the

108 witne s s e s . Defending Attorney presents his ease. Defending Attorney offers defendant’s w i tnesses. S. District Attorney may examine any of their witnesses. 7. Defending Attorney sums up facts. 8. District Attorney sums up facts. 9. Judge instructs Jury. 10. Jury retires in charge of Bailiff. 11. Jury brings in verdict of ’’gui lt y” or "not guilty.” 12. Judge pronounces: If guilty, sentence. If not, ca.se dismissed. After ail cases are dealt with, boys under court sentence are ordered before the bar. The Judge then questions them as to their sentence and of­ fers advice, consideration, and in some instances repri eve . Any disorders in the court are dealt with. Court di smiss ed. Bailiff takes charge. 4. 5.

B. New T r i a l s . New trials may be granted on the following grounds: 1. When the trial was held in the absence of the defendant. 2. When there has been misconduct on the part of the jurors or when the verdict has bee n decided by lot or any other means than a fs.ir expression of opinion on the part of all the jurors. 3. When the court has misdirected the jury on the matter of law, or erred in the decision of any question of law arising during the course of the trial. 4. When the verdict is contrary to the law of the evidence. 5. When new evidence is discovered material to the defendant which could not have been discovered with due diligence; pro­ vided, that no new trial shall be granted unless a miscarriage of justice has occur­ red. The new tri Cli pi aces the case in exactly the same position as if it had never been tried. The mo­ tion for a new trial must be made by the defendant within one week, a.fter judgment. The court must proceed to the hearing for the new trial within

109 three days of such motion being made by the def endan t. C. A p p e a l s . Appeal of a case may be talien from the Justice of the Peace Court to the Superior Court and appeals may be taken from the decisions of the Superior Court to the Federal Court. The Federal Court shall make rules regarding the ap­ pealing and hearing of cases in their court. In taking an appeal from the Justice of the Peace Court to the Superior Court, such appeal must be made within thirty days from the judgment given. Either party may appeal. The grounds of the ap­ peal must be stated in writing and one copy filed with the Clerk of Superior Court and one copy served upon the adverse party. The appeal by the defendant stays the operation of the judgment against him. Within one week from the filing of the appeal the court to which it is appealed must proceed to hear the appeal. The judgment may not be reversed without argument, but may be affirmed if the appellant fails to appear. The Superior Court must either affirm, reverse the judgment or order a new trial. D. Depo sitions. If in the case, before or dur­ ing the trial, either party avers that an instru­ ctor not present, or a citizen, who due to con­ finement in the hospital, or other logical cause is not able to attend court, has material testi­ mony, the court shall order that the Clerk of Court shall record such testimony, upon the test­ a t o r ’s affidavit, with full opportunity for the opposing side to cross examine such witness, and such testimony shall be received as competent. E. Dismissal of A c t i o n . If, in the furtherance of justice, the District Attorney shall ask that any case tried before the court be dismissed, up­ on the reasons therefore being given, the Court shall dismiss such action. Such dismissal shall be a bar to a further prosecution in case of mis­ demeanor, but not in felony. F. Manner of Complaints. Cases shall be com­ plained by the officer making the complaint writ­ ing out a statement of the facts constituting the offense, and filing the same w i t h the bailiff of Superior Court, who shall prosecute the same.

110

Section 8.

Defendant Rights.

A. Defendant To Be Given Notice of Tria l. The defendant shall be given twenty-four hours notice of his trial for any public offense, but may waive such privilege if he desires. B. Defendant To 3e Granted a Delay After P l e a . After pla of not guilty, the defendant may be granted forty-eight hours delay, and such further time as may be granted in the discretion of the court. Section 9.

Jury and J u rors.

A. Petit Juro rs. The panel for a Trial or Petit Jury sha.ll be chosen by the Judge for the Super­ ior Court and by the Justice of the Peace for the Justice of the Peace C o u r t . The panel shall con­ sist of the names of twenty citizens in good standing. No person shall be a trial Juror who sat on the Grand Jury which found the indictment, or holds a judicial o f f i c e . No juror who sat on a trial which disagreed or otherwise failed to find a verdict, shall again sit on a trial of the same case. B. Summoning; of J u rors. The Clerk of the Court in which the Jury is summoned shall summon the twenty names in the jury panel of that court at a public assembly upon the day in which the Court sits. This procedure is not necessary when all citizens are required to attend that particular Court ses sion. C. Failure of Jurors to Attend Cou rt. Any juror summoned for duty and who fails to come shall be guilty of Contempt of Court. Sickness of the juror shall be the only valid excuse for failure to appear. D. Challenges to Jur ors . Each part;/ shall be al­ lowed three peremptory challenges at the trial jury, and the Court may allow other challenges for cause of prejudice or that the juror is not qualified to sit thereon. E. Disagreement of Juro r s . A jury shall be al­ lowed two hours in the deliberation of a case,

I l l

and failing to agree at that time, shall be dis­ charged and the ca.se submitted to another jury. No person who sat on a jury in which the verdict was set aside, or which was discharged without a verdict, shall sit on the jury to try the same case. Section 10.

Oaths To Be Administered.

The following shall be form of oaths used in the Cal­ ifornia Junior Republie: Oath of Trial Juror s. You do solemnly swear that you will try this issue between the California Junior Republic and the defendant (naming him) and render a true verdict according to the best of your ability, so help you G-od? Oath of Officer Placed In Charge of J ury, You do solemnly swear that you will keep this jury in some private and convenient place, and permit no person to communicate with them, nor do so yourself save by order of the Court, and except to ask them whether they have agreed upon a verdict, so help you God? Oath of W i t n e s s . You do solemnly swear that you will tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? Section 11.

Legal De partment.

A. Admission of Attorneys to the B a r . Examina­ tions for admission to the bar shall be given on the first Saturday of the months in which the General Elections are held. If at any time five or more citizens petition that examinations be given, an examination shall be given within two weeks of such petition being filed with the Bar Commission; provided that examination shall not be given oftener than every six weeks. B. Examiners for Bar Examination. Examiners for such examination shall consist of the Bar Commis­ sion as herein provided. The examiners shall give notice of such examination, arrange for copies of the questions asked in such examination, select

112

questions asked in such examinations, such examinations.

and grade

C. Bar Commission and Association. Four weeks previous to the General Election, the regularly qualified members of the bar shall act as a Bar Association and choose three of their members as a Bar Commission. The Bar Association is empow­ ered to make their own Constitution and By-Laws and duties of the commission, and for any other officers of their association, not contrary to this act, or to other laws of the Republic, or to the Constitution and Laws of the United States and California. D. Grading Examinations. The examination shall consist of twenty-five questions selected f rom the list of those enumerated in the following section. The answers to all questions shall be decided by the examiners. Eighty points shall be necessary for a passing grade. The examination shall be written, and any person who aids or is aided b y any person during the examination is disqualified regardless of the points scored upon such examin­ ation . E. Questions for Bar Examination. The examiners shall chose twenty-five questions from the follow­ ing list: 1. Explain the judicial system of the Repub­ lic and the original and appellate juris­ diction of each court. 2. List the qualifications required for Judge and Justice of the Peace. 3. Who is the plaintiff in criminal proceed­ ings? 4. What is a crime? 5. (a) What is an overt act? (b) What is criminal intent and explain how it affects crime? 6. May an attempt to commit crime be punish­ able and under what circumstances? 7. (a) Who are principals? (b) Who are accessories? S. How are crimes classified according to the nature of the offense? S. What is the difference between afelony

113 and a misdemeanor? 10. What is assault and battery? 11. What is breaking and entering? 12. (a) What is larceny? (b) Differentiate between grand and petit larceny. 13. Define malicious mischief. 14. Define cruelty to animals. 15. (a) What constitutes perjury? (b) What constitutes subornation of perjury? 16. What constitutes bribery? 17. Differentiate between desertion, out of bounds, and vagrancy. 18. What constitutes gambling? 19. What constitutes smoking? 20. How does contempt of court differ from other crimes? 21. How are offenses under California lav? punished if not under Republic law? 22. What offenses are triable in the Justice of the Peace Court? 23. Name six rights possessed b y persons ac­ cused of crime. 24. (a) What is an indictment? (b) What is an information? 25. (a) What is a demurrer, and explain how it is used? (b) What is its effect on the disposition of the Case? 26. What is a plea of guilty and its effect? 27. What is a plea of not guilty and its effect? 2.8. What is a plea of former acquittal or conviction and its effect? 29. What is the order of trial? 30. Name three verdicts that may be found by a jury. 31. On what grounds may a new trial be granted? 32. How are appeals taken, and which courts have jurisdiction? 33. Must the defendant be present when the verdict of the jury is given? 34. (a) How is a jury polled? (b) Is it a matter of right? 35. (a) Is secondary evidence admissible? (b) Name two exceptions. 36. In ordinary prosecution upon whom is the burden of proof?

114 57. What ip an impeachment? ;tion 12.

Inability of Officers Puti e b .

to Perform Their

A. In Event of Inability of Mayor to Perform D u t i e s . In the event that the Ilayor is unatle to perform the duties incumbent upon him, the Council shall elect one of their* numbers Mayor pro tempore. 3. In Event of Inability of Judge to Perform D u ties. In the event that the Judge is unable to perform his duties it shall be the duty of the Justice of the Perce to act in this capa­ city. This procedure shall be followed in the event of any prejudice on the part of the Judge to try a case. C. In Event of Inability of District Attorney to Perforin Dut ies . In the event the District At­ torney is unable to o erform his duties the Judge shall appoint a qualified attorney to act in his stead. D. In Event of Inability of Chief of Police to Perform P u t i e s . One of the Republic Police shall act for the Chief of Police in event of his inab­ ility to perform his duties. S. In Event of Inability of the Health Commission­ er to Perform Du ties. One of the health officers shall act as Health Commissioner In the event of the inability of that officer to perform duties. F. In Event of Inability of a Councilman to Pe r­ form D u t i e s . The policeman of the cottage shall act as councilman in the inability of that officer to perfo rm dat i e s . C-. In Event of Inal: 11 ity of a Republic Policeman to Perform Dutie s. The Health Officer of the Policeman's cottage shall act as policeman in the Inability of that officer to perform duties. H. In Event of Inability of Any Other Minor Offi­ cer. Hot Already Mentioned, to Perform D u t i e s . The Mayor shall appoint a citizen in good standing of his choosinm to "oerform dutics.

115 PENAL CODE Part 1 The Council of the California Junior Republic ordains as follows: Section 1.

Title of A c t .

This act, wherever cited, referred to, or amended, may he designated as the Penal Code of the California Junior Republic. All those certain laws known as the General Laws for the Superior Court and the Justice of the Peace Court and all laws for the regulation of either of those courts or for the punishment of offenses are repealed by this act. Section 2.

Crime Defi n e d .

A crime or public offense is an act committed in vio­ lation of a law commanding or forbidding it, and to which Is annexed, upon conviction, either of the following punish­ ments: First: Loss of Privileges. Second: Hard Labor Third: Loss of Citizenship Fourth: Loss of Office A. Loss of Privileges D e f ined. Loss of privileges shall consist of: Loss of Sunday driving, swimming privileges, picture show, radio privileges, shall not leave grounds, shall be denied use of living room at cottage, shall be confined to room at cot­ tage, shall not be permitted conversation in cottage, and shall remain on plaza during motion picture show. B. Hard. Labor Defin ed. Hard labor shall consist of constructive labor around the grounds and shall be done during times when the defendant is not employed in school or industry. Section 5.

Crimes Divided Into Felonies and M i s ­ demeanors .

A. Felonies Defined. Crimes are defined into Felonies and Misdemeanors. Felonies are crimes punishable in Superior Court and Federal Court, and upon conviction carry with them the loss of citizenship. Unless otherwise provided in this code a felony is punishable by

116 twelve to forty-eight hours of hard labor, and loss of privileges not exceeding four weeks. Special sentence. B. Misdemeanors Defi n e d . Misdemeanors are crimes punishable in either Superior or Justice of the Peace Court. Misdemeanors punishable in the Jus­ tice of the Peace Court are called minor offenses. Unless otherwise provided in this code misdemean­ ors are punishable by not more than two weeks loss of privileges and twenty-four hours hard labor. Section 4.

Statute of Limita tion s.

An indictment or information for felony must be filed within six months of the time that the crime was committed. An indictment or information for misdemeanor must be filed within three months of its commission. Section 5.

Parties to Crime.

Parties to crime are classified as principals or ac­ cessories . A. Princ i p a l s . All persons concerned with the commission of a crime, whether it be a felony or misdemeanor, and whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission, or not being present do aid or advise and encourage its commission, or coerce another to commit a crime, are principals in any crime so committed. B. Ac cessories. Accessories are all persons who, after full knowledge that a crime has been commit­ ted, seek to conceal it. Punishment shall con­ sist of loss of privileges not exceeding three weeks. Accessory shall be a misdemeanor or fel­ ony as the case may be. Part 11 Felonies Section 1.

Breaking and Entering.

Any person who breaks into and enters any house, room, shop, barn, stable, or other building, is guilty of felon:/.

117 Section 2.

Bribery,

A. Bribery of Elect o r s , Any person who bribes an elector to either vote for or against an;/ candictate, for or against any proposition submitted to a vote of the electors, or to refrain from voting for any candidate or proposition, or any elector so accepting such bribe, is guilty of a felony. B. Any candidate for office, either elective or appointive, who gives or promises to give any portion of his compensation, or any money, or any valuable thing in consideration of having been or of being nominated, appointed, voted for, or el­ ected to any office of the government, and if any such promise or gift be made, the person making it shall forfeit his office and be adjudged guilty of a felony. C. Bribery of J u r o r s . Any person who seeks to bribe a juror, or any juror who accepts such bribe given with intent to affect the verdict or decision of such juror, is guilty of felony. Any person who bribes or seeks to bribe any offi­ cer of the Republic, or any officer who accepts such bribe, given with intent to influence him in any act, decision or other proceeding as such of­ ficer, or any bribe given with intent to withhold the knowledge of any crime, is guilty of felony. Section 5.

Casa Colina

Any person who enters that said area known as Casa Colina, as defined herein, is guilty of a felony and is sub­ ject to indefinite hard labor and probation. The western boundary is that paved road from the ad­ ministration building and terminating in the east and west road running between Casa Colina grounds and the dairy pas­ ture; the southern boundary is that same east and west road to the bridge on Roswell street; the northern boundary is an imaginary line from the point where the irrigation drain ditch crosses the north and south road just south of the apiary, directly to the farthest tree on the ridge sloping from Casa Colina on the east; the eastern boundary is an imaginary line from that same tree southeasterly to the bridge on Roswell street.

118 Section 4.

Cruelty to Animals.

Any person who maltreats, tortures or otherwise harms an animal is guilty of felony and is subject to a hard labor sentence of three to twenty-four hours and loss of privileges not exceeding three weeks. Section 5.

Desertion.

Any person who deserts from the Republic or is ap­ prehended while attempting to desert is guilty of felony. If a person is gone for a period of over two hours, it shall be considered prima facie evidence of desertion. Section 6.

Disloyalty to Trust.

Any person convicted of being disloyal to trust shall be guilty of a felony and shall be subject to a labor sen­ tence, loss of privileges and such additional sentence as the court may designate. Section 7.

Falsification of Election R e t u r n s .

Any person who falsifies an election return, adds ballots falsely marked in addition to those legally cast, or in any way seeks to falsify an election return Is guilty of a felony. Section 8.

Forger:/'.

Any person who forges the name of any other person to a paper or permit or other document, or alters a. document after being validly signed, is guilty of a felony. Section 9. Indecency. Any person who commits an indecent act or exposure, writes any obscene or indecent writing, or pictures, uses obscene or indecent language, pos­ sesses any obscene or indecent literature or pictures, or in any way violates the moral code is guilty of a felony. Section 10. L a r c e n y . Larceny is the wilful taking, stealing, carrying or driving away the property of another, or the appropriation of lost property under circumstances which give knowledge or means of inquiry as to the true own­ er, without making reasonable and just efforts to find the owner and give the property to him. Larceny is divided into grand and petit larceny. G-rand larceny is the taking of property of over the

119 value of five dollars, or larceny from the person. All other larcenies are petit larcenies. Any person convicted of grand larceny shall be deem­ ed guilty of a felony. Any person convicted of petit larceny shall be deem­ ed guilty of a misdemeanor. All persons convicted of larceny shall make full res­ titution to the party injured, and such penalty shall be com­ plied with in addition to such penalty as may be given by the C o u r t . Section 11.

Offenses Outside the Republ ic.

Any person who is in unauthorized possession of mon­ ey, or in possession of cigarettes, or other tobacco, or violates any law of the Republic while on any Republic trip, or who is accused of a misdemeanor or a. felony while outside the Republic bounds and is thereby disloyal to trust, shall be guilty of a felony and shall be turned over to Federal Court for discipline. Section 12.

Perj u r y .

Any person who, having taken oath that he will tes­ tify, declare, depose, or certify truly before any competent tribunal, officer or person in which an oath may by law be administered, wilfully and contrary to such oath states as true any material matter which he knows to be false, is guilty of felony, and is subject to a labor sentence of twelve to thirty-six hours and loss of privileges. It is no defense to a prosecution for perjury that the oath was administered and given in an irregular manner. Any person who wilfully procures another person to commit perjury is guilty of subornation of perjury, which is a felony and punishable as perjury. Section 15.

Other Offe ns es*

Other offenses net included herein, punishable under the laws of California, are felonies and subject to loss of privileges and hard labor. Part 111 Misdemeanors Section 1.

Assault and Battery .

120

Any person vrho assaults another, and uses force un­ lawfully on him and without his consent is guilty of misd e­ meanor and shall he subject to a sentence of hard labor of three to thirty-six hours. Section 2.

Conspiracy.

If two or more persons conspire to commit any crime or to falsely and maliciously cause another to be charged with crime, or to commit any act injurious to the public health or public morals, or for the perversion of justice or the due administration of the laws, they are guilty of misdemeanor and punishable by loss of privileges not exceed­ ing four weeks. Section 5.

Contempt of Court.

Any person who: commits disorderliness in the immed­ iate presence of the Court vrith a view to interrupt its pro­ ceedings or to impair the respect due to its authority, wil­ fully disobeys any process or order lawfully issued by any court, wilfully refuses to be sworn as a witness, or when so sworn refuses to answer any material question, is guilty of misdemeanor and subject to loss of privileges and hard labor. A below- average probation report shall be classified as contempt of court unless the prisoner is being brought up for another charge which has caused his below' average conduct. Section 4.

Destruction of Pr operty.

Any person convicted of destruction of property shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall pay for all dam­ age done, and shall be subject to a labor sentence. Section 5.

Disturbing an Election.

Any person who disturbs an election, or campaigns or electioneers within ICO yards of any polling place Is guilty of a misdemeanor and is subject to loss of privileges not exceeding one week and hard labor not exceeding twelve hours. Section g .

Panic l i n g .

Any person who gambles or has any gambling devices in his possession is guilty of misdemeanor; provided, that dice used in non-gambling games shall be permitted. Section 7.

Larceny - P e t i t .

121 Defined in Section 1C, Part 11 of Penal Code. Any person who comr.its Petit Larceny is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be subject to a hard labor sentence of three to twenty-four hours. Section 8.

Malicious H i s c h i e f .

Any person who wilfully and unlawfully injures the property of another, done in a soirit of cruelty, wantonness or disregard of the other per son 1 s rights, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be subject to a sentence of in­ definite hard labor and probation. Section 9.

Money or Stamps in Pos ses sio n.

Any person who possesses money or uncancelled stamps of the United States is guilty of misdemeanor and is subject to loss of privileges not exceeding one week and hard labor not exceeding twelve hours; provided stamps instamp collec­ tions shall not be affected by this rule. Section 10.

Out of

Bounds.

Any person who goes out of bounds of theRepublic or any part of the Republic designated as out of bounds is guil­ ty of misdemeanor. Section 11.

Public Nuisa n c e .

Any person convicted for the charge of Public Nui­ sance shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be subject to ahard labor sentence net exceeding two weeks, and such additional sentence as the court may designate. Section 12.

Resisting O ff icers.

Any person who openly attempts to orevent any officer from the full commission of his duty is guilty of a misdemea­ nor. Section 15.

Smoking.

Any person who smokes, has tobacco in possession, has odor of tobacco on breath, or any other evidence of ad­ mission, is guilty of a felony. Section 14.

Stolen Property in Possession.

Any person who is in possession of stolen property,

122

with full knowledge that such be stolen, is guilty of mis­ demeanor. If the property is above the value of five dol­ lars, the maximum penalty upon conviction shall be three weeks loss of privileges, and thirty-six hours of hard labor. Section 15.

Vagrancy.

Any person who is absent from any assembly, industry, school, or absent from his cottage after taps, or is in any building or area designated as nout of bounds'1 is guilty of vagrancy, a misdemeanor.

CHARTER OF THE CALIFORNIA JUNIOR REPUBLIC P R E A M B L E : We, the citizens of the California Junior Repub­ lic, in order to establish justice, form a more perfect gov* er nmen t, promote the general welfare, secure the blessings of democracy tc ourselves and future citizens of the Calif­ ornia Junior Republic, and to better equip and train our­ selves here for a useful place in the larger Republic, do ordain and establish this Charter. ARTICLE 1. BOUN DARIES. Section 1. Boundaries. The boundaries of the California Junior Republic to which this Charter is applicable shall be the boundaries of that certain real property in the County of San Bernardino, State of California, commonly known as the Junior Republic Rancho, upon which the citi­ zens and staff of the California Junior Republic reside. Any land leased to other persons, or institutions, shall not be considered Republic property. ARTICLE 11. GENERAL P O W E R S . Section 1. General Powers. The said California Junior Re­ public shall continue vested with the property of every kind belonging to it and shall have the power: 1.

To have perpetual succession.

2. To prescribe the manner in which, times at which and places where, elections shall be held, and to make all nec-

123 essary arrangements therefore. 3. To make the violation of its ordinances, or any provi­ sion of this charter a misdemeanor or felony and prescribe the penalty for correction for such violation upon the ap­ proval of the Federal Government. 4. To provide by ordinances or other proper means for the loyal and prompt cooperation with and in support of the Fed­ eral Government of the California Junior Republic, recogniz­ ing our dependence thereon, allegiance thereto, and suprem­ acy thereof. 5. To provide all ordinances for all matters not'otherwise provided for by this Charter, for the proper protection of the peace, health, property and safety of the inhabitants of the California Junior Republic, and to exercise a.ll the pow­ ers necessary to the honest and efficient management and control thereof. 6.

To have and use a corporate seal and number.

ARTICLE 111. L E G I SLATION. Section 1. Legislative Power. The Legislative power of the California Junior Republic shall be vested in a Council pre­ sided over by a Mayor, but the citizens reserve the right to propose ordinances, to adopt or reject the same at the polls, independent of the Council, and also reserve the power at their own option, to so adopt or reject any act or section of any act passed by the Council. Section 2. Enacting Clause. The Enacting clause of all or­ dinances shall be: "The citizens of the California Junior Republic do enact as fol low s:11 Section 3. Initiative. The first power reserved to the citizens shall be colled the initiative. Upon the presenta­ tion of a petition signed by twenty percent of the qualified electors, to the Clerk of the Council, proposing an ordin­ ance, set forth in full by the said petition, the ordinance shall be submitted to a vote of the electors at their next general election. The petition must be presented at least fourteen days before the next general election to be voted on at that election. If a petition be signed by forty per­ cent of the elctors, a special election for the purpose of passing on the measure shall be called, by the Mayor within one week, unless a general election occurs within twentyfive days of the submission of the measure. In either case, if the majority declare in favor of the rrooosed ordinance it shall become a valid and binding

124 ordinance for the California Junior Rprublic, and may not be repealed except by the vote of the electors. Section 4. Referendum. The second power reserved by the citizens shall be colled the referendum. No act, other than an emergent ordinance, shall go into effect until fourteen days after its final passage. If during this fourteen days, a petition, signed by fifteen percent of the electors, is received by the Clerk of the Council asking that the act or section of the act be submitted to the electors for their approval, the same act or section of act shall not go into effect until it is approved by a majority of the electors at the next general election. Section 5. Membership. The Council shall consist of one Councilman from each cottage, all of whom shall serve for a period of approximately four months from the date of their election and until their successors are elected and quali­ fied. The Councilmen shall be residents of the cottages which they represent, and they shall have previously held appointive offices for a period of six weeks. The Council­ men shall be nominated and elected in their own cottages. Section 6. Rules of Procedure. Four members of the Council and the Mayor shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but a less number map/ meet from time to time, and may compel the attendance of the other members in such a manner and under such penalties as the Council may prescribe, but no legislation shall be enacted except at public meet­ ings. The Council shall provide for their own rules of pro­ cedure and for the punishment of disorderly members. Section 7. Ordinances and Resolutions. Ordinances and reso­ lutions are the formal acts of the Council reduced to writ­ ing and passed under legal restrictions governing actions thereon. Orders or all other acts which are less formal in character need only be passed by the Council and written up­ on the minutes. Ordinances and resolutions must be reduced to writing before being voted, on by the Council. Section 8. Powers of the Council. The Council shall have the power to make and pass all ordinances, resolutions, and orders not contrary to the Constitution of the United States, or the State of California, or to the Federal Government of the California Junior Republic, or to the provisions of this Charter, or to the provisions necessary for the execution of the power vested In the Council and the citizenship of this California Junior Republic, and for carrying into effect the provisions of this charter and the code of the California Junior Republic Government. Section 9. Emergency Measures. The Council may, by unani­ mous vote, pass emergent measures to take effect immediately.

125 Such measures shall contain a statement in which the emer­ gency is set forth and defined, it being understood that an emergent measure is such that is necessary for the pre­ servation of the public health, property, or peace, it be­ ing further "orovidecl that such emergent measure must be ratified at the next regular election. The provisions of Section 4 of this article do not apply to emergent measures. Section 10. Ordinary Ordinances and Measures. All ordin­ ances and resolutions not emergent shall be read aloud at a meeting of the Council and shall not be finally adopted until they have been laid over for one week during which time they shall be posted at the Administration Building, and read aloud at a second meeting. Section 11. Repeal of Ordinances. A majority vote of the Council is sufficient to repeal an ordinance, but no ordin­ ance shall be repealed until it has been read aloud and laid on the table for a. week, posted at the Administration Building, and read aloud at a second meeting. Section 12. Clerk. The Council shall appoint a Clerk to serve during the pleasure of the Council, who shall be pre­ sent at each meeting of the Council, shall keep full and accurate minutes of its proceedings; he shall record all ordinances, oaths of office, keep the books in proper con­ dition, and the same shall be open to inspection, and he shall be responsible for all papers belonging to the govern­ ment. He shall perform such other duties as may be pre­ scribed by the Council, by ordinance or by the provisions of this Charter. Section 15. Record of Legislation. All legislation, whe­ ther enacted by the Council or by a vote of the electors, shall be recorded by the Clerk of Council in a separate book from the minutes of the Council, together with the date of passage, the votes cast for and against it, and whether it was adopted by the terms of the initiative ref­ erendum, or by the Council, which book shall be open to all cit izeas. ARTICLE IV. CITIZENSHIP. Section 1. Civil Service Commission. The Civil Service Commissioner shall have a committee of four, besides him­ self, which shall consist of the heads of Police, Health, Judicial departments and Council. The said committee shall pass on all applications for citizenship^ under such regu­ lations as may be provided by law. The Civil Service Com­ missioner shall be the recognized head of the committee.

125 Section 2. SThat Constitutes Citizenship. A boy becomes a citizen when he has been a bona, fide resident of the Calif­ ornia Junior Republic for a period of sixty days; is in good standing with both the Citizen and Federal Governments; and has passed successfully his examination for citizenship. Section 5. Application for Citizenship. If a boy is resi­ dent In the California Junior Republic for a period of six­ ty days and does not make application for citizenship papers he shall summarily be brought before court to show good cause why he should not make an application ana qualify as a citizen. If he fails to show cause he shall be denied privileges as defined in the penal code until after a per­ iod of thirty days, at which time he must make application for citizenship. Section 4. Loss of Citizenship. A citizen shall lose his citizenship when found guilty of a felony. He may not make application again for a period of sixty consecutive days thereafter, except by special permission from the committee as defined under Section 1, Article IV of this Charter, the District Attorney, and the Federal Government; but in no event shall he be allowed to apply for his citizenship pap­ ers until the termination of his sentence. Section 5. Loss of Citizenship. A citizen may lose citi­ zenship by a vote of the Civil Service Commission and shall again receive citizenship when approved by the Commission. ARTICLE V. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. Section 1. Judicial Power. The judicial power of the Cal­ ifornia Junior Republic shall be vested in the Executive Committee acting as a Federal Court, in a Superior Court, and in a Justice of the Peace Court. Section 2. Federal Court. The Federal Court shall have original jurisdiction in serious cases and shall have ap­ pelate jurisdiction over all cases tried in the lower courts. The Federal Court shall devise its own rules of procedure. Section 5. Superior Court. The Superior Court shall have original jurisdiction in cases of felonies, and such misde­ meanors as are provided for by law to be tried there and shall have appellate jurisdiction over cases appealed from the Justice of the Peace Court. Cases may be appealed upon law only, unless the trial was by the Court, in which case the Superior Court mav make additional findings of fact. Section 4. Superior *ourt. Court shall be held at least once every seven days. And it may also be held as neces­ sary at the advice of the District Attorney. Section 5. The Justice of the Peace Court shall have orig­ inal jurisdiction over such misdemeanors as are provided

127 for "by law. The Justice of the Peace shall preside at all sessions of the Court, which shall meet three times each week. (He shall have v o wer to appoint his own Clerk of Court. The City Bailiff shall act as Prosecuting Attorney and present charges. An elective officer shall attend each Court session. Punishment shall he confined to loss of privileges and hard labor. The Justice of the Peace shall he appointed by the Council. He must be an attorney-at-law for the California Junior Republic and have held an appointive office for six w eeks.) Section 6. Court Procedure. The procedure of both Citi­ zen's Courts shall be as is provided by ordinance and by the act of legislature of California insofar as they are applicable. If the offense is of serious nature, the Judge may transfer the case to the next higher court. Section ?. Defending Attorney. Any citizen in good stand­ ing and a member of the be,r may act as defending attorney in any case where the defendant seeks legal aid. Any resi­ dent accused of violation of laws and ordinances is entit­ led to the services of a defending attorney. None shall hold himself to be an attorney at law in the courts of the California Junior Republic unless he has qualified by the taking of an examination for admission to the bar in the Junior Republic, the provisions for which shall be provided by ordinance. Section ?. Right of Trial by Jury. Every person accused of violation of ordinances and laws is entitled to the right of trial by a jury of his peers. The jury shall be selected as follows I The Clerk of Court shall have at each session of the court a list of twenty citizens in good standing, with the names of each of the twenty written on separate sheets of paper; these names shall be drawn from a covered box or container by the clerk of court in the presence of the court and the accused and the District Attorney and the ac­ cused shall be allowed three peremptory challenges for cause. The jury shall be bound by an oath of affirmation to try the issue fairly. ARTICLE VI. ELECTIONS. Section 1. Time of Elections. ^lections to be held at the California Junior Republic are of three kinds, Primary, Ceneral, and Special. The Primary election shall.be held on Tuesday prior to the G-eneral Election, only when there are more than two candidates running for the same -ffice. A General election shall be held on the Saturday previous

128 to the end of each school semester. The officers elected shall take office on the first Monday following their elec­ tion. The date of all special elections shall be set by the Council, subject to and within the limitations imposed by this Charter. Section 2. Nominating Petitions. All persons desiring to run for elective office shall file with the Clerk of Coun­ cil a petition of nomination which must be signed by five citizens and a representative of the Federal Government. No citizen may sign more than one petition of nomination for each elective office. All names of candidates shall be placed on the ballot in alphabetical order. In the town meeting Immediately preceding the primary election, the names of all candidates and the office for which they desire to run shall be read to the citizens. Section 5. Election of Councilmen. Each cottage shall con­ stitute an election precinct for the primary election. Each cottage shall elect the Councilman for their cottage. Each elector shall have one vote. Section 4. Nominations at Large. The Mayor, Judge, and the District Attorney shall be nominated at large. Each elector shall have one vote and the names of the two candi­ dates receiving the greatest number of votes in the primary shall be placed on the general election ballot. In the event that only candidates are running for the above of­ fices, their names will be withheld from the primary elec­ tion ballot and voted on In the general election. Section 5. Tie Votes in Primary. If two or more candidates tie for the greatest number of votes, or if two or more tie for the second greatest number of votes, the names of all such candidates shall be placed on the final election b a l ­ lot. Section 6. Primary Election Officers. There shall b e two election officers for each precinct, which officers shall not be residents of the precinct at which thejr officiate. They shall tabulate the returns of these precincts and cer­ tify them to the Mayor and the Clerk of Council, immediate­ ly giving the number of votes cast for each candidate. The election officers shall be appointed by the Mayor wi th the consent of the Council. Section 7. Election Ballots. The Clerk of Council shall prepare the names for both the primary and general election ballots, which shall be certified by the Mayor and the Clerk before it is printed. All of the ballots shall be precisely the same size, quality, paper, color and type, and ail of the names of the candidates upon the ballot shall be in type of the same size and style.

129 Section 8* G-eneral Election Officers. The Mayor, with the consent of the Council, shall appoint an Election Board for the G-eneral Election, consisting of the following of­ ficers of said election hoard: Two fudges of the Election, one Clerk of the ^lection, and those three shall count the number of votes for each candidate, and the votes for and against any initiative, referenda, or other propositions submitted to the votes of the electors, and the said re­ sults shall immediately be transmitted to the Mayor. There shall be one ballot box for the G-eneral Election, which shall be sealed at all times during the general election, and in care of said election board during the election. Section 9. Special Elections. The dates of all special elections shall be set by the Mayor or acting Mayor, with the consent of the Council. The Election Board shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the consent of the Council. In all special elections to fill vacancies in elective of­ fices, if more than three file nominations, a primary elec­ tion shall be necessary at least two days previous to the final election. If, at such primary elections, a candidate receives a majority of the vote, he shall be elected. The Election Board herein provided shall count the number of votes ca.st for each candidate, or the number of votes cast for or against any initiative ordinance, or the number of votes cast for or against any initiative ordinance, or the number of votes cast for or against any officer whose recall is sought, and shall certify said results to the Mayor immediately they are found. Section 10. Purity of Electors. No officers, elective or appointive, shall give or promise to give, to any person, any portion of his compensation, or any money, or valuable thing, in consideration of having been or being nominated, appointed, voted for, or elected to any office in the gov­ ernment, and if any such promise or gift be made, the per­ son making the gift or promise shall forfeit his office and shall be liable to such other punishment as may be provided for by law. Section 11. Tie in Votes. In the event of two or more can­ didates in any election, other than a primary election, who receive equal and the greatest number of votes, the candi­ date who receives the greatest number at the primary elec­ tion for that office shall be declared elected, but if no primary election was held for that office or if the candi­ dates also received an equal number of votes at the primary election, the candidate will be elected b y a vote of the retiring council. In the event of two or more propostions whose provisions conflict, being voted on at an election, and both receiving a majority of the votes, the terms of the proposition which

130 receives the highest affirmative vote shall prevail. If the propositions receive an equal number of votes, the pro­ position of which the petition was filed first shall pre­ vail, provided that the Charter amendment shall provide one ordinance, notwithstanding that the other was submitted first . Section 12. Other Provisions. The Council shall provide by ordinance for the punishing of altering election returns, and also provide for the punishment of disturbing elections and may also provide by ordinance for any other detail of election not herein provided. ARTICLE VII. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Section 1. The Recall. Any officer may be removed from of­ fice by the method stated herein, such removal to be called the recall. In the event of a petition being received by the Clerk of Council asking that a recall election be held for any officer or officers, signed by forty percent of the electors, such recall election shall be called by the Mayor not less than three days nor more than one week from the filing of such petiton. Such petition shall contain the grounds upon which the officer whose removal Is sought is to be removed. Such statements are solely for the benefit of the electors and the sufficiency thereof shall not be questioned. This pe­ tition shall be read at the public meeting in the presence of the officer whose removal is sought and he shall at that time have the right to explain and justify his course in off ice. At the recall election the ballot shall be prepared sub­ stantially in the folloxtfing form: Shall (name of officer whose removal is sought) be removed from office of (naming it) Yes ( ) No ( ). If three-fifths majority vote ny e s ,f then the officer shall be removed. If 11N o ” then he shall continue in office and another* recall election for him may not be had for thirty days. If an elective officer is sought to be removed, the names of all filing nominating petitions for that office, net less than two days before such election, shall be placed on the ballot beneath the proposition of recall in alphabetical or­ der. The citizens may vote for one of these citizens. But the officer whose recall is sought shall not be placed on the ballot. If the officer whose recall is sought is recalled, the person having the greatest number of votes shall be elected to that office for the remainder of that term. If the removal of an appointive officer Is sought, the electors shall vote onl3r upon the question of recall and any vacancy thereof shall be filled by the council. The

. ^ J- u

officer recalled cannot be appointed to fill the vacancy. If any person is recalled he shall not he eligible to any elective office until holding an appointive office for a period of two months. The duties irroosed upon the Ilayor by such election shall he performed by the Judge if the Mayor*s recall is sought. The duties imposed upon the Clerk of Council shall he per­ formed by the Clerk of Court If the Clerk of Council’s re­ call is sought. In the event that an elected officer resigns before the date of the recall election, the election shall be held notwithstanding, but if the recall is for an appointive of­ ficer, resignation shall do away with the necessity of the recall election, but he may not be appointed to fill the vacancy. Section 2. Vacancies in. Appointive. Vacancies In offices appointed by the Council shall be filled by the Council. Vacancies in offices appointed by the Judge- of the Justice of the Peace shall be filled by them. Section 3. Vacancies in Elective. Vacancies in elective offices other than in the Council shall be filled tempor­ arily as provided herein. One of the Council shall act as Mayor, a qualified attorney, appointed by the Judge as District Attorney, and Justice of the Peace as Judge. If the officer lias vacated office, the vacancy shall be filled by electors within one week, under the restrictions provid­ ed in Article VI, Section 8. Section 4. Vacancies in Council. Vacancies in Council shall be filled by election, within one week, under restrictions provided for in Article VI. Section 8. Only the citizens of the cottage where the vacancy occurs shall vote in this special election. The deputy of the police force shall act temporarily as Councilman. The council may appoint some qualified person to this office if circumstances deem such action necessary. Section 5. Ho citizen shall hold two offices. Section 5. Salary of Officers. The officers receiving a salary shall be those elected by the citizens and the fol­ lowing appointive officers: Chief of Police, Justice of the Peace, Civil Service Commissioner, Recreation Commis­ sioner, Health Commissioner, Radio Commissioner, Hard Labor Commissioner, and Fire Chief. The The The The The

Mayor shall receive a salary of S'10.00 per month Judge shall receive 5?.50 per month District Attorney shall receive §5.00 per month Councilmen shall each receive §5.00 per month appointive officers shall each receive §3.00 Der month

They shall receive this salary.only after unanimous approv­ al of the Council of the Boy Government and Federal Govern­ ment. . In case of a salaried officer; a. Being impeached, he forfeits his rights to any unpaid portion of his salary. b . Resigning from office, he forfeits his rights to any unpaid portion of his salary. Section 7. Oath of Office. Every officer provided for in this charter shall qualify by talcing publicly the following oath: 111 do solemnly swear that I will support the Consti­ tution of the United States, the Constitution and laws of the State of California, the Federal laws of the California Junior Republic and the Charter and laws of the citizens of the California Junior Republic, and I will faithfully dis­ charge the duties of the office to which I have been elect­ ed (or appointed).” Section 8. Rights of Speech. All proposed ordinances, re­ solutions, orders of Council, shall be read and stated aloud at government meetings, so that the citizens can hear the same, at which time the citizens shall have the right to speak either for or against said proposed ordinance,resolu­ tion, or order. ARTICLE VIII. AMENDMENT AND REVISION. Section 1. Partial Amendment. In event of a petition be­ ing filed by forty percent of the electors, or by a majority resolution of the Council proposing an amendment to the Charter, the some sho.ll be presented for a vote of the el­ ectors at the next general election. If three-fifths of the electors vote in favor of the proposed amendment It shall be presented to the Federal 'Government for ratifica­ tion. Section 2. Revision. In event of a petition being received signed by fifty percent of the electors, or by five-sixths resolution of the council proposing to revise the charter, the question, '’Shall the Council be directed to amend, re­ vise, or change this Charter*?” shall be placed on a special election ballot. At a special election or the next general election, if the election is within a month, citizens shall be given a separate ballot upon which are printed "For the New Revision of the Charter" ( ). If a three-fifths vote is in favor of the new Charter, the same shall be presented to the Federal Government for final ratification. ARTICLE IX. SCHEDULE OF RATIFICATION. Section 1. Ratification. This Charter will be ratified when a majority of the citizens vote in favor of this Char­ ter, and when ratified, by the Federal Government.

133 Section 2. Repeal of Existing Ordinances. All ordinances and laws except the Cottage Rules, Radio Rules, and the Health Rules, which are published are hereby abolished and repealed. BE IT KNOWN that the Council (Sumner, 1949) delegated to revise, alter, or amend the Charter, for the citizens of the California. Junior Republic, hereby requests of the Fed­ eral G-overnment of the California Junior Republic the rati­ fication of this Charter and Constitution and if it is so ratified, that it thereupon become the Charter and organic law of the California Junior Republic Citizen G-overnment. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, We, the duly qualified and undersigned, have hereunto set our hands and seals at the California Junior Republic t h i s .................................. Byrne Smith

Mayor

Roy Emery

Fowler

Norman Meyer

McCormick

James Lister

H. Moore

Fred Morales

Laws

James Norris

J. Brewer

Ratified by the Federal Government this 15th day of August, 1949 Delbert S. Fiock, Frank W. Graves, Joseph Bonnet, Bryan W. Robinson,

Managing Director Program Director Principal Recreation Director

134 CHAPTER 11 CLUB ACTIVITIES You can't know the joy In the heart of a boy When he can master Instead of defile, Something no one has done, Something for him alone, So give him a job that's worth while. — Minna E. Norris HI-Y Charter N i g h t .

The HI-Y Club of California Junior

Republic held its charter night dinner at G-illette Acres in Chino on April 30, 1950. its charter.

At this dinner the club received

The charter was presented by Jack Morgan of

the Pomona Y.M.C.A.

to Joe Bonnet, principal of the high

school, who In turn presented it to Richard Hufford, presi­ dent of the club.

Frank Andrews is the club advisor.

G-uests of the boys at their charter night were Mr.' and Mrs.

Jack Morgan, Mrs. Frank Andrews,

and Mr. and Mrs.

Joe Bonnet. Hi-Y Creed.

To create, maintain,

out the school and community,

and extend through­

high standards of Christian

character. Hi-Y P l a t f o r m . clean scholarship,

Clean speech, clean sportsmanship,

clean living. Officers

Richard Hufford, President Joseph Calpenter, Vice-president Eugene Parker, Secretary Richard Milicevich, Treasurer Frank Andrews, Advisor Members Ray Adams Ray Asher Dick Goodknight Eugene Lewis

Fay Stamphill Terry Tornbleson John Williams

L E T T E R M E N 1S CLUB Members.

This club is composed of boys who have earn­

ed their letter in any sport in school. tion that the boy has to go through. fore the members,

There is no initia­

He repeats an oath, be­

in unison with other boys coming into the

club that he will uphold its constitution, promote good sportsmanship at school,

on the field or wherever he may be,

and that he will render service whenever he can. Activi ti es . during the year.

The club has three big special affairs

The first is the football banquet after

football season is over. prominent speaker,

At this time the boys secure some

usually a football coach.

ner the guests are introduced, season and award letters, sage.

After the din­

the coaches review the past

and then the speaker gives his mes­

After the speaker, all adjourn to the auditorium where

some football picture is shown. The second event ally held in March.

is the Le tt e r m e n !s Club dance,

It is held in the Library.

usu­

The boys

136 look forward to this event. The third event is the Lettermen* s Club picnic held after the baseball season is over, Here they play soft ball,

at San Dimas County Park*

touch football, and volley ball.

Then follows the picnic of barbecued steaks, potato salad, French rolls, cokes, coffee and ice cream.

At this time all

the boys, who earned their letter in spring sports, are brought into the club. Throughout the year meetings are held on Tuesday night.

At these meetings, the boys plan their social af­

fairs, discuss problems that arise at school, speakers,

have guest

show sport films, attend athletic events in near­

by communities and as a rule, carry on a fairly busy sched­ ule . Club Ideal. good sportsmanship, tainment.

The purpose of the club is to promote service to the school,

and social enter­

The club has a sweater or jacket as its insignia,.

This is bought by each boy. Officers bade borth, President R . G-oodnite,Vice-president Dan Ames, Secret ary-Treasurer Norm Myer, Sgt-at-Arms Joe Bonnet, Club Advisor GYM CLUB There are two gym clubs that hold meetings twice a

157 week.

One is called the B eg in n e r ’s Gym Club and the other

is known as the Advanced Gym Club. B e g i n n e r ’s C l u b .

This is for that particular boy,

who has had no desire to play, lacks co-ordination and will always sit and lie around.

These boys are selected by the

Fhysical Education instructors and put into this club. have no choice.

They

This group is composed of not over 20 boys

who are divided into teams and told to play, usually start­ ing with basketball.

The surprise to everyone is that,

once

this b o y starts playing with boys of his own ability, he loses his timidity and shyness and gains confidence, ops a desire to play,

devel­

improves his co-ordination and ends up

having a good time. Advanced C l u b . lot of surplus energy,

This group is for the boy who has a is fairly well co-ordinated,

hangs around the gym, and wants to play.

always

This is a popular

club and the. boys have some very exciting games. These clubs are under the supervision of the coaches, Bryan Robinson and Mac Hammond. THE BAND Since no music is offered in the school curriculum, the Band offers any boy who is interested an opportunity to play.

There is the b e g i n n e r 1s group, who are just learning,

and the advanced group, who know how to play.

138 The band meets two evenings a week under the direc­ tion of Max Henthorn, who is band director at Pomona High School. Mr. I. G. Pattinson, whose great interest in boys matches his interest for music,

has been sponsoring the band

for some time. The band plays at different affairs.

At the present

time most of the boys are beginners, but Mr. Henthorn hopes to have a top band in the near future. CRAFT CLUB The metal and wood craft clubs meet two nights a week. Here the boys are allowed to make any project that interests them.

These projects are usually for their mother or father.

Glen Venard sponsors the metal craft club and Frank Andrews directs the wood craft club. FENCING CLUB This club usually appeals to a type of boy who does not participate in the more popular type of soorts.

The boys

learn the fundamentals and also develop co-ordination and grace.

The club meets twice a week under the direction of

Herman Williams. LIBRARY CLUB Purpose.

This club meets twice a week under the lead-

159 ership of Mrs. Bernice Silkett.

It serves two ourposes:

First, it is a reading club for boys who are interested in reading;

second, it has charge of making the decorations

for all special occasions and for the birthday dinners, which are held on the last Saturday of each month.

Mrs.

Silkett is a person, who has clever ideas for these special occasions, and the boys are willing to do any amount of work necessary to carry out the ideas.

Different boys are

appointed to head up the different assignments. THE FUTURE FARMERS OF AMERICA The Future Farmers have completed a modern rabbitry, which has 50 hutches in which the boys of the club keep their project. Organization.

A rabbitry committee,

three members (Bob Remington,

composed of

Jack -Taylor and "Skippy11

Ames) with their supervisor, Mr. Reading, decide upon the boys who will have projects and also the rules and regula­ tions which will govern the project as a unit.

This act­

ivity is rather unique in the manner in which it is carried on, as they follow the same principles used in their boy government at school. Classroom Project.

The care of the rabbits is the

responsibility of the boys, and from their1 classroom work, they determine which methods to use in caring for their

140 projects.

At the present time different methods and types

of feed are being used, and accurate records are being kept to determine which ones have the best results.

This exper­

ience will go a long way in teaching the boys h o w to care for livestock and to use business management. Club Activities.

The boys have entered in competi­

tion with other chapters of the Future Farmers of America. The following are some of the events in which the boys have participated:

Bank of America Field Bay, Pala; Poly View

at San Dimas; Pierce Agriculture Field Day; Mt. Sac Field Da3r; Southern California Extension Service Farm Day; meeting of San Bernardino County Rabbitry Club. Officers Bob Remington, President Bob Richard, Vice-president Joe Cole, Secretary Carlton Ames, Treasurer John Strange, Social Chairman Ernest Scott, Reporter Louis Seipel, Sgt-at-Arms Students of farm layout and management at California Junior Republic could take a bird's eye view of the school's 240 acres today without

even leaving the classroom.

As a class project,

the agricultural students recent­

ly completed a five-foot scale model of the school property on w h i c h they work,

live and play.

Under supervision of Instructor Charles Reading,

the

boys scaled their miniature from aerial photos taken at 1000

141 feet.

Papier mache was used to follow contours of the

grounds and farm.

Building and livestock pens were made

from balsa wood and wire. Trees and shrubbery in the model xtfere made from local vegetation, which was dried and painted to resemble plants used in the Republic's landscaping. The model will be displayed in Future Farmer competi­ tion at neighboring fairs in addition to classroom use. Another class project is a display board on which a r e mounted 234 agricultural samples, truck crops, insecticides,

citrus,

orchard,

including field crops,

soils, fertilizers, fungicides,

and livestock feeds.

Used with the scale model,

the samples demonstrate

how and where the various farm components are used with crop rotation under good farm management.

142

CHAPTER 12 THE EX-CITIZEN If you want to be in the kind of a Republic Like the kind of Republic you like, You needn't slip your suit in a grip And start on a long, long hike; You'll only find what you left behind, For there is nothing that's really new. It's a knock at yourself to knock the Reoublic, It isn't the Republic, it's you. Real Republics aren't made by the boys afraid, Lest somebody else gets ahead When everyone works and nobody shirks, You can raise a Republic from the dead. And if, as you make your personal stake Your neighbors can make one too, Your Reoublic will be what you want to see. It Isn't the Republic, it's you. — An Ex-citizen The following letters have been received from ex­ citizens of the California Junior Republic: Dear Mr. Bonnet: It was certainly nice hearing from you. "What has the Republic done for me?" difficult question to answer \vrith words.

First of all,

Republic gave me a broad knowledge of work. to three and a half years there,

That's a most

During my close

I found myself working on

a farm, on lawns, and in gardens, on a maintenance crew, a kitchen,

the

a laundry, a ditch and in an office.

from cleaning a corral, to peeling "Spuds",

in

Everything

to'operating a

143 switchboard.

While we are there, we gripe all the time:

"Oh, they’re working us too hard*"

We don't realize how

valuable this training is ’till after w e ’ve left. In the Boy G-overnment, I worked my way up from Clerk of Council to superior Court Judge.

During that climb I

gained a great amount of experience in leadership, public speaking and clear (I hope) thinking.

This will certainly

prove valuable in whatever field I might turn to. I have Mrs. Persch to thank for introducing me to the stage. Because the Republic has a small population a person with any talent at all, whether it's tossing a football, driving a tractor, or singing a song, has a chance to "show his stuff." The small classes and wonderful teachers at the Re­ public gave me a chance to improve my weak points in that respect.

When I flunked Bookkeeping or Mechanical Drawing,

it was sheer laziness and lack of "sticktoitiveness;" noth­ ing else.

Your making me take these subjects over again un­

til I passed them certainly helped me to overcome those faults, which would be a terrific hindrance in college. I can go on and on but I think I can sum up this top­ ic in one simple statement: lic somebody told me: break you."

When I first came to the Repub­

"This place will either make you or

I'm happy to say that I'm still in one piece

My midterm grades at L.A.C.C. A, two 3 ’s, and two C's.

a r e n ’t too bad:

I ’m uncertain of two grades

one (pro­

bably 3 ' s and C ’s). Well, Mr. Bonnet,

so long for now, and best of luck

to you. I am y o u r ’s sincerely, I. P. M.,

Jr.

Dear Mr. Bonnet: You asked me what my concepts of California Junior Republic were,

so here goes.

on a comparative basis.

I ’ll try to give you an idea

What is the difference between

your left and right hands?

Except for the difference of

mirror images, they are basically the same.

The ability to

perfect the use of one hand over the other is accomplished through the individual’s initiative. My concept of California Junior Republic is similar in many respects.

At the Junior Republic all the boys are

faced with many perplexing problems. regate,

analyse,

Their ability to seg­

and successfully solve their difficulties

is the deciding factor in their achivements.

I believe

the opportunities each student at Junior Republic receives to develop an understanding of actual life problems is ex­ cellent.

The student is the key to the lock.

him to be a man or fail there.

I t ’s up to

145 I, myself,

bility,

learned how to work hard, carry responsi­

think out my own problems,

and accent helpful advice.

Also how to take

as well as give orders.

Along with my reg­

ular school work

I believe I soent two and a half years

good hard work.

I regret it not.

Without learning those things, I don't believe

at

I

could get the grades in school that I do while I am working some forty odd hours a week. That's about all, Joe. ideas or not, but I hone so.

I don't know if you get my Here's honing to see you

again soon. Sincerely, F. C.

Dear Mr. Wright: In June, 1927, I graduated from the Republic and came to Los Angel-s.

In that same year I went to work for Safe­

way, Inc., in one of their markets.

Later in the year I

left this employment to work in the office of the Los Ang­ eles Wholesalers Board of Trade, operating several types of duplicating machines. After about a year I left the office to work in a gara,ge in Highland Fa.rk, where I was employed in the pe^rts department and as

a

grease monkey.

In January, 1929, a bet-

145 ter job

available with Ensco Derrick end Eouirment Com­

pany in the assembly department and the stock room; most of my time there was soent on the night shift. fall there came the great depression,

Then in the

and in December in

company with many others, I was caught in the ’’lay-off” .

I

had intermittent and varied employment until September, 1930, when I was employed by the law firm of libson, Dunn and Crutcher, where I have remained. In February,

1931, I entered Southwestern University

of Los Angeles, taking their ore-legal and law course at night, and graduating in June, 1935, with a Bachelor of Laws Degree.

In the fall of the same year the State Bar Exami­

nation was successfully passed and I was admitted to prac­ tice in San Francisco, October 98, 1935. I have always been and always will be thankful for the Republic and its staff for the training I received while a citizen and for the memories of many enjoyable, often laughable,

incidents which took place while I was

there. Sincerely yours, St.

V. S.

Dear M r . Uright: After graduating in 1996, I joined, my mother ana sis­ ter who ha.d just moved to Los Angeles from Porterville.

The

147 following week I got a job with the m ines as a sort of "machinist-flunkey” , which gave we generous orvoortunity to continue my chosen linotyne trade started with Hr. Colburn in the Republic orint shoo.

There I necessarily became

familiar with the machines and had anrole time to inrorove my keyboard operating; later I was able to ooerate a fex*7 hours each Friday night, the oaoer's esoeciallv heavy night. It took only a few tastes of this - on a niece-work scale - to kill my anoetite for the "flunkey” angle, and it gave an added incentive for self-imorovement on the key­ board.

Consequently, I had seasonal extra, jobs on such

work as the annual delinouent tax list and the Los Angeles County great register* My mother died in July,

1929, and I allowed myself

to be talked into entering U.S.C. the following September. I have realised so fully in these last few years what an ad­

vantage your vocational system is to anyone as academically stunid. as myself.

After making such a sorry mess of my first

two years in high school I was very relieved, as well as sur­ prised,

to be able to finish in the regular four years and

to be one of that first certificated graduating class.

And

just as the Smith-Hughes vocational system was a salvation for one of my canacity, same reason.

the university was a failure for the

My course was to have been the groundwork for

electrical engineering,

(I don't know yet why I had to nick

14S

a thing like that) and my solitary semester there remains such a disappointing memory that I don’t want to talk about it. In April, 1930, after one or two short jobs in Los Angeles, I received an answer to my a.rrlication for an op­ erator’s job on the Daily News here in Santa Barbara.

It

promised me a month* s work, but at the end of that time it had developed into a permanent

job.

About four years ago the oarer consolidated with the other local rarer to become the Santa Barbara News-Press. It has progressed tremendously since that time, issuing four editions daily, having three major wire services and employ­ ing other facilities equalled only in metropolitan dailies. A fine modern radio station has just been added, and a large "Diamond Anniversary" edition of the rarer issued, commemor­ ating seventy-five years of continual publication and making it the oldest newspaper in Southern California. My wife and I were married in 1931, and although there is nothing unusual about our lives, we are very harry in them.

I am more than satisfied with my work and will

never forget the foundation the Republic laid for it — I d o n ’t mean vocationally alone. Sincerely, ii #

n »

and

149

De ar M r . Mr ight: I entered, the Republic in 1°°3 and graduated in 1996.

My first work in the Republic was in the dairy milk

house, but after a few months there I asked to be transfer­ red to the auto shon, where I stayed until graduation day. I might add here, that I was the first student to graduate out of the new machine shon.

That’s what it was called

twelve years ago. After leaving the Republic a friend found a job for me with the Paul G-. Hoffman Corroany at Los Angeles, where my first duties were f=uch simple things as driving autos or cleaning them.

Later I was promoted to the grease rack but

soon became dissatisfied and left the company. After a brief vacation I worked for Mrs. Fowler at Casa Col ins and while there became interested in entering La Verne College.

T*Tith the heir of Coach Van Cleve and my

knowledge of French, I was admitted as a special student. Everything was all right until shortage of funds sent me back to work. My record with the Paul G-. Hoffman Company had been good, so I a.mlied for work.

The next day found me employ­

ed as a stock room clerk, but about a year later I was dis­ missed due to lack of work.

However, a friend and my know­

ledge of auto parts found me a job with the Bureau of Power and Light of Los Angeles.

For six years I delivered parts

150

on roller skates.

The next move was into Insurance work,

with the Pacific Employees Insurance Comoany In Los Angeles, Here for the first time since leaving the Reoublic I am sat­ isfied with my work. I have been married a. year and have two step chil­ dren.

Believe me, if the boy needs straightening up later

on, he is going to the Republic. and roller skating.

My hobbles are singing

Lately, I have taken up photography

and am completely camera crazy. May I take this means of saying hello to all the ex­ citizens?

I hope they are all successful in their respect­

ive fields of endeavor. Sincerely, F. L. Dear Mr. Fright: I left the school in June, 19F9, and was fortunate in getting work a month later on an oil tanker.

Six months

later I was back in school studying the cabinet work I had started at the Republic. From school I went to work as an office boy in a large refrigeration company, but an automobile accident lost the job for me, and I began to wish I was back at the good old C. J. R.

I guess that old saying,

,!The other fel­

l o w ’s pasture always looks greenest11 applied to me.

I a.l-

151

ways had had a feeling I would like to get out in the "Big World” and shuffle for myself, but when the chance came it took a few good knocks to make me wish I was back on what might be termed the "green pasture of the Republic." In 1932 I got a job as a grocery clerk, learned meat cutting on the side and later was given a job as a butcher, but in the 1934 depression I was laid off.

Not satisfied

with what I had accomplished thus far, I went back to sea, landing a job on a large freighter.

I was on it quite a

while, then changed from Foreign Articles to Coast-wise Articles and sailed on a small freighter until it was tied up.

From there I went back to meat cutting and clerking,

until I had a chance to work in a tire factory, where I have been for the past two years. I guess I could be classed as a jack-of-all-trades and master of none (yet), but I wish I had stayed at the Republic and graduated with a good foundation for a Future Trade. M. E. A. Dear. Mr. Wright: Due to illness of my mother in 1922, there being no one to look after me, I was presented with literature from several schools in California and asked to name my prefer­ ence.

After reading everything put before me, I elected to

152 enter the California Junior Republic,

and on Christmas lay,

1922, I enrolled at the Republic. At the aye of fourteen I was like a good many at that stage of life —

unruly,

temperamental and pretty cocky.

In fact I had my first scrap at the school within three hours. However, day by day there was a. change for the better, get­ ting into the routine and being out in my place. Iiy selection of a trade was very simple as I must have had '‘printer’s ink in my blood."

I was very happy with

my choice, and today am still in the same line as foreman of the Cook Marking Devices Corporation in Los Angeles. After two and one-half years,

in June, 1935, I grad­

uated from the Republic and returned to mother in Los Ange­ les.

Since then I have had ouite a few different positions,

changing every now and the, trying to find the soot where I seemed to fit.

Now thirteen years later, I feel I have

found that soot and am ready to settle into it. Shortly after graduating I did not realise how much good the Republic had done me.

Today I can tell of a good

many things that were corrected while I was there.

To those

in charge at that time I have nothing but oraise and thanks. Four years ago eight of the former students, includ­ ing myself,

started the Republic Alumni Association.

TThile

not a massive organization at this time, it has grown and will continue to grow.

I hooe that any former citizens of

153 the Republic reading this will make a memorandum to attend the next meeting, held the last Friday evening of each month at 432 West 75th Street, Los Angelee. In closing,

I wan t to w a r n you. of the Rep ub li c staff

that in 1952 I ma y have an eligible for the school - if i t ’s a boy.

E. C. B. Dear M r . Mr ight: I left the Republic in June, 1935.

A few weeks later

I went to work at the California Malnut Growers1 Association, which is seasonal work so that about the end of the season I was out of a job. From then on I did odd jobs, taking the places of those on vacation, which carried me through until 1936. became a moulder in a brass and aluminum foundry, there about eight months.

staying

Mhen the folks were taking their

vacation at the Grand Canyon, I decided to go with them.

I

Zion and Brice National Parks

T,re had a very nice trip, and on

our return I went to work for Coulters Dry Goods Commany. Six months later, due to lack of work, I found myself look­ ing for a job again. About this time I had decided I had better get a trade,

and always having been interested in aeronautics I

took a course in sheet metal work; four months later, about

154 half way through the course, I went to work for Douglas Air­ craft Corporation and went to night school.

I have been

here a little over five months and like it very much —

hone

to be here for some time. Through all this the Heoublic

t>een in

mJ

mind.

I have been grateful for the training it gave me in ironing out my own problems and making me think for myself, as well as the physical training it gave me to make my body strong and healthy.

The Republic always will be to me the finest

of schools for boys, and the friendships I made with mem­ bers of the faculty and the boys are very much cherished. Sincerely, w*•• v • s ^• Dear M r . T'Tright: In August, 1924, I entered the California Junior Republic, but will go back a little before that.

My home

was broken up and I learned at an early age that one has to fight for a place and. a living in this world.

Of course, I

went about all this in the wrong way, as one will do at such an

early

age.

I started on my own at eleven years of age,

washing dishes in a small cafe and whatever else I could do. Law and order were things I knew very little about, and they were of little interest to me at the time. thing of the past to me.

School was a

155

So on entering the Republic I did not like being told by fellows my own age what I could do and what I could not do.

I was very much against the boy government at the

Republic, but it later proved to be a great help to me. After I got into the routine, I found much to my surprise that I liked it.

I lived all the time I was there in Fowler

Cottage and my housemother, Mrs. Fields (who has oaseed on to her reward) was a wonderful help in straightening out very troubled life.

She talked me into runninn for Council­

man of Fowler Cottage, thought so little.

my

in the boys government of which I

I was defeated, but Mrs. Fields said not

to give uo; so after three defeats, I was elected to the of­ fice and held it for a number of times. Mayor.

Later I was elected

All this was made possible by Mrs. Fields* helming

hand, which she gave to all the fellows to help them over their difficulties. I worked, on the dairy during most of my stay at the Republic.

Me were very proud of our fine herd and had been

winning a number of prizes at the different shows in Calif­ ornia.

I wanted to ao to those Fairs and help win, and af­

ter working hard for a year I made the trio. In 19F.7 a separate recreation and gymnasium depart­ ment was added to the Republic program, which proved to be the greatest help in lining me the Republic.

u p

for my life after I left

Mr. Miller was in charge of most of our rec-

156 reation at that time, and the aork an p very interesting to me, so I began to he It) him in all learned

the arosrams I could.

I

a lot from him that T have used many times in the

recent years.

the Los

When I graduated in June,

1958, I rent to work for

Angeles County as a truck

driver,

in order to yet

money to enter college and study recreation.

I soon quit

this job to become manager of the ingredients department of the Hostess Cake Company in Los Angeles.

After a year there

I entered college to study recreation and ore-medical work. On leaving there I went to work for the city playground and recreation department of Los Angeles, six years.

staying there about

The last year I also was working for the Los

Angeles Board of Education as -Iayground director.

However,

I could not enjoy this work as it is under the present sys­ tem, and I am now working in the medical department of the California TTalnut fl-rowers1 Association. have not given

up

In the meantime, I

recreation and am on the look-out for

a

job in some school or b o y s ’ camp. A short time after I graduated I missed the fellows I knew so well at the Republic,

so 1 wrote for the addresses

of fellows that had left the school and asked them to be at the Republic, on Homecoming Day, which is held every Thanks­ giving Day.

Over one hundred turned out, and we organized

the California Junior Republic Alumni Association, which has

157 proved to be a great helo to the fellows that hove graduated. Ye meet the last Friday of each month in Los Angeles.

TrTe

keen our members in jobs and have many trims to the moun­ tains and beaches every year.

In starting the organization

our idea eras to helm each other and the boys that leave the Republic from time to time.

TTe also want to try and repay

the school in some way for the many fine things they have given us in our stay there. I am -croud to be an Alumnus of such a fine school that is giving under-privileged boys an even start in life with other fellows.

There is not one member of the Alumni

Association who does not feel the same way.

Ye are very

proud of OUR SCHOOL. C. S. “Knock! ye.

Hear ye.

Knock!

Knock!

Everyone olease rise.

Hear

California Junior Republic is called to order.

Honorable Judge Hoffman, presiding.

Be seated.”

"First case on the docket is John Doe.

You are here­

by charged by John Doe as having been seen on or about a certain day shirking your duties. "Guilty.

How do you plead?"

Your Honor.",

"Fine to be Imposed by this court will be "‘o .00 and five days in jail." Such a thing as this actually happened about twenty

158

years ago, and was I sore.

But as the old say ins* go e s ,

"Time heals all wounds.” The other day I visited the old C.J.B.

and

had high

hones of meeting some of my old time instructors whom I had disliked so much then but have since grown to love so well. But all was in vain.

A lump rose in my throat as I gazed

from the hill doom toward the old swimming hole.

A thou­

sand memories danced before my eyes as I linked sights still unchanged with thoughts of hanoy days gone by. I 111 tell you, gang, a sort of warm feeling massed over me, as I stood there.

Good old O.J.R.

the turning ooint in my life.

She served as

I'm not an angel or preacher

but let me say this in all sincerity,

citizens —

The smart

man the world over is the man who is willing to sacrifice before it is too late.

Let's all shake hands with each

other before it is too late.

Let's all try to sacrifice

a little to helr> our neighbor, and by doing so make our own load a little lighter.

God bless you all, citizens;

keep u p the good work. Yours forever, U

* ,

T2

- i »

Q

l~' •

Dear Fellow Citizens: Of course you know I don’t personally live among you but I feel Just as much a "citizen” of C.J.R. today as I did

159 ten years ago. Now don't let that "ten years” part mislead you into thinking of me as an ’’old guy”, because I was also here just a year ago; in fact, I just graduated with the last class that left the school.

I want you to know I am

one of your best friends and that I take a keen interest in everything you do, especially when you leave the school. Be sure to get in touch with me when you do.

You can tele­

phone me, and I will come and see you, or it will be very easy to drop me a letter or postcard. I will be more than glad to use any prestige I may have or my many "connections” to be of service to you. let me know what your problem is.

Just

Don’t be afraid to call

on me if I can help you in any way, and I'm sure I can. By the wa y , I hav en 't or ooe rly ma de my self 'mown to you.

You might say I am a sort of big brother to you, bet­

ter known as your Republic Alumni Association. Sincerely your friend, R. A. A. P. S.

Be sure to join me as soon as possible after you

leave the C.R.J.; we will sure have some mood times together because we have so much in common.

Dear Mr. Yright: After leaving the California Junior Republic we

160 moved north to Oakland where I attended high .school for about a year.

Things were not so well off financially at

home, so I left school in my last year.

I obtained work as

a truck driver and stayed with it for six months, but it was leading me nowhere, able trade.

so I looked around for a more suit­

Through the heln of some very good friends I

secured an annrenticeshin in a nattern sho'o and worked at this trade until the market crash in 19°9.

At that time I

was thinking seriously of entering college and taking un engineering, but due to the crash and unemployment I was unable to see my way through. Shortly after this I married and moved to Sacramento where I had obtained work as an automobile mechanic with the Borden Milk Company.

I stayed with them about two

years when our work grew scarce and they had to lay me off. Fortunately I Tras able to go right to work for the 'Hiite Truck Company of Sacramento, but work fell off there and to keep my home Intact I had to resign and move back to Oak­ land.

Fortune seemed to favor me here, as within less than

a month I obtained a job with G-eneral Motors Truck Conroeny, and at the beginning of the second year they gave me the foremanshin.

In October, 1935, I met with an accident and

lost my right eye, which laid me un for about six months, but shortly after returning to work a promotion came un, and I was transferred across the bay to the San Francisco

161 plant, where I was foreman for over a year.

In the fall of

1937 another promotion appeared in the form of wholesale service work in California and Nevada. position.

This is a very nice

My title is Factory Wholesale Service Representa­

tive; the company furnishes a car and all traveling expenses, plus a good salary.

My territory is from Bakersfield to the

Oregon line and the entire state of Nevada.

The work brings

me in contact with all kinds of people in all walks of life. My only hope now is that I can go on

up

the line to a super­

intendent’s position with my company. Returning to more of home life,

in 1935 my home was

blessed with a daughter which made me very happy and I hoped would prove the beginning of an ideal family, but fate de­ creed otherwise and in 1937 my wife and I asked for a divorce. Perhaps if I had stayed in school until I had. reached a point of wisdom and maturity, my marriage might have been a suc­ cess.

I have looked back many, many times to the days when

I was at the Republic, thinking of my particular likes and dislikes in the program and of what has happened since then. I always have arrived at the conclusion that if only I could return there today and take

up

where I left off eleven years

ago, I would be one of the most contented persons in the United States. After all, the small problems that come and go at the Republic are just grains of sand compered to the large

162 stones that one encounters in life on the outside.

Anyone

with an opportunity to stay at the Republic for four years should do so by all means, keeping his mind.ooen to gain all the helpful knowledge the faculty passes on to students. In saying this, I can only refer to my past experience in the hard knocks that have come my way and say, if I had just listened a little more and traveled a little slower with a firmer step, how much easier my life would be. This world we live In today is a mad whirlwind of hurry, hurry and grab all you can get, so slow down now and be equipped for this in the right way when you do reach the world and its devious ways.

In closing I can only wish that

my message might be of some help to at least a few students, and that they will be a grand success in whatever walk, of life they follow, making the Republic proud to say,

”Yes,

he was a student at the California Junior Republic.” Sincerely yours, W'4* A T1• JTi «

Dear Mr. bright: So much water has gone over the dam since I left the Republic that I shall give only the most interesting points. I left the Republic in February, 1928, with the understand­ ing that I was to return In June to spend the two weeks be-

163 fore graduation with my class, but circumstances prevented this, and I was fortunate in being there the night of grad­ uation at all.

My first job after leaving the Republic was

with the Armstrong Dairy at Beaumont;

in about three months

I could see that to work ahead I would have to transfer to a larger dairy where the opportunities to learn and be un­ der the critical eyes of experienced dairymen alwa.ys were present.

In due time I was accepted at El Como Rancho Ran­

cho in Norwalk, where I worked until September, 1929, under experienced men who kept me from doing too much fa.st but inadequate work.

The men had patience with me as if I were

their own son. In September, 1929, I enrolled at Chaffey Junior College and was accepted as a regular college student. Here again I had all the care and was under a number of ex­ perienced educators who had the students' heart.

I can never repay these fine men:

interests at Doctor Hill,

Dean Booth and Doctor Cushman for all the time and kindness they gave me.

I also entered track at college and was un­

defeated in the mile during the season. The next summer I was again hired to take an El Como string of cattle to the Sacramento and Pomona Fairs.

I had

to leave before the shows were over to enroll at Chaffey again.

I had to make a decision either to go out for track

or tennis but finally chose tennis for two reasons:

first,

164 because of my heart which I valued more than anythina else; secondly,

I could play tennis between two

studievS needed all my time.

classes,

and my

I made my letter in that sport

and also made the Honor Society. The Stanislaus County Breeders hired me in 1931 to show and fit their cattle for them.

This work keot me in

the field of dairying and under twenty different owners in the four major breeds.

I had been wondering where I would

go next when Mr. E. E. Freeman asked me tc take his cattle to the California and Arizona State Fairs.

Of course, I

took the job; afterward, I worked at El Como until they closed their doors.

The Republic again gave me a lift, and

I stayed there about three months learning to work with boys until the show season of 1932, when I again took Mr. Free­ man's herd to the fairs and the Pacific International Live­ stock Exposition.

During the Pomona Fair, Mr. Thomas Mar­

tin asked me if I would like to work for the Adohr Milk Farms.

The work there was feeding calves,

cleaning bull

pens and milking, cows during the milker's strike in 1933. I became worried about not moving any higher and discovered I was considered too self-inroortant, but in return for aoolying myself there,

in 1934, I was. given the job as head

milker at Southern California Junior College at Arlington, which paid for my tuition, room, board and books. uated in June, 1935.

I grad­

165 Had it not been- for Mr. Conrad Schoone, I would not have been rehired by Aclohr, for the Superintendent had had enough of my too-good-for-the-Job air, but they took, me on .for odd Jobe.

Before the month wee up I was working for Mr.

Schoone on the show string. came back to the fair.

Everything went fine until we

Then I found that due to a misun­

derstanding between the superintendent, herdsmen, and myself, my wife and I had Just six dollars to live on for two weeks. In October my Job was clipping cows, and when I was finished that I trimmed feet, so I decided I was going to be the best clipper and hoof trimmer they!d ever had.

How­

ever, on February 5, 1936, I received a telegram from a State Institution to report for an interview, and I went there the next dav.

Ten davs later, I started mv duties as

Head Dairyman at Patton State Hospital.

It was a much lar­

ger undertaking than I expect d, but I had to make good as my future depended on it.

There is only one thing that I

am really sorry about, and that is that I did not take all the advantages that Adohr offered in experience. My wife and I are planning to continue our education until we graduate from college. In closing may I give my deep appreciation to all the men who have helped a desperate boy and later, a young man to taste glory, heartbreak, fatigue, despair and last of all, the one great thing everyone works for, Happiness.

166

Happy that I am able to work where I am. men are and have been over me.

Harry that great

Harry that everyone has an

equal chance. Sincerely, J .

L .

Gr.

Dear Mr. Uright: After leaving the Republic

June, 1999, I went to

work in South Pasadena, with the intention of attending school in the fall.

This was my first chance to rut my hob­

by of butterflies and moths to a commercial value excert for a few picture frames I made and sold while at the Republic. In February, 1930, I left South Pasadena to work at Butterfly Park, near Roscoe in the San Fernando Valley. Here, I began to realize how much work there was to be done in entomology, and for the next five years I worked hard to learn as much as I could in my chosen profession, ing thousands of unfamiliar butterflies. years I srent at Huntington Lake,

collect­

The next two

in Fresno County; in the

Santa Catalina Mountains, near Tucson, Arizona; in the G-renhorn Mountains, Reno, Nevada;

in Kern County; at Pyramid Lake, near

in Lassen National Park and on Mount Shasta.

During the next two years I became familiar with the riant and animal life on the Mojave and Colorado Deserts.

I was

invited on a trip to Utah to collect and study the insects

of that region, and in the summer of 1935 a trip to the High ) Sierras of California proved one of the most successful and educational of any. During this time, while roaming over the country in the summer and working the rest of the year at Butterfly Park, I had but one idea in mind; to prepare myself for work in the Entomological Department of the Los Angeles Museum.

In February, 1936, the long awaited appointment

came and I began the real work, learning systematic and taxonomic methods under the supervision of Dr. John A. Comstock. In these past nine years I have thanked my lucky stars many times for the excellent training and the many privileges received from you and Mrs. Wright and the fac­ ulty.

I have been grateful for the real training the Re­

public gives that ordinary public schools neglect. had not been for that guidance,

If it

I do not believe I would

be here in the Museum enjoying the work which started as a hobby, but now provides a living. Sincerely yours, L. M.

Dear Mr. r"right: On June 28, 1927, the Republic looked big, strange and vague to a thirteen-year-old boy who had little appre­ ciation for athletics, no interest in any vocation and only

168 faintest knowledge of community obligations or citizenshio. It was not the refreshing Reoublic cnitrous of today with spreading green lawns and clusters of shade trees, shrubs and flower gardens, but it was then as it is today, a humming factory turning out strong and healthy bodies and minds.

Soon the Republic began to unfold Itself and awaken

and challenge the

newest citizen - its 1473rd.

Mr. Homer Murray,

as fine a friend as any

boy could

wish for and well

suited as Hoy Counselor, weighed the vir­

tues and fallings

of the new citizen and started

himoff

for the first time in his life on a well balanced civic and vocational urogram. This beginning schedule carried the newcomer into the realm of setting oi - more oi, folding Republic maga­ zines and more magazines — and through other mysteries of Mr. Colburn’s first-class orint shoo, finally interesting him and giving him his start in journalism - first in the Caljurean, then in the magazine,

then with the camo 00060,

’’Forked Yucca”, finally as reporter and feature writer for the Santa Ana Junior College and the U.C.L.A. oublications, now for Southern California’s dailies and magazines. Long, useful hours of instruction in woodworking, carpentry, oainting and lacquering came under the supervi­ sion of Mr. Ayres to sags nothing of the muscle building ad­ ventures on farm and dairy under the watchful eye of "Poo”

169 Forester.

Special duty provided experience in laundry work,

gardening and office boy duties, while appropriate high school courses sup-elemented all vocational work and pro­ vided a normal, well-balanced education. "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" was the motto of llr. Miller, athletic director, who didn’t like dull boys and who interested the un-athletic recruit in organized sports, building a sturdy body and a keen appre­ ciation for good sportsmanship. Cultural activities during the daily assembly, lib­ rary days and a wide variety of Sunday evening talks sup­ plemented special programs, the weekly movie and a series of hobby clubs —

and then there always was Casa Colina.

Fortunate indeed was that Republic generation of 1997-1931 to live under the benevolent eye of Mrs. Margaret Fowler of Casa Colina.

While few of them knew the extent of finan­

cial help she extended the school, all of them remember those happy evenings at Cos- Colina —

the concerts,

soc­

ials, contacts with world-famous celebrities and leaders, Christmas plays and the never lacking cookies and gingerale. A sincere friend who knew and loved each one of us, she gave many an introduction to the finer things of life inac­ cessible to the average American boy. Monderful, too, was the mountain camp at TTrightwood where many Republic citizens experienced for the first time

170 in their lives a reel mounts in vacation under ideal condit ions. Friendships of youth, a. handful of them destined to endure throughout the years, and memories of many henry hours of work, play, study, trials,

success —

even fail­

ures are uppermost in the mind of the now seventeen-yearold youth as he takes his diploma and. the Godspeed of Mr. Wright and the California. Junior Republic in 1931. Determined to go through college and make a career of journalism he first contacted in the Republic, but lack­ ing sufficient funds, the young C.J.R. graduate soon rea­ lized the value of his diverse vocational ability.

The

first hundred dollars was saved, rather than earned, by his ability

home.

to finish and raint his and his mother’s little Living expenses and college tuitions were built up

by vocational and newspaper work learned at the Republic. The "Republic physioue” enabled him to thrive on seven or eight hours of college work on ton of four or five hours outside work on week-days, all Saturdays and part of Sundays When in 1S33, the nineteen-yeor-old Junior College graduate entered U.C.L.A., and circumstances arose causing him to continue his journalism on the side as a supplement­ ary field while he set out to get State teaching credentials and an army commission, one of his greatest drawing cards was the leadership ability and self-confidence acouired at

171

the Republic.

Four years later the credentials - an A.R. and an M.A. university degree and the U.S. Army Reserve Commis­ sion —

were in the bag and the Republic's 1473rd citizen

seized the other end of the educational stick as Command­ ant of the Harding Military Academy in nearby Glendora. At the present time he is doing his best to mold a 11Junior" Junior Republic in his own department at that school. A. 3. Y. Dear Mr. Bonnet: Among the many desirable,

and for the most part nec­

essary, habits and experiences that I have gained at the California Junior Republic, the following are in my esti­ mation the more important: The first is some thins: that I will have to do for the rest of my life.

That is to learn to follow orders.

This habit was probably the first that I had to learn, be­ cause without it at the Republic it is absolutely impossible to make the slightest pretense of getting, along, the staff or with the boys.

either with

This habit I learned by con­

stantly following the rules and regulations that are set aside by the boys and the staff.

Before I came to the Re­

public I anas in a public school where there were few orders that I had to carry out and there was little or no conse­

172 quence

if I failed to pe rf or m these fewT.

the Republic,

Uh en I came to

I a u i c k l y pic ke d up the habit of doing rrhat

I was told because I wanted to get along,

as does everyone.

The second habit I learned was to respect my super­ iors.

This I was ouickly able to gain by Just accepting

the competent counseling of the staff and seeing it prove fruitful for myself and others.

Before coning to the Re­

public I had very little contact with the type of people that are able to command respect.

Those for the most part

were teachers and I was in contact with them for a short period of time only and had very little interest in them if any.

When I came to the Republic, I was met by a very un­

derstanding staff.

I was soon able to accept their re-

ouests without the slightest feeling of resentment.

I can

truthfully say that although there have naturally been times when I felt like it, I have never been disrespectful to those at the Republic that deserve my respect. The third of my gains from the Republic is my a b i l i ­ ty to work and to finish a job when I have started one.

Be­

fore coming to the Republic, I lived in the city and I had neither an opportunity or the desire to work. lic, however, I, as is every boy, try, which is in reality

Plain

was

At the Repub­

assigned to an indus­

old work.

Under the constant

supervision of experience staff members, I learned good work habits in a large number of the school industry programs.

173 These work programs are a great many interesting things, such as caring for the farm and how to use the farm equip­ ment .

In the school shoos I also received instruction in

wood and metal craft that has proved interesting and useful. My work program,

combined with my school work, has

also helped me in choosing my future profession.

I now

sincerely enjoy working whereas before I did my best to get out of work. At the Junior Republic’s school, which is the Chino Vocational High School, I have learned more In one year than in any other year in school.

Part of this, naturally,

is due to the fact that I am older and I am better able to learn, but I attribute the most oart to the excellent tea­ chers and the personal supervision given to the students. In the public school that I attended I was in classes of at least thirty students, but the largest class that I have at the Republic is less than ten, and I have one class in which I am the only student taking the particular subject - so it is obvious that the teachers take every interest in the well-being of the student. The next experience that I gained at the Republic was one that I have always wanted but not had in a large public school, because there was much too much competition. This was a chance to Play organized sports.

Under the sup­

ervision of an excellent coach, I learned more than just

174 how to play football and basketball.

I found that I was

learning to do all of the things that I have been talking about.

I had to work with the other boys to reach a cer­

tain goal.

I came to get a great resoect for my coach,

who is probably the best that I have met.

I even got a

certain amount of English from his classes as I must be able to understand what he is trying to convey. My last experience at the Republic is that of the leadership I was able to get while claying snorts also.

I

think that a chance to clay organized snorts is something that every bo y should have. My last profit as I have already stated is my chance to prove myself a leader.

I was elected by the citizens of

the Republic first to the office of councilman and now to the position of Superior Court Judge.

As a councilman,

was my duty to care for one of the cottages,

it

see to it that

the boys did not create any disturbance, and that they all did their share of the cottage work.

I soon learned that

to be a good leader, I had to be impartial and that I had to set an example.

I found that I had to use all of my

other habits and experiences that I gained at the Republic and that I had to understand how it felt to take orders, to work, to show respect, and to get all the good that I could from my classes. I would like to close by telling you that I have

175 learned to think of the California Junior Republic as my home and to consider the staff as my friends. D. G-.

Dear Mr. Bonnet: Well, I guess I've let enough time oass without drop­ ping you a line or two.

I received my credits from you and

I came out five short, with a total of 145.

So, as a re­

sult of that I have to take six classes instead of five, but maybe it is better because it sends me to bed early now and my folks don't worry where I am. I hope your Bees are doing as you want them to do and doing it well.

I am not out for Football because at

first I was afraid because of my size against some of our 190 pound guards and tackles.

After I saw them tackle and

the backs run, I immediately wanted to go out, but my bro­ ther said I better think twice if I wanted to olay Baseball. Joe, I am out for Basketball and I am really trying to hustle until my tongue is dragging the floor.

Even

though I am giving it a lot of effort, I am going to be a second stringer whether I like it or not and that brought back something you told me a long time ago.

It was about

something I was doing, or rather, how would I react to be playing second fiddle to some one else. ning to find out and it isn't bad —

’fell, I

begin­

but it sort of gets

176 in your blood and you want to work harder. Well, I believe Inglewood has a nifty centerfielder but it might be the same story again. I know about Baseball,

But by all the things

I ’ll not give that u p without saying

I lost with my best effort. Say’

How about those Yankees?

they d i d n ’t do it again.

I was disappointed with the per­

formances of Di Maggio and Berra. buy, Bobby Brown?

I'll be dog waned if

How did 3,rou like that

He was knocking them all over the nark.

And the pitching by Page and Reynolds was great. for the outstanding series player G-ive my regards to all and

My choice

Is Tommy Henrich. I ’ll be out to

see you

whenever I have some free time. Your Ex-Problem Kid, E. F. P.S.

Tell Mr. Robinson and Mr. Hammond I wish them better

luck with their future Varsity games.

I am following the

GJR Rams with confidence. Dear Mr. bright: I entered the summer of 192.4 and was one of the smallest boys In the school. feur small boys.

In fact, there were suite a

We decided to do something about it and

organized the ”Pee-wee Club.”

Mrs. Fowler was a areat help

in making a go of the club, and all of us will be eternally

177 grateful. My high school days were spent in Nevada.

I grad­

uated from the Humboldt County High School in Ninnemucca, Nevada,

in 1929.

I neglected to mention that my departure

from the Republic was made in June, 192-5.

My first job

was with the Bell Telephone and Telegraph Comoany as a line­ man, one of the most enjoyable jobs I have ever had. depression ended it in 1930.

The

Since then I have tried farm­

ing in Indiana; road construction; railroad construction; have worked on new bridges and in mining camos.

At one

time I had a half interest in a radio shoo in Winnemucca. At the oresent time I am Eddie Durban1s chief assistant at Cook Ma rking Devices Corporation, where my work is to help in the manufacture of rubber stamps, besides seal engrav­ ing, stencil cutting and repair work in marking machines. Through all this, my training at the Republic has stood me in good stead.

For the physical and mental dev­

elopment received at the hands of the instructors of the school,

I shall never regret having gone to the Republic. Sincerely your s , ¥. ¥. B.

178 CHAPTER 13 NHAT IS THE DELLA ROBBIA WREATH? Ancient Italian marble, Carved by a master’s hand, Wreaths as green as the forest, As bright and gay as the land. Garlands of fruits and flowers, Molded in eternal clay, Have come t_o life in the New World To brighten your Christmas Day! — Larry Sullivan Origin.

The Della. Robbia wreath as it is known to­

day had its origination in the loth century in Florence, Italy, where Luca Della Robbia,

after spending many years

sculpturing in marble, turned to the development of terra­ cotta reliefs.

Although he did not originate the orocess

for enameling, he was the first to awoly it in this way, and his name has been given to this tyoe of ware.

Luca's

nephew, Andrea Della Robbia, was the one to carry the work on and is responsible for the famous "Bambino" medallions, which decorate the foundling ho suital In Florence. These medallions frequently were surrounded with wreaths of brightly colored fruits and flowers, such as ap­ ples, oranges, and fir cones, and it was from these our mod­ ern wreaths were derived. In 1923 Mrs. Margaret Fowler, godmother of the Re­ public, brought a few redwood wreaths from Northern Calif-

PREPARATION OF DELLA ROBBIA WREATH

ornia and taught the

boys to decorate them in the Della Rob­

bia style.

Although fashioned after those of the old Ital­

ian master,

they are typical of California in her abundance

and beauty. These first wreaths were sold

andwere so

greatly appreciated that the custom has been continued each year, until now approximately 4,500 are decorated and sent to all parts of the United States and Canada. The following are used in making the wreaths: Lotus pod from Fairmont Park in Riverside Bottle pod from Riverside, Pasadena and Glendale Jacaranda from Santa Ana Cedar pod from Capistrano Flowering Sycamore from Fullerton

180 Pepper berries from Ontario and local vicinity Sycamore poet from Chino and Corona

Eucalyptus in its 4 stages from Puente and local Oranges from San Dimas Lemons from San Dimas Apples from Apple Valley Dates from La Verne Liquid Amber from Claremont Teasels shipped in from Santa Clara Valley Cedar from Los Angeles County Fair Grounds Magnolia leaves from La Verne Pine Cones from Republic grounds As soon as Christmas sale of wreaths is over, the boys start gathering the pods for the next year.

The lotus

pods come from the lake on Fairmont Park in Riverside.

The

boys have to push their boats with -ooles through the lilies in the lake to collect these pods.

The next nearest source

is at Salton Sea.

To collect the bottle pods, the boys use 42 foot ex­ tension ladders.

Most of these are gathered in Riverside

and a few in Pasadena and Glendale. Next year the boys are planning on making about 8,000 wreaths.

This means that there will not be enough lotus

pods at Fairmont Park. For a base the boys use a 12 or 18 inch circle made

181 of twenty-gauge wire with a redwood foliage that comes from Ilendocino County. At the Republic the lotus mod is traditionally used for the top.

It is backed by magnolia leaves behind which

a loop for hanging may be concealed.

Beginning from here,

cones, pods, seed dates, pepper and other berries, and min­ iature fruits are spaced as it appeals to the maker of the wreath.

Too ornate a wreath will present a confused appear­

ance. Gold and silver paint is used for accent on pods or cones, combined with the natural colors of the fruit.

Clear

lacquer spray sharpens the colors and aids in preserving the wreaths. The boys help in the sale of the wreaths by appearing in both national and regional magazines and newspapers, on television, and give talks and display them.

This is good

training in the way of "Free Enterprise" and the American Way. The funds obtained from the sale of the wreaths are used for recreational, for the Republic.

athletic and moving picture programs

PART III

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SCHOOLS?

185 CHAPTER 14 INTER-SCHOOL RELATIONS In our dear old California, ’Neath the sunny southern skies, Stands the home of fine endeavor V;here manhood’s hones arise. 'Tis our own Junior Republic, God bless her very name, She is lifting us to manhood To honor ana to fame. — Frank L. G-eorge Limited Contacts. is fairly limited.

The relationship with other schools

Due to the 24-hour-a-day program at the

Republic, the contacts are confined mostly to individual groups. Transfer Data.

The one contact involving all stu­

dents is the transcript record. type of student the boy ha.s been.

This gives an idea of the Some schools will in­

clude complete data as to results of tests, personal history and even include a little note telling what the b o y ’s inter­ ests are, what he does best, etc.

Other schools will send

a transcript that will necessitate writing for further in­ formation . Ex-Citizen In Outside Schools.

Very favorable re­

ports have been received from other schools about boys, who have transferred to them from the Republic if they have left in good standing.

An educator from a nearby community said

184 that one of their problem boys returned to them and made the honor society and later graduated with honors.

Several sim­

ilar cases have been quoted during the past three 2/ears. Sp ec1al Pontacts.

Boys State has brought some of the

Republic boys in close relationship with boys from other schools.

This has helmed many times to clear up the concept

that the Republic is a reformatory. The Future Farmer field trips have also resulted in clearing up the same misunderstanding. A social studies class from Bonita High School visit­ ed our institution and left with a better understanding of the Republic program. Chino High School presents performances at the Re­ public or in their own auditorium at which times Republic boys are their guests.

As a result of these contacts the

Chino students realize that Republic boys are just regular boys and not "toughs” as some people are inclined to think. Another activity that helps to promote better rela­ tionship with the outside is Republic school dances.

G-irls

from Chino and Pomona High Schools are guests for the even­ ing.

One of the girls, on the way home after ”1 was sure afraid to come.

was going to be like. of going.

a

dance,

said,

I didn't know what it

Several girls tried to talk me out

They said the boys were monsters.

Imagine my

surprise when I found out that the boys were very nice.

I

185 have never been treated as nice at any dance before. Chino when a boy steps on your feet, they say, y o u ’re doing.’

At

’Watch what

At the Republic the boy took, the blame.”

Athletics.

The sports program at the Republic has

helped to create a better understanding as to what the Re­ public is.

In the past three years Republic teams have

played schools all over Southern California.

Every school

has praised our sportsmanship and a friendly spirit prevails in their feeling toward California. Junior Republic. This year when Rosemead High School came over to play baseball, they saw the new Republic pool and had a swim in it.

They envied the Republic boys for having such

a wonderful pool, which made the boys feel good. Future Outcome.

As time goes on the reformatory

conception will be wiped away and the boys who transfer from California Junior Republic will not feel that any stigma has been placed on them.

1S6 CHAPTER 15 INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETICS Fling out across the battle ground The flag of victory, Unfurl our colors to the breeze The Blue and Uhite set free. Upon the field and in the school Loyal we shall be Loyal and steadfast evermore, Blue and Uhite to thee. We n e !er will bring thy flag to shame, Pure and spotless keep thy name, And cleanly we will play the game, Blue and Uhite for thee. — Frank L. George First Interschool Competition,

On Saturday, the

thirteenth of January, 1914, the Republic team played their first game of competitive snorts with Chaffey High School at their diamond in Ontario. The humorous part of this trip was that the Republic team went over on an improvised bus, drawn by two white mules.

The Chaffey boys were cuite Inclined to poke fun

at the prehistoric entrance on the hay wagon. "Rubes,u as the Republic team was then known,

But, the showed their

mettle by winning their first game with a rival school, which helped to inspire later youths to follow them onward. Member of C.I.F.

Today, the California Junior Re­

public is a, member of the California Interscholastic Feder­ ation in good standing.

The "A", or unlimited team, plays

187 a free lance schedule in all sports except baseball.

The

nB n team, made up of smaller boys, is a member of the M t . Baldy League.

The other schools are. Uebb of Claremont, Up­

lands Junior High School of Upland, and Emerson and Fremont Junior High Schools of Pomona. team in baseball,

Due to fielding only one

the Republic plays her unlimited boys in

that sport. Now that the physical plant has been built up and there is a full-time athletic director, the Republic has applied to the C.I.F. to be placed in a league. Athletic Plant.

The Solteros Batchelor's club are

donating the 440 track that surrounds the football field. This will include a 220 straight-a-way, all of which will be entirely covered with cinders from the

Kc ii s 6r

d

© 0 1 I-lill

at Fontana.. The baseball field is separate from the football field and track.

Next year it will be entirely seeded to

grass. At the present time the Republic- lacks a gymnasium with the proper sized playing floor.

All of the home bas­

ketball games are played in the Chino High School gym. Plans are being made at the present time for a gym tha t w ill co inp1 et e the athletic plant. Scholastic Requirements.

The boys at Califo r ni a

Junior Reoublic meet the same eligibility reeuirernents as

188 do the hoys at any public high school.

The boys are checked

every Monday morning to see if they are passing in four sub­ jects.

If they are not passing in four, they are declined

eligibility for the week.

They cannot regain their eligi­

bility until the following Monday regardless of when the work is mode up.

The boys know this and as a result get

the habit of keeping their work up and then are really sat­ isfied with themselves when they make the best grades of their high school career. Tyne of Boy.

There are very few good athletes who

ever come to the Republic.

Most of them are boys that the

coa,ches could not be bothered with.

Then the boy reports

to school for the first time, one finds different attitudes expressed.

Most of the boys interested in sports have built

up an exaggerated idea of their ability and want you to be­ lieve they are first string varsity players.

A few tell

the truth that they have never played but would like to. The other day a boy registered who was varsity first string baseman for Hollywood High School, according to him. If he was Hollywood's regular first baseman, Hollywood cer­ tainly had a very poor varsity in 1950. Most of the athletes are developed after they get to the Republic.

Much of this credit goes to the coach,

Bryan Robinson, who is a strict disciplinarian, believes in teaching fundamentals, and believes that hard work is a

189

necessity to being a good athlete.

His teams are always in

good condition and well coached. Schedule. 50.

The following is the varsity schedule for 1949-

This will give an idea of the schools played and the

calibre of ball played by the Republic:. Football 20 39 31 12 45 30 82 12

Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic

Beaumont Pomona Hi Sophs Fallbrook Puente Pomona Hi J V 1s Ghaffey Hi JV1s Whit tier Hi JV* s Webb

13 6 12 13 0 14 0 24

1949 "RAM" FOOTBALL SQUAD B a s X etb all

Republic Republic Republic Republic RepublicRepublic

21 66 40 34 27 33

Pomona Hi So-ohs Chaffey J V 1s Beaumont Hi Elsinore Hi Pomona Sophs Beaumont Hi

36 .44 44 41 35 37

190

25 45 32 45 22 33 39 40 23 32

Republic Republic Republic Reoublic Reoublic Reoublic Republic Republic Republic Reoublic Track.

Gliino Hi Victor Vally Hi Valencia Hi Chaffey J V s Webb Chaff ey J V s Beulah Hi Elsinore Hi Victor Valley Webb

48 39 39 31 35 49 35 43 42 36

The Republic did not have a full track team

so individuals were entered in different meets in the valley. Baseball Republic Republic Reoublic Republic Reoublic Republic Republic Republic Republic Reoublic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Reoublic Republic Republic Republic Republic "3H Schedule

0 5 3 2 1 14 4 0 6 6 4 o 5 10 6 2 15 4 6 5

Orange Hi Chino Hi Citrus Hi Orange Hi Bonita Hi Beaumont Hi Pomona J V 1s Bonita Hi Elsinore Hi Beaumont Hi Citrus Hi Webb Fremont Jr Hi Upland Jr Hi Valencia Hi Emerson Jr Hi Fremont Jr Hi Upland Jr Hi Emerson Jr Hi Webb

11 7 4 3 2 10 5 13 4 0 7 1 1 8 7 4 9 1 5 0

The ,!B H team played the following

schedule: Football Republic Republic Republic Republic Reoublic

19 25 0 19 13

Brea Olinda Hi Chaffey Frosh Emerson Jr Hi Fremont Jr Hi Newman

0 6 32 7 0

191 Republic Republic

0 19

Webb Upland

5 19

Basketball Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic Republic

32 24 16 38 34 30 20 3? 45 £8 38 27 41 29 26 32 19 32

Claremont Pomona Sophs Beaumont Elsinore Pomona Sophs Beaumont Chino Victor Valley Upland Jr Hi Newman Valencia Emerson Jr Hi Fremont Jr Hi Webb Elsinore Emerson Jr Hi Victor Valley Webb

25 26 47 41 31 42 36 40 41 48 46 55 13 21 38 44 36 43

Track.

The track team placed fourth in the lea

meet. Official Mount Balcly League Rules Adopted February 14, 1950 GENERAL RULES 1 . Home team will use some slip over jerseys when­ ever necessary — jerseys to be of contrasting colors. 2 . One adult from each school should be "on the clock" during league games.

3. expense of

League playoffs — schools involved to game or games and reap the profits.

pay for

4. It was agreed that California Junior and Webb School would only play members of the "3", "C", and "D" teams in all sports except baseball. 5. Each school will cast only one vote in all offi­ cial matters — that vote to be cast by the principal of

192 the school or his reoresentatives. 6 . Number of officials — two accredited must serve in all league football games. One in

officials all others.

?. Student body tickets — issued by any of the mem­ ber schools will admit student holders to any league game except a playoff at the end of the season. 8 . Transfer of schools.

a. Student tra-nsferring from one school to another within the league loses eligibility for the remainder of that snort season. b. Rules also adhere to C.I.F. ruling regard­ ing the matter. 9. Eligibility — classification of nB n exponent boys be ma.de the first two weeks of school -- weighed in by a member of the league other than own school eligibility list submitted to league secretary prior to the first lea­ gue game. Any boy entering school after the official class­ ification must be reported to the league secretary before he participates in a league contest. 10. Eligibility of late entries — nurse or medical authority of each school shall take care of all boys who enter after school year begins. His name must be submitted, immediately to the secretary of the league. 11. Any Junior High School boy (in all snorts except baseball) who is 15 on or before June 1, who meets "B11 or below classification may play on the junior high teams with­ in the league. 12. The date of games may be changed by mutual con­ sent of the two terms involved.. Home teem is responsible to notify officials of change of date. 15. Each school shall pry 25.00 annual dues to the league secretary. This is due on October 1 of each school year. 14. League competition includes the following sports: football, basketball, track, hard baseball, and tennis.

193 BASKETBALL RULES 1. The length of quarters in league basketball games must be 8 minutes. 2 . The league will recognize only one team in bas­ ketball from each school. 3. No member of a league team may play on two dif­ ferent teams within the same week.

4. The leather basketball must be used in all lea­ gue games or one mutually agreed upon. 5. Playoff rule for basketball will be: one game on a neutral court. Teams participating will share expen­ ses and orofits. 6 . One basketball official will officiate in league games and be paid 27.50 per game.

7. Officials for basketball will be appointed by the league secretary from an approved list. 8 . In case of three or more teams tying for the playoff, the order of play shall be determined by a school representative with the flip of a coin. 9.

Home school must have an adult on the scorebook. FOOTBALL -RULES

1. Earliest day any league member me,y practice foot­ ball is the earliest day any league member opens school. 2 . Football quarters will be for a 10 minute per­ iod. Half intermission will be 12 minutes - with 3 minute warmup. 15 minut e to t a l . 3.

C.I.F. secretary appoints officials.

4. Referees’ nay — 87.50 per official. All schools shall pay only this amount, end no allowance will be made for transportation. Two officials shall be hired for each football game. BASEBALL RULES 1.

C.I.F, rules shall govern baseball.

Class 11A"

194 boys may play. Any scholastically eligible student may participate in baseball for Junior High schools. C+

r/5

2. All league games will be 7 innings. Host team must arrange for one accredited official. Markers or whi flags should be laid out for foul ball purposes. TRACK RULES 1. Rules shall be governed by the C.I.F. regula­ tions for UB H and nC n meets. 2.

There shall be an annual league meet.

3. All schools must furnish at least two officials for the league meet. 4. Before trials and final meet one official from each school appointed by the principal will meet to decide whether conditions are favorable for establishing records, and such information will not be made known to anyone until trials or meet is finished. Know Your Mascots Emerson - Eagles Upland - Red Raiders

Cal. Jr. Republic - Rams Fremont - Bulldogs

Webb - G-auls

PART IV

WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC?

196 CHAPTER 16 PUBLIC RELATIONS The pressure of public opinion is like the pressure of the atmosphere; You can't see it -- but, all the same it is sixteen pounds to the square inch. — Lowell President's Message.

Nicholas E. Griffin, president

of the California Junior Reoublic Board of Trustees, message to friends,

said in part:

It is enough to say that here at California Junior Republic at Chino highly screened boys of physical, mental and basic moral soundness but with "bad break" backgrounds are accepted. Everything within our power is done to take the under out of under-privileged for them. An almost perfect score in building sound character attest to the efficacy of love and understanding, coupled with wholesome schoolfarm-shop activities and responsibility-breed­ ing self-government. Sometimes it is not easy. At times a boy's attitude teeters upon the brink of suspicion and cynicism because the environment in which he has lived revolved around those oualities of mind. At times, in spite of a home atmo­ sphere of the housemother managed cottages, in spite of a personal project of some sort and encouragement toward government activity and sports, little progress seeras to be made with a b o y . But the Reoublic never quits trying, for one great day something in the manner in which he says "hello" and enters a project, or shares a confidence will tell us that we have won him over. Then it has been worth all the struggle, thought and worry. Yes... a thousand times over!

in a

197 can not guarantee a b o y ’s future but we can condition him to face the future. To enable us to stand behind that statement we must have recreational facilities and living ouarters for thirty more citizens of the Republic.... a gymnasium and a cot­ tage. Your support to the very limit of your financial ability, to the very depth of your commassion, is imperative.

We

Publicity Program.

Our public relations urogram is

under the direction of Field Secretary Larrjr Sullivan, who works under supervision of Delbert Fiock, managing director and the board of trustees. The story of the Republic is told in the magazine, nGrowth, 11 which is published quarterly.

It has as its mot­

to, “Boys Grow Tall - Boys Grow Straight at California Jun­ ior Republic. This program is carried on in many ways.

Some will

be related here at this time. The Pasadena Auxiliary of the California Junior Re­ public .

These ladies have earned a special place in the

heart of every boy who has been helped over a rough spot by this great-souled organization. It is impossible to estimate the mountain of bene­ factions this women's club has contributed to the school and the progress of the California Junior Republic. Purpose to Help Under-privileged Boys.

Composed of

150 ladies from the city of Pasadena and devoted to the wel­ fare of these under-privileged boys,

the Pasadena Auxiliary

198 was for many years particularly concerned with giving the boys the "extras" in comfort and atmosphere.

Drapes, furn­

ishings, reading lamps, properly decorated living and assem­ bly cuarters, tennis courts, etc. Their rummage sales and ingenious fund-raising act­ ivities have been added to other thousands of dollars do­ nated to make the California Junior Republic a real home for many ‘ameless boys. Swimming P o o l .

Of late the Pasadena Auxiliary has

gone even further and the beautiful 820,000 heated plunge, which has just been completed, stands as a monument to the love of these fine women for fine boys. with the gymnasium project,

In conjunction

the plunge will form one corner

of the triangle gymnasium, plunge, locker and dressing rooms. Another project that the Auxiliary completed was the refinishing and decorating of the housemothers cuarters. Rummage Sale.

A sight to behold is one of the rum­

mage sales of the Pasadena Auxiliary, held in the Civic Auditorium in Pasadena. April 20 of this year.

This semi-annual sale was held on It was estimated that some 10,000

persons came from as far as Long Beach and San Bernardino to attend the sale, the largest in the history of the Re­ public.

Required, to wait on the crowds were 160 regular

volunteer workers and 150 extra helpers.

Radio Announcer

Don T.Tilson helped the women by acting as a salesman in the

199 men's wear department. Friends of the Republic.

Robert Faulkner of Pasa­

dena, president of a Los Angeles tiling company, has donated materials and enlisted voluntary labor to provide a 2500 square foot tile job in the food serving room and dish wash­ ing room at the Reoublic. The boys at the Republic often have the opportunity of hearing some of the world's greatest men, who give free­ ly of their wisdom to inspire these youths. was when Dr. Robert A. Miliikan of Caltech,

A good example eminent physi­

cist and educator, recently gave the Republic commencement address,

"If This Were My Last Address."

After the exer­

cises Dr. Miliikan personally greeted the nine graduates in the class. Laura Scudder, well known head of the Scudder Food Products,

Inc., of I-lonterey Park graciously published a

message to friends in the California newspapers, urging the purchase of Della, Robbia wreaths from the Reoublic boys during the last holiday season. The Dairy was given a yearling bull from one of the finest milk producing lines in the state.

Putzdale G-etty

Sir Progress was donated by Mr. Charles Putz of the P-utzdale Farm near Kingsburg. Mr. I. Graham Pattinson, for the past three years, has been sponsoring the California. Junior Republic band

under the direction of J. Max Henthorn. Los Angeles County Fair.

The Republic received

nationwide publicity in 1948 when Meredith Milson saw 15foot corn grown at the Republic exhibited at the Los Angeles County Fair.

Wilson, whose current song was "Sky High in

Iowa,n written around Iowa, corn, was much impressed by the Republic variety and publicly congratulated one of the boy officers of the school. Communlty Chest.

California Junior Republic is one

of the agencies of the Pomona and Los Angeles Community Chests.

Essence of the Republic idea is self-government,

wherein the boy is given an incentive to become a good cit­ izen.

He is entrusted with responsibility, made to feel

his rightful importance in the government and thus learns self-mastery.

People of these communities, who give to the

community chest during the current campaigns, will be help­ ing these boys in their development. Service Clubs.

The Chino Rotary Club is trustee to

a fund established many years ago by Crombie Allen, now de­ ceased,

for the purpose of making an annual award to the

young man at the Reoublic, who best exemplifies the mottoes, "Service Above Self" and "Nothing Without Labor."

This

award is made at the Reoublic during the latter part of May at a Rotary Ladies Night.

The award is followed by a stage

show for the boys entertainment.

201 The Overland Club of Los Angeles has completely re­ furnished the living rooms of the cottages with new furniture and installed a combination radio-phonograph in each. Hr. Delbert Fiock, managing director of the Republic, has addressed service clubs and organizations throughout Southern California. Chino American Legion Post, No. 299, and the local Lions and Rotary Clubs annually send three delegates to B o y ’s State at Sacramento, one of which is from California Junior Republic.

This is another opportunity for Republic

boys to gain understanding of governmental activities at the Legion-sponsored convention. The All-Year Club advertises Southern California vacations throughout the nation.

California, Junior Repub­

lic, the town of Chino, and Soquel Canyon were chosen as points of interest for the "trip of the week" recently re­ commended on a 102-mile tour from Pasadena. The Los Angeles Rotary Club gave the school two young heifers:

SI Paja.ro Burke Leda and El Pa.ja.ro Var

Wayne, from the W. C. Latham herd at Laton, California. The San Marino Kiwanis Club gave the school two young heifers:

Pal-O-Mita Jack Eleanor and Pal-O-Mita

Rock hueen, from the Pal-O-Mita, Farms of Mr. and Mrs. Fermin Larrey of Fresno. Republic Goes Hollywood.

Hedda Hopper, movie col-

202 umnist and hat fancier, has been a longtime customer of the Della Robbia wreath.

Last year a special creation of

Della Robbia was fashioned in the form of a hat for Miss Hopper. The Della R o b b i a w r e a t h project brings about a great deal of excellent pub li c relations.

Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy posed with a boy officer of the Republic for publicity pictures after a broadcast at Pasadena Playhouse when Charlie purchased one of the Christmas wreaths. The "Breakfast in Hollywood’1 radio program provided a fishing trip for the 25 young men in Hobart Moore Cottage at the Republic,

following the appearance of Mrs. Jessie

Richey, housemother of the cottage, on the program. McElroy,

Jack

emcee of the show, promised the trip in response

to Mrs. Richey1s wish.

Pres Fiscus, who skippers, a fish-

HEDDA HOPPER MODELS HER DELLA ROBBIA HAT

203 ing boat at Redondo, volunteered his services for the out­ ing. The following radio personalities have helped to tell the Republic story:

Art Baker, Sam Hayes, Mary and

Harry Hickox, Knox Manning, Norma Young, Charles Hamilton, Stuart Novins, Betty Hopkins (L.A. Chest), Robert Yilson, and Arlette Bartley of the Southern California Broadcaster’s Association. The Standard Oil Company has told, the story of the Republic in a moving picture taken as a. documentary film. It has been shown to most of the county probation groups. On May 3, 1950, the picture was shown at Santa Barbara to about 250 members of the State Convention of California Probation and Parole Association. The Future Farmers of America were guests of Bob Hope’s radio broadcast show. Public School W e e k .

Visits to city government cen­

ters are arranged to give boy officers an opportunity to observe first-hand how other communities are administered.. Mayor Fletcher Bowron,

District Attorney Yilliam Simpson

and Deputy Chief Joe Reed of Los Angeles have all given of their time to explain executive duties when different groups have visited the metropolitan civic center. Republic in Realm of Sports.

One of the treasured

possessions of the Republic is a Yankee autographed base-

204 ball, which was presented to the California Junior Republic Rams by Bill Essiek, well-known Yankee scout.

The ball was

given to the school by Ron Stever of South Pasadena. John Watkins and. members of the Solteros Batchelor’s club have donated a 440 yard track to the Republic boys. Mrs. Charles Paddock and the Solteros have also giv­ en of their time and effort to get the track built. Paul D. Helms and Bill Schroe&er have shown many kindnesses to the boys,

including the Helms Perpetual Tro­

phy to the winner of the Republic-Webb annual varsity foot­ ball game. The Republic boys have been guests at C-ilmore Field, Wrigley Field, Los Angeles Coliseum, Little Rose Bowl, and Pan Pacific Auditorium at different athletic contests. Easter Sunrise Service.

It is the constant aim at

the Republic to emphasize the spiritual at the California Junior Republic.

One of the most impressive inspirational

gatherings at the school is the annual Easter sunrise ser­ vices.

Clergymen of the valley assist with these services,

which are held on the highest point of the rolling hills and catch the first beams of the Easter sun.

It is tradi­

tion for the boy choir and congregation to offer praise and gratitude to the Risen Saviour. 11Government

(,1. p;. )11.

This article about the Repub­

lic appeared in Westways Magazine in March, 1950.

The con-

205 elusion of the article said, Several thousands have graduated from the California Junior Republic. Many have gone on to become business executives, high rank­ ing military and naval officers, and public officials. Nearly all have done as well or better than the average high-school graduat es. And, what most pleases the men and women who supervise these citizens is that "not one alumnus w e ’ve contacted has ever expressed anything but pride that he came from here" and Graves (program director) adds: "which is pretty good, considering that we have to work like Trojans the first two or three months after a boy arrives to get it out of his head h e ’s in a reformatory." "The only thing that’s wrong with the place really,” said Graves recently, "is that there’s so much space and so many facilities. W e ’re constantly reminded of how many boys we could han/e. "Do you think you could work it into your story — subtly, of course — that if we had more donations, we could help a great many more boys stand on their own feet when they get out in the world?"

' •1 o

ArPSXDIX

207 HOUS EliOTHER1S MANUAL (copied from original) I.

DIRECT DUTIES OF HOUSEMOTHERS: A.

B o y ’s clothing: 1.

Marking: a.

All clothing belonging to each and every boy must be marked plainly. Indelible ink furnished by the school is used in placing the boy's number on each article, with ei­ ther a rubber stamp or pen. Each boy com­ ing to the Reoublic must turn his clothes over to the Housemother for marking and in­ ventory immediately upon entering- From time to time as he secures new articles they must be marked immediately when re­ ceived . The Housemother must watch each boy's ward­ robe carefully to see that faded out mark­ ings are realsced and that all new articles are taken care of. If at any time articles are not identified as belonging to boy residing in the room, these articles are to be confiscated by the Housemother and oronerly allocated. (l)

2.

Following articles are stanned directly: (a)

Shorts, pants.

shirts, handkerchiefs,

(b)

Following articles are to have tape stanned with b o y 1s number sewed permanently on each article - socks, sweaters, coats, jackets, ties.

Inventory: a.

Forms are available. Every new boy's clo­ thing must be inventoried in duplicate, one copy to be sent to the office and one kept by the Housemother, and checked from time to time in order to replenish.

208 The following is a suggested wardrobe: STUDENTS WARDROBE Articles of clothing shall be of such nature as to be practical and substantial in a school such as the California Junior Reoublic. Boys should be equipped with such clothing upon entering the Republic. Sunday and Evening W e a r : 1 1 2 2 2 1

Suit or Sport Coat and Slacks Extra pair Slacks Shirts, dress Shirts, sport Pr Socks Pr Shoes, dress

For Shoo and Industry: 6 Pr. Blue Jeans or Levis 2 Shirts, work 6 Pr. Socks, heavy 2 Pr. Shoes, work or boots 10 Shirts, white "Tn Miscellaneous: 6 Pr. Underwear (Shorts) 3 Suits Pajamas 1 Sweater 1 Bathing Trunks 1 Pr. Tennis Shoes 6 Handkerchiefs 3 Neckties 1 Ha^ir Brush and Comb 1 Tooth Brush and Paste Soap b.

3.

Boys at the Reoublic must be trained to care for and maintain an adequate wardrobe. From time to time you will find a boy in need of new articles of clothing. When this occurs make out a requisition for need­ ed articles and send to the office and steps will be taken to secure the necessities.

Mending:

209

3.

It is the responsibility of the Housemother to keep the boy1s clothes in practical condi­ tion and the best way is to check each arti­ cle as it comes from the laundry and to do the mending and then return it to the boy.

b.

A sewing machine is available in the work room to be used by Housemother only. If at any time this is out of order it should be reoorted at once to the Housekeeper.

Hous emother1s Apartment: 1.

C.

a.

The Housemother’s apartment is for her own use. Naturally it is expected to be kept neat and clean at all times. a.

Boys are not to do your general cleaning. Major cleaning, as waxing floors, washing windows, may be done by boys.

b.

Housemother’s furnishings are NOT to be used in any other nlace except the Housemother’s apartment.

c.

Boys may be entertained in the apartment. However, the Housemother should use discre­ tion in regard to this matter. Boys should never be left in the apartment unless you are present.

Laundry: 1.

Boys Personal: a.

Preparation: (1)

Laundry slip number of each must be marked opportunity to remarking.)

name, number, cottage, article. (Clothing plainly. This is the check articles needing

(2)

Separated into six groups and bagged: (a)

Levis, denim coats, dark cords.

(b)

Colored clothes, khaki pants.

(c)

White clothes.

210

(3) b.

(&)

Sports and dress shirts to be ironed - limited to 3 per week.

(e)

Socks - pinned together and in sock bag.

(f)

Ducks and light cords.

To be ready to be picked up at 8:00 A.M. MONDAY.

Boy’s Personal Incoming & Distribution: (1)

(2)

The Housemother will sort all laundry and return to b o y ’s room. Do not leave in central place for boys to take themselves. Socks - Remove pin as you leave mended and sorted socks.

Cottage Laundry - Sheets,

cases,

towels:

a.

To be picked uo SATURDAY at 8:00 A.M.

b.

Sorted and placed in bags.

c.

Send laundry list with accurate count.

d.

When returned if not properly finished reoort to Housekeeper. If necessary will be returned to laundry.

e.

If at any time laundry not belonging to your house is returned to you please send it to the right cottage.

f.

When necessary small amounts of the follow­ ing may be washed at end of the week: Blankets, pillows, draperies, and rugs. (l)

g.

Pillows will be sewed into a. stout covering to insure against feathers getting into the drains.

Blankets - Keep two cleanest on bed for sum­ mer, send others to laundry in following order

211

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st

Thurs. Thurs. Thurs. Thurs. Thurs.

and Fri. and Fri. and Fri. and Fri. ana Fri.

in in in in in

May May May May June

J.B. Laws H.M. Me Fowler

Those in use during summer will be washed in late fall.

D.

h.

Curtains: In boy's rooms - to be washed tv/ice a year. April and October.

i.

Spreads: In boy's - to be washed every THREE months, unless otherwise specified.

j.

Mattress covers: To be washed in April October and as needed.

and

Daily Check: 1.

Boys rooms - to be checked daily at 8:00 A.M. to see that all standards are met. If below standard report by phone to office.

2.

Boys windows are to be free of material other than draperies (i.e., no cardboard in place of window panes, or rags to shut out sun.) ROOM STANDARDS AND CLEANUP PROCEDURE

I.

ROOM STANDARDS: 1.

Beds to be made as folloxtfs: (a)

Two sheets. Bottom sheet tucked under mattress, with top sheet tucked back over blankets at the head.

(b)

Blankets and sheets well tucked in at the bottom ends.

(c)

Cases on pillows.

(d)

Spread free on all four sides — turn back in the making and fold over pillow.

(a)

No books or other articles in the drawers with clothes.

(b)

Socks mated and rolled.

(c)

Towels on towel rack.

(d)

Toilet articles in container.

Dus-t cloth

on hook.

(e)

Drawers must have clean clothes only.

(f)

Socks, underwear, and handkerchiefs in one drawer.

(g)

Other articles of clothing in the other drawers.

Closet: (a)

Soiled clothes in laundry bags hanging in closets at all times.

(b)

All dress trousers, coats and shirts, must be on hangers at all times.

(c)

Ties in tie rack.

(d)

Shoes will be the only things onthe closet floor, and NO OTHER PLACE.

(e)

Anything on top of the closet must be packed in boxes for storage or in luggage.

Drapes: must be hung properly, so that air and sunlight may enter. No other material of any kind will be used at any time. Nails or Screws are strictly forbidden. Pictures placed on the walls by scotch tape ONLY. L i g ht s:

(a)

Either one 100 watt globe, or two 60 watt globes.

(b)

Permanent wiring not to be touched under

213 any condition.

II

(c)

An inspected table lamp, floor lamp, inspected radio, or inspected electric clock may be had in each room.

(d)

NO OTHER electric equipment of any kind.

8*

Roors are NOT to be locked under any condi­ tion and should remain open at all times.

9.

NOTHING- to be olaced on outside door.

10.

Food - NONE in room.

11.

Shoe polisher to be installed in each room.

DAILY DUTIES:

(BEFORE leaving Cottage IN THE MORN IN G- for the day.)

1.

Floors must be swept daily (including under beds)

2.

Tops of dressers, chairs, and tables dusted.

3.

Bed made as specified.

4.

Rooms put in order as specified.

III. WEEKLY DUTIES:

(Saturday Before Breakfast)

1.

Bottom sheet, pillow case, towel, and rugs, put in the corridor outside each door. Remaining sheet and blankets thrown back so the bed may be aired properly.

2.

AFTER LUNCH: (a)

Dust all ledges on doors, inside and out, all molding and window sills thoroughly.

(b)

Bed to be made up with one fresh sheet and pillow case as specified.

(c)

All personal laundry ready and on the bed by two o ’clock P.M., before going to Gym.

(d)

Launciry laid out on the bed in the follow­ ing manner:

214 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) WITH IV

2.

3.

4.

MONTHLY DUTIES: 1.

Floors to be waxed.

2.

Windows washed.

3.

Drawers relined with fresh newspaper.

Bathrooms: (1)

Toilets and urinals in working order and clean.

(2)

Wash basins and showers clean. working order.

(3)

Walls, floors, and windows, clean.

(1)

Floors, walls and windows clean.

(2)

Rugs and furniture clean - in good condition, and neatly arranged.

(3)

Magazines properly olsced.

(4)

Drapes prooerly hung and ooen at all times.

Corridors and Staircases: Walls and floors cleaned - Waste receptacles in proper place and emptied daily. Watch for webs, and keep porches and windows free of them.

G-rounds & Walks: (l)

6.

Plumbing in

Cottage Living Rooms:

(l)

5.

Socks in one oile. Underwear uppers in one pile. Shorts in one 'oile. Jeans in one pile, Shirts in one oile. THE NUMBERS IN VIEW.

Free of all refuse at all times.

Gutters and drain pines - cleared, periodically, i.e. on the first of January, April, July, and October.

215 E.

Cottage Cleaning: a.

b.

Living Room: 1.

Brush walls, watch for webs.

2.

Draperies - check again, rings,

3.

Clean windows - inside - (outside clean once a month.) Dust frames.

4.

Clean rug well.

5.

Clean furniture and polish - brush cushions especially at seams.

etc.

6.

Dust mantle - wainscoting andfurniture

7.

Fireplace - ashes taken out.

8.

Clean floor and wash; do not wax floor.

good.

a dirty

Corridor: 1. 2.

F.

(and. Saturday A.II. cleaning)

Brush down webs - sweep off ledges. Scrub.

c*

Bathroom cleaned as daily - wash windows.

d.

Cleaning of draperies: Living room draueries should be taken down and brushed EVERY MONTH. HASHED ONCE A YEAR.

Su p u lies and Ecuj-pment: 1.

Each corridor should h a v e : (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Brooms 3 Buckets 2 Mops (wet) 2 Mops (dust) 2 Brushes: 1. Toilet 2. Hall brush 3. Scrub brush for basins 4. Hhisk brush

(in lower)

(l lower)

216 (f) (g) (h) 2.

Suoolies kent in the Supply Closet and handed out by Housemother: (a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) 3.

Plunger 1 Toilets Dust Pans 2-3 Dust and cleansing cloths - keep on hand

Disinfectants - Toilets - Bathroom floors. Sc ouri ng Ponder Bowl Gleaner - hand basin. Closet bowl cleaner. Drain pipe cleaner. Liquid Cleanser - Neutral Cleanser Walls, floors, painted surfaces. Liquid Wax - Paste Wax (WAX especially should be checked. A little goes a long ways) Metal-Polish Soap Powder Ammonia Bon Ami Furniture Polish Light Bulbs - keep supply on hand. Fuses H 11 " Toilet paper M " n

Vacuum Cleaner - AT OFFICE. To be secured and .returned by Housemother only. BOYS VAGRANT BY THEMSELVES UPSTAIRS.

4.

Linen to be given out weekly: 1 sheet 1 case G-ive rugs out sparingly - 1 per boy ONLY

5.

Ordering of Supplies:

6.

(a)

Send in slip (Requisition for Supplies) IN DUPLICATE on alternate WEDNESDAY mornings by 8:00 A.M. A shopping basket is supplied for this.

(b)

Any equipment to be replaced is sent to storeroom at this time.

Inventory: All linens, blankets, rugs, furniture.

Mark

217 each article with cottage name and all new articles with date — as J.3. 3/49 7.

S.

9.

Marking:: a.

Mark in standard glace - facilitates sorting in laundry as well as cottage.

b.

Blankets, rugs, mattress covers: inch square on top right corner.

c.

Sheets and towels: right corner. Mark on material. Old sheets may be used for pillow covers.

Sew a 1

Discard: a.

Articles to be discarded brought to Housekeener who will make final decision. These articles will be renlaced so that your inventory will show discard and month of r ep 1 ac eme nt.

b.

Discarded linens will be used as rags. Some will be left in storeroom to be issued to other departments for rags.

c.

Discarded nieces will be replaced on the regular Household order and on that day only: Every other WEDNESDAY A.M.

Furniture: a.

To be marked for Cottage.

b.

Not to be moved from building without per­ mission of Housekeeper.

c.

Do not throw away furniture unless House­ keeper orders it disposed, of.

d.

Furniture needing to be repaired will be reported to Housekeeper who will make arrangements at shop. Each article will be tagged for cottage before being sent out. Keep a record of any furniture being mended.

218 10.

11.

Pillows and Mattresses: a.

Should

be aired weekly.

b.

Pillows ered .

c.

May be washed at laundry - first sewing pillow in bag to prevent breaking of tick and feathers coming out in washing.

d.

Try to renlace pillows gradually so that all are in first class condition.

e.

Rubber sheets and cases to be used on all beds where necessary. Keep an extra one on supply shelf.

needing new ticks should be recov­

Housemother's Apartments: Inventoried - replacement of linen and furn­ iture taken care of as in cottages.

12.

Linen per bed - boy*s room: Spreads: one extra for each cottage. Mattress covers: 5 extra. Blankets 5 Cases 3 Pillow covers 1 Mattress covers 1 Sheets 4 Spread 1

13.

Linen for all apartments: Blankets Cases Sheets Couch covers Curtains Pillow covers Mattress covers Spreads Bureau and Table Covers

4

6 6

2 1 set each room 1 1

2 2 sets

219 C.

Reporting any Cottage Breakage: 1.

At end of each month a li^t of breakages is sent to Housekeeper* with the names of bojrs responsible, or a list of all boys in cot­ tage that a charge may be made for repair or replacement of damaged property. This charge is sent in on slip marked (Charge Slip).

2.

Report breakage immediately that it may be taken care of. All furniture must be tagged with cottage name and date before it leaves cottage for repair.

3.

Reoort of window breakage monthly. Must be identified inasmuch as boy responsible will be charged.

4.

Plumbing: - Leaking faucets, stopped drains, toilet leaks, etc., report to office on Recuisition for Repair slim, when needed.

5.

Electrical: - Report daily to Housekeeper on Repair Slip.

II. SUPERVISORY DUTIES A.

Boys Rooms: 1.

B.

(Of Housemothers)

Standards have been set up for cere of boys rooms. The activities involved break down into daily, weekly, monthly, duties on mart of each boy. It is the responsibility of the Housemother to instruct each boy in most effi­ cient methods and to check to see that the duty is carried out.

Assignments: 1.

Houseboy INDUSTRY Assignment: a.

2.

Each cottage is assigned a boy for a minimum of 2 hours, Monday through Friday and 4 hours on Saturday and York days.

Citizens Cottage Work:

220 a.

G.

Each the and the

boy in cottage is responsible for general care of cottage as awhole should be taught to take pride in home in which he lives.

Explanation of Work Involved: On week days the cleaning of lavatories and living rooms should be done by the houseboy. Corridors may be cleaned by houseboys or by citizens before breakfast and other work that should be done is the emptying of trash, picking up all refuse in the cottage grounds area.

D.

Evening Supervision: The Housemother is to be on duty in own cottage every evening: until 9:00 p.m. By "on duty" is meant several things. Some boys desire to stay in own rooms, others desire to use living room. Housemothers should circulate throughout cottage during the period. Games should be encouraged in the living room. An excellent time when Housemother may council indivi­ dual b oys. Cottage meeting are scheduled every MONDAY evening after Court. At 8:45 p.m., the living room should be straight­ ened up and boys sent to rooms. Lights turned off in living room. At 9:00 p.m., all lights, with the exception of Lavatories, and Housemother's apartment, are turned out.

E.

Bov Government Supervision: Philosophy of the California Junior Republic is to encourage the participation by the boys in accept­ ing responsibility for their own lives and welfare while at the Republic. Over a. period of years there has been built this idea incorporated in our Boy Government. The boys of each cottage elect three times a year a Councilman, who in turn ap­ points a House Cop and Health Officer. The Houseu p

09 •» ]

mother is to work in the running of E.

very closely with the councilman the cottage.

Dining Room: PREFACE: Housemothers to preside at the head of an assigned table daily at lunch and dinner. The Housemother will greatly aid our dining room beha­ vior if she will become acquainted with the follow­ ing standards of dining room conduct: 1•

Boys are to be dressed for dinner in dress clothes. If on any occasion their dress clo­ thes cannot be worn and it is necessary to wear work clothes, will you please see that they have a written excuse, signed by yourself, which will be accepted by the Mayor.

2.

Entrance Into

the Dining Room:

Boys will proceed as has been their custom in entering the dining room, in an informal but orderly fashion, going immedievtely to their assigned seats at the assigned tables and standing behind their chairs, until the order is given to be seated. o.

Assigned Seats for Staff

and Citizens:

Seats will be assigned to each boy and to each staff member to be used regularly at each and every meal, with the following in mind: a.

To have as conp;enial a group at each table as is possible.

b.

To have the Problem boys dispersed through­ out the dining room, not allowing more than one at each table.

c.

To have a staff member at the head of each table as far as is possible filling out the remaining tables with boy government offi­ cials at the head.

d.

The reason for the assignment is mainly to allow for adeouate teaching of dining room behavior and table manners and to stop the habit which some boys have of crowding out

pop the less desirable citizens from certain tables. 4.

The Process of Being; Seated at the Table: Staff ladies will be seated first. A boy at each table will aid in seating them. Boys and Staff will pick up the chair with a minimum of noise in the process of being seated at the table. Dragging and scraping of the chairs makes for excessive noise which may be easily eliminated, if the chair is lifted and placed on the floor, rather than dragged.

5.

Table Service: a.

The waiters have the responsibility of placing of and replenishing of the food upon the table. In order to do this sat­ isfactorily, the only contact that the waiter must have with the individuals at the table is through the staff member or government official, who heads the table. When extra food is desired, the head of the table will ash the waiter for it.

b.

Our style of service is called family style. The table is set up with all nec­ essary plates and silverware, glasses and cups, previous to the time that the boys enter the dining room. Food is brought to the table on platters and bowls. These are placed as conveniently on the table as is possible. The orocess of serving from these platters, will be as follows: Each platter will be offered, one at a time, to the head of the table, who will serve him­ self, and then pass the platter or bowl to the individual on the right, who after tak­ ing his portion, will in turn pass it to the -person at his right, etc. Serving utensils to place the food from the plat­ ter or bowl upon ones plate, will be prop­ erly used. Such procedure will be prop­ erly demonstrated by the head of the table wh en necessary.

c.

If soup is on the menu, the soup bowls will be filled by head of the table and passed

223 to the right. The large soup howl will NOT he passed. d.

6.

When there is a meal involving more than one course, each member of the table will wait until the whole table has finished the particular course before going on with the next course. This means, that no one will eat his dessert until the whole table is ready to do so.

Dismissal from the Dining Room: Boys leave the Dining Room after all have fin­ ished eating. The Boy Officer in charge of the Dining Room for the meal will designate one or two tables to leave at a time. Each table will be dismissed as a whole, no single member of the table will leave until the whole table is ready, at which time the whole table will leave as a unit.

7.

Dirty Dishes and Silver: At the completion of the meal each table to be stacked at the end with all dirty dishes and silver.

8.

Exit from the Dining Hall: Boys will'leave the Dining Room immediately upon being released from the table, NOT loit­ ering on the way out. The boys will ler ve by the Dining Room entrance to the outside, NEVER going through the Kitchen door or to the serv­ ing room.

9.

G-eneral Dining Room Behavior: a.

Normal conversation is permissible after being seated at the table, unless other­ wise instructed.

b.

Conversation will be limited to members of each table only.

c.

Horseplay of any kin;, shoving, etc., will not be tolerated.

op 4

G.

Boys Dress: 1.

The Housemother should keep close contact with the boy in regards to his dress, such things as: a. b. c. d. e.

H.

Hair. Cleanliness. Shaving. Polishing of shoes. Prooer wearing of clothing in general should be watched carefully by the House­ mother .

Supervising B o y 1s Orders: 1.

On alternate TUESDAY NIGHTS, boys may order certain items from the Storeroom. Standard Order Blanks must be used, and made out in DUPLICATE, and made out as specified. The Housemother should make this out jointly with each boy and encourage him not to order more than is absolutely necessary.

III.

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS: A.

B.

Illness: 1.

Under no circumstances will any Housemother or other Staff member .administer in the cap­ acity of Nurse to any boy - night or day. All cases will be referred to the Hospital and NO exceptions will be tolerated at any time .

2.

A boy too ill to work or to go to school must report to the hospital. He is not to go to bed in his room or remain there except during cottage hours.

Bed Wetting: 1.

Rubber sheets should be used in all cases of known boys who are bed wetters. Check these beds for this sheet.

2.

Boy who wets bed must wash out and dry sheet and if mattress is wet it should be washed In

225

ammonia water with a brush anti put out in air to dry. a. C.

Report these cases to office so that night watchman can get the hoy up.

Food: 1.

Not to he kept in hoys rooms at any time. Hithin reason the Housemother will offer to keep hoys food for him - only fruit, candy, cookies, and nuts are allowed. Any other food is to he confiscated and turned into the office. Food, furnished to Housemothers: ONLY the following foods will he furnished for your breakfasts in your apartments: D,ry cereal Sugar Cream Bread Butter Coffee - and bacon and/or eggs - when on the menu You will please get these provisions at meal time from the cook on duty, preferably at the supper hour. These provisions will he prepared in advance and. you will pick them up at the Serving Room kitchen d.oor. Plea.se do not go into the kit­ chen, as it interferes with the kitchen work. At no. time send hoys for your food. Staff members are not allowed in the ice boxes at any time, and the Cooks must not he both­ ered during their busy hours.

D.

Vacations and Days Off: 1.

An annual vacation of 2 weeks is allowed after a staff member has been on duty one year. This is a paid vacation.

2.

Days off are arranged as follows:

Every 20

226 days in rotation, the Housemother has 4 complete days off. It is requested that she leave the Republic at that time inasmuch as this time off is better taken off the grounds, E.

Hours on Duty: Housemothers are expected to adhere to the follow­ ing schedule as minimum hours on duty; H H 1

Monday through Thursday

7 :45

M on d oy thr ough Friday

5 :00 P.M. - 9 : 0 0 P,►M.

Saturday

7 :45 A.M. - 2:00 P,Ml. 5 :00 P.M. - 7:00 P,MI.

Sunday

1 :00 P.M. - 9:00 P,. M .

45 A.M •

is to be or esent in the .i,. Dining Room at all meals with -n the exceo tion of breakfast. F,

Ho urs H h e n Boys are in C o t t a g e : Herewith you will find a corny of the daily and weekly schedule. Boys are not allowed in the cottage during school hours which are from 7:45 A.M. to 11:45"A.M., and 1:00 P.M. to 5:00 P.M., Monday through Friday. They are not to be in the cottage from 7:45 A.M. to 11:45 A.M., which is the weekly cleaning up neriod. They are not to be in cottage on Saturday evening during the movie, Sunday evening during Chapel, and Monday evening during Town Meeting. If boys are found in cottage during these restricted hours, please reoort names of boys to office. SCHEDULE MONDAY thr ou ah FRIDAY Dairy Rising 5 Da iry Breakf ast 5 RISING (Cottage Clean)6 Breakfast 7 Morning Assembly 7 SCHOOL 7 Dinner 12

00 SO 50 00 35 45 - 11:45 15

A.M. A .M . A.M. A.M. A.M. A.M. P.M.

227 Noon Assembly SCHOOL Quarters Supper Evening Activities Ev e ning As s embly Quarters LIGHTS OUT

12:50 1:00 - 5:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 - 8:30 8:30 8:45 9:00

P.M. P.M. P.M. P .M . P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M.

SATURDAY Dairy Rising Dairy Breakfast RISING Breakfast Morning As s embly CLEAN-UP Dinner Cottage Clean-mo RECREATION Quarters Suwoer MOVIE LIGHTS OUT

5 c 8 7 7 7 12 1 2 4 6 7 g

00 30 30 00 T 35 45 - 11:45 15 00 - 2:00 00 — 4: oO 3 0 - 6:00 00 15 15

A.M. A.M. A.M. A .M . A.M. A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P .11. P.M. P.M.

00 30 30 00 30 A.M. - 7:00 00 A.M. -12:00 30 00 - 4:50 30 30 45 00

A.M. A.M. A.M. A .M . P.M. Noon P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P .M . P.M.

SUNDAY Dairy Rising Dairy Breakfast RISING Breakfast VISITING DAY RECREATION Dinner RECREATION Surroer CHAPEL Quarters LIGHTS OUT

5 5 7 8 8 10 12 o 5 7 8 9

G. P a s s e s : Boys are allowed to visit cottages other than their own on Saturday after 2:00 P.N., and Sunday after 1:00 P.M. Passes may be given out at these times to boys who are in good standing. The pass to be given out by Housemother of cottage in which boy resides,

228 must be signed by Housemother of cottage which the boy wishes to visit and then returned to original Housemother. If a boy needs to go to another cottage at any other time and you consider it an emergency, issue a pass limiting time to 10 minutes. If boys are in your cottage from their cottages without a pass, send them away and report names to office. H.

Evening Supervision: An Evening Supervisor is on duty between hours of 4:00 P.M., and mid ni gh t. It is his duty to run evening nrograms. However, most of his time is to be spent in the cottage area. Feel perfectly free to call on him when problems arise. He makes routine checkups during this period, the first one at 4:00 P.M., to see that the cottages are in excellent condition and after 9:00 P.M. to see that boys are in bed.

I.

B en ef i t s : Benefits that may be received by Housemothers:

J-

1.

Gasoline and oil are available to Staff at a saving if the car is brought to the gas pump at 7:45 A.M. Monday through Saturday.

2.

Hospital Benefit: Housemother is eligible to join the Blue Cross Hospital Plan if interested. Confer with Housekeeper.

Mail: Outgoing mail is to be collected by the House­ mother from the boys and taken to the Office once daily. The name of sender must be in the upper left corner of the envelope. Stamps will be placed on the mail at the office. 2.

Incoming mail is placed in your mail box in the Office by 5:00 P.M. daily. Mail should be given to each boy personally after the evening meal. Packages are usually below the counter in the Office and should be signed out, using a book supplied for that

229 purpose. All packages should be opened by the boy in presence of the Housemother. K . Contraband: Boys are not allowed to have tobacco or matches or knives. Obscene literature and pictures must be confiscated and turned into the office. L.

H o u s e m o t h e r ^ Dress and Ann ear an c e : Housemothers are expected to be neat in dress and personal appearance whenever they are on duty. Vie expect our boys to do such things as comb their hair. Therefore, all of us must set an example.

M.

In regards to matters of Housekeeping, to confer with is the Housekeeper. In regards to matters of boy welfare, Director is the person to see.

the person the Program

230 BIBLIOGRAPHY

This is a list of boohs and periodicals that have been written about the Junior Republic, both in California and Freeville,

New York.

JUNIOR REPUBLIC - CALIFORNIA Magazines. 1.

California Junior R e p u b l i c . Published by California Junior Republic, 1943 - 1944.

2.

Growth.

Published by California Junior Republic, 11Government

(j.g.)."

1950.

3.

Jones, Dilys: March, 1950.

West ways 42:12-13

4.

Junior Repu bl ic . Files from 1909-1938. Published by California Junior Re'oublic. (not complete).

5.

Norris, Minna Etta: "History of the California Junior Republic." Mas t e r 1s The s i s , 1930

5.

California Junior Republic Year B o o h . file. Last one published in 1341.

7.

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t s Annual R e p o r t .

8.

Winship, A. E . : "Looking About the California Junior Republic." Journal of Education, March 10, 1910 and June 6, 1912.

Not complete

February 20, 1946.

JUNIOR REPUBLIC - FREEVILLE, NEW YORK Books. 1.

George, William R . : & Co. 1909.

The Junior R e pu b li c.

D. Arroleton

231

2*

George, William R. and Stowe, Lyman Beecher: Citizens Hade and R em a d e . Houghton, Hifflin & C o ., Boston 1912.

M a ga zi ne s. 1.

Brands, Orestes M. : "Principles of the Junior Republic.11 Journal of Education, November 17, 1910.

2.

Editorial: "The Spread of Junior Republics." Outlook, January 20, 1912.

3.

Editorial: "Nothing Without Labor." Citizens Published by Citizens of Republic, Freeville, New York. February and March 1912.

4.

George, William R . : Citizen June, 1921.

The

"International Junior Republics."

5.

George, William R . : "Jail Inside Yourself." 49:82 and. October 15, 1922.

Survey

3.

Hughes, S.: "Turning Toughies into Citizens." Coronet 25:67-71 March, 1949

7.

La Cossit, H . : "Haooy Land of Teen-Agers." 124:20-22 December 3l, 1949

8.

Porter, A.: "Junior Republic." January 20, 1945.

9.

Roosevelt, Theodore: Outlook July 6, 1912.

Colliers

Colliers 115:22-3

"The Junior Republic."

The

10.

"Teaching Citizenship." October, 1922.

Sducational Review 84:246-8

11.

"Teen-Age Citizens."

Time 54:45 August 29, 1949.

12.

"Teen-Age Republic."

Newsweek 24:74 August 14, 1944.

Ihrvtatrsfty o f Southern California Library